Europena Sudharano Itihas

Author(s): Atisukhshankar K Trivedi
Publisher: Gujarat Varnacular Society
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032714/1

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yuropanA sudhArAno itihAsa gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAiTI,

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********* dI. ba. NimAI jazabhAI smAraka graMthamALA naM. 7 yuropanA sudhArAno nAsa ( gIjhAnA aMgrejI pustaka prathI) taiyAra pAra atisukhazakara kamaLAzakara trivedI, ema. e.; ek ela. bI, prAkTresara, lAjika eNnDa mAla kliAsAphI, azA kAleja, mAyA. gujarAta vanAkayulara seAsAiTI taraphathI chapAvI prasiddha karanAra. rA. rA. hIrAlAla trIbhAvanadAsa pArekha bI. e, Asi. sekreTerI-amadAvAda saMvat 1970 i. sa. 1913 prata 100. mUlye bAra AnA. kiMtthkee

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sAMkaDI zerIamadAvAda, zrI jJAnamandira prinTiMga presamAM zaMkararAya amRtarAye chApyuM. ( Belie lene grereje alle palehla Oleh Pflee He Hd 1 657 )

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dIvAna bahAdura alibAbA rakhAka jAka graMthamALAne upasthitisthaLa che - dIvAna bahAdura maNibhAI jazabhAI kacchanA dIvAna hatA tyAre temaNe je uttama kAryo karyA tenuM smaraNa rahevA mATe te dezanA lokoe eka phaMDa ubhu karyuM hatuM tenI DraoNmisarI noTa rU. 8750) nI laI sana 1888 mAM sosAITIne svAdhIna karavAmAM AvI che. tenI evI zarata che ke tenA vyAjamAMthI ardhI rakama gujarAtI pustaka racAvavA mATe inAma ApavAmAM vAparavI ane bAkInI adha rakamamAMthI pustako kharIda karI atuka lAI. brerIomAM ApavAM. A sarata pramANe Aja sudhImAM A phaMDamAMthI nIcenAM pustako racAvI sosAITI taraphathI prasiddha karavAmAM AvyAM che. 1 glAMDanI unnatine itihAsa *** 4-0-0 2 pratinidhi rAjya viSe vivecana. 3 prAcIna bhArata bhAga 1 lo... 0-12-0 4 rUpiyA. .. * * 5 lokopayogI zArIravidyA. ... 0-40 6 akabara.... *** -8-0 7 yuropanA sudhArAne ItihAsa... - 0-12-0 - 0 0 0-6-0 0 gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAITInI ephIsa. tA. 6 ThI jAnyuArI sana 1914,

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prastAvanA. - - - prakhyAta itihAsakAra gIjhonAM vyAkhyAne phrenca bhASAmAMthI aMgrejImAM vilyama haeNliTe bhASAntararUpamAM mUkyAM che. te vyAkhyAnamAMthI yuropanA sudhArA viSenAM zarUAtanAM vyAkhyAnanuM sArarUpa bhASAntara gurjaragirAmAM mukavAnuM kAma gu. va. sesAITi taraphathI mane soMpavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. mULa pustakamAM je bhAgomAM itihAsanA aTapaTA banAve, ne yurepanA lokonAM keTalAMka aTapaTAM nAmo Ave che te bhAge meM mUkI dIdhA che. te sivAya, sahelI bhASAmAM bhASAntara ne sAra raju karavA meM yathAzakti prayAsa karyo che. yuropanI prajAnI unnatine itihAsa kevA svarUpane che e viSayamAM jemane rasa haze te sarvene A pustaka upayogI thaI paDaze ema mAruM daDha mAnavuM che. ' atisukhazaMkara kamaLAzaMkara trivedI,

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viSaya. vyAkhyAna paheluM vyAkhyAna khIjAM [: : ... vyAkhyAna trIjuM vyAkhyAna cAthu vyAkhyAna pAMcamuM vyAkhyAna chaThThuM vyAkhyAna sAtamu vyAkhyAna ANyu vyAkhyAna navamu vyAkhyAna dasamuM vyAkhyAna agIAramu vyAkhyAna bAramu vyAkhyAna teramu vyAkhyAna caudamu . HH H ... : *** ... OM ka ... ... anukramaNikA. :: : : .:. ... ... ... OM : ... OM OM 000 ... ... ... ... .... ... : :: ... : ... : ... : 800 000 ... ... : ... ... ... : :: ... ... : ... ... : [H H ... ... ... ... :: :: ... ... :: ... : ... pRSTha. 1-20 21-42 43=59 60--99 78 9: 9-127 118-137 132-149 150-163 164-177 198-191 192-22: 203-2 19 220-23

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upAdyAta. gIjhanuM eALakhANu. yuropanI unnatinA ItihAsa pare prakhyAta phrenca ItihAsakAra gIe 1828-ra4-30 e varSomAM eDa serbonamAM ApelAM vyAkhyAnanuM sArarUpa bhASAMtara A pustakamAM gujarAtI vAcakavarga AgaLa mUkavAmAM AvyuM che. gInI vAksaritA evI svaccha ne nirmaLa hatI, ne tene pravAha evI suMdaratAthI vaheto hato ke enA chetRvarga para te ajaba asara karI zakato hato. e ItihAsakAranuM ahika jIvana kevA prakAranuM hatuM te jANavAthI enA vicAro para vizeSa prakAza paDe tema che tethI te viSe ApaNe thoDuM ghaNuM jANavA prayatna karIzuM. gInAM mAbApa. IsunA aDhAramA saikAnA uttarArdhamAM phrAnsa dezanI sthiti kevI hatI te bhAgye ja koI itihAsa jANanArane ajANyuM haze. eka mahAna rAjyaparivartananAM bI phrAnsanI bhUmimAM havAI cUkyAM hatAM, havAI cUkyAM hatAM eTaluM ja nahi, paNa te vRkSanA svarUpamAM prakAzamAM paNa AvavA mAMDayAM hatAM. e arAjakatAnA samayamAM matabhedane lIdhe ghaNA nAmAMkita puruSonA paNa jAnamAlanI sahIsalAmI nahatI. 1784nA varSanI 8mI eprilane divase nAImsanI sULI para eka prakhyAta puruSane prANArpaNa karavAne prasaMga AvyuM hatuM. rAjyamaMDaLanI viruddhanA ne hAnikAraka vicAra dharAvanAra tarIke tene viSe zaMkA hatI, ne te sababe dhansanA eka sArAmAM sArA kuTuMbamAM zokanI vAdaLI chavAI gaI hatI. eka bhayaMkara vajrapAtano ghA sahana karavAnI Izvara mane zakti Apa ema eka abaLA IzvaranI prArthanA karatI hatI, kAraNa ke tene pitAne vaidhavyapada prApta karavAnuM hatuM, ne tenAM be bALakone anAthapada prApta karavAnuM hatuM. A bemAMnuM meTuM

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upaghAta. bALaka te bIjuM koIja nahi paNa "yuropanA sudhArAnA itihAsa "nai ApaNo vyAkhyAnakAra-gI. A prakhyAta puruSanA bALapaNa viSe jANa tAM pahelAM eka bIjI paNa zokajanaka vAta noMdhavA lAyaka che. phrAnsamAM mahAna rAjyaparivartana thayuM tyArapahelAMnA vakhatamAM dhArmika asahiSNutA atyanta hAnikAraka pariNAmo ANutI hatI. khristi dharmanAja proTesTaMTa paMthanA loko sAme kethalika leke bane teTalI kUratA vAparavA tatpara rahetA hatA, ne vAparatA paNa hatA. e kuratAnA AvirbhAvanA te vakhatanA vartulamAM gIjhanAM mAbApa sapaDAI gayAM hatAM. teo proTesTaMTa hatAM, ane tethI temanI vaccenuM lagna khullI rIte thayuM nahotuM, ne kAyadApUrvaka paNa gaNAyuM nahotuM. A pramANe nAnA gIjhanI mAtAne zire be Akta A vI paDI hatI; eka, patinuM mRtyu, ne bIjuM pitAnuM lagna kAyadAnI viruddha gaNAyuM. gInuM zizava. kaTu anubhavALuM nAImsa nagara choDI mai goge jInevA gaI ne tyAM gayA pachI bALaka gInuM vidyArthIjIvana zarU thayuM. meM. gIjha ziSTa ne svataMtra vicAranI strI hatI. pitAnA bALakanI keLavaNIne mATe te khAsa darakAra rAkhatI hatI. keLavaNIsaMbaMdhI enA vicAra jarA paNa saMkucita nahotA. prakhyAta phenca philasupha rUsoe potAnA imAIla nAmanA pustakamAM eka agatyane vicAra e darzAvyo hato ke hastakaLA athavA zilpakaLAnI keLavaNI, keLavaNInuM eka jarUranuM aMga che, te vicArane meM. gejhe barAbara anusaratI hatI. te pramANe bALaka bIjhane bacapaNamAM suthArI kAma zikhavavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. te kAmamAM te evo pravINa thaye ke eNe te samaye pitAne hAthe eka Tebala taiyAra karyuM hatuM, ne te Tebala gInI bALapaNanI zaktinA smaraNa tarIke hajI jALavI rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. bALapaNathI ja gIjhane vAcanane evo zokha hatuM ke ApaNe ema kahI

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upaghAta.. zakIe ke vidyAnuM ene vyasana hatuM. enAM sauthI pahelAM ne ekalAM ramakaDAM enAM pustako ja hatAM. cAra ja varSane abhyAsane ane myusiDiDisa ne DimAspenisa, sisero ne siTasa, DaeNnTi ne elphiori, zilara ne gethe, gibana ne zekaspIara jevA mahAna lekhakanAM pustake temanI mULa bhASAmAM e vAMcI zakate thayo hato. itihAsa ne tattvajJAna tarapha enuM khAsa vaLA hatuM. ummaranA pramANamAM enI zakti ne enA jJAnane vikAsa ghaNuM vadhAre thaelo hato, araDha varSanI kAcI ummare te eNe sAmayika patramAM lakhANa karavAnuM zarU karyuM hatuM. gIjhonuM lagna, A saMbaMdhe lakhatAM ene lagnaprasaMga kevI rIte astitvamAM Avyo tenI khAsa neMdha levA lAyaka che; kAraNa ke e prasaMgamAM kaMIka alaukikatA che. eka prakhyAta kuTuMbamAM avatarelI paNa rAjyaparivartanane lIdhe nirdhana avasthAmAM AvI paDelI, ane te mATeja udaranirvAhAthe lekhaka tarIke kAma karatI eka strI, nAme me. polina myulana eka sAmayika patra calAvatI hatI. kAmanA bojAne lIdhe-pote jene cahAtI hatI evA pitAnA kuTuMbIjanonA sukhane arthe nahi, paNa jIvananA nirvAhane arthe karavA paDatA lekhaka tarIkenA kAmanA zramane lIdhe A strI eka vAra bhayaMkara maMdavADamAM AvI paDI. enI sthiti divase divase gaMbhIra thatI gaI. zuM karavuM tene mArga ane jaData nahote. tevAmAM ekAeka enA ajANatAM, kaIka vIrapuruSa enI zaraNe Avyo. teNe pitAnuM nAma jaNAvyA vinA, e strI para eka patra sAthe eka uttama lekha mokalyo. tenA vicArone zailI saMskAramaya hatAM ne te strInA vicAro ne zailInA anukaraNamAMja hatAM. A lekha te strIe svIkAryo ne prasiddha karyo. te maMdavADamAMthI sAjI thaI tyAM sudhI AvI rIte te puruSa lekho mokalyA karyA. A upakAranAM kRtyanI svAbhAvika rIte ja te strI para bhAre ne ajaba asara thaI. e lekhanA lekhakane zodhI kADhavA

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, ughAta. mATe pitAnA patramAMja pite kaMI kaMI tarko darzAvyA, paNa tene jarAe khyAla nahoto ke A lekhaka koI eka phIkko, vicArazIla, pitAne agAu nahi jANIte, evA yuvAna mANasa haze. te lekhakane jAhera thavA mATe te strIe AgrahapUrvaka potAnA patramAM vinaMti karI. tene pariNAme ajJAta rIte sevA karanAra te yuvaka prakAzamAM Avyo, ne te bIje kaIja nahi paNa yuvAna gIja mAlUma paDyo. upakAranI lAgaNIne badale e thayo ke meM, myulane meM, gInuM nAma dhAraNa karyuM. mitratA lagnanI granthithI daDhIbhUta thaI A alaukika dRSTAMta gIjhanI sAhitya prati abhiruci ne enuM snehALa hRdaya darzAvI Ape che. gIjhanI sAhityapravRtti. gajhanI sAhityanA kSetramAM pravRtti ucca prakAranI hatI. tethI AkarSAI kAnsanI yunivarsiTinA te samayanA adhyakSa, meM, da. jene 1812 mAM gIjhone senanA Adhunika ItihAsanA prophesaranuM pada ApyuM. ItihAsamAM enA vicAro sudharelI rIte cAlatI nRpataMtranI rAjyapaddhatinI tarapheNamAM hatA. pitAnI tIvra buddhi ne suMdara vakatRtvazaktine lIdhe rAjyanA kAryavahanamAM judA judA bhAre hodAo para jude jude samaye gIjhonI tyAra pachI nImaNuka thaI hatI. te saMbaMdhInI vigatonuM jJAna atra anAvazyaka che. gIjhoe ghaNuM pustako lakhyAM che. te badhAMmAM "yuropanA sudhArAne ItihAsa "agra sthAna bhogave che. e itihAsanAM vyAkhyAnamAM, ne sAmAnya rIte paNa, gajhanI bhASAne pravAha e saralatAthI vahyo cAlyo jAya che ke bhAgye ja te koIpara asara karyA vagara rahe "As a writer, * his style is one that may be recognised among a thousand. " lekhaka tarIke enI zailI evI che ke eka hajAra zailIomAM e oLakhI zakAya, itihAsakAra tarIke eNe amUlya sevA

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11 upodaghAta. bajAvI che. mAtra vartamAnanA dhoraNathI bhUtakALanA banAvanI parIkSA karavAnI paddhatine svIkAra na karatAM svataMtratAthI parIkSA karavAnI eNe ApaNane navI paddhati zIkhavI che. gIjhonuM vyaktitva. TuMkAmAM gIjho viSe ApaNe zuM jANavAnuM che? sattA, arthAta rAjyasattAne e cahAnAra che. tema chatAM e svataMtramAM svataMtra mANasa che. usAhathI ghasaDAI na jatAM e tarkazakti hameza upayoga kare che. janasamAjanI e vadhAre darakAra rAkhe che. arAjaktAne e kado duzmana che. tethI kharAbamAM kharAba prasaMge bilakula acakAyA vagara, jarUra paDe te aniyaMtrita rAjasattAne zaraNe javuM paNa e vadhAre bahetara dhAre che. A pramANe gIjhonA vyaktitvanuM ApaNane saMkSipta Alekhana prApta thAya che. unnati. unnati, sudhAre, ziSTatA, pragati-e badhA zabdonA artha lagabhaga sarakhAja che. e zabdonA mAtra uccAramAM kaMIka ajaba madhuratA che. e madhuratAnuM eka lakSaNa e che ke e aspaSTa che, chatAM mohaka che, avyakta che, chatAM AkarSaka che, athavA vadhAre cokasAIthI koI ema paNa kahe ke aspaSTa che tethI ja mehaka che, avyakta che tethI ja AkarSaka che. ItihAsano koI paNa samaya evo nathI ke je vakhate prajAnI unnati sarvathA thaI cUkI heya ema jovAmAM Ave. samAja jema jema sudharato jAya che tema te unnatinA Adarzo paNa vadhAre ne vadhAre vikAsa pAmatA jAya che. manuSya jema jema Adarzo sAdhavAnI vadhAre ne vadhAre najIka to jAya che tema tema unnatine Adarza vadhAre vistIrNa ne vadhAre paripUrNa thata jAya che. mANasa unnatine zikhare kadApi pahoMcatuM nathI. tenuM kAraNa eka

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upaghAta. ja che--unnatine zikharaja nathI, athavA che te te manuSyane ajJAta che. te paNa amuka samAja amuka bIjA samAjanA karatAM oche ke vatto unnata thaye hato evo zabdaprayoga ApaNe karIe chIe, ne te vAstavika rIte. unnatinuM atima bindu na hoya ke na jaDe, te paNa unnati kaI dizAmAM che e sahelathI jANI zakAya. "unnati," e zabda Adhunika samayamAM keTalIka vastuo ApaNI najara AgaLa ekadama khaDI karI de che. AgagADI, tAra, moTarakAra, sTImara mila, saMcAo, grAmophene, sinemeTogrApha, ityAdi vastuo "unnati," e zabda bolatAM tarata ApaNuM manamAM tarI Ave che. sAmAnya rIte ema kahevAmAM Ave che ke Adhunika samaya prAcIna samayanA karatAM vadhAre unnata che, ane ema kahevAmAM Ave che tyAre sAmAnya rIte ema dhAravAmAM Ave che ke sukhasaMpattinAM sAdhane ApaNA samayamAM bahu vadhAre jovAmAM Ave che. te svAbhAvika che. saMtavya che. A jaDatAnA jamAnAmAM skUla vastuo tarapha samAjanuM lakSa jaladIthI jAya e dekhItuM che. paraMtu kharuM jotAM unnatinuM A bAhya ne ekadezIya svarUpa che. bhautikanAM karatAM naitika ne mAnasika unnati vadhAre agatyanI che. imarsana pitAno vicAra darzAve che te pramANe agatyanA sudhArA buddhi ne nItinI keLavaNInA che. gIjho unnati viSe zuM vicAra darzAve che ? e praznapaddhatino upayoga karI unnatinAM agatyanAM aMge nita kare che. e kahe che ke dhAro ke kaI prajA evI hoya ke tenuM bAhya jIvana saraLa na rogarahita hoya. dhAro ke te prajAne rAjyamAM kara jevuM kazuM ApavuM paDatuM na hoya ne duHkhamAMthI vimukta hAya. dhAro ke tenA vyavahAramAM nyAya rAjya taraphathI barAbara ApavAmAM AvatA hoya. paNa tenI ja sAthe dhAro ke tenuM mAnasika ne naitika jIvana susta ne nirAmI heya. A prajA unnati ke sudharelI che ema zuM ApaNe kahI zakIzuM ? nahi ja. vaLI dhAre ke bIjI koI prajAnuM vyAvahArika jIvana ochI sarala

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- 13 upodaghAta. tAthI cAlatuM hoya che, chatAM jIvana nirvAha nIbhyo cAlyo jato hoya. paNa A sAthe tenA mAnasika jIvanano eka anAdara karavAmAM na A vyA hoya. tenAmAM nIti ne dharmanI ucca bhAvanAonAM bIja ropAyelAM hoya, chatAM tenI svataMtratAnA vAtAvaraNamAM vRddhi na thavA devAmAM AvI hoya. nIti ne dharmanAM satya A prajAnA dareka mANasane jANavAmAM hoya, paNa tenuM jJAna svataMtratAthI saMpAdana kareluM nahi paNa saMkucita ne amuka prakAranuM hoya. je je prajAnA jIvanamAM dhArmika tanI sattA pUrI jhAmI che temAM svataMtra ciMtananA vikAsane A pramANe abhAva hoya che. zuM A sthiti unnata kahI zakIzuM ? nahi ja. have dhAro ke kaI prajA evI hoya ke temAM svataMtratA hoya chatAM avyavasthA jovAmAM AvatI hoya. A sthitinuM pariNAma e hoya ke nabaLo mANasa duHkhita thAya ne nAza pAme. yuropa AvI sthitimAMthI pasAra thaI gayuM che te vAtathI koIja ajJAta nathI. zuM Ane unnati kahI zakAze ? nahi ja. - cothI sthiti evI dhAre ke prajAmAM svataMtratA hoya, nyAya hoya, vyavasthA heya, paNa dhAro ke prajA varganA ghaNA mANaso sAmAnya rIte bhAga laI zake evI janahitanI bAbato temAM bahu thoDI hoya. paraspara eka bIjAnI zaktino lAbha tethI samAjamAM na maLatA hoya. zuM A sthiti unnata che ? nahi, ' . ' A badhImAMthI eke sthiti unnata nathI tenuM kAraNa e che ke temAM vikAsane mATe avakAza nathI. unnatinuM agatyanuM tattva pragati, vikAsa che. paNa A pragati, A vikAsa te zuM che te jANavuM ja vikaTa che. A vikAsanAM be to che; eka, sAmAjika jIvanamAM sudhAre, ne bIjuM, vyaktijIvanamAM sudhAro. gIjhe kahe che: " Wherever the external condition of man extends itself, vivifies,

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upodaghAta. anieliorates itself; whorever the internal nature of man displays itself with lustre, with grandeur; at these two signs, and often despite the profound imperfection of the social state, mankind with loud ap. plause proclaims civilization. " bhANasanI bAhya sthiti jyAM vistAra pAme che, utsAhamaya bane che, ne sudhare che, ane enuM Akhtara jIvana jyAM prakAza ne gAMbhIrya grahaNa kare che, tyAM unnatinAM cihane paNa dekhItAMja che. A pramANe gIjha sAmAjika pragati ne vyaktinI pragati e banne bAbato unnatine mATe agatyanI darzAve che; samAja ne vyakti e bannemAM sudhAro Avazyaka che. unnatine ItihAsa lakhanAra sAmAjika jIvana pragatizIla kevI rIte bane che ne dhIme dhIme kevI rIte badalAya che te darzAve, athavA te vyaktijIvana kevI rIte unnata thAya che te darzAve. gIjhe " yurepanA sudhArAnA ItihAsa" mAM samAjajIvananA bahAranA banAve, temAM thatA pheraphAro, ne tethI sUcita thatI unnatine viSe pitAne je kahevAnuM che te kahe che. manuSyanA Antara jIvanane vikAsa dhIme dhIme kevI rIte thAya che, vyaktijIvana kema unnata thAya che te bAbata paNa agatyanI che, te paNa gIjhe te bAbatane alaga rahevA de che. A pramANe gInA vicAra ne enI paddhati viSe ApaNe nirIkSaNa karyuM. pAzcAtya philasuphInuM Adhunika keIpaNa pustaka evuM nahi hoya ke jemAM DArvina, ne spensaranA jIvanazAstra viSenA u&AtivAdane upayoga jarUra paDe tyAM nahi karavAmAM Avato hoya. jIvananI dareka bAbatane ukrAntivAdano niyama lAgu paDe che, te pragati ke unnati paNa kaMI sthAyI vastu nathI. temAM hameza vRddhi ne pheraphAra thayAMja cAlyAM jAya che. sAmAjika ne naitika unnati paNa kramazaH AgaLa vadhe che. ene paNa u&Atine niyama lAgu paDe che. A agatyanA niyama tarapha gajhenA pustakamAM nAmamAtrae

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upaghAta. nathI; ne te svAbhAvika che. paraMtu Adhunika samayamAM gInuM pustaka aitihAsika daSTibinduthI agatyanuM gaNAya. - yurepanI prAcIna ne arvAcIna unnati. gra sa remanA prAcIna itihAsamAM eka bAbata dekhItI che. e banne dezo eka vakhata kIrtithI caLakI rahyA hatA. e banne dezanI unnatie AkhA yuropanA ItihAsa para sacoTa chApa pADI che. e banne dezanI unnatine viSe eka bAbatamAM sAmya jovAmAM Ave che. e banne dezanI unnatine AdhAra temanA sainika baLa para hatA, ne teno AdhAra temanA prajAjIvanamAM otaprota thaelA nagarajana tarIkenA dareka mANasanA Adarzo para hato. dareka nagarajana rAjyanuM aMga gaNAto, paNa nagarajana viSenA te prajAonA vicAre ekadezIya ne saMkucita hatA. chatAM A vicAro para temanI unnatine pAyo hato. benjAmina kiDa pAzcAtya prajAnI utkAnti viSenA pitAnA uttama pustakamAM kahe che ke "The deeper we get in the bistory of the Greek and Roman peo. ples the more clearly do we see how the whole fabric of the ancient civilizations, military and civil, legal and religious, is ultimately related to this in. stitution." grIka ne remana lekanA itihAsa viSe ApaNe jema jema vadhAre uMDe vicAra karIe chIe tema tema sainika, nAgarika, kAyadAnI, ne dharmanI prAcIna unnatine badhA pAye ane A saMsthA sAthe kevo (gADha) saMbaMdha dharAve che te ApaNane mAlUma paDe che." arthAta, te prajAonI sarva prakAranI unnati temanA nAgarika jIvana ne te viSenA temanA svAbhimAna upara AdhAra rAkhe che. grIka leko Barbarian athavA jaMgalI e zabdano prayoga bahu vicitra rIte karatA hatA. je kaI prajA grIka nahi te jaMgalI nA nAmathI saMbodhAtI hatI. paradezI mAtra be jaMgalI " nAmathI oLakhAtA, pachI bhale te IjITa ke paziAnA sudharelA leka hoya, ke

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upadaghAta. sIdhiyA ne gAlanI aziSTa prajAo hoya. cheka zarUAtamAM jaMgalI " prajA eTale parabhASA vAparanArI prajA evo thato hato. paNa jema jema bIka loke buddhimAM AgaLa vadhatA gayA tema tema e zabdanA bhAvArthamAM tiraskArane vicAra paNa ghUsato gaye. eka rAjyane zaherI teja dezanA anya rAjyamAM jamInane mAlIka thavAne kAyadApUrvaka rIte nAlAyaka gaNAtA hate. eja saMkucita ne ekadezIya vicArane pariNAme jItAyelI prajAe mAtra gulAmagIrImAMja rahI zake e eka bIjo agatyano vicAra hatA. eTaluM ja nahi, paNa gulAmagIrInI sthitimAM paNa chatAyelI prajAne jIvavA devI e eka moTAmAM moTuM dayAdAna gaNAtuM. jasTiniana je udAra buddhine lekhaka paNa gulAmagIrIne viSe Avo mata darzAve che. enA kAyadAemAM eTalI dalIla te jANe mAnI lIdhelI jaNAya che ke chatAyalA AdamIne jIvavAne haka ja nathI. te pachI game tevI nIca sthitimAM paNa tene jIvavA devAmAM Ave che te tenA para zikSA karelI na gaNAya, paNa dayAja gaNAya. ghaNuM grIka zaheromAM svataMtra manuSyonI saMkhyA karatAM gulAmenI saMkhyA ghaNI vadhAre thaI gaI hovI joIe. rAjyanA kArabhAramAM A gulAmavarganA koI paNa mANasane haka nahete gaNata. krImena kahe che a 57101; " In no case could the freedman, the foreigner, or even the dependent ally obtain citizenship by residence or even by birth in the land. " 7584 57. vAmAM Avela koI paNa gulAma, koI paNa paradezI ke hAtha nIcenA ne maitrI dharAvanAra rAjyano bhANasa suddhAM raheThANa ke janmathI zaherI tarIkenA haka kadApi meLavI zakato nahoto. cIsanI prakhyAta pele pojisiane laDAInI zarUAtamAM aiTikAnI gulAma prajAnI saMkhyAnI gaNatarI jyAre 1,00,000 hatI, tyAre svataMtra prajanI saMkhyAnI gaNatarI 1,35,000 hatI. remamAM paNa evI ja sthiti hatI. temanuM rAjya paNa myunisipala athavA zaherI jIvana ne zaherIonA hakone AdhAre cAlatuM hatuM tyAM paNa zaherI tarIkenuM

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upodaghAta. 17 pada bahuja gheDAne maLatuM hatuM. paradezIone te prApta thAya nahi te viSe khAsa darakAra rAkhavAmAM AvatI hatI; ane jyAre e pada anya lekane ApavAmAM AvatuM thayuM hatuM tyAre romana mahArAjyanI unnati paNa ghaTavA mAMDI hatI. AkhA romana mahArAjyanI svataMtra prajA ghaNuM karIne koI paNa vakhata gulAma prajAnA karatAM saMkhyAmAM vadhAre nahotI. I. sa. 684nA ramanA vastIpatraka parathI saMkhyA kADhatAM mAmsana darzAve che ke jyAre svataMtra prajAnI saMkhyA iTAlI dezamAM sATha ke sittera lAkhanI hatI tyAre gulAma prajAnI saMkhyA eka karoDa trIsa ke cALIsa lAkhanI hatI; ane gibananI gaNatarI pramANe kalaiMDiasanA vakhatamAM paNa e be prajAvargonI saMkhyA AkhI romana AlamamAM sarakhI thatI hatI. prAcIna grIsa ne romanI unnatine pAya A pramANe eka jAtanA saMkucita nAgarika jIvana para racAyo hato. A nAgarika jIvana maeNsena enA premanA itihAsamAM batAve che te pramANe naitika-dhArmika hatuM. e prajAnA lekonA naitika-dhArmika saMbaMdha zA prakAranA hatA? prathama e prajAonuM dhArmika cetana vartamAnakALanAMja hitenA saMbaMdhamAM jAgrata hatu, teo je samayamAM rahetA temAMja arthAta vartamAnamAMja kaI prakArane sAMsArika lAbha meLavavA tarapha e cetana pravRttizIla hatuM. bIjuM, e cetana amuka saMkucita prakAranA bhrAtRbhAvane AdhAre raheluM hatuM. bahAranA mANaso temAM bhAga laI zake tema nahotuM. A mukhya vicAramAMthIja grIsa ne remanI unnatine pAyo te dezonA saMkucita nAgarika jIvana para racAvavA pAmyo hate. utkrAntivAdanA siddhAnta tarapha jene prema che tevA mANasane upalAM tamAM eka khAsa lakSaNa daSTigocara thAya che. benjAmina kiDanA mata pramANe uparanAM tamAM uttamamAM uttama sainika baLa prajAmAM vikasita karavAnI zakti che. kaI paNa bIjI sAmAjika sthitimAM sainika baLanI vRddhi evI uttama thaI zakaze nahi, ane te svAbhAvika che.

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upodaghAta. AvI rIte jotAM manuSyajIvananI unnatinA itihAsamAM prIsa ne remanI unnatine ItihAsa sahelathI samajI zakAya che. te dezanI unnati ghaNI thaI hatI, paNa temAM AzcaryakAraka kazuM nathI te have samajAze. kAraNa eja hatuM ke samAjanI vartamAna sthitinA hitane arthe dareka vyaktie pitAnuM jIvana gALavuM e te dezone mukhya siddhAnta hatA. rAjakIya cetana ne rAjakIya jIvanathI AgaLa zuM che te tarapha te prajAonuM lakSa gayuMja nahotuM. prathama rAjyanuM hita ne pachI vyaktionuM jIvana, ne temanA hako eja e dezanI unnatinuM jAdu hatuM. grIsa ne remanI prAcIna unnati sAthe Adhunika yuropanI unnati sarakhAvIzuM to keTalIka bAbate ekadama daSTigocara thaze, Adhunika samayamAM sukhasaMpattinAM sAdhano vadhyAM che. mudraNakaLAnI zodha thayA pachI, ne te uttama sthitie pahoMcI tyAra pachI jJAnanA pracAramAM dekhIte ja vistAra thayo che. prathama hokAyaMtranI zodha ne tene upayoga, ne Adhunika samayamAM nAvika kaLAmAM thaelA aneka uttama sudhArAne lIdhe duniyAnA judA judA bhAganA mANasone samAgama jaladIthI, sahelAIthI, ne vadhAre meTI saMkhyAmAM thayo che. varALIyaMtranA aneka upayogane lIdhe vyApAra ne udyoga vadhavA ne khIlavA pAmyAM che. prAcIna grIsa ne remanI unnati vizenAM pustakonA vAMcane yuropamAM dhArmika jAgRti ANI hatI, ne tenI asara paNa madhyakAlIna yuropa ne te pachInA vakhatamAM dekhItI thaI hatI. A badhI bAbate yuropanI Adhunika unnatinA saMbaMdhamAM agatyanI che, chatAM) Adhunika pAzcAtya unnati je dizAmAM jAya che tenAM mukhya baLe hajI judAM che. te baLo prAcIna grIsa ne remanI unnatinA AdhArabhUta baLathI tadana judAMja che. grIsa ne ramamAM jyAre dareka pravRtti rAjyanuM vartamAna hita sAdhavAnA kAmanuM aMga mAtra gaNAtI hatI tyAre Adhunika yuropamAM tema tell." The real secret of our Western world-the CAUS3,......of all its extraordinary and ever-growiny

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upadhAta. 18 efficiency in history consists, on the contrary, in the fact that the controlling centre of the evolutionary process therein has been at last projected altogether beyond the content of political consciousness." Byela Adhunika yuropIana unnatino AdhAra je baLa para che tene rAjakIya cetana sAthe ja kaMI khAsa saMbaMdha nathI. rAjyanA hitanA karatAM paNa AgaLa hita karyuM che ane manuSyanuM kharuM baLa-enI kharI unnati bhAvamAM zenA para che te jovA tarapha ne te sAdhavA tarapha Adhunika yurepanA khAsa prayatna che. eja enI Adhunika unnatinuM hArda che ema benjAmina kiDa mAnavuM che. yuropanI Adhunika kaLAo, nIti, sAhitya, tattvajJAna, dharma e badhAMmAM A bAbata spaSTa jaNAya che. e badhI bAbatonI pravRttimAM samAjanA Adarzo have svataMtra thayA che. te Adarzo rAjakIya cetananA mAtra guNIbhUta gaNAtA hatA te sthiti badalAI gaI che, ne tethI TuMkAmAM ema kahevAya ke te badhI bAbatonA saMbaMdhamAM pravRttio vartamAnane nahi paNa bhaviSyane ja dhyAnamAM rAkhI calAvavAmAM Ave che. " It is the world, therefore, in which all t e imperiums in which the present had hitherto strangled the interests of the greater, future are in process of slow disintegration, and in which we have, in consequence, entered upon an era of such a free rivalry of forces as has never been before in the history of the race. " ( Kidd's, Principles of Western Civilization, p. 334. ) A pramANe yuropanI prAcIna ne Adhunika unnatinI paddhatio viSe keTalAka agatyanA vicAra ApaNe joyA. DArvinanA siddhAnta pramANe je zreTa vastuo hoya che tenuM ja atijIvana thAya che. Adhunika samayamAM judAM judAM naitika ne dhArmika to viSe ApaNe kaMIka virodha paNa joIe

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upodaghAta. chIe. chatAM temAM je zreSTha ta haze teja Takaze evI vijJAnane AdhAre ApaNe zraddhA rAkhI zakIe vaLI evI paNa zraddhA yogya gaNAya ke samAja uttarottara sArI ne sArI sthitimAM ja jAya che. utkrAntivAdanA siddhA para AdhAra laI bhaviSyanI unnati viSe hetri smitha viliansa - evuM zraddhAmaya jotiSa kADhe che ke hAlanAM valaNo jotAM pragati traNa dizAmAM thaze-(1) manuSyanI zArIrika unnatimAM, (2) ekabIjI prajAonI mAMhyomAMhyanI IrSyAomAM ghaTAro, temAM, ne(3)duniyAnI odyogika ne Arthika ekatA tarapha hameza vadhatI jatI pravRttimAM.(Article, Civilization, Encyclopaedia Britannica ). A keTale aMze satya che tene khyAla bhaviSyanI prajAe ja karI zakaze. atisukha zaMkara kamaLAzaMkara trivedI,

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yuropanA sudhArAno itihAsa. vyAkhyAna paheluM. . vyAkhyAnamALAne viSaya-yurepanA sudhArAne ItihAsa-yurepanA sudhArAmAM kAjo lIdhelo bhAga-varNana mATe sudhArAne viSaya e che-itihAsamAM sauthI sAmAnyamAM sAmAnya banAva sudhArAne che-sudhArA zabdane sAghAraNane pracalita arthabe mukhya bAbatomAM sudhArAne samAveza thAya che: 1, samAjanI unnati, 2, vyaktinI unnati-A be bAbate eka bIjAnI sAthe avazya saMbaMdha dharAve che, ane meDI ke vahelI eka bIjInI kAraNabhUta thAya che-je amuka sAmAjika paristhitimAM manuSya hoya che tethI ja zuM enuM bhaviSya parimita rahe che ? sudhArAne itihAsa be daSTibinduthI darzAvI ne vicArI zakAya-vyAkhyAnamALAnI goThavaNa viSe be bola-mANasenAM mananI Ainika sthiti, ne sudhArAnI umeda sadgahastho, kAkA nI pratikAraka thayA che, mAre AvakAra mane ghaNo pigaLAvI nAkhe che, ane ATalA dIrgha kALa sudhI nahi maLyA hovA chatAM tame A AvakAra Ape che, tene, ApaNe pUrvane cAlu samabhAva rAkhavAnI pratijJA tarIke huM svIkAruM chuM. are! tame sarve je ahIM ekatrita thayA che, te, sAta varSa pahelAMnA mArA te vakhatanA parizramane lAbha levA ekaThA thanArAoja jANe che tevI rIte huM boluM chuM. huM jAte ahIM pharIthI Avyo chuM tethI mAre pUrva jANe che

