Jain Agamo ka Arthashastriya Mulyankan

Author(s): Dilip Dhing
Publisher: Prakrit Bharti Academy
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/004281/1

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samAvavAsaravAyakavanApAnazrAdhamadAsa MaraipadarAmAlAyakAsamAtrA jaina AgamoM kA arthazAstrIya mUlyAMkana zrImaMdalAlajI mahArAjakAnAtha DaoN. dilIpa dhIMga

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jaina AgamoM kA arthazAstrIya mUlyAMkana (An Economical Evaluation of Jain Agam Texts) lekhaka DaoN. dilIpa dhIMga [ bI. kaoNma, ema. e.-prAkRta (svarNa padaka vijetA), pI.eca.DI.] prakAzaka prAkRta bhAratI AkadamI, jayapura

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prakAzakaH devendrarAja mehatA saMsthApaka evaM mukhya saMrakSaka, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI 13-e, gurunAnaka patha, mena mAlavIya nagara, jayapura-302017 dUrabhASa : 0141- 2524827 kaMpAnI ceriTebala TrasTa, 507, tulasIyAnI cembarsa narimana pAiMTa - 400021 mumbaI prathama saMskaraNa - aprela, 2007 mUlya : 500/- rupaye (c) DaoN. dilIpa dhIMga | ISBN 978-81-89698-45-4 | pRSTha saMyojana : zyAma agravAla, vimala sonI prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura mudrakaH dI DAyamaNDa priMTiMga presa, jayapura phona naM0 - 0141-2562929 jaina AgamoM kA arthazAstrIya mUlyAMkana / - DaoN. dilIpa dhIMga /2007

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anukramaNikA XV prakAzakIya zAstra aura arthazAstra (lekhakIya) gambhIra prastuti (purovAk) xvii adhyAya prathama : Agama sAhitya kA mUlyAMkana pariccheda eka : Agama - aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya .2-12 - paricaya aura paribhASA - aMgapraviSTa Agama - dvAdazAMgI - aMgabAhya Agama - bAraha upAMga pariccheda do : mUla-sUtra, cheda-sUtra, prakIrNaka aura vyAkhyA sAhitya 13-23 - mUla sUtra - cheda sUtra . . - prakIrNaka sAhitya - niyukti sAhitya - bhASya sAhitya - cUrNi sAhitya - TIkA sAhitya pariccheda tIna : zaurasenI Agama sAhitya 24-32 - SaTakhaNDAgama - kunkundAcArya kA sAhitya . - anya grantha - cAra anuyoga adhyAya dvitIya : jaina paramparA meM artha-vicAra 33-89 pariccheda eka : artha sambandhI avadhAraNAe~ 34-41 - karmabhUmi aura artha - zramaNa saMskRti aura zrama - tIrthaMkara kI mA~ ke lakSmI aura ratnarAzi ke svapna

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pariccheda do 42-50 - samyagdarzana kI prApti dAna se - arthazAstra ke Adi saMsthApaka RSabhadeva - asi, masi va kRSi - vidyA, vANijya va zilpa - AgamoM meM arthazAstra ke sandarbha : puruSArtha catuSTaya aura artha - cAra puruSArtha - dharma aura artha - kAma aura artha - mokSa aura artha - cAroM puruSArthoM ke antarsambandha - artha puruSArtha kI mahattA - vaiSamya nivAraNa meM puruSArtha - artha ke upayoga kI dRSTiyA~ - 'davva' zabda kA artha - arthopArjana kI tIna dRSTiyA~ - dAna - niveza aura vyavasAya vistAra : arthopArjana ke mukhya sAdhana . - arthopArjana meM paryAvaraNa dRSTi - arthopArjana ke mukhya sAdhana pariccheda tIna 51-65 - vana-sampadA - khanija sampadA - jala sampadA - bhU-svAmitva - zrama (mAnava saMsAdhana) - zrama aura dAsa prathA - zrama vibhAjana - pUMjI (iv)

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pariccheda cAra 66-76 - bha.mahAvIra ke dasa zrAvakoM kI pUMjI - pUMjI aura haisiyata - prabandha - vANijyika kauzala - saMghIya vyavasthA kA nidarzana - Ananda Adi zrAvakoM kA prabandha kauzala - kAryoM meM samanvaya : mudrA aura vinimaya - pArasparika nirbharatA kA siddhAnta - mudrA kA AviSkAra - mudrA - svarNa-sikke - rajataM-sikke - tAmra va anya mudrA - jaina-sikke - kraya-zakti - mApa-taula - vittIya praNAliyA~ - koSa kI upalabdhatA - RNa denA - jamAe~ svIkAra karanA : rAjasva aura kara-praNAliyA~ -- rAjya kI Aya ke srota . : lagAna - karAropaNa - 18 prakAra ke kara - gRhakara - vANijyakara - anya srotoM se Aya - upahAra va bheMTa pariccheda pA~ca 77-89 (v)

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- gupta sampatti - lAvArisa sampatti - parAjita rAjAoM se prApta dhana - artha-daNDa - kara saMgrahaNa - kara mukti -- karApavaMcana - begAra prathA - rAjya ke vyaya - jana-kalyANa - zAsana vyavasthA -- sainya vyavasthA - anya vyaya adhyAya tRtIya : jaina AgamoM meM Arthika jIvana pariccheda eka : prAthamika udyoga va kRSi - kRSi - kRSi- bhUmi - kRSi aura grAmya arthavyavasthA - khetoM kI rakSA - phasaleM - vibhinna dhAnya - masAleM 90-173 91-103. - gannA - kapAsa - sAga-sabjiyA~ va anya - bhaNDAraNa - kRSi upakaraNa - khAda - jutAI va buvAI - siMcAI - khetI para ApadAe~ - rAjya kI bhUmikA (vi)

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.. pariccheda do 104-108 pariccheda tIna 109-116 : pazupAlana * - dasa zrAvakoM kA pazudhana - pazupAlana kA uddezya - dugdha aura dugdhotpAda - bhAravAhaka pazu - hAthI - bher3a, bakarI va U~Ta - mRta pazu kI upayogitA : udyAnikI, vAnikI aura khanana - phUla latAe~ - phala aura vRkSa - vAnikI aura vanotpAda - dhAtue~ - khanija - mUlyavAna patthara - vibhinna AbhUSaNa : dvitIyaka udyoga - manuSya kI kalApiyatA aura zilpa - udyogoM kA vargIkaraNa - vyavasAya, zilpa aura 72 kalAe~ - mahilAoM kI 64 kalAe~ - mukhya udyoga - vastra udyoga - sUtI vastra - rezamI vastra - UnI vastra - carma vastra - anya vastra - raMgAI udyoga - taiyAra vastra udyoga - prasiddha vastra vyavasAya kendra - dhAtu udyoga pariccheda cAra 117-143 (vii)

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- loha udyoga - svarNa-rajata va ratna udyoga - bhANDa udyoga - vAstu vidyA - kASTha udyoga - gur3a va zakkara udyoga - tela udyoga - davA vyavasAya - prasAdhana vyavasAya - namaka udyoga - carma udyoga - madya vyApAra - hAthI dA~ta vyApAra - citra vyavasAya - anya udyoga dhandhe - karma Arya - zilpa Arya - bhASA aura AjIvikA : vyApAra, vyavasAya aura vANijya - vyApAra aura vyApArI - sthAnIya vyApAra - vaNika - gAthApati - sArthavAha - mahilA udyamI - vyApArika saMgaThana - vyApAra kendra - prasiddha vyApAra kendra : AyAta-niryAta - vyApArika mArga - sthala mArga - uttarApatha pariccheda pA~ca 114-158 pariccheda chaH 159-173 (viii)

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174-240 175-211 - jala-mArga - samudrI mArga - yAna aura vAhana - jala vAhana - vAyuyAna - Arthika pakSa se jur3e pramukha caritra - mAkandI sArthavAha - dhanya sArthavAha - samudrapAlIya - upAsakadazAMga ke dasa zrAvaka adhyAya caturtha : mUlyaparaka arthavyavasthA pariccheda eka :aNuvratoM kA arthazAstra - bAraha vratoM kA Arthika adhyayana - ahiMsA - satya - acaurya - brahmacarya - aparigraha - rAtri bhojana niSedha - dizA parimANa vrata - upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vrata - pandraha karmAdAna - anarthadaNDa viramaNa vrata - sAmAyika vrata - dezAvakAzika vrata - pauSadhopavAsa vrata - atithi-saMvibhAga vrata pariccheda do : dAna, gRhasthAcAra aura rASTra-dharma - varSIdAna - nirdhana brAhmaNa ko vastradAna - dAna prathama - dAna banAma saMvibhAga - dAna aura aNuvrata 212-225

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226-240 / - dAna aura samatA - dAna ke dasa prakAra - ApAtakAla meM dAna - jagaDUzAha - bhAmAzAha - gRhasthAcAra aura rASTradharma - ThANAMga ke dasa dharma pariccheda tIna : vyasana niSedha aura mArgAnusArI ke guNoM kA Arthika pakSa - sapta vyasana - mAMsAhAra - madyapAna - para-strI gamana yA para-puruSa gamana - vaizyA gamana - zikAra - corI - juA - anya vyasana - mArgAnusArI ke 35 guNa . adhyAya paMcama : ahiMsA aura saMyama kA arthazAstra pariccheda eka : siddhAnta va darzana kA arthazAstra - siddhAnta va darzana kA arthazAstra ke sAtha saha- sambandha - tattvajJAna - puNya tattva - pApa tattva - Azrava, bandha va saMvara - nirjarA (tapa) pariccheda do : anekAnta, karmavAda aura puruSArtha - sApekSatA aura anekAnta - Arthika jagat meM anekAnta - nayavAda - prabandha meM anekAnta 241-300 242-252 253-263

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264-271 272-280 281-293 - vaicArika sahiSNutA - karmavAda aura puruSArtha - punarjanma kA siddhAnta - bhAgyavAda banAma puruSArthavAda - karmabandha ke pA~ca kAraNa - ATha karma pariccheda tIna : kaSAya-mukti aura sampannatA - cAra kaSAya - SaTlezyA aura vyaktitva pariccheda cAra :AtmavAda aura mAnavavAda - vastu-svAtantrya - sthAvara jIva - lasa jIva - mAnavavAda aura arthazAstra pariccheda pA~ca : ahiMsA ke arthazAstra ke AyAma - ahiMsA kI AdhArazilA - zAkAhAra aura arthatantra - jala-bacata aura zAkAhAra - zAkAhAra : kama jamIna para adhika utpAdana - zAkAhAra yAni anna bacata - katlakhAne aura artha-tantra - katlakhAne aura paryAvaraNa - mAMsa-niryAta aura arthatantra pariccheda chaH :saMyama ke arthazAstra ke AyAma - Arthika saMyama - saMyama ke prakAra - janasaMkhyA-siddhAnta aura brahmacarya - asaMyama ke pariNAma adhyAya SaSThama : Agamika aura Adhunika arthazAstra pariccheda eka : bha. mahAvIra kA arthazAstrIya vyaktitva - vardhamAna - kauTumbika prema 294-300 301-359 .302-306 (xi)

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pariccheda do 307-315 - saMyamita jIvana - svAvalambana kI zikSA - AjIvikA para coTa nahIM - nArI uddhAra - samatA kA sAmrAjya - janabhASA kA prayoga : aparigraha kA arthazAstra - arthazAstra kA mUla vrata - jaina paramparA kI dena : aparigraha - asteya aura aparigraha - karmaThatA aura asteya - apramAda aura asteya - asteya aura prAmANikatA - prAmANikatA ke supariNAma - parigraha ke bheda-prabheda - parigraha ke tIsa nAma - aparigraha aura icchA-parimANa - aparigraha aura vikAsa - ahiMsA se aparigraha taka - vyaktitva rUpAntaraNa se vyavasthA parivartana : madhyayugIna arthavyavasthA - maurya sAmrAjya para prabhAva - cANakya para prabhAva - vihaMgAvalokana - vasudevahiNDI meM Arthika vyavasthA - kuvalayamAlAkahA meM Arthika jIvana - khanana aura sphoTa-karma - Agama aura agamottara yuga - somadeva sUri kA cintana - niHzastrIkaraNa kA prathama sandeza - hemacandrAcArya aura kumArapAla - jainoM kA avadAna - prAkRta : rojI-roTI kI bhASA pariccheda tIna 316-333

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pariccheda cAra 334-350 - mAMga va pUrti meM santulana : Adhunika arthavyavasthA - pUMjIvAda - samAjavAda aura sAmyavAda - mUla meM bhUla - paryAvaraNa kI kSati - bha.mahAvIra aura mahAtmA gAMdhI - aNuvrata aura gAMdhIjI - sarvodaya - kalyANakArI arthazAstra - bAjAravAda - nArI kA cIra haraNa - bAjAra ke AdhAra - bhUmaNDalIkaraNa - bhaya aura hiMsA kA artha-tantra - paramANu AyudhoM kA jAkhIrA : tulanAtmaka adhyayana - sAdhana-sAdhya kI zucitA - zikSA aura svAsthya - davA udyoga kA nidarzana - niSpatti / pariccheda pA~ca 351-359 upasaMhAra 360-376 - Agama sAhitya kA mahatva - jaina paramparA meM artha sambandhI avadhAraNAe~ - arjana aura visarjana meM viveka -- arthopArjana ke sAdhana - zrama aura pUMjI - mudrA aura rAjasva - prAthamika udyoga - dvitIyaka udyoga - vyApAra aura vyApAra-kendra - aNuvrata aura samatA (xiii)

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- guNavrata aura saMyama - zikSAvrata aura saMvibhAga - vyasanamukti aura sampannatA - siddhAnta aura darzana kA Arthika pakSa - ahiMsA aura anekAnta - Atma-saMyama aura parivAra niyojana - aparigraha kA arthazAstra - madhyakAla para prabhAva - Adhunika arthavyavasthA aura ahiMsA sandarbha-grantha 377-378 - prAcIna Agama aura grantha - Adhunika zodha grantha - zabdakoSa - zodha patra-patrikAe~ (xiv)

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prakAzakIya mUlyAtmaka arthavyavasthA kI AvazyakatA vartamAna vizva aneka saMkaToM aura samasyAoM se jUjha rahA hai| samasyAoM kA eka zabda meM kAraNa DhU~DhA jAya to vaha zabda hai - hiMsA aura usakA samAdhAna hai - ahiNsaa| hiMsA kA pramukha kAraNa parigraha hai| zAnti ke lie ahiMsA aura aparigraha kI duniyA ko AvazyakatA hai| duniyA kI sArI gatividhayA~ artha se saMcAlita hotI hai| yadi artha kI vyavasthA meM ahiMsA aura aparigraha jaise udAtta aura kAlajayI mUlyoM kA samAveza kara liyA jAya to vasuMdharA ko svarga banAyA jA sakatA hai| jIvana meM artha kA prabhAva aura abhAva donoM ThIka nahIM hai| mUlyaparaka arthavyavasthA artha ke abhAva aura prabhAva donoM ko samApta karane meM sakSama hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke siddhAnta aura unakA AcAra darzana samatAmUlaka arthasamAjavyavasthA kI sthApanA karatA hai| DaoN. dilIpa dhIMga ne prastuta zodha grantha meM eka aisI hI mUlyAdhArita arthavyavasthA kI vakAlAta kI hai, jisake sUtra Agama sAhitya meM motiyoM kI mAninda bikhare par3e haiN| ... DaoN. dhIMga kI yaha hArdika icchA rahI ki prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI se isa mahatvapUrNa zodha grantha kA prakAzana ho| AcArya zrI devendra muni jI ke ziSya zramaNasaMghIya salAhakAra dineza muni jI ne bhI akAdamI ko isa bAbata likhaa| pAThakoM ke hAthoM meM yaha grantha samarpita karate hue hameM prasannatA hai| grantha kI viSayavastu samaya aura samAja kI mAMga ko pUrA karatI hai| hamArI bhAvanA hai ki grantha kA aMgrejI saMskaraNa bhI prakAzita ho, jisase adhikAdhika logoM taka bhagavAna mahAvIra kI mUlyaparaka arthavyavasthA ke sUtra pahu~cAye jA skeN| vizvAsa kiyA jAnA cAhiye ki yaha grantha vyakti aura samAja tathA deza aura duniyA ke lie upayogI aura mArgadarzaka siddha hogaa| devendrarAja mehatA saMsthApaka evaM mukhya saMrakSaka prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura (xv)

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lekhakIya zAstra aura arthazAstra saMsAra artha ke irda-girda ghUma rahA hai| artha ko itanA mahatva milA ki isakI prApti ke lie hita-ahita viveka ko bhI upekSita kiyA jAne lgaa| yahA~ taka, artha ke jo zAstra bane yA banAye gaye, unameM bhI nIti-anIti aura hiMsAahiMsA ke viveka kI prAyaH avahelanA huI hai| phalasvarUpa sukha-zAntimaya, sahaastitvapUrNa jisa Adarza artha-samAjavyavasthA kI apekSA sabako hai, usakI pUrti nahIM ho pA rahI hai| Dhera sArI cIjoM aura atyAdhunika upakaraNoM ke bIca AdamI azAnta hai| isa azAnti ko miTAne ke lie vaha aura-aura cIjeM prApta karanA cAhatA hai| upabhoktAvAdI vyavasthA usakI cAhata ko havA detI hai| parantu sthAyI sukha mahaja bhautika sampadAoM para Azrita nahIM hai| bhItara aura bAhara kI sampadAoM ke vivekasammata sumela para Adarza Arthika sAmAjika vyavasthA sthApita kI jA sakatI hai| jaina Agama aisI uttama vyavasthA ke prAcInatama AdhAra haiN| prastuta zodha prabandha ke chaH adhyAyoM meM jaina AgamoM meM pratipAdita Arthika cintana kA kaI dRSTiyoM se mUlyAMkana kiyA gayA hai| prathama adhyAya meM jaina Agama sAhitya kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| isa samIkSA se yaha anumAna lagAnA AsAna hai ki jaina Agama sAhitya kA parimANa vipula hai aura viSaya-sAmagrI vividha hai| dvitIya adhyAya meM jaina paramparA meM spaSTa yA garbhita rUpoM meM prApta artha sambandhI tathyoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| yaha vicAra artha ke prati samyak dRSTikoNa vikasita karatA hai| arthopArjana ke sAdhanoM, mudrA aura rAjasva ke Agamika ullekhoM kA vivecana bhI isa adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai| tIsare adhyAya meM jaina AgamoM meM varNita Arthika jIvana para vistAra se prakAza DAlA gayA hai| yaha adhyAya prAcIna bhArata ke jaina AgamoM meM ullekhita vyApAra, vANijya aura udyogoM kI jAnakArI pradAna karatA hai| isake mAdhyama se tatkAlIna samAja ke Arthika jIvana tathA AgamoM meM aMkita aparigrahI, saMyamI aura sAhasI udyamiyoM ke preraka caritra bhI ujAgara hue haiM, jo Aja ke bhautikavAdI ... mAnava ko artha aura adhyAtma (pravRtti aura nivRtti) ke samanvaya se niSpanna jIne (xvii)

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kI uttama kalA sikhAte haiN| cauthe adhyAya meM gRhasthAcAra kA arthazAstrIya adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne sadgrahastha ke lie bAraha vratoM kI jo vyavasthA dI hai, vaha vyavasthA vyakti ko eka nItivAna manuSya aura zreSTha nAgarika banAtI hai| sudRr3ha Arthika-sAmAjika vyavasthA ke lie AgamoM meM varNita gRhasthAcAra kA atyadhika mahatva hai| jainAcAryoM ne gRhasthAcAra ko yugAnukUla prastutiyA~ diiN| grAma dharma, nagara dharma, rASTra-dharma, audArya-bhAva, vyasanamukti, mArgAnusArI ke guNa Adi kA Arthika vivecana abhinava Arthika-viveka aura kartavya-bodha paidA karatA hai| samAja aura dharma donoM ke lie ujjvala Arthika caritra bahuta Avazyaka hai| . pA~caveM adhyAya meM Agamika siddhAnta aura darzana kA Arthika vivecana kiyA gayA hai| karmavAda, AtmavAda, anekAnta, ahiMsA Adi siddhAntoM ke Agamika AdhAra atyanta maulika aura vaijJAnika haiN| unhIM buniyAdI AdhAroM para saMskRti kA bhavya prAsAda khar3A hai| isa adhyAya meM ahiMsA ke zAkAhAra pakSa aura saMyama ke brahmacarya pakSa kA Arthika mUlyAMkana kiyA gayA hai; jo hiMsA, bhoga aura vilAsitA para khar3I vyavasthA ke lie bahuta samAdhAnakArI hai| chaThe adhyAya meM Agamika aura Adhunika arthazAstra para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isa adhyAya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke arthazAstrIya vyaktitva ke bAda unake aparigraha darzana para cintana kiyA gayA hai| usake bAda madhyayugIna vyavasthAoM para vihaMgama dRSTipAta kiyA gayA hai| tatpazcAt vibhinna Adhunika arthavyavasthAoM kI samIkSA aura unake sAtha Agamika arthazAstra kI tulanA kI gaI hai| anta meM, upasaMhAra meM sabhI adhyAyoM kA sAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai| sAra rUpa meM Agamika arthazAstra vyaktigata stara para zrama aura svatantratA, kauTumbika stara para sneha aura sahayoga, sAmAjika stara para samatA aura samAnatA, vyAvasAyika stara para niSThA aura prAmANikatA, rASTrIya stara para kartavya aura kuzalatA tathA vaizvika stara para zAnti aura paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa ko sunizcita karatA hai| ___ jaina AgamoM meM Arthika cintana tathA AgamoM ke AcAra-darzana kA arthazAstrIya mUlyAMkana viSaya para bahuta kama kArya huA hai| isa sambandha meM DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina kI pustaka 'jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja', AcArya zrI mahAprajJa kI pustaka 'mahAvIra kA arthazAstra', DaoN. kamala jaina kI pustaka 'prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana' tathA DaoN. dinendra candra jaina kI pustaka 'ikonomika lAipha ina aiMzyeNTa iNDiyA eja DepikTeDa ina jaina kainonikala (xviii)

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liTarecara' dizA nirdeza karatI haiN| isa zodha kArya kA svarUpa, dRSTikoNa aura uddezya pUrva kAryoM se sarvathA bhinna hai| Adhunika Arthika praNAliyoM ke vyApaka pariprekSya meM Agamika Arthika vyavasthA, AcAra vyavasthA, siddhAntoM aura dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke vyAvahArika pakSa ko isameM susaMgata DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| AbhAra jainavidyA ke prati mere mana meM Arambha se hI sahaja zraddhA aura jijJAsA rahI hai| isa vajaha se jainavidyA ke manISiyoM ke prati bhI sadaiva Adara kA bhAva rahA hai| ina manISiyoM meM paramAdaraNIya pro. prema sumana jaina kA nAma mere hRdaya paTala para karIba DeDha dazaka se aMkita hai| peze ke rUpa meM lekhAMkana aura kara-parAmarza se merA jur3Ava hone se arthazAstra aura Agama se sambandhita viSaya mujhe ucita pratIta ho rahA thaa| mere vicAroM ko jAnakara DaoNkTara sAhaba (prema sumana jI) ne mere zodha-prabandha kA viSaya sujhaayaa| unake anubhavapUrNa aura vidvattApUrNa sujhAvoM se mere zodha ko naI dizAe~ miliiN| guNavattA aura maulikatA unheM priya haiN| aise dIrgha anubhavI vidvAna ke nirdezana meM zodha-kArya karane kA mujhe harSa aura garva hai| merA paitRka gA~va bamborA hai, jo udayapura se pUrva dizA meM pacAsa kilomITara kI dUrI para sthita hai| peze kI vajaha se maiM udayapura meM raha rahA huuN| sAtha meM jIvanasaMginI sImA aura ci. praNata haiN| hamArA gA~va jAnA hotA rahatA hai aura parijanoM kA yahA~ AnA hotA rahatA hai| pitA zrI kanhaiyA lAla jI dhIMga hamase milane aura hameM saMbhAlane ke lie zahara Ate rahate the| sitambara-2004 kI AkhirI tArIkha ko ve yahA~ Aye taba unhoMne mujhe zodha-kArya zIghra pUrA karane ke lie kahA thaa| 9 akTUbara 2004, zanivAra (Azvina kRSNa 10, vi.saM. 2061) ko pUrvAhna karIba paune gyAraha baje dila kA daurA par3ane se unakA acAnaka akalpanIya avasAna ho gyaa| mere .lie hI nahIM, pUre parivAra ke lie yaha asahya duHkha kI ghar3I thii| isa zodha-kArya kI sampUrti para maiM pUjya pitAjI kI punIta smRti aura preraNA ko namana karatA huuN| jisa gRhasthAcAra kI arthazAstrIya carcA prastuta zodha prabandha meM kI gaI hai, usake bola bacapana se hI maiM merI mAtAjI umarAva devI ke mu~ha se unakI pAkSika pratikramaNa-sAdhanA ke daurAna sunatA rahA huuN| unakA jIvana aNuvratoM se anuprANita hai| isalie isa zodha-kArya meM unakA jIvana hI mere lie preraNA-srota banA hai| (xix)

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zramaNa saMghIya salAhakAra zrI dineza muni jI ke mukta sahayoga kI vajaha se jainAcArya zrI devendra muni zodha saMsthAna pustakAlaya meM upalabdha. pustakoM se maiM bahuta lAbhAnvita huaa| sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya tathA jainavidyA evaM prAkRta vibhAga ke pustakAlayoM se bhI maiM lAbhAnvita huaa| inake alAvA Agama ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, hukma guru jaina granthAlaya tathA ambA guru zodha saMsthAna ke pustakAlayoM meM upalabdha pustakeM bhI mere zodha-kArya ke lie upayogI rhiiN| ina sabhI pustakAlayoM ke prabandhakoM va sambandhita janoM ke prati maiM AbhArI huuN| jainavidyA evaM prAkRta vibhAga ke adhyakSa DaoN. yU. sI. jaina, pUrva adhyakSa DaoN. eca. sI. jaina, . karnala DaoN. DI. esa. bayA Adi kA bhI samaya-samaya para mArgadarzana milatA rhaa| prakAzana kI preraNA ke lie maiM zrI mohana siMha jI dalAla (surANA), yuvA udyamI zrI paMkaja koThArI (devagar3ha), zrI anila va aruNa DhAbariyA, jaina divAkara saMgaThana samiti ke upAdhyakSa zrI kanhaiyAlAla jI mehatA, zrI kAlUlAla jI nAgorI Adi ke prati kRtajJatA vyakta karatA huuN| zodha-prabandha ke pustakAkAra prakAzana ke lie maiM prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI ke saciva mAnanIya zrI devendra rAja jI mehatA, mahopAdhyAya zrI vinayasAgara jI, zrI surendra jI botharA evaM sadasyoM ke prati bahuta anugRhIta huuN| prakAzana ke lie akAdamI kI saharSa svIkRti ke phalasvarUpa yaha zodha-prabandha pAThakoM ke hAthoM meM samaya para pahu~ca pAyA hai| mere tAU zrI zAntilAla jI dhIMga, agraja dAdAbhAI zrI surezacandra dhIMga va zrI anila dhIMga, agrajA AzA kundanamala dANI aura anujA rekhA dharmeza jArolI kI pratyakSa parokSa preraNA mujhe sadaiva milatI rahI hai| mere sAthI zrI abhaya dhIMga kA oNphisa ke kAryoM meM sahayoga milatA hai| zrI girIza mehatA ne zodha-prabandha kI TAipiMga meM sahayoga kiyaa| jAne-anajAne pratyakSa-apratyakSa jinakA bhI sahayoga milA una sabake prati maiM AbhArI huuN| - DaoN. dilIpa dhIMga (xx)

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purovAk gambhIra prastuti jaina paramparA meM sAdhu-sAdhvI zrAvaka-zrAvikA samUha rUpI caturvidha saMgha ko tIrtha kahA gayA hai| sabhI tIrthaMkara sarvaprathama saMsAra sAgara se saMtaraNa meM sahAyya isa maMgala-tIrtha kI sthApanA karane ke kAraNa tIrthaMkara kahalAte haiM tathA isI tIrtha ke mAdhyama se mokSamArga kA pravartana karate haiN| caturvidha saMgha meM jahA~ AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ko pUrNarUpeNa samarpita sarvavirata sAdhaka-sAdhikA varga hai, vahIM unakI sAdhanA meM sahAyaka evaM svayaM bhI aMzataH adhyAtma sAdhaka (deza virata) zrAvaka-zrAvikA varga bhI hai| spaSTa hai ki gRhastha zrAvaka-zrAvikA ke binA sAdhaka-sAdhikA varga kI sAdhanA bhI sambhava nahIM ho sakatI hai| gRhastha ke kartavyoM meM svayaM ke lie jIvikopArjana ke sAtha hI sAmAjika sArokAroM va atithi saMvibhAga vrata ke mAdhyama se artha va kAma se asaMpRkta sarvavirata sAdhaka-sAdhikA varga ke jIvana yApanArtha bhojana, vastra, pAtra, Asana, vasati Adi se sahayoga karanA bhI apekSita hai| jaina paramparA kI bhA~ti bauddha paramparA meM bhI upAsaka-upAsikA varga tathA vaidika paramparA kI Azrama vyavasthA ke antargata gRhasthAcAra kA mahatva hai| gRhastha ke adhikAMza kartavya arthArAdhita hone se mAnava saMskRti ke adi kAla se hI sabhI samAjoM meM Arthika cintana kA vikAsa huA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya vAMgmaya meM Arthika cintana kA vikAsa-krama dekhA jA sakatA hai, jisameM kauTilIya arthazAstra pratinidhi grantha hai| yaha viDambanA hI kahI jAyegI ki vartamAna vizva paridRzya meM pAzcAtya Arthika cintana itanA sarvavyApI hai ki bhAratIya Arthika cintana ko usakI apekSita pratiSThA prApta nahIM hai| usameM bhI yadi bhAratIya artha-cintana kI dRSTi se dekhA jAya to jaina artha-cintana to lagabhaga mUka hI hai| isakI eka pramukha vajaha hai isakA prAkRta bhASA meM nigUr3ha prAcIna Agama granthoM meM pracchanna honA tathA vartamAna kAla ke AdhyAtmonmukha AgamavettAoM kI artha-cintana ke prati udaasiintaa| ina sabake bAvajUda artha kI mahattA ko nakArA nahIM jA sktaa| 'artheNa svapnAH siddhAH' ke anusAra artha se hI jIvanayApana sahita sabhI sAMsArika saMkalpa (xxi)

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siddha hote haiN| ataH samAja meM eka svastha Arthika-cintana kA honA ati Avazyaka hai| yaha prasannatA kA viSaya hai ki zrI dilIpa dhIMga ne apane zodha-prabandha kI viSayavastu ke rUpa meM pramukha jainAgamoM meM pratipAdita Arthika cintana' ko apane samIkSAtmaka adhyayana ke lie cunaa| DaoN. dilIpa eka gaMbhIra prakRti evaM adhyayanazIla vyaktitva ke dhanI haiM tathA tadanurUpa hI unhoMne prastuta zodha-kArya ko atyanta zramapUrvaka samagra upalabdha sAhitya kA Alor3ana karake niSkarSa taka pahu~cAyA hai| isa zodha-prabandha meM jahA~ unhoMne jaina vAMgmaya se nirvRhita artha sambandhI avadhAraNAoM, arthopArjana ke pramukha .. sAdhanoM, mudrA, vinimaya, rAjasva aura kara-praNAliyoM ko pAThakoM ke sammukha rakhane kA mahat prayAsa kiyA hai, vahIM jainAgamoM va vyAkhyA-sAhitya meM varNita kRSi, pazupAlana, udyAnikI, vAnikI, khanana, vyApAra, vyavasAya, vANijya tathA AyAtaniryAta jaise viSayoM ko bhI pUrI gambhIratA se prastuta kiyA hai| __ arthAnuzAsana kisI bhI samAja kI naitikatA kA AInA hotA hai| isa sandarbha meM DaoN. dhIMga ne isa zodha-prabandha meM zrAvakAcAra ke Arthika pahaluoM kA gahana parIkSaNa kiyA hai tathA ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, parigraha-parimANa jaise vratoM kI samyak samIkSA kI hai| isake atirikta Agamika siddhAta aura darzana ke arthazAstrIya pakSa ko abhinava DhaMga se prastuta kiyA hai| adhyayana ke samApana meM uhoMne Agamika va AgamakAlIna arthavyavasthA kI madhyayugIna aura Adhunika arthavyavasthAoM se tulanA karake isa zodha-prabadha kI upayogitA bahuguNita kara dI hai| DaoN. dhIMga se maiM unake bAlyakAla se hI paricita hU~ tathA unake dharmAnurAga, adhyayanazIlatA va vinamratA jaise guNoM kA prazaMsaka bhI huuN| isa grantha meM maiM unake vyaktitva ke eka naye AyAma - zodhapriyatA ko dekha rahA huuN| yaha lekhaka kI zodha viSayaka prathama kRti hai; phira bhI isameM unakI lekhana kSamatA, bhASA paTutA va bhAva pravaNatA kA stutya samAveza huA hai| maiM AzA karatA hU~ ki ve apanI isa vidhA kA uttarottara vikAsa kareMge tathA hameM unakI sabala lekhanI se aura bhI racanAe~ par3hane ko milatI rheNgii| maiM unakI zrutArAdhanA ke maMgalamaya hone kI zubhakAmanA karatA huuN| zubhAste paMthAnaH syu| - DaoN. (karnala) dalapatasiMha bayA zreyasa (xxii)

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Amukha sRSTi ke AdikAla se hI mAnava kisI na kisI Arthika gatividhi meM lipta rahA hai| vastutaH prAkRtika sAdhanoM ke dohana evaM isase upabhogya vastuoM ke utpAdana kI prakriyA ko hI Arthika gatividhi kahA jAtA hai| phira isase jur3e jitane bhI upakrama haiM mAnava unakA sampAdana evaM saMcAlana isalie karatA hai ki utpAdana evaM upabhoga ke bIca kI sabhI vyavasthAeM suspaSTa evaM sunizcita kI jA ske| Aja ke saMdarbha meM ina sabhI ko prabandhana (Management) kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai tathA prabandhana se sambaddha viziSTa jJAna-vittIna prabandhana, utpAdana prabandhana, mAnava saMsAdhana prabandhana Adi - kI zreNI meM inheM rakhA jAtA hai| Adhunika arthazAstra ke janaka eDamasmitha ne lagabhaga ar3hAI zatAbdI pUrva yaha kahA thA ki dhana kI utpatti ke mUla meM zrama tathA zrama vibhAjana nihita haiN| unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke anta meM elphreDa mArzala ne smitha kA samarthana karate hue yaha kahA ki mAnava kalyANa kA stara dhana ke upArjana ke sAtha hI isake upayoga para bhI nirbhara karatA hai| jaina AganoM ke anusAra prathama tIrthaMkara bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne lAkhoM varSa pUrva mAnava ko kRSi kI mahattA se avagata karAyA tathA samAja ke alaga-alaga varSoM ko unakI kSamatA ke anurUta kArya karane hetu saMdeza diyaa| yahI bAta 18vIM zatAbdI meM jAkara phrAMsa ke prakRtivAdiyoM ke netA DaoN. kene ne khii| mudde kI bAta yaha hai ki zrama ke mahatva evaM zramavibhAjana kI jo carcA jaina tIrthaMkara bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne lAkhoM varSa pUrva hI aura kAlAntara meM jise jaina AcAryoM ne lipibaddha kiyA, usake viSaya meM yUropa ke arthazAstriyoM ne pichale tIna varSoM meM hI likhaa| .. Aja arthazAstra meM spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai ki dhana AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti meM eka anivArya upAdAna hai| yahI bAta saiMkar3oM varSa pUrva paumacariyaM, vasudevahiMDI tathA jaina AcAryoM - haribhadrasUri evaM jayavallabhasUri jI ne kahIM tathA batalAyA ki jisake pAsa dhana hai vahI vyakti paMDita hai, yazasvI hai tathA paropakAra karane meM samartha hai| parantu isake sAtha hI do bAteM jaina AcAryoM ne spaSTarUpa se btaaii| prathama, artha tathA dhana ke upArjana meM nIti (Ethics) evaM bhAva-ahiMsA kA AdhAra . anivArya hai| dvitIya, yaha bhI kahA gayA ki dhana ke tIna upayogoM-dAna, bhoga evaM (xxii)

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nAza meM vivekapUrNa vibhAjana honA caahie| isake viparIta Adhunika arthazAstriyoM ne batalAyA ki dhana meM saMvRddhi meM eka mahatvapUrNa ghaTaka lAbha hai| pUre vizva meM bar3hatI huI garIbI, hiMsA tathA zramaasaMtoSa kI pRSThabhUmi meM eka bar3A kAraNa yahI hai ki udyogapati kisI bhI prakAra se lAbha meM vRddhi karanA cAhate haiN| nobala puraskAra vijetA sAimana kuz2aneTsa ne Arthika vikAsa ke saMketaka . isa rUpa meM batalAe : (i) kRSi kA kula Aya meM anupAta nirantara kama honA cAhie, (ii) udyogoM kA Aya meM anupAra nirantara bar3hanA cAhie, tathA (iii) sukhI va sampanna jIvana hetu sevA kSetra kA tejI se vistAra honA caahie| parantu jaisA ki hama jAnate haiM, kRSi kI nirantara upekSA ke phalasvarUpa Aja vizva ke. 90 pratizata dezoM meM janasaMkhyA kI apekSA khAdya vastuoM ke utpAdana kI vRddhi dara kama ho gaI hai aura isase khAdya surakSA (Food Security) kama hone lagI hai| isake sAtha hI drutagati se bar3hate hue audyogika utpAdana evaM sevA kSetra (parivahana, vidyuta Adi) ke vistAra se bhUmaMDalIya paryAvaraNa pradUSita ho gayA hai| jaina AgamoM meM artha kI utpatti meM kRSi ko adhika mahatva diyaa| isake sAtha hI Arthika sAmrAjyavAda para aMkuza hetu aparigraha para bala diyA gyaa| Aja ke kArporeTa jagata meM jo udyogapati jitane vizAla sAmrAjya kA svAmI hai, vahI samAja ke lie maoNDala bana jAtA hai parantu jaina AgamoM meM bAra-bAra pArasparika nirbharatA kA saMdeza 'parasparopagraho jIvAnAm' pratidhvanita hotA hai jisake antargata niveza mahatvapUrNa to hai, parantu sAmAjika samarasatA evaM saha-astitva bhI utane hI anivArya haiN| arthazAstra kI paribhASA dete hue jahAM Adhunika (yUropIya va amarIkI) vidvAna artha yA dhana ko kendra meM rakhate haiM, tathA adanusAra AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti hetu utpAdana meM vRddhi (Arthika saMvRddhi) para bala dete haiM, vahIM eka bhAratIya arthazAstrI- pro0 je0 ke0 mehatA- isa bAta ko jora dekara kahate haiM ki AvazyakatAoM ko sImita karanA hI arthazAstra kI viSaya vastu honA caahie| tArkika dRSTi se yaha upayukta bhI hai| jisa gati se Aja vizvabhara meM pAnI, khanijoM, (xxiv)

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vana sampadA evaM bhUmi kA upayoga bar3ha rahA hai, usase eka bar3A saMkaTa kucha hI dazakoM meM pUre mAnava samAja para jAne vAlA hai| bhArata ke hI aneka kSetroM meM bhU-jala samApta hone kA Dara hai| vaijJAnikoM ne yaha bhI kahanA prArambha kara diyA hai ki aneka khanija padArtha, khanija telaevaM vana sampadA kI mAtrA agale 50 varSoM meM samApta prAya ho jaaegii| arthazAstrI bhI Aja yaha kahane lage haiM ki Aja kI vikAsa dara ko kama kara ke sAdhanoM ko bhAvI pIr3hI ke lie saMrakSita kiyA jAnA caahie| jaina AcArya saiMkar3oM varSoM se yahI kahate Ae hai ki AvazyakatAoM ko sImita karo, parigraha ko sImita karo tathA bhaviSya va vartamAna ke bIca saMtulana ko banAe rkho| kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki jaina AgamoM meM jo kucha saiMkar3oM varSa pUrva kahA gayA thA, usakI satyatA evaM upAdeyatA Aja pramANita hone lagI hai, kyoMki Arthika saMvRddhi dara ko bar3hAne (parigraha) ke lAlaca meM sAdhanoM kA aMdhA-dhuMdha upayoga kiyA jA rahA hai| yadi kendra, rAjya yA sthAnIya sarakAra TikAU vikAsa (Sustainable Development) kI nIti para calanA prArambha kara deM to sAdhanoM (jala, khanija, vAyu, bhUmi, vana-sampadA Adi) ke upayoga meM viveka rakhanA hogaa| isI ke sAtha AgamoM (AcArAMga, jJAtAdharma kathAMga) Adi meM varNita yaha bAta bhI Aja ke saMdarbha meM mahatvapUrNa ho jAtI hai ki zilpa Arya, yAnI kuTIra udyogoM kA vikAsa karake : hama na kevala grAma svAvalambana kI ora bar3ha sakate haiM apitu Arthika viSamatAoM ko bhI kama kara sakate haiN| isake phalasvarUpa aMtataH sAmAjika asaMtoSa, Arthika aparAdhoM evaM azAnti jaisI samasyAeM bhI kama hoNgii| saMkSepa meM jaina AgamoM meM varNita zrAvaka ke vratoM-vizeSataH aparigraha tathA udyoganI hiMsA ko jitanA pracAra va prasAra hogA samAja meM vyApta aneka gaMbhIra samasyAeM utanI hI kama hoNgii| isI prakAra, jaisA ki Upara batalAyA gayA hai, upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vrata ko dhAraNa karane se anAvazyaka upabhoga pravRtti se bacAyA jA sakatA hai| - jaina AgamoM meM dharma ke cAra aMga (dAna, zIla, tapa tathA bhAva) batalAe * gae haiN| inameM dAna kA apanA alaga arthazAstra hai| prAyaH sabhI dharmoM (islAma, IsAI, bauddha) meM yaha batalAyA gayA hai ki rAjya ke saMsAdhana sImita hone ke kAraNa akiMcana tathA nirdhana vyaktiyoM ke lie samartha evaM dhanI vyaktiyoM ko apanI Aya - kA eka aMza vyaya karanA caahie| anya zabdoM meM, dAna eka prakAra kA svaicchika (xxv)

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dharma hai jo sarakArI prayAsoM ko pUrakatA pradAna karatA hai| karAropaNa para sarakAra kI adhika nirbharatA karadAtA ko karavaMcanA hetu prerita karatI hai| jaina AgamoM meM syAdvAda athavA anekAnta kA kAphI adhika varNana milatA hai| Aja kI viSama vyAvasAyika paristhitiyoM meM prabandhaka ke lie nirNaya lenA atyadhika kaThina hotA hai| yadi vaha pUrvAgraha se grasita ho to pratyeka kadama para isake samakSa samasyAeM utpanna ho jAtI haiN| isake viparIta yadi vaha anekAnta : ke anurUpa vitta, viNana, kArmika, utpAdana Adi viSayaka nirNaya lene kA prayAsa karatA hai to use eka sauhArdapUrNa lene kA prayAsa karatA saMkSepa meM, jaina AgamoM meM prayukta siddhAnta kI prabandhana ke kSetra meM paryApta upAdeyatA ho sakatI hai| samISTagata stara para nItiyAM banAte samaya bhI anekAnta eka prabhAvI upAdAna bana sakatA hai| jaina AgamoM meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ahiMsA se bar3hakara dUsarA koI dharma nahIM hai| vizva baiMka kI hAla hI meM prakAzita riporToM meM batalAyA gayA hai ki jahAM samUha deza ghAtaka hathiyAroM kA utpAdana karate haiM, bhArata, pAkistAra, bAMglAdeza cIna aura aphrIkA ke aneka deza apanI-apanI Aya kA bar3A bhAga ina hathiyAroM kI kharIda para vyaya kara rahe haiN| jahAM prabhU mahAvIra dvArA pradatta nimna tIna sUtroM kA isase ullaghaMna ho rahA hai, vahIM inase vibhinna dezoM ke bIca yuddha kA khatarA banA rahatA hai| ye sUtra haiM: 1. ahiMsappayANe : hisaMka zastroM kA utpAdana nahIM krnaa| 2. asaMjuttAkaraNe : hathiyAroM kA saMyojana nahIM krnaa| 3. apAvakammovadese : hiMsA kI zikSA nahIM denaa| kula milAkara jahAM aneka vikAsazIla deza par3osI dezoM se apanI rakSA ke nAma para hathiyAra kharIda rahe haiM, vahIM unake Arthika vikAsa kI gati para isase pratikUla prabhAva ho rahA hai| yahI rAzi zikSA, svAsthya tathA rojagAra para kharca kI jAe to ina dezoM kI garIbI ko dUra kiyA jA skegaa| yaha bhaya tathA hiMsA kA mAhaula dUra karanA jarUrI haiN| prastuta zodhagrantha kula milAkara jaina AgamoM meM varNita Arthika va sAmAjika vyavasthA kA acchA saMkalana hai| merI mAnyatA hai ki jina vyaktiyoM ke mAnasa paTala para jaina AgamoM kA kevala AdhyAtmika pakSa aMkita hai unheM isa graMtha kA (xxvi)

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audhopAnta paThana karanA caahie| jaina Agama Atma saMyama, sAdhanA evaM karmanirjarA para bala dete hai| yaha satya hai lekina DA. dilIpa dhIMga ne apanI zodha ke mAdhyama se yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki vyAvahArika (saMskAra) kriyAoM ke sampAdana meM bhI jaina AgamoM meM varNita niyama va upaniyama hamAre nijI evaM sAmAjika Arthika kalyANa meM abhivRddhi karane meM sahAyaka ho sakate haiN| jayapura sI.esa.baralA (xxvii)

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adhyAya prathama : Agama sAhitya kA mUlyAMkana pariccheda eka Agama : aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya pariccheda do mUla-sUtra, cheda-sUtra, prakIrNaka va vyAkhyA-sAhitya pariccheda tIna zaurasenI Agama sAhitya

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pariccheda eka Agama : aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya paricaya aura paribhASA __jaina Agama sAhitya vizva-sAhitya kI anamola nidhi hai| vibhinna kAla-khaNDoM meM prAcIna vizva aura prAcIna bhArata kA digdarzana Agama sAhitya ke mAdhyama se sambhava hai| prAkRta saMsAra kI prAcInatama bhASA aura saba bhASAoM kI dAdI mA~ mAnI jAtI hai| isI bhASA meM jaina Agama sAhitya nibaddha hai| AgamoM meM varNita ghaTanAe~ aura ullekhita tathya aitihAsika bhI haiM aura prAgaitihAsika bhii| AgamoM meM varNita viSayoM aura tathyoM ko dekhate hue vartamAna itihAsa kI avadhi atyanta choTI hai| AgamoM meM itihAsa ke pAra bhI aneka mahatvapUrNa sthApanAe~ haiN| jo cAhe aitihAsika hoM yA na hoM, satya aura tathya se sIdhI jur3I huI haiN| vastutaH siddhAnta aura jIvana-jagata ke mUlabhUta/sArvakAlika niyamoM kA aitihAsikatA se koI saha-sambandha nahIM hotA hai| bhAratIya sAhitya ke itihAsa meM jainoM dvArA likhe vividha sAhitya kI upekSA hotI AI hai| udAharaNa ke taura para saMskRta sAhitya ke itihAsa meM jaba purANoM yA mahAkAvyoM para likhanA ho, taba itihAsakAra prAyaH hindU purANoM aura hindU mahAkAvyoM se hI santoSa kara lete haiN| itihAsakAroM ko itanI phursata kahA~ ki vaha eka-eka grantha par3he aura usakA mUlyAMkana kre|' yaha tathya hai ki jaina itihAsa ko itihAsakAroM ne bahuta upekSita kiyA, manamAne DhaMga se prastuta kiyA aura anekAneka mahatvapUrNa sAkSyoM ko miTa taka diyaa|ydi jaina rAjAoM, gaNatantra pramukhoM, senApatiyoM, sArthavAhoM, gRhasthoM Adi kA vivaraNa itihAsakAroM ne gAyaba na kiyA hotA to siddha ho jAtA ki licchavI, vajI Adi gaNatantra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke arthazAstrIya siddhAntoM ke anusAra calate the tathA isa sambandha meM aura aneka adbhuta bAteM hamAre samakSa hotI inake alAvA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt hajAra varSa kI avadhi meM dIrghakAlIna tIna durbhikSa Aye aura gye| durbhikSa ke vikaTa samaya meM nirgrantha zramaNa Agama-sAhitya kI vAcanA, pRcchanA, parivartanA aura anuprekSA nahIM kara skeN| vIra nirvANa ke 160 varSa pazcAt (IsvI san ke pUrva lagabhaga 367 meM)

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AcArya bhadrabAhu ne pATalIputra meM pahalI Agama vAcanA krvaaii| bAraha meM-se gyAraha aMgoM kA saMkalana isa vAcanA meM kiyA gyaa| IsA pUrva dUsarI zatAbdI ke madhya samrATa khAravela ne ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata para pravacanoddhAra ke lie jaina zramaNoM kA eka saMgha bulAyA aura maurya kAla meM vismRta hue aMgoM kA punaH uddhAra krvaayaa| kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra vIra nirvANa ke 827 varSa pazcAt mathurA meM AcArya skandila ke netRtva tathA vallabhI meM AcArya nAgArjuna ke netRtva meM jo vAcanAe~ huI unameM Agama lipibaddha ho gaye the| tatpazcAt vIra nirvANa ke 980 varSa bAda AcArya devarddhi kSamAzramaNa ne AgamoM ko vyavasthita rUpa se lipibaddha krvaayaa| AgamoM ke lipibaddha hone ke pazcAt 1400 varSa kI avadhi meM par3e duSkAloM se bhI aneka AgamoM kA nukasAna huaa| AcArAMga kA sAtavA~ mahAparijJA adhyayana tathA dasavA~ aMga praznavyAkaraNa pUrNa rUpa se TIkAkAroM ke yuga meM bhI upalabdha nahIM the| nandIsUtra meM jina kAliMka aura utkAlika sUtroM kI eka lambI sUcI dI gaI hai, unameM se aneka Agama vartamAna meM anupalabdha hai| yU~ to jo zruta-sampadA bacI yA bacAI jA sakI hai, vaha thor3I hai| parantu jitanA bhI upalabdha Agama aura AgamoM para AdhArita prakIrNaka sAhitya hai, usameM bhI vividha viSayoM para vipula zodha kI saMbhAvanAe~ haiN| Agama sAhitya dIrgha sAdhanAoM ke pazcAt nirmala huI cetanA kI atala gaharAiyoM kI niSpatti hai| vaha sabake lie sadaiva kalyANakArI hai| aMga-praviSTa Agama mukhya taura para AgamoM ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA - aMga praviSTa aura aMga baahy| aMga praviSTa Agama tIrthaMkaroM dvArA upadiSTa aura gaNadharoM dvArA racita hote haiM jabaki aMga bAhya AgamoM kI racanA sthavira karate haiN| Avazyaka malayagirI vRtti patra 48 ke anusAra gaNadhara tIrthaMkara ke samakSa jijJAsA vyakta karate haiM ki bhagavan! tatva kyA hai? (bhagavaM kiM tattaM ?) uttara meM tIrthaMkara gaNadharoM ko "uppanei vA, vigamei vA, dhuvei vA" (utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya rUpa) yaha tripadI pradAna karate haiN| tripadI ke phalasvarUpa racita Agama aMga-praviSTa aura zeSa sabhI aMga-bAhya hote haiN| jaina zAstroM meM sabase prAcIna grantha aMga haiN| inheM veda bhI kahA gayA hai|' aMga-praviSTa AgamoM kI saMkhyA bAraha haiM, isalie dvAdazAMga kahA jAtA hai| dvAdazAMga kA dUsarA nAma gaNipiTaka hai| ye zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se svIkRta haiN|

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dvAdazAMgI bAraha aMga AgamoM ko dvAdazAMgI kahA jAtA hai| unakA kramika saMkSipta / paricaya yahA~ diyA jA rahA hai| ___ 1. AcArAMga : AcAra ko aMgoM kA sAra kahA gayA hai|" dvAdazAMgI meM . isakA prathama sthAna hai| do zrutaskandhoM meM vibhAjita isa Agama meM AcAra aura darzana kA nirUpaNa huA hai| isameM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana prasaMgoM kA maulika aura mArmika ullekha hai| prathama zrutaskandha bhASA, chanda-yojanA Adi kI dRSTi se sarvAdhika prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai| AcArAMga meM 25 adhyayana, 85 uddezaka, 5 cUlikA evaM 18000 pada haiN| 2500 zloka pariNAma upalabdha pATha hai, jinameM 401 gadya sUtra evaM 154 padya sUtra haiN| mahAparijJA nAmaka eka adhyayana lupta hone se isake 24 adhyayana 78 uddezaka hI zeSa bace haiN| ___ 2. sUtrakRtAMga : dvAdazAMgI kA yaha dvitIya aMga hai| tatva-carcA ke sAtha-sAtha dArzanika aura aitihAsika dRSTi se isakI viSaya-vastu kA vizeSa mahatva hai| isameM 363 matoM kI carcA hai| jinameM 180 kriyAvAdI, 84 akriyAvAdI, 67 ajJAnavAdI aura 32 vinayavAdI haiN| yaha sUtra bhI do zrutaskandhoM meM vibhAjita hai| prathama zrutaskandha meM 16 tathA dvitIya meM 7 adhyayana haiM, jinameM kula 36 hajAra pada haiN| isakI 2100 zloka pariNAma upalabdha sAmagrI meM 85 gadya-sUtra aura 719 padya-sUtra haiN| ___ 3. sthAnAMga : jainAgamoM meM batAe gae tIna prakAra ke sthaviroM meM se zrutasthavira ko ThANAMga aura samavAyAMga kA jJAtA batAyA gayA hai| isase isa Agama ke mahatva kA patA calatA hai| koza zailI meM grathita isa Agama meM eka zruta-skandha, 10 sthAna, 21 uddezaka aura 72 hajAra pada batAe jAte haiN| upalabdha pATha 3770 zloka parimANa hai| 783 gadya aura 169 padya-sUtra haiN| isa Agama meM nayoM kI dRSTi se padArtha mImAMsA kI gaI hai| ___4. samavAyAMga : isa sUtra meM eka se lagAkara kor3Akor3I saMkhyA taka kI vastuoM kA saMgraha hai| ataH isakA nAma samavAya hai| nandI-sUtra meM varNita aura upalabdha samavAyAMga meM bahuta parivartana hai| viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se samavAyAMga meM vastu-vijJAna, jaina-siddhAnta aura jaina-itihAsa kI mahatvapUrNa jAnakArI hai| kucha vidvAnoM ke matAnusAra ThANAMga aura samavAyAMga kI racanA nau AgamoM ke bAda (dasaveM

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aura gyArahaveM krama para) huI thI, parantu smRti, dhAraNA aura viSaya anveSaNa kI dRSTi se inheM aMgoM meM (tIsare va cauthe krama para) sthAna diyA gyaa|" 5. vyAkhyA-prajJapti : bhagavatI-sUtra ke nAma se vikhyAta isa vizAlakAya Agama meM 36 hajAra prazna aura unake uttara haiN| praznakartA gaNadhara indrabhUti gautama haiM aura uttara-pradAtA tIrthaMkara mahAvIra haiN| Arambha meM maMgalAcaraNa ke rUpa meM pahalI bAra paMca parameSThI ko namana rUpa namaskAra-sUtra kA ullekha hai| sAtha hI "Namo bambhIe livIe" tathA "Namo suyassa" padoM se brAhmI lipi aura zruta ko bhI namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| 15veM, 17veM, 23veM aura 26veM zataka kI zuruAta meM "Namo suyadevayAe bhagavaIe" pada ke dvArA maMgalAcaraNa ko ginate hue isa Agama meM kula chaH sthAnoM para maMgalAcaraNa hai| jabaki anya AgamoM meM aisA nahIM hai| vijJAna, vANijya, itihAsa, bhUgola, rAjanIti, dharma, sampradAya, rIti-rivAja Adi vizva ke anekAneka viSayoM kA isameM spaSTa yA garbhita rUpa se varNana hai| jJAna-vijJAna kA isa mahatvapUrNa koSa meM dhArmika udAratA ke aneka sandarbha prApta hote haiN| vahA~ kisI vicAradhArA aura dhArmika jIvana paddhati ko hIna dRSTi se nahIM dekhA jAtA thaa| isameM eka zrutaskandha, 138 zataka, 1627 uddezaka, 288000 pada, 5293 gadya-sUtra aura 72 padya-sUtra haiN| 6. jJAtAdharmakathAMga : isa kathA pradhAna Agama meM do zruta-skandha haiN| prathama jJAna zrutaskandha meM 19 aura dUsare dharmakathA zrutaskandha meM 10 varga haiN|20 isakA upalabdha pATha 5500 zloka pramANa haiM, jisameM 159 gadya-sUtra aura 62 padya-sUtra haiN| isake pA~cave adhyayana meM thAvaccA sArthavAhI se patA calatA hai ki mahilAe~ bhI vANijya meM kuzala hotI thii| sAtaveM adhyayana ke rohiNI kathAnaka se bhI yaha bAta spaSTa hotI hai| bArahaveM adhyayana udakajJAta meM gande pAnI ko sApha karane kI paddhati batAI gaI hai| yaha paddhati vartamAna kAlIna philTara paddhati se milatI-julatI hai| bhagavAna pArzvakAlIna samAja-vyavasthA kA citraNa bhI milatA hai| sAMskRtika, sAmAjika, Arthika, rAjanItika Adi dRSTiyoM se bhI yaha aMga mahatvapUrNa hai| 7. upAsakadazA : dvAdazAMgI ke isa sAtaveM aMga meM bhagavAna mahAvIra yuga ke dasa prasiddha zrAvakoM kA varNana hai| ina dasa upAsakoM ke mAdhyama se tatkAlIna dhArmika, sAMskRtika, sAmAjika aura Arthika sthiti kA jIvanta citraNa hameM prApta hotA hai| dharmakathAnuyoga pradhAna isa aMga meM eka zrutaskaMdha, dasa adhyayana aura dasa uddezaka haiN| 11 lAkha 52 hajAra padoM vAle isa Agama meM upalabdha pATha 812 zloka

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pariNAma haiN| jisameM 272 gadya-sUtra haiN| vrata, niyama aura saMyama pUrvaka jIvana jIne ke lie yaha grantha Adarza AcAra-saMhitA prastuta karatA hai| isameM Arthika nItizAstra kA sundara nirUpaNa hai| 8. antakRtadazA : yaha aMga tapa aura Atma-sAdhanA ke varNana se otaprota hai| isameM 1 zrutaskandha, 8 varga, 90 adhyayana, 8 uddezana kAla, 8 samuddezana kAla aura parimita vAcanAe~ haiN| vartamAna meM yaha 900 zloka parimANa hai| 22veM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna ariSTanemI aura 24veM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya ke 90 tapasvI sAdhakoM kA isameM varNana hai| vAsudeva zrIkRSNa ke jIvana-prasaMgoM ke ullekha isa Agama meM prApta hote haiN| vartamAna meM yaha Agama jaina zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI paramparA meM paryuSaNa-kAla meM par3hA-sunA jAtA hai| . . ___. anuttaropapAtika dazA : isameM aise sAdhakoM kA varNana hai, jinhoMne kAladharma prApti ke bAda anuttara vimAnoM meM janma liyA tathA punaH manuSya janma lekara Atma-kalyANa kreNge| vartamAna meM upalabdha yaha Agama sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga kI vAcanA se alaga hai| yaha Agama tIna vargoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama, dvitIya aura taStIya varga meM kramaza: 10, 13 aura 10 adhyayana haiN| kula 33 adhyayanoM meM 33 mahAna sAdhakoM kA varNana hai| 33 meM-se 23 rAjakumAra rAjA zreNika ke putra hai| isameM bhagavAna mahAvIra kAlIna sAmAjika-sAMskRtika paristhitiyoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| ___ 10. praznavyAkaraNa : nandIcUrNi: evaM samavAyAMgavRtti ke anusAra isa sUtra meM 9216000 pada the| dhavalA meM yaha saMkhyA 9316000 batAI gaI hai| parantu vartamAna meM upalabdha zloka saMkhyA lagabhaga 1256 hai| isake alAvA vartamAna meM upalabdha adhyayana sthAnAMga meM batAe gae adhyayanoM se bilkula alaga haiN| yaha do zruta-skandhoM aura dasa adhyayanoM meM vargIkRta hai| ___11. vipAka sUtra : isa gyArahaveM aMga meM kathAoM aura udAharaNoM dvArA acche karmoM kA acchA phala aura bure karmo kA burA phala batAyA gayA hai| prathama zrutaskandha dukhavipAka aura dvitIya zrutaskandha sukhavipAka hai| kula 20 adhyayana aura 20 uddezaka haiN| 1216 anuSTupa zloka pramANa isakA upalabdha pATha hai| isake pAtra aitihAsika, prAgaitihAsika aura paurANika haiN| yaha grantha hiMsA, corI, mAMsAhAra, madirApAna, kuvyasana aura anAcAra ke duSpariNAma tathA saMyama, dAna Adi ke supariNAma batalAtA hai|

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___ 12. dRSTivAda : bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 170 varSa pazcAt zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu hue| unake devalokagamana ke bAda dRSTivAda kA zanaiH zanaiH lopa hone lagA aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ke hajAraveM nirvANa varSa taka vaha pUrNataH (zabda rUpa se pUrNataH aura artha rUpa se adhikAMzataH) lupta ho gyaa| dRSTivAda meM vipula jJAnarAzi thii| caudaha pUrvo meM vargIkRta isa Agama ke eka eka pUrva meM lAkhoM karor3oM zlokaparimANa kI sAmagrI batAI jAtI haiN| AcArya zIlAMka ne sUtrakRtAMga-vRtti meM pUrva ko ananta artha vAlA btaayaa| digambara paramparA kI mAnyatAnusAra sampUrNa dvAdazAMgI kA viccheda ho gayA; kevala dRSTivAda kA kucha zeSa rahA, jo SaTkhaNDAgama ke rUpa meM Aja bhI vidyamAna hai| aMgabAhya Agama aMgabAhya zruta sthavirakRta aura binA prazna kiye tIrthaMkaroM dvArA pratipAdita mAnA jAte haiN| aMgabAhya AgamoM ke vibhinna mAnyatAoM aura sandarbho ke anusAra vibhinna bheda milate haiN| yahA~ upAMga, mUla aura cheda ke vargIkaraNa ke anusAra paricaya diyA jA rahA hai| bAraha upAMga' 1. aupapAtika : aMgoM meM jo sthAna AcArAMga kA hai vahI sthAna upAMgoM meM aupapAtika kA hai| yaha Agama kathAnuyoga pradhAna hai| isameM 1 adhyayana, 1 uddezaka, 43 gadya-sUtra, 32 padya-sUtra tathA kula 1167 zloka pramANa upalabdha pATha hai| bhASA, sthApatya, saMskRti aura samAja kI dRSTi se bhI isa Agama kA mahatva hai| rAjapraznIya : isameM 1 adhyayana, 1 uddezaka, 65 gadya-sUtra, tathA kula 2100 zloka pramANa upalabdha pATha hai| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke zramaNa kezIkumAra aura rAjA pradezI kA mahatvapUrNa saMvAda, sthApatya, saMgIta, kalA, nATaka, daNDa-nIti Adi aneka viSaya isa Agama meM samAviSTa haiN| kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra isa grantha kA nAyaka kauzala kA itihAsa prasiddha rAjA prasenajit rahA, jise bAda meM calakara pradezI kara diyA gyaa| jIvAbhigama : dravyAnuyoga pradhAna isa upAMga meM 1 adhyayana, 18 uddezaka, 272 gadya-sUtra, 81 padya gAthAe~ tathA kula 4750 zloka pramANa upalabdha pATha hai| jIvAjIva ke varNana ke atirikta isameM dvIpa, sAgara, ratna, 2. . 3.

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zastrAstra, dhAtu, AbhUSaNa, bhavana, vastra, grAma, nagara, rAjA, tyauhAra, utsava, . naTa, yAna, udyAna, prasAdhana Adi kA varNana bhI milatA hai| prajJApanA : isake racayitA zyAmAcArya mAne jAte haiN| jo sudharmA svAmI / kI 23vIM pIr3hI meM hue aura bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa ke 376 varSa bAda maujUda the| isameM praznottara zailI meM tatva-nirUpaNa ke sAtha-sAtha dharma, darzana, itihAsa aura bhUgola ke tathya bhI ullekhita haiN| kArya aura zilpArya kI carcA isa Agama meM hai| isameM 1 adhyayana, 36 pada, 44 uddezaka, 614 gadya-sUtra, 195 padya-sUtra tathA kula 7787 anuSTupa zloka pramANa upalabdha' pATha hai| jambUdvIpa prajJapti : yaha Agama gaNitAnuyoga pradhAna hai| isameM prAcIna bhUgola kA varNana hai| prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva tathA unake jyeSTha putra cakravartI bharata, jinake nAma se hamAre deza kA nAma bhArata huA, kA varNana bhI isa Agama meM milatA hai| isameM 1 adhyayana, 7 vakSaskAra, 178 gadya-sUtra, 52 padya-sUtra tathA kula 4146 anuSTupa zloka pramANa upalabdha pATha hai|" 6.-7. candraprajJapti va sUryaprajJapti : donoM upAMga gaNitAnuyogamaya hai| pratyeka meM 1 adhyayana, 20 prAbhRta, 31 prAbhRta-prabhRta tathA 2200 zloka parimANa upalabdha pATha hai, jisameM 108 gadya-sUtra aura 103 padya-gAthAe~ haiN| donoM ke adhyayana, prAbhRta, pATha, sUtra aura gAthA parimANa barAbara hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu dvArA sUryaprajJapti para likhI niyukti vartamAna meM anupalabdha hai| prAcIna gaNita aura jyotirvijJAna kI dRSTi se ye grantha mahatvapUrNa haiN| vidvAnoM kI daSaSTa meM ina granthoM kA vaijJAnika aura aitihAsika mahatva bhI hai| 8.-12. nirayAvaliyA, kappiyA, kappavaDaMsiyA, puphiyA, puSphacUliyA aura vahidasA: ina pA~coM upAMgoM meM 1 zrutaskandha, 52 adhyayana aura pA~ca varga haiN| pratyeka varga eka-eka upAMga kA pratinidhitva karatA hai| upalabdha mUla pATha 1100 zloka pramANa hai| ye Agama kathAnuyoga pradhAna hai| bAIsaveM, tebIsaveM aura caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna ariSTanemI, pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke samaya kI vibhinna ghaTanAoM kA rocaka varNana hai| jisase

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tatkAlIna loka-jIvana, rAja aura samAja vyavasthA kA patA calatA hai| pro. viNTaranitja ke anusAra ye pA~coM upAMga nirayAvalikA sUtra ke nAma se hI kahe jAte the, lekina Age calakara upAMgoM kI saMkhyA kA aMgoM kI saMkhyA ke sAtha sAmya karane ke lie inheM alaga-alaga ginA jAne lagA

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sandarbha mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha (paM.) jaina sAhitya kA bahad itihAsa, bhAga-1, prastAvanA pR.-13 mahAprajJa, AcArya : mahAvIra kA arthazAstra - pR.-25 kanhaiyA lAla 'kamala', upAdhyAya muni : jainAgama nirdezikA pR.-1 jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI se 1961 meM prakAzita pRSTha-36 jaina, hIrAlAla (DaoN.), bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, pR.-55 6. kanhaiyA lAla 'kamala', upAdhyAya muni : jainAgama nirdezikA pa. 9-10 evaM muni puNyavijaya sampAdita nandIcUrNi pR. 8-9 7. jaina, sAgaramala (pro.) kA lekha 'Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahatva, racanAkAla evaM racayitA' prakIrNaka sAhitya : manana aura mImAMsA, prakAzaka-Agama ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna pR.-1 jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) 'prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa' pa. 33-34 evaM . Agama sAhitya manana aura mImAMsA' pR.-7 9. AcArAMga cUrNi 5/185 (brAhmaNoM ke prAcIna grantha bhI veda kahe jAte haiM) 10. samavAyAMga prakIrNaka samavAya sUtra 88, nandIsUtra 40 (bauddhoM ke prAcIna zAstra ko bhI tripiTaka kahA jAtA hai) 11. AcArAMga niyukti, gAthA-16 12. 1. se NaM aMgaThThayAe paDhame-samavAyAMga prakIrNaka samavAya sUtra-89 2. sthApanAmadhikRtya prathamaMgam-nandI malayagirIvatti patra 211 va 240 13. muni kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala', upAdhyAya, jainAgama nirdezikA - pR. 1 14. muni kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala', upAdhyAya, jainAgama nirdezikA - pR. 63 15. muni kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala', upAdhyAya, jainAgama nirdezikA - pR. 97 16. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR.-62 (10)

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17. dozI, becaradAsa, jaina sAhitya kA bahad itihAsa bhAga-1, pR.-172 18.. jaina, prema sumana (pro.) jaina sAhitya kI sAMskRtika bhUmikA, adhyAya paMcama pR.-36 19. muni kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala', upAdhyAya, jainAgama nirdezikA - pR. 261 20. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR.-75 21. dozI, becaradAsa (paM.) jaina sAhitya kA bahad itihAsa, bhAga-1, pR.-220 221 22. muni kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala', upAdhyAya, jainAgama nirdezikA' pR. 467 23. sthAnAMga vatti patra 483 24. devendra muni (AcArya), Agama sAhitya manana aura mImAMsA, pR. 163 25. padaggaM doNautilakkhA solasa ya shssaa| - nandI cuurnni| 26. dvinavatirlakSaNANi goDaza ca shsraanni| - smvaayaaNgvRtti| 27. paNhavAyaraNaM NAma aMgaM teNauudilakkha-solasa shsspdehi| - dhavalA, bhAga-1, pRSTha-104 . 28. . . devendra muni (AcArya), Agama sAhitya manana aura mImAMsA, pR. 186 29. hastImalajI, AcArya, jaina dharma kA maulika itihAsa bhAga-2 meM se ... 'jinavANI' aprela 2002 meM prakAzita lekha pR.-241 .. 30. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR.-98 31. muni kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala', upAdhyAya, jainAgama nirdezikA - pR. 527 * 32. zAstrI, nemicandra (DaoN.), prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka - itihAsa, pRSTha-180 33. muni kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala', upAdhyAya, jainAgama nirdezikA, pR.-545 34. zAstrI, nemicandra (DaoN.), prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pRSTha-180 35. muni kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala', upAdhyAya, jainAgama nirdezikA, pR.-565 (11)

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36. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR.-112 37. vahI, pRSTha-112 38. muni kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala', upAdhyAya, jainAgama nirdezikA, pR.-623 .. 39. muni kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala', upAdhyAya, jainAgama nirdezikA, pR.-671 40. muni kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala', upAdhyAya, jainAgama nirdezikA, pRSTha-729 41. jaina sAhitya kA bahad itihAsa bhA-2 (lekhaka - DaoN jaina aura DaoN mehatA), pR.-105 42. muni kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala', upAdhyAya, jainAgama nirdezikA, pR.-745 43. zAstrI, nemicandra (DaoN.), prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pRSTha-185-186 44. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa bhAga-2 pR.-129 (12)

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pariccheda do mUla-sUtra, cheda-sUtra, prakIrNaka aura vyAkhyA-sAhitya mUla sUtra AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa ke krama meM alaga-alaga vidvAnoM ne mUla sUtroM ke antargata alaga-alaga AgamoM ko rakhA hai| vikrama samvat 1334 meM likhita prabhAvaka caritra ke zloka kramAMka 241 meM sarvaprathama aMga, upAMga, mUla aura cheda kA varNana milatA hai| usake bAda upAdhyAya samaya sundara ne samAcArI zataka (patra 76) meM isa vibhAga kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa prakAra 13vIM sadI ke uttarArddha meM mUla sUtra vibhAga bana gayA thaa| jina AgamoM meM mukhya rUpa se zramaNAcAra sambandhI mUla guNoM (5 mahAvrata, samiti, gupti Adi) kA nirUpaNa tathA jo zramaNa caryA meM mUla rUpa se sahAyaka hoM unheM mUlaM sUtra kahA jAtA hai| DaoN zubiMga ne uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, Avazyaka, piNDaniyukti va ogha-niyukti ko mUla sUtra mAnA hai| vartamAna meM nimna Agama granthoM ko mUla sUtra meM parigaNita kiyA jAtA hai| 1. uttarAdhyayana : yaha sUtra bhagavAna mahAvIra kI antima dezanA kA saMkalana mAnA jAtA hai| ise jaina dharma kI gItA bhI kahA jAtA hai| cAroM anuyogoM kA isameM samAveza ho jAtA hai| isameM chattIsa adhyayana, 1656 padya-sUtra, 89 gadya-sUtra aura kula 2100 zloka pramANa upalabdha mUla pATha haiN| bhASA aura viSaya kI dRSTi se yaha grantha prAcIna hai| isa Agama ke aneka subhASita aura saMvAda bauddha-granthoM meM bhI milate haiN| DaoN. viNTaranitsa ne ise zramaNa-kAvya kahate hue isakI tulanA dhammapada, mahAbhArata aura suttanipAta se kI hai| zikSAzAstra, AcArazAstra, nItizAstra, mAnavIya ekatA, sAmAjika samatA, karmakANDoM kI .. vyarthatA Adi aneka upayogI viSayoM ko vibhinna dRSTiyoM aura dRSTAntoM dvArA isameM samajhAyA gayA hai| 2. dazavaikAlika : mala AgamoM meM dazavaikAlika kA viziSTa mahatva hai| AcArya zayyambhava racita yaha Agama niyUr3ha mAnA jAtA hai, svatantra nhiiN| isakA samAveza caraNakaraNAnuyoga meM kiyA jAtA hai| isameM 10 adhyayana, 2 cUlikAe~, 14 uddezaka tathA 700 zloka pramANa upalabdha mUla pATha hai; jisameM 514 padyasUtra aura 31 gadya-sUtra hai| (13)

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3. nandI : yaha grantha Agama sAhitya ke adhyayana meM pariziSTa jaisA hai| isalie ise cUlikA-sUtra bhI kahA jAtA hai| isameM 1 adhyayana va 700 zloka parimANa mUla pATha hai; jisameM 57 gadya-sUtra aura 97 padya-gAthAe~ haiN| dravyAnuyogamaya isa grantha ke racanAkAra AcArya devavAcaka mAne jAte haiN| DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, DaoN.nemicandra zAstrI, muni puNyavijaya, paM. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA Adi ke matAnusAra devavAcaka devarddhikSamAzramaNa se bhinna haiN| 4. anuyogadvAra : anuyoga kA artha hai - vyAkhyA yA vivaraNa aura dvAra kA artha hai - prshn| isa prakAra prazna yA praznoM ke manana dvArA vastu ke taha taka pahu~cane ko anuyogadvAra kahate haiN|' dArzanika siddhAntoM ke alAvA isa grantha meM sAmAjikasAMskRtika sAmagrI bhI paryApta milatI haiN| dravyAnuyoga pradhAna isa Agama meM 4 dvAra aura 1899 zloka pramANa mUla pATha hai; jisameM 152 gadya-sUtra aura 143 padya-sUtra haiN| isakA racanA kAla vIra nirvANa saMvat 827 se pUrva mAnA jAtA hai tathA AcArya AryarakSita isake racanAkAra mAne jAte haiN|' cheda-sUtra zramaNa paramparA kA mukhya AdhAra hai isakA AcAra-zAstra / AcAra-saMhitA ke vivecana ko cAra bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA haiM- utsarga, apavAda, doSa aura praayshcit| isa prakAra ke vivecana kA samagra vivaraNa cheda-sUtroM meM milatA haiN| cheda zabda para AcArya kundakunda kA kahanA hai ki sonA, baiThanA, calanA, adi kriyAoM meM sAdhaka kI jo anAyAsa pravRtti hotI hai, usameM yadi asajagatA rakhI jAtI hai to vaha hiMsA rUpa hotI hai aura zuddhopayoga rUpa munidharma ke cheda (vinAza) kA kAraNa hone se use cheda (azuddha upayoga rUpa) kahA jAtA hai| pro. eca. Ara. kApar3iyA ke anusAra cheda kA artha chedana hai aura cheda sUtroM kA abhiprAya una zAstroM se hai, jinameM zramaNoM dvArA niyamoM kA atikramaNa kara dene para unakI variSThatA (dIkSA paryAya) kA chedana karane vAle niyama hote haiN| anya artha ke anusAra jina zAstroM kI zikSA kevala pariNata (yogya va samartha) ziSya ko dI jA sakatI hai, apariNata yA atipariNata ko nahIM, ve cheda-sUtra kahe jAte haiN| cheda-sUtroM meM doSoM se bacane aura doSa laga jAne para prAyazcita kA vidhAna hotA hai| ina cheda sUtroM meM anuzAsana ke jo niyama prApta hote haiM, unheM zAsana, prazAsana, senA aura prabandha meM anuzAsana ke lie uttama mArgadarzana prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| DaoN. jaikobI aura zubiMga ke anusAra (14)

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prAcIna cheda sUtroM kA samaya I. pUrva cauthI sadI kA anta aura tIsarI kA prArambha mAnA gayA hai|" DaoN. viNTaranitja chaH cheda sUtroM ke nAma dete haiM - kalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha, mahAnizItha, piNDa-niryukti aura ogh-niyukti| cAra cheda-sUtroM kA saMkSipta paricaya yahA~ diyA jA rahA hai| 1. dazAzrutaskandha : ThANAMga meM isakA apara nAma AcAra dazA prApta hotA hai| isameM dasa adhyayana hai| 216 gadya-sUtra aura 52 padya-sUtroM meM 1830 anuSTupa zloka pramANa upalabdha pATha hai| kalpasUtra ko dazAzrutaskandha kA AThavA~ adhyayana mAnA jAtA hai| isameM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI jIvanI aura sAdhakoM ke AcAra-vidhAna para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| 2. bRhatkalpa : isameM 6 uddezaka haiM; jinameM 81 adhikAra, 206 sUtra aura 473 zloka pramANa upalabdha mUla pATha hai| jaina zramaNoM ke prAcInatama AcArazAstra kA yaha mahAzAstraM hai|' sAdhu kisa sthAna para kitane samaya Thahara sakatA hai, isakA vizeSa vivaraNa isa sUtra meM hai| jina 16 prakAra ke sthAnoM kA varNana isa grantha meM haiM, unase prAcIna arthika vyavasthA para prakAza par3atA hai| ye solaha sthAna hai| - 1. grAma (jahA~ 18 prakAra ke kara liye jAte ho) 2. nagara (jahA~ 18 prakAra ke kara nahIM liye jAte ho) 3. kheTa (jisake cAroM ora miTTI kI dIvAra ho) 4. karbaTa (jahA~ kama loga rahate ho) 5. maDamba (jisake bAda DhAI kosa taka koI gA~va na ho) 6. pattana (jahA~ saba vastue~ upalabdha ho) 7. 'Akara (jahA~ dhAtu kI khAne ho) 8. droNamukha (jahA~ jala va sthala ko milAne vAle mArga ho, jahA~ samudrI mAla Akara utaratA ho) 9. nigama (jahA~ vyApAriyoM kI vasati ho) 10. rAjadhAnI (jahA~ rAjA kA AvAsa aura rAjakAja ho) 11. Azrama (jahA~ tapasvI Adi rahate ho) (15)

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12. niveza/sanniveza (jahA~ sArthavAha Akara utarate ho) 13. sambAdha-sambAha (jahA~ kisAna rahate ho athavA anya gA~va ke loga apane gA~va se dhana Adi kI rakSA ke nimitta parvata, guphA Adi meM Akara Thahare hue ho) 14. ghoSa (jahA~ gvAle Adi rahate ho) 15. aMzikA (gA~va/nagara kA ardha, tRtIya yA caturtha bhAga) aura . . 16. puTabhedana (jahA~ vyApArI apanI cIjeM becane Ate ho)| . 3. vyavahAra-sUtra : caraNAnuyogamaya isa Agama meM dasa uddezaka haiN| 267. sUtra saMkhyA aura 373 anuSTupa zloka pramANa upalabdha mUla pATha hai| Agama, zruta, AjJA, dhAraNA aura jIta - ye vyavahAra ke pA~ca prakAra haiN| isake racayitA zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu mAne jAte haiN| nizItha-sUtra : nizItha bhASya zloka 64 ke anusAra nizItha kA artha aprakAza hai| usameM kahA gayA ki jo rahasya ko dhAraNa kara sake yAni gopanIyatA banAe rakha sake vahI nizItha ko par3hane kA adhikArI hai| caraNAnuyogamaya isa Agama meM vizeSataH prAyazcita kA vidhAna hai| 20 uddezakoM ke 1405 gadya-sUloM meM 812 anuSTupa zloka pramANa upalabdha mUla pATha hai|" ina cAra cheda-sUtroM sahita ikatIsa Agama-granthoM kA paricaya huaa| battIsavA~ hai - Avazyaka-sUtra : ise pratikramaNa-sUtra bhI kahA jAtA hai| isameM ina cha: AvazyakoM kI ArAdhanA kA nirdeza hai - sAmAyika, caturviMzatistava, vandanA, pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga aura pratyAkhyAna / pratikramaNa ke antargata 99 aticAra evaM mithyAtva, pramAda, kaSAya, avirati va azubha-yoga kA prAyazcita kiyA jAtA hai| gRhastha aura sAdhu donoM ke lie pratikramaNa Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai| pratikramaNa uttama jIvana jIne kI kalA kI zikSA detA hai| Avazyaka meM 100 zloka pramANa mUla pATha hai; jisameM 91 gadya-sUtra aura 9 padya-sUtra haiN| isameM varNita gRhasthAcAra kA arthazAstrIya mahatva Age batAyA gayA hai| prakIrNaka sAhitya zaurasenI Agama sAhitya ke paricaya se pUrva prakIrNaka-sAhitya kA paricaya diyA jA rahA hai| zvetAmbara jaina paramparA dvArA Agama granthoM kI mAnyatA kI do vicAradhArAe~ haiM - 32 Agama aura 45 aagm| paiMtAlIsa AgamoM ke antargata (16)

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Avazyaka-sUtra ko chor3ate hue Upara varNita ikatIsa Agama tathA dasa prakIrNaka, jIta-kalpa, mahAnizItha, Avazyaka-niyukti aura piNDa-niyukti ko sammilita kiyA jAtA hai|" prakIrNaka Agama sAhitya kA kiMcita paricaya yahA~ samIcIna hogaa| kyoMki AgamoM ko vyApaka rUpa se samajhane ke lie prakIrNakoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| nandI-sUtra ke TIkAkAra AcArya malayagirI ke anusAra tIrthaMkara dvArA upadiSTa zruta ke AdhAra para zramaNa prakIrNakoM kI racanA karate haiM athavA zramaNoM kI zrutAdhArita dharmakathAoM/dharmopadezoM se racita kRtiyA~ prakIrNaka kahalAtI haiN| mAnA jAtA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke tIrtha meM caudaha hajAra prakIrNaka the| vartamAna meM dasa prakIrNaka mAne jAte haiN| kucha anya prakIrNaka bhI mAne jAte haiN| inameM nAma aura krama bheda bhI haiN| prakIrNakoM kA paricaya yahA~ diyA jA rahA hai| 1. catuHzaraNa : isameM cAra zaraNoM ko utkRSTa aura kalyANakArI batAyA gayA hai - arahanta, siddha, sAdhu aura sarvajJa prarUpita dhrm| antima 63vIM gAthA meM vIrabhadra kA ullekha hone se ise vIrabhadra racita mAnA jAtA hai| 2. Atara pratyAkhyAna : sattara gAthAoM ke isa grantha ke racayitA bhI vIrabhadra haiN| maraNa (bAla, bAla-paNDita aura paNDita) se sambandhita sAmagrI hone se ise antakAla prakIrNaka bhI kahA jAtA hai| 3. mahApratyAkhyAna : 142 gAthAoM meM tyAga-pratyAkhyAna ke svarUpa aura mahimA kA varNana hai| 4. bhakta-parijJA : vIrabhadra racita isa grantha meM 172 gAthAe~ haiN| 5. tandala vaicArika : isa grantha meM mukhya rUpa se garbha ke viSaya meM sAmagrI milatI hai| isase patA calatA hai ki prAcIna samaya ke adhyAtma manISI Azcaryajanaka .. vaijJAnika jAnakArI rakhate the| isameM 139 gAthAe~ haiN| 6. saMstAraka : mRtyu saMsAra kI aTala niyati hai| samAdhi maraNa se use maMgalamaya banAyA jA sakatA hai| samAdhi maraNa ke lie saMstAraka yAni saMthArA Avazyaka hai| grantha kI 123 gAthAoM meM saMthAre kI vidhi aura mahatva para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| 7. gacchAcAra : isameM 137 gAthAe~ haiN| gAthA 135 ke anusAra yaha grantha mahAnizItha, bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra sUtroM ke AdhAra para likhA gyaa| isameM gaccha arthAt (17)

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samUha meM rahane vAle zramaNa zramaNiyoM ke AcAra tathA zramaNa aura zramaNiyoM ke bIca AcAragata maryAdAoM kA varNana hai| 8. gaNividyA : jyotirvijJAna kI dRSTi se yaha grantha mahatvapUrNa hai| 82 gAthAoM meM divasa, tithi, nakSatra, karaNa, graha, muhUrta, zakuna, lagna aura nimitta ina nau viSayoM kA vivecana hai| devendrastava : 307 gAthAoM ke isa prakIrNaka meM battIsa devendroM kA vistRta varNana hai| devatAoM, devaloka tathA jaina khagola-bhUgola kA paricaya isa grantha se prApta hotA hai| grantha kI mUla gAthAoM meM racanAkAra ke rUpa meM RSipAlita kA ullekha hai| devendrastava kA racanA-kAla IsvIpUrva prathama zatAbdI ke AsapAsa 10. maraNa-samAdhi : maraNa vibhakti, maraNa vizodhi, maraNa samAdhi, saMlekhanA zruta, bhakta parijJA, Atura pratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna aura ArAdhanA ina ATha prAcIna zrutaskaMdhoM ke AdhAra para isa prakIrNaka kI racanA huii| yaha sabase bar3A prakIrNaka hai| 11. candravedhyaka : isameM vinaya, AcArya guNa, ziSya guNaM, vinaya nigraha guNa, jJAna guNa, caraNa guNa aura maraNa guNa ina sAta viSayoM kA vistAra se vivecana hai| grantha meM apramAda kA upadeza hai| 175 gAthAe~ haiN| 12. vIrastava : 43 gAthAoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI stuti kI gaI hai| mahAvIra ke anya aneka nAma isa grantha meM prApta hote haiN| ina prakIrNakoM ke alAvA anya aneka prakIrNakoM ke ullekha bhI prApta hote haiN| yathA - titthogAlI, ajIva kalpa, siddha pAhuDa, ArAdhanA patAkA, dvIpa sAgara prajJapti, jyotiSkaraNDaka, aMgavidyA, tihipaiNNaga, sArAvali, paryantArAdhanA, jIvavibhakti, kavaca prakaraNa, joNi pAhuDa aadi|dhrm, darzana, adhyAtma, jIvanamUlyoM kI carcA ke sAtha-sAtha tatkAlIna samAja kI praticchavi bhI ina granthoM meM milatI hai| Agama aura vyAkhyA sAhitya ke bIca kar3I ke rUpa meM prakIrNakoM kA mahatva hai| anya kucha mahatvapUrNa granthoM kA paricaya bhI yahA~ diyA jA rahA hai| mahAnizItha : chaH adhyayana aura do cUlAoM ke isa grantha meM 4554 zloka pramANa pATha hai| nandI meM ullekhita mahAnizItha se yaha bhinna hai| isakI aneka (18)

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bAteM mUla Agama granthoM se mela nahIM khAtI hai| AcArya haribhadrasUri isa grantha ke uddhAraka mAne jAte haiN| jIta-kalpa : isake racanAkAra jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa haiN| isameM 103 gAthAe~ haiN| ogha-niyukti : isameM zramaNoM ke AcAra vicAra kA pratipAdana hai isalie kahIM ise mUla sUtra aura kahIM cheda sUtra ke antargata mAnA jAtA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne isakI racanA kI tathA aneka vijJoM kI rAya meM yaha Avazyaka niyukti kA hI eka bhAga hai| isameM 811 gAthAe~ haiN| piNDa-niyukti : AcArya bhadrabAhu ne isakI racanA kI tathA isameM 671 gAthAe~ haiN| isameM zramaNoM kI AhAra caryA para cintana kiyA gayA hai| RSibhASita : ise ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha mAnA jAtA hai| yaha grantha AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kA kiMcita paravartI tathA sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana va dazavaikAlika jaise prAcIna Agama granthoM kI apekSA pUrvavartI siddha hotA hai| bhASA, itihAsa aura saMskRti kI dRSTi se yaha bahuta mahatvapUrNa grantha hai| isameM dhArmika udAratA kA anUThA digdarzana hai| RSibhASita na sirpha jaina saMskRti apitu samagra bhAratIya saMskRti kI amUlya nidhi hai|24 niyukti-sAhitya ... mUla AgamoM aura prakIrNakoM para manISI AcAryoM dvArA vipula sAhitya kI racanA kI gii| yaha vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya eka lambe kAla-khaNDa kI sAMskRtika, sAmAjika, dhArmika, aitihAsika Adi ghaTanAoM aura viSayoM para vipula mahatvapUrNa sAmagrI juTatA hai| vyAkhyA sAhitya meM niyukti, bhASya aura cUrNi ke alAvA saMskRta TIkAe~ tathA loka bhASA meM racita sAmagrI kA samAveza kiyA jAtA hai| niyuktiyoM ke mukhya racanAkAra AcArya bhadrabAhu haiN| unhoMne AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, dazAzrutaskandha, baShatkalpa, vyavahAra aura anya granthoM para niyuktiyA~ likhiiN| AcAra kI dRSTi se kucha niyuktiyA~ itanI mahatvapUrNa hai ki ve Agama sAhitya meM svatantra rUpa se pratiSThita ho gaI, jaise piNDa-niyukti aura ogha-niyukti / mUla granthoM ke bhAvArtha aura rahasya ko jAnane ... ke lie niyukti-sAhitya kA bahuta mahatva hai| (19)

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bhASya-sAhitya niyuktiyoM ke bAda bhASyoM kI racanA huii| mUla granthoM aura niyuktiyoM para bhASya sAhitya kI racanA huii| bhASyoM meM zabdoM va viSayoM kA vistRta vivecana prApta hotA hai| bhASya sAhitya meM vibhinna prAkRtoM ke viziSTa prayoga milate haiN| jinabhadragaNI kSamAzramaNa aura saMghadAsagaNI mukhya bhASyakAra hue haiN| ina bhASyakAroM ke prAkRta gAthAoM meM Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, bRhatkalpa, paMcakalpa, vyavahAra, . nizItha, jItakalpa, ogha niyukti, piNDa niyukti Adi para bhASya upalabdha hote haiM / bhASya sAhitya meM eka dIrgha kAlakhaNDa kI pracura dhArmika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika, naitika aura rAjanaitika jAnakArI hameM prApta hotI hai| jaina paramparA aura prAcIna bhAratIya Arthika paridRzya ko jAnane samajhane ke lie bhASya sAhitya kA gambhIra adhyayana Avazyaka hai| isa sahitya meM prAcIna anuzrutiyA~, laukika kathAe~ aura paramparAgata prAcIna AcAra-vicAra kA vizad vivecana hameM milatA hai| mUla granthoM aura niyuktiyoM kI taraha bhASya kI bhASA bhI mukhya rUpa se arddhamAgadhI hai| cUrNi-sAhitya niyuktiyoM aura bhASyoM ke pazcAt AgamoM para cUrNiyA~ likhI giiN| cUrNisAhitya prAkRta aura saMskRta mizrita prAkRta meM racA gyaa| jisameM saMskRta kama aura prAkRta adhika hai| abhidhAna rAjendra koza meM cUrNi kI paribhASA dete hue kahA gayA hai ki jisameM artha kI bahulatA ho, mahAna artha ho; hetu, nipAta aura upasarga se yukta ho, gambhIra ho, aneka padoM se sambandhita ho, jisameM aneka gama (jAnane ke upAya) hoM aura jo nayoM se zuddha ho, use cUrNi samajhanA cAhiye niyukti aura bhASya kI bhA~ti cUrNi-sAhitya bhI sabhI Agama granthoM para nahIM milatA haiN| AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, vyAkhyA-prajJapti, jIvAbhigama, nizItha, mahAnizItha, Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, dazAzrutaskandha, bRhatkalpa, paMcakalpa, jItakalpa, oghaniyukti, vyavahAra, nandI, anuyogadvAra, jambUdvIpa prajJapti Adi granthoM para cUrNiyA~ likhI gaIM jinadAsagaNi mahattara ne sarvAdhika cUrNi sAhitya kI racanA kii| cUrNiyA~ sarala subodha bhASA meM hai tathA inameM bhI tatkAlIna jIvana aura samAja kI pracura sAmagrI hai|" TIkA sAhitya Agama, niyukti aura bhASya prAkRta meM racita hai| cUrNiyA~ mukhya rUpa se prAkRta aura gauNa rUpa se saMskRta meM racita hai| TIkAe~ saMskRta meM racita hai| vaha (20)

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samaya saMskRta ke utkarSa kA thA, isalie AcAryoM ne TIkAoM meM saMskRta ko apnaayaa| niyuktiyoM meM Agamika zabdoM kI vyAkhyA, bhASyoM meM vistRta vivecana tathA cUrNiyoM meM nigUDha bhAvoM ko loka kathAoM ke mAdhyama se samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai jabaki TIkA sAhitya meM AgamoM kA dArzanika dRSTi se vivecana hai| TIkAkAroM meM jinabhadragaNI kSamAzramaNa, AcArya haribhadra, AcArya abhayadeva, AcArya zIlAMka, koTyAcArya, AcArya gandhahastI, malayagirI, maladhArI hemacandra, nemIcandra Adi pramukha haiN| Adhunika samaya meM bhI paryApta TIkA-lekhana kA kArya huA hai tathA Adhunika bhASAoM meM ullekhanIya anuvAda kArya hue haiN| (21)

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sandarbha 1. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR.-163 2. kApar3iyA, eca.Ara. (pro.) di kainAnikala liTarecara oNpha di jainAz2a (1941) pR. 44-45 3. mehatA, mohanalAla (DaoN.) jaina darzana, pa.-89 (vartamAna meM sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI paramparAe~ inheM mUla sUtra mAnatI haiM) 4. . zAstrI, nemicandra (DaoN.) prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pRSTha-192 5. muni kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala', upAdhyAya, jainAgama nirdezikA, pR.-757 6. dekheM, zrI malayAgirIyA nandIvatti patra 65, prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR. 188, prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, paSTha-199 aadi| 7. siMghavI, sukhalAlajI (paM.), tattvArtha sUtra pR-8 8. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR.-190 9. kundakunda, AcArya, pravacanasAra 3/16 10. kApar3iyA, eca.Ara. (pro.) di kainAnikala liTarecara oNpha di jainAz2a pR. 11. mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha (paM.) jaina sAhitya kA bahad itihAsa bhAga eka, prastAvanA pR.-54, prakAzaka-pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna (jainAzrama) 12. kApar3iyA, eca.Ara. (pro.) di kainAnikala liTarecara oNpha di jainAz2a pR. 13. devendra muni (AcArya), Agama sAhitya : manana aura mImAMsA pR.-347 14. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR.-157 15. devendra muni (AcArya), Agama sAhitya : manana aura mImAMsA pR.-357-358 16. muni kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala', upAdhyAya, jainAgama nirdezikA, pR.-877 17. nagarAja, muni, Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana, pa.-486 evaM DaoN. (22)

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kailAza candra zAstrI kA prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pR.-197 18. dekheM 'prakIrNaka sAhitya : manana aura mImAMsA' sampAdaka - pro. sAgaramala jaina 19. jaina, sAgaramala evaM koThArI subhASa (DaoN.), Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura se prakAzita pustaka 'devindatthao' kI vistRta bhuumikaa| 20. maraNa samAdhi gAthA : 661-663 21. dozI, becaradAsa, jaina sAhitya kA bahad itihAsa bhAga-1, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, pRsstth-27|| 22. jaina, premasumana (DaoN.) prakIrNaka sAhitya kA kathAtmaka vaiziSTya' 'prakIrNaka sAhitya manana aura mImAMsA' pR.-87 23. devendra muni (AcArya), Agama sAhitya : manana aura mImAMsA pR.-404 . 24. jaina, sAgaramala (pro.) 'prakIrNaka sAhitya manana aura mImAMsA' (Agama saMsthAnaM, udayapura dvArA prakAzita) meM prakAzita lekha - 'prAcInatama prakIrNaka Rssibhaassit'| ___25. mehatA, mohanalAla (DaoN.) jaina sAhitya kA bahad itihAsa bhAga-do, pRSTha-68 ... 26. mehatA, mohanalAla (DaoN.) jaina sAhitya kA bahad itihAsa bhAga-do, pRSTha 129 27. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR.-195-196 . 28. jaina, jinendra (DaoN.), jainAgamoM kA vyAkhyA sAhitya, jinavANI, jainAgama - vizeSAMka, aprela-2002, pRSTha-475. 29. vahI, pRSTha-482 para uddhRt| 30. devendra muni (AcArya), Agama sAhitya : manana aura mImAMsA pR.-489 31. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pRSTha-234 32. dekheM, prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pRSTha-261 (23)

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pariccheda tIna zaurasenI Agama sAhitya upalabdha sAhitya kI dRSTi se zaurasenI sabase prAcIna sAhityika prAkRta mAnI jAtI hai| ise zUrasena janapada meM bolI jAne vAlI loka bhASA mAnA jAtA hai| isakI rAjadhAnI mathurA thii| isa janapada meM 84 vana the| jisameM 12 bar3e vana aura 72 choTe vana the| bAda meM aneka sthAnoM para nagara basa gye| jaise - vRndAvana, madhuvana, vidhivana, mahAvana aadi| agravana ke sthAna para vartamAna meM AgarA basA huA hai| zaurasenI ke prabhAva aura vistAra meM vRddhi ke lie deza-videza ke vyApAriyoM kA bar3A yogadAna hai| digambara jaina paramparA mAnyatA prApta Agama grantha zaurasenI prAkRta meM prApta hote haiN| ina granthoM meM dvAdazAMgI kA ullekha hai parantu use vicchinna mAnA jAtA hai| bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda kA kucha aMza zeSa rahA, usake AdhAra para AcArya dharasena ke sAMnidhya meM vizAla grantha SaTkhaNDAgama kI racanA kI gii| SaTakhaNDAgama ____ AcAryadvaya zrI puSpadanta aura zrI bhUtabali SaTkhaNDAgama ke sarjaka haiN| vikrama kI prathama zatAbdI isakA racanAkAla mAnA jAtA hai| chaH khaNDoM meM vibhakta hone isakA nAma SaTkhaNDAgama hai| prathama khaNDa jIvasthAna ke antargata satprarUpaNA kI racanA AcArya puSpadanta ne tathA zeSa Agama kI racanA bhUtabali ne kIchaH khaNDoM kA kramazaH paricaya diyA jA rahA hai| 1. jIvasthAna : isameM ATha prarUpaNAoM meM jIva kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| pahalI satprarUpaNA meM 177 sUtra haiN| dUsarI dravya pramANAnugama prarUpaNA meM 192 sUtra hai; jinameM guNasthAna aura mArgaNAkrama se jIvoM kI saMkhyA batAI gaI hai| tIsarI kSetra prarUpaNA meM 92 sUtroM dvArA jIvoM ke kSetra kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| cauthI sparzanA prarUpaNA meM batAyA gayA hai ki guNasthAna aura mArgaNA ke anusAra jIva kitane kSetra kA sparza karatA hai| isame 185 sUtra haiN| pA~cavIM kAlAnuyoga prarUpaNA ke 342 sUtroM meM jIva kI avasthA vizeSa kI kAla maryAdA kA nirUpaNa hai| chaThI antara prarUpaNA meM 397 sUtra haiM, jinameM vibhinna guNasthAnoM meM saMkramaNa kI antara avadhi kA varNana hai| sAtavIM bhAvAnuyoga prarUpaNA meM 93 sUtra haiN| AThavIM alpa-bahutva prarUpaNA meM vibhinna guNasthAnavartI tathA mArgaNAsthAnavartI (24)

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jIvoM kI saMkhyA ke nyUnAdhikya kA vivecana hai| ATha prarUpaNAoM ke atirikta jIvasthAna meM nau cUlikAe~ haiM - samutkIrtana, sthAna samutkIrtana, prathama mahAdaNDaka, dvitIya mahAdaNDaka, tRtIya mahAdaNDaka, utkRSTa sthiti, jaghanya sthiti, samyaktvotpati evaM gtyaagti| prathama khaNDa satraha adhikAroM meM vibhAjita hai| isameM kula 2375 sUtra haiN| 2. kSadrakabandha : mArgaNA sthAnoM ke anusAra kaunasA jIva bandhaka aura kaunasA abandhaka hai, isakA vivecana isa khaNDa meM hai| isameM teraha adhikAra aura gyAraha anuyoga haiN| kula 1582 sUtra haiN| karma siddhAnta kI dRSTi se yaha upayogI hai| 3. bandhasvAmitva vicaya : kaunase guNasthAnavartI aura mArgaNAvartI jIva kaunase karmabandha karate haiM, isakA isameM varNana hai| kula 324 sUtra haiN| 4. vedanA khaNDa : isa khaNDa meM 1449 sUtra hai| isameM kRti aura vedanA ina do anuyogo ke mAdhyama se karma siddhAnta kA nirUpaNa hai|| 5. vargaNA khaNDa : isameM sparza, karma aura prakRti nAmaka anuyoga dvAroM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| ina tIna anuyoga dvAroM meM kramaza: 63, 31 aura 142 sUtra hai| inameM karma-bandha, bandhaka aura bandhanIya para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| 6. mahAbandha : karma-bandha ke cAra bheda haiM - prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga aura prdesh| mahAbaMdha meM ina cAroM para itane vistAra se vivecana hai ki yaha eka svatantra grantha mAnA jAtA hai| yaha khaNDa 3000 zloka pramANa hai jabaki isase pUrva ke sabhI pA~ca khaNDa 6000 zloka pramANa haiN| kaSAya pAhuDa : AcArya guNadhara racita isa grantha kA dUsarA nAma 'pejjadosapAhaMDa' bhI hai| DaoN. nemI candra zAstrI ke anusAra grantha kA racanAkAla IsvI kI.prathama zatI hai| 180 mUla aura 53 bhASya gAthAoM ko milAkara isameM kula 233 sUtra gAthAe~ haiN| yaha grantha solaha adhikAroM ke mAdhyama se siddhAnta kI vyAkhyA karatA hai| __ zaurasenI Agama granthoM para samaya-samaya para aneka TIkAoM kI racanA huii| viSaya aura vistAra kI dRSTi se ina TIkAoM kA mahatva va sthAna svatantra grantha jaisA hai| yahA~ SaTkhaNDAgama para likhI khyAta TIkAe~ dhavalA aura jaya-dhavalA kA paricaya prastuta hai| (25)

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dhavalA : yaha TIkA SaTkhaNDAgama ke pA~ca khaNDoM para likhI gii| TIkAkAra AcArya vIrasena ne 72 hajAra zloka pramANa prAkRta mizrita saMskRta meM isakI racanA kii| isakA tIna cauthAI hissA prAkRta aura eka cauthAI hissA saMskRta meM hai| dhavalA kI mukhya vizeSatAe~ haiM" - karma siddhAnta kA nirUpaNa, pUrvavartI AcAryoM aura samakAlIna rAjAoM kA ullekha, darzanazAstra kI mAnyatAoM kA samAveza, loka-svarUpa ke vivecana meM nayA dRSTikoNa, antarmuhUrta ke sambandha meM naI mAnyatA, gaNita-zAstra kI vibhinna pravRttiyoM kA prarUpaNa, jyotirvijJAna aura nimitta-jJAna kI prAcIna mAnyatAoM kA vizleSaNa, samyaktva ke svarUpa kA vivecana, bhASA aura . kubhASA kA varNana, sAMskRtika tatvoM kA prAcurya, zruta-jJAna ke padoM kI saMkhyA kA nirUpaNa, guNasthAna aura jIva-samAsoM kA vivecana ityaadi| jaya-dhavalA : AcArya vIrasena ne jaya-dhavalA likhanA zurU kiyaa| bIsa hajAra zloka likhane ke bAda ve svargaloka sidhAra gye| unake ziSya AcArya jinasena ne cAlIsa hajAra zloka aura likhakara I. san 837 meM isa TIkA ko pUrNa kiyaa| isa prakAra isa grantha meM kula 60 hajAra zloka pramANa sAmagrI hai| kundakundAcArya kA sAhitya - zaurasenI Agama sAhitya ke sRjetAoM meM AcArya kundakunda kA atyanta mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| unakI teIsa racanAe~ prApta hotI haiN| unakI racanAoM meM nizcayanaya para adhika bala diyA gayA hai|' pravacanasAra, samayasAra aura paMcAstikAya ye tIna vizAla grantha adhyAtma-trayI ke rUpa meM vikhyAta hai| . pravacanasAra : isa grantha meM tIna adhikAra hai - jJAna, jJeya aura cAritra / jJAnAdhikAra meM AtmA aura jJAna kA ekatva, anyatva, sarvajJa kI paribhASA, indriya aura atindriya sukha, azubha, zubha aura zuddha upayoga evaM mohakSaya Adi kA vivecana hai| jJeyAdhikAra meM dravya, guNa, paryAya kA svarUpa, saptabhaMgI, jJAna, karma aura karmaphala, cetanA kA svarUpa, mUrta-amUrta dravyoM ke guNa, jIva kA lakSaNa, jIva aura pudgala kA sambandha, nizcaya aura vyavahAra Adi para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| cAritrAdhikAra meM zramaNa caryA aura AcAra saMhitA va mokSa tatva para vimarza hai|| samayasAra : adhyAtma pradhAna isa grantha kI tulanA upaniSad-sAhitya se kI jAtI hai| samaya bahuta arthapUrNa zabda hai| kAla, padArtha aura AtmA isake mukhya artha haiN| samayasAra AtmA ke sAra para kendrita hai| isameM AtmA aura anAtmA ke (26)

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bheda-vijJAna ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| jIvAjIva, kartRkarma, puNya-pApa, Azrava, saMvara, nirjarA, bandha, mokSa, sarva vizuddha jJAna aura anekAnta dRSTi se Atma-svarUpa kA vivecana ina dasa adhikAroM kA isa grantha meM varNana haiN|" paMcAstikAya : vizva kI saMracanA chaH dravyoM se milakara huii| kAladravya ko chor3akara zeSa pA~ca dravya - jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma aura AkAza; astikAya ke antargata parigaNita kiye jAte haiM, kyoMki ye bahapradezI dravya hote haiN| do adhikAroM meM vibhakta isa grantha ke prathama adhikAra meM dravya, guNa aura paryAya kA vivecana tathA dvitIya adhikAra meM puNya, pApa, jIva, ajIva, Azrava, bandha saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa tatvoM kA varNana hai| AcArya kundakunda ke anya granthoM meM niyamasAra, dvAdazAnuprekSA, darzana prAbhRta, cAritra prAbhRta, sUtra prAbhRta, bodha prAbhRta, bhAva prAbhRta, mokSa prAbhRta, liMga prAbhRta zIla prAbhRta, siddha-bhakti, zruta bhakti, cAritra bhakti, yoga bhakti, AcArya bhakti, nirvANa bhakti, paMcaguru bhakti, korasAmi, stuti, rayaNasAra Adi pramukha hai| isa prakAra AcArya kundakunda kA yogadAna na sirpha jaina darzana ke lie apitu sampUrNa bharatIya darzana, saMskRti, adhyAtma aura bhASA ke lie bhI anupama hai| dravya, guNa aura paryAya meM unhoMne vizva ke sabhI padArthoM kA samAveza kara diyaa| Agama granthoM meM ullekhita nizcaya aura vyavahAra kI avadhAraNA ko unhoMne navIna artha aura vistAra diyaa| zaurasenI Agama sAhitya ke sRjetAoM meM kundakundAcArya ke alAvA AcArya yativRSabha, vaTTakera, zivArya, nemIcandra, kumAra kArtikeya Adi nAma pramukha haiN| ina manISiyoM ke granthoM kA paricaya prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| anya grantha triloka prajJapti : tiloya paNNatti meM tIna loka ke svarUpa, AkAra, prakAra, vistAra, kSetraphala, parivartana Adi kA varNana hai| AcArya yativaSSabha racita isa grantha meM purANa aura bhAratIya itihAsa viSayaka sAmagrI bhI prApta hotI hai| nau mahAdhikAroM meM vibhakta isa grantha meM prAcIna khagola-bhUgola sambandhI jAnakAriyoM kA samAveza hai| mUlAcAra : isa grantha kI racanA AcArya vaTTakera ne kii| paM. jugala kizora mukhtAra AcArya kundakunda ko hI vaTTakera mAnate haiN| parantu anya vidvAna mukhtAra se . sahamata nahIM haiN| niHsandeha ve svatantra AcArya hai| dakSiNa bhArata ke beTTakerI sthAna (27)

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ke nivAsI vaTTakera digambara paramparA meM mUla saMgha ke pramukha AcArya the| mUlAcAra meM unhoMne zramaNa AcAra saMhitA kA suvyavasthita, vistaSta evaM sAMgopAMga vivecana kiyA hai| isa grantha na bAraha adhikAra haiM aura 1252 gAthAe~ haiN| bhagavatI ArAdhanA : vikrama kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM hue AcArya zivArya ke isa mahatvapUrNa grantha meM mukhyataH zramaNAcAra kI carcA hai| isameM samyak darzana, jJAna, cAritra aura tapa kI ArAdhanAoM kA svarUpa aura vizleSaNa hai| isake TIkAkAra zrI aparAjita sUri ne apanI TIkA ke anta meM isakA nAma ArAdhanA TIkA diyA hai| vizeSa taura para antima samaya kI ArAdhanA (maraNasamAdhi yA samAdhimaraNa) kI vidhi aura mahimA kA isameM varNana hai| isameM 2166 gAthAe~ haiM, jo 40 adhikAroM meM vargIkRta haiN| kArtikeyAnuprekSA : isameM 497 gAthAe~ haiN| isameM 12 anuprekSAoM (bhAvanAoM) ke atirikta sapta tatva, jIva samAsa, mArgaNA, dvAdazavrata, dAna aura usake prakAra, dharma ke dasa prakAra, samyaktva ke ATha aMga, bAraha prakAra ke tapa, dhyAna Adi kA varNana bhI hai| ____ ina granthoM ke atirikta gommaTasAra, labdhisAra, cAritra-labdhi, trilokasAra, dravya saMgraha, jaMbUdvIpa prajJapti saMgraha, dharma rasAyana, ArAdhanA sAra, tatva sAra, darzana sAra, siddhAnta sAra, vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, zrutaskandha, nijAtmASTaka, cheda piNDa, bhAva tribhaMgI, Azrava tribhaMgI, aMga paNNatti, kallANA loyaNA, DhAr3hasI gAthA, cheda zAstra Adi aneka choTe-bar3e granthoM aura sUtroM ko Agama tulya sthAna prApta hai| ina granthoM kA anuyoga dRSTi se bhI vargIkaraNa prApta hotA hai|" cAra anuyoga 1. caraNakaraNAnuyoga : isameM AcAra pakSa ko spaSTa karane vAle granthoM ko liyA jAtA hai| arthazAstra ke antargata upabhoktA ke vyavahAra, utpAdana, vitaraNa aura upayogitA ke siddhAntoM ke adhyayana meM caraNakaraNAnuyoga kA mahatva hai| 2. dharmakathAnuyoga : dharma aura adhyAtma ke sAtha-sAtha tatkAlIna samaya ke Arthika, sAmAjika aura rAjanItika jIvana kA jIvanta varNana isa anuyoga meM vargIkRta AgamoM meM milatA hai| 3. gaNitAnuyoga : gaNita aura gaNitIya sUtroM ke binA arthazAstra kA adhyayana pUrA nahIM ho sakatA hai| bahattara kalAoM meM gaNita kI gaNanA bhI hai| aneka (28)

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AgamoM meM gaNita sambandhI Azcaryajanaka sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| isase isa niSkarSa para paha~cA jA sakatA hai ki Agama-yuga meM arthazAstra sambandhI svatantra viSaya thaa| madhyakAla meM mahAvIrAcArya (AThavIM-nauvIM sadI) ne to gaNita para svatantra grantha 'gaNita sAra saMgraha' likhakara jaina-gaNita athavA gaNitAnuyoga ko naye AyAma diye| 4. dravyAnuyoga : dravyAnuyoga ke arthazAstrIya adhyayana meM paryAvaraNa aura usake saMrakSaNa kI tarkasaMgata samajha bar3hatI hai| paryAvaraNa ArthikI ke adhyayana meM dravyAnuyoga kA mahatva hai| DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI aura anya manISiyoM ne Agama sAhitya kI aneka vizeSatAe~ batalAI haiN| unameM se kucha vizeSatAe~ dRSTavya haiM - 1 mAnavatA kI pratiSThA hetu jAtibheda aura vargabheda kI nissaartaa| 2 zIla, sadAcAra aura saMyama kA niruupnn| 3 zoSita aura zoSaka meM samatA lAne ke lie Arthika viSamatAoM meM santulana utpanna karane hetu aparigrahavAda aura saMyama ko jIvana meM utArane kI prvRtti| . 4 kriyAkANDoM kA vaicArika virodh| 5 sAdhanA ke lie ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha kA niruupnn| 6 apane puruSArtha para vizvAsa kara sarvatomukhI vizAla dRSTi kA vikaas| 7 apane ko svayaM apanA bhAgya vidhAtA samajha kara parokSa zakti kA pallA chor3a puruSArtha meM pravRtta hone kI prernnaa| 8 vividha AkhyAnoM dvArA jIvana kI aneka dRSTiyoM se vyaakhyaa| 1 mithyAbhimAna chor3akara udAratApUrvaka vicAra sahiSNu bana apanI bhUla ko saharSa svIkAra karane kI prvRtti| 10 virodhI vicAroM ko mahatva denA tathA apane vicAroM ke samAna anya ke vicAroM kA bhI Adara krnaa| -- 11 nirbhaya aura nirvaira hokara zAnti ke sAtha jInA aura dUsaroM ko jIvita rahane dene kI prvRtti| (29)

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12 vaiyaktika vikAsa ke lie hRdaya kI vattiyoM se utpanna anubhUtiyoM ko vicAra ke lie buddhi ke samakSa prastuta karanA aura buddhi dvArA nirNaya ho jAne para kArya meM pravatti krnaa| 13 dayA, mamatA, karuNA Adi ke udghATana dvArA mAnavatA kI prtisstthaa| 14 saMskRti aura samAja ke itihAsa kA yathArtha parijJAna Agama sAhitya ke ___ mAdhyama se prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| jIvana aura jagata ke vividha anubhavoM kI jAnakArI isa sAhitya meM nihita hai|20 .. Upara varNita Agama zAstroM ke paricaya se spaSTa hai ki Atma-vinA. inakA kendrIya viSaya hai| isakI paridhi meM jIvana aura jagat kI jo anya vidyAe~ aura vidhAe~ haiM, unake Arthika-pakSa kI mImAMsA karanA isa zodha kA uddezya hai| (30)

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sandarbha 1. jaina, prema sumana (DaoN.) 'prAkRta bhAratI' meM prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya lekha, pa. 5-6 2. jaina, balabhadra (paM.) kA lekha 'mUla saMgha kI Agama-bhASA zaurasenI' 'zaurasenI Agama-sAhitya kI bhASA kA mUlyAMkana' pustikA meM prakAzita, pR. 1-3 3. hIrAlAla, siddhAntAcArya (paM.), zaurasenI Agama-sAhitya kI bhASA kA mUlyAMkana (kundakunda bhAratI dvArA prakAzita), pR.-8 4. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pa.-272 5. vahI pa.-274 evaM dekheM, DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina likhita SaTkhaNDAgama kI prastAvanA, bhAga prathama 6. zAstrI, nemicandra (DaoN.) 'prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka - itihAsa' pRSTha-204-05 7. vahI, pa. 213 8... vahI, pa. 217-18 9. mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha (paM.), Agama yuga kA jaina darzana, pa.-231-232 10. devendra muni (AcArya) Agama sAhitya : manana aura mImAMsA' pa.-580-81 11. zAstrI, nemicandra (DaoN.) 'prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa' pRSTha 226-27 12. zAstrI, nemicandra (DaoN.) 'prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka * itihAsa' pRSTha 229 13. kundakunda, AcArya, pravacanasAra 1.87 14. zAstrI, nemicandra (DaoN.) 'prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa' pRSTha 232 evaM Agama sAhitya : manana aura mImAMsA, pR.-590 15. premI, phUlacanda jaina (DaoN.) mUlAcAra eka paricaya, jinavANI jainAgama ... vizeSAMka, aprela-2002, paSTha-495 (31)

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16. zAstrI, kailAzacandra (paM.), bhagavatI ArAdhanA, jinavANI jainAgama vizeSAMka, aprela-2002, pRSTha-501 17. mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha (paM.), Agama yuga kA jaina darzana, pa.-24 . 18. jaina, premasumana (DaoN.) jaina sAhitya kI sAMskRtika bhUmikA, SaSTama adhyAya, prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM gaNitIya zabdAvalI, pR.-45 evaM DaoN. nemIcandra zAstrI kI pustaka 'bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa meM jaina vAMgamaya kA avadAna' (dUsarA khaNDa) ke pR. 355 va 379 para jaina gaNita sambandhI lekha avlokniiy| 19. zAstrI, nemicandra (DaoN.) 'prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa' pRSTha 161-162 20. zAstrI, nemicandra (DaoN.) 'prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa' pRSTha 246 (32)

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adhyAya dvitIya : jaina paramparA meM artha vicAra pariccheda eka artha sambandhI avadhAraNAe~ pariccheda do puruSArtha catuSTaya aura artha pariccheda tIna arthopArjana ke mukhya sAdhana pariccheda cAra mudrA aura vinimaya pariccheda pA~ca rAjasva aura kara-praNAliyA~ (33)

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pariccheda eka artha sambandhI avadhAraNAe~ jaina dharma kA apanA maulika aura svatantra darzana hai| avasarpiNI-utsarpiNI kAlakhaNDa, pudgala parAvartana, utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvya jaisI maulika vaijJAnika avadhAraNAe~ sRSTi ko zAzvata siddha karatI haiN| ina avadhAraNAoM ke AdhAra para jaina paramparA meM ullekhita ananta caubIsiyoM kI mAnyatA sahI siddha hotI hai| isakA phalita yaha hai ki nirgrantha zramaNa paramparA anAdikAlIna hai aura ananta kAla taka isakA astitva rhegaa| arthAt yaha zAzvata hai| nandI aura samavAyAMga meM isI dRSTi se jainAgamoM ko bhI anAdi-ananta kahA gayA hai| karmabhUmi aura karma __ pratyeka avasarpiNI aura utsarpiNI meM pA~ca-pA~ca Are hote haiN| vartamAna meM avasarpiNI kAla cala rahA hai| isake tIsare Are ke anta taka kalpavRkSIya vyavasthA rahI; jise 'bhoga bhUmi' kahA gyaa| zanaiH zanaiH bhoga bhUmi kI vyavasthAe~ samApta hone lgiiN| usake bAda 'karma bhUmi' yuga Arambha hotA hai| karma kA Azaya puruSArtha se hai| jIvana ke bhautika abhautika sabhI kSetroM meM puruSArtha Avazyaka hai| jise Adhunika sabhyatA kA prArambhika yuga kahA jAtA hai, jaina paramparA meM use karmabhUmi kahA gyaa| puruSArtha kI buniyAda para hI sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA maMgalAcaraNa hotA hai| bhAratIya sabhyatA ke prArambhika yuga ke pUrva kI mAnava sabhyatA kA jo vivaraNa jaina paramparA meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, usameM saccAI ke sAtha-sAtha vaijJAnikatA bhI hai| isa paramparA ko vikasita karane meM mukhyatayA tIna AdhAra haiM - prathama tIrthaMkara AdinAtha RSabhadeva, unake bAda ke 22 tIrthaMkara evaM 24veM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra aura unakI ziSya paramparA / zramaNa saMskRti aura zrama __ zramaNa paramparA kA Arambha jisa saMskRti se huA vaha Arya evaM vaidika saMskRti ke pUrva kI thii| zramaNa paramparA meM 'samaNa' zabda ke tIna artha hai - sama, zama aura shrm| isakA artha hai mAnasika-vaicArika santulana va paripakvatA ke sAtha sabake prati samatA aura samAnatA kA vyavahAra karate hue zramapUrvaka jIvana jiinaa| isakI sampUrNa sAdhanA vivekasammata zrama aura puruSArtha para avalambita hai| puruSArtha (34)