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yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa. saghaLe zrotAvarga paNa jANe ahIM hoya ema mane lAge che. paraMtu te mudatamAM te sarve vastuomAM meTa pheraphAra thaI gayuM che. sAta varSa pUrve ApaNe cintAtura zaMkAo ne bhItimAM nimagna, ane gamagIna vicAro ne dhAraNAothI nirutsAhI sthitimAM sammalita thayA hatA. muzkelI ne muzIbatathI ApaNe saMkaDAyelA hatA, eka aniSTa vastu tarapha jANe AkarSAtA hatA, ane zAnatA, gabbIratA, ne sAvadhAnatA rAkhI te aniSTathI dUra rahevA prayatna karatA hatA, paNa temAM vyartha nIvaDyA. have ApaNe nirbhayatA ne AzAthI utsAhita, svastha citta sahita, ne vicAro svataMtrapaNe karI zakIe tevI sthitimAM ekaThA thaIe chIe. A sukhadAyI pheraphArane mATe ApaNe mAnapUrvaka rIte ApaNe AbhAra ekaja rIte pradarzita karI zakIe? sAta varSa pUrve ApaNA abhyAsa para sakhta dekharekha rAkhavAmAM Avaze ke tene ocIMtA mucvI rAkhavAmAM Avaze evI vakhatevakhata thatI dhAstIne lIdhe ApaNuM kAma karavAmAM jevuM zAnta mana, jevo aDaga uddeza ApaNe rAkhatA hatA, tevuM ja zAnta mana, teja aDaga uddeza ApaNA hAlanA samelanomAM, ApaNA navA abhyAsomAM ApaNe rAkhavAM joIe. subhAgya sarakaNuM, caMcala, ne anizcita che; jema nirAzAne samaye tema AzAne samaye paNa ApaNe sAvadhAna rahevuM joIe; maMdavADa AvatA hoya te vakhate jeTalI sAcavaNa, jeTalI sAvadhAnatA rAkhavI joIe teTalIja, lagabhaga teTalI ja maMdavADa jato hoya te vakhate paNa rAkhavI joIe. A sAcavaNa, A sAvadhAnatA, A samabhAvatA mane khAtrI che ke tame darzAvazo. muzkelI ne muzIbatanA vakhatamAM mate, bhAvanAo, ne vicAronI je gADha ekatAe ne je samabhAve ApaNane saMyukta rAkhyA, ane jenAthI bIjuM kaMI nahi te moTI bhUla karatA to ApaNe aTakyA, te badhuM ApaNane tevIja rIte vadhAre zubha divasamAM ekamata rAkhaze ne phaLadAyI nIvaDaze. tamArI sahAyatAne mATe huM vizvAsa rAkhuM chuM, ne vizeSa kaMInI mAre A vizyakatA nathI. ApaNu A pahelA meLApa ne varSanA antanI vacce vakhata bahu

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vyAkhyAna paheluM ocho che. mane lAgyuM ke sudhArAnI unnatine uddezIne levAyeluM yuropanA Adhunika ItihAsanuM sAmAnya avalokana-yuropanA sudhArA, temane udbhava, temane vikAsa, temano uddeza, ne temane prakAra e sarva bAbatonA itihAsanuM siMhAvalokana ApaNA vakhatanuM ThIka nigamana karAvaze. tethI karIne A viSaya viSe huM vivecana karavA mAguM chuM. ' yuropanA sudhArA " ema huM bolyo tenuM kAraNa e che ke yurepamAM sudhArA thayA che e spaSTa che. yuropanAM judAM judAM rAjyanA sudhArAmAM amuka eka jAtanAM to daSTigocara thAya che, ane kALa, sthaLa, ne paristhitinuM agaNita vaividhya hovA chatAM A sudhArA lagabhaga ghaNe bhAge maLatA AvatA banAvomAMthI janma pAme che, sarvatra eka ja niyama pramANe vikasita thAya che, ne sarvatra lagabhaga maLatA AvatA pariNAme ANavAno saMbhava darzAve che. tyAre " yuropanA sudhArA " evo eka viSaya to cheja, ane A sudhArAonA samudAyanA viSaya tarapha huM tamane dhyAna rAkhavA vinati karuM chuM. vaLI eTaluM paNa dekhItuM che ke A sudhArA dhIme dhIme kevI rIte astitvamAM AvyA te batAvI zakAya tema nathI, ne tene ItihAsa yuropanA koI eka rAjyano itihAsa parathI sAdhita thatA sAbIta karI zakAya tema nathI. e ItihAsanAM to koI vAra phrAnsamAM to koI vAra iMglenDamAM, koI vAra jarmanimAM to koI vAra spenamAM ApaNe zodhavAM joIe. yuropanA sudhArAne abhyAsa karavo ApaNane kAnsanA lokone sugama paDe tema che. khuzAmada, pachI te amuka mANasanI ho ke bhale ApaNuM : dezanI ho, te paNa te sarvadA tyAjya che. paNa asatya vadhA vagara huM dhAruM chuM ApaNe kahI zakIe ke phrAnsa yurepanA sudhArAnuM madhya bindu, mukhya sthaLa che. huM ema nathI kahevA mAgate, ema kahevuM te ghaNuM bhUlabhareluM , gaNAya ke kAnsanI prajA sarvadA ne sarva bAbatamAM prathama pada bhagavatI AvI che. judI judI vakhate kaLAomAM ITali caDhIAnuM gaNAyuM che,, rAjakIya saMsthAomAM iMglenDa, ne bIjI bAbate evI paNa haze ke jemAM

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yurepanA sudhArAne itihAsa yuropanI bIjI prajAe kAnsanI prajAnA karatAM uccatara AlekhAI hoya. paNa jyAre jyAre sudhArAnI gatimAM bIjI prajAone AgaLa vadhI gaelI kAnsanI prajAe joI che, tyAre tyAre eNe nUtana cetananuM AvAhana karyuM che, navIna utsAhathI e jAgrata thaI che, ne tarataja bIjI prajAone pakaDI kADhatI ke tethI AgaLa jatI e prajAe pitAne joI che ema ApaNe kabUla karavuM paDaze. dAnsanuM A khAsa sadbhAgya che eTaluM ja nahi, paNa ApaNe jANIe chIe ke jeke anya sthaLomAM janma pAmelA sudhArAnA vicAre ne saMsthAo yuropanA sudhArAnA sAmAnya lAbhane mATe vistIrNa pradezamAM phelAvavA mAMDe temAM keTaleka daraje kaMIka judI sAmagrI sAtheja te sarva kAnsamAM dAkhala thavA pAme che; ne phrAnsamAM AvyA pachI ja, jANe eka bIjI janmabhUmimAMthI nIkaLI te sudhArAnA vicArane saMsthAo surepamAM pracAra pAmavA mAMDe che. bhAgyeja sudhArAno eke meM vicAra, eke meTa niyama evo haze ke je tenA pracAra pAmatA pahelAM AvI rIte phrAnsamAM nahi AvI gayo hoya. kAraNa A cheH kenya lekomAM kaMIka evuM maLatAvaDApaNuM, kaIka evo samabhAva, kaMIka evuM vaicitrya che ke je bIjI koI paNa prajAnA valaNa karatAM e prajAnA valaNane vadhAre sugama, vadhAre asarakAraka nIvaDe che. kyAMte ApaNI bhASAne lIdhe, kyAM ApaNA mananA amuka valaNane lIdhe, ke jyAM ApaNI rItabhAtanA prakArane lIdhe, eTaluM te nakkI ja che ke bIjA lokonA vicAro karatAM ApaNuM vicAro vadhAre lokapriya che, janasamAjane vadhAre spaSTa ne sugama thaI paDe che, ne samAjamAM vadhAre jaladIthI dAkhala thaI zake che. saMkSepamAM spaSTatA, milanasAspaNuM, ne samabhAva phrAnsanA lokonA khAsa guNa che, ne A guNone lIdhe ja yuropanA sudhArAmAM teo agrasthAne dIpavAne yogya TharyA che. tethI A moTA banAvane abhyAsa zarU karavAmAM, kAnsa viSe ApaNe mukhya dhyAna ApIzuM to temAM kaI svaccheda ke rUDha niyama pramANe ApaNe cAlyA nahi kahevAIe; sudhArAnuM hArda samajavuM hoya, ApaNe je batAva viSe vicAra karavAnA chIe tenuM rahasya jANavuM hoya te ApaNe

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vyAkhyAna paheluM avazya ema karavuM joIe. banAva e zabda huM vAparuM chuM, ne te jANI joIne huM vAparuM chuM; sudhAro, bIjA koI paNa banAvo jevo eka banAva che, bIjA koI paNa banAvanI peThe tene paNa abhyAsa thAya tema che, tene paNa varNavI zakAya tema che, ne tene viSe paNa vivecana karI zakAya tema che. keTaleka vakhata thayAM ItihAsanI aMdara banAvonuM varNana Ave e e viSayano artha saMkucita rAkhavo Avazyaka che evI bUme cAlI rahI che, e yogya ja che. paNa ApaNe hamezA yAda rAkhavuM joIe ke loko prathama mAnavAne taiyAra hoya che tenA karatAM varNana karavAnA banAvo ghaNAja vadhAre hoya che, ane te banAvo paNa ghaNuM vadhAre jAtajAtanA hoya che. banAvAmAM skUla, daSTigocara thAya evA banAvo heya che, jevA ke mahAna saMgrAmo, yuddho, ne rAjyonAM sarakArI kAryo; bahArathI nahi dekhI zakAtA hovA chatAM teTalAja kharA banAvo nItinI daSTithI jovAtA banAvo hoya che; judA judA nAmathI oLakhAtA chUTaka banAvo paNa hoya che, ane vaLI kaI amuka nAma vagaranA sAmAnya banAvo heya che, te evA hoya che ke kaI sAlamAM te thayA te kahI zakAtuM nathI, ne amuka hadamAM temane ANuM zakAtA nathI, chatAM bIjA banAvenI peThe ja e paNa banAvo, atihAsika banAve, ItihAsane khaMDita karyA sivAya jeno ItihAsanA viSayamAMthI bahiSkAra nahi karI zakAya evA banAvo heya che. atihAsika tattvajJAna e nAmathI oLakhAte itihAsane ja eka bhAga, banAvone ekabIjA sAthe saMbaMdha, temane joDanArI zRMkhalAo, temanAM kAraNe, temanAM pariNAmo-yuddhonA ne daSTigocara thAya evA bIjA banAvonA jevA ja A badhA paNa banAve che, A badhA paNa itihAsa che. niHzaMka A prakAranA banAvo chUTA pADavA ne samajAvavA vadhAre agharA che, temanI hakIkata pUrI pADavAmAM ApaNe bhUla karavAne vadhAre saMbhava rahe che, ane temanAmAM jIva mukI, cetana ANI, sAkSAta, Abehuba temanuM citra khaDuM karavuM te kaMI saheluM kAma nathI. paNa A muzkelIne lIdhe kaMI te

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yurepanA sudhArAne itihAsa. banAvo kahevAtA maTI jatA nathI; teo ItihAsane agatyano bhAga te cheja. ' ' A sudhArA eTale ahIM darzAvelI A badhI vastuomAMnI eka vastu. e eka sAmAnya, gUDha, guMcavaNabharelo banAve che. kabUla karuM chuM ke enuM varNana karavuM, ene citAra Apavo, ghaNo kaThaNa che, to e astitva te dharAve che ja, enuM varNana thavuM te ghaTe cheja, eno citAra te apAvavo joIe kharo ja. A banAva viSe ApaNe kaMI kaMI savAlo ubhA karI zakIe; ApaNe pUchI zakIe, e pUchAI cUkyuM paNa che, ke e zuM ISTa che ke aniSTa. keTalAka enAthI atikhinna thAya che, keTalAka atiprasanna thAya che. ApaNe pUchI zakIe ke zuM e banAva sarvatra vyApaka che? zuM manuSyajAtine sArvatrika sudhAre evuM kaI che kharuM? zuM te sudhArA tarapha ApaNe prayANa karIe chIe ? kadApi nAza nahi pAmele, je vRddhi. gata thavo joIe, je vistAramAM vadhAre ne vadhAre thavo joIe, ne je AvI rIte kALanA anna sudhI vikAsa pAme ja joIe evo sudhAro prajAomAM zuM eka yugathI bIjA yugamAM cAlyo Abe che? mane pitAne te khAtrI thaI che ke manuSya jAtine mATe sAmAnyataH amuka bhAvI, amuka nirmANa, sarva sudhArAnI ukAnti vastutaH che kharI. tethIja sudhArAne sAmAnya itihAsa lakhI zakAya ema huM mAnuM chuM. paNa AvA moTA ne kaThaNa viSayone aDakyA sivAya amuka kALa ne sthaLane saMbodhIne ApaNe belIe, amuka saikAonA ItihAsa viSe ApaNe vicAra karIe, ne amuka prajAnA ItihAsa viSe ApaNe manana karIe te eTaluM dekhItuM ja che ke ATalI maryAdAomAM sudhAre varNavI zakAya e eka etihAsika banAva che. vadhArAmAM huM tarata kahIza ke A itihAsa sarve ItihAsamAM meTo che, ne temAM sarve ItihAsano samAveza thAya che, vaLI, kharekhara, banAmAM uttamamAM uttama banAva sudhArAne banAva zuM tamane nathI lAgatuM? bIjA badhA banAve zuM e sAmAnya banAvamAMja pariNAma nathI pAmata? kaI eka prajAnA itihAsamAM AvatA badhA

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vyAkhyAna paheluM. 7 banAvo tapAsa; enI saMsthAo, ene vyApAra, ene udhoga, enA saMgrAma, enI rAjyanI sarve vIgate viSe vicAre. jyAre A sarve viSe sAmaTe vicAra karIzuM, sarvene saMbaMdha joIzuM, temanI tulanA karIzuM, tyAre prajAnA sudhArAmAM A badhI bAbata e che bhAga lIdhe che, ne tenA para zI asara karI che te ApaNe jevuM paDaze. A paddhatithI ApaNe e banAve viSe mAtra saMpUrNa vicAra karI zakIe chIe eTaluM ja nahi paNa temanI kharI agatya jANI zakIe chIe; A banAva jANe nadIo che, ne tene viSe ApaNe pUchIe chIe ke samudramAM e nadIo keTaluM pANI pUruM pADe che ? kAraNa ke sudhAre e eka jAtano udadhi che, emAMja prajAnI saMpatti chupAyelI hoya che, ane e samudranA mojAMo uparaja prajAnA jIvananAM ta, ne te jIvanane TekavI rAkhanArI zaktio ekaThI thAya che. AmAM eTaluM te satya che ke tiraskArane pAtra, hAnikara, ne prajAone duHkhadAyI banAvo, udAharaNa tarIke ApakhudI sajyasattA, je sudhArAnA kAmamAM kaMI paNa hisso Ape ne tene eka pagaluM AgaLa bharAve, te amuka hada sudhI ApaNe temane kSantavya gaNIe chIe, temanAthI thaelI hAni visarI jaIe chIe, ne te kharAba che ema bhUlI jaIe chIe; saMkSepamAM, jyAM jyAM sudhAro thaelo ApaNe joIe chIe, pachI te game te prakAranA banAvomAMthI janma pAmyuM hoya, tyAM tyAM tene mATe Apa paDele bhoge bhUlI javAne ApaNe lalacAIe chIe. vaLI keTalAka banAvo evA hoya che ke temane ApaNe sAmAjika kahI na zakIe. e banAvo chUTaka hoya che, ne sAmAjika karatAM Atmika unnatine uddezIne te vadhAre hoya che, jevA ke dhArmika pantho, tAtvika vicAra, vijJAna, sAhitya, ne kaLAo. A badhI bAbato manuSyanI naitika unnati ne enI mAnasika abhisacine anukULa paDe tevI che, ane emano udeza manuSyanI sAmAjika unnati karatAM Atmika unnati ANavAno vadhAre hoya che. paNa A badhI bAbatone e vicAra sudhArAnA saMbaMdhamAM vAraMvAra karAya che.

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yurepanA sudhArAne ItihAsa badhA kALamAM, badhA dezamAM, lokone sudhAravAnuM mAna dharmane maLyuM che. vijJAna, sAhitya, kaLAo, ne mAnasika ne naitika Anandoe A bhAnamAM hissa meLavavA prayatna karyo che, ane te hisse kabUla rAkhI ApaNe te badhI bAbatone ucca sthAna apyuM che. tyAre e sudhArAnA itihAsa viSe bolavAnuM zarU karatAM pahelAM huM tamane pUchIza e gahana, evo vistIrNae amUlya banAva, evI amUlya bAbata zI che ke je prajAonA samagra jIvananuM saMkSipta citra gaNI zakAya ? sudhAre e zabda cira kALathI ne ghaNA dezomAM vaparAto Avyo che. thoDIvI spaSTatAthI, thoDIvarI pUrNatAthI e zabadane lokoe samajAvyo che. game tema paNa e vaparAya jAya che, ane jeo ene vApare che teo ene eka ke bIjo artha lAgu pADe che. ApaNe ApaNA abhyAsanA kAmamAM e zabdane sAmAnya, laukika, ne pracalita artha laIzuM. vijJAnanA pAribhASika zabdonA dekhItA vadhAre yathArtha vadhAre cokkasa lakSaNonA karatAM sAmAnya zabdonA pracalita arthomAM ghaNuMkharUM hameza vadhAre cekasAI hoya che. zabdonA sAdhAraNa athe sAmAnya buddhithI nirNata thAya che, je sAmAnya buddhi te manuSyatvane khAsa guNa che. zabdone sAdhAraNa artha dhIme dhIme ne judI judI sthitimAM judI judI vakhate nirNata thAya che. tethI koI paNa jANItA zabdanA arthamAM samAya evI koI paNa hakIkata che keIpaNa bInA jyAre bane che tyAre svAbhAvika rIte te artha jANe eTalo vyApaka thAya che, vistIrNa thAya che, ke dhIme dhIme e zabdanA arthanI aMdara AvI javI joItI judI judI bInAo ne judA judA vicAre ane samAveza pAme che. AthI ulaTuM, je koI zabdano artha pAribhASika hoya che tene amuka eka mANase athavA keTalAka ja mANasoe nakkI karela hovAne lIdhe te artha te mANasanI mAnasika maryAdAmAM AvelI amuka hakIkatene ja AdhAre nirNata thaele heya che. AthI vijJAnanAM lakSaNo sAdhAraNa rIte

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vyAkhyAna paDeluM. ghaNA vadhAre sakucita hoya che, ne zabdonA pracalita ardhI karatAM ghaNA AchA yathArtha hoya che. samAjanI sAmAnya buddhie svIkArelA sudhArA zabdanA arthane abhyAsa karavAthI sudhArAnuM ApaNane vadhAre jJAna prApta thaze. e zabdanuM vaijJAnika lakSaNa ApavAnA prayAsathI game teTalA vadhAre cokkasa artha ApaNe jANIzuM, teAe eTaluM jJAna ApaNane nahi prApta thAya. pahelethI amuka siddhAntA tamArI samakSa raju karavAno yatna karI A anveSaNa huM zarU karIza. amuka jAtanI keTalIka sAmAjika sthitie huM varNavIza, te te sthiti eka sudharatI prajAnI hoI zake ke kema te viSe svAbhAvika rIteja ApaNane zuM mAlUma paDe che te ApaNe joIzuM, ne lAke jene sudhArA kahe che te sthiti e samAjamAM che ke nahi tenI khAtrI karIzuM. u prathama jenuM khAdya jIvana saraLa hoya ne zArIrika sapattimAMja jeo nimagna heAya evA lekAnuM udAharaNa le; te kara bahu ochA Ape che, te muzkelIemAMthI mukta che, ne temanI khAnagI bAbatAmAM temane yogya nyAya ApavAmAM Ave che. saMkSepamAM temanu ahika jIvana taddana sukhI ne sukhathI niyamita che. paNa tenIja sAthe A leAkeAnuM mAnasika ne naitika cetana khAsa nirmala ne zithila avasthAmAM rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che; e cetana pIDita rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che ema teA huM nahi kahuM, kAraNa ke pIDAnI lAgaNI e lAke samajI zake tema nathI, paNa maneAvikAsaja nahi thavA devAmAM AvyA hAvAthI saMkucita rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che ema kahIzuM. AvI vastusthitinA dAkhalA na maLe tema nathI. amIrAnA hAthamAM rAjyataMtra hAya evAM ghaNAMe uccavargasattAka rAjyeA thaI gayAM che, temAM leAkeAne gheTAMnAM TALAM jevAM gaNavAmAM AvyA che, ne temanuM sArU rakSaNa karI temane saMsAramAM sukhI karavAmAM AvyA che, paNa naitika ke mAnasika pravRttimAM temane uttejita karavAmAM AvyA nathI. zuM A sudhArA che ? zuM AvA loka sudharatA gaNAze ? vaLI khIjo eka kalpita siddhAMta tapAse. eka prajA evI dhArA ke

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- 10 - yurepanA sudhArAne itihAsa. jevuM ahika jIvana ochuM saraLa, ochuM sukhI hoya, chatAM nabhI zake tevuM hoya. tenI ja sAthe ulaTI mAnasika ne naitika bAbatomAM te prajA keLavAI hoya ema dhAre. vaLI dhAro ke ucca, zuddha, sAtvika bhAvanAo tenAmAM ropAelI hoya, tenA dhArmika ne naitika vicAra kaIka vikAsa pAmelA hoya, chatAM svataMtratAno vicAra tenAmAM ugateja DAmI devAmAM Avyo hoya. jeTalI AgalI prajAmAM sAMsArika saMpattionI tRpti hatI teTalI ja A prajAmAM mAnasika ne naitika saMpattionI tRpti che. A prajAnA dareka manu vyane kAma jeTalA satyane khyAla ApavAmAM AvyuM che, paraMtu koInee svataMtra buddhithI te satyanuM anveSaNa karavA devAmAM AvyuM nathI. A prakAranuM jIvana, AvuM naitika jIvana utsAharahita jovAmAM Ave che; eziAnI ghaNIkharI prajAoe evI sthiti anubhavI che. jyAM jyAM dhArmika ta jIvananI pravRttio para pUra sattA bhogave che tyAM tyAM Ama ja thAya che. udAharaNa tarIke hiMduonI sthiti tapAso. AgaLa pUchayo hato te ja prazna huM ahIM paNa pUchIza, zuM A prajA sudharatI AlekhAya? ApaNo kalpita siddhAnta huM judI rIte raju karuM chuM. dhAro ke eka prajA evI che ke jemAM vyakti svAtaMtryanuM prAbalya daSTigocara thatuM hoya, chatAM avyavasthA ne asamAnatA atizaya heya baLa ne aniyamitatAnuM temAM sAmrAjya che. baLavAna na hoya tevo pratyeka manuSya pIDA pAme che, duHkhI thAya che, nAza pAme che, ne AkhA samAjamAM baLAtkAra khAsa jovAmAM Ave che. yuropa AvI sthitimAM eka vAra AvI gayuM che e koIne ajJAta nathI. zuM A sudharela samaya kahevAya ? bezaka sudhArAnA aMzo emAM heya ne te zanaiH zanaiH utkrAti pAme, paNa AvA samAjamAM je bAbato pradhAna pada bhogave che tene viSe chAtI ThokIne ApaNe kahI zakIe ke sAmAnya buddhithI tapAsatAM te sudharela naja gaNAya. ; cothe ne chelle eka kalpita siddhAnta ApaNe vicArIe dhAro ke eka prajAnA dareka manuSyanI svataMtratA ghaNI heya, ane anyAya, asamAnatA kavacita ja thatAM hoya, te hoya teo cirasthAyI na hoya; pratyeka

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manuSya potAnA dilane cAhe tema karI zakatA hAya,ne tenA samAjanA anya bandhunA karatAM sattA paNa vizeSa na bhAgavatA hoya; chatAM e samAjamAM sAmAnyataH rasa paDe. evI gheADIja vastuo hAya, thoDAja prajAkIya vicArI hAya, thoDIja sAmAjika pravRtti hoya. saMkSepamAM dhArA ke anyAnyanA para khIlakula asara karyAM vagara, anyAnI sahAyatAnI khIlakula madada lIdhA vagara, manuSyA mAtra janme ne cAlyA jAya ne temanI zaktie samAjane kaMI lAbha karyAM vagara kSaya pAmatI jAya. A sthiti jaMgalI leAkeAnI sthiti che. AmAM svataMtratA ne samAnatA che, paNa sudhArA te kharekhara nathIja. AvA siddhAntA ApaNe uparAuparI kalpI zakIe. paNa huM dhAruM chuM ke sudhArAnA sAdhAraNa rIte rUDha ne svAbhAvika artha zuM che te samajAvavAne ApaNe ThIka vicAre ekaThA karyAM che. mArI darzAvelI sthitimAMthI eke sthiti janasamAjanI sAdhAraNa buddhine sudharelI lAgatI nathI. kAraNa ? mane ema bhAse che ke sudhArAmAM agatyanuM tattva pragatinuM ke unnatinuM che. sudhArAnA vicAra sAthe unnatinA mArgamAM AgaLa prayANa karatA, peAtAnI sthiti badalavAne mathI rahetA samAjanA vicAra Ave che. mane lAge che ke sudhArAnA vicAramAM pragatinA ke unnatinA vicAra mukhya che. A pragati te zuM che ? A unnati te zuM che ? A samajavuMja agharAmAM agharUM che. sudhArAnA vicAramAM nAgarika jIvananI paripUrNatAno ne sAmAjika unnatine vicAra spaSTatAthI mAlUma paDe che. paNa zuM ATaluMja basa che ? zuM sudhArAmAM AthI vadhAreno samAveza nathI thate ? athavA judI rIte pUchIe teA manuSyA vyavasthA ne zArIrika saMpatti prApta kare eTale zuM thayuM ? AvA saMkucita vicAra ApaNe tiraskArane pAtra gaNIe chIe. saheja vicAratAMja lAge che ke sudhArAnA artha AthI vadhAre vastI che, vadhAre guMcavaNabharelo che, mAtra sAmAjika saMbaMdhonI paripUrNatA ne sAmAjika sukhasaMbaMdhanA karatAM emAM vizeSa artha samAyalA hoya che. itihAsa, leAkamata, ne sAmAnyataH pracalita artha A naisargikI buddhinI tarapheNamAM che. '

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12 yuropanA sudhArAno ItihAsa, bIjI yunika laDAI pachInA vakhatanuM, enA uttamamAM uttama saguNavALuM, duniyAnuM sAmrAjya meLavavAnA prayatnamAM vadhyuM jatuM, ne jyAre enI sAmAjika sthiti dekhItI rIte ja sudharatI jatI hatI tevA prajAsattAka rAjya vakhatanu jhaLakatuM rema udAharaNa tarIke vicAre. pachI enI paDatIne vakhata zarU thayo tyAranuM, enI sAmAjika unnati thatI aTakI gaI hatI te vakhatanuM, ne durvyavasthA pravartamAna thavAnI taiyArIne kALa hate tyAranuM, augasTasane rAjya nIcenuM rema vicAre. A vakhate paDatI hatI, chatAM koI paNa manuSya e nahi hoya ke je ema nahi vicAre te kahe ke eMgasTasanA vakhatanuM rema, phebrikasa ke sinsineTasanA vakhatanA rema karatAM vadhAre sudhareluM hatuM. A have Apsa parvatanI A pAse Ave, ne sattara ke arADhamA saikAnA phrAnsano vicAra kare. eTaluM dekhItuM ja che ke sAmAjika daSTibinduthI jotAM, hailanDa ne IMglenDa jevA yuropanA bIjA dezonA karatAM, sattara ne arADhamA saikAnuM phrAnsa utaratuM hatuM. huM dhAruM chuM ke hailanDa ne iMglenDamAM sAmAjika pravRttio vadhAre hatI, vadhAre jaladIthI vadhI jatI hatI, ne tenAM phaLa vadhAre phelAtAM hatAM, chatAM sAmAnya buddhithI vicAre te mAlUma paDaze ke sattara ne arAtamA saikAnuM kAnsa yuropamAM sauthI vadhAremAM vadhAre sudhareluM hatuM. yuropanA lekene Aja mata che, ne yuropanA sAhityamAM paNa e mata mAnya thaele che. AvI ja rIte bIjA ghaNA rAjyonA evA dAkhalA ApI zakAya ke jemAM saMpatti vadhAre hoya, vadhAre jaladIthI vadhatI jatI hoya, anya sthaLonA karatAM vadhAre sArI rIte vaheMcAI gaelI hoya, chatAM, naisargika buddhithIja letAM, janasamAjanI sAdhAraNa buddhithIja vicAratAM, sAmAjika vyavasthAmAM kaMIka utaratAM anya sthaLono karatAM jemAM sudhAro ocho thayo che ema mAnya rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hoya. | Ane artha zuM? A anya sthaLo kaI bAbatamAM caDhI jAya che? sAmAjika jIvana sivAyanuM anya jIvana te sthaLemAM vikAsa pAmeluM

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vyAkhyAna paheluM. hevAmAM Ave che. e vikAsa vyakti tarIkenA jIvananA, AMntara jIvananA, manuSyatvano, manuSyanI zaktino, enI bhAvanAno. enA vicArAne vikAsa che. jo anya sthaLeAnA karatAM tyAM samAja kaI e unnata hAya che, teA ulaTuM manuSyatva vadhAre bhavyatAthI prAdurbhUta hAya che. niHzaMka tyAM sAmAjika vijayA meLavavAnA ghaNA bAkI hoya che, paNa mAnasika ne naitika vijayA ghaNA meLavAi cUkelA hoya che; sAMsArika saMpatti ne sAmAjika hakA ghaNA mANasAne maLyAM nathI hotAM, paNa ghaNA mahApuruSo janmIne duniyAmAM dIpI nIkaLyA hoya che. sAhitya, vijJAna, kaLAe temanA pUrNa prakAzamAM hoya che. jyAM jyAM manuSyA A badhI moTI bAbatA joya che, jyAM jyAM bhavya AnaMda ApanArA AvA khajAnAe sarajAyalA te nIrakhe che, tyAM tyAM sudhArA thayA che ema teo samaje che te kahe che. 13 tyAre A mATI mAkhatamAM e bAbatano samAveza jovAmAM Ave che; samAjanI pravRttionA vikAsa, te vyaktionI pravRttionA vikAsa; samAjanI unnati, ne manuSyatvanI unnati. huM bhUlathApa na khAtA hAu" tA A bAbata viSe saraLa ne sAdhAraNa anveSaNa ne leAkamatanA vicArane pariNAme ApaNe Aja anumAna para AvIe chIe. jo ApaNe itihAsa tapAsIzuM, jo ApaNe sudhArAnA aNInA ne utkarSaka banAvA joIzuM te upara darzAvelI emAMthI eka bAbata ApaNane temAM maLI Avaze. vyaktinI ke samAjanI unnatinA hameza keTalAka aNInA vakhateA hAya che, te vakhate manuSyanuM Antara jIvana, enA pantha, enI rItabhAta, enI khAdya paristhiti, enA anya manuSyA prati mAMhomAMghanA sambandha e sakhAbateAmAM piravatana thaI jAya che. udAharaNa tarIke khristi dharma mAtra zarU thaye tyAreja nahi paNa sthapAyA pachInA taratanA vakhatamAM paNa e dhame sAmAjika sthiti sudhAravAnA kaI prayatna karyA nathI. ema jAhera karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke e dharma sAmAjika sthitine khIlakula kheDaze nahi. gulAme peAtAnA zeThane barAbara tAe rahevuM ema e dharma mAM kahevAmAM AvyuM, arthAt cukSAmagirinI sAmAjika sthiti dUra karavAnA e dharmanA yatna nahAtA. te

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yuropanA sudhArAno itihAsa, vakhatanI sAmAjika sthitinA rego kADhI nAkhavA mATe e dhame kaI paNa manthana karyuM nahotuM. chatAM ke nahi kahe ke khristi dharma zarU thayo te vakhata, sudhArAno eka aNIne vakhata ha ? ema hatuM tenuM kAraNa zuM? kAraNa e hatuM ke e dhame manuSyanuM Akhtara jIvana, enA mate, enI bhAvanAo badalI nAMkhyAM; kAraNa e hatuM ke e dhame manuSyanI naitika ne mAnasika bAbatone navuM jIvana arpe. ' eka bIjI jAtane paNa aNIne vakhata ApaNe joyo che. e aNanI vakhate manuSyanuM Akhtara jIvana nahi paNa manuSyanI bAhya sthitimAM pari. vartana thAya che, e vakhate samAjamAM pheraphAra thaI temAM navuM cetana Ave che. itihAsa tapAse ne tamane mAlUma paDaze ke sudhArAnI unnatimAM meM darzAvilI be bAbatomAMthI eka ke bIjIe asara nahi karI hoya evo ekake agatyano banAva jovAmAM nahi Ave. paNa bIjo prazna e udbhave che ke sudhArAne mATe vyaktionI unnati ne samAjanI unnati e bane Avazyaka che, ke zuM bemAMthI eka haze te e sudhAro thaya gaNAze A savAlanuM nirAkaraNa karavAmAM traNa judAM judAM dRSTibinduothI joI zakAya. ApaNe sudhArAnA bane to viSe uMDo vicAra karIe, ne tethI ja joIe ke e to gADha sambandha dharAve che ke nahi, ne eka bIjAne mATe Avazyaka che ke nahi. itihAsamAM anveSaNa karI ApaNe zodhI zakIe ke e to eka bIjAthI nirALAM prAdubhUta thayAM che ke nahi, ke hameza e to vacce kAryakAraNa sambandha che ke kema. chevaTe A bAbatamAM lekenuM sAdhAraNa mAnavuM zuM che, sAmAnya buddhithI ApaNane zuM lAge che te ApaNe tapAsI zakIe. sauthI pahelo huM sAmAnya buddhi viSe bolIza. koI paNa dezanI sthitimAM jyAre kaMI moTo pheraphAra thAya che, saMpatti ne zaktine jyAre me vikAsa thAya che, samAjasaMpattinA phelAvAmAM moTuM parivartana thAya che, tyAre e sarvene eka virodhI pakSa ubhe thAya che. keTalAka leke ene sAme thanArA nIkaLe cheAvI sthiti anivArya

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15 - che ke vyAkhyAna paheluM. che. thatA pheraphAronA virodhIonI sAmAnya phariyAda zuM thAya che? teo kahe che ke jeTale aMze e pherathI sAmAjika unnati thAya che teTale aMze naitika ne mAnasika unnati sadhAtI nathI. e unnati khoTI che, AbhAsa che, ne pariNAme nItine ne manuSyane hAnikara che. sAmAjika unnatinI tarapheNavALAo A virodhane utsAhathI prativirodha kare che. teo ulaTuM ema mAne che ke samAjanI unnatinI sAthe nItinI unnati thavI ja joIe, bAhya jIvana vadhAre suniyamita thavAnI sAthe Antara jIvananuM paNa vizuddhIkaraNa thavuM joIe. navI sthitinA pakSIo ne virodhIonI vaccenI takarAra A prakAranuM svarUpa dhAraNa kare che. - ulaTI ja sthiti tapAse naitika unnati vikAsa pAmatI dhAre. A unati mATe anyana karanArAo che atima uddeza darzAve che? judA judA samAjanA janma vakhate dharmaguruo, santasAdhuo, ne kavioe pitAnA AdarzothI samAjamAM ze uddeza sAdhavA icchA darzAvI che? teoe sAmAjika sthitimAM sudhAro karavAne uddeza rAkhyo che. tyAre A takarArono bhAvArtha zuM che ? temAMthI zuM sUcita thAya che? - AmAMthI evuM sUcita thAya che ke sAmAjika unnati ke naitika unnati e banne sudhArAnAM to gADha sambandha dharAve che, ne jyAM eka najare paDe che, tyAM bIjAnI paNa mANasa AzA rAkhe che. * je ApaNe ItihAsa tapAsIzuM to ApaNe Aja nirNaya para AvIzuM. ApaNane mAlUma paDaze ke manuSya jIvananA mahAna Antara vikAsa sAmAjika jIvanane lAbhadAyI nIvaDayA che, ne sAmAjika jIvananA mahAna vikAsathI manuSyanAM Antara jIvanane lAbha thayA che. A bemAMthI eka bAbata ApaNe AgaLa paDatI joIe chIe, te spaSTa rIte prAdurbhUta hoya che, ne . sudhArAnA je pheraphAro thatA hoya che tenA para amuka jAtanI chApa pADatI hoya che. keTalIka vAra sAmAjika sudhArA gaI gayA pachI ghaNe lAMbe vakhatane aMtareja, hajAro vidone anta, hajAre pheraphAro pachI mAnasika ne naitika sudhArA thAya che, paNa sUkSma nirIkSaNathI mAlUma paDaze ke e e sudhA- ... zA rAkhe che.