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kI isa vyavasthA ko Arambhika taura para jinhoMne sambhAlA aura netRtva kiyA unheM 'kulakara' kahA gyaa| kula yAni samudAya aura kulakara yAni samudAya kA prmukh| kulakaroM ko mAnava sabhyatA kA sUtradhAra mAnA jAtA hai| unhoMne prakRti pradatta vastuoM ke vidhipUrvaka va vivekasammata upayoga kI kalA sikhaaii| mAnava samAja ko kRSi aura audyogika saMsthA kI ora pravRtta karane meM kulakaroM kI Arambhika bhUmikA mAnI jAtI hai| unheM grAma aura nagara saMskRti kA janaka bhI mAnA jAtA haiN|' ___kulakara caudaha hue| vimalavAhana prathama aura nAbhi antima kulakara the| parantu mahApurANa aura jambUdvIpa prajJapti meM RSabha ko pandrahaveM kulakara kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| AcArya jinasena ke anusAra nAbhi ne AhAra, bhakSyAbhakSya viveka aura pAtranirmANa kI kalA sikhAI thii| karmabhUmi ke anurUpa samAja nirmANa ke krama meM kulakaroM ne aneka naI vyavasthAe~ diiN| hAkAra, makAra aura dhikkAra jaisI nyAyasaMgata daNDa-vyavasthAe~ bhI usa samaya zurU ho cukI thiiN| tIrthaMkara kI mA~ ke lakSmI aura ratna-rAzi ke svapna prathama tIrthaMkara AdinAtha RSabhadeva nAbhirAya ke putra the| mAtA marUdevI kI kukSI meM jaba RSabha kA avataraNa huA, taba unakI mAtA ne caudaha svapna dekhe| pratyeka tIrthaMkara kI mAtA ina uttama svapnoM kA darzana karatI hai| ina svapnoM ke antargata eka svapna hotA hai - lkssmii| lakSmI samRddhidAyinI tathA dhana kI devI mAnI jAtI hai| lakSmI kA svapna kula meM dhana kI vRddha kA sUcaka mAnA jAtA hai| isake alAvA anya svapnoM meM ratna-rAzi bhI spaSTataH dhana kI pratIka hai| gaja aura vRSabha bhI sampatti ke sUcaka mAne jAte rahe haiN| isa sambandha meM eka dohA prasiddha hai - gajadhana, gaudhana, bAjadhana aura ratanadhana khaan| jaba Ave santoSa dhana, saba dhana dhUli smaan| vartamAna meM dupahiyA, caupahiyA vAhana aura anya yAntrika vastue~ sampatti kI sUcI meM A gaI haiN| . svapna pratyakSa-apratyakSa rUpa se aneka bAteM spaSTa karate haiN| tIrthaMkara ahiMsA aura adhyAtma ke sarvocca zikhara hote haiN| ve loka meM sarvottama tathA loka triloka ke svAmI hote haiN| jisa kula meM unakA janma hotA hai, vaha kula sabhI zreSThatAoM se sampanna hotA hai| vaha Arthika aura bhautika dRSTi se bhI sampanna hotA hai| tIrthaMkara ke mAtA-pitA ke tathA svayaM tIrthaMkara ke jIvana meM kisI abhAva kA kahIM koI varNana nahIM prApta hotA hai| antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra to jaba mA~ trizalA ke (35)

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garbha meM Aye to samUce rAjya meM dhana-dhAnya aura vaibhava kI abhivRddhi hone lgii| isIliye unakA nAma varddhamAna rakhA gyaa| isake alAvA Agama granthoM meM eka aura atyanta mahatvapUrNa bAta kahI gaI hai ki kaivalya/mokSa prApti jaisI durdharSa/utkRSTa sAdhanA vahI vyakti kara sakatA hai jisake zarIra kA saMhanana vajraRSabha nArAca kA ho| Atma-kalyANa ke lie zArIrika sAmarthya kI zarta, kAyika bala kI bAta, dharma aura artha ke zAzvata sambandha kA spaSTa nidarzana hai| loka pracalita sUtra 'je kamme sUrA te dhamme sUrA' yahA~ pUrI taraha lAgU hotA hai| jaina paramparA meM artha-vicAra bahuta hI gahana artha liye hue hai| vahA~ artha hai, artha kA vicAra hai, AcAra hai; parantu Asakti kA sarvatra niSedha hai| phalataH artha ke adhikatama kalyANamaya upayoga kA viveka vahA~ vidyamAna hai| samyakdarzana kI prApti dAna se ___ jaina dharma kA Arambha samyagdarzana se hotA hai| samyagdarzana jIvAtmA ke lie ananta nizA ke bAda kI svarNima bhora hai| isa cira-pratIkSita subaha ke sAtha hI adhyAtma-yAtrA kI zurUAta mAnI jAtI hai| jaina paramparAnusAra tIrtha ke saMsthApaka/ *, pravartaka tIrthaMkara kahalAte haiN| AgamoM meM unake pUrva-janmoM/bhavoM kA ullekha/paricaya prApta hotA hai| ina bhavoM kI gaNanA samyak-darzana prApti ke uparAnta kI jAtI hai| isameM yaha batAyA jAtA hai ki kisa prakAra jIvAtmA sAmAnya paristhitiyoM meM AtmA kI pratIti karatA huA Atma-vikAsa ke sarvocca zikhara para pratiSThita ho jAtA hai| isa mahAna yAtrA ke Arambha ke sAtha kitane sandarbha artha se jur3e hue haiM; yaha yahA~ batAyA jA rahA hai| bAta prathama tIrthaMkara bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke prathama bhava se zurU karate haiN| Avazyaka niyukti, Avazyaka cUrNi, Avazyaka malayagirI vRtti, triSaSTi zalAkA puruSa caritra tathA kalpasUtra kI TIkAoM meM RSabhadeva ke teraha bhavoM kA ullekha hai| prathama bhava meM unakA jIva apara mahAvideha kSetra ke kSitipratiSTha nagara meM dhanA sArthavAha hotA hai|' dhannA ke pAsa vipula dhana vaibhava thaa| deza-videza meM usakA vyAvasAyika sAmrAjya phailA huA thaa| eka bAra dhannA ko vasantapura meM vyavasAya ke lie jAnA thaa| sahayoga kI bhAvanA se saikar3oM vyaktiyoM ko usane apane sAtha liyaa| udhara jainAcArya dharmaghoSa bhI unake ziSya samudAya ke sAtha dharma pracArArtha vasantapura jAnA cAhate the| bIhar3a aura bhayAnaka mArga hone kI vajaha se ve vihAra nahIM (36)

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kara pA rahe the| unhoMne dhannA ke yAtrA dala ke sAtha vihAra kI icchA vyakta kii| AcArya kI icchA kA sammAna karate hue dhannA ne dala ke sadasyoM ko nirdezita kiyA ki AcArya aura unake ziSyoM kA pUrA dhyAna rakhA jaayeN| AcArya ne dhannA ko zramaNAcAra aura AhAra sambandhI niyamoM se avagata kraayaa| dhannA zramaNa caryA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue muni-vRnda kI sevA-bhakti karatA hai| varSA Rtu kI vajaha se mArga meM sabako ThaharanA pdd'aa| saba apanI-apanI vyavasthAoM meM laga gye| isa daurAna dhannA bhUlavaza AcArya aura unake ziSyoM kA dhyAna nahIM rakha paayaa| varSAkAla kI samApti para ekAeka use AcArya kA smaraNa huaa| usane bhUla ke lie kSamA yAcanA karake AcArya se AhAra ke lie abhyarthanA kii| utkRSTa bhAvoM ke sAtha dhannA ne AcArya aura unake ziSyoM ko ghRta bhraayaa| paramojjvala bhAvoM ke sAtha vidhipUrvakaM kiye gaye isa dAna se dhannA durlabha samyaktva kI prApti kara letA hai| antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke samyaktva prApti kI ghaTanA bhI AhAra dAna se jur3I huI hai| aisI aura anya ghaTanAe~ bhI zAstroM meM prApta hotI hai| yahA~ yaha prazna uThatA hai ki dharma artha kA hetu hai yA artha dharma kA? arthazAstra ke Adi saMsthApaka RSabhadeva . artha kI svIkAryatA aura asvIkAryatA sApekSa hai| prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kI Ayu caurAsI lAkha pUrva thii| bIsa lAkha pUrva taka ve kumArAvasthA meM rahe tathA tiresaTha lAkha pUrva taka unhoMne rAjya kA saMcAlana kiyaa| kula 83 lAkha pUrva taka ve gRhastha/sAMsArika jIvana meM rhe| jIvana kA lagabhaga 99 pratizata bhAga unhoMne samAjanirmANa, prajA-pAlana tathA karma-yuga ko naI vyavasthAe~ dene meM samarpita kiyaa| kalA, lipi aura gaNita kA jJAna sarvaprathama unhoMne kraayaa| bharata ne bahattara kalAoM kI zikSA prApta kI, bAhubali ne prANI-lakSaNa siikhe| Arthika sAdhanoM ke rUpa meM mAna (mANa), unmAna (tolA, mAsA Adi), avamAna (gaja, phuTa, iMca Adi) aura pratimAna (chaTAMga, sera, mana Adi) jaisI vyapArika kalAe~ bhI zurU huii| RSabhadeva AdikAlIna mAnava sabhyatA ke sUtradhAra the| ve prathama rAjA the| unhoMne rAja-vyavasthA kI sthApanA kI, nagara basAyA, mantrI-maNDala banAyA aura rAjya kI surakSA ke lie samucita vyavasthAe~ kiiN| ve prathama samAjazAstrI the| unhoMne khetI-bAr3I, pAkavidyA, pAtra nirmANa vidyA Adi kI zikSAe~ dI tathA vivAha paramparA ke mAdhyama se parivAra vyavasthA kI zurUAta kii| DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina ke anusAra prAkRta meM (37)

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arthazAstra, rAjanIti, kAmazAstra, nimittazAstra, aMgavidyA, ratnaparIkSA, saMgItazAstra, Adi para bhI mahatvapUrNa grantha likhe gaye the| asi, masi va kRSi sarvaprathama RSabhadeva ne saMsAra ko asi, masi aura kRSi kA bodha pradAna kiyaa| asi yAni rAjatantra, masi yAni arthatantra aura kRSi yAni prajAtantra / / asi, masi, kRSi ko arthazAstra kI tripadI kahA jA sakatA hai| mAnava sabhyatA, saMskRti, jJAna-vijJAna, kalA-zilpa, vyApAra-vANijya Adi sabhI prakAra kI unnatiyoM kI AdhArazilAe~ isa tripadI para rakhI giiN| asi meM AtmarakSA aura suzAsana kI vyavasthA hai| masi meM lipi aura lekhana-kalA kA bodha hai| vijJoM ke mata meM I.pU. pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM lekhana kA rivAja thaa| rAjapraznIya sUtra meM patra, pustaka, pustaka kA puTThA, DorI, gAMTha, maSipAtra, Dhakkana, jaMjIra, syAhI, lekhanI, akSara Adi kA lekhana sAmagrI ke rUpa meM ullekha hai| AgamoM meM aThAraha lipiyoM kA ullekha bhI suvyavasthita lekhana praNAlI kA saMketa hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM brAhmI lipi ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai - Namo baMbhie liviie| vidyA, vANijya aura zilpa . AcArya jinasena ne bhagavAna RSabha ke samaya pracalita AjIvikA ke chaH sAdhanoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| jinameM asi, masi aura kRSi ke alAvA vidyA, vANijya (vyApAra, vyavasAya) aura zilpa (kalA, hunara, kauzala) ko sammilita kiyA gayA hai| usa samaya ke mAnavoM ko bhI 'SaTkarmajIvinAm' kahA gayA hai| prApta sAdhanoM aura saMsAdhanoM ko ahiMsaka tarIkoM se kaise bahuguNita kiyA jAya, isake lie prajApati RSabha ne apanI prajA ko bIja kA rahasya btaayaa| unake bIja ke rahasya meM kRSitantra, arthatantra se lagAkara Atmatantra taka kI sAdhanAoM ke sAra chupe hue haiN| __ RSabha prathama bhASAvid the| unhoMne unakI jyeSTha putrI brAhmI ko akSara diye, aThAraha lipiyoM kA jJAna karAyA aura sampUrNa vyAkaraNa sikhaayaa| ve prathama gaNitajJa the| unhoMne unakI dUsarI putrI sundarI ko aMka diye, aMka/gaNita zAstra diyaa| kalA, zilpa saba kucha diyaa| vizva ke sAre viSaya akSaroM aura aMkoM meM samAhita hai| Agamo meM arthazAstra ke sandarbha - jaina paurANika paramparA meM RSabha ko tatkAlIna arthavyavasthA kA saMsthApaka mAnA gayA hai| jinasenAcArya ke anusAra RSabha ne unake jyeSTha putra cakravartI bharata (38)

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ko arthazAstra aura anya vidyAoM kI zikSA dI thii| jambUdvIpa prajJapti ke anusAra bharata kA senApati suSeNa arthazAstra aura nItizAstra meM nipuNa thaa|" praznavyAkaraNa se patA calatA hai ki usa samaya 'atthasattha' arthAt arthazAstra viSayaka granthoM kI racanA hotI thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rAjA zreNika ke putra abhaya kumAra ko arthazAstra kA jJAtA batAyA gayA hai| abhayakumAra arthazAstra ke sAtha-sAtha vyavasAya-nIti aura nyAya-nIti meM bhI niSNAta the| ve rAjya, rASTra, koSa, bhaNDAra, senA, vAhana, nagara, mahala tathA anta:pura sabhI kI vyavasthA dekhate the| ve apane samaya ke zreSTha prabandhaka the| nandI sUtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki vinaya se utpanna buddhi se vyakti arthazAstra aura anya laukika zAstroM meM nipuNa ho jAtA hai| bRhatkalpabhASya meM batAyA gayA hai ki jIvikopArjana ke lie gRhastha 'atthasattha' kA adhyayana karate the' dazavaikAlika cUrNi meM cANakya ke arthopArjana ke niyamoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| nizItha cUrNi meM dhanArjana kI prakriyA ko 'aThThappatti' arthAt arthaprApti kahA gayA hai| ___arthazAstra ke racayitA AcArya kauTilya (I. pUrva tIsarI sadI) se pUrva aneka prAcIna AcAyoM aura vidvAnoM ne arthazAstroM kI racanA kI thii| kauTilya (cANakya) apane arthazAstra meM spaSTa likhate haiM ki prAcIna AcAryoM ne jina arthazAstroM kI racanA kI thI, una sabakA sAra lekara kauTilya ne isa arthazAstra kI racanA kI hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya meM arthazAstra para eka se adhika grantha vidyamAna the| arthazAstra thA to samAja, rAjanIti aura jIvana ke lie Avazyaka sabhI vidhAoM kI jAnakArI aura suvikasita vyavasthAe~ bhI thiiN| Agama sAhitya meM varNita dhArmika, Arthika, sAmAjika va rAjanItika jIvana se yaha tathya suspaSTa hotA hai| vasudevahiNDI meM ullekha hai ki kauzAmbIvAsI . ' agar3adatta arthazAstra kA adhyayana karane ke lie AcArya dRr3hapraharI ke pAsa gayA thA jaina paramparA/prAkRta sAhitya meM Arthika pakSa kA jitanA varNana hai, sambhavataH anya kisI sAhitya meM nahIM hai| spaSTa hai, tatkAlIna samaya meM artha para vizad vimarza huA thaa| phalasvarUpa arthazAstra jaisA eka sampUrNa viSaya bhI usa samaya thaa| (39)

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sandarbha 1. mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha (paM.) jaina sAhitya kA bahad itihAsa, bhAga-1, prastAvanA, pa.-30 2. jaina, prema sumana (DaoN.) 'jaina dharma aura jIvana mUlya' 3. devendra muni (AcArya), RSabhadeva eka parizIlana, pa. 123 4. jinasena (AcArya), mahApurANa 3/204 digambara paramparA ke anusAra solaha svpn| 'abhiseyadAma' kalpasUtra - 5 __sAmAyika sUtra meM namotthuNaM kA pATha evaM bhaktAmara stotra zloka 26 va 31 8. kalpasUtra (sUtra 103) 9. Avazyaka haribhadrIyA vatti, Avazyaka malayagirI vatti, triSaSTi. 1/1/36 : 10. jaina, prema sumana (DaoN.) 'jaina dharma aura jIvana mUlya' . 11. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, bhUmikA pa.-4 12. jaina, nemIcanda (DaoN.) 'bhagavAna RSabhanAtha' paSTha-7 13. ojhA, gaurI zaMkara (DaoN.) bhAratIya lipi mAlA, pR.-2 . 14. rAjapraznIya sUtra 131, nizItha bhASya 12/400, harIbhadrIya Avazyaka TIkA, pa.-284 15. asimaSiH kRSirvidyA vANijyaM ca zilpameva c| karmANImAni goDhA syuH prajAjIvana hetvH| - AdipurANa 16/179, evaM 39/143 16. AdipurANa 16/119 17. jambUdvIpa prajJapti 1/5 18. praznavyAkaraNa 5/4 19. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/11 20. nandIsUtra, gAthA 74 (40)

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21. bahatkalpabhASya, bhAga 1 22. dazavaikAlika cUrNi, pa.-102 23. nizItha cUrNi, bhAga 4 gAthA 6397 (aThThapatti vavahAro) 24. pathivyA lAbhe pAlane ca yAvantyartha zAstrANi pUrvAcAryaiH prastAvitAni prAyazastAni saMhRtyekamidamarthazAstraM kRtm| - kauTilIya arthazAstra 1.1 25. Isa atthasattha rahacariyasikkhA kusale aayriu| vasudevahiNDI-saMghadAsagaNi, bhAga 1 26. jaina, premasumana (DaoN.) jaina dharma aura jIvana mUlya, adhyAya paMcadaza, pa. 125 (41)

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pariccheda do puruSArtha catuSTaya aura artha cAra puruSArtha mAnava prakRti meM cAra tatva haiM - dharma, artha, kAma aura mokss| Agama sAhitya meM ina cAra tatvoM ke lie kahA gayA hai' - 1. kAmakAme - mAnava kAmakAmI hai| kAma usakI prakRti kA eka tatva hai| manuSya paryAya meM maithuna saMjJA (kAmecchA) ko prabalatama batAyA gayA hai| kAma ke sAtha puruSArtha zabda prayoga pArivArika va sAmAjika dAyitvoM kA bodha karAtA hai| isa dAyitva-bodha se vyakti kI kAma-sAdhanA niSkAma-sAdhanA kI ora agrasara hotI hai| jIvana ke udAtta lakSya usake nikaTa A jAte haiM yA vaha una mahAna lakSyoM ke nikaTa pahu~ca jAtA hai| puruSArtha kI saphalatA aura sArthakatA usake utkarSa meM hai| 2. atthalolue - vaha artha kA AkAMkSI hai| Agama varNita cAra saMjJAoM (prANiyoM kI mUlabhUta icchAe~) meM eka hai - parigraha yAni saMgraha-vRtti / artha-puruSArtha mAnava kI isa vRtti kI saMpUrti meM zrama, kauzala Adi ko Avazyaka banAtA tathA use nIti-zAstra se anuzAsita karatA hai| artha puruSArtha ke sAtha AhAra saMjJA kI taSapta bhI jur3I hai| 3. dhamma saddhA - manuSya meM dharma kI zraddhA hai| caritra kI zraddhA hai| AsthA hai| yaha AsthA use bhaya se mukta hone meM sahAyaka banatI hai| kAma aura artha asthAyI rUpa se bhaya-mukti kA bharosA dilAte haiM, jabaki dharma cirasthAyI aura Abhyantara bhayamukti kI sAdhanA kA nAma hai| 4. saMvega - vaha mukta honA cAhatA hai| mukti abhaya kI zAzvata avasthA hai| bhAratIya aura jaina saMskRti meM manuSya jIvana kI dRSTi se inheM cAra puruSArthoM ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta kathAoM meM inameM se do ko hI puruSArtha mAnA hai - kAma aura mokss| zeSa do puruSArtha inakI prApti meM sahAyaka batAye gaye haiN| dharma puruSArtha ko mokSa aura artha puruSArtha ko kAma ke lie sahAyaka batAyA gayA hai|' (42)

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dharma aura artha mokSa jIvana kA antima lakSya hai, sAdhya hai| dharma use prApta karane ke lie sAdhana svarUpa hai| phira, mokSa svatantra puruSArtha kaise ? vastutaH dharma puruSArtha kA uttarArddha mokSa puruSArtha hai| isa prakAra mokSa puruSArtha kI sAdhanA meM artha aura kAma gauNa ho jAte haiN| cAroM puruSArthoM meM artha sAdhya svarUpa to nahIM hai, parantu AdhArabhUta evaM sahAyaka hai| dharma puruSArtha ke pUrvArddha meM jIvana kI jo sAdhanA kI jAtI hai, usameM artha aura kAma kI saMyamita sAdhanA sammilita hai| parantu aNagAra-dharma meM artha aura kAma puruSArtha niSiddha hai| AgAra-dharma kI ArAdhanA meM artha se jIvana kI ve samasta suvidhAe~ aura sAmagrI juTAI jAtI hai, jisakI AvazyakatA zeSa tInoM puruSArthoM ke lie hotI hai| kAma aura artha jaina paramparA meM cAroM puruSArthoM meM santulana ke lie bAra-bAra nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| mokSa puruSArtha sAdhya rUpa hAne se tathA dharma puruSArtha sahAyaka rUpa hone se artha puruSArtha kabhI anartha kA kAraNa aura kAma puruSArtha kabhI anAcAra kA kAraNa nahIM bana skaa| artha aura kAma para yaha niyantraNa jIvana, samAja aura deza ke lie varadAna bana gyaa| arja aura kAma manuSya ko mauja-mastI aura pratyakSa sukha pradAna karate haiM isalie vaha artha aura kAma kI ora turanta pravRtta ho jAtA hai| yadi artha aura kAma para dhArmika, naitika aura sAmAjika niyantraNa nahIM ho to parivAra aura samAja ke mUlAdhAra hI khisaka jaaeNge| mokSa aura artha . puruSArtha catuSTaya meM artha puruSArtha ke AdhArabhUta sthAna se jIvana kI sampUrNa sAdhanA meM artha kI mahattA sunizcita hotI hai| artha ke sAtha puruSArtha zabda karma, kauzala, karttavya aura zrama kI ora saMketa hai| dharma aura mokSa puruSArtha ke dvArA arthopArjana meM nyAya-nIti kI zarta se sAdhana zuddhi kI prabala preraNA dI gaI hai| cAroM puruSArthoM ke antarsambandha pArivArika aura sAmAjika kSetra meM artha pramukhatama aura AdhArabhUta puruSArtha hai hI; dhArmika kSetra meM bhI artha ne khAsA sthAna banA liyaa| jisa artha ko dharma ke lie sahAyaka mAnA gayA, usa artha kI nirvighna aura nirdoSa prApti ke lie dharma ko bhI sahAyaka mAnA gyaa| loga Aja bhI artha prApti ke lie vizeSa dharma sAdhanAe~, (43)

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tapa, anuSThAna, mantra jApa Adi kiyA karate haiN| dharma kA phailAva bhautika aura AdhyAtmika dono dizAoM meM dRSTigocara hotA hai| isa prakAra artha aura dharma anyonyAzrita ho jAte haiM aura kAma aura mokSa kI sAdhanA ina para nirbhara ho jAtI hai| Agama granthoM ke aneka pAtra Atma-kalyANa ke lie dharma karate haiM aura jIvikA tathA parivAra ke bharaNa-poSaNa ke lie jAna jokhima meM DAlakara bhI arthopArjana ke lie puruSArtha karate haiN| deza-dezAntara kI yAtrA karate haiN| sArthavAha vyApAra ke mAdhyama se logoM meM sAmudAyika bhAvanA jagAne aura saMyukta sAhasa se lAbha kamAne ke lie prerita karate haiN| ___nyAyapUrNa artha kI isI avadhAraNA ko Age bar3hAte hue somadevasUri kahate haiM ki artha ke binA dharma aura kAma saMbhava nahIM, isalie arthopArjana sadaiva prayatnazIla rahanA caahiye| unakA kahanA hai 'jo manuSya kAma aura artha kI upekSA. karake kevala dharma kI hI satat upAsanA karatA hai, vaha pake hue kheta ko chor3akara jaMgala ko kATatA hai| sukhI aura santulita jIvana ke lie mAnava dhArmikatA ke sAtha-sAtha dhanopArjana kareM aura vyaya kareM tathA apane laukika sukha ko kAyama rakhatA huA lokottara sukha kI sAdhanA kreN| cUMki artha se sAre prayojana siddha hote haiM isaliye vyakti ko aprApta dhana kI prApti, prApta dhana kI rakSA tathA rakSita dhana kI vRddhi karanI cAhiye, jisase vaha dhanavAna ho ske| artha hogA to use dAna ke rUpa meM visarjita aura bhalAI ke kAryoM meM viniyojita kiyA jA skegaa| artha puruSArtha kI mahattA paumacariyaM meM dhana kA mahatva batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki jisake pAsa dhana hai vahI sukhI hai, paNDita hai, yazasvI hai, mahAna hai; dharma bhI usake adhIna hai| ahiMsA ke upadeza vAle dharma ke pAlana meM bhI dhanavAna hI samartha ho sakatA hai| vasudevahiNDI meM kahA gayA hai ki artha se hI sAre kArya sambhava hote haiN| dhana hone se hI loga Adara karate haiN| alpa dhana jAnakara AtmIya bhI mu~ha mor3a lete haiM; parAyoM kA to kahanA hI kyA? kuvalayamAlAkahA meM sthANu aura mAyAditya kA saMvAda artha puruSArtha kI mahattA aura artha puruSArtha meM anindita (ahiMsaka) sAdhanoM se dhanopArjana kI preraNA detA hai| haribhadrasUri kahate haiM ki artharahita puruSa ko puruSa nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoM ki na to vaha yaza prApta kara sakatA hai, aura na sajjanoM kI saMgati aura na hI vaha paropakAra kara sakatA hai| jayavallabha kahate hai ki dhanahIna kA koI Adara nahIM karatA hai| (44)

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sAmyavAda vaiSamya-nivAraNa meM puruSArtha DaoN. sAgaramala jaina cAroM puruSArthoM ko vaiSamya nirAkaraNa ke rUpa meM prastuta karate haiN| - viSamatAe~ viSamatA ke nirAkaraNa nirAkaraNa kA . puruSArtha catuSTaya kA siddhAnta pariNAma se sambandha Arthika aparigraha artha-puruSArtha (parigraha-parimANa) (sama-vitaraNa) sAmAjika ahiMsA zAnti va abhaya dharma-puruSArtha (ayuddha) (naitikatA) vaicArika anAgraha (anekAnta) vaicArika samanvaya dharma va mokSa evaM samAdhi puruSArtha mAnasika anAsakti Ananda kAma va mokSa (vItarAgAvasthA) puruSArtha ___eka artha-puruSArtha ke DA~vADola hone se anyAnya puruSArtha khatare meM par3a jAte haiN| cAroM puruSArthoM meM artha kI sAmarthyavAna sattA aura mahattA nirvivAda aura asandigdha hai| parantu artha kA prabhAva aura artha kA abhAva donoM ThIka nahIM hai| artha ke prati eka samyak dRSTikoNa honA caahiye| Agama meM usI samyak dRSTikoNa kA pratipAdana hai| artha ke upayoga kI dRSTiyA~ yaha nirvivAda hai ki jaina paramparA ne ahiMsA para sarvAdhika bala diyA hai| sarvocca AdhyAtmika U~cAI ke lie sampUrNa ahiMsA anivArya hai| jIvana kI sudIrgha yAtrA meM ahiMsA kI bahuAyAmI aura sarvavyApI AvazyakatA hai| parivAra, samAja, AjIvikA Adi kSetroM meM bhI ahiMsA ke vicAra ko kendra meM rakhA gyaa| ahiMsA ke kendra meM rahane se sarvodaya-vicAra aura sAdhana-zuddhi jaisI bAteM Agama yuga meM hI mUrta rUpa le cukI thiiN| jainAcAra meM dhanArjana meM nyAya nIti aura ahiMsA kA jo viveka pradAna kiyA gayA hai, dhana ke upayoga meM bhI vaise hI gahare viveka kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| kabhI kabhI lagatA hai ki dhana kA Adarza upayoga, dhanArjana se bhI kaThina kArya hai| jaina paramparA kA AcAra zAstra dhana ke sarvottama aura vivekasammata upayoga kA sakhta aura sUkSma nirdeza karatA hai| (45)

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'davya' zabda kA artha prAkRta sAhitya meM eka zabda AyA hai - 'davva' (drvy/dhn)| isakA artha karate hue batAyA gayA ki vaha dravita hotA rahe; eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para calatA rhe| pravAhamAna nIra svaccha to hotA hI hai, vaha deza dezAntara ko bhI lAbhAnvita karatA hai, sarasabja banAtA hai| usake naisargika kala-kala nAda se sampUrNa prakRti pulakita ho jAtI hai| bahatI saritA samatA, gatizIlatA aura paropakAra kA amara sandeza detI hai| isI prakAra samAja meM artha kI pravAhazIlatA kA mahatva hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke artha ke saMvibhAga aura asaMgraha ke upadeza meM vyaSTi aura samaSTi kA samagra hita sannihita hai| arthopayoga kI tIna darSaSTayA~ sAmAnyataH dhana kI tIna gatiyA~ batAI gaI haiM - dAna, bhoga aura naash| inameM dAna aura bhoga dhana ke upayoga kI zreNiyA~ haiN| jisa dhana kA upayoga nahIM kiyA jAtA hai, upayogakartA kI dRSTi se usakI pariNati nAza hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pramukha zrAvaka Ananda ne apanI vipula dhana-sampadA ko barAbara cAra hissoM meM bA~Ta rakhA thA :1. eka vibhAga vyApAra, vyavasAya, vANijya aura udyoga meN| . 2. eka vibhAga se AzritoM kA bharaNa-poSaNa, zikSA-dIkSA tathA kauTumbika daayitv| 3. eka vibhAga se atithi-sevA, dAna, paropakAra, paramArtha Adi / tathA 4. eka vibhAga nidhi (koSa) ke rUpa meM surkssit| isa dRSTi se dhana kI cAra gatiyA~ phalita hotI haiM - niveza, dAna, bhoga aura naash| dAna jaina granthoM meM dAna ko zrAvaka kA Avazyaka kartavya batAyA gayA hai| kevala kisI ko kucha de denA hI dAna nahIM hai, apitu usameM dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kA vicAra bhI honA caahiye| bha. mahAvIra kahate haiM - samanojJa vyakti samanojJa (suvihita) sAdhu ko azana, pAna, khAdima, svAdima arthAt AhAra aura vastra, pAtra, zaiyA pradAna kareM, parama Adara pUrvaka usakI vaiyAvRtti kareM to vaha dharma kA AdAna karatA hai| indrabhUti gautama bha. mahAvIra se pUchate haiM - bhagavan ! jo zramaNopAsaka (sadgRhastha) yadi tathArUpa zramaNa yA mAhaNa ko eSaNIya AhAra detA (46)

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hai, to use kyA lAbha hotA hai ? bhagavAna pharamAte haiM - vaha ekAnta karma nirjarA (dharma prApti) karatA hai, kintu kiMcita bhI pApa-karma nahIM karatA hai| svAmI kArtikeya kahate haiM ki 'jo lakSmI pAnI meM uThane vAlI taraMgoM ke samAna caMcala hai, do-tIna dina Thaharane vAlI hai, usakA sadupayoga yahI hai ki dayAlu hokara yogya pAtra ko dAna diyA jaay| aisA nahIM karake jo vyakti kevala lakSmI kA saMcaya karatA rahatA hai, use jaghanya, madhyama aura utkRSTa pAtroM meM dAna nahIM karatA hai; vaha apanI Atma-vaMcanA karatA hai| usakA manuSya janma pAnA vRthA hai| supAtradAna kI mahimA kA bakhAna karate hue AcArya rAjendra surIzvara kahate haiM - munivaroM ke darzana mAtra se dina meM kiyA huA pApa naSTa ho jAtA hai, to phira jo unheM dAna detA hai, use jagata meM aisI kaunasI vastu hai jo prApta na ho| yahA~ taka samyaktva kI upalabdhi bhI dAna se prApta hotI hai| dhana, sAdhanoM aura saMsAdhanoM ke upayoga meM supAtradAna ko utkRSTa dAna aura utkRSTa dAna ko supAtra dAna batAyA gayA hai| supAtradAna ko uttama dAna batAne ke pIche mukhya kAraNa yaha hai ki supAtradAna ahiMsA, saMyama ora tapa kI ArAdhanA meM prabala nimitta hai| dhana kA upayoga isa prakAra honA cAhiye jisase ahiMsA kA vistAra ho aura samatAmUlaka samAja racanA meM vaha nimitta bana ske| kisI bhI prakAra se dhana ke upayoga meM yaha viveka dRSTi ho ki ahiMsA kI paramparA Age-se-Age bar3hatI rhe| isIlie tIrthaMkaroM ne anukampA dAna kA mukta samarthana kiyA hai| ThANAMga20 meM dasa prakAra ke dAnoM meM anukampA ko prathama batAyA gayA hai| anukampA mana kI usa uccatara avasthA kA nAma hai, jahA~ vyakti dUsaroM ke dukha se anukampita ho jaae| kisI ke dukha se dravita/anukampita hokara usakI madada karanA mAnavocita kartavya hai| anukampA dAna kA lakSaNa batAte hue AcArya umAsvAti kahate haiM - anukampA dAna vaha hai jo dayanIya, anAtha, daridra, saMkaTagrasta, rogagrasta evaM zokapIr3ita vyakti ko anukampA lAkara diyA jAtA hai| anukampA ko vyavahAra samyaktva kA eka lakSaNa batAyA gayA hai| tebIsaveM tIrthaMkara bha. pArzvanAtha ke ziSya kezI zramaNa rAjA pradezI kA hRdaya parivartita kara dete haiN| rAjA pradezI vrata grahaNa karatA hai| eka vrata ke antargata pradezI ne rAjya sampadA ke cAra bhAga kiye| unameM se eka bhAga rAjya ke dIna, dukhI, anAtha aura jarUratamanda vyaktiyoM ke kalyANa ke lie rakhane kA saMkalpa kiyaa| isa prakAra paramArtha aura paropakAra meM dhana ke upayoga kI mahimA se grantha bhare par3e haiN| vidhi aura viveka se diye gaye dAna athavA kiye gaye sahayoga ke aneka Arthika AyAma haiN| (47)

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niveza aura vyavasAya vistAra dhana ko vyApAra, vANijya aura vyavasAya meM lagAnA niveza hai| isameM bacata aura lAbha tatva bhI samAviSTa rahate haiN| atirikta dhana se vyAvasAyika pUMz2I meM bar3hotarI karanA, nayA vyavasAya Arambha karanA, nava rojagAra sRjana tathA rojagAra ke lie Arthika sahayoga Adi niveza ke vibhinna rUpa haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pramukha zrAvaka Ananda ne apane dhana kA eka cauthAI hissA cAra karor3a svarNa vyApAra meM. lagA rakhA thaa| . dAna kI carcA ke antargata apane sAdhanoM aura saMsAdhanoM ke saMvibhAga ko zrAvaka kA pramukha karttavya batAyA gayA hai| dAna kA tAtparya kisI ko kucha de denA bhara nahIM, apitu pArasparikatA ke niyama kA vivekasammata anupAlana hai| AjIvikA vyakti ke sAMsArika jIvana kA dharAtala hai| vaha dhArmika/AdhyAtmika jIvana ke lie bhI Avazyaka hai| rojagAra ke lie yogya vyakti ko Arthika sahayoga karanA dhana kA zreSTha upayoga hai| isase sAmAjikatA majabUta banatI hai tathA samAja sampanna hotA hai| isameM dene aura lene vAle donoM pakSa nirbhAra bhI rahate haiM aura upakRta bhI hote haiN| pArasparika nirbharatA aura pArasparika upakAra kA dRSTikoNa "parasparopagraho jIvAnAm 23 se phalita hotA hai| Arthika-sAmAjika samatA, sahaastitva, zAnti, sauhArdra aura mAnavatA kI dRSTi se yaha sUtra atyanta mUlyavAna hai| sahayoga ke alAvA apane vyavasAya kA vistAra karanA bhI dhana ke upayoga kI eka dRSTi hai| vyavasAya-kA-vistAra rojagAra ke naye avasara paidA karatA hai| udyamazIlatA aura pUMjI kI upalabdhatA saba jagaha nahIM hotii| vyavasAya yA bar3A vyavasAya karanA sabake vaza kI bAta nahIM hai| aise meM nava-udyama aneka vyaktiyoM ke lie rojagAra kA AdhAra bana jAtA hai| upAsakadazAMga ke kozavargIkaraNa kA nItivAkyAmRta meM samarthana kiyA gayA hai aura batAyA gayA hai ki dhana se hI dhana kI vRddhi hotI hai| manuSya ko apanI Aya kA cauthAI bhAga pUMjI vRddhi hetu, cauthAI bhAga vyApAra karane hetu, cauthAI upabhoga aura cauthAI AzritoM ke bharaNa poSaNa ke lie nirdhArita karanA cAhiye / isa prakAra granthoM meM jagaha-jagaha vyApAravRddhi aura vistAra kI paryApta sUcanAe~ prApta hotI haiN| (48)

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sandarbha 1. mahAprajJa, AcArya, mahAvIra kA arthazAstra pala.-15 evaM dekheM, 'cAra puruSArtha' - muni candrazekharavijaya; kamala prakAzana TrasTa, ahamadAbAda 2. jaina, premasumana (pro.) jaina dharma aura jIvana mUlya, adhyAya dazama, pR.-72 3. 'dharmakAmayorarthamUlatvAm' - nItivAkyAmata 2/16,17 4. vahI 1/47 5. vahI, 1/48 vahI 2/1, 2/3 evaM dekheM - 'nItivAkyAmata meM rAjanIti' DaoN. ema. ela zarmA, (bhAratIya jJAnapITha se prakAzita) . 7. vimalasUri paumacariuM 35/66,67 8. vasudevahiNDI 1/34 9. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) jaina kathA sAhitya vividha rUpoM meM, pR.-10 10. samarAiccakahA, 4/246 11. vajjAlagga, gAthA 143 12. jaina, sAgaramala (DaoN.), jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana' pR.-503-504 13. jaina, prema sumana (pro.) jaina dharma aura jIvana mUlya, adhyAya paMcadaza, pR. 126 . 14. upAsakadazAMga - Ananda adhikAra evaM rAjapraznIya sUtra - pradezI adhikAra 15. dANaM pUjA mukkhaM sAvaya dhamme ya sAvayAteNa viNA kR rayaNasAra 16. AcArAMga prathama zruta, 8vA~ adhyayana, 2 uddezaka 17. bhagavatI sUtra 8/6 18.. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, gAthA 4-5 19. abhidhAna rAjendra koSa gA-103 (49)

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20. ThANAMga, sthAna 10, sUtra 475 21. puSkara muni, upAdhyAya, jaina dharma meM dAna eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana pR. 244 22. vahI pR.- 245 23. tattvArtha sUtra 5/1 24. arthnaarthopaarjnm| - nItivAkyAmata 29/97 evaM 29/105 (50)

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pariccheda tIna arthopArjana ke mukhya sAdhana jaina dharma apanI maulika sthApanAoM aura mAnyatAoM ke lie jAnA jAtA hai| sAdhana-zuddhi kI jo bAta bIsavIM sadI meM mahAtmA gAMdhI ne kahI, usake preraka sUtra hameM Agama granthoM meM milate haiN| mAnava apanI Arthika samRddhi ke lie mUlataH prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM para nirbhara rahatA AyA hai| jaina aura ahiMsA kI dRSTi se dhanopArjana ke sAdhanoM meM yaha vizeSa dhyAna rakhA jAtA hai ki prakRti ko kama-sekama kSati ho| sAdhana zuddhi to ho hI, sAdhanoM kA upayoga bhI vivekasammata honA caahiye| jisase paryAvaraNa aura samAja ko nukasAna nahIM phuNce| arthopArjana meM paryAvaraNa-dRSTi jaina granthoM meM cha: lezyAoM kA varNana milatA hai| unameM prathama tIna - kRSNa, nIla aura kApota lezyAoM ko aprazasta kahA gayA hai tathA antima tIna - padma, tejo aura zuka lezyAoM ko prazasta / lezyAoM ke krama ko samajhane ke lie eka rocaka udAharaNa diyA gayA hai| cha: yAtrI hote haiN| unheM bhUkha lagatI hai| bhojana kI talAza karate hue phaloM se ladA eka jAmuna kA per3a unheM dikhAI par3atA hai| kRSNa lezyA vAlA phala prApti ke lie per3a ko jar3amUla se ukhAr3ane kI bAta karatA hai| nIla lezyA vAlA kahatA hai - jar3a se ukhAr3ane se kyA phAyadA ? per3a kI zAkhAe~ kATa lene se hI apanA kAma ho jaayegaa| isa para tIsarA kahatA hai - jina DAliyoM para phala lage haiM, unheM kATanA paryApta hai| use kApota lezyA vAlA kahA gyaa| padma lezyA vAlA bolatA hai - phalayukta TahaniyA~ tor3anA kAphI hai to tejo lezyA vAle ne sirpha . phala tor3akara khA lene kA sujhAva diyaa| isa para zukU lezyA vAlA bolatA hai ki phala tor3ane kI bhI kahA~ AvazyakatA hai ? vRkSa ke nIce jo phala sahaja rUpa se gira gaye haiM, unase hI hamArI bhUkha zAnta ho jaaegii| isa dRSTAnta meM krUratA se karuNA kI ora yAtrA hai| sAtha hI, arthazAstrIya dRSTi se sAdhanoM aura saMsAdhanoM ko binA nukasAna pahu~cAye yA kama-se-kama nukasAna pahu~cAye adhikatama lAbha prApta karane kI preraNA bhI hai| aise aneka kathAnaka aura dRSTAnta jaina Agama granthoM meM prApta hote haiM, jinameM prakRti, paryAvaraNa, jIva-jantuoM, pazu-pakSiyoM aura per3a-paudhoM kI rakSA ke amara sandeza diyA gaye haiN| (51)

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dhanopArjana ke mukhya sAdhana ___ arthazAstra meM dhanopArjana ke sAdhanoM ke antargata bhUmi, zrama, pUMjI aura prabandha ko parigaNita kiyA gayA hai| vRkSa, vana, pahAr3a, jala, nirjhara, khetI-bAr3I, khanija saba kucha bhUmi ke Azrita hai| yadi yaha kaha diyA jAya ki arthopArjana kA ekamAtra mUlabhUta sAdhana bhUmi hI hai to galata nahIM hogaa| kyoM ki zrama, pUMjI aura prabandha to bhUmi aura prakRti meM upalabdha cIjoM ko ucita prakAra se prApta karane ke mAdhyama haiN| -- dhanopArjana kA dUsarA mukhya sAdhana hai - shrm/prishrm/purussaarth| zrama ke binA kucha bhI prApta nahIM hotaa| prApta kA samucita upayoga bhI aMma ke bagaira sambhava nhiiN| zramaNa saMskRti kA to Arambha hI 'zrama' se hotA hai| paryApta saMsAdhana aura zrama bhI ho, lekina pUMjI ke binA Arthika cakra ko gatizIla nahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai| pUMjI; bhUmi, zrama aura prabandha ke ArthikIkaraNa kA mukhya ghaTaka hai| prabandha ke antargata niyojana, saMgaThana, samanvaya, niyaMtraNa, nirNayana, abhipreraNa, vipaNana Adi bAtoM kA samAveza hotA hai| Agama-granthoM meM arthopArjana ke ina sabhI ghaTakoM kI paryApta carcA prApta hotI hai| parantu unakA arthazAstrIya dRSTi se vargIkaraNa aura vivecana nahIM haiN| ___jaisA ki batAyA jA cukA hai, bhUmi mUlabhUta sAdhana hai| yahA~ sabhI prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM ko bhUmi ke antargata samAviSTa kiyA gayA hai| isake antargata mukhyataH vana sampadA, khanija sampadA aura jala sampadA ko liyA jAtA hai| jainAgamoM meM SaTkAyika jIvoM kI rakSA ke sandeza meM ina sampadAoM ke rakSaNa va saMrakSaNa kA bhAva aura saMkalpa vidyamAna hai| vana sampadA Agama yuga kA bhArata vipula jaMgaloM se paripUrNa thaa| vana Arthika jIvana kA AdhAra to the hI, Atma-sAdhanA ke lie bhI upayukta mAne jAte the| vyAkhyAprajJapti' aura prajJApanA meM vizAla vanakhaNDoM ke ullekha milate haiN| aupapAtika sUtra meM vanakhaNDa kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki - pUrNabhadra caitya cAroM ora se vizAla vanakhaNDa se ghirA huA thaa| vRkSoM kI atyadhika saghanatA ke kAraNa vaha vanakhaNDa kAlA, kAlI AbhA vAlA, nIlA, nIlI AbhA vAlA, harI, harI AbhA vAlA dikhAI (52)

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detA thaa| usakI havA zItala, zItala AbhAmaya; miTTI snigdha, snigdha AbhAmaya tathA sundara varNa vAlI thii| vahA~ kI chAyA atyanta gaharI hotI thii| usakA dRzya itanA ramaNIya lagatA thA, mAno bar3e-bar3e bAdaloM kI ghaTAe~ ghirI hoN| vanakhaNDa kA yaha varNana samRddha paryAvaraNa kA pramANa hai| uttarAdhyayana-cUrNi meM rAjagRha ke bAhara sthita 18 yojana kI aTavI kA varNana hai| aupapAtika-sUtra ke anusAra campAnagarI ke vanoM meM tilaka, bakula, lacuka, chatropa, zirISa, saptaparNa, dadhiparNa, lodhra, dhava, candana, arjuna, nIma, kur3aca, kadamba, savya, panasa, dAr3ama,zAla, tAla, priyaka, priyaMgu, purogama, rAjavRkSa, nandIvRkSa Adi vRkSoM kI saghana paMktiyA~ thiiN| ye vRkSa padmalatAoM, nAgalatAoM, azokalatAoM, campakalatAoM, AmralatAoM, pIlukalatAoM, vAsantIlatAoM, atimuktalatAoM Adi aneka prakAra kI latAoM se AveSTita rahate the| hara Rtu meM vRkSa phaloM aura phUloM se lade rahate the| aisI vipula vana-sampadA aura vanaspati-sampadA se tatkAlIna samaya kA paryAvaraNa uttama banA huA thaa| usa Arogya pradAyinI jalavAyu meM loga svastha prasanna rahate the aura AjIvikA sulabha thii| vanoM meM aneka prakAra ke jIvajantu aura pazu-pakSI bhI hote the| jinameM totA, mainA, mayUra, koyala, battakha, haMsa, kalahaMsa, sArasa, tItara, baTera, cakora, caMdImukha, cakravAka, bhaMgAraka, koNDalavA Adi pakSI tathA hAthI, kharagoza, hiraNa, rIcha, meSa, sAMbhara, cItA, camarI gAya, bakarI, suara Adi aneka pazu pAye jAte the| jaMgala logoM kI AjIvikA ke AdhArastambha the| anekAneka vyavasAya aura udyoga-dhandhe pratyakSa va apratyakSa rUpa se vanoM se jur3e the| AcArAMga-sUtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki lakar3I se aneka prakAra kI vastue~ banatI hai| zramaNa ko aise vyAvasAyika upayoga ke bAre meM nahIM bolanA caahiye| yaha niSedha zramaNoM ke lie hai| isase lakar3I ke Arthika mahatva kA patA calatA hai|" upAsakadazAMga meM hare-bhare vana kATane aura lakar3I ke koyale banAne kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| khanija sampadA Agama-granthoM ke parAyaNa se patA calatA hai ki prAcIna samaya meM khanijoM ke bAre meM Azcaryajanaka jAnakArI thii| Agama granthoM meM aneka durlabha maNi-ratnoM aura khanijoM ke ullekha se samAja dvArA khanija sampadA ke upayoga kA patA calatA hai| pRthvIkAya kI prarUpaNA meM uttarAdhyayana (36/73) kA yaha zloka draSTavya hai (53)

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puDhavI ya sakkarA bAluyA ya, uvale silA ya lonnuuse| aya-tamba-tauya-sIsaga, ruppa-suvaNNe ya vaire y| Age kI gAthAoM meM vibhinna ratna-maNiyoM kA varNana hai| isa prakAra khanijoM ke antargata khArI miTTI, lohA, tAmbA, sIsA, pArA, maMgA, cAMdI, suvarNa, vajra, haritAla, manasila, zasyaka, aMjana, pravAla, abhrapaTala, abhramAluka, gomedaka, rucaka, lohitAkSa, aMkaratna, sphaTika, lohitAkSa ratna, marakata ratna, masAragalla ratna, bhujamocaka ratna, vaiDUrya ratna, candana ratna, geruka ratna, haMsa ratna, pulaka ratna, saugaMdhika ratna, indranIla maNi, jalakAnta maNi, sUryakAnta maNi Adi aneka nAma prApta hote haiN| khanija sampadA para mukhya rUpa se dhAtu udyoga aura ratna udyoga nirbhara the| . jalasampadA __ vaha samaya pracura prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM kA samaya thaa| unakA aMdhAdhuMdha dohana nahIM hone se paryAvaraNa uttama thaa| saghana aura hare-bhare vana the| pracura zuddha jala upalabdha thaa| kRSi ke sAtha hI jala ko kRSi ke lie saMgRhIta karake upayoga karane kI kalA mAnava ne sIkha lI thii| siMcAI ke lie puSkariNI, bAvar3I, kuA~, tAlAba, sarovara Adi ke alAvA nadiyoM para bAMdha banAne ke ullekha bhI prApta hote haiN| mahAkSatrapa ne candragupta maurya ke kAla meM banavAI gaI sudarzana jhIla aura usa para bane bAMdha kA jirNoddhAra karAyA thaa| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki maurya kAla meM siMcAI ke lie jhIloM aura bAMdhoM kA nirmANa hotA thaa| nadiyoM kA upayoga kRSi ke alAvA yAtAyAta meM bhI hotA thaa|" vartamAna meM jala-sampadA kA matsyAkheTa ke rUpa meM durupayoga kiyA jAtA hai| vipAka-sUtra meM use naraka (du:kha) kA kAraNa batAte hue usakA spaSTa niSedha kiyA hai| isa prakAra utpAdana meM bhUmi aura bhUmi se sambandhita vana, khanija, jala Adi kA mukhya sthAna thaa| khetI-bAr3I karane ke lie loga vana-bhUmi aura UsarabhUmi ko kRSi yogya bhUmi meM badala dete the|' kRSi aura AvAsa donoM ke lie bahuta jamIna upalabdha thii| bhU-svAmitva . bhUmi para tIna prakAra ke svAmitva the - vyaktigata, sAmUhika aura raajkiiy| zrAvaka apane icchA-parimANa vrata ke antargata kheta-vatthu kI maryAdA karatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA pramukha zrAvaka Ananda gAthApati 500 hala bhUmi kA svAmI thaa| vyakti kI sampatti ke antargata bhUmi kI gaNanA usa samaya bhI hotI thii| isalie bhUmi kA mApa, kraya-vikraya, dAna Adi saba hotA thaa| (54)

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. bhUmi para sAmUhika svAmitva ke aneka udAharaNa milate haiN| AcArAMga2 meM nirdeza hai ki carAgAhoM meM uccAra-prasravaNa kA visarjana nahIM kreN| aise carAgAhoM para logoM kA sAmUhika svAmitva hotA thaa| gA~va ke mavezI carAgAha meM carane jAte the| loga baMjara bhUmi ko carAgAhoM meM badalane meM nipuNa the| isase grAma stara yA sthAnIya stara para bhUmi kA rakha-rakhAva aura svAmitva siddha hotA hai| jisakI tulanA vartamAna meM paMcAyatI rAja yA grAma-svarAja se kI jA sakatI hai| vyaktigata aura sAmUhika svAmitva ke alAvA samasta bhUbhAga aura vanaprAnta para rAjya kA svAmitva hotA hai| bhUmistha nidhi aura khanija para bhI rAjya kA adhikAra hotA hai| bhUmi ko Arthika dRSTi se upayogI banAne ke lie rAjya kI ora se prayAsa kiye jAte the| rAjya kI ora se bhUmihIna kRSakoM ko bhUmi pradAna kI jAtI thI, jisa para huI upaja kA nirdhArita bhAga rAjakoSa meM bhI jamA karAnA hotA thA jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra nandana maNikAra ne rAjA zreNika ko dhana bheMTa karake puSkariNI banAne kI AjJA prApta kI thii| spaSTa hai ki bhUmi dhanopArjana aura utpAdana kA mukhya AdhAra thI tathA prAcIna samaya se hI bhUmi aura prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM kA Arthika mahatva samajhA jAne lagA thaa| zrama (mAnava saMsAdhana) jaisA ki kahA jA cukA hai ki zramaNa saMskRti zrama para hI avalambita hai| vaha zrama jisa prakAra adhyAtma-kSetra meM abhISTa hai, usI prakAra bhautika kSetra meM bhii| bhautika kSetra meM bhI zArIrika aura bauddhika donoM hI prakAra ke zrama sammilita hai| arthazAstra meM usI kriyA ko zrama mAnA gayA hai jo Arthika uddezya se kI gaI ho tathA jisase pratyakSa-apratyakSa arthopArjana ho| arthazAstra meM zrama kA mahatva itanA bar3hA ki manuSya ko 'saMsAdhana' kahA jAne lgaa| prAcIna kAla se hI mAnava zrama kA mukhya hetu mAnA jAtA rahA hai| naukaroM-anucaroM aura dAsa-dAsiyoM ko gRhastha kI sampatti meM parigaNita karanA isakA pramANa hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne prathama ahiMsA aura pA~caveM aparigraha aNuvrata meM mAnava tathA mAnava-zrama ko mAnavIya garimA pradAna karane aura usakA samucita mUlyAMkana karane ke spaSTa saMketa kiye haiN| unakA yaha mUlyAMkana mAnava ko saMsAdhana nahIM mAnakara use mAnavIya garimA pradAna karatA hai| dUsarA mAnavIya zrama eka sarjanAtmaka aura Atma-santuSTi kA upAdAna hai| use nirjIva vastuoM kI taraha bikAU banAne kI bajAya, usakA udAttIkaraNa kiyA (55)

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jAnA caahiye| mandira-nirmANa ke daurAna kAma karate eka majadUra se pUchA gayA ki vaha kyA kara rahA hai ? uttara milA ki vaha patthara tor3a rahA hai| isI prazna ke uttara meM dUsare ne kahA ki vaha apane va apane parivAra ke bharaNa-poSaNa ke lie kAma kara rahA hai| tIsare kA uttara thA ki vaha bhagavAna kA ghara banA rahA hai| kArya ke sAtha kArya kI bhAvanA aura lagana usake mahatva ko bahuguNita kara detI hai| zrama aura dAsa-prathA usa samaya vividha prakAra kI sevAe~ karane vAle vyakti rAjA aura anya sampanna gharAnoM meM naukarI kiyA karate the| yaha paramparA Aja bhI vidyamAna hai| jaina * * siddhAntoM aura saMskRti kA yaha suprabhAva rahA ki naukaroM aura dAsa-dAsiyoM para hone vAle atyAcAroM ke viruddha mAhaula bnaa| varddhamAna ke janma kI siddhArtha ko sUcanA dene vAlI dAsI priyaMvadA ko siddhArtha ne dAsa-karma se mukta kara diyA thaa| bha. mahAvIra ke pramukha bhakta magadha samrAT zreNika ne bhI unake putra janma kA saMvAda dene vAlI dAsI ko dAsatva se mukta kara diyA thaa| vyavahAra bhASya ke anusAra eka kuTumbI ne usakI dAsI kI sevAoM se prasanna hokara usakA mastaka dhokara use dAsatA se mukta kara diyA thaa|" eka kuTumbI usake ghara meM dAsa ko pITa rahA thaa| kumArAvasthA meM vardhamAna usa ghara ke bAhara se jA rahe the| mAnava dvArA mAnava para hue isa atyAcAra se vardhamAna kA dila dahala utthaa| unakA vairAgya prabalatama ho gyaa| unhoMne samAja se ina atyAcAroM ko miTAne kA saMkalpa kiyaa| candanabAlA kA uddhAra dAsa-prathA aura nArI jAti ke sAtha ho rahe bhedabhAva ke viruddha unakI AdhyAtmika krAnti kA bar3A udAharaNa hai| bha. mahAvIra ke upadezoM meM ye svara Aja bhI gUMjate haiM ki mAnava mAnava para koI atyAcAra nahIM kareM, mAnava kisI prANI para bhI koI atyAcAra nahIM kreN| _jaina dharma aura darzana AtmavAda para khar3A hai| vahA~ mAnavavAda, mAnavatA aura mAnavIyatA ke niyamoM kA anupAlana sahaja hI utkRSTa rUpa meM huA hai| pUrva tebIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI bhA~ti antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne bhI mAnava-ekatA kI alakha jgaaii| unake caturvidha saMgha meM sabhI vargoM, vargoM aura jAtiyoM ke vyaktiyoM ko Atma-sAdhanA ke lie samAna avasara prApta hai| usa samaya Aja kI bhA~ti udyoga nahIM the| isalie koI audyogika zrama kAnUna aura zramika saMgaThana jaisI bAta bhI nahIM thii| parantu, bhagavAna mahAvIra ke prabhAva se loga mAnavAdhikAra aura mAnavIya mUlyoM kA sammAna karane lage the| (56)

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vastutaH bha. mahAvIra to prANimAtra ke adhikAroM kI rakSA ke maulika upadezaka the| isa prakAra bha. mahAvIra ko hama dAsa-prathA mukti ke sUtradhAra aura mAnavAdhikAroM kI rakSA ke prathama pravaktA ke rUpa meM pAte haiN| unake "jiyo aura jIne do" ke udghoSa kA samAjazAstra, arthazAstra aura paryAvaraNa kI dRSTi se atyadhika mahatva hai| zrama vibhAjana ___mazInIkaraNa aura audyogIkIkaraNa nahIM hone se pracIna samaya meM arthavyavasthA mukhyataH mAnava-zrama para avalambita thii| khetI-bAr3I aura kuTIra udyoga zArIrika zrama para AdhArita the| dharmasenagaNi kahate haiM ki akuzala zramika dinabhara mehanata karake bhI bahuta alpa arjita kara pAtA hai jabaki kuzala zramika apane kauzala se kama parizrama meM hI adhika arjita kara letA hai| spaSTa hai ki usa samaya kuzala-akuzalaM, zArIrika-bauddhika Adi dRSTiyoM se zrama vibhAjana hotA thaa| jaina paramparA meM zrama kA yaha vargIkaraNa kArya aura yogyatA para AdhArita thA; na ki jAti aura janma ke AdhAra pr| jabaki vaidika paramparA meM janma va jAti ke AdhAra para zrama-vyavasthA rUr3ha ho gaI thii| kisI bhI kArya ko nirantara aura bAra-bAra karane se vyakti usameM niSNAta ho jAtA hai| nandIsUtra meM eka dakSa svarNakAra kA varNana AtA hai, jo aMdhere meM sparza mAtra se sone aura cA~dI kA bheda kara letA thaa|" aneka sthAnoM aura nagaroM kA nAmakaraNa kAma-dhandhoM aura vyavasAyoM ke AdhAra para rakhA jAtA thaa| vANijyagrAma, kumhAragrAma, kSatriyagrAma, brAhmaNagrAma, niSAdagrAma Adi nAma apane Apa meM zramAdhArita vyavasthA kA saMketa karate haiN| asala meM ruci aura yogyatA ke AdhAra para zrama kA vargIkaraNa svataH ho jAtA hai| jaba janma, jAti aura jAtIya ArakSaNa jaise Agraha bar3ha jAte haiM to artha vyavasthA aura vikAsa para viparIta asara hotA hai| yogyatA aura guNavattA kI upekSA ucita nahIM hai| usa samaya dhanopArjana ke pracura sAdhana the| mehanata karake vyakti AsAnI se apanA aura kuTumba kA bharaNa poSaNa kara sakatA thaa| berojagArI vizeSa nahIM thii| kuzala, buddhimAna aura udyamazIla vyakti apane vyAvasAyika sAmrAjya ko vistAra dekara Arthika gatividhiyoM meM vizeSa yogadAna karate the| (57)

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pUMjI . 18 karor3a karoDa pUMjI ko dhanArjana kA pratyakSa sAdhana nahIM mAnA jAtA hai, parantu usake bagaira dhanArjana kI prakriyA thama jAtI hai, isalie vaha pramukha sAdhana ke rUpa meM ginI jAtI hai| pUMjI nahIM hone se vyavasAya-nipuNa parizramI vyakti bhI dhanArjana meM pichar3a jAtA hai| vyavasAya meM pUMjI vaha ghaTaka hai jisase vyavasAya kI sampattiyoM meM vRddhi ho| bha. mahAvIra ke dasa zrAvakoM kI pUMjI vyavasAya meM pUMjI kA niyojana, pUMjI kI vRddhi Adi ke preraka sandarbha Agama granthoM meM prApta hote haiN| bhagavAna zrI mahAvIra ke pramukha dasa zrAvakoM ke pAsa ' prabhUta sampatti thii| usakA vivaraNa yahA~ isa prakAra hai - krama zrAvaka pazu dhana . suvarNa . Ananda 40 hajAra gaue~ 12 karor3a kAmadeva 60 hajAra gaue~ culanIpitA 80 hajAra gaue~ surAdeva 60 hajAra gaue~ cullazataka 60 hajAra gaue~ kuNDakaulika 60 hajAra gaue~ 18 karor3a saddAlaputra 10 hajAra gaue~ mahAzataka 80 hajAra gaue~ "24 karor3a nandinIpitA 40 hajAra gaue~ . 12 karor3a 10. sAlihIpiyA 40 hajAra gaue~ 12 karor3a gau ke antargata Arthika dRSTi se upayogI sabhI prakAra ke pazu (mavezI) A jAte haiN| mahAzataka ko chor3a sabhI zrAvakoM ne nidhi, vyApAra aura ghara - ina tInoM meM barAbara-barAbara (1/3) suvarNa niyojita kara rakhA thaa| Ananda ke pAsa 500 zaTaka yAtrA ke lie aura 500 mAla Dhone ke lie the| cAra yAtrI aura mAlavAhaka jalayAna the tathA 500 hala pramANa bhUmi thii| ___ Agama granthoM meM dhana-dhAnya hiraNya-suvarNa, dvipada-catuSpada, kheta, kupya adi ko vyakti kI sampatti meM parigaNita kiyA gayA hai| kauTilIya arthazAstra karor3a 18 karor3a 03 karor3a (58)

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meM bhI isI prakAra se mAnava kI cala-acala sampattiyoM kA ullekha hai, jinase pUMjInirmANa hotA hai aura jo pUMjI kI ghaTaka hai| pUMjI aura haisiyata pUMjI kI mAtrA ke anusAra logoM kI haisiyateM AMkI jAtI thii| jisake pAsa hasti-pramANa maNi, muktA, pravAla, suvarNa, rajata Adi dravya ho, use 'jaghanya ibhya', jisake pAsa hasti-pramANa vajra, hIre, maNi-mANikya ho, use 'madhyama ibhya' aura jisake pAsa hasti-pramANa kevala vajra hIroM kI rAzi ho use 'utkRSTa ibhya' kahA jAtA thaa| AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki vyakti apane bhaviSya kI surakSA, santAna ke pAlana-poSaNa tathA sAmAjika dAyitva ke bhalI-bhA~ti nirvahana ke lie saMcaya karatA hai| mAnava vyavasAya ke mAdhyama se itanA dhana upArjita kara letA thA ki samasta khoM ke bAda bhI paryApta dhana bacA letA thA, jise Aja kI bhASA meM zuddha lAbha kaha sakate haiN| yaha lAbha pratyakSa taura para pUMjI vRddhi kA hetu hai| ____ vyakti AraMbha se hI pUMjI-vRddhi ke lie yatnazIla rahA hai| isI vajaha se vyApAra aura vyavasAya kI vRddhi aura samRddhi ke lie nita naye tarIke Aja dina taka apanAye jAte haiN| somadevasUri manuSya ko koSa bar3hAne kA sujhAva dete haiM aura pUMjI vRddhi ke tIna mAdhyama batAte haiM - kRSi tathA vyApAra dvArA, bacata dvArA aura paitRka sampatti dvArA / inameM mukhya mAdhyama vyavasAya kI abhivRddhi hai| - Agama granthoM meM pUMjI kI mahattA ko pUrI taraha samajhAyA gayA hai| paMjI kI gaNanA aura usake Akalana kI samucita lekhAMkana praNAliyA~ bhI vidyamAna thiiN| parantu pUMjIvAda jaisI koI bAta nahIM thii| mahAvIra-yuga meM pUMjIvAda, samAjavAda Adi vAdoM-vivAdoM se mukta eka svatantra mAnavIya arthavyavasthA thii| arthopArjana aura visarjana meM nIti, ahiMsA aura aparigraha jaise niyamoM kA vivekasammata DhaMga se paripAlana karane vAle vyakti samAja ko behatarIna vyavasthA pradAna kara rahe the| . bhagavAna pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke anuyAyI unameM agraNI the| prabandha - Adhunika arthazAstra ke anusAra prabandha dhanopArjana kA eka aisA sAdhana hai jo pUrva tInoM - bhUmi, zrama aura pUMjI meM samanvaya sthApita kara vANijyika gatividhiyoM ko sugama aura adhikAdhika lAbhaprada banAtA hai| suvicArita, suvyavasthita, suniyojita aura dUradarzitApUrNa vANijyika kauzala hI prabandha hai| (59)

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Agama-yuga meM prabandha ke aneka rUpa dekhane ko milate haiN| anekAnta-siddhAnta aura kaSAya-upazamana prabandha ke prANa-tattva haiN| isa bhUmikA para bhagavAna mahAvIra ke . anuyAyiyoM kA prabandhakIya kauzala Agama-yuga se Aja taka viziSTa rahA hai| prabandha Aja vANijya adhyayana kA eka pramukha upAdAna bana gayA hai| vANijyika kauzala .. arjana ke lie vANijyika kauzala kA itanA mahatva rahA ki dharma ke siddhAntoM kI vyakhyA karane aura dharmAcaraNa karane meM aneka sthaloM para vyAvasAyika cAturya ke udAharaNa aura dRSTAnta milate haiN| jisa prakAra vyakti apane vyavasAya ke prati sajaga rahatA hai usI prakAra use Atma-sAdhanA meM bhI sajaga rahanA caahiye| arthika aura gaira-Arthika sabhI dRSTikoNoM se prabandha ke viSaya meM paryApta sAmagrI Agama-granthoM meM milatI hai| saMghIya vyavasthA kA nidarzana jaina paramparA meM vidyamAna saMghIya vyavasthA prabandha kA eka uttama udAharaNa hai| vahA~ saMgaThana, prazAsana, anuzAsana aura sahayoga ko mahatva diyA gayA hai| Atma-sAdhanA ko sAmUhika aura saMghIya vyavasthAe~ pradAna kI gaI hai| AcArya saMghIya vyavasthA kA anuzAstA hotA hai| use saMgha-saMcAlaka aura dharma-netA (netRtvakartA) kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| dazAzrutaskandha meM AcArya kI ATha sampadAe~ batAI gaI haiM - AcAra, zruta, zarIra, vacana, vAcanA, mati, prayogamati aura saMgrahaparijJA smpdaa| eka zreSTha prabandhaka ke lie bhI aisI hI arhatAoM kI AvazyakatA hotI haiN| usake lie sadAcaraNa ke prati dRr3hatA, viSaya-vizeSajJatA, prajJAzIlatA tathA mAnava mana kA pArakhI honA Avazyaka hai| saMgha ke kuzala saMcAlana ke lie AcArya ke ziSyoM ke prati aura ziSyoM ke AcArya ke prati karttavyoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| yaha nirUpaNa bahuta vaijJAnika aura AtmAnuzAsana paidA karane vAlA hai| cheda-sUtroM meM kahA gayA hai ki saMgha se jur3A sAdhaka apane lakSya ke prati apramatta rahe, saMgha ke prati niSThAvAna aura sadguNoM ke prati vinayavAna rhe| vaha koI aisA kArya, vacanaprayoga yA vyavahAra nahIM kareM jisase saMgaThana meM kalaha yA vigraha paidA ho| vyAvahArika prabandha ke lie cheda-sUtroM kI vyavasthA ucita rAha sujhAtI hai| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke anuyAyI apane vyAvasAyika vistAra aura lAbha ke lie ucca starIya prabandhakIya kauzala kA paricaya dete the tathA aneka vyaktiyoM ko usameM niSNAta banAte the| (60)

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Ananda Adi zrAvakoM kA prabandha-kauzala - upAsakadazAMga ke anusAra gAthApati Ananda sevA aura sAdhanA ke lie paryApta samaya aura saMsAdhanoM kA niyojana karatA thaa| upAsakadazAMga aura anya AgamoM ke anya zrAvaka bhI vaisA karate the| kyoMki arthavyavasthA hI nahI, pUrI jIvana kI vyavasthA prabandha se sucAru rUpa se saMcAlita ho pAtI thii| una zrAvakoM kA lambA-caur3A kRSi, pazupAlana, lena-dena, vyApAra, udyoga Adi kA kAma-kAja bhI calatA thaa| binA prabandhakIya kauzala ke arjana aura visarjana kA yaha saMyoga sambhava nahIM thaa| hajAroM karmacArI Ananda Adi kI vyAvasAyika gatividhiyoM se jur3e the| saba apane-apane kAryo meM dakSa the| sakaDAlaputra ke bhANDa udyoga meM bhI vaisA hI acchA prabandha rahA hogaa| Aja kI taraha usa samaya prabandha kI vidhA suvikasita huI ho yA nahIM, parantu prabandha ke gura aura guNa usa samaya kA vyakti samajhatA thA aura tadanurUpa AcaraNa bhI karatA thaa| jise hama udyamitA (iNTaraprenarazipa) kahate haiM, vaha usa samaya jyAdA dekhane ko milatI hai| AcArAMga ke anusAra vyavasAyI lAbha ke lie kaThina se kaThina kAma meM tatpara ho jAte the| usa samaya mazIna, takanIka, AdhArabhUta suvidhAe~ (inphrAsTrakara) Adi Aja kI bhA~ti nahIM hone ke bAvajUda bar3e-bar3e vyAvasAyika audyogika upakrama, vyApArika gatividhiyA~ AyAtaniryAta Adi binA ucita va ucca prabandha ke sambhava nahIM the| vyApArI vipaNana meM kuzala the| ve bAjAra kI talAza karate aura use vikasita karata the vyApAriyoM kI kathAoM meM sAhasa aura prabandhakIya kauzala ke romAMcaka udAharaNa milate haiN| kAryoM meM samanvaya __ jaisA ki batAyA gayA hai ki prabandha ke binA arthavyavasthA kA saMcAlana saMbhava nahIM hai| bhUmi, zrama, pUMjI aura sAre saMsAdhanoM kA sarvottama upayoga aura sabhI meM pUrNa 'sAmaMjasya prabandha kA kArya hai| prabandha kI isI mahattA ke kAraNa use dhanopArjana kA eka stambha mAnA gayA hai| vartamAna kI taraha nijI aura loka, sImita aura asImita dAyitva vAlI kampaniyA~ usa samaya rahI hogI, aisA koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai, parantu yaha ullekha milatA hai ki vyakti saMyukta rUpa se vyApAra karane kA anubandha karate, usameM pUMjI nirmANa ke lie sabhI apanA-apanA aMzadAna karate tathA usI rUpa meM lAbha vitaraNa kiyA jAtA' vyavasAya kA yaha tarIkA bhAgIdArI se bilkula bhinna hai| isakI tulanA vartamAna ke saMyukta sAhasa nigama se kI jA sakatI hai| (61)

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__dhanopArjana ke sAdhanoM kA yaha vargIkaraNa Adhunika arthazAstra ke anusAra hai| jabaki vivaraNa Agama granthoM ke anusAra hai| isameM bhUmi kA sambandha paryAvaraNa aura pAristhitikI santulana se, zrama kA zoSaNa-mukti se, pUMjI kA samAna vitaraNa se aura prabandha kA niSpakSatA aura zreSTha ke mUlyAMkana se hai| hara prakAra kI vANijyika gatividhi meM pratyeka sAdhana kisI na kisI rUpa meM vidyamAna rahatA hai| vartamAna meM sAdhanoM ke vivekasammata upayoga kI atyanta AvazyakatA hai| (62)

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3. sandarbha 1. paccIsa bola kA thokdd'aa| 17vA~ bol| 2. mArzala, elpharDa, arthazAstra ke siddhAnta, khaNDa caturtha jaina, kamala (DaoN.) prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana eka adhyayana, pR.-13 4. bhagavatI sUtra 1/1/33 5. pannavaNA 1/40 aupapAtika sUtra 3 7. uttarAdhyayana cUrNi 8/258 .. 8. aupapAtika sUtra 6 evaM dekheM sUtra 7 va 8 praznavyAkaraNa 1/9 10. vahI 1/6, vipAka sUtra 4/6 11. AcArAMga 2/4/202 12. upAsakadazAMga 1/51 (pandraha karmAdAna ke antargata hare-bhare vakSoM ko kATane kA spaSTa niSedha hai) 13. prajJApanA 1/24, jIvAjIvAbhigama 3/2/21, uttarAdhyayana 36/73-76, sUtrakRtAMga 14. praznavyAkaraNa 1/14, 1/3 15. paumacariuM 10/36 16. rudrarAma kA jUnAgar3ha abhilekha 17. jaina, kamala (DaoN.) prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana, pR.-15 18. vipAka sUtra 8/3 19. praznavyAkaraNa 2/13 20. upAsakadazAMga, prathama adhyayana (63)

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21. jaina, kamala (DaoN.) prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana eka adhyayana, pR.-18 22. AcArAMga 2/10/310 23. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/1/19 evaM 4/1/46 . 24. vasudevahiNDI bhAga 1 25. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 13/15 26. TaNDana, vIrendra, arthazAstra ke siddhAnta, pR.-168 27. praznavyAkaraNa 10/3, bahatkalpa bhASya 3/2203 28. dekheM, Avazyaka sUtra meM prathama aura caturtha vratoM ke aticaar|| 29. mahAprajJa, AcArya, zramaNa mahAvIra, prathama adhyAya, pa.-4 30. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/59 31. vyavahAra bhASya 6/208 32. mahAprajJa, AcArya, zramaNa mahAvIra' meM vardhamAna ke vairAgya kA nimitta / paSTha 16 33. nizItha cUrNi 9/3 34. vasudevahiNDI 2/264 35. kammuNA baMbhaNo hoi, kammuNA hoi khttio| vaisse kammuNA hoi, suddo havai kmmunnaa| - uttarAdhyayana 25/33, paumacariuM 2/103, 115, 117 36. kauTilIya arthazAstra 1/3/1, manusmati 1/89-90 37. nandI sUtra 53 38. upAsakadazAMga 1/4, vipAka sUtra 8/6, vyakhyAprajJapti 9/33/1 39. AtmArAmajI, AcArya sampAdita upAsakadazAMga pa. 366-367 40. upAsakadazAMga 1/2-28 41. praznavyAkaraNa 10/3, uttarAdhyayana 3/17 (64)

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42. kauTilIya arthazAstra 1/4/1 43. antakRtadazA 1/5 44. AcArAMga 1/2/3/81 va 1/2/4/84 45. nItivAkyamata 1/31, 29/105 46. muni cauthamalajI, jaina divAkara, navakAra maMtra kI AratI kA tIsarA pada - 'Namo AyariyANaM chattIsa guNa pAlaka, jaina dharma ke netA saMgha ke sNcaalk|' dazAzrutaskandha, caturtha uddezaka (prathama, tatIya va anya uddezaka bhI draSTavya) 48. upAsakadazAMga 1/28,7/6 49. AcArAMga 1/2/1/67 (akaDaM karissAmiti) 50. nizItha cUrNi 3/2691, 4362 51. jaina, kamala (DaoN.) prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana eka adhyayana, pR.-33 (65)

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pariccheda cAra mudrA aura vinimaya samAja meM hara vyakti hara kArya nahIM kara sakatA hai| sabameM saba yogyatAeM nahIM hotI hai| bahuta yogyatAe~ rakhane vAlA bhI sAre kArya akelA nahIM kara sakatA hai| hara jagaha hara cIja upalabdha bhI nahIM hotI hai| yahIM para samAja kA janma hotA hai aura samAja kI ina vyavasthAoM ko niyamita aura niyantrita karane meM arthazAstra kA janma hotA hai| pArasparika nirbharatA kA siddhAnta ___Arthika aura gaira-Arthika sArA vyApAra-vyavahAra pArasparika nirbharatA ke siddhAnta' para calatA hai| AcArya umAsvAti ne 'parasparopagraho jIvAnAm sUtra kisI bhI sandarbha meM diyA ho, arthazAstra aura samAjazAstra meM pArasparika nirbharatA kA yaha siddhAnta bahuta hI mUlyavAna aura arthapUrNa hai| yogI ko bhI sahayogI kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| vana meM jAkara sAdhanA karane vAlA bhI nirapekSa rUpa se sva-nirbhara nahIM ho sakatA hai| ___ pArasparika nirbharatA kA siddhAnta vikAsa aura samRddhi kA mUla hai aura ise niSThA va ImAnadArI se nibhAyA jAya to yaha suvyavasthA aura zAnti kA hetu bhI hai| isa siddhAnta kA Arambha Arthika jagat meM vastuoM kI adalA-badalI ke rUpa meM huA, jise vastu-vinimaya kahA jAtA hai| vastu-vinimaya vinimaya kI Arambhika praNAlI thI, jo Agama yuga meM bhI vidyamAna thii| parantu, isake sAtha hI Agama yuga meM mudrA kA pracalana bhI vidyamAna thaa| mudrA kA AviSkAra jaise vijJAna ke vikAsa meM cakra kA AviSkAra mahatvapUrNa batAyA gayA usI prakAra vANijya ke vikAsa meM mudrA ne atyanta mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA kA nirvahana kiyaa| mudrA ne vastu vinimaya kI sArI bAdhAoM aura sImAoM ko dUra kara diyaa| jaisA ki batAyA gayA ki vibhinna rUpoM meM mudrA kA pracalana Agama yuga meM thaa| IsvI pUrva chaThavIM zatAbdI meM yAni bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya meM paMcamArka sikkoM pracalana mAnA jAtA hai| e. kaniMghama ne IsvI pUrva 1000 lagabhaga meM bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke samaya meM paMcamArka sikkoM ke hone kI bAta kahI hai| ye sikke (66)

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DhAlakara banAye jAte the| mAnava sabhyatA, saMskRti aura vANijya ke vikAsa me yaha tathya bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| sikke kUTa-kATa kara bhI banAye jAte the| rAjya ke alAvA rAjya kI anumati se vibhinna zreNiyA~ aura nigama ina sikkoM ko jArI karate the| mudrA sUtrakRtAMga aura uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke anusAra mAsa, ardhamAsa aura ruvaga kraya-vikraya ke sAdhana theupAsakadazAMga aura jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM hiraNya aura suvarNa zabdoM kA eka sAtha prayoga huA hai, jabaki nizItha sUtra meM suvarNa zabda svatantra rUpa se AyA hai| nAsika guhA-lekha (san 120) ke anusAra eka suvarNa 35 rajata-kArSApaNa ke barAbara hotA thaa| vasudeva upAdhyAya ne hiraNya ko svarNa-piNDa kahA jabaki cihnita svarNa-sikkoM ko suvarNa kahA hai| choTe sikkoM ko suvaNNamAsaya (suvarNamASaka) kahA jAtA thaa| DaoN. bhaNDArakara ne suvarNamAsaka kA vajana eka mAsA batAyA hai| eka hI prakAra kI mudrA kA vibhinna kSetroM meM bhinna nAma tathA bhinna mUlya hotA thaa| aisA mudrA kI kraya-zakti aura kSetra-vizeSa kI bhASA ke kAraNa hotA thaa| isase sambandhita rAjya kI Arthika haisiyata kA Akalana bhI hotA thaa| svarNa-sikke va dInAra -- svarNa-sikkoM ko suvarNa kahA gayA hai, jo 32 rattI ke hote the| kalpasUtra ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra kI mAtA ko caudaha svapna Ate haiN| unameM eka hai - lkssmii| lakSmI ke varNana meM batAyA gayA - lakSmI ke vakSasthala para svarNa mudraoM kA hAra zobhita ho rahA thaa| yahA~ svarNa mudrA ke lie 'dINAra' zabda prayukta hai| IsvI san kI pahalI zatAbdI meM kuzAnakAla meM roma ke Dineriyasa nAmaka sikke se 'dInAra zabda ko liyA mAnA jAtA hai| sAtha hI kalpasUtra kA racanAkAla bhI prathama sadI mAnA jAtA hai| prazna hai ki dInAra roma se bhArata AyA yA bhArata se roma gayA? nizIthacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki mayUrAMka rAjA ne apane nAma se cihnita dInAra calAye the| uttarAdhyayanacUrNi meM eka vyApArI gaNikA ko 800 dInAra detA hai| AvazyakacUrNi meM rAjA kATika ko eka yugalavastra aura dInAra bheMTa svarUpa detA . . hai| dazavaikAlikacUrNi meM bhI dInAra kA ullekha hai| cUrNisAhitya meM dInAroM ke mAdhyama se lena-dena ke ullekhoM se patA calatA hai ki usa samaya kI svarNa-muharoM meM ... dInAra mukhya thaa| (67)

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rajata-sikke Upara batAyA jA cukA hai ki sUtrakRtAMga meM ruvaga kA ullekha cA~dI ke sikkoM ke lie mAnA jAtA hai| ruvaga ke lie rupya zabda bhI milatA hai| rAjasthAnI meM 'rUpA' zabda cA~dI ke paryAya ke rUpa meM huA hai| vartamAna meM hindI va aMgrejI meM mudrA ke lie pracalita zabda 'rupayA' (Rupee) kA udgama ruvaga se huA lagatA hai| mUlya kI dRSTi se sone ke bAda cA~dI hI aisI dhAtu hai jisakA mudrA DhAlane meM bahuta upayoga huaa| pracalana kI dRSTi se rajata-sikke svarNasikkoM se jyadA kSetra meM aura dIrgha avadhi taka calana meM rhe| isakI vajaha svarNa kI tulanA meM cA~dI kI kama kImata aura adhika sulabhatA hai| khudAiyoM meM bhI pracIna kAla ke pracura rajata-sikke mile haiN| ruvaga ke alAvA cA~dI ke sikkoM meM kArSApaNa, arddha-kArSApaNa (Adhe mUlya kA kArSApaNa), pAda-kArSApaNa (cauthAI mUlya kA kArSApaNa), mASa-kArSApaNa (16veM mUlya kA kArSApaNa), subhAga, nelaga, dramma Adi ke ullekha milate haiN| uttarAdhyayana4 meM khoTe kArSApaNa kA ullekha milatA hai| anAdhikRta taura para loga khoTe sikke (kUDa kahAvaNa) bhI calA dete the| praznavyakaraNa' meM unheM 'kUDakahApaNojIvI' kahA gayA hai| bezaka, ve daNDa ke bhAgI hote the| tAmra va anya mudrA kArSApaNa ke antargata tAmra-kArSApaNa bhI huA karate the| inameM bhI paNa aura mASa huA karate the| inake alAvA kAkiNI kA ullekha milatA hai| cUrNisAhitya meM tAmra sikkoM ke ullekha milate haiN| inake alAvA kaur3iyoM kA bhI mudrA ke rUpa meM calana thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya" aura nizIthacUrNiI meM kaur3I ko kavaDuka' kahA hai| nizIthacUrNi meM carma-mudrA kA bhI ullekha hai, jo bhInamAla meM calatI thii| choTe-choTe dainika vyavahAroM meM ina mudrAoM kA bahutAyata se prayoga hotA thaa| upAsakadazAMga sUtra meM AcArya AtmArAmajI ne sabhI prakAra kI mudrAoM ko caudaha zreNiyoM meM vargIkRta kiyA hai|" jaina-sikke jaina dharmAnuyAyI tathA jaina dharma se prabhAvita rAjAoM ne apane rAjya meM aura zAsana-kAla meM jo mudrAe~ nirgamita kI, una para vibhinna pratIkoM ke mAdhyama se jaina-dharma kI bhAvanAe~ aMkita kI haiN| aise jaina pratIkoM se yukta mudrAoM ko jaina (68)

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sikkoM ke antargata parigaNita kiyA gayA hai| deza-videza meM khudAI aura anya mAdhyamoM se prApta sikkoM para vibhinna jaina pratIkoM se jaina dharma ke itihAsa aura Arthika vikAsa meM usake yogadAna para mahatvapUrNa jAnakArI milatI hai| DaoN. nemIcandra zAstrI ne 'pracIna jaina sikkoM kA adhyayana viSayaka nibandha meM aise aneka jaina sikkoM para prakAza DAlA hai| kucha ullekha dRSTavya haiM - 1. IsvI san se pUrva prathama aura dUsarI sadI ke ujjayanI ke tAmra-sikkoM para eka ora vRSabha aura dUsarI ora sumeru aMkita hai| ina sikkoM para spaSTa rUpa se jaina pratIka aMkita hai| 2. paMjAba ke vannU jile meM sindhu nadI ke pazcimI taTa para lIDiyA ke rAjA krIsasa kA svarNa-sikkA milA hai| isa sikke meM eka ora vRSabha aura siMha kA mu~ha banA hai tathA dUsarI ora eka choTA aura eka bar3A paMcamArka aMkita hai| rAjA krIsasa ne isa sikke para jaina dharma ke prathama aura antima tIrthaMkara ke cihna aMkita kara apanI bhAvAbhivyakti kI hai| jaina granthoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki IsvI san kI kaI zatAbdiyoM pUrva yUnAna, roma, misra, brahmA, zyAma, aphrIkA, sumAtrA, jAvA, borniyo Adi dezoM meM jaina dharma kA pracAra thaa| 3. raipsana ne apane bhAratIya sikke' nAmaka grantha aura raoNyala eziyATika sosAiTI kI patrikA ke aneka nibandhoM meM bhAratIya yUnAnI narezoM ke sikkoM kA vivaraNa diyA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki aneka yUnAnI rAjAoM para jaina dharma kA pUrNa prabhAva thaa| jisakI vajaha se unhoMne apane sikkoM para jaina pratIkoM ko aMkita krvaayaa| ina sikkoM para vRSabha, hAthI aura azva aMkita hai, jo prathama, dvitIya aura tRtIya tIrthaMkaroM ke cihna haiN| 4. janapada aura gaNarAjyoM ke prApta sikke udambara jAti ke mAne jAte haiN| DaoN. nemIcandra zAstrI ne prathama prakAra ke sikkoM ko kisI jaina dharmAnuyAyI rAjA kA mAnA hai| jina para eka ora hAthI, ghere meM bodhivRkSa (yA azoka vRkSa) va nIce eka sA~pa hai tathA dUsarI ora mandira stambha ke Upara svastika aura dharma cakra haiN| . 5. mAlava jAti ke kaI sikke jaina haiN| jina para azoka vRkSa, kalaza, siMha, vRSabha Adi aMkita haiN| isa jAti ke yama, maya aura jAyaka jaina dharma ke prati zraddhAvAna the| yama AcArya sudharma ke saMgha meM jaina muni bana gaye the| (69)

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6. yaudheya jAti ke sikke tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta haiN| unameM se prathama prakAra ke sikke pracIna haiM aura unheM hI jaina sikke mAnA gayA hai| una para vRSabha va hAthI kA aMkana hai| 7. IsvI san prathama zatI ke rAjA bhUmikasa aura inake uttarAdhikArI kSatrapa nahapAna jaina the tathA unhoMne jaina pratIkoM ke aMkana se yukta sikke jArI kiye the| 8. gautamIputra rAjA zAtakarNI (prathama zatI) ko vratI zrAvaka mAnA jAtA hai| unake sikkoM meM jaina pratIka aMkita haiN| 9. isI prakAra AndhravaMzI tathA pallavavaMzI rAjAoM ne bhI jaina pratIkoM se yukta sikke jArI kiye haiN| pallavavaMza kA rAjA mahendravarmana jaina dharmAnuyAyI thaa| 10. isI prakAra madhyakAla ke anekAneka rAjAoM ne jaina pratIkoM se yukta sikke jArI karake jaina dharma aura usake ahiMsAdi siddhAntoM ke prati apanI AsthA vyakta kI hai| inake atirikta vartamAna meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2600veM janma-kalyANaka ke upalakSya meM san 2001 meM bhArata sarakAra ne pA~ca rupaye kA sikkA jArI kiyaa| sikke para eka ora tatvArtha-sUtra ke amara vAkya 'parasparopagraho jIvAnAm' ke sAtha jaina-pratIka aMkita hai aura dUsarI ora rASTrIya cihna aura mUlya aMkita hai| isa vivaraNa se kaI bAteM spaSTa hotI haiN| jaise aneka rAjAoM ke zAsanakAla kA koI bhI sikkA Aja upalabdha nahIM hai aura aneka ke zAsanakAla ke eka-do yA kucha sikke hI vartamAna meM prApta hote haiN| nizcita rUpa se Agama kAla aura usase pUrva meM hue zAsakoM ne bhI apanI mudrAoM para apanI dharma-bhAvanAe~ aMkita kI hoNgii| hajAroM varSoM ke dIrgha kAlakhaNDa meM usa samaya kI mudrAoM kA anupalabdha honA svAbhAvika bhI hai| isa bAta kI prabala saMbhAvanA isalie bhI hai ki usa kAla meM jaina dharma kA netRtva kSatriya aura zAsaka varga ke hAthoM meM thaa| hAlAMki sabhI vargoM aura vargoM ke vyakti binA kisI bhedabhAva ke jaina dharma kA pAlana kara rahe the| ina tathyoM ke Aloka meM samatA aura ahiMsAmUlaka arthavyavasthA kI maujUdagI kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| kraya-zakti __ mudrA kI kraya-zakti vastuoM kI upalabdhatA para nirbhara karatI hai| sulabha vastue~ thor3I mudrA se adhika mAtrA meM pAI jA sakatI haiN| jabaki kama sulabha yA (70)

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durlabha vastuoM ke lie adhika mUlya cukAnA par3atA hai| alaga alaga dezoM/rAjyoM kI mudrAoM kI kraya-zakti alaga alaga hotI thii| aisA sambandhita dezoM/rAjyoM kI Arthika sthiti ke kAraNa hotA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya meM batAyA gayA hai ki dakSiNApatha ke do ruvagoM kA mUlya uttarApatha ke eka ruvaga ke barAbara tathA uttarApatha ke do ruvagoM kA mUlya pATaliputra ke eka ruvaga ke barAbara thaa| isI prakAra dakSiNApatha ke do ruvagoM kA mUlya kAMcIpura ke eka nelaka ke mUlya ke barAbara tathA kAMcIpura ke do nelakoM kA mUlya pATaliputra ke eka ruvaga ke mUlya ke barAbara thA Agama yuga meM rojamarrA kI cIjeM sarvasulabha thiiN| prajA kI kraya-zakti kucha logoM yA voM taka kendrita nahIM thii| isalie janasAmAnya kA jIvana sukhI thaa| duSkAla kI vibhISikA ke atirikta bhukhamarI kI koI sUcanA Agama granthoM meM nahIM milatI hai| mApa-taula yaha spaSTa hai ki agama yuga kA mAnava vyApAra vANijya meM kuzala thaa| vANijyika vikAsa aura Arthika samRddhi ke lie vaha vyApAra ko vyApAra ke tarIkoM aura niyamoM se karatA thaa| vastuoM ko mApane va taulane ke lie vibhinna mApakoM kA ullekha AgamoM meM milatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM cAra prakAra kI mApapraNAliyA~ batAI gaI haiM - gaNima, dharima, meja aura pariccha / 1.gaNima : gina kara becI jAne vAlI vastue~ gaNima kahalAtI thI athavA gaNima ke dvArA vastuoM ko gina kara becA jAtA thaa| isake antargata eka se lagAkara eka karor3a taka kI ginatI kI jAtI thii| 2. dharima : isake antargata vastuoM ko taula kara becA jAtA thaa| karSa, ardhakarSa, pala, ardhapala, bhAra, ardhabhAra, tulA Adi taulane ke mAdhyama the| 3. meja/meya/mAna : isake antargata vastue~ mApa kara becI jAtI thii| vastuoM ke svabhAva ke anusAra alaga-alaga vastuoM ke mApaka alaga-alaga huA karate the| ye tIna the - dhAnyamAna, rasamAna aura avmaan| dhAnyamAna ke antargata asRti (asaI), prasRti (pasaI), setikA, kumbha, kuDava, prastha, Ar3haka, droNa, vAha Adi dhAnyamAnoM ke dvArA muktoli, mukha, idura, Alindaka, apacAra Adi prakAra ke koThAroM meM bhare anAja kA mApa kiyA jAtA thaa| ye mApaka magadha meM pracalita the| tarala padArthoM ko mApane ke lie rasamAna hote the, jinameM catuSpaSThikA, dvAtriMzikA, SoDaSikA, aSTabhAgikA Adi upakaraNa the| avamAna ke antargata hAtha, daNDa, (71)

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nalikA, dhanuSa, yuga, akSa, mUsala Adi mAdhyama the, jinase kheta, bhUkhaNDa, ghara, bhitti, kue~, khAI, kapar3A, caTAI jaisI vastuoM ko mApA jAtA thaa| 4. pariccha/pratimAna : jina vastuoM meM guNavattA kI parIkSA ke sAtha vyavahAra kiyA . jAtA ho, unheM pariccha kahA gyaa| inake antargata bahumUlya dhAtue~ svarNa, rajata aura ratna, maNi, muktA Adi Ate haiN| guMjA-rattI, kAMkaNI, niSpAva, karmamASaka, maNDala, suvarNa Adi pratimAnoM se inakA taula hotA thaa| ___. inake alAvA aMgula, vitasti, rani, kukSi, dhanuSa aura gavyUta Adi kA upayoga dUrI mApane ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa| paramANu, trasareNu, rathareNu, bAlAgra, likSA, yUkA, yava Adi kA upayoga lambAI mApane ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa| samaya kI gaNanA samaya, AvalikA, zvAsa, ucchvAsa, stoka, lava, muhUrta, ahorAtra, pakSa, mAsa, Rtu, ayana, saMvatsara, yuga, varSazata (zatAbdI) se lekara zIrSaprahelikA Adi se kI jAtI thI Agama yuga ke aneka mApa Aja bhI pracalita hai| . vittIya praNAliyA~ Agama yuga meM prabhUta vyApAra, vANijya, kRSi, udyoga Adi vidyamAna the| isa AdhAra para mAkUla vittIya vyavasthAoM kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| parantu Adhunika baiMkiMga praNAlI jaisI vyavasthAe~ dekhane ko nahIM miltii| dezI baiMkarsa aura pAramparika vittIya praNAliyoM kI tatkAlIna samaya meM mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA thii| zreSThI, sArthavAha aura vaNika varga ke sampanna vyakti baiMkiMga kA vyavasAya karate the| baiMkiMga ke lie AdharabhUta bAteM haiM - RNa ke lie koSa kI upalabdhatA, RNa denA aura jamAe~ svIkAra krnaa| koSa kI upalabdhatA ___upAsakadazAMga ke anusAra vANiyagAma ke gAthApati Ananda tathA anya nau zrAvaka apanI sampatti ko tIna hissoM meM niyojita karate the| eka tihAI hissA nidhi ke lie, eka tihAI hissA vyavasAya ke lie aura eka tihAI hissA gRhasAmagrI meM niyojita kiyA jAtA thaa| vyavasAya ke lie niyojita hisse ko byAja para bhI diyA jAtA thaa| nidhi ke lie saMgrahita dhana ko bhI byAja para diye jAne ke lie kAma meM liyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra vitta-vyavasAya athavA baiMkiMga-vyavasAya kA saMcAlana kiyA jAtA thaa| zrAvaka Ananda ne cAra karor3a aura culanIpitA aura mahAzataka ne ATha-ATha karor3a hiraNya (svarNa-sikke) vyavasAya meM lagA rakhe the| (72)

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bhagavatI sUtra ke anusAra tuMgikA grAma ke zrAvaka sampanna the tathA ve baiMkiMga kA kArya bhI karate thejaina AcAra darzana meM apavyaya para aMkuza aura bacata ko protsAhana kI pravRtti se mudrA-sphIti nahIM bar3hatI thI aura vastuoM kI kImateM niyantrita rahatI thii| sakala rASTrIya utpAda para isakA anukUla asara hotA thaa| isase samasta prajA lAbhAnvita hotI thii| RNa denA tatkAlIna samaya meM samAja kA dhanADhya varga baiMkiMga sevAe~ pradAna karatA thaa| baiMkiMga kA kArya anya acche vyavasAyoM kI bhA~ti pratiSThA prApta thaa| vaNika, zreSThI, gAthApati Adi RNa dene kA kArya karate the| upAsakadazAMga ke dasoM gAthApati RNa dene kA kArya karate the| RNa dete samaya pUrI taraha se likhA-par3hI kI jAtI. kisI kI sAkSI lI jAtI athavA gavAha ke hastAkSara karavAye jaate| loga jhUThI gavAhI bhI de dete the| isase tatkAlIna samaya meM lekhAMkana karane aura lekhApustakeM, bahiyA~ Adi. abhilekha rakhane kI sUcanA milatI hai| jo kisI bhI vyavasAya ke lie atyanta jarUrI hotA hai| saMbhavataH ina bahiyoM ke AdhAra para hI RNa na cukAye jAne kI dazA kI mukhya RNI ke divaMgata ho jAne para bhI usake uttarAdhikArI para RNa cukAne kA dAyitva rahatA thaa| aise RNa ko paitRka RNa kahA jAtA thA jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra dhanya sArthavAha ne ghoSaNA kI ki jo bhI vyApArI unake sArtha ke sAtha calanA cAhe aura unake pAsa dhana nahIM ho to use vyApAra ke lie agrima taura para udhAra diyA jAyegA rAjagRha ke sArthavAha unakA dhana dugunA karane ke lie RNa ke rUpa meM dete the| isase U~cI byAja dara hone kA patA calatA hai tathA aise aneka udAharaNa bhI milate haiM, jo yaha spaSTa karate haiM ki byAja dareM U~cI bhI huA karatI thii| itanI U~cI bhI hotI thI ki RNa lene ke bAda sAmAnya vyakti ke lie cukAnA muzkila ho jAtA thaa| jo vyakti RNa nahIM lauTA pAtA use tiraskAra kA pAtra honA pdd'taa| RNadAtA ke vahA~ dAsa ke rUpa meM kArya karanA par3atA thaa| vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM RNI ko RNa-mukta karane kI sUcanAe~ bhI milatI hai| vaNika-nyAya ke anusAra yadi RNa lene vAlA svadeza meM ho to use anivArya rUpa se RNa cukAnA hotA thA kintu yadi vaha samudra-yAtrA se videza gayA ho aura usake sAtha koI hAdasA ho gayA ho aura kisI taraha vaha prANa-rakSA karake lauTA ho to usakA karja mApha kara diyA jAtA thaa| kisI kI pUrA RNa cukAne kI (73)

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kSamatA nahIM rahI ho to usakA AMzika rUpa se RNa mApha kiyA jAtA thaa|" isase RNa aura agrima ke sAtha bImA kA tatva bhI dekhane ko milatA hai| RNa nirdhArita dara, nirdhArita avadhi aura nizcita uddezya/uddezyoM ke lie diye jAte the| vyAvasAyika aura gaira-vyAvasAyika donoM uddezyoM ke lie RNa diye jAte the| paristhitiyoM ke anusAra RNa kI dara aura avadhi parivartita hotI rahatI thii| jamAe~ svIkAra karanA jamAe~ svIkAra karane kA artha hai - RNa dene ke lie RNa lenaa| isameM kama byAja dara para RNa liyA jAtA hai aura adhika byAja dara para use diyA jAtA hai| . yaha prakriyA baiMkiMga vyavasAya ke lie sAmAnya bAta hai| jaisA ki kahA jA cukA hai Agama-yuga meM saMsthAgata baiMkiMga vyavasthA nahIM thii| yaha kArya sampanna varga ke hAtha meM thaa| jo loga sAmAnya taura para udhArI kA kArya nahIM karate the, ve apane atirikta dhana se atirikta Aya ke lie use vizvasta vyaktiyoM ke hAthoM meM sauMpa dete the| isa vyavahAra ko nikSepaNa (nikkhevaga) kahA jAtA thaa| kabhI-kabhI aise mAmaloM meM jamAe~ svIkAra karane vAloM kI niyata kharAba ho jAtI thI to ve dhana lauTAne se manA kara dete| isake lie ve bahI khAtoM meM hera-phera kara dete aura jamAe~ svIkAra karane ke sAkSyoM ko palaTa dete the| isase baiMkiMga aura vyavasAya jagata ko dhakkA lagatA thaa| byAja dareM U~cI hone se bhI vitta kA pravAha avaruddha hotA thaa| loga dhana ko khajAnoM, dIvAroM aura jamIna meM nidhi ke rUpa meM surakSita rakhate the| zramaNa paramparA ke vratadhArI zrAvaka acaurya, ahiMsA aura aparigraha ke mAdhyama se aisI anaitika va ahitakArI ghaTanAoM kA prativAda kara rahe the| isase baiMkiMga vyavasAya ke ujjvala bhaviSya ke dvAra udghATita ho rahe the| (74)

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sandarbha 1. jaina, ke.sI., laoNrDa mahAvIra eMDa hija TAimsa, pa.-306 2. kaniMghama, e., kaoNiMsa oNpha eMzeMTa iNDiyA pa.-43 3. vinaya vijaya, upAdhyAya, bhAratIya sikke, pa.-6 sUtrakRtAMga, 1/2/7/3, uttarAdhyayana 8.17 upAsakadazAMga, jJAtAdharmakathAMga prathama adhyayana tathA nizItha sUtra 5.35 uttarAdhyayana 8vA~ adhyayana aura prAcIna bhAratIya mudrAe~, pa.-10 7. bhaNDArakara (DaoN.) aiMzieMTa iMDiyana nyUmismeTiksa pa.-63 8. uttha-dINAra-mAliya-viraieNaM - kalpasUtra 38 9. jaina, jagadIza candra (DaoN.) jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pa.-188 10. nizIthacUrNi 3.4316 11. uttarAdhyayana cUrNi 4/119 12. AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 2 13. dazavaikAlikacUrNi pa.-42 14. uttarAdhyayana 20/42 (kUDakahAvaNe) evaM 8/17 15. praznavyAkaraNa 2/3 16. kauTilIya arthazAstra 4/1/76 17. bahatkalpabhASya 2.1969 18. nizIthacUrNi 3.3070 19: AtmArAma, AcArya, zrI upAsakadazAMga sUtram, pariziSTa, paSTha-394 20. zAstrI, nemicandra (DaoN.) bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa meM jaina vAGmaya kA avadAna' khaNDa dvitIya adhyAya bArahavA~ / 21. bahatkalpabhASya 4.3891-92 evaM nizIthacUrNi 2.959 (75)

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22. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8/66 23. anuyogadvAra 14/188 se 191 24. anuyogadvAra sUtra 132-133 25. upAsakadazAMga prathama adhyayana sUtra 4 26. vyAkhyAprajJapti 2.5.106 27. praznavyAkaraNa 2/10 28. sUtrakRtAMga 1/2/2/179 29. dekheM, jJAtAdharmakathAMga 15vA~ adhyayana 30. dekheM, jJAtAdharmakathAMga dUsarA adhyayana 31. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2690, 6.6309 32. nizItha cUrNi 1.5.292 33. nizItha cUrNi 3.5.4312 evaM dekheM, upAsakadazAMga suutr| (76)

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pariccheda pA~ca rAjasva aura kara-praNAliyA~ rAjasva kA sambandha sarakArI Aya aura vyaya se hotA hai| rAjya apane rAjakIya dAyitvoM aura kha) ko vahana karane ke lie janatA se kara Adi ke mAdhyama se koza bharatA hai| rAjya kI samRddhi behatara rAjasva praNAliyA~ aura unake sahI kriyAnvayana para nirbhara hotI hai| Agama-granthoM meM rAjasva ke bAre meM paryApta sUcanAe~ milatI haiN| rAjya kI Aya ke srota kRSi mukhya vyavasAya thaa| bar3e paimAne para khetI-bAr3I kI jAtI thii| isalie kRSi sambandhI kara rAjya kI Aya ke mukhya srota the| isameM sarvaprathama bhUmi para lagane vAle kara laMgAna' kI carcA yahA~ kI jA rahI hai| lagAna . jaisA ki carcA kI jA cukI hai, bhUmi para rAjya kA svAmitva bhI hotA thA aura vyaktigata bhii| vyaktigata svAmitva ke antargata adhikAMzataH gAthApati, zreSThI Adi dhanADhya vyaktiyoM kA svAmitva hotA thaa|' aisI khetIhara jamIna ke mAlika svayaM khetI na karake use bhUmihIna kisAnoM ko khetI karane ke lie sauMpa dete the tathA unase pratiphala svarUpa upaja kA nizcita aMza prApta karate the tathA usameM se rAjya ko bhI eka nirdhArita bhAga denA hotA thaa| rAjya ko bhU-upayoga ke badale diye jAne vAle zulka ko lagAna kahA jAtA hai| yaha zulka upaja athavA mudrA meM diyA jA sakatA thaa| bhUmihIna kRSaka, jo isa prakAra hissedArI se yA baTAI se khetI karate the, unheM 'bhAilagga' kahA jAtA thaa| aise bhAilaggoM ke sAtha kaThora vyavahAra na karane ke nirdeza bhI diye jAte the| isase pratIta hotA hai ki unake sAtha nyAya nahIM hotA hogA aura rAjya va bhale logoM dvArA nyAya kI guhAra kI jAtI hogii| vyavahAra sUtra ke anusAra khetI ke alAvA bhI bhUmi udyogAdi ke lie kirAye para dI jAtI thii| AvazyakacUrNi meM lagAna ko khetakara kahA hai, vaha upaja kA 1/4 se 1/8 taka hotA thAbRhatkalpabhASya ke anusAra khetakara upaja kA 1/6 se 1/10 bhAga hotA thaa| acchI paidAvAra vAlI bhUmi para lagAna dara adhika hotI thii| jo kisAna naI bhUmi ko upajAU banAtA use rAjya khetI ke lie Avazyaka vizeSa suvidhAe~ pradAna (77)

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karatA thA tathA lagAna meM kamI kara detA thaa| isase spaSTa hai ki lagAna rAjya kI Aya kA pramukha mAdhyama thaa| sAtha hI isase rAjya kI ora se kRSi ko aneka rUpoM meM saMrakSaNa milatA thaa| karAropaNa rAjya kI Aya kA mukhya srota karAropaNa hI hotA hai| Agama kAlIna rAjyoM ke pAsa prabhUta sampatti hotI thii| utsava aura khuzI ke avasaroM para rAjya kI ora se prajA ko karoM meM chUTa pradAna kI jAtI thii| vyAkhyAprajJapti meM 'ussukkam' (binA zulka) aura 'ukkarama' (kara-mukta) zabda rAjya kI kara-vyavasthA kA. saMketa karate haiN| spaSTa hai ki rAjya ke dvArA karAropaNa ke niyama sthApita the| kRSi aura vyavasAya acche the isalie vastuoM yA mudrAoM ke rUpa meM kara-saMgraha bhI acchA hotA thaa| vipAka-sUtra meM rAjA ko sujhAva diyA gayA hai ki vaha prajA ko kaSTa dekara kara-saMgraha nahIM kreN| aisA karane vAle rAjA ko 'pApI' kahA gayA hai| AcArya jinasena Adarza karAropaNa ke lie udAharaNa dete hai ki jisa prakAra dUdha dene vAlI gAya ko binA pIr3A pahu~cAye dUdha prApta kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra prajA ko bhI binA kaSTa diye kara prApta karanA caahiye| somadevasUri ne bhI kahA hai ki yadi rAjA prajA ko kaSTa dekara kara prApta karatA hai to usakA rAjya ke vyavasAya para bhI viparIta asara hogA tathA prajA chala-kapaTa kA sahArA legii| vRkSa kA mUlocchedana karane vAlA eka bAra hI phala prApta kara sakatA hai| karApavaMcana kI rokathAma ke lie rAjya ko atikara se bacanA caahiye| .. . 18 prakAra ke kara Agama granthoM meM karAropaNa ke sandarbha prApta hote haiN| jabaki unake vyAkhyA granthoM meM karAropaNa kI vyavasthita praNAliyoM kA patA calatA hai| ina karoM meM pratyakSa kara - Ayakara, dhanakara Adi kI suspaSTa sUcanAoM kA abhAva hai jabaki gRhakara ke spaSTa ullekha haiN| mukhya rUpa se apratyakSa kara lagAye jAte the| usameM rAjasva prApti ke rUpa meM sevAkara susthApita nahIM thaa| upaja, utpAdana, vANijyika gatividhiyoM aura bikrI para mukhya rUpa se kara lagAyA jAtA thaa| jinakI tulanA vartamAna ke utpAda zulka aura vikraya-kara se kI jA sakatI haiN| DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina ne jaina-granthoM meM varNita aThAraha prakAra ke karoM kA ullekha kiyA hai :1. gokara (gAya kI bikrI para lagane vAlA kara) 2. balivardakara (baila kI bikrI para lagane vAlA kara) (78)

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3. mahiSakara (bhaiMsa kI bikrI para lagane vAlA kara) 4. uSTrakara (U~Ta kI bikrI para lagane vAlA kara) 5. chagalIkara (bher3a-bakarI kI bikrI para lagane vAlA kara) 6. pazukara (maveziyoM va anya pazuoM kI bikrI para lagane vAlA kara) 7. tRNakara (ghAsa para lagane vAlA kara) 8. bhusakara (pazu AhAra kI bikrI para lagane vAlA kara) 9. palAlakara (puvAla/cAvala/anAja aura inake bhUse para lagane vAlA kara) 10. kASThakara (lakar3I va kASTha vastuoM para lagane vAlA kara) 11. aMgArakara (koyale va IMdhana para lagane vAlA kara) 12. sItAkara (hala va kRSi upakaraNoM para liyA jAne vAlA kara) 13. umbarakara (dehalI athavA hara ghara se liyA jAne vAlA kara) 14. jaMghAkara/jaMgAkara (carAgAha para liyA jAne vAlA kara) 15. ghaTakara (miTTI ke bartanoM va vastuoM para lagane vAlA kara) 16. carmakara yA/tathA karmakara (zramikoM dvArA dI gaI begAra) 17. cullagakara (sAmUhika bhoja, utsava, manoraMjana Adi para lagane vAlA kara). 18. autitakara (prAsaMgika/Akasmika vyavasAya para kara yA aicchika kara) .. karoM ke isa vivaraNa se spaSTa hotA hai ki ye sAre kara acchI khetI-bAr3I, vRhad pazupAlana aura samRddha grAmINa arthavyavasthA ke sUcaka haiN| grAmoM meM prAthamika udyoga the| jabaki nagaroM meM dvitIyaka udyog| jaba gA~voM meM itane prakAra ke kara lagate the to nagaroM meM bhI dvitIyaka udyogoM aura unase Age ke udyoga-dhandhoM para kara lagate gRhakara - gRhakara ke bAre meM mUla Agama grantha mauna hai| parantu niyukti aura bhASya meM gRhakara ke ullekha se Agama-yuga meM gRhakara hone kA patA calatA hai| piNDaniyukti ke anusAra pratyeka ghara se prativarSa do drama (rajata-mudrA) gRhakara ke rUpa meM rAjya . dvArA vasUla kiye jAte the| bRhatkalpabhASya aura nizIthabhASya meM gRhakara ko lekara (79)

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mArmika ghaTanAoM kI carcA hai| eka vaNika ne IMToM se pakkA ghara banAyA aura ghara bana jAne para usakI mRtyu ho gii| kama kamAI hone se usake putra gRhakara nahIM cukA . pA rahe the| usake putroM ne vaha makAna zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ko Thaharane ke lie samarpita kara diyA tathA ve svayaM pAsa meM hI jhoMpar3I banAkara rahane lge| aisA karake ve gRhakara ke dAyitva se mukta hue the| granthoM meM eka ruvaga pratigRha gRhakara batAyA gayA hai, parantu vaha eka ruvaga kara mAsika hai yA vArSika, yaha ullekha nahIM hai| anumAnata: yaha mAsika hI jAna par3atA hai| zUrpAraka nagara meM gRhakara (naigamakara) anivAryataH lAga kiye jAne para vahA~ ke 500 vaNika parivAroM ne virodha kiyaa| virodha para bhI karAropaNa samApta nahIM kiyA to una parivAroM ne AtmadAha kara liyaa| isase kara cukAne kI anivAryatA aura kara vasUlI meM sakhtI siddha hotI hai| ahiMsaka Arthika praNAlI meM aisI kaThoratA ko svIkRti denA saMbhava nahIM hai| vANijya kara jina vastuoM meM vyApAra kiyA jAtA una para kara lagAyA jAtA thaa| isalie jaba campAnagarI ke potavaNika mithilA meM vyApAra ke lie gaye to unhoMne mithilA nareza ko vibhinna prakAra ke mUlyavAna upahAroM se prasanna kara liyA aura binA kara ke vyApAra kI anumati prApta kara lii| rAjya ke bAhara se mAla AtA to use suMkaThANe (jA~ca-caukI/kasTama hAusa) para jA~cA jAtA tathA usa para kara lagAyA jaataa| kara lagAne vAle adhikArI ko sukiyA kahA jAtA thaa| vyApArika mArgoM para kara lagAne vAlI aisI zulkazAlAe~ huA karatI thiiN| kara kI dara vastu kI kImata, mArga-vyaya tathA anya khacoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue taya thii|" inake alAvA vyApArika mArgoM kI surakSA sunizcita karane ke lie tathA unheM durusta rakhane ke lie mArga-kara bhI liyA jAtA thaa| AyAta para karAropaNa adhika hone se yaha anumAna lagAyA jAtA hai ki rAjya niryAta ko protsAhita karatA thaa| behatara bhugatAna santulana aura videzI mudrA bhaNDAra kI vRddhi ke lie niryAta ko protsAhana diyA jAtA hai| isase rAjya kI Arthika sthiti sudRr3ha banatI hai| anya srotoM se Aya rAjakoSa ko bharane ke lie Aya ke anya srota bhI the| unameM haiM - upahAra va bheMTa, gupta sampatti, niHsvAmika dhana, parAjita rAjAoM se prApta dhana, arthadaNDa aadi| inameM kucha srota nakArAtmaka hai, kucha sakArAtmaka aura kucha svAbhAvika hai| (80)

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upahAra va bheMTa rAjAoM se vizeSa mulAkAta aura vizeSa avasaroM para unheM upahAra pradAna kiye jAte the| isase rAjakoSa kI abhivRddhi hotI thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMgA isa bAre meM paryApta sandarbha detA hai| meghakumAra ke janmotsava para rAjA zreNika ne aneka logoM aura sAmantoM ko Amantrita kiyaa| janmotsava meM bhAga lene vAloM ne rAjA ko hAthI, ghor3e, ratna Adi bahumUlya upahAra pradAna kiye| loga kisI vyavasAya-vizeSa ke lie anumati yA kara-mukti cAhate to vibhinna upahAra lekara rAjA ke pAsa jaate| rAjA upahAra svIkAra karatA tathA unheM niyamoM ke antargata vAMchita chUTa yA suvidhA pradAna karatA thaa| thAvaccA sArthavAhI apane putra ke dIkSA mahotsava kI anumati lene ke lie upahAra lekara rAjA ke pAsa gaI thii| rAjagRha kA zreSThI nanda maNikAra rAjA zreNika ke pAsa mUlyavAna upahAra lekara gayA aura rAjagRha meM puSkariNI nirmita karane kI anumati prApta kii| kaida se mukti ke lie dhanya sArthavAha ne sambandhiyoM aura sAthiyoM ke mAdhyama se rAjA ko bahumUlya upahAra bhijvaaye| tatkAlIna samaya meM rAjAoM ko upahAra aura bheMTa denA sAmAnya paramparA thI aura isase rAjakoSa para anukUla asara hotA thaa| gupta va lAvArisa dhana rAjya kI sImAoM ke antargata prApta gupta nidhi rAjya kI samajhI jAtI thii| usa samaya meM loga dhana ko jamIna meM gAr3a diyA karate the| isalie gupta dhana prApti ke aneka udAharaNa granthoM meM milate haiN| jisa sampatti kA koI vArisa nahIM hotA yA kisI vyakti kA koI uttarAdhikArI nahIM hotA to maraNoparAnta usa sampatti para rAjya kA adhikAra ho jAtA thaa| uttarAMdhyayana sUtra ke anusAra jaba bhRgu purohita ne parivAra sahita 'dIkSA grahaNa kara lI to rAjA ne usakI sampatti ko rAjakoSa meM jamA karAne ke Adeza de diye| eka bAra eka vaNik kI mRtyu ho jAne para usakI garbhavatI vidhavA kI sampatti isalie adhigRhIta nahIM kI ki putra hone kI sthiti meM vaha usakA uttarAdhikArI ho jaayegaa| jIvana kI kaThina sthitiyoM meM puruSasvAmitva aura uttarAdhikAra ke prati udAratA nahIM baratanA samAja ko kamajora karanA hai| Agama ke aneka sUtra strI ko svAmitva, svatantratA aura adhikAritAe~ pradAna karate haiN| (81)

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parAjita rAjAoM se prApta dhana jo rAjA parAjita ho jAtA vaha vijetA rAjAoM ko dhana-sampatti bheMTa karatA thaa| jambUdvIpaprajJapti ke anusAra bharata cakravartI ne jaba yavana, araba Adi dezoM ke rAjAoM para vijaya prApta kara lI to una dezoM ke rAjAoM ne bharata ko hAra, mukuTa, kuNDala Adi AbhUSaNa aura ratna Adi bheMTa kiye the| hAthIguMphA ke zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai ki kaliMgAdhipati khAravela ko parAjita rAjAoM se maNi, ratna Adi sampatti prApta huI thii| isase bhI rAjakoSa meM vRddhi hotI thii| parantu, ye mAdhyama koSa vRddhi ke sthAyI upAya nahIM the| prAsaMgika athavA Akasmika mAdhyamoM para nirbharatA rAjya kI sthiti ko sudRr3ha nahIM banA sktii| bevajaha zaktipradarzana aura sAmrAjya-vistAra kI lAlasA meM kI gaI lar3AiyoM se mAnava jAti ko lAbha nahIM huaa| arthadaNDa rAja-niyamoM kA ullaMghana karane para jurmAnA lagAyA jAtA thaa| isase rAjasva meM vRddhi hotI thI aura zAsana-prazAsana custa-durusta rahatA thaa| rAjA zreNika ne meghakumAra ke janmotsava kI khuzI meM daNDakaroM ko mApha kara diyA thA 4 isase jurma kI sajA ke rUpa meM arthadaNDa vyavasthA siddha hotI hai| AdipurANa meM tIna prakAra ke daNDoM meM arthaharaNa-daNDa ko prathama batAyA hai| arthadaNDa kA mukhya dhyeya prajA se niyamoM kA anupAlana karavAnA hotA hai, na ki rAjakoSa bhrnaa| kara-saMgrahaNa rAjya meM kara saMgraha kI mAkUla vyavasthAe~ thii| kahIM-kahIM kara vasUlI meM rAjya karmacAriyoM dvArA kaThoratA baratane ke udAharaNa bhI milate haiN| vipAkasUtra meM vijaya vardhamAna kheTa kA ullekha hai| vaha 500 gAMvoM taka phailA huA thaa| yahA~ ikAI nAmaka rASTrakUTa kara, bhara (sImA zulka), bhedya (daNDa kara), deya (anivArya kara), byAja Adi kI vasUlI meM atyanta nirdayatA se peza AtA thaa| vaha kunta (talavAra se), laMchapoSa (laMcha nAmaka coroM ko niyukta karake), AdIpana (Aga lagavA kara), paMthakoTTa (pathikoM ko katla karavA kara) Adi amAnuSika upAyoM se prajA ko utpIDita aura zoSita karatA thA aise rAjA ko granthoM meM pApI rAjA kahA gayA hai aura usake bhayaMkara duSpariNAma batAkara krUratA se bacane kA sandeza diyA gayA hai| sAmAnyatayA kara vasUlI meM itanI kaThoratA nahIM baratI jAtI thii| karadAtAoM ko (82)

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kara jamA karAne ke lie chUTa dI jAtI thii| chUTa ke uparAnta bhI kara jamA nahIM karAne para unheM ucita tarIke se daNDita kiyA jAtA thaa| kara vasUlI meM atyadhika kaThoratA rAjya aura prajA donoM ke hita meM nahIM hai| kara-mukti ___ Agama-granthoM meM kara-mukti ke aneka pramANa milate haiN| rAjA kisI vastu-vizeSa, vyakti yA samUha-vizeSa ko bhinna-bhinna kAraNoM se kara-mukti pradAna kiyA karate the| rAjya meM khuzI ke avasaroM aura maMgala-prasaMgoM para bhI prajA ko kara se rAhata pradAna kI jAtI thii| rAjakumAra varddhamAna ke janma ke maMgala avasara para rAjA siddhArtha ne dasa dinoM taka prajA ko bhUmikara, cuMgIkara, daNDa, begAra Adi rAjakIya dAyitvoM se mukti pradAna kI thI tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke parama bhakta rAjA zreNika ke putra megharatha ke janmotsava para bhI dasa dinoM taka sabhI prakAra ke karoM se prajA ko mukta kara diyA thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra hastizIrSa ke potavaNikoM se rAjA kanakaketu ko bahumUlya upahAra prApta kiye aura pUchane para kaliyadvIpa meM zreSTha sundara azva hone kI sUcanA milI to unheM mukta rUpa se vyApAra karane kI anumati pradAna kara dI thii|" aneka janopayogI vastuoM, vizeSa mahatva ke udyogoM yA vyApAroM athavA vyaktiyoM yA vyaktiyoM ke samUha ko nirdiSTa avadhi yA sadA ke * lie chUTa pradAna kI jAtI thii| karApavaMcana ... mAnava kI vRtti kara nahIM dene kI yA nyUna kara dene kI rahatI hai| yaha vRtti prAcIna samaya meM bhI thii| kaI vyApArI ucita karAropaNa ke bAvajUda kara corI kara lete the| jabaki kaI bAra rAjya dvArA anucita karAropaNa se vyavasAyiyoM meM karApavaMcana kI pravRtti bar3ha jAtI thii| karoM se bacane ke lie vyApArI rAjapatha se yAtrA nahIM karate the tathA kara bacAne ke lie aneka prakAra ke yatna karate the| acaurya vrata karApavaMcana para naitika rUpa se aMkuza lagAtA hai| begAra prathA rAjya saMcAlana meM pratyeka varga aura stara ke vyakti kA yogadAna hotA thaa| jo vyakti nirdhana hote the, ve rAjya ke lie zrama kA dAna karate the| ise begAra kahA jAtA thaa| uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke anusAra rAjA kI AjJA se zramika begAra karate the tathA vaha anicchA pUrvaka kI jAtI thii| begAra ko rAjya kA adhikAra batAyA (83)

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jAtA thaa| kara-mukti ke antargata rAjA begAra se bhI mukti pradAna karatA thaa| kAlAntara meM isa pravRtti ne nirdhanoM ke zoSaNa kA rUpa le liyA thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM meM zoSaNa kI spaSTa manAhI rhii| phalasvarUpa unake anuyAyiyoM ne .. mAnavatA kI pratiSThA kI bahAlI ke lie pariNAmadAyI kArya kiye| rAjya ke vyaya rAjA kA kartavya hotA hai ki vaha hara kArya meM prajA-hita ko sarvopari rkheN| sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki zreSTha rAjA pIr3ita prANiyoM kA rakSaka hotA hai| . vaha prajA ke kalyANa ke lie naitikatA aura maryAdA kI sthApanA karatA hai| vaha setu, pula, nahara, patha Adi kA nirmANa karavAtA hai| vyApAra, vANijya aura kRSi kI ucita vyavasthA karatA hai| cora, luTeroM, upadraviyoM tathA roga, akAla va mahAmArI se rAjya kI rakSA karatA hai| jana-kalyANa rAjA ko prajA kA pAlaka kahA gayA hai| antakRtadazA sUtra ke anusAra vAsudeva zrIkRSNa ne ghoSaNA karavAI thI ki jo bhI vyakti dIkSA lenA cAhe, vaha dIkSA le sakatA hai| usake parivAra ke bharaNa-poSaNa kI sArI samucita vyavasthA rAjya kI ora se kI jaayegii| rAjapraznIya sUtra ke anusAra rAjA pradezI zramaNa kezIkumAra kA anuyAyI bana jAne ke bAda apane adhInastha sAta hajAra gA~voM kI Aya kA cauthAI bhAga dAna dene meM vyaya karane lagA thaa| kaliMga nareza khAravela apanI prajA ke lie pracura dhana vyaya karatA thaa| isase lagatA hai ki usa samaya jina rAjyoM yA rAjAoM para zramaNa paramparA kA prabhAva thA, vahA~ rAjasva kA adhikAMza bhAga adhikatama prajA hita para vyaya hotA thaa| anutpAdaka aura sainya kharca ghaTa jAtA thaa| jisakA prabhAva bAda meM bhI dekhA jAtA hai| isase rAjya aura prajA kI samRddhi para anukUla asara hotA thaa| zAsana vyavasthA rAjya kI vyavasthAoM ko saMbhAlane ke lie zAsakIya aura prazAsakIya adhikAriyoM aura karmacAriyoM para kAphI vyaya hotA thaa| granthoM meM yuvarAja, zreSThI, amAtya, purohita, gaNanAyaka, daNDanAyaka, rAjezvara, senApati, talavAra, mAMDavika, kauTumbika, maMtrI, mahAmaMtrI, bhaNDArI, gaNaka, dvArapAla, aMgarakSaka, dUta, saMdhipAla Adi rAja karmacAriyoM aura adhikAriyoM ke ullekha milate haiN|" ina karmacAriyoM (84)

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aura adhikAriyoM ke vetana para rAjya kA bahuta bar3A bhAga kharca hotA thaa| isase rAjakIya sevAoM meM paryApta rojagAra ke avasaroM kA patA calatA hai| anucara se lagAkara adhikArI varga taka rAjakIya sevAoM meM hote the| ___ nyAya praNAlI kA saMcAlana bhI rAjya ke pAsa thaa| sthAnAMga sUtra ke anusAra Antarika zAnti aura surakSA ke lie deza meM ucita nyAya vyavasthA thii| nyAyAdhikAriyoM para bhI rAjya kA vyaya hotA thaa| kahIM niSpakSa to kahIM pakSapAtapUrNa nyAyika vyavasthA ke udAharaNa milate haiN| galata daNDa ke kAraNa kaI bAra nirdoSa daNDita ho jAte haiM aura aparAdhI sApha chUTa jAte haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra jhUThI sAkSI dene kA niSedha karate haiM sainya vyavasthA senA para bharI bharakama kharca usa samaya bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| kabhI nAriyoM ke lie to kabhI sAmrAjya-vistAra ke lie yA kabhI kisI aura kAraNa se rAjAoM meM yuddha chir3a jAtA thaa| adhikatara yuddha to pratiSThA aura zakti-pradarzana ke lie lar3e jAte the| mahaja hAra aura hAthI ke lie aisA bhayAnaka yuddha lar3A gayA ki usameM baDI saMkhyA meM sainikoM ko apanI jAna kI bAjI lagAnI pdd'ii| isake lie rAjya ke pAsa caturaMgiNI senA hotI thI - ratha, azva, hasti aura padAti senaa| sthAnAMga meM to bhaiMsoM kI senA kA bhI ullekha hai| yahA~ taka kanyA ko daheja ke rUpa meM bhI ina vastuoM ko diyA jAtA thaa| senA ke itane bar3e tAmajhAma, sainika, hAthI, ghor3e, ratha, zastrAstra Adi para bahuta rAzi kharca hotI thii| aneka prakAra ke yuddha, aneka prakAra ke astra-zastra aura aneka prakAra kI vyUha-racanAe~ hotI thiiN| rAjapraznIya sUtra ke anusAra kaikayArddha nareza pradezI rAjya kI Aya kA eka cauthAI senA para vyaya karatA thaa| samrATa khAravela ne 1135 svarNa-mudrAe~ kharca karake caturaMgiNI senA banAI thii| sainya-vyavasthA Atma-rakSA aura rAjya kI surakSA ke lie hotI thii| AkramaNa karane ke lie nhiiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra yuddha, AkramaNa aura sAmrAjyavAdI manovRtti ko anucita ThaharAte haiN| unakA darzana ayuddha aura anAkramaNa kA hai| nyAya-nIti para calane vAle vratI nareza maitrI aura vikAsa para dhyAna kendrita karate the| rAjA zreNika aura kUNika ke rAjya meM sandhipAla hote the, jinakA kArya anya rAjAoM se maitrI sthApita karanA aura use kAyama rakhanA hotA thaa| sArthavAha vyApArika sambandhoM se maitrI sthApita karate the| (85)

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anya vyaya lambA caur3A rAjya aura usameM vibhinna prakAra kI prajA nivAsa karatI thii| rAjya ke Akasmika vyaya bhI bahuta hote the| vilAsI rAjAoM ke bAre meM bhI sUcanAe~ milatI haiN| unake antaHpura para bhI Azcaryajanaka vyaya hotA thaa| rAjapraznIya sUtra ke anusAra kaikayArddha nareza pradezI rAjya kI Aya kA eka cauthAI anta:pura para vyaya karatA thaa| jaina dharma kA pAlana karane vAle rAjA vilAsI aura suvidhA bhogI nahIM hote the| isalie unake antaHpura para anAvazyaka vyaya nahIM hotA thaa| aneka rAjA unake putroM ko rAjya sauMpa kara muni jIvana aMgIkAra kara lete the| .. . rAjya-saMcAlana meM artha kI kendrIya bhUmikA hotI hai| rAjya kI unnatiavanati usake Arthika prabandhana para TikI huI hotI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki zAsana, prazAsana aura sainya vyavasthA ke sAtha-sAtha rAjya loka-kalyANakArI kAryoM meM bhI gaharI ruci letA thaa| koI bhI rAjA apane zAsana kAla meM acche aura sthAyI mahatva ke kAryoM se hI yazasvI ho sakatA thA aura rAjAoM kA yaha prayAsa rahatA thaa| rAjAoM ke dvArA kiye gaye kAlajayI kArya Aja itihAsa bana gaye haiN| (86)

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sandarbha upAsakadazAMga prathama adhyayana praznavyAkaraNa 2/13 vyavahAra sUtra 9/17-18 4. AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 2, pR.-8 __ bahatkalpabhASya 2/1092 6. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/1/19 bhagavatI sUtra 11/11/429 8. jaina, kamala (DaoN.), prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana, pR.-165 9. AdipurANa 16/254 10. nItivAkyAmata 8/11 11. jaina, jagadIza candra (DaoN.) jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR. 111-112 12. piNDaniyukti gAthA 47 13. bRhatkalpabhASya 3/4770 14. nizIthabhASya 16.5156 15. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 4/43 16. nizIthacUrNi 4.6519 17. 'suMkAdIparisuddhe, sailAbhe, kuNai vaNio ciTheM'- bRhatkalpabhASya 2.952 18. dekheM, jJAtAdharmakathAMga adhyayana pahalA, pA~cavA~, AThavA~, terhvaaN| 19. jaina, jagadIza candra (DaoN.) jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pR.- 113 20. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 14/37 ... 21. vyavahAra bhASya 7/418 ___(87)

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22. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 2/13,3/18 23. khAravela kA hAthIguMphA zilAlekha paMkti 13 24. jJAtAdharmakathAMga prathama adhyayana 25. jaina, jagadIza candra (DaoN.) jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pR.-116 : 26. nizIthacUrNi 4.6296 27. ummukkaM ukkaraM ukkiTTha adijaM abhaDappavesaM adaNDakodaMDima - kalpasUtra 28. ussukkaM ukkaraM kRkR dasadivasiyaM kareha kAraveha y| - jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/61 29. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 17/17 30. rAjapraznIya sUtra 48 31. rAyaveTuiM va mannantA - uttarAdhyayana 27/13 32. AdipurANa 16/168 33. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra 2/1/643 34. antakRtadazA sUtra paMcama adhyayana 35. rAjapraznIya sUtra 83 36. hAthIguMphA zilAlekha paMkti 14-16 . 37. aupapAtika sUtra 40, praznavyAkaraNa 4/8, jJAtA.1/24 38. ThANAMga 7/66 39. uttarAdhyayana 9/30 40. Avazyaka sUtra dUsarA vrata 41. vyAkhyAprajJapti, nirAyAvalikA, aavshykcuurnni| 42. vyAkhyAprajJapti 7/9/7, sthAnAMga sUtra 5/57 43. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 3.41-71 (88)

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44. rAjapraznIya sUtra 43 45. hAthIguMphA abhilekha paMkti 4 46. anuyogadvAra sUtra 15 47. rAjapraznIya sUtra 83 (89)

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adhyAya tRtIya : jaina AgamoM meM Arthika jIvana pariccheda eka prAthamika udyoga va kRSi pariccheda do pazupAlana pariccheda tIna udyAnikI, vAnikI aura khanana pariccheda cAra dvitIyaka udyoga pariccheda pA~ca vyApAra, vyavasAya aura vANijya pariccheda chaH AyAta-niryAta (90)

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pariccheda eka prAthamika udyoga va kRSi saMsAra ke sabhI prANI kudaratI jIvana cakra ke anusAra apanA jIvana vyatIta karate haiN| parantu mAnava ne hara kSetra meM niyamabaddha vyavasthAoM ko sthApita kiyA hai| inameM Arthika gatividhiyA~ pramukha haiN| prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ne karmabhUmi ke Arambha meM manuSya jAti ko Arthika jIvana kI zikSAe~ diiN| AgamoM meM Arthika jIvana ko spaSTa karane vAlI bAteM aura ghaTanAe~ yatra-tatra bikharI par3I haiN| ina gatividhiyoM ko nimnAnusAra vargIkRta kara sakate haiM - 1. prAthamika udyoga - kRSi, pazupAlana, udyAnikI, vAnikI, khanana aadi| 2. dvitIyaka udyoga - gRha-kuTIra udyoga, laghu aura bar3e udyog| 3. vyApAra va vANijya - svadezI-videzI vyapAra, AyAta-niryAta aadi| ina sabakA AgamoM ke sandarbha meM vivecana prAcIna bhArata kA digdarzana kraaegaa| kRSi bhArata gA~voM kA deza hai| vartamAna meM yahA~ karIba 7 lAkha gA~va hai| gAMdhIjI ke anusAra gA~voM meM bhArata kI AtmA nivAsa karatI hai| kRSi athavA khetI-bAr3I grAmINa arthavyavasthA kA mukhya AdhAra hai| kRSi sampUrNa arthavyavasthA ke lie AdhArabhUta udyoga hai| adhikatama udyoga pratyakSa-apratyakSa rUpa se kRSi para AdhArita hote haiN| bhArata kI 65 se 70 pratizata AbAdI kRSi para nirbhara hai| Aja se hajAroM varSa pahale AjIvikA kA mukhya srota kRSi hI thaa| prathama tIrthaMkara bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne sabhyatA ke Arambha meM kRSi kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| bhArata duniyA kA sabase pahalA kisAna-mulka hai aura kRSi-kArya sabhyatA kI prathama sIr3hI hai|' .. . jaina AgamoM meM kRSi ko Arya-karma kahA gayA hai| jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM batAyA gayA hai ki bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne prajA-hita ke lie sukha-suvidhA ke lie kRSi Adi kA upadeza diyA thA - payAhiyAe uvdisii| umAsvAti ne tatvArtha sUtra * ke svopajJa bhASya meM Arya karma meM kRSi ko bhI ginAyA hai - kAryAH yajanAyAjanAdhyayanAdhyApana kRSivANijyonipoSaNa vRttyH| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke (91)

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mukhya zrAvaka Ananda gAthApati kA pramukha vyavasAya kRSi-kArya thaa| usake pAsa 500 hala-pramANa se bhI adhika kRSi bhUmi thI, jisakI usane 500 hala-pramANa taka maryAdA kara lI thii| usa bhUmi para kRSi-kArya hotA thaa| eka hala se nivartana (40,000 varga hAtha) bhUmi jotI jA sakatI thii| bharata cakravartI kA gAthApati ratna bhI kRSi-kArya karavAtA thaa| kRSi ko jIvanadAyinI mAnakara loga kRSi-upakaraNoM kI pUjA bhI karate the| kRSi-bhUmi . kRSi kA itanA vikAsa thA ki kRSi se sambandhita aneka prayoga aura. prakriyAe~ sampanna kI jAtI thI, jisase paidAvAra bddh'e| logoM ko kRSi-bhUmi, khAda aura miTTI kA jJAna thaa| usa samaya kI kRSi kisI bhI prakAra ke rAsAyanika aura aprAkRtika khAdoM, kITanAzakoM Adi se rahita thI, isalie svAsthya, paryAvaraNa aura ahiMsA kI dRzTi se upayukta thii| kAlI miTTI vAlI bhUmi upajAU aura kazi yogya mAnI jAtI thI jabaki patharIlI aura Usara bhUmi meM khetI nahIM kI jAtI thii| loga kRSi-jJAna se sampanna the| kRSi aura grAmya arthavyavasthA . prAcIna bhArata meM gA~voM kI saMkhyA vartamAna se kaI gunA adhika thii| gA~va, kRSi aura pazupAlana paraspara jur3e hue the| pazupAlakoM ke gA~va ko "ghoza" kahA jAtA thaa| anAja ko ekatrita aura surakSita karane ke lie jaMgala meM tathA pahAr3I para laghu-gA~va basAye jAte the, unheM "sambAdha" yA "saMvAha" kahA jAtA thaa| jina gA~voM ke cAroM ora miTTI kI prAcIra banAI jAtI thI, unheM "kheTa" kahA jAtA thaa| surakSA aura suvidhA kI daSazTa se kucha gA~voM ke bIca eka kendrIya mA~va banAyA jAtA thA, jo nagara se choTA aura AsapAsa ke gA~voM se bar3A hotA thA, aise kendrIya gA~va ko "kharvaTa" kahA jAtA thaa| isake cAroM ora bhI miTTI kI prAcIra hotI thii| kauTilya ne 200 gA~voM ke bIca eka "kharvaTa" banAne ke lie kahA hai| jina gA~voM ke AsapAsa bahuta dUra taka koI gA~va nahIM ho, use "maMDaba" kahA jAtA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya meM Adarza gA~va kI vizezatAe~ batAI gaI haiM - - jahA~ pAnI ke lie kuA~, saritA, sarovara yA paryApta jala-srota hoM, - AsapAsa kheta ho, - pazuoM ke lie carAgAha ho, (92)

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- nikaTa meM vana-upavana ho, - khelane ke lie maidAna ho tathA - ghUmane ke lie sthAna ho| nadI, vana, pahAr3a, devasthAna, udyAna, vRkSa, zmazAna Adi gA~voM ke sImAcihna mAne jAte the| vyavasAya aura samudAya ke anusAra bhI gA~va basa jAte aura unakA nAmakaraNa ho jAtA thaa| jaise vaizAlI tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta thI - baMbhaNagAma, khattiyakuNDa-gAma aura vaanniygaam| inameM kramazaH brAhmaNa, kSatriya aura vaNika logoM kA bAhulya thaa|" gA~voM kI apanI vyavasthA hotI thii| ve Atmanirbhara aura svAvalambI hote the| sabhI jAtiyoM aura varSoM ke vyakti sauhArdrapUrvaka apanA jIvana jIte the| yahA~ taka pazu-pakSiyoM ke bIca bhI AtmIya riztA hotA thaa| paryAvaraNa aura pAristhitikI kA dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| vyasta bAjAra vAle vyApArika gA~va "nigama" tathA audyogika gA~voM ke nikaTa banane vAle gA~va dvAragAma kahalAte the| gA~voM ke isa prakAra ke vargIkaraNa ke ullekha se usa samaya kI vikasita arthavyavasthA, grAma aura nagara vyavasthA kA patA calatA hai| kRSi ke sAtha-sAtha gRha aura kuTIra udyoga bhI grAmINa arthavyavasthA ke AdhAra the| khetoM kI rakSA . khetoM kI bAr3a banAnA, mApa karanA, rakSA karanA Adi kRSi ke aMga the| khetoM ko mApane vAle rajjuka kahalAte the| unakA kAryAlaya rajjuka sabhA kahalAtA thaa| sjuka saMbhavataH Aja ke paTavArI kI bhA~ti rAjya-karmacArI hote the| jo bhUmi mApana, prabandhana aura niyamana kiyA karate the| bhagavAna mahAvIra apane antima varSAkAla meM pAvA kI rajuka sabhA meM Thahare the| khetoM kI rakSA ke lie kRSaka-bAlikAe~ "TiTTi-TiTTi ' cillAkara pazu* pakSiyoM ko evaM lAThI mArakara sANDoM ko bhagAyA karatI thii| sUara Adi jaMgalI jAnavaroM kI rakSArtha sIMga Adi bajAyA jAtA thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ko RjubAlikA nadI ke kinAre zyAmaka gRhapati ke kaThukaraNa kheta meM kaivalya kI prApti huI thii| khetoM kI rakSA ke lie bAr3a lagAI jAtI thii| kSetrapAla niyukta kiye jAte the| logoM kI haisiyata ke anusAra bhinna-bhinna AkAra ke kheta hote the| sAdhAraNa kisAnoM ke kheta choTe hote the| magadha deza ke eka kuTumba ke kheta itane bar3e the ki unameM 500 halavAheM kAma karate the|" (93)

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phasaleM ___ AcArAMga meM batAyA gayA hai ki zAka-sabjI ke khetoM meM, bIja pradhAna . khetoM meM tathA zAli, brIhi, mAza, mUMga, kulattha, jau-jvAra Adi dhAnyoM ke khetoM meM sAdhu mala-mUtrAdi kA visarjana nahIM kreN| sUtrakRtAMga meM zAli, vrIhi, kodrava . (eka prakAra kA dhAnya), kAMgaNI, paraka, rAla Adi prakAra ke dhAnyoM ke khetoM kA varNana hai| varSa meM do aura tIna phasaleM prApta kI jAtI thiiN| cAvala (zAli) kI khetI usa samaya bahuta kI jAtI thii| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM rohiNI ko pradatta pA~ca cAvala ke dAne rohiNI ke pIhara meM alaga se boye jAte haiM aura pA~ca varSa bAda zvasura dhanya sArthavAha dvArA punaH mA~gane para gAr3iyA~ bharakara lauTAye jAte haiN| bhArata ke pUrvIya prAntoM meM kamalazAli (uttama jAti ke bAsamati cAvala)1 paidA hote the| raktazAli, mahAzAli aura gaMdhazAli Adi aneka prakAra kI cAvaloM kI kismeM hotI thIM 2 zAli ke alAvA vrIhi aura aNu zabda cAvala kI aura anya kismoM ke lie prayukta hue haiN| loga vidhi pUrvaka khetI karate the, jisase phasala acchI aura bharapUra hotI thii| anya bahuta prakAra ke dhAnyoM aura cIjoM kI khetI kI jAtI thii| vibhinna dhAnya .. prAcIna jaina granthoM meM satraha prakAra ke dhAnyoM kA varNana hai- brIhi (cAvala), yava (jau), masUra, godhUma (gehU~), mudga (mUMga), mAba (ur3ada), tila, caNaka (canA), aNu (cAvala kA eka prakAra), priyaMgu (kaMganI), kodrava (kodoM), akuSThaka (kuTTa), zAli (cAvala), ADhakI, kalAya (maTara), kulattha (kulathI) aura saNa (sn)| anya dhAnyoM meM niSpApa, AlisaMdaga (silinda), saDiNa (arahara), palimaMthaka (kAlA canA), atasI (alasI), kusumba (kusumbI), kaMgu, rAlaga (kaMga kI eka prajAti) sarzapa (sarasoM), hirimaMtha (gola canA), bukkasa, pulAka (nissAra anna) Adi sammilita haiN| ina dhAnyoM meM kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM karIba sabhI prakAra ke dhAnya, dalahana aura tilahana samAhita ho jAte haiN| ye dhAnya vibhinna vAtAvaraNa, mausama aura bhUmi ke anusAra ugAye jAte the| isase vibhinna paristhitiyoM meM kRSi kI samRddha paramparA kA patA calatA hai| masAleM granthoM meM aneka prakAra ke masAloM ke varNana milate haiN| yathA- zrRMgavera (adaraka), suMTha (sUMTha), lavaMga (lauMga), haridrA (haldI), vesana (jIrakalavaNAdi), (94)

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mariya (mirca), pippala (pIpala), sarisavatthaga (sarasoM), jIrA, hIMga, kapUra, jAyaphala, pyAja, lahasUna Adi ina ullekhoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki vibhinna masAloM kI khetI kI jAtI thii| kucha masAleM mukhyataH bhojana ko svAdiSTa banAne aura kucha auSadhIya dRzTi se mahatvapUrNa hote haiN| bhArata meM Ayurveda cikitsA paddhati mukhyataH vAnaspatika rahI hai| usa samaya ke vyaktiyoM ko masAloM ke sAtha aneka prakAra kI jar3IbUTiyoM aura vanaspatiyoM tathA unake upayoga kA patA thaa| gannA cAvala kI bhA~ti gannA (ucchu) bhI mukhya phasaloM meM mAnA jAtA thaa| ganne kI khetI hotI thI aura vahada stara para niyamita rUpa se hotI thii| guDa, zakkara aura khANDasArI udyoga ganne kI khetI para hI nirbhara hone se ganne kA arthazAstrIya mahatva paryApta thaa| bhagavAna zrI RSabhadeva kA prathama pAraNA IkSu rasa se hI huA thaa| zAstroM meM IkSu gRhoM ke ullekha milate haiM, jinameM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke Thaharane ke ullekha bhI milate haiN| matsyaNDikA, puSpottara aura padmottara nAma kI zakkaroM kA ullekha milatA hai| Ikha ke sAtha kad boyA jAtA thA aura loga use gur3a ke sAtha khAte the|" kapAsa samAja kI vastra AvazyakatA kI pUrti ke lie kapAsa kI khetI bhI mukhya dhandhA thaa| samUcA vastra udyoga kapAsa kI khetI para hI nirbhara thaa| kapAsa ko tulakar3a, kappAsa aura phalahI kahA jAtA thaa| vAnaspatika rezama aura UrNA (Una), kSauma (chAlarI) aura sana kI phasaleM hotI thii| sUtrakRtAMga meM zAli athavA zAlmali vRkSa kA ullekha milatA hai, jisase rezamI sUta prApta hotA thA sAga-sabjiyAM aura anya baiMgana, kakar3I, mUlI, pAlaka (pAlaMka), karelA (karella), kanda (Aluga), siMghAr3A (zRMgAraka), sUraNa, tumbI, mUlI, kakar3I Adi taraha-taraha kI sabjiyA~ boI jAtI thiiN| tAmbUla (pAna), pugaphalI (supArI), sItala cInI (kakkola) Adi kA upayoga hotA thaa| vRkSa, gulma, guccha, latA, valli Adi ke ullekha vividhatApUrNa kRSi aura vRkSa-khetI ko spaSTa karate haiN| ... bhaNDAraNa dhAnya ko surakSita rakhane ke lie bhI rocaka tarIke apanAye jAte the| hAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra varSA Rtu meM dhAnya ko ghar3oM meM, doroM meM, maMca, TANa (95) .

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athavA ghara ke Upara bane koThoM meM rakhA jAtA thaa| ina koThoM athavA ghar3oM ko miTTI aura gobara se lIpa-potakara banda kara diyA jAtA thA aura Upara pahacAna ke lie muhara bhI lagAI jAtI thii| bhaNDAraNa itanA vaijJAnika thA ki dhAnya kI aMkuraNazakti varSoM taka banI rahatI thii| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI aise bhaNDAraNoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jo varSA, AMdhI aura kisI prakAra kI ApadAoM se aprabhAvita rahate the| anuyogadvAra sUtra meM dhAnya-bhaNDAraNa ke lie miTTI ke bar3e-bar3e bhANDoM ke prayoga kA ullekha milatA hai, jinameM mukha, idura - sUta yA bAloM kI banI borI, Alinda - dhAnya rakhane kA bartana vizeSa aura upacAri - (ocAra) vizAla koThAra sammilita haiN| bhaNDAraNa se pUrva dhAnya kI kaTAI, khaliyAna para lAnA aura sApha karane kI jo vidhiyA~ batAI gaI hai, ve Aja bhI pAramparika kRSi meM gA~voM meM apanAI jAtI hai| phasala kATane ko 'asisahi' kahA gayA jAtA thaa| kaTAI kA kArya svayaM kisAna dvArA kiyA jAtA thA aura adhika hone para dUsare vyaktiyoM se bhI karavAyA jAtA thA kATane ke bAda dhAnya khalavAr3a (khalihAna) para lAyA jAtA, usakI mar3AI kI jAtI tathA ur3AvanI se use sApha kiyA jAtA thaa| rAjapraznIya sUtra" meM eka khalihAna ke sundara dRzya kA varNana AyA hai| eka tarapha dhAnya ke Dhera lage hue haiM, dUsarI tarapha ur3AvanI ho rahI hai aura rakSaka purUSa bhojana kara rahe haiN| spaSTa hai ki striyA~, bacce aura bUr3he, sabhI khetI-bAr3I meM sahayoga karate the| kRSi-upakaraNa ___ Agama-yuga meM kRSi pramukha dhandhA hone se utkarSa para thaa| kRSi ke nimitta se tathA kRSi ke AsapAsa aneka udyoga vikasita the| aneka prakAra ke kRSi upakaraNoM aura aujAroM kA varNana zAstroM meM prApta hotA hai| vyAkhyA prajJapti meM taiyAra phasaloM ko kATane ke lie 'asiDa kA ullekha hai| jJAtAdharmakathA aura nizItha carNi meM drA~ti aura ha~sue se phasala kATane kA ullekha hai| prazna vyAkaraNa meM hala, kuliya, kudAla, kaiMcI, sUpa, pATA, mer3hI Adi kRSi upakaraNoM kA ullekha haiN| khetI ke lie hala, kuliya aura dantAlaga ina tIna prakAra ke haloM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| hala calAne ke bAda bhI jo bhUmi kar3I raha jAtI thI use kudAla se tor3A jAtA thaa| (96)

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khAda jaisA ki batAyA gayA kRtrima-khAda kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM thI aura upalabdhatA bhI nahIM thii| piNDarniyukti meM batAyA gayA hai ki gobbara gA~va kI zAli acchI mAnI jAtI thii| saMbhavata vahA~ kRSi aura pazupAlana hone se gobara kI sulabhatA aura gobara-khAda kA prayoga khUba hotA hogA isaliye gA~va kA nAma hI gobbara par3a gayA aura vahA~ kI upaja bhI acchI mAnI jAne lgii| vRkSoM ke pattoM, ganne ke pattoM, U~Ta kI leDI Adi bhI khAda banAne ke lie kAma meM AtI thii| jina khetoM kI urvarA-zakti kama ho jAtI thI, kisAna khAda aura kUr3e ke Dhera ko khetoM meM bichAte the| pazu kI haDDiyoM aura sIMgoM kA upayoga bhI khAda ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa| jutAI aura buvAI __ kRSi kA Arambha bhUkarSaNa se hotA thaa| buvAI se pUrva bhUmi ko jotakara taiyAra karane ko bhUkarSaNa kahA gayA hai| kucha viddhAnoM ne 'phoDIkamma karmAdAna ko jutAI se jor3a diyA, jo arthasaMgata aura tarkasaMgata nahIM hai| upAsakadazAMga sUtra TIkA meM khAna khodane aura patthara phor3ane ko phoDI-karma kahA hai| yogazAstra aura triSaSTizalAkApuruSa,caritra meM tAlAba va kue~ Adi ko khodane, zilAoM ko tor3ane Adi ko phor3I-karma batAyA gayA hai| . campAnagarI ke khetoM kI bhUmi saikar3oM haloM se jotI jAtI thii| isase khetoM kI miTTI bhurabhurI aura kaMkar3a-pattharoM se rahita ho gaI thii| usa samaya ke vyaktiyoM ko acche bIjoM kA bhI jJAna thaa| bIjoM kI guNavattA banAye rakhane kA kisAna pUrA dhyAna rakhate the tathA buvAI ke lie zreSTha bIjoM kA upayoga karate the| sthAnAMga-sUtra meM buvAI kI cAra vidhiyA~ batAI gaI hai1. vApitA : bIja ko eka bAra bonaa| 2. parivApitA : paudhe ko eka sthAna se ukhAr3akara puna: ropita karanA / yaha pravidhi ... Aja bhI prayukta hotI hai| 3. niditA : khetoM meM se ghAsa Adi nikAlakara buvAI krnaa| 4. pariniditA : aMkuraNa se phasala prApti taka samaya-samaya para kharapatavAra httaanaa| Aja bhI isa prakAra kI paddhatiyA~ apanAI jAtI haiN| khetoM meM bIja-vapana isa prakAra kiyA jAtA thA ki aMkuraNa ThIka prakAra se ho ske| (97)

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jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke sAtaveM rohiNI adhyayana meM cAvala ke pA~ca dAnoM se gAr3iyA~ bhara kara cAvala ugAne meM buvAI se lekara kaTAI aura bhaNDAraNa taka kA jo varNana prApta hotA hai, vaha usa samaya kI kRSi kI unnata aura vaijJAnika avasthA ko darzAtA hai| acchI sugandhita aura unnata kisma ke cAvala kA vaisA bampara utpAdana binA vizeSa kRSi-jJAna aura nipuNatA ke saMbhava hI nahIM thaa| dhAnya-saMvarddhana kI isa takanIka ko vaijJAnika batAte hue jarmana vidvAna gustava rotha ne rohiNI kathAnaka "di similIja oNpha di eNTrasTeDa phAiva-rAisa-grainsa eNDa deyara pairelalsa' zIrzaka se pUrA zodha-Alekha likhA aura prAcIna bhArata kI kRSi-praNAlI' kI tArIpha kii| siMcAI siMcAI ke bhI aneka tarIke apanAye jAte the| siMcAI kI dRzTi se do prakAra ke khetoM kA ullekha hai- setu aura ketu| jina khetoM meM siMcAI kI AvazyakatA hotI ve setu aura varSA para nirbhara rahane vAle kheta ketu kahalAte the| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki siMcAI kA paryApta prabandhana thaa| siMcAI ke lie puSkariNI, bAvar3I, kuA~, tAlAba, sarovara Adi banAye jAte the| nadiyoM kA pAnI rokakara bAMdha banAne ke ullekha bhI milate haiN| vimalasUri ke anusAra bA~dhoM para AvazyakatAnusAra pAnI rokA jAtA aura chor3A jAtA thaa|" bAMdhoM aura nadiyoM se choTI-choTI nahareM nikAlI jAtI aura una naharoM se kRSaka siMcAI karate the| kisAna siMcAI ke lie jala kI corI bhI kara lete the| vasudevahiNDI ke anusAra siMcAI-jalaM ke pravAha ko mor3akara usakI corI kara lI jAtI thI tathA aparAdha siddha hone para pAnI kI isa corI ke lie kahIM-kahIM cora ko rAjakIya-daNDa bhI diyA jAtA thaa| kSetra aura bhaugolika sthitiyoM ke anusAra siMcAI ke sAdhana bhI alaga-alaga the| bRhatkalpabhASya ke anusAra lATa deza (pazcimI bhArata) meM mukhyataH varSA-jala se, sindhu deza (pUrvapazcimI bhArata) meM nadI-jala se, dravir3a (dakSiNa bhArata) meM tAlAba se tathA uttarI bhArata meM kue~ ke jala se siMcAI kI jAtI thii| isI prakAra bAr3ha ke jala ko bhI siMcAI meM upayoga kara liyA jAtA thaa| kAnana dvIpa meM jalAdhikya kI vajaha se nAvoM para khetI karane kA rocaka varNana hai| Aja bhI kazmIra kI Dala-jhIla meM lakar3I ke pAToM para miTTI DAlakara khetI kI jAtI hai, aise 'khetoM' ko calate-phirate kheta kahA jAtA hai| (98)

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- rAjya dvArA siMcAI-prabandhana kA koI vizeSa ullekha Agama granthoM meM to nahIM milatA para anya srotoM se yaha patA calatA hai ki rAjya dvArA bhI siMcAI kI vyavasthAe~ kI jAtI thiiN| vizvavarmana ke gaMgadhAra prastara lekha meM rAjya dvArA nirmita jalAzaya, kUpa, vApI, prapA (pyAU), sarovara, tar3Aga Adi jala-srotoM ke ullekha milate haiM, jinase siMcAI kI jAtI thii| rUdradAmana ke giranAra zilAlekha (lagabhaga 150 I.) kI 15vIM paMkti meM mauryakAlIna saurASTra ke prazAsaka puSpamitra dvArA sudarzana sarovara banavAne kA ullekha milatA hai| sarovara se siMcAI bhI hotI thii| eka bAra adhika-varSA se sarovara kA bAMdha TUTa gayA to rUdradAmana ne usako punaH bNdhvaayaa| bAda meM eka bAra skandagupta ne isa bAMdha kA jirNoddhAra karavAyA thaa|" khAravela ke hAthIguMphA abhilekha ke anusAra kaliMga rAjA khAravela dvArA banavAI nahara se siMcAI hotI thI khetI para ApadAe~ kRSi apane utkarSa para thI aura vaha usa samaya kA pramukhatama dhaMdhA thaa| adhikatara khetI bAr3I mAnasUna para nirbhara thii| isalie ativRzTi aura anAvRSTi, donoM hI sthitiyA~ jana-jIvana aura arthavyavasthA ko jhakajhora detI thii| ativRSTi se to varSAkAlIna phasaleM hI samApta hotI thiiN| jala kI pracuratA se anya RtuoM kI . phasaleM AsAnI se ho jAtI thiiN| parantu anAvRSTi kI mAra to varSoM taka rahatI thii| ... mahAnizItha ke anusAra duSkAla meM loga bAla-baccoM taka ko beca DAlate * the tathA aneka loga aise saMkaTa ke samaya meM dAsa-vRtti svIkAra kara lete the| - Avazyaka cUrNi, nizIthacUrNi, vyavahAra bhASya meM ativRSTi aura bAr3ha se pralaya aura kRSi-hAni ke varNana milate haiN| inake alAvA kIr3oM-makor3oM, jIva-jantuoM, himapAta, pAle aura oloM se bhI phasaloM ko nukasAna hotA thaa| apanI phasaloM ko nukasAna se bacAne ke lie loga taraha-taraha ke yatna karate the| hAlAMki paryAvaraNa acchA hone se phasaloM meM bImAriyA~ kama lagatI thiiN| rAjya kI bhUmikA ... yUnAnI yAtrI maigasthanIja ke anusAra bhArata meM kRSi kA itanA mahatva thA ki khetI-bAr3I karane vAle yuddha aura anya rAjakIya sevAoM se mukta rahate the| unakI surakSA kA pUrA dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| yahA~ taka ki gRha yuddha ke samaya sainikoM ko nirdeza hotA thA ki ve kRSi aura kRSakoM ko koI hAni nahIM pahu~cAyeM / (99)

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jambUdvIpa prajJapti ke anusAra cakravartI samrATa bharata ke caudaha ratnoM meM eka ratna gAthApati hotA thA jo rAjya meM kRSi kI dekhabhAla karatA thaa| rAjya ke dvArA anna bhaNDAroM meM surakSita rakhA jAtA thA aura samaya para use prajA meM vitarita kiyA jAtA thaa| oghaniyukti ke anusAra akAla ke samaya eka rAjA ne apane koSThAgAroM meM se bhojana aura bIja ke lie logoM ko anAja vitarita kiyaa| kRSi ke vikAsa ke prati rAjya kA jAgarUka rahanA Avazyaka thaa| koI vyakti khetI ke lie rAjya se bhUmi letA aura usa para khetI nahIM karatA to usakI bhUmi chIna lI jAtI thI kRSi aura kRSakoM ke ke lie rAjya kI ora se vizeSa suvidhAe~ anumodanIya hai| . (100)

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sandarbha 1. nemIcanda (DaoN.), zAkAhAra : mAnava sabhyatA kI subaha, pR. 61 2. ThANAMga 5/71, vistAra ke lie dekheM upAdhyAya amara muni kI pustaka 'ahiMsA darzana' ke 24, 25 va 26veM adhyaay| 3. upAsakadazAMga 1/28 4. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 2/22 bahatkalpabhASya 4.3647 6. vahI 1.297, 338 evaM 4.489 bahatkalpabhASya 2.1089, 1092 8. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/1/19 9. bahatkalpabhASya 2.1098 10. Adi purANa 16/167 11.. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.), jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR.-116 12. jaina, dinendra candra (DaoN.), ikonomika lAipha ina eMzeMTa iMDiyA ez2a DepikTeDa ina jaina kainonikala liTarecara, pR.-14 13. kalpasUtra 122 jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.), jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR.-121 bahatkalpabhASya 2.1156 16. vyavahAra bhASya 7/443 17. uttarAdhyayana cUrNi gAthA-118 18. AcArAMga sUtra 2/10/300-301 19. pANinI, aSTAdhyAyI 4/2/49 20. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8vA~ adhyayana (101)

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21. AtmArAma, AcArya, zrI upAsakadazAMga sUtram (1/35), pR.-102 22. bahatkalpabhASya 2.3301 23. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.), jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR.-123 24. AcArAMga sUtra 2/1/8.45, vyAkhyAprajJapti 7/3/5 evaM prajJApanA 1/23.31 25. ucchu-java-sAli-kaliyA - aupapAtika sUtra 1 26. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.), jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR.-125. 27. vahI pR.-126 28. sUtrakRtAMga 6.18, prajJApanA 1.23, uttarAdhyayana 19.52 29. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.), jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR.-127 30. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 7/20 31. bahatkalpabhASya 2.3 32. vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra 14/7/51 33. kauTilIya arthazAstra 25/41 34. anuyogadvAra sUtra 144, 132 35. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 7/6 36. vyavahAra bhASya 6/204 37. rAyappaseNIya sUtra-82 evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga 7/19 38. vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra 14/7/7 39. jJAtAdhakathAMga 7/15 40. praznavyAkaraNa 1/17, 18 va 28 41. piNDaniyukti gAthA 118 42. jaina, kamala (DaoN.) prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana, pR.-45 43. abhayadeva (AcArya), upAsakadazAMga TIkA, pR.-39 (102)

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44. yogazAstra 3/105 evaM triSaSTizalAkApuruSa 9/3/340 45. aupapAtika sUtra 1 46. bahatkalpabhASya 1.220 47. ThANAMga 4/576 48. jaina, dinendra candra (DaoN.) ikonomika lAipha ina eMzeMTa iMDiyA, pR.-17 49. bahatkalpabhASya 1.826 50. AvazyakacUrNi 1.556 51. paumacariuM 10/35, 51 52. bahatkalpabhASya 2.1061 53. vahI 2.1239 54. jaina, kamala (DaoN.) prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana, pR.-49 55. phaithaphula, phUTa, bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA saMgraha pR.-96 56. nArAyaNa, e.ke., prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha (2) pR.-43 57. skandagupta kA jUnAgar3ha zilAlekha 58. khAravela ke hAthIguMphA abhilekha paMkti-6 __ AvazyakacUrNi bhAga-2 60. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.), jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR.-127 61. vahI pR.-128 62. jaina, kamala (DaoN.) prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana, pR.-57-58 63. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 2/22 64. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/1/19 (103)

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pariccheda do pazupAlana kRSi aura pazupAlana kA anyonyAzrita sambandha hai| taba yAntrika / mazInI yuga kA Arambha nahIM huA thA, isalie pazu kRSi aura kRSakoM ke lie abhinna mitra kI bhA~ti hote the| Aja itane mazInIkaraNa ke bAvajUda kRSi aura yAtAyAta meM pazuoM kI khAsI bhUmikA hai| usa samaya to aura adhika thii| bhArata ke lie kahA jAtA hai, yahA~ ghI-dUdha kI nadiyA~ bahatI thiiN| jaba upAsakadazAMga sUtra par3hate haiM to lagatA hai; sacamuca, yahA~ ghI-dUdha kI pracuratA thii| dasa zrAvakoM kA pazudhana upAsakadazAMga meM varNita dasoM hI zramaNopAsakoM ke pAsa vipula pazu dhana thA, jisameM godhana pramukha thaa| pazuoM ke samUha athavA bAr3enumA AvAsasthala ko vraja (vaya), gokula athavA saMgilla kahA jAtA thaa| eka vraja ke meM dasa hajAra gAyeM athavA pazu rahate the| isa zrAvakoM ke pazu-dhana kI saMkhyA nimna thI' :1. Ananda - cAra vraja ____ = 40 hajAra gaue~ 2. kAmadeva ___ - chaH vraja = 60 hajAra gaue~ 3. culanIpitA - ATha vraja = 80 hajAra gaue~ 4. surAdeva - cha: vraja = 60 hajAra gaue~. 5. cullazataka chaH vraja * = 60 hajAra gaue~ 6. kuNDakaulika - chaH vraja = 60 hajAra gaue~ 7. saddAla putra - eka vraja = 10 hajAra gaue~ 8. mahAzataka - ATha vraja = 80 hajAra gaue~ 9. nandinIpitA - cAra vraja __= 40 hajAra gaue~ 10. sAlihIpiyA - cAra vraja = 40 hajAra gaue~ AcArya AtmArAmajI ne 'gAya' zabda ko samasta pazudhana kA bodhaka kahA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki eka vyakti ke pAsa bhI cAlIsa, sATha aura assI-assI hajAra kI saMkhyA meM pazu-sampadA hotI thI to pazupAlana kitanA vyApaka aura pramukha dhandhA rahA hogaa| (104)

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pazupAlana kA uddezya yahA~ yaha spaSTa kara denA Avazyaka hai ki pazupAlana kA mukhya uddezya dUdha-prApti, bhAra DhonA, hala calAnA, yAtAyAta Adi thaa| Aja kI bhA~ti 'mAMsa ke lie pazu-pAlana' jaisI vIbhatsa sthitiyA~ usa samaya nahIM thii| mAnava aura pazupakSiyoM ke bIca pUrNa saha-astitva kA bhAva thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI dezanAoM meM pazuoM kI samucita dekhabhAla kA nirdeza thaa| unake isa nirdeza kA prabhAva sampUrNa jana-jIvana para thaa| pazuoM ko ghAsa, dAnA aura pAnI (taNapANiya) diyA jaataa| hAthiyoM ko kele, IkSu aura DaNThala, bhaisoM ko ghAsa kI komala pattiyA~, ghor3oM ko ghAsa, harimantha (kAlA canA), mUMga Adi tathA gAyoM ko arjuna kI pattiyA~ bhI khilAI jAtI thiiN| gAya, bhaiMsa, bakarI, hAthI, ghor3A, U~Ta, gadhe, khaccara Adi pazuoM ko pAlA jAtA thaa| pAlatU pazuoM ke vistRta jJAna ke lie aneka pustakeM upalabdha thiiN| puruSoM kI 72 kalAoM meM hastI, gau, azva Adi ke bheda jAnanA bhI sammilita thaa| samAna khura aura pUMcha vAle, tulya aura tIkSNa sIMga vAle, rajatamaya ghaNTiyoM vAle, sUta kI rassI vAle, kanakakhacita nAtha vAle aura nIlakamala ke zekhara se yukta bailoM kA ullekha milatA hai| eka pazu ke hI aise vargIkaraNa se pazu sambandhI vistRta jJAna ke saMketa milate haiN| vasudevahiNDI meM rAjA jitazatru kA pazu-prema digdarzita hai| unake do gomaNDaloM meM do gopAlakoM - cArUnandI aura phaggunandI ko niyukta kara rakhA thaa| eka bAra rAjA jitazatru cArUnandI dvArA rakSita gomaNDala meM gyaa| apane svastha-sundara pazuoM ko dekhakara rAjA prasanna ho gyaa| isa prakAra rAjAoM kI unakI apanI gozAlAe~ hotI thIM tathA rAjA kI gozAlAoM ke pazu cihnita hote the| anAtha, sanAtha, svastha-rUgNa sabhI pazuoM ke lie unameM cArA-pAnI kI vyavasthA rahatI thii| dugdha aura dugdhotpAda vyApAra . gAya, bhaiMsa, bakarI, bher3a aura U~TanI dUdha dene vAle pazu the| dUdha se dadhi, chAcha, navanIta, ghRta Adi kI prApti hotI thI ina sabhI dugdha utpAdoM ko gorasa kahA jAtA thaa| usa samaya kisI oNksITosIna iMjekzana kA pracalana nahIM thaa| ata: dUdha nirdoSa aura puSTikAraka hotA thaa| vaha svAsthya aura poSaNa kA AdhAra thaa| AbhIra (ahIra) vyakti mukhya rUpa se dUdha-dahI kA vyApAra karate the| unakI alaga bastiyA~ aura gA~va hote the| pazuoM ko carane ke lie bar3e-bar3e carAgAha hote the| (105)

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gopAlaka apane pazuoM ko bahuta jimmedArI aura nipuNatA se carAne le jAte, lAte aura dekhabhAla krte| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sAdhanAkAla meM prathama aura antima donoM upasarga gvAloM se jur3e haiN|" dUdha, ghI aura anya dugdha-utpAdoM ke vyApAra ke aneka ullekha jaina-granthoM meM prApta hote haiN| yaha bhI eka pramukha vyApAra thaa| sambhavataH, isIlie kahA jAtA thA ki isa deza meM ghI-dUdha kI nadiyA~ bahatI thii| parantu, vartamAna meM to pAnI kI nadiyA~ bhI sUkhI hai| bhAravAhaka pazu pazu yAtAyAta ke mukhya AdhAra the| baila kRSi sambandhI aura sthAnIya . yAtAyAta, ghor3e dUra-yAtrA, romAMca aura yuddha, hAthI zAhI-yAtrA aura yuddha, gadhe sAmAnya tabake ke bhAra vAhaka aura U~Ta lambI dUrI taka jyAdA bhAra Dhone ke rUpa meM kAma karate the| ina pazuoM meM svAmI-bhakti, mArga-smaraNa, kisI khatare yA ApadA kA pUrvAbhAsa jaise adbhuta guNa hote the| aise guNa Aja bhI hote haiN| hAthI cirakAla se hAthI mAnava kA sAthI hai| yuddhoM meM hAthiyoM ne itane kauzala kA paricaya diyA hai ki alaga se hastI senA huA karatI thii| cakravartI ke 18 karor3a 84 lAkha hAthI hone kI Azcaryajanaka jAnakArI milatI hai| jahA~ hAthI jaMgala kA bhImakAya prANI hai, vahIM use jaMgaloM se pakar3a kara prazikSita karake bar3ebaDe kAma karavAye jAte the| bhaktAmara stotra ke 42 veM zloka meM yuddha meM hAthI va ghor3e tathA 43veM meM hAthI kA romAMcaka varNana hai| yuddha meM hAra-jIta hAthiyoM para bhI nirbhara karatI thii| hAthiyoM ke lie kaThina rAste bhI AsAna hote the tathA ve nadiyA~ bhI pAra kara lete the| piNDa niyukti meM gaDDhe khodakara hAthiyoM ko pakar3ane kA varNana milatA hai| kauTilIya arthazAstra ke anusAra hathinI ko eka sthAna para bA~dha kara bhI hAthiyoM ko AkarSita karake pakar3A jAtA thaa|" bher3a-bakarI-U~Ta bher3a, bakarI aura U~Ta bhI poSita pazu the| nizItha cUrNi ke anusAra uSTrapAla ke pAsa 21 U~Ta the| U~Ta se bhAra-vAhana, savArI, dUdha ke alAvA usake bAloM se kambala Adi vastroM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| bher3a-bakarI ke bAloM se bhI vastra-nirmANa hotA thaa| isI prakAra gadhe bhI bhAra-vAhaka ke rUpa meM sevA karate the| eka bAra eka gadhe para kumhAra ne kSamatA se adhika miTTI ke bartana ddhoye| isase (106)

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kruddha hokara gadhe ne una bartanoM ko phor3a diyaa|" ina pazuoM ke dUdha meM auSadhIya guNa hone se usakA vibhinna rogoM meM vibhinna rUpoM meM upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| mRta pazu kI upayogitA ___ marane ke bAda bhI pazu kA eka-eka aMga kAma AtA thaa| camar3A, haDDI, sIMga, khura Adi kA upayoga hotA thaa| samAja kA eka pUrA tabakA mRta pazuoM ke aMgoM ke vyApAra para jIvita thaa| inake Arthika mahatva ke bAre meM anyatra vicAra kiyA gayA hai| pazu jIvita to upayoga hotA hI hai, marane ke bAda bhI upayogI hotA hai| hAthI ke bAre meM lokokti hai - jIvita lAkha kA aura marane para savA lAkha kaa| pazupAlana ke alAvA jaina granthoM meM prasaMga vaza kukkuTa pAlana aura matsyapAlana ke ullekha bhI prApta hote haiN| nizItha cUrNi aura vipAka-sUtra meM mAMsAhAra aura jIvikA kI dRSTi se kukkuTa matsyapAlana ko aprazasta, nindya aura nimna koTi kA batAyA gayA hai| . kRSi aura pazupAlana donoM anyonyAzrita haiN| pazu kRSi meM sahayoga karate haiM aura kRSi se pazuoM kI AvazyakatAe~ AsAnI se juTAI jA sakatI haiN| ye donoM dhandhe prAcInakAla se bhAratIya arthavyavasthA hI nahIM apitu sampUrNa jana-jIvana kA AdhAra bane hue haiN| dUdha, kRSi aura yAtAyAta ke alAvA pazu-pAlana se paryAvaraNa va pAristhitikI santulana, jamIna kI urvarA-zakti aura jaiva-vividhatA kA saMrakSaNa bhI sahaja rUpa se hotA hai| (107)

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sandarbha 1. AtmArAmajI (AcArya) sampAdita upAsakadazAMga, pR.-366 2. vahI, pR.-78 3. bandhe, vahe, chavicchee, aibhAre, bhattapANa vicchea kA nissedh| dekheM - Avazyaka sUtra, prathama aNuvrata ke aticaar| 4. nandI sUtra 74 5. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/68 6. jJAtAdharmakathAMga tIsarA adhyyn| 7. vasudevahiNDI bhAga 2 8. vipAkasUtra 2/19-21 9. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2199, 4.5202 10. nizIthacUrNi 2.1893 11. AvazyakacUrNi 1.270 12. nItivAkyAmRta 22/31 13. piNDaniyukti gAthA 83 14. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2 32/48 15. nizIthacUrNi 3/3697 16. AcArAMga sUtra 2/5/1/141 17. bRhatkalpabhASya 2/1527 18. vipAkasUtra 3/20 (108)

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pariccheda tIna udyAnikI, vAnikI aura khanana jisa prakAra prAcIna bhArata kA mAnava khetI-bAr3I meM niSNAta thA usI prakAra bAgavAnI meM bhI nipuNa thaa| bAgavAnI se Arthika-lAbha ke alAvA paryAvaraNa, saundarya, zRMgAra, satkAra, sugandha, utsava, manoraMjana, dhyAna, pUjA, bhakti Adi aneka bAteM jur3I haiN| loga sAga-sabjiyoM ke bhI bAga lagAte the' tathA vRkSa-upavana bhI lagAte the nagaroM ke bAhara yA bIca meM ramaNIya udyAna huA karate the| udyAna, kaliyA~, phala, pattiyA~, TahaniyA~, ciDiyA, koyala, totA, mainA, mayUra, haMsa, sArasa, cakavA, krauMca, titalI, bhauMrA, juganU Adi sAhitya-rasikoM ke lie mukhya viSaya rahe haiN| phUla-latAe~ - jaina Agama-granthoM meM itane phUloM, phaloM, latAoM aura vanaspatiyoM ke nAma milate haiM ki usa samaya ke udyAna-vijJAna para dA~toM tale aMgulI dabAnI pdd'e| antakRtadazA ke anusAra udyAna kA varNana kitanA manorama hai - arjuna mAlAkAra aura usakI patnI bAgavAnI meM kuzala thii| unakI puSpa vATikA meM pA~ca varNoM ke 'phUla ugAye jAte the| prAtaHkAla ve vATikA se puSpa-cayana karate tathA bAjAroM meM - puSpa-yekariyA~ bhara le jAte, becakara dhana arjita karate / granthoM meM ujjANa (udyAna), ArAma aura nijANa - ina tIna prakAra ke upavanoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| udyAna meM puSpa vAle aneka prakAra ke vRkSa hote the| ina udyAnoM meM utsava, abhinaya, nATaka Adi bhI hote the tathA zRMgAra kAvya par3he jAte the| udyAna nagara ke pAsa hote the| ArAma meM vRkSa aura latA-kuMja hote the| inameM dampatti tathA dhanADhya loga krIr3Ae~ karate the| kevala rAjAoM ke lie surakSita udyAnoM ko nijANa kahA jAtA thaa| aneka udyAnoM ke nAma granthoM meM prApta hote haiN| tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra aura zramaNa vicaraNa karate hue nagara ke bAhara sthita udyAnoM meM ThaharA karate the| sUryodaya, candrodaya, Amrodaya, azoka-vATikA, guNazIlaka, jirNodyAna, tinduka Adi aneka udyAnoM ke nAma Ate haiN| udyAnoM meM padma, nAga, azoka, cambaka, cUta (Amra), vAsantI, atimuktaka, kunda, zyAmA Adi latAe~ tathA koraNTaka, bandhujIvaka, kanera, kubjaka * (zveta gulAba), jAti, mogarA (belA), yuthikA (jUhI), mallikA, navamAlikA, (109)

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mRgadantI, campaka, kunda, vastula, zaivAla Adi phUloM ke nAma milate haiN| koMkaNadeza meM phUloM aura phaloM kA acchA vyApAra thaa| ___ unnIsaveM tIrthaMkara mallInAtha kI mA~ prabhAvatI ko puSpa-dohada utpanna huA, ve mAtAe~ dhanya hai jo jala-thala meM utpanna, khile hue taraha-taraha ke paMcaraMge phUloM kI kaI tahoM se bharI-pUrI zayyA para Ananda se baiThatI aura sotI haiN| vaha gulAba, mAlatI, campA, azoka, punnAga, nAga, maruvA, damanaka, koraNTe tathA kubjaka ke phUloM-pattoM se bane komala, sundara aura surabhita gajaroM ko sUMghatI haiM aura phUloM se ghirI apanA dohada pUrA karatI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAraM sAketa nareza kI paTarAnI padmAvatI ne nAgapUjA-utsava ke avasara para pA~ca varSoM ke jala-puSpoM aura thala-puSpoM ke gajaroM se nAga-mandira sajAne kA Adeza diyaa| spaSTa hai ki jala meM utpanna phUloM kA bhI prayoga hotA thaa| phUloM se aneka prakAra ke sugaMdhita dravya taiyAra kiye jAte the| madhumakkhiyA~ phUloM se rasa prApta karatI thii| makSika (madhumakkhiyoM se prApta madhu), bhrAmara (bhauMroM se prApta madhu) aura kuttiya (kautrika) zahada ke ullekha milate haiN| inake alAvA puSpodaka, gandhodaka, uSNodaka, zubhodaka, zuddhodaka kumakuma (kesara), kapUra, lauMga, lAkha, candana, kAlAgurU (agara), kundarUkka, turUkka Adi upayogI dravyoM kA varNana milatA hai| spaSTa hai ina saba cIjoM kA Arthika mahatva bhI thaa| loga puSpoM aura puSpa-utpAdoM kA vyApAra karake lAbha kamAte the| phala aura vRkSa udyAnoM meM phaladAra vRkSa bhI hote the| phala mukhyataH bhojana aura vyApArikamahatva kA utpAda hai| nimna phaloM kA ullekha jaina-sUtroM meM milatA hai- Ama, jAmuna, kadalI (kelA), dAr3ama (anAra), drAkSa, khajUra, nAriyala, tAr3a, kapittha (kaitha), imalI, amarUda, kaTahala, bijaurA, santarA aadi|" inake alAvA bhI aneka prakAra ke phaloM ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| Ama usa samaya kA mukhya phala thaa| polAsapura aura hastiAnApura meM sahasrAmravana udyAna the| jisameM Ama ke hajAroM per3a the| phaloM ko pakAne ke lie mukhyataH cAra vidhiyA~ apanAI jAtI thIM :1. IMdhana paryAyAmaH ghAsa pha~sa aura bhUse meM rakhakara phala pkaanaa| isa vidhi se mukhyataH Ama pakAye jAte the| 2. dhUmaparyAyAmaH tinduka Adi phaloM ko isa vidhi se pakAyA jAtA thaa| isameM phaloM ko dhuA~ dekara pakAyA jAtA thaa| isameM eka gaDDhA khodakara usameM (110)

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upaloM yA kaNDoM kI agni bhara dI jaatii| usake cAroM ora golAI meM gaDDhe khodakara usameM pakAne ke lie phala rakhe jaate| bIca ke gaDDhe aura AsapAsa ke gaDDhe kI dIvAra meM cheda rakhe jaate| dhuA~ aura garmI se phala paka jAte the| 3. gaMdha paryAyAmaH pake phaloM ke bIca kacce phaloM ko rakhakara phala pkaanaa| isameM pake phaloM kI gaMdha se kacce phala paka jAte the| kakar3I, khIrA, bijaurA Adi phaloM ko gaMdhaparyAyAma se pakAyA jAtA thaa| 4. vRkSa paryAyAmaH vRkSa para sahaja/prAkRtika rUpa se phaloM ke pakane ko vRkSaparyAyAma kahA jAtA hai| phaloM ko sukhAyA bhI jAtA thaa| jahA~ sukhAyA jAtA usa sthAna ko koTTaka kahA jaataa| phaloM se aneka prakAra ke vyaMjana aura peya taiyAra kiye jAte the| AcArAMga se patA calatA hai ki usa samaya Ama, ambAr3aka, kapittha (kaitha), mAtuliMga (bijaurA), drAkSa, anAra (dAr3ama),khajUra, nAriyala (DAbha), karIra (karIla), bera, AmalA, imalI Adi phaloM se peya banAye jAte the| 4 phala vRkSoM se prApta hote haiN| granthoM meM Ama, jambUphala, zAla, akharoTa, polU, selU, sallakI, mocakI, mAlUka, baluka, palAza, karaMja, sIsama, putrajIvaka, ariSTa, baher3A, harar3a, bhilavA, azoka, dAr3ama, lUlaca, zirISa, mAtuliMga, candana, arjuna, kadamba Adi aneka prakAra ke vRkSoM ke nAma prApta hote haiN| ina vRkSoM se phaloM ke atirikta aneka prakAra kI auSadhiyA~, jar3I-bUMTiyA~ Adi prApta hotI thIM / vRkSoM aura phaloM kI pracuratA se Ama jana kI aneka mUlabhUta AvazyakatAeM pUrI hotI thii| inase logoM kI AjIvikA jur3I huI thii| ___ isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki udyAna-kalA yA bAgavAnI vikasita aura samRddha dazA meM thii| pakSI, kITa, pataMga, titaliyA~, madhumakkhiyA~, bhaure Adi jIva-jantuoM * se pAristhiMtikI va paryAvaraNa santulana bahuta acchA thaa| - vAnikI aura vanotpAda upavanoM ke lie mAnava zrama aura kauzala kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| parantu vana svataH ugate haiM, hote haiN| Aja kI bhA~ti usa samaya saghana vRkSAropaNa ke dvArA vana lagAne jaise kisI abhiyAna kI AvazyakatA nahIM thI, parantu loga vanoM-aTaviyoM kA mahatva samajhate the aura AvazyakatAnusAra unakA saMrakSaNa-saMvardhana karate the| vana * anekAneka jIvoM ke Azraya hote haiN| vanoM ko nukasAna pahu~cAnA, naSTa karanA, . (111)

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sacamuca bahuta bar3A pApa aura aparAdha hai| niHsandeha, arthavyavasthA aura paryAvaraNa kI dRSTi se bhI vanoM ko nukasAna pahu~cAnA bahuta hAnikAraka hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne . vanoM ko nukasAna pahuMcAne vAle kAryoM aura dhandhoM kA pUrNa niSedha kiyA hai| vanoM kI rakSA meM unake ahiMsA upadeza kI atyanta prabhAvazAlI bhUmikA rahI hai| aisA karane se vanavAsiyoM, AdivAsiyoM, vana-mAnuSoM aura vanya jIva jantuoM, pazupakSiyoM ke prAkRtika AvAsa sthala bane rhe| logoM kI AjIvikAe~ bhI sahaja rUpa se calatI rhiiN| vanoM se aneka udyoga-dhandhoM ke lie kaccI aura pakkI sAmagrI prApta hotI haiN| rAjagRha ke nanda maNikAra ne logoM kI bhalAI ke lie vana lagAne kA upakrama kiyA thA, sundara jhIla banAI thii|" vanoM meM vividha durlabha vanaspati-samUha aura jIva-jantu samUha pAye jAte the| aneka vRkSa, phala, phUla aura vanaspatiyA~ to vanoM meM hI prApta hotI thiiN| azoka, tilaka, lakuca, chatropa, zirISa, saptaparNa, lodra, dAr3ama, zAla, tAla, tamAla, priyaka, priyaMgu, purpaga, rAjavRkSa, nandI vRkSa Adi vRkSoM ke nAma uvavAI sUtra meM prApta hote haiN| rAjagRha meM malukA vRkSoM ke eka saghana-vana kA varNana milatA hai| anya vRkSoM meM - Amra, nimba, jambU, aMkola, bakula, palAza, putaraMjana, bibhitaka, ziMzapA, zrIparNI, tinduka, kapittha, mAtuliMga, bilvA, Amalaga, phaNasa, akhatthA, udambra, vaTa Adi nAma milate haiN| aneka prakAra ke bA~sa jaisecAvavaMza, veNu, kaNaka, kakkAvaMza, varUvaMza, DaNDA, kuDA Adi aneka prakAra kI jar3I-bUTiyA~, auSadhiyA~ Adi bhI vanoM se prApta hotI thii| pharnicara, ratha, gAr3I, jahAja, nAva, hala, bhavana-nirmANa sAmagrI Adi aneka vastuoM ke lie jaMgaloM se lakar3I aura anya cIjeM prApta hotI thii| khanana khanana eka prAthamika udyoga thaa| mAnava kI Arthika aura sAmAjika AvazyakatAoM ke lie dharatI ke garbha se khAneM khoda kara aneka dhAtue~, khanija aura ratna prApta kiye jAte the| miTTI, patthara, dhAtu, ratna aura aneka prakAra ke khanija sambandhI vyavasAya khanana para AdhArita the| khAna khodane vAle zramika ko 'kSitikhanaka' kahA jAtA aura khAnoM ko 'Akara yA 'Agara kahA jAtA thaa| sUtroM meM aneka prakAra ke khanijoM kA ullekha milatA hai, usase spaSTa hotA hai ki usa samaya khanana bhI eka pramukha vyavasAya rahA thaa| (112)

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dhAtue~ AgamoM meM aneka dhAtuoM ke ullekha haiN| khAnoM se kaccI dhAtu 'ayaska prApta kI jAtI thii| lauhakAroM kI zAlAoM ko bhI ayaska kahA jAtA thA ina zAlAoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra bhI Thahare the| ayaska se vibhinna prakriyAoM dvArA dhAtu prApta kI jAtI thii| dhAtuoM kA zodhana aura parizodhana hotA thaa| isIlie purUSoM kI 72 kalAoM meM dhAtuvAda bhI eka hai| lohA aura svarNa pramukha dhAtue~ thiiN| inake alAvA tAmbA, jastA, sIsA, cA~dI (hiraNya athavA rUpya) Adi dhAtue~ bhI prApta hotI thii| do dhAtuoM ke mizraNa se pItala, kAMsya Adi anya dhAtue~ bhI banAI jAtI thIM Aja jaise yaMtra, saMyaMtra aura mazInoM ke abhAva meM bhI usa samaya sabhI prakAra kI dhAtuoM ke ullekha aura upayoga nizcita hI kisI vikasita avasthA ke sUcaka haiN| mAnava ke buddhi aura zrama kI hara kSetra meM pUrI paiTha thii| isa bAta kA anumAna isase bhI lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki auSadhiyoM ke saMyoga aura rAsAyanika prakriyAoM se lohe aura tAmbe se bhI svarNa banAne kI vidyAe~ aura vidhAe~ loga jAnate the| jabaki Aja isa vijJAna aura takanIka ke jamAne meM bhI isa prakAra kA koI sUtra hamAre pAsa nahIM hai| khanija dhAtuoM ke atirikta khanana dvArA khanija utpAda bhI prApta hote the| ina khanija padArthoM meM lavaNa (namaka), Usa (sAjI mATI), gerU, haratAla, hiMgulaka (siMgaraka), maNasila (manasila), sAsaga (pArA), seDiya (kheta miTTI), soraTThiya, aMjana, abhraka Adi aura vibhinna cUnA, miTTI, patthara Adi pAye jAte the| ina cIjoM se gharelU aura audyogika AvazyakatAeM pUrI hotI thiiN| mUlyavAna patthara. . khAnoM se mUlyavAna patthara, maNiyA~ Adi nikAlakara unheM zodhita kiyA jAtA thaa| granthoM meM aneka prakAra ke kImatI pattharoM aura maNiyoM ke nAma prApta hote haiM - yathA - gomeda, karketana, hIrA, pannA, vajra, vaiDUrya, lohitAkSa, masAragalla, haMsa garbha, pulaka, saugaMdhika, jyotirasa, aMjana, aMjanapulaka, rajata, jAtarUpa, aMka, sphaTika, riSTa, indranIla, marakasa, sasyaka, pravAla (mUMgA), rUcaka, bhujamocaka, 'jalakAnta, sUryakAnta, candrakAnta yA candraprabha Adi maNi-muktA ke pArakhiyoM .. aura vyApAriyoM ko maNikAra kahA jAtA thaa| loga ratna-maNiyoM ke bar3e zaukIna (113)

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huA karate the| AbhUSaNoM ke alAvA ina maNiyoM ko pharnicara meM jar3A jAtA thaa| ratha, pAlakI, hAthI, ghor3e Adi ko sajAne meM bhI inakA upayoga hotA thaa| vividha AbhUSaNa caudaha prakAra ke AbhUSaNoM kA ullekha Agama-granthoM meM prApta hotA hai - hAra (aThAraha lar3iyoM vAlA), ardhahAra (nau lar3iyoM kA), ekAvali (eka lar3I kA hAra), kanakAvali, muktAvalI, ratnAvali (motiyoM ke hAra), keyUra, kaDaya (kaDA), tuDiya (bAjUbanda), mudrikA (aMgUThI), kuNDala, urasUtra, cuDAmaNi aura tilk| hAra, ardhahAra, tisaraya (tIna lar3iyoM kA hAra), pralamba (nAbhi taka laTakane vAlA), kaTisUtra (karadhaunI), graiveyaka (gale kA hAra), aMgalIyaka (aMgUThI), kacAbharaNa (keza meM lagAne kA AbharaNa), mudrikA, kuNDala, mukuTa, valaya (vIratva sUcaka kaMkaNa), aMgada (bAjUbanda), pAda pralamba (paira taka laTakane vAlA hAra), aura muravi nAmaka AbhUSaNa purUSoM dvArA dhAraNa kiye jAte the jabaki nUpura, mekhalA (kandorA), hAra, kaDaga (kar3A), khuddaya (aMgUThI), valaya, kuNDala, ratna aura dInAramAlA Adi striyoM ke AbhUSaNa mAne jAte the| spaSTa hai ki puruSa bhI striyoM kI bhA~ti AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karate the| isase ratna vyavasAya ke vistAra kA anumAna sahaja lagAyA jA sakatA hai| - prAthamika udyoga dhandhoM meM kRSi, kRSi AdhArita gatividhiyA~, pazupAlana, bAgavAnI, vAnikI, khanana Adi para vimarza se spaSTa hai ki arthavyavasthA bahuta hI niyojita DhaMga se Age bar3ha rahI thii| dUdha, zAka-sabjiyA~, phala aura phUloM kA vyApAra isalie suniyojita mAnA jAyagA ki ye cIje zIghra nAzavAna hotI haiM tathA samaya para inheM antima upabhoktA taka pahu~cAnA hotA hai| nissandeha rAjya, samAja aura vyApArika nikAyoM meM adbhuta prabandhana aura samanvaya rahA hogaa| (114)

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sandarbha AvazyakacUrNi bhAga-2 2. AyAravaMta-ceiya-javai-viviha-saNNiviTThabahulA - aupapAtika sUtra-2 3. antakRtadazAsUtra 6/3/4 jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pa.-128 prajJApanA 1/20, 23, 25 bahatkalpabhASya 1.1239 7. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8/23 8. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8/35 1. AvazyakacUrNi bhAga-2 10. jJAtAdharmakathAMga pahalA adhyayana 11. prajJApanA 1/23, 25 evaM AcArAMga sUtra 2/1/8/266 12. upAsakadazAMga 7/208, vipAka-sUtra (2/9) se hastinApura nagara meM sahasrAmra . vana hone kI sUcanA milatI hai - 13. bahatkalpabhASya 1.872 14. AcArAMga sUtra 2/1/8/44 15. prajJApanA 1/40 evaM aupapAtika sUtra 2 16. zrAvaka ke 7veM vrata meM 15 karmAdAna 17. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 13vA~ adhyayana 18. jaina, dinendra candra (DaoN.) ikonomika lAipha ina eMzeMTa iMDiyA ez2a DepikTeDa ina jaina kainonikala liTarecara, pa. 30-31 19. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/85 20. uttarAdhyayana cUrNi 1/26 (115)

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21. AcArAMga sUtra 1/9/2/2 22. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/85 23. AcArAMga 2/6/1/247 24. nizItha cUrNi bhAga 3, gAthA 4313 25. uttarAdhyayana 36.73-74, sUtrakRtAMga 2, 3.61, prajJApanA 1.17 evaM nizItha sUtra 4.39 26. ThANAMga 9/22, 27. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 36/75 evaM uttarAdhyayana sUtra 36/76 va prajJApanA 1/17 28. NaMde NAmaM maNiyAra seTThI - jJAtAdharmakathAMga 13/6 29. jJAtAdharmakaMthAMga, upAsakadazAMga, vipAka sUtra Adi granthoM meM aneka sthaloM ____ para ratnajar3ita kI sUcanAe~ milatI haiN| . 30. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR.-143 (116)

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pariccheda cAra dvitIyaka udyoga prAthamika udyoga sIdhe prakRti para AdhArita hote haiN| unake utpAdoM ko sIdhe yA mAmUlI zrama aura prakriyA ke bAda kAma meM liyA jA sakatA hai| pracura prAkRtika saMsAdhana kisI bhI deza kAla ke lie hara dRSTi se anupama varadAna hote haiN| prAthamika udyoga ke utpAda hI dvitIyaka udyogoM ke lie kaccA mAla upalabdha karAte haiN| manuSya kI kalApriyatA aura zilpa mAnava eka sAMskRtika prANI hai, kalA-premI hai| vaha kisI bhI vastu kA upayoga karane se pUrva use saMskArita karatA hai| isase vastu rUpAntarita ho jAtI hai aura usakI upayogitA bar3ha jAtI hai| usakI isa vRtti ke kAraNa anya bAtoM ke alAvA arthatantra kA dAyarA bhI bar3hatA hai| ganne ke rasa kA gur3a banA lene para vaha varSa-paryanta-varSa, jaba cAhe taba kAma meM liyA jA sakatA hai, use AsAnI se parivahanita kiyA jA sakatA hai| svarNa-rajata ko gahanoM meM DhAla kara, gahanoM meM maNiyA~ jar3akara unheM upayogI aura kalAtmaka banAyA jAtA hai| gehU~ ke dAnoM ko sIdhA nahIM khAyA jAtA apitu unheM pIsa kara, unakI roTI yA vyaMjana banAkara khAyA jAtA hai| isa prakriyA meM zrama aura kauzala ke alAvA anya aneka vastuoM kI AvazyakatA bhI hotI hai| bhojana ko pAtra meM lekara khAyA jAtA hai| vastroM ko sAdhAraNa tarIke se or3hane kI bajAya unhe saMskArita kara, vividha DijAyanoM se maNDita kara pahanA jAtA hai| vastutaH jisa sabhyatA, saMskRti, dharma aura samAja ke sAtha mAnava ne apanA vikAsa kiyA hai, usakI isa vikAsa-yAtrA meM arthatantra kA pratyakSa aura pramukha yogadAna hai| 'artha' mAnava kA sabase bar3A preraka tattva rahA hai| udyogoM kA vargIkaraNa - kacce mAla ko pakke meM rUpAntarita karane ke lie aneka prakAra aura stara ke udyoga-dhandhe vikasita ho jAte haiN| jaina-sUtroM meM ullikhita aise udyogoM ko kuTIra (gRha), laghu aura bar3e udyogoM ke rUpa meM vargIkRta kara sakate haiN| prAthamika udyoga aura gRha-kuTIra udyoga donoM jur3e hue the| gRha udyoga kI gatividhiyA~ ghara meM sampanna hotI haiM aura usameM ghara ke choTe-bar3e sadasya yogadAna karate haiN| sabhI (117)

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prAthamika udyogoM ke sAtha Age ke kucha staroM kI gatividhiyA~ gRha udyoga mAnI jA sakatI hai| vibhinna hastazilpa (Handicrafts) udyoga inake antargata haiN| jinakA varNana Age kiyA jaayegaa| jaba gRha aura kuTIra udyoga apanA vikAsa karate haiM jo ve laghu audyogika ikAiyoM kA rUpa dhAraNa kara lete haiN| kitane hI vyavasAya svabhAvataH audyogika rUpa meM hI sampanna ho sakate haiN| vartamAna meM udyogoM-kArakhAnoM kA jo svarUpa hai, vaha aThArahavIM zatAbdI kI audyogika krAnti ke phalasvarUpa vikasita huA hai| jinameM yaMtroM, saMyaMtroM aura mazInoM kA prayoga mukhya rUpa se huA hai| inameM laghu aura bar3e udyogoM ko unake pUMjI-niveza ke AdhAra para vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| jaina AgamoM meM kArakhAnA paddhati ke anusAra audyogika sAmrAjya kA ullekha bhale hI nahIM ho| para samUhika udyamitA aura bar3e paimAne para utpAdana avazya hotA thaa| jahA~ bahuta sAre zramika, karmacArI aura naukara kArya karate the| jinakI tulanA vartamAna kI audyogika ikAiyoM se kI jA sakatI hai| upAsakadazAMga meM varNita sakaDAla putra' ke bhANDa udyoga kI tulanA isase kI jA sakatI hai| zrAvaka sakaDAlaputra ke vyavasAya meM karIba eka karor3a svarNa-mudrAoM kA niveza thaa| nagara ke bAhara 500 dukAneM thIM aura hajAroM zramika aura karmacArI usake vyavasAya se pratyakSa jur3e hue the, jo khAnoM se miTTI lAne se lekara pAtra-vikraya taka apanAapanA kArya karate the| ___ koI bhI eka cIja vikasita hotI hai to usake sAtha-sAtha aneka cIjeM vikasita hotI haiN| audyogika vikAsa akelA kabhI nahIM ho sakatA hai| nizcita hI usa vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha vitta, parivahana, vipaNana Adi AdhArabhUta bAteM bhI vikasita rahI hogii| vyavasAya, zilpa aura 72 kalAe~ jJAtAdharmakathAMga aura anya Agama granthoM meM jina bahattara kalAoM kA ullekha haiM, unase tatkAlIna udyoga, zilpa Adi kA vyApaka nidarzana prApta hotA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita ina 72 kalAoM kA paricaya nimnAnusAra hai:1. lehaM lekha (likhane kI kalA) 2. gaNiyaM gaNita (gaNita aura sambandhita viSaya) (118)

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. 3. rUvaM 4. naTeM 6. vAiyaM rUpa (citrakArI, kazIdAkArI, raMgAI Adi) nATya (abhinaya aura nRtya) 5. gIyaM gIta (gAne kI vidyA) vAdita (vAdya yantroM ko bajAne kI kalA) 7. saragayaM svaragata (sura aura svara kI vidyAe~) 8. pokkharagayaM puSkaragata (Dhola-Dholaka Adi kA jJAna) 9. samatAlaM samatAla (tAla kI sUkSma jAnakArI) 10. jUyaM dyUta (bauddhika khela khelane kI kalA) 11. jaNavAyaM janavAda (vArtAlApa) (bAtacIta aura vAda-vivAda kI . kalA) 12. pAsayaM pAzaka-pAsA (pAsA khelanA) 13. aTThAvayaM aSTapada (caupar3a khelanA) 14. porekaccaM . puraH kAvya (kavitva evaM Azukavitva) 15. dagabhaTThiyaM daka mRttikA (kumbhakAra kalA, miTTI ke pAtra Adi banAne kI kalA) 16. annavihiM annavidhi (khetI tathA pAka-kalA) 17. pANavihiM pAna vidhi (jala utpatti, zuddhi va peya padArthoM kA jJAna) 18. vatthavihiM vastravidhi (vastra banAne aura prayoga kI vidhi) 19. vilevaNavihiM vilepana vidhi (saundargIkaraNa kI vidhiyA~) 20. sayaNavihiM zayana vidhi (zayana-kakSa taiyAra karanA aura zayana-kakSa sAmagrI kA nirmANa evaM Antirika sajjA) 21. ajaM AryA chanda (AryA chanda/kAvya banAnA athavA prastuti) 22. paheliyaM prahelikA (paheliyA banAnA va racanA evaM gUDhArtha) 23. mAgahiyaM . mAgadhikA (mAgadhI/ardhamAgadhI prAkRta jAnanA, loka bhASA/ jana bolI jAnanA) (119)

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24. gAhaM gAthA (gAthAoM/sUtroM kI racanA karanA evaM samajha rakhanA) 25. gIiyaM gIti (gIta-saMgIta vidyAe~) 26. siloyaM zloka (zloka-racanA va prayoga, vizeSataH saMskRta meM) . 27. hiraNNajuttiM hiraNya-yukti (cA~dI banAnA/parakhanA) 28. suvaNNajuttaM svarNa-yukti (sonA banAnA/parakhanA) 29. cunnajuttiM cUrNa-yukti (auSadha Adi rUpoM meM cUrNa banAnA aura - upayoga karanA) 30. AbharaNavihiM AbharaNa-vidhi (gahane gar3hanA aura pahananA) 31. tarUNIpadikammaM tarUNI-pratikarma (tarUNI saundargIkaraNa) 32. itthilakkhaNaM strI-lakSaNa (strI kI yogyatAoM kA upayoga) 33. purisalakkhaNaM purUSa-lakSaNa (purUSa kI yogyatAoM kA upayoga) 34. hayalakkhaNaM haya-lakSaNa (azvalakSaNa-azva ke lakSaNoM kI pahacAna) 35. gayalakkhaNaM gaja-lakSaNa (hAthI ke lakSaNoM kI pahacAna) 36. goNalakkhaNaM gau-lakSaNa (gAya-baila ke lakSaNoM kI pahacAna) 37. kukkuDalakkhaNaM kukkuTa-lakSaNa (prakRti va paryAvaraNa kI jAnakArI ke lie murgo-murgiyoM/pakSiyoM kI pahacAna) 38. chatralakkhaNaM chatra-lakSaNa (chatra-nirmANa aura upayoga) 39. daNDalakkhaNaM daNDa-lakSaNa (char3iyA~, DaNDe Adi kA jJAna) (saMbhavataH mApana ke lie) 40. asilakkhaNaM asi-lakSaNa (talavAra/zastra ke lakSaNa) 41. maNilakkhaNaM maNi-lakSaNa (ratnoM kI jAnakArI) 42. kAgaNilakkhaNaM kAMkiNI-lakSaNa (kAMkiNI ratna kI jAnakArI) 43. vatthuvijaM vAstuvidyA (sthApatya kalA) 44. khaMdhAra mANaM skandhavAramAna (senA sainya-prabandhana kA par3Ava pramANa) (120)

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45. nagaramANaM 46. bUhaM 47. paDibUhaM 48. cAraM 49. paDicAraM 50. cakkavUhaM 51. garUlavUI 52. sagaDabUha 53. juddhaM 54. nijuddhaM 55. juddhAtijuddhaM 56. aTThijuddhaM 57. muTThijuddhaM 58. bAhujuddhaM : 59. layAjuddhaM nagaramAna (nagara nirmANa aura saMrakSaNa) vyUha-racanA (senA, rAjya saMcAlana Adi meM vyUha) prativyUha-racanA (prativyUha) cAra (sainya saMcAlana - senA kA pramANa Adi jAnanA) praticAra (pratirakSA sainya - senA ko raNakSetra meM utAranA) . - cakravyUha (vizeSa raNanIti) garUDavyUha (garUr3a krama se vyUha racanA) zaTaka vyUha (gAr3iyoM aura vAhanoM kA vyUha) yuddha (lar3ane kI kalA) . niyuddha (vizeSa yuddha/kuztI lar3anA) yuddhAti yuddha (mahAyuddha) dRSTi yuddha/asthiyuddha muSTiyuddha (muTThiyoM se lar3anA - Boxing) bAhuyuddha (bAhuoM se lar3anA) latAyuddha (jUDo-karA~Te evaM pratipakSI se lipaTa kara kiyA jAne vAlA yuddha) iSuzAstra (tIrandAjI/tIroM/zaroM kA jJAna) tsarUpravAda (talavAra Adi kI mUTha banAnA va upayoga 60. IsatthaM 61. charUppavAyaM karanA) .. 62. dhaNuvveyaM - 63. hirannapAgaM dhanurveda/dhanurvidyA (dhanuSa banAnA/upayoga karanA) hiraNyapAka (cA~dI kA rasAyana athavA cAMdI se auSadhi aura rasAyana banAnA) svarNa-pAka (svarNa banAne kA rasAyana athavA sone se auSadhi aura rasAyana banAnA) sUtra-khela (dhAgoM/DoroM aura rassiyoM kA khela - pataMgabAjI 64.suvannapAgaM ____65. suttakheDaM . Adi) (121)

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66. vaTTakheDaM vastra khela (vRtta khela - vRtta banAkAra khelanA) 67. nAlipAkheDaM nAlikA khela (tatkAlIna samaya kA khela vizeSa) 68. pattacchejjaM patracchedya (patra-chedana - patra/pattiyoM kA kArya) 69. kaDagacchejjaM kaTacchedya (kuNDala-chedana/lakar3I kA kArya) 70. sajjIvaM saMjIvana (jIva-vijJAna) 71. nijIvaM. nirjIvana (ajIva/padArtha vijJAna) 72. sauNarUyamitti zakunarUtta (pakSiyoM kI boliyoM kA jJAna) anya granthoM meM varNita ina kalAoM ke nAma aura krama meM thor3A-bahuta antara hai| ye kalAe~ vizeSa rUpa se purUSoM ke lie batAI gaI hai| aneka kalAe~ kAla, kSetra aura sandarbha ke sAtha jur3I huI haiN| mahilAoM kI cauMsaTha kalAe~ ___ inake alAvA mahilAoM ke lie cauMsaTha kalAoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai| jambUdvIpa prajJapti vRtti ke anusAra 64 kalAe~ nimna haiM - 1. nRtya 33. kAma-vikriyA 2. aucitya 34. vaidyaka-kriyA 3. citra 35. kumbha bhrama 4. vAdina 36. sArizrama 5. mantra 37. aMjana yoga 6. tantra 38. cUrNa yoga 7. jJAna 39. hastalAghava 8. vijJAna 40. vacana pATava 9. dambha 41. bhojya vidhi 10. jalastaMbha 42. vANijya vidhi 11. gItamAna 43. mukhamaNDala 12. tAlamAna 44. zAlikhaNDana (122)

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13. mehAvRSTi 45. kathA kathana 14. phalAvRSTi 46. puSpa granthana 15. ArAma ropaNa 47. vakronti 16. AkAra gopana 48. kAvya-zakti 17. dharmavicAra 49. sphAravidhi veSa 18. zakunasAra 50. sarvabhASA vizeSa 19. kriyA kalpa 51. abhidhAna jJAna 20. saMskRta jalpa 52. bhUSaNa paridhAna 21. prAsAda nIti 53. bhRtyopacAra 22. dharma nIti . 54. gRhAcAra 23. varNikA vRddhi 55. vyAkaraNa 24. suvarNa siddhi 56. para-nirAkaraNa 25. surabhi telakaraNa 57. randhana 26. lIlA saMcaraNa 58. keza bandhana : 27. hayagaja parIkSaNa 59. vINA nAda 28. purUSa-strI lakSaNa 60. vitaNDAvAda 29. hemaratna bheda 61. aMka-vicAra 30. aSTAdazalipi pariccheda / / 62. loka-vyavahAra 31. tatkAla buddhi 63. antyAkSArikA 32. vastusiddhi . 64. prazna-prahelikA uparyukta varNita 72 aura 64 kalAe~ suvikasita udyoga-dhandhoM kA suspaSTa pramANa hai| hAlAMki kucha kalAoM kA pratyakSa vANijyika sarokAra nahIM hai| phira bhI usa prAcIna bhArata meM, jaba vijJAna aura takanIka Aja jaisI vikasita avasthA meM nahIM rahI hogI, mAnava jJAna, vijJAna, saMskRti aura vyApAra ke kSetra meM kitanA bahuAyAmI aura bar3hA car3hA thA, yaha Azcaryajanaka hai| binA sudRDha Arthika .. vyavasthAoM ke itanI kalAoM kA saMrakSaNa saMvarddhana saMbhava nahIM thaa| apitu kalA, (123)

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hunara Adi ke zikSaNa-prazikSaNa aura pracAra-prasAra ke lie vividha rojagAroM va rojagAroM ke avasara kA AsAnI se anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| isake alAvA .. vyAvasAyika kauzala kA pIr3hI-dara-pIr3hI antaraNa evaM puztainI kAma-dhandhoM kI mahattA bhI ina kalAoM se hotI hai| pramukha udyoga bhAratavarSa ke lie 'svarNa-cir3iyA' kI upamA prasiddha hai| jaba hama prAcIna granthoM kA parAyaNa karate haiM to yaha bAta pUrI taraha sahI lagatI hai| sone kI cir3iyA' 'kI upamA deza kI Arthika unnati kA saMketa hai| prAthamika udyogoM ke rUpa meM yahA~ kI vividha vipula naisargika sampadA kA paricaya aura bahattara va cauMsaTha kalAoM se dvitIyaka zilpa aura udyogoM kI eka suspaSTa bhUmikA hameM prApta hotI hai| hama Agama-yuga ke pramukha udyogoM kA nimna rUpa meM vargIkaraNa kara sakate haiM:1. vastra udyoga - sUtI, rezamI, UnI, sana, crm-vstr| 2. lohA aura ispaat| 3. alauha dhAtu aura mUlyavAna patthara para AdhArita kAma dhndhe| 4. kRSi, bAgavAnI Adi para AdhArita udyog| 5. pazu-utpAda para AdhArita udyog| 6. vana utpAdoM para AdhArita udyog| 7. anya udyoga-dhandhe - pAtra-nirmANa, bhavana-nirmANa, bA~sa udyoga aadi| vastra-udyoga (TeksaTAila) vastrodyoga kRSi ke pazcAt sarvAdhika mahattvazAlI aura unnata thaa| Agama granthoM meM bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke vastra, vastra-nirmANa aura vyavasAya ke ullekha milate haiN| AcArAMga sUtra meM cha: prakAra ke vastra batAye gaye haiM - 1. jAMgamika (jaMgiya) jaMgama jIvoM se praapt| vaha punaH do prakAra kA hai - vikalendriya janya (laTa kITa Adi) aura paMcendriya jny| vikalendriya janya vastra 5 prakAra kA hai - paTTaja, suvarNaja (maTakA), malayaja, aMzaka aura ciinaaNshuk| ye vastra kIToM (zahatUta vagairaha) ke muMha se nikale tA/lAra se banate haiM lekina antima do aMzaka aura cInAMzuka ko vikalendriya janya nahIM mAnA jAtA hai| (124)

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paMcendriya prANiyoM se niSpanna vastra aneka prakAra ke hote haiM:1 - aurNika (bher3a bakarI Adi ke bAloM se banA) 2 - auSTrika (U~Ta ke bAloM se banA) 3 - mRgaromaja (zazaka, mUzaka yA bAla-mRga ke roe~ se banA huA) 4 - kiTTa (azva Adi ke roe~ se banA) 5 - kutapa (carma niSpanna, mRga Adi ke roe~ se banA) 2. bhAMgika (bhaMgiya) : alasI se niSpanna vastra; vaMzakarI ke madhya bhAga ko kUTakara banAyA gayA vastra / sarvAstivAda ke vinayavastu meM bhI bhAMgeya vastra kA ullekha hai| yaha vastra bhAMga vRkSa ke tantuoM se banAyA jAtA thaa| 3. sAnika (sANiya) - paTasana (pATa), lodha kI chAla, tirIr3a vaSkSa kI chAla ke tantuoM se bane hue vstr| 4. potraka - tAr3a Adi ke patroM se samUha se niSpanna vastra potraka hotA hai| 5. khomiyaM (kSaumika) - kapAsa (rUI) se banA vastra khomiya 6. tUlavADa (tUlakRta) Aka Adi kI rUI se banA vastra tUlakaDa kahalAtA hai| . sAdhu-sAdhvI alpa mUlya vAle ahiMsaka vastra hI dhAraNa kara sakate haiN| granthoM meM zrAvakoM ke lie bhI ahiMsaka vastra dhAraNa karane ke nirdeza diye gaye haiN| hiMsAjanya vastuoM aura vastroM ke ullekha unakI jAnakArI aura niSedha ke lie hI AyA hai| ___ pA~ca zilpakAroM meM vastrakAra (gaMtikka) tathA 72 kalAoM meM vastra-vidhi kA ullekha hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM aise mahIna vastroM kA ullekha hai jo nAsikA ke ucchaMvAsa-mAtra se ur3a jAte the| vastra bahuta sundara, sukomala, pAradarzI aura bar3hiyA kisma ke huA karate the| vastrodyoga ke sAtha-sAtha vastroM kI raMgAI, kazIdAkArI tathA vastroM para vividha citrakArI va kalAkRtiyA~ banAne ke kArya bhI AjIvikA ke AdhAra the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghakumAra kI mAtA dhAriNI ke uttarIya ke kinAroM para sone ke tAra se haMsa banAye gaye the| AcArAMga meM bhI svarNa-khacita vastroM kA ullekha milatA hai| isI prakAra rajata aura maNi-ratnoM se bhI vastroM ko kalAlaMkRta kiyA * jAtA thaa| (125)

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sUtI vastra vastroM meM sUtI vastra bahuta pracalita thaa| kapAsa, sana, bA~sa, atasI Adi paudhoM se sUta prApta hotA thaa| kapAsa (seDuga) ko auTa kara (rUMcaMta) bIja nikAla diye jAte the| phira dhunakI (pIjanI) se dhunakara (pIMjakara) dhunI huI (pUnI) rUI taiyAra kI jAtI thii| kapAsa, duggula aura mUja (vaccaka/muMja) ke kAtane kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| "nAlagha' nAmaka upakaraNa se sUta ko bhUmi para phailA kara tAnA-bunA jAtA aura phira 'kar3ajogI (vastra bunane kI khaDDI) se vastra taiyAra kiyA jAtA thaa| katAI aura bunAI ke alaga-alaga udyoga hote the| bunakaroM kI zAlAoM meM vastra bune jAte the| nAlandA ke bAhara sthita eka tantuvAyazAlA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra Thahare the| katAI-kArya se mahilAe~ adhika jur3I huI thii| bRhatkalpa bhASya, piNDa niyukti Adi meM mahilAoM dvArA sUta kAtane ke ullekha milate haiN| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM batAyA gayA hai ki rAjya ke kArakhAnoM meM vidhavAoM, apAhijoM, bhikSuNiyoM, vRddhAoM, rAjaparicArikAoM evaM dAsiyoM dvArA sUta kAtA jAtA thaa| dukUla-vRkSa kI chAla se dukUla vastra banAye jaate| sUtI vastroM meM tauliye kA utpAdana bhI ullekhanIya hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM meghakumAra ko snAna ke bAda kaSAya raMga ke atyanta komala aura royeMdAra tauliye se pauMchA jAtA hai| ina saba ullekhoM se sUtI vastra udyoga kI vikasita avasthA kA patA calatA hai| vastra-nirmANa meM viziSTatA, nipuNatA aura vividhatA tathA logoM kI sAmAjikaArthika dazA kA anumAna bhI lagAyA jA sakatA hai| rezamI vastra : Agama sUtroM meM varNita rezamI-vastroM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM:- ahiMsaka rezama : sUtI/vAnaspatika rezama tathA hiMsaka rezama : prANija reshm| AcArAMga" meM pA~ca prakAra ke rezamI vastroM kA ullekha hai- paTTa : paTTa vRkSa para pale kIr3oM kI lAra se nirmita - malaya : malaya deza meM utpanna vRkSoM ke pattoM para par3e kIr3oM kI lAra se nirmita - aMzuka : dukUla vRkSa kI Antarika chAla se prApta rezoM se nirmita - cInAMzuka - cIna deza ke rezamI vastra - deza rAga : raMge hue rezamI vastra (126)

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___anuyogadvAra-sUtra meM aNDoM se bane rezamI vastroM ko aNDaja evaM kIr3oM kI lAra se bane vastroM ko 'kIr3aja' kahA gayA hai| alaga-alaga vRkSa ke pattoM ke kIr3oM kI lAra se nirmita vastra kA alaga nAma diyA gayA hai| nAmakaraNa meM kIr3oM kI lAra se hI nirmita ho, aisA spaSTa nahIM hai| sambandhita vRkSa ke pattoM yA chAla se prApta rezoM se nirmita vastra bhI rahe ho| jaise aMzuka vRkSa kI bAharI chAla aura bhItarI chAla se nirmita vastroM ke alaga-alaga nAma diye gaye haiN| bhItarI chAla ke reze mahIna hone se unase nirmita vastra rezamI lacaka vAlA hotA thaa| isake alAvA kisI deza yA pradeza vizeSa ke rezamI vastra yA raMgIna rezamI vstr| isalie yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki ve vastra 'kIr3aja' yA 'aNDaja hI rahe ho| AcArAMga sUtra ke vastraiSaNA adhyayana meM samasta prakAra ke vastroM kI jAnakArI pradAna kI gaI hai, jisase Agama-yuga ke vastrodyoga kI vyApakatA kA patA calatA hai| sAdhakoM ke lie hiMsaka vastroM ko chor3ane kA spaSTa nirdeza hai| AcArAMga sUtra ke dvitIya zrutaskaMdha ke pandrahaveM adhyayana ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ko dIkSA ke samaya eka lAkha rUpaye mUlya ke kSauma-vastra pahanAye gaye the| ve vizeSa mahIna kapAsa se nirmita the| unheM 'sUtI-rezama kA nAma diyA jA sakatA hai| zramaNa-paramparA meM prANija rezama kA nirmANa, vyApAra aura upayoga niSiddha rhaa| UnI vastra : AcArAMga meM varNita jaMgiya-vastra UnI-vastra hai| ye vastra pazuoM ke bAloM se nirmita hote the| ina pA~ca prakAroM ko pahale batAyA jA cukA hai| Una se kambaleM banAI jAtI thI aura unameM ratna bhI jar3e jAte the| carma vastra granthoM meM carma vastroM kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| ye vastra aneka prakAra ke pazuoM ke carma se banate the| AcArAMga, nizItha-cUrNi Adi meM aneka prakAra ke carma-vastroM kA ullekha hai| vratI-samAja meM carma-vastroM kA vyApAra aura upayoga nahIM kiyA jAtA thaa| anya vastra Upara varNita vastroM ke alAvA bhI AcArAMga20 me vastroM ke aneka prakAra batAye gaye haiN| jaise - .. sahiNa - bArIka aura sundr| .. kAya - nIlI kapAsa se nirmit| (127)

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duggala - dukUla ke rezoM se nirmit| paTTa - paTTa ke tantuoM se nirmit| aMsuya - dukUla vRkSa kI chAla ke rezoM se bnaa| desarAga - vizeSa rUpa se raMge hue vastra / gajjaphala - sphaTika ke samAna svcch| koyava - roMyedAra kmbl| kambalaga - sAdhAraNa kmbl| pAvAraNa - labAdA se lapeTane vAle vstr| isI prakAra granthoM meM vastroM kI aneka kismoM aura zreNiyoM kA varNana hai| vastra se jur3e anya zilpI - raMgareja, darjI, dhobI Adi kA bhI ullekha hai| raMgAI udyoga vibhinna raMgoM aura DijAyanoM ke vastra loga dhAraNa karate the| nizItha-sUtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki loga Rtu ke anusAra alaga-alaga raMgoM ke vastra pahanate the| isakA artha yaha hai ki loga mausama ke anusAra raMgoM ke prabhAva ko samajhate the| vastroM kI bar3hiyA kisma banAne ke lie aura vastroM ko sundara banAne ke lie raMgAI udyoga apanA kAma karatA thaa| taiyAra vastra udyoga vastra udyoga ke sAtha hI gArameNTa udyoga bhI vikasita thaa| strI-purUSoM, baccoM-yuvAoM Adi ke lie taiyAra vastra milate the| ina vastroM kI silAI karane vAle vizeSa darjI bhI hote the| raphU karane vAloM ko 'tunnaga' kahA jAtA thaa| loga vibhinna avasaroM para vibhinna prakAra ke vastra dhAraNa karate the| ghara meM pahanane yogya vastra 'niyaMsaNaM, snAna karake pUjA karane se pUrva 'majjaNiyaM', utsava meM jAne ke lie 'chaNUsaviyaM pozAka tathA rAjakula meM jAne ke lie 'rAjadAriya pozAka dhAraNa kI jAtI thii| isa zauka ke pIche samRddhi, samRddha kalA aura vastra-vyApAra kI lambI zrRMkhalA thii| nizIthacUrNi meM mUlya ke AdhAra para tIna prakAra ke vastroM kA varNana hai| 'jahaNNa vastra sabase sastA hotA thA, jisakI kImata 18 'rUvaga hotI thI jabaki 'ukkosA sabase mahaMgA vastra thA jisakI kImata eka lAkha rUvaga batAI gaI hai| (128)

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bIca ke mUlya vAle vastra 'majjhima' zreNI meM mAne jAte the| 18 rUvaga se lekara eka lAkha rUvaga taka kitanI kismeM rahI hogI, yaha anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| prasiddha vastra-vyavasAya-kendra _vastra-vyavasAya deza meM sarvatra thaa| parantu kucha nirdiSTa sthAna isa vyavasAya ke lie vizeSa taura para prasiddha the| 'nizIthacUrNi' meM mahissara ko "bahuvatthadesa" bahuta sAre vastroM vAlA deza kahA gayA hai| vahA~ bar3hiyA kisma ke vastra banate the aura sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko bhI uttama vastra dhAraNa kI anumati thii| isake alAvA madurA, kabiMga, kAzI, baMga, vatsa, siMdhu, mAlavA, pauMDravardhana, nepAla, tAmralipti, sauvIra, lATadeza Adi sthAna vastra-udyoga aura vyavasAya ke lie prasiddha sthAna the| ye sthAna taraha-taraha ke vastroM ke lie prasiddha the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM vastra-niryAta kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| isa sAre varNana aura vivaraNa se yaha spaSTa hotA he ki arthatantra kA tAnA-bAnA bunane meM vastra-vyavasAya kA mukhya yogadAna thaa| dhAtu udyoga khanana/utkhanana ke bAre meM hama carcA kara cuke haiN| pUrA dhAtu udyoga isa para nirbhara thaa| jo svarUpa vartamAna dhAtu-udyoga kA hai, vaisA Agama-yuga meM bhale hI na rahA ho; parantu prApta sandarbha mAnava ke zrama, kauzala aura jJAna ke adbhuta pramANa haiN| 72 kalAoM meM dhAtuvAda kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| AcArAMga-sUtra meM pItala aura kAMsya, jo mizrita dhAtu hai, kA ullekha TIna aura jaste ke prayoga ko pramANita karatA hai| lohe, trapusa, tAmra, jaste, sIse, kAMse, cA~dI, sone, maNi, vajra Adi se bahumUlya pAtra taiyAra kiye jAte the| sAdhAraNa-pAtroM meM thAla, pAtrI, thAsaga, mallaga (pyAle), kaiviya (camacA), avapataka (choTA tavA), karoDiyA (kaTorI), tavaya (tavA), kavalli (khar3apA), kandua, candAlaga (tAmbe kI kaMDAla) Adi ullekhanIya ' hai| dhAtu-udyogoM meM loha aura svarNa udyoga ko pramukha sthAna thaa| loha udyoga loha udyoga kuTIra udyoga ke rUpa meM pratiSThita thaa| nagara-nagara meM luhAra hote the aura lohakAroM kI kAryazAlAe~ hotI thiiN| svayaM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kaI bAra isa taraha kI lauhazAlAoM meM Thahare the| bhagavatI-sUtra-6 meM lohazAlA kI kAryaprakriyA kI eka jhalaka dI gaI hai| usameM batAyA gayA hai ki lohe ko bhaTTI meM DAlakara tapta kiyA jAtA thaa| Aga ko teja prajvalita karane ke lie camar3e kI (129)

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dhauMkanI se havA dI jAtI thii| lohe kI saNDAsI se pratapta lohe ko U~cA-nIcA kiyA jaataa| use eraNa para rakhakara carmeSTha yA muSThika (hathaur3e) se pITA jAtA thaa| pITe hue lohe ko ThaNDA karane ke lie jala-droNI (kuNDa) meM DAlA jAtA thaa| Aja bhI gA~voM meM luhAra isa vidhi se apanA kArobAra calAte haiN| rAjasthAna ke gAr3iyA luhAra bhI isa taraha loha-vastue~ banAte haiN| lohAra yuddha ke upakaraNa, mudgalaM, muSaMDi, karauMta, trizUla, hala, gadA, bhAlA, tomara, zUla, bI, talavAra, basulA Adi . banAte the| prAcIna bhArata meM lauhodyoga kitanA unnati para thA, isakA jvalanta pramANa dillI meM kutubamInAra ke nikaTa khar3A lauha stambha hai| guptakAla se Aja taka usa para kahIM bhI jaMga nahIM lagA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM sUI Adi ke ullekha tathA anya granthoM meM bar3hiyA lauha-vastuoM ke ullekha para harmana jaikobI kI TippaNI ullekhanIya hai - The following verses of sutrakritang are interesting as they afford us a glimpse of a Indian household some 2000 years ago. We find here a curious list of domestic furniture and other things of common use.28 ina sabhI uddharaNoM se dUsare anya udyoga-dhandhoM ke vikAsa kI sUcanAe~ bhI prApta hotI haiN| svarNa-rajata aura ratna udyoga bahumUlya dhAtuoM kA vyavasAya arthavyavasthA ko prabhAvita karatA thaa| svarNakAra kA samAja meM sammAnapUrNa sthAna thaa| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra meghakumAra ko dIkSA se pUrva hAra, ardhahAra, ekAvalI, muktAvalI, kanakAvalI, ratnAvalI, prAlamba, kaTaka, pAda, truTita, keyUra, aMgada, mudrikAe~, kaTi sUtra, kuNDala, cUr3amaNi, mukuTa Adi aneka prakAra ke ratna jar3ita svarNa-rajata ke AbhUSaNa pahanAye gaye the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra hI svarNakAroM ne unnIsaveM tIrthaMkara malli kI jIvanta bhavya svarNa-pratimA banAI thii| eka bAra rAjakumArI malli kA eka divya svarNakuNDala TUTa gyaa| pitA ne svarNakAroM se vaisA hI kuNDala banAne ke lie kahA, parantu svarNakAra hUbahU kuNDala nahIM banA sake to kupita rAjA ne unako nirvAsita kara diyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pramukha zrAvaka gAthApati Ananda Adi bahUmUlya svarNAbhUSaNa dhAraNa karate the| ye AbhUSaNa maNi-ratnoM se jar3e hue hote the| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakSa unhoMne AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karane kI maryAdA kara lI thii| Ananda zrAvaka ne kuNDala aura mudrikA (aMgUThI) ke alAvA sabhI AbhUSaNoM kA tyAga kara (130)

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diyA thaa|". hAthI-ghor3e bhI sone-cA~dI ke AbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta kiye jAte the| ratha, siMhAsana Adi bhI svarNa-rajata aura maNiyoM se vibhUSita kiye jAte the| svarNakAroM aura jauhariyoM ke vyavasAya paraspara antarsambaMdhita the| loga AbhUSaNoM ke bar3e zaukIna hote the| atirikta Aya svarNa-rajata ke AbhUSaNoM meM niyojita kara dI jAtI thii| svarNa-rajata ke sikke bhI pracalita the| kalpasUtra aura jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke sphaTika ke upayoga kA ullekha sphaTika udyoga kI ora saMketa hai| Agama-yuga kA yaha sArA vRttAnta tatkAlIna bhArata ke svarNa-rajata aura ratnamaNiyoM ke vyApaka vyavasAya kA spaSTa nidarzana hai| bhANDa udyoga dhAtu ke bartanoM kI bhA~ti miTTI ke bartanoM kA khUba upayoga hotA thaa| miTTI ke pAtra tathA anya vastue~ banAne kA vyavasAya AbAdI ke eka bahuta bar3e bhAga ke lie rojI-roTI kA mAdhyama tathA arthavyavasthA ko prabhAvita karane vAlA dhandhA thaa| upAsakadazAMga meM sakaDAlaputra kA varNana AtA hai| vaha tatkAlIna samaya kA bhANDa-udyoga karane vAlA prasiddha udyogapati thaa| kumbhakAraM ghar3e (ghaDae), maTake, kalaza, parAta, dhAnya-pAtra, surAhI, karapa (karA yA karavA), vArae (vAraka yA gullaka), pihaDae (piThara/miTTI kI parAta), aliMjara, jaMbUlae (surahI), uTTiyAe (lambI gardana aura bar3e peTa vAle maTake jo tela, ghI Adi bharane ke kAma Ate haiM) Adi prakAra aura upayoga ke bartana taiyAra karate the| nizItha bhASya meM tIna prakAra ke kalaza batAye gaye haiM - niSpAvakuTa, telakuTa va ghRtakuTA - granthoM meM vibhinna pAtra taiyAra karane kI vidhiyoM aura upakaraNoM ke varNana * prApta hote haiN| kumhAra miTTI-pAnI ko milAkara, usameM kSAra tathA karIza milAkara mRttikA piNDa taiyAra karatA thaa| aise piNDoM ko cAka para rakha kara daNDa aura sUtrAdi kI sahAyatA se vibhinna AkAroM ke pAtra taiyAra karatA thaa| kumhAra kI pA~ca prakAra kI zAlAe~ hotI thiiN| jahA~ bartana banAye jAte use 'kumbhazAlA', IMdhana rakhane ke sthala ko "IMdhanazAlA", bhaTTiyoM ko 'pacanazAlA' tathA nirmita bartanoM ko ekatrita va surakSita rakhane ke sthAna ko 'paNatazAlA' kahA jAtA thaa| taiyAra bartanoM ko vibhinna prakAra ke raMgoM va citroM se sajAyA jAtA thaa|" (131)

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/ bhaTTiyA~ Aja kI bhA~ti hI nagara se dUra yA nagara ke bAhara huA karatI thiiN| jisase nagara meM pradUSaNa nahIM ho| dukAneM nagara ke andara to hotI hI thI, bAhara. rAjapathoM aura catuSpathoM para bhI hotI thiiN| bartanoM para rAjya dvArA zulka yA kara bhI vasUlA jAtA thaa| isase bhANDa-udyoga kI mahattA kA patA calatA hai| kumhAroM kA samAja meM pratiSThApUrNa sthAna thaa| unakI kumbhakArazAlAoM meM jaina zramaNa aura anya bhikSu ThaharA karate the| uparyukta varNita udyoga-dhandhoM ke alAvA tatkAlIna samaya meM jo pramukha vidhAe~ vyavasAya kA rUpa le cukI thI unakA varNana bhI yahA~ samIcIna hai| . ' gRha nirmANa vidyA granthoM meM bhavya bhavanoM ke ullekha milate haiN| bhavana-nirmANa aura nagarasthApanA meM loga kuzala the| AvazyakacUrNi aura vasudevahiNDI meM zUparika ke kokkAsa bar3haI ko eka kuzala zilpakAra ke rUpa meM batAyA gayA hai| kaliMgarAja ke kahane para usane sAta maMjilA sundara bhavana banAyA thaa| vaha yantra-vidyA kA bhI jAnakAra thaa| usane yAntrika kabUtara banAye the| ve kabUtara rAjabhavana meM jAte aura gaMdhazAli cugakara lauTa aate| rAjA ke Adeza para garUr3ayaMtra bhI bnaayaa| nagaroM va bhavanoM ke ullekha se spaSTa hai, usa samaya kuzala kArIgara va sivila abhiyantA the jo rAja prAsAda, bhavana, kuTIra, ghara, guphA, devAlaya, bAjAra, Azrama, pyAU, sabhAmaNDapa, bhUgRha, puSkariNI, bAvar3I, stUpa Adi banAte the| bRhatkalpabhASya meM to vAtAnukUlita ghara banAne kA bhI ullekha hai|" lekina usa samaya kA vatAnukUlana vidyutIya nahIM hotA thaa| prAkRtika hotA thA, isalie svAsthyaprada hotA thaa| nissaMdeha, vAstu udyoga aura gRhanirmANa-vidyA Aya kA eka bahuta bar3hiyA jariyA rahI hogii| patthara uThAne vAle sAdhAraNa majadUra se lekara kArIgara, zilpakAra, sajAkAra Adi ke rojagAra isa vyavasAya se jur3e haiN| kASTha-vyavasAya ___ ghara banatA hai, to lakar3I kI bhI AvazyakatA hotI hai| isake alAvA bhI lakar3I bahuta hI Arthika mahattva kI vastu hai| prAcIna samaya meM ghane jaMgala the aura vibhinna kismoM kI pracura lakar3I thii| bhavanoM ke dvAra, khir3akiyA~, gavAkSa, sopAna, kaMgUre Adi kASTha-nirmita hote the| ghara kI vastuoM meM khUTI, sandUka, khilaune, okhalI, mUsala, pIr3ha, palaMga, bATa Adi; vAhanoM meM gAr3I, ratha, pAlakI, naukA, (132)

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jahAja Adi va kRSi upakaraNoM meM hala, juA, pATA Adi lakar3I se nirmita hote the lakar3I kA kAma karane vAle bar3haI kahalAte the| zilpI lakar3I kI vastuoM ko adhikAdhika kalAtmaka bnaate| kalpasUtra meM kASTha-khar3AU~ (pAuyA) ko vaiDUrya tathA ratnoM se jar3akara use atyanta kalAtmaka va mUlyavAna banAne kA ullekha hai| gozIrSa candana lakar3iyoM meM sabase bahumUlya lakar3I mAnA jAtA thaa| jabaki vAhana nirmANa aura majabUtI kI dRSTi se tiniza kASTha zreSTha mAnA jAtA thaa| ___kASTha-udyoga kevala kASTha-udyoga hI nahIM thA apitu vaha aneka prakAra ke kAryo/udyogoM ke lie sahAyaka va AdhArabhUta thaa| kASThakarma eka vizeSa zikSaNa va prazikSaNa kA viSaya thaa| kokkAsa bar3haI ne yavana ke bar3haI AcAryoM se kASTha karma kI zikSA prApta kI thii| gur3a-zakkara udyoga ganne kI khetI kA varNana kiyA jA cukA hai| gur3a, mizrI, khANDa aura zakkara ganne ke mukhya utpAda haiN| gur3a to mukhya rUpa se nirmita kiyA jAtA thA para usa samaya zakkara kA utpAdana bhI hotA thA, aise ullekha milate haiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra bhAratIya vyApArI kAlikA dvIpa meM anya vastuoM ke sAtha zakkara bhI le gaye the| usameM puSpottara-zarkarA aura padmottara-zarkarA kA ullekha viziSTa hai| isase patA calatA hai ki IkSu-rasa ke alAvA anya rasoM se bhI zakkara banAI jAtI thii| IkSu-rasa va anya rasoM se gur3a banAne kI prakriyA jyAdA kaThina nahIM hai, para khANDa aura zakkara kA nirmANa sacamuca tatkAlIna samaya ke vikasita vANijyikakauzala kA udAharaNa hai| Agama-sUtroM meM IkSugRha (ikkhuvAr3A), IkSuyantra (ikkhujata) Adi ke sandarbha milate haiN|' avazya hI koI parizodhaka prakriyA aura yantra bhI rahe hoNge| gur3a-zakkara kA sIdhA upayoga hotA thA aura aneka prakAra kI miThAiyoM meM bhI unakA upayoga hotA thaa| taraha-taraha ke vyaMjanoM aura pakavAnoM kA jo varNana milatA hai, unameM zarkarA kA vividha upayoga hotA thaa| tela-udyoga - kRSi upajoM ke antargata tilahana bhI hotI thii| tilahana meM vaha samasta . prakAra kI kRSi upaja sammilita hai, jisameM se tela prApta kiyA jAtA hai| upAsakadazAMga ke anusAra sarasoM, tila, alasI, eraNDa, kusuMbhA, iMgudI Adi se tela nikAlA jAtA thaa| tatkAlIna vikasita samAja vyavasthA ko dekhate hue muMgaphalI va (133)

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muMgaphalI kA tela bhI rahA hogaa| deza-videza meM vyApAra ko dekhate hue nAriyala aura nAriyala kA tela bhI prayoga kiyA jAtA hogaa| tela kI ghANI calAne ko yantravIr3ana karma meM ginA gayA hai, jise zrAvaka ke lie tyAjya karmAdAna batAyA gayA hai| davA-vyavasAya ___ auSadhiyoM kA bhI eka lambA-caur3A vyApAra thaa| tela se nirmita davAiyA~ bAharI rUpa meM prayukta huA karatI thii| granthoM meM zatapAka aura sahasrapAka tela kA ullekha milatA hai, jinheM sau yA hajAra auSadhiyoM meM tathA sau yA hajAra bAra pakAyA jAtA thaa| anya aneka prakAra ke auSadhIya teloM ke ullekha se Ayurveda kI vikasita avasthA kA patA calatA hai| sthAnAMga sUtra ke AThaveM adhyayana meM ATha prakAra ke Ayurveda kA ullekha hai - kaumArabhRtya (zizu/bAla roga cikitsA), zAlAkya (zravaNa Adi zarIra ke urdhvabhAga ke rogoM kA ilAja), zAlyahatya (prAcIna zalyoM va zalya-upakaraNoM kA vivecana), kAyacikitsA (jvara, atisAra Adi kI cikitsA), jAMgula (viSaghAtaka auSadha upAya), bhUtavidyA (bhUtoM ke nigraha kI vidyA), rasAyana (Ayu, bala, buddhi Adi bar3hAne kA tantra) aura bAjIkaraNa (vIryavarddhaka auSadhiyoM kA niruupnn)| ye vidhAe~ prAcIna bhArata meM svAsthya jAgarUkatA tathA davA/cikitsA vyavasAya kI pramANa hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga va upAsakadazAMga meM 16 prakAra ke rogoM kA ullekha haiN| roga-nivAraNa ke lie aneka rasAyanoM tathA jaDI-bUMTiyoM se auSadhiyoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| AyurvijJAna vikasita avasthA meM thaa| kharaka vaidya ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke kAnoM se kIleM nikAlI, usase pUrva zarIra kA tela se mardana kiyaa| kIle nikAlane para rakta pravAhita hone laga gayA thaa| vaidya ne saMrohaNa auSadhi se rakta pravAha ko roka diyaa| prasAdhana-vyavasAya vibhinna prakAra ke saundarya prasAdhanoM kA utpAdana aura vyApAra bhI hotA thaa| isa vyavasAya ko karane vAle 'gaMdhI' kahalAye jAte the| rAjanya aura zreSThI varga itra, sugaMdhita dravyoM aura vilepana kA upayoga karate the, vahIM mahilAe~ bhI apane zrRMgAra meM taraha-taraha ke kaoNsmeTiksa kA upayoga karatI thiiN| lAkSA rasa nAmaka prasAdhana se mahilAoM ke aMga rAga banAye jAte the| A~khoM ke lie sUramA aura cirayuvatI dikhAne ke lie eka vizeSa prakAra kI guTikA kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| gaMdhIyazAlA meM saundarya-prasAdhanoM kI bikrI hotI thii| zrAvaka ko sAtaveM vrata upabhoga-paribhoga ke antargata prasAdhanoM kI maryAdA kA sujhAva diyA gayA hai| (134)

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namaka udyoga __ bhojana kA svAda bar3hAne ke lie namaka kA prayoga sadA hI se kiyA jAtA hai| auSadhiyoM meM bhI isakA prayoga hotA hai| jaina granthoM meM namaka ko pRthvIkAyika batAkara isake viveka sammata upayoga ke lie kahA gayA hai| dazavaikAlika-sUtra" meM ina lavaNoM kA ullekha hai - - Usara bhUmi kI miTTI se praapt| - samudra ke pAnI se prApta (samudra kssaar)| - sendhA namaka (saundhv)| - romA (caTTAnI namaka), kAlA namaka va sapheda nmk| ___ lavaNa kA itanA vyApArika mahattva thA ki 'lavaNAdhyakSa' padanAma se rAjya meM adhikArI taka hotA thaa| carma-udyoga jaina granthoM meM prasaMgavaza camar3e ke vyavasAya ke ullekha milate haiN| baShatkalpasUtra meM gAya, bhaiMsa, bakarI, bher3a, kutte Adi pAlatU pazuoM aura maveziyoM tathA jaMgalI jAnavaroM ke carma kA ullekha milatA hai| AcArAMga ke anusAra sindha deza vibhinna prakAra ke camar3oM ke lie khyAta thaa| vahA~ se pesA, pesala, nIle aura kRSNa mRga ke carma bAhara bhejane kI sUcanA milatI hai| bAgha, cIte aura U~Ta ke camar3oM se cAdareM banAye jAne kI bhI sUcanA milatI hai| ina sUcanAoM kA yaha artha nahIM ki Atma-sAdhanA aura ahiMsA ke patha para calane vAle unakA upayoga karate the| asala meM grAhya aura agrAhya ko jAnakara hI svIkAra aura asvIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| camar3e se jUte bhI nirmita kiye jAte the| yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki carma prApti jIvita pazuoM ko mArakara hI kI jaay| bhAratIya grAmINa arthavyavasthA meM carmakAra mRta pazuoM se camar3A prApta karatA hai aura usakA vANijyika upayoga karatA hai| Agama-yuga meM bhI carmakAra the| ve mRta-pazu ko gA~va nagara se bAhara le jAte, usase camar3A prApta karate aura usakA vibhinna vastuoM ke rUpa meM upayoga karate the| aise mRta-pazuoM kI haDDiyoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra carmakAra vyAvasAyika AdhAra para nirmita samudAya thA aura eka ahiMsaka sAmAjikaArthika vyavasthA kA eka hissA thaa| (135)

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madya udyoga prasaMgavaza aise aneka sandarbha Agama-granthoM meM milate haiM, jinase patA calatA hai ki vibhinna prakAra kI zarAboM kA utpAdana hotA thaa| zarAba-vyavasAya nindita vyavasAya thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne zarAba-vyavasAya ko pandraha niSiddha karmAdAnoM meM parigaNita kiyA hai| granthoM meM alaga-alaga sthAnoM para madirA ke vibhinna nAmoM ke ullekha milate haiN| yathA-candraprabhA, maNizalAkA, varasIdhu, varavArUNI, pAlaniryAsasAra, patraniryAsasAra, puSpa niryAsasAra, madhu, meraka, jambUphala, dugdha, atiprasannA, tellaka, zatAyu, khajUrasAra, drAkSAsava, kapizAyana, supakta, ikSusAra Adi nAma milate haiN| jJAta hotA hai ki madya kA auSadhIya prayoga bhI hotA thaa| hAthI dA~ta udyoga pandraha karmAdAnoM meM 'danta vANijya' kA niSedha tatkAlIna samaya meM hAthI dA~ta udyoga kI sUcanA karatA hai| usa samaya vistRta vana the aura vipula vanya jiiv| hAthI dA~ta prApta karane ke lie hAthI ko mAranA Avazyaka nahIM thaa| vaha mRta hAthiyoM se bhI sahaja prApta hotA thaa| para lobhI hiMsA-ahiMsA kA vicAra nahIM karatA hai| hAthI dA~ta kI vajaha se saMsAra meM hAthiyoM kI saMkhyA bahuta,hI kama raha gaI hai| citra vyavasAya ___jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM varNita bahattara kalAoM kA ullekha pUrva meM kiyA jA cukA hai| unameM citrakArI bhI hai| dhAraNI devI ke zaMyanAgAra kI chata latAoM, puSpAvaliyoM aura AkarSaka citroM se sajjita thii| mallikumArI ke anuja malladinna ne mithilA ke rAjamahala ke udyAna (pramadavana) meM eka citra sabhA kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| isa citra sabhA ke nirmANa meM usa samaya ke nAmI aura kuzala citrakAra Aye the| kucha citrakAra to aise the jo zarIra kA eka aMga dekha lene mAtra se pUre zarIra kI anukRti citrita karane meM dakSa the| anya udyoga dhandhe ___ jo vivaraNa aura varNana hameM prApta hote haiM, unase yaha niSkarSa nikAlanA AsAna hai ki Agama-yuga kI Arthika gatividhiyA~ vividhatApUrNa aura vikasita avasthA meM thii| paryApta aura pracura saMsAdhanoM ke bIca naye udyoga-dhandhe, naye zilpa aura vANijya kA vikAsa hotA hai aura aisI vikAsamAna yA vikasita vyavasthA meM hI dharma aura adhyAtma kI gatividhiyA~ Age bar3ha pAtI hai| granthoM meM Upara varNita (136)