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yuropanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. 1 rA eka bIjA sAthe sambandha dharAve che. itihAsadRSTithI jovAnuM kore mUkI sudhArAnI khAkhatAnA khAsa lakSaNa viSeja vicAra karIe tAe ApaNe pariNAme eja anumAna para AvIe chIe. evA kAI e mANasa nathI ke jete AnA anubhava nahi thayA hAya. manuSyamAM jyAre naitika sudhArA thAya che, potAnAmAM agAu na hAya evA koI vicAra, kAi sadguNu, ke ke zaktiprabhAva manuSyane jyAre prApta thAya che, sArAMzamAM manuSyanA Antara jIvananI jyAre unnati thAya che, tyAre teja samaye enI zI abhilASA hoya che, e zuM sAdhavA icche che ? enI abhilASA, enI icchA enI AsapAsanI duniyAmAM enA navA vicAre pravartAvavAnI hoya che. manuSyane kaI paNa prApta thAya che ke tarata, enA jIvanamAM kaMI paNa cAkkasa vikAsa thAya che ke tarata, A navA vikAsa enA peAtAnA che ema ene vicAra thAya che; peAtAnI naisargika buddhithI, potAnA Antara prAtsAhanathI prAtsAhita, potAne sadhAyalA pheraphArA ne sudhArA anyane sAdhita karavA manuSya doravAya che. meTA sudhArakA AvIja lAgaNIne riNAme sudhArakeA thayA che; peAtAne sudhArIne pachI AkhI duniyAne sudhArI pheravI nAkhanArA mahApuruSA pAtAnuM kArya sAdhavAmAM AvIja jarUrIAtathI doravAyA hatA. Antara jIvanamAM thatA pheraphAra viSe ATaluMja. have huM sAmAjika sudhArA viSe kahIza. sAmAjika sthitimAM parivartana thavAthI samAja suvyavasthita thAya che, ne tenA aMgAmAM hake te milkatanI vadhAre yeAgya vahe caNI thAya che, arthAt duniyAnA dekhAva vadhAre zAbhItA te vadhAre suMdara thAya che, rAjyanAM kAmeA ne mANasAnAM paraspara vartA vadhAre nyAyayukta, na vadhAre upakArazIla bane che. zuM tame ema mAne che ke A bAhya sudhArA Antara jIvananA sudhArA para kaIja asara karatA nathI ? sArA dAkhalA, sArI rUDhio, ucca Adarza-e sarvenA mahattva viSe je je kahevAmAM AvyuM che tenA AdhAra e che ke koI paNa sArA ne suvyavasthita bahAranA banAva mADavahelA, ochIvattI pUrNatAthI evAja prakAranuM, evIja agayUnuM Antara pratiSThikha pADI evI antara pravRtti uttejita kare che;

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vyAkhAna paheluM 17 vadhAre suvyavasthita ne vadhAre nyAyI duniyA manuSyane potAneja vadhAre nyAyI banAve che; jema bAhya jIvana Antara jIvanathI sudhare che. tema Antara . jIvana bAhya jIvanathI sudhare che; sudhArAnAM banne tattvA eka bIjAnI sAthe gADha sambandha dharAve che; e benI vacce saikAnA saikAe te sa prakAranAM vighnA kadAca Ave ne tethI banne sAthe sAthe na ovAmAM Ave; Ama sAthe sAthe thatAM pahelAM hajArA pheraphArA thaI javAno saMbhava rahe. chatAM meDAMvahelAM banne tattvo sAthe sAthe thavAnAMja. vastusthitinAja A niyama che, itihAsa paNa sAmAnyataH e niyamanI tarapheNamAM che, manuSyane naisargika buddhithI suddhAM e niyama mAnya lAge che. ema ApaNe kahyuM ke sudhArAmAM e prakAranI unnatinA samAveza thAya che; sAmAjika te naitika. have A bemAM antima vastu zI che ne tenI sAdhaka vastu kaI che? mANasa pAtAnI nItinI, peAtAnI zaktinI, pAtAnI bhAvanAnI, potAnA vicArAnI, potAnA jIvananI unnati kare che te zuM enI sAmAjika sthiti sudhAravAne mATe, zuM enA aihika jIvanane uccatara karavAne mATe kare che ? vadhAre sArUM zuM ema nathI ke sAmAjika unnati naitika unnatinI raMgabhUmi, naitika unnatinI sAdhaka, ne naitika unnatinI pretsAhaka zakti che? saMkSepamAM, samAja vyaktine arthe che ke vyakti samAjane arthe ? mAM zeyara kAllADe A praznonuM samAdhAna karyuM che. enA vyAkhyAnamAM e vAkyA A pramANe najare paDe che. " A duniyAmAM samAjo janme che, jIve che, jAya che; teTalAthIja temanI unnatinI yAtrA pUrI thAya che. paNa samAjajIvanamAM sarva manuSyajIvana purUM thatuM nathI. samAjamAM joDAyA - pachI paNa mANasanuM uttama manuSyatva, zvara prati ucca AkaSaNa karanArI enI ucca zakti, bhaviSya jIvanane adRzya saMsAranA ananubhUta sukhanA mArgamAM laI janArI ucca zaktione vikAsa thavAne khAkI rahe che.... jemanA AtmAe amara che evI amuka vyaktie, evA amuka mANase,

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18 surApanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. evA amuka ApaNA jIvAnuM bhAvi rAjyAnA bhAvinI peThe mAtra aihika nathI paNa judu` che, pAramArthika che. " AthI vizeSa huM nahi kahuM, cyA viSayanuM vivecana karavAnuM huM mAthe nahi lauM. huM mAtra A viSaya ApanA samakSa raju karIneja saMaASa pAmIza. sudhArAnA itihAsa tapAsatAM e samupasthita thAya che. sudhArAnA itihAsa jyAre pUrA thAya che, ApaNA aihiMka jIvana viSe kahevAnuM jyAre samApta thAya che tyAre manuSya avatsye pUche che ke zuM sudhArAnuM kArya badhuM thaI rahyuM, zuM antima vastu prApta thaI cUkI che ? sudhArAnA itihAsa je je viSayA samupasthita kare che temAM sauthI caDhIAtA A bAbatane viSaya che. e viSayanI sthiti ne enI prauDhatA darzAvI huM kRtakRtya thAuM chuM. je badhuM kahyuM te parathI eTaluM dekhItuM che ke sudhArAne itihAsa e judI judI rIteAe bharNavI zakAya, e judI judI khAkhatAthI zarU karI zakAya, te be judA judA dRSTibinduthI joI zakAya. itihAsakartA manuSyanA Antara jIvananuM nirIkSaNa kare, tene abhyAsa karI, temAM thaelA pheraphArA varNave, ne tene ante sudhArAnA itihAsa paNa pUrA kare; athavA tA e judI paddhatie cAle. manuSyanA Antara jIvananA paTa na kheAlatAM e tenuM mAtra khAdya jIvana jue, manuSyanA vicAraza, manuSyanI bhAvanA, manuSyanuM naitika jIvana na tapAsatAM sAmAjika khAkhatA, sAmAjika banAvA, ne sAmAjika pheraphArAja e varNave. sudhArAnA itihAsanA A e bhAga, sudhArAnAM A e itihAsA eka khIjA sAthe gADha sambandha dharAve che; teo eka bIjAnA pratibimbarUpa che, eka bIjAnAM chAyAsvarUpa che. chatAM te be judA pADI zakAya tevA che; banne viSe vIgatavAra ne spaSTatAthI vive cana thAya te hetuthI kdAca temane judA pADavA joIe paNa kharA. huM jAte tA manuSyanA Antara jIvanasambandhI sudhArAnA itihAsanA tamArI sAthe abhyAsa karavA nathI mAgatA; huM te khAla banAvA, dRSTigAcara thatI te samAjane lagatI bAbatA viSe vivecana karIza. sudhArAnI badhI khAkhatA tamArA

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18 vyAkhAna paheluM. AgaLa raju karavAnI mArI icchA hatI kharI, paNa hAlamAM huM viSaya saMkucita rAkhuM chuM, sAmAjika sthitinA ItihAsa viSe ja huM anveSaNa karavA cAhuM chuM. mana sattAnI paDatI thaI te vakhate yurepanA sudhArAne araNeya hatA, e sudhArAnAM te vakhatanAM taranA anveSaNathI ApaNe ApaNuM vicAranuM kAma zarU karIzuM. te prakhyAta paDatInA vakhatanI sAmAjika sthitino ApaNe abhyAsa karIzuM. te vakhatanA samAjanuM citra ApI tene mAtra Abehuba ApaNe khaDe nahi karIe, paNa te vakhatanA sudhArAnA tane sAthe sAthe mukI joIzuM, ane te kahI rahyA pachI te to tyAra pachInA paMdara saikAmAM dhIme dhIme kevI rIte vikasita thayAM te ApaNe tapAsIzuM. huM dhAruM chuM ke A bAbatane ApaNe thoDAja abhyAsa karIzuM te ApaNane mAlUma paDaze ke sudhArA hajI paripakava sthitimAM nathI, duniyAne je je uddeza sAdhavAnA che te te hajI sAbita thayA nathI. unnatinA mArgamAM samAja ne sudhArA jeke ghaNA AgaLa vadhyA che to e hajI temane ghaNuM bAkI rahyuM che. paNa A vicArathI ApaNI Adhunika sthiti viSe mananathI je AnaMda, je zAnti ApaNane maLe che te kaMI ghaTaze nahi. chellA paMdara saikAonA curepanA sudhArAnA aNInA vakhata viSe huM jema jema samajAvavAno prayAsa karato jaIza tema tema cheka ApaNe vakhata sudhI manuvyanI sthiti bAhya temaja Antara bAbatamAM kevI duHkhI, kevI kaSTajanaka thaI che te tamane mAlUma paDaze. A badhA yugamAM jeTaluM bahArathI teTaluM aMdarathI manuSyanA Antara jIvanane dukha sahevuM paDyuM che, tame joze ke kadAca pahelI ja vAra hAlanA vakhatamAM manuSyanA Antara jIvanamAM zaktinuM sAmrAjya sthapAyuM che. sAmAjika jIvana viSe paNa eja sthiti jovAmAM Ave che. chatAM ApaNuM sukha ne ApaNuM sudhArAnA vicAramAM mazagula na thaI jaIe te viSe ApaNe sAvaceta rahevuM joIe; tema nahi karIe to abhimAna ne Alasyane zaraNe javAnI ApaNe be gaMbhIra bhUla karIzuM.

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yurepanA sudhArAne itihAsa. manuSyanuM mAnasika baLa ne tenI phatteha, ane ApaNI unnatine viSe ApaNe joIe tethI vadhAre vizvAsa rAkhIe, ne tenI ja sAthe ApaNI sthitimAM atyanta sukha mAnI avanata thatA jaIe. mane lAge che ke kyAM te jarA jarAmAM bUma mAravAnA ne kAraNa vagara saMtoSamAM rahevAnA be valaNenI vacamAM ApaNe vAraMvAra jholAM khAyA karIe chIe. ApaNI manovRttio baLavatI hoya che, ApaNe moTA meTA vicAra karIe chIe, ApaNe moTI moTI kalpanAo uThAvIe chIe, paNa jyAre kharekharUM kAma karavAne vakhata Ave che, jyAre kaMI paNa tasdI levAno samaya Ave che, jyAre kaMI paNa ApaNe bhega Apavo paDe che, jyAre kaMI paNa kAma karavAnA ApaNe prayatna karavA paDe che tyAre ApaNe zithila banI jaIe chIe. ApaNe nirAza banI je pramANenI adhIrAIthI ApaNe ApaNuM kAma hAtha dharyuM hoya che teTalI ja sahelAIthI tene paDatuM mukIe chIe. A be deSone na zaraNe javAnI ApaNe sAcavaNa rAkhavI joIe. ApaNI zakti, ApaNuM baLa, ApaNuM jJAna keTaluM che tenI prathamathI khAtrI karavAnI ApaNe Teva pADavI joIe; ne je kaMI kAma vyAjabI rIte, niyamita rIte,ne ApaNo sudhAro je niyame sadhAtuM hoya te niyamone ja hameza vaLagI rahIne na thatuM hoya te karavAmAM ApaNe mana na ghAlavuM joIe. nyAya, vyavahAra, prasiddhi, svataMtratA e ApaNuM sudhArAnA niyamone ApaNe daDhatAthI, AkInathI, nizcitatAthI vaLagI rahevuM joIe. vaLI ApaNe bhUlavuM nahi ke jema dareka vastune ApaNe parIkSakadraSTithI joI zakIe chIe, ane te vyAjabI rIte, tema ApaNane paNa jenAra duniyA che, ApaNAM kRtye paNa te carcaze, tene viSe paNa te abhiprAya bAMdhaze.

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vyAkhyAna khIja. vyAkhyAna khIjuM. vyAkhyAnanA viSaya--prAcIna sudhArAenI saraLatA-- Adhunika sudhArAonuM vaividhya--tenuM caDhIAtApaNuM"--rImana* sattAnI paDatInI vakhate yuropanI sthitizaheronuM prAdhAnya---rAjAe karelA rAjakIya sudhArAnA prayatna-enAriyasa na khIjA thieDesiyasanI AjJApatrikA-rAmana rAjyanA nAmanI sattA--khati samAja--pAMcamA saikAmAM enI thaelI judI judI sthiti--pAdarIone rAjya vahIvaTa--samAjanI sArImADI asara---vaidezika athavA paradezI loko--yaMktionuM svAtaMtrya ne manuSyeAnI anyAnya pharajanuM te bhAna karAvI Adhunika samAjamAM te dAkhala. kare che---pAMcamA saikAnA sudhArAnAM tattvo viSe sAra mA 21 rI vyAkhyAnamALAnI gAThavaNa viSe vicAra karatAM mane dhAstI rahe che ke thADAmAM dhaNAnA samAveza karavAnI AvazyakatAne lIdhe kyAMtA mAre bahu lakhANuthI khelavu paDaze, ke mAMtA bahu TUMkANuthI khelavu paDaze. vaLI evAja kAraNathI ubhI thatI eka bIjI muzkelIne mane bhaya rahe che; te bhaya e che ke keTalIka vAra samana karyAM vagara amuka siddhAntA mAre rajI karavA paDaze. theADAmAM ghaNuM kahevuM paDatuM hAvAthI tenuM ? A pariNAma che. keTalAka vicAra, keTalAka siddhAntA evA sUjhaze ke tenuM sabhana pAchaLathI ApavuM paDaze. huM AzA rAkhuM chuM ke keTalIka vAra mArA mAtra zabda para zraddhA rAkhI mane mAnI levAnI huM tamane jarUra pADIza tenI tame mane kSamA Apaze. amaNAja AvI jarUranA prasaMga Ave che. AgalA vyAkhyAnamAM sudhArAnI sAmAnya bAbata viSe samajutI ApavAne meM prayAsa karyAM che. keI khAsa sudhArA viSe huM khelyA nathI, kALa ke

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22 yurepanA sudhArAne itihAsa sthaLanI paristhitine huM vaLagI rahyA nathI, paNa mAtra tAvika daSTibinduthI sudhAre te zuM teneja meM vicAra darzAvyuM che. yuropanA sudhArAnA itihAsa viSe huM Aje bolIza; paNa vyAkhyAna karatAM pahelAM, A sudhArAnA amuka bAhya lakSaNe viSe huM tamane sAmAnya mAhItI ApavA IcchuM chuM. e lakSaNo huM tamane evAM spaSTa ApavA mAguM chuM ke A sudhAro duniyAnA bIjA sudhArAothI taddana jude ja paDI jAya. ATale huM prayAsa karIza, AthI vizeSanuM huM karI zakuM tema nathI; paNa e prayatna viSe huM nizcayapUrvaka kahI zakuM. bAkI vadhArene mATe te yuropanA samAjanI sthitine mAre e Abehuba khyAla Apa joIe ke tame tarataja te varNana te vakhatanuM kharekharUM citra che ema kabUla kare. paNa AvI phatteha mane maLaze ema huM julAta nathI. yurepanA Adhunika sudhAonI pUrve thaI gaelA eziA ke grIsa ke roma Adi anya sthaLonA sudhArA viSe vicAra karIzuM tyAre te sudhArAomAM jovAmAM AvatI saraLatA bhAgye ja ApaNuM lakSa nahIM bece. e sudhArAo ekaja banAva, ekaja vicAramAMthI udbhavelA jovAmAM Ave che. koI ema paNa kahI zake ke samAja ekaja mukhya niyamane vaLagI rahyo che, ne te niyamathIja te samAjanI saMsthAo, tenA rItarivAje, tenA judA judA po, tenI sarva prakAranI unnati nirNata thAya che. udAharaNa tarIke IjIpTamAM AkhA samAjamAM dhArmika niyamo pradhAnapada bhegavatA hatA. IjIptanA rivAje, IjIpTanI smaraNIya bAbate, ne ijIpTanA sudhArAne je kaMI zeSa bhAga jovAmAM Ave che te badhAmAM e niyamanuM rAjya cAlatuM hatuM. hiMdusthAnamAM paNa eja banAva tamArA jevAmAM Avaze, dhArmika niyamonuM ekalAnuM ja tyAM paNa hajI lagabhaga sAmrAjya che. anya sthaLe tamane bIjA niyAmaka tatva mAlUma paDaze--jemake sarvopari jJAtinuM baLa; ahIM AgaLa samAja para baLane ja niyama kAbu rAkhaze. anya sthaLe sAmAjika sudhArAmAM prajAsattAka baLanuM tamane prAdhAnya jaNAze; eziA

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vyAkhyAne bIjuM. 2 mAInora ne sIriyAne kinAre AvelAM AniyAne phiniziyAnA vyApArika prajAsattAka rAjyomAM Aja sthiti thaI che. TuMkAmAM prAcIna sudhArAo viSe vicAra karIe chIe tyAre ApaNane mAluma paDe che ke temanI saMsthAo, temanA vicAro, temanA rItarivAje-e sarva bAbatamAM koI saraLane eka niyama vyApI rahelA hoya che; e sarva bAbatamAM ekaja, athavA to ghaNuMkharuM prAdhAnya bhogavatuM koI baLa sAmrAjya bhagave che. * huM ema nathI kahevA mAgatuM ke A rAjyonA sudhArAomAM eka svarUpa hamezAM prabaLa rahyuM che. e rAjyanI jyAre ApaNe vadhAre prAcIna hakIkta meLavIe chIe tyAre ApaNane mAlUma paDe che ke aneka judAM judAM tae sAmrAjyane mATe yuddha macAvyuM che. udAharaNa tarIke impliana, iskana, grIka vagere lokomAM ja yoddhAvarge dharmaguruvanI viruddha sattA meLavavA rasAkasI karI che; anya sthaLe jAtyabhimAnano pavana svataMtra rIte ekatrita thavAnA pavananA virodhamAM Avyo che; ucca varganA hAthamAM sattA rAkhavAne " pavana prajAnA hAthamAM sattA rAkhavAnA pavananI sAme Avyo che, vagere vagere. paNa sAdhAraNa rIte AvI rasAkasI aitihAsika kALanA pUrvanA samayamAM thaI che, ne tethI karIne tenuM mAtra anizcita smaraNa TakI rahyuM che. A rasAkasI keTalIka vAra judI judI prajAonA samayamAM pharI pharIne astitvamAM AvI che, paNa ghaNuMkharUM hamezAM ene tvarAthI anna Avyo che; sarvopari thavAne mathatAM temAMthI ekAda tatva jaladIthI sAmrAjya meLavI zake che, ne samAjamAM sarvazaktimAna thAya che. moTe bhAge prAcIna sudhArAemAM ajaba pamADe evI saraLatA jovAmAM Ave che te AnuM pariNAma che. A saraLatAnAM judAM judAM pariNAme AvyAM che. keTalIka vAra, jemake grIsamAM, sAmAjika niyamonI saraLatAne lIdhe adbhuta pamADe eTalI tvarAthI prajAkIya unnati thaI che. eTalI tvarAthI koI paNa prajAne Avo jhaMkhavI nAkhe evo vikAsa kadApi thayo nathI. paNa A camatkAri uyanane ane prIsa ekadama thAkI gayuM jaNAyuM che ke jeTalI tvarAthI enI unnati thaI

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24 : yurepanA sudhArAne ItihAsa hatI eTalI tvarAthI nahi, teo kaIka vicitra tvarAthI, enI avanati thaI. ema lAge che ke grIsanA sudhArAonI utpAdaka zakita zithila, baLahIna thaI hatI ne sudhArAone jAgrata karavAne tenA jevI anya zakti astitvamAM AvI nathI. : anya sthaLe, udAharaNa tarIke IjIpTa ne hiMdusthAnamAM, ekaja niyamathI nirNata thatA AvA sudhArAnI saraLatAnuM juduM pariNAma AvyuM che; samAjanI sthiti sthAyI thaI gaI che. saraLatAe zuSka samAnarUpatA ANI che; dezane kaMI nAza nathI thayo, samAja kaMInAza nathI pAme, paNa te utsAharahita, sthAyI, ne jANe karI ke ThIMgarAI gayo hoya te the che. - sarva prAcIna sudhArAonA vakhatamAM niyamane bAne, ne judA judA rUpamAM je julama thaelo jovAmAM Ave che tenuM kAraNa paNa upaluMja che. samAja para ekaja sudhArAnuM sarva zaktimAna rahetuM, ne te tatva bIjA koI paNa tatvane harIphAImAM TakavA nahetuM detuM. judI jAtanuM dareka valaNa dabAvI devAmAM AvatuM hatuM. A prAranI sudhArAnI ekatavapradhAnatA, A prakAranI sudhArAnI saraLatA sAhitya ane buddhinA kSetramAM paNa sarakhI ja rIte pravartamAna che. thoDA samaya pahelAM yuropamAM phelAvavAmAM AvelA hiMdusthAnanA sAhityanA smAraka bhaMDArAthI koNa ajJAta che? te badhAmAM ekasarakhApaNuM na jovAmAM Ave e azakaya che; eka ja bAbatanAM te badhAM pariNAmarUpa che, ekaja vicAranA AvirbhAvarUpa che. dharma ke nItinAM pustako, aitihAsika purANa, nATakone varNanAtmaka kAvyo, e sarvemAM ekasarakhApaNuM jovAmAM Ave che. banAve ne saMsthAomAM je prakAranI zuSka samAnarUpatA jovAmAM Ave che teja prakAranI mAnasika, kRtiomAM paNa jovAmAM Ave che. grIsamAM paNa manuSyabuddhinA paripUrNa khIlavaTanA samayamAM suddhAM, sAhitya baLavAna rahe che. - Adhunika yuropanA sudhArAnI sthiti tadana judI ja che. vIgatemAM utaryA vagara, e tapAsI juo, te viSenAM tamArAM smaraNo ekaThAM kare.' tarataja tamane e sudhArAmAM vividhatA, aniyamitatA, azAMtatA mAlUma

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM. 25 paDaze. sAmAjika baMdhAraNanA sarve prakArA, sarve niyamA sAthe sAthe mAlUma paDaze. dhArmika ne laukika sattA dharmasattAka, nRpasattAka, uccavargasattAka, ne prajAsattAka tattvA; sarve sAmAjika vargo, sAmAjika vyavasthAe gucavaI jatAM te sarvopari padma meLavavA mathatAM jaNAze. svataMtratA, sauMpatti, ne sAmarthyanI agaNita kATie jovAmAM Avaze. A bhinna bhinna tattvA vAravAra sarvoparitAne mATe rasAkasImAM Ave che, chatAM samAja para ekkenuMsAmrAjya thatuM nathI. prAcIna kALAmAM dareka moTA yugamAM sarve samAje ekaja prakAranuM rUpa dhAraNa karatA. keTalIka vAra mAtra svataMtra eka bhUpatinI sattA, keTalIka vAra dharmaguruonI sattA ke keTalIka vAra prajAvarganI sattA pravartatI; paraMtu vArApharatI dareka sarvopari rahetI. Adhunika yuropamAM sarve paddhatinA dRSTAntA, sAmAjika baMdhAraNanA sarve prayAgA jaDI Ave che. svataMtra ke mizrita prakAranI nRpasattA, dharmagurusattA, ucca vagerganI vadhAreechI sattAvALA prajAsattA--e sarve eka bIjAnI sAthe sAthe pravatyAM che; ane te sarvemAM vividhatA hovA chatAM, kaIka samatA, kaMIka jAtinI sarakhAmaNI evI che ke te pArakhyA sivAya rahevAya tema nathI. curApanA vicAre te yureApanI bhAvanAmAM eja prakAranI vividhatA, eja prakAranI kasAkasI che. dharmaguruo, bhUpati, ucca vargo, ne prajAnA vicArA paraspara virodhamAM Ave che, paraspara saMghaTTana pAme che, parasparane saMkucita kare che, te paraspara rUpAMtara karAve che. mAdhyamika yuganA yuropanAM prakharamAM prakhara lakhANA vAMceA; eka paNa vicAra pahelethI chelle sudhI pakaDI rAkhelA kadI jovAmAM nathI AvatA. Apakhuda sattAnA panthanA mANasA peAtAnA matanuM pratipAdana karatAM tenA pariNAmanA bhayathI ekadama ne ajANatoja temanA mukhya siddhAntA AgaLathI pAchA phare che. temanA vicArA ne te vicArAnAM pariNAmemAM temane AgaLa vadhatAM khacAve che, te hada para jatAM aTakAve che. prajAsattAka panthanA mANase paNa AvIja rIte varte che. je aDaga Agraha, nyAyamuddhithIja nakkI thaelA je anya nizcaya. prAcIna

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yurepanA sudhArAne itihAsa, sudhArAonA samayamAM jovAmAM Ave che tevo alpa nizcaya keIpaNa panthanA mANasamAM jovAmAM AvatA nathI. bhAvanAomAM paNa eTaluMja vaividhya, eTaluMja bhinnatva mAlUma paDe che. svataMtratAnuM ma, ne sahelAIthI namI paDavAnI vRtti sAthe sAthe jovAmAM Ave che. je bha samAjamAM hoya che ne tethI samAjamAM jevuM vaividhya hoya che teTaluMja vaividhya manuSyanA AtmAmAM, AtmAnA vikAsamAM hoya che. - Adhunika sAhityamAM paNa upalA ja prakAranI sthiti najare paDe che. ApaNe eTaluM te kabula karavuM ja paDaze ke saudarya ne kaLAne svarUpamAM prAcIna sAhitya karatAM te ghaNAM utaratAM che, paNa bhAvanA ne vicAranA gAMbhIryamAM te ghaNuM vadhAre paripUrNa ne jesAvALAM che; ghaNuM vadhAre viSayamAM ne ghaNI vadhAre uMDAI sudhI manuSyadayane ApaNuM sAhitya hacamAvI zakyuM che, ne temAM kaLAnI je khAmI jovAmAM Ave che te Ane ja pariNAme che. sAhityamAM viSe jema vadhAre paripUrNa ne saMkhyAmAM vadhAre, tema zuddha ne saraLa rUpamAM temane raju karavAM vadhAre duSkara che. koI paNa lekhanI racanA athavA kaLAnI kRtimAM je saudarya hoya che te tenI spaSTatA, saraLatA,ne Abehuba cItAranI kaLAne lIdhe hoya che. yuropanA sudhArAnA samayanI bhAvanAo ne vicAronI vicitra vividhatAne lIdhe A prakAranI saraLatA, A prakAranI spaSTatA sAdhavI atizaya vadhAre duSkara thaI che. Adhunika sudhArAonuM A mukhya lakSaNa sarve dizAomAM mAlUma paDe che. Adhunika sudhArAonA samayamAM sAhitya, kaLA, vagere anya kSetromAM manuSyanA mAnasika vikAsanA amuka amuka dRSTAte laI tenI parIkSA karIzuM to prAcIna sudhArAonA samayanA te te daSTAnta karatAM ApaNane e utaratI paMktinA lagaze; paNa jyAre Adhunika bAbatone samudAya ApaNe vicArI joIe chIe tyAre yuropanA sudhArA bIjA kaI paNa sudhArAo karatAM anahada caDhIAtA mAlUma paDe che; yuropanA sudhArAomAM

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM. 27 bhinna bhinna prakAranI unnati vikasita thaI che. tethI ja tamane samajAze ke paMdara saikA sudhI e sudhAre TakI rahyo che, ne hajI paNa pratidina pragatizIlaja che. grIsanA sudhArAonI lagabhaga sarakhI tvarAthI e vRddhigata thayo nathI paNa enI vRddhi thatI aTakI nathI. a nyanuM ucchedana karavAne zaktimAna nahi hovAthI Adhunika sudhArAnA bhinna bhinna vicAro, bhinna bhinna to sAthe sAthe pravate e Avazyaka thayuM che. dareka vicAre dareka ta sadhAya teTalI unnati sAdhavAnuM kAma zire dharyuM che; ane anya sthaLe amuka eka vicAra ke eka tatva savAra thatAM jyAre anya vicAro ke to para julama thayo che, anya vicAro ke tane dabAvI devAmAM AvyAM che, tyAre yuropamAM sudhArAnAM to bhinna bhinna hovAne lIdhe svataMtratA prApta thaI che, ne judA judA vicAre ne to sAthe sAthe pravartI zakyAM che. yurepanA sudhArAonuM A kharekharuM ane moTuM caDhIAtApaNuM che, ane vastusthitinuM sUkSma nirIkSaNa karIzuM to mAlUma paDaze ke A caDhIAtApaNuM jema itihAsathI siddha thAya che tema nyApya che, buddhine paNa yogya lAge che. yuropanA sudhArA viSenA vicAra jarA visarI jaI duniyAnI sAmAnya vastusthiti viSe ApaNe manana karIe. ApaNane zuM dhyAna kheMcatuM mAlUma paDe che? duniyA kema cAle che? je prakAranI rasAkasI yuropamAM vAraMvAra cAlyA kare che te prakAranI rasAkasI duniyAnA bhinna bhinna ne vividha prakAranAM to vacce cAlyA ja kare che. dekhItuM ja che ke keIpaNa eka amuka tatva, amuka baMdhAraNa, amuka vicAra, amuka baLa duniyA para sAmrAjya calAvI zakyuM nathI, duniyAne amukaja eka dizAmAM doravI zakyuM nathI, duniyA para asara karatAM anya to ke baLone nAza karI zakyuM nathI. bhinna bhinna zaktio, bhinna bhinna to, ne bhinna bhinna paddhatio mAMhomAMhya guMcavAI eka bIjAnuM baLa dabAvI daI vArApharatI sAmrAjya bhogave che ke anyanA sAmrAjyane zaraNe rahe che. vividha prakAranA vicAro ne to amuka jAtane, kadAca na sadhAya e, eka udeza sAdhavA mathe che;

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28 yurApanA sudhArAno itihAsa. duniyAnI sAmAnya sthitija A prakAranI che, tethI curepanA sudhArAnI sthiti duniyAnI sthitinuM Abehuba pratibiMba che; duniyAnI vastusthitinI peTheja e saMkucita, pratibaMdhaka, ke sthAyI nathI, paraMtu jema duniyAmAM eke eka tattva khIjA tattvAnI sAthe sAthe te tethI pragati pAmatuM. jovAmAM Ave che tema A sudhArAnAM tattvone viSe paNa che. amukaja eka tattvanA saMpUrNa sudhArA jovAmAM Ave evI sthiti yurApanA sudhArAmAMja prathama dUra thaI; kAraNa ke A sRSTinI raMgabhUminA khelamAM jevI che tevI vividhatA paripUrNatA, paripakavatA A sudhArAmAMja prathama vikAsa pAmI. curApanA sudhArA, jo kahI zakIe teA sanAtana satya ke IzvarecchAne anulakSIne thayA che; enI vRddhi paNa daivecchAnusAra thAya che. enA caDhIA tApaNAnuM Aja vyAjabI kAraNa che. mana mahArAjyanI paDatInI vakhate curApanI sthiti kevI hatI te tapAsI, te samayanI saMsthAo, pathe, vicArA ne bhAvanAo tapAsI prAcIna samayamAMthI arvAcIna samayanA lokAne vArasArUpe kayAM kayAM tattva prApta thayAM che tenuM ApaNe zeAdhana karIzuM. sauthI pahelAM zamana mahArAjya kevuM hatuM te tenuM baMdhAraNa kevI rIte thayuM hatuM te ApaNe barAbara najara AgaLa lAvavuM joI e. AraMbhamAM zama zaherIenA eka mahAmaMDaLa samAna hatuM. zaheranI aMdara vasanArA lokone upayAgI saMsthAonA samudAyanA hAthamAMja rAmanI rAjasattA hatI. mAtra zamamAMja AvI vastusthiti naheAtI. A samayanA iTAlI taraph ApaNuM dhyAna pheravIzuM te gemanI AsapAsa zahera sivAya, arthAt zaherIonAM maDhaLeAnI sattA sivAya, khIjuM kazuMja jovAmAM AvatuM nathI. te vakhatanI prajA mAtra zaherAne samudAyaja hatI. laeNTina prajA te laeNTina zaherAnA samudRAya hatI. eja pramANe anya prajAone viSe hatuM. zahera bahArano mulaka A vakhate kaI hatAja nahIM, arthAt hAlamAM

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vyAkhyAna 29 hAya che tethI judIja jAtanA zahera bahAranA mulaka hatA. khetI Avazyaka hAvAthI kheDAyalA e mulaka hatA paNu vastI temAM nahetI. jamInadArA zaherAnA nivAsI hatA. teo temanI jamIna para dekharekha rAkhavA jatA, te vAraMvAra temanI sAthe keTalAka gulAmAne letA jatA; paNazaherAnI bahAranA atyAre je ApaNe mulaka kahIe chIe, je AchI lokeAnI vastI, keTalIka vAra chUTAchavAyA raheThANAmAM, keTalIka vAra gAmaDAomAM, dareka sthaLe zaherAnI bahAranA mulakanI bhUmine AcchAdita kare che tenA jevuM teA badhuM prAcIna iTAlImAM lagabhaga ajJAta hatuM, jovAmAMja nahotuM AvatuM. te jyAre rezamanI sattA phelAI tyAre te kevI rIte ? itihAsa tapAse ne tamane mAlUma paDaze ke rAmana lokeAe zaherAnA parAjaya - karyAM athavA tA zaherI sthApyAM, zaherAnIja viruddha te laDhatA ne zaherAnIja sAthe salAhasaMdhi karatA, ne saMsthAnA sthApatA te paNa teo zaherAmAMja sthApatA. rAmanae karelA duniyAnA parAjayane itihAsa te mAtra saMkhyAbaMdha zaherAnA parAjayanA te sthApanAnA itihAsa che. rAmana sattAnA phelAvA pUrva taraphanA deza para thayA tyAM AvuM kharAkhara nathI jovAmAM AvatuM, paNa ApaNe yuropanA sudhArA viSe vicAra karavAnA hovAthI pUrva tarapha zuM banyuM te tapAsavAnI ApaNI abhilASA nathI. pazrima viSeja vicAra karIzuM teA je khAkhata viSe meM tamArUM dhyAna kheMcyuM te ApaNane sarvatra dRSTigeAcara thAya che. gAla ( phrAnsa ) mAM ne spenamAM zaherA sivAya bIjuM bhAgyeja tame jozA, zaherAthI jarA dUra jaze! ke mulaka badhA bheja te jaMgaleAthI DhaMkAyalA jeze. zamana sattAnI smAraka vastu, rAmanAe baMdhAvelA rastAo viSe vicAra kareA. ApaNane eka zahera ne khIjA zahera sAthe joDatA meTA rastAe bAMdhelA mAlUma paDe che, dezanI aMdaranI judI judI dizAmAM je nAnA nAnA rastAo gAmaDAMAne joDI denArA hAlamAM jovAmAM Ave che, te te vakhate jANavAmAM nahAtA, madhyakAlIna yugeA pachI dezamAM phelAvavAmAM AvelA asaMkhya gAma