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udyoga-dhandhoM ke alAvA bhI aneka peze aura vyavasAya upalabdha the| apane kArya, rojagAra aura vyavasAya kI dRSTi se samAja meM eka lambI varga-zrRMkhalA thI, jisake ullekha se tatkAlIna vyavasAyoM kI vividhatA para prakAza par3atA hai| aise pezevara logoM meM - AcArya, cikitsaka (vaidya), vAstupAThaka, lakSaNapAThaka, naimittika, gAMdharvika, naTa, nartaka, jalla (rassI kA khela karane vAle), malla, mauSTika, viDambaka (vidUSaka), kathaka, pUvaka (tairAka), lAsaka (rAsa gAne vAle), AkhyAyaka (zubhAzubha batAne vAle), laMkha (bAMsa para car3hakara khela dikhAne vAle), maMkha (citrapaTa lekara arjana karane vAle), tUgailla (tUNa bajAne vAle), tumbavINika (vINAvAdaka), tAlAcara (tAla dene vAle), sapere, mAgadha (gAne-bajAne vAle), hAsyakAra, masakhare, cATukAra, darpakAra, kautkucya Adi ke alAvA rAja bhRtyoM meM chagagrAhI, siMhAsanagrAhI, pAdapIThagrAhI, pAdukAgrAhI, yaSTigrAhI, kuntagrAhI, cApagrAhI, camaragrAhI, pASakagrAhI, pustakagrAhI, phalakagrAhI, pIThagrAhI, vINAgrAhI, kutupagrAhI, dhanuSagrAhI, dIpikA (mazAla) grAhI Adi kA ullekha milatA hai| eka vyakti aneka prakAra kI yogyatAe~ rakhatA thA aura jIvikA ke lie vaha samayAnusAra aneka kArya bhI karatA thaa| bauddha sAhitya meM bhI ina laghu vyavasAiyoM ke nAma milate haiM :- kisAna, bar3haI, kuMbhakAra, mAlI, lohAra, dhobI, bunakara, svarNakAra, pazupAlaka, mallAha, maNiyArina, machuAre, gaMdhI (itra-vikretA), pherI vAle, vaidya, jAdUgara, gaNikA, vaizyA, vastra-vyApArI, rasoiyA, naTa, nartaka, gAyaka, tAlika (tAlI bajAkara gAne vAle), kuMbhadhunika (ghar3e bajAkara gAne vAle), gvAle, citrakAra, paNihArina, jyotiSI, raMjaka, nAI, carmakAra, hAthI dA~ta kA kAma karane vAle, sUdakhora, kheluka, gAMdharvika, maNikAra, bAMsa phor3a, yoddhA, tRNahAraka (ghasiyArA), kASThahAraka (lakar3ahArA) Adi " karma-Arya ____ina sabake alAvA caturtha upAMga prajJApanA meM do aise prakAra ke manuSyoM kI carcA hai, jisakA sambandha vyakti ke vyavasAya aura AjIvikA se hai| ye bheda haiM - karma Arya aura zilpa aary| karma Arya ke antargata dossiyA (dUzyaka), sauttiyA (sautrika), kappAsiyA (kArpAsika), suttaveyAliyA (sUtra-vaittAlika), bhaNDa vaiyAliyA (bhANDa-vaittAlika), kausAliyA (kausAlikA) tathA NaradAvaNiyA (naravAhanika) ko kiyA gayA hai| kArya kI vyAkhyA karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki ahiMsA Adi evaM ziSTa sammata DhaMga se AjIvikA kiye jAne vAle karma Aryakarma kahalAte haiN| (137)

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karma Arya ke jo bheda mUla pATha meM batalAye gaye haiM. vartamAna sandoM meM nitAnta aparyApta hai| parantu mUla pATha meM hI Age kahA gayA hai ki "ye yAvaNNe . thppgaaraa|" arthAt anya jitane bhI Arya karma vAle ho, una sabako kArya samajhanA caahiye| zilpa-Arya agale sUtra meM zilpAryoM kI carcA hai| zilpArya kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki - jo zilpa ahiMsA Adi dharmAMgoM se tathA ziSTa janoM ke AcAra ke anukUla ho, vaha Arya zilpa kahalAtA hai| aise Arya zilpa se jIvana-nirvAha karane vAle zilpAryoM meM parigaNita kiye gaye haiN| zilpAryoM ke antargata - tuNNAgA (tunnAga, raphphUgara, darjI), tantuvAyA (tantuvAya, julAhe), paTTagArA (paTTakAra, paTavA), deyar3A (dratikAra, camar3e kI mazaka banAne vAle), varaNA (varaNa yA varUTTa), picchiyA (picchika, piMchI banAne vAle), chabbiyA (chavika, caTAI Adi banAne vAle), kaTThapAuyArA (kaasstthpaadkaakaar| lakar3I kI khar3AU banAne vAle), muMjapAuyArA (muMja kI khar3AU banAne vAle), chattArA (chatrakAra/chatte banAne vAle), vajjhArA (vajAra, vAhyakAra, vAhana banAne vAle athavA bahakAra - mora picchI banAne vAle), potthArA (pucchakAra-pU~cha ke bAloM se jhADU banAne vAle; pustakAra, jildasAja yA miTTI ke putale banAne vAle), leppArA (lepyakAra - lipAI-putAI karane vAle yA miTTI ke khilaune banAne vAle, cittArA (citrakAra), saMkhArA (zaMkhakAra), dantArA (dantakAra - dA~ta banAne vAle yA dAMtI), bhaNDArA (bhANDakAra - vividha bartana banAne vAle), jijjhagArA (jihvAkAra - nakalI jIbha banAne vAle), sellagArA (silAvaTa, patthara zilpI), koDigArA (kor3IkAra - kor3iyoM kI mAlA Adi banAne vAle), Adi parigaNita kiye gaye haiN| anya sabhI Arya zilpakAra bhI zilpa Arya ke antargata samAviSTa mAne jaaeNge| karmArya aura zilpArya ke uparyukta bhedoM ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hai ki usa samaya koI kArya choTA yA bar3A (nimna yA ucca) nahIM hotA thA, apitu acchA-burA, ucita-anucita, hiMsaka yA ahiMsaka hotA thaa| saMbhavataH isI AdhAra para hI manuSyoM kA vargIkaraNa bhI Arya aura mleccha kiyA hogA, kyoM ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne karma ko pradhAna mAnA hai, janma aura varNa ko nhiiN| (138)

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* bhASA aura AjIvikA - yahA~ para bhASA Arya kI carcA karanA bhI isalie samIcIna hogA ki kArya aura zilpArya kI bhA~ti bhASA bhI AjIvikA kA mAdhyama rahI hogii| jaisA ki Aja bhI hotA hai| ardhamAgadhI jAnane vAloM ko bhASArya kahA gayA hai| bhASAArya kA Arthika pakSa yaha hai ki prathama to ardhamAgadhI usa samaya kI jana bhASA thii| vyavasAya aura vANijya kI abhivRddhi ke lie loka bhASA yA lokapriya bhASA kA sahArA liyA jAtA hai| jisase vipaNana sugamatA se ho ske| dUsarA, usa bhASA ke adhyayana-adhyApana se bhI AjIvikA jur3I hotI hai| tIsarA, bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane upadeza usa bhASA meM dekara use atyanta garimAmaya sthAna para pratiSThita kara diyA thaa| ardhamAgadhI kA lekha-vidhAna 18 prakAra kA batalAyA gayA hai| vaha hai - brAhmI, yavanAnI, dozApurikA, kharauSTrI, puSkarasArikA, bhogavatikA, praharAdikA, antAkSarikA, akSarapuSTikA, vainAyikA, nihavikA, aMka lipi, gaNita lipi, gandharva lipi, Adarza lipi, mAhezvarI, tAmilI, drAvir3I aura paulindii| - isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vAya, vANijya aura udyoga dhaMdhe sabhI prakAra ke the, para zreSTha, uttama, ahiMsaka aura alpahiMsaka vyavasAya karane vAle karmArya aura zilpArya kahe gaye haiN| isase arthopArjana meM eka viveka dRSTi parilakSita hotI hai| (139)

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sandarbha 7. 1. upAsakadazAMga sUtra 7/19 * 2. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/68 3. aupapAtika, rAjapraznIya, samavAyAMga sUtra-72, kalpasUtra subodhikA TIkA jambUdvIpa prajJaptivRtti, vakSaskAra 2, patra 139-2, 140-1; evaM dekheM -RSabhadeva eka parizIlana'-devendra muni zAstrI, pariziSTa pR.-11 5. amara muni, upa-pravartaka sampAdita AcArAMga sUtra 2/5/1/211, pR.-311: : jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/107, bhagavatI 9/33/57 jJAtAdharmakathAMga prathama adhyyn| 8. nizIthacUrNi 2.645 9. vahI, gAthA-1992 10. bahatkalpabhASya 3.2997 11. Avazyaka niyukti 12. bahatkalpabhASya 1.171 13. piNDaniyukti gAthA 605 14. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/23/40 15. AcArAMga sUtra 2/5/1/145 16. jJAtAdharmakathAMga prathama adhyyn| 17. AcArAMga sUtra 2/5/1/215 18. anuyogadvAra 28/38 19. praznavyAkaraNa 9/2 20. AcArAMga 2/5/1/215 21. nizItha sUtra 2/952, 954 (140)

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22. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 17/3 23. AcArAMga sUtra 2/5/1/152 24. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR.-145 25. AcArAMga sUtra 1/9/2/2 26. vyAkhyAprajJapti 16/9/7 27. praznavyAkaraNa 3/5 28. jaikobI, harmana, saikreDa buksa oNpha di IsTa, bhAga 45vA~, pR.-276 29. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/25 . 30. vahI, 8vA~ adhyayana 31. upAsakadazAMga 1/34 32. aupapAtika sUtra 41 33. upAsakadazAMga 7vA~ adhyayana 34. vahI evaM anuyogadvAra sUtra 132 35. nizItha bhASya 10.3228 OM. upAsakadazAMga 7vA~ adhyayana 37. bahatkalpabhASya 4.3445 38. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR.-147 39. vahI, pa.-148 40.. praznavyAkaraNa 1/14 41. bahatkalpabhASya 3.2716 42. praznavyAkaraNaM 1/18 * 43. niuNoviya misimisiMta-maNi-rayaNa-maMDiyAo pAuyAo - kalpasUtra 1.15 . 44. anuyogadvAra 1/66 (141)

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45. rAjapraznIya sUtra 42, praznavyakaraNa 2/13 46. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 17/14 47. jaina, kamala (DaoN.) prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana, pR.-93 48. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR.-153 49. upAsakadazAMga pahalA adhyayana 50. nizItha sUtra 1/452 51. jaina, ja.ca. (DaoN.) jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR.-308 evaM jJAtAdharmakathAMga 16vA~ adhyayana 52. jaina, dinendra candra (DaoN.) ikonomika lAipha ina eMzeMTa iMDiyA pR.-55 53. Avazyaka-cUrNi 322 54. jJAtAdharmakathAMga pahalA adhyayana 55. jJAtAdharmakathAMga prathama va 16vAM adhyayana 56. sUtrakRtAMga 1/4/2, 248, 285, 286 57. dazavaikAlika sUtra 3/8 58. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/12/30 59. bRhatkalpasUtra 3.3 60. AcArAMga sUtra 2/5/3/146 61. jaina, jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR.-197 evaM upAsakadazAMga prathama adhyayana 62. upAsakadazAMga prathama adhyayana 63. jaina, ke.sI. laoNrDa mahAvIrA eNDa hija TAimsa, pR.-290 64. jJAtAdharmakathAMga pahalA adhyayana 65. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8vA~ adhyayana (142)

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66. jaina; jagadIzacandra (DaoN.) jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pa.-155 evaM sUtrakRtAMga 4.2.7, nizItha sUtra 9.21 siMha, paramAnanda (DaoN.) bauddha sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja-paMcama adhyAya 68. prajJApanA sUtra 1.105 69. muni madhukara, yuvAcArya sampAdita prajJApanA sUtra, pa.-107 70. prajJApanA sUtra 1.106 71. prajJApanA sUtra 1.107 (143)

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pariccheda pA~ca vyApAra, vyavasAya aura vANijya Adhunika vijJAna aura takanIka ko chor3a de to Agama-yuga meM jo vyApAra aura vyavasAya, zilpa aura kalA the, usakI eka lambI sUcI hai, jisa para hamane Upara vimarza kiyaa| kitane hI vyavasAya, zilpa aura kalAe~ to aisI hai ki Aja ve anupalabdha haiN| yaha samaya kA prabhAva hai| pragati ke sAtha jaba vastu vinimaya meM vyAvahArika kaThinAiyA~ paidA hone lagI to mudrA vinimaya aura mudrA ke mAdhyama se kraya-vikraya kI vyApArika gatividhiyA~ hone lgii| yaha nirbharatA sthAnIya, kSetrIya aura dezIya se bar3hakara jaba antardezIya ho jAtI hai to AyAta-niryAta aura vaizvika vyApAra janma letA hai| isa prakAra do prakAra kI vyApArika gatividhiyA~ hotI hai - dezI vyApAra aura videzI vyaapaar| videzI vyApAra meM AyAta-niryAta mukhya hai| vyApAra kA tIsarA tarIkA hai - madhyapattana vyApAra (Intrepot Trade) vyApAra aura vyApArI sAmAnyataH kraya-vikraya ko vyApAra (Trade) aura ina gatividhiyoM meM saMlagna vyakti ko vyApArI (Trader) kahA jAtA hai| uttarAdhyayasUtra meM kharIdane vAle ko kaiyo (kretA) aura becane vAle ko vaNio (vaNika) kahA gayA hai|' vyApArI do prakAra ke batAye gaye haiM - 1. sthAnIya vyApArI 2: sArthavAha / sthAnIya vyApArI ke tIna prakAra batAye gaye haiM - vaNika, gAthApati aura shresstthii| sthAnIya vyApAra grAma-nagara ke bAjAroM meM nitya upabhoga kI tathA anya sabhI vastue~ upalabdha rahatI thii| rAjamArgoM aura caurAhoM para bhI khAne-pIne kI cIje mila jAyA karatI thii| dazavaikAlika meM batAyA gayA hai ki vahA~ sattU, cUrNa, tilapaTTI, jalebI, laDDU, mAlapue Adi ucita mUlya para bikrI ke lie upalabdha rahate the| alagaalaga vastuoM ke lie alaga-alaga bAjAra bhI hote the tathA aneka dukAneM vastuvizeSa ke lie hI hotI thiiN| 'cakrikazAlA' meM tela, gaulikazAlA meM gur3a, dosiyazAlA meM dUSya (vastra), sautiyazAlA meM sUta tathA bodhiyazAlA meM tandUla bece jAte the| (144)

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'kutrikApaNa' meM sabhI prakAra kI choTI-bar3I vastue~ bikrI ke lie upalabdha rahatI thii| rAjA zreNika ke putra meghakumAra ke dIkSA-mahotsava para kutrikApaNa se do lAkha svarNa moharoM ke rajoharaNa aura bhikSA-pAtra maMgavAye gaye the| kutrikApaNa kI tulanA vartamAna ke vibhAgIya bhaNDAroM se kI jA sakatI hai| alaga-alaga vastuoM kI alaga-alaga dukAna tathA sabhI prakAra kI vastuoM kI eka vibhAgIya bar3I dukAna se yaha anumAna AsAnI se lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki sthAnIya vyApAra vyavasthita thaa| megha kumAra kI dIkSA ke lie do lAkha svarNa-moharoM ke pAtra aura rajoharaNa tathA eka lAkha nAI ko diyA jAnA isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki dhArmikagatividhiyA~ bhI artha-jagata ko bahuta prabhAvita karatI thii| vaNika vaNika ke antargata 'vaNi', 'vivaNi' aura 'kakkhapuDiya' ye tIna bheda milate haiN| eka hI sthAna para dukAna lagAkara baiThakara vyApAra karane vAle vaNi, ghUma kara vyApAra karane vAle vivaNi aura bagala meM mAla kI gaTharI lekara vyApAra karane vAle kakkhapuDiya vaNika kahalAte the| isa prakAra ke sAmAnya vyApArI bahutAyata se pAye jAte the| gAthApati __ gAthApati aura zreSThI sampanna varga ke vyApArI hote the| ye vyApAra (krayavikraya) ke atirikta bhI bahuta sAre kAma-dhandhe karate the tathA vyApAra bhI inakA bRhad stara para hotA thaa| samAja aura zAsana meM gAthApati aura zreSThI kA acchA mAnasammAna thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA pramukha zrAvaka Ananda gAthApati thA tathA vaha supratiSThita vyaktitva kA dhanI thaa| zreSThI bhI bahuta sammAnanIya vyavasAyI hotA thaa| use rAjya kI ora se svarNa-mukuTa pradAna kiyA jAtA tathA vaha 18 zreNiyoM kA bhI mukhiyA hotA thaa| sArthavAha . sAmUhika rUpa se vyApArika-yAtrA karanA 'sArtha' kahalAtA thA tathA usa yAtrA ke netRtvakartA ko 'sArthavAha' kahA jAtA thaa| dezI aura videzI vyApAra ko bar3hAvA dene meM sArthavAhoM kA aham yogadAna rahatA thaa| sArthavAha eka bahuta hI buddhimAna, catura, sAhasI, dUradarzI aura niDara vyakti hotA thaa| vaha sArtha ko gantavya sthAna para pahu~cAnA apanA kartavya samajhatA thaa| vyApAra-yAtrI-dala ke sabhI sadasyoM (145)

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ko sArthavAha kI AjJA kA pAlana karanA par3atA thaa| duSkara aura vikaTa rAhoM para dodo sArthavAha bhI sArtha kA netRtva karate the| pA~ca prakAra ke sArtha batAye gaye :1. bhaNDI : isameM mAla Dhone ke lie zaTaka Adi yAna hote the| 2. bahalikA : isameM bhAravAhI pazu U~Ta, ghor3e, baila, khaccara Adi hote the| 3. bhAravaha : isa prakAra ke sArtha meM yAtrI apanA bhAra svayaM Dhote the| 4. audArikA : isameM zramikoM kA sArtha hotA thA, jo unakI AjIvikA ke lie ghUmate the| 5. kAryATikA : isameM bhikSuoM aura sAdhu-sAdhviyoM kA sArtha hotA thaa| vyApArI samAja ne sArtha jaisI mahatvapUrNa vyavasthA dvArA samAja ke aneka utsAhI yuvakoM ko dezAntara kI yAtrA karAI hai| unheM AjIvikA pradAna kI hai| unameM puruSArtha jagAyA hai| abhaya, surakSA, AjIvikA, pUMjI, mArgadarzana Adi ke lie sArtha eka nirApada sahArA thaa|" tatkAlIna samaya ke vyApAra, vyavasAya aura udyogoM ke vikAsa meM sArtha kA atyadhika mahattva thaa| sArtha apane prasthAna se pUrva aneka taiyAriyA~ karatA thaa| aisI yAtrAoM se pUrva sArthoM ko rAjAoM se bhI anumati lenI par3atI thI tathA rAjA bIhar3a aura bhayAnaka rAstoM meM sArthoM kI surakSA ke lie apane surakSAkarmI bhI niyukta karatA thaa| sArtha svayaM bhI surakSA ke vyApaka prabandha karate the| vipula pAtheya sAtha lekara calate the| udAra dhArmika vRtti vAle sArthavAha apane sahayAtriyoM ke lie khAna-pAna aura sukha-suvidhAoM kA pUrA khayAla rakhate aura badale meM kucha bhI zulka nahIM lete| prasthAna se pUrva bhI nirdhana aura berojagAra yAtriyoM ko apane sArtha meM sammilita hone kA AmantraNa avazya dete aura unheM vyApAra karane kA preraka suavasara pradAna krte|4 sArthavAhoM kI yaha sahayoga va sahakAritA kI bhAvanA sAmAjika aura vyAvasAyika unnati meM bahuta sahAyaka huii| Aja vyavasAya jagat meM galAkATa spardhA karane vAloM ko prAcIna bhArata ke sArthavAhoM se zikSA lenI caahiye| mahilA udyamI mahilAe~ vyavasAya aba karane lagI ho, aisI bAta nahIM hai| Agama-yuga kI nAriyA~ bhI vyavasAya meM nipuNa thii| khetI-bAr3I, pazupAlana, gRha aura kuTIra udyogoM meM to mahilAoM kA pratyakSa mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahatA hI thaa| parantu bar3e kAma dhandhoM (146)

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meM unakI bhUmikA rekhAMkanIya hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM dvArakAnagarI kI thAvaccA nAmaka sArthavAhI mahilA ke bAre meM batAyA gayA ki vaha rAjakIya vyavahAra aura vyApAra meM niSNAta thii| rohiNI kA vyaktitva bhI udyamazIlatA kA paricAyaka thaa| isI prakAra anuttaropapAtikadazA meM ullekha hai ki kAkandI nagarI kI bhadrA sArthavAhI ke pAsa pracura dhana-sampatti thii| vaha mAla lekara videza jAtI thI aura vyavasAya karatI thii| usane apane ikalaute beTe ke lie battIsa bhavana banavAye the| patA calatA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke anuyAyI varga meM mahilA udyamiyoM ko pratiSThApUrNa sthAna prApta thaa| sAtha hI yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki udyama karane vAlI nAriyA~ apane pArivArika dAyitvoM ko bhI niSThA se nibhAtI thii| vyApArika saMgaThana ___ vyApArI aura vyavasAyI apane vyApArika hitoM kI rakSArtha saMgaThana bhI banAte the| bhAgIdArI aura saMyukta zrama-pUMjI se vyavasAya ke alAvA ina saMgaThanoM kI eka sAmAjika vyAvasAyika pahacAna aura pratiSThA thii| jambUdvIpa prajJapti ke anusAra bharata cakravartI ne 18 prakAra kI vyApArika zreNiyoM-prazreNiyoM ko cakraratna kI pUjA karane ke lie bulvaayaa|" ina zreNiyoM meM kumbhAra, paTTailla, suvaNNakAra, sUvakAra, gandhala, kAsavaga, mAlAkAra, kacchakAra aura tambolika nAma ke nau nArU tathA carmakAra, yaMtrapIlanaka, gaMdiya, chipAMya, kaMsakAra, sIvaga, guAra, bhilla aura dhIvara ye nau kArU ke nAma ginAye gaye hai| AgamoM meM suvarNakAra, citrakAra aura : rajaka kI zreNiyoM (saMgaThanoM) kA ullekha hai|" ye zreNiyA~ apane vyavasAya aura sadasyoM ke hita meM kAryarata thiiN| jaba mallikumArI ke pA~va ke aMguThe ko dekhakara eka citrakAra ne mallikumArI kA AkarSaka citra banA diyA to malladinna ne burA mAna liyA aura usa citrakAra ko dezanikAlA athavA mRtyudaNDa kA Adeza de diyaa| aisA sunakara citrakAroM kI zreNI rAjakumAra ke pAsa pahu~cI aura apanA pakSa rkhaa| rAjakumAra malladinna ne citrakAra ko kSamA kara diyaa| isI prakAra anya vyApAroM ke bhI saMgaThana the| jinameM jAti aura dharma gauNa aura vyApAra mukhya thaa| rAjA ko bhI ina saMgaThanoM kI bAta mAnanI par3atI thii| vartamAna meM bhI isa prakAra ke saMgaThana hote haiN| vyApAra-kendra vyavasAya aura udyoga ke vistAra ke sAtha-sAtha bar3e-bar3e vyAvasAyika sthala aura kendra bhI usa samaya apanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhate the| aise sthaloM aura (147)

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campA kendroM ke adhyayana se tatkAlIna vyAvasAyika-unnati kA patA calatA hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM solaha mahAjanapadoM kA ullekha hai - aMga, baMga, magadha, malaya, accha, vaccha, koccha, pAr3ha, lAr3ha, vaja, moli, kAzI, kosala, avadha aura sNbhuuttraa|" bRhatkalpasUtra meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke lie sAketa ke pUrva meM aMga-magadha taka, dakSiNa meM kauzAmbI taka, pazcima meM sthUNA (sthAnezvara) taka aura uttara meM kuNAlA (zrAvastI janapada) taka vihAra kara sakane kI bAta kahI gaI hai tathA itane hI kSetra ko Arya kSetra batAyA gayA hai| nissaMdeha, ina kSetroM meM vyavasAya aura vANijya bhI unnati para thaa| para dhIre-dhIre Arya kSetroM kA vistAra hotA gyaa| rAjA samprati (220-211 I. pU.) ke samaya meM sAr3he paccIsa dezoM ko Arya kSetra mAnA jAne lagA thaa| ye sAr3he paccIsa janapada aura unakI rAjadhAniyA~ nimna haiM:janapada rAjadhAnI magadha rAjagRha aMga tAmralipta kaliMga kAMcanapura kAzI vArANasI sAketa kurU soriya pAMcAla kaupilyapura jAMgala ahicchatA saurASTra videha mithilA vatsa kauzAmbI zAMDilya nandipura malaya bhadrilapura baMga kozala gajapura kuzArta dvAravatI matsya vairATa varaNA dazArNa acchA mRttikAvatI (148)

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pApA kuNAla cedi . zuktimatI siMdhu-sauvIra vItibhaya 'zUrasena mathurA bhaMgi vaTTA mAsapurI zrAvasti lAr3ha koTivarSa kekayI ardha zvetikA ina janapadoM kI jo rAjadhAniyA~ haiM, unameM se adhikAMza tatkAlIna samaya ke mukhya vyAvasAyika kendra the| jo sthala aura jala mArga se deza-videza se jur3e hue the| praznavyAkaraNa sUtra24 meM ATha prakAra ke vyApAra kendroM kA varNana hai - 1. gamma (grAma) : Agama sAhitya meM grAma kI anUThI paribhASA milatI hai| jahA~ ke nivAsiyoM ko aThAraha prakAra kA kara cukAnA par3atA ho, vaha grAma hai| yaha paribhASA prAcIna bhArata ke gA~voM kI vyAvasAyika samRddhi kA bar3A pramANa hai| jo vartamAna ke bhAratIya gA~voM ke lie dUra kI kaur3I hai| 2. Akara : svarNa, rajata aura dhAtuoM ke utkhanana kSetra ko Akara kahA gayA hai / nizcita taura para ye utkhanana kSetra vANijyika aura audyogika gatividhiyoM ke kendra the| 3. nagara : 'natthettha karo nagaraM' jahA~ aThAraha prakAra ke kara na lagate ho use nagara (na+kara) kahAM gayA hai| grAma aura nagara kI uparyukta paribhASAe~ adbhuta hai| bezaka, nagara meM anya prakAra ke kara lagate hoNge| * 4. nigama : jahA~ bar3I saMkhyA meM vyApArI vyApAra ke lie basate ho, usa sthAna ko nigama kahA gayA hai| vartamAna ke Arthika kSetroM yA udyoga-vihAroM se inakI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| 5. kheDa/khetta : kRSi grAmoM/nagaroM ko kher3a kahA gayA hai| Aja bhI khetihara bahula grAmoM ke sAtha kher3A zabda juDA rahatA hai| 6. kabbar3agayA karvata : jina sthAnoM para laghu stara para vyApArika gatividhiyA~ ho .... unheM karvata kahA gayA hai| (149)

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vyApAra 7. droNamu~ha/droNamukha : ye aise vANijyika kendra hote the jo jala aura sthala ___ donoM prakAra ke vyApArika-mArgoM se jur3e rahate the| 8. jalapaTTana : vizAla bandaragAhoM ko jalapaTTana kahA gayA hai| ye sthala videza aura sAmudrika vyApAra ke kendra huA karate the| prasiddha vyApAra kendra ina sAre tathyoM ke prakAza meM aba hama usa samaya ke prasiddha vyApAra-kendroM para eka vihaMgama dRSTipAta karate haiN| DaoN. dinendra candra jaina ne ina kendroM ko vartamAna paristhiti ke sAtha jor3A hai| ye 26 kendra isa prakAra hai : kendra kA nAma vartamAna pradeza/deza 1. rAjagRha bihAra 2. campA pATaliputra mithilA vaizAlI gaMbhIra pa. baMgAla dantapura hastIzIrSa kaMcanapura ur3IsA pihuNDa AMdhra pradeza vArANasI uttara pradeza kauzAmbI sAketa (ayodhyA) zrAvastI mathurA ahicchatA hastinApura madhya pradeza mahiSmatI ajJAta ujjainI (150)

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26. 20. . pratiSThAna mahArASTra zUrapAraka bhRgukaccha gujarAta dvAravatI vItibhayapaTTana pAkistAna takSazilA puSkalAvatI ___ ina sabhI sthaloM kA dhArmika aura sAMskRtika mahattva bhI khUba rahA hai; parantu yahA~ unake varNana meM vANijyika mahattva ko rekhAMkita kiyA gayA hai| 1. rAjagRha : yaha prasiddha vyApAra kendra thaa| yahA~ sampanna vyApArI loga rahate the| aneka sthAnoM se loga yahA~ mAla kraya-vikraya karane Ate the| takSazilA se yaha sIdhe taura para jur3A thaa| zreNika (bimbisAra) aura kUNika (ajAtazatru) rAjagRha ke zAsaka the| nirayAvalikA meM rAjagRha ke lie kahA gayA - riddhisthimiya samiddhe arthAt vaha dhana-dhAnya, vaibhava, Rddhi, samRddhi se yukta thaa| 2. campA : zreNika ke nidhana ke pazcAt kaNika ne campA ko apanI rAjadhAnI banAyA thaa| aupapAtika aura uvavAI sUtra meM campA kA aisA varNana hai jisase yaha samRddha vyavasAya-kendra ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane AtA hai| yaha mithilA, ahicchatrA, pihuNDa Adi se sthala mArga se tathA gaMgA nadI va anya nadiyoM ke mAdhyama se jala mArga se jur3A huA thaa| yahA~ ke bAjAra (vivATI) zilpiyoM se AkIrNa rahA karate the| isa sundara aura dhana-dhAnya se paripUrNa nagara meM aneka vyApArI, nauvaNik, zreSThi, kArIgara aura kalAkAra rahate the| dhanya sArthavAha .. 'yahIM kA nivAsI thaa| arhannaka, mAlandI aura jinapAlita campA ke nivAsI the, jinhoMne sAhasika vyApArika samudra-yAtrAe~ kiiN|" . 3. pATaliputra (paTanA) : isa nagara ko ajAtazatru (kUNika) ne basAyA thaa| tathA usakI mRtyu ke bAda usake putra udAyI ne ise apanI rAjadhAnI bnaayaa| bAda meM candragupta, bindusAra, azoka aura kuNAla pATaliputra ke rAjA bane the| I. pU. 367 meM jaina-AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA yahIM huI thii| yaha uttarApatha kA acchA vyavasAya kendra thaa| nadI ke samIpa hone se yaha nadI jala mArga aura (151)

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sthala mArga donoM hI se jur3A huA thaa| suvarNa bhUmi (barmA-myAMmAra) taka yahA~ se' mAla jAtA thaa| dhanadatta seTha vyApAra ke lie pATalIputra se ratnadvIpa gayA thaa|ii.puu. pA~cavIM sadI se chaThI sadI taka isa nagara kA aparimita utkarSa huA thaa| 4. mithilA (janakapura) : jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM isa nagara kA varNana hai| pAsa aura dUra dezoM ke vyApArI yahA~ vyApAra karane Ate the| vyApAra karane kI rAjA se anumati lete the aura rAjA bhI unakA zulka mApha kara detA thaa| vartamAna meM nepAla tarAI meM isakI avasthiti mAnI gaI hai| yaha campA se bhI jur3A thaa| 5. vaizAlI : vaizAlI gaNarAjya ke kuNDapura ko bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma sthala mAnA jAtA hai| mahArAjA ceTaka, jo mahAvIra ke nAnA yA mAmA the, vaizAlI gaNarAjya ke pramukha the| yaha bhI vyApAra kA mukhya kendra thaa|niktt hI vANijyagrAma kI sthiti se vaizAlI vyApAra-kendra ke rUpa meM bhI siddha hotA hai| 6. gaMbhIra : sAr3he paccIsa Arya dezoM meM isakI gaNanA kI gaI hai| yaha baMga kI rAjadhAnI thaa| pa. baMgAla meM tAmralipti ke rUpa meM ise jAnA jAtA hai| vartamAna meM pa. baMgAla ke midanApura jile ke tAmluka ke rUpa meM isakI pahacAna kI gaI hai| yaha sacamuca vyApAra vANijya kA bar3A kendra thaa| ise 'droNamukha' kahA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ se sthala-mArga, nadI-mArga aura samudra-mArga tInoM jur3e hue the| aneka dezoM meM yahA~ se mAla kA niryAta, aneka dezoM se yahA~ mAla kA AyAta tathA sthAnIya vyApAra yahA~ hotA thaa| 7. dantapura : vartamAna meM midanApura jile (pa. baMgAla) ke 'dantana grAma ko dantapura mAnA jAtA hai| hAthI dA~ta ke lie yaha prasiddha thaa| saMbhavataH isIlie isakA nAma dantapura par3A ho| yahA~ kA dhanamitra usakI patnI kI icchA-pUrti ke lie hAthI-dAMta kA bhavana banAnA cAhatA thA parantu gaira-kAnUnI kArya ke kAraNa use giraphtAra kara liyA gyaa| 8. hastIzIrSa : jJAtAdharmakathAMga" ke anusAra isa nagara meM aneka sAMyAtrika (saMyukta rUpa se vyApArika yAtrA karane vAle) aura naukAvaNika rahate the| ve dhanADhya aura samartha the| yahA~ ke vyApArI vyApAra ke lie kAlikA dvIpa taka gaye the| kAlikA dvIpa pUrvI aphrIkA meM kahIM mAnA jAtA hai| tAmralipti se hokara hastIzIrSa kA vyApAra hotA thaa| isase hastIzIrSa kA pUrvI bhArata meM tAmralipti ke AsapAsa hone kA anumAna hai| (152)

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9. kAMcanapura : jaina granthoM meM ise kaliMga kI rAjadhAnI batAyA gayA hai| IsA kI sAtavIM zatAbdI se Aja taka yaha bhuvanezvara (ur3IsA kI rAjadhAnI) ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| yaha vyApAra kendra thA tathA yahA~ ke vyApArI zrIlaMkA vyApAra ke lie jAte the| 10. pihuNDa : uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM pihuNDa kA ullekha hai| yaha vyApAra kendra thaa| campA kA vyApArI pAlita yahA~ pahu~cA thaa|" yaha samudrI-kinAre banA huA thaa| ise vartamAna meM vizAkhApaTTanama (A.pra.) ke pazcima meM nAgavatI nadI ke pAsa nagara ke rUpa meM pahacAnA gayA hai| 11. vArANasI yA vANArasI : bhAratIya sAhitya, saMskRti aura itihAsa meM vArANasI kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| yaha kAzI janapada kI rAjadhAnI thii| ise tebIsaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI janma bhUmi hone kA gaurava prApta hai| yaha bhI eka pratiSThita vyApAra-kendra thaa| varuNA tathA asI ina do nadiyoM ke bIca avasthita hone ke kAraNa isakA nAma vArANasI pdd'aa| nadiyoM ke nikaTakinAre hone se nadI jala mArga isase jur3e the| rezama aura kalAtmaka vastuoM ke lie yaha prakhyAta thii| uttarApatha kA rAstA vArANasI hokara jAtA thaa| 12. kauzAmbI : yaha vatsa sAmrAjya kI rAjadhAnI thii| yaha nagara 'kosama' nAmaka gA~va ke rUpa meM pahacAnA gayA jo ilAhAbAda se 37 mIla dUra dakSiNa-pazcima meM tathA yamunA nadI ke uttara meM sthita hai| yaha bhI acchA vyApAra kendra thA tathA usameM jala-parivahana kI bhI bhUmikA thii| 13. sAketa (ayodhyA): ayodhyA bhagavAna rAma kI janma-sthalI ke rUpa meM vikhyAta hai| prathama tIrthaMkara bhagavAna Rzabhadeva kI janma sthalI bhI ayodhyA (vinItA) ko mAnA jAtA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA bhI yahA~ vicaraNa huA thaa| vyApAra aura vyavasAya khUba hotA thaa| nadI jala mArga kA bhI usameM yogadAna thaa| yahA~ ke nivAsI susabhya aura susampanna the| kucha vidvAna sAketa aura ayodhyA ko do alaga-alaga svatantra nagara mAnate haiN| 14. sAvatthI (zrAvastI) : kuNAla rAjA kI isa rAjadhAnI ko 25", Arya dezoM meM bhI ginA gayA hai| ise vartamAna meM uttarapradeza meM ayodhyA ke nikaTa rAptI nadI ke kinAre 'saheta-maheta' nAmaka nagara ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| (153)

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15. maharA (mathurA) : jaina granthoM meM ise bhArata kA atyanta prAcIna nagara mAnA jAtA hai| prasiddha uttarApatha rAste meM mathurA bhI AtA thA, isase isakA vyApArika mahattva bar3ha gayA thaa| 16. ahicchatra : campA ke dhanya sArthavAha ne ahicchatra jAne ke lie apanA sArtha taiyAra kiyA thaa| ahicchatra se anya nagaroM se acche vyApArika sambandha the| uttarApatha kA rAstA yahA~ se hokara gujaratA thaa| uttarapradeza ke barailI jilAntargata rAmanagara ke rUpa meM vartamAna meM yaha jAnA jAtA hai| jaisA ki isake nAma se dhvanita hotA hai, yaha pAvana nagara bhagavAna pArzvanAtha se jur3A huA hai| kamaTha ke dvArA paidA kiye gaye upasarga ke bacAva meM dharaNendra deva ne nAgarAja kA rUpa banAkara pArzvanAtha para sahasra-phaNa se chatra karake unako upasarga se bacAyA thaa| 17. hastinApura : yaha nagara vibhinna prakAra kI kalA, zilpa aura udyoga ke lie jAnA jAtA hai| yaha bhI gaMgA ke kinAre basA thaa| mahAbhArata meM isakA varNana milatA hai| vartamAna meM ise mIrUta/meraTha (u.pra) se 22 mIla dUra uttara-pazcima koNa meM tathA dillI se 56 mIla dakSiNa-pUrva meM sthita khaNDaharoM ke rUpa meM pahacAnA gayA hai| Adi tIrthaMkara ke pautra hastina ke nAma se isakA nAmakaraNa hastinApura kiyA' athavA yahA~ hI bahuta hote the isalie isakA nAma hastinApura yA gajapura pdd'aa| 18. ujjainI : yaha vartamAna meM madhyapradeza meM ujjaina ke rUpa meM vidyamAna hai| Avazyaka __ cUrNi meM ise eka bar3A vyApArika kendra batAyA gayA hai| yahA~ kA vyApAra dUra dUra taka phailA huA thaa| 19. mAhesarI : uttara se dakSiNa ke bIca kA sthala hone se yaha sthAna donoM ora ke vyApAra kA kendra thaa| narmadA ke dakSiNa meM indaura (ma.pra.) ke pAsa ise sthita mAnA jAtA hai| 20. pratiSThAna : yaha godAvarI ke uttarI kinAre para mahArASTra ke auraMgAbAda ke nikaTa sthita mAnA jAtA hai| prAcIna samaya kA pratiSThita vyApArika kendra thaa| 21. sopAraya : vartamAna meM yaha mumbaI se 42 mIla uttara meM ThANe jilAntargata sopArA (nAlAsopArA) ke nAma se pahacAnA jAtA hai| prAcIna samaya meM yaha samudrI kinAre hone se videzI vyApAra kI gatividhiyoM kA mukhya kendra thaa| bhRgukaccha se suvarNabhUmi (barmA) taka isakA niyamita vyApAra thaa| . (154)

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22. bhRgukaccha : yaha nagara bhI 'droNamukha vyApAra kendra kA uttama udAharaNa hai| yaha samudrI kinAre bhI thA aura narmadA nadI ke bhii| sthala mArga se yaha jur3A huA thaa| yaha ujjainI se bhI vyApArika taura para jur3A huA thaa| vartamAna meM gujarAta meM bharUca ke rUpa meM yaha pahacAnA gayA hai| 23. dvAravatI : jJAtAdharmakathAMga" meM isa nagara ko bahuta sundara aura samRddha batAyA gayA hai| dvAravatI meM sArthavAhoM, zreSThiyoM aura vyApAriyoM dvArA sabhI prakAra kI vyApArika gatividhiyA~ sampanna kI jAtI thii| use kubera kI abhikalpanA ke anurUpa banAyA gayA thaa| vaha sone ke uttama parakoTe aura paMcaraMgI maNiyoM se saje kaMgUroM se zobhita thii| 24. vItibhayapaTTana : vartamAna meM isa nagara kI avasthiti pAkistAna ke zAhapura jile ke 'bhera' nagara ke rUpa meM kI gaI hai| Avazyaka cUrNi meM isakA 'kaMbhakAra-prakSepa nAma milatA hai| yaha nIcalI siMdhu ghATI ke janapada siMdhusauvIra kI rAjadhAnI thaa| siMdhu nadI ke bAyeM kinAre para sthita hone tathA registAna meM hone se isa nagara kA alaga hI vyApArika mahattva thaa| 25. takSazilA : takSazilA vyApArika kendra to thA hI, eka zikSA kendra ke rUpa meM isakI khyAti thii| pUrvottara bhArata ke vyApArI pazcima meM takSazilA hokara jAte the| kuvalayamAlAkahA ke anusAra prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke dharmacakra kA pravartana vahA~ huA thA aura vaha unake samavasaraNa se zobhita thii| takSazilA meM dvIpa-samudra kI bhA~ti asaMkhyAta dhana-vaibhava bikharA par3A thaa| pAkistAna meM rAvalapiNDI ke nikaTa isake avazeSa Aja bhI vidyamAna hai| ___26. puSkarAvatI : yahA~ bhI pUrvottara bhArata ke vyApArI vyApAra ke lie pahu~cate the| tathA yahA~ ke vyApArI bhI deza-videza meM vyApAra karate the| puSkalAvatI (kamala ke phUloM kA zahara) vartamAna meM pezAvara (pAkistAna) se 17 mIla uttara-pUrva meM sthita mAnA gayA hai| sampUrNa bhAratavarSa meM phaile ye vyApArika kendra tatkAlIna samaya kI Arthika gatividhiyoM para paryApta prakAza DAlate haiN| DaoN. prema sumana ne 'kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana' meM prAcIna bhArata ke bhaugolika vivaraNa aura Arthika jIvana para prakAza DAlate hue aneka tathya prastuta kiye haiN| Agamika Arthika jIvana ko samajhane meM ve bhI upayogI haiN| (155)

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: sandarbha 1. uttarAdhyayana 35/14, vyAkhyA-prajJapti 5/6/5 2. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 15/6, upAsakadazAMga 1/12 dazavaikAlika 5/71-72 vyavahAra-sUtra 9/19-20 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/138 6. nizIthacUrNi 4.5750, 2.1191 __upAsakadazAMga prathama adhyayana 8. nizIthacUrNi 2.1735 9. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 15/12 10. jaina, kamala (DaoN.) prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana, pa.-112 evaM dekheM 'sArthavAha' - DaoN. motiicndr| . 11. jaina, prema sumana (DaoN.) jaina sAhitya kI sAMskRtika bhUmikA, pR.-22 12. AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 1 13. kalpasUtra sUtra-4 14. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 15/6, 15/11 15. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 5/7 16. anuttaropapAtika 3/1/2 17. jambUdvIpaprajJapti TIkA 3.193 18. jaina, jagadIza candra (DaoN.) jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR.-164 19. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8vA~ adhyayana 20. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8vA~ adhyayana 21. vyAkhyA-prajJapti 1/16 (156)

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22. bahatkalpasUtra 1.50 23. jaina, jagadIza candra (DaoN.) jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR.-459 evaM prajJApanA 1.66 24. praznavyAkaraNa sUtra 5.17, bRhatkalpa meM solaha sthAna aise batAye gaye haiM, jahA~ zramaNa yA zramaNI varSA Rtu ke alAvA adhika samaya nahIM Thahara sakatI hai| unameM ina ATha kA samAveza haiN| zeSa ATha bhI vANijyika mahatva ke haiN| dekheM, prathama adhyyn| 25. vyAkhyA-prajJapti TIkA-A.abhayadeva 26. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1090 27. vahI, 1.1089 28. jaina, dinendra candra (DaoN) ikonomika lAipha ina eMzeMTa iMDiyA ez2a DepikTeDa ina jaina kainonikala liTarecara, pR. : 81-82 29. nirayAvalikA 1/1 30. aupapAtika sUtra 1 evaM uvavAI sUtra 39 31. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8/47 va 9vA~ adhyyn| 32. jaina, prema sumana (DaoN.) 'kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana', pR. : - 67 33. sarakAra, DI.sI., prAcIna aura madhyayuga ke bhArata kA bhaugolika adhyayana, pR.-323 . 34. avasthI, e.ela., prAcIna bhArata kA bhaugolika svarUpa, pR.-43 . 35. bosa, e.ena., sozyala eMDa rurala ikonomI ina nArdarna iMDiyA pR.-213 35. Avazyaka cUrNi 37. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 17/3 38. jaina, jagadIza candra (DaoN.) jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR.-466 39. uttarAdhyayana 22vA~ adhyayana (157)

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40. jaina, dinendra candra (DaoN) ikonomika lAipha ina eMzeMTa iMDiyA, pR.-86 41. jaina, prema sumana (DaoN.) 'kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana', pR. 42. vAjapeyI, ke.DI., uttarapradeza kI aitihAsika vibhUti, pR.-6 43. jaina, prema sumana (DaoN.) 'kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana', pR. 73 44. jaina, dinendra candra (DaoN) ikonomika lAipha ina eMzeMTa iMDiyA, pR.-87 45. vahI, pR.-87 46. jaina, prema sumana (DaoN.) 'kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana', pR. 47. motIcanda (DaoN.), sArthavAha', pR.-103 48. jaina, dinendra candra (DaoN) ikonomika lAipha ina ezeMTa iMDiyA ez2a DepikTeDa ina jaina kainonikala liTarecara, pR.-89 . 49. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 5/2 50. jaina, prema sumana (DaoN.) 'kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana', pR. 51. sarakAra, DI.sI., prAcIna aura madhyayuga ke bhArata kA bhaugolika adhyayana, pR.-323 52. jaina, prema sumana (DaoN.) kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana' adhyAya dUsarA va cauthaa| (158)

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pariccheda chaH AyAta-niryAta bhArata pracura prAkRtika vaibhava sampanna aura unnata vANijyika gatividhiyoM kA kendra thaa| bhArata kA videzI vyApAra bhI tatkAlIna samaya ke anya dezoM ke mukAbale bar3ha-car3ha kara thaa| jaina Agama granthoM meM prAcIna bhArata kI yaha tasvIra hameM dekhane ko milatI hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra rAjya niryAta ko protsAhita karatA thA tathA AyAtita vastuoM para kara lagAtA thaa| isase aneka bAteM phalita hotI haiN| yathA - usa samaya vipula utpAdana hotA thA tathA dezaja khapata ke bAda bhI niryAta yogya bahuta sArI vastue~ hotI thiiN| niryAta ke protsAhana se rAjya kI Arthika sthiti sudRr3ha banatI thii| jo vastue~ rAjya meM utpanna nahIM hotI yA aparyApta hotI, niryAta ke badale meM unheM maMgavAnA AsAna hotA thaa| isase rAjya meM kisI cIja kI kamI nahIM AtI thii| rAjA mahArAjA videzoM se vilAsitA kI vastue~ bhI maMgavAte the| sirpha . vastue~ hI nahIM, zrama kA, dAsa-dAsiyoM kA bhI AyAta-niryAta hotA thaa| mahArAjA zreNika ke anta:pura meM videzI dAsiyA~ thiiN| yavana, babbara, vAhalIka, pArasa, siMhala, araba Adi dezoM kI dAsiyA~ yahA~ thiiN| videzoM se sundara aura baliSTha ghor3e bhI AyAta kiye jAte the| bhAratIya vyApArI mithilA nareza kanakaketu ke lie kAlikAdvIpa se dhArIdAra ghor3e lAye the| araba aura kamboja se kanthaka jAti ke ghor3oM ko bhArata lAyA jAtA thaa| azva aura dAsa-dAsiyoM ke alAvA videzoM se svarNa, rajata, ratna, vastra Adi bhI AyAta kiye jAte the| AyAtakartA rAjakara se bacane ke lie chala bhI kara lete the| eka prasaMga meM aMkaratna, zaMkha aura hAthI dA~ta ke AyAtakartAoM ne kara se bacane ke lie apanA mArga badala liyA thaa| .... niryAta ke antargata bhArata se aneka prakAra kI vastue~ videzoM ko bhejI jAtI thI, jinameM ratna, vastra, saundarya prasAdhana, khilaune, gur3a jaisI aneka cIjeM bhejI jAtI thiiN| hastIzIrSa ke potavaNik candana, khasa, ilAyacI, supArI Adi .sugandhita vastue~, vibhinna prakAra ke vAdya yantra, gur3a, khANDa, mizrI, sUtI aura UnI vastra, khilaune Adi lekara kAlikAdvIpa gaye the| vyAkhyA sAhitya meM AyAta niryAta ke aneka ullekha prApta hote haiN| uttarAdhyayana TIkA ke anusAra pArasakula (159)

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(IrAna) ke sAtha bhArata ke vyApArika sambandha the aura vahA~ se sonA, cA~dI, motI, mUMge, maMjITha Adi kA AyAta kiyA jAtA thaa|' vyApArika mArga Aja jaisI pakkI DAmara kI sar3akoM kA nirmANa usa samaya huA ho, aisA ullekha prApta nahIM hotA hai| parantu AvAgamana ke lie suvyavasthita mArga prAcIna samaya meM the| vyApAra aura ina vyApAra-pathoM ke mAdhyama se deza hI nahIM, pUrA mahAdvIpa aura samudrI-mArga bhI jor3a diye jAye to pUrI duniyA se vastuoM aura vicAroM kA AdAna-pradAna hotA thaa| Aja se paccIsa-chabbIsa zatAbdiyoM pUrva, jaba vaijJAnika yantra aura mazIneM nahIM thI, jina AdhArabhUta suvidhAoM (inphrAsTrakcara) kA varNana hameM milatA hai, vaha mAnava ke puruSArtha kA bar3A pramANa hai| jaina Agama granthoM meM sthala, jala aura sAmudrika mArgoM ke ullekha prApta haiN| . sthala mArga vyApArika sthala mArga bIhar3a vana-pradezoM aura jokhimoM se bhare hote the| : jaMgalI jAnavaroM, jIva-jantuoM, luTeroM aura coroM kA bhaya banA rahatA thaa| vyakhyAprajJapti meM kama yAtAyAta vAle mArga ko patha aura adhika yAtAyAta vAle mArga ko mahApatha kahA gayA hai| tirAhoM (zRMgATaka), caurAhoM (catuSka) ke alAvA pravaha' (jahA~ cha: rAste milate ho) bhI hote the|" nagara aura nagara-mArgoM kI svacchatA aura surakSA ke lie rAjya kI ora se nagaraguptika niyukta hote the| unake dvArA mArgoM kI dekhabhAla kI jAtI thI aura sar3akoM kI marammata kI jAtI thii| sar3akoM ke rakharakhAva ke lie rAjya kI ora se patha-kara (vartanI) bhI vasUlA jAtA thaa| dezAntara gamana karane vAloM ko rAjya kI ora se anumati prApta karanI par3atI thii| isase avaidha vyApAra aura ghusapaiTha rokI jA sakatI thii| acchI sar3akoM se rAjya kI samRddhi jur3I hotI thii| mArga surakSita rahe, isake lie rAjya kI ora se surakSAkarmI bhI niyukta kiye jAte the| unheM 'gaulmika' kahA jAtA thaa| AvazyakatA ke anusAra mArgoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| rAjamArga, droNamukha tathA vyApArika maNDiyoM ko jAne vAle rAste ATha daNDa caur3e, tAlAba aura vana kI ora jAne vAle cAra daNDa caur3e, hAthiyoM ke calane aura kheta jAne vAle do daNDa caur3e, rathoM ke lie pA~ca ratna (do ratnamApa ko eka gaja ke barAbara mAnA jAtA thA), pazuoM ke lie cAra ratna tathA mAnava aura choTe pazuoM ke lie do ratna caur3e mArga nirmita kiye jAte the| (160)

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adhikatara vyApArika kendra ina mArgoM se dUsare vyApArika kendoM se jur3e the| jJAtAdharmakathAMgake anusAra campA se gambhIrapattana (tAmralipti) taka ke sar3aka mArga se potavaNik arhannaka gAr3iyA~ aura zaTaka lekara vyApAra ke lie gayA thaa| eka mArga campA se ahicchatra taka jAtA thaa| sArthavAha dhannA isI mArga se vyApAra ke lie gayA thaa| uttarApatha ___pATaliputra bhI aneka vyApArika mArgoM se jur3A thaa| pATaliputra se kAbula aura kandhAra jAne vAle mArga ko uttarApatha kahA jAtA thaa| pATaliputra ke muruNDa rAjA kA dUta isa patha se puruSapura (pezAvara) gayA thaa| kuvalayamAlAkahA ke anusAra takSazilA kA vaNikputra dhanadeva uttarApatha se hotA huA dakSiNApatha kI sopArakamaNDI pahu~cA thaa| cInI yAtrI phAhyAna isI patha se pATaliputra pahu~cA thaa| pANinI ne uttarApatha ko sthala-yAtAyAta kI dhamanI kahA hai| isa mArga para pATaliputra, vArANasI, kauzAmbI, sAketa, mathurA, takSazilA, puSkalAvatI, kapizA Adi pramukha nagara sthita the tathA yaha mArga Age vAlIka taka jAtA thaa| mathurA uttarApatha kA dUsarA vyApArika kendra thaa| uttarApatha meM mathurA ke sAtha 96 gA~va lage hue the| jala mArga . prAcIna bhArata kI dharatI para kalakala karatI aneka saritAe~ bahatI thIM tathA vartamAna kI bhA~ti pula bhI nahIM the| isase deza kA eka alaga hI bhUgola thaa| usameM nadiyoM ke pAra vyApAra meM viziSTa sAhasa aura yogyatA kI AvazyakatA thii| gaMgA, yamunA, sarayU, irAvatI, mahI, kosI, siMdhu, Adi nadiyoM ke rAste deza-videza meM vyApAra hotA thaa| nadiyoM meM pracura jala upalabdha thA aura vaha pradUSita bhI nahIM thaa| nadI kinAre base nagaroM kA vyApArika dRSTi se atyadhika mahatva thaa| nadI ke eka kinAre se dUsare kinAre taka mAla aura savAriyA~ Dhone vAle nAvikoM kA dhandhA bhI acchA calatA thaa| nepAla se Ane vAlI ekaThA nAva meM eka bAra meM 40 se 50 mana taka anAja bharA jA sakatA thaa| nadI pAra karane ke lie nirAzrAviNI naukA surakSita mAnI jAtI thii| avikasita kSetroM meM khAla para baiThakara bhI nadI pAra kI jAtI thii| bharata cakravartI kI digvijaya ke avasara para unakA carmaratna nAva meM parivartita ho gayA thaa| usa para savAra hokara unhoMne sindhu nadI ko pAra karate hue siMhala, barbara, yavana dvIpa, araba, elekjaiNDrA Adi dezoM kI yAtrA kI thii| (161)

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samudrI mArga samandara pAra vyApAra ke lie samudrI jahAjoM se yAtrAe~ kI jAtI thiiN| ye ... yAtrAe~ atyanta romAMcaka, sAhasabharI aura jokhimoM se bharI hotI thii| ve asurakSita bhI hotI thiiN| jaladasyuoM kA bhaya rahatA thaa| ve kAlI-pIlI sapheda jhaNDiyoM vAle, bar3I patavAroM vAle, drutagAmI potoM dvArA AkramaNa kara vyApAriyoM ko lUTa lete the 20 . samudrI yAtrA karane vAle sArthavAha bhI hote the| campA ke mAkandI nAmaka sArthavAha ke putroM - jinapAlita aura jinarakSita ne gyAraha bAra samudrI-mArga se yAtrAe~ kiiN| bArahavIM bAra kI unakI samudrI mArga kI yAtrA meM jahAja TUTa gayA tathA unheM bhayaMkara kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karanA pdd'aa| campA kA hI eka pAlita nAmaka vyApArI jalapota para savAra hokara vyApAra ke lie pihuNDa gayA thaa| DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina ke anusAra pihuNDa khAravela zilAlekha kA pithuDaga ho sakatA hai jo cikAkola aura kaliMgapaTama ke andarunI hisse meM sthita thaa| vasudevahiNDI, kuvalayamAlAkahA Adi granthoM meM bhI samudrI mArgoM se kI jAne vAlI romAMcaka vyAvasAyika yAtrAoM ke ullekha milate haiN| jala mArgoM kI surakSA ke lie rAjya kI ora se potavAdhyakSa niyukta kiyA jAtA thA, jo mArgoM aura yAnoM kI surakSA sunizcita karatA thaa| yAna aura vAhana mAnava sabhyatA kI pragati ke mUla meM eka mahatvapUrNa AviSkAra hai - pahiyA yA ckr| yaha gati aura pragati kA pratIka hai| Agama yuga kA mAnava AtmavidyA meM pAraMgata thA to bhautika pragati meM bhI pIche nahIM thaa| vyApAra, vyavasAya aura anya kAryoM ke lie vaha vividha prakAra ke vAhanoM kA prayoga karatA thaa| ye vAhana jamIna para calane vAle tathA jala meM calane vAle hote the| AkAzIya vAhanoM ke bhI ullekha prApta hote haiN| sthala vAhana ___ sthala mArgIya vAhanoM meM baila, hAthI, ghor3e, gadhe, U~Ta Adi pazu bahuta kAma Ate the| svatantra rUpa se mAla Dhone meM bhI aura vibhinna prakAra ke vAhanoM ko khIMcane meM bhii| ratha, zaTaka, bailagAr3I Adi vAhanoM ke mAdhyama se mAla parivahanita hotA thaa| nara-vAhana bhI hote the| DolI, pAlakI, kAvar3a aura zivikA nara-vAhana ke rUpa haiN| para inakA vyAvasAyika upayoga adhika nahIM hotA thaa| meghakumAra kI dIkSA ke avasara para sau puruSoM dvArA vahana kI jAne vAlI zivikA kA upayoga (162)

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kiyA gayA thaa| kama se kama cAra vyaktiyoM dvArA uThAI jAne vAlI zivikAe~ hotI thiiN| zivikA sampanna va rAjanya varga dvArA vizeSa rUpa se upayoga meM lAI jAtI thii| dhArmika-sAMskRtika AyojanoM meM bhI zivikA kA upayoga hotA thaa| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne candraprabha nAmaka zivikA meM baiThakara abhiniSkramaNa kiyA thaa| vyAvasAyika uddezyoM ke lie vibhinna prakAra kI gAr3iyA~ hotI thii| vANijyagrAma ke gRhapati Ananda ke pAsa dUragamana (disAyatta) aura sthAnIya kAryoM (saMvahaNIya) ke lie 500-500 zaTaka gAr3iyA~ thiiN| baila aura ghor3oM se ratha saMcAlita hote the| yuddhoM meM bhI rathoM kA upayoga hotA thaa| yAnazAlAoM (gairez2a) kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| jala vAhana nAva, pota aura jalayAna (jahAja) mukhya jala vAhana the| nAva (naukA) nadI va jhIla meM aura pota va jalayAna samudra meM calate the| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM do prakAra kI nAveM batAI gaI haiM 36 1. AzrAviNI - chidravAlI aura kmjor| 2. nirAzrAviNI - nizchidra aura mjbuut| AcArAMga sUtra" meM tIna prakAra kI naukAeM batAI gaI haiM - 1. urdhvagAminI - pravAha ke pratikUla jAne vaalii| 2. adhogAminI - pravAha ke anukUla jAne vaalii| 3. tiryaggAminI - eka kinAre se dUsare kinAre va tirachI gamana karane vAlI / nizIthasUtra meM cAra prakAra kI naukAoM kA ullekha haiM - prathama do AcArAMga sUtrAnusAra tathA tIsarI aura cauthI kramazaH yojanavelAgAminI aura ardhyojnvelaagaaminii| nizIthabhASya meM bhI cAra prakAra kI naukAe~ batAI gaI haiN| . parantu ve nizIthasUtra se kucha bhinna haiN| unameM prathama tIna AcArAMga ke anusAra aura cauthI kA nAma samudragAminI naukA hai| samudragAminI nAva se telAyagapaTTaNa (verAvala) se dvArakA kI yAtrA kI jAtI thii| nAvoM ke agaTThiyA, antaraMDakaDoliyA (DoMgI), koMcavIraga (jalayAna), kumbha, tumba, datti, uDupa, paNi Adi nAma bhI milate haiN|" Avazyaka niyukti ke anusAra prathama tIrthaMkara bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne jalapotoM kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| sUtrakRtAMga meM varNita lepa gAthApati ke pAsa aneka yAna the| bauddha jAtaka sAhitya meM pA~ca sau vyaktiyoM kI kSamatA ke jahAja kA ullekha milatA hai| (163)

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jahAja ke lie pota, potavahana, vahana, pravahaNa Adi nAma milate haiM tathA ye kASThanirmita hote the| ye jhIla aura samudra donoM meM calane vAle alaga-alaga prakAra ke hote the| jo samudra meM nahIM calane vAle hote unameM patavAra, rajju, DaNDe Adi hote jabaki samudrI jalapotoM meM kapar3oM ke pAla atirikta rUpa se lage rahate the| jalayAnoM se lambI dUrI kI dIrgha yAtrAe~ kI jAtI thii| isalie unheM saMcAlita karane vAle vizeSajJa vyaktiyoM kA dala (sTApha) bhI sAtha rahatA thA, jinakI alaga-alaga jimmedAriyA~ hotI thiiN| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke anusAra yAna ke agra bhAga meM devamUrti, pichale bhAga meM niyAmaka yA niryAmaka (nijAmaya), madhya bhAga meM garbhaja (choTA-bar3A kAma karane vAle) tathA pArzva bhAga meM cAlaka kukSidhara hote the| vAyuyAna ___ rAjapraznIya sUtra meM vimAna aura devayAna kA ullekha milatA hai| vyAvasAyika uddezyoM se ina yAnoM ke upayoga kA koI vivaraNa nahIM milatA hai| jaina kathA sAhitya meM vidyAdharoM aura labdhidhAriyoM dvArA AkAza mArga se gamana ke ullekhoM meM koI Arthika prayojana dRSTigocara nahIM hotA hai| jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (bhAga5)47 ke anusAra prAcIna bhArata meM vikasita vimAna vidyA thii| vimAna banAne aura vAyu mArga se use saMcAlita karane kI vaijJAnika vidhi, takanIka aura kauzala kI jAnakArI bhI prAcIna bhArata meM thii| vimAna vidyA se Arthika gatividhiyoM kI pUrI zrRMkhalA jur3I thii| mahArAja bhoja ke kAla meM vimAna ur3ate the aura rAjA-mahArAjAoM ke pAsa nijI vimAna hote the| kabUtara DAkiye kA dAyitva vAyu mArga se hI nibhAte the| kamAI ke lie paradeza gaye priya ko sandeza bhijavAne, rAjakIya sandezoM ke sampreSaNa Adi meM kapotoM kI mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| moTe taura para gaira-Arthika kAryoM se bhI Arthika prayojana jur3e rahate the| Arthika pakSa se jur3e kucha caritra pUrva meM batAyA gayA ki AryarakSita ne jaina Agama sAhitya ko cAra anuyogoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai - caraNakaraNAnuyoga, dharmakathAnuyoga, gaNitAnuyoga aura drvyaanuyog| caraNakaraNAnuyoga meM AcAra kA vizeSa pratipAdana hai| dharmakathAnuyoga meM dRSTAnta, kathA, caritra Adi kA varNana hai| gaNitAnuyoga meM arthazAstra sahita sabhI viSayoM kI gaNita sambandhI jAnakAriyA~ samAhita rahatI haiN| dravyAnuyoga meM tatva aura darzana sambandhI viSayoM kA samAveza rahatA hai| Arthika pakSa mukhya rUpa se (164)

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dharmakathAnuyoga aura caraNakaraNAnuyoga meM vidyamAna rahatA hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga kI kucha kathAoM kI viSaya vastu to aisI hai ki unheM artha-kathAe~ bhI kaha sakate haiN| upAsakadazAMga ke dasoM hI zrAvakoM kA jIvana arthazAstrIya dRSTi se samRddha thaa| unakI samRddhi ke pIche nIti, kartavya aura dharma kA anUThA aura preraka sambala thaa| ina granthoM ke alAvA antagaDa, anuttaropapAtika, vipAkasUtra Adi bhI kathA pradhAna haiN| sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, bhagavatI Adi meM bhI aneka rUpaka aura kathAe~ aisI haiM, jo arthazAstrIya dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| yahA~ aise hI preraka caritroM meM se kucha para eka vihaMgama dRSTipAta kiyA jA rahA haiN| rohiNI jJAta chaThaveM aMga AgamaM jJAtAdharmakathA ke sAtaveM adhyayana meM yaha kathA AtI hai| rAjagRha nagara ke dhanya sArthavAha ke cAra putra the - dhanapAla, dhanadeva, dhanagopa aura dhnrkssit| cAroM hI nAmoM ke sAtha 'dhana' zabda jur3A honA prastuta sandarbha meM ullekhanIya bAta hai| unakI patniyoM ke nAma the - ujjhitA, bhogavatI, rakSikA aura rohinnii| jIvana kI sAMdhya velA meM dhanya sArthavAha ne bhaviSya kA vicAra kiyA ki usake pazcAt kauTumbika vyavasthA ko sucAru rUpa se calAne ke lie kucha kiyA jAnA caahiye| usane eka kAryakrama rkhaa| usameM usane apane sage-sambandhiyoM, mitroM aura paricitoM ko AmaMtrita kiyA tathA sabake samakSa cAroM putravadhuoM ko bulAkara pratyeka ko cAvala ke pA~ca-pA~ca dAne diye aura kahA ki - 'mere mAMgane para ye pA~ca dAne vApasa lauttaanaa|' ___ ujjhitA ne socA koThAra meM Dhera sAre cAvala haiN| zvasurajI jaba bhI mAMgeMge, de dNgii| yaha soca usane cAvala ke una pA~ca dAnoM ko ekAnta meM DAla diyaa| bhogavatI ne pA~coM zAli ke dAnoM ko chIlA aura chIla kara khA gii| tIsarI bahU rakSikA ne vicAra kiyA ki zvasurajI ne samAroha pUrvaka ye pA~ca dAne punaH lauTAne kI hidAyata ke sAtha diye haiN| nizcita hI isakA koI artha honA caahiye| usane pA~coM dAnoM ko DibbI meM saMbhAla kara rakha liyaa| cauthI bahU rohiNI ne socA - 'isa prakAra pA~ca dAne dene meM avazya hI koI rahasya honA caahiye| isalie mere lie yaha ucita hai ki cAvala ke ina pA~ca dAnoM kA saMrakSaNa, saMgopana aura saMvardhana kruuN|' aisA vicAra karake usane apane kulagRha ke sadasyoM ko bulAyA aura unheM una pA~ca zAli-akSatoM ko diyA aura kahA ki ina pA~ca zAli-akSatoM ko alaga kyArI meM (165)

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bonaa| isa nirdeza ke sAtha rohiNI, buvAI aura buvAI ke bAda kI sArI prakriyA va pravidhi apane kulagRha ke sadasyoM ko samajhAtI hai| kulagRha ke sadasya rohiNI ke nirdezAnusAra una pA~ca akSata dAnoM ko alaga se bote haiN| unakI phasala alaga se lete haiN| unakA vidhivat bhaNDAraNa karate haiN| punaH una bar3he hue dAnoM ko bote haiN| varSa / dara varSa yaha krama calatA hai| ___ pA~ca varSa bAda dhanya sArthavAha punaH eka bhoja aura milana kA kAryakrama rakhatA hai| usameM sabhI parivArajanoM, mitroM aura paricitoM ko AmaMtrita karatA hai| kAryakrama ke daurAna cAroM bahuoM ko bulAkara pA~ca varSa pUrva diye pA~ca zAli-akSata ke dAnoM ke bAre meM pUchatA hai| pahalI bahU ujjhitA se dAne lete hue pUchA ki ye dAne vahI haiM yA dUsare? ujjhitA kahatI hai - duusre| isa para sArthavAha ne usa bahU ko usake svabhAva ke anusAra ghara ke jhADU-kacarA aura bAhara ke kAryoM kI jimmedArI sauMpa dii| dUsarI bahU bhogavatI, jo akSata ke dAne khA gaI thI, ko rasoI sambandhI jimmedArI sauNpii| tIsarI bahU rakSitA ne pA~ca dAne DibbI meM saMbhAla kara rakhe the| zvasurajI ko ve hI dAne lauttaaye| zvasurajI saMtuSTa hue aura unhoMne rakSitA ko dhanasampadA, ratna-maNi aura bahumUlya khajAne kI bhANDAgAriNI ke rUpa meM niyukta kara diyaa| cauthI bahU rohiNI ko pUchane para batAyA gayA ki ve pA~ca zAli-akSata ke dAne pA~ca varSoM meM bahuta bar3ha gaye haiN| isalie gAr3iyA~ bharakara unheM lauTAnA hogaa| isa para sArthavAha ne rohiNI ko bahuta chakar3A-chakar3I diye| rohiNI ne gAr3iyA~ bhara-bhara kara ve dAne lauTAye to saba dekhate raha gye| dhanya sArthavAha ne rohiNI ko kuTumba kA sarvesarvA niyukta kara diyaa| isa kathA ke mAdhyama se hAlAMki granthakAra dharma-zikSA detA hai, parantu isake kaI Arthika pakSa ubharate haiN| 1. dhanya, sArthavAha thaa| sArthavAha deza-videza meM vyApAra karane vAlA bahuta bar3e vyApArika dala kA mukhiyA hotA hai| vaha viziSTa prabandhakIya kauzala kA dhanI hotA hai tathA prastuta kathA meM usake isa kauzala ko vaha prakaTa karatA hai| 2. dhanya ke cAroM putroM ke nAma arthazAstrIya haiN| 3. gopanIya bAtoM ko chor3akara koI bhI bar3A phaisalA sabake sAmane athavA sabakI sammati se kiyA jAtA thaa| (166)

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4. eka pratiSThita kuTumba kI bahU bhI kRSi sambandhI AdyopAnta jJAna rakhatI thii| isase tatkAlIna samaya meM samRddha kRSi aura khetI-bAr3I kI sUcanA milatI hai| kRSi-kAryoM meM mahilAoM kI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA thii| kRSi ke lie sahAyaka upakaraNoM aura vAhanoM tathA khetI-bAr3I kI prakriyA ke vivaraNa kA bahuta Arthika mUlya hai| mAkandI sArthavAha jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke navam adhyayana meM yaha kathA AtI hai| kathA atyanta rocaka hai| isameM sAhitya ke nau rasa - zRMgAra, hAsya, karuNa, raudra, vIra, bhayAnaka, bIbhatsa, adbhuta aura zAnta tathA ina nau rasoM ke sthAyI bhAva - rati, hAsa, zoka, krodha, utsAha, bhaya, jugupsA, vismaya aura zama kA samAveza huA hai| kathA ke anusAra campAnagarI meM mAkandI sArthavAha rahatA thaa| usake do putra the - jinapAlita aura jinrkssit| unhoMne gyAraha bAra vyApAra ke lie lavaNa samudra kI sAhasika yAtrAe~ kI aura pracura dhana kamA kara ve sakuzala svadeza lautte| ve bArahavIM bAra samudra-yAtrA karanA cAhate the| parantu unake mAtA-pitA ne manA kara diyaa| phira bhI ve dhana lAbha kI AzA meM bArahavIM bAra samudra-yAtrA karate haiN| samudra meM bhArI-bhayAnaka tUphAna AtA haiN| ke usameM burI taraha pha~sa jAte haiN| kisI taraha jalayAna ke TUTe pATiye ke Asare donoM bhAI apanI jAna bacAkara eka dvIpa para pahu~ca jAte haiN| vahA~ dvIpa para rahane vAloM ke adhIna unheM rahanA par3atA hai| eka bhAI to apanI caturAI, dhairya aura dRr3hatA ke sahAre dvIpa se sakuzala campA lauTa AtA hai| unakI yaha vApasI vAyu-mArga se hotI hai| parantu dUsarA cUka karatA hai aura bIca samudra meM hI use jAna se hAtha dhonA par3atA hai| isa kathAnaka meM Agama yuga kI vANijyika gatividhiyoM kA mArmika citraNa hai| unake nimna Arthika bindu ubharate haiM - 1. dhanArjana karanA AsAna nhiiN| jIvana aura jagata ke sAre raMga-DhaMga usameM dekhane ____ ko milate haiN| .. 2. samudra-yAtrA kI taiyaarii| jokhima bharI samudra yaatraaeN| 3. mAla, mAla kA prakAra, mAla ko mApane ke upakaraNoM kA vrnnn| 4. sthala-yAna aura jala-yAna kA vrnnn| . 5. AyAta-niryAta aura videzI vyaapaar| 16. deva zaktiyoM aura vidyAoM ke sahAre AkAza-mArga se aavaagmn| (167)

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dhanya sArthavAha usa samaya campA eka vANijyika nagarI thii| yaha kathAnaka bhI campAnagarI se sambandhita hai| jJAtAdharmakathAMga ke pandrahaveM adhyayana 'nandIphala' meM isakA varNana. hai| campAnagarI meM dhanya sArthavAha rahatA thaa| eka bAra usane vikraya ke lie mAla lekara ahicchatA nagarI jAne kA vicAra kiyaa| prasthAna ke kucha dinoM pUrva usane pUrI campAnagarI meM ghoSaNA karavAI ki jo koI vyakti dhanya ke sArtha ke sAtha calanA cAhe, vaha usake sAtha cala sakatA hai| sAtha meM calane vAloM ke lie bhojana, vastra, AvAsa, AvazyakatA par3ane para cikitsA Adi saba vyavasthAe~ dhanya sArthavAha kI ora se kI jaaegii| zubha tithi aura samaya dekhakara dhanya sArthavAha aneka logoM ke sAtha vyApAra ke lie prasthAna karatA hai| pUrva ghoSaNA ke anusAra pratyeka sahayAtrI ke lie dhanya sArI vyavasthAe~ karatA hai| kisI ko koI takalIpha nahIM hone detA hai tathA nItipUrvaka vyApAra, vyavasAya aura dharma kI zikSA detA hai| dhanya sabhI vyApArika mAgoM ko bhalI-bhA~ti jAnatA thaa| campA se ahicchatra ke rAste meM eka bhayAnaka aTavI par3atI thii| usameM jaharIle per3a-paudhe, phala aura vanaspatiyA~ thiiN| dhanya sabhI yAtriyoM ko aise vRkSoM se dUra rahane kI hidAyata detA hai| isa taraha pUrA sArtha lekara dhanya ahicchatra pahu~catA hai| vahA~ ke rAjA kanakaketu se bheMTa kara unheM bahumUlya upahAra detA hai| rAjA ne dhanya ko vyApAra karane kI anumati de dI aura kara mApha kara diye| sabhI logoM ne apanI apanI yogyatA ke anusAra vyApAra kiyA aura yathAsamaya punaH campA lautte| Arthika jIvana kI dRSTi se yaha kathAnaka bahuta hI mahatvazAlI hai| isase nimna Arthika bindu spaSTa hote haiM - 1. sArthavAha kI prabhAvazIlatA aura udAratA kA digdrshn| 2. vyavasAya kA uddezya kevala lAbha hI nahIM varan samAja-sevA aura deza kI unnati bhI hai| 3. dhanya kA sArtha mAnavIya ekatA kA jIvanta samUha hai| vaha binA kisI bhedabhAva ke samAja ke hara varga, dharma, jAti aura stara ke vyakti ko apane sArtha meM sammilita karatA hai| vyavasAya ke mAdhyama se sAmAjika samatA aura sauhArdra kA yaha anUThA kathAnaka hai| 4. kaThina yAtrA-patha kA vrnnn| 5. rAjakIya samparko se vyApAra sugama banA lenA aura kara-mukti kA lAbha prApta krnaa| (168)

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samudrapAlIya mUla Agama grantha uttarAdhyayana ke ikkIsaveM adhyayana ke anusAra aMgadeza kI campApurI meM pAlita nAma kA eka samudra vyApArI thaa| vaha bhagavAna mahAvIra kA ziSya thaa| vaha jalayAnoM meM bharakara mAla videzoM meM le jAtA aura laataa| usakA AyAta-niryAta kA vistRta vyApAra thaa| eka bAra vaha vyApAra ke lie samudra ke taTavartI pihuNDa nagara phuNcaa| vyApArika uddezyoM se use usa nagara meM kucha adhika samaya taka rukanA pdd'aa| usakI prAmANikatA, nItiparAyaNatA, vyApAra-nipuNatA aura vyavahAra-kuzalatA se prabhAvita hokara pihuNDa nagara ke eka zreSThI ne apanI putrI kA vivAha usake sAtha kara diyaa| pAlita jaba usakI nava-vivAhitA ke sAtha punaH campAnagarI lauTa rahA thA, taba samudra meM, jalayAna meM hI usakI patnI ne eka sarvAMga sundara putra ko janma diyaa| samudra meM janma hone se usakA nAma samudrapAla rakhA gyaa| samudrapAla yuvA huA aura bahattara kalAoM meM niSNAta huaa| bAda meM nimitta milane para samudrapAla dIkSA le letA hai| isa kathA kI nimnAMkita Arthika niSpattiyA~ haiM - 1. Agama granthoM kI ina kathAoM se prAcIna bhAratIya jahAjarAnI para paryApta prakAza par3atA hai| * 2. agaNita jokhimoM ke bAvajUda videzI vyApAra khUba kiyA jAtA thaa| . 3. vyApAra meM praamaanniktaa| 4. tatkAlIna sAmAjika paramparAoM kI sUcanA prApta hotI haiN| jaise - ADambararahita vivAha aura jAtigata bhedoM kI upekSA / inake suprabhAva logoM kI Arthika dazA aura sAmAjika sauhArdra para hote the| upAsakadazAMga ke dasa zrAvaka upAsakadazAMga sAtavA~ aMga Agama hai| isameM I. pU. 600 kA sajIva sAMskRtika citraNa hai| Ananda aura anya zrAvakoM kA jIvana tatkAlIna vyApAra, vANijya aura vyavasAya para prakAza DAlatA hai| rAjA, Izvara, talavara Adi nAma rAjyAdhikAriyoM ke paricAyaka haiN| campA, rAjagRha Adi nagaroM evaM rAjAoM ke nAma, magadha tathA AsapAsa ke janapadoM kA bhaugolika aura vyAvasAyika paricaya dete haiN|' prastuta zodha-prabandha meM aneka sthaloM para upAsakadazAMga ke Arthika mahatva ke (169)

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sandarbho kA ullekha huA hai| Ananda Adi zrAvakoM kA lambA-caur3A vyavasAya hai aura unake pAsa apAra vaibhava hai| sabhI tIrthaMkara mahAvIra se aNuvrata, zikSAvrata aura guNavrata grahaNa karate haiN| vratoM ke anusAra apanA jIvana yApana karate haiN| mitavyayitA aura udAratA, karma aura dharma, tyAga aura bhoga, rAga aura virAga Adi kA unake jIvana meM adbhuta sumela thaa| upAsakadazAMga se spaSTa hotA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne eka vratI samAja kI AdhArazilA rakhI thii| usase krAntikArI sAmAjika, Arthika aura dhArmika utkarSa huA thaa| usakA prabhAva Aja bhI hai| vrata-niyamoM se calane vAle vipula bhautika aura AdhyAtmika vaibhava ke svAmI bana jAte haiN| vipAka sUtra ke dvitIya zrutaskandha meM subAhukumAra, bhadranandI, sujAta Adi kA jIvana bhI vratoM se otaprota thaa| eka zoSaNa-mukta zrama AdhArita unnata artha-vyavasthA Agama-yuga meM janma le rahI thii| usake sUtradhAra tIrthaMkara mahAvIra the| ___ isa prakAra Agama granthoM meM aneka kathAe~, caritra, dRSTAnta, udAharaNa Adi milate haiM, jinakA arthazAstrIya adhyayana hameM kaI jAnakAriyA~ detA haiN| Agamottara kAla meM bhI taraMgavatI, samarAiccakahA, kuvalayamAlA jaisI kAlajayI kathAe~ likhI gaIM aura aneka kathAkoza race gye| jinameM tatkAlIna samaya ke Arthika-sAmAjika jIvana ke bAre meM aneka ajJAta-alpajJAta jAnakAriyA~ milatI haiN| pethar3azAha, jagaDUzAha, bhAmAzAha jaise sAr3he cauhattara zAha jaina samAja meM prasiddha haiN| jinake caritroM kA Arthika pakSa atyanta ujjvala aura preraka rahA hai| (170)

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sandarbha jJAtAdharmakathAMga, aSTam adhyayana sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, 1/2/3/145 NAyAdhammakahAo, 1/66 rAyappaseNIya, 162 NAyAdhammakahAo, 17/12 jaina, kamala (DaoN.) prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana, pR.-120 7. rAjapraznIya sUtra 164 8. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 17/14 1. uttarAdhyayana TIkA, pR.-64 10. bhagavatI sUtra 2/5/96 11. bahatklpa bhASya 3/2300 12. aupapAtika sUtra-40 aura sUtra 45 13. niruttAdi vattaNI va jhaa| bahatkalpabhASya 1/189 14. mudrApaTTakaM dUtapuruSaM vA mArgayitavyAH, bahatkalpabhASya 3/2787 15. bahatkalpabhASya 1/260 16. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/4/22 17. pAyAdhammakahAo, 8vA~ adhyayana 18. NAyAdhammakahAo, 15vA~ adhyayana 19. jaina, kamala (DaoN.) prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana, pR.-129 20. bahatkalpabhASya 1.1776 21. nizItha sUtra 42 - taM jahA - gaMgA, jauNA, saraU, erAvaI, mhii| 22. jaina, jagadIza candra (DaoN.) jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pR.-182 (171)

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23. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 23/71 24. sUtrakRtAMga 1/11, piNDa niyukti 42 25. jaina, jagadIza candra (DaoN.) jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pR.-183 evaM Avazyaka cuurnni| 26. praznavyAkaraNa sUtra 3/7 27. NAyAdhammakahAo, 9vA~ adhyayana 28. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 21.2 evaM jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pR.-173 29. jaina, kamala (DaoN.) prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Arthika jIvana, pa.-132 30. kauTilIya arthazAstra 2/28/45 31. sUtrakRtAMga 1/3/2/197 32. jJAtAdharmakathAMga prathama adhyayana 33. candraprabhAkhyazivikAmadhirUDho dRddh'brtH| - uttarapurANa 74/299 evaM dekheM __ AcArAMga sUtra (2/15/367-368) meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI dIkSA-zivikA kA vrnnn| 34. upAsakadazAMga 1/20 35. aupapAtika sUtra 49 36. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 23/71 37. AcArAMga sUtra 2/3/1/137 38. nizItha sUtra 18.12-13 39. nizItha bhASya, pIThikA 183 40. jaina, jagadIza candra (DaoN.) jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR.-182 evaM nizItha cUrNi 1/185 va 3/4209 41. Avazyaka niyukti 214 42. sUtrakRtAMga 2/7/69 (172)

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43. paNDAra jAtaka 2/128, 5/75 44. aupapAtika sUtra 32 ke saMyama-pota ke varNana meM ina pratIkoM kA udAharaNa diyA gayA hai| 45. jJAtAdharmakathAMga 8vA~ va 17vA~ adhyyn| 46. rAjapraznIya sUtra 4 47.. bhAradvAja, esa. ke. (DaoN.) kA lekha 'prAcIna bhArata meM vimAna vidyA' jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, pR.-6| 48. dharmakathAnuyoga meM artha-kathAe~ bhI milatI haiM athavA upayogI Arthika sandarbha prApta hote haiN| upAdhyAya kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala' ne cAroM anuyogoM para aitihAsika kArya kiyA, jisameM dharmakathAnuyoga bhI hai| kathA sAhitya para DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina kI 'do hajAra varSa purAnI kahAniyA~' tathA 'jaina kathA sAhitya vividha rUpoM meM', DaoN. prema sumana jaina kI 'ahiMsA kI kathAe~', 'prAkRta kathA sAhitya parizIlana', upAdhyAya puSkara muni kI 'jaina kathAe~' (111 bhAga) pravartaka rameza muni kI 'pratApa kathA kaumudI' Adi pustakeM drssttvy| 49. zAstrI, indracandra (DaoN.) upAsakadazAMga sUtra (vyAkhyAkAra-AcArya AtmArAmajI) meM prastAvanA pRSTha-13 (173)

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adhyAya caturtha : mUlyaparaka arthavyavasthA pariccheda eka aNuvratoM kA arthazAstra pariccheda do dAna, gRhasthAcAra aura rASTra-dharma pariccheda tIna vyasana niSedha aura mArgAnusArI kA Arthika pakSa (174)

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pariccheda eka aNuvratoM kA arthazAstra aNuvrata svarUpa jaina dharma meM sadgRhastha aura sadgRhiNI ko zrAvaka aura zrAvikA kahA gayA hai tathA caturvidha saMgha ke cAra stambhoM meM se do stambha zrAvaka aura zrAvikA ke haiN| isa prakAra saMghIya vyavasthA kA AdhA bhAra gRhastha varga para hai| yadi vyavasthA kI dRSTi se dekhA jAya to zramaNa varga zramaNIya maryAdAoM meM jItA hai tathA unakI saMkhyA bhI thor3I hotI hai, isalie saMgha kA adhikAMza dAyitva zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM para hI hai| sAmudAyika prabandhakIya kauzala kA abhyAsa aura prayoga gRhastha saMghIya vyavasthAoM meM sahayoga karake karatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne gRhasthAcAra ke rUpa meM zrAvaka ke lie bAraha vratoM kI vyavasthA kI hai| inameM pA~ca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata aura cAra zikSA-vrata haiN| upAsakadazAMga ke anusAra guNavrata aura zikSAvrata alaga-alaga nahIM hokara sAta zikSAvrata kahate hue guNavratoM kA unameM samAveza kara liyA gayA hai|' ____ aNuvrata pani choTe-choTe vrata / ye choTe-choTe vrata vyakti ko bar3A se bar3A banAne meM sakSama haiN| choTe-choTe niyama AdamI ko pUrNatA pradAna karate haiM aura pUrNatA koI choTI bAta nahIM hotI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI sampUrNa AcAra vyavasthA samajha aura prajJA para avalambita hai| isalie vahA~ anAgraha tathA nirNaya kI svatantratA vidyamAna hai| Agama sAhitya meM kahIM bhI aisI bhASA nahIM hai, jahA~ sAdhaka ko usakI icchA ke viparIta sAdhanA-mArga para agrasara hone ke lie kahA gayA ho| . vrata vyavasthA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kramabaddha aura sUkSma cintana diyA hai| hiMsAdi pApa tIna karaNa aura tIna yoga se hote haiN| tIna karaNa haiM - pApa svayaM nahIM karanA, pApa dUsaroM se nahIM karavAnA aura pApa kA anumodana nahIM krnaa| tIna yoga haiM - mana, vacana aura kaayaa| inake kula 49 bheda banate haiN| zrAvaka ke lie adhikatara vrata do karaNa tIna yoga se anupAlanIya batAye gaye haiN| kucha vrata eka karaNa eka yoga se anupAlanIya haiN| ina vratoM kA AcaraNa samAja va deza ke lie eka yogya nAgarika kA nirmANa karanA hai| arthazAstrIya dRSTi se vaha nAgarika sImita saMsAdhanoM kA upayoga karane vAlA hotA hai| nyUnatama lenA, adhikatama denA aura zreSThatapa jInA' usake jIvana kA sUtra hotA hai| (175)

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Agama-granthoM meM pratyeka vrata ke pA~ca-pA~ca aticAra batAye gaye haiN| granthoM meM vratoM ke niraticAra pAlana para jora diyA gayA hai| sthAnAMga sUtra meM vrata ke khaNDana kI cAra koTiyA~ batAI gaI haiM - 1. atikrama - vrata kI paridhi tor3ane kA mAnasika sNklp| 2. vyatikrama - vratoM ko tor3ane ke lie sAmagrI juttaanaa| 3. aticAra - vrata kA AMzika rUpa se khnnddn| 4. anAcAra - vrata kA bhaMga ho jaanaa| aticAra taka jo doSa lagate haiM; ve nahIM lage, isakI sAvadhAnI rakhanI caahiye| aticAra taka lage doSoM se vrata khaNDita nahIM hotA hai| anAcAra se vaha khaNDita ho jAtA hai| bAraha vratoM kA arthazAstrIya adhyayana 1. ahiMsA __ ahiMsA prathama aura pramukha aNuvrata hai| isa vrata ke antargata zrAvaka sthUla hiMsA kA tyAga karatA hai| isa vrata kA nAma 'sthUla prANAtipAta viramaNa' hai| zrAvaka sthUla prANAtipAta ke antargata saMkalpapUrvaka trasa niraparAdha prANiyoM kI hiMsA kA do karaNa tIna yoga se tyAga karatA hai| hiMsA ke cAra prakAra batAye gaye haiM - saMkalpajA, ArambhajA, udyoginI aura virodhinii| saMkalpajA hiMsA : ahiMsA vratI irAdatana hiMsA kA pUrNa tyAgI hotA hai| isase samAja meM pratizodha kI bhAvanA kabhI nahIM paidA hotI hai tathA tor3a-phor3a aura vinAza para aMkuza lagatA hai| eka vyakti irAde se koI aparAdha karatA hai aura eka vyakti se bhUlavaza koI pApa ho jAtA hai; dharma aura kAnUna donoM dRSTiyoM se irAdatana aparAdha karane vAlA adhika sajA kA bhAgI hotA hai| ArambhajA hiMsA : jIvana vyavahAra meM nahIM cAhate hue bhI ArambhajA hiMsA hotI hai| zrAvaka ke lie vaha chUTa yogya hotI hai| pApa kama se kama ho, isakA viveka zrAvaka rakhatA hai| udyoginI hiMsA : jIvikopArjana ke lie vyavasAya aura udyoga saMcAlana meM jo hiMsA hotI hai, usakA parityAga vratI ke lie saMbhava nahIM hai, isalie vaha chUTa (176)

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yogya hai| udAharaNa ke taura para zrAvaka khetI bAr3I karatA hai, usameM trasa jIvoM kI hiMsA bhI ho jAtI hai| parantu, usameM una jIvoM kI hiMsA kA irAdA nahIM hai, isalie vaha kSamya hai| virodhinI hiMsA : zrAvaka ke lie anAkramaNa mukhya bAta hai| lekina yadi koI hamalA karatA hai to usakA pratikAra avazyaMbhAvI ho jAtA hai| Atma-rakSA tathA parivAra, samAja aura deza kI rakSA ke lie vratI ko zastra bhI uThAnA par3a sakatA hai| isase usakA vrata TUTatA nahIM hai| anyAyI aura AkramaNakArI ke prati kI gaI hiMsA se gRhastha kA ahiMsA vrata khaNDita nahIM hotaa| nizItha cUrNi meM to yahA~ taka kahA gayA hai ki aisI avasthA meM gRhastha to kyA sAdhu kA vrata bhI khaNDita nahIM hotA hai| itanA hI nahIM, anyAya kA pratikAra nahIM karane vAle sAdhaka ko daNDa kA bhAgI bhI batAyA gayA hai| granthoM meM mahArAjA ceTaka aura magadha samrATa ajAtazatru (kUNika) ke yuddha ko anyAya ke pratikAra svarUpa yuddha mAnA gyaa| isa sambandha meM vijJoM ne mahArAjA ceTaka ko virAdhaka nahIM mAnA! usa mahAsaMgrAma meM jisa taraha se bhISaNa narasaMhAra huA, vaha apane Apa meM anyAyapUrNa thaa| anyAya se anyAya kA pratikAra kaise ho : sakatA hai? __isa prakAra zrAvaka ke ahiMsA aNuvrata meM akAraNa athavA binA kisI ko kaSTa diye jIvana ko sajAne saMvArane ke pUre avasara vidyamAna haiN| isa aNuvrata ke pA~ca aticAra nimna hai' - 1. bandha : Agama yuga meM pazupAlana mukhya vyavasAya thaa| jo pazu mAnava ke jIvikopArjana kA mukhya sAdhana ho, unakI samucita dekhabhAla kI jAnI caahiye| unheM kaThora bandhana se bAMdhanA, piMjaroM meM kaida karanA Adi ahiMsA vratI ke lie aticAra hai| adhInastha karmacAriyoM ko nizcita samayAvadhi se adhika samaya taka roka kara kArya karavAne ko bhI bandha aticAra ke antargata mAnA gayA hai| isa aticAra se zramikoM aura dAsa-dAsiyoM ke zoSaNa ke viruddha mAhaula bnaa| yadi unase adhika kAma karavAnA hai to unheM adhika pArizramika diyA jaay| vartamAna ke zrama kAnUna meM adhisamaya (ovara TAima) ke prAvadhAnoM ko isa aticAra ke sambandha meM dekhA jAnA caahiye| 2. badha : isake antargata pITanA, tADanA denA, ghAtaka prahAra karanA Adi ko . aticAra batAyA gayA hai| maveziyoM va pazuoM para ghAtaka prahAra nahIM karane (177)

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caahiye| ve hamAre mitra kI taraha hote haiN| unake sAtha karuNA aura prema kA vyavahAra karanA caahiye| isI prakAra naukaroM aura zramikoM ke sAtha bhI pUrNa mAnavIya vyavahAra honA caahiye| kisI kI majabUrI kA anucita phAyadA uThAnA badha aticAra hai| 3. chaviccheda : isa aticAra ke antargata pazu Adi ke aMgopAMga kATanA, unakA chedana karanA, khassIkaraNa karanA Adi sammilita hai| isakA lAkSaNika artha hotA hai - vRtticcheda, jisakA atyadhika Arthika mUlya hai| kisI kI jIvikA chIna lenA, jIvikA meM bAdhA utpanna karanA, ucita pArizramikaM se kama denA . chaviccheda aticAe hai| 4. atibhAra : mAnavoM aura bhAravAhaka pazuoM para adhika bhAra nahIM DAlanA aura kSamatA se adhika kAma nahIM karavAnA isa aticAra se bacane ke lie Avazyaka hai| mAla Dhone vAle zramikoM para unakI kSamatA se adhika bhAra nahIM uThavAnA tathA naukaroM se zakti se adhika kArya nahIM karavAnA caahiye| bAlazrama niSedha kAnUna, mahilA zramika kAnUna aura kAmakAjI garbhavatI mahilAoM ke lie vizeSa kAnUnI pravadhAnoM kA isa sambandha meM vizeSa mahatva haiN| 5. bhojana-pAnI kA nirodha : isa aticAra se bacane ke lie pAlatU mUka pazuoM ko samaya para cArA pAnI dene kA evaM naukaroM va dAsa-dAsiyoM ko samaya para bhojana aura vetana dene kA nirdeza hai| . ahiMsA aNuvrata ke jo aticAra haiM, unakA vartamAna meM zrama aura surakSA kAnUnoM kI dRSTi se bahuta mUlya haiN| zramikoM ke zoSaNa ke viruddha jo AvAja Aja uThAI jAtI hai, zrAvakAcAra meM usakA pravadhAna DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva ho gayA thaa| zrAvakAcAra meM to mUka prANiyoM ke hitoM kA bhI bahuta khayAla rakhA gayA hai| jisakA vartamAna meM abhAva dekhA jAtA hai| hAlAMki, pazu-pakSI krUratA nivAraNa adhiniyama meM pazu-pakSiyoM para hone vAlI jyAdatiyoM ke niSedha ke prAvadhAna haiN| 2. satya isa vrata ke antargata gRhastha jIvanabhara ke lie do karaNa tIna yoga se sthUla mRSAvAda kA tyAga karatA hai|" sthUla mRSAvAda ke antargata ve sAre jhuTha A jAte haiM, jo loka-nindanIya aura rAja-daNDanIya hai| zrAvaka pratikramaNa meM pA~ca prakAra ke jhUTha kA tyAga karatA hai| (178)

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1. vara-kanyA sambandhI : vara kanyA sambandhI jhUTha bola kara taya kiye gaye rizte dIrgha samaya taka nahIM Tika pAte haiN| isase parivAra TUTatA aura samAja kamajora hotA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa vyakti aura samAja ke Arthika hitoM para kuThArAghAta hotA hai| 2. gau Adi pazu sambandhI : pazu mukhya Arthika upAdAna the, isalie pazu sambandhI jhUTha kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| vyApaka arthoM meM vyApArika vastuoM aura vAhanoM ke sambandha meM bhI jhUTha nahIM bolA jAnA caahiye| jisase vyApAra, vyApArI aura vyApArika vastuoM ke prati loka-vizvAsa banA rhe| atiraMjita aura jhUThe vijJApanoM se mRSAvAda kA doSa lagatA hai| aise pralobhanoM se nimna va madhyavargIya parivAroM para anAvazyaka Arthika bhAra par3atA hai| 3. bhUmi sambandhI : bhUmi eka mahaMgA saudA hotA hai| isalie Arthika jagata meM bhUmi ke svAmitva aura svatva ko lekara bahuta sA~ca-jhUTha aura ThagAI hotI hai| bhole aura nirdhana vyakti usameM pha~sa bhI jAyA karate haiN| vyakti ko bhUmi sambandhI jhUTha nahIM bolanA caahiye| 4. dharohara sambandhI : lATI saMhitA meM ise nyAsApahAra aticAra mAnA hai| prAcIna paramparAgata baiMkiMga praNAlI meM mUlyavAna dharohara ke badale meM RNa diyA jAtA thaa| sadgaShastha ko nirdeza diyA gayA hai ki vaha aisI amAnata ko dabAne yA parivartita karane ke lie kabhI jhUTha kA sahArA nahIM leN| 5. kaTa sAkSI : vANijyika gatividhiyoM aura nyAya-praNAlI meM gavAhI kA ... mahatva hotA hai| jhUThI gavAhI aura chadma sAkSyoM se Arthika jagata meM bar3e bar3e aparAdha hote haiN| nyAyika vyavasthA bhI unake samakSa dIna-hIna bana jAtI hai| uparokta sthUla mithyA-vacanoM kA tyAga karate hue zrAvaka ko nimna pA~ca aticAroM se bacanA cAhiye - 1. sahasA abhyAkhyAna : binA soce samajhe kisI ke lie kucha-kA-kucha kaha denA aticAra hai| kabhI kisI ke lie ekAeka galata bAta mu~ha se nikala jAtI hai, usase bhI doSa lagatA hai| lekina durbhAvanA pUrvaka kisI ke lie anucita kahane se anAcAra kA doSa lagatA hai| vacanoM kI daridratA se jIvana ... kI sampannatA ghaTa jAtI hai| (179)

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2. rahasya abhyAkhyAna : jIvana meM gopanIyatA kA apanA sthAna hotA hai| jimmedAra vyakti ko gopanIyatA kI zapatha bhI dilAI jAtI hai| vyavasAya meM bhI gopanIyatA kA mahatva hotA hai| kisI kI gopanIya bAta ko prakaTa karane se usakI pratiSThA para A~ca AtI hai aura arthika hitoM ko dhakkA lagatA hai| kabhI-kabhI to kisI bAta kA rahasyodghaTana yA paTAkSepa hone para bavAla maca jAtA hai| isalie samajhadAra vyakti kabhI kisI kI aprakaTanIya bAta ko prakaTa nahIM karatA hai| 3. mantra-bheda : isa aticAra kA sambandha mukhyataH dAmpatya aura pArivArika jIvana sambandhI gopanIya bAtoM ke prakaTIkaraNa se hai| sadgRhastha ko cAhiye ki kaisI bhI sthiti meM aisI bAte prakaTa nahIM kareM, jisase kisI ke marma ko, hRdaya ko coTa pahu~ce athavA vaisI bAta se kalaha utpanna ho jaay| 4. mRSopadeza : mRSAvAda ke tyAgI ko kabhI kisI ko galata rAya nahIM denI caahiye| pezevara jagata meM salAha kA atyadhika mahatva hai| galata salAha bhrama aura hAni paidA karatI hai| 5. kUTalekhakaraNa : AcArya abhayadeva ne jAlI dastAveja banAne, jhUThI mudrAe~ banAne aura jAlI hastAkSara karane ko kUTalekhakaraNa aticAra mAnA hai|' Arthika aparAdha aura bhraSTAcAra ko rokane ke lie isa aticAra ke niSedha kA bahuta mahatva hai| durbhAvanA se kArya karane vAle ke lie aticAra anAcAra bana jAtA hai| vyApAra meM vizvAsa kI paramparA ko sthApita karane ke lie mRSAvAda viramaNa vrata eka 'vyApAra-mantra' kI taraha hai| jisakA anupAlana vyApAra aura vyApAriyoM ke lie varadAna hai| 3. asteya ___ zrAvaka pratijJA karatA hai ki vaha yAvajjIvana mana, vacana aura karma se na to sthUla corI karegA, na krvaayegaa| pratikramaNa-sUtra meM pA~ca prakAra kI sthUla coriyA~ batAI gaI hai - 1. khAta khananA yAni seMdha lagAkara vastue~ le jaanaa| 2. gAMTha kholakara yA jeba kATa kara corI krnaa| 3. tAlA tor3akara yA dUsarI cAbI se corI krnaa| (180)

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4. dUsaroM kI par3I vastu ko corI kI niyata se le lenaa| 5. jabaradastI kisI kI vastu apane adhIna krnaa| __ isa prakAra kI coriyA~ loka-nindanIya aura rAja-daNDanIya hotI hai| isalie jo vrata grahaNa nahIM karatA hai, usake lie bhI pUrNa varjanIya hai| vrata grahaNakartA apane pratijJA-sUtra meM adattAdAna kA tyAga karatA hai| usake lie binA dI huI vastu ko lene kA niSedha hai| vaha vastu sacitta bhI ho sakatI hai aura acitta bhii| praznavyAkaraNa sUtra meM adattAdAna ke cAra prakAra batAye haiM - svAmI adatta, jIva adatta, deva adatta aura ajIva adatta / isakA artha hai ki zrAvaka kisI bhI vastu ko usake svAmI, dhAraka, prabhArI yA sambandhita adhikRta vyakti kI anumati ke bagaira prApta nahIM kreN| vyavasthA aura vizvAsa banAye rakhane ke lie yaha Avazyaka haiN| kisI kI cIja har3apanA, vetana, kirAyA, byAja, pArizramika Adi meM niyamoM se pare jAkara durbhAvanA se pherabadala karanA tathA sAhitya sambandhI coriyA~ bhI zrAvaka ke lie varNya hai| . asteya vrata ke pA~ca aticAra isa prakAra hai-6 - 1. stenAhRta : corI kI vastu lenA, kharIdanA aura apane ghara meM rakhanA stenAhRta hai| corI karane vAle to kama hote haiM parantu corI kI cIjeM lene vAle bahuta mila jAte haiN| kyoMki ve saste dAmoM meM mila jAtI hai| isase corI ko protsAhana milatA hai aura binA corI kI sahI vastuoM ke vyApAra para viparIta prabhAva hotA hai| kImatI vastuoM kI corI karane vAle aneka samUha bhI kArya karate haiN| kitanI hI jagahoM para aise coroM ke giroha pakar3e jAte haiN| corI kI vastue~ kharIdanA kAnUnI taura para bhI aparAdha hai| 2. taskara prayoga : corI taskarI karane vAloM ko kisI bhI rUpa meM sahayoga karanA zrAvaka ke lie niSiddha hai| jo loga coroM, taskaroM Adi ko vittIya yA gairavittIya kisI bhI prakAra kI madada karate haiM, ve samAja-vyavasthA aura artha vyavasthA meM gambhIra vyavadhAna paidA karate haiN| 3. viruddha rAjyAtikrama : rAjakIya niyamoM kA ullaMghana viruddha rAjyAtikrama aticAra hai| rAjya kI niSiddha sImAoM kA ullaMghana bhI viruddha rAjyAtikrama hai| sarakAra dvArA antarrAjyIya vyApAra aura antardezIya vyApAra ke niyamana va ' niyantraNa ke lie niyamoM ke viruddha sImA-ullaMghana para pratibandha lagAyA jAtA (181)

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hai| eka zrAvaka ke lie yaha vidhAna usake vratoM ke antargata hI ho jAtA hai| vaha bala yA bhaya pUrvaka nahIM, apitu icchApUrvaka rAjakIya niyamoM ke pAlana kI pratijJA karatA hai| 4. kUTatulA-kUTamAna : galata mApa-taula karanA isa aticAra ke antargata AtA hai| sadgRhastha yaha saMkalpa karatA hai ki vaha jIvana vyavahAra aura vyApAra meM sarvatra ImAnadArI kA paricaya dete hue apanI pratiSThA aura vyApAra kI prAmANikatA kAyama rkhegaa| patA calA hai ki Ajakala ilekTronika taula ke kA~ToM meM bhI vyakti kama taula seTa kara detA hai| jabaki grAhaka use pUrA samajha kara le letA . . hai| yaha corI kA eka prakAra hai| isase bacanA caahiye| 5. tatpratirUpaka vyavahAra : isa aticAra ke antargata gRhastha ko vastuoM meM milAvaTa nahIM karane kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| milAvaTI vastuoM ko becane se jana-svasthya aura sahI vyApAra ke sAtha khilavAr3a hotA hai| aisA vyavahAra zrAvaka ko nahIM karanA caahiye| dasare aura tIsare vrata ke aticAroM ke niSedha ko 'vyavasAya ke Adarza nIti--niyama' nirupita kara sakate haiN| 4. brahmacarya brahmacarya aNavrata ke antargata sadagRhastha yA sadagahiNI ke dvArA apane jIvana-sAthI yA jIvana-saMginI ke prati pUrNa niSThA vyakta kI jAtI hai tathA anya samasta striyoM (puruSoM ke lie) aura puruSoM (striyoM ke lie) ke prati vikAramukta sambandha kA satsaMkalpa kiyA jAtA hai| yaha vrata sadAcAra aura sAmAjikatA kI nIMva hai| jisa samAja aura rASTra kA caritra aura cAritra ujjvala hotA hai, vaha yazasvI, ajeya aura sampanna hotA hai| balavAna, samartha aura dhanavAna nAgarikoM kA vahA~ vAsa hotA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne brahmacarya para bahuta bala diyaa| unakI paramparA ke sadgRhastha Aja bhI brahmacarya pAlana kA Adarza upasthita karate haiN| vahA~ apane jIvana-sAthI ke prati bhI adhikAdhika vikAra-mukta raha kara jIvana kI racanAtmakatA ko bahuguNita kiyA jAtA hai| upAsakadazAMga meM Ananda zrAvaka bha. mahAvIra se saMkalpa karatA hai - maiM svapatnI santoSavrata grahaNa karatA hU~, merI zivAnandA nAmaka patnI ke atirikta sabhI prakAra ke maithuna kA tyAga karatA huuN| Avazyaka sUtra ke cauthe vrata ke anusAra (182)

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zrAvaka deva-devI sambandhI maithuna kA tyAga do karaNa tIna yoga se tathA manuSya aura tiryaMca sambandhI maithuna kA tyAga eka karaNa eka yoga se karatA hai| saMsArika jIvana kI jimmedAriyoM aura vyAvahArika kaThinAiyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara isa vrata kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| isa vrata ke pA~ca aticAra isa prakAra haiM - 1. itvaraparigRhitAgamana : isa aticAra ke tIna artha batAye gaye haiM - thor3e samaya ke lie rakhI gaI rakhaila strI se samAgama, vAgdattA ke sAtha samAgama aura alpavayaska yA avayaska ke sAtha samAgama / vartamAna sandarbho meM isa prakAra ke sambandhoM ko zArIrika, sAmAjika aura kAnUnI dRSTiyoM se bhI varjanIya va heya mAnA jAtA haiN| aise sambandha vyakti ko daridratA kI ora Dhakelate haiN| 2. aparigRhitAgamana : isa aticAra kA artha kisI bhI prakAra kI parAI strI yA para-puruSa ke sAtha samAgama karane kI ora bar3hanA hai| jisakA vrata ke dvArA niSedha hai| vrata kA mUla hetu bhI yahI hai| sapta kuvyasanoM meM do vyasana vezyAgamana aura parastrI yA parapuruSa-gamana isa aticAra se sambandhita haiN| avaidhAnika aura asAmAjika sambandhoM se jIvana saMkaToM se ghira jAtA hai| 3. anaMgakrIr3A : svAbhAvika rUpa se kAmasevana kI bajAya aprAkRtika tarIkoM se kAmakrIr3A karanA anaMgakrIr3A aticAra hai| samalaiMgika kAmakrIDAe~ bhI isI aticAra ke antargata AtI hai| sadgRhastha ina pApoM ko pUrNata: tyAgakara apane jIvana ko sajAtA hai| 4. paravivAhakaraNa : gRhastha ko cAhiye ki vaha apane parivAra ke sadasyoM ke vivAha ke atirikta anya janoM ke vivAha karavAne se bceN| kitane hI vyaktiyoM ko dUsaroM ke lar3ake-lar3akiyoM ke rizte jur3avAne meM dilacaspI hotI hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vaha ThIka nahIM hai| nirapekSa bhAva aura sahayoga bhAva se isa sambandha meM kisI kI madada karane kA sAmAjika mUlya hai| vartamAna samaya meM jahA~ sambandha jur3anA kaThinatara ho rahA hai; vilambita vivAha aura avivAha kI sthitiyA~ samAja meM paidA ho rahI haiM, vahA~ isa sahayoga kA mUlya aura bar3ha jAtA hai| sAmUhika vivAha kI paramparA kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai| vyakti ke sukha-samRddhi kA sapanA isase jur3A hai| brahmacarya vrata kA mukhya lakSya bhogAsakti ghaTAnA aura samAja meM sadAcAra kI sthApanA karanA hai| .. vivAha bhI ina uccatara lakSyoM se jur3A hai| (183)

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5. kAmabhoga kI tIvra icchA : kAmAgni meM Akula-vyAkula hokara vyakti apanA viveka aura sudhabudha kho detA hai| vratI ko kAmottejanA ko bar3hAne vAlI auSadhiyoM va mAdaka cIjoM kA sevana nahIM karanA caahiye| jo vyakti kAmabhoga kI tIvra abhilASA se bacatA hai vaha apanI jIvana-zakti, dIrghajIvitA aura racanAtmakatA ko bar3hAtA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki zrAvaka ke cauthe vrata ke antargata sundara samAja vyavasthA, samartha santati aura caritravAna nAgarika nirmANa ke sAre niyama maujUda haiN| samAja kI zAnti aura samRddhi isa vrata para nirbhara karatI hai| lar3ake kA vivAha ikkIsa varSa kI umra se pUrva aura lar3akI kA vivAha aThAraha varSa kI umra se pUrva karanA vartamAna kAnUna kI dRSTi se niSiddha hai| isa vrata kI dRSTi se bhI ise niSiddha mAnA jAnA caahiye| bAla-vivAha, bemela-vivAha, vRddha-vivAha kA niSedha bhI isa vrata ke antargata ho jAtA hai| vidhavA-vivAha aura vidhura-vivAha ko bhI pracalita sAmAjika paramparA tathA vyakti vizeSa kI paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha meM dekhA jAnA caahiye| vrata kA vidhAna strI aura puruSa donoM ke lie haiN| isalie pratyeka niyamaupaniyama ko samAnatA ke sandarbha meM dekhA jAnA caahiye| ye sArI bAteM vyakti aura samAja kI Arthika behatarI se sambandhita hai| 5. aparigraha samAja aura deza meM Arthika samatA kI sthApanA aura viSamatA ke nivAraNa meM aparigraha vrata kI yugAntarakArI bhUmikA rahI hai| yaha vrata bhAratIya saMskRti kA sAmyavAda hai aura sAmyavAda se bhI jyAdA prabhAvazAlI, nirApada aura vikAsonmukha hai| zrAvaka-sUtra meM isa vrata kA nAma parigraha parimANa vrata hai| zrAvaka eka karaNa tIna yoga se parigraha kI maryAdA karatA hai| upAsakadazAMga meM isakA nAma icchAparimANa vrata hai, jo atyanta arthapUrNa hai| icchAe~ AkAza ke samAna ananta hai| unake parimANa se jIvana meM aura saMsAra meM sukhoM kI sRSTi hotI hai| tIna prakAra ke parigraha - karma, zarIra aura bAharI meM se yahA~ mukhyataH bAharI parigraha para vizeSa vimarza abhipreta hai| icchAoM ke parisImana ke lie bAharI parigraha kA parisImana bhI Avazyaka hai| upAsakadazAMga meM yaha parigraha sAta prakAra kA aura Avazyaka sUtra meM yaha nau prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai - (184)

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1. kSetra : kRSi, AvAsIya yA vANijyika bhUmi athavA bhuukhnndd| 2. vAstu : makAna Adi acala smptti| 3. hiraNya : cA~dI aura cA~dI kI mudrAe~ va vstueN| 4. suvarNa : svarNa aura svarNa kI mudrAe~ va vastue~ / " 5. dvipada : dAsa-dAsI, naukara-cAkara, karmacArI aadi| 6. catuSpada : pshudhn| 7. dhana : samasta cala sampatti, vAhana aadi| 8. dhAnya : anAja aura khAne-pIne kI vstueN| 9. kupya : ghara gRhasthI kA anya sAmAna / Ajakala madhya va ucca vargIya parivAroM ke ghara aneka prakAra kI anAvazyaka cIjoM se bhare hote haiN| gRhastha ko sabhI prakAra kI vastuoM kI maryAdA karanI caahiye| dharatI para mAnava kI ucita AvazyakatA-pUrti ke lie to saMsAdhana hai, parantu icchA-pUrti ke lie nhiiN| upAsakadazAMga (1/49) ke anusAra icchA-parimANa vrata ke paMcAticAroM kA varNana kiyA jA rahA hai| 1. kSetra aura vAstu ke parimANa kA atikramaNa : zrAvaka vrata grahaNa ke dvArA jitane bhUmi aura bhavana kI maryAdA karatA hai, usase adhika rakhane para doSa lagatA hai| 2. hiraNya-savarNa kA parimANa atikramaNa : zrAvaka hiraNya aura suvarNa kA parimANa kareM tathA nirdhArita parimANa kA ullaMghana nahIM kreN| ullaMghana para isa aticAra kA doSa lgegaa| 3. dhana-dhAnya kA parimANa atikramaNa : isameM vrata grahaNa ke dvArA jitane dhana * ' aura dhAnya kI maryAdA karatA hai, usase adhika rakhane para aticAra kA doSa lagatA hai| 4. dvipada-catuSpada kA parimANa atikramaNa : isa aticAra meM bhI maryAdA se adhika sevaka aura pazu-sampadA rakhane ko doSapUrNa batAyA hai| 5. kupya kA parimANa atikramaNa : parigraha kA parimANa karane vAlA gRhastha ghara kI, vyavasAya kI sArI vastuoM kI maryAdA karatA hai| vaisI maryAdA ke ullaMghana para isa aticAra kA doSa lagatA hai| (185)

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ina aticAroM ke doSoM se bacane ke lie maryAdA se adhika saMgraha ko satkAryoM meM lagAkara vrata kA niraticAra pAlana karanA caahiye| ye pA~ca vrata aNuvrata kahalAte haiN| Age ke sAta vratoM meM tIna guNavrata aura cAra zikSAvrata haiN| isase pUrva rAtri bhojana tyAga para vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai| rAtri-bhojana niSedha ___ rAtribhojana tyAga bhagavAna mahAvIra kI viziSTa aura anupama dena hai| AcArya sudharmA bha. mahAvIra kI stuti meM kahate haiM - 'se vAriyA itthi saMrAI bhattaM' 18.. zramaNAcAra meM rAtribhojana-tyAga ko chaThaveM mahAvrata kA darjA diyA gayA hai tathA zramaNa varga ke lie rAtribhojana pUrNa rUpa se niSiddha batAyA gayA hai| zramaNa varga rAtri meM jala sevana bhI nahIM karatA hai| sUryAsta hote hote bhI koI zramaNa bhojana karatA hai to vaha 'pApI zramaNa' kahalAtA hai| mahAvratoM ke apavAda mila sakate haiM, para rAtri bhojana tyAga kA koI apavAda nahIM hai| isase rAtribhojana tyAga kI viziSTatA aura mahattA kA patA calatA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne 11 prakAra ke saMyamAcaraNa meM rAtribhojana tyAga ko samAviSTa kiyA hai| zrAvakAcAra meM bhI rAtribhojana tyAga ko chaThaveM vrata kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| rAtribhojana tyAga kA svAsthya ke sAtha bhI gaharA sambandha hai| rAta ko nahIM khAne vAlA rAtribhojanajanya bImAriyoM bacA rahatA hai| isakA vyakti ke bajaTa aura kSamatA para anukUla prabhAva hotA hai| jaina gRhasthAcAra meM rAtribhojana tyAga eka viziSTa pahacAna hai| vaha pahacAna Aja kama hotI jA rahI hai| usakA sAmAjika jana-jIvana para nakArAtmaka prabhAva par3a rahA hai| vaha isa rUpa meM ki pahale to vyaktigata taura para rAtri-bhojana hotA thA; aba sAmUhika rUpa se rAta ko khAyA aura khilAyA jAtA hai| vaha bhI sAmAnya rUpa se nahIM, balki ADambara aura vaibhava ke pradarzana ke sAtha bar3e-bar3e rAtri bhoja kiye jAte haiN| dhanADhya-varga aise rAtri bhojoM meM kucha ghaNToM meM anApa-zanApa paisA pAnI kI taraha bahA detA hai| nimna madhya vargIya jana-jIvana para isa prakAra ke pradarzanoM kA acchA prabhAva nahIM par3atA hai| yadi ina bhojoM ko dina meM kara liyA jAya to samAja kA apavyaya to rukegA hI, samAja meM anAvazyaka hor3A-hor3I meM bhI kamI aaegii| aneka jaina gRhastha Aja bhI sAmUhika rAtri bhojoM kA niSedha karake samAja ko samatA aura samRddhi kA sandeza dete haiN| rAtri-bhojoM kA samAja aura rASTra para viparIta Arthika prabhAva hotA hai| isa prabhAva ke Akalana kI AvazyakatA hai| (186)

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guNavrata . ___ gRhastha ke bAraha vratoM ke krama meM bha. mahAvIra ne pA~ca aNuvratoM ke bAda tIna guNavratoM kI vyavasthA kI - dizA parimANa, upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa aura anrthdnndd-tyaag| guNavrata aura zikSAvrata ke nAma, krama aura saMkhyA ko lekara AcAryoM aura vidvAnoM meM mAmUlI matabheda hai| lekina usakI carcA yahA~ para abhISTa nahIM hai| guNavrata aNuvratoM ke paripAlana meM sahAyaka banate haiN| sAtha hI gRhasthAcAra ko adhika unnata va paripUrNa banAte haiN| jaise parakoTe nagara kI rakSA karate haiM vaise hI zIla-vrata (guNa-zikSAvrata) aNuvratoM kI rakSA karate haiN| arthika dRSTi se guNavrata atyadhika mahatvazAlI haiN| 6. dizA-parimANa vrata (digvrata) upAsakadazAMga meM parigraha-parimANa kI taraha isa vrata ko bhI icchAparimANa vrata kahA gayA hai| Avazyaka-sUtra ke chaThaveM vrata meM zrAvaka eka yA do karaNa tathA tIna yoga se U~cI, nIcI aura tirachI dizAoM kA yathAparimANa karatA hai| zrAvaka yaha saMkalpa karatA hai ki vaha amuka-amuka dizAoM meM itanI-itanI dUrI taka nahIM jaayegaa| jo gRhastha do karaNa tIna yoga se dizA kA parimANa karatA hai, vaha dUsaroM se bhI dizAoM kA atikramaNa nahIM krvaayegaa| dizAoM ko tIna bhAgoM meM bA~TA : gayA haiM - 1. Urdhva dizA : Upara kI ora jAne kI maryAdA karanA, jaise pahAr3a, vRkSa, ... bahumaMjile makAna Adi kI amuka U~cAI taka jaanaa| vartamAna sandarbho meM antarikSa-yAtrA va upagraha-prakSepaNa sambandhI AcAra-saMhitAoM ke sambandha meM isa sImAkaraNa kA mahatva hai| 2. adhodizA : khadAna, samudra yA dharatI ke nicale hissoM meM amuka gaharAI taka jAne kI maryAdA krnaa| kisa sImA taka khadAna khodane se bhUgarbhIya paryAvaraNa para nukasAna nahIM hogA, jala ke lie kitanI gaharAI taka kUpa yA nalakUpa (haiNDapampa aura boriMga) khudavAne se bhUgarbhIya jala srotoM aura paryAvaraNa para viparIta asara nahIM hogaa| ye prazna Aja bahuta prAsaMgika ho gaye haiM, jinake uttara digvrata meM DhUMDhe jA sakate haiN| jhIla, samudra Adi kI amaryAdita gaharAiyoM meM matsyAkheTa va jalIya jantuoM ko pakar3ane se samudrI paryAvaraNa aura pAristhitikI para hone vAle duSprabhAvoM kA Akalana bhI digvrata kI dRSTi se (187)

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kiyA jAnA caahiye| vijJoM kA mata hai ki behisAba utkhanana aura atyadhika matsyAneTa bhUkampa kI vajaha banate haiN| hAlAMki jaina-sUtroM meM matsyAkheTa aura anya mahAhiMsaka dhandhoM ko pUrI taraha nindita mAnA gayA hai| lekina hiMsA kA alpIkaraNa bhI ahiMsA hai, isa sandarbha meM sArI bAtoM para vicAra kiyA jAnA caahiye| 3. tiryak dizA : isake antargata cAroM mukhya dizAe~ - pUrva, pazcima, uttara aura dakSiNa tathA cAroM vidizAe~ - IzAna, Agneya, naiRtya aura vAyavya samAviSTa digvrata ke pA~ca aticAra isa prakAra haiM - 1. U~cI dizA ke parimANa kA atikramaNa krnaa| . 2. nIcI dizA ke parimANa kA atikramaNa krnaa| 3. tirachI dizA ke parimANa kA atikramaNa krnaa| 4. dizA ke parimANa kA vismaraNa ho jaanaa| 5. eka dizA ke parimANa ko ghaTAkara dUsarI dizA kA parimANa bddh'aanaa| . digvrata dhAraNa karane se manuSya kI asIma lAlasAe~ sImita ho jAtI haiN| yaha vrata saMsAra kI aneka Arthika, sAmAjika, naitika aura rAjanaitika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna karatA hai| ghusapaiTha aura pratibhA palAyana kI samasyA kA samAdhAna isa vrata kI AcAra-saMhitA meM samAhita hai| gAMdhIjI ke svadezI kA mUlasrota dizA-parimANa hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI zrImad rAjacandra kI chatrachAyA meM ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko pallavita kara rahe the| gAMdhIjI para unakA prabhAva thA, isalie bha. mahAvIra ke sUtroM ko apanAnA gAMdhIjI ke lie svabhAvika thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI AcAra-saMhitA se tIna niyama avirbhUta hote haiM - vikendrita arthanIti, vikendrita udyoga aura svadezI upanivezavAdI manovRtti para aMkuza lagAne meM digvrata kI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA hai| vizva meM lokatantra ke prasAra ke sAtha bhogaulika sAmrAjyavAda ke viruddha kucha mAhaula banA to Arthika sAmrAjyavAda phailatA jA rahA hai| kraya-vikraya, AyAta-niryAta Adi meM mukta vyApAra praNAlI aura udArIkaraNa se vizva meM Arthika upaniveza bar3ha rahe haiN| inake alAvA hathiyAroM ke vaidha-avaidha vyApAra aura AyAta (188)

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niryAta se saMsAra bhaya aura hiMsA se AkrAnta hai| aise vikaTa samaya meM dizAparimANa vrata dizA-sUcaka yantra kI taraha sabakA dizA-bodha kara rahA hai| 7. upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vrata sAtavA~ vrata garIba kI sampannatA kA aura sampanna kI santuSTi kA arthazAstra hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne vyakti ko saMyamapUrvaka jIne kI rAha dikhaaii| usa rAha kA bahuta sArA pAtheya isa vrata meM unhoMne pradAna kiyA hai| isa vrata ke antargata upabhoga aura paribhoga kA sImAkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| upabhoga ke antargata una vastuoM ko liyA jAtA hai jinakA upayoga eka bAra hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaise jala, bhojana, khAne-pIne kI cIjeM, zRMgAra prasAdhana sAmagrI, ekala upayoga vastue~ aadi| paribhoga ke antargata eka se adhika bAra upayoga kI jA sakane vAlI vastue~ AtI haiN| jaise vastra, vAhana aura anya sArI vstueN| Avazyaka sUtra ke anusAra upabhoga-paribhoga kI nimna chabbIsa vastuoM kA isa vrata ke antargata parimANa karanA hotA hai1. udrvaNikA vidhi : snAna ke pazcAt zarIra pauMchane ke kAma Ane vAle tauliye kI maryAdA krnaa| 2. dantadhAvana vidhi : dA~toM ko sApha karane ke dravyoM kI maryAdA karanA / vartamAna meM sacce-jhUThe Tutha-mesToM aura Tutha-brazoM kA anApa-zanApa vijJApana aura lambA caur3A vyApAra phala-phUla rahA hai| isake bAvajUda danta rogoM meM betahAzA vRddhi : ho rahI hai| yaha vicAraNIya hai| 3. phala vidhi : khAdya phala, auSadhIya phala aura prasAdhana ke rUpa meM kAma meM liye jAne vAle phaloM kI maryAdA krnaa| 4. abhyaMgana vidhi : mAliza ke lie kAma Ane vAle teloM kI mAtrA aura saMkhyA kI maryAdA krnaa| 5. . uddhartana vidhi : ubaTana, pIThI Adi kI kI maryAdA nizcita krnaa| 6. snAna vidhi : snAna ke lie jala kI mAtrA kI maryAdA krnaa| kue-bAvar3I, * jhIla-sarovara, nadI-nirjhara, svImiMga-pula Adi meM snAna nahIM karanA athavA maryAdA krnaa| snAnAdi se jala-srotoM ko pradUSita nahIM krnaa| jala-saMkaTa ke daura meM isa niyama kA bahuta mahatva hai| jala ke sImita upayoga kA 'abhyAsa sabako karanA caahiye| (189)

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7.. vastra vidhi : pahanane ke vastroM ke prakAra aura saMkhyA kI maryAdA krnaa| aneka vyakti rezama kA tyAga karate haiM, aneka sirpha khAdI ke vastra hI pahanate haiM to kitane hI vyakti thor3e-se vastroM meM jIvana kI lambI yAtrA taya. kara lete haiN| rASTrapitA mahAtmA gAMdhI isa niyama ke jIvanta udAharaNa rahe haiN| 8. vilepana vidhi : zarIra para lepa karane kI vastuoM, krIma Adi kI maryAdA krnaa| hiMsaka saundarya prasAdhanoM kA tyAga isa niyama ke antargata kiyA jA sakatA hai| puSpa vidhi : phUloM aura phUla-mAlAoM kI maryAdA krnaa| phUloM kI rakSA ke sAtha titaliyoM, bhauMroM aura aneka prakAra ke sUkSma jIva-jantuoM kI rakSA jur3I hai| isa prakAra isameM paryAvaraNa, pAristhitikI aura jaiva-vividhatA kA saMrakSaNa jur3A hai| 10. AbhUSaNa vidhi : AbhuSaNoM ke prakAra aura saMkhyA kI maryAdA krnaa| 11. dhUpa vidhi : dhUpa, agarabattI Adi kI maryAdA krnaa| 12. peya vidhi : peya padArthoM ke prakAra aura mAtrA kI maryAdA krnaa| 13. bhojana vidhi : bhojya padArthoM kI maryAdA krnaa| . 14. odana vidhi : cAvaloM ke prakAra evaM mAtA kI maryAdA krnaa| 15. sUpa vidhi : vibhinna dAloM va cIjoM se banane vAle sUpoM kA saMkhyA va mAtrA kI maryAdA krnaa| 16. vigaya vidhi : dahI, makkhana, ghI, tela Adi kI maryAdA krnaa| 17. zAka vidhi : khAne kI harI sabjiyoM kI mAtrA aura saMkhyA kI maryAdA krnaa| 18. mAdhuraka vidhi : gur3a, zakkara, sUkhe meve Adi kI maryAdA krnaa| 19. jemana vidhi : vibhinna prakAra ke vyaMjanoM kI maryAdA krnaa| 20. pAnIya vidhi : pIne ke pAnI ke prakAra aura parimANa kI maryAdA krnaa| 21. mukhavAsa vidhi : pAna, pAna masAlA, sauMpa, supArI, ilAyacI, lauMga Adi kI maryAdA krnaa| tambAkUyukta padArthoM ke tyAga ko isake antargata liyA jA sakatA hai| (190)

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22. vAhana vidhi : vibhinna prakAra ke vAhanoM kI maryAdA krnaa| 23. upAnaha vidhi : vibhinna prakAra ke jUte, pagarakhI, maujeM Adi kI maryAdA krnaa| 24. sacitta vidhi : vibhinna prakAra kI sacitta vastuoM kI maryAdA krnaa| 25. zayana vidhi : zayyA, palaMga Adi kI maryAdA krnaa| 26. dravya vidhi : khAne-pIne kI cIjoM kI maryAdA karanA aura anya prakAra ke dravyoM kI maryAdA krnaa| sAmUhika bhojoM meM khAne-pIne kI vastuoM kI saMkhyA sImita rakhanA bhI isa niyama kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| __upAsakadazAMga meM ikkIsa vastuoM ke nAma prApta hote haiN| ina boloM meM sabhI prakAra kI khAne-pIne, pahanane-or3hane aura upayoga karane kI vastuoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| zrAvaka ko cAhiye ki vaha yaha taya kareM ki kyA khAnA, nahIM khAnA, kaunasI cIja upayoga karanI yA nahIM krnii| maryAdA kA jIvana usake svAsthya aura bajaTa para anukUla asara ddaalegaa| upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vrata ke pA~ca aticAra nimna haiM - . 1. maryAdA uparAnta sacitta vastuoM jala, vanaspati, kanda, mUla Adi kA sevana krnaa| 2. maryAdA uparAnta sacitta vastuoM se saMzliSTa AhAra krnaa| 3. maryAdA uparAnta apakva bhojana athavA kaccI vanaspati Adi kA AhAra krnaa| ... 4. maryAdA uparAnta duSpakva/adhapake bhojana kA AhAra krnaa| 5. aisI vastuoM kA sevana karanA jinameM khAne yogya bhAga thor3A ho aura pheMkane ___ yogya adhika ho| ..ina aticAroM ke mAdhyama se zrAvaka isa viveka ko puSTa kareM ki use kaba, kyA, kitanA, kahA~ khAnA hai ? vaha apanI AcAra-saMhitA, svAsthya, maryAdA Adi kA dhyAna rakhate hue khAna-pAna ko nirdhArita kreN| pandraha karmAdAna . upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa ke antargata bhojana sambandhI maryAdA aura - vyavasAya sambandhI maryAdAoM kI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| vyakti kI jIvana-caryA (191)

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aura jIvikopArjana meM saha-sambandha hotA hai| isa dRSTi se isa vrata ke antargata vratI zrAvaka ke lie niSiddha vyavasAyoM kI sUcI dI gaI hai| vaha aise vyavasAya nahIM kareM jisase samAja, saMskRti, paryAvaraNa aura arthatantra para viparIta asara pdd'e| aise / pandraha dhandhoM ko pandraha karmAdAna ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai|" upAsakadazAMga aura AvazyakasUtra meM 15 karmAdAnoM ke nAmoM kI sUcI milatI hai| jabaki gRhasthAcAra ke anya granthoM meM unakI vyAkhyAe~ bhI milatI haiN| pandraha karmAdAna, jo zrAvaka ke lie niSiddha haiM, nimna haiM - 1. aMgAra karma (iMgAlakamme ) : koyale kA dhandhA karane ke lie hare-bhare vakSoM / ko kATanA aura jaMgaloM ko naSTa karanA isa karmAdAna ke antargata AtA hai| pro. sAgaramala jaina ne isameM kumhAra, luhAra, sunAra, halavAI, bhar3abhUjA Adi ko parigaNita karane se inkAra kiyA hai| upAsakadazAMga meM sakaDAlaputra kumhAra ko 12 vratadhArI zrAvaka batAyA gayA hai| 2. vana karma (vaNakamme) : hare-bhare jaMgaloM ko nukasAna pahu~cAkara apanA vyavasAya krnaa| lakar3I aura anya una vanya cIjoM kA vyavasAya karanA, jisase jaMgaloM ke prAkRtika svarUpa ko nukasAna pahu~catA hai| 3. zakaTa-karma (sADI kamme ) : zaTaka kA artha bailagADI, gADI, vAhana Adi hotA hai| unake nirmANa aura bikrI ke dhandhe ko zaTaka karma kahA hai| AcArya hemacandra mUla prAkRta zabda 'sADIkamme' kA artha vastuoM ko sar3Akara naI cIja banAnA, becanA karate haiN| jaise mdiraa-vyvsaay| pro. sAgaramala jaina isa dUsare artha ko ucita mAnate haiN| 4. bhATaka-karma (bhADIkamme) : baila, azva, U~Ta, khaccara Adi pazu tathA inase calane vAlI gAr3iyoM ko bhAr3e para dene ke dhandhe ko bhATaka-karma batAyA gayA hai| bhAr3e para lene vAle vyakti ina mUka prANiyoM para bhAra Dhone, hA~kane Adi meM jyAdatiyA~ kara lete haiM, isIlie isa karma ko niSiddha batAyA hai| vartamAna meM adhikAMza vAhana peTroliyama (peTrola/DIjala) se calate haiN| zaTaka va bhATaka karma ke niSedha meM vAhanoM ke kama aura vivekasammata upayoga kI preraNA hai| paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa kI dRSTi se isakI Aja bahuta upayogitA hai| 5. sphoTa-karma ( phoDIkamme ) : aise kAma-dhandhe jinameM visphoTa karanA par3e, sphoTaka karma hai| visphoTa kA dhamAkA prakRti ko tIvra rUpa se prakampita kara (192)

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detA hai| isakA paryAvaraNa para asara hotA hai| vyAkhyA-granthoM meM khAna khodane, zilA tor3ane Adi ko sphoTa-karma kahA hai| asAvadhAnI se karane para ye kArya mAnava, jIva-jantuoM va prakRti ke lie bhArI nukasAnaprada siddha hote haiN| sambhava hai, nirdhArita mAnadaNDoM kA dhyAna rakhe bagaira kiye jAne para hI inheM karmAdAna mAnA gayA ho| vartamAna meM vibhinna prakAra kI manoraMjanAtmaka sphoTakavastue~ (paTAkhe Adi), anya choTe-bar3e visphoTakoM/bamoM se lekara sarva vinAzaka aNu-bamoM kA nirmANa va vyavasAya kiyA jAtA hai| ve saba isa karmAdAna ke antargata mAne jaayeNge| AtizabAjI se deza ke karor3oM rupayoM kA dhuA~ ho jAtA hai| AtaMkiyoM dvArA kiye jAne vAle bama visphoToM se anagina nirdoSa vyakti apanI jAna ga~vA dete haiM aura karor3oM kI sampatti naSTa ho jAtI hai| aNu bama ke bAre meM kucha kahane kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| 6 va 9 agasta, 1945 ko huI hirozimA aura nAgAsAkI kI vinAza-lIlA vizva-itihAsa ke sarvAdhika kAle dinoM meM se eka hai| 6. danta-vANijya (daMtavANijje): nAma ke artha meM isa karmAdAna ke antargata hAthI dA~ta kA vyApAra AtA hai| sundara aura bahumUlya dA~toM ke lie saMsAra ke hAthiyoM para iMsAna ne bahuta atyAcAra kiye haiN| upalakSaNa se isa karmAdAna ke antargata una sabhI prakAra ke pazu-utpAdoM ko liyA jAtA haiM, jinake lie pazu-pakSiyoM kA vadha kiyA jAtA hai| ina utpAdoM meM carma, haDDI, nAkhUna, sIMga, paMkha, kastUrI Adi ginAye jA sakate haiN| vyAvasAyika lAbhoM ke lie mAnava ne mUka praNiyoM para behisAba julma ddhaaye| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM ke prabhAva se unake anuyAyiyoM ne vanya jIvoM aura anya jIvoM kI rakSA ke lie hara yuga meM yugAntarakArI kArya kiye| usase saMsAra adhika sundara, behatara aura rahane yogya raha skaa| 7. lAkha-vANijya (lakkhavANijje): zrI hemacandrAcArya isake antargata lAkha, capar3I, mainasila, nIla, dhAtakI ke phUla, chAla Adi ke vyApAra ko parigaNita karate haiN| jina vAnaspatika utpAdoM ke sAtha pratyakSa rUpa se trasa jIvoM kI hiMsA jur3I ho, ve sAre lAkha vANijya mAnane caahiye| kucha prakAra ke vyApAroM se vanaspatiyoM kI kucha prajAtiyoM para astitva kA saMkaTa khar3A ho jAtA hai| unakA niSedha bhI yahA~ mAnA jA sakatA hai| (193)

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8. rasa-vANijya ( rasavANijje) : isake antargata zarAba Adi mAdaka rasoM kA vyApAra AtA hai| madya ke alAvA mAMsa, carbI, madhu Adi kA vyavasAya bhI rasavANijya ke antargata mAnA gayA hai|" Adhe cikitsAlaya aura kArAgRha madirA kI vajaha se bhare par3e haiN| vyakti kI zAnti aura samRddhi madirA pI jAtI hai| 9. viSa-vANijya (visavANije) : vibhinna prakAra ke viSoM kA vyavasAya viSa-vANijya hai| nakalI davAiyoM ke gorakha dhandhe ko isameM liyA jA sakatA hai| jisameM AdamI davA ke nAma para jahara becatA hai aura jana-svAsthya ke sAtha . khilavAr3a karatA hai| sabhI prakAra kI prANaghAtaka vastuoM aura hathiyAroM ke vyApAra ko bhI viSa vANijya meM liyA jAtA hai| ahiMsA ke patha para calane vAlA samAja aura saMsAra kA jAne-anajAne bahuta bhalA karatA hai| 10. keza-vANijya (kesavANije) : zabdArtha kI dRSTi se kezoM kA vyApAra karanA keza-vANijya hai| zRMgAra-bAjAra meM mAnava-keza eka vyApArika vastu hai| nirdhana bAlAe~ apane kezoM ko kaur3iyoM ke mola beca detI thii| aura kezoM ko hI nahIM, apane saundarya aura sammAna ko bhI unheM becanA par3atA thaa| yaha vyavasAya mAnavAdhikAroM kA hanana karatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne sadgRhastha ke lie aisI vastuoM ke kraya-vikraya kA niSedha kiyaa| AcAryoM ne dAsadAsiyoM va keza-yukta prANiyoM ke kraya-vikraya ko isameM ginA hai| sambhavataH keza aura anya vyApArika lAbhoM kI prApti ke lie mAnava aura prANiyoM kA kraya-vikraya kiyA jAtA rahA hogaa| anya prANiyoM ko to Aja bhI vastu kI taraha khullama-khullA kharIdA-becA, mArA-pITA aura noMcA jAtA hai| raMga-rogana aura citrakArI meM aise brazoM kA prayoga bhI kiyA jAtA hai, jo suara, gilaharI, nevale Adi prANiyoM ke bAloM se nirmita hote haiN| bAla prApti ke lie ina nirIha prANiyoM ko asahya yAtanA dete hue mAra diyA jAtA hai| aise vyavasAya amAnavIya hote haiM, isalie antataH anArthika hote haiN| 11. yantrapIr3ana karma (jaMtapIlaNakamme ) : vyAkhyA-granthoM meM ghANI, kolhU Adi se tilahana se tela nikAlane tathA tela nikAlane ke aise yantroM ke dhandhe ko isa karmAdAna ke antargata liyA hai| zabdArtha meM jAye to prANiyoM ko yantra se pIr3A denA aura jantuoM ko pIlanA jaise abhiprAya prakaTa hote haiN| aise dhandhe vibhinna rUpoM meM samAja meM dekhane ko mila sakate haiN| kucha cikitsA paddhatiyA~ (194)

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va auSadhiyA~ aisI hai jo choTe-choTe aura choTe-bar3e jIva-jantuoM kI pratyakSa hiMsA para AdhArita haiN| aise vyApAroM se paristhitikI asantulana paidA hotA hai| sadRhastha ko cAhiye ki vaha sadaiva nirApada va ahiMsaka vikalpa cuneN| 12. nilaMchaNa karma (nilaMchaNakamme ) : AcArya abhayadeva ne baila Adi pazuoM ko napuMsaka banAne ke vyApAra ko isa karmAdAna ke antargata mAnA hai| jabaki AcArya hemacandra pazuoM kI nAka bIMdhane, DAma lagAne, kAna chedane, pITha gAlane Adi ko bhI isameM mAnate haiN| vartamAna meM strI-puruSa nasabandI kA kArya isI karmAdAna kA rUpa hai, jisase mAnava asaMyamita jIvana jIne lagatA 13. dAvAgni dApana ( davaggidAvaNayA) : jaMgala kisI bhI rAjya kI bahuta bar3I sampatti hote haiN| vibhinna prakAra ke vyApArika uddezyoM ke lie jaMgaloM meM Aga lagA dI jAtI thii| isase jaMgala ke sAtha bahuta sArI cIje naSTa ho jAtI thiiN| vanaspatiyA~, jIva-jantu aura unake naisargika AvAsa tathA vanavAsiyoM va nimna-madhyavargIya vyaktiyoM ke rojagAra vanoM kI samApti ke sAtha hI samApta ho jAte haiN| 14. saradahatalAya zoSaNa ( saradahatalAya sosaNayA) : canda logoM ke nihita svArthoM ke lie tAlAba, jhIla Adi ko sukhanA isa karmAdAna ke antargata hai| jaise vanoM ko naSTa karane se bahuta sArI cIjeM naSTa ho jAtI haiM, vaise hI jalAzayoM ko naSTa karane se bhI jalIya prANI, paryAvaraNa, rojagAra Adi bahuta sArI cIjeM naSTa ho jAtI haiN| 15. asatIjana poSaNa (asaIjaNaposaNayA) : deha-vyApAra ke lie strIpuruSoM kI vyavasthA karanA, unake yauna-karma ko kharIdanA, becanA yA bikavAnA Adi nimna stara ke kArya isa karmAdAna ke antargata Ate haiN| vartamAna meM paryaTana aura hoTala-vyavasAya kI Ar3a meM deha-vyApAra bar3ha gayA hai| yaha nitAnta anutpAdaka karma hai| hemacandrAcArya isa karmAdAna meM aprazasta prayojanoM se kutte, billI Adi rakhane tathA svatantra rahane vAle pakSiyoM ko kaida karane ko bhI sammilita karate haiN| ye pandraha karmAdAna sadgRhastha ke lie varjita haiN| ye varjanAe~ sAmAja, deza, artha-tantra aura paryAvaraNa ke lie sthAyI rUpa se hitakArI haiN| vartamAna meM jala, . (195)

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jaMgala aura jamIna ke lie Andolana ho rahe haiN| karmAdAnoM ke niSedha meM samaSTi kA . hita jur3A hai| bauddha paramparA meM bhI sabhI prakAra ke hiMsaka vyavasAyoM ko niSiddha . mAnA gayA hai| aMguttara nikAya meM bhagavAna buddha ne pA~ca prakAra ke kAma-dhandhoM kA niSedha kiyA hai - 1. satthavaNijjA - zastroM kA vyaapaar| 2. sattavaNijjA - prANiyoM kA vyaapaar| 3. maMsavaNijjA - mAMsa kA vyaapaar| 4. majjavaNijA - madya kA vyaapaar| 5. visavaNijjA - viSa kA vyApAra spaSTa hai ki zramaNa paramparA kI donoM dhArAe~ hiMsA se hara morce para lar3a rahI thii| sirpha vyavasAya meM hiMsA kI khilAphata se pUre samAja aura jana-jIvana meM hiMsA ke viruddha prabhAvazAlI mAhaula banAyA jA sakatA hai| zreSTha paryAvaraNa, sAmAjika samatA aura Arthika samRddhi ke lie yaha prayoga DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva saphala rahA thaa| Aja ise punaH doharAne kI AvazyakatA hai| 8. anarthadaNDa viramaNa vrata yaha dharmazAstra kA AThavA~ vrata hai; ise arthazAstra kA prathama vrata kaha sakate haiN| jIvana vyavahAra aura vyApAra meM jitanI bhI uddezyahIna, apavyayakArI aura anutpAdaka gatividhiyA~ aura pravRttiyA~ haiM, ve saba anarthadaNDa ke antargata AtI haiN| sAvadhAnIpUrvaka aisI vRttiyoM se virata honA anarthadaNDa viramaNa vrata hai| Adhunika bhautikavAdI jIvana zailI meM apavyaya atyadhika bar3ha gayA hai| use na janatA roka pA rahI hai, na sarakAra / paccIsa-chabbIsa zatAbdiyoM pUrva tIrthaMkara mahAvIra jana-jIvana meM aisI cetanA jAgRta kara rahe the ki samaya, zrama, sAdhanoM aura saMsAdhanoM kA apavyaya bilkula nahIM ho| kevala saMsAdhanoM kA hI nahIM, vyakti apanI bhAvazakti aura vaicArika-sampadA kA bhI anAvazyaka upayoga nahIM kreN| aisI nirarthaka pApakArI pravRttiyoM kI pA~ca koTiyA~" batAI gaI haiM1. apadhyAna : niSprayojana hI kucha-kA-kucha socate rahanA, azubha cintana karanA apadhyAna hai| granthoM meM varNita Arta-dhyAna aura raudra-dhyAna ko apadhyAna kahA hai| jisameM cintA, krUratA, hiMsA aura pratizodha ke vicAra Ate haiN| aise (196)

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vicAra vyakti aura samudAya kI sukha-zAnti chIna lete haiN| jina prazasta vicAroM aura bhAvoM kI akalpanIya zakti se vyakti kahA~-se-kahA~ pahu~ca sakatA hai; apadhyAna usa apAra zakti ko kSINa kara detA hai aura vyakti jahA~kA-tahA~ raha jAtA hai yA jIvana meM koI vizeSa pragati nahIM kara pAtA hai| saphalatA, unnati aura lakSya-prApti ke lie vyartha ke vicAroM se bacanA atyAvazyaka hai| 2. pApakarmopadeza : kisI ko durbhAvanApUrvaka galata salAha denA pApakarmopadeza hai| kitane hI logoM ko dUsaroM ko bhir3Ane meM majA AtA hai| ve apane kuTila bayAnoM aura jhUThI salAhoM se upadrava macA dete haiN| rAjanIti meM kaI sAmpradAyika, rASTrIya aura antarrASTrIya jhagar3eM kucha logoM dvArA bhir3Ane ke kAraNa hote haiN| vyavasAya jagata meM kisI ko nindya yA avaidha vyApAra karane yA galata tarIkoM se dhanArjana kI salAha denA bhI anarthadaNDa hai| vakIla aura nyAya praNAlI kI vizvasanIyatA sahI salAha para nirbhara karatI hai| 3. pramAdAcaraNa : jIvana vyavahAra aura kAryoM ko sajagatApUrvaka nahIM karanA pramAda-AcaraNa hai| madya yA mada, viSaya-vikAra, krodhAdi kaSAya, nidrA aura vikathA - ye pramAda ke bheda haiN| inase santulita aura sukhI jIvana meM gambhIra vyavadhAna paidA hotA hai| ye cIjeM jIvana ke saubhAgya ko kSata-vikSata kara detI hai| na sirpha AdhyAtmika hAni, apitu bhautika hAniyA~ aura abhAva pramAdAcaraNa se utpanna hote haiN| 4. hiMsrapradAna : jo hiMsAkArI upakAraNa, hathiyAra, zastra-astra Adi haiM, unakA _ vitaraNa va ApUrti karanA hiMsrapradAna hai| saMsAra yuddha aura AtaMkavAda kI vibhISikA jhela rahA hai, usameM hiMsrapradAna kI mukhya bhUmikA hai| vizvarAjanIti meM hathiyAroM kI hor3a macI huI hai| rASTroM ke bIca mukta aura corI chipe hathiyAroM kA AdAna-pradAna, AtaMkakArI saMgaThanoM ko mahAvinAzakArI hathiyAroM kI ApUrti jaisI gatividhiyoM se vizva kI zAnti aura samRddhi kA koI sambandha nahIM hai| vyakti aura vizva ke samagra va sthAyI vikAsa ke lie hathiyAroM kI isa hor3Ahor3I se sabako bacanA pdd'egaa| 5. duHzruti : jaise phAlatU bAteM karanA, nindA-cugalI karanA anarthadaNDa hai, vaise hI phAlatU bAteM aura nindA sunanA bhI anarthadaNDa hai| gappe hA~kanA-sunanA, TIvI (197)

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para bematalaba ke kAryakrama dekhanA-sunanA, bhar3akAU sAhitya par3hanA Adi / isameM sammilita haiN| anarthadaNDa ke aise sthaloM aura nimittoM se vratadhArI ko, .. vivekavAna ko sadaiva bacanA caahiye| anarthadaNDa viramaNa vrata ke samucita paripAlana ke lie pA~ca aticAroM se bacane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai681. kandarpa : aziSTatA se ha~sI-ThaTThA karanA, vAsanA ko uddIpta karane vAlI carcAe~ karanA kandarpa hai| isa taraha kI AdatoM se vyakti kI zAlInatA aura kulInatA ghaTa jAtI hai, jisakA viparIta asara usake jIvana ke sambandhoM aura vyApAroM para hotA hai| 2. kautkucya : zarIra ke aMgopAMgoM se abhadra ceSTAe~ karanA isa aticAra ke antargata AtA hai| vyakti apane hAva-bhAva meM bhI bhadra aura ImAnadAra parilakSita honA caahiye| 3. maukharya : adhika bolanA, bola-bola karanA maukharya hai| vratI ko vANI kI kImata samajhate hue usakA kabhI durupayoga nahIM karanA caahiye| jIvana kI saphalatA aura sampannatA ke pIche vacana-sampadA kA bahuta yogadAna hotA hai| 4. saMyuktAdhikaraNa : hiMsaka sAdhanoM aura hathiyAroM kA saMgraha karanA saMyuktAdhikaraNa hai| aise zastra-astroM kA saMgraha karane vAlA dussAhasI va bhaya paidA karane vAlA ho jAtA hai| kisI eka vyakti yA samudAya ke aisA karane se dUsare bhI saMyuktAdhikaraNa ke lie duSprerita hote haiN| aisI sthitiyoM se bacane ke lie vizva meM nirastrIkaraNa aura paramANu aprasAra sandhiyoM ke prayAsa ho rahe haiN| 5. upabhoga-paribhoga bar3hAnA : jina vastuoM kI AvazyakatA nahIM haiM, unheM kharIdanA, lAnA aura ghara meM rakhane se isa aticAra kA doSa lagatA hai| khAnepIne aura upayoga karane kI vastuoM ko anAvazyaka rUpa se saMgraha karane se jahA~ vyakti kA bajaTa bigar3atA hai, vahIM Arthika jagata meM mAMga aura ApUrti kA santulana gar3abar3A jAtA hai| vyApArika jamAkhorI se mahaMgAI, vastuoM kA kRtrima abhAva aura munAphAkhorI bar3hatI hai| 'gharelU jamAkhorI' se vastuoM kA durupayoga hotA hai| aisA karane se sAmAnya tabake ke vyaktiyoM ke lie kucha cIjeM anAvazyaka/kRtrima rUpa se mahaMgI ho jAtI hai| samagra rUpa se rASTrIya utpAdana, rASTrIya Aya aura sama-vitaraNa para janatA kI aisI-apavyayakArI vRttiyoM kA viparIta prabhAva hotA hai| (198)

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saMsAra meM apavyaya aura niSprayojanakArI gatividhiyoM meM atyadhika iz2AphA huA hai| yaha apavyaya do staroM para adhika hai - sarakArI stara para aura dhanADhyaM logoM meN| rAjya dvArA artha-vyavasthA ko paTarI para lAne ke lie sarakArI mazInarI para hone vAle dhana ke durupayoga ko rokane kI kavAyada kI jAtI hai| para sthiti dekhate hue aise prayAsa 'U~Ta ke mu~ha meM jIrA' najara Ate haiN| jo janatA ke sevaka haiM tathA rAjakIya karmacArI haiM, unameM yaha gaharA bodha yA dRr3ha saMkalpa honA cAhiye ki janatA kI gAr3hI kamAI kA, rAjakIya sampatti kA ve kabhI bhI, kisI bhI rUpa meM durupayoga evaM apavyaya nahIM kreNge| unakA yaha AcaraNa unake vyaktitva ko Upara uThAne ke sAtha-sAtha rASTrIya artha-vyavasthA aura logoM ke jIvana stara ko behatara banAne meM bhI madadagAra sAbita hogaa| __dhanADhya vyakti isa mAnasikatA se Upara uThe ki unake kamAye dhana ko ve jisa rUpa meM cAhe kharca kara sakate haiN| kitane hI dhanADhya apAra dhana ke bAvajUda saMyamita jIvana jIte haiN| satkAryoM meM apane dhana ko niyojita karate haiN| jana sAmAnya ko bhI cAhiye ki vaha pAnI, bijalI, peTrola, DIjala, gaisa Adi kA sImita upayoga kreN| AtizabAjI to bahuta bar3A anarthadaNDa hai| vaha niSprayojana hotI hai, anutpAdaka hotI hai aura paryAvaraNa ko nukasAna pahu~cAtI hai| ___ eka kisAna kaI bIghA bhUmi para siMcAI ke lie bahuta sAre pAnI kA upayoga karatA hai, jabaki eka vyakti apane nahAne dhone aura kulara meM calane ke lie jarUrata se jyAdA, kintu siMcAI se kAphI kama jala kA upayoga karatA hai| vrata kI dRSTi se kisAna nirdoSa aura AvazyakatA se adhika upayoga karane vAlA doSI hai| pA~ca lAkha kI AbAdI vAle zahara kA pratyeka bAzindA yadi eka dina ke lie kevala eka lITara pAnI kama upayoga kA saMkalpa kareM to sirpha eka dina meM pA~ca lAkha lITara pAnI kI bacata ho sakatI hai| artha-vyavasthA, samAja, paryAvaraNa aura pAristhitikI para aise vratoM aura saMkalpoM kA jabardasta suprabhAva hotA hai| aba jina cAra vratoM kA varNana kiyA jA rahA haiM, ve zikSAvrata ke nAma se jAne jAte haiN| pUrva meM jina aNuvratoM aura guNavratoM kI carcA kI gaI, ve sthAyI rUpa se grahaNa kiye jAte haiN| jabaki zikSAvrata, jaisA ki nAma se vidita hai, prazikSaNa aura abhyAsa ke vrata haiN| inheM alpa samaya ke lie grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| (199)

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9. sAmAyika-vrata zrAvaka apane nauveM vrata ke antargata do karaNa tIna yoga se nirdhArita samaya ke lie samasta prakAra ke pApakArI kAryoM va gatividhiyoM se nivRtta hokara samatA kI sAdhanA karatA hai| jaina paramparA meM sAmAyika kA bahuta mUlya hai aura pracAra hai| jaina granthoM meM pUNiyA nAmaka nirdhana gRhastha kI sAmAyika sAdhanA kI svayaM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra prazaMsA karate haiN| magadha samrATa zreNika. jaba pUNiyA kI sAmAyika kharIdanA cAhatA hai to usake sampUrNa rAjya kI sampatti bhI usa sAmAyika ko kharIdane ke lie aparyApta mAnI gaI thii| yaha eka udAharaNa hai sAmAyika ke aparampAra mahatva kaa| vastutaH sAmAyika eka AdhyAtmika sAdhanA hai| vaha krayavikraya kI vastu nahIM hai, jise kharIdA yA becA jA ske| saMsAra kI bhautika sampadAoM kI tulanA AdhyAtmika mUlyoM se nahIM ho sktii| sAmAyika karate samaya sAdhaka battIsa doSoM ko TAlatA hai| unameM dasa mana ke, dasa vacana ke aura bAraha kAyA ke haiN| mana ke dasa doSa haiM - aviveka, kIrti kI lAlasA, lAbhecchA, ahaMkAra, bhaya, nidAna (phalAkAMkSA), phala prApti meM sandeha, roSa, avinaya tathA abahumAna / dasa vacana ke doSa haiM - kuvacana, avicArita vacana, svacchanda vacana, saMkSepa yA ayathArtha vacana, kalahakArI vacana, vikathA, hAsya, azuddha uccAraNa, nirapekSa vacana aura aspaSTa vacana / bAraha kAyA ke doSa haiM - kuAsana, asthira Asana, dRSTi kI caMcalatA, sAvadha kriyA, Alambana, aMgoM kA AkuMcana-prasAraNa, Alasya, aMgoM ko mor3anA, maila utAranA, zoka-mudrA meM baiThanA, nidrA aura sAmAyika meM dUsaroM se sevA krvaanaa| inake alAvA jina pA~ca aticAroM se bacate hue sAmAyika kI ArAdhanA karanI cAhiye, ve nimna haiM - 1. manoduSpraNidhAna : kamajora yA Adhe-adhUre mana se sAmAyika karanA tathA sAmAyika meM mana kI kamajoriyoM kA poSaNa krnaa| mana ke doSoM ke prati asajaga rhnaa| 2. vacanaduSpraNidhAna : vacana kA samyaka prayoga nahIM karanA, azuddha pATha uccAraNa karanA tathA vacana ke doSoM ko TAlane ke prati asAvadhAna rhnaa| 3. kAyaduSpraNidhAna : bAraha kAyA ke doSoM ko nahIM ttaalnaa| (200)

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4. kAla-vismaraNa : sAmAyika ke prati pratibaddhatA aura samayabaddhatA nahIM rkhnaa| sAmAyika kI samayAvadhi kA dhyAna nahIM rkhnaa| 5. anavasthitakaraNa : sAmAyika ko vidhi aura niyama pUrvaka nahIM karanA, avyavasthita DhaMga se krnaa| ina pA~ca aticAroM ko TAlane ke sAtha sAmAyika karane vAle ko dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI zuddhi kA bhI dhyAna rakhanA caahiye| AcAryoM ne eka sAmAyika kI kAla-maryAdA eka muhUrta yAni 48 miniTa nirdhArita kI hai| zrAvaka ke lie sAmAyika prathama Avazyaka hai| sAmAyika ke pAThoM meM choTe-choTe doSoM ke lie AlocanA kI jAtI hai| vaha AlocanA gamanAgamana aura dhyAna-sAdhanA se sambandhita hai| samagra dRSTi se dekhA jAya to sAmAyika eka utkRSTa sAdhanA hai, jisake mAdhyama se vyakti samatva ke adhikAdhika nikaTa hotA jAtA hai| sAmAyika ke svarUpa para eka vihaMgama daSaSTapAta karane se yaha niSkarSa AsAnI se nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki sAmAyika karane vAlA vyakti apane jIvana meM anuzAsita, sahiSNu, parizramI, svAvalambI aura samayajJa hotA hai| jIvana ko kuzalatA pUrvaka calAne, zreSTha prabandhana aura dhanopArjana karane ke lie jina yogyatAoM kI AvazyakatA hotI haiM, sAmAyika se ve sahaja niSpanna hotI haiN| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke anuyAyiyoM kI sampannatA ke pIche sAmAyika sAdhanA kA bahuta bar3A pratyakSa aura apratyakSa yogadAna hai| 10. dezAvakAzika vrata ... pA~caveM, chaThaveM aura sAtaveM vratoM - parigraha parimANa, dizA parimANa aura upabhoga paribhoga parimANa kA isa zikSAvrata meM prazikSaNa aura abhyAsa kiyA jAtA hai| nirdhArita samaya ke lie zrAvaka yaha pratijJA karatA hai ki vaha amuka sImA ke bAhara na vaha svayaM jAyegA, na dUsaroM ko bhejegA tathA maryAdA ke bAhara kI vastu ke upabhoga paribhoga kA bhI vivekapUrvaka tyAga rkhegaa| upAsakadazAMga sUtra TIkA meM isa vrata kI kAla maryAdA dina-rAta yA isase kama-jyAdA samaya kI batAI gaI hai| jabaki zrAvakAcAra ke anya granthoM meM kSetra maryAdA ke antargata ghara, mohallA, grAma, kheta, vana, nadI Adi evaM kAla maryAdA ke antargata saptAha, pakSa, mAha, cAturmAsa, Rtu, varSa Adi ko parigaNita kiyA gayA hai| zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI paramparA meM dayA-vrata ke nAma se jo sAdhanA kI jAtI hai, vaha isI vrata kA rUpa hai| isake (201)

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alAvA dezAvakAzika vrata ke tahata zrAvaka zrAvikAoM kA kartavya banatA hai ki ve nimna caudaha niyama nitya vicAreM aura yathAzakti grahaNa kareM - 1. sacitta : zrAvaka pratidina kaccA jala, anna, phala, phUla, bIja Adi jina vastuoM kA upayoga karatA hai, unakI maryAdA nizcita kreN| yaha maryAdA saMkhyA, . mApa, taula Adi ke rUpa meM ho sakatI hai| kacce phala, phUla, pattiyA~ nahIM tor3anA bhI samAviSTa hai| 2. dravya : roTI, dAla, bhAta, sabjI, AcAra, caTanI Adi khAne pIne sambandhI vastuoM kI saMkhyA nizcita krnaa| jaise bhojana meM itane dravya se jyAdA sevana nahIM kruuNgaa| sAmUhika bhojoM meM yaha maryAdA isa rUpa meM taya honI cAhiye ki mejabAna itane dravya (AiTama) se adhika nahIM bnaaegaa| isase apavyaya rukatA hai aura AmaMtrita vyakti bemela cIjeM khAne se baca jAte haiN| 3. vigaya : vigaya prAkRta zabda hai, jisakA artha hotA hai - vikRti| jinake amaryAdita sevana se vikAra utpanna ho aise makkhana, ghI, tela, dUdha, dahI Adi kI maryAdA krnaa| yaha svAsthya rakSaNa kA sUtra bhI hai| 4. paNNI : pairoM meM pahanI jAne vAlI vastuoM (jUte, cappala, mojeM Adi) kI maryAdA karanA / jIvita pazu se prApta camar3e ke jUtoM kA tyAga krnaa| 5. tAmbUla : mukhavAsa, pAna, supArI Adi kI maryAdA krnaa| tambAkhayukta - nazIle mukhavAsa-dravyoM kA tyAga krnaa| 6. vastra : pratidina pahane va or3he jAne vAle vastroM kI maryAdA krnaa| vastroM ko bhar3akAU tarIke se nahIM phnnaa| zAlIna paridhAna dhAraNa krnaa| 7. kusuma : phUla, itra, sugaMdhita dravyoM, zRMgAra-sAmagrI Adi kI maryAdA krnaa| 8. vAhana : pratidina upayoga meM liye jAne vAle vAhanoM ke prayoga evaM unakI saMkhyA nirdhArita krnaa| 1. zayana : zayana, zayana-sthAna, palaMga, khATa, bistara Adi kI maryAdA krnaa| 10. vilepana : tela, krIma, ubaTana Adi vilepanIya vastuoM kI maryAdA krnaa| 11. brahmacarya : maithuna-sevana kI maryAdA yA tyAga krnaa| kAmottejaka sAhitya, TIvI kAryakrama yA prasaMgoM se bcnaa| (202)

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12. dizA : dizAoM meM gamanAgamana kI maryAdA krnaa| 13. snAna : snAna va snAna-jala kI maryAdA krnaa| 14. bhojana : miThAI, pakavAna Adi vizeSa bhojana kA tyAga yA maryAdA krnaa| khAne-pIne kI bAjAra kI vastuoM, hoTala ke bhojana Adi kA tyAga yA maryAdA krnaa| ye niyama vyakti ko saMkalpavAna aura saMyamita banAte haiN| gRhasthajana aise niyamoM ke mAdhyama se apane bajaTa ko bhI santulita kara lete haiM aura sampannatA kI dizA meM Age bar3hate haiN| ___ isa vrata ke pA~ca aticAra nimna haiM - 1. Anayana prayoga : maryAdita kSetra ke bAhara kI vastu lAnA yA mNgvaanaa| 2. preSya prayoga : maryAdita kSetra ke bAhara vastu bhejnaa| 3. zabdAnupAta: maryAdita kSetra ke bAhara kI vastu ko lAne yA le jAne ke lie zabda-saMketoM kA saMhArA lenaa| dUrabhASa (TelIphona, mobAila Adi) se caturAI pUrvaka aise saMketa karanA AsAna ho gayA hai| jinake mAdhyama se pUre saMsAra meM kahIM bhI sandeza pahu~cAyA jA sakatA hai| vratI ina sAdhanoM kA amaryAdita aura kuTila prayoga kabhI nahIM kregaa| 4. rUpAnupAta : hAva-bhAva tathA zArIrika saMketoM se vrata maryAdA tor3anA rUpAnupAta 5. pudgala-prakSepa : maryAdA ke bAhara ke vyakti ko uparoktaM prakAra ke izAroM ke alAvA anya izAroM se apanA mantavya btaanaa| isa vrata kA Arthika pakSa yaha hai ki jo vyakti svadezI kA pracAra karate . . haiM, ve zuru meM kucha samaya ke lie hI logoM ko svadezI apanAne kA saMkalpa krvaayeN| isase loga sahaja rUpa se aise niyama svIkAra kara sakeMge aura bar3I pratijJA ke lie taiyAra hone kI pAtratA arjita kara leNge| videza-yAtrA tathA AyAtaniryAta kI niyamAvalI vyaktiyoM aura vastuoM kI mukta AvAhI-jAvAhI ko taraha-taraha se niyamita aura niyantrita karatI hai| gA~va meM rahane vAle yaha dhyAna rakheM ki ve vastue~ jo gA~va meM utpAdita yA upalabdha hotI haiM, unheM gA~va se hI khriideNge| (203)

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isase grAmINa artha-vyavasthA sudRr3ha hogI, zaharIkaraNa para aMkuza lagAne meM madada milegii| deza ke samagra vikAsa meM aisI choTI pratIta hone vAlI bAtoM kA bar3A yogadAna hotA hai| 11. pauSadhopavAsa vrata sAMsArika aura vyAvasAyika kAryoM se divasa bhara kI vizrAnti ke lie pauSadha vrata kI ArAdhanA upavAsake sAtha kI jAtI hai| yaha jaina AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA viziSTa prakAra hai| isa vrata kI avadhi meM sAdhaka nimna cIjoM kA tyAga karatA hai - 1- cAroM prakAra ke AhAra kA tyaag| cAroM prakAra ke AhAra meM sabhI prakAra kI khAne-pIne kI cIjeM A jAtI haiN| tIna prakAra ke AhAra meM pAnI ko chor3akara sabhI khAne-pIne kI cIjeM AtI hai| 2. kAma-bhoga kA tyaag| 3. svarNa-rajata, maNi-muktA, AbhUSaNa aura bahumUlya vastuoM kA tyaag| isa ___tyAga se jaina gRhastha kI sampannatA kA patA calatA hai| 4. zRMgAra-vastuoM - mAlA, gaMdha Adi kA tyaag| 5. hiMsaka upakaraNoM tathA doSapUrNa cIjoM kA tyaag| jo vyakti eka dina ke lie bhI ina cIjoM kA tyAga karatA hai, vaha tyAga kI dizA meM Age bar3hatA hai| aisI ArAdhanAoM se samAja meM nirlobhatA, tyAga, zucitA Adi prazastatAoM ko bar3hAvA milatA hai| pauSadhopavAsa vrata ke nimna pA~ca aticAra haiM - 1. vrata ke daurAna zayyA-saMstAraka Adi binA dekhe-bhAle upayoga krnaa| 2. zayyA-saMstAraka Adi kA vidhipUrvaka pramArjana nahIM karanA yA acchI taraha se nahIM krnaa| 3. binA dekhI-bhAlI yA anupayukta bhUmi para laghu-zaMkA va dIrgha-zaMkA nivAraNa krnaa| 4. apramArjita yA duSpramArjita bhUmi para laghu-zaMkA va dIrgha-zaMkA nivAraNa krnaa| 5. pauSadha vrata kA samyak prakAra se pAlana nahIM krnaa| (204)

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12. atithi saMvibhAga vrata jisake Ane kI koI tithi nahIM ho athavA jo alpa-tithi yAni thor3e samaya ke lie AtA hai, vaha atithi kahalAtA hai| gRhastha kA kartavya hai ki vaha apane lie banAI gaI tathA apane adhikAra kI vastuoM kA atithi ke lie saMvibhAga kreN| granthoM meM anagAra (jinakA koI ghara nahIM ho tathA eka hI jagaha para sthAyI AgAra yAni ThaharAva nahIM ho) ko utkRSTa atithi batAyA gayA hai| yaha utkRSTatA isalie hai ki anagAra samAja aura saMsAra meM prema, zAnti aura ahiMsA ke dUta hote haiN| ve calate-phirate tIrtha hote haiN| unake sahayoga kA artha hai ahiMsA aura saMyama kA possnn| zrAvakaprajJapti meM zrAvaka aura zrAvikA ko bhI atithi kA darjA diyA gayA hai| ina cAroM ke alAvA Adhunika vidvAnoM ne sabhI prakAra ke atithiyoM dIna-du:khI, vRddha, rogI Adi ke lie bhI saMvibhAga kA samarthana kiyA hai| ina atithiyoM kA zrAvaka bhAvapUrvaka satkAra kreN| unheM AhAra, auSadha, AvAsa aura anya Avazyaka nirdoSa vastue~ pradAna kreN| atithi saMvibhAga meM zrAvaka ko dAnavidhi, dravya, dAtA aura pAtra kA viveka rakhanA caahiye| isa vrata ke aticAra zramaNa ko lakSya meM rakhakara batAye gaye haiN| ve nimna haiM2 - 1. sacittanikSepaNa : zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ko dene yogya AhAra meM sacitta vastu . milA denA, jisase AhAra dAna yogya nahIM rhe| 2. sacittapidhAna : zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ko dene yogya AhAra sacitta se DhaMka denA, jisase AhAra baharAyA nahIM jA ske| 3. kAlAtikrama : bhikSA ke samaya vyatIta hone ke bAda bhojana taiyAra karanA / jina gharoM meM sAyaMkAlIna bhojana sUraja Dhalane ke bAda taiyAra hotA hai, vahA~ se sAyaMkAlIna AhAra sAdhu-sAdhvI nahIM le sakate haiN| 4. paravyapadeza : dene kI bhAvanA nahIM hone para apanI vastu parAI batAnA paravyapadeza 5. mAtsarya : anAdara, ahaMkAra, IrSyA athavA kRpaNatApUrvaka dAna dene se mAtsarya doSa lagatA hai| __ saMvibhAga kA artha hai - sama + vibhaag| sadgRhastha ko atithi aura yogya pAtra ke lie apane AhAra, dhana, sAdhana aura saMsAdhana Adi kA ucita bhAga karanA caahiye| gRhastha ke yathAsaMvibhAga-vrata kA anya vratoM kI apekSA vizeSa mahatva (205)

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dekhate hue ise sabase bar3A vrata tathA vrata-ziromaNi kahA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kahate haiM - 'asaMvibhAgo na hu tassa mokkho' jo apane dhana va sAdhanoM kA saMvibhAga nahIM karatA hai, vaha mukta nahIM ho sktaa| bAraha vratoM kI preraNAoM ko sAra rUpa meM nimna prakAra se vyakta kara sakate 1. ahiMsA aNuvrata se nirdoSa prANiyoM ko bacAyA jAtA hai| 2. satyANuvrata se samabhAva aura niSpakSatA kI prApti hotI hai| 3. asteya se upArjita vastuoM ke upayoga kA niyama banatA hai| 4. brahmacarya se sabake prati Atmavat kI bhAvanA jAgRta hotI hai| 5. aparigraha se saMcita vastuoM kA saMyamana hotA hai| . 6. dizA-parimANa dina-rAta kI daur3a-dhUpa se bacAtA hai aura gamanAgamana ko ____ maryAdita karatA hai| 7. upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vrata sAdagI aura saralatA kA poSaNa karatA hai| 8. anarthadaNDa viramaNa-vrata vyakti ko vastuoM ke upayoga kA viveka pradAna ___karatA hai aura use upayogitA ke mApadaNDa pradAna karatA hai| 9. sAmAyika vrata anukUla-pratikUla vAtAvaraNa meM samabhAva sthApita karatA hai| 10. deza maryAdA meM sUkSma se sUkSma prANiyoM kA saMrakSaNa kiyA jAtA hai| 11. pauSadha ke niyama se Atma-zakti meM abhivRddhi hotI hai| 12. atithi saMvibhAga vizva-bandhutva kA pATha par3hAtA hai| isa prakAra gRhasthAcAra (aNuvratoM) ke mAdhyama se Agama-granthoM meM uttama nAgarika saMhitA batAI gaI hai, jo vyakti va samAja tathA rASTra va vizva ko sukhI va samRddha banAtI hai| vyAvasAyika nItizAstra ke lie aNuvrata preraka dastAveja hai| (206)

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5 6 . sandarbha 1. upAsakadazAMga sUtra - prathama adhyyn| 2. sUtrakRtAMga 1/2/26 3. uvAsagadasAo 1/13, dazavaikAlika sUtra 6/10 4. upAsakadazAMga sUtra - prathama adhyayana sthAnAMga sUtra - madhukara muni 3/4/175 yogazAstra - A. hemacandra 2/19 7. bhagavatI sUtra, zataka 7, u.-1 jaina, sAgaramala (DaoN.) jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga 2, pR.-276 9. uvAsagadasAo 1/45 10. praznottara zrAvakAcAra 12/135 11. abhayadeva, AcArya, upAsakadazAMga TIkA, pR.-27 12. vahI, pR.-27 .13. lATI saMhitA 4/263 14.- jaina, sAgaramala (DaoN.) jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga 2, pR.-277 15. zrAvakaprajJapti TIkA 258 16. cAritrasAra-zrAvakAcAra saMgraha 1/239, praznottara zrAvakAcAra 12/138 17.. uvAsagadasAo 1/14 18. hemacandra, AcArya, yogazAstra - 254-55 19. lATI saMhitA 5/22 20. uvAsagadasAo 1/46 (207)

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21. upAsakadazAMga TIkA pR. 29-30 22. uvAsagadasAo 1/15 23. Avazyaka sUtra, tIsarA aNuvrata 24. uvAsagadasAo 1/15 25. koThArI, subhASa (DaoN.) upAsakadazAMga : eka parizIlana, pR.-101 26. uvAsagadasAo 1/47, tatvArthasUtra, puruSArthasiddhyupAya, sAgAradharmAmata Adi meM bhI zabdoM ke phera ke sAtha ina aticAroM kA ullekha haiN| 27. upAsakadazAMga TIkA pR. 31 28. vahI pa.-32, zrAvakaprajJapti TIkA 159, praznottara zrAvakAcAra 14/34 29. uvAsamadasAo 1/16 30. uvAsagadasAo 1/48 31. jaina, sAgaramala (DaoN.) jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga 2, pR.-282 32. upAsakadazAMga TIkA pa. 32, sarvArthasiddhi 7/28, zrAvakaprajJapti TIkA 2/73 33. uvAsagadasAo 1/49 34. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 9/48 35. ThANAMga sUtra 3/1/113 36. uvAsagadasAo 1/21-27 37. hiraNya-suvarNa meM ratna-maNiyoM ko bhI ginA jAtA hai| lATI saMhitA 5/105 106 38. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra chaThA adhyayana 39. dazavaikAlika-sUtra 4/16, uttarAdhyayana-sUtra adhyayana 19, mUlAcAra 112 113, bhagavatI ArAdhanA 6-1186 gAthA evaM 6-1207 gaathaa| 40. uttarAdhyayana-sUtra 17,16 (208)

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41. cAritrapAhuDa - 22 42. AcAra-sAra 5-70 43. amatacandra, AcArya, puruSArthasiddhyupAya-136 44. ghAsIlAlajI, AcArya, upAsakadazAMga sUtra ttiikaa| 45. uvAsagadasAo 1/50 46. mahAprajJa, AcArya, mahAvIra kA arthazAstra, pa.-47 47. bhagavatI sUtra zataka 7, uddezaka 2 48. uvAsagadasAo 1/22-38 49. uvAsagadasAo 1/51 50. 'sacittahAraM khalu sacetanaM mUla kandAdikam' - zrAvakaprajJapti TIkA-286 51. uvAsagadasAo 1/51 52. jaina, sAgaramala (DaoN.) jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga 2, pR.-287 53. upAsakadazAMga TIkA pR. 39 54. jaina, sAgaramala (DaoN.) jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga 2, pR.-288 55. upAsakadazAMga TIkA pR. 39, yoga zAstra 3/104, triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra 9/3/339 56. upAsakadazAMga TIkA pa. 39, yoga zAstra 3/105, triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra 9/3/340. dekheM - antima adhyAya meM sphoTa-karma aura khanana para vicaar| 57. upAsakadazAMga TIkA pR. 39-40, yogazAstra 3/106, triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra 9/3/341 58. yogazAstra 3/107, triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra 9/3/342 59. jaina, sAgaramala (DaoN.) jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka ... adhyayana, bhAga 2, pR.-288 (209)

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60. yogazAstra 3/109, triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra 9/3/344 61. upAsakadazAMga TIkA pR. 40, yoga zAstra 3/108, triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra 9/3/344 yogazAstra 3/110, triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra 9/3/345 upAsakadazAMga TIkA pa. 40, yoga zAstra 3/111, triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra 9/3/346 yogazAstra 3/111, triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra 9/3/346 65. yogazAstra 3/112, triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra 9/3/347 66. jaina, sAgaramala (DaoN.) jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga 2, pR.-289| pro. premasumana jaina ke Alekha bha. buddha kI zikSAoM kA sAmAjika sarokAra' ke anusAra dIghanikAya (dvitIya bhAga) meM bhI ina vyApAroM kA niSedha hai| 67. upAsakadazAMga (1/43) aura Avazyaka sUtra ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra (75), kArtikeyAnuprekSA (43 se 47), sarvArthasiddhi (7/21) Adi meM ina cAra ke atirikta duHzruti kA ullekha bhI hai| 68. uvAsagadasAo 1/48 69. Avazyaka sUtra - nauvA~ vrt| ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra (97) meM kahA gayA ki sAmAyika tIna karaNa tIna yoga se kI jAnI caahiye| 70. amara muni, upAdhyAya, sAmAyikasUtra evaM anya sAmAyikasUtra kI pustkeN| 71. uvAsagadasAo 1/53, tatvArtha sUtra 7/28 72. jaina, sAgaramala (DaoN.) jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga 2, pR.-294 73. yogazAstra 5/115-116, Avazyaka malayagirI TIkA 4/43 74. Avazyaka sUtra - dasavA~ vrt| 75. AtmArAmajI, AcArya, upAsakadazAMga TIkA, pR. 80 (210)

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76. ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra 5/3-4, praznottara zrAvakAcAra 18/5-6, sAgAradharmAmata 5/26 77. Avazyaka sUtra gyArahavA~ vrata 78. ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra 109 79. Avazyaka sUtra 12vA~ vrata, AcArya abhayadeva aura AcArya ghAsIlAlajI kRta upAsakadazAMga ttiikaa| 80. jaina AcAra siddhAnta aura svarUpa - AcArya devendra muni pR.-345 81. tatvArtha sUtra 7/39 . 82. uvAsagadasAo 1/56, tatvArtha sUtra 7/36 83. devendra muni, AcArya, jaina dharma meM dAna eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 119 84. dazavaikAlika 9/2/23, praznavyAkaraNa 2/3, uttarAdhyayana 17/11 85. muni bhuvaneza (DaoN.) jaina AgamoM ke AcAra darzana aura paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa kA mUlyAMkana, pR.-40 (211)

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pariccheda do dAna, gRhasthAcAra aura rASTradharma sampUrNa jainAcAra tyAga para avasthita hai| tyAMga ke aneka pakSa hote haiM, unameM dAna kI mahimA aparampAra hai| Agama-sAhitya dAna kI mahimA se bhare paDe haiN| zramaNa paramparA meM jIvana sAdhanA ke sarvocca zikhara para birAjamAna tIrthaMkara ko paramadAtA batAyA gayA hai| ve abhaya kA dAna karane vAle, dharma kA dAna karane vAle, cakSu (jJAna) kA dAna karane vAle, bodha va bodhi dene vAle tathA sabako zaraNa aura jIvana dene vAle haiN| isIlie ve lokanAtha, lokasUrya, loka meM paramottama tathA saMsAra ke jhaMjhAvAtI samudra meM bhaTake-pha~se prANiyoM ke lie dvIpa ke samAna hai| varSIdAna tIrthaMkara dIkSA lene se pUrva eka varSa taka nirantara dAna dete haiM, use granthoM meM varSIdAna yA vArSika-dAna ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| ve sUryodaya se lekara prAta:kAlIna AhAra taka eka karor3a ATha lAkha svarNa-mudrAe~ pratidina dAna karate haiN| varSa bhara meM kula 3 araba, 88 karor3a, 80 lAkha svarNa-mudrAoM kA dAna unake dvArA kiyA jAtA hai| AcArAMga' aura kalpasUtra meM dIkSA-pUrva tIrthaMkaroM ke dAna ko sarvasva-tyAga kahA hai| unase dAna lene vAloM meM sanAtha, anAtha, bhikSuka, rogI, daridra Adi sabhI vargoM, kSetroM aura zreNiyoM ke loga Ate the| sampanna bhI unase kucha prApta karane kI abhilASA rkhte| ve loga (aura anya sabhI dAna grahaNakartA) kevala dAna hI nahIM, dAna aura sahayoga kI preraNA bhI tIrthaMkara prabhu se prApta karate aura apane jIvana ko tyAga va udAratA se sajAte-saMvArate the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM tIrthaMkara malli dvArA kiye gaye vArSika dAna kA mahatva batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki dIkSA pazcAt aNagAra-jIvana meM dharma ke cAra vyavahArika aMgoM meM se tIna - zIla, tapa aura bhAva kI ArAdhanA to ho sakatI hai, parantu dAna-dharma kI vidhivat ArAdhanA gRhastha jIvana meM hI sambhava hai| dAna yA udAratA kI buniyAda para hI gRhastha-dharma TikA huA hai| varSIdAna ke dvArA tIrthaMkara saMsAra ko tyAga, udAratA, sahayoga Adi kI prakarSa preraNA dete haiN| unakI isa preraNA kA jitanA AdhyAtmika mahattva hai, usase kahIM adhika usakA sAmAjika va Arthika mUlya hai| (212)

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nirdhana brAhmaNa ko vastradAna tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne varSaparyanta dAna karane ke bAda mahAbhiniSkramaNa kiyaa| dIkSA ke vakta indra ne unake vAma-skandha para zraddhApUrvaka bahumUlya divya vastra DAla diyaa| pravrajyA grahaNa karake jJAtRkhaNDa vana se prasthAna karake bhagavAna Age baDha gye| mArga meM unheM rAjA siddhArtha kA paricita soma nAmaka vRddha brAhmaNa milaa| mahAvIra ke varSIdAna ke vakta vaha una taka paha~ca nahIM pAyA thaa| patnI ke isa Agraha para ki mahAvIra to svarNa kI varSA kara rahe haiM aura hama daridratApUrvaka jIvana yApana kara rahe haiN| jAo, aba bhI jAo, tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke paas| unakI zaraNa gayA huA kabhI daridra nahIM raha sktaa| vaha brAhmaNa khoja karatA huA vana meM vahA~ pahu~cA, jahA~ mahAvIra sAdhanArat the| usane mahAvIra ko apanI vyathA-kathA btaaii| bhautika rUpa se dene ke lie bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pAsa devadUSya vastra thaa| unhoMne vastra kA ardhabhAga use pradAna kara diyaa| kucha samaya bAda mahAvIra ke skandha se vastra kA zeSa ardhabhAga bhI gira pdd'aa| soma use bhI le aayaa| usakA vaha vastra eka lAkha dInAra meM bikaa| isase usakI daridratA samApta ho gii| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke jIvana kI yaha ghaTanA preraNA detI hai ki vyakti apane nijI sukhoM kA tyAga karake bhI karuNA-bhAva aura sahayoga-vRtti ko banAye rkheN| sAmAjikatA aura mAnavIyatA ke ye AdhArabhUta ghaTaka haiN| dAna prathama - dharma ke cAra aMgoM - dAna, zIla, tapa aura bhAva' meM dAna ko prathama sthAna diyA gayA hai| dAna ko zrAvaka kA parama-dharma", pramukha karttavya tathA kalyANa kA saralatama upAya bhI batAyA gayA hai| jo vyakti apane dAnAdi . sAmAjika aura Arthika kartavyoM ko nahIM samajhatA hai, vaha dharma ke maMgala-patha para Age nahIM bar3ha sakatA hai| dAna hameM AdAna-pradAna kI zikSA detA hai| dAna visarjana hai, vaha hameM arjana aura sarjana kI preraNA detA hai| dAna hI aisA dharma hai jisameM pratyakSa taura para dvipakSIya athavA bahupakSIya lAbha hotA hai| yaha lAbha tatkAla hotA hai aura sadiyoM taka hotA rahatA hai| dAna se sthApita/saMcAlita yojanA, pariyojanA athavA prakalpa dAtA ke divaMgata hone ke pazcAt bhI yugoM taka samAja ke lie lAbhakArI bane rahate haiN| cirakAlIna bahupakSIya lAbha hI dAna kA arthazAstra hai| (213)

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dAna banAma saMvibhAga 'dAnaM samyag vibhAjanaM' - saMsAdhanoM kA samucita vibhAjana dAna hai| gRhastha ke bArahaveM vrata meM use sAdhanoM aura saMsAdhanoM ke saMvibhAga kI salAha dI gaI hai| Agama granthoM meM dAna kI apekSA saMvibhAga zabda ko samAjazAstrIya dRSTi se adhika upayukta mAnA jAtA hai| granthoM meM eka aura zabda hai - prtilaabh|" vyakti tatkAlIna samaya aura samAja se pratyakSa taura para lAbhAnvita hotA hai| usameM yaha bhAva honA cAhiye ki vaha bhI dUsaroM ke lie lAbhakArI bneN| sadgRhastha.yaha kAmanA karatA hai ki use apane saMvibhAga se pratilAbha mileN| dAna athavA saMvibhAga se hAni nahIM, apitu pratilAbha hotA hai| nAgarika kA yaha kartavya hai ki vaha apane sAdhanoM kA parArtha aura paramArtha ke lie saMvibhAga kareM aura pratilAbha prApta kreN| samAja meM sabakI haisiyata samAna nahIM hotI hai| jo kinhIM kAraNoM se jIvana vikAsa meM pichar3a jAte haiM, unake prati samartha janoM kA yaha dAyitva banatA hai ki ve apane dhana kA saMvibhAga kareM, jisase sAmudAyika sampannatA ke lie kArya kiyA jA ske| saMvibhAga meM saMvibhAgakartA ke ahaMkAra ke lie avakAza nahIM rahatA hai| yaha usakA dAyitva hai ki vaha jisa deza kAla meM jI rahA hai, usameM jIne vAloM ke prati apane pharja ko bhI smjheN| sAmAjika Arthika samatA kI sthApanA ke lie saMvibhAga kA mahatva asaMdigdha hai| saMvibhAga kevala mUrta vastuoM kA hI nahIM, apitu amUrta sampadA kA bhI hotA hai| yogya va buddhimAna vyaktiyoM kA pharja banatA hai ki ve ahaMkAra-rahita hokara kama yogya vyaktiyoM ko apanI yogyatA se lAbhAnvita kreN| dAna aura anugraha AcArya umAsvAti ne dAna ko anugraha ke lie vastu-tyAga ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA hai| jisase svayaM kA aura dUsaroM kA upakAra ho, use anugraha kahate haiN| spaSTa hai, dAna se dUsaroM kA hI nahIM, svayaM kA bhI upakAra hotA hai| kyA, kaba, kise aura kisa uddezya se denA, isakA viveka dAtA ko avazya honA caahiye| pAtra, vastu va samaya ke viveka ke sAtha kiye gaye sahayoga se sahayoga kA mahatva bar3ha jAtA hai| dAna ke sAtha dAnI ko apanA svatva, svAmitva aura ahaMtva kA visarjana bhI karanA caahiye| aisA dAna pArasparika anugraha kA kAraNa banatA hai| lobha-kaSAya ko manda karane aura aparigraha-vrata kI ArAdhanA ke lie dAna pramukha upAdAna hai| (214)

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dAna aura samatA viSamatA saMsAra kI bar3I samasyA hai| samatA usakA samAdhAna hai| AgamagranthoM meM samatA ko dharma aura dharma kA sAra batAyA gayA hai| samatA ke kaI artha hote haiN| sAmAjika dRSTi se Arthika samatA-viSamatA para vijJoM ne bahuta vicAra kiyaa| dAna ko Arthika viSamatA ke nivAraka ke rUpa meM eka ghaTaka mAnA gyaa| dAna se sthAyI aura asthAyI - donoM prakAra ke samAdhAna milate haiN| ucita avasara para prApta sahayoga se vyakti apane jIvana ko dizA de detA hai aura prAptakartA eka dina svayaM dAtA bhI bana jAtA hai| samAja kI vyavasthA aisI banAI jAya ki sAmAjika nirdhanatA kama se kama ho aura asahAya svanirbhara bana ske| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke anuyAyiyoM ne hara yuga meM dAna-dIpa prajvalita rkhaa| isa sambandha meM bhArata ke pUrva nyAyadhIza raMganAtha mizra kA yaha kathana preraNAspada hai - 'merI yaha mAnyatA hai ki sevA zikSA, dAna, saMskAra-nirmANa Adi kA yadi koI zubha kArya koI saMsthA karane jA rahI hai, to usake pIche kisI-na-kisI jaina bandhu kI preraNA, sahayoga yA saMyojana hai|" dAna se samAja meM samatA, samarasatA, sahakAritA, zAnti, saha-astitva aura samRddhi kA prasAra hotA hai| dAna ke dasa prakAra - sthAnAMga sUtra meM dAna ke dasa prakAra batalAye gaye haiM - 1. anukampA dAna : kaisA bhI arthazAstra ho, vaha mAnavIya bhAvanAoM kI upekSA nahIM kara sktaa| agara vaha karatA hai to anarthazAstra bana jAtA hai| kisI dIna, dukhI yA vipadAgrasta prANI yA vyakti ko dekhakara anukampita hokara usakI madada karanA anukampA dAna hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra meM anukampA ko samyaktva kA eka lakSaNa batAyA hai| rAjapraznIya sUtra meM rAjA pradezI apanI samasta sampatti kA eka bhAga nirdhanoM va saMkaTagrasta vyaktiyoM ke lie niyojita karatA 2. saMgraha dAna : isa prakAra ke dAna meM mAnavIyatA kI bhAvanA yA to kama hotI hai yA nahIM hotI hai, pratyut adalA-badalI kI bhAvanA hotI hai| kaI loga isa prakAra ke dAna se samAja meM apanA nAhaka varcasva banA lene meM kAmayAba hote haiN| isase dAna kI mUla bhAvanA Ahata hotI hai| (215)

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3. bhaya dAna : kisI dabAva, AtaMka yA Dara se dAna karanA bhaya dAna hai| dabAva meM kiyA jAne vAlA dAna dAna nahIM hotA hai| saMgraha va bhaya dAna se samAja meM rizvatakhorI va bhraSTAcAra bar3hatA hai| 4. kAruNya dAna : divaMgata AtmA kI zAnti ke lie jo karmakANDa kiye jAte __ haiM, unheM kAruNya dAna ke antargata mAnA gayA hai|" jaina vicArakoM ne isa taraha ke karmakANDoM ko samAja ke lie anucita btaayaa| hA~, divaMgatoM kI punIta smRti meM satkAryoM meM dAna karanA svIkArya hai| 5. lajA dAna : loka lAja se dAna dene kI bajAya svecchApUrvaka diyA jAnA caahiye| isase dAna kA mahatva bar3ha jAtA hai| 6. gaurava dAna : garva-rahita hokara diye jAne vAle dAna se dAna aura dAnI donoM kA gaurava bar3hatA hai| 7. adharma dAna : kupAtra ko diyA gayA dAna adharma dAna hai| jisa dAna se samAja va deza meM arAjakatA bar3he aura mUlyoM kA patana ho, vaha adharma dAna hai| AtaMkakAriyoM, vyAbhicAriyoM tathA hiMsA meM saMlagna logoM kI madada karanA adharma dAna hai| aisA dAna kabhI nahIM karanA caahiye| ' 8. dharma dAna : zreSTha uddezyoM ke lie, ahiMsA, saMyama Adi mAnavIya mUlyoM kI pratiSThArtha apane dhana kA, sAdhanoM kA saMvibhAga karanA dharma dAna hai| 9. kariSyati dAna : pratyupakAra kI AkAMkSA se kisI kA upakAra karanA kariSyati dAna hai| 10. kRta dAna : kisI ke upakAra ke badale meM upakAra karanA kRta dAna hai| dasa prakAra ina dasa prakAra ke dAnoM meM kucha svIkArya aura kucha asvIkArya hai| kucha prakAra ke dAnoM kA sAmAjika Arthika sambandhoM meM alaga mahatva hai| jo vyakti sahayoga denA nahIM jAnatA vaha sAmAjika nahIM aura jo sahayoga lenA nahIM jAnatA vaha bhI sAmAjika nhiiN| samAjazAstra aura arthazAstra sahayoga aura sahakAritA se saMcAlita hai| yogI ko bhI sahayogI kI jarUrata par3atI hai| vyakti ko paropakAra karanA cAhiye, upakArI kA upakAra nahIM bhUlanA caahiye| AcArya kArtikeya, AcArya jinasena Adi ne dAna ke cAra bheda kiye haiM - AhAra, auSadha, jJAna aura abhayadAna / (216)

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1. AhAra dAna : AhAra mAnava aura prANI mAtra kI prathama AvazyakatA hai| jo anaMgAra hai arthAta jinake koI ghara nahIM hai aise sAdhuoM va sAdhu-puruSoM ke AhAra pAnI kI vyavasthA karanA samAja kA dAyitva hai| bhukhamarI aura duSkAla ke samaya meM kiyA gayA AhAra dAna deza kI rakSA karatA hai aura vaha pratyakSa taura para abhaya dAna kA kAraNa bhI banatA hai| 2. auSadha dAna : kisI bhI samAja va deza ke satat vikAsa ke lie svAsthya aura cikitsA kI sudRr3ha vyavasthAe~ atyanta jarUrI haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke anuyAyI yugoM se auSadhAlayoM aura cikitsAlayoM ke lie apane dhana kA visarjana karate rahe haiN| vyaktigata aura choTe-choTe staroM para bhI sadgRhastha bImAra kI cikitsA sevA karake samAja ko bImAra hone se bacAtA hai| vartamAna meM raktadAna, aMgadAna, netra dAna Adi ko isameM ginA jA sakatA hai| isakA bhI abhaya dAna.se pratyakSa sambandha hai| 3. jJAna dAna : ajJAna sabase bar3A kaSTa hai| ajJAna aura kujJAna se samAja ko mukta karane ke lie apane sAdhanoM kA saMvibhAga jJAna dAna hai| jJAna para jaina paramparA ne atyadhika jora diyA hai| AcArAMga meM jJAna ko AtmA kA paryAya batAyA gayA hai| isa dRSTi se jJAna dAna kA artha bahuta vyApaka ho jAtA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke anuyAyiyoM ne jJAna-vijJAna aura zikSA ke pracAra-prasAra ke lie bhI aitihAsika kArya kiye haiN| deza-samAja kI Arthika aura sarvAMgINa unnati ke lie jJAna va zikSA anivArya ghaTaka hai| kisI ko kalA va hunara vizeSa meM pAraMgata banAnA yA banAne kI vyavasthA karanA Arthika jJAna dAna hai| isase vyakti jIvikopArjana meM sakSama banatA hai| 4. abhaya dAna : Arya sudharmA svAmI ne bhagavAna mahAvIra kI stuti meM abhaya dAna ko sarvottama btaayaa| jIvana meM aneka prakAra ke bhaya hote haiM, una bhayoM se prANI ko mukta karanA abhayadAna hai| isake antargata kisI ke prANoM kI rakSA karanA, zaraNAgata kI rakSA karanA Adi sammilita haiN| abhaya dAna se deza kI pazu sampadA kI rakSA meM bhI ullekhanIya kArya huA hai| kisI vyakti ke lie berojagArI athavA AjIvikA china jAne kA bhaya ho, usa bhaya se use mukta karanA bhI abhayadAna hai| eka vyakti ke rojagAra se pUrA parivAra calatA hai| (217)

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ApAtakAla meM dAna dAna kA mUla dhyeya hai - ucita vakta para ucita madada krnaa| kitane hI vyakti vyaktigata athavA pArivArika taura para saMkaTa meM pha~sa jAte haiN| aise saMkaTa ke unakI sahAyatA karanI caahiye| kitane hI vyakti sAmUhika rUpa se prAkRtika aura aprAkRtika ApadAoM se ghira jAte haiN| mAnavatA kA takAjA hai, unakI mana se madada kI jaay| aisI ApadAoM ke antargata bAr3ha, bhUkampa, akAla, mahAmArI, durghaTanAe~ Adi sammilita haiN| ApAtakAlIna dAna samAja-dharma, rASTra-dharma va mAnavadharma kA aMga hai| jagaDUzAha vi. saM. 1312 meM par3e trivarSIya duSkAla kA sAmanA karane ke lie jaina zrAvaka jagaDUzAha ne aitihAsika madada kii| unhoMne duSkAla kI vibhISikA ko bhA~pa liyA thA aura aise mahAsaMkaTa kA sAmanA karane ke lie pUrva taiyAriyA~ aura prabandhana kara liyA thaa| akAla ke samaya jagaDUzAha ne kAzI ke rAjA ko 128 hajAra mana, navAba moijjuddIna ko 84 hajAra mana, sindhu va skandhila deza ke rAjA ko 48-48 hajAra mana aura gujarAta ke aNahilavAr3e ke rAjA ko 32 hajAra mana anna aura khAdya-sAmagrI kI madada kii| inake alAvA 112 dAnazAlAe~ khulavAIM tathA mA~gane meM saMkoca karane vAloM ko karor3oM svarNa-mudrAe~ modaka meM rakhakara bhijvaaiiN| jagaDUzAha ne yaha saba binA kisI pratyAzA ke vizuddha mAnavIya dharAtala para kiyaa| apane deza hI nahIM, dUsare dezoM ko bhI sahAyatA bhijvaaii| bhAmAzAha mahArANA pratApa ko mevAr3a kI svatantratA aura svAbhimAna kI rakSArtha saMsAdhanoM ke saMkaTa kA sAmanA karanA pdd'aa| ve nirAza hokara mevAr3a chor3akara siMdha kI ora bar3ha gaye the| aisI saghana nirAzA meM zrAvaka bhAmAzAha (janma vi.saM.1604 - nidhana vi.saM.1656) unake lie AzA kA sUraja banakara upasthita hue| bhAmAzAha ne pratApa ko itanA dhana samarpita kiyA, jisase 25 hajAra sainikoM/vyaktiyoM kA 12 varSoM taka AsAnI se binA byAja kharca cala ske| unakA yaha dAna itihAsa meM amara ho gyaa| udAramanAoM ke mukta yogadAna ke bagaira bhArata ke svatantratA Andolana ko Age nahIM bar3hAyA jA sakatA thaa| vinobA ke bhUdAna Andolana ne bhI bhAratIya sAmAjika Arthika jIvana para bahuta anukUla prabhAva paidA kiyaa| (218)

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dAna para isa vimarza se yaha niSkarSa sahaja rUpa se nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki dAna kevala dhanAdi mUrta cIjoM kA hI nahIM hotA hai, apitu mUrta aura amUrta kaI rUpoM aura vyavasthAoM meM vyakti apane dAna-dharma kI ArAdhanA kara sakatA hai| dAna kA vyApaka artha hai - sahayoga kA jIvana jiinaa| apane lie hI nahIM, dUsaroM ke lie bhI jiinaa| mahAna uddezyoM ke lie jiinaa| AgamoM meM dAna aura dAniyoM kI apAra mahimA gAI gaI hai| __kaI sandoM meM vyakti kA dAna itanA prabhAvazAlI hotA hai ki vaha arthavyavasthA meM krAntikArI bhUmikA nibhA sakatA hai| samAja meM rojagAra, svAvalambana, Atma-nirbharatA kI pratiSThA karane vAle dAnoM kA vizuddha rUpa se arthazAstrIya mahatva hai| inake alAvA sarakAra janatA para kara lagAtI hai, yaha dAna kA rAjakIya rUpa hai| vyakti ko niyamAnusAra kara cukAnA caahiye| sAmAjika-samatA, sAMskRtika-unnati, saMsAdhanoM ke samAna vitaraNa, vikendrita arthavyavasthA aura rASTrIya-vikAsa meM dAna, saMvibhAga va sahayoga kA mahatva kabhI kama nahIM ho sktaa| gRhasthAcAra aura rASTra-dharma gRhasthAcAra ke niyamoM va upaniyamoM para carcA se yaha niSkarSa AsAnI se nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki zreSTha mAnava aura Adarza nAgarika bane bagaira koI bhI vyakti acchA va saccA dhArmika vyakti nahIM bana sktaa| dharma paraloka kI vastu nahIM, apitu isa jIvana ko, samAja, deza va duniyA ko behatara banAne kI sAdhanA kA nAma hai| sadgRhastha grAma/nagara se lagAkara deza taka ke prati apane kartavyoM ko kisI na kisI rUpa meM nibhAtA hai| usakA yaha kartavya-nirvahana una saba cIjoM ko suvyavasthita karatA haiM, jinameM mukhyataH arthavyavasthA sammilita hai| karttavya-parAyaNatA artha-tantra kA merudaNDa hai| jisa deza, samudAya yA kSetra meM kartavya-parAyaNa nAgarika nivAsa karate hoM, vaha deza, samudAya yA kSetra nirantara vikAsa karatA hai| Agama-granthoM meM jagaha-jagaha karttavyaniSThA ke uddharaNa aura udAharaNa milate haiN| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki jo anartha-rUpa aura akarttavya hai, unakA AcaraNa nahIM karanA caahiye| upAsakadazAMga ke dasa zrAvakoM kA jIvana karmaThatA kA jIvanta pratIka hai| jo vyakti kartavyaniSTha hotA hai, vaha sAmAjika, laukika, rASTrIya jaise sabhI dharmoM kI ArAdhanA karatA hai| sthAnAMga sUtra meM isa prakAra ke dasa dharma batAye gaye haiN|24 (219)

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ThANAMga ke dasa dharma 1. grAma-dharma : gA~va ke prati apane pharja ko nibhAnA grAma dharma hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra unake prathama nayasAra ke bhava meM 'grAma-cintaka' the| jainAcAryoM ne grAma-dharma ke samucita paripAlana ke lie grAma ke mukhiyA 'grAma-sthavira' kI vyavasthA ke nirdeza bhI diye haiN| ina vyavasthAoM ke tahata samasta grAmavAsI apanA aura apane gA~va kA vikAsa sunizcita kreN| grAma-sthavira kI tulanA vartamAna meM 'grAma-sevaka' tathA sarapaMca se kI jA sakatI hai| gA~voM kI unnati para deza kI unnati nirbhara hai| 20vIM sadI ke mahAnAyaka mahAtmA gAMdhI ne grAmonnati para bahuta jora diyaa| unhoMne grAma-svarAja kA sapanA dekhaa| paMcAyatI rAja ke mAdhyama se use sAkAra karane kI rAha sujhaaii| sadiyoM pUrva Agama granthoM meM ina vyavasthAoM ke upayogI sUtra hameM milate haiN| gA~va artha-vyavasthA kI AdhArabhUta ikAI hai| grAma kacce mAla aura prAthamika udyogoM ke kendra hote haiN| kathita vikAsa kI AMdhI meM bhArata ke Atma-nirbhara aura sakSama gA~va Aja kamajora par3ate jA rahe haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA sujhAye gaye gRhasthAcAra ke niyama grAmya arthavyavasthA ko utkarSa pradAna karate haiN| 2. nagara-dharma : jisa prakAra gA~va ke prati apane pharja ko nibhAnA grAma-dharma hai, usI prakAra nagara ke prati apane dAyitva nibhAnA nagara-dharma hai| jaina sUtroM meM grAma-sthavira kI bhA~ti nagara-sthavira kI vyavasthA ke ullekha milate haiN| jinakI tulanA vartamAna ke nagara nigama tathA usake sabhApati se kI jA sakatI hai| nagaravAsiyoM kA dAyitva apane nagara ke prati isalie bhI adhika banatA hai ki ve grAmavAsiyoM se adhika vikasita avasthA meM jIvana yApana karate haiN| isake atirikta nagaroM kA vikAsa gA~voM va grAmavAsiyoM para nirbhara hai| nagaravAsiyoM tathA nagara ke nigama ko cAhiye ki ve gA~voM ke vikAsa ke lie apane dAyitva ko taya kreN| nigama dvArA koI aisA niyama nahIM bane jisase gA~voM yA gA~voM ke bAzindoM ke vikAsa para pratikUla prabhAva ho| dUsaroM ke vikAsa kI kImata para apanA vikAsa kisI bhI dRSTi se ucita nahIM hotA hai| 3. rASTra-dharma : rASTra-dharma ke aneka rUpa hote haiN| jisa deza ke nAgarika rASTrIyatA ko apane bhAvoM ke sAtha saMjote haiM, vaha deza ajeya hotA hai| usa para kisI bhI prakAra ke rAjanaitike, sAMskRtika aura Arthika AkramaNa kI AzaMkA va saMbhAvanA nahIM rahatI hai| rASTrIya-niyamoM, pratIkoM Adi ko lekara jo rASTrIya (220)

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cetanA nAgarikoM meM honI cAhiye, usa cetanA kA vikAsa AgamoM meM varNita gRhasthAcAra se sahaja rUpa se hotA hai| eka ahiMsA vrata dhArI gRhastha bhI avasara Ane para deza kI rakSArtha zastra uThAne se nahIM hicakatA hai| ahiMsA aNuvrata ke antargata batAyA jA cukA hai ki zrAvaka ke lie virodhinI hiMsA kA tyAga zakya nahIM hai| bhAratIya svatantratA saMgrAma meM rAjasthAna se pahalI zahAdata dene vAlA vIra bhagavAna mahAvIra kA upAsaka amara canda bA~ThiyA thaa| bA~ThiyAjI ne rASTra-dharma kI ArAdhanA ke lie tAntyATope ko mukta Arthika madada kii| isa para tatkAlIna aMgrejI zAsakoM ne bA~ThiyAjI ko prANadaNDa kI sajA sunaaii| bIkAnera nivAsI amara zahIda bA~ThiyA ne antima icchA ke rUpa meM sAmAyikavrata kI ArAdhanA kI aura pUre samabhAvoM ke sAtha apane prANoM kI bAjI lagA dI parantu rASTra-dharma se vicalita honA ucita nahIM smjhaa| rASTra-dharma ke lie bA~ThiyAjI ne na sirpha dhana, apitu apane jIvana kA dAna bhI kara diyaa| dAnavIra zrAvaka bhAmAzAha ne akabara ke vaibhavazAlI jIvana ke aneka pralobhanoM ko ThukarAkara apane deza ke prati utkRSTa vaphAdArI va svAmIbhakti kA paricaya diyaa| Agama-yuga se lagAkara vartamAna samaya taka aneka rAjA, mantrI, dIvAna Adi rAjyAdhikArI ho gaye haiN| jinakI salAhoM aura sevAoM se rASTra ke sarvAMgINa vikAsa meM agaNita adhyAya judd'e| itihAsa para dRSTipAta kareM to adhikAMza Arthika salAhakAra bha. mahAvIra ke anuyAyI gRhastha hI rahe, jinhoMne rAjya ko sudRr3ha Arthika AdhAra pradAna kiye| 4. pAkhaNDa-dharma (nIti-dharma) : yahA~ pAkhaNDa kA artha DhoMga yA karma-kANDa se nahIM apitu anuzAsita va saMyamita jIvana jIne se hai| jisase samAja va deza meM zAnti va vyavasthA banI rhe| gRhasthAcAra ke sAre niyama-upaniyama vyakti ko uttama nAgarika banAte haiN| samrATa azoka ne caritra-vikAsa ke lie eka svatantra mantrAlaya bhI sthApita kiyA thaa| . 5. kula-dharma : kauTumbika zreSTha paramparAoM kA anupAlana kula-dharma ke antargata parigaNita hai| kula-dharma kA eka artha yaha hai ki sabhI kuTumbIjana pyAra aura sahakAra pUrvaka rheN| kula ke jo jyeSTha va zreSTha jana haiM, unakI AjJAoM kA sammAna kareM tathA jo vRddha va bImArajana haiM, unakI niSThApUrvaka sALa-sambhAla kreN| bar3e choToM kA dhyAna rakheM aura choTe bar3oM kaa| jisa deza meM karttavyaparAyaNa kula va kuTumba hote haiM, vaha deza pragati karatA hai| (221)

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6. gaNa-dharma : gaNa kA artha samAna AcAra-vicAra ke vyaktiyoM ke samUha se hai| isa artha meM kisI kSetra-vizeSa yA vyavasAya-vizeSa kI birAdarI ko gaNa kahA jA sakatA hai| jo vyakti jisa samudAya kA pratinidhitva karatA hai, use usake niyamoM kA pAlana karate hue sAmudAyika utkarSa ke lie yatnazIla rahanA cAhiye, yaha gaNa-dharma hai| jahA~ gaNatantra kI bAta hai, vahA~ gaNa kA anya artha samAna AcAra-vicAra ke vyaktiyoM ke samUha se nahIM ho sktaa| vahA~ to sabhI prakAra ke AcAra-vicAra vAle vyaktiyoM kI maujUdagI avazyambhAvI hai| vardhamAna mahAvIra kI janma-sthalI kuNDagrAma jJAtR-kSatriyoM kA gaNarAjya thaa| unake pitA rAjA siddhArtha usake gaNa-pramukha the tathA mA~ trizalA ke pitA athavA bhAI mahArAjA ceTaka vaizAlI gaNarAjya ke rASTrAdhyakSa the| kahA jA sakatA hai ki vardhamAna gaNatAntrika mAhaula meM pale-bar3he the| vartamAna meM pracalita lokatAntrikapraNAlI kA sUtra gaNatantra kI vyavasthAoM meM milate haiN| isa artha meM gaNa-dharma ke antargata samatA, svatantratA, svAyattatA, saha-astitva Adi mUlyoM ke anupAlana va anurakSaNa kA dAyitva AtA hai| 7. saMgha-dharma : dhArmika vyavasthAoM ke rUpa meM zramaNa, zramaNI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA se milakara saMgha hotA hai| nandI-sUtra meM aise paramopakArI saMgha kI bar3I mahimA batAI gaI hai| gRhastha-varga ina saMghoM kA Arthika pakSa hotA hai| usakA kartavya hai ki vaha saMgha ke lie apane saMsAdhanoM kA vivekasammata niyojana kreN| saMgha kA dUsarA rUpa gaNoM kA samUha hotA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya meM licchavi, jJAtR, videha Adi ATha gaNarAjyoM kA eka vajisaMgha thA, vaizAlI jisakI rAjadhAnI thii| sadasya athavA nAgarika ke rUpa meM aise saMghoM ke prati apane kartavyoM kA pAlana karanA saMgha-dharma hai| 8. zruta-dharma : zruta kA pAramparika artha hai lipibaddha Apta-vacana / ina vacanoM ke prati apanI pratibaddhatA vyakta karanA zruta-dharma hai| vyakti ko aise mahAna zruta meM se uttama artha kI khoja karanI cAhiye jJAna kA pracAra-prasAra aura vistAra karanA, samAja se aMdhavizvAsoM aura jar3atAoM ko miTAne ke prayAsa zruta-dharma ke sopAna haiN| Aja vyakti se lekara samaSTi taka sArA vikAsa jJAnAdhArita ho gayA hai| jIvana kI bhautika unnati ke lie jJAna atyAvazyaka upAdAna ho gayA hai| sarakAra zikSA ke lie atirikta kara lagAtI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra meM usI jJAna ko zreSTha kahA hai jo vyakti ko ahiMsA ke maMgala patha se vicalita nahIM kreN| (222)

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1. cAritra-dharma : isa dharma ke antargata mukhyataH Atma-sAdhanA ko liyA jAtA hai| parantu Atma-vikAsa ke lie jina niyamoM kA pAlana karanA hotA hai, ve niyama rASTra ke naitika, sAmAjika va Arthika vikAsa meM bar3I bhUmikA nibhAte 10. astikAya-dharma : jaina tatva-jJAna ko samajhanA samajhAnA astikAya-dharma hai| yaha samajha hamAre dRSTikoNa ko vaijJAnika tathA tarkasaMgata banAtI hai| hamAre manamastiSka ke dvAra nita naye jJAna-vijJAna ko jAnane ke lie khule hone caahiye| virAT dRSTikoNa sambhAvanAoM ke dvAra khule rakhatA hai| jJAna ke upayoga va prayoga meM viveka kA vismaraNa nahIM honA caahiye| jisa AcAra-vicAra se sAmAjikatA aura rASTrIyatA jur3I hotI hai, usI AcAra-vicAra se Arthika-pragati jur3I hotI hai| ina dasa dharmoM ke antargata dharma zabda karttavya kA bodhaka hai| hara vyakti samAja kA sadasya aura deza kA nAgarika hotA hai| use apanI kSamatA, sAmarthya, yogyatA, javAbadehI, samaya Adi ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue apane kartavyoM kA pAlana karanA caahiye| (223)

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sandarbha 1. kalpasUtra, sAmAyika sUtra - namotthuNaM kA pATha 2. AcArAMga sUtra 2/23, gAthA 112-113, Avazyaka niyukti gAthA 239 3. Avazyaka niyukti gAthA 242 4. AyAro 2/15/360-361 5. kalpasUtra 111 jJAtAdharmakathAMga 1/8/76 7. vinaya vijaya (AcArya), zAntasudhArasa bhaavnaa| 8. mahAvIra cariyaM 514, triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita 10/3/7 / 9. saptatizatasthAna prakaraNa gAthA-96 evaM triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita 1/1/152 10. gahasthAnAmAhAradAnAdikameva paramo dharmaH - paramAtmaprakAza TIkA 2/111 11. samaNaM mAhaNaM kRkR paDilAbhemANe viharaI 12. 'anugrahArthaM svasyAtisargo dAnam' - tatvArtha sUtra 6/12 13. 'svaparopakAro'nugrahaH' - tatvArtharAjavArtika zlokavArtika, upAsakAdhyayana 766 14. AcArAMga 1/8/3 15. 'mahAvIra mizana' (dillI), agasta 2002 16. sthAnAMga sUtra 10/475 17. sthAnAMga TIkA 9 18. puSkara muni, upAdhyAya, jaina dharma meM dAna eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 303 19. 'je AyA se vinnAyA, je vinnAyA se AyA' - AcArAMga 1/5/5/104 20. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, chaThavA~ adhyayana 21. puSkara muni, upAdhyAya, jaina dharma meM dAna eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 22 (224)

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22. AcArAMga 1/5/2 - uttarAdhyayana 13/10, vahI 18/33 23. uttarAdhyayana 18/30, 'akiriyaM parivajae' - vahI 18/33 24. ThANAMga 10/760 25. bhaNDArI, vijaya, rAjasthAna patrikA 6 jUna, 2002 ke aMka meM prakAzita lekh| dekheM mAMgIlAla bhUtor3iyA kI pustaka 'itihAsa kI amara bela osavAla vaMza' meM zahIda amara caMda bAMThiyA kA jiivn| 26. jaina, prema sumana (pro.) prAkRta bhAratI, azoka ke abhilekha' adhyaay| 27. jaina, sAgaramala, jaina, bauddha va gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR.-244 28. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 11/32 . 29. varSa 2004 kA bhArata sarakAra kA bajaTa 30. 'evaM khu nANiNo sAraM jaM na hiMsaI kiMcaNa' - sUtrakRtAMga sUtra 1/10 (225)

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pariccheda tIna vyasana niSedha aura mArgAnusArI kA Arthika pakSa jaina dharma AcAra pradhAna dharma hai| AcAra ko samasta aMgoM kA sAra batAyA gayA hai| jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM dharma ke do rUpa batAye gaye haiM - zrutadharma (tatvajJAna) aura dUsarA cAritradharma (naitika aacaar)| cAritra dharma do prakAra kA batAyA gayA haiM - anagAra aura AgAra dhrm| yahA~ AgAra dharma kA sambandha gRhasthAcAra se hai| AgAra zabda gRha yA AvAsa ke artha meM prayukta huA hai, jisakA artha hai pArivArikasAmAjika jIvana / isameM Arthika jIvana bhI samAviSTa hai| jisakA paripAlana ghara, parivAra, samAja aura vyavasAya ke daurAna kiyA jA sake, vaha AgAra dharma hai| Agama sAhitya meM upAsakadazAMga aura Avazyaka sUtra ke atirikta AcArAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, bhagavatI, antakRtadazA, jJAtAdharmakathAMga, praznavyAkaraNa, vipAka-sUtra, rAjapraznIya, uttarAdhyayana, dazAzrutaskandha Adi granthoM meM gRhasthAcAra ke bAre meM vizeSa vivaraNa milatA haiN| gRhasthAcAra ke samucita anupAlana ke lie jainAcAryoM ne Agama granthoM ko AdhAra mAnate hue vyAvahArika dRSTi se atyanta upayogI aneka niyamaupaniyama banAye haiN| aise niyamoM-upaniyamoM para vimarza karanA bhI yahA~ samIcIna hogaa| ____ AcArya haribhadra, hemacandra, amRtacandra, samantabhadra, amitagati, paM. AzAdhara Adi ne gRhasthAcAra ko samunnata banAne ke lie AgamoM ke AdhAra para AcArasaMhitAe~ banAI haiN| inameM sapta-vyasanoM kA tyAga, zrAvaka ke 21 guNa aura mArgAnusArI ke 35 niyama jaina paramparA meM kAphI carcita aura pracalita haiN| inameM uttama gRhastha hI nahIM, eka zreSTha nAgarika aura zreSTha manuSya ke lie Avazyaka niyamoM va guNoM kA bhI samAveza ho jAtA haiN| sapta-vyasana vasunandi zrAvakAcAra' meM sAta kuvyasanoM ke tyAga ko gRhasthAcAra kI bhUmikA ke rUpa meM abhihita kiyA gayA hai| AcArya vasunandi ne likhA - jUyaM majaM maMsaM vesA pAraddhi cor-pryaarN| duggaigamaNassedANi heubhUdANi paavaanni|| vartamAna pariprekSya meM vasunandI ke isa krama meM maiMne kiMcita parivartana kiyA hai| parivartita krama meM sapta vyasanoM para vimarza kiyA jA rahA hai| (226)

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1. mAMsAhAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ne mAMsAhAra ko naraka gati kA kAraNa batAyA hai| unhoMne paMcendriya-vadha ko bhI naraka kA kAraNa btaayaa| jisake bagaira mAMsa prApti asaMbhava hai| mAMsAhAra paMcendriya-vadha aura hiMsA kA sabase bar3A nimitta hai| mAMsAhAra aura paMcendriya-vadha karane vAlA mara kara naraka meM jAyegA taba jAyegA parantu svarga-tulya saMsAra meM yahA~-vahA~ naraka jaisA vAtAvaraNa to hiMsA kI vajaha se bana hI rahA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM hastI tApasa aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ke ziSya zramaNa ArdrakumAra ke bIca meM jo saMvAda hotA hai, vaha zAkAhAra ke gaurava ko bar3hAne vAlA hai| hAthI ke eka jIva ko mArakara kaI dinoM taka khAne vAle hiMsA aura ahiMsA, karuNA aura krUratA kA ka-kha-ga bhI nahIM jAnate haiN| prazna alpa-bahutva kA nahIM, cetanA ke vikAsa aura karuNA kA hai| isa sambandha meM AcArya mahAprajJa kahate haiM - 'mAMsAhAra-niSedha kA sabase prAcIna pramANa jaina sAhitya ke atirikta kisI anya sAhitya meM hai, aisA abhI mujhe jJAta nahIM hai| mUlAcAra meM mAMsa ko mahAvikRti kahA hai tathA use kAma, mada aura hiMsA ko utpanna karane vAlA batAyA hai| vipAka sUtra meM mAMsAhAra ko bImAriyoM kA ghara, naraka kA kAraNa aura atyanta hAnikAraka batAyA gayA hai| mAMsAhAra mAnava ke lie lAbhadAyaka nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki vaha mAnava kA AhAra hI nahIM hai| zarIra-vijJAna kI dRSTi se mAnava mUlataH zAkAhArI prANI hai| vizva svAsthya saMgaThana kI buleTina saMkhyA 637 kI dRSTi se mAMsAhAra se 160 prakAra ke roga ho sakate haiM, jinameM se aneka asAdhya aura aneka duHsAdhya haiN| mAMsAhAra apavyayakArI hai aura isase na sirpha vaiyaktika, apitu vaizvika arthavyavasthA para bhI dUragAmI duSpariNAma ho rahe haiN| 2. madyapAna mUlAcAra meM madya ko bhI mahAvikRti kahA hai tathA use kAma, mada, hiMsA Adi kA janaka batAyA hai| dazavaikAlika sUtra meM madirApAna kA niSedha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki vaha lolupatA, chala, kapaTa, jhUTha, apayaza, atRpti Adi durguNoM ko paidA karane vAlA aura doSoM ko bar3hAne vAlA hai|" antakRtadazAMga ke anusAra zarAba . ucchaMkhalatA aura aparAdhoM kI jananI hai| zarAba kI vajaha se vAsudeva zrIkRSNa kI svarNapurI vizeSaNa yukta sampanna dvArikA nagarI kA bhI vinAza ho gayA thaa| vizva itihAsakAra TaoNyanbI ne likhA - 'ati prAcIna kAla se astitva meM AIM kula (227)

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ikkIsa saMskRtiyoM meM se unnIsa saMskRtiyoM ke patana kA kAraNa zarAba hai|" madyapAna se mAnava kI antarzakti kSINa ho jAtI hai| zarAba se viveka, saMyama, jJAna, satya, zauca, dayA Adi guNa naSTa ho jAte haiN| AcArya haribhadra ne madyapAna ke solaha duSpariNAma batAye haiN|s - zarIra vidrUpa honA, zarIra vividha rogoM kA Azrayasthala honA, parivAra se tiraskAra honA, samaya para kArya karane kI kSamatA kA nahIM rahanA, antarmana meM dveSa paidA honA, jJAnatantuoM kA dhundhalA honA, smRti kSINa honA, buddhi kA bhraSTa honA, zakti kA nyUna honA, sajjanoM se samparka nahIM honA, durjanoM se samparka bar3hanA, vANI meM kaThoratA, kulahInatA, dharma kA nAza, artha kA nAza aura kAma kA nAza honaa| vyakti ke patana ke lie ina/itane sAre durguNoM meM se kucha hI paryApta haiN| ye hI durguNa samAja aura deza ko bhI zaktihIna aura vipanna banAte haiN| zarAba ko rAjasva kA bar3A srota mAnanA bhI bhrama mAtra hai| zarAba se utpanna sAmAjika, naitika, sAMskRtika vikRtiyoM ko dUra karane yA unase jUjhane para sarakAra ko jo kharca karanA par3atA hai, vaha Aya kI tulanA meM kaI gunA adhika hotA hai| pulisa aura cikitsA para jo kharca hotA hai, usakI to kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| mahilAoM para atyAcAra aura sar3aka durghaTanAoM meM bhI zarAba nimitta banatI hai| tAjA natIjoM ke anusAra bhArata meM prativarSa 80000 se adhika vyakti sar3aka-durghaTanAoM meM kAla ke grAsa bana jAte haiM tathA 12 lAkha se adhika ghAyala ho jAte haiN| ina sar3akadurghaTanAoM kI vajaha se deza ko 55000 karor3a rupayoM kI Arthika hAni uThAnI par3atI hai| akhabAroM meM Aye dina jaharIlI zarAba se mautoM kI khabareM AtI rahatI haiN|" jina samAjoM meM madya kA niSedha haiM, ve samAja unnatizIla aura unnata haiN| 3. para-strI gamana yA para-puruSa gamana prathama tIrthaMkara bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko vivAha paramparA aura pArivarika vyavasthA kA sUtradhAra mAnA jAtA hai| gRhastha ke lie yaha vidhAna hai ki vaha vidhivat vivAhita patnI meM santoSa karate hue zeSa sabhI para-nAriyoM ke sAtha maithunavidhi kA parityAga kreN| eDsa jaisI mahAmArI ke calate Adhunika yuga meM bhI vaivAhika sImA pAra nahIM karane kI hidAyateM dI jAne lagI haiN| para-strI gamana (puruSoM ke lie) yA para-puruSa gamana (striyoM ke lie) atyanta nimna stara kA kArya hai| isase eka yA do vyakti hI nahIM, varan do yA do se adhika parivAra tahasa-nahasa ho (228)

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jAte haiN| samAja ke gaurava aura vaibhava para isakA viparIta asara hotA hai| para-strI yA para-puruSa gamana se sthAyI sukha, saccI zAnti aura samRddhi naSTa ho jAtI hai| 4. vaizyA-gamana gRhastha ke caturtha vrata meM vaizyA-gamana kA bhI niSedha hai| Aja durbhAgya yaha hai ki vaizyA-gamana ko vyApAra-vyavasAya aura paryaTana kI Ar3a meM bar3hAvA diyA jA rahA hai| girAvaTa kA namUnA yaha hai ki saiksa varkara' ke rUpa meM puruSa bhI isa kudhandhe meM lage hue haiN| jisa samAja va rASTra kA yuvA nirvIrya ho jAtA hai, sadAcArI nahIM hotA hai; vaha samAja va rASTra vikAsa ke patha para Age nahIM bar3ha sakatA hai| arthazAstrI DaoN. mArzala ne utpAdaka zrama kI avadhAraNA se vaizyAvRtti ko bAhara nikAla diyaa| arthazAstrI pro. sailigamaina kA kahanA hai ki saccI Arthika kriyA sadAcArapUrNa honI caahiye| deha-vyApAra kA saha-astitva, vyApAra-dharma aura sAmAjikatA se koI riztA nahIM hai| isalie vyakti aura deza kI Arthika pragati meM usakA koI yogadAna nahIM hai| 5.zikAra zikAra krUratA aura kAyaratA kA pratIka hai| kisI bhI rAjya kI samRddhi ke AdhArabhUta vana aura vanya jIvoM ke naSTa hone meM zikAra bhI mukhya kAraNa rahA hai| zikAra se sIdhe taura para durlabha vanya jIva mAre jAte haiN| isase vanoM kA paryAvaraNa aura pAristhitikI maTiyAmeTa ho jAtI hai| vanya jIvoM ke prAkRtika AvAsa naSTa ho jAte haiM aura jaMgala jaMgala nahIM rahate haiN| isa bahAne vana AdhArita avaidha aura hiMsaka vyavasAya panapane laga jAte haiN| zikAra ne saMsAra ke paryAvaraNa : ko bhArI nukasAna phuNcaayaa| isase Arthika paryAvaraNa bhI bigdd'aa| jisake duSprabhAva Aja najara A rahe haiN| vanya-jIvoM kI aneka jAtiyA~ aura prajAtiyA~ zikAra kI vajaha se naSTa ho giiN| ahiMsA kI anupAlanA ke krama meM jainAcAryoM ne zikAra tyAga ko anivArya maanaa| jaina divAkara muni cauthamalajI (18771950) ne hajAroM-hajAra vanavAsI bandhuoM aura rAjA-mahArAjAoM se zikAravRtti chur3avAkara paryAvaraNa-rakSA meM aitihAsika kArya kiyaa| aneka jainAcAryoM, zramaNa-zramaNiyoM aura zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ne vyasana-mukti kI dizA meM ullekhanIya kArya kiyaa| unakI badaulata vanya-jIvoM kI aneka durlabha prajAtiyA~ Aja bhI vidyamAna haiN| (229)

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6. corI corI nahIM karane ko bhagavAna mahAvIra ne aNuvrata aura mahAvrata kI saMjJA dI hai| caurya-karma Arya-karma (zreSTha vyaktiyoM kA kArya) nahIM hai| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne binA dI huI kisI kI vastu lene kA spaSTa niSedha kiyA hai| yahA~ taka binA AjJA ke dA~ta kuredane kA eka tinakA taka nahIM lenA caahiye| corI kaI rUpoM meM kI jAtI haiN| isalie praznavyAkaraNa sUtra meM corI ke tIsa nAma batAye gaye haiN| corI ke vyasana kA tyAga karane vAlA sarvatra vizvasanIya aura prAmANika banA rahatA hai, vaha apane vyApAra aura vANijya ko cahu~ ora phailAtA hai aura khUba lAbha prApta karatA hai| Arthika-jagat meM corI kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| corI vyApAra aura vyavahAra ke lie pratyakSa rUpa se hAnikAraka hai| 7. juA vasunandI ne juA vyasana ko prathama krama para rakhA hai| sambhava hai usa samaya meM juA vRtti kA prasAra adhika ho gayA ho| juA kabhI kisI kA nahIM huaa| zramahInatA, niSkriyatA, Alasya, korI bhagyavAditA aura rAtoMrAta dhanapati banane kI mithyA lAlasA meM AdamI juA aura dyUta-krIr3A kI burI lata meM burI taraha pha~sa jAtA hai| juA eka nitAnta anutpAdaka karma hai| isalie yaha rASTra ke lie ahitakArI tathA garIbI kI janaka hai| Arthika unnati aura samAja utthAna meM yaha bar3A bAdhaka tatva hai| mehanata aura kartavya bhAvanA se dhanopArjana kA Ananda kucha aura hI hotA hai| juArI usa Ananda se vaMcita rahatA hai| juA se sthAyI sukhasamRddhi naSTa ho jAtI hai| juA kI burI lata ne kaI vyaktiyoM aura parivAroM ko kaMgAla kara diyaa| yahA~ taka juA se sattAe~ bhI lUTI aura samApta huI hai| zauka se juA khelanA bhI acchI bAta nahIM hai| aisA karane se jIvana ke anamola kSaNa to naSTa hote hI haiM, eka galata Adata ko bhI protsAhana milatA hai| jo vyakti puruSArtha aura zrama meM AsthA nahIM rakhate haiM, ve aisI svapnila kuTevoM ke zikAra hokara jIvana ke anamola samaya, dhana aura pratiSThA ko naSTa kara baiThate haiN| samAja aura deza para / bhArabhUta banakara jIte haiN| anya vyasana ina sapta vyasanoM ke alAvA bhI vartamAna meM aneka kuvyasana cala par3e haiN| jo samAja aura deza ke yauvana, dhana aura svAstha ko caupaTa kara rahe haiN| dhUmrapAna, (230)

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tambAkU, pAnamasAlA, carasa, bhAMga, gAMjA, aphIma Adi nazIlI cIjoM kA sevana, nazIlI davAoM kA sevana Adi vyasana samAja ko khokhalA banA rahe haiN| hama udAharaNa ke taura para dhUmrapAna/tambAkU-sevana ke Arthika tathyoM ko dekheMge to cauMka pdd'eNge| vyApArI aura udyogapati apane munAphe ke cakkara meM jana-svAsthya kI koI phikra nahIM karate haiN| sugandhita tambAkU aura guTakA utpAdita karane vAlI deza kI choTI-bar3I 300 kampaniyA~ varSa meM 1200 karor3a rupayoM kA vyApAra karatI haiN| isake atirikta bhArata ke sigareTa upabhoktA prativarSa 23000 karor3a rupayoM kI sigareTeM phUMka DAlate haiN| 500 sigareToM ke utpAdana meM eka per3a ko apanI jAna ga~vAnI par3atI hai| varSa 1997-98 meM deza kI tIna bar3I sigareTa kampaniyoM ne kevala vijJApanoM para 257 karor3a rupaye kharca kiye| bhArata meM prativarSa karIba 3 karor3a 50 lAkha loga tambAkU janita bImAriyoM ke zikAra hote haiM aura 7 lAkha loga mAre jAte haiN| tambAkU janita bImAriyoM ke niyantraNa ke lie tambAkU-udyoga se hone vAlI Aya se karIba 800 karor3a rupaye adhika kharca hote haiN| sarakAra ko yaha galataphahamI hai ki use sigareTa udyoga se prativarSa 8 araba rupayoM kA rAjasva milatA hai| saca to yaha hai ki isa udyoga kI vajaha se use kaiMsara ke ilAja para hara sAla 30 araba rupayoM se adhika vyaya karanA par3atA hai| __ vyasana arthatantra, lokatantra aura janasvAsthya ke lie ghAtaka hote haiN| gRhasthAcAra kI nirmala nirdoSa bhUmikA ke rUpa meM inakA tyAga paramAvazyaka hai| yaha tathya hai ki jaina samudAya kI sampannatA kI eka vajaha vyasana-mukta jIvana zailI hai| mArgAnusArI ke guNoM kA Arthika pakSa ___gRhasthAcAra kI bhUmikA ke rUpa meM sapta vyasana tyAga ke sAtha AcAryoM ne vividha sandoM meM Agama-vANI ke AdhAra para aneka niyamoM aura upaniyamoM kI 'sthApanA kI haiN| unameM zrAvaka ke ikkIsa guNoM kI carcA hotI rahatI hai| kiMcita pherabadala ke sAtha anya AcAryoM yA vidvAnoM ne bhI aise niyama-upaniyama banAye haiN| unameM AcArya hemacandra dvArA sujhAye gaye mArgAnusArI ke 35 guNoM meM sabakA samAveza ho jAtA hai| ina guNoM meM itanI sArI bAteM A jAtI haiM ki inheM jIvana ke saphalatA ke sUtra kaha sakate haiN| Arthika dRSTi se inheM 'jIvana meM Arthika unnati ke upAya' athavA 'vyAvasAyika saphalatA ke sUtra' ke rUpa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ arthika dRSTi se mArgAnusArI ke 35 muNoM kI carcA kI jA rahI hai| (231)

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1. nyAyanItipUrvaka dhanopArjana : AgamoM meM zrAvaka ko dhammAjIvI batAyA gayA hai| jisa deza ke nAgarika nyAyanItipUrvaka dhanopArjana karane vAle hoM vahA~ .. aneka Arthika sAmAjika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna svataH ho jAtA hai| 2. ziSTAcAra prazaMsaka : jo ziSTa hotA hai, vaha viziSTa hotA hai| Agama granthoM meM vinaya, anuzAsana Adi sadguNoM kA aneka sthaloM para varNana hai| ziSTatA manuSya ko Arthika dRSTi se yogya banAtI hai| eka acchA vyAvasAyI aura prabandhaka hamezA ziSTa hotA hai| vaha ziSTa janoM kI tArIpha karatA hai| unase sahayoga lenA jAnatA hai| 3. kAma-saMyama : Agama granthoM meM aneka jagahoM para ullekha haiM ki dhanArjana karane ke lie vyApArI paradeza aura videza jAte the24 tathA dIrgha avadhi ke pazcAt punaH lauTate the| binA kAma-saMyama yaha sambhava nahIM thaa| sAmAnya taura para bhI eka saccaritra aura samartha vyakti ke lie kAma-saMyama kA atyadhika mUlya hai| isake atirikta kAma saMyama ke antargata ayogya-vivAha kA niSedha bhI hai| AgamoM meM kahA gayA hai ki bAlabhAva se unmukta hone para, nau aMga pratibuddha : hone para aura gRhastha sambandhI bhoga bhogane meM samartha hone para hI vivAha kiyA jaay| jina kAryAlayoM meM mahilA-puruSa karmacArI sAtha-sAtha kArya karate haiM, vahA~ zAlIna AcaraNa bhI kAma-saMyama hai| 4. pApa kA bhaya : eka sadgRhastha pApa aura burAiyoM ke alAvA kabhI kisI se nahIM DaratA hai| vaha pApI se bhI nahIM DaratA hai, apitu avasara milane para use bhI rUpAntarita kara detA hai| 5. dezaprasiddha AcAra kA pAlaka : jisa deza kAla meM vyakti jItA hai, usakI maryAdAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue usake anusAra apanA vyavahAra rkheN| samAja aura deza kI sabhyatA, saMskRti, paramparA aura kAnUna-kAyadoM ko jAnane vAlA tathA usake anusAra AcaraNa karane vAlA unnati karatA hai| 6. anindanIya : bhagavAna mahAvIra ne nindA ko pITha kA mAMsa khAne sadRza kahA hai| jo parAye kI nindA nahIM karatA hai, vaha svayaM bhI anindanIya ho jAtA hai| AcAryoM ne nindA-niSedha meM rAjanya varga aura pratiSThita puruSoM kI nindA nahIM karane kI vizeSa hidAyata dI hai| vyavasAya kI vRddhi ke lie yaha bAta bilkula ThIka hai| (232)

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7. Adarza ghara : gRhastha kA AvAsa na ekadama khulA ho, na ekadama banda ho / jahA~ paryApta AbAdI ho, rozanI, havA va anya Avazyaka suvidhAoM kI samucita vyavasthA ho, vahA~ ghara honA caahiye| AvAsa anukUla nahIM ho to jIvana ke vikAsa para pratikUla asara hotA hai| 8. ghara ke aneka dvAra na ho : ghara se sambandhita lagAtAra yaha dUsarA niyama ghara ke suvyavasthita aura pUrNarUpa se surakSita rakhane para bala detA hai| isa niyama kA Arthika pakSa yaha hai ki aneka dvAra vAlA makAna surakSA kI dRSTi se anupayukta hotA hai| 9. satpuruSoM kI saMgati : vyakti apane saMgI-sAthiyoM se jAnA-pahacAnA jAtA hai| isalie use AcAraniSTha vyaktiyoM se pragAr3ha va satat paricaya rakhanA caahiye| aise paricayoM se jIvana meM yaza aura lAbha kI vRddhi hotI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ajJAnI vyaktiyoM kI saMgati ko apakIrtijanaka batAyA hai|" 10. mAtA-pitA kI sevA : bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana mAtA-pitA ke prati zraddhA-sevA bhAva kA anupama udAharaNa hai| unhoMne garbhasthiti meM hI yaha pratijJA kI ki mAlA-pitA ke jIvita rahate hue ve pravrajyA aMgIkAra nahIM kreNge|" vartamAna yuga meM bar3hate ekala parivAroM kI vajaha se mahAna upakArI mAtA-pitA kI upekSA hone laga gaI hai| pArivArika prema nahIM hone se kauTumbika vyavasAya aura puztainI dhandhoM para gAja girI hai| yaha niyama mAnava ko kartavya kA bodha karAtA hai| - 11. kalahaprada vAtAvaraNa se dUra raheM : jo kSetra upadrava aura bImAriyoM se rahita ho, .. vahA~ rahanA aura vyApAra karanA caahiye| zAnti samRddhi kI janaka hai| . 12. deza, jAti va kula ke viruddha AcaraNa nahIM karanA : sadgRhastha ko apane khAnapAna aura jIvana vyavahAra meM aisA AcaraNa nahIM karanA cAhiye, jisase loka-nindA ho| 13. Aya ke anusAra vyaya : artha gRhastha jIvana kI dhurI hai| usameM pUrNa sAmaMjasya rahanA caahiye| saMyamita jIvana jIne vAlA Aya se adhika vyaya nahIM karatA hai| Ajakala jo udhAra ke AdhAra para vilAsI jIvana jIne kI vRtti cala par3I hai, usake duSpariNAma bhI sAmane Ane lage haiN| rASTroM ke bajaTa meM bhI vittIya madada se vikAsa kI avadharaNA bar3hI hai| isase sahayogakartAoM kA Arthika dabAva (233)

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banA rahatA hai| RNoM kI svIkRti RNoM kI vApasI kI sunizcatatA ke AdhAra para honI caahiye| deza ke nAgarikoM kI vyaya-AdatoM kA prabhAva deza kI Arthika sthiti para par3atA hai| 14. haisiyata ke anusAra vastrAbhUSaNa dhAraNa kareM : yaha bAta bhI pUrva bindu ke sandarbha meM samajhanI caahiye| jo vyakti apanI Arthika sthiti ko dhyAna meM rakhe bagaira vastrAbhUSaNa kharIdatA, saMgraha karatA aura dhAraNa karatA hai, vaha logoM kI ha~sI kA pAtra banatA hai aura antataH garIbI ko nyautA detA hai| 15. dharmazravaNa : jIvana vyApAroM se parizrAnta mAnava ko cAhiye ki vaha dharma kI . zaraNa letA huA svayaM ko zAnta, santulita, svastha aura prasanna rkheN| jIvana kI jAnI-anajAnI rAhoM meM paga-paga para bhaTakane ke nimitta milate haiN| unase bacane kA upAya hai - viveka; jo nirantara dharmazravaNa aura Atma-sAdhanA se prApta hotA hai| dharma-zravaNa prAyaH sAmUhika rUpa meM hotA hai, isaliye isakA sAmAjika Arthika mahatva bhI hai| 16. ajIrNa hone para bhojana na kareM : jIvana meM jisa svAsthya aura sAmarthya kI AvazyakatA dharma-patha para calane ke lie hotI hai, saMbhavataH usase adhika arthopArjana ke lie hotI hai| isalie adhikAMza niyama, dharma aura dhana donoM kI prApti ke lie mahatvazAlI haiN| jaina dharma tapa pradhAna hai| pahalI bAta to yaha hai ki ajIrNa ho hI nahIM aura ho jAya to bhojana nahIM karanA hI usakA ilAja hai| dhana-saMgraha ke atireka para bhI isI taraha virAma lagAnA caahiye| dhana kA ajIrNa bhI nahIM honA caahiye| 17. niyata samaya para pramANopeta AhAra karanA : jainAcAra meM AhAra ke lie niyata samaya dina kA samaya hai| vartamAna samaya meM sAmUhika rAtri bhojoM ke nAma para jo ADambara, pradarzana kiyA jAtA aura paisA bahAyA jAtA hai, vaha samAjazAstriyoM aura arthazAstriyoM ke lie cintanIya hai| ina bhojoM meM khAnepIne kI vastue~ paraspara virodhI svabhAva kI aura adhika saMkhyA meM hotI haiN| vratI gRhastha aisI anArthika va phijUla kriyAoM para aMkuza lagA sakate haiN| 18. avirodhI bhAva se trivarga kI sAdhanA kareM : bhAratIya manISiyoM ne cAra puruSArtha para bala diyA hai| inameM dharma, artha aura kAma ko trivarga mAnA gayA hai| mokSa ko dharma meM samAviSTa mAnA gayA hai| tInoM paraspara Azrita bhI haiM aura (234)