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30 yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa, DAo, kasabAo, ne khristi devalo jevuM kazuM ja te vakhate nahatuM. jevI rIte joze tevI rIte zaheranuM ja prAdhAnya ne zahera sivAyanA anya mulakanuM sAmAjika rIte nahi jevuM astitva, tamane mAlUma paDaze. - remana sattA nIcenA dezamAM zaherI sattAnuM prAdhAnya hatuM tene lIdhe eya karavuM ne jALavavuM ghaNuM muzkela paDatuM hatuM. rAmanA prajAmaMDaLanI sattA AkhI duniyA para jya meLavI zakI, paNa e maMDaLane kAbumAM rAkhavuM ne tenuM barAbara baMdhAraNa karavuM ghaNuM ochuM saheluM hatuM. A pramANe jyAre parAjayanuM kArya samApta thayuM ne pazcimana badheja ne pUrvanA moTA bhAgane pradeza remana rAjya nIce AvI rahyo tyAre A asaMkhya zahera ne rajavAkAo eka bIjAthI nIrALAM ne svataMtra thavAne taiyAra thaelAM mAlUma paDe che. samAjanAM judAM judAM aMge AvI rIte chUTAM paDI jatAM hatAM tene eka sarvopari baLanA kAbumAM ANavAne romana mahArAjyanA samayamAM prayatna karavAmAM Avyo. keTaleka aMze A prayatna phaLIbhUta thayo. ogasTasa ne DAyeliziyananA rAjyanI vaccenA samayamAM jema eka taraphathI zaherI kAyadAo sudharyA tema bIjI taraphathI rAjyavyavasthAmAM Apakhuda sattAnuM baLa vadhyuM ne caDhatA utaratI padavInA adhikArIo dvArA TheTha uparathI nIce sudhI baLanI sarvoparitA samAja para sthApita thaI A paddhati mAtra remanA rAjyanI sattA jALavI rAkhavAmAM ja saphaLa thaI ema nahi, paNa A sarvopari mukhya Apakhuda sattAno vicAra lokonA manamAM kaMIka ajaba sugamatAthI grAhya thaI paDyuM. A samayanA nAnA nAnA prajAmaMDaLanA samudAyamAM mAtra romana zahenazAhane ekalAne mATe mahAna ne pavitra pUjyabuddhi jaladIthI prasaratI jatI hatI te joI ApaNe vismita thaIe chIe. AnuM kAraNa e ja ke mana rAjyanA judA judA vibhAgenI vacce aikaya jALavI rAkhavuM ghaNuM ja Avazyaka lAgyuM hovuM joIe, nahitara AvI Apakhuda sattAne svIkAra thAya nahi AvA vicAre, AvI rAjyavyavasthA ne te sAthenI lazkarI baMdhA

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM. raNanI madadathI remana mahArAjya aMdarathI thatA aiyanA zithilIkaraNane bahArathI thatA paradezIonA humalAonI viruddhanA yuddhamAM mathI rahyuM. divase divase thatI paDatInI sthitimAM ghaNA daI kALa sudhI e macyuM rahyuM, paNa hamezAM rakSaka paddhatithIja chevaTe eyane anna Ave; Apakhuda sattAne aMge vaparAeluM cAturya ke dAsatvane aMge svIkArAelI bedarakArI e bemAMthI ekake A mahAna rAjyasattAnuM aiya TekavavA zaktivALuM na thayuM. cothA saikAmAM rAjyanA vibhAge ne aMge sarvatra vikhUTA thaI gayA, sarvadA judA judA paDI gayA, ne paradezIonI sattA sarve dizAo taraphathI dAkhala thavA mAMDI. A vakhate keTalAka zahenazAhane eka navIna vicAra sUjha; Apakhuda sattAnA karatAM kaMIka prajAsattAka rAjyanA jevI yuktithI aikyanuM rakSaNa vadhAre thaze ema dhArI te ajamAvavAnI temanI IcchA thaI paNa A prakAranI rAjyapaddhati sthApavAmAM zahenazAhane prajA taraphathI saMmati na maLI, A lAbha prajAe vadhAvI na lIdho. rAjyanI sattA ekatrika karI eka mukhya sthaLe te sarvopari rahe ne aikya thAya e vAta te vakhatanA samAjanI Ara. bhaka sthitine anukULa nahotI paNa viruddha hatI. sthAnika sattA baLavAna rAkhavAne pavana pharIthI jaNAvavA mAMDayA, ane eka sAmAnya samAja, eka samasta prajA punaHsthApita karavAnI azakti dekhItI jaNAI AvI. dareka zahera pitAnA killAnI aMdaranI, potAnI sthAnika bAbatomAMja guMthAeluM rahetuM thayuM, ane e mahArAjyanI paDatI thaI kAraNa ke e samasta mahArAjyanA aMga tarIke koI ne paNa thavuM nahotuM, ne loko mAtra pitAnA zaheranA ja vatanI tarIke gaNAvavAnI IcchA rAkhatA hatA. AvI rIte je sthiti rAmane sattAnI bAlyAvasthAmAM ApaNe zodhI kADhI che te ja sthiti ApaNe remanI paDatIne samaye joIe chIe banne vakhate zaheranuM prAdhAnya, sthAnika sattAnuM abhimAna mAlUma paDe che. remana duniyA tenI prathamanI sthitie pAchI gaI hatI, zaheree ene sthApI hatI; enI paDatI thaI e duniyA nAza pAmI, ne bAkI paNa zahereja rahyAM. . .

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kare yuropanA sudhArAne ItihAsa. A zaheranI sattA, A sthAnika sattAnA prAdhAnyanI paddhati viSe vicAratAM Adhunika yuropane prAcIna rAmanA sudhArAomAMthI vArasAgarUpe zuM maLyuM che te ApaNane mAlUma paDe che. eka prAcIna-prAcInatara kALamAM hatI 'tenAM karatAM e paddhati ghaNuM aniyamita, vadhAre narama, ne ghaNI utaratA prakAranI hatI e nirvivAda che; paNa to e romana samayanAM sarve tamAMthI, te samayanI sa bAbatomAMthI nAza nahi pAmeluM ne hayAta raheluM tattva eja paddhati che. jyAre eja tattva nAza nathI pAmyuM ema huM kahuM chuM tyAre huM eka bhUla karuM chuM. eka bIjI bAbata, eka bIjA vicAranuM paNa atijIvana thayuM che e vicAra te mahArAjya athavA zahenazAhatane vicAra, zahenazAhanA nAmane vicAra, zahenazAhanI sapari sattAno vicAra, zahenazAhanI sarva zaktimAna ne pUjya sattAno vicAra che. A to, A vicAra rema taraphathI yuropanA sudhArAne vArasArUpe prApta thayAM che. eka tarapha prajAmaMDaLanA rAjyataMtranI paddhati, tenA niyamo, dAkhalAo ne svataMtratAne niyama, ane bIjI tarapha zaherI kAyadAonA sAdhAraNa baMdhAraNane vicAra, zahenazAhanI aniyaMtrita ne pavitra sattAne vicAra, ne niyama ne niyamavazatAno vicAra yuropamAM remamAMthI utarI AvyA che. paNa e ja vakhate remana prajAmAM eka ghaNI judIja jAtane samAja, tadana judA niyama pramANe sthapAyela, judI ja bhAvanAothI utsAha pAmate ne yurepanI Adhunika prajAmAM taddana judI jAtanAM tatve dAkhala karavAne mate eka navo samAja sthapAyo hata; ne A samAja te khristi samAja, huM khristi samAja viSe kahuM chuM, khristi dharma viSe nahIM. cothA saikAne anta ne pAMcamA saikAnA ArambhamAM khristi dharma mAtra vyaktione dharma nahote paNa eka saMsthArUpa thaye hatuM e dharmanuM barAbara baMdhAraNa thayuM hatuM, emAM pAdarIo ne pAdarIonA dharma bajAve evA caDhatAutaratI dharmaguruone pejanA, nANAMnI Avaka, svataMtra kAma karavAnAM sAdhane,

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vyAkhyAna bIjuM. sthAnika ne sAmAnya sabhAe, te samAjanA viSayeA para sAmAnya carcAe karavAnI paddhati--e sarve hatuM. TUMkAmAM A yugano khristi dharma mAtra dharma nahetA, paNa eka samAja hatA, khristi dharma khristi samAja sAthe saMlagna hatA. ra e jo samAja na hota te rAmana maGArAjyanI avanatikALe khristi dharmanI dazA zI thaI hata te huM kahI zakateA nathI. jema prAcInatara kALeAmAM hatA tema te samaye paNa khristi dharma mAtra eka dhanI zraddhA, eka dhArmika bhAvanA, vyaktinA eka mAtra matarUpa hota te! ApaNe ema mAnI zakIe ke e mahArAjyanI paDatInI ne paradezIonA humalAnI sAtheja ene paNa nAza thAta. pachInA vakhatamAM eziyAmAM te uttara AphrikAmAM evAja prakAranA humalAthI, musalamAna paradezIonA humalAthI e dharmane te vakhate nAza thayA, tApaNa khristi samAja TakI rahyo. rAmana mahArAjyanI paDatIte vakhate tethI paNa vadhAre vAstavikatAthI A prakAranA banAva aneta. kAraNa ke hAlanA samayamAM samAjo ke saMsthAethI judAMja je prakAranAM naitika maLe! dhana nAza thatA aTakAvI zake che tevAM svataMtra naitika maLe te samaye hatAM nahIM. zuddha satya ke zuddha vicAra je naitika sAdhanothI manuSyAnAM mana para sAmrAjya meLave che, temanAM karma para sattA bhAgave che, ne banAvAne amuka niyamAne vaza rAkhe che tevAM sAdhanAmAMnuM kazuM te vakhate hatuM nahIM. eTaluM spaSTa che ke AvA nAza, AvA tAkAnamAMthI bacavAne mATe ghaNAja jabarA baMdhAraNa te ghaNAja jakharA zAsanavALA samAjanI jarUra hatI. ceAthA saikAne ante te pAMcamAnA ArambhamAM khristi dharma TakI rahyo ema kahevAmAM huM nathI dhAratA ke satya khelavAmAM huM jarAe atizayokti karUM chuM. rAmana mahArAjyanI aMdaranI paDatIne samaye paradezI humalAnI viruddha khristi samAja, tene aMge cAlatI saMsthAo, ne dharmaguruo ne temanI sattAnuM khaLaja rAmana prajAne TakAvI zakyAM. A khaLaja paradezIone jItI zakyuM, A rAmanAne paradezIonA samAgamathI thaelA sudhArAnuM sAdhana nIvaDayuM, ne A aLaja

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34 yurApanA sudhArAno itihAsa. khaLaja aikayanuM paNa sAdhana nIvaDayuM, khristi dharma taraphathI Adhunika sudhAsamAM kayAM tattvA AvyAM te jovAne mATe te vakhatanA khristi dharmAnI nahi paNa khristi samAjanI sthitinuM avalokana karavuM joI e. tyAre khristi samAja te vakhate zI sthitimAM hatA te jovuM joI e. jyAre hameza laukika dRSTibinduthI ApaNe vicArIe chIe, ne jyAre khristionA dhArmika pantha tarIke nahi, paNa mAtra eka samAja tarIke ApaNe khristi dharma tarapha vicArIe chIe, tyAre khristi dharmanA ArambhathI te pAMcamA saikA sudhI e dharmamAM thaelAM piravatAnI khuda traNa avasthA eka pachI eka ApaNI najare paDe che. cheka zarUAtamAM khristi samAja ekasarakhA vicArA, ne ekasarakhI bhAvanA dharAvanArA lokonA eka samudAya tarIke ApaNI najare paDe che. cheka zarUAtanA khristio ekasarakhA dhArmika vicAra te matemAM AnaMda levAne ekacitta thaelA mAlUma paDe che. temanAmAM amuka cAkkasa matA, amuka niyamA, amuka prakAranuM zAsana, ke amuka zAsana karanArA dharmaguruonI vyavasthA ApaNe jotA nathI. alabata koI paNa samAja game teTale bAlyAvasthAmAM hoya, game tevA nabaLA khadhAraNavALA hoya teAe te nItinA prAtsAhaka khaLa vinA rahI zakatA nathI. judA judA khristi samudAyamAM dharma samajAvavAnuM, zikhavavAnuM, ne phelAvavAnuM kAma karanArA mANaso hatA kharA. paNa amuka prati sara kAma karanArA dharmazAsake nahAtA ne amuka prakAranuM nizrita dharmazAsana naheAtuM. khristi samAjanI Arambhaka sthitimAM mAtra eka pantha ne amuka bhAvanA dharAvanArA manuSyA samAjaja astitvamAM hatA. thatAM jema jema e samAjanI vRddhi thatI gaI tema tema temAM amuka prakAranA matA, amuka niyamA, amuka zAsane, amuka zAsanaguru gayAM. zAsanaguruomAM keTalAka mAtra dharmaguruo banatA, keTalAka anAyAnA sevA; A chellA, guru garIne madada karavAnuM ne temane sadAvrata ApavAnuM kAma karavA

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vyAkhyAna khIja. 35 A judA judA zAsanaguruenuM kharAkhara kAma zuM te nakkI karavuM bhAgyeja saMbhavita che. e leAkeAnAM judAM judAM kAmeAnI hada dhaNuM karIne jhAMkhI ne badalAtI hatI, paNa eTaluM nakkI che ke evAM kAmAne mATenI saMsthAnI yojanA hatI kharI. tepaNa khristi dharmanI A dvitIya avasthAmAM athavA dharmanA A dvitIya yugamAM eka vAta khAsa jovAmAM Ave che. khristi dharmanuM zAsana khristi samAjathI hajI juduM nahotuM paDayuM. te enuM eka khIjAthI nIrALu, svataMtra astitva nahotuM, ne khristi leAkeAja samAjamAM mukhya sattA bhogavatA hatA. dhArmika matAnI svataMtra sattA nahotI. tRtIya yugamAM badhuM ja juduM bevAmAM Ave che. janasamAjathI taddana nIrALA, taddana svataMtra saMpatti, zAsana, ne dhAraNa dharAvanArA dharmaguruo astitvamAM AvyA. sArAMzamAM je janasamAja para sattA bhogavatA hatA te janasamAjathI tadana nIrALeAja khristi dharmasamAja astitvamAM AvyeA. pAMcamA saikAnA ArambhakALamAM khristi samAjanI A sthiti hatI. dharmanuM zAsana janasamAjathI taddana juduMja hatuM, te mumukSu janA para dharma guruo lagabhaga niraMkuza sattA bhAgavatA hatA. vaLI khristi pAdarIe eka bIjI rIte paNa samAja para sattA bhogavatA. dharmagurue zaherAmAM mukhya zAsanakartAo thayA. tame joyuM che ke rAmana mahArAjyanI paDatI pachI te rAjyanA prajAsattAka taMtra sivAyanuM bIjuM kazuM radhuM nahi. Apakhuda sattA ne zaheranI paDatIne lIdhe . pariNAma e AvyuM haituM ke prajAsattAka rAjyataMtranA agraNI nirutsAhI ne udAsIna thaI gayA hatA, ne tenI viruddha cetana ne utsAhapUrNa dharmaguru svAbhAvika rIteja sarve bAbate para adhyakSa thavAne taiyAra thayA. A bAbatamAM temane nidApAtra gaNavA ke teone haka nahAtA ema kahevuM bhUlabhareluM che. e badhuM svAbhAvikaja hatuM, dharmaguruomAMja nItikhaLa ne utsAha hatAM; te sarvatra maLavALA thayA. sRSTinA evAja niyama che. A parivartananAM cit A samayanA zahenazAheAnA kAyadAmAM

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yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa. mAlUma paDe che. thioDesiasa ke jasTiniananA niyama saMgraho je ughADI joze te tamane jaNAze ke dharmaguruone zaherI kAmakAje soMpavAnI ghaNI AjJApatrikAo kADhavAmAM AvI hatI. zaheranI sAdhAraNa upaje, IjanerI kAme, rastAo, nahero vagere sarva prakAranAM kAmo para dharmaguonI dekharekha rAkhavA AjJApatrikA hatI. pAThyapAlaka saMsthAmAM paNa dharmaguruonI madada levAnI AjJApatrikA hatI. nagararakSakonI pasaMdagI ne temanA para dekharekhanuM kAma dharmaguruonI sahAyatAthI karavA AjJApatrikA hatI. rAmana prajAsattAka rAjyataMtranI paddhati ne madhyakAlIna paddhatinA samayanI vacamAM prajAsattAka ne dharmagurusattAka zAsananI mizrita rAjyapaddhati amalamAM hatI. khristi samAjanA baMdhAraNathI, khristi loko para tenI thaelI asarathI, zaherI bAbatamAM teNe lIdhelA bhAgathI e samAje keTalI badhI sattA bhogavI te tame joyuM. A pramANe e samayathI Adhunika sudhArAne amuka prakAranuM valaNa ApavAmAM, ne tenI vRddhi karavAmAM e samAje sabaLa sAhApya ApyuM. kayAM kayAM to ene lIdhe dAkhala thayAM tene ApaNe khyAla karI joIe. - sauthI paheluM, A samaye jyAre samAjamAM nItibaLane abhAva patharAI rahyo hato, tyAre nItinI asara, nItinI sattA, ne nItinI bhAvanAo ane amuka dRDha mate para sthapAyelI sattA astitvamAM AvI te eka moTI lAbhanI vAta hatI. je khristi samAja astitvamAM na Avyo hata, te AkhI duniyA mAtra jaDa zaktine adhIna thaI hota. samAja naitika sattA bhogavI. eNe vizeSa paNa karyuM manuSyanA banAvelA kAyadAothI caDhIAto niyama, evA kaMIka niyamano vicAra eNe TakAvI rAkhyo ne sarvatra phelAvyo. manuSyanA banAvelA niyamathI paNa caDhIAta, judA judA yuge, ne judA judA rivAje pramANe keTalIka vAra nyAyabuddhi, keTalIka vAra IzvarI niyama ema judI judI rIte kahevAta, paNa sarvatra ne sarvadA je vAte eka niyama manuSya mAtranA uddhArane mATe astitvamAM che evo

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has vyAkhyAna bIjuM. agatyano vicAra e samAje raju karyo. saMkSepamAM khristi samAjano Arambha thayo tyArathI pAramArthika ne laukika sattAo judI paDI; tenI ja sAthe Atmika svataMtratA thaI. laukika ne zArIrika baLane manuSyanA AtmAo para, dRDha mato para, satya para haka ke amala nathI e vicAraja laukika ne pAramArthika sattAone chUTI pADavAmAM AdhArabhUta hato. vaLI A sattAo chUTI paDI tene AdhAra vicAra ne karmanI bhUminA bhinnabhAva, Antara ne bAhya viSayonA bhedabhAva para paNa hato. A pramANe yuropa jene mATe ATaluM badhuM mathI rahyuM hatuM evo Atmika svataMtratAno A niyama, ATalo badho moDe ne vAraMvAra dharmaguruonA valaNanI viruddha pravartela, yuropanA sudhArAnA ArambhakALamAM laukika ne pAramArthika sattAone judI pADavAnA kAryathI sthApita karavAmAM Avyo hate. A parathI samajAze ke briti samAje pAMcamA saikAmAM yuropane traNa moTA sudhArA bakSyA; nItinI asaranuM baLa hovA viSenI bhAvanA, IzvaranA kAyadA sAcavavAnA vicAre, ne laukika ne pAramArthika sattAo judI che evI bhedabuddhi. paNa e samaye paNa e samAjanI badhI sattA sarakhI hitakAraka rIte vaparAtI nahatI. cheka e pAMcamA saikAmAM paNa e samAjanA keTalAka hAnikAraka siddhAnta prakAzamAM AvyA hatA, ne ApaNA sudhArAnA vikAsanI bAbatomAM e siddhAntonuM ghaNuM baLa jovAmAM AvyuM che. dAkhalA tarIke, Aja samaye, adhikArI ane adhikRta, jeo adhikAra bhogavatA hatA ne jemanA para adhikAra bhogavAtuM hatuM te be varga vacce ghaNuM antara jovAmAM AvatuM hatuM. adhikArI varga adhikRta varga para sattA bhogavI pitAnI svataMtratA sthApavA prayatna karato hato, ne A sattA vAparatA pahelAM adhikRta varganI icchA zI che tenI darakAra rAkhatuM nahotuM. A uparAMta briti samAja ko para dhArmika zAsananI sarvopari sattA sthApita karavA

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38 yuropanA sudhArAnA itihAsa, ne laukika sattAne pacAvI besavAne prayatna karatA hatA, ane jyAre Ama . karavAmAM te na phAvyo tyAre e rAjasattAdhikArIo sAthe maLI gayA, ane sarvopari sattAnA kaIka aMza meLavavAnA hetuthI rAjAonI ApakhudI sattAne eNe madada ApI ne lokeAnI svataMtratA para tarApa mArI. pAMcamA saikAmAM khristi samAja te rAmana mahArAjya taraphathI yuropane A prakAranAM sudhArAnAM tattvA maLyAM. vaidezika prajAe jyAre rAmana rAjyamAM AvI, te teNe tenA para sattA meLavI tyAre Aja prakAranI sthiti hatI. ApaNA sudhArAnA ArambhakALamAM je tattva ekaThAM thaelAM te maLI gaelAM jovAmAM Ave che tenI kharAkhara samajutI meLavavI hoya, te ApaNe A vaidezika prajAne viSe abhyAsa karavA joi e. huM jyAre vaidezika prajAne viSe eTaluM chuM tyAre tame samajazeAja ke temanA itihAsanuM ApaNe kaMI kAma nathI. tame jANAja che ke A samaye rAmana mahArAjyanA jetAe je je yAhAe hatA te badhAja ghaNuM karIne eka jAtimAMthI utpanna thaelA hatA; te badhA jarmana prajAnA hatA, mAtra keTalAka slevAnika hatA. vaLI ApaNe e paNa jANIe chIe ke te khadhAja ghaNuMkharUM sarakhI rIte sudharelA hatA. alabata sudhArAnI bAbatamAM A vaidezika prajAmAM ceDAvattA pheraphAra haze kharA. jee Ama sAthe, vadhAre saMbaMdhamAM AvyA haze te leke vadhAre sudharelA haze; jemake kaiMka leAkeAnA karatAM gAtha lokeA vadhAre sudharelA hatA te rItabhAtamAM vadhAre mulAyama hatA. paNu sAmAnya dRSTibinduthI jotAM te yurApanA sudhArAnA saMbaMdhamAM A badhIja prajAe sarakhI rIte sudharelI hatI ema kahI zakAya, temanA sudhArA amukaja hada sudhInA hatA ema gaNI zakAya. A vaidezika prajAne svabhAva barAbara samajavA hoya teA eka khAbata viSe ApaNe sauthI pahelAM vAke thavuM joIe. emanAmAM dareka jaNane svataMtratA bhAgavAnI tIvra icchA hoya che, saMsAra ne jIvananI anizcitatAne nahi gaNakAratAM pUrNa utsAhathI te taddana svataMtratAthI AnaMda prApta

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* AkhyAna che. karavAnuM emane mana hoya che, ne anizcitatA, asamAnatA, ne aniSTatAthI paripUrNa sAhasika jIvana gujAravAmAM teo rasa le che. hAlanA vakhatamAM ApaNe niyamita jIvanamAM guMthAelA hovAthI A prakAranI bhAvanAonuM baLa mApI zakavAne asamartha chIe. yuropanA sudhArAomAM A prakAranI bhAvanA jarmana vaidezika prajAenI dAkhala thaI hatI. remana mahArAjyamAM ke khristi samAjamAM, ke ghaNuMkharUM badhAja prAcIna sudharelA dezomAM e ajJAta hatI. prAcIna sudharelA dezamAM jyAre jyAre tame svataMtratA jozo tyAre te rAjakIya svataMtratA athavA zaherI tarIkenI svataMtratA joI zakaze. te samaye manuSya pitAnA vyaktisvAtaMtryane mATe nahi paNa zaherI tarIkenA svAtaMtryane mATe prayAsa karatA hatA. amuka samAjamAMja tenuM astitva hatuM, teneja e vaLagela raheto, ane tene athe potAnuM sarvasva arpaNa karavA e taiyAra raheta. khristi samAjane viSe paNa evuM ja hatuM; dareka manuSya samAja tarapha ghaNo kheMcAto, tenA kAyadAne vaLagI raheto, ne tenI sattA vadhAravAne utkaTa IcchA dharAvata, athavA to ema kahIe te paNa cAle ke dhArmika bhAvanAone lIdhe manuSyanA AtmA para eka jAtanI pratikriyA thatI hatI, ne tene lIdhe manuSya potAnA svAtaMtrya para aMkuza mukavA ne pitAnA samAjanI IcchAnusAra vartavA aMdarakhAne prayatnazIla thato. paNa vyakti svAtaMtryanI bhAvanA, keI paNa jAtanA bIjA hetuthI nahi paNa mAtra svataH aSanI lAgaNIthI rAkhavAmAM AvatI, ne game teTalI muzIbatamAM paNa prAdubhUti karI zakAtI. svataMtratAnI bhAvanA rAma ne khristi samAjamAM tadana ajJAtaja hatI. e bhAvanA yuropane vaidezika prajAo taraphathIja maLI hatI; Adhunika sudhArAonA ArambhakALamAM ne tenI bAlyAvasthAmAM e bhAvanA e prajA taraphathIja AvI hatI. yurepanA Adhunika sudhArAmAM e bhAvanAe ghaNe AgaLa paDato bhAga lIdho che, ne tenAM pariNAmo evAM noMdhavA lAyaka AvyAM che ke e sudhArAnAM mukhya tamAM A bhAvanAne gaNyA vagara cAlI zake tema nathI.

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rAjyomAM paNa upalI ja karI che, ne A yuropanA sudhArAne ItihAsa, sudhArAnI eka bIjI bAbata, sudhArAnuM eka bIjuM tattva paNa ApaNe evI ja rIte vaidezika prajAo taraphathI meLavyuM che, A kSAtra dharmanI bAbata che. ekabIjAnuM svAtaMtrya ne sarakhA haka jALavI rAkhI lazkarI mANasoe anya prati saMbaMdha kema jALavI rAkhe te ApaNe e prajAonI pAsethI zIkhyA chIe. vaLI amuka hada sudhI sarakhApaNuM hoya chatAM kramika gauNatA hoya, krame krame ekanI bIjAnA karatAM utaratI padavI ne sattA hoya tyAM saMbaMdha kema jALavavo e bAbatano paNa upalI vAtamAM ja samAveza thAya che. uccavargasattAka rAjyazAsanapaddhati paNa AmAMthI ja utpanna thavA pAmI che, ne A paddhatie phayuDala sisTama athavA te sainika sevAMjalinI paddhatine janma Apyo che. prAcIna prajAsattAka rAjyomAM tame joze te mAlUma paDaze ke eka manuSyane bIjA manuSya sAthe koI paNa jAtane svataMtra saMbaMdha nahatA; mANase mAtra eka zahera sAthe joDAelA hatA ne teTalA pUrateja temano anyonya pratino saMbaMdha hato. vaidezika prajAomAM sAmAjika saMbaMdha svataMtra manuSyane anya pratine Antara saMbaMdha hata; A saMbaMdha, prathama, teo ToLAmAM yuropamAM bhaTakatA hatA tevI sthitimAM TeLAnA mukhI ne ToLAnA anya mANaso athavA tenA saMbatIenI vaccenA saMbaMdhathI uddabhavyo hato, ne pAchaLathI, rAjA ke saradAra ane tenA AzritanI vaccenA saMbaMdhathI utpanna thayuM hatuM. A AzritadharmanI bhAvanA ApaNe vaidezika prajAonI pAsethI prApta karI che. have huM tamane pUchuM chuM ke sudhArA viSenuM meM tamane zarUAtamAM citra A paddhati pramANe rAjA jamInanI jAgIra Apate te eka zarate. e zarata lazkaramAM cAkarI karavAnI ne rAjAnI tarapha vaphAdAra rahevAnI zarata hatI. evIja zarate jAgIradAra peTAjAgIro paNa ApI zakato. matalaba ke jarUranI vakhate senAmAM joDAI rAjAne madada ApavAnI zaratathI jamIna ApavAnI paddhati te phayuDala sisTama tarIke prakhyAta che. gujarAtImAM ApaNe ene sainikasevA jalinI paddhati kahIzuM.

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41 vyAkhyAna bIjuM. ApyuM hatuM te ja pramANe cheka enA ArambhanA kALamAM paNa Adhunika sudhArAnAM bhinna bhinna, chinna bhinna,ne avyasthita ta hatAM ema kahevAmAM zuM huM khoTa hatA? dhIme dhIme vikAsa pAmatA ApaNuM sudhArAmAM je to maLatAM jovAmAM Ave che te zuM ghaNuMkharAM badhAMja remana mahArAjyanI paDatI thaI te vakhate astitvamAM hatAMja ema ApaNe have zodhI kADhayuM che e zuM kharuM nathI ? te samaye ApaNe eka bIjAthI judA traNa samAje hatA ema joyuM che. remana mahArAjyanI chellI jhAMkhIzaherI tarIke manuSyonI zI pharaja che te jANanAra ne te pharaja bajAvanAre samAja; khristi samAja, ne jaMgalI lekane samAja. A traNe samAjonAM baMdhAraNa judA judA prakAranAM hatAM, traNe judA judA niyamo pramANe sthapAyA hatA, ne traNe manuSyone judI judI bhAvanAothI protsAhita karatA hatA. tadana saMpUrNa svataMtratA, ne tadana saMpUrNa parataMtratAne mATe sAthe sAthe AkAMkSA thatI hatI ema ApaNane mAlUma paDe che, lazkarI ne dhArmika sattAonuM prAbalya paNa sAthe sAthe mAlUma paDe che, sarvatra dhArmika ne laukika sattAo banne jovAmAM Ave che, khiti samAjanA niyame, romanonA vidvattAbharelA kAyadAo,ne (vaidezika) jaMgalI prajAonA alikhita AcAro paNa tevI ja rIte mAlUma paDe che, ne lagabhaga dareka ThekANe sauthI vadhAre judI paDatI prajAo, bhASAo, sAmAjika sthitio, rivAjo, vicAre ne saMskAra ekaThAM thaI gaelAM, athavA sAthe sAthe rahelAM dRSTigocara thAya che. niHzaMka, A guMcavaNa, A vaividhya, A jhagaDAne lIdhe ApaNe ghaNuM khamavuM paDayuM che; yurepanI dhIme dhIme thatI pragati, ne yuropane veThavAM paDelAM tephAno ne duHkhonAM kAraNoja A badhAM che. chatAM huM nathI dhArato ke ApaNe tethI dilagIra thavAnuM kAraNa che. jemAM lokone temaja prajAne A badhAno badalo mAtra saMpUrNa ne bhinna bhinna prakAranI unnatinI vakIthI vaLI rahe che, badhI bAbatono vicAra karatAM je kaMI lAbha maLyo che te vadhAre che,

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yuropanA sudhArAne ItihAsa. remane mahArAjyanI paDatIne vakhate duniyAnI zI sthiti hatI tenA sAmAnya citrathI have ApaNe jANItA thayA chIe. yurepanA sudhArAne janma ApavA je je bhinna bhinna ta hacamacI rahyAM hatAM ne ekaThAM thayAM hatAM tenI paNa ApaNe mAhItI meLavI che. have pachIthI eja to ApaNI najara AgaLa vikAsa pAmatAM ApaNe joIzuM. AvatA bhASaNamAM eto ke vikAsa thaye, ne ApaNe je yugane jaMgalI vakhata gaNavAne TevAyA chIe temAM, arthAta humalAothI utpanna thaelI avyavasthA hayAtI dharAvatI hatI te vakhate e tane zuM sAdhI zakyAM te darzAvavAne huM prayatna karIza.

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM. vyAkhyAna trIjuM vyAkhyAnano viSaya-judI judI badhI rAjyapaddhatio nyAye hevAne dAvo --rAjakIya bAbatomAM nyAya eTale zuM ? pAMcamA saikAmAM badhI rAjyapaddhatienuM sAhacarya-manuSya, mAla, ne saMsthAonI sthiti viSe asthiratA-AnAM be kAraNe, eka, bhaitika kAraNa, humalAo cAlu rahyA te, ne bIjuM, naitika kAraNa. vaidezika lokomAM khAsa jovAmAM AvatI svArthI vyaktitvanI bhAvanA-sudhArAnAM bIje cAra che; (1) vyavasthAnI AvazyaktA, (2) remana mahArAjyanAM smaraNe, (3) khristi samAjanA saMskAre, (4) vaidezika prajAnI sahavAsanI asara -dezika prajAo, zahera samAja, spenanA khristi samAja, zArlAmena rAjA, ne breDe vyavasthA ANavAne karelA prayane--jarmana ne Araba humalAo thaMbhe che--phayuDala paddhatinI zarUAta thAya che. I. I'LadillH|||III 'dAra irr III SHpanA mana mahArAjyanI paDatI thaI te vakhatanAM, yurepanA sudhArAnA cheka ArambhakALanAM mukhya to meM tamane darzAvyAM che. temAM rahelI bhinnatA ne vividha tA, ne temAM vAraMvAra utpanna thatA vigrahanuM meM tamane ( citra ApavA prayAsa karyo che. e tamAMnuM eka paNa tatva sarvopari baLa dharAvavI asamartha nIvaDyuM, athavA eTaluM badhuM nahi te aMdara aMdara sarvopari sattA bhogavI zakavAne asamartha nIvaDayuM evuM batAvavAne meM prayatna karyo che. yuropanA sudhArAnuM khAsa lakSaNaja A che te ApaNe joyuM che. have, je samaya jaMgalInA nAmathI oLakhAya che te samaye zarU thatA e sudharAnA ItihAsa viSe ApaNe vicAra karIzuM. e saMbaMdhI eka bAbata ApaNuM tarataja dhyAna kheMce che. Adhunika

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yurApanA sudhArAne itihAsa. yurApamAMnAM prAcIna tattva viSe vicAra karIe chIe tyAre ApaNA sudhA rAnAM judAM judAM tattvA badhAMja mULathI AvelAM che. ema dAvA karavAmAM AvatA ApaNe joIe chIe. nRpataMtranI rAjyazAsanapaddhati, zvarazAsita rAjyazAsanapaddhati, uccavargasattAka rAjyazAsanapaddhati, ne prajAsattAka rAjyazAsana paddhati--A dareka paddhatinA anuyAyIo potAnI dareka paddhati mULa curApamAM hatI ema Agraha darzAve che. dareka paddhatinI sarvopari sattA sAmenA pakSavALAoe pacAvI lIdhI che ema kahI peAtAnA matanuM te samarthana kare che. Ama eka mata pramANe rAmana mahArAjyanI paDatIne vakhate badhI sattA jIta meLavanArI prajA ke jeNe pAchaLathI amIravarganI padavI meLavI hatI teNe bhAgavI hatI. rAjA ne prajAe A varganI sattA chInavI lIdhA che, te uccavargasattAka rAjyazAsanapaddhatija yuropanI mULa ne kharI rAjyapati hatI ema A mata pratipAdana kare che. 44 nRpataMtra khIjA mata pramANe yurApamAM mULa hatuM. jarmana rAjAe mana zahenazAheAnA badhAja hakonA vArasA meLavyA hatA, ne kharUM jotAM sarvopari sattA temanIja kharI hatI. amIrI vargAe sattA bhAgathI te mAtra rAjAonI sattA para tarApa mArIne bhAgavI che, nyAyya rItie nahi. trIjA mata pramANe prajAsattAka rAjyazAsanapaddhati nyAyya che. A mata pramANe pAMcamA saikA pachI je samAja yuropamAM astitvamAM AvyA te svataMtra samAjonAja vikAsarUpe hatA. Adi samayamAM je svataMtratA hatI te paDI bhAgavAthI, amIrA ne rAjAne tenA lAbha maLyA. kharUM che ke rAjAe te amIreAnI sattAe e svataMtratAne dabAvI dIdhI, paNa e svataMtratAe temanAe pahelAM sattA bhAgavI hatI. A badhA hakAthI judoja ne tethIe caDhatA haka khristi samAja nA che evA ceAthA eka mata che. A mata pramANe dhArmika sattAja kharI ne nyAyI sattA che; yureApamAM sudhArA te satyane dAkhala karavAnuM kharUM mAna khristi samAjane hovAthI dhArmika sattAja AkhA yuropamAM sarveipara hAle joI e evA A mata che.