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svatantra bhii| gRhastha apane jIvana ko itanA santulita aura vivekasampanna banAyeM jisase trivarga kI sAdhanA nirvighna rUpa se ho ske| 19. athiti sevA : bhAratIya saMskRti meM atithi satkAra kA atyadhika mahatva hai| Agama sAhitya meM Atithya kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki gRhastha ke ghara para atithi ke Ane para vaha harSita, praphullita ho jaataa| vaha usakI agavAnI meM sAta-ATha kadama sAmane jAtA, madhura vANI se unakA satkAra krtaa| tatpazcAt vaha jalapAna Adi se usakA satkAra krtaa| atithi ke lauTane para punaH unheM pahu~cAne jaataa| vyavasAya jagata meM bhI Atithya kA mahatva hai| isase vyavasAya para anukUla asara par3atA hai, vaha phalatA-phUlatA aura bar3hatA hai| 20. AgrahazIla na honA : bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dharma meM durAgraha aura kadAgraha ko koI sthAna nahIM hai| unake dharma, darzana, jIvana aura vyavahAra meM sarvatra anekAnta aura anAgraha hai| vahA~ satyAgraha aura satyagrAhitA hai| haThAgrahI vyakti saMkIrNa hotA hai| vaha apane vikAsa ke rAste svayaM banda kara detA hai| 21. guNAnurAgitA : pratyeka vyakti meM koI na koI vizeSatA hotI hai| guNAnurAgitA eka aisA saguNa hai, jisase saMsAra bhara ke sadguNoM ko apanI ora AkarSita kiyA jA sakatA hai| jainAgama sAhitya meM guNAnurAgitA ke aneka udAharaNa prApta hote haiN| dUsaroM meM avaguNa DhU~r3hane vAlA svayaM avaguNI bana jAtA hai| chidrAnveSI . sadguNI nahIM bana sktaa| . 22. dezakAlocita AcaraNa : deza kAla ke anusAra bahuta sArI bAteM badala jAtI haiN| vivekazIla vyakti ko apane kAma-kAja deza kAla ko dekhate hue karane _ caahiye| jisase use upahAsa kA pAtra nahIM bananA par3e aura lAbha kI prApti ho| * ' ayogyaM deza aura ayogya kAla meM gamana nahIM karanA caahiye| 23. zakti ke anusAra kArya : sadgRhastha ko apanI zakti aura sAmarthya ke anusAra hI kisI kArya ko hAtha meM lenA caahiye| eka yuvA ko apane vyavasAya ke cunAva meM apanI yogyatA, ruci aura sAmarthya kA dhyAna rakhanA caahiye| Agama granthoM meM batAyA gayA hai ki AcArya aura upAdhyAya ziSyoM ko unakI yogyatA aura pAtratA ke anusAra jJAna pradAna kareM aura dAyitva sauNpeN| (235)

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24. vratI aura jJAnIjanoM kI sevA : AcAravRddha aura jJAnavRddha puruSoM ko apane ghara Amantrita karanA, AdarapUrvaka biThalAnA, sammAnita karanA aura unakI yathocita sevA karanI caahiye| guNa aura yogyatA meM zreSThajanoM kA mAna-sammAna karane vAle vikAsa kI daur3a meM sadaiva Age rahate haiN| jinake pAsa jJAna, AcAra aura anubhava haiM, unakI sevA suzrUSA se sadguNoM kA prasAra hotA hai| AgamoM meM spaSTa nirdeza haiM ki umra meM laghu, parantu jJAna aura AcAra meM zreSThatara AdaraNIya aura vandanIya hotA hai| 25. uttaradAyitva nibhAnA : bhAratIya saMskRti meM cAra Azrama batAye gaye haiN| gRhasthAzrama para sabhI Azrama Azrita hote haiN| isa prakAra gRhastha para cautaraphA jimmedAriyA~ hotI haiN| gRhastha apane mAtA-pitA va parivArajanoM ke prati kartavyoM ko nahIM bhUleM tathA gurujanoM va samAja ke prati kartavyoM ko bhI yAda rkheN| vaha apane jIvana ko itanA sAdhe ki sAre uttaradAyitvoM ko yathAsamaya bhalIbhA~ti nibhA skeN| 26. dIrghadarzI : gRhasthAcAra kA ThIka prakAra se pAlana karane ke lie dUradarzitA atyanta jarUrI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke parama bhakta rAjA zreNika ke putra aura magadha ke mahAmaMtrI abhayakumAra ko bahuta buddhimAna aura dIrghadarzI mAnA jAtA hai| vaha hara kArya ko dUradarzitApUrvaka bahuta soca vicAra kara karatA thaa| Aja bhI jaina gRhastha apanI vyavasAyika bahiyoM va lekhA-pustakoM meM likhakara abhayakumAra jaisI buddhi kI kAmanA karate haiN| . 27. vizeSajJa : gRhastha ko apane kAryo meM niSNAta honA caahiye| vaha apanI vyAvasAyika nipuNatA se lAbha bhI prApta karatA hai aura yaza bhii| vaha jIvana aura vyApAra meM nita naye prayoga karatA hai| use vyavasAya ke alAvA dharma-vidhi, rIti-rivAja sabameM kuzala honA caahiye| 28. kRtajJa : kRtajJatA bahuta bar3A guNa hai aura kRtaghnatA bahuta bar3A avgunn| sadgRhastha meM yaha bhAvanA gahare taka honI cAhiye ki vaha upakArI ke upakAra ko maaneN| jIvana meM upakAriyoM ke prati kRtajJa banA rhe| svayaM kisI para upakAra kareM to use ginAye nhiiN| 29. lokapriya : eka sadgRhastha se yaha AzA kI jAtI hai ki vaha koI kArya aisA nahIM kareM jisase usakI apakIrti ho| vaha apane kAryoM aura sadguNoM se sabakA (236)

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priyapAtra baneM aura banA rheN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pramukha zrAvaka Ananda ke lie kahA gayA hai ki usakA ghara, parivAra, samAja, vyavasAya, zAsana, prazAsana Adi saba jagahoM para samAdara kiyA jAtA thA tathA usakI rAya ko tavajjo dI jAtI thii| 30. lajjAzIla : jIvana meM kauTumbika va sAmAjika mAna maryAdAoM kA dhyAna rakhanA par3atA hai| zrAvaka jahA~ saMkoca karanA ho, kahA~ saMkoca kareM aura garimA banAyeM rkheN| zrAvikAoM meM lajjA guNa kI vizeSa apekSA kI jAtI hai| ve lajjAzIlatA ko lajita karane vAlA vastra-vinyAsa nahIM kreN| jisase unakI svayaM kI asmitA aura kula-gaurava para A~ca nahIM aae| 31. dayAvAna : dayA jainAcAra kA prANa hai| jainAcAra ke lie AdhArabhUta samyakdarzana kA eka lakSaNa hai - anukmpaa| dayAvAna kabhI apane se kamajora kA zoSaNa nahIM kara sktaa| vaha jIva-hiMsA se bhI bacakara rahatA hai| 32. saumyatA : bhagavAna mahAvIra ne dharma ke dasa lakSaNoM meM Arjava (RjutA) aura mArdava (mRdutA) ko sthAna diyA hai| svabhAva se sarala aura madhura vyakti jIvana meM unnati karate haiN| saumya vyakti apane vyAvasAyika aura gaira-vyAvasAyika sambandhoM ko madhura tathA cirasthAyI banAte haiN| 33. paropakArI : paropakAritA meM ehasAna nahIM apitu kartavya bhavanA mukhya honI caahiye| gRhastha yaha kAmanA karatA hai ki 'bane jahA~ taka isa jIvana meM auroM kA - upakAra kruuN| Agama granthoM meM paropakAra ko puNyavardhana kA hetu batAyA gayA :. hai| paropakAra kA sAmAjika-Arthika mahatva bhI kama nahIM hai| 34. SaDripu-vijetA : AgamoM meM mAnava ke chaH Antarika zatru batAye gaye haiM - .. .kAma, krodha, lobha, moha, mada aura mAtsarya (iirssyaa)| eka zreSTha mAnava ke lie ina sabhI antarzatuoM para niyantraNa Avazyaka hai| 35. indriya-vijetA : mArgAnusArI kA yaha 35vA~ niyama hai| jinhoMne indriyoM ko pUrNa rUpa se jIta liyA, ve jina haiM aura jina/jinezvara prabhu ke batAye patha para calane vAle jaina khlaaye| isalie indriya vijaya jainAcAra kI mukhya sAdhanA hai| jo vyakti vratoM kI ora agrasara honA cAhatA hai, use indriyoM ko kAbU meM rakhane kA abhyAsa karanA pdd'egaa| yaha abhyAsa AdhyAtmika dRSTi se hI nahIM, sAmAjika aura vyAvasAyika dRSTi se bhI mahatva rakhatA hai| jo vyakti SaDripuoM (237)

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aura pA~ca indriyoM para vijaya prApta karane ke lie sajagatA pUrvaka yatnazIla hai, jIvana ke hara kSetra meM saphalatA usake caraNa cuumegii| AcArya hemacandra ne mArgAnusArI ke ina paiMtIsa niyamoM ke anta meM likhA hai ki 'gRhidharmAya kalpate' yAni jo ina guNoM ko dhAraNa karatA hai, vaha sadgRhastha kI bhUmikA para pratiSThita hotA hai| mArgAnusArI ke aneka niyamoM kA sambandha Arthika aura vyAvasAyika jIvana se hai| arthanIti meM nIti kI sthApanA aura nIti kA pAlana va pracAra mArgAnusArI ke niyamoM ke mAdhyama se sambhava hai| (238)

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sandarbha bhadrabAhu (AcArya), aMgANaM kiM sAro ? - aayaaro| AcArAMga niyukti sthAnAMga 2/1 3. abhidhAna rAjendra koza, khaNDa 2, pR. 106 4. vasunandI zrAvakAcAra 59 dhIMga dilIpa (DaoN.) kA lekha 'sapta kuvyasanoM kA parityAga kareM' dRttvy| sthAnAMga sUtra 4 7. sUtrakRtAMga 2/6/52-55 8. mahAprajJa, AcArya, zramaNa mahAvIra pR.-156 9. mUlAcAra 353 10. vipAkasUtra 1/6 11. dazavaikAlika sUtra 5/2/38-40 12. antakRtadazAMga prathama adhyayana paMcama varga 13. nemIcanda (DaoN.) zarAba : 100 tathya, pR.-34 14. yogazAstra 3/16 15. haribhadrIya aSTaka 14-16 16. di ikonomika TAimsa, naI dillI dinAMka 20 janavarI, 2005, paSTha-4 17. dekheM rAjasthAna patrikA 22 janavarI, 2005 mukhapRTha 18. Avazyakaniyukti 191-193, triSaSTi. 1/2/881 19. upAsakadazAMga cauthA vrata 20. uttarAdhyayana 19/28, evaM dekheM sUtrakRtAMga 10/2 aura praznavyAvaraNa 2/3 21. nemIcanda (DaoN.) dhUmrapAna : 100 tthy| 22. yoga zAstra 47-56 (239)

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23. uttarAdhyayana prathama adhyayana 24. dekhiye - jJAtAdharmakathAMga 25. umukka bAlabhAve - vyAkhyAprajJapti 11/11 26. NavaMga sutta paDibohie - jJAtA. 1/1 27. alaM bhoge samatthe - vyAkhyAprajJapti 11/11 28. antagaDadasAo - sudarzana kA udaahrnn| 29. piTThimaMsaM na khAijjA - dazavaikAlika 8/84 yogazAstra 1/49 31. AcArAMga - alaM bAlassa saMgeNa, vairaM vaDDhai appnno| 32. kalpasUtra-91 33. vipAka sUtra - subAhukumAra 34. dekhiye - antakRtadazAsUtra meM zrIkRSNa caritra 35. uvAsagadasAo - prathama adhyayana 36. yugala kizora 'yugavIra' - merI bhaavnaa| (240)

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adhyAya paMcama : ahiMsA aura saMyama kA arthazAstra pariccheda eka siddhAnta va darzana kA arthazAstra pariccheda do anekAnta, karmavAda aura puruSArtha pariccheda tIna . kaSAya-mukti aura sampannatA pariccheda cAra AtmavAda aura arthazAstra pariccheda pA~ca ahiMsA ke arthazAstra ke AyAma pariccheda chaH saMyama ke arthazAstra ke AyAma (241)

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pariccheda eka siddhAnta va darzana kA arthazAstra arthazAstrI eDama smitha ne prANI jagata meM mAnava ko 'Arthika-prANI' (Economic Animal) kI saMjJA dI hai| mAnava yena-kena-prakAreNa artha-prApti ke yatna karatA hai| isa artha-prApti meM vaha kaI bAra sAdhana-zuddhi jaisI acchI bAtoM ko najaraandAja kara detA hai| aise samaya meM arthazAstra ko eka nIti aura artha-nIti kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| aba taka kI artha-nItiyoM meM mAnava ke bhautika kalyANa ko hI pramukhatA dI gii| usameM nItiyA~ (Policies) to bahuta rahI, para naitikatA (Morality) kA abhAva rhaa| vaisI arthanIti se hiMsA-ahiMsA kA viveka gAyaba ho gyaa| artha se jIvana saMcAlita hotA hai, ahiMsA se jagat saMcAlita hotA hai| __ hiMsA para khar3I artha-vyavasthAe~ jaba apane pA~va pasArane lagatI haiM to saMsAra kI anya vyavasthAe~ caramarAne lagatI haiN| koI apane adhikAroM ke lie (kartavyoM ke lie nahIM) hallA macAtA hai to koI chInA-jhapaTI aura tor3a-phor3a ko jAyaja ThaharAtA hai| prakRti ke vinAzakArI raudra rUpa ke saMketoM ko bhI manuSya yA to samajhatA nahIM hai yA samajhanA nahIM cAhatA hai| aura kahIM samajha bhI letA hai to use zIghra bhUlakara rojamarrA ke aparIkSita aura asamIkSita jIvana jIne meM laga jAtA hai| jIvana se sambandhita rupayoM-paisoM kA pAI-pAI kA hisAba vaha lagAtA hai| parantu rupayoM-paisoM se sambandhita jIvana kA lekhA-jokhA vaha nahIM kara pAtA hai| vaha na apanI kAmanAoM ko kama karatA hai, na parivAra ko| vaha virAT sattA kA mAlika banakara saba para apanI dhauMsa jamAnA cAhatA hai| aisI viSama vikaTa sthiti meM ahiMsA aura saMyama jaise mUlya mAnavatA va duniyA ko bacA sakate haiN| arthazAstra jIvana ko sarvAdhika prabhAvita karatA hai| yadi ina mUlyoM kI artha-nIti meM pratiSThA kara dI jAya to mAnava-jAti aneka samasyAoM se asAnI se mukta ho sakatI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke AcAra-darzana kA arthazAstrIya adhyayana karate hue aisA lagatA hai jaise artha-nIti ke niyamoM ko par3ha rahe ho| unake siddhAnta aura darzana meM bhI arthazAstra ke dizA nirdezaka tattvoM kI pracuratA hai| (242)

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siddhAnta va darzana kA arthazAstra ke sAtha saha-sambandha - jaina AcAra arthazAstra ke adhika nikaTa hai aura jaina darzana vijJAna ke adhika nikaTa hai| darzana kI sArthakatA usake AcAra meM hotI hai| darzana AcAra kA antaHzarIra hotA hai| jo darzana kisI vyakti yA viSaya kA vyaktitva yA svarUpa nahIM badala sake, vaha darzana hI kyaa| darzana anupayogI nahIM hotA hai| siddhAnta aura darzana kI arthazAstrIya upayogitA para yahA~ carcA kI jA rahI hai| tattvajJAna jaina darzana ke mUlataH do tattva haiM - jIva aura ajiiv|' arthazAstra ke do tattva hai - artha aura mnussy| jIva cetanA sampanna hai, vaha sukha-duHkha kA vedana karatA hai| saMsAra usake sukha va du:kha kI sakArAtmaka aura nakArAtmaka taraMgoM se prabhAvita hotA hai| saMsAra usakI nakArAtmaka taraMgoM se pIr3ita nahIM ho, isake lie ahiMsA kA siddhAnta upayogI bana par3atA hai| yaha siddhAnta Arthika jagata meM manuSya ko kendra meM rakhatA hai tathA manuSyettara prANiyoM ke prati bhI karuNA kA bhAva rakhatA hai| dasarI dRSTi se nau tatva haiM - jIva-ajIva ke alAvA puNya, pApa, Azrava, saMvara, nirjarA, bandha aura mokss| inameM se kucha tatvoM kA arthazAstrIya mUlya hai| puNya tattva : jo zubha, zreSTha, punIta va prazasta hai, vaha puNya hai| puNya jIvana meM sukha paidA karatA hai| puNya ke nau prakAra batAye gaye haiM - 1. anna puNya : anna jIvana kA prANa hai| garIba amIra sabakI bhUkha vaha zAnta .. karatA hai| raIsa koI sone-cA~dI yA hIre-motI nahIM khaate| anna (AhAra) _ diloM ko jor3atA hai| samAja meM samarasatA paidA karatA hai| lokAcAra kA vaha mukhya mAdhyama hai| aise jIvanadAyI anna kA apamAna kabhI nahIM karanA caahiye| jo vyakti AdhA khAte aura AdhA pheMkate haiM, jUThana chor3ate haiM, ve bar3A mAnavIya, rASTrIya va Arthika aparAdha karate haiN| eka tarapha bhUkha se lAkhoM loga chaTapaTate hoM, dUsarI ora mAla miThAI ko nAliyoM meM pheMkane ke lie chor3a denA kataI ucita nahIM hai| 2. pAna puNya : anna jIvanadAyI hai, usase pUrva jala kI jIvanadAyitA hai| vijJAna . aura upabhoktAvAda ke bar3hane se jala kA athAha apavyaya mAnava karane lagA hai| . . dharatI ke Upara aura bhItara ke jala bhaNDAra-sthaloM ko mAnava ne bhArI kSati (243)

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pahu~cAI hai| jala ke vANijyika upayoga ne usa para kahara barapA diyaa| aba 'pAnI bacAo' kA nArA diyA jA rahA hai| pahale sabako zuddha peya jala, phira usakA anya upayoga' evaM 'sImita jala se vikAsa kaise ho ?' ye sUtra artha nIti ke pAna-puNya haiN| 3. layana puNya : rahane ke lie sabako Azraya caahiye| hamArI arthavyavasthA sabako samucita va surakSita AvAsa muhaiyA karAne meM saphala ho, aisI nIti bananI caahiye| hamAre nIti-nirmAtAoM ko yaha cintA honI cAhiye ki kyoM Aja bhI lAkhoM logoM ko khule AkAza tale sonA par3atA hai| 4. zayana puNya : kisI ko raina baserA tathA zaiyA pradAna karanA zayana puNya hai| koI aisA viparIta AcaraNa nahIM kareM, jisase kisI kI nIMda harAma ho jaay| 5. vastra puNya : dharatI para aneka janoM ko abhAva ke kAraNa tana ko DhA~kane ke lie pUre kapar3e nahIM milate haiN| ho sakatA hai, koI dhanADhya pracura anna-vastra kA dAna karatA ho; parantu vaha yadi anna kA apavyaya karatA hai aura pahanane or3hane ke vastroM kA anAvazyaka saMgraha karatA hai to vaha samagra rUpa se ina . cIjoM kA abhAva paidA karatA hai athavA ina cIz2oM ko mahaMgI karatA hai| apavyaya aura atisaMgraha na prakRti ko maMjUra hai, na hI arthatantra ko| saMgrahavRtti pApa kA kAraNa hai aura asaMgraha puNya kaa| 6. mana puNya : mana se apane aura dUsaroM ke hita kA cintana karanA mana puNya hai| dUsaroM kA ahita cAhakara apanA hita sAdhane vAlA sukha va saphalatA kI lambI yAtrA nahIM kara sktaa| hRdaya meM maMgala bhAvanAe~ saMjone vAlA manasvI hotA hai| eka manasvI vyakti acchA prabandhaka va saphala vyavasAyI hotA hai| 7. vacana puNya : vANI kI sattA bhI bahuta virAT hotI hai| usake viveka sammata upayoga se sarvatra saphalatA hAsila hotI hai| jo vANI kisI bhI prANI kA ahita nahIM karatI, vaha uttama hotI hai| sampanna banane ke lie vacanoM kI daridratA chor3anI pdd'egii| 8. kAyA puNya : svastha zarIra ke sahAre jIvana nirvighna Age bar3hatA hai| kisI ke zrama kA zoSaNa nahIM karanA arthazAstrIya kAyA-puNya hai| eka udAharaNa leN| koI vyakti eka roTI jhUThI chor3atA hai to vaha gehU~ bone vAle kisAna ke zrama kA apamAna karatA hai, sAtha hI vaha roTI banAne vAlI gRhiNI yA rasoiye ke zrama (244)

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kA bhI apamAna karatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kahate haiM ki acitta vastuoM ke upayoga meM bhI viveka rakhanA caahiye| 9. namaskAra puNya : jaina dharma kA sarvamAnya mantra namaskAra hai| jIvana kI saphalatA aura sArthakatA ahaMkAra ko parAsta karane meM hai| bhautika jIvana kI saphalatA bhI vyakti kI namratA, bhadratA, RjutA, mRdutA, saralatA aura sahajatA para nirbhara hai| namaskAra se to pratyakSa puNya-lAbha hotA hai| jaise paise se paisA bar3hatA yA bar3hAyA jA sakatA hai, vaise hI puNya se puNya bar3hatA yA bar3hAyA jA sakatA hai| jaise paise kA durupayoga patana kA kAraNa banatA hai, vaise hI puNya, yaza, varcasva Adi kA durupayoga patana kA kAraNa banatA hai| puNya eka aisI Aya hai, jisa para kisI bhI yuga ke kisI bhI rAjya yA rAjA ne kabhI koI kara nahIM lgaayaa| isalie isa kara-mukta Aya kA khUba arjana karanA caahiye| jo vyakti ina nau prakAra se puNyArjana karatA hai, vaha 42 prakAra se lAbha prApta karatA hai| jisase vyakti sukha, sampatti, saubhAgya, bala, yaza, saundarya, kulInatA, zAlInatA, tejasvitA Adi anukUlatAe~ prApta karatA hai| pApa tattva yaha kitane rahasya kI bAta hai ki zubha aura azubha kAryoM ko AgamagranthoM meM tattva kahA hai| sacamuca, jina kAryoM ke prabhAva para prAyaH dhyAna nahIM diyA jAtA hai; vastutaH, ve bahuta prabhAvazAlI hote haiN| isaliye unheM tatva kahakara unakI ora dhyAnAkarSita kiyA gayA hai| pApa aThAraha batAye haiN| prathama pA~ca hai - hiMsA. jhUTha, corI, abrahmacarya aura aprigrh| inakA varNana gRhasthAcAra meM kiyA gyaa| agale cAra hai - krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobh| inakA varNana kaSAya-mukti ke anuccheda meM kiyA jaayegaa| * dasavA~ hai - rAga aura gyArahavA~ - dvess| pApa ke ye bheda saMketa karate haiM ki arthazAstrIya nItiyA~ sarvodaya karane vAlI hoN| kisI varga aura samudAya vizeSa ko lAbhAnvita karane vAlI nItiyoM se samatA kA sapanA TUTatA hai| jo vyavasAyI sabhI grAhakoM ke prati samAna mUlya aura samAna vyavahAra rakhatA hai, vaha apanI sAkha banAtA hai| jo vyakti jIvana ke ina kAryoM meM rAga-dveSa ko manda karane kA abhyAsa banAtA hai, vaha vizvasanIya banatA hai aura Age kI yAtrA sAnanda sampanna karatA hai| (245)

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bArahavA~ pApa hai - klh| kalaha eka aisA pApa-tatva hai, jo parivAra se lagAkara deza aura duniyA meM taka hotA hai| adhikAMza pArivArika kalahoM kA mUla kAraNa artha hotA hai| vyakti ko artha ke sambandha meM pAradarzI, udAra aura suspaSTa rahanA caahiye| rASTrIya aura vaizvika kalahoM ke mUla meM bhI pratyakSa apratyakSa rUpa se artha kAraNa banatA hai| apane adhikAra kSetra ke bAhara kI sattA va sampatti para haka jamAne kI kozizeM kalaha paidA karatI haiN| kalaha ke anya kAraNoM se bhI bacanA caahiye| kyoM ki kalaha jIvana aura jagata ke artha-tantra ko tAra-tAra kara detA hai| isa sambandha meM vaidika RSiyoM ne kahA ki kalaha karane vAlA jIvana meM sukhasamRddhi, lakSmI aura saubhAgya ko prApta nahIM kara sktaa| .. __ terahavA~ pApa hai - abhyAkhyAna / isakA artha hotA hai - mithyA dossaaropnn| jhUThe Aropa lagAnA banda ho jAya to aneka jhagar3e-TaNTe samApta ho jaay| nyAyAlaya para anAvazyaka kArya bhAra kama ho jaay| caudahavA~ aura pandrahaveM pApa haiM - paizunya (cugalI) tathA paraparivAda (pr-nindaa)| kisI ke bAre meM durbhAvanA se saccI-jhUThI zikAyateM karanA cugalI hai| nindA aura cugalI vyaktiyoM aura dezoM ke bIca vaimanasya paidA karatI hai| ina cIjoM se svayaM kA, samAja aura deza kA vikAsa duSprabhAvita hotA hai| ... solahavA~ pApa hai - rti-arti| baccoM kI TIvI ke anAvazyaka kAryakrama priya lagate haiM aura acchI bAteM apriy| isase unakI par3hAI, svAsthya aura kairiyara prabhAvita hotA hai| jahA~ taka bar3oM kA savAla hai, mauja-mastI aura saira sapAToM meM ruci lene vAle aura anuzAsana va parizrama se jI curAne vAle vipannatA ko Amantrita karate haiN| hameM hamArI priyatAoM va apriyatAoM ko arthazAstra ke upayogitA ke siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM dekhanA caahiye| antima do pApa haiM - mAyAmRSAvAda aura mithyaadrshn| ina pApoM se bacane ke lie vyakti ko chala-kapaTa aura galata dhAraNAoM se bacanA caahiye| garIbI aura amIrI ko pichale janmoM ke puNya-pApa kA hI pariNAma mAna lene se bhAratIya samAja meM apriya sthitiyA~ paidA ho gaI thii| puNya-pApa ke darzana ko vaijJAnika arthazAstrIya dRSTi se dekhane para hameM samAdhAna milatA hai aura nava-nirmANa kI dizA bhii| Azrava, bandha aura saMvara __arthazAstra kA Azrava hai - niraMkuza DhaMga se Avazyaka-anAvazyaka kharcoM kA honA aura hote jaanaa| saMyamita jIvana dRSTi aise kharcoM para virAma lagAtI hai| yaha (246)

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kI saMkhyA va upayoga ko sImita krnaa| ise upakaraNa avamodarikA kahA gayA hai| dvitIya, nirarthaka vicAroM ko kama krnaa| ise bhAva avamodarikA kahA . gayA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA 'appa bhAseja suvvae'15 sAdhaka ko kamase-kama zabdoM kA prayoga karanA caahiye| UnodarI tapa vyakti ko maryAdita, saMyamita aura yogya banAtA hai| 3. bhikSAcarI : isa tapa kI vyavasthA una sAdhakoM ke lie vizeSa taura para kI gaI hai, jo samAja ke naitika AdhyAtmika utthAna ke lie apanA ghara-bAra taka chor3a dete haiN| bar3e va mahAna uddezya/uddezyoM ke lie anudAna kI AkAMkSA bhikSAcaryA hai| AgamoM meM isa tapa ke lie bahuta arthapUrNa zabda milate haiM, jaise - gocarI' aura maadhukrii-vRtti|" gocarI kA zabdArtha hai, mUla naSTa kiye bagaira ghAsa crnaa| mAdhukarI kA artha hai, jaise bhauMrA phUloM ko kaSTa diye bagaira apanI kSadhA zAnta kara letA hai, vaise hI sAdhaka ko bhikSAcarI karanI caahiye| inakA arthazAstrIya artha yaha hai ki grAhaka ko kaSTa diye bagaira vyavasAya karanA aura prajA ko kaSTa diye bagaira kara-saMgrahaNa krnaa| vyavasAyI munAphAkhorI nahIM kareM aura sarakAra anucita karAropaNa nahIM kareM tathA hara prakAra ke karadAtA se thor3A thor3A kara prApta karake rAjakoSa bhre| 4. rasa-parityAga : Aja kI bhASA meM kahA jAya to vasA-yukta AhAra para aMkuza lagAnA rasa-parityAga hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI ne jo asvAda-vrata batAyA, vaha rasaparityAga kA hI rUpa hai| svAda ke vazIbhUta hokara svAsthya aura bajaTa kI avahelanA nahIM karanI caahiye| hRdaya-roga, madhumeha, ucca raktacApa, kaiMsara Adi bImAriyoM kA sIdhA sambandha vasA-yukta AhAra kA adhika sevana hai| uttarAdhyayana meM adhika sarasa AhAra ko uttejanA paidA karane vAlA batAyA gayA hai| rasaparityAga tapa se vyakti aneka rogoM se bacA rahegA, vaha uttejanA kA vyavahAra nahIM kregaa| isase ina rogoM para hone vAlA vyaktigata aura rAjakIya vyaya nahIM hogA tathA uttejanA janita samasyAe~ samApta hogii| 5. kAyakeza : jIvana meM kaSToM ko samabhAva se sahana/svIkAra karanA tapa hai| aise kAyika kaSTa jhelanA kAyakeza hai| yadi hama garmI meM binA paMkhA calAyeM athavA e.sI. yA kulara kI bajAya paMkhe se hI kAma calA sakate haiM, to hama sahaja rUpa se kAyakeza tapa kara leNge| isI taraha sardI meM binA hITara yA e.sI. raha sakeM to (248)

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kI saMkhyA va upayoga ko sImita krnaa| ise upakaraNa avamodarikA kahA gayA hai| dvitIya, nirarthaka vicAroM ko kama krnaa| ise bhAva avamodarikA kahA gayA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA 'appa bhAseja suvvae'15 sAdhaka ko kamase-kama zabdoM kA prayoga karanA caahiye| UnodarI tapa vyakti ko maryAdita, saMyamita aura yogya banAtA hai| 3. bhikSAcarI : isa tapa kI vyavasthA una sAdhakoM ke lie vizeSa taura para kI gaI hai, jo samAja ke naitika AdhyAtmika utthAna ke lie apanA ghara-bAra taka chor3a dete haiN| bar3e va mahAna uddezya/uddezyoM ke lie anudAna kI AkAMkSA bhikSAcaryA hai| AgamoM meM isa tapa ke lie bahuta arthapUrNa zabda milate haiM, jaise - gocarI aura mAdhukarI-vRtti / ' gocarI kA zabdArtha hai, mUla naSTa kiye bagaira ghAsa crnaa| mAdhukarI kA artha hai, jaise bhauMrA phUloM ko kaSTa diye bagaira apanI kSudhA zAnta kara letA hai, vaise hI sAdhaka ko bhikSAcarI karanI caahiye| inakA arthazAstrIya artha yaha hai ki grAhaka ko kaSTa diye bagaira vyavasAya karanA aura prajA ko kaSTa diye bagaira kara-saMgrahaNa krnaa| vyavasAyI munAphAkhorI nahIM kareM aura sarakAra anucita karAropaNa nahIM kareM tathA hara prakAra ke karadAtA se thor3A thor3A kara prApta karake rAjakoSa bhre| 4. rasa-parityAga : Aja kI bhASA meM kahA jAya to vasA-yukta AhAra para aMkuza lagAnA rasa-parityAga hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI ne jo asvAda-vrata batAyA, vaha rasaparityAga kA hI rUpa hai| svAda ke vazIbhUta hokara svAsthya aura bajaTa kI avahelanA nahIM karanI caahiye| hRdaya-roga, madhumeha, ucca raktacApa, kaiMsara Adi bImAriyoM kA sIdhA sambandha vasA-yukta AhAra kA adhika sevana hai| uttarAdhyayana meM adhika sarasa AhAra ko uttejanA paidA karane vAlA batAyA gayA hai| rasaparityAga tapa se vyakti aneka rogoM se bacA rahegA, vaha uttejanA kA vyavahAra nahIM kregaa| isase ina rogoM para hone vAlA vyaktigata aura rAjakIya vyaya nahIM hogA tathA uttejanA janita samasyAe~ samApta hogii| 5. kAyakeza : jIvana meM kaSToM ko samabhAva se sahana/svIkAra karanA tapa hai| aise kAyika kaSTa jhelanA kAyakeza hai| yadi hama garmI meM binA paMkhA calAyeM athavA e.sI. yA kulara kI bajAya paMkhe se hI kAma calA sakate haiM, to hama sahaja rUpa se kAyakeza tapa kara leNge| isI taraha sardI meM binA hITara yA e.sI. raha sakeM to (248)

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yaha taMpa ho jaayegaa| isase hamArI pratirodhaka zakti bar3hegI aura bijalI kA anutpAdaka kharca ruka jaayegaa| yaha tapa vyakti ko kaSTa sahiSNu banAtA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana kaSTa-sahiSNutA kA utkRSTa pratimAna hai| 6. pratisaMlInatA : indriya-vRttiyoM aura mana kI caMcalatA ko rokanA pratisaMlInatA hai| jaise bAharI saMkaToM ko jAnakara kachuA apanI indriyA~ kavaca ke andara kara letA hai, vaise hI sAdhaka ko apanI vRttiyoM ko sameTane kA abhyAsa karanA caahiye| mUlArAdhanA meM isa tapa ko 'vivikta zayanAsana' kahA hai| jisakA artha hotA hai - zabda, rasa, gaMdha aura sparza se citta kA vikSepa nahIM honaa| 'vivikta zayanAsana' ke binA eka sainika apanA jIvikopArjana aura kattaLapAlana kaise karegA ? rAjakIya karmacArI daphtara meM baiThA hai| usakI meja para phona hai| mana huA kisI se anAvazyaka bAteM karane kaa| sarakArI phona aura apane samaya kA durupayoga jAnakara vaha vaisA nahIM karatA hai to vaha usakA pratisaMlInatA tapa hai| 7. prAyazcita : prAyazcita ke lie prAkRta bhASA meM pAyacchitta' zabda hai| 'pAya'. kA artha hai pApa aura 'cchitta' yAni chedana krnaa| jisase pApoM kA chedana ho, vaha prAyazcita hai P0 granthoM ke anuzIlana se isake do artha niSpanna hote haiM - pazcAtApa aura dnndd| galatI mAnava svabhAva hai| pazcAtApa karane vAlA niSpApa ho jAtA hai| daNDa dUsaroM ke dvArA diyA jAtA hai| vyavasAya jagat meM artha-daNDa kI carcA kI jA cukI hai| pazcAtApa se AtmAnuzAsana paidA hotA hai jabaki .. kuzala prazAsana ke lie daNDa kI jarUrata bhI par3atI hai| 8. vinaya : yaha kitanA adbhuta hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra vinaya ko bhI tapa kI saMjJA dete haiN| saMsAra meM jo zreSTha, ziSTa aura prazasta haiM, una sabake prati vinaya aura Adara kA bhAva rakhanA, unake aura utkarSa meM apanA yogadAna karanA vinaya-tapa hai| isase sAMskRtika vaibhava aura rASTrIya gaurava meM vRddhi hotI hai| AjJAkAritA, anuzAsana aura sadvyavahAra ko bhI vinaya ke antargata liyA jAtA hai| ina guNoM se ghara, pratiSThAna aura prazAsana kI vyavasthAe~ sucAru ho jAtI haiN| 9. vaiyAvRtya : jo sevA ke yogya hai tathA jinheM sevA kI AvazyakatA hai unakI - sevA karanA vaiyAvRtya tapa hai| sevA bhAvanA samAja ko rugNa hone se bacAtI hai (249)

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aura deza ko svastha va samartha banAtI hai| sevA kI zikSA, sevA ke saMskAra aura sevA kA vyavahAra rASTrIya vikAsa ke lie jarUrI hai| .. 10. svAdhyAya : jJAna kI jyotiyA~ jalAne ke lie artha kI AhutiyA~ denI par3atI hai| jJAna-vijJAna aura zikSA jaise mahAna uddezyoM ke lie kiyA gayA vyaya lAbha hI lAbha detA hai| sabhyatA, saMskRti, bhASA, itihAsa, kalA Adi cIjoM ko bacAne ke lie svAdhyAya kI paramparA ko Age bar3hAnA nitAnta Avazyaka hai| anamola virAsatoM ko khokara yA becakara kisI deza, samAja.yA saMskRti ko bacAnA nAmumakina hai| uttarAdhyayana meM svAdhyAya ko samasta duHkhoM kA vimocaka batAyA gayA hai| aba to jJAnAdhArita samAja va jJAnAdhArita artha-tantra kA samaya hai| 11. dhyAna : granthoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke lie yaha to kahA gayA ki unhoMne apane 4515 dinoM ke dIrgha sAdhanA-kAla meM 4166 dina nirjala upavAsa kiye| parantu yaha bAta kama kahI gaI ki unhoMne 4515 dinoM ke dIrgha sAdhanA-kAla meM eka bhI kSaNa binA dhyAna ke vyatIta nahIM kiyaa| Agama granthoM meM dhyAna ke aneka prakAra, prayoga, prabhAva aura AyAma haiN| madhyakAlIna aura vartamAnakAlIna aneka jainAcAryoM tathA manISiyoM ne dhyAna para vipula sAmagrI pradAna kI hai|ddoN. sAgaramala jaina ne aSTAMga-yoga ko jaina-darzana sammata batAyA hai| Aja pUrI duniyA meM na sirpha dhyAna kA jabardasta pracAra hai, apitu usakA karor3oM kA kArobAra bhI hai| prabandha-zikSA meM dhyAna eka anivArya prAyogika adhyAya ke rUpa meM jur3a gayA hai| aneka kampaniyA~ aura vyAvasAyika pratiSThAna apane karmacAriyoM kI kArya-kSamatA aura dakSatA bar3hAne ke lie dhyAna kA sahArA lene lage haiN| lokamaMgala, samatA aura zAnti ke lie dhyAna kA vistAra zubha hai| parantu jisa prakAra se Aja dhyAna kA bAjArIkaraNa ho gayA hai, vaha durbhAgyapUrNa hai| acchI artha vyavasthA/samAja-vyavasthA vaha nahIM hai, jahA~ hara cIja bikatI ho| 12. vyutsarga : anAvazyaka aura nirarthaka chor3anA vyutsarga hai| AcArya akalaMka ne ni:saMgatA, nirbhayatA tathA jIvana ke prati nirAsakti ko vyutsarga kahA hai| 24 mahAn uddezyoM ke lie apane sukhoM kA tyAga karanA bhI vyutsarga hai| niSThAvAna sainika Atmotsarga se bhaya nahIM rakhate haiN| tyAga ke bagaira na rASTra kI ArAdhanA ho sakatI hai, na artha kii| tape-khape binA kucha bhI pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| (250)

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sandarbha 1. ThANAMga 2 2. AiMsTIna kA pIr3A taraMgoM kA siddhAnta (I.pI.DablyU) bhI isa bAta kI puSTi karatA hai| 3. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 28/14, tatvArtha sUtra (1/4) meM sAta tatva batAye gaye haiN| jinameM Azrava meM puNya pApa kA samAveza kara diyA gayA hai| 4. zubhaH puNyasya - tatvArtha sUtra 6/3 5. ThANAMga sUtra sthAna-9 6. saccesu vA aNavajaM vayaMti - sUtrakRtAMga sUtra chaThA adhyyn| 7. dhIMga dilIpa (DaoN), baragada ke bIja', kSaNikA krama 3 8. amolaka RSi (AcArya), jaina tatva prakAza, pR.-350 1. Avazyaka-sUtra 10. Rgveda 7/32/21 11. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 30/8, vahI 30/29-36 evaM bhagavatI sUtra 25/7 : 12. Avazyaka niyukti gAthA 240 13. kalpasUtra TIkA 14. sthAnAMga sUtra 3/3/182 15. sUtrakRtAMga 1/8/25 16. AcArAMga 2/1, uttarAdhyayana sUtra 30/25 va dazavaikAlika sUtra 5vA~ piNDeSaNA * : adhyyn| 17. dazavaikAlika sUtra, prathama 'drumapuSpikA' adhyyn| 18. uttarAdhyayana 32/10, AcArAMga 2/15/396 19. mUlArAdhanA 3-228, 229, 231 va 232 20. pAvaM chindai jamhA pAyacchitaM ti bhaNNai teNa - paMcAzata saTIka vivaraNa 16/3 21, AtmArAmajI, AcArya - zrI uttarAdhyayanasUtram prathama adhyaay| (251)

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22. sajjhAe vA niutteNa savvadukkhavimokkhaNo - uttarAdhyayanasUtra 26/10 23. jaina, sAgaramala (DaoN.) - jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana - pR.-112 24. tatvArtha rAjavartikA 9/26/10 (252)

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pariccheda do anekAnta, karmavAda aura puruSArtha sApekSatA aura anekAnta bIsavIM sadI ke Arambha meM vijJAna kI gati ruka-sI gaI thii| DaoN. alabarTa AiMsTIna ke sApekSatA ke siddhAnta (Theory of Relativity) ne vijJAna ko na sirpha gatizIla-pragatizIla banAyA, apitu usameM aneka naye AyAma bhI jor3a diye| sApekSatA kA siddhAnta jaina dharma ke anekAnta-darzana kA vaijJAnika saMskaraNa hai| sApekSatA se pUrva kyA AiMsTIna ne anekAnta jaise kisI vicAra kA adhyayana kiyA thA ? isakA uttara 'hA~' meM diyA jA sakatA hai| AiMsTIna jaina dharma se prabhAvita the| 1932 meM iMsTITyUTa oNpha eDavAMsa sTaDI' meM unheM unake dvArA cAhe gaye vetana se dasa gunA adhika vetana para niyukta kiyA gyaa| isa rAzi meM se unhoMne jarmanI ke eka jaina saMsthAna ko pANDulipiyoM ke anuvAda aura prakAzana ke lie bar3I rAzi de dii| 18 apraila 1955 ko priMsaTana aspatAla meM unhoMne apanI nazvara deha tyAgane se pUrva nikaTa khar3I narsa se antima zabda kahe the - 'jaina dharma jaisA koI vizva dharma nahIM hai| ve dhArmika, zAntipriya, nyAyapriya aura vizuddha zAkAhArI the| isalie yaha sahaja rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki ve jaina dharma ko na sirpha jAnate the, apitu mAnate bhI the| usa samaya jarmanI meM jaina dharma sambandhI zodha aura carcAe~ vidyamAna thiiN| koI acaraja nahIM ki AiMsTIna ne sApekSatA ke pratipAdana se pUrva anekAnta kA adhyayana-manana kiyA ho| AcArya nAnAlAlajI kA mAnanA thA ki anekAnta-darzana ke adhyayana ke bAda hI AiMsTIna ne sApekSatA jaisA siddhAnta vizva ko diyaa| Arthika jagat meM anekAnta . anekAnta-siddhAnta ke lie vizva bhagavAna mahAvIra kA atyanta RNI hai| sApekSatA se hue parivartana aura vikAsa se vizva kI sAmAjika-Arthika vyavasthAoM ke pratimAna badala gye| parantu saMsAra kI dazA meM sArvabhauma sakArAtmaka parivartana ke lie arthazAstra meM bhI eka anekAntika vyavasthA kI AzyakatA hai| arthazAstrI amartya sena kI pustaka 'Arthika viSamatAe~' kI prastAvanA meM likhA hai ki - 'kisI bhI mApana vidhi meM kramikatA kI sampUrNatA arthAt sabhI vaiyaktika (253)

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avasthAoM ko eka sunizcita krama meM nibaddha kara pAne ke Agraha ke kAraNa hI adhikatara samasyAe~ paidA hotI haiN| sena ke anusAra yadi anyAnya kasauTiyoM ke AdhAra para nirdhArita kramikatAoM ke sAjhe lakSaNa sUtroM kA sahArA lekara eka samanvita-krama kA nirUpaNa adhika upayogI hogaa| ve likhate haiM - 'viSamatA mApana ke tathyoM aura AdarzoM kA samanvita cintana hI hameM ucita mArgadarzana pradAna kara sakatA hai|' 'garIbI aura akAla' pustaka meM unhoMne abhAva ko sApekSa mAnate hue usake nirAkaraNa ke arthazAstrIya sUtra diye haiN| ___ arthazAstra ke itihAsa meM deza kAla ke anusAra aneka vicAra, vidhiyA~ aura vyavasthAe~ aaiiN| arthazAstra kI aneka paribhASAe~ dI giiN| ve itanI ho gaIM ki paribhASAoM ko lekara vAda-vivAda calatA rhaa| phira arthazAstriyoM ne kahA ki vibhinna sAmAjika vijJAnoM meM kevala sahakAryatA hI nahIM, balki unakA paraspara vilInIkaraNa bhI honA caahiye| Arthika samasyAoM ko bhalI-bhA~ti samajhane ke lie samAjazAstra, rAjanItizAstra, itihAsa, kAnUna, AcArazAstra, evaM manovijJAna jaise sabhI sAmAjika vijJAnoM para hone vAle parivartanoM ko grahaNa karanA anivArya hai| saMsAra meM pUMjIvAda ke viparIta pariNAma Ane lage to sAmyavAda bhI saphala nahIM huaa| Aja bhArata sahita vizva ke aneka dezoM meM mizrita arthavyavasthA ko apanAyA gayA hai| yaha bAta alaga hai ki vidyamAna vyavasthA bhI kitanI amizrita athavA ekAMgI hai| anekAnta kA AdhAra hai ki vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hotI hai| yaha bahuAyAmitA anekAnta hai| ise samajhane ke lie jisa zailI kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai vaha syAdvAda hai| syAdvAda kI saptabhaMgiyA~ batAI gaI haiN| mahAtmA gAMdhI ne apanI AtmakathA 'satya ke prayoga' meM jaina darzana kI isa saptabhaMgI kI carcA kI hai| vastu, sthiti, ghaTanA, niyama, vidhi, niSedha Adi ko apane-apane pariprekSya aura sandarbho meM dekhA jAnA caahiye| eka vastu eka vyakti yA samudAya ke lie AvazyakatA hai to vahI vastu dUsare vyakti yA samudAya ke lie vilAsitA ho jAtI hai| bAjAravAdI vyavasthA vAle vilAsitA ko bhI AvazyakatA ke rUpa meM thopane ke lie AmAdA rahate haiN| unheM vyaSTi aura samaSTi para par3ane vAle tAtkAlika aura dUragAmI pariNAmoM kI tanika cintA nahIM hai| syAdvAda kA nayavAda aisI samasta sthitiyoM aura vidhiniSedhoM kI vivekasammata samIkSA karatA hai| (254)

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nayavAda . naigama naya ke antargata sAmAnya aura vizeSa kA saMyukta rUpa se nirUpaNa kiyA jAtA hai| kabhI sAmAnya ko mukhya mAnA jAtA hai, kabhI vizeSa ko aura kabhI donoM ko mukhya mAnA jAtA hai| bhArata jaise vividhatApUrNa deza meM adhikatara Arthika nItiyA~ naigama naya ke AdhAra para hI taya kI jAtI hai| sAmAnya athavA abheda kA grahaNa karane vAlI dRSTi saMgraha naya hai| lokatantrIya praNAlI saMgraha naya ke AdhAra para saMcAlita hotI hai| isakI tulanA samaSTi-arthazAstra ke niyamoM se kI jA sakatI hai| vyavahAra naya ke mAdhyama se vyaSTi-arthazAstra ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| RjusUtra naya meM vartamAna ko mahatva diyA jAtA hai| ApadA-prabandhana ke tahata kisI ko tatkAla rAhata dene ke lie isa naya kI upekSA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| samAja meM zabda aura zabdoM ke artha samaya ke sAtha badala bhI jAte haiM athavA samaya ke anurUpa unheM badalanA ThIka rahatA hai yA ThIka nahIM rahatA hai| isa sabakI vyAkhyA zabda, samabhirUr3ha tathA evaMbhUtanaya karate haiN| samAja meM zabdoM kA sadupayoga va durupayoga tathA artha kA utkarSa, apakarSa va parivartana hotA rahatA hai athavA kiyA jAtA hai| Arthika-jagat meM zabda aura zabdArtha parivartita karake upabhoktA aura upabhoktA samUha ko bhramita karane ke bahuta prayAsa hue haiN| masalana aNDe ko 'zAkAhArI' kaha kara bhASA, saMskRti aura zAkAhArI-samudAya ke sAtha bahuta bar3A chala kiyA gyaa| zabda ekArthaka athavA anekArthaka ho sakate haiN| unakA prayoga * nirdhAnta honA caahiye| prabandha meM anekAnta - koI bhI vyakti yA deza apane ucita-anucita hitoM ke lie pUrvAgraha rakhatA hai| unhIM pUrvAgrahoM se Arthika nItiyA~ banAtA aura dUsaroM para bhI thopanA cAhatA hai| anekAnta-dRSTi sarvamaMgalakArI hai| vaha vyakti yA deza ko pUrvAgraha aura durAgraha se mukta hone kA sandeza detI hai| anekAnta vividha ghaTakoM meM samanvaya, sAmaMjasya aura santulana sthApita karane meM atyanta upayogI hai| jaise dhanopArjana ke sAdhanoM meM bhUmi, zrama, pUMjI, prabandha, vyAvasAyika upakaraNa Adi meM sarvalAbhakArI sAmaMjasya sthApita krnaa| prabandha ke aneka ghaTaka hote haiM - niyojana, niyantraNa, saMgaThana, abhipreraNA aadi| isake alAvA vittIya, kArmika, utpAdana, vipaNana Adi kSetroM kA alaga-alaga prabandha Avazyaka hotA hai| anekAnta ina saba meM sAmaMjasya kI (255)

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dRSTi pradAna karatA hai| arthazAstra ke adhyayana kI nigamana aura Agamana praNAlI para arthazAstrI je.ema.keMja kI TippaNI anekAntika dRSTikoNa prastuta karatI hai - 'vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki Arthika vijJAna ke pUrNa vikAsa ke lie donoM vidhiyoM kA sammizraNa anivArya hai|" anekAnta kI mahattA aura upayogitA sarvatra samajhI jAne lagI hai| vaicArika sahiSNutA __ syAdvAda ne svatantra vaicArikatA aura vaicArika svatantratA kA samAdara karane aura vizva meM vaicArika sahiSNutA ko bar3hAne meM mahAna yogadAna kiyA hai| sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM apane-apane mata kI prazaMsA aura dUsare matoM kI nindA ko anucita batAte hue kahA gayA ki aisA karane se satya kA nirNaya nahIM ho pAtA hai| mAnava sabhyatA, saMskRti aura jJAna-vijJAna ke vikAsa meM anekAnta-darzana kA abhUtapUrva yogadAna hai| anekAnta se samAja meM hone vAle vibhinna prakAra ke jhagar3oM kA zamana hotA hai| pArivArika, sAmAjika, rASTrIya aura antarrASTrIya sambandhoM ko samarasa banAne meM anekAnta kI bhUmikA asaMdigdha hai| vizva rAjanIti meM guTanirapekSa Andolana anekAnta kI mahattA ujAgara karatA hai| jaina manISiyoM ne anekAnta para vistRta cintana-manana kiyA hai aura vipula sAhitya kI racanA kI hai| jaise likhate samaya kAgaja para hAziyA chor3A jAtA hai, tAki usa para TippaNI likhane kI guMjAiza rhe| usI prakAra anekAnta dRSTi meM sAmane vAle vyakti kI abhivyakti ke lie sthAna hotA hai|" anekAnta ne dhArmika sahiSNutA, rAjanaitika sahiSNutA Adi meM apanA yogadAna kiyA hai| saha-astitva, samatA, samanvaya, santulana aura svatantratA ke vikAsa meM anekAnta kA anupama yogadAna hai| dhArmika asahiSNutA se saMsAra ne aneka yuddhoM ko jhelaa| rAjanaitika asahiSNutA se deza duniyA meM guTabAjI aura lar3AiyA~ hotI rahI haiN| asahiSNutA sAmAjika-mAnavIya ekatA aura zAnti meM sadaiva bAdhaka rhii| ina sabakA asara vyakti aura deza kI Arthika sthiti aura khuzahAlI para par3atA hai| anekAnta kI sArvabhauma mahattA ko rekhAMkita karate hue AcArya siddhasena divAkara kahate haiM - jisake binA saMsAra kA, loka kA vyavahAra bhalI-bhA~ti pUrA nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, samasta vizva ke guru usa anekAntavAda ko nmskaar| (256)

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karmavAda aura puruSArtha karmavAda jaina darzana kA buniyAdI siddhAnta hai| isake aneka bheda-prabheda haiM aura lambI-caur3I dArzanika, vaijJAnika aura anya vyAkhyAe~ haiN| sAra yaha hai ki acche karmoM kA phala acchA milatA hai aura bure karmoM kA buraa|'' isalie mAnava ko sadaiva acche karma karane caahiye| ise AcAra kSetra kA kArya-kAraNa siddhAnta kaha sakate haiN| acche karma karane vAlA vyakti svayaM hI apanA mitra aura bure karma karane para vaha svayaM hI apanA zatru hotA hai| karmavAda kA siddhAnta gItA ke karmayoga se bhinna bhI hai aura abhinna bhii| vaha siddhAnta ke rUpa meM karmavAda se bhinna hai| vyavahAra aura niSpatti kI dRSTi se usakI bhinnatA samApta ho jAtI hai| vaha mAnava ko nirantara satpuruSArtha karane kI prabala preraNA detA hai| karmavAda kA akarma (sAMsArika kAryoM se nivRtti) bhI karma (samyaktva parAkrama) kI prabala preraNA detA hai| yahA~ taka niSkriyatA ko mithyAttva kaha kara use chor3ane kI salAha dI gaI hai| jaina sAdhanA meM samyak-cAritra (AcaraNa/puruSArtha) ke bagaira antima lakSya ko pAnA asambhava hai| punarjanma kA siddhAnta karmavAda kA eka pahalU hai - punarjanma kA siddhaant| jaise RNa kI adAyagI pIr3hI-dara-pIr3hI calatI rahatI hai, vaise hI vyakti apane kRta karmo kA phala janma-janmAntara taka bhogatA hai|" cArvAka ko chor3akara sabhI darzanoM ne pUrvajanma yA punarjanma kA kisI na kisI rUpa meM samarthana kiyA hai| punarjanma ke siddhAnta kA bhAratIya jana mAnasa para acchA Arthika prabhAva yaha rahA ki vyakti anIti kI kamAI se bacatA rahA jo bhale hI vartamAna meM sukha dene vAlI pratIta ho| mahAhiMsAkArI, chala-kapaTa aura dhokhe-bAjI se bhare vyavasAyoM kI zrRMkhalA karmavAdiyoM meM nahIM bddh'ii| cArvAka aura punarjanma meM vizvAsa nahIM karane vAloM ne RNa lekara ghI pIne kI bAta khii| isakA artha yaha hai ki yena-kena-prakAreNa dhana prApta karake jIvana meM khUba aiza-ArAma aura mauja-mastI karanI caahiye| Aja ke bhogaupabhoga aura upabhoktAvAda meM aisA hI 'anArthika-jIvana' dikhAI par3atA hai| dUsarA acchA prabhAva yaha rahA ki yaha siddhAnta samAja-saMracanA kA AdhAra bnaa| Arthika jIvana kI jamInI saccAI yaha hai ki saba vyaktiyoM meM samAna ... yogyatAe~ kabhI nahIM hotI haiN| vividha yogyatA aura ruci ke vyaktiyoM se samAja (257)

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banatA hai aura calatA hai| sarvAMgINa vikAsa ke lie bhI yaha sahaja rUpa se Avazyaka bAta hai| puruSArtha ke bala para sabhI prakAra kI unnatiyoM ke lie sabako sadaiva samAna avasara prApta hai| isa siddhAnta ko samajha kara jIvana DhAlane vAloM ne zUnya se zikhara taka kI yAtrA kI hai| dUsaroM ke vikAsa meM bAdhA bane bagaira apanA vikAsa karmavAda kA mukhya bindu hai| balki, sva-utkarSa ke sAtha-sAtha para-utkarSa aura sarvautkarSa isa siddhAnta meM garbhita hai| bhAgyavAda banAma puruSArthavAda punarjanma ke siddhAnta kA sAmAjika jIvana para viparIta asara bhAgyavAditA ke kAraNa huaa| bhAgyavAditA se akarmaNyatA aura akarmaNyatA se garIbI va Arthika avanati kI sthitiyA~ paidA hotI gii| jaina karma-siddhAnta meM zubhAzubha karmoM kA zubhAzubha phala batAyA gayA hai| yaha nyAyapUrNa bhI hai| parantu usane bhAgyavAda kA samarthana nahIM kiyaa| isake samarthana meM mahatvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki jaina darzana zubhAzubha phala ko karmajanita aura kArmaNa-vargaNAoM kI zakti ke anusAra mAnatA hai| yaha saba gaNita aura bhautikI ke niyamoM kI bhA~ti sampanna hotA hai| isa kArya meM kisI Izvara yA IzvarIya zakti ke hastakSepa kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa|" jaba apane bhAgya kI bAgaDora Izvara yA kisI daivIya zakti ko sauMpa dI jAtI hai, to samAja meM jar3atA svAbhAvika hai| jaina dharma ne karmaphala aura jIvana-vikAsa meM IzvarIya hastakSepa kA kevala saiddhAntika dRSTi se hI prativAda nahIM kiyA, apita vyavahAra kSetra meM bhI usase asahamati rkhii| usakI acchI pariNati jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM kI sampannatA meM huii| samAja meM korI bhAgyavAditA ke khilApha svara bulanda hue aura yaha kahA jAne lagA ki Izvara bhI phala usI ko detA hai jo puruSArtha karatA hai| yaha jaina dharma ke puruSArthavAda kI jIta hai| karmavAda puruSArthavAda kA hI dUsarA nAma hai bhAgya koI AkAza se nahIM TapakatA hai| jise Aja saubhAgya kahA jA rahA hai, vaha pUrva meM kiye gaye satpuruSArtha kI niSpatti hai| isalie, samyak puruSArtha kabhI nahIM chor3anA caahiye| puruSArtha phaladAyI hotA hai| jisake puruSArtha kI jyoti manda ho jAtI hai, usake pUrvakRta acche karmoM kA phala bhI manda ho jAtA hai| jo satat puruSArthazIla hai, usake bure karmoM kA phala manda ho jAtA hai| karma siddhAnta meM batAyA gayA hai ki apramatta sAdhaka apane azubha karmoM ke phala ko udvartana, apavartana, saMkramaNa, upazamana aura udIraNA (258)

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ke dvArA manda, mandatara aura samApta kara sakatA hai| ThIka isI prakAra zubha karmoM ke phala ko adhika lAbhakArI banA sakatA hai| yaha siddhAnta puruSArtha dvArA bhAgya meM sakArAtmaka parivartana kI vaijJAnika aura dArzanika vyAkhyA karatA hai| karmabandha ke pA~ca kAraNa __ karmabandha ke pA~ca kAraNa batAye haiM - mithyAtva, avrata, pramAda kaSAya aura yog| inakA arthazAstrIya vivecana isa prakAra hai - 1. mithyAtva : ayathArtha jJAna aura viparIta mAnyatAe~ mithyAtva hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne vainayika mithyAtva ke antargata rur3hiyoM aura karmakANDoM ko bhI mithyAtva kahA hai| vyAvasAyika jIvana meM navonmeSa aura navAcAra isase bAdhita hote haiN| ekAnta mithyAtva se jIvana kI sarvapakSIya soca vikasita nahIM ho pAtI hai| 2. avrata : pratijJAhIna jIvana jiinaa| isase nAgarika anuzAsana ghaTatA hai aura . Arthika arAjakatAe~ bar3hatI haiN| 3. pramAda : Alasya aura asajagatA jIvana kI avanati ke pratyakSa kAraNa haiN| jo caukannA nahIM hai, vaha vipanna ho jAtA hai| AlasI ke guNa bhI doSa meM pariNata ho jAte haiN| 4. kaSAya : krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha kaSAya haiN| kaSAyoM se vyakti meM tIvra durbhAva paidA hote haiN| aise durbhAvoM meM kiye gaye duSkarma vyakti ko dIrgha-kAla taka du:kha dete haiN| kaSAya-tyAga se vyavasAya-vRddhi aura jIvana kI sampannatA kA sIdhA riztA hai| 5. yoga : jaina darzana meM mana, vacana aura zarIra ko yoga kahakara jIvana meM ina tInoM ..kI aparimita zaktiyoM ke pUrNa sadupayoga kI bAta kahI hai| gItA ke karma, jJAna aura bhakti rUpa triyoga kI vidhivat sAdhanA ke lie jaina darzana ke ina tInoM yogoM ko sAdhanA bahuta jarUrI hai| ATha karma uparyukta pA~ca kAraNoM se ananta prakAra ke karmoM kA bandha jIva karatA haiN| unameM ATha mukhya haiN| ina ATha karmoM kI arthazAstrIya preraNAe~ isa prakAra haiM - 1. jJAnAvaraNIya : jJAna jIvana aura jagata ko prakAzita karatA hai| aise pavitra jJAna aura usa jJAna kI ArAdhanA karane vAloM kI kabhI avahelanA nahIM karanI (259)

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caahiye| jJAna eka aisA dhana hai jo isa jIvana meM to rahatA hI hai, agale janma meM bhI sAtha rahatA hai| 2. darzanAvaraNIya : isakI tIna preraNAe~ haiM - sahI samajha, samyak-zraddhA aura svayaM para pUrNa vishvaas| isakI nau uttara prakRtiyoM se nidrA-tyAga yAni alpa nidrA kI preraNA milatI hai| 3. mohanIya : dhanopArjana ke lie bhI nijI sukhoM kA tyAga karanA par3atA hai| kendrIbhUta atizaya rAga moha hotA hai|.raag ke vistAra se moha ghaTatA hai aura prema va maitrI bar3hatI hai| mohanIya karma parigraha saMjJA ko paidA karatA hai| aparigraha kI dizA meM bar3hane se moha manda hotA hai athavA moha karma kI mandatA se aparigraha kI rAha AsAna ho jAtI hai| 4. antarAya : antarAya se bacane ke lie kisI ke hitoM meM kabhI bAdhaka nahIM bananA caahiye| isakI pA~ca uttara prakRtiyoM kI preraNAe~ haiM - dAnAdi sahayoga meM bAdhA nahIM ddaalnaa| lAbha, vyavasAya, rojagAra Adi meM bAdhA upasthita nahIM krnaa| kisI ke AhAra Adi meM vyavadhAna nahIM ddaalnaa| kisI kI khaziyoM va Avazyaka cIjoM kI prApti meM vyavadhAna nahIM ddaalnaa| kisI kI viziSTa sAmarthya pratibhA Adi ke prakAzana meM vyavadhAna paidA nahIM krnaa| sAmAjika vyAvasAyika jIvana meM ina preraNAoM kA mUlya hai| 5. vedanIya : isa karma kI preraNA yaha hai ki hama dUsaroM ko sukha va sAtA pradAna kreN| kaSTa meM par3e prANI ko rAhata phuNcaayeN| aisA karane se saMsAra meM sukhoM kI sRSTi hotI hai, jo arthanIti kA eka dhyeya hai| 6. nAma : yaha karma preraNA detA hai ki tana-saundarya ke AkAMkSI mAnava ko mana saundarya ke prati bhI ceSTA rakhanI caahiye| isase vyakti kA yaza yahA~-vahA~ phailegaa| dUsaroM kI bAhya AkRti, raMga-rUpa ke AdhAra para anucita TippaNI ThIka nahIM hai| raMgabheda ko lekara saMsAra meM lar3AiyA~, zoSaNa Adi kI pravRttiyA~ pnpii| nAma karma ko samajhAne vAlA aise bhedoM se dUra rahatA hai| 7. gautra : yaha karma jAtIya aura kauTumbika ahaMkAra tor3ane kI preraNA detA hai| 8. AyuSya : jIvana kI kSaNabhaMguratA kA bodhaka yaha karma zoka-mukta rahane kI preraNA detA hai| isase apramatta hokara nirantara satkArya karane kI preraNA milatI hai| vyakti ko Aja ke kArya kala para nahIM TAlane caahiye| (260)

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yaha varNana hameM yaha niSkarSa detA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kA darzana vaiyaktika aura samaSTigata arthazAstra ko vRttAkAra jor3a detA hai| isase hama mAnava aura sRSTi ke pArasparika cirasambandha kI vyAkhyA ke sAtha behatara samAja-vyavasthA aura arthavyavasthA ko kaI AyAmoM se niyamita karane meM sakSama banate haiN| karmavAda' meM kahA gayA hai - 'vikendrita arthavyavasthA karmavAda kI sabase anukUla vyavasthA hai, jahA~ karmavAda ke siddhAnta kI surakSA hotI hai aura karmavAda ke dvArA jo eka marma sikhAyA jAtA hai ki bahuta parigraha na kareM, yaha siddhAnta bhI phalita hotA hai| sAtha hI sAmAjika viSamatA kA samAdhAna bhI milatA hai|' (261)

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sandarbha 1. jaina, abhayaprakAza (DaoN.) kA lekha 'AiMsTIna : kitane jJAta/kitane ajJAta' 'tIrthaMkara' disambara 2004 ke aMka meM pR.-15 para prkaashit| 2. bAgalA, bhavAnI zaMkara prastAvanA Arthika viSamatAe~'- arthazAstrI amartyasena kI pustk| 3. sena, amartya, Arthika viSamatAe~' pR.-17 4. sena, amartya, garIbI aura akAla' pR.-29 5. seTha, ema.ela, arthazAstra ke siddhAnta pR.-11, prakAzaka - lakSmInArAyaNa agravAla - AgarA 6. mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha (paM.), Agama yuga kA jaina darzana pa. 112-113 7. tatvArtha bhASya 1/35 8. vahI 1/35 9. keMja, je.ema. - 'skaoNpa eMDa methaDa oNpha poliTikala ikonomI' pR.-172 10. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra 1/1/2/23 11. jaina, prema sumana (pro.) jaina dharma aura jIvana mUlya, pR. 27-28 12. sanmati tarka prakaraNa kANDa 3, gAthA 69 13. aupapAtika sUtra-56 14. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 20/37 15. uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke 29veM adhyayana 'samyaktva parAkrama' meM samyak-puruSArtha ke 73 bindu diye gaye haiN| 16. amolaka RSi (AcArya), jaina tatva prakAza pR.- 478 mithyAtva ke 25 prakAroM meM 24vA~ akriyA mithyaatv'| 17. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra 1/2/1/4, dekheM - AcArAMga 12/6, bhagavatI 2/5, 18. bhagavatI sUtra 7/10 prakAre (262)

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19. nyAyadarzana (sUtra 4/1) va kucha anya darzanoM meM karmaphala kA niyantA Izvara ko batAyA gayA hai| 20. jaina, sudarzanalAla (DaoN.) uttarAdhyayana sUtra : eka parizIlana paSTha-153 21. jaina, rAjArAma (DaoN.) pAiyagajasaMgaho (vIyobhAo), ujjamassa phalaM naccA viusdugnaayge| jAvajjIvaM na chuDDejA ujjama phldaaygN| DaoN premasumana kI pustaka 'jaina dharma aura jIvana mUlya' ke pR.-76 para uddhRt| 22. mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha (paM.), Atma-mImAMsA pa.-128 23. samavAyAMga 5 samavAya, tatvArtha sUtra 8/1 24. jo puNa jatanArahiyo, guNo vi dosAyate tassa - bRhatkalpabhASya 3181 25. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 33/2-3, Atmasiddhi - zrImadrAjacandra zloka 102 26. NANassa savvassa pagAsaNAe - uttarAdhyayana sUtra 32/2 27. iha bhavie vi nANe, parabhavie vi nANe, tadubhayabhavie vi naanne| - bhagavatI sUtra 1/1 .. 28. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 33/5-6, tatvArtha sUtra 8/8 29. je mamAia maI jahAi, se jai i mmaaiaN| - AcArAMga sUtra 2/6 30.. . ThANAMga 2/4/105 mahAprajJa (AcArya), karmavAda - Adarza sAhitya saMgha . prakAzana, cUrU pR.-96 (263)

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pariccheda tIna kaSAya-mukti aura sampannatA saMsAra aura saMsAra kI samasyAoM kA mUla hai karma aura karma kA mUla hai - kssaay| kaSAya mAnava ko patana ke garta meM girA dete haiM aura lambe samaya taka use vahIM rakhate haiN| dazavaikAlikA meM kahA gayA hai - krodha, mAna, mAyA va lobha - ye cAroM kaSAya jIvana meM pApa aura santApa bar3hAte haiN| apanA bhalA.cAhane vAloM ko inakA tyAga kara denA caahiye| kyoM ki krodha prIti kA nAza karatA hai, mAna vinaya ko naSTa karatA hai, kapaTa mitratA kA nAza karatA hai aura lobha sabakA nAza kara detA hai| AcArya zivArya ne to yahA~ taka kahA ki vAta, pitta Adi vikAroM se mAnava itanA unmatta (vikSipta) nahIM hotA jitanA vaha kaSAyoM se hotA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu kahate haiM - RNa ko thor3A, ghAva ko choTa, Aga ko tanika aura kaSAyoM ko alpa nahIM mAnanA cAhiye, kyoMki ye thor3e hI bahuta ho jAte haiN| jaina paramparA ke AcAra pakSa meM kaSAya-tyAga kA atyadhika mahatva rhaa| kaSAya-tyAga ko mukhya mAnane se samAja meM dhArmika andhavizvAsoM va karmakANDoM para coTa huii| AcArya haribhadra ne kahA - kisI pantha yA vAda meM mAnava kA kalyANa nahIM hai, kalyANa to kaSAyoM ko choDane meM haiN| isase sAmAjika va mAnavIya ekatA kI rAha prazasta huii| cAra kaSAya 1. krodha : pratyeka vyakti sampannatA kI dizA meM Age se Age bar3hanA cAhatA hai| vaha sampannatA mahaja dhana taka sImita nahIM hai| jIvana ke sabhI kSetroM meM vyaktitva kA vaibhava prakaTa honA caahiye| aise bahuAyAmI vaibhavazAlI jIvana ke lie krodha kA parityAga mukhya zarta hai| prAcIna grantha isibhAsiyAI' meM kahA gayA hai ki - krodha svayaM ko jalAtA hai, dUsaroM ko jalAtA hai| yaha dharma, artha aura kAma ko jalAtA hai| tIvra vaira karAne vAlA krodha jIvana ke patana kA kAraNa hai| AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki krodha Ayu ko naSTa karatA hai| vyakti svayaM krodha nahIM kareM, yaha eka pakSa hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki vaha dUsaroM ke krodha kA nimitta bhI na bne| bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM krodha kI hAniyA~ batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki krodhagrasta mAnava kA varNa nIlA par3a jAtA hai, vaha hataprabha ho jAtA hai tathA usakA saundarya naSTa ho jAtA hai| vyagratA aura becainI se use zItakAla meM bhI pyAsa lagane (264)

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laga jAtI hai tathA pizAca-grasta manuSya kI taraha kA~pane lagatA hai| krodha duzmana kA upakAra karatA hai tathA parivArajanoM, mitroM va apanoM ke lie samasyA kA pratyakSa kAraNa banatA hai|' bhagavatI sUtra meM krodha ke dasa nAma batAye gaye haiN| - 1. krodh| 2. kop| 3. doSa : svayaM para athavA dUsaroM para doSAropaNa krnaa| svayaM para doSAropaNa karate hue vyakti AtmahatyA kara letA hai| kabhI-kabhI dUsaroM para Aropa lagAte hue bhI vyakti AtmahatyA kara letA hai| AtmahatyA kaSAya kA pariNAma hai| yaha parivAra aura samAja ke lie kalaMka hai| isase kauTumbika aura sAmAjika gaurava maTiyAmeTa ho jAtA hai| 4. roSa (naaraajgii)| 5. saMjvalana (IrSyA karanA) : IrSyA se vyApAra-jagata kI svastha-spardhA ko dhakkA lagatA hai| 6. akSamA (galatI mApha nahIM krnaa)| 7. klh| 8. caNDikya (krodha kA vIbhatsa ruup)|9. maNDana : kisI para hAtha uThAnA yA kAyA se anucita vyavahAra krnaa| 10. vivAda : aNTa-zaNTa bolanA aura jhagar3A kAyama rkhnaa| anAvazyaka bahasa krnaa| krodha nahIM karane vAlA - apanI aparimita prANa UrjA bacA letA hai, sahiSNu hotA hai, vivekavAna tathA soca vicAra pUrvaka kArya karane vAlA hotA hai, sabakA priya bana jAtA hai, acchI nirNaya kSamatA vAlA aura dUradarzI hotA hai tathA pArivArika vigraha aura keza se bacA rahatA hai - aisA vyakti svayaM vikAsa karatA hai| sAtha hI apane parivAra, vyavasAya aura inase jur3e logoM ke vikAsa kA kAraNa banatA hai| eka saphala vyavasAyI aura kuzala prabandhaka banane ke lie krodha-tyAga atyAvazyaka hai| krodha vipannatA aura vipattiyoM ko nyautA detA hai, jabaki akrodha se sampannatA aura sampatti meM abhivRddhi hotI hai| ___2. mAna : amIrI jaba mAna para ArUr3ha ho jAtI hai, to pUMjIvAda, sAmrAjyavAda, vargavAda Adi ke duSpariNAma samAja ko bhogane par3ate haiN| mAna ke vaza ho vyakti vaibhava kA pradarzana karatA hai| aisA pradarzana hamAre samAja-darzana ko vidrUpa banA detA hai| dhana-mada meM cUra vyakti apane vaibhava-pradarzana ke sAmAjikaArthika duSprabhAvoM kI koI cintA nahIM karatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ahaMkAra ko ajJAna kA dyotaka mAnate haiN|" ve vyakti ke jAtIya aura kauTumbika ahaMkAra ko anucita ThaharAte hai|" jJAna aura sadAcaraNa manuSya kI zreSThatA ke pratIka hai| jo (265)

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nirAMbhimAnI hai, vaha jJAna, yaza va sampatti prApta karatA hai aura apanA pratyeka kArya siddha karatA hai| __bhagavatI sUtra meM mAna ke bAraha nAma batAye gaye haiN|4 - 1. maan| 2. md| 3.drp| 4. stmbh| 5. grv| 6. atyukroza (aatm-prshNsaa)| 7. prprivaad| 8. utkarSa : apane vaibhava kA prdrshn| 9. apakarSa : kisI ko usakI yogyatA se kama aaNknaa| 10. unnata nAma : sadguNoM va guNiyoM kA anAdara karanA, paise vAloM kA Adara krnaa| 11. unmatta : dUsaroM ko nimna smjhnaa| 12. purnAma : AdhA-adhUrA jhuknaa| Agama-granthoM meM vyakti ke dhanAhaMkAra para coTa karane vAle aneka preraka kathAnaka haiN| dhana, sattA, pada Adi kA ahaMkAra karane vAlA sAmAnya vyaktiyoM kI yogyatA, salAha va sneha se vaMcita rahatA hai| 3. mAyA : vizvasanIyatA aura maitrI vyavasAya kI pratiSThA ke lie Avazyaka hai| mAyA yAni kapaTa ina mUlyoM ko naSTa kara detA hai| bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM kahA gayA hai ki - eka kapaTa hajAroM satyoM ko naSTa kara DAlatA hai| mithyA aura kapaTapUrNa vijJApanoM se mAnava ne apanA upayoga-viveka kho diyA aura samAja meM vastuoM ke upabhoga kI eka anAvazyaka hor3A-hor3I paidA kara dI hai| vaha hara cIja kA upabhoga karatA hai yA karanA cAhatA hai; upayoga nahIM! mAyA-mRSAvAda se samAja meM lobha ke doSa bar3ha rahe haiN| bhagavatI sUtra ke anusAra mAyA ke pandraha nAma haiM" - 1. maayaa| 2. upadhi : Thagane ke lie kisI ke pAsa jaanaa| 3. nikRti : Thagane ke lie kisI ko vizeSa sammAna denaa| 4. valaya : bhASika chl| 5. gahana : chalane ke lie gUDha AcaraNa krnaa| 6. nUma : saajish| 7. kalka : dUsaroM ko hiMsA ke lie duSprerita krnaa| 8. karUpa : abhadra vyavahAra krnaa| 9. nihnatA : Thagane ke lie kArya manthara gati se krnaa| 10. kilvidhika : kucessy| 11. AdaraNatA : avAMchanIya kaary| 12. gRhanatA : apanI karatUteM chipaanaa| 13. vNcktaa| 14. prati-kuMcanatA : kisI ke sahaja-sarala vacana-vyavahAra kA kapaTa se galata artha lgaanaa| 15. sAtiyoga : acchI vastu meM kharAba vastu milaanaa| eka vyakti dUsare vyakti ko kapaTa-jAla meM pha~sA kara dUsare se lAbha prApta karanA cAhatA hai, use ThaganA cAhatA hai| bAjAra ke ina mAyAcAriyoM kI kucAloM ko (266)

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hamAre samAjazAstrI aura arthazAstrI jAnate-dekhate hue bhI najaraandAja kara rahe haiM, yaha dukhada Azcaryajanaka hai| 4. lobha : lAbha arthazAstra kA preraka tatva hai| lobha duSpreraka tatva hai| lAbha meM sAdhana-zuddhi kA viveka rakhA jAtA hai| lobha vyakti ko sAdhana-zuddhi kI phikra nahIM karane detA hai| artha-nIti ko anIti meM badalane meM lobha kI mukhya bhUmikA hai| lobha kI vajaha se duniyA bhara meM Arthika ghoTAle, bhraSTAcAra, jhagar3e-TaNTe, hiMsA, yuddha Adi hote haiN| lobha aura tRSNA ke vazIbhUta iMsAna ne paryAvaraNa aura saMskRti ko apUraNIya nukasAna pahu~cAyA hai| saMsAra kI sthAyI bhalAI aura vizva-zAnti ke lie mAnava meM nirlobhatA kI cetanA ko jAgRta karanA behada jarUrI hai| lAbha se lobha bar3hatA hai| svarNa-rajata aura vastuoM ke Dhera bhI lobhI kI tRSNA ko zAnta karane meM asamartha hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra lobha para aMkuza ke lie santoSa kA sujhAva dete haiN| santoSa aura sAdhana-zuddhi ke lie ve gRhastha ke lie icchA-parimANa vrata kA vidhAna karate haiN| lobha ke vibhinna rUpoM ko lakSya karate hue unhoMne lobha ke solaha nAma batAye haiM2 - 1. lobha (saMgraha-vRtti) 2. icchA (abhilASA) 3. mUrchA (tIvratama saMgraha-vRtti) 4. kAMkSA (aakaaNkssaa)| 5. gRddhi (aaskti)| 6. tRSNA (laalsaa)| 7. mithyA (lobha ke lie jhUTha) 8. abhidhyA (anishcy)| 9. AzaMsanA (prApti kI icchA) 10. prArthanA (yaacnaa)| 11. lAlapanatA (cATukAritA) / 12. kAmAzA (kAma kI icchaa)| 13. bhogAzA (bhoga kI icchaa)| 14. jIvitAzA : isakA lakSaNArtha hai - maraNa zayyA para bhI lobha nahIM tyaagnaa| 15. maraNAzA : icchApUrti nahIM hone para marane kI icchA krnaa| 16. nandirAga (prApta meM anuraag)| kaSAya-mukti se jIvana aura jagat kA sarva-maMgala jur3A huA hai| kaSAyamukti se vizva meM zAnti, samRddhi aura khuzahAlI kA sapanA sAkAra hogaa| lezyA aura vyaktittva - mAnava ke vyaktitva aura manobhAva ko prakaTa karane ke lie jaina darzana meM lezyA-siddhAnta kI bahuta carcA hai| lezyA ke AdhAra para vyakti ko ghora anaitikatA ke timira se nikAla kara parama naitikatA ke ujjvala Aloka kI ora le jAne kA vaijJAnika aura manovaijJAnika upAya batAyA gayA hai| vastutaH sArI samasyAoM kI jar3a vyakti ke saMkalpa aura manobhAva haiM, jo vyavahAra meM prakaTa hokara vyakti kA (267)

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vyaktitva nirmita karate haiN| isI prakAra samAdhAna bhI usake saMkalpa aura manobhAva meM chipA hai| ye saMkalpa aura manobhAva zubha aura azubha ho sakate haiN| jinakI tInatIna zreNiyA~ haiN| isa prakAra ke manobhAvoM kA vizleSaNa karane vAlI lezyAe~ chaH batAI gaI hai| jinameM tIna azubha aura tIna zubha haiM / 1. kRSNa lezyA (azubhatama manobhAva) : kRSNa lezyA vAlA vyakti krUratama manobhAva liye jItA hai| hiMsA, hatyA, khUna-khaccara aura vyabhicAra meM aise vyakti ko bahuta rasa AtA hai| krUratama, nRzaMsa aura pralayaMkArI kRtyoM se vaha apane jIvana ko saMcAlita karatA hai| kRSNa-lezyAdhAriyoM kI vajaha se saMsAra ne aneka yuddha jhele, vana, vanya-jIva aura paryAvaraNa ko bhArI nukasAna pahuMcAne meM koI kasara bAkI nahIM rkhii| aise logoM kI vajaha se samAja bhaya-mukta nahIM bana pAtA hai| hirozimA aura nAgAsAkI para bamabArI kRSNa lezyA kA vIbhatsa udAharaNa hai| 2. nIla lezyA (azubhatara manobhAva) : kRSNa kA artha hai - bilkula kaalaa| nIlA raMga kAle se kucha ThIka hotA hai| para lezyA siddhAnta meM ise bhI aprazasta hI mAnA jAtA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM aise vyakti ko kapaTI, nirlajja, IrSyAlu, asahiSNu, asaMyamI, lampaTa, rasalolupa Adi durguNoM se yukta batAyA gayA hai| Arthika jIvana meM aise vyakti daridratA kA jIvana jIte haiN| ve logoM se vaisA sthAyI vyavahAra nahIM banA sakate haiM, jisase vyApAra aura udyoga kI pragati ho| 3. kApota lezyA (azubha manobhAva) : kRSNa aura nIla lezyA se kApota lezyA vAle ke manobhAva kucha ThIka hote haiN| parantu itane acche nahIM hote haiM ki unheM prazasta yA kalyANakArI mAnA jaay| aise. vyakti kA sArA kArobAra apanI svArtha-siddhi taka hI sImita rahatA hai| vaha apane hitoM ko sAdhane ke lie logoM ko lar3Ane-bhir3Ane, chala-kapaTa karane meM jarA bhI saMkoca nahIM karatA hai| sAmAjika aura Arthika jagata meM nIla aura kApota lezyA vAle logoM kI bharamAra hai| isIlie saMsAra itanI trAsadiyA~ bhugata rahA hai| 4. tejo lezyA (zubha manobhAva) : Arthika dRSTi se tejo lezyA vAlA vyakti apanA aura jagat kA hita sampAdana karane vAlA hotA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM isa lezyA ko prazasta batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki aisA vyakti acche AcaraNa vAlA, namra, sahiSNu, niSkapaTa, saMyamI aura satpuruSArthI hotA hai| (268)

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5. padma lezyA (zubhatara manobhAva) : isa lezyA meM vyakti pichalI lezyA se aura adhika pavitra ho jAtA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne padma lezyA vAle ko mitabhASI, prazAnta aura jitendriya batAyA hai| isa lezyA vAlA Atma-sAdhanA meM Age bar3ha jAtA hai| 6. zuka lezyA (parama zubha yA zubhatama manobhAva) : isa lezyA vAlA vyakti AtmAbhAvoM meM ramaNa karane vAlA hotA hai| vaha apane nimitta se dUsaroM ko tanika bhI Ahata nahIM karatA hai| sAMsArika icchAe~ usake lie koI mAyane nahIM rakhatI haiN| prajJApanA ke lezyA pada meM batAyA gayA hai ki azubha lezyAoM vAlA mAnava alpaRddhi vAlA hotA hai aura zubha lezyAoM vAlA vyakti mahA-Rddhi vAlA hotA hai| yahA~ jisa Rddhi kI carcA hai, vaha zukU lezyA kI duSTi se Atma-Rddhi hai| parantu anya lezyAoM kI dRSTi se alpa-mahARddhi kA sambandha bAharI aura Antarika donoM se haiN| spaSTa hai ki azubha lezyAoM vAlA vyakti bhautika jIvana meM bhI saphalatA prApta nahIM kara sakatA hai| agara vaha karatA bhI hai to usakI saphalatA meM samAja kA arthazAstra asaphala ho jayegA yAni arthazAstra apane sarvodaya ke uddezya ko prApta nahIM kara paayegaa| sabhI prANI mahARddhi vAle baneM, yahI lezyA-siddhAnta kI preraNA hai| (269)

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sandarbha 1. Avazyaka niyukti 189 2. dazavaikAlika sUtra 8/37 3. dazavaikAlika sUtra 8/38 . hodi kasAummatto, ummatto tadha Na pittummtto| - bhagavatI ArAdhanA 1331 5. Avazyaka niyukti 120 6. na pakSa sevAzrayaNena muktiH, kaSAya muktiH kila muktirev| 7. isibhAsiyAi 36/13 8. AcArAMga sUtra 4/3/136 bhagavatI ArAdhanA 1360, kodho sattuguNakaro, bha. A.-1365 10. vyAkhyAprajJapti 12/5/103 11. sUtrakRtAMga 1/11/2 evaM annaM jaNaM khiMsai baalpnne| - vahI 1/11/14 12. sUtrakRtAMga 1/13/11 13. bhagavatI ArAdhanA 1379 14. vyAkhyAprajJapti 12/43 15. bhagavatI ArAdhanA 1384 . 16. mAyAmosaM vaDaI lobhadosA - uttarAdhyayana sUtra 32/30 17. vyAkhyAprajJapti 12/54 18. jahA lAho tahA loho, lAhA loho pvddddii| - uttarAdhyayana sUtra 8/17 19. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 9/48-49 20. dazavaikAlika 8/39 evaM uttarAdhyayana sUtra 29/70 21. Avazyaka sUtra pA~cavA~ aura chaThavA~ vrata 22. vyAkhyAprajJapti 15/55 (270)

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23. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 34/3 evaM prajJApanA - dvitIya uddezaka 17vA~ adhyAya 24. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 34/21-32 25. prajJApanA - dvitIya uddezaka 17vA~ adhyyn| (271)

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pariccheda cAra AtmavAda aura mAnavavAda AtmA dharma aura darzana kI AdhArazilA hai| dravya dRSTi se vaha sabameM eka samAna hai aura astitva kI dRSTi se svatantra / ' paNDita sukhalAlajI ke anusAra. svatantra jIvavAdiyoM meM jaina-paramparA kA prathama sthAna hai| isake do kAraNa batAye gaye haiM - prathama, AtmA viSayaka jaina avadhAraNA atyanta vaijJAnika aura buddhigrAhya hai| dvitIya, I. pU. AThavIM sadI meM hue aitihAsika tIrthaMkara bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke samaya meM jaina paramparA meM AtmA viSayaka avadhAraNA susthira ho gaI thii| aitihAsika dRSTi se AtmA kI jaisI avadhAraNA Aja se 3000 varSa pUrva jaina paramparA meM thI, vaisI hI Aja hai| jabaki anya paramparAoM kI jIva sambandhI mAnyatAoM meM parivartana hotA rahA hai| vastu-svAtantrya ___jaina darzana ke vastu-svAtantrya ke siddhAnta ne mAnava jAti kA bahuta bhalA kiyA hai| darzana, adhyAtma, samAja aura vijJAna kI aneka anasulajhI gutthiyoM ko vastu-svAtantrya ke siddhAnta se AsAnI se sulajhAyA jA skaa| vyakti aura samAja ko kamajora karane vAlI dharma-viSayaka aneka mithyA-dhAraNAe~ AtmavAda ke samakSa arthahIna ho giiN| jJAna-vijJAna, ahiMsA aura puruSArtha kI alakha jagAne aura jagAye rakhane meM AtmavAda kI bar3I bhUmikA hai| jaina paramparA ke vaibhava ko usake darzana ke sandarbha meM bhI dekhA jAnA caahiye| . ___ AtmavAda ne upAdAna aura nimitta kA samAdhAnakArI niyama hamAre sAmane rkhaa| phalasvarUpa vyakti apane sAmane upasthita samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie samasyAoM kI taha meM jAnA siikhaa| samasyA ke mUla meM jAkara kiye gaye samAdhAna se samasyA kA sthAyI hala nikalatA hai| Aja arthazAstriyoM aura nIti-nirmAtAoM ke sAmane sAmAjika viSamatA, paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa, berojagArI, janasaMkhyA vRddhi Adi na jAne kitanI-kitanI samasyAe~ haiN| unake sAmane AtmA kA, ahiMsA kA, tyAga kA koI suspaSTa darzana nahIM hai| ve nimittoM meM hI samAdhAna DhUMDhate rahate haiN| pariNAmasvarUpa samasyAoM kA sthAyI samAdhAna to nahIM hotA hai so ThIka; kabhIkabhI eka samAdhAna anya naI samasyAoM ko janma dene vAlA siddha ho jAtA hai| (272)

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nipaTa bhautikavAdI aura anAtmavAdI soca aura kArya-zailI se Aja saMsAra eka aisI jagaha para A gayA lagatA hai, jahA~ Age vinAza ke alAvA koI rAstA nahIM bacA hai| ahiMsA kA siddhAnta AtmavAda kI buniyAda para khar3A hai| yaha buniyAda bahuta majabUta va bahuAyAmI hai| Agama granthoM meM ahiMsA kI jaisI maulika, sUkSmatama va sarvagrAhI vyAkhyA milatI hai, vaisI anyatra durlabha hai| Agama granthoM meM varNita ahiMsA sambandhI sUkSma vivecana kA paryAvaraNa aura pAristhitikI kI dRSTi se bahuta mahatva hai| granthoM meM saMsArI jIva ke do prakAra batAye gaye haiM - sthAvara aura vs| jina jIvoM meM gamanAgamana kI kSamatA kA abhAva haiM, ve sthAvara jIva haiM tathA jinameM calane-phirane kI kSamatA haiM, ve trasa jIva haiN| sthAvara jIva sthAvara jIvoM ke pA~ca bheda haiM - 1. pRthvI : sthUla pRthvI ke do prakAra batAye gaye haiM - mRdu aura ktthor| mRdu pRthvI ke sAta prakAra haiM - kAlI, nIlI, lohita (lAla), hArida (pIlI), zveta, pANDu aura panakamRtikA (nadhupa paMka, kiTTa tathA cikanI domtt)| kaThora pRthvI chattIsa prakAra kI haiM - zuddha pRthvI, zarkarA, bAlukA, upala, zilA, lavaNa, USa, ayas, tAmra, trapu, sIsaka, rUpya, suvarNa, vajra, haritAla, hiMguluka, manaHzIlA, sasyaka, aMjana, pravAlaka, abhraka-bAlukA, abhra-paTala, gomedaka, rucaka, aMka, sphaTika, marakata (pannA), bhujamocaka, indranIla (nIlama), candana-maNi, pulaka, saugandhika, candraprabha, vaiDUrya, jalakAnta aura sUryakAnta ina bhedoM meM kRSi yogya miTTI se lekara ratna-maNi taka kA ullekha haiN| pRthvI samasta prANiyoM ke lie AdhAra hai| pradUSaNa kI mAra pRthvI ke naisargika vaividhya para par3I hai| pRthvI ke pradUSita hone se usake Azrita rahane vAle aneka trasa jIvoM tathA sthAvara meM vanaspati Adi ke jIvana para viparIta prabhAva pdd'aa| aneka jIva-jantu aura vanaspatiyA~ dharatI se vilupta ho gii| pRthvIkAya ke svarUpa ko jAnakara inakI virAdhanA se bacanA caahiye| 2. jala : sthUla jala ke pA~ca bheda batAye gaye haiM - zuddha udaka, osa, haratanu, kuharA ..' aura him| sahaja rUpa se sarva-sulabha jala Aja bikAU ho gayA hai, usake ... lie jhagar3e hote haiN| saMyukta rASTra kI eka riporTa ke anusAra vartamAna vizva meM (273)

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100 karor3a se adhika loga gandA pAnI pIne ko majabUra hai| eka ko zuddha peya-jala upalabdha nahIM hai, dUsarA usakI phijUlakharcI kara rahA hai| ye hiMsA ke arthatantra ke pariNAma hai ki pUrA paryAvaraNa-tantra caramarA gayA hai| .. 3. vanaspati : sthUla vanaspati ke do bheda - pratyeka zarIrI aura sAdhAraNa shriirii| pratyeka zarIrI ke bAraha prakAra haiM - vRkSa, guccha, gulma, latA, vallI, tRNa, latAvalaya, parvaga, kuhuNa, jalaja, auSadhitRNa aura haritakAya sAdhAraNa vanaspati ke antargata kanda, mUla Adi Ate haiN| vANijyika prahAroM se vanaspatiyoM ke abhAva ke sAtha jaiva vividhatA kA saMkaTa gaharAtA jA rahA hai| vanaspati ke Azraya meM bhI aneka prakAra ke trasa-sthAvara jIva rahate haiN| vanaspati ke saMrakSaNa se aneka jIvoM kA saMrakSaNa sambhava hai| 4. agni : sthUla agni ke bhI aneka bheda batAye gaye haiM - aMgAra, murmura, zuddha, agni, arci, jvAlA, ulkA, vidyuta aadi|' agni kA vinAzaka prayoga nahIM karanA caahiye| 5. vAyu : sthUla vAyukAyika jIvoM ke chaH bheda haiM - utkalikA, maNDalikA, ghanavAta, guMjAvAta, zuddhavAta aura saMvartaka vaat| vAyu saMrakSaNa ke lie nimna upAya kiye jAne cAhiye - 1. nAnA prakAra kI vanaspatiyoM kA ropnn| 2. parvatoM para vistAra yukta vizAla per3a paudhoM kA ropnn| 3. paThAroM kI surkssaa| 4. vana sampadA kI surkssaa| 5. hAnikAraka rAsAyanika padArthoM kI smaapti| 6. vAhanoM va rAsAyanika saMyaMtroM se nikalane vAle dhue~ para niyntrnn| nijI vAhanoM para logoM kI nirbharatA ghttnaa| 7. udyogoM kI sthApanA pradUSaNa se mukta ho|" sthUla jIvoM kI Agama varNita jAnakArI se yaha preraNA milatI hai ki paryAvaraNa aura prakRti kI rakSArtha sthAvarakAyika jIvoM kI hiMsA se bacanA nitAnta Avazyaka hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM sthAvarakAyika jIvoM kI rakSA kI prabala preraNA dI gaI hai| sthAvara aura trasa sabhI prakAra ke jIva paraspara eka dUsare ke Azrita hote haiN| (274)

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isalie eka ke vinAza meM sabakA vinAza aura eka ke saMrakSaNa meM sabakA saMrakSaNa samAhita hotA hai| dhvani-pradUSaNa, vAyu-pradUSaNa, jala-pradUSaNa, bhUmi-pradUSaNa jaisI samasyAe~ vartamAna meM hamAre sAmane vIbhatsa rUpa meM khar3I haiN| inake mUla meM sthAvarakAyika jIvoM kI andhAdhundha hiMsA hai| inhIM sthAvarakAyika jIvoM ke sahAre trasa prANiyoM kA jIvana nirbhara hotA hai| vAyu, jala, vanaspati Adi ke pradUSita hone se inake Asare jIne vAle jIvoM kA jIvana saMkaTa meM par3a gyaa| jala, vAyu, bhUmi, anya jIvita sUkSma va sthUla prANI, per3a-paudhe aura mAnava kA jaba antarsambandha TUTa jAtA hai to paryAvaraNa ko nukasAna pahuMcatA hai| sUkSma jIvoM kI rakSA ke lie bhagavAna mahAvIra pratyeka kArya-vyApAra meM yatanA aura viveka kI hidAyata dete haiN|12 tasa jIva AcArAMga ke prathama adhyayana ke chaThe uddezaka meM saMsAra svarUpa ke vivecana meM trasa jIvoM kA ullekha hai| trasa jIvoM ke cAra bheda batAye haiM - dvIndriya, trIndriya, caturindriya aura pNcendriy| dvIndriya jIvoM meM zarIra aura rasanA vAle laTa, keMcuA, kRmi, zaMkha Adi, trIndriya jIvoM meM zarIra, rasanA aura ghrANa vAle ciMTI, makor3e, dImaka, jhiMgura, Adi, caturindriya meM kAyA, jihvA, ghrANa aura cakSu vAle titalI, makkhI, bhramara, bicchU Adi aneka jIva Ate haiN| uparokta cAra aura pA~cavIM zravaNendriya vAle paMcendriya jIva kahalAte haiN| ... paMcendriya jIva do prakAra ke hote haiM - sammUrchima aura grbhj| AgamoM meM saMmUrchima jIvoM kI utpatti jisa prakAra se batAI gaI hai, usakI tulanA vartamAna meM koniMga se kI jA sakatI hai| jisake aucitya-anaucitya para carcA ho rahI hai| tiryaMca paMcendriya ke tIna prakAra haiM - jalacara, sthalacara aura khecr| jalacara ke antargata. matsya, kacchapa, grAha, magara, zuMzumAra Adi Ate haiN|" sthalacara kI do mukhya jAtiyA~ haiM - catuSpada aura prisrp| catuSpada ke cAra prakAra haiM - eka khura vAle, jaise azva Adi, do khura vAle, jaise baila Adi, gola paira vAle, jaise hAthI Adi aura nakha-sahita paira vAle, jaise zera aadi| parisarpa kI mukhyataH do jAtiyA~ batAI gaI haiM - bhujprisrp| jo bhujAoM ke bala para reMgate haiM, ve prANI bhujaparisarpa haiM, baise goha aadi| dUsarI jAti ura:parisarpa kI hai| isake antargata peTa ke bala reMgane vAle sarpa Adi Ate haiN| khecara kI cAra jAtiyA~ batAI gaI haiM - carma pakSI, roma pakSI, samudra pakSI aura vitata pkssii|" (275)

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hiMsA kI mahAmArI se ina jIvoM kI aneka jAtiyA~-prajAtiyA~ dharatI para se samApta ho gaI aura aneka samApti ke kagAra para haiN| Agama granthoM meM sabhI prakAra ke jIvoM ko bacAne ke lie aneka sthaloM para preraNAe~ dI gaI haiN| upAsakadazAMga meM zrAvaka ko abhaya pradAyaka kahA gayA hai| paryAvaraNa aura pAristhitikI santulana ke lie sabhI prakAra ke jIvoM kA dharatI para honA Avazyaka hai| samUcA artha-tantra prakRti-tantra para nirbhara hai| arthatantra kI sthAyI surakSA ke lie prakRti-tantra kI . surakSA atyAvazyaka hai| mAnavavAda aura arthazAstra vizva ke adhikatara dharma-darzana mAnavavAda para khar3e haiN| jaina dharma AtmavAdI dharma hai| jahA~ AtmavAda hai, vahA~ mAnavavAda sahaja rUpa se usake sampUrNa gahare arthoM meM vidyamAna hai| mAnava kA artha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo mana ke dvArA heyaupAdeya, tatva-atatva, dharma-adharma aura hita-ahita kA vicAra karane meM sakSama, kArya meM nipuNa aura mana se utkRSTa hote haiM, ve mAnava kahalAte haiN| jaina darzana kA mAnavavAda, AtmavAda kI majabUta buniyAda para khar3A hai| isa AdhAra para pazcimI mAnavavAda nirAdhAra hai| isa mAnavavAda para coTa karatI lekhaka kI kavitA hai - apanI bacakAnI harakatoM ke krama meM kucha AdamiyoM ne bacAI thI thor3I-sI saMvedanA sirpha AdamI ke lie! taba se bacI-khucI Adamiyata ne bhI dama tor3a diyaa| aba bacI hai saMvedanA se zUnya jindA lAzoM kI bhIr3a!'' manuSya para saMkaToM kI eka vajaha yaha hai ki vaha manuSyettara prANiyoM ke prati saMvedanazIla nahIM rhaa| AcArAMga niyukti meM AcArya bhadrabAhu kahate haiM - ekkA maNussa-jAI / sampUrNa mAnava-jAti eka hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra jAti, varNa, varga Adi AdhAroM para mAnava-mAnava meM bheda nahIM karate haiN| unhoMne tatkAlIna bhAratIya samAja meM vyApta mAnavatA ko apamAnita karane vAle bhedoM ko asvIkAra kara diyaa| dharma sAdhanA kA upadeza sabhI ke lie samAna hai| jo upadeza dhanavAna yA ucca samajhe (276)

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jAne vAle varga ke lie haiM, vahI upadeza nirdhana aura nimna samajhe jAne vAle varga ke lie hai| mAnava-jAti ke itihAsa meM mAnava aura mAnavatA ko sarvocca zreNI para pratiSThita karane vAloM meM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra agraNI haiN| ___ samAja kA eka varga jaba eka ora devoM kI pUjA-arcanA meM hI dharma mAnane laga gayA aura dUsarI ora vaha devatAoM ko khuza karane ke lie pazu-pakSiyoM kI bali, yahA~ taka manuSyoM kI bali taka karane laga gyaa| aise vikaTa hAlAta meM jaba manuSya aura manuSyatA ko donoM siroM se khArija kiyA jA rahA thA, bhagavAna mahAvIra ne manuSyatA kI vaha alakha jagAI, jisakI rozanI meM samUcI mAnavatA nahA utthii| unhoMne manuSya ko devatAoM se bhI jyAdA sAmarthyavAna batAyA aura kahA - jo manuSya ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa kI utkRSTa ArAdhanA karatA hai, devagaNa bhI use namana karate haiN| devatA svayaM mAnava jIvana kI AkAMkSA rakhate haiN| mAnava jIvana ko atyanta durlabha batAte hue use mUla-dhana kahA hai| eka tarapha ahiMsA ke anupAlana se manuSyettara prANiyoM ke prati bhI saMvedanA, dUsarI tarapha devatA se bhI mAnava kI zreSThatA; mahAvIra ne manuSyatA ko donoM siroM se punarsthApita kiyA aura mAnavatA kI mahimA meM aneka ujale adhyAya jor3a diye| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne manuSya ke sAmAjika vargIkaraNa ko karmAdhArita mAnA, na ki jnmaadhaarit| unhoMne kahA - manuSya karma se hI brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zadra hotA hai| jAti kI kucha bhI vizeSatA nahIM dikhAI detI hai| cANDAla putra harikezI muni ko dekho, jinakI mahAprabhAvazAlI Rddhi hai| .. varNAdhArita jAtIya ahaMkAra TUTane se tatkAlIna vyavasAya aura vANijya para anukUla asara par3A thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne karma aura vyavasAya ko choTA yA bar3A nahIM mAnA, apitu hiMsaka athavA ahiMsaka maanaa| hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke AdhAra para hI mAnava kI zreSThatA aura hInatA batAI gii| choTe se choTA kAma bhI, yadi vaha ahiMsaka hai to grAhya hai| isase sAmAjika samarasatA va mAnavIya ekatA kI rAha prazasta hotI hai| choTe-choTe laghu, gRha aura kuTIra udyoga-dhandhoM ko saMrakSaNa milatA hai evaM unake karane vAloM kA Atma-sammAna kAyama rahatA hai| jinakI arthavyavasthA meM bahuta bar3I bhUmikA hotI hai| vANijya aura vyavasAya ke vikAsa meM puztainI kAma-dhandhoM kA mahatva rahA to yogyatA ke anusAra vyavasAya parivartana kA bhI mahatva rhaa| mAnavavAda ne samAja meM mAnavatA kI pratiSThA kI aura vyavasAya meM yogyatA kii| (277)

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vartamAna meM pracalita jAtIya aura laiMgika AdhAra para ArakSaNa kI vyavasthA rAjanItika hai| vaha vyakti kI arhatAoM ko jAta-pA~ta ke cazme se dekhatI hai| jise sAmAjika aura mAnavIya dRSTi se ucita nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| yogya aura yogyatAoM kI avahelanA se vyavasthAe~ TUTatI haiM aura vikAsa avaruddha hotA hai| kisI bhI sabhyatA aura saMskRti ke vikAsa para Arthika nItiyoM kA dUragAmI prabhAva hotA hai| jo dRSTihIna haiM, unheM dRSTi kI, cakSu kI AvazyakatA hai; darpaNa kI nhiiN| ArakSaNa kI rAjanIti dRSTihIna ko dRSTi kI bajAya, darpaNa bA~TatI hai| AvazyakatA hai zikSA, sAdhanA aura samatA ke dvArA jAgRti kii| samAja meM jo vyakti Arthika yA kisI anya dRSTi se kamajora yA vaMcita haiM, unakI zikSA aura svAsthya para rAjya kI ora se vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAya, unheM yogyatA arjita karane ke sAre upAdAna alpazulka yA binA zulka para muhaiyA karAye jaay| vyakti kI yogyatA aura guNavattA bar3hegI to sakArAtmaka tarIke se samAdhAna hogaa| Aja deza ko rAjanItika samAjavAda nahIM, apitu AdhyAtmika aura mAnavIya samAjavAda kI AvazyakatA hai| mAnava dvArA mAnava para hone vAle atyAcAroM ke viruddha mAhaula banAne me mAnavavAda kI aham bhUmikA rhii| manuSya ke zrama kA zoSaNa nahIM ho, usakI nijatA aura svatantratA para kuThArAghAta nahIM ho, isake svara Aja se DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM meM gUMja rahe the aura Aja bhI gUMja rahe haiN| kisI bhI prANI, jIva-jantu, pazu-pakSI yA manuSya kI sattA aura unake prANoM kI sattA kA kisI bhI rUpa meM hanana karanA astitva kI sahaja naisargika zartoM ke viparIta AcaraNa karanA hai| aura sirpha hanana hI nahIM, kisI para anucita zAsana karanA, kisI ko parAdhIna banAnA, kisI ko paritApa denA, upadrava karanA bhI hiMsA ke rUpa haiN| rAjanItika aura Arthika upaniveza dUsaroM kI svAdhInatA, saha-astitva, ahiMsA aura samatA ko nakArate haiN| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne ahiMsA ko prANAtipAta (pANAivAyaM)" khaa| prANa dasa btaaye| jinameM pA~ca indriyA~, mana, vacana, kAyA, zvAsocchavAsa aura Ayu ko parigaNita kiyA jAtA hai| ina dasa meM se prANI ke eka bhI prANa ko kisI bhI rUpa meM Ahata karanA prANAtipAta hai| prANAtipAta-niSedha meM mAnava aura prANiyoM kA sahaja abhyudaya, samatA aura zAnti ke sUtra chipe haiN| jIva ko 'satva' kahanA bhI mahatvapUrNa hai| satva meM sAra, satya aura sattA ke gahana artha pratidhvanita ho rahe haiN| sattA ke mUla meM ahiMsA hai| vaha astitva kI zarta hai| (278)

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sandarbha 1. samavAyAMga 1/1, sthAnAMga 1/1 2. zAstrI, devendra muni : jaina darzana svarUpa aura vizleSaNa pR.-87 3. uttarAdhyayana 36/68 uttarAdhyayana (36/70) meM agni aura vAyu ko apekSA se gatizIla mAnA hai tathA sthAvara meM pRthvI, jala aura vanaspati ko liyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana 36/73-76, prajJApanA (1/24) meM pathvIkAya ke 40 bheda batAye gaye haiN| mUlAcAra meM pathvI ke 36 bheda aura tiloyapaNNatti meM 16 bheda batAye haiN| uttarAdhyayana 36/86, mUlAcAra (gAthA 210) meM 8 bheda batAye gaye haiN| 7. naphA-nukasAna, jayapura 9-10 pharavarI, 2005 8. uttarAdhyayana 36/95-96, prajJApanA (1/38-54) meM vanaspati ke 12 varga. kiye gaye haiN| . uttarAdhyayana 36/101-109, mUlAcAra (gAthA 211) meM agni ke 6 bheda batAye gaye haiN| 10. uttarAdhyayana 36/118 11. bhuvaneza muni (DaoN.) 'jaina AgamoM ke AcAra darzana aura paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa ____kA mUlyAMkana', pR.-190 12.. dazavaikAlika sUtra 4/62 13. beiMdiyA teiMdiyA, cauro paMciMdiyA cev| - uttarAdhyayana 36/126 14. uttarAdhyayana 36/172-173 15. uttarAdhyayana 36/180 16. uttarAdhyayana 36/181-182 .. 17. - uttarAdhyayana 36/188 (279)

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18. paMcasaMgraha (gAthA 62) evaM dekheM gommaTasAra jIvakANDa (gAthA 149) tathA dhavalA 13/5 19. dhIMga, dilIpa 'zAkAhAra-krAnti' (mAsika), indaura mArca 1995 ke aMka meM prakAzita kvitaa| 20. AcArAMga niyukti 19 21. AcArAMga 1/2/6/101 22: dazavaikAlika sUtra / prathama adhyayana, prathama gaathaa| 23. tao ThANaI deve pihejjA mANussaM bhvN| - sthAnAMga 3/3/52 24. dullahe khalu mANuse bhve| - uttarAdhyayana sUtra 10/4. 25. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 25/33 26. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 12/37 27. prajJApanA sUtra 1.105 madhukara muni sampAdita pa.-107 28. AcArAMga sUtra 1/4/2 29. upAsakadazAMga 1/13 aura Avazyaka sUtra meM prathama annuvrt| (280)

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pariccheda pA~ca ahiMsA ke arthazAstra ke AyAma ahiMsA kI AdhArazilA ahiMsA kA itihAsa utanA hI purAnA hai, jitanA mAnava jAti kaa| itihAsa ke kSitija ke pAra bhI ahiMsA kA vaibhava bikharA par3A hai| prAga-Arya sabhyatA to ahiMsA, satya aura tyAga para hI AdhArita thii| yahA~ taka usa saMskRti meM pale-pUse loga apane sAmAjika, rAjanaitika aura dhArmika hitoM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie bhI yuddha karanA pasanda nahIM karate the| ahiMsA unake jIvana vyavahAra kA pramukha aMga thii| bhautika vikAsa kI dizA meM bhI ve loga pragati ke zikhara para the| unake AvAsa, grAma, nagara Adi bahuta suvyavasthita the| hAthI-ghor3o kI savArI ke alAvA unake pAsa gamanAgamana ke yAna bhI the| itihAsa ke siMhAvalokana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki AryoM ke Agamana se pUrva ahiMsA dharma isa deza meM vyApaka thA aura rAjaparivAroM dvArA bhI vaha samAdRta thaa| sambhava to yaha bhI hai ki vaha bahuta sAre bhAgoM meM rAja-dharma bhI thAna niHsandeha, ahiMsA arthazAstra sahita sArI vyavasthAoM kI dhurI thii| ... prAcInatama grantha AcArAMga sUtra meM ahiMsA ko zAzvata aura nitya batAyA gayA hai| Agama granthoM meM ahiMsA kI aneka paribhASAe~ aura vyAkhyAe~ milatI haiN| dazavaikAlika sUtra meM prANI-mAtra ke prati saMyama ko ahiMsA kahA gayA hai| yaha bhayabhIta prANiyoM ke lie zaraNabhUta, pakSiyoM ke lie AkAza meM mukta-vihAra ke samAna, pyAsoM ke lie jala ke samAna, bhUkhoM ke lie bhojana ke samAna, samudra ke bIca DUbate huoM ke lie jahAja ke samAna, pazuoM ke lie Azraya-sthAna ke samAna, rogiyoM ke lie auSadhi ke samAna aura bhayAnaka jaMgala meM sahayogiyoM ke samAna hai| itanA hI nahIM, yaha ahiMsA atyanta viziSTa hai| yaha trasa aura sthAvara sabhI prANiyoM kA kuzala-maMgala karane vAlI hai| AcArya zivArya kahate haiM ki ahiMsA saba AzramoM kA hRdaya hai tathA sabhI zAstroM kA garbha (utpatti sthAna) hai| yahA~ Azrama zabda bar3A arthapUrNa hai| isake antargata vANijya aura udyoga sahita zramAdhArita va zrama ko pratiSThita karane vAle sabhI nikAyoM ko samAviSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| sabhI prakAra ke upakramoM meM parAkrama (zrama) aura parAkrama ke sAtha (281)

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ahiMsA kA viveka, Azrama se pratidhvanita hotA hai| zivArya ahiMsA ko sabhI zAstroM kA utpatti-sthAna bhI mAnate haiM, nizcita hI usameM arthazAstra aura samAjazAstra bhI samAviSTa hai| AgamakAroM ne praznavyAkaraNa sUtra meM ahiMsA ke sATha nAma dekara usakI vyApakatA aura mahimA ko kaI gunA bar3hA diyaa| ahiMsA kA pratyeka nAma (rUpa) jIva, jIvana aura jagat ke maMgala kA hetu hai| kucha nAma arthazAstrIya dRSTi se kAphI mUlyavAna haiN| jaise - vyavasAya (44vA~ nAma), samRddhi (19vA~ nAma), Rddhi, vRddhi, vizvAsa, zAnti (vizva-zAnti), tRpti, buddhi, dhRti, puSTi, utsava, apramAda aadi| ahiMsA hamAre AsapAsa sadaiva vidyamAna rahatI hai| AvazyakatA hai usake ehasAsa aura samAdara kii| ahiMsA kA jitanA ehasAsa aura samAdara kiyA jAyegA, usakA vikAsa hogaa| ahiMsA kA vikAsa vyavasthAoM ke vikAsa se jur3A hai| ahiMsA ke arthazAstra meM saMyama aura kiphAyata kA zIrSastha sthAna hai| jabaki hiMsA kI jamIna para khar3e arthazAstra meM tRSNA, saMgraha aura asaMyama ko bharapUra chUTa hai| zAkAhAra aura arthatantra zAkAhAra mAnava sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA aruNodaya hai to arthazAstra kA uSA-kAla hai| RSabhadeva ne janatA ko kRSi sambandhI jJAna dekara zAkAhAritA ko vyavasthita rUpa se sthApita kiyaa| 22veM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna nemInAtha, jinheM kucha vidvAnoM dvArA aitihAsika tIrthaMkara mAnA jAne lagA hai', apane vivAha ke avasara para samasta prajAjanoM ke samakSa pazu-vadha aura mAMsAhAra kA virodha karate haiM aura vidrohasvarUpa ve binA vivAha kiye lauTa jAte haiN| 23veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha karmakANDI hiMsA.ko nAjAyaja ThaharA kara ahiMsA va samatAmaya samAja kI sthApanA karate haiN| 24veM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra mAMsAhAra aura pazu-vadha ko naraka kA kAraNa batAte haiN| sacamuca, mAMsAhAra aura pazu-vadha kI vajaha se dharatI para nArakIya sthitiyA~ bar3hatI jA rahI haiN| Agama sUtroM se pravartita aura samarthita zAkAhAra ke kitane arthazAstrIya AyAma hamAre samakSa haiM, unakI carcA hama yahA~ kara rahe haiN| aneka vaijJAnika zodhoM aura prayogoM se aba yaha dina kI rozanI kI taraha spaSTa ho gayA hai ki manuSya mUlataH zAkAhArI prANI hai| jaoNna haoNpakinsa vizvavidyAlaya ke nRtattvazAstrI DaoN. Alana vAkara kA kathana hai ki mAnava ke pUrvaja mAMsabhakSI nahIM the| ve sarvabhakSI bhI nahIM the| ve phalAhArI/zAkAhArI the| unhoMne manuSya kI danta (282)

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racanA kA 1 karor3a 20 lAkha varSoM ke kAla-paTala para vistRta va gahana anveSaNa kiyA aura niSkarSa diyA ki mAnava 12 lAkha varSa IsA pUrva taka phalAhArI thaa| karIba 12 haz2Ara varSa pahale nava-pASANa yuga kI krAnti ne use gA~va, kheta, bIja, hala, khalihAna, khAda Adi se paricita karAyA tadanusAra vaha suvikasita zAkAhArI bnaa| jala-bacata aura zAkAhAra Aja zAkAhAra na sirpha mAtra AhAra, apitu eka sampUrNa suvikasita jIvana zailI bana cukA hai| zAkAhAra mitavyaya-kA-arthazAstra hai| saMsAra meM jalasaMkaTa kA sabase bar3A kAraNa mAMsAhAra hai| eka pauNDa (eka pauNDa = 0.453592 kilogrAma) mAMsAhAra ke utpAdana meM ausatana 2500 gailana (eka gailana = 3.788 lITara) pAnI lagatA hai| itane jala se eka pUre parivAra kA mahine bhara kA kAma cala jAtA hai| jabaki eka pauNDa gehU~ ke utpAdana meM sirpha 25 gailana pAnI lagatA hai| amerikA meM eka mAMsAhArI ke dinabhara ke AhAra-utpAdana meM 4000 gailana se adhika jala lagatA hai; eka aNDAhArI vyakti ke AhAra para 1200 gailana; aura eka zuddha zAkAhArI ke AhAra para sirpha 300 gailana jala kharca hotA hai| yaha hairAnI kI bAta hai ki jitane z2ala se eka zAkAhArI pUre varSa kAma calA letA hai, mAMsAhArI usa jala kA upabhoga kevala eka mahine meM kara letA hai|" .. kRSi aura mAMsa-utpAdana meM lagane vAle jala kI tulanA bhI cauMkAne vAlI hai| eka pauNDa gehU~ ke utpAdana meM jitanA jala lagatA hai, usase 100 gunA adhika jala eka pauNDa mAMsa ke utpAdana meM lagatA hai| mAMsaM ke utpAdana meM jitanA pAnI lagatA hai, dhAnya (cAvala) ke utpAdana usakA 10vA~ bhAga hI lagatA hai|" pAnI hara prakAra ke zAkAhAra meM mAMsAhAra kI tulanA meM kaI gunA kama lagatA hai| isa sambandha meM amerikA ke kelIphorniyA utpAdana saMsthAna ke A~kar3eM prastuta kiye jA rahe pratilITara jala-khapata eka kilo utpAdana TamATara AlU 00090 .. 00092 00100 00125 gAjara (283)

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seva 00190 santarA 00240 aMgUra 00280 dUdha 00520 aNDe 02000 cUje 03200 suara-mAMsa 04800 pazu-mAMsa 10000 ___ katlakhAne bhI anApa-zanApa jala-khapata ke aDDe haiN| deza meM adhikRta katlakhAnoM kI saMkhyA 4000 haiM aura anAdhikRta karIba do lAkha! bhArata sarakAra dvArA prakAzita vArSika sandarbha pustaka 'bhArata-1995' meM kArTamena' ke adhyakSa pro. ena.esa.rAmAsvAmI ke anusAra mumbaI sthita devanAra katlakhAnA prativarSa 44,58,000 karor3a lITara peyajala kA upabhoga karatA hai| isase katlakhAnoM meM hone vAlI jalakhapata kA sahaja anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| katlakhAnoM ko banda, kama yA niyantrita karake dharatI para aparimita peyajala kI bacata kI jA sakatI hai| zAkAhAra : kama jamIna para adhika utpAdana amerikA ke kRSi-vijJAnI sI. DablyU. phaoNrvarDa ne zAkAhAra va mAMsAhAra ke utpAdana meM lagane vAlI jamIna ke jo A~kar3eM diye haiM, ve bhI arthazAstrIya dRSTi se avalokanIya haiN| z2amIna eka ekar3a vaz2ana pauNDa meM gomAMsa 182.25 bakare kA gozta 228.00 1680.00 1800.00 1800.00 2300.00 makkA 3120.00 4565.00 AlU 20160.00 phaliyA~ cAvala (284)

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16 cUje jitanI jamIna para utpAdita cAvala se 75 AdamiyoM kA peTa bharanA saMbhava hai, utanI jamIna para utpAdita gomAMsa se sirpha eka AdamI kA peTa bhara pAtA hai| zAkAhAra yAni anna-bacata yaha tathya bhI bahuta kama loga jAnate haiM ki mAMsa-utpAdana anna-utpAdana kI tulanA meM atyanta mahaMgA hai| isa sambandha meM yahA~ A~kar3eM diye jA rahe haiN| eka pauNDa mAMsa-utpAdana para anAja kI khapata nimnAnusAra hai - mAMsa pauNDa gomAMsa zUkara-mAMsa 06 TarkI 04 . 03 aNDe DaoN. nemIcanda batAte haiM ki eka pauNDa mAMsa paidA karane ke lie 26 pauNDa anAja kharca hotA hai| isa prakAra eka mAMsAhArI kI khurAka bacAkara kama-se-kama 20 zAkAhAriyoM kA peTa AsAnI se bharA jA sakatA hai| yadi sirpha amerikA apane mAMsAhAra meM 10 pratizata kI kamI kara le to cha: karor3a logoM kA peTa AsAnI se bharA jA sakatA hai| menakA gAMdhI kA kahanA hai yadi bhArata mAMsa kI khapata 20 pratizata ghaTA deM, to 6 karor3a Tana anAja bacegA, jo 30 karor3a logoM kA peTa bharane ke lie paryApta hogaa| duniyA ke arthazAstrI yaha svIkArane lage haiM ki saMsAdhanoM kI bacata aura dharatI kI khuzahAlI ke lie zAkAhAra varadAna sAbita ho sakatA hai| zAkAhAra ke prasAra se Arthika aura paryAvaraNIya kSati ko rokA jA sakatA hai| arthazAstrI DaoN. bharata jhunajhunavAlA ke anusAra amarIkA sau ekar3a bhUmi meM makkA ugAtA hai aura use gAya ko khilAtA hai| phira gAya ko mArakara usake mAMsa ko dasa manuSyoM ko khilAtA hai| hama usI sau ekar3a bhUmi meM cAvala, gehU~ Adi ugAte haiM tathA sau manuSyoM kA peTa bharate haiN| bhUsA gAya ko khilAyA jAtA hai aura usake dUdha ko manuSya pIte haiN| vizva ke samakSa vikalpa yaha hai ki vaha dasa mAMsabhakSI manuSyoM ko pAleM yA sau zAkAhAriyoM ko| bezaka, sau zAkAhArI hI uttama hoNge| Arthika utpAdana bhI sau manuSyoM se adhika ho sakegA, cUMki do sau hAthoM se utpAdana ho skegaa|" jAnavaroM se hAsila proTIna vAlA khAnA (mAMsa, machalI, aNDe Adi) (285)

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kArbohAiDreTa vAle khAne (anAja, sabjiyA~ Adi) se siddhAntataH sAta gunA mahaMgA hotA hai| kyoM ki eka kilo proTIna prApta karane ke lie jAnavara ko sAta kilo anAja khilAnA par3atA hai| mAsAMhArI bhojana ke pIche prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM ke bahuta adhika kharca ke kAraNa garIba vargoM ke lie mUla khAdyAnna kI kamI AtI hai| kyoM ki mAMsAhArI proTIna ke lie jAnavaroM ko yahI mUla khAdyAnna diye jAte haiN| sAtha hI khetI kI jamIna ke badale carAgAha chor3anA hotA hai| paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa, bhukhamarI aura khAdyAnna kI kamI kA eka pramukha kAraNa mAMsAhAra hai| ... katlakhAne aura arthatantra ahiMsA kI nIMva para khar3e arthatantra ke kama-se-kama sAta AdhArabhUta tattva haiM - 1. jIvana ke prati sammAna, 2. zoSaNa-mukta jIvana zailI, 3. sahaastitva meM ghanIbhUta AsthA, 4. paraspara sahayoga kA saMkalpa, 5. vyaktigata aura sArvajanika jIvana meM sAdagI kA anusaraNa, 6. apavyaya para aMkuza, aura 7. guNavattA para sAvadhAna najara AgamoM ke pRSTha-pRSTha para ina mUlyoM kA jIvanta nirUpaNa huA hai| AcArAMga' meM kahA gayA - sabhI prANiyoM ko apanA jIvana pyArA hai tathA sabhI prANI jInA cAhate haiN| sukha sabako anukUla lagatA hai aura dukha prtikuul| jIvana sabako priya hai aura vadha apriya; isalie kabhI kisI prANI kI hiMsA nahIM karanI caahiye| jIvana ke prati sammAna kI bhAvanA ko gaharAI pradAna karate hue kahA gayA hai ki - jIva-vadha apanA hI vadha hai aura jIva-dayA apanI hI dayA hai| jahA~ jIva-vadha kA niSedha hai, vahA~ jIvana ke prati sammAna ke sAtha-sAtha saha-astitvapUrNa, zoSaNa-mukta, saMyamita va zreSTha vyavasthA AkAra letI hai| AgamasAhitya meM una saba kAma-dhandhoM kA spaSTa niSedha haiM, jo pazu-pakSiyoM ke vadha se jur3e haiN| pazu-pakSiyoM kA katla deza ke arthatantra kA katla hai| katlakhAnoM ne sAmAjikatA, mAnavIyatA, saMskRti aura paryAvaraNa ko karArI zikasta dI hai| bhArata ke kerala rAjya meM sarvAdhika katlakhAneM haiM, Atma-hatyA kI dara bhI sarvAdhika kerala meM hI hai| mazInIkaraNa ke kAraNa katlakhAnoM ne atyanta bhayAnaka, raudra aura mahAhiMsA ke aDDoM kA rUpa le liyA hai| jisa pAvana dharA para jahA~ eka ora pazu-pakSiyoM ko parivAra ke sadasyoM kI taraha pAlA-posA jAtA thA, vahIM aba ina mUka bhole nirIha praNiyoM ke sAtha bejAna/nirjIva vastu kI taraha salUka kiyA jAne lagA hai| tAtkAlika (286)

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lobha-lAlaca meM kiye jAne vAle khUnI dhandhoM se artha ke sAtha jur3ane vAle nIti, vyavasthA aura zAstra jaise zabda lajjita ho gye| arthatantra mAnava, mAnavatA aura duniyA ke lie anartha kA tantra ho gyaa| batAyA jA cukA hai ki tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke pramukha upAsakoM ke pAsa pracura pazudhana thaa| pazudhana gA~va ko Atma-nirbhara aura garIba ko amIra banAkara arthavyavasthA ko sadiyoM se gati detA rahA hai| eka sarvekSaNa ke anusAra bhArata ke pazudhana kA bAjAra-mUlya 40000 hajAra karor3a rupaye haiN| ye pazu varSa meM 4 karor3a Tana dUdha dete haiM tathA inase eka araba Tana gobara milatA hai| deza meM 19 karor3a 40 lAkha gAya-baila aura 7 karor3a bhaiMseM haiM, jo 4 karor3a azva-zakti (haoNrsa-pAvara) ke barAbara UrjA utpanna karate haiN| yaha UrjA parivahana meM kAma AtI hai| deza meM jitanI UrjA prayukta hai, usakI do tihAI UrjA pazu-janita hai| hisAba lagAyA gayA hai ki yadi hama kRSi kSetra se pazu-bala ko haTAnA cAheM to bhArata ko peTrola para prativarSa karIba 32 hajAra karor3a rupaye atirikta kharca karane pdd'eNge| mAMsa ke lie pazuoM ko katlakhAnoM ke havAle karanA na to ahiMsA ke arthazAstra kI paridhi ke antargata hai aura na hI kisI bhI prakAra ke nItizAstra ke anurUpa yaha kRtya hai| - mumbaI sthita devanAra katlakhAnA eziyA kA sabase bar3A katlakhAnA mAnA jAtA hai| usameM prativarSa karIba 1 lAkha 20 hajAra baila, 80 hajAra bhaiMseM tathA 25 lAkha bher3a-bakariyoM kA vadha kiyA jAtA hai| karIba Der3ha hajAra karmacArI isa barbara kAma ko aMjAma dete haiN| batAyA jAtA hai ki isase 4 karor3a rupayoM kI AmadanI hotI hai| isake viparIta karIba 200 karor3a rupayoM kI sampatti naSTa hotI hai aura gA~voM meM lagabhaga 1 lAkha loga hara sAla berojagAra ho jAte haiM bhAratIya bher3oM ko yadi mAMsa ke lie mArane kI bajAya, unakI ThIka taraha se dekha-bhAla kI jAya to unase prativarSa 450 karor3a rupaye mUlya kA khAda, 40 karor3a rupaye kA Una aura 500 karor3a rupaye mUlya kA dUdha prApta kara sakate haiN| kintu mAMsa kI khAtira unheM mAra kara 27 karor3a rupaye mUlya kA Una videzoM se maMgavAte haiM aura hajAroM bunakaroM kI rojI-roTI chInate haiN| eka anumAna ke anusAra hamArA pazudhana hameM prativarSa 34000 karor3a rupaye kA Arthika lAbha detA hai, jisameM 6000 karor3a rupaye kA dUdha, 5000 karor3a rupaye kI bhAravAhana zakti, 3000 karor3a kI khAda aura 20000 karor3a kI gaisa sammilita hai| yaha tathya hai ki betahAzA bar3hate vAhanoM kI saMkhyA se Arthika aura paryAvaraNa kI bhArI kSati ho rahI hai| paryAvaraNavid pazu-vAhanoM kI vakAlAta karane lage haiN| (287)

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katlakhAne aura paryAvaraNa paza-pakSiyoM ke katla ke sAtha-sAtha saSTi meM bahuta sArI cIjeM katla ho kara khatama ho jAtI haiN| bahuta sArI cIjoM kA svarUpa nakArAtmaka ho jAtA hai| isalie bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA prANI-vadha ko caNDa, raudra, kSudra, anArya, karuNArahita, nRzaMsa aura mahAbhayaMkara kahanA sau TakA sahI hai| sampUrNa mAnava jAti ko ve param pAvana aura preraka sandeza dete haiM - jise tU mAranA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| jise tU zAsita karanA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| jise tU paritApa denA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| prakRti aura paryAvaraNa ke vinAza meM hiMsA aura asaMyama kI mukhya bhUmikA hai| mAMsAhAra aura katlakhAnoM ne to vizva-paryAvaraNa para gaz2aba DhAyA hai| hamAre deza kI TikAU kRSi praNAlI kA rahasya yahI hai ki isameM khetI aura pazupAlana ko eka dUsare se jor3akara rakhA gayA hai| jaiva padArthoM ko eka aise rUpa meM badalane meM, jisakA istemAla paudhe AsAnI se kara leM, pazuoM kI bhUmikA bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| svatantra bhArata ke prathama kRSi mantrI ke. ema. muMzI ke anusAra 'mavezI prakRti ke sabase bar3e bhUmi upacAraka haiN| ve miTTI ko urvara banAne vAle abhikartA haiN| ve gobara ke rUpa meM vaha jaiva sAmagrI upalabdha karAte haiM, jo tanikase pariSkAra ke bAda bahumUlya poSaka tatva meM tabdIla ho jAtI hai| bhArata meM paramparA, dhArmika bhAvanA aura Arthika jarUratoM ne milakara maveziyoM kI itanI bar3I AbAdI khaDI kI hai ki vaha jIvana-cakra ko hamezA gatizIla banAye rakhane meM sakSama hai, bazarte hama isa tathya ko jAna paaeN|6 katlakhAne bhUmi ke upajAUpana ko naSTa karate haiN| mauta kI isa arthavyavasthA ne jaiva vividhatA saMrakSaNa ko bhI bhArI kSati pahu~cAI hai| bhArata kI 30 pratizata stanapAyI pazu-prajAtiyA~ vilupta ho cukI hai| katlakhAnoM se nikalane vAlA malavA bhI paryAvaraNa ko dUSita karatA hai| vaha asvacchatA bar3hAtA hai| koI bhI vyakti zAkAhArI hue binA paryAvaraNa rakSaka nahIM ho sakatA, jo jamIna, havA, pAnI aura garIba kI rojI-roTI bacAne kI koziza kara ske| zAkAhArI banane kA artha sabhI ke lie paryApta va sastA bhojana, jyAdA jaMgala, sthAyI bAriza, behatara bhU-jala stara, svaccha nadiyA~ Adi hogaa|" katlakhAne aura bhUkampa yaha Agamika tathya hai ki jahA~ tIrthaMkara hote haiM athavA vicaraNa karate haiM, vahA~ koI upadrava nahIM hotA hai| yadi kahIM koI upadrava hotA hai to vaha zAnta/samApta (288)

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ho jAtA hai| tIrthaMkara ahiMsA-sAdhanA aura AdhyAtmika-UrjA ke saghana puMja hote haiN| karuNA unake aNu-aNu meM hotI hai| isIliye ve sabake kalyANa ke lie upadeza pradAna karate haiN| tIrthaMkara ke paMca kalyANakoM ke samaya loka (sRSTi) sakArAtmaka taraMgoM se romAMcita ho jAtA hai| phalasvarUpa, naraka meM pratipala dArUNa kaSTa jhela rahe jIva bhI kSaNa bhara ke lie sukhAnubhUti karate haiN|" jisa prakAra karuNA kI taraMgoM kA asara acchA hotA hai, usI prakAra karAha, cIkha aura pIr3A se upajI taraMgoM kA asara bhI hotA hai aura vaha burA hotA hai| katlakhAne saghana aura mAraka pIr3A-taraMgeM utsarjita karate haiN| dillI vizvavidyAlaya ke vaijJAnika DaoN. madana mohana bajAja ne apane zodha-patra meM ina taraMgoM kA vaijJAnika adhyayana karake yaha siddha kiyA hai ki bhUkampa, sunAmI aura anya prakAra kI ApadAoM kI pramukha vajaha hiMsA, hatyA aura katlakhAne haiN| bhautikI kA kriyApratikriyA siddhAnta bhI isa bAta ko siddha karatA hai| prANiyoM ke vadha se utpanna ye taraMgeM nirantara saMghanita hotI rahatI hai| jaba ina taraMgoM kI UrjA visphoTaka bindu para pahu~ca jAtI hai, taba dharatI kA~patI hai, jise bhUkampa kahA jAtA hai| bhUkampa aura mahAmAriyoM se jana-dhana kI behisAba barbAdI hotI hai| jo loga satahI bAteM karate haiM, unheM ahiMsA ke arthazAstra ke darzana ko samajhanA caahiye| mAMsa-niryAta aura arthatantra - yAntrika bUcar3akhAnoM ne arthatantra ko tAra-tAra karane meM koI kasara nahIM choddii| hiMsA ke vyApAriyoM ne khunI-DaoNlara prApta karane ke lie mAMsa ke niryAta kA lambA-caur3a kArobAra phailA diyaa| jisa deza ne duniyA ko ahiMsA, satya aura zAnti jaise mUlya niryAta kiye ho, yaha kitanA durbhAgyapUrNa hai ki vaha aba avvala mAMsa-niryAtaka bananA cAha rahA hai| mAMsa niryAta kI kunIti se deza kI arthavyavasthA kA merUdaNDa hI hila gayA hai| khetI-bAr3I para nirbhara deza kI do tihAI AbAdI se usakA ekamAtra sahAyaka pazudhana chInA jA rahA hai tathA use katla kara videzoM meM bhejA jA rahA hai| pazudhana kI nirantara hotI kamI se yA to berojagArI bar3hI hai yA logoM ke rojagAra ke sAdhana vakra aura nakArAtmaka DhaMga se badala gaye hai athavA badala dene par3e haiN| eka ora deza meM 32 karor3a kI AbAdI bhUkha aura kupoSaNa kI zikAra ho, dUsarI ora niryAta ke lie pazuoM kA andhAdhundha katla deza ke sAtha krUra (289)

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Arthika khilavAr3a hai| yAntrika bUcar3akhAnoM se prApta camar3A, haDDI Adi vastueM bar3I-bar3I kampaniyA~ kharIdatI hai| jabaki svAbhAvika mauta se marane vAle pazu kI khAla, sIMga, khura Adi deza ke gA~voM-kasboM ke lAkhoM laghu-kuTIra udyogoM ke AdhAra haiN| katlakhAnoM kI vajaha se janasaMkhyA aura pazusaMkhyA ke anupAta meM bhArI antara paidA huA hai| isa antara se arthavyavasthA kaI jaTila samasyAoM se ghira gaI hai| . jo loga gau-saMrakSaNa ke lie kArya kara rahe haiM, unheM gAya-baila ke sAthasAtha anya pazu-pakSiyoM ke saMrakSaNa para bhI dhyAna denA caahiye| unheM bUcar3akhAnoM se prApta padArthoM ke utpAdoM kA bhI tyAga karanA caahiye| mahAtmA gAMdhI ne unakI AtmakathA meM 'gau-mAtA' zabda ke sAtha 'bhaiMsa-mAtA' aura 'bakarI-mAtA' zabda bhI prayoga kiye|" yaha zabda-prayoga krAntikArI aura samAdhAnakArI hai| gAya ke dUdha aura dugdha-utpAdoM kA Arthika mahatva hai to bhaiMsa, bakarI, U~TanI Adi ke dUdha kA bhI mahatva hai| jisa prakAra gAya ke dUdha, gobara, mUtra Adi para anusaMdhAna kiye jA rahe haiM, usI prakAra bhaiMsa, bher3a, bakarI Adi para bhI anusaMdhAna kiye jAya to upayogI natIje mila sakate haiN| gAya ke sAtha-sAtha anya pazu-pakSiyoM ke saMrakSaNa se kRSi, grAma-tantra aura grAmAdhArita arthavyavasthA ko majabUta banAyA jA skegaa| jisakI Aja AvazyakatA hai| . mAMsAhAra se deza ko jo nukasAna huA, usase adhika bUcar3akhAnoM se huaa| usase adhika yAntrika bUcar3akhAnoM se aura usase bhI adhika nukasAna mAMsa-niryAta se huaa| mAMsa-niryAta ke cauMkAne vAle AMkar3e yahA~ diye jA rahe haiM :varSa mAMsa-niryAta carma-niryAta (karor3a ru. meM) (karor3a ru. meM) zUnya 1961 80 1951 zUnya 1971 1981 390 1991 140 2600 1992 231 3128 1994 615 4000 1996 832 5117 (290)

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ye A~kar3eM sApha-sApha bayA~ karate haiM ki hama hiMsaka-arthatantra ke jisa rAste para cala rahe haiM, vahA~ mAnavatA, paryAvaraNa aura vyApAra-vANijya saba kucha tahasa-nahasa ho rahA hai| unnatiyoM ke bAvajUda mAnava avanatiyoM kI ora bar3ha rahA hai| pazu-pakSiyoM kI taraha mAnavIya mUlyoM kI aneka 'prajAtiyA~' (viziSTatAe~) bhI lupta ho gaI pratIta hotI haiN| (291)

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sandarbha 1. nagarAja, muni 'ahiMsA paryavekSaNa' prathama adhyaay| dekheM - 'eMzeMTa iNDiyA' - majUmadAra, rAya caudharI aura ke.ke. dattA tathA 'di rilijana oNpha ahiMsA' - pro. e. ckrvrtii| 2. AcArAMga sUtra 1.4.1 3. ahiMsA niuNA diTThA savva bhUesu saMjamo - dazavaikAlika sUtra 6/9 4.. praznavyAkaraNa sUtra 2/1/21-22 bhagavatI ArAdhanA 790 praznavyAkaraNa sUtra 1/21 7. nagarAja, muni ahiMsA paryavekSaNa' pa. - 11 evaM dekheM - 'di rilijana oNpha ahiMsA' - pro. e. cakravartI pa. - 14 8. uttarAdhyayana 22vA~ adhyayana 9. sthAnAMga sUtra 4 10. jaina, nemIcanda (DaoN.) ahiMsA kA arthazAstra pR.-5 11. 'zAkAhAra krAnti' (mAsika) janavarI 2001 a.bhA. mAMsa niryAta nirodha pariSad, indaura dvArA prakAzita pustikA "mahApralaya nizcita" ke pR.-7 para uddhRt| / 13. 'zAkAhAra krAnti', indaura, janavarI 2001 14. jaina, nemIcanda (DaoN.) 'zAkAhAra : 100 tathya' 99vA~ tthy| 15. 'zAkAhAra krAnti' janavarI 2001 ke aMka ke AvaraNa pR.-3 prkaashit| 16. jaina, nemIcanda (DaoN.) 'zAkAhAra mAnava sabhyatA kI subaha' pR. 80-81. pro. sAgaramala ne 'ahiMsA kI prAsaMgikatA' pustaka ke antima adhyAya meM zAkAhAra ke arthazAstra para vimarza kiyA hai| arthazAstrI DaoN. bharata jhunajhunavAlA ne rAjasthAna patrikA meM prakAzita apane Alekha 'paryAvaraNa kI samasyA kA mUla kAraNa' meM yaha vicAra prakaTa kiyaa| (292)

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17. haka, mohammada jiyAula (variSTha patrakAra) kA lekha 'harita krAnti se jIna krAnti taka' prakAzita 'rAjasthAna patrikA' 28-1-2005 pRSTha-8 18. jaina, nemIcanda (DaoN.) ahiMsA kA arthazAstra pa.-14 19. AcArAMga sUtra 1/2/3 20. samaNasuttaM 151 21. jaina, nemIcanda (DaoN.) 'katlakhAne : 100 tathya' tathya 28-29 22. vahI, tathya 97 23. aNuvrata (pAkSika), naI dillI, aprela-2002, ahiMsA vizeSAMka, pa.-113 24. pANavaho caNDo, ruddo, khuddo, aNAriyo, nigghiNo, nisaMso, mahabbhayo - praznavyakaraNa 1/1 25. . AcArAMga sUtra 1/5/5 26. zivA vandanA (DaoN.) kA lekha 'pazuoM kA andhAdhundha katla kyoM?' meraTha se prakAzita 'paryAvaraNa mitra' pustaka meM pR.-8 para prkaashit| 27. gAMdhI menakA kA lekha 'zAkAhAra bacAtA hai paryAvaraNa ko', rAjasthAna patrikA 3-5-06 28. samavAyAMga va kalpasUtra meM tIrthaMkara caritra evaM AcArAMga 1/4/1/127 / 29. kalpasUtra meM tIrthaMkara critr| 30. zAkAhAra krAnti navambara 2004 pR.-7 31. gAMdhI, mohanadAsa karamacaMda (mahAtmA), AtmakathA, cauthe bhAga kA 8vA~ adhyAya, pR.-235 32. vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie dekheM ThANe (mahArASTra) se prakAzita 'zAzvata dharma' ___(mAsika) kA mAMsa niryAta virodha vizeSAMka agasta 1999 (293)

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pariccheda chaH saMyama ke arthazAstra ke AyAma Arthika saMyama gRhasthAcAra ke antargata aura anyatra hamane ahiMsA aura saMyama ke vibhinna AyAmoM kI carcA kii| ahiMsA aura saMyama sahavartI guNa haiN| inheM arthazAstra ke niyAmaka tatva kahA jA sakatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kahate haiM vyakti vadha aura bandhana dvArA dUsaroM kA damana karatA hai| isase to acchA hai, vaha saMyama aura tapa ke dvArA svayaM kA hI damana kreN|' saMyama kA arthazAstra mUlataH vyaSTigata niyamoM aura hitoM kI vyAkhyA karatA hai, jinake vivekasammata anupAlana se samaSTigata arthazAstra ke uddezyoM ko AdhArabhUta tarIkoM se pUrA kiyA jA sakatA hai| saMyama apavyaya ke sAre dvAroM ko roka detA hai| vaha jIvana ke samasta vyavahAroM meM viveka aura anuzAsana paidA karatA hai| eka vyakti kI mAmUlI Aya hai, parantu usakI jIvana zailI saMyamita hai| vaha paise kA apavyaya nahIM karatA hai| mauja-zauka aura vyasanoM se dUra rahatA hai| dhIre-dhIre vaha sampannatA kI ora bar3hatA calA jAtA hai| vaha Arthika dRSTi se to sampanna banatA hI hai, vaicArika va naitika dRSTi se bhI vaha sampanna banatA hai| jabaki eka anya vyakti jisakI Aya kAphI ThIka hai| parantu vaha vyasanI aura vilAsI hai| vaha arjana karate hue bhI vipanna banA rahatA hai| usakI nirdhanatA use anya kaI sukha aura mAna-sammAna se vaMcita kara detI hai| jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM kI sampannatA kI eka vajaha unakI saMyamita, anuzAsita aura vyasana-mukta jIvana zailI kA honA hai| ___ DhAI hajAra sAla pahale bhagavAna mahAvIra ne saMyama kA eka prAyogika abhiyAna zurU kiyA thaa| jisa samaya AbAdI Aja jitanI nahIM thI, usa samaya pA~ca lAkha vyaktiyoM kA samAja banAyA thaa| pA~ca lAkha loga usa samaya kI dRSTi se kama nahIM hote haiN| ve loga saMyama, satya, ahiMsA, aparigraha Adi niyamoM kA niSThApUrvaka pAlana karate the| jana sAmAnya se lekara licchavI gaNatantra ke adhyakSa mahArAjA ceTaka aura prakhyAta gAthApati Ananda jaise varcasvI vyakti bhI usa vratI samAja se jur3e hue the| (294)

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sUtrakRtAMga' meM kahA gayA - jo apane para anuzAsana nahIM rakha sakatA, vaha auroM para anuzAsana kaise kara sakatA hai ? zAsana aura prazAsana ke saMcAlana meM ahiMsA aura saMyama para AdhArita niyamoM se eka vizvasta vyavasthA kI sthApanA sambhava hai| saMyama jIvana meM maryAdAoM kI rekhAe~ khIMcatA hai| saMyama ke prakAra Agama granthoM meM saMyama ke aneka prakAra batAye gaye haiN| sthAnAMga sUtra meM usake cAra prakAra batAye gaye haiM - mana, vacana, zarIra aura upakaraNoM kA sNym|' Avazyaka sUtra meM saMyama ke satraha bheda batAye gaye haiN| ina bhedoM meM uparokta cAra ke atirikta - pA~ca prakAra ke sthAvara kAyika jIvoM kA saMyama, cAra prakAra ke trasa jIvoM kA saMyama, prekSA saMyama, upekSA saMyama, pramArjana saMyama aura pariThAvaNiyA saMyama haiN| satraha prakAra kA saMyama dUsarI taraha se bhI ginA jAtA hai, jisameM pA~ca AzravoM kA tyAga, pA~ca indriyoM kA damana, cAra kaSAyoM kA tyAga aura triyogoM ko vaza meM karanA sammilita hai| saMyama ke adhikAMza bhedoM kA anyatra vimarza huA hai| kucha bindu yahA~ vimarzanIya hai| - ajIva kAya saMyama : jIva-saMyama se ahiMsA kI pratyakSa ArAdhanA jur3I hai| yaha kahanA atizayokti nahIM hogA ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kI ahiMsA ananta AyAmI hai| unhoMne nirjIva vastuoM ke saMyama kI bAta kaha kara, sacamuca, ahiMsA ko gaharAiyA~ pradAna kii| jo vastue~, upakaraNa Adi hamAre AsapAsa, irda-girda haiM, unakI upasthiti aura avasthiti kisI vyavasthA ke krama meM haiN| unakI svAbhAvika avasthiti bhaMga karanA athavA ina cIjoM kA kisI taraha durupayoga karanA hiMsA hai| - hamAre kAma meM Ane vAlI vastuoM ke nirmANa meM sthAvara-kAyika jIvoM kI anivArya hiMsA pratyakSa rUpa se jur3I hotI hai aura apratyakSa rUpa se trasa jIvoM kI hiMsA bhI jur3I hotI hai| vastuoM ke durupayoga kA artha hai sakala rASTrIya utpAda kI ikAI kA durupayoga tathA durupayoga ke phalasvarUpa aisI vastu ke punarnirmANa para prakRti kA adhika dohn| upabhoktA ke vyavahAra kA Arthika gatividhiyoM ke aneka ghaTakoM para tathA paryAvaraNa para pratyakSa-apratyakSa prabhAva par3atA hai| asaMyama pradUSaNa kA kAraNa banatA * hai| pradUSaNa padArtha ke prAkRtika saMghaTaka ko kSatigrasta yA naSTa karatA hai| yaha khAdyazrRMkhalA, kArbana, nAiTrojana, oNksIjana aura hAiDrojana (sI.ena.o.eca.) ke (295)

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paripatha meM hastakSepa karatA hai aura isa prakAra paudhoM tathA pazu jIvana ko kSatikArita karatA hai| yaha jIvita rahane vAloM kA jIvita rahanA kaThina aura duSkara banA detA hai| pradUSaNa se na sirpha jIvita rahane vAloM ko apitu sampatti aura bhavana ko bhI duSprabhAvita karatA hai| jIva-maNDala aura pAristhitikI meM asantulana tathA grIna hAusa gaisa prabhAva ko bar3hAne meM hiMsA aura asaMyama mukhya rUpa se jimmedAra haiN| maujUdA daura meM upabhoktA kA vyavahAra kAphI asaMyamita, kharcIlA aura apavyayakArI ho gayA hai| prayoga karo aura phaiMko' (Use & Throw) kI bAjAra kI nIti (Policy) vaha binA soce-samajhe jahA~-tahA~ apanA rahA hai| upabhoktA kA asaMyamita vyavahAra prakRti aura samAja donoM ke asantulana kA jimmedAra hai| ajIvakAya saMyama vyaktigata aura sArvajanika sampatti ke durupayoga para svaicchika aMkuza kA sUtra hai| vaha hara prakAra kI vastu ke vivekasammata upayoga kI preraNA detA hai| prekSA saMyama : hara prakAra kI vastu ko bhalI prakAra se dekha-bhAla kara upayoga meM lenA caahiye| vyApAra meM vastuoM ke kraya aura vipaNana para bhI yaha bAta lAgU hotI hai| upekSA saMyama : jo bAteM, ghaTanAe~ jIvana ke prapaMca ko bar3hAtI haiM aura guNavattA ghaTatI haiM, unheM najaraandAja karanA upekSA saMyama hai| pramArjana saMyama jIvana kA hara kAma yatanA se karane kA bodha karAtA hai| pariThAvaNiyA-saMyama : deha kI azucitAoM ko isa prakAra aura aise sthAna para visarjita karanA, jisase ahiMsA aura svacchatA ko nukasAna nahIM ho| Arthika jagat meM audyogika kacarA pheMkane kI bar3I samasyA hai| use hara kahIM pheMka dene se sthala, jala aura vAyu kA paryAvaraNa saMdUSita hotA hai| nagarIya vyavasthA meM bhI apaziSTa ko ucita sthAna para visarjita karanA caahiye| janasaMkhyA-siddhAnta aura brahmacarya saMyama kA eka artha hotA hai - Atma-saMyama yAni brhmcry| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva brahmacarya ko mAnava aura mAnava-samAja kI buniyAda ke rUpa meM kaI upayogI AyAmoM ke sAtha sthApita kiyaa| unhoMne brahmacarya ko sabhI vratoM meM zreSTha, uttama aura bahuphala dene vAlA btaayaa| arthazAstrIya dRSTi se dekhA jAya to jisa janasaMkhyA ke siddhAnta ko arthazAstrI mAlthasa ne aThArahavIM zatAbdI ke anta (1798) meM pratipAdita kiyA thA, Agama granthoM meM usakA nirUpaNa usase (296)

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tebIsa zatAbdiyoM pUrva hI ho cukA thaa| jaina sUtroM meM brahmacarya ko nIrasa aura saMnyAsiyoM kA vrata hI nahIM, apitu use jIvanta aura pratyeka sadAcArI mAnava ke lie Avazyaka vrata batAyA gayA hai| kathAnuyoga kI aneka kathAoM aura gRhasthAcAra ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina gRhasthoM ne gRhastha jIvana meM bhI niyamapUrvaka brahmacarya kA anupAlana karake parivAra aura samAja meM anukUla vAtAvaraNa kA nirmANa kiyaa| isa vrata ne janasaMkhyA-niyantraNa ke alAvA samAja meM sadAcAra kI sthApanA tathA yogya, svastha va samartha nAgarikoM ke nirmANa meM mahAna yogadAna kiyA hai| nArI-svatantratA aura strI-puruSa samAnatA jaise muddoM ke sambandha meM brahmacarya eka kendrIya bhUmikA nirvahana karane vAlA nirApada niyama hai| jaina dharmAvalambI Atma-saMyama apanAne meM avvala hai| bhArata kI janasaMkhyA ke 1991 tathA 2001 ke A~kar3oM ke anusAra jaina samAja kI janasaMkhyA va janasaMkhyA vRddhi dara anya dharmAvalambiyoM kI tulanA meM kama hai| jabaki sAkSaratA kA pratizata sarvAdhika hai| yahI nahIM, strI-puruSa kA anupAta bhI anukUlatA ke dUsare krama para hai| garIbIamIrI aura zikSA-azikSA se janasaMkhyA kA sIdhA sambandha hai| arthazAstrI mAlthasa ne apane janasaMkhyA ke siddhAnta meM batAyA ki janasaMkhyA jyAmitIya gati (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32) se bar3hatI haiM, jabaki khAdyAnna vRddhi aMkagaNitIya gati (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) se hotI hai| phalasvarUpa janasaMkhyA aura khAdya-pUrti meM asantulana paidA ho jAtA hai| isa asantulana ke nivAraNa kA upAya hai - loga Atma-saMyama aura brahmacarya ko jIvana kA aMga bnaayeN| yadi janatA AtmasaMyama kI rAha nahIM cunatI hai to prAkRtika ApadAoM se AbAdI niyantraNa hotA hai| mAlthasa ne cetAvanI dete hue kahA thA - loga apane kAmonmAda ko yathAsambhava niyantraNa meM rkheN| yadi ve kAmonmAda ko isa DhaMga se tuSTa karate haiM ki jisase anta ' meM anivArya rUpa se vedanA hotI hai to uparyukta niyama kI suspaSTa avajJA hI hogii| mAlthasa ke bAda nava-mAlthasavAdiyoM ne AbAdI niyantraNa ke lie kRtrima upAyoM kI vakAlAta kara ddaalii| arthazAstra meM janasaMkhyA ke aura siddhAnta Aye, jinameM iSTatama janasaMkhyA kA siddhAnta, jIva-vijJAnIya siddhAnta aura janAMkikIya saMkramaNa kA siddhAnta mukhya haiN| ina sabhI siddhAntoM meM janasaMkhyA aura arthavyavasthA ko lekara vistRta vivecana huaa| yaha Azcaryajanaka hai ki mAlthasa ke bAda sabane Atma-saMyama ko upekSita kara diyaa| pariNAma svarUpa janasaMkhyA meM kamI ke sAthasAtha jIvana kI guNavattA meM bhI kamI hone lgii| (297)

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asaMyama aura janasaMkhyA ke antarsambandha ko alaga artha dete hue 'vAilDa artha' patrikA meM elbarTa bArTaleTa batAte haiM ki janasaMkhyA kI samasyA amarIkA meM hai| vahA~ eka nAgarika bar3hatA hai to vaha vikAsazIla dezoM kI tulanA meM tIsa gunA adhika prakRti kA dohana karatA hai| vizva ke sabhI dezoM se amarIkA meM janma dara nyUnatama hone ke bAvajUda paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa kI dRSTi se amarIkA meM AbAdI niyantraNa pahale honA caahiye|' paryAvaraNa aura Arthika vikAsa kA sambandha janasaMkhyA meM hI nahIM, saMyama kI saMskRti meM bhI hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki. yadi manuSya bhogavAdI saMskRti meM ulajhe rahatA hai to janasaMkhyA-niyantraNa ke supariNAma prApta nahIM hoNge| asaMyama ke pariNAma Aja duniyA meM seksa ne bahuta hI ghinaune vyApAra kA rUpa le liyA hai| 26 disambara, 2004 ko dakSiNI bhArata sahita eziyA ke aneka dezoM meM samudrI bhUkampa 'sunAmI' ne mAnava jAti para abhUtapUrva kahara ddhaayaa| sarakArI AMkar3oM ke mutAbika karIba Der3ha lAkha logoM kI isa trAsadI meM jAna gii| lAkhoM loga beghara ho gye| sampatti ke nukasAna kA to koI hisAba hI nhiiN| jayapura se prakAzita hone vAle eka Arthika akhabAra 'naphA-nukasAna' ne isa trAsadI ke lie deha-vyApAra ke nimitta ho rahe maryAdAoM ke ullaMghana ko sIdhe taura para jimmedAra ThaharAyA hai| isa bhUkampa kA kendra thAilaiNDa rahA, jise duniyA kI seksa-rAjadhAnI' mAnA jAtA hai| deha-vyApAra ke A~kheM ughAr3ane vAle vIbhatsa A~kar3e prastuta karate hue akhabAra likhatA hai ki prakRti kI vinAza lIlA se bacane ke lie maryAdA kA pAlana sabase aham hai| hama globalAijezana ke jisa yuga meM jI rahe haiM, usa yuga meM maryAdA bahuta pIche chUTa cukI hai aura hama maryAdA se dUra bhAgate hue hara pala vinAza lIlA ko AmaMtrita kara rahe haiN| Atma-saMyama kI upekSA ke pariNAmasvarUpa arthazAstra nItizAstra kI khullamakhullA avahelanA karane lgaa| paryaTana vyavasAya meM svacchanda yaunAcAra, philmaudyoga meM bhadde tarIkoM se deha-pradarzana aura kaoNrporeTa jagata meM vijJApanoM meM nArI-deha ko vastu kI taraha pradarzita karane se mAnavIyatA aura samAjikatA ke aneka gauravazAlI pratimAna tAza-pattoM ke mahala kI bhA~ti gira rahe haiN| isase parivAra TUTa rahe haiM, samAja bikhara rahA hai aura arthazAstra apane punIta lakSyoM se bhaTakatA jA rahA hai| (298)

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__ arthazAstrI DaoN. mArzala ne utpAdaka-zrama kI apanI avadhAraNA se vaizyAvRtti yA deha-vyApAra ko bAhara nikAla diyA thaa| pro. sailigamaina ne bhI kahA thA ki saccI Arthika-kriyA pariNAmataH sAdAcArika honI caahiye|" brahmacarya vrata ke khaNDana se arthAt vaivAhika sImA ke ullaMghana se sArA saMsAra eDsa nAmaka jAnalevA mahAmArI se jUjha rahA hai| saMyukta rASTra kI eka riporTa ke anusAra saMsAra meM pratidina karIba 6000 loga eDsa se jAna ga~vA dete haiM aura karIba 8200 loga isa jAnalevA roga se saMkramita ho jAte haiN| isake alAvA kRtrima upAyoM se AbAdI-niyantraNa ke antargata mAnava-svAsthya (vizeSataH strIsvAsthya) ke sAtha khilavAr3a ho rahA hai| kamajora svAsthya kI vajaha se vizva meM prati minaTa eka mahilA prasava ke daurAna mara jAtI hai| ina bImAriyoM se bacane aura bacAne ke lie apAra dhana kharca kiyA jA rahA hai| eDsa aura anya rogoM se bacane kA sarvAdhika nirApadaM upAya Atma-saMyama hai| bhAratIya svatantratA Andolana ke mahAnAyaka mahAtmA gAMdhI bhI janasaMkhyA-niyantraNa ke lie Atma-saMyama ke abhyAsa aura vikAsa kI salAha dete haiN| vastutaH Atma-saMyama se janasaMkhyA para hI niyantraNa nahIM hotA, apitu aneka prakAra kI samasyAoM para bhI niyantraNa hotA hai| saca hai - 'aNegA guNA ahINA bhavati ekkaMmi baMbhacere' - eka brahmacarya kI sAdhanA se aneka guNoM kA saMcAra hotA hai| - saMyama ke saMkalpa, abhyAsa aura vikAsa ke lie jaina Agama grantha pratyAkhyAna kA vidhAna karate haiN| pratyAkhyAna kA artha hai - prtijnyaa| vyakti ekAeka tyAga va saMyama ke patha para Age nahIM bar3ha sakatA hai tathA sabakI kSamatA va ruci bhI samAna nahIM hotI hai| vastuoM kI mAtrA tathA unakA upayoga karane kI avadhi kI maryAdA karanA eka vivekazIla aura dRr3ha manobala vAle vyakti kA kAma hai| Arthika jagat meM vyakti yadi prAmANikatA kA saMkalpa karatA hai, vilAsitArahita aura sAdagI kA saMkalpa karatA hai, to vaisA saMkalpa vyakti aura deza donoM ke lie lAbhadAyaka hai| isa prakAra saMyama, Atma-saMyama aura maryAdA se Arthika vyavasthAe~ majabUta hotI haiN| (299)

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sandarbha 1. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 1/16 mahAprajJa, AcArya, mahAvIra kA arthazAstra pR.-24-25 appaNo ya paraM nAlaM kuto annANusAsiuM - sUtrakRtAMga sUtra 1/1/2/17 4. sthAnAMga sUtra 4/2 5.: amolaka RSi, AcArya, jaina tattva prakAza' pR.-253 tathA Avazyaka sUtra kI pA~cavIM vndnaa| sUtrakRtAMga 6/23 7. dekheM janagaNanA Ayoga dvArA prakAzita A~kaDe tathA dainika bhAskara 20 sitambara, 2004 8. mAlthasa, TI.Ara. 'ena ese oNna di priMsipala oNpha populezana' prastAvanA / 9. jhunajhunavAlA, bharata (arthazAstrI), rAjasthAna patrikA (agasta, 2002) meM prakAzita lekha 'paryAvaraNa kI samasyA kA mUla kAraNa', sampAdakIya pRsstth| 10. naphA-nukasAna, (jayapura) 31 disambara-04 se 2 janavarI-2005 taka kA aMka pR.-2 11. mahAprajJa, AcArya 'mahAvIra kA arthazAstra' pR.-110 12. naphA-nukasAna, jayapura (Arthika akhabAra) 9-10 pharavarI, 2005, pR.-8 13. vahI, pR.-8 14. praznavyAkaraNa 2/4 15. Avazyaka sUtra meM chaThavA~ aavshyk| (300)

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adhyAya SaSTam : Agamika aura Adhunika arthazAstra pariccheda eka bha. mahAvIra kA arthazAstrIya vyaktitva pariccheda do aparigraha kA arthazAstra pariccheda tIna .. madhyayugIna arthavyavasthAe~ pariccheda cAra Adhunika arthavyavasthAe~ pariccheda pA~ca tulanAtmaka vicAra (301)

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pariccheda eka bha. mahAvIra kA arthazAstrIya vyaktitva ___ AgamoM meM varNita jIvana-darzana DhAI hajAra varSa prAcIna hai| usameM vyakti aura samAja kA arthazAstra bhI hai| AgamoM meM jina jIvana-mUlyoM kI sthApanA aura pratiSThA haiM, ve tatkAlIna samaya se sandarbhita hone ke bAvajUda baikAlika haiN| isalie Agama-sAhitya Aja bhI saMsAra ko usI taraha prakAzita karatA hai, jaise suury| .. __Agama-yuga kA arthatantra aura Agamika arthatantra do. cIjeM haiN| Agamayuga meM sabhI prakAra ke loga the| isalie samAja meM sabhI prakAra kA vyavahAra pracalita thaa| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke janma ke samaya samAja kI dazA bahuta acchI nahIM thii| tebIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke antima pratinidhi zramaNa kezI kumAra ne isa sthiti ko dekhakara kahA thA ki cAroM ora aMdhakAra hI aMdhakAra hai, bholI bhAlI janatA aMdhakAra meM bhaTaka rahI hai| isa kAla nizA kA anta kaba hogA aura kauna-sA sUrya kSitija para prakAza razmiyA~ bikheratA huA saMsAra ko Alokita karegA? unakI cintA ko dUra karate hue indrabhUti gautama ne kahA thA ki caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra samAdhAna-ke-sUraja haiN|' vardhamAna ___ bhagavAna mahAvIra ahiMsA ke sUrya aura sarva-samRddhi ke aloka-puMja the| jaise sUryodaya se pUrva hI ujAlA hone laga jAtA hai, vaise hI unake garbha meM Ate hI nava-parivartana aura punarjAgaraNa ke saMketa milane laga gaye the| sabase pahale to unake garbha meM Ate hI sampUrNa rAjya meM dhana-dhAnya kI abhivRddhi hone lagI thii| phalasvarUpa unakA nAma vardhamAna rakhA gayA, jo Rddhi, siddhi, vRddhi aura samRddhi kA sUcaka hai| kauTumbika prema dUsarI ghaTanA bhI unake garbha-kAla kI hai| unhoMne garbhavAsa meM vicAra kiyA ki unake hilane-Dulane se mA~ trizalA ko kaSTa hotA hai, so unheM vaisA nahIM karanA caahiye| unhoMne hilanA-DulanA banda kara diyaa| pariNAma svarUpa trizalA cintita ho gii| vardhamAna ne vicAra kiyA ki unhoMne to mA~ ke sukha ke lie hilanA-DulanA banda kiyA thA, parantu isase to mAtA-pitA aura anya sabhI kI cintA bar3ha gaI hai| (302)

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aisA jAnakara unhoMne pUrvavat punaH halana-calana zurU kara dii| isase sabake cehare khila utthe| isa ghaTanA para vardhamAna saMkalpa karate haiM ki mAtA-pitA ke jIvita rahate ve pravrajyA aMgIkAra nahIM kreNge| unakA yaha saMkalpa Aja bhI una sabako preraNAe~ detA hai jo apane mAtA-pitA aura bar3e-bujurgoM kI avahelanA karate haiN| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne na sirpha apane saMkalpa ko niSThA se nibhAyA, balki use aura Age bddh'aayaa| mAtA-pitA ke svargavAsa ke bAda jaba unhoMne apane agraja nandIvardhana se dIkSA kI anumati cAhI to nandIvardhana ne unheM kucha samaya aura ruka jAne ke lie khaa| vardhamAna ne bar3e bhAI kI bhAvanA kA sammAna karake bhrAtRtva kA paricaya bhI diyaa| mAtA-pitA aura bar3e-bujurgoM kI upekSA tathA bhAiyoM ke ApasI manamuTava se aneka kuTumba TUTa-bikhara jAte haiM aura aise kuTumba ke sadasya jIvana ke sacce sukha se vaMcita hokara Atma-vaMcanA meM jIte haiN| ve jAne-anajAne samRddhi kI sukhamaya rAha chor3a dete haiN| bar3e-bujurgoM ke anAdara se pArivArika-sAmAjika kaSTa bar3hate haiM aura antataH usakA viparIta asara Arthika-unnati para bhI hotA hai| bha. mahAvIra kA jIvana prema kA amara sandeza detA hai| saMyamita jIvana ... bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke zrAvaka* zrAvikA the| isalie unake parivAra meM ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa kI ArAdhanA hotI thii| dIkSA se pUrva gRhavAsa meM mahAvIra kA jIvana bhI vrata, niyama, saMyama aura sAdagI se anuprANita thaa| ve acitta jala aura acitta AhAra grahaNa karate the| rAtribhojana nahIM karate the| ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya, aparigraha Adi vratoM kA sahaja aura sUkSma rUpa se pAlana karate the| AcArAMga meM kahA gayA ki gavhastha jIvana ke antima do varSoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra sacitta jala nahIM pIte the| unakA sArA vyavahAra krodhAdi kaSAyoM se rahita thaa| unakI jIvana zailI meM bhogavAda kA abhAva thaa| arthazAstrIya dRSTi se saMyamita jIvana kA bahuta mUlya hai| svAvalambana kI zikSA . . vardhamAna ke varSIdAna aura vastradAna kI carcA pahale kI jA cukI hai| sAdhanA-kAla meM unakI krAntadharmitA naye-naye rUpoM meM prakaTa hone lgii| prathama upasarga ke bAda devarAja indra bhagavAna se kahatA hai ki sAdhanA-kAla meM Ane vAle (303)

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kaSToM ke nivAraNArtha vaha unakI sevA meM rahanA cAhatA hai| bhagavAna samAdhAna karate hue kahate haiM ki parAvalambI hokara lakSya prApti sambhava nahIM hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke lie kahA gayA hai ki ve kaSToM se bacane ke lie kisI kI zaraNa meM nahIM jAte the - gacchai NAyaputte asrnnaae| unakA mata thA ki dUsaroM kI zaraNa meM rahakara apane Apa ko nahIM pAyA jA sktaa| jIvana ke samarAMgaNa meM Age bar3hane vAloM ke lie svAvalambana mukhya zarta hai| berojagArI ghaTAne aura udyamitA baDhAne ke lie svAvalambana aura Atma-nirbharatA svarNa-sUtra hai| . AjIvikA ko coTa nahIM pahu~cAnA _ vihAra karate hue bhagavAna morAka sanniveza phuNce| unakI utkRSTa sAdhanA aura apUrva tejasvitA ke samakSa janatA zraddhAbhibhUta thii| loga Ate aura bhagavAna ko vandanA kara lauTa jaate| isa sanniveza meM acchandaka jAti ke jyotiSI rahate the| jyotiSa ke AdhAra para unakI jIvikA calatI thii| bhagavAna ke sahaja rUpa se bar3hate prabhAva se acchandakoM kA prabhAva kSINa hone ke sAtha hI unakI jIvikA para bhI isakA viparIta asara huaa| isa para acchandaka jyetiSiyoM ne bhagavAna se nivedana kiyA - 'bhagavan! ApakA vyaktitva apUrva hai, Apa anyatra padhAreM, kyoM ki Apake yahA~ birAjane se hamArI jIvikA nahIM calatI hai|' bhagavAna mahAvIra binA vilamba kiye vahA~ se vihAra karake Age bar3ha jAte haiN| bhagavAna kI ahiMsA aura karuNA itanI gaharI thI ki kisI kI AjIvikA meM tanika vyavadhAna bhI unake lie asambhava thaa| yaha ghaTanA vyakti ko kaI preraNAe~ detI haiN| Arthika jagata meM galA-kATa asvastha spardhA se bacanA, kisI kI AjIvikA meM bAdhaka nahIM bananA aura kisI kI AjIvikA va rojagAra meM sahayoga karanA / bar3hate Arthika upanivezavAda ko rokane ke lie bhI yaha ghaTanA atyanta preraka hai| nArI uddhAra candanabAlA kA uddhAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sAdhanA-kAla kI suprasiddha ghaTanA hai| rAjagharAne aura aneka sampanna zreSThI dekhate raha gaye aura tIrthaMkara mahAvIra eka dukhiyArI ke dvAra para pahu~ca jAte haiN| cha:mAsI upavAsa ke pAraNe meM atyanta mAmUlI cIja ur3ada ke bAkule grahaNa karake unhoMne sabako acambhita kara diyaa| tatkAlIna sAmrAjyavAdI lipsA ke pariNAma svarUpa rAjakumArI candanabAlA kA dAsI kI taraha vikraya huA thaa|" yaha ghaTanA 1. sAmrAjyavAda, 2. dAsa-dAsI prathA, (304)

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3. strI-puruSa asamAnatA aura 4. sAmAjika asamAnatA para karArI coTa karatI hai| cAroM hI bindu arthazAstra meM sadaiva vimarzanIya rahe haiN| samatA kA sAmrAjya kaivalya prApti ke sAtha hI bha. mahAvIra kA tIrthaMkaratva prakaTa ho gyaa| samavasaraNa meM unakI dezanAe~ sunane ke lie mAnava hI nahIM, devagaNa aura pazu-pakSI bhI upasthita hote the| samavasaraNa samatA aura samAnatA, prakRti aura paryAvaraNa, abhaya aura maitrI ke jIvanta rUpa hote the| kaivalya prApti ke dUsare hI dina unhoMne dravya-yajJa aura karmakANDa kI viSamatAmUlaka vyavasthA ko apane samatA ke virATa sAmrAjya meM bulAkara use bhI samavasaraNa ke parama samatAmaya vAtAvaraNa meM samAhita kara liyA th| unhoMne samAja meM upekSita vargoM ke vyaktiyoM ko bhI apane dharma-saMgha meM dIkSita kiyA aura parameSThI pada para ArUr3ha kiyaa| gRhastha-dharma meM bhI sabhI varNo, vargo, goloM aura jAtiyoM ke vyaktiyoM ko samAna sthAna milaa| unake saMgha meM abhivAdana kA AdhAra cAritra (dIkSA-paryAya) hai; umra, jAti yA sAMsArika pada nhiiN| tatkAlIna samAja meM ye ghaTanAe~ krAntikArI thiiN| janabhASA kA prayoga usa samaya kucha logoM dvArA kisI bhASA vizeSa ko mahatva dekara kucha logoM kA anAvazyaka zoSaNa kiyA jA rahA thaa| isa kAraNa se samAja kA eka bhAga zAstrajJAna aura adhyayana se vaMcita thaa| mahilAoM ko bhI Age bar3hane kI svatantratA nahIM thii| tatkAlIna jana-bolI/jana-bhASA prAkRta meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne upadeza dekara jana-jana meM jJAna-vijJAna aura sadAcAra kI nava-cetanA jgaaii| unhoMne janatA ke sAMskRtika utthAna ke lie prAkRta bhASA kA upayoga apane upadezoM meM kiyaa| pichalI sadI se deza meM bhASA eka bahuta bar3A muddA rahA hai| bhASA ke sAtha dharma, saMskRti, paramparA, vyavasAya, rojagAra jaisI aneka bAteM jur3I haiN| jana bhASA ke prayoga ke mAdhyama se bhagavAna mahAvIra loka-saMskRti ko pratiSThita karate haiM sAtha hI loka meM saMskRti va saMskAroM kI saritA bhI pravAhita karate haiN| janabhASA ke mAdhyama se unhoMne aisI janatA ko zikSita, samajhadAra, yogya va samartha banAyA, jise Ama taura para nAsamajha, azikSita aura mUr3ha samajhA jAtA thaa| Amajana kA Atma* sammAna bhI prAkRta kI pratiSThA se bar3ha gayA thaa| mAnavIya ekatA, sAmAjika samatA . aura sarvAMgINa unnati kI dizA meM unakI bhASA krAnti kA aitihAsika yogadAna hai| (305)

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sandarbha 1. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 23/75-76, sUtrakRtAMga meM (1/6/6) kahA gayA ki bhagavAna mahAvIra sUrya kI taraha aMdhakAra ko prakAza meM badala dete the - vairoyaNiMde va tamaM pgaase| 2. guNacandra, mahAvIra cariyaM, patra 114, kalpasUtra 85 3. kalpasUtra 87-88 4. kalpasUtra 91 evaM vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 1838 5. devendra muni, AcArya, bhagavAna mahAvIra eka anuzIlana, pR.-266 6. vahI, pR.-266 7. avisAhie duve vAse sItodaM abhoccA Nikkhante - AcArAMga 9/1/11. 8. mahAvIra cariyaM 882, triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra 10/3/29-31 . 9. AyAro, 9/1/10 10. Avazyaka malayagirI vRtti / mahAvIra cariyaM 5/158, triSaSTizalAkA puruSa 10/3/218 11. Avazyaka cUrNi 317-319, mahAvIra cariyaM 2/24/6 12. AcArAMga 2, kalpasUtra 116 13. jaina, prema sumana (DaoN.) kA lekha 'prAkRta bhASA evaM saahity'| (306)

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pariccheda do . aparigraha kA arthazAstra Agamika arthatantra kI majabUtI kA mukhya AdhAra acchA paryAvaraNa aura vipula prAkRtika sampadA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke siddhAnta usa tantra ko adhika majabUta tathA dIrghajIvI banA dete haiN| jIvana aura jagat kI sArI vyavasthAoM ke samyak saMcAlana ke lie Agama AdhArita tripadI prasiddha hai - 1. AcAra meM ahiMsA, 2. vicAroM meM anekAnta aura 3. vyavahAra meM aprigrh|' ahiMsA aura anekAnta para pichale adhyAyoM meM vicAra kiyA thaa| yahA~ aparigraha para vibhinna dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA jaayegaa| arthazAstra kA mUla vrata ___ aparigraha Agamika arthazAstra kA kendrIya siddhAnta hai| ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke bagaira aparigraha kI sAdhanA nahIM ho sakatI aura aparigraha ke bagaira ahiMsA ke patha para calanA bhI atyanta duSkara hai| aparigraha ahiMsA kA sAmAjika aura Arthika pakSa hai| parigraha ke kAraNa se hI vyakti hiMsA karatA hai, corI, asatya AcaraNa aura anAcAra kA sevana karatA hai| isalie bhagavAna mahAvIra kahate haiM - adhika milane para bhI saMgraha-vRtti kA bhAva nahIM rakhanA cAhiye tathA parigraha-vRtti se apane ko dUra rakhanA caahiye| jo saMgraha-vRtti meM hI dina-rAta vyasta rahate haiM, ve saMsAra meM apane prati vaira bar3hAte haiN| sacamuca! saMsAra meM parigraha ke samAna prANiyoM ke lie dUsarA koI jAla va bandhana nahIM hai| artha, aneka anarthoM va samasyAoM ko paidA karatA hai| . prazna uThatA hai ki kyA sacamuca parigraha itanA kharanAka hai? AgamakAra isa prazna kA uttara dete hue kahate haiM ki mucchA pariggaho vutto- vastuoM ke prati mamatva, marchA aura Asakti hI parigraha hai| mUrchA kA artha hai - jAgarUkatA kA abhaav| mUrchA meM vyakti hita-ahita aura acche-bure kA bheda nahIM kara pAtA hai| isalie bhagavAna mahAvIra mamatva-visarjana aura nirAsakti para bahuta jora dete haiN| jaina paramparA aise sAdhakoM aura maharSiyoM kI paramparA hai, jinhoMne mamatva aura rAga kA visarjana kara diyA aura ve vItarAga khlaaye| rAga parigraha kA mUla hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki svayaM kI pakar3a hone para 'para' kI pakar3a svataH chUTa jAtI hai, yaha sthiti aparigraha kI hai| (307)

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saMsAra ke adhikAMza jhagar3oM aparAdhoM ke mUla meM parigraha kI cetanA kAma karatI hai| parigraha hotA hai to samasyAe~ paidA hotI hai aura parigraha nahIM hotA hai to. samasyAe~ paidA hotI hai| vastutaH samasyAoM kA mUla mUrchA kA bhAva hai| eka garIba vyakti apanI choTI-sI kuTiyA meM sukha kI nIMda so sakatA hai aura eka amIra vyakti usakI aTTAlikA meM bhI caina se nahIM jI pAtA hai| vastuoM ke bar3ha jAne se guNAtmaka rUpa se sukha nahIM bar3hatA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kahate haiM - vitteNa tANa na labhe pmtte| imammi loe aduvA prtth| dhana vyakti kI rakSA nahIM kara sakatA, na hI use vaha sthAyI sukha va tRpti detA hai| isalie parigraha kitanA hI kyoM na bar3ha jAya, usase vyakti dukha se mukta nahIM ho sktaa| Adhunika arthazAstra ke sAre mApadaNDa dhana-sampatti aura bAharI sukha-suvidhAoM para AdhArita hai| ina mApadaNDoM ke AdhAra para vaha vyakti meM anAvazyaka vyagratA aura vidroha paidA karatA hai| isase samAja meM avAMchita hor3A-hor3I aura saMgharSa kA janma hotA hai| aparigraha : jaina paramparA kI dena bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jitanA jora ahiMsA para diyA, sambhavataH usase adhika hI aparigraha para diyaa| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke samaya jaina paramparA meM cAturyAma kI vyavasthA thii| DaoN. dayAnanda bhArgava kahate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM pA~caveM vrata ke rUpa meM aparigraha bhagavAna mahAvIra kI dena hai aura bhAratIya paramparA meM aparigraha kI avadhAraNA jaina paramparA kI dena hai| aparigraha ke vikAsa ke lie jaina paramparA meM bahuvidha vidhAna kiye gaye haiN| parigraha ke parisImana ke lie asteya, icchAparimANa vrata, lobha-visarjana, tyAga, santoSa, dAna, anAsakti Adi aneka upAya batAye gaye haiN| jaina paramparA meM parigraha-aparigraha para bahuta sUkSmatA se vicAra kiyA gyaa| isakA bhAratIya jana-jIvana, samAja aura arthavyavasthA para hara yuga meM vyApaka asara huaa| mahAtmA gAMdhI kA TrasTIzipa kA siddhAnta aparigraha-vrata kA hI rUpa hai| asteya aura aparigraha jaisA ki batAyA gayA parigraha Asakti kA rUpa hai| Asakti tIna rUpoM meM prakaTa hotI hai - apaharaNa (zoSaNa), saMgraha aura bhog|" apaharaNa aura zoSaNa kA upacAra asteya vrata meM batAyA gayA hai| paradhana kI icchA, paradhana haraNa, mUrchA, tRSNA, gaddhi, asaMyama, kAMkSA, hasta-laghutA, stenaka, kUTatola mApa aura binA dI huI vastu lenA - ye saba corI ke hI rUpa haiN| asteya vrata kI sUkSmatA kA bodha karAte hue (308)

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kahate haiM - koI vastu sacetana ho yA acetana, kama kImata kI ho yA adhika kImata kI, use usake mAlika yA dhAraka kI AjJA ke bagaira nahIM lenA caahiye| mahAtmA gAMdhI kahate haiM ki aparigraha ko asteya vrata se sambandhita samajhanA caahiye| vAstava meM curAyA huA na hone ke bAvajUda anAvazyaka saMgraha corI jaisA mAla ho jAtA hai| kisI cIja kA binA AvazyakatA ke saMgraha karanA, corItulya mAnA jaaegaa| satyazodhaka ahiMsaka parigraha nahIM kara sktaa| karmaThatA aura asteya khAna-pAna meM sambandha meM bhI vyakti asteya vrata kA ullaMghana karatA hai| jisa cIja kI use jarUrata nahIM hai, phira bhI use vaha khAtA hai| vaha apanI AvazyakatAoM ko bar3hAcar3hA kara batAtA hai aura anajAne meM cora bana jAtA hai| asteya vratI ko apanI AvazyakatAe~ nirantara ghaTAte rahanA caahiye| saMsAra kI adhikatara daridratA asteya vrata ke bhaMga se huI hai| binA parizrama kiye arthaprApti kI AzA aura kisI taraha arthaprApti karanA asteya vrata ke anurUpa nahIM hai| duniyA kI kaI viSamatAe~ aura samasyAe~ zarIra-zrama nahIM karane se paidA huI haiN| isalie asteya vrata zarIra-parizrama dvArA sampatti-nirmANa para jora detA hai| yaha vrata sampanna gharAnoM ke vyaktiyoM ko bhI acche kAryoM meM niSkAma bhAva se sakriya rahane kI preraNA detA hai| jahA~ zrama hai, vahA~ sammAna bhI hai aura Atma-sammAna bhI hai| apramAda aura asteya kitane hI AjIvikA ke sAdhana aise haiM jinameM zarIrika zrama apekSAkRta kama hotA hai| usameM bauddhika aura mAnasika zrama karanA par3atA hai| buddhi para apanI jIvikA calAne vAle buddhijIviyoM ko bhI zarIrika zrama kA mahatva samajhanA caahiye| asteya vrata niSThApUrvaka kartavyapAlana para jora detA hai| kAmacorI kI vajaha se aneka kAmakAja lambita par3e rahate haiN| sarakArI kSetra se akarmaNyatA kI zikAyateM jyAdA milatI hai| asteya vrata kI bhAvanAe~ bhara kara sarakArI kAryapraNAlI ko custa-durusta kiyA jA sakatA hai| akarmaNyatA pApa hai, aparAdha hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra apane ziSya gautama ko bAra-bAra kahate haiM ki kSaNamAtra kA pramAda bhI nahIM karanA caahiye| jo vyakti pramatta aura ArAma-pasanda hotA hai, vaha svayaM ko aura dUsaroM ko kaSTa dene vAlA hotA hai| use cahu~ ora se bhaya rahatA hai|" isalie jIvana patha para Age bar3hane vAle dhairyavAna vyaktiyoM ko Alasya aura (309)

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gaphalaMta meM apanA samaya nahIM ga~vAnA cAhiye AcArAMga sUtra udghoSaNA karatA hai - uTho, jAgo, pramAda mata karo Agama kI ina preraka udghoSaNAoM ko samajhane vAlA sahaja hI asteya aura aparigraha kI ArAdhanA karatA hai| asteya aura prAmANikatA kisI bhI rUpa meM caurya-karma anArya-karma hai| vaha apakIrti ko bar3hAtA hai| corI karane se guNa chipa jAte haiM, vidyA nikammI ho jAtI hai aura vyakti kA vizvAsa va yaza kSINa ho jAtA hai| acaurya vrata kI tIna preraNAe~ haiM - Arthika pAradarzitA, saccaritratA aura jIvana ke hara vyavahAra meM praamaanniktaa| acaurya vrata kA bAharI jIvana vyavahAra se ghaniSTha sambandha hai| vaha vyakti ko parizramI, prAmANika aura ImAnadAra banAtA hai| deza kI arthavyavasthA ke kuzala saMcAlana aura vikAsa ke lie asteya vrata atyanta upayogI hai| vaha bhraSTAcAra ko miTAne kA kAragara mAdhyama hai| kAle dhana' kI samasyA kA nirAkaraNa asteya karatA hai| bar3e-bar3e Arthika ghoTAle, kara-corI, rizvatakhorI, taskarI Adi steya ke hI rUpa haiN| isalie jo vyakti sAvadhAnI pUrvaka asteya vrata kI ArAdhanA karatA hai, ahiMsA, satya aura aparigraha kA pAlana bhI usake lie AsAna ho jAtA hai| pramANikatA ke supariNAma .. pramANikatA kA artha hai apane prati ImAnadAra aura dUsaroM ke prati bhI iimaandaar| prAmANika hone ke lie apanI maryAdA karanA Avazyaka hai| satya pAlana kA artha yaha nahIM ki gopanIyatA ko ujAgara kiyA jaay| isakA Azaya hai ki vyakti apane vyApAra meM lAbha-pratizata kI maryAdA kreN| milAvaTakhorI nahIM kreN| vyApArika sImA ke bAhara kI vastuoM kA anAvazyaka saMgraha nahIM kreN| ina bAtoM kA dhyAna rakhakara vyApAra karane vAle deza ke vyApAra ko prAmANika banAte haiM aura AvazyakatA va sAmarthya ke anurUpa samRddha bhii| asteya vrata kA pAlana karane se dukAna/daphtara aura mandira meM antara nahIM rahatA hai| vyApAra aura dharma eka dUsare ke pUraka ho jAte haiN| pramANika vyakti apane vyApAra ko cira-sthAyI banAtA hai| usake vyApArika utpAdoM kI hara jagaha mAMga hotI hai| usakA vyApAra dharma-sAdhanA aura deza-sevA kA hI eka rUpa hotA hai| parigraha ke bheda-prabheda ___ Agama sAhitya meM saMgraha ko prANI mAtra kI saMjJA batAI gaI hai| isa vRtti ko ekAeka tor3anA kaThina hotA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra sadgRhastha ke lie nitya (310)

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aparigraha kI bhAvanA ke smaraNa kA vidhAna karate haiN| zrAvaka nitya yaha manoratha (sadicchA) kareM ki vaha dina dhanya hogA jisa dina vaha parigraha se nivRtta hokara aparigraha ke jIvana kI ora bddh'egaa| unhoMne do prakAra ke parigraha batAye - antaraMga aura bAharI antaraMga yA Abhyantara parigraha caudaha prakAra ke hote haiM - bAharI parigraha dasa prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai| unheM gRhasthAcAra ke cauthe vrata meM batAye bhedoM ke anusAra hI samajhanA caahiye| parigraha ke tIsa nAma parigraha ke ina bhedoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki jo vyakti bhItara se rikta hotA hai, vaha bAhara se usa riktatA ko bharane kA prayAsa karatA hai| kintu usakA vaha prayAsa mAtra Atma-vaMcanA hI siddha hotA hai| yahA~ taka bhItarI taura para parigrahI kA bAharI tyAga bhI vyartha hI hotA hai| spaSTa hai ki aparigraha kA vrata vyakti ke Atmavaibhava, bhAva-sampadA aura vaicArika-sampadA ko bar3hAtA hai| vaha vyakti ko AtmavizvAsa se bhara detA hai| vaha dhana ke pIche nahIM daur3atA, apitu usake puruSArthI vyaktitva ke kAraNa dhana usakA anusaraNa karatA hai| dUsarI ora parigraha vyakti ko antaraMga rUpa se daridra banA detA hai| hAya dhana, hAya dhana' kI vRtti mana kI rugNatA kI sUcaka hai| parigraha aneka rUpI hotA hai| praznavyakaraNa sUtra meM usake tIsa nAma batAye gaye haiM - parigraha, saMcaya, caya, uvacaya, vidhAna, saMbhAra, saMkara, Adara, piNDa, dravyasAra, mahecchA, pratibandha, lobhAtmA, maharddhi, upakaraNa, saMrakSaNa, bhAra, sampAdotpAdaka, kalikaraNDa, pravistara, anartha, anarthaka, saMstava, agupti, AyAsa, aviveka, amukti, tRSNA, Asakti aura asntoss| ina nAmoM se patA calatA hai ki parigraha kitanA bahurUpiyA hai| vaha mAnava ko sukha se jIne nahIM detA hai| honA yaha cAhiye ki jo adhika sadguNI ho, vaha samAja meM adhika zaktizAlI ho| kintu jahA~ dhana-lipsA aniyantrita chor3a dI jAtI hai, vahA~ dhana/parigraha zakti va sammAna kA mApadaNDa bana jAtA hai| isI mApadaNDa se viSamatA bar3hatI hai| aparigraha aura icchA-parimANa gRhasthAcAra meM hamane pA~caveM vrata aparigraha ke bAda chaThaveM dizA-parimANa aura sAtaveM upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vrata para carcA kii| chaThaveM aura sAtaveM vrata kA sambandha icchA-parimANa se hai, jisase pA~caveM vrata kI ArAdhanA adhika gahare arthoM meM hotI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kahate haiM ki icchA AkAza ke samAna asIma hai, (311)

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isalie icchA-parimANa karane vAlA dharma se, nIti se dhanopArjana karatA hai| icchAparimANa kA niSkarSa nimna sAta binduoM meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA haiM - 1. na garIbI, na vilAsitA kA jIvana / 2. dhana sAdhana hai, sAdhya nhiiN| dhana manuSya ke lie hai, manuSya dhana ke lie nhiiN| 3. AvazyakatA kI santuSTi ke lie dhanopArjana, kintu dUsaroM ko hAni pahu~cAkara ___apanI AvazyakatAoM kI santuSTi na ho, isakA jAgarUka prayatna / 4. AvazyakatAoM, sukha-suvidhAoM aura unakI santuSTi ke sAdhanabhUta dhana . saMgraha kI sImA kA nirdhaarnn| 5. dhana ke prati upayogitA ke dRSTikoNa kA nirmANa kara saMgRhIta dhana meM anAsakti kA vikaas| 6. dhana ke santuSTi guNa ko svIkAra karate hue AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dRSTi se usakI asAratA kA cintn| 7. visarjana kI kSamatA kA vikaas| icchA-parimANa ke antargata kSetra kI maryAdA bhI kI jAtI hai| jisakA vyApArika, rAjanItika aura sAmarika dRSTi se bahuta mahatva hai| icchAe~ vastu aura kSetra taka hI sImita nahIM hotI; apitu pada, pratiSThA, sattA Adi ke rUpa meM bhI hotI haiN| vastu sambandhI icchAe~ phira bhI vyakti pUrI kara letA hai, parantu pada aura pratiSThA kI icchAoM kA koI pAra nahIM hai| samAja aura deza kA behisAba dhana pada aura pratiSThA ke lie kharca kara diyA jAtA hai| icchAoM kA parisImana sabhI sandarbho meM honA caahiye| aparigraha aura vikAsa aparigraha aura santoSa kA artha yaha kataI nahIM hai ki vyakti apane jIvana meM Alasya ko protsAhita kreN| aparigraha nirantara udyamazIla rahane kI preraNA detA hai| vaha utpAdana aura arjana ko bAdhita nahIM karatA hai| vaha sama-vitaraNa aura anAsakti para jora detA hai| aparigrahI apane lie hI nahIM, dUsaroM ke lie bhI jItA hai| aparigraha vrata kI cAra zarte haiM - svAvalambana, zramazIlatA, ahiMsA aura nipuNatA (kaary-kushltaa)| rASTra ke vikAsa meM cAroM zarte sahayogI banatI haiN| eka tarapha anAja ke bhaNDAra bhare ho aura dUsarI ora bar3I saMkhyA meM loga bhUkha aura kupoSaNa se mara jaay| aisA eka taraphA vikAsa ke kAraNa hotA hai| aise vikAsa meM mAnava (312)

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zrama aura prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM kA bhArI durupayoga hotA hai| eka tarapha gaganacumbI aTTAlikAe~, dUsarI tarapha khule AkAza tale sote loga! aparigraha sAmAjika samatA, Arthika samatA aura rASTrIya vikAsa kA mUla hetu hai| vaha mAnava ke bhItarabAhara kI daridratA miTAtA hai aura samAja kI daridratA kA nivAraNa bhI karatA hai| isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke aparigrahavAdI cintana kI pA~ca phalazrutiyA~ haiM - icchAoM kA niyamana, samAjopayogI sAdhanoM ke svAmitva kA visarjana, zoSaNamukta samAja kI sthApanA, niSkAma buddhi se apane sAdhanoM kA janahita meM saMvibhAga aura aadhyaatmik-shuddhi| ahiMsA se aparigraha taka jaise ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie anya vratoM kA anupAlana Avazyaka hai, vaise hI aparigraha ke anupAlana ke lie anya vratoM kA anupAlana Avazyaka hai| prathama vrata ahiMsA kI pUrNatA paMcama vrata aparigraha meM hotI hai| ina pA~ca vratoM ke samucita pAlana ke lie Agama sAhitya meM aura bhI vidhi-vidhAna, tyAga-tapa aura vrata-niyama batAye haiN| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kA AcAra darzana bahujanahitAya aura bahujanasukhAya taka hI sImita nahIM hai, vaha sarvajanahitAya aura sarvajanasukhAya se bhI Age bar3hatA hai - sarvajIvahitAya aura sarvajIvasukhAya tk| unake AcAra darzana para AdhArita artha-vyavasthA aura samAja-vyavasthA saMsAra kI sArI avyavasthAoM ko samApta karane meM pUrNa sakSama hai| vyaktitva-rUpAntaraNa se vyavasthA parivartana / pracura prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM ke bIca bhI Arthika dRSTi se jisa samaya samAja dizAhIna ho par3A thA; usa samaya bhagavAna mahAvIra ne vratoM kI vyavasthA dekara mAnava ko parizrama, svAbhimAna, ImAnadArI, tyAga aura prAmANikatA se jIne kI * kalA sikhaaii| jo vyavasthAe~ bhArI-bharakama zAsakIya aura prazAsakIya kharca aura Dhera sAre rAjakIya karmacAriyoM dvArA ThIka nahIM ho pA rahI thI, bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vrata-vyavasthA se unameM AmUla-cUla parivartana hone lage the| vastuta: jina vyaktiyoM aura rAjasattAoM ne vyavasthAoM kA jimmA le rakhA thA, unakA vyaktitva bhI niSpakSa, nibhrAnta, niSkapaTa aura prAmANika nahIM thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne vyaktitvarUpAntaraNa ke mAdhyama se vyavasthA parivartana kA aitihAsika kArya kiyaa| jisakA prabhAva unake apane samaya meM huA, bAda meM huA, Aja bhI hai aura yuga-yugAntara taka deza-dezAntara meM hotA rhegaa| (313)

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sandarbha 1. jaina, sAgaramala (DaoN.) - jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA .. tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga 2 pR. 114 bhAva pAhuDa 132, samaNasuttaM gAthA 140 3. AcArAMga sUtra 1/2/5 4. pariggahaniviTThANaM, veraM tesiM pavaDDaI - sUtrakRtAMga 1/2/3 5. praznavyAkaraNa 1/5 6. attho mUlaM aNatthANaM - maraNasamAdhi 603 7. dazavaikAlika sUtra 6/21, tatvArtha sUtra 7/17, samaNasuttaM 142 8. samayasAra 207 9. uttarAdhyayana 5/4, sUyagaho 1, 1/1/2, samaNasuttaM 141 10. bhArgava, dayAnanda (DaoN.) 'aparigraha kI Adhunika sandarbha meM prAsaMgikatA' pa.-2. sAmAnya taura para yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAma meM brahmacarya jodd'aa| 11. jaina, sAgaramala (DaoN.) - jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana - pR.-235 . 12. praznavyakaraNa sUtra 1/3/10 13. dazavaikAlika sUtra 6/14 14. gAMdhI, mahAtmA, aparigraha vicAra' jinavANI aparigraha vizeSAMka pR.-123 15. gAMdhI, mahAtmA 'maMgala prabhAta' pustaka se| 16. saMta vinobA, 'sarvodaya' disambara - 1952 17. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 10vA~ adhyayana 18. AcArAMga 1/1/4/35 19. AcArAMga 1/3/4 (314)

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20. dhIre muhuttamavi No pmaaye| - AcArAMga 1/2/1/10 21. AcArAMga 1/5/2 22. praznavyakaraNa 1/3 evaM jJAnArNava 128 23. jaina, prema sumana (DaoN.) 'aparigraha : vyakti aura samAja ke sandarbha meM' jinavANI aparigraha vizeSAMka pR.-255 24. kayANaM ahaM appa vA bahuM vA pariggahaM priccissaami| sthAnAMga sUtra 3 va 4 25. bhagavatI ArAdhanA 1118-1119 26. bhagavatI ArAdhanA 1168 27. 'jinavANI' aparigraha vizeSAMka pRH-113 para uddht| 28. nAneza, AcArya 'samatA darzana aura vyavahAra' pR.- 14 29. mahAprajJa, AcArya -mahAvIra kA arthazAstra' pR.- 110-111 30. amara muni, upAdhyAya 'aparigraha darzana' pR.-175 31. bhArgava, dayAnanda (DaoN.) 'aparigraha kI Adhunika sandarbha meM prAsaMgikatA' : pR.-15 (315)

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pariccheda tIna madhyayugIna arthavyavasthA IsA pUrva 599 meM vardhamAna mahAvIra kA janma huaa| 569 I. pU. meM ve sAdhanA ke kaThinatama patha para agrasara hue the| dIkSA ke sAr3he bAraha varSa pazcAt 557 I. pU. meM unheM kaivalya kI prApti huii| jJAna prApti ke bAda se unake nirvANa samaya 527 I.pU. taka jaina dharma ke 24veM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne 29 varSa, 3 mAha aura 24 dina taka nirantara vihAra kiyA aura dezanAe~ pradAna kii| isa avadhi meM unake dvArA pradatta dezanAoM ne jana-jIvana meM abhUtapUrva parivartana lA diyaa| unake jIvana, dharma, darzana aura siddhAntoM meM Atma-kalyANa se vizva-kalyANa aura sva-kalyANa se sarvakalyANa taka kA saTIka mArgadarzana prApta hotA hai| unake siddhAntoM kA kAlika mahatva hai| maurya sAmrAjya para prabhAva unake bAda kA hara yuga, kAla aura kAla-khaNDa unake jIvana aura siddhAntoM se preraNA letA rhaa| hara samaya ke samAja, loka-jIvana, rAjya aura anya sabhI vyavasthAoM para unakA prabhAva rhaa| samaya-samaya kI Arthika vyavasthAoM para bhI unakA prabhAva rhaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 160 varSa pazcAt (I.pU. 367) magadha meM candragupta maurya ke kAla meM bAraha varSa taka bhayaMkara duSkAla par3A thaa| kRSi caupaTa ho jAne se loga marane lage aura palAyana karane lage the| usa samaya bhagavAna mahAvIra ke anuyAyiyoM ne mAnava, mAnavatA aura prANI mAtra kI rakSArtha sahayoga aura dAnazIlatA kA paricaya diyaa| unhoMne maurya sAmrAjya ke akAla-prabandhana meM bhI sahayoga kiyaa| samrATa candragupta ne jaina muni banane ke bAda dakSiNa bhArata meM prAkRta ko sAhityika pada para pratiSThita karane meM pUrNa sahayoga pradAna kiyaa| nemI candra zAstrI ne tIna dRSTiyoM se candragupta kA mahatva batAyA hai - 1. Adarza aura anukaraNIya zAsana prabandha, 2. prajA meM saccAI aura dhArmika bhAvoM kI unnati kI aura 3. kuzala rAjya saMcAlana ke bAda zramaNa jIvana aMgIkAra karanA aura varSoM taka jaina saMgha kA netRtva karanA (316)

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bhAratIya itihAsa meM mauryakAlIna sabhyatA, saMskRti, artha-vyavasthA, zAsanavyavasthA, kRSi, vyApAra, vANijya, zilpa, udyoga Adi ko kAphI unnata avasthA meM batAyA gayA hai| cANakya para prabhAva kauTilIya arthazAstra bhAratIya saMskRti kA bahumUlya dastAveja hai| usakI racanA nItikAra cANakya ne kii| cANakya samrATa candragupta ke ziSya the aura candragupta bhagavAna mahAvIra ke shissy| maurya sAmrAjya meM candragupta ne kucha naI vyavasthAe~ dI thiiN| mahAmAtya cANakya una vyavasthAoM ke sUtradhAra the| cANakya ne apane nIti-granthoM meM dharma aura artha dono ko mahatva diyaa| artha kI mahattA ujAgara karane vAle unake kucha nIti vAkya dRSTavya haiM :1. sukha kA mUla dharma hai| dharma kA mUla artha hai| artha kA mUla hai rAjya aura rAjya kA mUla indriya-jaya hai| indriyajaya kA mUla vinaya aura vinaya kA mUla sevA hai| 2. jaba manuSya para vipatti par3atI hai taba usakA bacAva dhana se ho sakatA hai| isalie dhana ko bacAnA ucita hai| 3. catura manuSya ko cAhiye ki jahA~ usako jIvikA nahIM ho; sAhUkAra, jJAnI, .. rAjA, vaidya aura nadI nahIM ho, vahA~ kadApi na bse| 4. jo saMkaTa par3ane para sahAyatA karatA hai, durbhikSa ke samaya dhana-dhAnya se madada karatA hai, use hI mitra yA bhAI-bandhu kaha sakate haiN| 5. acchA bhojana, dhana-daulata, yaza aura dAnazIlatA - ye kaThina tapasyA, ke . phalasvarUpa prApta hote haiN| 6. vaizyoM kA bala dhana hai| .. 7. jo udyogI puruSa hai, unase daridratA dUra rahatI hai| 8. vyApAriyoM ke lie kaunasI cIja dUra hai? arthAt ve jahA~ avasara ho, vahA~ dhana .. kamAne ke lie cale jAte haiN| . 1. 'merI AmadanI aura kharca kyA hai?' isakA vicAra karanA caahiye| 10. Alasya se vidyA kA nAza hotA hai, parAye hAtha meM jAne se dhana kA nAza hotA hai| 11. dhana se dharma kI rakSA hotI hai| dAna se daridratA kA nAza hotA hai| dAna dharma hai . . aura koSa ke anusAra dAna karanA caahiye| (317)

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candragupta maurya' aura cANakya pUrNa zAkAhArI the| ahiMsA, jIva-dayA, satya, zrama, santoSa, karmavAda Adi jIvana mUlya unake granthoM meM prakaTa hote haiN| jaise :12. jisa dharma meM dayA nahIM ho, use chor3a denA caahiye| 13. kAma ke samAna roga nahIM, krodha ke samAna Aga nahIM aura jJAna se bar3hakara sukha nahIM hai| 14. jisake parivAra meM prema ho aura dhana meM santoSa ho, usake isa duniyA meM hI - svarga hai| 15. jIva svayaM hI acche-bure karma karatA hai aura svayaM hI bhogatA hai| svayaM hI saMsAra meM bhramatA hai aura svayaM hI saMsAra ke bandhana se chUTatA aura mokSa pA jAtA hai| 16. satya ke samAna tapa nahIM hai| santoSa ke samAna sukha nahIM hai| tRSNA ke samAna roga nahIM hai aura dayA se bar3hakara koI dharma nahIM hai| 17. jo mAMsa khAte aura zarAba pIte haiM, una puruSa rUpI pazuoM se pRthvI dukha pAtI hai| 18. jo mAMsa khAte haiM, unameM dayA nahIM hotii| lobhI meM satya nahIM hotaa| parAI striyoM ' meM Asakta rahane vAloM meM pavitratA nahIM hotii| . 19. jue ke vyasana se saba kArya bigar3a jAte haiN| zikAra se dharma aura artha donoM kA nAza hotA hai| cANakya ne vizAla sAmrAjya kA saMgaThana aura saMcAlana kiyA, parantu unakI nijI sampadA svalpa thii| cANakya ke jIvana aura nIti meM jagaha-jagaha mahAvIra ke svaroM kI gUMja sunAI par3atI hai| madhyayugIna bhAratIya jana-jIvana tathA samAja-vyavasthA para I.pU. dUsarI sadI ke maurya zAsana, kauTilIya arthazAstra aura cANakya-nIti kA bhI prabhAva rhaa| I.pU. 152 meM svargavAsI hone vAle jaina dharmAnuyAyI samrAT khAravela ne bhI prajA-hita, loka-kalyANa, kalA, zilpa tathA rAjya meM AdhArabhUta suvidhAoM ke vikAsa meM aitihAsika yogadAna kiyaa| isI kAlakhaNDa meM ahiMsaka samAja-vyavasthA ko Age bar3hAne meM samrATa azoka aura samprati ne apratima yogadAna kiyaa| aneka vidvAnoM aura vicArakoM kA mata hai ki svayaM IsA bhArata Aye the aura varSoM taka yahA~ rahe the| usa samaya sampUrNa bhAratavarSa meM bhagavAna mahAvIra aura buddha ke upadezoM kA bhArI pracAra-prasAra thaa| IsA ke jIvana para zramaNa paramparA ke ina do tejasvI nakSatroM bhagavAna mahAvIra aura buddha kA gaharA prabhAva par3A thaa| (318)

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vihaMgAvalokana maurya sAmrAjya kI samApti ke bAda I. pU. 184 meM zuMgavazI puSyamitra ne magadha kI bAgaDora smbhaalii| tadanantara jaina dharma kA kendra magadha se mathurA kI ora sthAnAntarita ho gyaa| vahA~ AgamoddhAra ke lie mathurA-vAcanA huI thii| isa bIca bAraha varSa lambA bhayaMkara akAla pdd'aa| usase zruta-sampadA kI apAra hAni huii| rAjyoM kI arthavyavasthAe~ caramarA giiN| janatA eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para basa gii| vartamAna meM jo ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya hai, vaha vIra nirvANa saMvat 980 meM vallabhI meM AcArya devardhikSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM hue muni sammelana kI phalazruti hai| Agama sAhitya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI kA saMkalana hai| ina AgamoM meM IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI se lekara pA~cavIM zatAbdI taka ke jana-jIvana aura vyavasthAoM ke nidarzana prApta hote haiN| DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina AgamoM para vyAkhyA sAhitya aura zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kA racanA-kAla IsvI san kI pahalI-dUsarI zatAbdI se solahavIM zatAbdI taka mAnate haiN| IsvI san kI cauthI zatAbdI se 17vIM zatAbdI taka kathA sAhitya sambandhI aneka mahatvapUrNa granthoM kI racanA huii| 11vIM 12vIM zatAbdI kA kAla to vizeSa rUpa se isa sAhitya kI unnati kA kAla rhaa| isameM arthazAstra, rAjanIti, kAmazAstra, nimittazAstra, aMgavidyA, ratnaparIkSA, saMgItazAstra, Adi para bhI mahatvapUrNa grantha likhe gye|" isa kAla-khaNDa ke hara viSaya ke sAhitya meM ahiMsA, anekAnta, aparigraha aura saMyama jaise mUlya vidyamAna hai| isalie usa sAhitya kA vaisA suprabhAva tatkAlIna samAja aura saMskRti para bhI pdd'aa| tatkAlIna bhAratIya samAja aura saMskRti ke agaNita AyAmoM kI jAnakArI isa sAhitya meM bharI par3I hai| - IsvI san kI dUsarI se pA~cavIM-chaThI zatAbdI taka gaMga vaMza ke rAjAoM kA zAsana rahA, jo jaina dharma ke prati AsthAvAna the| ve apanI vyavasthAoM se tatkAlIna samaya ke anya rAjyoM kI vyavasthAoM ko bhI prabhAvita kara rahe the| jaina sAdhu-sAdhvI apane upadezoM se jana-sAmAnya aura viziSTa janoM kA mArgadarzana kara rahe the| gaMga vaMza ke do rAjakumAroM ko upadeza dete hue jainAcArya siMhanandi kahate haiM - 'yadi tuma apane vacana pUre nahIM karoge, ahiMsA-dharma kI madada nahIM karoge, striyoM apaharaNa karoge, madya-mAMsa kA sevana karoge, kusaMgati karoge, Avazyaka hone para bhI dhana-dhAnya Adi se dUsaroM kA sahayoga nahIM karoge aura samara-bhUmi meM pITha dikhAoge to tumhArA vaMza naSTa ho jaayegaa| isa pUre kAla-khaNDa meM samaSTigata (319)

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arthavyavasthAe~ rAjAoM ke adhIna rahI tathA vyaSTigata arthavyavasthA dhArmika jIvanazailI aura sAMskRtika rIti-rivAjoM se saMcAlita rhii| IsvI san 401-410 meM cInI yAtrI phAhyAna ne 'vinayapiTaka' kI prAmANita prati prApta karane ke uddezya se uttara bhArata kI tIrthayAtrA kii| usane apane yAtrA vivaraNa meM likhA ki sampUrNa deza meM koI kisI prANI kI hatyA nahIM krtaa| koI zarAba nahIM pItA aura na koI pyAja-lahasUna khAtA hai| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki logoM kI jIvana-zailI para jainAcAra kA prabhAva thaa| unakA jIvana ahiMsA, saMyama aura zAkAhAra se anuprANita thaa| phAhyAna ke vivaraNa se yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki bhArata ke lie vaha samRddhi kA yuga thaa| bhArata kA videzI vyApAra bhI bahuta bar3hA-car3hA thA aura lena-dena meM svarNasikkoM kA prayoga hotA thaa| vasudevahiNDI meM Arthika vyavasthA ___ sAhitya apane samaya aura samAja kA darpaNa hotA hai| vasudevahiNDI (cauthI-pA~cavIM sadI) bhI tatkAlIna samaya kA bodha karAtI hai| isa kAlajayI grantha ke prathama khaNDa kI racanA AcArya saMghadAsagaNi ne aura madhyamakhaNDa nAmaka dUsare khaNDa kI racanA dharmasenagaNi ne kii| rAjA aura rAjanIti : bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya jisa gaNatantra kI vyavasthA kI sUcanA milatI hai, vaha arddha-janatantrAtmaka vyavasthA jaisI mAlUma par3atI hai| vasudevahiNDI meM rAjatantrIya vyavasthA kI sUcanA milatI hai| jisameM uttarAdhikAra AnuvAMzika hotA thaa| rAjA apane rAjadharma kA niSThApUrvaka pAlana kareM, isake lie usameM pRthvI pAlana meM samartha, prajA hitaiSI, prajA pAlaka, vinIta, vilakSaNa, dhIra, tyAgI, milanasAra, satya-pratijJa, indriya-vijayI, ugra daNDanIti se yukta, nyAyI kA saMrakSaNa va duSToM kA nigraha karane vAlA honA caahiye| dUsare khaNDa meM rAjA ko pazu-pakSiyoM se zikSA lene kI vilakSaNa preraNAe~ haiN| pazuoM ke pAlana-poSaNa para rAjya kI ora se bhI vyavasthAe~ kI jAtI thiiN| gauzAlAe~ aura abhayAraNya banAye jAte the| unakI dekharekha ke lie rAjya karmacAriyoM kI niyukti hotI thii| rAjA apane rAjya meM amAri kI ghoSaNA karavAte the| niyamoM kA ullaMghana karane vAlA daNDa kA bhAgI hotA thaa| prajA rAjakIya kAryoM meM sahayoga karatI thii| rAjA va prajA meM paraspara sahayoga kI bhAvanA rahatI thii| Arthika jIvana : vasudevahiNDI meM varNita Arthika jIvana ke nimna bindu draSTavya haiM - (320)

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1. pracura prAkRtika saMsAdhana the| 2. khetI-bAr3I mukhyataH varSA para nirbhara thii| 3. sabhI prakAra ke zilpa va udyogoM kA santoSaprada vikAsa thaa| 4. vastra, kASTha, sthApatya, dhAtu Adi sabhI prakAra ke udyoga unnati para the| 5. zrama-vibhAjana kA ullekha milatA hai| 6. dhAtuoM aura auSadhiyoM ke saMyoga se rAsAyanika prakriyA dvArA svarNa banAyA jAtA thaa| 7. vidyAdharoM ke vimAna huA karate the| 8. dezI, antardezIya aura videzI vyApAra bhI pragati para thaa| usa samaya bhAratIya vyapArI laMkA, kamboDiyA, jAvA, sumAtrA, brahmA, baibIlona aura yUnAna taka jAte the|" ___ vANijyika gatividhiyoM kA saMcAlana mukhyataH vaizya varga ke hAthoM meM thaa| prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM kI pracuratA, bhaugolika anukUlatA, urvara bhUmi, logoM kI sUjha-bUjha, kaThora daNDa-nIti aura prazAsanika suvyavasthA se deza dhana-dhAnya se samRddha ho gayA thaa| prajA khuzahAla va sukhI thI tathA deza meM zAnti kA vAtAvaraNa thaa| usa samaya ke jaina sAhitya meM atthasattha ke nAmollekhapUrvaka prAkRta kI gAthAe~ uddhRta milatI haiN| cANakya ke nAma se bhI kucha vAkya uddhata hai| isase jAna par3atA hai ki prAkRta meM arthazAstra ke nAma kA koI grantha avazya rahA hogaa| ahiMsA samAja-racanA meM AcArya haribhadrasUri kA aitihAsika avadAna hai| unhoMne dhUrtAkhyAna meM khaNDapANA ko arthazAstra kA nirmAtA (atthasatthaNimmAyA) batAyA hai| pAdalipta kI taraMmavatI ke AdhAra para likhI gaI nemicandra gaNi kI taraMgalolA meM atthasattha kI aneka gAthAe~ uddhRta haiN|" kuvalayamAlAkahA meM Arthika vyavasthA - AcArya udyotana sUri ne I. san 779 meM kuvalayamAlAkahA kI racanA pUrNa kii| DaoN. prema sumana ne 'kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana' meM tatkAlIna samaya ke sAmAjika-Arthika va bhaugolika sthitiyoM para prakAza DAlA hai| kuvalayamAlAkahA meM dhanopArjana ke nindita aura anindita sAdhanoM kA spaSTa bheda kiyA gayA hai| nindita sAdhanoM ke antargata juA khelanA, seMdha lagAnA, lUTanA, ThaganA (321)

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jaise sabhI bure kArya sammilita the| ina kAryoM ke atirikta jIva-jantuoM ko becakara dhana kamAne kI bhI nindA kI gaI hai| kuvalayamAlAkahA meM kahA gayA hai ki aisA dhandhA karane vAlA marakara dAsatva ko prApta hotA hai| grantha meM nimna anindita sAdhana batAye gaye haiM 23 - 1. dezAntara gamana (disI gamaNaM) : dezI, videzI va antardezIya vyaapaar| 2. sAjhedArI kA vyavasAya (mitta karaNaM) 3. rAjakIya sevA (Naravara sevA) / 4. nApa-taula meM kuzalatA (kusalattaNaM ca mANappamANesu) .. 5. dhAtuvAda (dhAuvvAo) : svarNasiddhi bhI isameM sammilita thii| 6. mantrasAdhanA (mantaM) 7. deva-ArAdhanA (devayArAhaNaM) 8. kRSi (kesiM) 9. sAgara santaraNa (sAyara-taraNaM) 10. rohaNa parvata kA khanana (rohaNammi khaNaNaM) 11. vANijya (vaNijaM) 12. naukarI Adi vividha prakAra ke uttama kArya (NANAvihaM kamma) 13. vibhinna prakAra kI vidyAe~ aura zilpa (vajA sippAiM Neya rUvAiM) 14. khaanyvaad| dhanopArjana ke ina sAdhanoM meM mantra-sAdhanA, deva-ArAdhanA aura khAnyavAda viziSTa haiN| khanana aura sphoTa-karma isameM dhAtuvAda aura utkhanana do aise anindita sAdhana batAye gaye haiM. jo gRhasthAcAra ke pandraha varjita karmAdAnoM meM sphoTa-karma (phor3I-kamme) ke antargata parigaNita kiye jAte haiN| sphoTa-karma ke antargata AcArya abhayadeva se lekara vartamAna ke kaI AcAryoM aura vidvAnoM ne khanana-karma ko ginA hai| AvAsIya aura vyAvasAyika bhavana-nirmANa ke alAvA mandira nirmANa, mUrti-nirmANa aura dharmasthaloM ke nirmANa meM bhI nIMva se zikhara taka ina khanija utpAdoM kA bharapUra upayoga (322)

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hotA hai| khanana vyavasAyiyoM kA samAja meM bhArI mAna-sammAna aura pratiSThA hai| ve rAja-koSa bhI bharate haiM aura dhArmika saMsthAoM ke koSa bhii| jainAcArya udyotana sUri khanana aura dhAtuvAda kI carcA sphoTa-karma ke antargata nahIM kara rahe haiN| sphoTa-karma ke bAre meM suspaSTa dRSTikoNa kI AvazyakatA hai| jisakI carcA gRhasthAcAra meM kI gaI hai| kuvalayamAlAkahA meM Arthika vikAsa kI jAnakArI dene vAle kucha mahatvapUrNa tathya nimna hai - 1. eziyA ke vibhinna dezoM ke sAtha vyApArika aura Arthika sambandha the| 2. bar3e-bar3e vyApArika kendra, grAma, nagara, maNDiyA~ Adi vikasita the| 3. janmagata varNa-vyavasthA vidyamAna hone ke bAvajUda jaina paramparA karmagata vibhAjana ke pakSa meM thii| 4. adhikAMzataH vyavasAya pIr3hI-dara-pIr3hI Age bar3hatA thaa| isase kuzalatA . sthApita hotI thI aura rojagAra kI samasyA nahIM hotI thii| 5. vastroM ke 49 prakAra batAye gye| isase vastra vyavasAya kI unnati kA patA / calatA hai| . 6. chiyAlIsa prakAra ke alaMkAra aura AbhUSaNa batAye gye| spaSTa hai ki * bahumUlya dhAtu aura ratna vyavasAya bhI vikasita avasthA meM thaa| 7. uncAlIsa prakAra ke zastrAstroM ke ullekha" se zastrAstra-nirmANa aura vyApAra .' ke sAtha-sAtha sainya-surakSA kI vyavasthAoM kI jAnakArI milatI hai| - kuvalayamAlAkahA se spaSTa hotA hai ki AThavIM sadI meM vyApAra aura vANijya unnati kI avasthA meM thaa| nauvIM zatAbdI meM AcArya jinasena racita grantha .. AdipurANa meM tatkAlIna bhAratIya samAja aura saMskRti kA sajIva citraNa huA hai| SaT karmoM kA nirUpaNa aura kulakara vyavasthA kA vivaraNa Arthika aura sAmAjika dRSTi se atyanta upayogI hai| - Agama aura Agamottara yuga Agama yuga meM prApta Arthika jIvana se bhI adhika spaSTa varNana Agamottara kAla meM dikhAI par3ane ke tIna kAraNa haiN| prathama, AgamoM kA uddezya Arthika vyavasthAoM kA nirUpaNa nahIM rhaa| dvitIya kAraNa hai kAla aura akAla ke prabhAva (323)

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se vipula zruta-sampadA kA naSTa ho jaanaa| tRtIya kAraNa ko hama aise samajheM - bhautikI kA sAmAnya niyama hai ki dUra kI vastu choTI aura aspaSTa dikhAI detI hai| jaise saikar3oM yAtriyoM ko le jAne vAlA vimAna hameM AkAza meM cir3iyA jaisA najara AtA hai| apanI pRthvI se bhI kaI gunA bar3e graha aura tAre hameM antarikSa meM bindu jaise dikhAI par3ate haiN| bhautika dUrI kI taraha samaya kI dUrI kA bhI prabhAva par3atA hai| Agama ke adhyayana se spaSTa hotA hai ki Agama-yuga kA Arthika jIvana bhI kaI taraha se dUsare kAla-khaNDoM kI tulanA meM maulika va samRddha thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke saMgha meM 1400 sAdhviyoM ke mokSa-gamana ke alAvA 700 kevala jJAnI, 500 mana:paryava jJAnI, 1300 avadhi jJAnI aura 900 vaikriya labdhidhArI zramaNa the| Aja ke samaya meM ye ati-viziSTa siddhiyA~, labdhiyA~ aura upalabdhiyA~ anupalabdha hai, vilupta hai| aisI viziSTa AdhyAtmika U~cAiyoM ke lie paryApta zArIrika bala/sAmarthya Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| jisakI prApti ke lie bhautika/bAhya anukUlatAe~ bhI Avazyaka hai| somadeva sUri kA cintana ..... madhya-yuga kI zAsana praNAlI kI bAgaDora kSatriya varga ke hAthoM meM thI toM prazAsanika vyavasthAoM kI dekhabhAla mukhyataH vaizya varga kara rahA thaa| cAroM hI varNoM ke vyakti jaina paramparA se jur3e the| isalie jaina dharma aura AcAra kA samAja para vyApaka prabhAva thaa| parantu vyApAra vANijya se jur3e vaizya varga meM jaina dharma kA apekSAkRta adhika vistAra ho rahA thaa| kuzala rAjakIya, sAmAjika aura Arthika vyavasthAoM ke lie samartha, buddhimAna aura nyAyapriya rAjA kA honA Avazyaka thaa| jaina vicAraka AcArya somadevasUri (gyArahavIM zatI) ke vicAra naitika, rAjanaitika, Arthika aura sAmAjika AcAra-saMhitA prastuta karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki rAjA ko zastra aura zAstra donoM meM pravINa honA Avazyaka hai| unhoMne rAjya kA mUla krama (zAsana va prazAsana kI kramabaddha niSpakSa vyavasthA) aura vikrama (praakrm/purussaarth| zaurya) ko batAyA hai| rAjya aura vyApAra ke saMcAlana meM adhyAtma kI bhUmikA rekhAMkita karate hue somadeva kahate haiM rAjA ko kAma, krodha, lobha, mAna, mada aura harSa; ina cha: antaraMga zatruoM para vijaya prApta karanA Avazyaka hai| yahI apekSA prajA se bhI ve karate haiN| jaise vartamAna meM zAsana vyavasthA meM vibhinna mantrAlaya Avazyaka hai, unakA nirdeza somadeva bhI dete haiM tathA sambandhita vibhAga ko saMbhAlane vAle kI yogyatA kA varNana bhI karate haiN| nAgarikoM kI samRddhi para hI rAjya kI samRddhi nirbhara hai| isalie vyApAra-vANijya kI unnati meM rAjya ko pUrA (324)

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sahayoga karanA caahiye| somadeva kahate haiM - rAjA ko apane yahA~ ke mAla ko bAhara jAne se rokane athavA bhejane ke lie tathA apane yahA~ bAhara ke mAla ko Ane yA na Ane dene ke lie vivekasammata karAropaNa aura kara-mukti kI vyavasthA karanI caahiye|" somadevasUri kahate haiM phasala kI kaTAI ke samaya (lavaNakAla) meM gA~va meM senA ke praveza para pratibandha honA caahiye| somadeva ke vicAra nIti aura arthanIti, dharma aura dhana tathA cAroM puruSArthoM ke santulana aura samanvaya para bala dete haiN| nItivAkyAmRta ke dUsare arthasamuddeza: ke 11 vAkyoM meM somadevasUri artha kI mahattA, maryAdA aura sImA ke bAre meM sAragarbhita vicAra prakaTa karate haiM |unkaa nItivAkyAmRta kauTilIya arthazAstra kI koTi kA grantha mAnA jAtA hai| arthazAstra kA pratipAdya viSaya rAjya tathA usake antargata nivAsa karane vAlI janatA kA kalyANa hai| rAjya kI vRddhi aura saMrakSaNa tathA usameM nivAsa karane vAloM kI surakSA tathA kalyANa kisa prakAra se ho sakatA hai, ina upAyoM kA varNana arthazAstra meM kiyA jAtA hai| arthazAstra kA eka uddezya rAjA kA patha pradarzana karanA aura zAsana kI, prajA kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna karanA hai| nItivAkyAmRta meM rAjA, rAjya, mantrIpariSad, nyAya-vyavasthA, daNDa-nIti, durga, koSa, senA, antarASTrIya sambandha Adi para nItipUrNa tarIkoM se vimarza kiyA gayA haiN| nItivAkyAmRta ke dvArA somadeva na sirpha tatkAlIna samaya aura samAja kA, apitu yugoM taka jamAne kA mArgadarzana karate haiN| . nirastrIkaraNa kA prathama sandeza dasavIM zatAbdI meM tatkAlIna bhAratIya jana-jIvana ko prabhAvita karane vAloM meM cAmuNDarAya kA nAma bhI ullekhanIya hai| unakI nemIcandra siddhAnta cakravartI se mitratA thii| nemIcandra ne cAmuNDarAya ke nimitta se gommaTasAra kI racanA kI thii| zramaNabelagolA meM bhagavAna bAhubali kI 56 phITa U~cI vizva-vikhyAta mUrti kI sthApanA cAmuNDarAya ke dvArA kI gaI thii| bAhubali prathama tIrthaMkara bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke dvitIya putra the| cakravartI samrATa bharata, jinake nAma se hamAre deza kA nAma bhArata huA, RSabhadeva ke jyeSTha putra aura bAhubali ke agraja the| donoM bhAiyoM meM mAmUlI bAta ko lekara jhagar3A ho gyaa| bAta yuddha taka pahu~ca gii| asaMkhya varSoM pUrva hue usa yuddha meM bAhubalI ne zastrAstra ke prayoga kI spaSTa manAhI karake saMsAra ko pahalI bAra niHzastrIkaraNa kA sandeza diyaa| cAmuNDarAya dvArA saMsthApita bhagavAna bAhubali kI bhavya vizAla pratimA Aja bhI sarvanAzI paramANu AyudhoM se bhare vizva ko nirastrIkaraNa kA maMgala-sandeza de rahI hai| (325)

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hemacandrAcArya aura kumArapAla ( 12vIM zatI) AkhyAna maNikoSa ke prabhAkara AkhyAna meM dhanArjana ko mukhya batAte hue kahA gayA - bhUkhe logo dvArA vyAkaraNa kA bhakSaNa nahIM kiyA jAtA / pyAsoM ke dvArA kAvya rasa kA pAna nahIM kiyA jaataa| ataeva hiraNya kA hI upArjana karo, kyoMki usake binA saba kalAe~ niSphala hai| AcArya hemacandra ne dhana (sattA, samAja aura artha-vyavasthA) meM dharma (ahiMsA, saMyama, naitikatA) kI pratiSThA kii| unhoMne na sirpha jaina paramparA para, apitu sampUrNa bhAratIya jana-jIvana para jo chApa chor3I, usakA suprabhAva Aja bhI vidyamAna hai| unhoMne sAr3he tIna karor3a zloka pramANa vipula sAhitya kI racanA kii| unake samaya ko bhAratIya samAja, saMskRti aura sAhitya ke utkarSa kA samaya kaha sakate haiN| jaise cANakya ne candragupta ke lie arthazAstra kI aura somadeva ne rAjA mahendra ke lie nItivAkyAmRta kI racanA kI, usI prakAra hemacandrAcArya ne rAjA kumArapAla ke lie laghu arhannIti kI racanA kii| unhoMne siddharAja jayasiMha aura kumArapAla ko apane upadezoM se prabhAvita kiyaa| vikrama saMvat 1194 meM kumArapAla ne zAsana kI bAgaDora saMbhAlI aura usake bAda rAjya kI vyavasthAoM meM yugAntarakArI parivartana kiye| hemacandrAcArya ke mArgadarzana para unhoMne jana-hitakArI aneka rAjAjJAe~ prasArita krvaaiiN| unakI rAjAjJA uttara meM turuska logoM ke prAnta taka, pUrva meM gaMgA nadI ke kinAre taka, dakSiNa meM vindhyAcala taka aura pazcima meM samudra taka mAnI jAtI thii| unake sAre rAjakAja meM zrAvaka udayana mehatA bataura mantrI ke rUpa meM sahayoga karate the| kuprathAoM kI samApti : kumArapAla ke rAjyAsIna hone ke pUrva taka kisI mahilA ke vidhavA athavA asahAya ho jAne para unakI sampatti rAjya dvArA le lI jAtI thI aura badale meM mAmUlI vRtti pradAna kI jAtI thii| isa rAjakIya vyavasthA ke calate mahilAoM ko atyanta dayanIya aura tiraskRta avasthA meM jInA par3atA thaa| kumArapAla ne kAnUnana isa niyama ko sadA-sadA ke lie samApta karake mahilAoM ke Atma-sammAna ko lauTAyA aura samAja ko buniyAdI rUpa se majabUta bnaayaa| dIna-dukhiyoM aura asahAyoM ke lie rAjya kI ora se vizeSa suvidhAe~ thiiN| sampUrNa rAjya meM pazu-bali, pazu-hiMsA, zikAra, nazA-mukti, dyUta-krIr3A, mRtyu-daNDa Adi para kumArapAla ne pUrNa pratibandha lagavA diyaa| kumArapAla sacce prajApAla the| unhoMne prajA meM naitikatA, sadAcAra aura vizvAsa sthApita kiyA thaa| isalie unake dvArA prasArita rAjAjJAoM kA anupAlana janatA dvArA icchApUrvaka kiyA (326)

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jAtA thaa| unakI tulanA zreNika, azoka, samprati, khAravela aura amoghavarSa jaise samrAToM se kI jAtI hai| kumArapAladvArA aNuvratoM kA grahaNa : vikrama saMvat 1216 meM kumArapAla ne apane guru AcArya hemacandra ke pAsa prajA ke samakSa jaina gRhasthAcAra ke anusAra jIvana jIne kI pratijJAe~ grahaNa kii| ve pratijJAe~ nimna haiM 38 - 1. rAjya rakSA ke lie yuddha ke atirikta AjIvana kisI bhI prANI kI saMkalpapUrvaka hiMsA nahIM krnaa| 2. kabhI bhI zikAra nahIM karanA, zikAra nahIM khelnaa| 3. mAMsa-madirA kA sevana nahIM krnaa| 4. pratidina jinAlaya meM pUjA-arcanA karanA aura guru hemacandrAcArya kI vandanA krnaa| 5. aSTamI, caturdazI Adi viziSTa tithi-dinoM meM sAmAyika-pauSadha Adi viziSTa - upAsanA krnaa| 6. rAtri bhojana kA tyaag| 7. sapta vyasanoM kA pUrNa tyAga aura svadAra santoSa vrata dhAraNa krnaa| 8. abhyAsa ke lie anazana Adi tapoM kA AcaraNa krnaa| hAlAMki ina pratijJAoM ke grahaNa se pUrva bhI kumArapAla kA jIvana saMyama va maryAdA kA jIvanta rUpa thaa| parantu bAda meM sArvajanika rUpa se pratijJA grahaNa karake janatA ko ahiMsA aura saMyama kI preraNAe~ diiN| kumArapAla kA rAjya ahiMsA kA rAjya thaa| unakI Arthika aura gaira-Arthika sabhI vyavasthAe~ ahiMsA se anuprANita thii| unhoMne rAjapUta-yugIna tathA bhArata kI sAmAjika rAjanItika vyavasthAoM meM aneka .svarNima adhyAya jodd'e| jainoM kA avadAna loka-hita kI upekSA karake Atma-hita karanA sambhava nahIM hai| Atma. kalyANa ke patha para bar3hane vAle jAne-anajAne aura pratyakSa-apratyakSa loka-hita ke nimitta banate haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke anuyAyI sadiyoM se Atma-loka hita kI sAdhanA karane vAle rahe haiN| pUrva madhya yuga ke jaina sAhitya meM nimnAMkita lokopakArI pravRttiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai 39 - (327)

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1. prapA (pabA, pyAU) : tAlAba, kuA~, bAvar3I aadi| jala vyavasthA mAnava aura pazu-pakSI, sabake lie hotI thii| 2. satrAgAra (niHzulka bhojanAlaya) : Atithya aura aahaardaan| 3. maNDapa (AzrayasthAna, dharmazAlA) : vizrAma sthala, grAma sabhA, Agamana gRha, . ____ vasati aadi| 4. ArogyazAlA (auSadhidAna) : cikitsAlaya, svAsthya kendra aadi| 5. sArtha (yAtAyAta suvidhA, AjIvikA dAna) : vyavasAya ke lie sAmUhika prayatna / 6. grantha bhaNDAra (jJAnadAna, jJAnasurakSA) : pAThazAlA, gurukula, vidyAlaya, upAzraya Adi / ina bhaNDAroM ke mAdhyama se loga zikSA aura AjIvikA bhI prApta karate the| Agama yuga se lekara Aja taka jaina samudAya kA Arthika unnati aura samAja kalyANa meM ullekhanIya yogadAna rahA hai| rAjatantrIya zAsana praNAlI meM bhI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke anuyAyI aneka mahatvapUrNa padoM para rahate hue bhAratIya arthavyavasthA ko nita naye AyAma dete hue use Age bar3hA rahe the| akabara jaise mugala samrAToM ke vittIya zAsakIya salAhakAra bhI jaina dharmAnuyAyI the| akabara jaina santoM kA bar3A Adara karatA thaa| AcArya hIravijaya ko vaha guru-tulya mAnatA thaa| zatuMjaya tIrtha se usane rAjya-kara haTA liyA thaa| varSa meM koI Der3ha-paune do sau dinoM meM sampUrNa rAjya meM jIva-hiMsA aura pazuvadha para pUrNa pratibandha thaa| rAjya meM mAMsAhAra, madyapAna, juA jaise vyasanoM ke niSedha kI rAjAjJAe~ akabara ne bhI prasArita karavAI thiiN| mahArANA pratApa ke parama sahayogI mevAr3a-uddhAraka bhAmAzAha ke bAre meM batAyA jA cukA hai| ve artha-prabandhana aura sainya-prabandhana donoM meM kuzala the| unakI isa kuzalatA pIche AgamoM meM varNita AcAra-darzana kI bhUmikA thii| sampUrNa bhAratIya itihAsa meM zAyada eka bhI aisA ullekhanIya udAharaNa nahIM hai jaba kisI jaina nareza, senApati yA mantrI ke kAraNa kisI videzI zatru kA usake rAjya para adhikAra huA ho| aisA bhI zAyada hI koI dRSTAnta mile jaba kisI jaina senAnI ne yuddha meM pITha dikhAI ho| bhArata ke rAjyavaMzoM meM se bahubhAga ke abhyudaya evaM utkarSa meM jaina adhikAriyoM, seThoM va prajAjana kA vizeSa yogadAna rhaa| madhya evaM madhyottara kAla meM to aneka dezI rAjyoM kA astitva, vizeSakara rAjasthAna meM, unake kula-kramAgata jaina mantriyoM, dIvAnoM, senAniyoM aura seThoM (vyavasAyiyoM) ke kAraNa hI banA rhaa| ahiMsA aura samatA kI artha-vyavasthA meM unakI aitihAsika bhUmikA hai| . (328)

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prAkRta : rojI-roTI kI bhASA ___ madhyayuga meM vipula prAkRta-sAhitya kA nirmANa huaa| prAkRta-sAhitya kA sambandha jana-jIvana aura loka-jIvana se adhika rhaa| isa sAhitya meM mAnava mAtra ke lie uccatara jIvana-mUlyoM kI abhivyaMjanA huI hai| prAkRta Ama AdamI kI bhASA hone ke sAtha-sAtha rojI-roTI kI bhASA thii| vyavasAya ke vistAra ke lie prAkRta kA sahArA Avazyaka thaa| vyavasAya vANijya sambandhI aneka pustakeM prAkRta meM prApta hotI haiN| seTha-sAhUkAra, sArthavAha ke alAvA nimittazAstra para aneka pustakeM milatI haiN| isase patA calatA hai ki yaha loka-ruci kA viSaya bhI thA aura AjIvikA kA sAdhana bhii| 'jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa42 ke pA~caveM bhAga meM nATya, saMgIta, kalA, gaNita, Aya, Ayurveda, zilpazAstra, ratnazAstra, mudrAzAstra, dhAtu-vijJAna Adi viSayoM ke granthoM kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| grantha ke prakAzakIya meM likhA gayA ki pUrvajoM ke yuga-yugAdi meM ye saba viSaya pracalita the| tatkAlIna samaya meM ye zikSA-dIkSA ke bhI sAdhana the| niHsandeha, ina vidhAoM/vidyAoM kA vANijyika mahatva thA aura Aja bhI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke anuyAyiyoM ne prAkRta meM sabhI viSayoM kA samAveza karake sabhI viSayoM aura vidhAoM ko jana-sAmAnya taka pahu~cAne kA yugAntarakArI kArya kiyA thaa| bhASA kI bAdhA se sAdhAraNa prajA jisa vizeSa jJAna-vijJAna, kalAzilpa aura vyavasAya se anabhijJa thI, vaha jJAna prAkRta manISiyoM ne apane sAhitya ke mAdhyama se jana-sAmAnya taka pahu~cA kara samAja kI bar3I sevA kii| isase binA kisI bhedabhAva ke Arthika gatividhiyoM meM hara varga, varNa aura jAti kI bhAgIdArI sunizcita ho gaI thii| Arthika samatA ke sAtha-sAtha sAmAjika samatA kI dizA meM yaha eka krAntikArI ghaTanA thii| .. kathA, carita aura anya sAhitya meM bhI mAnava ke Arthika vyavahAra kA vizad vivaraNa milatA hai| prAkRta sAhitya meM ati-viziSTa se lekara bilkula sAdhAraNa AdamI kA varNana hai| isalie isa sAhitya meM artha-jagat kI bar3I-bar3I sAhasika ghaTanAe~.bhI haiM aura sAdhAraNa-se-sAdhAraNa kAma-dhandhoM kA Arthika mahatva bhI hai| eka bAta aura hai, prAkRta ArSa-bhASA hai| usakA sambandha bhagavAna mahAvIra aura buddha ke kAlajayI Apta-vacanoM se hai| isalie usameM utkRSTa jIvana mUlyoM kA sahaja hI samAveza rahA hai| ina jIvana-mUlyoM ke vyakti aura samAja kA ... karma-kSetra prabhAvita thaa| arthazAstra para nItizAstra kA suprabhAva thaa| (329)

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prAkRta kA yaha prabhAva dUsarI bhASAoM kI ora saMkramaNa karane lgaa| anAgraha aura satyAgraha jaina manISiyoM kI viziSTatA rhii| unhoMne loka ke vyApaka kalyANa ke lie bhASA kA jaba jo mAdhyama ucita thA, use apnaayaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki bhASA kA Agraha hameM kaThinAiyoM se nahIM ubAra sktaa| bhASAvAda ke samakSa unakI yaha udghoSaNA bahuta mUlyavAna hai| jaina manISiyo dvArA saMskRta aura apabhraMza ke alAvA hindI, kannar3a, tamila, marAThI Adi meM bhI yuganimArNakArI sAhitya racA gyaa| rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, aMgrejI aura anya aneka bhASAoM ke mAdhyama se prAkRta sAhitya meM varNita jIvana mUlya samAja kA dizAdarzana karane kI ora agrasara hai| vastutaH, Arthika jagata meM jisa bAjAra AdhArita vyavasthA ke vaizvIkaraNa kI bAta kI jA rahI hai; usakI bajAya vizva ko sAMskRtika, naitika va mAnavIya mUlyoM ke vaizvIkaraNa kI ora bar3hanA caahiye| isase dharatI svarga tulya banegI aura jo samAja-arthavyavasthA sthApita hogI, vaha sarvodaya kA kAraNa bnegii| mAMga aura pUrti meM santulana madhya aura madhyottara kAla meM AbAdI kA Adhikya nahIM thaa| pradUSaNakArI audyogIkIkaraNa nahIM huA thA, isalie paryAvaraNa bhI acchA thaa| kRSi AdhArita grAmya arthavyavasthA aura kRSi, vana va khanija utpAdanoM para AdhArita udyoga vikasita the| pracura utpAdana thA aura pracura rojagAra ke avasara upalabdha the| nitya upayoga kI vastue~ ucita dAma para sarvasulabha thiiN| vastuoM kI mAMga aura pUrti meM santulana thaa| garIba to the, para garIbI nahIM thii| .. (330)

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sandarbha 1. jalaja, jayakumAra (DaoN.) bhagavAna mahAvIra kA buniyAdI cintana, pR.-17 2. zAstrI, nemIcandra (DaoN.) bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa meM jaina vAMgamaya kA avadAna (dvitIya khaNDa)' pR.-107 3. zarmA, kAlUrAma (DaoN.) prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa' pR.-224 se 226 4. mahAprajJa, AcArya - mahAvIra kA arthazAstra' pR.-16 vaidya, haridAsa 'akUmaMdI kA khajAnA' prathama 'cANakya-nIti' adhyaay| 6. cANakya sUtra 1 se 6 taka evaM dekheM 'mahAvIra kA arthazAstra' pR.-16 seThI, biradhIlAla, 'aNDA, mAMsa, machalI, dhIre-dhIre mArane vAle jahara hai' (prakAzaka - cA~dabAI seThI pAramArthika TrasTa, jayapura) pR.-4 para likhA - "candragupta maurya, vikramAditya, mahArANA pratApa, chatrapati zivAjI kaTTara zAkAhArI the|" mahArANA pratApa ke parama sahayogI bhAmAzAha jaina zrAvaka the| rAjasthAna patrikA 24-11-2001 ke budhavArIya parivAra pariziSTa' meM 'mantra divAkara' grantha ke sandarbha se likhA ki eka jaina muni kI preraNA se mahArANA pratApa ne saMkaTa ke samaya meM bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI upAsanA kI aura saMkaTa-mukta hue| 8. zAstrI, nemIcandra (DaoN.) 'bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa meM jaina vAMgamaya kA avadAna (dvitIya khaNDa)' pR.-108 para aadhaarit| 1. ozo rajanIza bhI isa vicAra se pUrNa sahamata rhe| .10. jaina, jagadIza candra (DaoN.) 'prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa' tIsarA aura cauthA adhyaay| 11. jaina, jagadIza candra (DaoN.) 'prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa' pR.-2 ___ 12. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha dvitIya bhAga, abhilekha saMkhyA 277 DaoN. nemIcandra ... zAstrI ke tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA' pR.-341 .. 13. bhaTTAcArya, saccidAnanda 'bhAratIya itihAsa koza' (1967) pR.-256 (331)

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14. zarmA, kAlUrAma (DaoN.) 'prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa' - pR.-316 evaM sArthavAha' DaoN. motI candra pR.-125 15. jaina, kamala (DaoN.) 'vasudevahiNDI : eka adhyayana' pR.-106 evaM vasudevahiNDI khaNDa dUsarA patra-126 16. jaina, kamala (DaoN.) 'vasudevahiNDI : eka adhyayana' pR.-125 17. jaina, jagadIza candra (DaoN.) 'prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa' pR.-668 evaM dekheM jaina sAhitya kA bahad itihAsa bhAga-5 ikkIsavA~ prakaraNa pR.-237-238 . 18. jaina, kamala (DaoN.) 'vasudevahiNDI : eka adhyayana' pR.-136 19. jaina sAhitya kA bahad itihAsa bhAga-5, ikkIsavA~ prakaraNa pR.-237-238 evaM dekheM 'prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa' pR.-667 20. jaina, prema sumana (DaoN.) 'kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana' tIsarA va cauthA adhyAya 21. jaina, prema sumana (DaoN.) 'kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana' dUsarA adhyAya kuva. 231.28. 'kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana' ke pR.-180 para uddht| 23. jaina, prema sumana (DaoN.) 'kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana' pR. 180 24. dekheM - isI grantha meM gahasthAcAra meM sphoTa-karma karmAdAna para vicaar| 25. jaina, prema sumana (DaoN.) 'kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana' pR. 139 se 141 26. vahI, pR.-157-158 27. vahI, pR.-168 28. AcArya, devendra muni 'bhagavAna mahAvIra : eka anuzIlana' pariziSTa-2 29. rAjyasya mUlaM kramo vikramazca - vidyAvaddhi samuddeza sUtra-26 (332)

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30. nItivAkyAmRta ariSaDvarga samuddeza sUtra-1 31. nItivAkyAmRta koza samuddeza sUtra-14 32. nItivAkyAmRta 22/16 33. zarmA, ema. ela. (DaoN.) nItivAkyAmRta meM rAjanIti, pR.-5-6 34. AvazyakacUrNi aura cauppana mahApurisa cariyaM 35. jaina, jagadIza candra (DaoN.) 'prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa' pR.-446 36. hastImalajI (AcArya), jaina dharma kA maulika itihAsa, caturtha khaNDa, pR. 394 evaM jaina, jagadIza candra (DaoN.) jaina kathA sAhitya vividha rUpoM meM, pR.-12 37. jaina, jyoti prasAda (DaoN.) 'pramukha aitihAsika jaina puruSa aura mahilAe~' bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana pR.- 234 38. zAstrI, nemIcandra (DaoN.) bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa meM jaina vAMgamaya kA avadAna (dvitIya khaNDa)' pR.-120 39. jaina, prema sumana (pro.) jaina sAhitya kI sAMskRtika bhUmikA, pR.-18 40. jaina, jyoti prasAda (DaoN.) 'pramukha aitihAsika jaina puruSa aura mahilAe~' pR. 369-370 41. jaina, prema sumana (pro.) jaina sAhitya kI sAMskRtika bhUmikA, pR.-8 42. prakAzaka-pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vaaraannsii| 43. na cittA tAyae bhAsA - uttarAdhyayana 6/10 (333)