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM. 45 have juo ke ApaNe kevA vicAravamaLamAM chIe. yurepanA sudhArAnAM tamAM e tattva sarvopari baLa dharAvatuM nahotuM ema ApaNe sAbIta karyuM hoya ema ApaNe dhAratA hatA. paNa upalA mato AthI tadana viruddhanAja che. e mate pramANe yuropanA samAja para ekAda tatva sarvopari sattA dharAvatuM hatuM. samAja para sattA dharAvanArI rAjyapaddhationI viruddhatA, ne temAM nyAcya kaI te viSenI matabhinnatAthI be bAbata spaSTa jaNAya che. eka bAbata, rAjakIya bAbatomAM nyAcce zuM tene vicAra. yurepanA sudhArA daramyAna A vicAre ghaNe bhAga lIdho che. bIjI bAbata, yurepanI vaidezika * prajAonA kharAM ne khAsa lakSaNonI che, ane A bAbata, ApaNe je yugane viSe atyAre vicAra karIe chIe tenI che. A be bAbato siddha karavA, ne meM amaNa varNavyA te mULanA hako viSenI takarAramAMthI tene dhIme dhIme tAravI kADhavA huM prayatna karIza. yuropanA sudhArAnAM bhinna bhinna to, dhArmika sattAnI rAjyazAsanapaddhati, nRpataMtranI rAjyazAsanapaddhati, uccavarNasattAka rAjyazAsanapaddhati, ne prajAsattAka rAjyazAsanapaddhati-e dareke yurepanA samAja para prathama sarvopari sattA bhogavI ema dareka matanA anuyAyIone kahevAno Azaya zuM che? zuM teo ema kahevA nathI mAgatA ke AmAMnI ekaja nyAya che? rAjakIya bAbatomAM nyAyatAno nirNaya mAtra prAcInatA athavA sthiratAthIja sAbIta thAya che. kaI sattA nyAya che te nakkI karavuM hoya te prathama kaI udabhavI teja jovAmAM Ave che. vaLI jeje ke ApaNuM sudhArAnAM tomAMnA * Barbarian-e zabdano artha jaMgalI thAya che. remane grIsanA itihAsamAM prema ne grIsamAM bahArathI AvanArI prajAo, athavA TuMkAmAM kahIe to vaidezika prajAonA saMbaMdhamAM A zabda vaparAya che. bahAranI jeTalI prajAe te jANe jaMgalI ema tiraskArano mULa bhAva hatA. ApaNe videzika ne jaMgalI banne zabdo koI koI vAra vAparIzuM.

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4 yurepanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. mAtra koI ekaja tattva, ekaja paddhatine mATe A prakAranA dAvA karavAmAM nathI AvatA; badhIja paddhatine mATe evA dAvA karavAmAM Ave che. Adhunika samayamAM nyAyyatAnA vicAra mAtra ekaja paddhati----(nRpataMtra)te viSe ApaNe karavAne TevAyalA chIe. paNa AmAM ApaNI bhUla che; evuM badhIja rAjyapaddhatine viSe jovAmAM Ave che. tame joyuMja che ke ApaNA sudhArAnAM badhAM tattvAmAMnuM ekeeka sarvopari baLa dharAvatuM hatuM, te kharUM hatuM ema darekane mATe kahevAmAM AvatuM hatuM. yurApanA pachInA itihAsa viSe ApaNe vicAra karIzuM aa taddana judI judI sAmAjika paddhatiomAMnI darekane mATe te kharI hakadAra te jUnI che ema mata' astitvamAM ApaNe jozuM. iTAli ne sviTTajharlaeNnDanI uccavargasattAka ne prajAsattAka rAjyazAsanapaddhati, saeNna marInAnI prajApakSanirNIta rAjyazAsanapaddhati, temaja yurApanI moTAmAM moTI nRpataMtranI rAjyazAsanapaddhati --e badhI nyAyya che ema dAvA karavAmAM Avyo che, te te pramANe tema gaNAyuM paNa che; AmAMnI chellInI peThe pahelI saMsthAonI nyAyyatAne mATene dAvA prAcInatAne baLe karavAmAM AvyA che. vaLI je rAjyapati aitihAsika dRSTithI pahelI hatI ne vadhAre TakI rahI che te nyAyya e paNa dhAraNu rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. yuropano pUrvano samaya mukI daI anya kALa ne anya dezAne mATe tame vicAra karaze te tamane dareka sthaLe rAjakIya bAbateAmAM nyAyya kaI e vicAra vicArAyale mAlUma paDaze. rAjyanI paddhatinA amuka bhAga, ke koIka saMsthA, ke koIka niyamane e vicAra lAgu pADelA tamane mAlUma paDaze. prAcInatA ne lAMbA TakAvane maLe teja nyAyya che evA vicAra jene mATe dharAvavAmAM nahi AvyA hoya evI kaMika sAmAjika prakruti vagaranA deza ke samaya thayeA nathI. A za! vicAra che? A niyamanA tattvo zAM che? yupanA sudhArAmAM e kevI rIte praveza meLavI zakyA che ?

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM. 7 badhAMja rAjyAnA AraMbha zArIrika baLathI thAya che. huM ema nathI kahevA mAgatA ke badhAM rAjye zArIrika baLane AdhAre sthapAyAM che. khaLa sivAya khIjI bAbate paNa jarUranI che, chatAM ema paNa vicAra karyA vinA rahevAtuM nathI ke duniyAnAM badhAM rAjyAnI zarUAtanA vakhata zArIrika baLanI sattAnA hatA, pachI te rAjyA game tevI paddhati ke prakAranAM hoya. chatAM A utpatti kAI kabUla nahi kare. khadhAM rAjyA AnA inakAra kare che, kAI paNa rAjya zArIrika baLane AdhAre utpanna -thayuM che evuM kabula nahiM kare. khaLathI haka sthApita thatA nathI, te sattAnuM utpa-itakAraNu jo khaLa hoya teA haka kadApi sthApita thAya nahi evA prakAranI aDaga preraNA dareka rAjyane sAvaceta rAkhe che. ApaNe prAcIna samayanu avalAkana karIe chIe ne te vakhate judI judI rAjyapaddhatti ne judAM judAM rAjyA baLane zaraNe jatAM ApaNe joI e chIe, tyAre te dareka ema dAvA kare che ke huM A badhAMthI pUrve hatuM, mArUM astitva judA hakane AdhAre hatuM. hAlamAM mAre viSe khaLa te vigraha tame jue che, te pahelAM, samAja para me sarvoparitA bhogavI che. huM hakadAra hatuM, paNa khIjAMoe mArA hakA viSe takarAra uThAvI ne te chInavI lIdhA. " AvI rIte kahevAnuM kAraNa Aja che. "" ATalAthIja siddha thAya che aLa rAjakIya bAbatAmAM haka sthApita karatuM nathI. hakanA vicAra judAja vicArene AdhAre rahelA che. . aLanA vicAranA inakAra karavAmAM A badhI paddhatine mATe kevA prakAranI mAgaNI karavAmAM Ave che? e ke judA judA hakA, buddhi, nyAya, te nItine AdhAre sthapAyalA hoya che, ane dareka rAjya ke paddhati AvI jAtanA hakane AdhAreja sthApita hoya che ema tene mATe mAgaNI karavAmAM Ave che. khaLane AdhAre temanI utpatti nathI evuM manAvavAnA hetuthI temane viSe prAcInatAnA vicAra jovAmAM Ave che, ane prAcInatAnA judo haka sthApita karavAmAM Ave che. rAjakIya bAbatemAM nyAyya zuM tenA ni yamAM

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yurepanA sudhArAno itihAsa, pahelI vAta, zArIrika baLane vicAra dUra karI, naitika baLane vicAra jarUrano gaNavAnI che. je buddhi, nIti, ne nyAyane AdhAre sthapAya te kharuM hakadAra. prAcInatA ne lAMbA TakAvanI madadathI A vicAra sthApita thayo che. ane te A pramANe badhA ja rAjyo, badhAja samAje para zArIrika baLanuM thoDo samaya sAmrAjya cAlyA pachI vakhata badalAya che. vakhata jato jAya che tema tema samAjanA ne manuSyanA svabhAvane baLe sthiti badalAya che, ne zArIrika baLathI thaelAM kAmamAM sudhArA thAya che. mANasamAM vyavasthA, nyAya, ne gyatAnA vicAre svabhAvajanya hoya che ne tene pravartAvavAnI ne pote je paristhitimAM Ave temAM te amalamAM mukavAnI paNa tene kaMIka evI ja amuka prakAranI IcchA hoya che. A IcchA saphaLa karavA pAchaLa e athAga zrama le che, ane je sAmAjika sthitimAM e hoya che te jo evIne evI cAlu rahe che te kaMIka asara paNa karI zake che. pote je duniyAmAM jIve che temAM manuSya gyatA, nIti, ne nyAyyatAnA aMze ANe che. mANasa potAnI mahenatathI je hetuo sAdhe che te viSe vicAra dhyAnamAM na thaIe, tene ApaNe avazya joI zakIe e koI IzvarI niyama ApaNane mAlUma paDe che, ane A niyama pramANe, samAja TakI rahevAne mATe temAM amuka pramANamAM vyavasthA, yogyatA, ne nyAyabuddhi avazya hovAM ja joIe. samAja TakI rahe eTalIja bAbata parathI ApaNe anumAna karI zakIe ke e tadana avyavasthita, acetana, ke anyAyayukta nathI. vaLI je eja samAja vikAsa pAme che tenI vyavasthA vadhAre ne vadhAre lekane ce to tenuM kAraNa e che ke vakhata jatAM e buddhi, nyAya, ne nItine vadhAre ne vadhAre grahaNa kare che. A pramANe rAjakIya bAbatomAM nyAdhya zuM che tenI bhAvanA prathama duniyAmAM ne temAMthI pachI lekanA manamAM otapreta thAya che. prathama A bhAvanAnAM bIja keTaleka aMze naitika nyAdhyatA, gyatA, ne satyanA

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vyAkhyAna trIju. vicAromAM hoya che, ne vakhata jatAM jema jema e daDha thatI jAya che tema tema bahAranI duniyAmAM paNa e praveza pAme che, ne tene viSe paNa ApaNe nItinA daSTibinduthI vicAra karIe chIe. je yugane have ApaNe abhyAsa karavAno che temAM rAjyanI judI judI paddhatio baLa ne asatyathI sthApita thaI evA vicAro pravartatA ApaNe joIzuM; tame dareka sthaLe baLa ne asatya dhIme dhIme sudharatAM joze, ne tene badale sudharelA samayamAM tamane nyAya ne satya mAlUma paDaze. bIjI bAbata, kahevAtA vaidezika prajAonA amala nIce athavA jaMgalI yuganA lakSaNa viSenI che. yuropanA sudhArAnAM badhAM to yuropamAM A samaye hatAM kharAM, paNa temAnuM eke sarvopari nahotuM. duniyAmAM koI paNa sAmAjika sthiti AgaLapaDatI hoya che, tyAre tene oLakhI kADhavAnuM kAma evuM agharuM nathI. dazamA saikA AgaLa AvI pahoMcatAM ApaNane koI paNa prakAranI zaMkA vagara phayala paddhati AgaLa paDato bhAga le che ema mAlUma paDaze. sattaramA saikAmAM nRpataMtranI paddhati pravarte che ema kahetAM ApaNe acakAIzuM nahi. phalaeNnDarsa zaheranI zAsanapaddhati, ne iTAlinI lekamatAnuyAyI rAjyazAsanapaddhati joIzuM te ApaNe tarata ja temAM prajAsattAka paddhatinuM sAmrAo darzAvI zakIzuM. samAjamAM koI paNa eka tattvanuM baLa AgaLapaDatuM hoya te tene viSe bhulathApa khavI e azakya che. jaMgalI yuganuM khAsa lakSaNa e che ke te samayamAM badhAMja sudhArAnAM tone guMcavADo hato, badhIja paddhationI bAlyAvasthA hatI, ne evI sAmAnya avyavasthA hatI ke temAM thatA vigrahane viSe paNa vyavasthA nahotI ke te paNa sthAyI nahoto. A samayanI sAmAjika sthitinAM judAM judAM rUpe tapAsIne huM tamane batAvI zakIza ke koI paNa sthaLe sAmAnya athavA sthApita thaelI eke paddhati ke eke niyama jaDavo azakya che. be bAbatone vaLagI rahIne A viSe huM kahIza; lekonI sthiti, ne saMsthAnI sthiti. mAtra ATalAthI AkhA samAjanuM ziva cItarI zakAze.

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yureApanA sudhArAnA itihAsa A samaya ApaNe cAra varganA manuSyA joIe chIe- (1) svataMtra manuSyA. teonA koI paNa uparI nahAtA, ne kAI paNa temanA AzrayadAtA nahotA. teo temanI milkata ne jiMdagInI khAmateAnI svataMtra rIte vyavasthA karI zakatA hatA, ne tema karavAmAM teo koI paNa mANusanA upakAranA dabANamAM nahotA. (ra) prathama saradAra ne tenA mitrAne saMbadha dharAvanArA, ne pAchaLathI rAjA ke sadAra prati AzritAnA saMbaMdha dharAvanArA manuSyA. jamInanI ke khIjI bakSIsA lIdhelI hAvAthI A mANasA sevA karavAne badhAyalA rahetA. (3) vimukta, athavA eka vakhata gulAma athavA parataMtra paNa pAchaLathI svataMtra karavAmAM AvelA manuSyA. (4) culAmA. 50 paNa A vargo zuM mukarara hatA ? amuka vargamAM AvelA manuSyA zuM te vargamAMja rahetA hatA ? judA judA vargonA sabaMdhamAM zuM koI paNa prakAranI niyamitatA ke janathupaNuM hatuM ? nahija. koinI sevA karI tenI taraphathI kaMI bakSIsa ke khIjo kaMI lAbha meLavavAnA hetuthI potAnA varga ADIne nIcalA vargamAM jatA svataMtra manuSyA vAravAra tamArA jevAmAM Ave che; khajAnaLI gulAmAnA varSamAM jatA paNu tame jue che. bIjA varganA manuSyA pahelA vargamAM AvI svataMtra banavAne prayAsa karatA paNa tame jue che. satra eka jAtano pheraphAra, eka varganA mANasA| khIjA vargamAM thatI hamezAM gati tame jue che. koI paNa mANasa pAtAnI sthitine vaLagI rahetA ke keAI paNa sthiti ekanI eka tame nathI jotA. saMsthAmAM paNa evIja asthiratA, evIja avyavasthA jovAmAM Ave che. saMsthAe traNa patinI joDe joDe jevAmAM Ave cheH nRpazAsita saMsthAo, uccavargasattAka sasthAo, ane svataMtra saMsthA. A traNamAMthI eke samAja para sarvoparI sattA dharAvatI nahatI; aMdara aMdara paNa ekake sarvopari nahotI. svataMtra sasthAe hatI kharI pazu temAM bhAga lenArA mANase kvacitaja temAM hAjara rahetA. amIrI varganI sattA

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| \ * R * * kaI ethI vadhAre niyamita rIte vaparAtI nahota:saramamAM saMla saracA nRpazAsita paddhatinI hoya che, temAM paNa sthiratA nahotI, ne tenA praznone paNa amuka sthAyI niyama pramANe nIvaDe thato nahoto. rAjAnI pasaMdagI keTaleka daraje cuMTaNInA ne keTaleka darajaje vaMzaparaMparAnA niyamathI thatI hatI. keTalIka vakhate pitAnI gAdIe putra Avato, keTalIka vakhate kuTuMbamAMthI pasaMdagI karavAmAM AvatI, ne keTalIka vakhate dUranA koI sagAnI ke bahAranA mANasanI kevaLa cuMTaNIja karavAmAM AvatI. koI paNa paddhatimAM kaMI paNa nizcita jovAmAM nahi Ave. badhI saMsthAo, badhI sAmAjika sthitio sAthe sAthe jovAmAM AvatI hatI, guMcavAtI, ne vAraMvAra badalAtI hatI. rAjyamAMe eja prakAranI asthiratA hatI. rAjya sthapAtAM hatAM ne nAbUda thatAM hatAM, ekaThAM thatAM hatAM ne judAM paDatAM hatAM. judI hado, judAM rAjya, judA loko nahotA, paNa judI judI sthitio, paddhatio, jAtabhAta, bhASAo e badhAno sAmAnya guMcavADo hato. jaMgalI athavA vaidezika prajAonA hAtha nIcenuM yurepa A prakAranuM hatuM. A vicitra samayanI avadhi zI che? enI zarUAta barAbara judI paDe che. remana mahArAjyanI paDatInA samayamAMthI ene ArambhakALa che. paNa ene anta kayAre Avyo? Ane uttara ApavAne AvI sAmAjika sthiti zAthI udbhavI, A jaMgalI sthitinA kAraNo zAM hatAM tene nirNaya karavo joIe. huM dhAruM chuM be kAraNa mane sUjhI zake che; eka vastusthatisaMbaMdhI, ne bIjuM nItisaMbaMdhI. humalAo jArU rahyA e vastusthitisaMbaMdhI kAraNa hatuM. jaMgalI lekonA humalAo pAMcamA saikAmAM baMdha thaI gayA ema ApaNe nahi dhAravuM joIe. remanI sattA paDI bhAgI hatI te parathI ApaNe ema nahi mAnavuM ke jaMgalI prajA tarataja remamAM sarvopari sattA bhogavI zakI hatI. A sattA sthApatAM temanI paDatI thayA pachI ghaNe vakhata thaye hatuM ne tenA purAvA dekhItAja che,

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yuropanA sudhArAne ItihAsa. - pAMcamAthI navamA saikAnA antaranA samayamAM yuropamAM dakSiNa taraphathI musalamAnonA ne uttara taraphathI jarmana ne laivAnika prajAonA humalAo thayA karatA hatA. A bamaNA humalAone pariNAme yuropano madhyane bhAga cAlu avyavasthAmAM ja rahe e sivAya bIjuM kaI bhAge saMbhavita hatuM. vastImAM vAraMvAra pherabadalI thayA karatI hatI ne eka prajAne ThekANe bIjI ema vastI badalAI jatI hatI. kaMI paNa sthAyI thaI zakatuM nahotuM. badhI dizAomAM bhaTakatI jiMdagI pharIthI gujarAtI zarU thaI. belAzaka judAM judAM rAjyomAM A bAbata viSe kaMIka pheraphAra jovAmAM Avato hato; surepamAM anya sthaLe karatAM jarmanImAM vadhAre avyavasthA hatI, kAraNa ke jarmanI tephAnanuM kendrasthaLa hatuM, ne ITAlinAM karatAM kAnsamAM vadhAre khaLabhaLATa hatuM. Ama thoDAvattAneja phera hatuM, koI paNa sthaLe loko zAMtimAM nahotA. paNa chevaTe, bahAranA banAvo game tevA hoya, to e mANasa temane je rU5 Ape che te ja te le che. mANasenA vicAre, tenI bhAvanAo, ne tenI prakRtine anusarIne duniyAnA banAvo niyamita thAya che, ne vikAsa pAme che. samAjanI bAhya sthiti manuSyanI antara sthiti para AdhAra rAkhe che. koI paNa sthAyI ne niyamita samAja sthApavAne zuM agatyanuM che? eTaluM to dekhItuM che ke samAjane khapajogA ne tenI jarUrIAto purI paDe eTalA vicAre tenI pAse hovA joIe. vaLI eTaluM paNa jarUranuM che ke e samAjanA moTA bhAganA mANasane e vicAro sAmAnya joIe. - chevaTe e vicAre temanI IcchA ne temanAM kRtya para amuka sattA dharAvatA hevA joIe. * - e dekhItuM che ke mANasane pitAnA svArtha sivAya anya vicAra na AvatA hoya, temanI buddhinI maryAdA mAtra temane pitAneja viSe saMkecAyelI hoya, temanA rAgadveSanA teo dAsa banelA heya, ne keTalAka vicAre ke

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM. 53 keTalIka bhAvanAo paNa temane sAmAnya rIte mAnya na hoya ne teTale aMze paNa teo ekatrita na thaI zake tema hoya, to te temane eka samAja : tho saMbhavita nathI. temanAmAMne dareka mANasa koI jAtanA saMmIlita ne ekatrita samAjano vidhyakartA he joIe jyAM bahudhA mAtra vyaktibaLa AgaLa paDatuM hoya che, je mANasa mAtra pita, pitAnA vicAro ne pitAnI IcchAo pramANe cAlavA dhAre che, tyAM kaMIka vistAravALo ke sthAyI samAja tene mATe asaMbhavita bane che. yurepa para A samaye jIta meLavanArAonI naitika sthiti Aja prakAranI hatI. mArA chellA vyAkhyAnamAM me kahyuM hatuM ke vyakti svAtaMtryanI utsAhaka bhAvanA ApaNe jarmana lokonI pAsethI meLavI che paNa ghaNuMja jaMgalI ne ajJa samayamAM, A bhAvanA sarva prakAranI pAzava vRttiothI bharapUra ne ekatra thavAnI IcchAne vidhrarUpa thAya evI svArthavRttine piSe che. pAMcamAthI AThamA saikA sudhI jarmana lokonI svAtaMtryanI sthiti Aja prakAranI hatI. teo mAtra pitAnuM hita, pitAnAja rAgade, pitAnI ja IcchAne mATe darakAra rAkhatA hatA. AvI sthitimAM ekatra sAmAjika bhAvanA te zuM paNa tenAthI utaratI tenA jevI bIjI bhAvanA paNa temanAmAM kayAMthI hoI zake? e sthiti prApta karavAno prayatno karavAmAM AvyA hatA, paNa kaMIka bInadarakAra, Aveza, ne buddhinI khAmIne lIdhe A niSphaLa gayA. samAja ekatra banavA vAraMvAra jato hato; paNa naitika baLanI khAmIne lIdhe e ekatra thato samAja mANase vAraMvAra teDI nAMkhatA. - jaMgalI sthitimAM A prakAranAM be kAraNe hatAM. jyAM sudhI te TakI rahyAM tyAM sudhI jaMgalI sthiti cAlu rahI. chevaTe kevI rIte ne kyAre ene , anta Avyo te ApaNe joIe. A sthitimAMthI bacavAne yuropanA lokoe prayatna karyA. AvI sthitimAM pitAnIja bhUlane lIdhe mANasa AvI paDayo hoya te manuSya svabhAvaja evo che ke temAM rahevAne e icchato nathI. e game tevo

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54 yurApanA sudhArAne itihAsa. jaMgalI, game tevA anu, game tevA svArthI ne ApamatalakhI hoya tAe enI jiMdagI uccatara kAmeA karavAne che, enI pAse judI zaktio che, judIja vastune mATe e nirmita thayA che evA kaMIka avAja, evI kaMIka preraNA aMdarathI ene sudhAravAne prayatna kare che. saMpUrNa avyavasthAmAMe, vyavasthA ne pragati viSenA enA prema ene vaLagI rahe che, te ene sAlyA kare che. vastusthitine, samAjane, ne peAtAne sudhAravAne e prerAya che, ne A karavAne e mahenata kare che, jo ke je hetuthI e preraNA thAya che tenuM ane ajJAna heAya che. sudhArAne mATe taddana azakta hAvA chatAM, ne ethIe vadhAre, sudhArAnI paddhatithI jANItA thayA tyArathI tene dhikkAratA hatA chatAM jaMgalI leAkeA sudhArAne mATe lAlasA rAkhatA hatA. uparAMta, zamanA sudhArAnAM paDayAMbhAgyAM ghaNAM cihna hajI rahyAM hatAM. leAkeAnAM manamAM, te khAsa karI rezamanAM zaherezanA rAjyamaMDaLanA sabhAsado, dharmaguruo, te rAmanA anya sarva vatanIonA manamAM e mahArAjya, tenI meTa, ne tenA yazasvI nAmanAM smaraNA hajI tAjAM hatAM. rAmanI mahattA jeNe jAte joI hoya evA mANusA vaidezika lokeAmAMja ke temanA pUrvajomAM hajI dhaNA hatA. temaNe rAmana lazkaramAM kAma karyuM hatu; e lazkara para jaya meLavyA hatA, rezamanA sudhArAnuM citra temanA para ajakha asara karatuM hatuM, ne tenuM anukaraNa karavA, tene jALavI rAkhavA, tene grahaNa karavAnI temane icchA thatI hatI. me varNavI che tevI jaMgalI sthitine tyAga karavAnuM temane mana thayuM tenuM A bIjuM eka kAraNa hatuM. dareka mANasane vicAra karatAM eka trIjuM kAraNa paNa sUjhe che: khristi samAja. e samAjanuM baMdhAraNa amuka niyamA pramANe thaI cukayuM hatuM, ne e samAja tenA nItibaLathI jItanAra "prajA para jIta meLavavA icchatA hateA; tene sudhAravA dhAratA hatA. A samayanA khristi pAdarIemAM keTalAka evA hatA ke teo rAjakIya ne naitika viSayeA para amuka niyA para AvI cUkyA hatA. qhadhAja viSayeA para amuka

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papa vyAkhAna trIjuM. abhiprAya ne vicAro dharAvatA hatA, ne te badhAne phelAvo karavA utkaTa IcchA rAkhatA hatA, e samAje jaMgalI sthiti sudhAravAne ghaNe prayatna karyo. chevaTe, sudharavAnuM eka cothuM kAraNa che. e kAraNanuM mahatva sArI rIte samajavuM azakya che, chatAM e kaI tethI ochuM asarakAraka nathI; mahApuruSonuM Agamana. mahApuruSa amuka yugamAM zA mATe avatare che, ne tethI duniyAmAM zuM pheraphAra thAya che te koI paNa mANasa kahI zakatA nathI. e te devathI nirmita thaelI gupta vAta che. tema chatAM e vAta kaMI kharI ochI nathI. amuka mANaso evA hoya che ke temane avyavasthAne sAmAjika maMdatAne dekhAva najare paDe che, ne te teo khamI zakatA nathI. temanA manamAM tethI e kaMTALe utpanna thAya che ke te na hoya te sAruM ema temane lAge che, ne tethI vastusthiti badalavA temane IcchA thAya che. pAMcamAthI navamA saikAnI vacamAM yuropanA lokone jaMgalI sthitimAMthI dUra karavAne mATe A badhAM kAraNo ne baLone AdhAre judI judI rItanA prayAso karavAmAM AvyA. pahelo prayAsa bahu asarakAraka nahato, paNa vaidezika prajAoe ja te prathama Adaryo hato tethI gaNAvavA lAyaka che. e prayAsa, vaidezika lokee kAyadAo ghaDIne tene likhita rUpamAM nakkI karyA, te hato. chaDU ne AThamA saikAonI vacamAM ghaNuMkharUM badhIja vaidezika prajAonA kAyadAo lakhANamAM mUkAyA. A pahelAM te lakhAyA nahotA, vaidezika prajAoe remana mahArAjyamAM pitAnI sattA barAbara sthApI nahotI tyAMsudhI teo mAtra rUdineja kAyadA samAna gaNatA hatA. kAyadAo lakhAyA e sudhArAnuM paheluM pagaluM hatuM. A prayatnane phatteha bahu meTI nahotI maLI. vaidezika lekoe remana rAjya para sattA meLavI tyAra pahelAMnI temanI sthitine mATe e kAyadAo lakhAyA hatA. teonuM jIvana te vakhate bhaTakatuM hatuM; sthAyI jiMdagI teo jIvatA nahatA. jamInanA mAlIka

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tAtA, pa6 yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa te vakhate teo hatA nahi, mAtra bhaTakatA laDavaiyA tarIke teo rahetA hatA. je kAyadAe lakhI kADhavAmAM AvyA temAM chUTIchavAyI kalame temaNe jItelI jamIna ne chatAyalA dezanA jUnA vatanIo sAthenA temanA saMbaMdha viSe hatI kharI; paNa te sivAya jamIna viSe bIjA kaI kAyadA lakhAyA nahotA, moTe bhAge e kAyadAo temanI jarmana sthiti athavA remamAM gayA pahelAMnI sthitisaMbaMdhI ja hatA. je navA samAjamAM teo dAkhala thayA tene te kAyadAo lAgu paDatA nahotA. pena dezamAM sudhArAne punarjIvita karanAra baLa bIjuM hatuMkhristi samAjanuM. jUnI ddhAonI sabhAone ThekANe dharmaguruonI sabhAo tyAM rAja karatI hatI tyAMnA kAyadAo dharmaguruoe ghaDI * kADhayA hatA. temAM je paddhatio svIkAravAmAM AvI hatI te jaMgalI jIvanathI tadana judA ja prakAranI hatI. dAkhalA tarIke tame jANe che ke vaidezika lekanA kAyadAo jAtakAyadAo hatA, ne tethI amuka jAtanA ja lekane lAgu paDatA hatA. bIjI jAtanAone nahi. ekaja rAjyanA chatra nIcenI judI judI jAtane temanA pitAne jAtakAyade ja lAgu paDatuM hatuM. AthI viruddhane kAyade te jamInane kAyado, ane te pramANe eka rAja chatra nIce rahenArI eka dezanI judI judI badhI ja jAtione mAtra te dezano ja kAyade lAgu paDato, judI judI jAtione nahi. spena dezanA badhAja rahevAsIone A jamInane kAyado lAgu pADavAmAM Avyo hato. teone mATe mAtra eka ja sAmAnya kAyado hato. A sudhArAnuM cihyuM che. A anveSaNa cAlu rAkhazo te tamane temanA kAyadAomAM buddhibaLanAM bIjAM paNa cine jaDaze. vaidezika prajAomAM uMcAnIcA darajajA pramANe lekanI amuka kiMmata AMkavAmAM AvatI hatI. paNa kAyadAnI draSTithI badhA sAmAna che e niyama spenamAM visithi lokonA kAyadAmAM mAnya thaI cUkyuM hatuM. vaLI A lokonA kAyadAmAM bIja paNa sudhArAnAM cihane hatAM. gunehagAranA pakSanA sAkSIo segana

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vyAkhyAna trIjuM. para tene nirdoSa kahe to te parathI tene nirdoSa TheravavAnI kAyadAnI paddhati athavA te kAyadAsara gunehagAra te phariyAdI e benI vacce dhanvayuddha karAvI je hAre tenI viruddha cukAdo ApavAnI kAyadAnI paddhati A lokoe mukI dIdhI hatI, ne tene badale sAkSIonI jubAnI parathI gunho sAbIta karavAnI sudharelI paddhati svIkArI hatI. A parathI jaNAze ke Araba lokone mATe humalo thayo tenI pUrvanA samayamAM spena dezamAM dhArmika sattAne baLe sudhArAnuM punaHsajIvana thayuM hatuM. - kAnsa dezamAM evo prayAsa judA baLane AdhAre thaye hato. tyAM zarUAta tyAMnA mahApuruSoe ane khAsa karI zAlamena rAjAe karI hatI. enA rAjyanI judI judI bAbato tapAso ne ene mukhya vicAra enA lokone sudhAravAnI enI yojanA hatI e tamane mAlUma paDaze. prathama enI laDAIo viSe vicAra karIe. vAraMvAra e yuddhamAM rokAyelo raheto, zuM enAM yuddha mAtra vijaya meLavavAnI IcchAthI zarU thatAM hatAM? nahi. eNe yuddha karyA temAM enI IcchA jaMgalI prajAonuM baLa dabAvI devAnI ne sudhAravAnI tarapheNanI hatI. enA rAjyasamayamAM moTA bhAgamAM be pAsanA humalAo dabAvavAne e hameza yuddhakSetramAM ughukta raheto hate - dakSiNa tarapha musalamAnonA humalAo, ne uttara tarapha jarmana ne levaoNnika prajAonA humalAo, enI laDAIone udeza vaidezika prajAone dabAvavAne hato. seMkasana prajAnI viruddha e yuddhamAM paDe tenuM paNa kAraNa bIjuM kazuM nahatuM. * enI yuddhapaddhati na tapAsatAM enA rAjyanI aMdaranI vyavasthA tapAsaze to paNa tamane AvIja vAta najare paDaze. enA tAbAnA badhA mulakamAM vyavasthA ne aikya ANavA e prayatna karato hato. enA tAbAnA mulake para e rAjyaEto mokalato ne te dvArA mulakanI sthiti tapAsI sudhArA karato. pAchaLathI e sAdhAraNa sabhAonI madadathI

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yuropanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. kAma karatA, ne te sabhAe enI pUrvenA rAjAe karatAM vadhAre niyamasara elAvatA. enA mulakanA badhA AgevAna mANasAne e A sabhAemAM khelAvatA. A sabhAe ApaNe hAlamAM joI e chIe tevI svataMtra nahAtI ke temAM jovAmAM Ave che tevA viSayeA paNa temAM carcAtA nahAtA. e sabhA dvArA zArlAmena mAtra hakIkatanI mAhItI meLavatA ne leAkeAmAM kaMika vyavasthA te aiya pravartAvavA prayatna karatA. koi paNa dRSTibinduthI tame zArlAmenanuM rAjya tapAsA teA tamane mAtra ekaja vAta jaNAze--sudhArA karavAnA enA utsAha. enI zALAe sthApavAnI utsA, vijjanA mATe ene prema, dhArmika sattA vaparAya te tarapha enuM vaLaSNu, ne khIjAM je kaMI karavuM ene cegya lAgatuM te badhAmAM tamane AvIja vAta najare paDaze. AthI kaMika mATe! paNa evAja prakAranA prayatna iMglaMDamAM AlphreDa rAjAe karyo hatA. A pramANe pAMcamAthI navamA saikAnI vacamAM jaMgalI sthiti nAbuda karavAne je kAraNeA taraph meM tamArUM lakSa kheMcyuM che, te curApanA eka ke bIjA bhAgamAM sudhArAnuM kArya karavAmAM pravRttimAna banyAM hatAM. eke kAraNa, eke bAbatane phatteha na maLI. zArlAmenanuM dhAreluM mAruM vyavasthita rAjya e sthApI na zakyA. spenamAM dhArmika sattAnuM dhAryA pramANe khaLa kAmamAM na AvyuM. iTAlimAM paNa jaMgalI sthiti aTakAvavAne AdarelA prayatno atyAra sudhI niSphaLa gayA. chatAM dazamA saikAnI zarUAta sudhImAM e mATAM kArya sadhAyAM hatAM:-- 1. uttara te dakSiNamAM thatA humalAo aTakI zakyA hatA. 2. vaLI, cyA samaye, curApanA madhyapradezAmAM bhaTakatuM jIvana je gujarAtuM hatuM, te aTakI gayuM hatuM. vastI sthAyI thaI hatI, milkata nakkI thaI hatI, te leAkeAnA saMbaMdhe divase divase baLa ke akasmAtathI badalAtA

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- vyAkhyAna trIjuM. pahe hatA, te have tadana aTakI gayuM hatuM. lokonI naitika sthiti badalAvavA maMDAI hatI. temanA jIvananI peThe temanA vicAre ne temanI bhAvanAo paNa sthAyI thayAM hatAM. je ThekANe teo vasatA tyAM teo hamezanA saMbaMdha karatA. dareka sthaLe nAnA samAje, ne manuSyanI svecchAnusAra nAnA pAyA para nAnAM rAjyo sthapAtAM hatAM. A samAjonI vacce eka jAtano saMbaMdha ne sneha sthapAya tenuM bIja jaMgalI sthitimAMja hatuM; te bIja, vyaktisvAtaMtrya khoyA sivAya ekatra thavAnI vRtti, teja hatuM. eka taraphathI dareka meTo mANasa enA nAnA sarakhA rAjyamAM kuTuMbanA ne Azrita janonI sAthe jude ja ekalo rahete, ne bIjI taraphathI A moTA laDavaiyA ne jamInadAra lokonI aMdara aMdaraja uMcAnIcI padavI pramANe kramazaH sevA karavAnI ke haka pramANe sevA bhAgavAnI paddhati sthApita thaI. Ane artha zuM hato? jaMgalI sthitimAMthI dhIme dhIme phayUla paddhatino vikAsa thato hato. ApaNuM sudhArAnAM judAM judAM tamAM jarmana prajA taraphathI maLelAM to sauthI pahelAM prakAzamAM Ave, AgaLa paDatAM rahe, ne TakI rahe e svAbhAvika hatuM. e tattvane ja AdhAre yuropanuM sauthI paheluM sAmAjika svarUpa ne tenI vyavasthA baMdhAyAM. mArA AvatA vyAkhyAnamAM phayUDala paddhati tenuM lakSaNa, ne yurepanA ItihAsamAM teNe lIdhela bhAga-e viSe huM kahevA mAguM chuM. vijaya meLavI, sarvatra pravartavA pAmelI e cUDala paddhatinI, sAthe ja ThekANe ThekANe ApaNA sudhArAnAM bIja to paNa ApaNe joIzuM; nRpataMtrapaddhati, khisti samAja, ne zaheranI sabhAo A bIjA ta kayUDala paddhatinI sAthe maLI jAya che te chatAM temane nAza thato nathI,

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yurepanA sudhArAne itihAsa - vyAkhyAna cothuM. vyAkhyAnane viSaya-hakIkata ne siddhAnto vacce Avazyaka sabaMdha-zyala paddhati pramANe eka nAnA samAjanuM baMdhAraNa--vatanadArane tenA kuTuMba para phaDala paddhatithI thatI asara--phayUla paddhati tarapha lokone tirarakAra-vatanadAranA dAsavargane mATe kaI paNa karI zakavAnI dharmaguruonI azakti--cUDala paddhatine vyavasthita karavAnI azaktiH 1. baLavAna sattAno abhAva: 2. prajAkIya sattAne abhAva: 3. svataMtratA jALavI sattAne saMyukta banAvavAnI muzIbata-TyUDala paddhatimAM rahelo viradhIbhAva--manuSyanA vyaktitvanA vikAsane lAbhakArakane sAmAjika vyavasthAne hAnikA, phayUDala paddhatinI asara. NR 12 mana mahArAjyanI paDatI pachInI yurepanI sthitine ApaNe abhyAsa karyo. ApaNe joyuM ke A samayane a ane dazamA saikAnI zarUAtamAM yuropamAM cUDala paddhati dAkhala thaI. have e phacUDala paddhati, ApaNA abhyAsane viSaya thaze. ApaNe banAvanA ItihAsane abhyAsa karavAnuM nathI. cUDala paddhatine ItihAsa varNavI ja e mAruM kAma nathI. ApaNe kAmane sudhArAne - ItihAsa che. dekhItA bahAranA banAvanI aMdara rahelI A sudhArAnI sAmanya te chupI bAbata ApaNane kAmanI che. cUDala paddhati viSe paNa ApaNe A dRSTibinduthI jovAnuM che. A vyAkhyAnI zarUAtamAM ApaNe sudhArAnuM lakSaNa nakkI karyuM hatuM. enAM to zAM che te zodhavA ApaNe prayatna karyo hate. ApaNe joyuM

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vyAkhyAna cAlu 1 hatuM ke sudhArAnAM e tattvo che; dareka manuSyanI nItine te buddhine, ke samAjanI nItinA te buddhinA vikAsa. duniyAnA koI pazu banAva ApaNe tapAsatA hoIe tyAre ApaNete mATe evaDA prazna pUchavAneA cheH mANasanI nItinA te buddhinA vikAsanI tarapheNamAM ke tenI viruddha te banAvathI zuM thayuM che ? samAjanI nItinA ke buddhinA vikAsanI tarapheNamAM ke tenI viruddhanuM te banAvathI zuM thayuM che ? ApaNI tapAsa daramyAna nItizAstranA dhaNA agatyanA keTalAka praznonA nirNaya karyA vinA ApaNane nahi cAlI zake. jyAre kAI paNa banAvathI samAjanA ke manuSyanA hitamAM zA umerA thayeya te jANavuM hoya tyAre samAja ne manuSyanA kharA vikAsa viSe ApaNe jANItA hAvuM joI e. AvA vicAro karavAnI jarUrane ApaNe inakAra nahi karIe. A vicAra nahi karavAthI ApaNane ApaNA vicAre te banAvA viSe khATA abhiprAya Ave che te tene ApaNe dUSita karIe chIe. eTaluMja nahi paNa duniyAnI vastusthiti evI che ke tattvajJAna ne itihAsaneA gADha saMbadha ApaNe chUTathI kabula karyAM sivAya cAle tema nathI. tethI, sAmAnya vicAranA praznane ApaNe tyAga nahi karIe. tevA praznAnI khAsa zodhamAM ApaNe nahi paDIe, paNa jyAre hakIkatA ApaNane sAmAnya vicArA karavAne lalacAve evI hoya tyAre acakAyA vinA AvA vicAra| ApaNe karIzuM. curepanA sudhArAnA itihAsa sAthe cUDala pahitanA zA saMbaMdha che tene vicAra karatAM Ama karavAnA ApaNane ekathI vadhAre prasaMgeA maLaze. dazamA saikAmAM cUDala paddhati Avazyaka hatI tenI eka sArI sAkhItI e che ke tenA sArvatrika pracAra thayA hatA. jyAM jyAM jagalI sthitine anta AvyA tyAM tyAM cUDela patine svIkAra thaelA jovAmAM Ave che. prathama teA e paddhatithI avyavasthAne jaya thaze ema lAkAte lAgatuM hatuM; badhuM aikya, badhA sAmAnya sudhArA nAza pAmyA; adhI

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* yurepanA sudhArAne itihAsa. dizAomAM samAjanA bhAgalA thatA jovAmAM AvatA hatA; ne tene badale nAnA nAnA, koI dahADo nahi jeelA, chUTA chUTA, ne samajI na zakAya tevA navA samAjanAM baMdhAraNe thatAM jovAmAM AvatAM hatAM. te vakhatanA lakane Ane artha evo lAgatuM hatuM ke samAjamAM sAmAnya avyavasthA thaze. te vakhatanA kavio ne tavArIkha dhanArAono A saMbaMdhI mata tapAso. te badhA ema mAnatA hatA ke duniyAne anna AvatuM hatuM. chatAM e te eka navA samAjane ArambhakALa hato. e samAja yUDala paddhati pramANe baMdhAvavAno hato. e samAja eTale badhe Avazyaka hatA, evo anivArya hatuM, ne pAchalA samAjane e pariNAmarUpa hato ke badhI vastuo havethI emAM bhaLI gaIne temaNe navuM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM. khristi samAja, myunisipeliTio athavA zaheranI sabhAo, nRpataMtranI paddhati e badhAM A paddhatimAM bhaLI gayAM, ne A paddhatine anusare evA temAM pheraphAra thaI gayA. khristi samAjamAM paNa amIra athavA saradAra ne Azrita varga jevA vagI paDyA, zaheromAM paNa amIra ne temanA dAsonA varga paDyA, ne pataMtranI paddhatimAM paNa rAjAe saradAranuM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM. badhI vastuo sevAnA badalAmAM ApavAmAM AvatI hatI. mAtra jamInaja nahi, paNa keTalAka hake, jevA ke jaMgalamAMthI jhADa kApavAne haka, pANImAMnAM mAchalAM pakaDavAne haka, sevAnA badalAmAM ApavAmAM AvatA hatA. devonI hakasAI paNa jamInanI peThe sevAnA badalAmAM ApavAmAM AvatI hatI. pANI ne paiso paNa sevAnA badalAmAM vAparavA devAmAM AvatAM hatAM. Ama jiMdagInI sAmAnyane nAnI nAnI bAbatomAM suddhAM phayUDala paddhati pramANe kAma cAlatuM hatuM. - jyAre A pramANe dareka bAbatamAM cUDala paddhatinI asara ApaNe joIe chIe, tyAre prathama te ApaNe ema mAnavAne lobhAIe chIe ke phayUDala paddhatine agatyane ne aMntargata niyama paNa sarvatra pravartamAna thayo haze. paNa Ama mAnavuM te bhUlabhareluM che. yUDala paddhati dAkhala thatA pahelAM e paddhatine maLatAM na Ave evA sAmAjika ta jevAM hatAM

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- vyAkhyAne cothuM, tevAne tevAM ja pAchaLathI paNa rahyAM che. khristi samAjamAM phayUDala paddhati dAkhala thayA pachI paNa temAMthI dhArmika sattAnuM baLa ochuM thayuM na hatuM, ane A paddhatino bahiSkAra karavA mATe keTalIka vAra rAjyasattAnI sahAyatAmAM, te keTalIka vAra pipa-khristionA moTAmAM moTA dharmagurunI sahAyatAmAM, ne keTalIka vAra lokonI sahAyatAmAM rahIne e samAje athAga zrama lIdho che. nRpataMtra ne zaherI samAje jyAM baLavAna hatAM tyAM paNa e paddhati dAkhala thaI chatAM sarvopari thaI javA pAmI nathI. phayUDala paddhati sarvatra pravartamAna hatI e batalAvI, caDhatA utaratI jamInadArane kramazaH sevAno badalo ApI jamIna rAkhavAnI sAmAnya rIta viSe ApaNe parIkSA karIzuM. yurepanA mulako jItI lenAra prajAoe lazkarI sevAnA badalAmAM jamIna Azritavargane kheDavA ApI hatI. Dala paddhati kharekharI e vargamAM dAkhala thaI hatI; temane viSe have ApaNe parIkSA karavAnI che. naitika bAbatonI agatya viSe meM amaNAM ja kahyuM che. paNa eka tadana judI ja jAtanA daSTibindu viSe bIlakula dhyAna apAtuM nathI te paNa agatyanuM che. koI paNa navo banAva, parivartana, ke navI sAmAjika sthitithI thatA manuSyanI bhautika sthitimAM pheraphAra viSe huM kahuM chuM. A bAbate para hameza ApaNe joIe teTalo vicAra nathI karyo. bhautika sthitinA pheraphAre, dhAravAmAM Ave che tenA karatAM, AkhA samAjanI sthiti para ghaNI vadhAre asara kare che. AbohavAnI asara viSe keTalo badho abhyAsa thAya che te ApaNane jANItI vAta che. AhavAthI thatI tAtkAlika asara viSeja vicAra karIzuM te te kadAca bahu nahi mAlUma paDe. e bAbata ghaNI anizcita che ne ene nirNaya karavo agharo che, paNa AbohavAnI ADakatarI asara-jemake uSNa pradezamAM leke khullI havAmAM rahe che, ne zIta pradezomAM teo gharamAM bharAI rahe che, tethI je pariNAma Ave che tethI manuSyanI bhautika sthitimAM juja jevA pheraphAra thAya che, paNa

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64 yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa. sudhArAnI bAbatamAM tenI ghaNI jabarI asara thAya che. badhA moTA pheraphArathI sAmAjika sthitimAM A prakAranA pheraphAra thAya che, ne A bAbata dhyAnamAM levI jarUrI che. phayUDala paddhati sthapAI tethI Avo eka meTa pheraphAra thayo. AkhA mulakamAM varatInI vaheMcaNI badalAI gaI. atyAra sudhI jamInanA mAlIke kyAM te zaheramAM besI rahetA ke jyAM te dezamAM amuka amuka TukaDIomAM bhaTakatA phayUDala paddhatine pariNAme A leko potapotAnA judA sthAnamAM ghaNe dUra dUrane antare judA judA rahetA thayA. sudhArAnI bAbatamAM AnAthI kevo pheraphAra thAya te tame tarata samajI zakaze. zaheranI jiMdagI karatAM gAmaDAMonI jiMdagInI agatya vadhI, prajAkIya milkata karatAM khAnagI mitanI paNa agatya vadhI. sudhArAnA itihAsamAM A prakAranA samAjano zo hisso che te ApaNe tapAsIe. prathama te sAdAmAM sAdI, zarUAtanI cUDala paddhatinAM mULa tattvo viSe ApaNe vicAra karIe. ekaja jamInadAra enA nAnA sarakhA saMsthAnamAM enA Azritavarga sAthe kevo saMbaMdha rAkhato te ApaNe joIe. eka chUTIchavAyI uMcI jamIna para e eno vAsa kare che, ne te vAsa sahIsalAmata ne majabuta banAvavAnI e sAvacetI rAkhe che. tyAM AgaLa jene e ene killo kahe che evo bacAva thAya tevo e pitAne mukAma nAkhe che. ane e konI sAthe tyAM rahe che? pitAnAM bairA chokarAo sAthe. jeo jamInanA mAlIka thavA na pAmyA hoya tevA keTalAka svataMtra mANaso paNa kadAca enA mitre thaI enI sAthe khAtApItA hovAthI tyAM rahe che. enA killAnI aMdara rahenArAomAM A badhA AvI jAya che. enI AsapAsa eka nAnuM sarakhuM AzritavarganuM saMsthAna vase che. e Azrita enI jamInanI khetInuM kAma kare che. A AzritavargamAM eka dhArmika samAja sthapAya che. tethI tyAM dharmagurUnI paNa AvazyakatA thAya che. tethI te

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vyAkhyAna cevuM. maMDaLamAM eka dharmaguru AvIne vase che. phayuDala paddhatinA ArambhakALamAM A dharmaguru jamInadAranA khuda killAmAM vasanAra maMDaLane upadezaguru banato, ne bhaktinAM upadezavacane vAMcavAnuM kArya karatA. vaLI AkhA gAmane pAdarI paNa e ja banate. vakhata jatAM saMsthAnane dharmaguru A judAM judAM kAma karatA te sthiti aTakI gaI. gAmane pAdarI judo mANasa banate, ne te, gAmanA devaLa pAse raheto. A pramANe zarUAtanA - vakhatamAM phayUDala paddhati pramANe samAja raheto. Ane pariNAme manuSyanuM pitAnuM ne samAjanuM hita keTaluM vikAsa pAmyuM che e prazna ApaNe pUchI zakIe tema che. AvA be prazna pUchavAne ne tenA uttarathI saMtuSTa thavAne ApaNane saMpUrNa haka che; kAraNa ke meM je phaDala paddhati pramANe rahetA samAjanuM citra tamane ApyuM te yathArtha che. jamInadAra, saMsthAnanA loko, ne dharmaguru; phaDala paddhati pramANe rahenAra samAjanAM e traNa aMge che, pachI bhale te samAja mATe hoya ke nA heya. A nAnakaDA samAja viSe vicAra karatAM eka vAta ApaNuM dhyAna bace che. jamInadAra ghaNo moTo mANasa gaNAto hovo joIe. jaMgalI lekemAM vyakti svAtaMtryanI bhAvanAnuM baLa jabaruM hatuM. paNa ahIM te vastusthiti judI hatI. A paddhati pramANe mANasanI-AnI svataMtratAja mAtra jovAmAM AvatI nahatI, paNa maTI jamInanA mAlIka, kuTuMbanA vaDIlane mukhya puruSa, ne Azrita janonA zeTha tarIke enuM agatya gaNAtuM hatuM. AvI sthitine lIdhe enAmAM ghaNAja caDhIAtApaNanI bhAvanA utpanna thaI hevI joIe. bIjA sudhArAnA ItihAsamAM ApaNe joIe tenA karatAM ghaNIja judI jAtanuM A caDhIAtApaNuM gaNAtuM hovuM joIe; kAraNa ke A jamInadAranuM mahattva kaMI padavIne lIdhe ke koInuM ApeluM nahotuM, paNa mAtra pitAnI ja sthiti, pitAnI ja jamInadAra tarIkenI moTAIne lIdhe utpana thaeluM hatuM. keTalI magarUbI, keTale mahAga, keTalI uddhatAI

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yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa. A mANasanA manamAM utpanna thatI hovI joIe ! e kaI kaI paNa enA uparanA pratinidhi tarIkenI ke ApelI sattA vAparato nahote. enA maMDaLamAM ene koI barobarIo paNa nahoto. enI IcchA para koI paNa bahArane aMkuza nahoto. pitAnuM baLa pahoMcI zake ne niDarapaNe vAparI zake teTalI sattAvAparavAne ene vadhe nahote. mahatvanuM, chatAM bahu ochuM najaramAM AveluM, cUDala paddhatinuM eka bIjuM pariNAma ApaNe joIzuM. phayUDala paddhati pramANe rahenAra kuTuMbanA cetanamAM zA prakAranA pheraphAra thayA te viSenI e vAta che. judI judI jAtanI kuTuMbanI paddhatio viSe ApaNe vicAra karIe. prathama te bAIbala ne pUrva dezanAM pustakamAM jenA dAkhalA ApaNe vAMcIe chIe evI kulapatisattAka kuTuMbapaddhati athavA kuTuMbanA mukhya vaDIlanI sarva sattA nIce rahenAra kuTuMbanI paddhati juo. e paddhati pramANe rahetuM kuTuMba ghaNuM meTuM hoya che. mukhya puruSa-kulapati e kuTuMbamAM enAM chokarAMo, pAsenA saMbaMdhIo, enI sAthe rahenArAM dUranAM badhuo, ne badhA nokara sAthe raheto. mAtra e badhAMnI sAthe e raheto eTaluM ja nahi paNa enuM kAmakAja, ene dhaMdhe, ne enuM jIvana paNa temanI badhAnI sAthe sAmAnya, eka ja prakAranuM hatuM. eka bIjA prakAranI kuTuMbapaddhati paNa jovAmAM Ave che skoTalaeNnDa ne AyarlenDamAM e pravarte che! A, ToLInI athavA saMghanI paddhati che. ghaNe bhAge yurepanA moTA bhAge A paddhati eka vAra anubhavI che. kula patinI sattA nIce rahenAra kuTuMbanI paddhatithI A paddhati judI che. saradArane tenA hAtha nIce vasanArAonI sthitinI vacamAM A paddhati pramANe ghaNo kera hoya che. e badhA eka ja prakAranuM jIvana jIvatA nathI, moTo bhAga khetI kheDe che. ne sevA kare che, ne sarakAra ALasu ne yuddhakuzaLa hoya che. paNa e badhAnI utpatti eka ja hoya che, ekaja nAma teo dhAraNa kare che, temanA saMbadhio, ne jUnA parAkramonAM smaraNa eka ja hoya che, ne tethI

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kao vyAkhyAna cothuM. eka jAtanuM nItinuM baMdhana, amuka snehabaMdhane utpanna thAya che. tene pari. NAme ToLInA badhA mANamAM samabhAva rahevA pAme che. - ItihAsa jotAM kauTumbika paddhationA ApaNane A be mukhya namunA maLI Ave che. paNa AmAMthI emAM phayUDala paddhatinuM cipha che? nahija prathama ema lAge che ke TeLImAM rahenAra upara darzAvyuM tevA kuTuMba bane phayUDala paddhati pramANe rahenAra kuTuMba maLatuM Ave che. paNuM saMrakhAmaNuM karatAM taphAvata ghaNo vadhAre che. jamInadAranI AsapAsa rahenAra varga enI sAthe koI paNa prakAranI saMbadhInI gAMThathI joDAyelo nathI hote, te lekenuM ne enuM nAma eka nathI hotuM, ne temanI ne enI vacamAM koI paNa prakArane naitika ke aitihAsika saMbaMdha jovAmAM nathI Avato, temaja kulapatinI sattA nIce rahenAra kuTuMbanI paddhatine paNa yUDala kuTuMbanI paddhati maLatI AvatI nathI. jamInadAra enA Azrita vaganI sAthe ekaja prakAranuM jIvana gujArato nathI, ne eka ja prakAranuM kAmakAja ke dhaMdhe paNa karato nathI. e ALasu ne yuddhakuzaLa hoya che ne Azrito vaitaruM karyA kare che. phayUDala kuTuMba bahu moTuM nathI hotuM, emAM mAtra strI ne chokarAMeno ja samAveza thAya che, ne e kuTuMba Azrita vargathI juduM ja, potAnA nAnA sarakhA killAmAM vAsa kare che. enI AsapAsa rahenArAo ne Azrita jano e kuTuMbanI bahAra rahe che. AvA samAjanuM astitva paNa judAM kAraNone lIdhe thayuM che, ne tethI kulapatinI sattA nIce rahenAra kuTuMba karatAM A kuTuMba ghaNuM judI jAtanuM che. samAjathI caDhIAtI sthitimAM ne tethI aLagA pAMca cha joDe rahenAra mANasanuM kuTuMba te cUDala kuTuMba e ghaNuM nAnuM ne saMkucita rahetuM ne Azrita vargathI paNuM judo paDI te vargane paNa tene vizvAsa nahoto raheto. AvA kuTuMbanuM Akhtara jIvana ne enI gRhavyavasthAnI bAbate agatyanI thavI ja joIe. saradAranI svecchAnuM baLa ne laDAImAM ke zikAramAM vakhata kADhavAnI enI Teva gRhajIvananI unnatimAM vigharUpa hatAM. paNa A baLa ne A Teva khaseDI zakAya tevAM che. laDAI ke

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68 yuropanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. zikAramAMthI chevaTe saradAra dhera teA AvavAnAja ne tyAM enI strI ne enAM chokarAMnAja sahavAsamAM ene hameza rahevuM paDavAnuM. enI mAjazeAkhAmAM te enA bhaviSyamAM te leAkeA bhAga bhogavavAnAM. tethI avakSya karIne gRhajIvananuM hmaNuM agatya vadhyuM. A bAbatanI joIe teTalI sAkhItI che. zuM cUDala paddhati pramANe rahenAra kuTuMbamAMja strIsanmAna vadhyuM nahotuM ? kauTumbika jIvana ghaNuM baLavAna hatuM evA badhA prAcIna samAjomAM sauthI vadhAre oNsanmAna yUDala kuTu bamAM hatuM. cUDala paddhati pramANe rahenAra kuTubamAM gRhavartana keLavAtuM tene lIdheja A dizAmAM unnati jaivAmAM Ave che. keTalAkeAnuM mAnavuM evuM che ke A strIsanmAna prAcIna jarmana lokonA khAsa AcArAne lIdhe utpanna thayuM hatuM. te jaMgalamAM rahetA tyAM paNa temane temanI strIe prati sanmAnano bhAva rahetA. paNu A matane mATe saMgIna pAyA nathI. gRhavartananuM agatya jyArathI vadhyuM tyArathIja strIsanmAnanuM agatya paNa zarU thayuM; ane gRhavananuM agatya tA cheka ArmbhakALathIja yUDala paddhatinuM lakSaNurUpa hatuM. gRhajIvananA sAmrAjyanI khIjI eka sAbItI maLe che te te pazu kyUDala paddhatineja aMge che. vaMzaparaparA hakA meLavavAnI paddhati viSe huM dhyAna kheMcavA mAgu' chuM. kuTuMbanA jIvananI sAtheja vaMzaparaparAnI pahita saMlagna che. paNa cUDala paddhatimAM jeTalA enA vikAsa che teTalA anyatra thayA nathI. have huM jamInadAranI raheNInA viSaya paDatA mukI tenA saMsthAna viSe, tenI AsapAsa rahenAra kAne viSe kheAlIza. ahIM badhuM jIduMja jaNAya che. manuSyanA svabhAva evA sarasa che ke jyAre kAI paNa sAmAjika sthiti amuka vakhata sudhI TakI rahe che tyAre amuka jAtanuM snehabandhat te amuka naitika bhAvanA utpanna thAya che. game te kAraNasara jee ekakhIbanA sahavAsamAM rahe che temanI vacce anyAnya rakSaNa, upakAra, te snehanA bhAva avazya thavA pAme che, mUDa patimAM paNa A pramANe

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vyAkhyAna cothuM. banyuM. jamInadAra ne tenA saMsthAnanA lokonI vacce keTalAka vakhata pachI keTalAka snehabhAva sthApita thaze. paNa te bhAva temanA sambandhane lIdhe nahi paNa te virodhI hovA chatAM utpanna thaye. Ama thAya evuM vastusthitimAM kaMI nahetuM; ulaTI te te AnI viruddha hatI. jamInadAra ne enA saMsthAnanA vatanIone viSe kazuM sAmAnya nahotuM ke jethI sneha utpanna thAya, te loko enA nAnA sarakhA rAjyano amuka bhAga hatA, te leke enI milkatarUpa hatA. tene lIdhe temanA para amuka kAyadAonuM baMdhAraNa nAkhavuM, ke amuka kara nAkhavA, ke temane zikSA karavAne, are eTaluM ja nahi paNa temane vecavAne ne jema cAhe tema karavAne tene haka hato. A benI vacce koI paNa jAtanA haka, kabUlAta, ke sAmAjika sambandha nahotA. - phayUDala paddhati, tenAM smaraNe, tenuM nAma suddhAM leke hamezAM ghaNAja tiraskAranI dRSTithI de che, tenuM kAraNa huM dhAruM chuM teja che. AvI jahAMgIrI sattAne leke zaraNe thayA ne tene TevAI gayAne A mAtra ekaja dAkhalo nathI. loke khuzIthI evI sattAne tAbe rahyAnA bIjA dAkhalAo. paNa che. dhArmika sattA ne pasattAnI johukamI aneka vAra lokoe khuzIthI kabUla rAkhI che. paNa phayUla paddhatinI jahAMgIrI hamezAM kaMTALo Ape tevI hatI. AnuM kAraNa e che ke dhArmika sattA ne nRpasattA, eka pratinidhinI sattA tarIke vaparAya che. kyAM to IzvaranA ke kyAM to amuka sAmAnya sattAnI AvazyaktAnA sAmAnya nAma nIce e sattAo vApara vAmAM Ave che, mANasa pitAnA nAmamAM e sattAo vAparato nathI. phayUDala paddhatinI jahAMgIrI tadana judI jAtanI hatI. emAM te mANasa mANasa para sattA vAparate hata; pitAnI svecchAnA baLathI, nahi ke koI prakAranA pratinidhitvanA baLathI, e pitAnI sattA vAparato. mANasane hameza pitAne mATe eka prakAranA gauravane vicAra hoya che ne tene lIdhe te AvI sattA kabUla nahi kare; kadAca Aja . jahAMgIrI evI che ke je

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yurApanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. mANasa khuzIthI nahi khame. jyAre sattA vAparanAra mANasa paNa mAtra eka mANasa tarIke jahAMgIrI vAparatA jaNAya che, tyAre kadAca veThavI paDe tAe te sattA Aveza sAtheja kabUla rAkhavAmAM Ave che. cUDala paddhatinI sattA A prakAranI hatI, ane enA prati je vairabhAvanI lAgaNI hameza utpanna thatI tenuM kAraNa paNa A prakAranuM hatuM. ApaNA nAnA sarakhA DyUDala samAja par dharmagurunI zI asara thaI zakatI hatI te tapAsIe chIe tyAre ApaNane mAlUma paDe che ke te nahi jevI hatI. dhaNuMkharUM teA dharmaguru jAteja asabhya ne Azrita tarIke dAsatvamAM rahetA, ne tethI jamInadAranA mada khAvI zake evuM enAmAM bahu thoDu jovAmAM AvatuM. khelAzaka saMsthAnanA AzritavarganuM naitika jIvana pASavA ne unnata karavAnuM enuM khAsa kAma hAvAthI te te mATe ene saMsthAnamAM khelAvavAmAM AvelA hovAthI, e tyAM te hetuthI priya ne upayAgI thaI paDatA. saMsthAnamAM e kaMika ArAma ApatA, kaMIka cetana mukatA, paNa huM bArUM chuM, temAM rahenArA AzritavarganuM bhaviSya vadhAre ujaLuM banAvavAne e bahu thoDuM karI zakatA ke karatA hatA. 70 have cUDala paddhati pramANe rahenAra nAnA sarakhA maMDaLaneA dezanA sAmAnya samAja tarapha kevA prakAranA saMbaMdha hatA, te sudhArAnA vikAsamAM AnuM zuM pariNAma AvyuM te ApaNe joI e. yUDala paddhati pramANe lazkarI nokarI karavAnA badalAmAM jamIna kheDanArA Azritava prakAranI sevA karavA baMdhAyalA hatA ne tene zA prakAranuM rakSaNa maLatuM hatuM te ApaNe jANyuM. emane zAM zAM kAma karavAnAM hatAM tenI vigatAmAM huM nahi utarUM; te viSenA mAtra sAmAnya vicAra ApaNane hAya tA khasa, AzritavarganA manuSyonA manamAM karrAvya ne snehanA kreTalAka naitika vicAre temanA kAmaneja aMge udbhavatA. A karrAvyA te A bhAvanAonA vicArane pariNAme amuka hakA ne paddhatio astitvamAM AvyAM. dareka mANasa jANe che ke Dala patinA

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vyAkhyAna cAryuM. uddeza jamInadAra ne AzritavarganI vaccenA hako nakkI karI ApavAnA hatA. vaLI Azritava jamInadAra taraph paisAnA ke lazkarI nokarIneA kevA badalA ApavAne baMdhAyalA hatA te paNa nakkI karavAnI icchA hatI. jamInane aMge AkarI karavAne Azritavaga baMdhAyA hoya te uparAMta tene kevA prakAranI sevA karavI paDatI hatI te paNa nakkI karavAnuM hatuM. AzritavarganA hakA jaLavAya te hetuthI amuka paddhati pramANe te nirNIta karavAnA prayAsa karavAmAM AvyA hatA. dAkhalA tarIke AzritavarganI mAMtheAmAMghanA nyAya jamInadAra pAtAnI uparIsattAthI karatA. dareka mATe amIra ke jamInadAra peAtAnA AzritavarganI saMmati je khAkhatamAM Avasyaka hAya evI bAbata nakkI karavAne AzritAnI sabhA meLavatA. TUMkAmAM cUDela paddhatinuM baMdhAraNa vyavasthita karavAne mATe jamInadAranA hAthamAM rAjakIya, nyAyasaMbaMdhI, ke lazkarI sAdhanA hatAM, ne te sAdhanAthI AzritAnA hakA nakkI thatA. paNa A hukAnuM ne A paddhatinuM sthAyIpaNuM nahatuM, e TakI raheze evI khAtrI nahAtI. kAraNa ke e TakAvI rAkhavAne koI eka paNa prakAranI sthAyI sarvoparisattA nahotI. elAzaka nAkarI karavAnA badalAmAM jamIna kheDanAra vargamAM badhAja kaI samAnapada bhegavatA naheAtA; ghaNAnI pAse vadhAre sattA paNa hatI ne te sattAne te nabaLA mANasA para upayAga karatA hatA. paNa cheka rAjA sudhI jamInadAra vargamAM eka paNa mANasa eve nahAtA ke je peAtAnA AzritajanA para amuka prakAranA kAyadA calAvI zake te bIjA badhAne tAbAmAM rAkhI zake. sattA ne hukama bhegavI zakavAne joIe tevAM badhAMja sthAyI sAdhanAne abhAva hatA. sthAyI lazkara naheAtuM, sthAyI kareA naheAtA, sthAyI kacerIe nahotI. dareka kAmane mATe jarUra paDe tyAre kacerI khAsa bharavI paDatI, laDAI ne vakhata Ave tyAre lazkara ubhuM karavuM paDatuM, te nANAMne khapa paDe tyAre karA udharAvavA paDatA. dareka vastu prAsaMgika, Aka smikane, khAsa jovAmAM AvatI. kendrabhUta, sthAyInI svataMtra rAjyapaddhatinAM '

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hara yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa, sAdhane te vakhate nahotAM. dekhItuja che ke e paddhati pramANe koI mANasa pitAnI IcchA pramANe bIjAnI pAse dhAryA pramANe karAvI zake tevuM sAdhana nahatuM, temaja badhAnA hake ekabIjA mANaso mAMhyomAMhya jALavatA rahe tema karAvI zakavAnuM paNa sAdhana nahotuM paNa nigrahanuM kAma jeTaluM agharuM hatuM teTaluM ja virodhanuM kAma saheluM hatuM. pitAnA killAmAM bharAI rahI joIe teTalI sahAyatAnAM sAdhana hevAthI jamInadArane potAnuM rakSaNa karavAnuM kArya ghaNuM saheluM paDatuM hatuM. A parathI jaNAze ke phaTUla paddhati pramANe koI paNa sauthI vadhAre baLavAna mANasanI jamInadArane sahAyatA rahetI; dareka pitAnuM rakSaNa karI zako ne pitAnA hako jALavI zakata. - jema koI paNa sauthI baLavAna sattAnI sahAyatA rahetI tema svataMtra prajAkIya ke sAmAnya lokasattA paNa nahotI. cUDala paddhatimAM Ane Avibhavaja azakaya hate. kAraNa dekhItuja che. jyAre AjanA vakhatamAM ApaNe prajAkIya sattA viSe bolIe chIe tyAre ApaNe badhAja ema mAnIe chIe ke e sattA-kAyadA karavAnI, kara nAMkhavAnI, ne zikSA pharamAvavAnI sattA koI paNa amuka mANasanA hAthamAM letI nathI. A prakAranI sattA lekonA sAmAnya samudAyanA hAthamAM hoya che, ane janasamAja paNa e sattA pitAnA nAmamAM nahi paNa IzvaranA pratinidhi tarIke bhagave che. jyAre kaI paNa mANasa koI evA sattAdhArI puraSa pAse jAya che tyAre enA manamAM ene khabara paNa na hoya tema svAbhAvika rIte ja evI bhAvanA utpanna thAya che ke e eka prajAkIya ne hakadAra sattAdhArI pakSanI samakSa ubho che, te sattAdhArIne sattA vAparavAnI pharaja che, ne tethI prathamathI ja e pite aMdarakhAnethI A sattAnuM uparIpaNuM svIkArI le che. paNa phayUDala paddhati pramANe vastusthiti tadana judI ja hatI. pitAnA nAnA rAjyamAM jamInadAra tenA Azrita jana para sarvopari sattA bhogavavAnA haka dharAvate. enI jamInanI sAthe ja e hake ene prApta thatA, ne enA khAnagI honA

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73 vyAkhyAna ceryuM. samudAyanA e eka bhAga hatA. hAlamAM je prajAkIya hako che te te vakhate khAnagI hake hatA; hAlamAM je prajAkIya sattA che te te vakhate khAnagI sattA hatI. phacUDala paddhati pramANe hako mAtra baLaneja AdhAre jALavI zakAtA hatA. kaI saMsthAne AdhAre te jALavI zakAtA nahatA. jamInadAra kacerIo bhate ne AzritajanonI sabhAo meLavAtI tenI je kaMI asara thaI zake tema heta te te viSe ApaNe itihAsamAM vadhAre vAra sAMbhaLyuM hota; paNa te kavacita bharAtI te parathI eTaluM samajAya che ke tenAmAM kaMI baLa ke sattA nahotAM. AthI ApaNe Azcarya pAmavAnuM nathI. meM darzAvyuM che tenA karatAM tene mATe vadhAre asarakAraka ne vadhAre gaMbhIra prakAranuM eka kAraNa che. badhI ja rAjyapaddhatiomAM eka paddhati sthApavI sauthI vadhAre agharI che. e paddhati pramANe Antara vyavasthAnA saMbaMdhamAM sthAnika svataMtratA jALavI rAkhI, dareka prajA ke samAjanuM pitAnuM svAtaMtrya ochuM karI eka jAtanI saMdhithI rAjakIya bAbatene nirNaya karavAmAM Ave che. A saMdhigata zAsanapaddhatino vicAra sugama che paNa vyavahAramAM te bahuja guMcavaNakAraka che. sAmAnya vyavasthAne mATe joIe teTalI svataMtratA ochI karI tenA pramANamAM ApI zakAya teTalI sthAnika svataMtratA rahevA devI tene mATe ghaNA uMcA prakAranI unnati sadhAI hevI joIe. . saMdhinI rAjyapaddhati svIkArAvavAne mATe dekhItI rIte ja buddhi, nIti, ne sudhArAne sauthI vadhAre vikAsa thayo hovo joIe. chatAM phayUDala paddhati pramANe Aja paddhati sthApavAno prayatna karavAmAM Avyo hato. phayUDala paddhati pramANe eka thavAne sAmAnya vicAra saMdhinI paddhati pramANe eka thavAnA vicArane maLatuM AvatuM hatuM. dAkhalA tarIke ApaNA ja vakhatamAM amerikAnAM saMyukta rAjyamAM jema darekanuM sthAnika svAtaMtrya jaLavAtAM chatAM keTalAMka sAmAnya kAmane mATe amuka saMdhi svIkArI svataMtratA ochI karavAmAM AvI che, te ja pramANe phaDala paddhatimAM