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pariccheda cAra Adhunika arthavyavasthA - mAnava jAti ke jJAta itihAsa meM bhautika jIvana sambandhI sabase adhika krAntikArI parivartana bIsavIM zatAbdI meM hue| hAlAMki, ina parivartanoM kI zuruAta vibhinna yantroM va mazInoM ke AviSkAroM ke sAtha unnIsavIM zatAbdI meM ho cukI thii| isa daura meM tIna bar3I ghaTanAe~ huI - audyogika vikAsa, vaijJAnika-takanIkI unnati aura lokatantrIya zAsana vyvsthaa| vijJAna aura udyoga sAtha-sAtha cle| vijJAna kI madada se udyogoM kA AdhunikIkaraNa huA aura isase vijJAna kA vyAvasAyIkaraNa huaa| vijJAna aura vANijya kI dostI se saMsAra meM pUMjIvAdI arthavyavasthAe~ sthApita hone lgii| pUMjIvAda kI tAkata ko dekhate hue rAja sattAoM ne bhI isa vyavasthA ko prazraya dene meM apanA bhalA smjhaa| pUMjIvAda sattA ko sAtha lekara sAmrAjyavAda kI ora bar3hA aura saMsAra ke nirdhana dezoM aura rAjasattAoM meM vyApAra ke bahAne rAjanItika upaniveza banAne lgaa| isakI pratikriyA svarUpa vizva meM samAjavAda aura lokatantra ke svara gUMjane lge| pUMjIvAda ___pUMjI dhanopArjana kA eka sAdhana hai| mAnava kI asIma tRSNA aura atisaMgraha kI vRtti se sampatti aura sattA kA kucha logoM ke hAthoM meM kendrIyakaraNa paMjIvAda hai| 19vIM sadI meM audyogika krAnti ke phalasvarUpa Adhunika pUMjIvAda janma le cukA thaa| pUMjIvAda ke phalasvarUpa zoSaNa, sAmAjika-Arthika viSamatA, sAmrAjyavAda Adi burAiyoM ne apane pA~va psaare| nijI svAmitva, nijI lAbha, uttarAdhikAra, udyama kI svatantratA Adi isa vyavasthA kI vizeSatAe~ hotI hai| vartamAna meM jo pUMjIvAda dikhAI par3atA hai, vaha usake saiddhAntika rUpa se kAphI bhinna hai| bar3hatA upabhoktAvAda aura bAjAravAda isI vyavasthA ke naye nAma haiN| yaha arthazAstrI kenija ke isa vicAra kA samarthana karatA hai ki bhautika sampannatA ke vikAsa meM ahiMsA Adi naitika mUlyoM kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| pUMjIvAdI samAja meM kalA, sAhitya, mAnavIya mUlya (Values) aura sambandha, sabhI kA antima mUlya (Price) bAjArU mUlya bana jAtA hai, jisameM mahatva isa bAta kA nahIM ki kisI kalAkAra aura sAhityakAra ne kitanI gaharI anubhUti yA mAnavIya satya ko saphala (334)

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abhivyakti dI hai balki yaha hai ki usane eka vyAvasAyika samAja kI jarUrata ke mutAbika kitanA khapata ke lAyaka mAla taiyAra kiyA hai| aise samAja meM AdamI kI saMvedanazIlatA aura sRjanazIlatA naSTa hotI calI jAtI hai| isase usakA Atmabodha aura asmitA-bodha samApta ho jAtA hai| vyakti bhItara se rikta ho jAtA hai| AgamoM kI bhASA meM jo vyakti zilpI, kalAkAra aura kArIgara the, pUMjIvAdI vyavasthA ne una sabako 'zramika' banA ddaalaa| isa vyavasthA ne mAnava-mAnava ke bIca ke samatA aura bandhutva ke mUlyoM kA lopa kara diyaa| saMsAra ke adhikAMza dezoM meM lokatantrIya vyavasthA A gaI to pUMjIvAda Arthika upaniveza kI ora bar3hane ko Atura hai| pUMjIvAda pUrI taraha bhautikavAda para AdhArita hai| phira bhI, sabhyatA aura vikAsa ke aneka kSetroM meM pUMjIvAdI arthavyavasthA ne dUsarI vyavasthAoM ke sAtha milakara yogadAna kiyA hai| bezaka, vaha yogadAna saMgraha ke visarjana para hI sambhava huaa| asaMgraha aura TrasTIzipa kI avadhAraNAoM se prerita pUMjIvAda parokSa rUpa se samAjavAda kI ora bar3hatA hai| parantu bAjAravyavasthA punaH use roka detI hai| samAjavAda aura sAmyavAda unnIsavIM zatAbdI meM kArla mArksa (1818-1883) ne pUMjIvAdI arthavyavasthA kI zoSaNa-pravRtti ke viruddha bigula bajA diyaa| unhoMne kahA 'itihAsa kA nirmANa rAjA-rAniyoM ke kissoM, senA-nAyakoM kI jaya va parAjaya tathA janasaMkhyAtmaka kArakoM se na hokara, Arthika kArakoM dvArA huA hai|" pUMjIpatiyoM dvArA nirdhana aura majadUra varga (sarvahArA varga) ke zoSaNa ko dekhakara mArksa karuNA aura vidroha se bhara uThe the| mArksa ke anusAra zoSaNa kI vyavasthA meM atirikta mUlya kA siddhAnta (Theory of Surplus Value) kAma karatA hai| pUMjIpati ko jo atirikta va atilAbha hotA hai, vaha zramika ke zrama kA atirikta mUlya hai| jise pUMjIpati har3apa jAtA hai, yahI zrama kA zoSaNa hai| zoSaNa mukta samAja kI sthApanA ke lie usane dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda ke siddhAnta kI sthApanA kii| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra bAharI vyavasthAoM ke pariNAma svarUpa manuSya meM hone vAle jaiva-rAsAyanika parivartana hI 'mana' hai| isakA artha yaha hai ki jaisI bAhya vyavasthAe~ hoMgI, mAnava kA mana vaisA hI ho jaayegaa| padArtha prAthamika sattA hai aura mana usake AdhAra para vikasita cIz2a ... hai| isalie vyavasthAe~ badala dene para saba ThIka ho jaayegaa| vyavasthA parivartana meM (335)

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mArksa sAdhana-zucitA kI paravAha nahIM karate haiN| unake samAjavAda (Socialism) kA ugra rUpa hI sAmyavAda (Communism) hai| sAmyavAda kA nArA hai 'eka sabake lie aura saba eka ke lie' tathA 'pratyeka ko kSamatAnusAra kArya karanA hai aura pratyeka ko AvazyakatA ke anusAra milegaa|' mUla meM bhUla pUMjIvAdI aura mArksavAdI, donoM hI vicAradhArAe~ bhautikavAda para AdhArita haiN| isalie ina vicAradhArAoM meM prakRti aura manuSya hAziye para cale gaye aura artha kendrIya tatva bana gyaa| isalie mAnava-kalyANa kA koI sthAI Adarza sthApita hone kI bajAya vizva meM zoSaNa, hiMsA, viSamatA, varga-saMgharSa, lUTapAta Adi ghaTanAe~ hotI rhiiN| mArksa kA sapanA thA - smaajvaad| sapanA acchA thaa| parantu sapane kA darzana aura yathArtha taka pahu~cane kI prakriyA tarkasaMgata nahIM thii| mArksa kI do buniyAdI bhUleM thIM - 1. mAnava ke saMsthAgata rUpa para aikAntika bala aura usake mAnavIya rUpa kA sampUrNataH vismrnn| mArksa kI vyavasthA parivartana se vyakti-parivartana kI bAta saphala nahIM ho paaii| isakA sabase bar3A udAharaNa hai sTAlina kA vyaktivAdI ekaadhiptyvaad| jisane mArksa ke AdarzoM ke bahAne mArksa ke AdarzoM kI apane jIvana meM hI dhajjiyA~ ur3A dii| pariNAma svarUpa naukarazAhI kA eka aisA varga taiyAra ho gayA, jisakA mukhya kArya lokasattA ko majabUta banAkara samAjavAda kI sthApanA karanA thA, parantu vaha Arthika-rAjanItika sattAdhIza banakara janatA kA utpIr3aka aura zoSaka bana gyaa| barnArDa zaoN ko kahanA par3A ki sattA ke upAsaka ucca padAdhikAriyoM kI sAmantazAhI kA dUsarA nAma naukarazAhI hai| 2. dUsarI bhUla mArksa ne, vizeSataH usake uttarAdhikAriyoM ne kI vaha thI - sAdhanasAdhya ke viveka kI vismRti / mArksa dvArA pUMjIvAdiyoM ko dI gaI 'saMgrAma' kI cetAvanI ko mArksa ke uttarAdhikAriyoM ne rakta-krAnti kA rUpa de diyaa| lenina ne kahA - 'rAjanIti meM koI naitikatA nahIM hotI, anivArya AvazyakatA hI prayojanIya vastu hotI hai| hameM dhokhAdhar3I, vizvAsaghAta, kAnUna-bhaMga, jhUTha bolane Adi ke lie taiyAra rahanA caahiye| jinase hamArA mataikya nahIM hai, unake prati hamArI zabdAvalI aisI hI honI cAhiye, jisase jana sAdhAraNa ke mana meM unake prati ghRNA aura aruci paidA ho|" isa taraha sAmyavAda mUla meM hI nakArAtmaka daSTikoNa lekara Age bddh'aa| (336)

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vyaktivAdI pUMjIvAda rAjasattAtmaka pUMjIvAda ke rUpa meM badala gyaa| rAjasattAtmaka pUMjIvAda meM tAnAzAhI jur3ane se maulika mAnavIya svatantratAe~ bhI china giiN| mArksa ke utpAdana kI guNavattA ko sudhArane aura prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM ke saMrakSaNa kI bAteM bhI vismRta kara dI gii| inake alAvA mArksa kA atirikta mUlya kA siddhAnta mahaja kAyika zrama ko mUlyAMkita karatA hai aura bauddhika zrama va prabandhakIya kauzala kI upekSA karatA hai| pUMjIvAda aura sAmyavAda donoM vyavasthAoM meM saMsAra meM saMgharSa bar3hA aura azAnti ghttii| mAnava ke samagra kalyANa kI dizA meM koI Thosa kArya nahIM huaa| jo arthazAstra saMsAra meM vikasita huA, vaha icchA, AvazyakatA aura mAMga para AdhArita rhaa| icchA kA kSetra sabase vyApaka, AvazyakatA kA usase choTA aura mAMga kA kSetra usase bhI sImita hai| AcArya mahAprajJa Agamika arthazAstra ke sandarbha meM Adhunika arthazAstra meM suvidhA, vAsanA (Asakti yA mUrchA), vilAsitA aura pratiSThA ko aura jor3a dete haiN| kyoM ki ye tatva mAnava kI icchA, AvazyakatA aura mAMga ko atyadhika prabhAvita karate haiN| vikAsa kI avadhAraNA bhI inhIM tatvoM ke irda-girda ghUmatI rhii| isalie 'adhika utpAdana aura adhika upabhoga' jaisI avadhAraNAe~ bala pakar3ane lgii| paryAvaraNa kI kSati . DaoN. prema sumana ne sabhya mAnava ke ATha mahApApa batAye haiM - AvazyakatA se adhika janasaMkhyA meM vRddhi, prakRti ke sabhI kSetroM meM pradUSaNa kA vistAra, jIvana ke hara kSetra meM ati-pratiyogitA, atibhoga ke prati tIvra lAlasA, jIvana kI kozikAoM kA hAsa, paramparA se prApta saMskRti kI avahelanA, ekAntavAda evaM durAgraha kA pracAra aura aNuzastroM kA andhA nirmANa / tRSNA aura krUratA ina pApoM ke mUla karaNa haiN| adhikAdhika utpAdana meM paryAvaraNa kI cintA kisI ne nahIM kii| jaba sthiti bada se badatara hone lagI to 20vIM zatAbdI ke sattara ke dazaka meM vizva kA dhyAna isa ora gyaa| saMyukta rASTra saMgha ke tatvAvadhAna meM jUna 1972 meM sTaoNkahoma (svIDana) meM sTaoNkahoma paryAvaraNa aura vikAsa sammelana huaa| taba taka mAnava kI lAlasAe~ bahuta bar3ha cukI thii| prakRti aura saMskRti ke kSaraNa ko bhArI kImata para jo vikAsa kiyA jA rahA thA, usa para ekAeka aMkuza lagAne meM rAjanItika prayAsa adhika kAragara nahIM hue| 3 aura 4 disambara, 1984 kI rAtri ko (337)

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huI bhopAla gaisa durghaTanA meM 4000 se adhika loga AdhikArika taura para mAre gaye aura lAkhoM loga rogagrasta ho gye| duniyA kA dhyAna phira isa andhAdhundha vikAsa kI ora gyaa| bhArata meM bhI paryAvaraNa (saMrakSaNa) adhiniyama-1986 banA / saMsAra ke hara kSetra meM paryAvaraNa para dhyAna diyA jAne lgaa| parantu mAnava apanI bhogavAdI vRtti aura kaI prakAra ke durAgrahoM ke kAraNa ahiMsA aura saMyama kI nirApada-utkRSTa jIvana zailI ko samyaka rUpa se apanAne meM parezAnI anubhava karatA hai| usakI yaha parezAnI, saMsAra kI kaI parezAniyoM kA kAraNa banI huI hai| bha. mahAvIra aura mahAtmA gAMdhI mAhAtmA gAMdhI apanI AtmakathA meM likhate haiM ki unake parivAra kA jaina dharma se dIrgha sambandha rahA thaa| jaina muniyoM kA unake parivAra meM bahuta sammAna thaa| jaina muni zrI becara svAmI unake parivAra ke salAhakAra the| vidyArthI jIvana meM videza jAne se pUrva unhoMne becara svAmI se hI madyapAna, mAMsAhAra aura anAcAra sevana ke niSedha kI pratijJAe~ kI thI, jinakI badaulata gAMdhIjI jIvana meM aneka samasyAoM se bce| zrImad rAjacandra to unake lie guru-tulya hI the| gAMdhIjI ne kahA ki yUropa ke tatvajJAniyoM meM maiM TaoNlsaTaoNya ko pahalI zreNI aura raskina ko dUsarI zreNI kA vidvAna samajhatA hU~; para zrImad rAjacandra bhAI kA anubhava inase bhI bar3hA-car3hA thaa| mere jIvana para mukhyataH zrImad rAjacandra kI chApa par3I hai| TaoNlsaTaoNya aura raskina kI apekSA bhI zrImad rAjacandra ne mujha para gaharA prabhAva DAlA hai| zrImad rAjacandra se prApta jaina dharma aura darzana sambandhI aneka pustakoM kA adhyayana gAMdhIjI ne kiyaa| donoM ke bIca patra-saMvAda bhI bahuta hotA thaa|' dakSiNa aphrIkA pravAsa ke daurAna bhI gAMdhIjI ne zrImad rAjacandra se pustakeM ma~gavAI thii| unhoMne jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa, haribhadrasUri, hemacandrAcArya, amRtacandrasUri prabhRti AcAryoM ke vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, puruSArthasiddhyupAya Adi grantha par3he the, aisA aneka sandarbho se spaSTa hotA hai| zrImad rAjacandra ne unheM anya jaina granthoM ke alAvA uttarAdhyayanasUtra bhI diyA thaa| uttarAdhyayana meM jAtivAda kA tarkasaMgata DhaMga se prativAda kiyA gayA hai| usameM cANDAla kulotpanna muni harikezabala ke tapomaya jIvana kI mahimA gAI gaI hai| yaha bahuta sambhava hai ki gAMdhIjI ne muni harikezabala ke nAma aura vyaktitva se prabhAvita aura prerita hokara "harijana' zabda prayoga kiyaa| mahAtmA (338)

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brahmacarya gAMdhI ke cumbakIya ahiMsaka vyaktitva ke nirmANa meM jaina dharma darzana kI sarvAdhika prabhAvI bhUmikA thii| unakI AtmakathA meM AhAra meM dravya-maryAdA, rAtri-bhojana niSedha aura brahmacarya kA saMkalpa jaise aneka uttama niyama haiM, jo jainAcAra ke mukhya aMga haiN| aNuvrata aura gAMdhIjI mahAtmA gAMdhI ke gyAraha niyama, jinakA Arthika-sAmAjika prabhAva bhI kama nahIM hai, aura Agama kI vrata vyavasthA meM kAphI sAmya hai| jise nimna prakAra se darzAyA jA sakatA hai - Agamika vrata-vyavasthA gAMdhIjI ke niyama ahiMsA vrata ahiMsA vrata satya vrata satya vrata acaurya vrata acaurya vrata brahmacarya aparigraha aparigraha dizA parimANa (zarIra zrama) upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa asvAda anarthadaNDa bhaya-varjana sAmAyika sarvadharma samabhAva dezAvakAzika (sparza-bhAvanA) pauSadha vrata (svadezI) atithi saMvibhAga (anya vratoM meM isakA samAveza) . bhAratIya svAtantrya saMgrAma meM ahiMsA aura satya kA prayoga pare saMsAra ke itihAsa meM prasiddha ho gyaa| gAMdhIjI ke bAda kI duniyA kI aneka lokatAntrika, Arthika aura sAmAjika lar3AiyoM meM ahiMsA kA prayoga gAMdhIjI kI dena hai| svAtantrya prApti meM niSkAma karmaThatA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| yaha niSkAma karmaThatA gAMdhIjI ko jaina dharma se milii| unake sabhI vrata samAja kI Arthika vyavasthA se jur3e haiN| unakI khAdI meM ahiMsA, rAjakAja aura arthazAstra tInoM kA (339)

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samAveza ho jAtA hai| aparigraha vrata ko unhoMne vizeSa taura para 'TrasTIzipa ke siddhAnta' (nyAsa siddhAnta) ke rUpa meM nirUpita kiyaa| aparigraha aura TrasTIzipa svAmitva ke sambandha eka prakAra kI adhikAritA arthAt adhikAra kA dAvA yA hakadArI ke sambandha hote haiN| nijI svAmitva vAlI bAjAra vyavasthA meM anya bAtoM ke alAvA cAra adhikAritAe~ sahaja svIkArya hotI haiM - vyApAra AdhArita, utpAdana AdhArita, zrama AdhArita aura uttarAdhikAra yA hastAntaraNa AdhArita adhikAritAe~ (Entitlement) / inake alAvA vinimaya adhikAritA kI eka alaga sattA hai| bAjAra meM vastu upalabdha hote hue bhI kraya-zakti kucha vyaktiyoM ke pAsa kendrita rahatI hai| jinake pAsa vinimaya adhikAritA athavA kraya zakti hotI hai, ve saMsAdhanoM kA bharapUra upayoga to karate hI hai, apavyaya aura durupayoga bhI karate haiN| isake viparIta jinake pAsa kraya-zakti kA abhAva hotA hai, ve paryApta saMsAdhanoM ke hote hue Avazyaka aura mUlabhUta vastuoM se bhI mohatAja ho jAte haiN| isa taraha samAja meM sApekSa rUpa se abhAva aura samasyAe~ banI rahatI haiN| aparigraha unakA samAdhAna karatA hai| aparigraha kA sambandha saMgraha para niyantraNa se hai| usa niyantraNa ke aneka upAya hai| jisameM svatva aura svAmitva ke sImAMkana aura visarjana kI bAta hai| TrasTIzipa ke anusAra paramparA aura paristhiti se prApta dhana, sAdhana meM bhI Asakti nahIM rakhanI cAhiye / prApta sampatti aura sAdhanoM para svAmitva kI bhAvanA se mukta ho kara vyakti apane Apa ko nyAsI maane| apane Apako dhana-sampatti kA nyAsI mAnane vAlA mUrchA aura Asakti se AsAnI se mukta ho jAyegA aura jarUrata ke mutAbika visarjana aura sama-vitaraNa karatA rhegaa| TrasTIzipa ke do pahalU haiN|4 - saMkramaNa kAla kA phluu| jisameM saMgraha ke visarjana kI dRr3ha bhAvanA aura niSThA hai| dUsarA pahalU hai - kevala dhanika hI nyAsI nahIM hai, zramika aura alpa-saMgraha vAlA bhI nyAsI hai| gAMdhIjI mArmika bAta kahate haiM - mehanata se kamAI roTI para bhI vyakti kA nahIM, bhUkha kA adhikAra hai| spaSTa hai ki gAMdhIjI kA TrasTIzipa kA siddhAnta aparigraha, asaMgraha, acaurya, anAsakti aura saMvibhAga kA hI rUpa hai| (340)

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sarvodraya sarvodaya kA artha hai - sabakA udy| jisase/jisameM sabakA hita/kalyANa ho - manuSya kA bhI aura manuSyettara prANiyoM kA bhI, vaha sarvodaya hai| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI ahiMsA sarvodaya kI jananI hai| bApU ne kahA - jaba kabhI ahiMsA kI pratiSThA hogI to avazya ahiMsA ke mahAna pravartaka bhagavAn mahAvIra kI yAda sabase adhika hogI aura unakI batAI ahiMsA kA sabase adhika Adara hogaa| sarvodaya kA sarvaprathama prayoga jaina sAhitya huA hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne bhagavAna mahAvIra kI stuti 'yuktyanuzAsana' meM isakA prayoga kiyA - sarvAntavattad guNa mukhyakalpaM sarvAntazUnyaM ca mitho'npekssm| sarvApadAmantakaraM nirantaM sarvodayaM tIrtha midaM tvaiv|| mahAtmA gAMdhI ne raskina kI 'anTU di lAsTa' pustaka kA anuvAda kiyA aura usakA nAma 'sarvodaya' rkhaa| sarvodaya ke bAre meM AtmakathA meM unhoMne tIna bindu diye" - 1. sabakI bhalAI meM apanI bhalAI hai| 2. vakIla aura nAI donoM ke kAma kI kImata eka honI cAhiye, kyoM ki AjIvikA kA adhikAra sabako samAna hai| 3. sAdA mehanata majadUrI kA, kisAna kA jIvana saccA jIvana hai| ahiMsA sarvodaya kA mukhya AdhAra hai| gAMdhIjI ke Arthika-sAmAjika vicAroM para bhagavAna mahAvIra ke siddhAntoM kA bahuta prabhAva hai| Aja pUrI duniyA meM unake vicAroM kI kadra hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra, mahAtmA gAMdhI, mArksa aura kenija ke vyaktitva ko AcArya mahAprajJa nimna rUpa meM darzAte haiM18 - bhagavAna mahAvIra ahiMsaka krAnti ke purodhA hai, (jisameM aparigraha aura anekAnta kA samAveza hai), gAMdhIjI ahiMsA samanvita sarvodayI Arthika vyavasthA ke purodhA hai, mArksa sAmyavAdI Arthika krAnti ke purodhA hai aura kenija pUMjIvAdI Arthika krAnti ke purodhA hai| kalyANakArI arthazAstra aisA nahIM hai ki arthazAstriyoM ne mAnava ke vibhinna prakAra kI gaira.. Arthika santuSTiyoM aura hitoM para dhyAna nahIM diyA ho| vastutaH artha to sAdhana mAtra .. hai, jo sAdhya hai, vaha artha nahIM hai; parantu artha meM mApanIya hai| isalie mArzala kA yaha (341)

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kahanA ThIka hai ki arthazAstra eka ora dhana kA adhyayana hai, dUsarI ora, jo adhika mahatvapUrNa hai, vaha manuSya ke adhyayana kA eka bhAga hai| arthazAstrI e.sI.pIgU ke anusAra Arthika kalyANa sAmAjika kalyANa kA vaha bhAga hai, jise mudrA ke mApadaNDa se pratyakSataH athavA apratyakSataH mApA jA sakatA hai| kalyANakArI arthazAstra kA kArya Adarza arthavyavasthA kI sthApanA karanA hai| isa sthApanA meM saiddhAntika athavA vAstavika arthazAstra ke niyamoM aura vizleSaNa-upakaraNoM (Anlytical Tools) ko kAma meM liyA jAtA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki kalyANakArI arthazAstra pUMjIvAda aura samAjavAda ke bIca pula bananA yA banAnA cAhatA hai| parantu vaha vaisA kara nahIM pAtA hai| isalie robinsa aura pareTo jaise arthazAstriyoM dvArA 'Adarza arthavyavasthA' kI sthApanA meM nItizAstra ke hastakSepa ko jarUrI nahIM mAnanA Azcaryajanaka nahIM lagatA hai| nItizAstra ko Avazyaka mAnane vAle arthazAstrI kalyANakArI arthazAstra kA 'punarnimANa' karate hue do siddhAnta pratipAdita karate haiM1. kSatipUrti kA siddhAnta : isa siddhAnta ke anusAra koI Arthika parivartana kisI ko hAni pahu~cAye binA kucha logoM kI sthiti zreSTha banA detA hai to isa parivartana ko sudhAra mAna lenA caahiye| AlocakoM ke anusAra yaha siddhAnta vitaraNAtmaka pahalU kI upekSA karatA hai| 2. samAja kalyANa kriyA : isa niyama ke anusAra mUlya-nirNayoM (naitika mApadaNDoM) ko arthazAstra se bAhara nikAla diyA jAya to arthazAstra kA mUla uddezya hI parAjita ho jaayegaa| isameM utpAdana aura vinimaya ke sAtha-sAtha vitaraNa para bhI dhyAna diyA jAtA hai| lokatantrIya matadAna praNAlI se samAja kalyANa kriyA kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA hai| sImita sAdhanoM aura saMsAdhanoM meM sabakI santuSTi sunizcita karane ke lie katipaya arthazAstriyoM ne AvazyakatAoM meM kamI karane ke vicAra ko bhI arthazAstra meM sthAna dene kA Agraha kiyaa| pro. je.ke. mehatA ke anusAra arthazAstra vaha vijJAna hai jo mAnavIya AcaraNa kA eka icchA-rahita avasthA meM pahu~cane ke eka sAdhana ke rUpa meM adhyayana karatA hai| arthazAstriyoM meM kalyANakArI arthazAstra ke svarUpa ko lekara vibhinna mata haiN| ye mata vibhinna paristhitiyoM aura pUrvAgrahoM kI vajaha se haiN| anekAnta usakA saTIka samAdhAna karatA hai| isIlie arthazAstra ke niyamoM aura vizleSaNaupakaraNoM ko lAgU karane meM sApekSatA kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| (342)

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bAjAravAda __bIsavIM zatAbdI meM 'gAMdhIjI kI Arthika-vyavasthA' ko chor3akara kisI bhI arthavyavasthA meM prakRti aura saMskRti kA na to samucita jikra hai aura na hI koI phikra hai| phalasvarUpa vyavasthA aura arthavyavasthA 'mukta' rUpa se Age bar3hatI hai| catura aura cAlAka vyakti arthavyavasthA kI isa muktAvasthA ko apane lAbhakArI pravAha kI ora mor3ane meM saphala hote haiN| isa khulI vyavasthA meM gAMdhIvAda to kahIM kho jAtA hai parantu arthavyavasthA ko pravAhita karane vAlI mudrA para gAMdhI aMkita rahate haiN| usa mudrA para upaniSad kA amara vAkya 'satyameva jayate' aura ahiMsA ke pracAraka samrATa azoka kA dharmacakra bhI aMkita rahatA hai| saca! bAjAravAdI hara cIz2a kA bAjArIkaraNa karane meM kuzala hote haiN| ve una amUrta cIjoM kA bhI vyAvasAyIkaraNa kara dete haiM, jina para sArI mUrta sattA TikI huI hai| yahIM bAjAravAda kI tAkata aura umra bar3ha jAtI hai| vaha pUMjIvAda aura upabhoktAvAda kI rAha calate jarUrata par3ane para samAjavAda athavA isa jaise anya vAda/vAdoM kI lAThI/lAThiyA~ bhI thAma letA hai| use bhUmaNDalIkaraNa, udArIkRta arthavyavasthA, DhA~cAgata samAyojana aura vaizvika grAma jaise naye-naye nAma bhI detA hai| parantu usakI mUla prakRti aura saMskRti meM prakRti aura saMskRti kI rattI bhara cintA nahIM hai| mAnava usake lie eka saMsAdhana hai aura pazu-pakSI jaise koI bejAna vastu ho| saMvedanA nahIM hai, isalie vedanA hI vedanA hai| . upabhoktAvAda upabhogavAda yA upabhoktAvAda bAjAravAda kA sazakta AdhAra hai| isameM una tamAma cIjoM ko mAnava jIvana ke lie Avazyaka cIjoM ke rUpa meM sthApita kara diyA jAtA hai, jinakI kataI jarUrata nahIM hotI hai| vyApaka garIbI ke bIca upabhoktAvAda gaira-jarUrI aura kharcIlI cIjoM kI bhUkha jagAtA hai| yaha saba karane ke lie. vaha aise AkarSaka, lubhAvane, tar3akIle, bhar3akIle aura hairAniyata bhare vijJApanoM kA sahArA letA hai, jo sacAI se kosoM dUra hote haiN| ye vijJApana baccoM aura mahilAoM ke bAla-sulabha aura nArI-sulabha sadguNoM kA haraNa va hanana kara rahe haiN| ina vijJApanoM kA bhArI bharakama kharca bhI antataH upabhoktA para hI par3atA hai| jisa samAja meM adhisaMkhya logoM ko zuddha peyajala nasIba nahIM hotA ho, usameM saMsAdhita peya (sophTa-DriMksa) jaisI nitAnta anAvazyaka cIjoM kI pyAsa jagAnA sarAsara anyAya hai| (343)

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anAvazyaka vastue~ jaba Avazyaka banane lagatI hai to manuSya kI AvazyakatAe~ bhI asIma ho jAtI hai| ina asIma AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie mAnava ucita-anucita, naitika-anaitika kisI bhI prakAra kA mAdhyama apanAne meM saMkoca nahIM karatA hai| samAja meM vicitra kisma ke aparAdha panapate haiN| upabhoktAvAda ke sahAyaka ke rUpa meM baiMkiMga vyavasAya bhI kreDiTa kArDa aura taraha-taraha kI RNa suvidhAeM muhaiyA karAtA hai| isa prakAra ke anubandhoM meM nimna-madhyavargIya AdamI kA jIvana bandI yA bandhaka jaisA banakara raha jAtA hai| vaha apane hI bhoga aura parigraha meM usI prakAra ulajhatA hai, jaise svayaM ke dvArA nirmita jAle meM makar3I pha~satI hai| aise meM mAnava sahaja svAbhAvika jIvana se dUra kRtrima jIvana kI ora yAni antahIna aura aparicita parezAniyoM kI ora bar3hatA hai| upabhoktAvAda kI apasaMskRti se hamAre pAramparika, pArivArika aura sAmAjika mUlyoM kA hAsa huA hai| manoraMjana ke sAdhanoM meM jo sAmUhika Ananda thA, usakA sthAna ekAkI sukha ne le liyaa| bAjAra kI bhIr3a meM vyakti akelA hai| TelIvijana ke sAmane parivAra aura sambandhiyoM ke bIca bhI vaha akelA hai| deza-duniyA kI use khabara hai, parantu apanoM aura apane par3ausiyoM se vaha bekhabara hai| nArI kA cIra-haraNa ___ jo nArI hamArI mA~, bahina, beTI, bhAryA Adi rUpoM meM zraddhA, sammAna aura sneha kI pratimUrti huA karatI thI, vaha aba vijJApana aura vyavasAya kI vastu hai, maoNDala hai| umra aura adAoM ke mutAbika usake saundarya aura yauvana kI vibhinna bAjAroM meM alaga-alaga kImata hai| dukhada Azcarya to yaha hai ki nArI bhI apane vastu hone ke dhuA~dhAra pracAra meM apanA vyaktitva kho baitthii| strI-puruSa samAnatA kI bAta karane vAloM kA bhI na jAne kyoM strI aura puruSa ke nirmAnavIkaraNa kI ora dhyAna nahIM jA rahA hai| Akhira, manuSya manuSya hai; koI mazIna yA roboTa to nhiiN| mIDiyA bhI apane lAbha ke lie bAjAravAda kI taraphadArI karatA hai| vaha unhIM khabaroM ko tavajjo detA hai jo bikAU ho| cAhe unakA asara samAja ke caritra para kaisA bhI pdd'e| mIDiyA kI khabaroM meM garIbI, bekArI, bhukhamarI, pichar3Apana aura viSamatA jaisI samasyAoM tathA ahiMsA, mAnavatA, dayA, tyAga aura sahayoga jaise jIvana-mUlyoM kA abhAva haiN| jabaki seksa, hiMsA, hatyA, AtaMka, romAMsa, aizvarya aura bhoga-vilAsa jaisI cIjoM kI bharamAra haiN| (344)

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bAjAra ke AdhAra bAjAronmukha arthatantra cha: AdhAroM para TikA huA hai1 - 1. eka jaisA mAla (sTaiNDarDAiz2ezana), 2. manuSya kA ekAMgI vikAsa (speziyalAiz2ezana), 3. pracaNDa vyavasthA tantra (siMkronAiz2ezana), 4. kendrIkRta vikAsa (kaMseMTrezana), 5. adhikatama kamAI kA dhyeya (mekjhimAiz2ezana) aura 6. Arthika-rAjanItika sattAoM kA kendrIkaraNa (sennttrlaaij'eshn)| ina AdhAroM ke tIna pramukha sUtra haiM22- 1. adhika utpAdana 2. adhika upabhoga aura 3. adhika munaaphaa| isase Age yA pIche use kisI se koI matalaba nhiiN| usake lie tIna taraha ke loga mahatvapUrNa haiM - utpAdaka, vyApArI aura upbhoktaa| yadi Apa ina tInoM meM se koI nahIM haiM to bAjAra kI najaroM meM ApakA koI mUlya nahIM hai| jaise bAjAra vyakti ko upabhoktA ke rUpa meM dekhanA cAhatA hai, usI prakAra rAjanetA use matadAtA ke rUpa meM dekhanA cAhatA hai| jaba se arthavyavasthA para bAjAravAda hAvI huA hai, taba se rAjanIti bhI vyavasAya meM badala gaI pratIta hotI hai| dharma aura dhArmika-pAramArthika saMgaThanoM para bhI isakA prabhAva par3A hai| bhUmaNDalIkaraNa bAjAravAda kA vaizvIkaraNa athavA bhUmaNDalIkaraNa hotA hai| yAni yaha dezoM kI sImAe~ pAra karake antarrASTrIya rUpa grahaNa karatA hai| isa daurAna bahurASTrIya kampaniyA~ apane vyAvasAyika zoSaNa kA jAla bichAtI hai| tIsarI duniyA ke dezoM yAni avikasita, alpa-vikasita aura vikAsazIla dezoM para isakA kaI rUpoM phailAva hotA hai| prekSakoM kA kahanA hai ki ye kampaniyA~ sthAnIya, kSetrIya aura svadezI vyApAra ke hitoM ko suniyojita DhaMga se nukasAna pahu~cAtI hai| kevala vyApAra hI nahIM, sthAnIya sAMskRtika svarUpa ko bhI ye vyAvasAyika upakrama * tahasa-nahasa kara dete haiN| mAnava ke cirakAlIna anubhavoM meM pake-parakhe TikAU jIvana-mUlyoM kI avahelanA kA eka udAharaNa paryApta hai ki navajAta zizu ke bharapUra poSaNa ke lie prakRti pradatta mA~ ke stanapAna kI svastha naisargika paramparA ke sthAna para bahurASTrIya kampaniyA~ 'bebI phUDa' ko le AtI haiN| upaniveza kAla meM jo kAma pulisa-phauja ke hathiyAra karate the, uttara-upaniveza kAla meM vahI kAma vizva ... baiMka, mudrA koSa aura bahurASTrIya kampaniyoM dvArA kiyA jA rahA hai| ina kampaniyoM ne - tIsarI duniyA ke dezoM kI Arthika svAyattatA ko naSTa karake vyApaka paimAne para raNa (345)

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berojagArI, gaira-barAbarI, aura upabhoktAvAdI apasaMskRti phailAI hai| aba to vikasita dezoM meM inake kAraNa sAmAjika tanAva bar3hatA jA rahA hai| ye kampaniyA~ rojamarrA ke . jIvana meM kAma Ane vAlI cIjoM se lekara yuddha ke saMhAraka astra-zastra taka banAtI hai| bhUmaNDalIkaraNa tyAga-tapasyA kI mahAna pAvana saMskRti kA nahI, bhogaupabhoga kI apasaMskRti kA ho rahA hai, jo dharatI ke paryAvaraNa aura mAnava jAti ke bhaviSya ke lie zubha saMketa nahIM hai| bhaya aura hiMsA kA arthatantra bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA parigraha hiMsA kA mUla hai| saMsAra meM hone vAle yuddhoM ke lie yaha bAta pUrI taraha lAgU hotI hai| yuddha kabhI rAjanItika kAraNoM nahIM, balki Arthika kAraNoM se lar3e jAte haiN| prathama vizva yuddha ke bAda yaha bAta adhika spaSTa ho jAtI hai| jaba ina kampaniyoM ke Arthika hita Apasa meM TakarAte haiM. to usakA pariNAma pUrI mAnava jAti ko jhelanA par3atA hai| dvitIya vizva yuddha kI samApti ke bAda amerikA kI 23 bar3I kampaniyoM ne nAbhikIya hathiyAra banAnA zuru kara diyaa| hathiyAroM ke utpAdana aura vyApAra se ina kampaniyoM ko anApa-zanApa munAphA huaa| sAtha hI vizva meM viyatanAma, koriyA, irAna-irAka Adi yuddhoM ke alAvA AtaMkavAda tejI se phailaa| vartamAna meM duniyA ke 195 dezoM meM se kama se kama 8 deza paramANu zakti sampanna haiN| paramANu AyudhoM kA jAkhIrA amerikA ne aba taka 28 bAra duniyA ke vikAsazIla dezoM ko apane Arthika va rAjanaitika nirNaya manavAne ke lie paramANu-zastra prayoga kI dhamakI dI hai aura 90 bAra paramANu aprasAra sandhi (ena.TI.pI.) kA ullaMghana kiyA hai| akele amerikA ke pAsa 7000 sAmarika paramANu hathiyAra aura 1200 kUTanItika paramANu hathiyAra haiN| inake alAvA 2700 hathiyAra niSkriya zastrAgAra meM par3e haiN| rUsa ke pAsa bhI sakriya rUpa se tainAta 8400 paramANu hathiyAra haiM tathA 10000 anya paramANu hathiyAra surakSita par3e haiN| yUropa ke nATo sadasya dezoM ke pAsa 200 gupta paramANu hathiyAra haiN| jo ena.TI.pI. kA ullaMghana hai| anya dezoM ke pAsa bhI paryApta paramANu hathiyAra haiN| utpAdana, vyApAra aura prayoga ke alAvA ina hathiyAroM kI taskarI kA eka alaga arthatantra hai| kucha deza paramANu zakti ke bala para duniyA kI Arthika zaktiyoM kA eka dhruvIkaraNa karanA cAhate haiN| hiMsA aura bhaya ke bala para dhanI dezoM kA sAmUhika (346)

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pUMjIvAda saMsAra meM bar3ha rahA hai| ye dhanI deza duniyA ke nirdhana dezoM ko lokatantra, mAnavAdhikAra, roga-mukti aura vikAsa ke nAma para Arthika madada bhI dete haiN| parantu vaha U~Ta ke mu~ha meM jIrA vAlI sthiti hI hai| udAharaNa ke taura para vartamAna meM amerikA karIba 450 biliyana DaoNlara apane sainya-prabandhana aura hathiyAroM para kharca karatA hai; jabaki 15 biliyana DaoNlara se bhI kama vaha garIba dezoM ke 'vikAsa', paryAvaraNa Adi para kharca karatA hai, jo usake kula sainya kharca kA 3.33 pratizata se bhI kama hotA hai| yahA~ eka bAta gauratalaba hai ki amIra vargoM va dezoM dvArA nirdhanoM kI cintA bhI sambhavataH isalie kI jAtI hai ki kahIM vaha garIbI koI bhayAnaka aniyantrita rUpa dhAraNa karake unake vaibhava-vilAsa ko nukasAna nahIM pahu~cA de| yahI bAta paryAvaraNa aura anya samasyAoM ke sambandha meM samajhanI caahiye| yaha dRSTikoNa svArthaparaka hone se ahiMsA, samatA, saha-astitva aura sRSTi kI ekAtmatA jaise niyamoM ke anukUla nahIM ho pAtA hai aura duniyA vAMchita pariNAmoM se vaMcita raha jAtI hai| ___ paramANu astroM kI vikiraNoM se svAsthya aura paryAvaraNa kA bhArI nukasAna hotA hai| choTe-se graha dharatI para koI do-cAra deza, kucha samudAya yA kucha vyakti hI rahe, yaha vicAra mUlataH sahI nahIM hai aura vaisA sambhava bhI nahIM hai| saha-astittva ke bagaira duniyA ko bacAnA nAmumakina hai| duniyA paramANu astroM se yA unake bhaya se nahIM, apitu zuddha paryAvaraNa, samatA, abhaya aura ahiMsA kI dizA meM kiye jAne vAle ImAnadAra prayAsoM se bacAI jA skegii| paramANu aprasAra sandhi jaise vaizvika niyama ahiMsA kI mahattA ko ujAgara karate haiN| vizva rAjanIti meM bhArata kI ora se paMcazIla kI udghoSaNA meM bhI ahiMsA ke svara haiN| jUna 1954 meM nimna paMcazIloM kI ghoSaNA kI gaI27 - 1. eka dUsare rASTra kI prAdezika akhaNDatA aura sArvabhaumikatA kA smmaan| 2. pArasparika anaakrmnn| 3. eka dUsare rASTra ke Antarika mAmaloM meM hastakSepa nahIM krnaa| 4. eka dUsare kI samAnatA ko mAnyatA denA aura paraspara lAbha phuNcaanaa| 5. zAntipUrNa saha-astitva kI nIti ko apnaanaa| ina paMcazIloM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra aura bhagavAna baddha ke upadezoM kA prabhAva daSaSTagocara hotA hai| AvazyakatA hai niyamoM ke niSThApUrvaka anupAlana kii| duniyA kI bhalAI (347)

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ke lie paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa, nirdhanatA se mukti, Arogya, zikSA Adi para samucita dhana kA niyojana honA caahiye| hiMsAkArI zastrAstroM ke vyApAra para niyantraNa ke lie arthazAstriyoM ko bhI vicAra karanA caahiye| bhagavAna mahAvIra hathiyAroM ke. pratyakSa-apratyakSa sabhI vyApAroM kA spaSTa niSedha karate haiN| unhoMne vizva ko anAkramaNa aura ni:zastrIkaraNa kA sandeza diyaa| upAsaka varuNa aura mahArAjA ceTaka ne unase anAkramaNa ke saMkalpa kiye the niHzastrIkaraNa ke unhoMne tIna sUtra diye - zastroM kA avyApAra, zastroM kA avitaraNa aura zastroM kA alpIkaraNa 29 ye sUtra vizva kI zAnti aura samRddhi ke sUtra haiN| (348)

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sandarbha 1. guptA, ema.ela aura zarmA DI.DI. (DaoN.) 'sAmAjika vicAraka' pR:-141 evaM dekheM - pragati prakAzana-mAsko dvArA prakAzita 'mArksavAdI leninavAdI siddhAnta ke mUla tatva' 2. rUpacandra, muni 'aparigraha ke sambandha meM mArksa aura mahAvIra' 'jinavANI' jUna, julAI, agasta, 1986 aparigraha vizeSAMka pR.-298 guptA, ema.ela aura zarmA DI.DI. (DaoN.) 'sAmAjika vicAraka' pR.-116 4. rUpacandra, muni 'aparigraha ke sambandha meM mArksa aura mahAvIra' 'jinavANI' jUna-agasta, 1986 aparigraha vizeSAMka pR.-299-300 5. 'mArksavAdI leninavAdI siddhAnta ke mUla tatva' pR.-225, 227 6. mahAprajJa, AcArya, mahAvIra kA arthazAstra, pR.-18 7. jaina, prema sumana (DaoN.) paryAvaraNa aura dharma, pR.-15 gAMdhI, mohanadAsa karmacanda, satya ke prayoga pR.-32 govardhanadAsa (brahmacArI), 'mahAtmA gAMdhI evaM kavi rAjacandrajI praznottara' pustaka kI bhUmikA meM mahAtmA gAMdhI ke vicaar| dekheM - AtmakathA kA 'rAyacandabhAI' adhyaay| dekheM haMsarAja jaina kI 'zrImad rAjacandra' pustaka pR.-431-439 - 10. nagarAja, muni (DaoN.), ahiMsA paryavekSaNa, pR.-112-113 11. jaina, sAgaramala (DaoN.) - jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana - pR.-309 .. 12. bhagavAna mahAvIra Adhunika sandarbha meM - DaoN. narendra bhAnAvata sampAdita pR. 58-591 13. sena, amartya, garIbI aura akAla, paSTha-16 .. 14. dharmAdhikArI, dAdA 'TrasTIzipa ke do pahalU' 'jinavANI' jUna, julAI, agasta, . 1986 aparigraha vizeSAMka pR.-232 (349)

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15. jaina, bhAgacanda (DaoN.) kA lekha 'mahAvIra : bApU ke mUla preraNA srota' bhagavAna mahAvIra Adhunika sandarbha meM' pustaka ke pR. 57 se uddhRt|. 16. vahI, pa.-59 tathA tathA dekheM 'gAMdhI : vyaktitva, vicAra aura prabhAva'- kAkA kAlelakara pR.-469 17. gAMdhI, mohanadAsa karamacanda, satya ke prayoga athavA AtmakathA, cauthe bhAga kA 18vA~ adhyAya, pR.-260 18. mahAprajJa, AcArya, mahAvIra kA arthazAstra pR.-81 .. 19. pIgU, e. sI. 'di ikonomiksa oNpha velapheara' 1932, pR.-10 20. seTha, ema.ela. 'arthazAstra ke siddhAnta' pR.-630 . 21. jozI, nandinI ke vicAra DaoN nemI canda kI pustaka 'ahiMsA kA arthazAstra' pR.-31| 22. paNDita, sureza kA lekha 'khatare lekhakIya pratibaddhatA ko tAkata dete haiM' 'mahAvIra samatA sandeza' (navambara 2002) pR.-26 23. zarmA, banavArI lAla (DaoN.) (nidezaka - gAMdhI vicAra evaM adhyayana saMsthAna, ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya) 'bahurASTrIya kampaniyoM kA makar3ajAla' pustaka kI prstaavnaa| 24. 'saMganimittaM mArai' - bhAva pAhuDa 132 25. vyAsa, veda kA lekha 'asurakSita duniyA ke vikalpa', 'mahAvIra samatA sandeza' (disambara 2004) pR.-20 26. sacsa, jepharI DI, kA lekha 'e nyU iyarsa rijolyUzana' prakAzita - di ikonomika TAimsa 3 janavarI, 2005 paSTha-10 27. zAstrI, gaNeza muni, Adhunika vijJAna aura ahiMsA pR.-120 28. bhagavaI,7/194-202 29. muni nathamala (AcArya mahAprajJa), zramaNa mahAvIra, pR.-164 (350)

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pariccheda pA~ca tulanAtmaka vicAra sAdhana-sAdhya kI zucitA ___Agama kA arthatantra ahiMsA kA arthatantra hai| vaha saMyama se anuprANita aura anekAnta se anuveSTita hai| aparigraha usakI AdhArazilA hai| vaha itanA mAnavIya hai ki mAnava to kyA, mAnavettara prANiyoM ke prati bhI usakI pUrI saMvedanA hai| samAjazAstra kI bhA~ti arthazAstra kI mukhya ikAI vyakti hai, jise Adhunika arthazAstra meM upabhoktA nAma diyA gayA hai| Agamika arthazAstra kA sabase bar3A tathya vyakti kA pariSkAra aura sAdhana-zuddhi hai| vyakti ke antargata utpAdaka, vyApArI aura upabhoktA tInoM A jAte haiN| utpAdaka aura vyApArI bhI upabhoktA hote haiN| parantu utpAdaka aura vyApArI athavA vitaraka ke rUpa meM unakI prAmANika bhUmikA kI apekSA rahatI hai| isalie vyakti zuddhi ke sAtha sAdhana-zuddhi svataH jur3I huI hai| utpAdana ke sambandha meM bha. mahAvIra ke tIna sUtra mahatvapUrNa haiM' - . 1. ahiMsappayANe : hiMsaka zastroM kA nirmANa nahIM karanA, 2. asaMjuttAhikaraNe : hathiyAroM kA saMyojana nahIM karanA, aura 3. apAvakammovadese : pApakarma kI, hiMsA kI zikSA nahIM denaa| hathiyAra bhaya aura hiMsA ke arthatantra kA yAra hotA hai| vizva meM prati miniTa 8 karor3a 40 lAkha rupaye hathiyAroM ke utpAdana para yAni hiMsA para kharca kiye jA rahe haiN| hiMsA para ho rahe kharca ko vikAsa ke sandarbho meM dekheM to cauMkAne vAle tathya hamAre sAmane hoMge - * vizva ke sabhI deza eka dina meM apanI phaujoM para jitanA kharca karate haiM, utane ke upayoga se dharatI ko pUrI taraha maleriyA-mukta kiyA jA sakatA hai| * yadi eka TeMka na banAyA jAya to usase hone vAlI bacata se 8 dina taka eka . lAkha logoM kA peTa bharA jA sakatA hai| * eka TeMka kI kImata se 30 hajAra baccoM ke lie 500 vidyAlaya khole jA sakate haiN| (351)

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* eka lar3AkU vimAna ke mUlya se 40 hajAra gA~voM ko svAsthya suvidhAe~ upalabdha karAI jA sakatI hai| * eka paramANu panaDubbI kI kImata meM 23 vikAsazIla dezoM ke 1 karor3a 60 lAkha baccoM ko suniyojita zikSA dI jA sakatI hai| vizva-rAjanIti meM ahiMsA kI dizA meM Age bar3hane ke lie saMyukta rASTra saMgha kI niSpakSa bhUmikA kI apekSA hai| duniyA kI khuzahAlI ke lie nimna bindu vicAraNIya hai* rAjanItika upaniveza kI pUrNa samApti / svatantratA aura samAnatA kI havA meM sabakA sarvAMgINa vikaas| . 'Arthika aura sAMskRtika upaniveza' kI kUTanIti se bacate hue dezo ke bIca Arthika va sAMskRtika sahayoga bddh'aanaa| . * jAti, nasla, raMga Adi ke AdhAra para mAnava-mAnava meM bheda nahIM krnaa| paramANu parIkSaNoM para rok| paramANu hathiyAroM ko naSTa karanA yA paramANu zakti kA zAntipUrNa upayoga krnaa| * anAkramaNa kA sNklp| lar3ane, lar3Ane aura bhir3Ane vAloM para saMyukta rASTra saMgha nigarAnI aura niyantraNa rkheN| * mAnavAdhikAroM ke sAtha-sAtha dharatI ke anya jIvadhAriyoM ke adhikAroM kI carcAe~ bhI vizva-maMca para kI jaay| yAntrika bUcar3akhAnoM ko kama se kama krnaa| duniyA meM zAkAhAra ke pakSa meM mahaula bana rahA hai| manuSyettara prANiyoM ke prati karuNA kA bhAva paidA ho rahA hai| duniyA kI Arthika bhalAI ke lie yaha saba Avazyaka hai| * hathiyAroM ke utpAdana aura vyApAra para aMkuza lge| AtaMkavAda ke kAraNoM ko khojeM aura use samUla naSTa karane ke lie sabhI deza sahamati deN| * paryAvaraNa kI rakSA ke lie sabhI deza nirdhArita mApadaNDoM kA pAlana kreN| rAjanItika icchA zakti ke sAtha-sAtha ina niyamoM ke pAlana ke lie nAgarikoM kI jIvana zailI meM parivartana bhI vAMchanIya hai| isake lie nAgarika AcAra saMhitA aura pracAra mAdhyamoM kI bhUmikA se jana-jAgaraNa Avazyaka hai| (352)

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zikSA aura svAsthya vyakti-zuddhi ke lie zikSA ko bahuta bar3A nimitta mAnA gayA hai| bhArata kI prAcIna zikSA paddhati kA uddezya thA caritra kA saMgaThana, vyaktitva kA nirmANa, saMskRti kI rakSA tathA sAmAjika aura dhArmika kartavyoM ko sampanna karane ke lie udIyamAna pIr3hI kA prshikssnn| parantu aba to aisA lagatA hai ki zikSA-prApti kA uddezya adhikAdhika paisA kamAne ke alAvA kucha ho hI nhiiN| svayaM zikSA eka bahuta bar3A vyavasAya bana gaI hai| zikSA kA vyavasAyIkaraNa Adhunika arthazAstra kI viDambanA hai| Adhunika arthatantra meM zikSA aura svAsthya ke nAma para bhI lAkhoM-karor3oM aura araboM-kharaboM ke vAre-nyAre ho rahe haiN| sAdhAraNa vyakti ke lie acchI nyUnatama zikSA bhI dUbhara ho gaI hai aura cikitsA kI to pUchiye hI mata! vaha nimna varga ke lie asambhava jaisI aura madhyavargIya vyakti ke lie kamarator3a mahaMgI hai| bar3I bImAriyoM kA ilAja to madhyavargIya vyakti ke lie bhI asambhava jaisA hI lagatA hai| davA-udyoga kA nidarzana isa samaya bhAratIya davA bAjAra meM karIba 60000 davAiyA~ haiM, jinameM se sirpha 250 davAiyA~ hamAre kAma kI hai| zeSa 59750 davAiyA~ ekadama bekAra haiN| ina davAoM ko becakara ye kampaniyA~ 800 pratizata taka munAphA kamA rahI hai| eka eka . davA bAjAra meM 40 se adhika nAmoM se bika rahI hai| 90 pratizata aise TaoNnika banAkara bece jA rahe haiM, jo mAnava zarIra ke lie bilakula anupayogI haiN| bhArata ke isa davA udyoga ke karIba 90 pratizata hisse para bahurASTrIya kampaniyoM kA kabjA hai| jinake jariye karor3o rupayA prativarSa bAhara calA jAtA hai| yaha sArA kArobAra unhIM cikitsakoM aura cikitsA-karmiyoM ke Asare phalaphUla rahA hai, jinhoMne sevA ke saMkalpa ke sAtha zikSA grahaNa kI thii| ina saba tathyoM ke alAvA lagabhaga pUrA davA udyoga elopaithI para avalambita hai aura elopaithI ahiMsaka aura nirApada nahIM hai| usakI hara davA ke sAiDa-iphekTsa haiN| elopaithI aura hiMsA ke arthatantra kA eka hI svabhAva hai| usameM turanta upacAra to hai, parantu Age aneka bImAriyoM ke rAste khula jAte haiN| isI prakAra hiMsA para TikA arthatantra turanta sukhada aura nirApada pratIta hotA hai| parantu kucha arse bAda usake abhizApa prakaTa hone lagate haiN| cikitsAjagat Adhunika arthatantra ke caritra kA eka udAharaNa mAtra hai| Aja hara kSetra meM (353)

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lobha-lipsA aura ApAdhApI macI hai| Agamika jIvana zailI nisargataH svAsthya kI rakSaka hai, isalie vaha sukha, zAnti aura samRddhi kI hetu bhI hai| vikAsa kI vidrUpatAe~ jaina Agama granthoM meM kRSi aura Atma-nirbhara grAma-tantra arthavyavasthA ke AdhAra the| samaya ke sAtha paristhitiyoM meM AmUlacUla badalAva hue| vyavasthAoM meM bhI krAntikArI parivartana hue yA kiye gye| samaya badalatA hai, mUlya nhiiN| manuSya ne apane tAtkAlika svArtha ke lie traikAlika mUlyoM kI upekSA karate hue vikAsa ke aise tarIke IjAda kara liye, jinameM sarvodaya ke sAre sapane cUra-cUra hone lge|'sNn 1979 se 2004 kI 25 varSoM kI avadhi meM bhArata meM kRSi kSetra meM lage logoM kI saMkhyA 64 pratizata se ghaTa kara 54 pratizata raha gii| deza meM karIba 3.6 karor3a yuvA berojagAra haiM aura karor3oM jaise-taise apanA kAma calA rahe haiN| svatantratA ke.samaya 1947 meM deza kI jitanI AbAdI thI, utane yAni karIba 35 karor3a loga AjAdI ke karIba cha: dazaka bAda bhI Aja bhUkhe sone para majabUra hai| vizva meM yaha saMkhyA 80 karor3a batAI jAtI hai, jisameM 30 karor3a bacce hote haiN| saMyukta rASTra kI eka riporTa ke anusAra prati 3.6 saikiNDa meM vizva meM eka vyakti kI bhUkha ke kAraNa mauta ho jAtI hai| jisameM pA~ca varSa kI umra se kama ke baccoM kI saMkhyA adhika hotI hai| Aja ke samaya meM khAdyAnna kI kamI bhUkhamarI kA mukhya kAraNa nahIM hai| isakA mukhya kAraNa hai samAja ke eka varga ke pAsa vinimaya adhikAritA (Entitlement) kA abhAva tathA dUsarA kAraNa hai kamajora va asamAna vitaraNa vyvsthaa| aparigraha ke siddhAnta meM svattva (Entitlement) aura svAmittva (Ownership) kA visarjana tathA saMvibhAga (sama+vibhAga) mukhya tathya haiM, jo bhukhamarI, alpapoSaNa aura kupoSaNa kI samasyAoM kA mUlocchedana karane meM sakSama haiN| teja Arthika raphtAra aura krAntikArI takanIkI vikAsa ke bIca karor3oM logoM ko paryApta bhojana nahIM milanA ora karor3oM logoM kA barojagAra rahanA yA arddha-rojagAra para nirbhara rahanA sabake lie cintA aura cintana kA viSaya hai| yaha kendrita arthavyavasthA kA pariNAma hai| jana sAmAnya kI upekSA karake kI gaI unnati antataH avanati meM parivartita ho jAtI hai| aise saMkaTApanna samaya meM punaH kRSi aura grAma vikAsa para jora diye jAne kI jarUrata hai| betahAzA bar3ha rahe zaharIkaraNa va audyogikIkaraNa ko rokane ke lie grAma-tantra ko majabUta banAnA aura takanIkI (354)

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vikAsa ko grAma, grAma-tantra aura kRSi se jor3anA Avazyaka hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA ahiMsA aura samatA kA siddhAnta vikendrita arthavyavasthA kI sthApanA karatA hai| vaha saha-astitva para AdhArita hai| usameM sabakA hita sannihita hai| aisA lagatA hai jaise mAnava eka ikAI vikAsa karatA hai to do yA do se adhika ikAI vinAza! paryAvaraNa, samatA samAja-racanA aura mAnavIya-mUlyoM kI dRSTi se dekhA jAya to vartamAna kI vikAsa kI avadhAraNA atyanta mahaMgI, kharcIlI aura ghATe kA saudA hI siddha huI hai| pUre saMsAra meM hiMsA aura asaMyama ke dukha phaile hue haiN| eka tarapha gaganacumbI aTTAlikAe~ haiM, dUsarI ora durgandhayukta kaccI bastiyA~ haiN| garIbI-amIrI to hara kAlakhaNDa meM rahI hai, parantu mAnava-bastiyoM kI aisI vidrUpatAe~ sambhavataH pahale kabhI nahIM thii| audyogikIkaraNa, zaharIkaraNa, paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa se aneka dUsarI samasyAe~ khar3I huI haiN| bar3hatI AbAdI, ugravAda, AtaMkavAda jaisI samasyAe~ duniyA ke amana caina meM bAdhaka banI huI haiN| jinake samAdhAna ke lie vicAra-vimarza to khUba ho rahA hai, parantu samasyAoM ke mUla taka jAne ke lie koI taiyAra nahIM athavA buniyAdI tarIkoM se samasyAoM kA samAdhAna nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| zAnti ke sammelanoM se, kaSTa mA~ ke nA ktteNge| ahiMsA kI havAoM se, pralaya ke bAdala chNtteNge| tulanA aura niSpatti AgamoM meM varNita jIvana-zailI mAnava, mAnavatA aura duniyA ko bacAne ke lie buniyAdI samAdhAna prastuta karatI haiN| vaha eka mAnavIya arthazAstra prastuta karatI hai, jo pUMjIvAda aura samAjavAda, donoM hI ke doSoM se mukta hai| pUMjIvAdI, sAmyavAdI aura mAnavIya yA ahiMsA ke arthazAstra meM maulika antara hai, jise nimna binduoM se spaSTa kiyA jA rahA hai - 1. darzana : pUMjIvAda aura sAmyavAda donoM bhautikavAda para khar3e haiN| jabaki ahiMsA kA arthazAstra ekIkRta mAnavIyatA para AdhArita hai| . 2. uddezya : pUMjIvAda meM vaiyaktika amIrI bar3hatI hai aura sAmyavAda meM rAjya kI - zakti; jabaki ahiMsA ke arthazAstra meM puruSArtha catuSTaya kI santulita sAdhanA kI jAtI hai| (355)

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3. mAnava kA svarUpa : pUMjIvAda aura sAmyavAda donoM mAnava ko Arthika prANI mAnate haiN| ahiMsA kA arthazAstra mAnava ko mahaja Arthika prANI nahIM mAnatA, apitu use zarIra, buddhi, mana aura AtmA kI ananta sambhAvanAoM kI ikAI mAnatA hai| 4. jIvana zailI : pUMjIvAda meM vilAsitA kA jIvana hai aura sAmyavAda meM yantravat jIvana; jabaki ahiMsA ke arthazAstra meM naisargika, AdhyAtmika aura mAnavIya jIvana hai| 5. gatividhiyA~ aura niyantraNa : pUMjIvAda meM asImita AjAdI hai aura sAmyavAda meM rAjya sabhI svatantratAoM ko chIna lenA cAhatA hai| jabaki ahiMsA ke arthazAstra meM AtmAnuzAsana hai, isalie sahaja svatantratA hai| 6. sampatti svAmitva : pUMjIvAda meM asImita svAmitva hai aura sAmyavAda meM vyaktigata svAmitva kA abhAva hai| ahiMsA ke arthazAstra meM Avazyaka svAmitva svIkArya hai| aparigraha athavA nyAsa-siddhAnta svAmitva ko niyamita karatA hai| . 7. kArya-praNAlI : pUMjIvAda zoSaNa para AdhArita hai aura sAmyavAda meM rAjya vyakti kI yogyatAoM kA dhImA/adRzya zoSaNa karatA hai| ahiMsA kA arthazAstra saMyama aura tyAga para avasthita hai| .. 8. prakRti : pUMjIvAda meM vyaktivAda hai aura sAmyavAda meM rAjya kA avAMchanIya niyantraNa; jabaki ahiMsA ke arthazAstra meM saha-astitva aura sAmAjikatA kI bhAvanA hai| 9. DhaMga : pUMjIvAda meM anAvazyaka spardhA aura hor3A-hor3I hai aura sAmyavAda meM rAjya kI zakti kA kaThora aMkuza hai| ahiMsA ke arthazAstra meM sahakAritA hai| 10. zAsana : pUMjIvAda meM bahudalIya prajAjantra aura sAmyavAda meM ekatantravAda hai| ahiMsA ke arthazAstra meM kartavya AdhArita zAsana hai| 11. zrama kA phala : pUMjIvAda meM pUMjIpati adhikAMza har3apa jAte haiM aura sAmyavAda meM rAjya sarvazaktimAna hotA hai| ahiMsA kA arthazAstra sAmAjikatA kI bhAvanA aura sama-vitaraNa para AdhArita hai| (356)

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12. rojagAra : pUMjIvAda meM rojagAra prasthiti aura riktatA para nirbhara hai aura sAmyavAda meM vaha rAjya ke hAthoM meM hotA hai| ahiMsA kA arthazAstra yogyatA ko pradhAnatA detA hai| 13. vicAra prakriyA : pUMjIvAda aura sAmyavAda meM svatantra vaicArikatA kA hanana hai, jabaki ahiMsA kA arthazAstra anekAnta ko mahatva detA hai| isa prakAra ahiMsA kA arthazAstra pUMjIvAda aura sAmyavAda ke doSoM kA nirAkaraNa karatA hai| jaina Agama granthoM meM varNita AcAra-darzana aura siddhAnta arthazAstrIya mahatva ke nimna binduoM para bala dete haiM - * ahiMsA, zAkAhAra, saMyama, sAdagI aura mitvyyitaa| aparigraha, asaMgraha, anAsakti aura tyaag| * vaicArika sahiSNutA aura vizva-zAnti ke lie anekAnta kA dRssttikonn| * svAvalambana, puruSArtha aura krttvypraaynntaa| * saha-astitvapUrNa vyvsthaa| * prakRti aura saMskRti kA sNrkssnn| * sAmAjika va mAnavIya ektaa| * pArasparika anugraha aura sahayoga bhaav| saMsAra ko bAjAra nahIM, parivAra maannaa| sAdhana va sAdhya kI zucitA para bl| * vyavasAya meM pramANikatA aura iimaandaarii| vikendrita arthvyvsthaa| * kendra meM artha nahIM; manuSya hotA hai| - Aja vijJAna aura prodyogikI ke vikAsa ne mAnava sabhyatA aura saMskRti ke abhinava dvAra khola diye haiN| saMcAra krAnti ne to manuSya kI jIvana caryA aura vizva kI vyavasthA meM AmUlacUla parivartana kara diye haiN| usake pAsa sukha ke sAdhana to pracura haiM, parantu zAnti kI sAdhanAe~ km| vaha eka jaivika ikAI hai aura usakI mUlabhUta naisargika AvazyakatAe~ haiN| vaha eka sAmAjika prANI hai aura usakI sAmAjika AvazyakatAe~ bhI haiN| arthazAstra manuSya kI AvazyakatAoM (357)

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ko pUrA karane kI vidhiyoM aura pravidhiyoM kA zAstra hai| parantu usakI antahIna aura gaira-vAjiba icchAoM ne arthazAstra ko anarthakArI saMhAraka zastra kI bhA~ti banA diyA hai| Agamika jIvana zailI arthazAstra ko zAnti aura samRddhi kA zAstra banAtI hai| ahiMsA kA arthazAstra nItizAstra ke sAtha saMyojita hai| vaha jIvana aura jIvana kI guNavattA kA samAdara karatA hai| vizva kI sthAyI unnati aura sukha-zAnti ke lie ahiMsA ke arthazAstra kA koI vikalpa nahIM hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke ye zabda Aja adhika prAsaMgika ho gaye haiM - 'atthi satthaM pareNa paraM, natthi asatthaM pareNa prN|' arthAt zastra (hiMsA) to eka-se-eka bar3hakara haiN| parantu, azastra (ahiMsA) se bar3hakara kucha nahIM hai|' nyAya ke lie naitikatA kA nIra caahiye| satya ke lie samatA kA samIra caahiye| vizva khar3A hai vinAza ke kagAra para, ahiMsA ke avatAra prabhu mahAvIra caahiye| (358)

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sandarbha 1. mahAprajJa, AcArya, mahAvIra kA arthazAstra pR.-42 2. jaina, nemIcanda (DaoN.) 'DaoN.nemIcanda jaina vyaktitva aura kRtitva' pR.-262 3. altekara, ejUkezana ina aiMzieMTa iNDiyA, 'jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja' (DaoN.ja.ca.jaina) ke pR.-286 para uddht| 4. dIkSita, rAjIva 'bahurASTrIya kampaniyoM kA makar3ajAla' pR.-40 5. rAjasthAna patrikA, sampAdakIya 28 janavarI, 2005, pR.-8 6. naphA-nukasAna, jayapura (9-10 pharavarI, 2005), pR.-8 7. dhIMga, dilIpa (DaoN.) kI kAvya kRti 'baragada ke bIja' se| 8. mahAprajJa, AcArya kI pustaka mahAvIra kA arthazAstra ke pR.-160 para aMgrejI meM upalabdha cArTa para aadhaarit| 9. AcArAMga sUtra 1/3/4 10. dhIMga, dilIpa (DaoN.) kI kAvya kRti 'muktaka-muktA' se| (359)

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upasaMhAra jaina Agama granthoM meM pratipAdita Arthika cintana ke antargata kaI dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isameM tIna dRSTiyA~ mukhya rahI haiM - Agama sAhitya meM varNita Arthika jIvana, Agamika siddhAntoM va AcAra-darzanoM kA arthazAstrIya mUlyAMkana aura vartamAna pariprekSya meM Agamika artha-tantra aura jainAcAra kA vivecn| yaha sArA vRttAnta jitanA rocaka hai, usase kaI gunA adhika mArgadarzaka hai| eka ke bAda eka aneka naye AyAma hamAre samakSa prakaTa hote cale jAte haiN| jo vartamAna mAnava aura vizva ke aneka anuttarita praznoM kA uttara dete haiM aura aneka anasulajhI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna karate haiN| Agama-sAhitya kA mahattva jaina Agama grantha vizva sAhitya kI anamola nidhi hai| zatAbdiyA~ bIta jAne para bhI : Agama-sAhitya kA mahatva na sirpha kAyama hai, apitu vaha nirantara bar3hatA jA rahA hai| AgamoM kA mahatva mukhyataH tIna kAraNoM se bar3ha rahA hai - . - 1. vaijJAnika anusaMdhAna : jyoM-jyoM vijJAna aura takanIka kA vikAsa hotA gayA Agama-sAhitya kA mahatva bar3hatA gyaa| kitane hI upayogI tathya, jinheM prAyaH nakAra diyA jAtA thA, aba unheM bahuta Adara ke sAtha svIkAra kiyA jA rahA hai| aise tathya dArzanika, tatva-jJAna sambandhI aura jIvana zailI se jur3e hue haiN| apane maulika darzana, vyAvahArika siddhAntoM, sva-para hitakArI jIvana zailI aura ADambaramukta upAsanA-paddhatiyoM kI vajaha se jaina dharma Aja vizva meM eka sarvAdhika vaijJAnika dharma ke rUpa meM pratiSThita hai| jo bAteM vijJAniyoM dvArA Aja kahI jA rahI hai, Agama-sAhitya meM unake spaSTa nirdeza milate haiM aura jaina paramparA meM sadiyoM se unakA anupAlana hotA rahA hai| eka udAharaNa isake lie paryApta hai| do dazaka pUrva rAjasthAna meM nArU-bAlA roga bahuta phaila gayA thaa| eka vizeSa kRmi se hone vAle isa roga se marIja ko asahya pIr3A se gujaranA par3atA thaa| isase kitane hI rogiyoM ko apanI jAna bhI ga~vAnI pdd'ii| zAsana kI ora se roga aura rogiyoM ke bAre meM sAMkhyikIya A~kar3e juTAye gye| eka Azcaryajanaka tathya sAmane AyA ki jaina samAja meM nArU-bAlA roga ke (360)

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marIja nagaNya saMkhyA meM pAye gye| patA calA ki jainI pAnI chAna kara pIte haiM aura tapa Adi kI vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM chAnane ke alAvA use ubAla kara bhI pIte haiN| yaha roga jisa kRmi se hotA thA, vaha anachane pAnI ke mAdhyama se mAnava zarIra meM pahu~ca jAtI thii| taba jAkara sarakAra kI ora se yaha dhuA~dhAra pracAra kiyA gayA ki pAnI chAna kara piyA jaaye| smaraNa raheM, Arthika unnati sahita jIvana kI sabhI unnatiyoM kA mUla behatara svAsthya hai| 2. Agama-anusaMdhAna : pichalI arddha-zatAbdI meM Agama-sAhitya aura jainavidyA ke kSetra meM ullekhanIya kArya huA hai| AgamoM ke vibhinna dRSTiyoM se adhyayana, zodha aura anusaMdhAna se nita naye tathya prakAza meM aaye| ina anusaMdhAnoM ke phalasvarUpa jaina dharma kI prAcInatA, aitihAsikatA, maulikatA Adi ke bAre meM aneka bhrama ttuutte| aba yaha tathya dina ke ujAle kI taraha suspaSTa hai ki jaina dharma vizva kA prAcInatama dharma hai| isakA apanA svatantra aura maulika darzana hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI spaSTa huA ki prAkRta bhI prAcInatama bolI aura bhASA hai| ina sabake alAvA prAcIna bhAratIya sabhyatA aura saMskRti ke viSaya meM bhI Agama-sAhitya se aisI vipula upayogI jAnakArI milatI haiM, jo anyatra anupalabdha yA durlabha hai| kampyUTara ke AviSkAra meM bhI jaina Agama AdhAra bane the| 3. prAsaMgikatA : bar3hate bhautikavAda aura bigar3ate paryAvaraNa ke sAthasAtha saMsAra ko eka ke bAda eka aneka naI samasyAoM se jUjhatA par3a rahA hai| eka tarapha vikAsa ke Azcaryajanaka pratimAna sthApita kiye gaye aura kiye jA rahe haiM, dUsarI ora yuddha, AtaMka, hiMsA, hatyA, bhraSTAcAra, durAcAra, zoSaNa, bhukhamarI jaisI samasyAe~ samApta hone kA nAma nahIM le rahI hai| yaha sthiti vikAsa kI avadhAraNA ko ekapakSIya siddha karatI hai| Agama-grantha samasyAvihIna sarvAMgINa vikAsa kI ' rAha sujhAte haiN| aise aneka kAraNoM se Agama-sAhitya kI prAsaMgikatA aura upayogitA bar3hatI jA rahI hai| ni:sandeha, Age bhI yaha bar3hatI rhegii| . jaina AgamoM ke isI mahatva ke kAraNa zodha-kArya ke lie isa viSaya kA cayana kiyaa| isa zodha-prabandha ke prathama adhyAya meM pramukha jaina Agama-granthoM kA eka vizeSa dRSTi se samIkSAtmaka saMkSipta paricaya diyA gayA hai| jisameM Agama kI paribhASA, aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya AgamoM kA paricaya hai| adhyAya ke dUsare pariccheda meM mUla-sUtra, cheda-sUtra prakIrNaka aura vyAkhyA-sAhitya kA paricaya hai| (361)

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tIsare pariccheda meM zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| isa paricaya meM AgamoM kA parimANa aura viSaya sAmagrI se sambandhita jAnakArI hai| AgamasAhitya hameM dIrgha kAlakhaNDa, vizAla kSetraphala, bahudharmI saMskRti, bhASA Adi ke . bAre meM mahatvapUrNa sUcanAe~ pradAna karatA hai| jaina paramparA meM artha sambandhI avadhAraNAe~ zodha-prabandha ke dUsare adhyAya meM jaina paramparA meM artha sambandhI avadhAraNAoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva zramaNa-saMskRti ke hI Adi saMsthApaka nahIM the, ve zrama aura karma (puruSArtha) kI mahAna saMskRti ke bhI prathama sUtradhAra the| asi (rAjatantra), masi (arthatantra), kRSi (prajAtantra), vidyA (jJAnavijJAna), vANijya (vyApAra-vyavasAya) aura zilpa (kalA-saMskRti) kA prAyogika va sarva upayogI jJAna pradAna karane vAle RSabhadeva arthazAstra ke Adya saMsthApaka bhI the| Agama-yuga meM arthazAstra hone ke aneka pramANa milate haiN| artha ke mahatva ko rekhAMkita karane vAle udAharaNa aura uddharaNa pracura haiN| pratyeka tIrthaMkara kI mA~ tIrthaMkara ke cyavana-kalyANaka ke samaya dhana aura samRddhi kI devI lakSmI aura ratnarAzi ke svapna dekhatI haiN| Agama-granthoM meM batAyA gayA hai ki Atma-vikAsa aura vyaktitvavikAsa ke lie jina sAdhanAoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, unakI zurUAta samyagdarzana se hotI hai tathA unakI pUrNatA kaivalya aura mukti (mokSa) kI upalabdhi para hotI hai| yaha tathya gauratalaba hai ki samyagdarzana kI prApti meM artha-visarjana (supAtra-dAna) mukhya nimitta ke rUpa meM batAyA gayA hai aura kaivalya (mukti) ke lie vajraRSabhanArAca kA zArIrika saMhanana honA anivArya hai| atula zArIrika bala (bhautika sAmarthya) kI zarta, eka arthaparaka bAta hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki sAdhanA aura Atma-vikAsa meM bhI Adi se anta taka 'artha' kI bhUmikA hotI hai| yahA~ yaha spaSTa kara denA Avazyaka hai ki artha kA artha kevala 'vitta' yA mudrA se hI nahIM hai, varan una sabhI nimittoM aura upAdAnoM se haiM, jo hamAre jIvana kI behatara vyavasthAoM ke lie Avazyaka hai| arjana aura visarjana meM viveka bhAratIya saMskRti meM cAra puruSArtha kI carcA haiM - dharma, artha, kAma aura mokss| inameM artha kI apanI mahattA hai aura jIvana ke santulana ke lie cAroM meM sAmaMjasya Avazyaka hai| yaha sAmaMjasya isa bAta para nirbhara karatA hai ki vyakti (362)

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artha kA upArjana kaise karatA hai aura usakA upayoga kaise karatA hai| Agama-grantha hameM dhana ke samyak upArjana aura samyak upayoga kI aneka dRSTiyA~ aura vidhiyA~ batAte haiN| dhanopArjana karanA sabhI jAnate haiM, parantu dUsaroM ke hitoM ko Ahata kiye bagaira dhanopArjana kaise karanA, yaha kalA kama vyakti jAnate haiN| Agamika dRSTi dUsaroM ke hitoM kI rakSA karane ke sAtha dUsaroM ke hitoM meM sahAyaka banane kI hai| tatvArtha sUtra kA amara vAkya parasparopagraho jIvAnAm ahiMsA, samatA aura samRddhi ke arthazAstra kA preraka udghoSa hai| pArasparika sahayoga aura pArasparika nirbharatA para pUrA saMsAra gatimAna hai| dhanopArjana se adhika kaThina hai - dhana kA samyak upayoga krnaa| Agama-grantha manuSya ko vaha sad-viveka bhI pradAna karate haiM ki dhana kA adhikatama sadupayoga aura sadvyaya kaise kiyA jaay| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke anuyAyiyoM ne dhana ke samyak upArjana aura samyak upayoga ke aneka udAharaNa samaya-samaya para prastuta kiye haiN| arthopArjana ke sAdhana / zodha-prabandha ke dUsare adhyAya ke tIsare pariccheda meM AgamoM meM varNita . arthopArjana ke sAdhanoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| Adhunika arthazAstriyoM ne bhUmi, zrama, pUMjI aura prabandha ko arthopArjana ke sAdhanoM ke rUpa meM batAyA hai| inheM AdhAra mAnate hue yaha vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki Agama-granthoM meM kahA~ kyA hai| bhUmi ke antargata vana-sampadA, khanija-sampadA aura jala-sampadA ko liyA gayA hai| mUlataH dharma-zAstra hone se ina granthoM meM ina sampadAoM kA arthazAstrIya vivecana bhale hI na ho, parantu jo vivaraNa milatA hai, usake arthazAstrIya niSkarSa hamAre lie bahuta upayogI hai| bhUmi, jala aura vana pradUSaNa-mukta the| ve sabhI jIvoM ke prAkRtika AvAsa ke lie sarvathA anukUla the| isalie sabhI jIva-jantuoM aura pazu-pakSiyoM kI sabhI jAtiyA~ aura prajAtiyA~ usa samaya vidyamAna thiiN| manuSya aura manuSyettara prANiyoM ke bIca eka saha-astittvapUrNa jIvana zailI thii| prakRti se mAnava kA ghaniSTha sambandha thaa|| . prakRti kI suramya goda meM tIrthaMkara, RSi-muni, yogI aura anya sAdhaka sAdhanAe~ karate the| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne vanoM meM sAr3he bAraha varSoM taka kaThora sAdhanAe~ kii| sAdhanA kAla meM sampUrNa prakRti se ve ekAkAra ho gaye the| ve sampUrNa prakRti se . mauna-saMvAda karate the| maitrI unake roma-roma meM thI, isalie ve abhaya the aura (363)

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nirvairabhAva sandeza de rahe the| caNDakauzika nAga ke uddhAra ke mAdhyama se unhoMne mAnava jAti ko sandeza diyA ki prakRti meM pratyeka prANI kI mahattA aura upayogitA hai| isalie kisI bhI prANI ke prANoM kA na to haraNa karanA cAhiye aura na hI kisI prANI kI svatantratA meM bAdhaka bananA caahiye| caNDakauzika jaisA jaharIlA prANI bhI rUpAntarita ho sakatA hai| mAnava meM to rUpAntaraNa aura uccatama vikAsa kI sArI sambhAvanAe~ vidyamAna haiN| unakA sAdhanA-kAla prakRti aura prakRti meM nivAsa karane vAle prANiyoM tathA vanavAsI bandhuoM ke sAtha saha-astitvapUrNa jIvana kA jIvanta udAharaNa hai| kaivalya ke pazcAt bhagavAna mahAvIra udyAnoM meM Thaharate the| adhyAtma samAja-vyavasthA kA AdhAra thaa| hare-bhare saghana vana aura khilate-mahakate upavana usa samaya ke varadAna the| usa samaya kA mAnava zuddha-svaccha havA meM sA~sa letA thA aura zuddha-svaccha jala use upalabdha thaa| ina saba mAdhyamoM kA vaha vyAvasAyika upayoga bhI karatA thaa| Aja jala, jaMgala aura jamIna para adhikAra ke lie Andolana ho rahe haiN| usa samaya ye sAdhana sabake lie sahaja upalabdha the| zrama aura pUMjI parizrama kiye bagaira kucha bhI pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| arthopArjana aura jIvana kI samRddhi ke lie mAnava-zrama kA mahatva taba se lekara Aja taka banA huA hai| peTa ke lie vyakti apanA zrama becatA thaa| isase dAsa-prathA panapa gaI thii| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA jIvana aura AgamoM ke aneka udAharaNa dAsa-prathA kI khilAphata karate haiN| ve mAnava-zrama ko mAnavIya garimA pradAna karate haiN| zoSaNa-mukta vyavasthA ke nirdeza AgamoM meM jagaha-jagaha milate haiN| AcArAMga meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kahate haiM ki kisI ko zAsita nahIM karanA cAhiye, kisI ko paritApa nahIM denA caahiye| ve mAnava ko bahuta hI gaharAI se pratibodhita karate haiM ki jise tU zAsita karanA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| jise tU paritApa denA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| upAsakadazAMga aura Avazyaka sUtra meM prathama aNuvrata meM nirdeza diyA gayA hai ki zrAvaka apane adhInastha karmacAriyoM samucita dekhabhAla kareM, unheM samaya para samucita vetana deM aura una para unakI kSamatA se adhika kAryabhAra nahIM ddaaleN| pUMjI-nirmANa, pUMjI-anurakSaNa aura pUMjI-vRddhi ke lie bhagavAna mahAvIra ke zrAvaka saceSTa the| upAsakadazAMga ke Ananda Adi zrAvakoM kI sampatti ke vargIkaraNa se yaha anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya lekhAMkana aura aMkekSaNa kI praNAliyA~ vidyamAna thii| jinake AdhAra para vyApArI apane vyavasAya (364)

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kA lekhA-jokhA rakhate aura use jA~cate the| jaina-sUtroM se pUMjI-nirmANa ke lie bacata aura niveza kI preraNA to milatI hai, parantu saMgraha kI nhiiN| zrAvakoM kI dinacaryA aura jIvana-caryA se yaha patA lagatA hai ki ve kuzala prabandhaka aura dUradarzI yojaka bhI the| eka ora ve lambe-caur3e vyavasAya kA saMcAlana karate the, dUsarI ora dharma aura samAja ke lie bhI paryApta samaya kA niyojana karate the| ucita prabandhana ke binA ye vyavasthAe~ sambhava nahIM thii| usa samaya ke sArthavAha uttama vyAvasAyika prabandhaka aura jimmedAra netRtvakartA ke rUpa meM samudAya aura deza ko ullekhanIya sevAe~ pradAna kara rahe the| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA tIrtha to utkRSTa prabandha kA svarUpa hI thaa| vaha vinaya, AtmAnuzAsana, samatA, sahiSNutA, tyAga Adi niyamoM va sadguNoM para AdhArita thaa| unake anuyAyI apane vyAvasAyika prabandhana meM ina niyamoM kA anupAlana karake ucca AdarzoM kI sthApanA kara rahe the| mudrA aura rAjasva / - Agama-yuga meM arthazAstra thA to arthazAstra ko sugamatA se saMcAlita karane vAlI vastu 'mudrA' bhI thii| hiraNya yA suvarNa mukhya sikke the, jo svarNa aura rajata ke hote the| inake alAvA nimna prakAra ke sikke pracalita the - 1. suvarNa-mASa : uttarAdhyayana meM isakA ullekha milatA hai| yaha sone kA hotA thaa| 2. kArSApaNa (kAhAvaNa) : bimbasAra (zreNika) ke samaya rAjagRha meM isakA pracalana thaa| yaha svarNa, rajata aura tAmra, tInoM dhAtuoM kA hotA thaa| 3. mASaka (mAsa) aura ardha-mASaka (AdhA mAsA) : inakA ullekha sUtrakRtAMga aura uttarAdhyayana meM milatA hai| 4. ruvaga (rupyaka) : Avazyaka cUrNi meM yaha zabda AyA hai| vartamAna meM pracalita .. rupayA isI zabda se banA hai| 5. panika (paNa) : yaha zabda paNya se banA hai, jisakA artha hai - bikrI yogya ____ vastue~ / vyavahAra bhASya meM isakA ullekha milatA hai| 6. kAkiNi : yaha tAmbe kA choTA sikkA hotA thA tathA dakSiNApatha meM pracalita ____ thaa| uttarAdhyayana TIkA meM isakA ullekha milatA hai| inake alAvA pAyaMkaka, kavaDuga (kaur3I), drama, dInAra, kevaDiga, sAmaraka Adi vibhinna prakAra kI mudrAoM ke ullekha vyavasthita vinimaya praNAlI aura (365)

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vikasita arthavyavasthA kI sUcanA dete haiN| samaya-samaya para aneka rAjAoM ne apane rAjya kI mudrAoM para Agama aura jaina dharma se sambandhita pratIkoM kA aMkana karake ahiMsA ke prati apanI zraddhA vyakta kii| mudrA kI bhA~ti mApa-taula ke mAdhyama bhI paryApta the| jinameM mAna, unmAna, avamAna, gaNima aura pratimAna mukhya haiN| vinimaya ke ina mAdhyamoM kI sugamatA se baiMkiMga praNAlI bhI vikasita ho rahI thii| vyApAra, vANijya aura udyogoM kA saMcAlana prajA-hita ke lie hotA rahe tathA zAsana ke dvArA unakA niyantraNa aura niyamana hotA rahe, isake lie rAjasva aura kara-praNAliyoM kI vidyamAnatA ke ullekha bhI Agama-granthoM meM milate haiN| khuzI aura utsava ke avasaroM para rAjya dvArA prajA ko karoM se mukti ke aneka udAharaNa milate haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke janmotsava para rAjya kI ora se kara mApha kara diye the| jJAtAdharmakathAMga meM karAropaNa aura kara-mukti ke aneka prasaMga haiN| karAropaNa aura anya mAdhyamoM se prApta Aya kA rAjya loka hitakArI kAryoM meM vyaya karatA thaa| zAsana vyavasthA aura sainya vyavasthA para kAphI dhana kharca kiyA jAtA thaa| Agama sUtroM meM kalyANakArI rAjya kI sthApanA ke aneka nirdeza diye gaye haiN| prAthamika udyoga(Primary Industries) . zodha-prabandha ke tIsare adhyAya meM jaina AgamoM meM varNita Arthika jIvana . para aneka dRSTiyoM se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| kRSi aura pazupAlana usa samaya ke mukhya dhandhe the| bhAratavarSa kRSi pradhAna deza hai| kRSi ahiMsA kI AdhArazilA hai| mAMsAhAra se virata hone aura sAtvika bhojana kI vyavasthA ke lie kRSi hI ekamAtra AdhAra hai| jaina granthoM ke anusAra bhagavAna RSabhadeva kRSi ke prathama upadeSTA rahe haiN| kRSi ko Arya-karma aura alpArambhI mAnA gayA hai| granthoM meM prAyaH sabhI prakAra kI phasaloM aura kRSi-upajoM kA ullekha haiN| mAnava kA kRSi jJAna bahuta unnata thaa| kRSi ke sAtha kI kRSi ke sahAyaka ke rUpa meM pazupAlana kiyA jAtA thaa| samAja vyavasthA aura prAthamika udyoga ke rUpa meM ye vyavasAya pratiSThita the| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mukhya zrAvaka Ananda Adi bhI ina vyavasAyoM se jur3e the| dugdha aura dugdha-utpAdoM ke vyavasAya ke rUpa meM pazupAlana kA mahatva thaa| sAtha hI khetI-bAr3I, yAtAyAta aura savArI ke rUpa meM bhI pazu-pAlana kI bahuta upayogitA thii| pazu parivAra ke sadasyoM kI bhA~ti hote the| AgamoM kA AcAra-darzana pazuoM prati saMvedanA kI prabala preraNAe~ detA hai| vahA~ mAMsa-prApti ke lie pazupAlana kA (366)

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spaSTa niSedha hai| AgamoM meM aThAraha prakAra ke karoM kA varNana haiN| ve mukhyataH kRSi se sambandhita the aura gA~voM meM lagAye jAte the| isase khetI-bAr3I aura gA~voM kI vikasita avasthA kA patA calatA hai| kyoMki jahA~ Aya hai, sAmarthya hai, vahIM karAropaNa kiyA jAtA hai| kRSi ke alAvA udyAnikI (bAgavAnI) kA vyavasAya bhI thaa| phUla aura itra isase prApta hote the| utsavoM ke samaya puSpa aura puSpahAra ke upayoga ke udAharaNa milate haiN| vardhamAna mahAvIra dIkSA ke samaya jisa zivikA meM ArUr3ha hokara mahAbhiniSkramaNa karate haiM, usameM puSpa-sajjA bhI kI gaI thii| vyavasAya ke lie upayogI vRkSa bhI ugAye jAte the| vanoM meM sahaja uge vRkSoM se lakar3I, phala, phUla, patte, jar3I-bUMTiyA~, goMda Adi aneka vanotpAda logoM kI jIvikA ke AdhAra the| zrAvaka ko nirdeza diyA gayA hai ki vaha vanoM ko nukasAna pahu~cAne vAle dhandhe nahIM kreN| khanana vyavasAya bhI prAthamika udyoga ke rUpa meM sthApita thaa| usase sAdhAraNa aura mUlyavAna patthara, ratna-maNiyA~, vibhinna prakAra kI dhAtue~ Adi prApta hote the| ina saba cIjoM kA vyavasAya hotA thaa| dvitIyaka udyoga ( Secondary Industries) dvitIyaka udyoga ke antargata prAthamika udyogoM para AdhArita udyogoM ko parigaNita kiyA jAtA hai| puruSoM kI bahattara aura mahilAoM kI cauMsaTha kalAoM ke antargata aneka aisI kalAe~ aura zilpa-vidyAe~ haiM, jo prAthamika udyogoM para avalambita thiiN| ye kalAe~ tatkAlIna zikSA-paddhati kI bahuAyAmitA aura upayogitA ke sAtha-sAtha vyApAra-vANijya ke bahuAyAmI vikAsa kA pramANa bhI hai| lagabhaga sabhI prakAra ke udyoga-dhandhoM kI sUcanA kisI na kisI rUpa meM Agama-sAhitya meM milatI hai| vastra udyoga unnata avasthA meM thaa| aneka prakAra aura kImataM ke vastroM kA utpAdana hotA thaa| vastroM para kazIdAkArI hotI thI aura unheM raMgA bhI jAtA thaa| mahAbhiniSkramaNa ke samaya vardhamAna mahAvIra ko alpa bhAra kA eka lAkha suvarNa mudrAoM ke mUlya kA vastra dhAraNa karavAyA gyaa| __dhAtu udyoga ke antargata lauha-udyoga thaa| yaha udyoga kRSi upakaraNa, astra-zastra, gAr3iyA~ tathA jIvana vyavahAra meM kAma Ane vAlI aneka vastuoM kI pUrti karatA thaa| kitanI hI cIjeM aneka utpAdoM se milakara banatI haiN| lauha udyoga ke sAtha kASTha udyoga kA mahatva thA aura vAstu udyoga kA bhii| lohe kI taraha (367)

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lakar3I kI svatantra rUpa se aneka cIjeM banatI thii| gRha-nirmANa meM lakar3I, lohA, patthara aura anya aneka vastue~ kAma meM AtI thiiN| granthoM meM bar3e-bar3e bhavya bhavanoM aura bahumaMjile prAsAdoM kA varNana uttama gRha nirmANa vidyA kA pramANa hai| ina bhavanoM kI bAharI aura bhItarI sajjA ke lie aneka vastue~ kAma AtI thI aura unake bhI vyavasAya the| jaise makAnoM kI dIvAroM para citra banAye jAte the, isase citravyavasAya hone kI sUcanA milatI hai| zivikAoM, vAhanoM aura anya sthAnoM para bhI citra banAye jAte the| makAnoM ke zikharoM, jharokhoM, rathoM, siMhAsanoM Adi ko maNiratnoM se jar3A jAtA thaa| aneka vyavasAya eka dUsare vyavasAya se jur3e hue the| svarNarajata vyavasAya aura ratna-vyavasAya bhI eka dUsare se jur3e hue the| ratnoM kA khUba vyApAra hotA thaa| videzI bhI yahA~ ratna kharIdane Ate the| rAjAoM aura seThoM ke bhaNDAra sone cA~dI aura ratnoM se bhare hue hote the| svarNa-rajata aura ratnoM kI hara deza aura kAla meM parivartanIyatA tathA upayogitA rahatI hai, isalie bacata aura saMgraha ke rUpa meM inakA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| - gur3a, zakkara, tela, davAiyA~, prasAdhana, namaka, carma Adi aneka prakAra ke udyoga-dhandhe Agama yuga meM vidyamAna the| prajJApanA-sUtra meM ahiMsaka aura alpaArambha vAle zilpa aura vyavasAyoM ko Arya (uttama aura anindita) mAnA hai| vyApAra aura vyApAra-kendra jaina AgamoM se jJAta hotA hai ki sabhI staroM para aura sabhI kSetroM meM vyApAra, vyavasAya aura vANijya phailA huA thaa| sthAnIya vyApAra karane vAle choTe vyApArI vaNika kahalAte the aura bar3e vyavasAyiyoM ko gAthApati kahA gayA hai| Ananda zrAvaka bhI gAthApati thaa| dhana-sampanna vyApArI ko ibbha kahA gayA hai| vyApArika kAphile ko sArtha kahA jAtA thaa| sArthavAha sArtha kA saMcAlaka hotA thaa| vaha usa samaya kA bahuta mahatvapUrNa aura pratiSThita vyakti hotA thaa| jo saMyukta videzI vyApAra meM parAkrama karane vAlA hotA thaa| videzI vyApAra ke kAraNa vaha eka nahIM, aneka dezoM kI arthavyavasthA ke utthAna meM yogadAna karatA thaa| logoM ke vyApAra meM pratyakSa rUpa se sahAyaka banatA thaa| rAjya aura samAja meM usakA bahuta mAna-sammAna hotA thaa| granthoM meM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ko mahAsArthavAha kI upamA dI gaI hai| sArthavAha ke yogadAna aura mahatva kA anumAna isase lagAyA jA sakatA hai| mahilAoM ke dvArA vyavasAya karane kI sUcanAe~ milatI hai| vyApAriyoM ke saMgaThana bhI hote the| aneka (368)

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nagara vyApAra-kendra aura vyApArika maNDiyoM ke rUpa meM vikhyAta the| jahA~ aneka prakAra ke mAla kA AvAgamana, vipaNana aura kraya-vikraya hotA thaa| dezI-videzI vyApAra ke lie prasiddha vyApArika mArgoM kA varNana bhI Agama-granthoM meM milatA hai| sthala, jala aura samudrI mArgoM se vyApAra hotA thaa| ina mArgoM se AyAta-niryAta hotA thaa| arthopArjana ke lie loga kaThina se kaThina mArgoM se bhI vyApAra karane kA sAhasa kara lete the| sthala mArgoM kI yAtrAe~ sthala-vAhanoM se kI jAtI thIM, jinameM gAr3iyA~, zakaTa, ratha Adi kA upayoga hotA thaa| jala-vAhanoM meM naukAe~, jahAja, pota Adi ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| granthoM meM vAyu-mArga se AvAgamana ke ullekha bhI milate haiN| vAhanoM ke nirmANa aura marammata kA vyavasAya bhI hotA thaa| Agama granthoM meM ujjvala aura sAhasI Arthika caritroM ke aneka AkhyAna milate haiN| tatkAlIna bhAratavarSa kI vANijyika gatividhiyoM ke bahumUlya dastAveja ke rUpa meM unakA jIvana Agama ke svarNima pRSThoM para aMkita hai| upAsakadazAMga ke dasa zrAvakoM ke alAvA rohiNI jJAta, mAkandI sArthavAha, dhanya sArthavAha, samudrapAlIya Adi nAma ullekhanIya haiN| aNuvrata aura samatA __ zodha-prabandha ke caturtha adhyAya meM gRhasthAcAra kA arthazAstrIya adhyayana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| gRhastha-jIvana kA saMcAlana mukhyata: vyavasAya aura vANijya para AdhArita hotA hai| gRhasthAcAra ke adhikAMza niyamoM, vratoM aura aticAroM kA Arthika jIvana se pratyakSa sambandha hai| gRhasthAcAra ke antargata bAraha vrata aura unake sATha aticAra aura pandraha karmAdAnoM kA arthika vivecana kiyA gayA hai| sATha aticAroM kA niSedha vyaktitva vikAsa kI dRSTi se bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| mAnavIya, sAmAjika hitoM kA dhyAna rakhate hue, rAjakIya niyamoM kA pAlana karate hue, vyakti kI pratiSThA kI surakSA ke sAtha arthopArjana karane kI punIta vyavasthA gRhasthAcAra meM vidyamAna hai| gRhasthAcAra ke bAraha vratoM meM pA~ca aNuvrata, tIna guNa vrata aura cAra zikSAvrata haiN| aNuvrata yAni choTe-choTe vrata, jo jIvana-nirmANa meM sahAyaka banate haiN| aNuvratoM kI tAkata itanI hai ki ve aNubama kI zakti ko bhI parAsta kara sakate haiN| ve vyakti ke punIta saMkalpoM aura prazasta uddezyoM ke sAtha jur3e haiN| unameM sarvatra tyAga vidyamAna hai, jo samatAvAda kI AdhArazilA hai| ahiMsA meM samatA kI anubhUti hai, satya meM samatA kA vyavahAra hai, acaurya meM samatA kI vedanA hai, brahmacarya (369)

Page #399
meM samatA kA vikAsa hai aura aparigraha meM samatA kA saMghaTaka-saMsthAna hai| garIbI meM icchAoM aura anAvazyaka icchAoM kI vyathA hai aura amIrI meM atRpti kA duHkha hai| santuSTi aura vRtti-santulana tyAga para nirbhara hai| aNuvrata mAnava ko bhItara se tRpta karate haiN| ve samAja aura deza meM uccatara naitika mUlyoM ke dvArA samRddhi, saMtuSTi aura samatA ke Arthika-caritra kI sthApanA karate haiN| aNuvratoM ke mAdhyama se bhagavAna mahAvIra mAnava ko dhArmika banAne se pahale naitika banAte haiN| guNavrata aura saMyama guNavrata manuSya aura samAja kI guNavattA ko bahuguNita karate haiN| inakI sthApanA se pUrva bhagavAna mahAvIra rAtri bhojana niSedha kA mahatvapUrNa vrata samAja ko dete haiN| jo svAsthya aura saMyama kA mahatvapUrNa AdhAra hai| dizA-parimANa meM sAmrAjyavAda kA niSedha hai aura Atma-nirbharatA kI preraNA hai| upabhoga paribhoga parimANa 'saMyamaH khalu jIvanam' kI AcAra saMhitA pradAna karatA hai| arthazAstra kI bhASA meM yaha vrata upabhoktA kI sImAnta, sama-sImAnta upayogitA aura upabhoktA kI bacata meM vRddhi karatA hai| varjita vyavasAya ke antargata pandraha karmAdAna arthopArjana meM sAdhana-zuddhi kI sIkha dete haiN| eka sadgRhastha ko aisA dhandhA nahIM karanA cAhiye, jo hiMsaka ho, tathA samAja, mAnavIyatA aura paryAvaraNa kI dRSTi se anupayukta ho| apavyaya aura anutpAdaka vyaya vartamAna jIvana zailI kA bar3A abhizApa hai| yaha vyaktigata, sAmUhika, rAjakIya aura vyAvasAyika sabhI staroM para vibhinna rUpoM meM ho rahA hai| anarthadaNDa viramaNa vrata sabhI prakAra ke apavyayoM para aMkuza lagAtA hai| zikSA vrata aura saMvibhAga zikSA vrata mAnava ko yogya banAte haiN| tanAva-mukti ke prabandhana meM ina vratoM kI mahattA hai| atithi saMvibhAga vrata sevA aura sAmAjika samatA kA bar3A AdhAra hai| jainoM ne apane jIvana meM isa vrata kA bahuta vistAra kiyA hai| dAna isI kA eka rUpa hai, jise zrAvaka kA Avazyaka kartavya batAyA gayA hai| dAna dInatA yA ehasAna karane kI kriyA nahIM hai, apitu tyAga, sahayoga, anAsakti aura svatvavisarjana kI sAdhanA hai| karAropaNa dAna kA rAjakIya rUpa hai| AnupAtika dRSTi se dekhA jAya to deza meM jaina samAja sarvAdhika kara dene vAlA samAja hai| sevA, sAdhanA, zikSA, cikitsA jaise pAramArthika kAryoM meM bhI jaina samAja agraNI hai| Agama yuga (370)

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se lekara Aja taka jainoM kI dAnazIlatA kI mahimA se itihAsa bharA par3A hai| rASTra para Aye kisI bhI prakAra ke saMkaTa ke samaya jainoM ne apanI mukta dAnazIlatA kA paricaya diyA hai| kevala dhana kA visarjana hI nahIM, kartavya ke aneka mocoM para unhoMne apanI niSThApUrNa sakriya sahabhAgitA nibhAI hai| vyasana-mukti aura sampannatA jaina Agama sthAnAMga sUtra meM varNita dasa prakAra ke dharma nAgarikoM ke lie grAma/nagara se lekara rASTra aura mAnavatA ke prati kartavyoM kA nirdeza karate haiN| AcAryoM ne gRhasthAcAra kA samaya-samaya para bahuta vikAsa kiyA, use naye AyAma diye aura yugAnukUla banAne ke prayAsa kiye| isa krama meM sAta kuvyasanoM kA tyAga bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| jIvana ke sukha aura saubhAgya ko bacAne ke lie vyasana-mukti paramAvazyaka hai| jainoM kI sampannatA kI eka bar3I vajaha unakA vyasana-mukta honA hai| eka vyakti dina ke sau rupaye kamAtA hai aura unheM zarAba Adi vyasanoM meM ur3A detA hai| dUsarA kevala picahattara rupaye kamAtA hai, jinameM se pacAsa rupaye se apanA aura apane parivAra kA bharaNa-poSaNa karatA hai aura paccIsa rupaye kI bacata karatA hai| pahalA vyakti adhika kamAne ke bAvajUda vyasanoM ke kAraNa svayaM aura parivAra ko daridratA ke garta meM dhakela detA hai, jabaki dUsarA vyakti kama kamAne ke bAvajUda nirantara samartha aura sampanna hotA rahatA hai| jo loga sampanna vyaktiyoM para zoSaNa kA Aropa lagAte haiM, unheM unakI jIvana-zailI kA adhyayana bhI karanA caahiye| gRhasthAcAra ke vikAsa meM AcArya hemacandra praNIta mArgAnusArI ke 35 guNa eka naitika-Arthika manuSya ke lie aneka upayogI tathya prastuta karate haiN| siddhAnta aura darzana kA Arthika pakSa zodha prabandha ke pA~caveM adhyAya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke siddhAnta aura * darzana kA arthazAstra ke sAtha saha-sambandha kA adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| kisI bhI vyavasthA ke pIche koI na koI siddhAnta, darzana yA mAnyatA kAma karatI hai| jainAcAra, jaina jIvana zailI yA AgamoM se nirdezita jIvana zailI ke pIche bhagavAna mahAvIra ke - siddhAnta aura darzana kI sudRr3ha bhUmikA hai| vyaktitva vikAsa meM samyak darzana pahalI bhUmikA hai| darzana ke samyak hone para jJAna aura cAritra bhI samyak bana jAte * haiN| jIva aura ajIva ke svarUpa kA parijJAna samyaktva kI bhUmikA para hotA hai| yaha : jJAna hI ahiMsA kA AdhAra banatA hai| jo vyakti jIva-ajIva, puNya-pApa, Azrava (371)

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saMvara aura nirjarA-bandha ko samajhatA hai, usakA AcaraNa dUsaroM jaisA hote hue bhI dasaroM se bhinna hotA hai| usakA viveka sadA pradIpta rahatA hai, isalie vaha pApa nahIM karatA hai - samattadaMsI na kareI paavN| AhAra karane ke sAtha vaha anAhAra kA mahatva bhI samajhatA hai| nirjarA ke lie eka nahIM, bAraha prakAra ke tapoM dvArA jIvana ko nita naye AyAma detA hai| usakI tapasyAe~ usake lie hI nahIM, sabake lie lAbhadAyaka siddha hotI hai| tapa kA Arthika mUlyAMkana rocaka hai| karmavAda jaina dharma kA mukhya siddhAnta hai| Arthika dRSTi se isakI sabase bar3I phalazruti puruSArthavAda aura karmaNyatA kA pariSkAra hai| isake bAda kaSAya-. mukti kA Arthika mUlyAMkana kiyA gayA hai| lobha se zoSaNa aura aprAmANikatA bar3hatI hai| krodha se yuddha, AkramaNa, prahAra, hatyA Adi ghaTanAe~ hotI haiN| mAyA se avizvAsa aura amaitrI tathA mAna se ghRNA Adi burAiyA~ panapatI haiN| ina burAiyoM se hamAre sAmAjika-Arthika jIvana meM taraha-taraha kI samasyAe~ paidA hotI haiN| nirlobhatA. nirAbhimAnitA, RjutA-mRdutA aura kSamA-sahiSNutA se ye sArI samasyAe~ nau do gyAraha ho jAtI haiN| ahiMsA aura anekAnta . vastu-svAtantrya kA siddhAnta bhI jaina darzana kA maulika aura vaijJAnika siddhAnta hai| yaha ahiMsA aura svatantratA kI gahare athoM meM vyAkhyA karatA hai| jisakI samajha gaharI ho jAtI hai, usa para koI vicAra yA niyama thopane kI AvazyakatA nahIM rahatI hai| AtmavAda kI niSpatti vastu-svAtantrya se hotI hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM diyA gayA sthAvara kAyika jIvoM kI rakSA kA sandeza vartamAna pariprekSya meM paryAvaraNa kI dRSTi se bahuta mUlyavAna ho gayA hai| sthAvara jIvoM kI rakSA ke sAtha trasa jIvoM kI rakSA aura trasa jIvoM kI rakSA ke sAtha sthAvara jIvoM kI rakSA jur3I huI hai| pAristhitikI aura jaiva-vividhatA kI dRSTi se ahiMsA kI sUkSma vyAkhyA kA bahuta mahatva ho jAtA hai| isase sUkSma-ahiMsA ke anupAlana kI preraNA milatI hai| AtmavAda kI isa AdhArabhUmi para mAnavavAda bhI khar3A hai| AgamasAhitya meM mAnavIya ekatA ke aneka udAharaNa haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke saMgha meM binA kisI bheda ke sabako unnati ke samAna avasara prApta haiM to sArthavAha ke sArtha meM bhI hara jAti, varNa aura varga ke vyakti hote haiN| anekAnta kA siddhAnta vizva ko jaina darzana kI maulika dena haiN| anekAnta ne mAnava-jAti ke vikAsa meM apUrva yogadAna kiyA hai| arthazAstra meM bhI anekAnta (372)

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kI upayogitA asandigdha hai| arthazAstrIya niyamoM, sUtroM aura mAnakoM ko lAgU karane meM anekAntika dRSTikoNa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| kuzala prabandhana, vaicArika sahiSNutA aura sAmAjika ekatA ke lie anekAnta Aja sabakA mArgadarzana kara rahA hai| yaha ahiMsA kA vaicArika pakSa hai| ahiMsA sabhI siddhAntoM kA kendrIya bindu hai| AgamoM ke sandarbha meM ahiMsA kI carcA ke anekAneka AyAma haiN| zodha-prabandha ke pA~caveM adhyAya ke pA~caveM pariccheda meM prANI-rakSA aura zAkAhAra kA arthazAstrIya adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| mAMsAhAra kI betahAzA bar3hatI pravRtti aura bUcar3akhAnoM kI rakta-raMjita Arthiko se saMsAra aneka saMkaToM se ghirA huA hai| zAkAhAra ArogyadAyaka aura paryAvaraNa kA mitra hai| dharatI para chAI jala-saMkaTa aura bhukhamarI kI samasyAoM ko zAkAhAra apanA kara dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai| yuddha aura AtaMka kI samApti meM bhI zAkAhAra eka kAragara upAya hai| yAntrika bUcar3akhAnoM ne to hamAre artha-tantra ko tAra-tAra kara diyA hai| Atma-saMyama aura parivAra-niyojana zodha-prabandha ke pA~caveM adhyAya ke chaThe pariccheda meM saMyama kI carcA hai| saMyama kI kaI dRSTiyoM se carcA kI gii| bhagavAna mahAvIra mahatva kI bAta kahate haiM ki jo cIjeM nirjIva haiM, unake upayoga meM bhI saMyama aura viveka honA caahiye| isake bAda Atma-saMyama (brahmacarya) aura janasaMkhyA ke siddhAnta kA vivecana hai ki kisa prakAra janasaMkhyA-niyantraNa aura parivAra niyojana ke lie Atma-saMyama eka nirApada upAya ke rUpa meM bhaTakatI mAnavatA ko naI rAha dikhAtA hai| brahmacarya samAja meM sadAcAra kI sthApanA karatA hai| strI puruSoM ko vaha aneka parezAniyoM se bacAtA hai| arthazAstra meM jise mAnava-saMsAdhana kahA jAtA hai, sadAcAra se vaha samartha * aura balazAlI hotA hai| strI-svatantratA aura strI-puruSa samAnatA meM bhI brahmacarya kI anUThI bhUmikA hai| aparigraha kA arthazAstra zodha prabandha ke antima chaThe adhyAya meM Agamika aura Adhunika arthavyavasthA kA tulanAtmaka mUlyAMkana kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI jaina paramparA kI dRSTi se madhyakAlIna Arthika-sAmAjika vicAroM aura vicArakoM para carcA kI gaI hai| prathama pariccheda meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke arthazAstrIya vyaktitva meM unake jIvana (373)

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kI una ghaTanAoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai, jinakA Arthika dRSTi se bahuta mahatva hai| dvitIya pariccheda meM aparigraha kI carcA hai| aparigraha Agamika arthazAstra kA mUla vrata hai| acaurya isakA sahavartI hai| aparigraha aura acaurya kI mUla bhAvanA para AdhArita samAja-vyavasthA se Adhunika Arthika sAmAjika vicAraka bhI AkarSita hue haiN| aparigraha kA vrata vyakti kI Antarika riktatA ko bharatA hai| upabhogaparibhoga parimANa aura icchA-parimANa isake saMcAlana meM sahAyaka banate haiN| hiMsA kI mukhya vajaha parigraha hai, isalie aparigraha ahiMsA aura ahiMsaka tathA samatAmaya samAja vyavasthA kA AdhAra hai| Agama granthoM meM parigraha ke tIsa nAma batAkara use hara koNa aura hara stara para chor3ane kI salAha dI gaI hai| aparigraha apramAda aura kartavyaniSThA kA preraka tatva hai, isalie vaha vikAsa kA kAraNa hai| yaha vrata vyaktitva rUpAntaraNa se vyavasthA parivartana meM sahAyaka banatA hai| madhyakAla para prabhAva bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vicAroM se mAnava ke vyaktitva aura samAja kI vyavasthAoM meM krAntikArI tabdIliyA~ ho rahI thiiN| unakA prabhAva aneka rUpoM meM Age se Age bar3ha rahA thaa| prabhAvazAlI maurya sAmrAjya ke saMcAlanakartA candragupta ne tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI zramaNa paramparA meM zramaNa jIvana aMgIkAra kara liyaa| isa ghaTanA se jana jIvana para bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vicAroM kA gaharA prabhAva huaa| kauTilIya arthazAstra ke racayitA mahAmAtya cANakya kI svalpa nijI sampadA ko Agamika jIvana zailI ke nidarzana ke rUpa meM samajhA jA sakatA hai| madhyakAla ke aneka zAsaka aura vicAraka jaina paramparA se prabhAvita rhe| cauthI pA~cavIM sadI ke grantha vasudevahiNDI meM varNita Arthika jIvana para vimarza ke bAda AThavIM sadI ke grantha kuvalayamAlAkahA meM varNita Arthika jIvana para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina zramaNoM ne hara yuga meM gRhastha-varga ko aNuvratoM kI jIvana zailI btaaii| vratoM kI vyavasthA se samAja kI arthavyavasthA para anukUla asara honA svAbhAvika thaa| dasavIM sadI ke vicAraka somadeva sUri ne 'nItivAkyAmRta' likhakara samAjazAstra aura arthazAstra se nItizAstra ko jodd'aa| bArahavIM sadI meM kalikAlasarvajJa AcArya hemacandra ne apane yuga ko gaharAI taka prabhAvita kiyaa| aThAraha dezoM ke samrAT kumArapAla ke ve sarvesarvA mArgadarzaka the| kumArapAla kA rAjya ahiMsaka rAjya-vyavasthA aura samatAmaya samAja-vyavasthA kA Adarza udAharaNa hai| samrAT kumArapAla kA jIvana aNuvratoM se anuprANita thaa| hara yuga aura kAlakhaNDa meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke anuyAyI zAsana (374)

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aura samAja kI dhurI banakara rhe| vyApAra aura vANijya kA saMcAlana khAsataura para unake hAthoM meM rhaa| arthavyavasthA meM unakA yogadAna aparampAra hai| jainoM dvArA prAkRta bhASA ko mahatva diye jAne se lokatantrAtmaka aura vikendrita arthavyavasthA ko bala milaa| Adhunika arthavyavasthA aura ahiMsA ___isa adhyAya ke agale pariccheda meM Adhunika arthavyavasthA ke kaI svarUpoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| audyogika krAnti aura vaijJAnika takanIkI vikAsa ke bIca vizva kI Arthika sAmAjika vyavasthAoM meM yugAntarakArI parivartana hue| kahIM pUMjIvAda ko ThIka samajhA gayA to kahIM samAjavAda aura sAmyavAda ko ThIka samajhA gyaa| donoM ke apane-apane guNa-doSa haiN| jaina darzana vyavasthAoM ke sApekSika mUlyAMkana aura zreSTha ke samanvaya para bala detA hai| bIsavIM sadI meM mahAtmA gAMdhI sAdagI, saMyama, ahiMsA, aparigraha Adi para AdhArita vyavasthA para jora dete haiN| sakSama grAma-tantra kA vicAra bhI isase jur3A hai| gAMdhIjI ke vicAra Agamika jIvana vyavasthA se bahuta nikaTa haiN| unake Azrama-vrata, sarvodaya aura TrasTIzipa meM aNuvratoM kA Adarza prakaTa hotA hai| arthazAstriyoM kA dhyAna bhI aisI vyavasthA kI ora gayA, jisameM manuSya bhautika vikAsa ke sAthasAtha, apanA sarvAMgINa vikAsa kara ske| use bar3A AkarSaka nAma diyA gayA - kalyANakArI arthazAstra / parantu mAnava kI bhautika icchAoM ke ananta AkAza ne santuSTi, saMyama, aparigraha jaisI mUlyavAna bAtoM ko bahuta caturAI se upekSita kara : diyaa| Arthika vyavasthAe~ bAjAra ke svarUpa meM apanA jAla phailAkara pracura bhoga, upabhoga va paribhoga ke mAdhyama se upabhoktAvAda ko sthApita karane kA prayAsa * karatI hai| isake lie vaha taraha-taraha ke pralobhanakArI vijJApanoM kA sahArA letI haiN| bAjAravAdI vyavasthA kI gatizIlatA meM aurata eka bahuta bar3e aujAra kA kAma karatI hai| Azcarya yaha hai ki nArI-mukti kI joza-kharoza se bAteM karane vAle isa para cuppI sAdhe hue haiN| upabhoktAvAda ko vizvavyApI banAne ke lie vaizvIkaraNa aura bhUmaNDalIkaraNa jaise naye nAma aura nAre gar3he jAte haiN| isa bIca vikasita aura dhanI deza paramANu zakti kA Dara batAkara vizva meM bhaya aura hiMsA kA mAhaula paidA kara rahe haiN| bArUda ke Dhera athavA hiMsA para khar3I vyavasthAe~ saMsAra ko kaba kitanA (375)

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nukasAna pahu~cA de, kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| isa anizcaya meM ahiMsA hI eka nizcayAtmaka aura nizcintatA pradAna karane vAlA nirApada rAstA dikhAI par3atA hai| jaina Agama kA athavA ahiMsA kA arthazAstra sAdhana aura sAdhya kI zucitA, alpa-bhoga, alpa-parigraha, dhana kA vikendrIyakaraNa, prakRti va saMskRti kA saMrakSaNa, azoSaNa jaise sthAyI mahatva ke mUlyoM para bala detA hai, jinakI Aja ke vizva ko tIvra AvazyakatA hai| isI vicAra ko kendra meM rakhakara isa zodha-prabandha dvArA jaina AgamoM ke Arthika mUlyoM ko vyAkhyAyita karane kA prayAsa rahA hai| (376)

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sAhityakAra DaoN. dilIpa dhIMga sAhitya aura samAja meM kavi DaoN. dilIpa dhIMga eka suparicita nAma hai| mahaja bAraha varSa kI umra meM kavitA se lekhana kI zuruAta karane vAle DaoN. dhIMga ne vibhinna viSayoM aura zailiyoM meM aba taka karIba Der3ha hajAra padyAtmaka aura saikar3oM gadyAtmaka racanAe~ likhI haiN| jaina patra-patrikAoM meM sarvAdhika prakAzita hone vAle yuvA racanAkAra DaoN. dhIMga kI aneka kavitAe~ aura gIta logoM ko kaNThastha haiN| mevAr3a ke kucha jaina mandiroM meM DaoN. dhIMga racita rAjasthAnI bhASA ke pArzvanAtha jina pUjana kAvya se nitya pUjana kiyA jAtA hai| unakI vividha vArtAe~, gIta, kavitAe~, paricarcAe~ Adi AkAzavANI, udayapura se prasArita huI haiN| varSa 2005-06 meM akhila bhAratIya uttarAdhyayana sUtra evaM jaina tatvajJAna pratiyogitAoM kA saMyojana karake unhoMne ghara-ghara meM Agama-svAdhyAya kI alakha jgaaii| AcArya devendra muni ke karIba do sau pravacanoM kI presa-riporTiMga sahita hajAroM khabareM unhoMne akhabAroM ke lie likhI haiN| prAsaMgika va preraka viSayoM para karIba pA~ca hajAra patra vibhinna patra-patrikAoM aura akhabAroM ke sampAdakoM ke nAma likhe aura prakAzita hue, jo rikaoNrDa hai| maMcoM se prabhAvazAlI kAvyapATha karane vAle DaoN. dhIMga kuzala vaktA haiM aura sabhAoM ke saMcAlana meM bhI nipuNa haiN| .. sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura dvArA jainavidyA evaM prAkRta kI snAtakottara parIkSA meM svarNa-padaka se sammAnita DaoN. dhIMga ne 'jaina AgamoM kA arthazAstrIya mUlyAMkana' viSaya para vidyA-vAcaspati (DaoNkTareTa) kI upAdhi prApta kii| baragada ke bIja aura 'muktaka-muktA' unakI kavitAoM kI prakAzita pustakeM haiN| samaya se saMvAda, merI kavitAe~, mere gIta, mere nibandha (nAma anirNIta) Adi unakI aprakAzita kRtiyA~ haiN| DaoN. dilIpa dhIMga ne zAkAhAra, vyasanamukti, saMskAra, sadAcAra jaise muddoM para aneka goSThiyoM, saMgoSThiyoM, sammelanoM, kAryazAlAoM, yAtrAoM Adi kA Ayojana-saMyojana kiyA tathA aise sthAnIya se lekara rASTrIya AyojanoM meM sakriya sahabhAgitA nibhAI hai| dharma, darzana aura sAhitya ke kSetra meM viziSTa yogadAna ke lie a.bhA. zrI jaina ratna hitaiSI zrAvaka saMgha dvArA akTUbara 2006 me DaoN., dhIMga ko (377)

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rASTrIya stara para pratiSThita 'AcArya hastI smRti sammAna' se vibhUSita kiyA gyaa| akhila bhAratIya stara para zAkAhAra aura vyasana-mukti ke lie ullekhanIya kArya karane ke lie unheM besTa avArDa-2000' se sammAnita kiyA gyaa| satat sAhityasAdhanA va sevA ke lie darjanoM saMsthAoM ne unako sammAnita va abhinandita kiyA hai| aneka sAhityika/sAMskRtika pratiyogitAoM meM unheM puraskAra mile haiN| lekhaka azoka boharA ke anusAra 'yadi Apa AdhyAtmika kSetra ke sthAna para kevala sAhityika lekhana karate to kavi kumAra duSyanta ke samakakSa hindI ke susthApita hastAkSara hote|' svAdhyAyI ke rUpa meM deza-videza meM aneka bAra paryuSaNakAlIna sevAe~ de cuke 36 varSIya DaoN. dilIpa dhIMga samAja, sAhitya aura saMskRti ke vikAsa meM bahumUlya yogadAna kara rahe haiN| samparka : DaoN. dilIpa dhIMga TreDa hAusa, dUsarI maMjila 26, azvinI bAjAra udayapura (rAjasthAna) dUrabhASa:- 9414472720 (378)

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prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura sosAyaTI phaoNra sAinTiphika eNDa ethikala liviMga, jayapura ISBN-978-81-89698-45-4