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yuropanA sudhArAne ItihAsa. paNa hatuM. e paddhati pramANe dareka amIra ke jamInadAra potAnA saMsthAne para svataMtra sattA bhogavate, mAtra laDAI vagere ghaNaja jarUranA prasaMge saradAra, rAjA, ke amIronI sAmAnya sabhAnA lAbha mATe pitAnI sattAmAMthI kAma jeTalI thoDAmAM thoDI sattAne tyAga karata. phayuDala samayamAM sudhArAnI je sthiti hatI te vakhate, ajJAna ne AmatalabanA ja vakha-* tamAM e paddhati svIkArAvavAnI asaMbhavitatA tame samajI zakaze. amuka rAjyavyavasthAne mULa vicAraja, te samaye je lokone lAgu pADavAno hato,te temanAmAM agrAhya hatuM. te pachI vyavasthAne mATenA prayatna niSphaLa jatA jovAmAM Ave emAM kone Azraya utpanna thaze? phayUDala paddhatine viSe ApaNe karelA vicArone pariNAme ApaNane nIcenI be bAbate mAlUma paDI. prathama saMdhinI paddhatine lIdhe mAnasika vikAsane sAro lAbha thayo. lokonA mananI aMdara pretsAhaka bhAvanAo, naitika vicAze, ne sahartananI lAgaNIo jAgrata thaI bIjuM, prajAkIya dRSTibinduthI jotAM e paddhati rAjakIya vyavasthA sthApavAne asamartha nIvaDI hatI. cUDala paddhati mULathI ja kharAba hovAne lIdhe e suvyavasthita thaI zakI nahi; temaja ene bahoLA vistAra paNa thavA pAmyo nahi. yUDala paddhatine lIdhe yuropane samAja, mAtra eka ja haka darzAvate thaye. e haka virodha karI zakavAne haka hato. e virodha nyAyapuraHsara hato ema huM nathI kaheto, kAraNa ke eTalA ochA unnata samA jamAM e saMbhavita nahatuM. sAmAjika pragati mAtra be rItanI hoya che. eka te dareka vyaktinI svecchAne badale prajAkIya sattAnuM baLa vaparAtuM karavAnI, ne bIjuM, vyaktionA virodhane badale nyAyapura:sara vidhi ApI zakavAnI. sAmAjika vyavasthAnI uttamatAne AmAM ja mukhya bhAveza thAya che. dareka mANasane joIe teTalI svataMtratA ApavAmAM Ave che, paNa jyAre e svataMtratAno durupayega thato jovAmAM Ave che. tyAre prajAnA

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vyAkhyAna ceAthuM. sAmAnya mata pramANe je yAgya lAge che te karavAmAM Ave che. kAyadApUrvaka virAdha te zAsananI paddhati A pramANenI hoya che. tame shelAIthI joI zakazA ke cUDala pahitamAM AvuM kazuM nahatuM. itihAsa tapAsatAM ApaNane mAlUma paDe che. ke cUDala paddhatithI je prakAranAM pariNAma AvavAM joI e tevAMja AvyAM che. zamA te teramA saikAnI vacamAMnA cUDala pahitanA tahAsa jarA jue. manuSyanI bhAvanAe, tenA vicAro ne tenA vartana para thaelI sArI asara bhUlI zakAya teSI nathI. A samayanA itihAsamAM jyAM tyAM ApaNane uttama bhAvanAo, meTAM vakhANavA lAyaka parAkramA, manuSyatvanA uttama AvirbhAvanA namunAe najare paDe che, ane te badhAMnI utpatti cUDala paddhatine pariNAme thayelAM sanamAMja hatI. kharUM che ke nArIsanmAnanI bhAvanA A samaye jovAmAM Ave che ne tene cUDala paddhati sAthe kaMI maLatApaNuM nathI, chatAM enuMe khIja emAMja che. yUDala paddhatine pariNAmeja A ucca, udAra, te vaphAdArIbharelI bhAvanAonI AdarzarUpa bhAvanA AvirbhUta thaI. A nArIsanmAnanI bhAvanA, enI bIjarUpa yUDala paddhatimAM rahelI bhAvanA prati ApaNuM sanmAna pedA karAve che. vaLI anya dizA tarapha tamArUM lakSa pherave. yurApamAM kalpanAzaktinA pahelA ubharA, kAvya ne sAhitya kSetramAM prathamanA prayatne, jaMgalI sthitineA. tyAga karyA pachI curApamAM anubhavAyalA buddhinI khIlavaNInA prathama Ananda--A badhuM phyuDale patinA Azcaya nIce curepa hatuM tyAreja te yUDala paddhati pramANe rahenArA jamInadAranA nAnA nAnA killAmAMja prathama janmyuM hatuM. manuSyanI A prakAranI mAnasika unnati thavAne mATe manuSyanA AtmAmAM ne tenA jIvanamAM amuka prakAranA pheraphAra thavA joIe; eka hajAra jAtanA pheraphAra thavA joi e, ane te, sAmAnya lokonA mahenatu, gni, sthUla, ne kani jIvanamAM thavA zakya nathI hAtA. yuropanA sAhityamAM prathama je kaMI lakhAyuM hoya tenAM smarA ne prathamane mAnasinkra 75

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yurepanA sudhArAno itihAsa, AlAda, kAnsa, iMgleMDa, ne jarmanImAM kaDala paddhati sAthe ja joDAyelAM che. bIjI taraphathI phayuDala paddhatinI samAja para thaelI asara viSe itihAsanuM ApaNe avalokana karIzuM to jaNAze ke temAe ApaNI dhAraNAo kharI che. phayUDala paddhati jeTalI sAmAnya svataMtratAnI viruddha che, teTalIja sAmAnya vyavasthAnI virodhI che. samAjanI game te dizAnI pragati tapAsaze to e tamane mAluma paDaze ke cUDala paddhati vinarUpa thaI paDe che. teTalA mATe Dala paddhatinA cheka zarUAtanA vakhatathI vyavasthA ne svataMtratAnAM be protsAhaka baLa hameza enI viruddha thaI enI sAme laData karatAM jevAmAM Ave che, eka baLa pataMtranI paddhatinuM, ne bIjuM prajAkIya sattAnuM rAjA ne loko. vyavasthA ne kAyado-e be bAbatene phayuDala paddhati svabhAvathIja viruddha hatI, ne tethI te paddhatimAM A bAbatanI sAthe baMdhabesatA pheraphAra karavAnA prayatna niSphaLa nIvaDayA che. iMglaMDamAM pahelA viliyame, kAnsamAM senTa luIe, ne jarmanImAM ghaNAkharA zahenazAhae AvA prayatno karyA hatA, paNa tenuM phaLa kaMI nIvaDyuM nahi. Adhunika samayamAM keTalAka budhdhizALI lerIe cUDala paddhati pramANe samAjanuM baMdhAraNa pharI sthApavAno prayatna karyA che. evA samAja, kAyade, niyama, ne sudhArA vadhAre cAhaze ema temanuM mAnavuM hatuM. e eka AdarzarUpa samAja temaNe karyo che. paNa e AdarzarUpa samAja je amuka kALa ke sthaLamAM thaI gayo hoya te batAvavA temane prazna karazo to tema karavAne teo azakya mAlUma paDaze. evo samAja eka jAtanuM manorAjya che, tene kALanI avadhi nathI; e eka jAtanuM nATaka che, evuM nATaka ke jene mATe prAcIna samayamAM ApaNane nATayagRha ke nATayakAro jaDI zakatA nathI. A bhUlanuM kAraNa helAIthI zodhI zakAya tema che, ane cUDala paddhatinA nAma mAtrane mATe paNa tiraskAra rAkhanArAonI bhUla paNa eja kAraNane lIdhe thavA pAme che. bemAMthI ekake vargamAMnA leke cUDala paddhatinI banne bAjuo barAbara jovA prayatna karatA nathI. manuSyanI bhAvanAo, tenA vartana, ne tenI unnati

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vyAkhyAna the ane sAmAjika sthiti para thatI asara e banne bAjunuM nirIkSaNa thatuM nathI. eka pakSa e che ke te samajI nathI zakatA ke je paddhatine lIdhe samAjamAM unnata bhAvanAo, sArA vicAre, badhAM sAhityone janma thavA pAmyo, te, jevI cItaravAmAM Ave che tevI hAnikAraka kema hoI zake. bIjo pakSa e che ke teNe phayUDala paddhatithI utpanna thaelI mAtra hAni, vyavasthA, ne svataMtratA sthApavAmAM mAtra vija joyAM che; ane tethI e paddhatine pariNAme sahartananA ghaNA uttama namunA, cAritryanA uttama dAkhalA, ke pragati astitvamAM AvI zake, evuM e pakSanA hImAyatIo mAnI zakatA nathI. bAkInI bAbatamAM phaDala paddhati, jevI vicAramAM hatI tevI ja AcAramAM hatI. jenA pariNAme e paddhati pramANe dhArI zakAya tevAM kharekhara thayAM che. remana rAjyanA jetAonAM mukhya lakSaNe vyakti svAtaMtryane vyaktijIvanane mATe utsAha-e hatAM. je sAmAjika paddhati te lokoe pitAne mATe sthApI temAMthI ja vyakti svAtaMtryanA vicArane vikAsa thavA pAme. manuSya ne enI paristhiti eka bIjA para paraspara asara kare che. jarmana prajAmAM vyaktitvanuM baLa ghaNuM AgaLa paDatuM hatuM, ane cUDala paddhati, jenAM bIja jarmana samAjamAM hatAM teNe te vyaktibaLane vikAsa karavA prayatna karyA. sudhArAnAM judAM judAM tamAM enI eja hakIkata ApaNe pharIthI joIzuM. ApaNu AvatA vyAkhyAnamAM pAMcamAthI bAramA saikAnI vacamAMnA yurepanA sudhArA para khristi samAjano ItihAsa ne teNe kareluM kAma, Aja bAbatane vicAra eka bIje ne dhyAna kheMce e dAkhala pUro pADaze

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yuropanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. vyAkhyAna pAMcamuM. mATe vyAkhyAnanA viSaya---dharma te ekathanuM eka kAraNa che--rAjyazAsana khAnI AvazyakatA nathI- yAre rAjyasattA nyAya gaNAya: (1) sattA sauthI lAyakamAM lAyaka mANasAnA hAthamAM hovI joIeH (2) zAsita varga athavA prajAnI svataMtratA jaLavAvavI joIe-khristi samAja eka jAtane! samAja hatA, rakSakattAnuM kAma e nahAtA karatA, tethI A bemAMnI pahelI khAkhata eNe sAdhI hatI--e samAjamAM cuMTaNI vagerenI judI judI patie----bIjI bAbata e samAja sAdhI zakayA nahi, tenAM kAraNe sattAnA ayAmya vistAra, ne baLane hAnikAraka upayoga hatAM--e samAjamAM cetana--rAjAe sAthe enA sambandha-dhArmaka sattAnuM svAta'trya--lokika sattA pacAvI pADavAno dhArmIka samArgone dave. 78 yU la paddhatinA lakSaNu te asara viSe ApaNe tapAsa karI gayA. have ApaNe pAMcamAthI khAramA saikA sudhInA khristi samAja viSe vicAramAM rokAIzuM. huM samAja zabda para bhAra mukuM chuM: kAraNa ke khristi dharmanA pantha viSe huM khelavA mAgatA nathI, paNa khristi samAja viSeja huM tamArUM dhyAna khecavA mAguM chuM. pAMcamA saikAmAM A samAjanuM baMdhAraNa ghaNuMkharUM badhuM pUrUM thaI cUkyuM hatuM; nahi ke tyAra pachI. emAM dhaNA te agatyanA pheraphAra thayA nathI, paNa ApaNe ema kahI zakIe ke te vakhate khristionuM samAja tarIkenuM juThThuM astitva sthApita thaI cUkayuM hatuM. sahaja vicArathI jaNAze ke pAMcamA saikAmAM khristi samAja ne sudhArAnAM khIjA tattvAnI sthitimAM ghaNA taphAvata hatA. ApaNA sudhArAnAM mukhya tattvA meM cAra gaNuAvyAM che; zaherI sabhAnI paddhati, cUDela

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vyAkhyAna pAMcamuM. paddhati, nRpataMtranI paddhati, ne khristi samAja. pAMcamA saikAmAM zaherI sabhAonI paddhatimAM kaI prakAranuM jIvana ke amuka niyamita rU5 nahotuM, mAtra romana mahArAjyanA rahyA sallA ci tarIke e jovAmAM AvatI hatI. Dala paddhati hajI astitvamAM AvI nahatI kAraNa ke pAMcamA saikAmAM avyavasthA bahu hatI. Adhunika samAjanAM badhAM ja ziSTa to kyAMte nAzavaMta sthitimAM hatAM ke kayato Arambhaka sthitimAM hatAM. mAtra khristi samAja te vakhate bAlyAvasthAmAM ne amuka rIte nirNata hato, mAtra eNeja amuka cokkasa rUpa dhAraNa karyuM hatuM ne Atmasamayane pUrNa utsAha jALavI rAkhyo hato, mAtra eNeja prajAjIvanamAM asara utpanna kare evAM be sAdhana prApta karyA hatAM-cetana ne vyavasthA, zakti ne niyamitatA. A tane ja AdhAre samAjamAM amuka saMsthAo rUDha thavA pAme che. vaLI manuSyane khapanA badhAja agatyanA savAle khristi samAje hacamacAvyA hatA, ane manuSyasvabhAva ne manuSyanA bhAvI viSenI badhI bAbatenA vicAramAM e nimagna raheto hato. tethI Adhunika sudhArAo para enI asara ghaNI moTI thaI che. e asara dhAravAmAM Ave che tenA karatAM vadhAre thaI che. pAMcamA saikAmAM khristi samAja eka svataMtra ne sthApita samAja tarIke jovAmAM Ave che. rAjA ne prajAnI vacce e samAja saMbaMdha jALavI rAkhavAnuM kAma karato hato. - e samAje zI sevA bajAvI ne zI asara karI tene barAbara khyAla ANavAne mATe e samAjane ApaNe traNa dRSTibinduothI jevo joIzeH prathama te e samAja pote kevo hato, enuM baMdhAraNa kevA prakAranuM hatuM, ne zA zA niyamo e agatyanA gaNato hato e bAbatane vicAra kare paDaze. pachI laukika adhikArI sattAo jevI ke rAjA, amIra vagerenI sAthe ene kevo sambandha hato tene khyAla karavo paDaze. chevaTe e samAjane prajA sAtheno sambandha vicAravo paDaze. jyAre A traNa prakAranI parIkSA

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yurepanA sudhArAne itihAsa. karyA pachI khristi samAja, tenA siddhAnta, tenI sthiti, tenI asaro viSenuM citra ApaNe joyuM haze, tyAreja, ne pachIja, ApaNuM kahevAnuM, ItihAsathI ApaNe sAbIta karIzuM. sauthI pahelAM khristi samAja ne tenI sthiti kevI hatI te bAbatane ApaNe vicAra karIe. dhArmika sattA, dharmaguruo, dhArmika samAja, ne pAdarIe e ja badhuM sauthI pahelI ApaNI najara kheMce che. ghaNuM suzikSita puruSa te dharmaguruo ne dhArmika sattA ne evAtevA zabdo sAMbhaLatAM ja amuka prakArano mata bAMdhI detA jaNAya che. teo ema mAne che ke je dharmamAM dharmaguruone eka jude samAja baMdhAya che ke jemAM dhArmika sattAnuM amuka baMdhAraNa racAyeluM jovAmAM Ave che te dharma badhI bAbata vicAratAM lAbha karatAM hAnikAraka vadhAre hevo joIe. temanA mata pramANe dharma te mAtra dareka mANasane Izvara sAthe saMbaMdha nakkI karate hovo joIe, ane jyAre jyAre e saMbaMdha A prakArane maTI jatAM manuSya ne IzvaranI vacce koI eka vacalI bahAranI sattAthI sadhAya che tyAre tyAre dharmanI adhogati thAya che, ne samAjanA hitane tethI bhaya rahe che. A savAlanuM nirAkaraNa karyA vagara ApaNane cAle tema nathI. khristi samAjanI kevI asara thaI che te nakkI karavAne mATe samAja ne dharmagu ne , je saMsthAmAM hoya tenI svAbhAvika rIte ja zI asara thAya te ApaNe jevuM joIe. A asara kevI thAya che te samajavAne mATe prathama ApaNe eka praznane nirNaya karavo joIe. dareka manuSya ne IzvaranA khAnagI saMbaMdha sivAya bIjA koI saMbaMdhane dharma cheDe che kharaze ke kema? manuSyane arasaparasano saMbaMdha kaI paNa rIte dharmathI saMdhAya che ke nahi? - dharmanI bAbatamAM je bhAvanAo mAtra kharekharI dhArmika gaNAya tene ja ApaNe samAveza karIe te tevI bhAvanAe je ke tadana kharI jesAvALI hoya chatAM keTalIka avyakta hoya che ne tenuM lakSaNa na

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ApatAM ApaNe mAtra te bhAvanAonAM nAme gaNAvI zakIe. evI bhAvanAo keTalIka vAra kudarata ne sRSTinA padArtho viSe te keTalIka vAra hRdayanI gUDhamAM gUDha bAbato viSe, keTalIka vAra kAvyamAM to keTalIka vAra bhaviSyanI ajJAta vastuonA saMbaMdhamAM, ema sarvatra bhaTakatI, koI paNa sthaLe TharyA vinA judI judI anizcita vastuomAM Avirbhata thAya che. mAtra AvI badhI bhAvanAone ja ApaNe dharmamAM samAveza karIe to mane eTaluM spaSTa ja lAge che ke dharma zabda mAtra vyaktiviSayakaja raheze. evI bhAvanAothI manuSyamAM kSaNika sAhacarya ke kSaNika aikya thAya; paNa e bhAvanAo caMcala ne anizcita hovAthI, sthAyI ne bahoLA phelAvAvALuM aikya nahi thAya, ane vyavasthita dhArmika samAjanI utpatti paNa nahi thAya. paNa kSati huM bhUla karuM chuM ke kyAMte A bhAvanAo manuSyanA dhArmika jIvanane saMpUrNa AvirbhAva darzAvatI nathI. mArA mAnavA pramANe dharma te kaMI judIja vastu che; A badhI bhAvanAe karatAM vizeSa ghaNI vastuene emAM samAveza thAya che. manuSyanA svabhAvamAM ne manuSyanA bhAvamAM keTalAka prazno evA che ke tenuM nirAkaraNa A duniyAnI bAbatothI thaI zakatuM nathI. e prazno dazya vastuothI avara vastuo sAthe saMbaMdha dharAve che, ane manuSyanA AtmAne pIDAMrUpa thaI paDe che. mANasa tenuM nirAkaraNa karavAno AgrahapUrvaka utsu tA rAkhe che. A praznanuM nirAkaraNa, tene aMge dhArmika paLyo, mato ne bIjI evI bAbate je e praznonuM nirAkaraNa kare che athavA karatI hoya tema saMtoSa rAkhe che-A badhI bAbato dharmanI aMdara samAya che, ne dharmanI prathama utpatti AvI bAbatomAMthI thAya che. bIjI bAbatomAMthI paNa dharmanI utpatti thAya che. tamArAmAMnA jeoe tattvajJAnamAM prauDha abhyAsa karyo haze temane, huM dhAruM chuM, eTaluM khulluMja jaNAze ke nItinA siddhAntone dhArmika vicAro sAthe kaMI saMbaMdha nathI.e be ekabIjAthI nirALI ne judI vastuo che. vaLI nItimAM sArA ne nara

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yurepanA sudhArAne itihAsa. sAno taphAvata, asAdhu kone tyAga karavo ne sAdhu kRtya karavAM-evuM ApaNuM kartavyabhAna ApaNane tarkazAstranA niyamonI peThe ApaNu pitAnI buddhithI ja prApta thAya che, ne ApaNe ApaNuM potAnA jIvanamAMja te vastuo AcAramAM mukavAnI che. paNa nItinA siddhAnta Ama nirALIja, svataMtra rIte nirNata thAya che ema nakkI thayA pachI ApaNuM manamAM eka savAla ubho thAya che--nItinI utpatti zI che? nItinA vicAre ubhava kevI rIte pAme che? enuM pariNAma zuM Ave che? sAdhu kRtya karavAnI AvI nirALI pharaja kartA ke udeza vinAnI che? A pharaja zuM mANasane apara duniyA sAthe saMbaMdha chupAvatI, athavA te prakAzamAM ANatI nathI? nItinA AvA prazno pitAnI meLeja ne na chUTake utpanna thAya che, dharmanA viSaya tarapha ApaNane daravI jAya che, ne nItine AdhAra jo ke dharma para nathI, chatAM dharmanA viSayanI jhAMkhI karAve che. AvI rIte jotAM dharmamAM traNa bAbate Ave che; (1) manuSyane pitAne antarAtmA amuka prazno ubhA kare che ne tene pariNAme amuka mate baMdhAya che te. (2) AvI rIte svabhAvajanya nItine daDhIbhUta kare ane samartha ja banAve evAM zikSAvacana; (3) ne manuSyatvanA bhAvInI AzAo phaLIbhUta thavA viSe pratijJAvacana. kharuM jotAM dharmamAM A bAbatono samAveza thAya che. dharmanA kharA svarUpamAM A bAbate ja Ave che, nahike kalpanA ke kAvyane anukULa keTalIka bhAvanAo. - AvI rIte dharmanAM ta kayAM che tene vicAra karIe chIe tyAre dharma mAtra vyaktiviSayaka bAbata maTI jaI aiya sAdhanAra eka baLa tarIke mAlUma paDe che. dharmanI bAbatamAM mAtra dhArmika mate ne paLeja Ave ema dhArI ene vicAra kare, te satya ekemAM nahi jaDe. satya te sArvatrika che, kevala che; ene zodhavuM hoya ne rAkhavuM hoya te matapanthonI judAI kADhI nAkhI manuSyae sAmAnya vicAre dhAraNa karavA joIe. judA judA tenI sAthe rahelAM zikSAvacane viSe vicAra kare; ekane mATe je bAbata

Page #104
vyAkhyAna pAcamuM. pharajIAta che te anyane mATe paNa rAkhavAmAM AvelI hoya che. tene ja pracAra karavo joIe, ne tenAja tAbAmAM janasamAjane ekatrita karavo joIe. judA judA panthonA manuSyane ApelAM pratijJAvacano, athavA ditIya janmane viSe AzA vagerenA badhe viSe paNa temaja che. e bAbate paNa pracAra karI janasamAjane ekatrita karavo joIe. jyAre A pramANe dhArmika samAjano janma thAya che ne keTalAka leke sAmAnya dhArmika mate, sAmAnya dhArmika zikSAvacane, ne sAmAnya dhArmika pratijJAvacanone lIdhe ekatrita bane che, tyAre temanA samAjane mATe zAsananI jarUra mAlUma paDe che. zAsana vinA eka aThavADIuM ke eka kalAka paNa koIe samAja TakI zake nahi, vaLI zAsana jarUranuM che eTaluM ja nahi paNa enI meLe ja samAja astitvamAM AvatAM te zAsita thAya che. samAjamAM zAsana kevI rIte janma pAme che ne sthapAya che tenuM sAmAnya nirUpaNa karavAnuM kAma huM hAtha dharI tamAro vakhata rekIza nahi. huM mAtra eTaluM ja kahIza ke jyAre vastuo svAbhAvika niyamo pramANe banI cAlI jAya che tyAre sattA hamezAM sauthI vadhAre lAyaka, zaktimAna, ne samAjane dhArelI dizAmAM laI javAne samartha hoya evA manuSyanA hAthamAM jAya che. yuddhane prasaMge sattA zUravIramAM zuravIra mANasanA hAthamAM jAya che. keI samAja je kaMI zedhamAM guMthAyelo hoya te tene prasaMge sattA sauthI vadhAre lAyaka puruSanA hAthamAM jAya che. badhI ja bAbatomAM duniyA jyAre svAbhAvika niyamethI doravAya che tyAre manuSyanI svAbhAvika viSamatA prAdurbhata thAya che, ne tethI dareka manudhyanAmAM jevI zakti hoya che te pramANenuM ja sthAna te samAjamAM le che. ThIka, have jema bIjI bAbatomAM tema dharmamAM paNa manuSyonI buddhine zakti viSe viSamatA hoya che. koI eka mANasa bIjAonA karatAM dharmanuM prati pAdana karI tene phelAvo karavAne vadhAre lAyaka hoya che, to keTalAka bIjA mANaso dhArmika zikSAvacana AcAramAM mukAvavAnI sattA vadhAre dharAvatA hoya che, ne keTalAka vaLI lekanA manamAM dhArmika bhAvanAone dhArmika

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84 yuropanA sudhArAne ItihAsa AzAo sateja ne papiSita rakhAvavA vadhAre samartha hoya che. zakti ne adhikAranI je viSamatAne lIdhe laukika samAjamAM judI judI sattAo bhogavAya che, tene ja lIdhe dhArmika samAjanI sattAo paNa astitvamAM Ave che. jema saradAro utpanna thAya che ne pitAnI meLe pitAnI sattA sthApita kare che, tema dharmapracArakene viSe paNa tevuM ja che. Ama eka bAju tarapha jema dhArmika samAja utpanna thatAMja dhArmika zAsana paNa astitvamAM Ave che tema bIjI bAju tarapha e zAsana manuSyazaktionI viSamatAne lIdhe saMpUrNa vikAsa pAme che. tethI je kSaNe dharma astitvamAM Ave che te ja kSaNe dhArmika samAja thavA pAme che, ne je kSaNe dhArmika samAja jovAmAM Ave che te ja kSaNe tene joIe tevuM zAsana paNa sthApita thAya che. paNa have eka mULa vadhe uThe che. upara darzAvI tevI bAbatamAM niyamana karavAnuM kaMI rahetuM nathI; nirodhane mATe avakAza ja nathI. akaThita svataMtratA rahevA devAmAM AvatI hovAne lIdhe zAsana karavAnuM rahetuM ja nathI. zAsana mAtra nirodha hoya tyAMja, mAtra khapane ke mukhyatve karIne vAparavA paDatA baLane aMge rahe che ema dhAravuM e vicAra te mArA mAnavA pramANe zAsana viSe ghaNe jaMgalI ne phullaka, sAmAnya vicAra che. dhArmika dRSTibindu huM paDatuM mukuM chuM ne laukika zAsana viSe ja vicAra karuM chuM. samAja hoya to tene khAtara ne tenA nAmamAM kaMIka karavAnuM paNa hoya che, jyAM te kaMI kAyado karavAne heya, kaMIka pagaluM bharavAnuM hoya, ke kaMIka nyAya ApavAne heya. vaLI tevIja rIte samAjanI A jarUrI Ato pUrI pADavAnI koI eka sArI rIta paNa hoya che; kAyado sAro paNa karI zakAya, pagaluM sAruM paNa bharAya, nyAya sAre paNa apAya. game te vAta dhyAnamAM levAmAM AvI hoya, game te vAta jarUranI hoya, temAM kharuM karavA lAyaka zuM che te jANavuM joIe. koI paNa prakAranuM zAsana vAparatA pahelAM A satyanuM anveSaNa thavuM joIe, ne samAjamAM zuM nyApya che, zuM yogya che, zuM hitakara che

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vyAkhyAna pAMcamuM - tene nirNaya thavuM joIe. jyAre A zodhI kaDhAya che tyAre jAhera paNa karavAmAM Ave che. zAsanakartAe e vAta lokonA mana para sAvavI Avazyaka che ne temane te pasaMda paDe evI sAvacetI rAkhavI joIe. AmAM dabANa ke nigraha kyAM Avyo ? nigraha ahIM che ja nahi. have dhAre ke kharuM karavA lAyaka zuM che tene nirNaya thaye te nirNaya pramANe zAsana badhAja gya tarIke mAne, to pachI zAsanakartAne dabANanI jarUra na paDe. zuM AvI vakhate zAsaka baLa hatuM ja nahi? zuM zAsana paNa A bAbatomAM hatuM ja nahi? zAsaka baLa to dekhItI rIteja hatuM ne teNe tenuM kAma paNa karyuM hatuM. jyAre dareka mANasa virodha darzAve, ne zAsanaine je karavuM gya lAgyuM hoya te sarvene mAnya ne savene ISTa na thayuM hoya, tyAre ja pitAnI AjJA paLAvavAne mATe zAsanai baLano upayoga kare che. mAnuSI doSonuM A Avazyaka pariNAma che; ane A deSa samAjanA zAsaka ne zAsita banne vargamAM jovAmAM Ave che. Ano pUrepUre kadApi bahiSkAra karI zakAya tema nathI; keTaleka daraje laukika sattAmAM nigrahanI AvazyaktA rahevAnI, paNa nigrahathI kaMI sattA prApta thatI nathI. jyAre cAlI zake ema hoya che tyAre nigrahane tilAMjali ApavAmAM Ave che ne tethI badhAneja ghaNe lAbha thAya che. kharekhara sattAnI ke zAsananI uttamatA nigraha kADhI nAkhI mAtra naitika paddhatithI ja samAja para zAsana karavAmAM che. eTale jema jema nigraha ocho karavAmAM Ave tema tema zAsana uccatara prakAranuM gaNAya che. sAdhAraNa rIte dhAravAmAM Ave che tema tethI kaMI sattAnuM baLa ghaTatuM nathI ke sattA saMkucita thatI nathI. mAtra eTaluM ja ke judI rIte e amalamAM mukAya che. A rIte vadhAre sAmAnya ne vadhAre baLavALI che. je sattAmAM nigraha nahi jevo vAparavAmAM Ave tevI sattAnA jeTalI phaDa je sattAmAM nigrahane sauthI vadhAre upayoga thAya te sattAne maLatI nathI. dhArmika samAjanuM zAsana paNa A prakAranuM che. niHsaMdeha ene viSe

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2 yuropanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. paNa nigrahanA pratiSedha karavAmAM AvyA che. emAM zAsananA pradeza manuSyanuM aMtaHkaraNa che, tethI nigrahanA upayAga yAgya che. paNa tema chatAM nigraha vaparAya che kharA, ne nigrahathI zAsananuM kAma pUrUM karavAnuM hoya che. ane tyAMsudhI nigraha na hovA joIe. dhArmika sattAonAM kabyAmAM dhArmika sadguNNAnuM parIkSaNa karavAnuM, tene pracAra karavAnuM, ne tenuM zikSaNa ApavAnuM kAma che; jarUra paDe teA upadeza ApavAnuM ke TIkA karavAnuM kAma paNa tene karavAnuM che. nigrahane jeTalA bane teTalA khAvI pADeA; tema chatAM koI paNa jAtanI sattAnA sthApanane mATe agatyanA hoya evA badhA aMdhAraNanA mukhya praznA udbhavatA tame jozeA, te tenuM nirAkaraNa tamAre zeAdhavuM paDaze. udAharaNa tarIke, dhArmika sattAdhikArI varga jarUranA che ke nahi, dharmanI khAkhatamAM loko potAnA aMtaHkaraNa pramANe karazeja evA vizvAsa rAkhI temanA para kAI prakAranI sattAnI AvazyaktA nathI ema mAnI levAya ke kema evA prazna hameza carcavA Avazyaka lAgaze. vaLI dhArmika sattAdhikArIonI AvazyaktA kabUla rAkhavAmAM AvI hoya teA pachI te adhikArIomAM mAMghomAMhya samAnatA rAkhavI ke uMcAnIcI kramanI sattA ApavI e prazna ubhA thaze. A praznanA tA kadApi anta nahi Ave kAraNa ke dhArmika sattAdhikArIe game te darajjAnA hoya teAe temaNe nigrahane upayoga nahi karavA ema prathama svIkAravAmAM AvyuM che. have kharA kAmane savAla e che ke AvI dhArmika sattA zA niyame pramANe te zI paristhitimAM nyAyya gaNAya che. jema khIjA koI paNa samAjamAM tema dhArmika samAjamAM nyAyyatA athavA ceAgyatAnA AdhAra e bAbata para rahe che. prathama tA ane tyAMsudhI sattA lAyakamAM lAyaka mANasanA hAthamAM javI joieH samAjamAM chUTAchavAyA rahelA uttama puruSone zodhI kADhI temane hAthe sAmAjika vyavasthAnuM baMdhAraNa racAvavuM joI e. bIjI bAbata e che ke AvI rItanI ceAgya sattAnA upayoga zAsitavarganI yAgya svataMtratA jALavIneja vaparAvavI joi e.

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vyAkhyAna pAMcamu, 7 dhArmika ke laukika ema badhI jAtanI sattAonA sArAnarasAnI kasoTI A e bAbatA che. A e bAbatane lakSamAM rAkhI khristi samAjanuM ApaNe parIkSaNa karIe. khristi samAja eka jAtanuM ekatrita maMDaLa hatA, eka jJAti naMhetA, ne tethI temAM sattA lAyakamAM lAyaka puruSonA hAthamAM rahI zakI hatI. dhArmika sattAdhikArIeAnuM maMDaLa eka jAtanI jJAtinA nAmathI ghaNI vAra saMmAdhAya che. A eka bhUla che. duniyAmAM badhe jue; tame sarvatra joI zakazA kenAti janmaparaMparAne nyAya pALe che. jJAtimAM pitAputranI paraMparAmAM amukaja jAtanI sthiti, amukaja sattA vArasAmAM cAlI Ave che. jyAM vArasA nathI hatA tyAM jJAti pannu nathI hotI, paNa mAtra ekatrita maMDaLa athavA eka jAtanI sabhAja hoI zake che. evA ekatrita maMDaLamAM jAtajAtanI judIja muzkelIo naDe che, paNa te jJAtinI bAbateAthI judIja hAya che. khristi samAjane viSe jJAti e zabda vASarI zakAya tema nathI. dharmaguru brahma ca pALatA hAvAne lIdhe khristi samAja kadApi nAti thaI zakatA nathI. A taphAvatanAM pariNAmeA zAM Ave che te tame samajoja che. jyAM jJAti thaI, jyAM vaMzaparaMparAnI paddhati thaI ke adhikAra ne hakAnuM avakSe dApuM thavAnuM. jJAti zabdanA lakSaNamAMthIja A vAta sthApita thAya che. amuka kuTuMmAnAM amukaja karttavyA te amukaja hA jyAre vaMzaparaMparAne nyAye kabUla rAkhavAmAM Ave, tyAre dekhAtuMja che ke te bAbateAmAM dA ubhAM thAya, ne e adhikArA Ama janmathI jemane na maLe temane bhAgavavAnA haka pachI na rahe, vAstavika rIte banyuM paNa A pramANeja hatuM. jyAM jyAM dhArmika sattA amuka jJAtinA hAthamAM AvI tyAM tyAM e sattA jANe eka dApAM tarIke gaNAvavAmAM AvI. khristi samAjamAM Ane maLatuM kazuM jovAmAM AvatuM nathI. eTaluMja nahi paNa haka ne adhikAra bheAgavavAnI bAbatamAM khristi samAjamAM samAnatAne nyAya svIkArAye e; puchI janme game te padImAM thayA hoya. pAMcamAthI agIAramA saikA

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88 yurepanA sudhArAne itihAsa sudhImAM dhArmika maMDaLamAMnA mANasa tarIke ke dharmaguru tarIke jIvana gujAravAnuM sarvene zakya hatuM. dhArmika maMDaLamAM Ama spardhA ne samAnatAne nyAya svIkAravAmAM Avyo hato ne temAM halakI padavInA chatAM lAyaka puruSane sattA ApavAmAM AvatI hatI, jyAre dhArmika maMDaLe sivAyanAM bIje badhAM maMDaLamAM samAnatA svIkAravAmAM AvI nahatI ne adhikAra janmaparaMparAnA dANA jevA lekhAtA hatA. khristi samAja jJAti nahi paNa eka ekatrita maMDaLa hovAne lIdhe ja A prakAranuM pariNAma temAM jovAmAM AvatuM hatuM. vaLI jJAtiomAM eka bIjuM lakSaNa jovAmAM Ave che. sthiratA ne jaDatA. A bAbatanI sAbItInI jarUra nathI. koI paNa itihAsa tapAsa ne jyAM jJAtinuM sAmrAjya haze tyAM samAjanI dhArmika ke rAjakIya koI paNa bAbatamAM tamane sthiratA ne jaDatA mAlUma paDaze. kharuM che ke keTaleka daraje khristi samAjamAM paNa amuka samaye pragatinI bhIti dAkhala thavA pAmI hatI. paNa te sthira thavA pAmI hoya ema ApaNe kahI zakIe tema nathI. khristi samAja sthira ne jaDa rahyo ema kahI zakIe tema nathI. ghaNA samaya sudhI e samAja cetanavALa ne pragatizIla rahyo hato. tenuM kAraNa keTalIka vAra bahArane virodha to keTalIka vAra unnatine mATe aMdara naja ulsAha hato. badhuM jotAM e samAja vAraMvAra badalAta ne pragatimArgamAM prayANa karate jovAmAM Ave che, ne ene itihAsa paNa vividhatA, ne pragatithI bharelo che. dhArmika maMDaLanAM judAM judAM kartavyo karavAne judA judA badhA mANasane sarakhI rIte haka ApyAthI khristi samAjamAM sthiratA ne jaDatAnuM ghara thatuM aTakyuM che, ne tethI cetana ne pragati jaLavAI rahyAM che emAM jarAe zaka lavAya tema nathI. khristi samAjamAM sattAne mATe samAnatAthI badhAne dAkhala thavA devAmAM AvatA hatA, tyAre lAyakAtane nirNaya kevI rIte karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM? khristi samAjamAM be niyame AgaLa paDatA hatA. prathama, nIcalA

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vyAkhyAna pAMcamuM. 88 mANasanI pasaMdagI upalA adhikArI karata-e pasaMdagI athavA nimaNuka niyama; bIje, hAtha nicenA mANaso upalA adhikArInI cuMTaNI karatAA, jene ApaNe cuMTaNI kahIe chIe tevI kharekharI cuMTaNIne niyama. dAkhalA tarIke, dharmaguru tarIkenI dIkSA ApavAnuM kAma, mANasane dharmaguru banAvavAnuM kAma, mAtra uparaja karato. uparI ja pasaMdagInuM kAma e bAbatamAM karato hato. temaja pAdarIone vRttio TheravI ApavAnuM kAma paNa rAjA, pipa athavA mukhya dharmAdhyakSa, ke amIra ema koI paNa uparIneja hAthe thatuM hatuM. bAkInI bAbatamAM cuMTaNInI paddhatithI kAma levAtuM hatuM. uparI dharmAdhyakSe ghaNe vakhata thayAM ane ApaNe je samaya viSe bolIe chIe tyAre paNa, dharmaguruonA samasta maMDaLa taraphathI cuMTI kaDhAtA hatA; keTalIka vAra te loko paNa A bAbatamAM vacamAM paDatA. maThonI aMdara mahetAnI pasaMdagI sAdhuo karatA hatA. remamAM pipanI pasaMdagI enI mitrisabhAmAM besanArA dharmaguruo ja karatA hatA, ane eka vakhata te remanA dharmaguruonA samasta maMDaLe A kAma karyuM hatuM. A pramANe tame be niyamo juo cheH uparIne hAthe nicalA adhikArInI pasaMdagIne nIcalA mANasone hAthe uparInI cuMTaNI-e be niyama A vakhate khristi samAjamAM mAnya thayA hatA. dhArmika sattAno upayoga A bemAMnI eka rIte pasaMda thaelA mANaso dvArA karavAmAM Avato hato. A be niyameno sAthe sAthe upayoga karavAmAM Avato hate eTaluM ja nahi, paNa banne judA hevAthI keTalIka vAra temAM virodha ubho thato hato. ghaNAM varSo pachI ne ghaNuM pheraphAra pachI uparIne hAthe nIcalA dharmaguruonI pasaMdagInI paddhati hameza vaparAtI thaI paNa sAdhAraNa rIte te -pAMcathI bAramA saikA sudhI bIjI paddhati vaparAtI hatI. A banne paddhati taddana judI ja jAtanI hovA chatAM, sAthe sAthe paNa vaparAtI hatI, te paNa kaMI AzcaryakAraka nathI. dareka paddhatimAM satya ne upayogitA che, ane banne sAthe vAparavAthI yogya puruSonA hAthamAM sattA javAno saMbhava vadhAre raheze.

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yurepanA sudhArAne itihAsa. je samaya viSe ApaNe atyAre vicAra karIe chIe te samaye briti samAje samAnatA ne yogyatAnA be niyamene svIkAra karI ghaNuM baLa prApta karyuM hatuM. e sauthI vadhAre lokapriya samAja hato, badhI jAtanI buddhi baLavALA mANaso emAM jovAmAM AvatA hatA, te manuSyasvabhAvanA badhA umadAmAM umadA vicAre emAM phaLIbhUta karI zakAtA evo hato. e samAjane je sattA prApta thaI hatI, te, e samAjanI dravyasaMpatti ke sattAne mATe levAtAM anyAye pagalAM karatAM vadhAre te A bAbatane lIdhe ja hatI. sArA zAsana mATe bIjI je bAbata joIe, te, svataMtratAne mATe mAna. khristi samAjamAM AnI ghaNI khAmI hatI. e samAjamAM be kutsita niyame ekaThA thayA hatA; eka khristi samAjanA siddhAntone jANe AdhAre ja svIkAravAmAM Avele, ane bIje siddhAntone lIdhe nahi paNa manuSyanI svAbhAvika durbaLatAne pariNAme e samAjamAM dAkhala thaela. prathama niyama dareka mANasanA svataMtra vicArane niSedha karavAno, ne dharmamatapa koI paNa jAtanA grAmyanA vicAra karyA sivAya paraMparAnyAyathI cAlu karyA karavAno hato. A niyama AcAramAM mukAvavA karatAM mAtra vicAramAM ghaDI kADhave vadhAre sahele hate. mANasanI buddhi jyAM sudhI amuka bAbatane svIkAra karatA nathI tyAMsudhI tenI khAtrI thaI zakatI nathI. kaI paNa bAbata game te rIte ne game te nAma sAthe raju karavAmAM AvI hoya te paNa buddhi tene viSe svataMtratAthI vicAra kare che ane je te bAbatavALA dharmapatha phatteha pAme che te buddhithI svIkArAyA pachI ja tema thAya che. Ama magajane game te rUpamAM raju karavAmAM Ave tema chatAM je je vicAro grAhya thAya che te buddhie svIkAryA pachI ja thAya che. kharuM che ke buddhimAM pheraphAra thaI zake, keTaleka daraje buddhi jaDa thaI temAM ja khAmI Ave. tene durupayoga karAvavAmAM bIjAo phAvI zake athavA te tenI bavI zaktine barAbara upayoga thatuM aTakAvI zakAvAya; khristi samAje

Page #112
vyAkhAna pAMcamu 1 svIkArelA kutsita niyamanuM AvuM pariNAma paNa thayuM che; chatAM e niyamanI kevaLa te saMpUrNa asara tA kadApi thai nathI ne thaI zake tema paNa nathI. khInne kutsita niyama dabANu athavA nigrahanA upayAga karI amuka matA svIkArAvavAnA che. khristi samAjane A niyama kei paNa dhArmika samAjanA svabhAvathIja taddana viruddha che, khristi samAjanI utpattinI viruddha che, ane enA prathamanAM siddhAntasUtreAnI paNa viruddha che. jorajabarIthI kabUla karAvavAnA haka eka jAtanA vatAvyAdhAta che; athavA teA amuka judA matA dharAvanArAone zArIrika zikSA karavAnA haka, azradghA ane pAkhaMDa matA dharAvanArAo para julama gujAravA te manuSyanA vicArAtaMtrya mATe tiraskArabuddhi darzAvavI--e bAbatA bhUlabharelI che, te khristi samAjamAM pAMcamA saikAnI paNa pUrve te dAkhala thavA pAmI hatI; ane khristi samAjane te mATe ghaNuM veThavuM paDayuM che. khristi samAjanA dareka aMgane keTalI svataMtratA maLatI hatI te bAbata dhyAnanAM laI e samAjanA ApaNe vicAra karIzuM te ApaNane mAlUma paDaze ke dhArmika sattAnI sthApanAnA Arambhaka samayanA karatAM A samaye e samAjanA siddhAntA ochA lAbhakAraka ne ochA nyAyya hatA. chatAM A parathI ema nahi mAnavuM joIe ke koI paNa kharAba siddhAntathI kAI paNa saMsthA jaDamULathI dUSita thAya che, ke temAM vastI badhIja aniSTatAnuM kAraNu e siddhAntaja che. tarkabuddhithI itihAsa jeTaleA khATe racAya che teTalA khIjA kazAthI thatA nathI. manuSyanA manamAM jyAre amuka vicAra sthAyI thavA pAme che, tyAre te temAMthI dareka jAtanAM anumAneA kADhe che, je je pariNAmeA kalpI zakAya te kalpe che, ne e badhuM vicAra pramANe vAstavika rIte banavuM joIe ema aitihAsika citra khaDuM kare che. paNa vastuo kaMI A pramANe banatI nathI. nanuSyanuM mana jeTaluM zIghratAthI anumAna karI zake che teTalI zIghratAthI banAvA kaMI banatA nathI. badhI vastumAM sArAM ne narasAM tattvAnuM evuM prabaLa saMmizraNa hoya che ke samAja

Page #113
yurepanA sudhArAne ItihAsa ke manuSyanA guNamAM gupta ne samamAM sUkSma tavenuM jyAre tame zodhana kare che tyAre tamane sArAnarasAM bane to sAthe sAthe rahelAM ne ekabIjAne dabAvI nAkhavA prayatna karatAM mAlUma paDe che. manuSyasvabhAva sArA ke narasA bemAMthI ekenI sImAe kadApi pahoMcato nathI; hamezAM e ekamAMthI bIjAmAM badalAya jAya che. jyAre paDatIne samaya najIka Ave che tyAre e sudhare che, ne sudhAro kaMIka sthAyI thayo hoya che tyAre e pAcho nabaLI sthitimAM Ave che. je prakArano vigraha ne je prakAranuM vaividhya yuropanA sudhArAnA tanuM khAsa lakSaNa che ema meM agAu kahyuM hatuM teja prakArano vigraha ne teja prakAranuM vaividhya A bAbatamAM paNa ApaNane mAluma paDaze. khristi samAjanA zAsana viSe eka bIjI paNa sAmAnya bAbata lakSaNarUpa che ne tethI tenuM avalokana karavuM Avazyaka che. AjanA samayamAM game te prakAranI rAjyasattA viSe ApaNe vicAra karIe chIe tyAre ApaNe joIe chIe ke manuSyanA bAhya kaye sivAya bIjA kazA para zAsana karavAne ene dA hota nathI. rAjya lokonA nAgarika jIvananA sambandha sivAya bIjA kazA para niyamana karatAM nathI. manuSyanA vicAra, enA antarAtmA, enI kharekharI nIti, enA aMgata vicAre ne khAnagI rItabhAta viSe te. mAthuM ghAlatAM nathI; A bAbate viSe mANasane svataMtratA hoya che. khristisamAje AthI juduM ja karyuM, athavA te karavAnI icchA rAkhI. e samAje manuSyanI svataMtratA, enI khAnagI rItabhAta, ne svataMtra abhiprAya para sattA calAvavAnuM kAma hAtha dharyuM. ApaNA samayanA jevo niyamasaMgraha kaMI eNe nirNata karyo nahoto. tethI nItine hAnikAraka ne samAjane bhayaMkara evAMja mAtra je kAma hoya te paNa eNe nakkI karyA nahatAM, ne Ama baMne rIte je pramANamAM dUSita hoya te pramANamAM judAM judAM kAma viSe e kaMI sajA karato nahote. jeTalAM kAmo nItine hAnikAraka heya te badhAne pApa tarIke gaNI mAtra nigraha mukavAnAja hetuthI e sajAne pAtra

Page #114
vyAkhyAna pAMcamuM. gaNato, ane samAjamAM manuSyonA anya saMbaMdhane ja je hAnikAraka hoya evAM nahi paNa dareka vyaktinA svataMtra vicAro ne khAnagI abhiprAya para paNa te aMkuza rAkhatA. Ama hovAthI khristi samAja ApakhudI hovAne ne ayogya sattA vApare tene saMbhava hato. paNa tenIja sAthe e prakAranI sattA vaparAya tenA sAme paNa virodha thato hate, ne te, te dabAvI zake te nahote. manuSyanA vicAra ne enI svataMtratAne AcAramAM mukAtAM game teTaluM bAdha hoya ne tenuM kSetra paNa game teTaluM saMkucita hoya, paNa temane dabAvI devAnA prayatna sAme te baLa vApare che, ne je prakAranuM dabANa temane sahevuM paDe che tene tilAMjali ApavAmAM phaLIbhUta thAya che. khristisamAjane viSe paNa AvuM ja banyuM. pAkhaMDamatone niSedha, anveSaNa karavAnA hakano tiraskAra, manuSyanI tarkazaktine nigraha, ne AdhArabhUta matono vicAra karyA vinA | vicArone svIkAra karavAnI paddhatie badhuM e samAjamAM tame joyuM che. ThIka, tema chatAM, eka paNa samAja e batAve ke jemAM khristi samAjamAM tarkabuddhi vikAsa pAmI che tenAM karatAM vadhAre vikAsa pAmI hoya panyo ne pAkhaMDamate svataMtra vicArenAM pariNAma nahi to bIjuM zuM che? khristi samAjanAM virodhanAM mULa dharmapaLe ne pAkhaMDamateja e samAjamAM rahelAM naitika jIvana ne cetananAM kharekhara cihano che. A virodha viSe vicAra karavAnuM mukI daI dhArmika sattAne ja viSe vicAra kare. enA keTalAka siddhAnto sUcavatA lAge che tenAthI judA ja prakAranuM e sattAnuM baMdhAraNa ne tenuM baLa tamane mAlUma paDaze. svataMtra vicArane eNe niSedha karyo hato ne tema chatAM ene vAraMvAra tarkabuddhinI madada levI paDe che ne svataMtratA emAM mukhyatve karIne jovAmAM Ave che. enI saMsthAo ne enAM kAma karavAnAM sAdhana zAM che? sthAnika sabhAo, prajAkIya sabhAo, sAmAnya sabhAo, satatane patravyavahAra vagere vyavahAra, vAraMvAra jovAmAM AvatI patrikAonI prasiddhi zAsaka vacana, ne jAtajAtanAM lakhANe. Ama dareka bAbatamAM ne dareka rIte eja samAjamAM tarkabuddhi ne svataMtratA vaparAtAM jovAmAM Ave che.

Page #115
yuropanA sudhArAne ItihAsa je kharAba siddhAnta darzAvavAne meM prayatna karyo che ke je mArA dhAravA pramANe khristi samAjamAM hatA tenI kaMI asara thaI nathI evuM anumAna huM jarAe karato nathI. je samaya vize ApaNe vicAra karIe chIe te samaye e badhAMnAM jherI ne aniSTa phaLe AvI cUkyAM ja hatAM. paNa thaI zake teTalAM badhAM kharAba pariNAme thavA pAmyAM nathI ne teja samAjamAM rahelI badhI sArI vastuo kaMI tethI dUSita paNa thaI nathI. khristi samAjanI Atara vyavasthA ne tenuM jIvana A samaye A prakAranuM hatuM. have rAjAo ke jeo laukika sattAnA adhiSThAtA che temanA saMbaMdhamAM e samAjano huM vicAra karIza. huM agAu kahI gayA hatA, te, A bIjuM dRSTibindu che. remana mahArAjyanI paDatI thayA pachI khristi samAjamAM eka vicAra ghaNe baLavAna thaze. A vicAra navI AvanArI vaidezika prajAone pitAnA panthamAM dAkhala karI temane pitAnA dharmavALI banAvavAne hato. khristi samAja ne vaidezika prajAo vaccene sauthI pahelAMnA saMbaMdhane bhAgye ja kaMI jude udeza hato. vaidezika prajAo para asara karatI vakhate temanA vicAro ne temanI kalpanAne ruce tevI rIte kAma karavuM Avazyaka hatuM. te hetuthI A samaye prArthanA karavAnI vidhionI saMkhyA, dabadabA, ne vividhatAmAM ApaNe ghaNe vadhAro thaye joIe chIe. tavArIkhanI beMdhothI sAbIta thAya che ke vaidezika prajAonA mana para asara karavAnAM mukhya sAdhano A hatAM. e lekenuM dhArmika parivartana AIbarayukta dekhAvothI karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. jyAre A parivartana thavA pAmyuM ne jyAre temanI ne khristi samAjanI vacce sthAyI sambandhanI keTalIka sAMkaLa baMdhAI tyAre paNa e prajAonI taraphano bhaya kaI khristi samAjane ochA thaye nahota-vaidezinI bedarakArI vRttio evI hatI ke je navA paMtha ne vicArothI temane cetana maLyuM hatuM ke teo protsAhita thayA hatA temaNe temanA para nahi jevI sattA bhogavI. baLanI sattA pharIthI pAchI vadhI paDI, ne jema bIjA badhA samAje tema khristi samAja paNa tene

Page #116
vyAkhyAna pAMcamuM. 85 zaraNe thayo. pitAnA bacAva khAtara kaMIka anizcitapaNe agAu remana mahArAjyamAM amalamAM mukavAmAM Avela eka siddhAnta e khristi samAje jAhera karyo. A siddhAnta dhArmika ne laukika sattAo judI pADavA viSene ne te darekanI svataMtratA sthApita karavAnuM hatuM. A siddhAntanI ja madadathI khristi samAja vaidezikanA saMbaMdhamAM svataMtratAthI rahI zakyo. panyo, zraddhAo, ne dhArmika AzAvacane para baLanI sattA kaMI nabhI zake nahi ne dhArmika ne laukika bAbato tadana judIja che ema e samAje prati pAdana karyuM. A siddhAntanAM sArAM pariNAme tame ekadama joI zake tema che. khristi samAjane AnI laukika upayogitA sAbita thaI, te uparAMta, dhArmika ne laukika e be sattAo AthI judI paDI ne tethI e sattA. ono anyonya para aMkuza rahevA pAmyo e lAbha thayo. A prakAranI svataMtratA sthApita karI ApavAthI khristi samAje sAmAnya rItanA vicArasvAtaMtryane mATe paNa rasto khulle karI Ape. khristi samAje evo mata darzAvyo ke dhArmika paLe para kaI paNa prakAranA baLanuM sAmrAjya thaI zakaze nahi; ne tethI dareka mANasa paNa pitAnI vyaktine viSe A A mata lAgu pADavAne daravA. laukika sattAnA saMbaMdhamAM sAmAnya dhArmika sattAnuM jema svAtaMtrya che temaja satyanA anveSaNa ne vicAronI bAbatamAM paNa manuSyanuM svAtaMtrya che. - dilagIrInI vAta e che ke jema svataMtratAnI IcchA vadhe che tema adhikAra bhogavavAnI paNa IcchA vadhe che. khristi samAjane viSe paNa AvuM ja banyuM. svAbhAvika rIte ja tRSNa ne mAnuSI abhimAnanI vRtti vadhatAM khristi samAje dhArmika sattAnI svataMtratAja mAtra sthApita na karatAM e sattAne laukika sattA para adhikAra sthApyo. paNa ema nahi dhAravuM joIe ke A khoTI IcchAnuM kAraNa manuSyasvabhAvanI mAtra durbalatAja che, bIjA keTalAMka gaMbhIra kAraNe che ne te jANavuM agatyanuM che. buddhinA kSetramAM jyAre svataMtratAnuM sAmrAjya hoya che, jyAre vicAra

Page #117
yurepanA sudhArAne ItihAsa ne aMtaHkaraNanI svecchAnusAra gati para kaI paNa jAtano kheTe aMkuza mukI carcA ne vivekabuddhine haka chInavI levAmAM AvatuM nathI, ane jyAre lokamatanA baMdhAraNa para dabANa mukanAra dekhItI rIte kaI paNa cakkasa prakAranI dhArmika sattAnuM baLa vAparavAmAM AvatuM nathI hotuM, tyAre laukika bAbata para dhArmika bAbatenI sattAno vicAra asaMbhavita hoya che. duniyAnI Adhunika sthiti lagabhaga tevI ja che. paNa dazamA saikAmAM jema hatI tema dhArmika sattA jyAre astitvamAM hoya che, vicArane aMtaHkaraNa pare adhikAra bhogavavA ne aMkuza mukavAne dAvo rAkhanArA kAyadAo, saMsthAo, ne sattAo jyAre tenA para dabANa muke che, sArAMzamAM dhArmika sattA jyAre pUrepUrI sthApita thAya che, ne haka ne zaktinA nAmathI jyAre manuSyanI tarkazakti ne aMtaHkaraNa para jyAre e saMpUrNa kAbu meLave che, tyAre laukika bAbate para e sAmrAjya bhegavavA lalacAya e svAbhAvika che. e jANe evI jAtanI dalIla kare che ke -"ahA! manuSyamAM je uccatama ne svataMtra che, enA vicAra, enI Antara zaktio, enA aMtaHkaraNa, e badhA para huM haka ne sattA bhogavuM chuM, te zuM bhanuSyanI bAhya, bhautika, ne kSaNika vastuo para huM tema nahi karI zake?" nyAya ne satyano nirNaya huM karuM chuM, ne zuM nyAya ne satyane anusarIne laukika vastuo para niyamana mane karavA devAmAM nahi Ave ? " AvI dalIlane pariNAmeja, laukika vastuonA haka dhArmika vastuo chInavI levA avazya prayatna kare tema hatuM. vaLI manuSyanA badhA vicArane samAveza dharmanI bAbatanA vicAromAM te vakhate thaI jato hato. tethI A prakAranI sattA bhegavAya e vadhAre nakkInI vAta hatI, kAraNa ke te vakhate mAtra eka ja prakAranI vidhA hatI--dharmazAstra anya sarve vidyAo,-alaMkArazAstra, aMkagaNita, ne saMgItazAstra suddhAM-dharmazAstramAM AvI jatI hatI. A pramANe manuSyanI sarva prakAranI vicArapravRttiomAM dhArmika bAbata agrasthAna bhagavatI hovAthI, dhArmika sattAe aihika bAbato para

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vyAkhyAna pAMcamuM. sAmrAjyanuM pada dhArI lIdhuM. A pariNAma AvavAmAM eka bIjuM kAraNa aMgabhUta banyuM hatuM. laukika samAjamAM anyAya ne niraMkuzita baLa pravartatAM hatAM ne tethI temanI sthiti bhayaMkara hatI. nIrAMte beThA ghaNA saikAo sudhI laukika sattAnA hako viSe ApaNe bolatA AvyA chIe. paNa je samayane viSe ApaNe vicAra karIe chIe te samaye laukika sattAnuM, eTale mAtra baLanuM, jANe aMkuza vagaranI mAraphADanuM prAbalya hatuM. nIti ne nyAya viSenA khristi samAjanA vicAre hajI sudhI game teTalA apUrNa hatA toe AvI laukika sattAnA karatAM enI sattA ghaNIja caDhIAtI hatI, ane laukikanuM sthAna e bhogave evI matalabanI prajAnI paNa utkaTa icchA jovAmAM AvatI hatI. jyAre koI paNa pipa ke dharmaguo koI rAjAnA haka chInavI letA, ne tenI prajA vaphAdArInA seganomAMthI mukta thAya che ema jAhera karatA, tyAre, AvI rIte te vacamAM paDatA te vAta niHsaMdeha ghaNuM hAnikAraka hatI, topaNa ghaNI vAra amuka amuka khAsa saMjogomAM nyApya ne lAbhakAraka paNa thatI hatI. sAdhAraNa rIte svataMtratA jyAre manuSya bhogavI zakato nathI tyAre tene te pharIthI prApta karAvI ApavAnuM kAma dharma hAtha dhare che. dazamA saikAmAM leke jAte pitAne bacAva karI zake evI sthitimAM nahotA ne tethI mAraphADa sAme potAnA hakanuM rakSaNa karI zake tevA nahotA. IzvaranA nAmathI dharma A vakhate hAre dhAyo. dhArmika sattAne jaya thayo tenAM ghaNAM kAraNomAMnuM A eka kAraNa che. eka trIjuM kAraNa che, ne huM dhAruM chuM tenuM javalle vivecana karavAmAM Ave che; khristi samAjanA adhyakSonI judI judI sthitionI vicitra saMmizritatA, samAjanA judA judA aMgo tarIke teo jovAmAM Ave che te. eka taraphathI teo dhArmika samAjanAja aMga tarIke tadana svataMtra pada bhogavatA hatA, ne bIjI taraphathI, teo phala paddhati pramANe laukika bAbatamAM Azrita pada dhAraNa karatA hatA. vaLI rAjyanI sAmAnya prajAnAM paNa teo aMga hovAthI teo prajA

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yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa. pada paNa dhAraNa karatA hatA. dharmAdhyakSa Ama traNa prakAranAM pada dharAvatA hatA; eka dhArmika ne tethI tadana svataMtra; eka phayaDala paddhati pramANenuM Azritapada ne tethI teo amuka prakAranI sevA karavAne baMdhAtA hatA; ne cheluM eka sAmAnya prajA tarIkenuM pada, ne tethI sarvopari rajasattAnA tAbAmAM rahevAne teo baMdhAtA hatA. have AnuM pariNAma juo. rAjAo, jeo dharmAdhyakSonA karatAM sattA bhogavavAnI spRhA ochI rAkhatA nahotA, teo pitAnA lokika adhikArI padano bane teTalo upayoga karatA, dhArmika svataMtratA para tarApa mAratA, dhArmika vRtti ugharAvAtI te pacAvI pADavA, dharmAdhyakSonI pasaMdagI karatA vagere vagere. dharmAdhyakSe vaLI pitAnI Azrita ke prajA tarIkenI pharajomAMthI mukta thavA dhArmika svataMtratAnI madada letA. tethI evuM banatuM ke rAjAe dhArmika svataMtratA chInavI levA ne dharmAdhyakSo dhArmika svataMtratAnuM sarvatra adhikAritva sthApavA hameza vaLaNa dharAvatA. pariNAme banAvothI jaNAyAM che ne te badhAthI koI paNa ajJAta nathI. A vAta rAjyAbhiSeka ne dharmaguruo ane rAjAonA kalahamAM daSTigocara thAya che. chevaTe, khristi samAjane rAjAo sAthe eka trIjA prakArane saMbaMdha hato. azraddhA ne pAkhaMDa mane dabAvavAne ne tene mATe zikSA karavAnI hakane e dAvo karato, paNa Ama karI zakavAnAM sAdhana tenI pAse kaMI hatAM nahi. zArIrika baLanI madada e laI zake tema hatuM nahi, kAraNa ke te enA tAbAmAM nahatuM. azraddhAne mATe koIne tiraskArapAtra gaNyA pachI tene pharamAvelI zikSA amalamAM ANavAnI enI zakti nahotI. te zuM karI zake tema hatuM? laukika sattAnI e samAja madada mAgate, ne tethI eka rIte laukika sattA para AdhAra rAkhato, ne tenA karatAM utaratI sattAvALe gaNAto hate. khristi samAja ne lokonI vacce kevA prakArano saMbaMdha che ne sudhArA para enI zI asara thaI che te batAvI ApavAnuM have bAkI rahe che.

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vyAkhyAna chaThuM. vyAkhyAna chaThuM. vyAkhyAnano viSaya-briti samAjamAM avikArI ne adhikRta vargonuM judA paDavuM-prajA varganI pAdarI varga para thatI ADakatarI asa2--samAjanA judA judA vargomAMthI pAdarIo tarIke mANasa levAmAM AvyA--prajAmAM sAmAnya vyavasthA ne kAyadA para khristi samAjanI asara--pazcAttApanI paddhati--manuSyanA manano vikAsa taddana dhArmika valaNa dharAve che--khristi samAja je bAju tarapha sattA hoya che temane rahe che--AzcaryakAraka nathI; dharmane uddeza manuSyanI svataMtratAnuM niyamana karavAne che-- pAMcamAMthI bAramA saikA sudhI khristi samAjanI judI judI sthitio--(1) rezamana mahArAjyanA samayane khristi samAja; (2) vaidezika prajAo AvI te samayane khristi samAja; (3) TyUDala paddhati dAkhala thaI te vakhatano samAja-vyavasthA mATe prayatna-- sudhArAne abhAva-sAtame gregarI-svataMtra vicAranuM punarujajIvanaebelArDa--cuMTanA hako mATenuM cetana, . THindiii maka camAthI bAramA saikA sudhI khristi samAjanI sthiti kevI hatI te viSenI tapAsa gayA vyAkhyAnamAM ApaNe pUrI karI zakyA nahotA. traNa daSTibinduothI ApaNe avalokana karavAno vicAra karyo hata; eka te samA janI aMdaranI sthiti kevI che te jovAnuM, bIjuM rAjasattA ne laukika sattAnA saMbaMdhamAM e samAja kevo hato te, ne trIjuM lekonA saMbaMdhamAM e kevo hatuM te. A traNamAMnA pahelA be viSe ApaNuM parIkSaNa. ApaNe pUruM karyuM che. khristi samAjanA loko sAthe saMbaMdha zA prakArano hato te viSenI tapAsa karavAnI have bAkI rahe che. tyArapachI A traNe bAbato parathI yurepanA sudhArA para khristisamAjanI zA prakAranI sAmAnya

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100 yurepanA sudhArAne ItihAsa asara thAya tene ApaNe vicAra karIzuM, ne ItihAsanA banAvathI A vicArone keTalI sAbItI maLe che tenI ApaNe parIkSA karIzuM. eka khAsa bAbata-khristi samAjanA leke sAthenA saMbaMdhamAM mULa dUSaNarUpa ene gaNavI joIe--adhikArI ne adhikRta vargonI judAI adhikRta varganA zAsanamAM temanuM kaMI calaNa nahi, zraddhAzIla lokone viSe paNa khristi dharmaguruonuM svataMtra athavA alAhedA rahevAnuM vartana che. mANasa ne samAjanI sAmAnya sthitithIja A prakAranuM dUSaNa dAkhala thavA pAmyuM haze, kAraNa ke khristi samAjamAM ghaNA zarUAtanA vakhatathI A vAta ApaNe joIe chIe. A judAI ApaNe je samayane viSe vicAra karIe chIe tyAre pUrepUrI thaI cUkI nahotI; keTalAka prasaMgamAM-jemake dharmAdhyakSonI pasaMdagInI vAtamAM loko vacamAM khullI rIte paDI zakatA hatA, ne temane avAja hato. paNa A avAja dhIme dhIme nabaLA paDate gayo ne javalleja saMbhaLAto the. pAdarIvarga lokavargathI judA paDavAnuM vaLaNa khristi samAjanA cheka ArambhakALathI dharAvato hato. te samayathI sattAne durapayoga, je A samaye jovAmAM Ave che, te have pachInA samayamAM bahu vadhAre thavA pAme che, ane jene lIdhe ApaNane ATaluM badhuM veThavuM paDayuM che, te thavA mAMDe e vAtanI nA pADI zakAya tema nathI. paNa A badhA durupayoga mAtra A judAIne ja AdhAre uddhavyA hatA ke A judAI kaMI mAtra khristi pAdarIo ja rAkhatA hatA evuM ApaNe dhAravuM nahi joIe. adhikRta varga para adhikArI varganI ghaNI uMcA prakAranI sattA sthApita karavA tarapha, ne adhikArI varga kaMIka jude ja ne daivI che ema gaNAvavA taraphanuM jabaruM vaLaNa dhArmika samAjanA baMdhAraNamAM ja hoya che. pAdarIoe hAthamAM lIdhelAM kartavya, ne je prakAranI temanA viSenI chApa lekonA mana para paDe che tenuM e pariNAma che, ane koI paNa bIjA samAjamAM hoya tenA karatAM dhArmika samAjamAM A pariNAma vadhAre dukhadajanaka che. adhikRta vargane AthI zuM khAvAnuM che? temanI buddhinI svataMtratA, temanuM aMtaHkaraNa, temanuM bhAvI,

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eTale ke temanI badhI najIkanI vastuo, badhI vyaktiviSayaka vastuo, badhI sauthI vadhAre svataMtra vastuo. jo ke pariNAma ghaNuM aniSTa Ave to e keTalIka hada sudhI ApaNe kalpI ne mAnI zakIe ke mANasa potAnI laukika vastuo para koI bAhya sattAno adhikAra besavA deze. eka philasuphanuM ghara jyAre saLagyuM ne A viSenI ene khabara ApavA leke gayA tyAre eNe javAba dIdho ke "jAo, mArI strIne kaho; gharasaMsAranI bAbatamAM huM mAthuM nathI ghAlata." A philasuphanuM AvuM vartana paNa ApaNe samajI zakIe tema che, kAraNa ke mAtra laukika vastuo paraja pitAne adhikAra eNe uThAvI laI temane anyanA hAtha nIce eNe mukI dIdhI hatI. paNa jyAre aMtaHkaraNa, vicAro, Antara jIvana viSe e prakAranuM vartana thAya che, ne pitAnA AtmA paranuM pitAnuM zAsana uThAvI levAmAM Ave che, ane koI bAhya sattAne zaraNe karavAmAM Ave che, tyAre te to kharekhara eka naitika AtmaghAta thAya che, zarIranA dAsatva ke rAjyanA dAsatva karatAM te segaNuM vadhAre kharAba che. chatAM Aja prakAranI aniSTatA huM tarataja batAvIza tema jo ke pUrepUrI te pravartI nahi, paNa dhIme dhIme zraddhAzIla manuSya taraphanA khristisamAjanA saMbaMdhamAM ghara ghAlI beThI. tame joyuM ja che ke dharmaguruonAja svAtaMyanI kaI prakAranI khAtrI nahotI. khristi samAjamAM ne sAmAnya prajAvargamAM sthiti AthIe ghaNI vadhAre kharAba hatI. pAdarIomAM bIjuM kaMI nahi te carcA athavA UhApoha, manana, ne mAnasika zaktione prAdurbhAva jovAmAM Avato hato; svataMtratAnI jagyA temAM kalahathI utpanna thatA Aveza ne cetanathI sacavAtI hatI. dharmaguruo ne sAmAnya prajAnI vacce AmAMnuM kazuM thatuM nahotuM. prajAvarga temanA para bhagavAnI sattA viSe mAtra prekSakano ja bhAga leto hato. Ama dharmasaMbaMdhI bAbatone nirNaya karavAno haka dharmaguruono ja che ne sAmAnya lokone temAM kaMI bolavAno haka nathI, ne koI paNa rIte e varga dharmanI bAbatamAM vacamAM paDI zake nahi evuM ghaNuM ArabyunA kALathI mantavya ubhuM thaeluM ne pravarteluM ApaNe joIe chIe.

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102 yurApanA sudhArAno ItihAsa. je samaya viSe ApaNe vicAra karIe chIe te samaye AvuM mantavya saMpUrNa sattA bhogavatuM hatuM; enA para jaya meLavavAne, ne dhArmika bAbatA ane vidyAnA viSayA leAkeAnA adhikAramAM paNa che ema manAvavAne saikAo te pracaMDa parivatanA Avazyaka hatAM.. Ama jo ke vastusthitimAM jotAM te nahi, paNa vicAramAM, dharmagurue te khristi dharma pALanAra leAkeA bAramA sai pahelAM ghaNuMkharUM judA paDI gayA hatA. chatAM A samaye paNa khristi leAkeA para je dhArmika zAsana thatuM hatuM temAM teo jAte kaMi paNa karI zakatA nahotA ema nahiM mAnavuM joI e. kAyadApUrvaka vacamAM paDavAnA temanA haka nahotA, tApaNa temane avAja asarakAraka nIvaDatA hatA. jyAM kAI paNa prakAranI sattA vaparAya tyAM adhikArI ne adhikRta varganI vacce eka jAtane saMbaMdha thAya che, ne jemanA para sattA bhAgavavAmAM Ave che temane khelavAno haka na hoya tepaNa ADatarI rIte temanuM kahevuM adhikArI vargane vicAravuM paDe che. phrAnsa dezamAM caudamA ne paMdaramA luInA samayamAM rAjyasattA ApakhudI hatI, chatAM te vakhate prajAnA avAja jeTalA baLavAna hatA teTalA koI vakhate nahotA, ne leAkamata rAjyasattA para jabarI asara karatA hatA; rAjye lokeAnA vicAra| para lakSa na ApavuM e taddana asaMbhavita hatuM. pAMcamAthI bAramA saikA sudhInA samayamAM khristi samAjane viSe paNa evuMja banyuM; kharUM che ke khrista leAkeAne kAyadApUrvaka rIte kheAlavAnA haka nahAtA, tApaNa dhArmika bAbatamAM leAkeAnA vicArAmAM eka jakharUM cetana jovAmAM AvatuM hatuM. A cetanane lIdhe dharmagurue te leAkeA anyAnya sahavAsamAM AvyA, ane AvI rIte leAkeAe dharmaguruo para asara karI. itihAsanA abhyAsa karatAM dareka bInAnA saMbaMdhamAM ADakatarI rIte je je asarA thaI hoya te ghaNI agatyanI gaNavI joI e. sAdhAraNa rIte dhAravAmAM Ave che tenA karatAM evI asare! ghaNuM vadhAre khaLa dharAve che, te keTalIka vAra vadhAre lAbhakAraka hAya che. mANasAne

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* vyAkhyAna che. - 103 pitAne je kaMI karavuM hoya tenI asara jaladIthI ne dekhItI rIte thAya, ne pitAne phatteha ne sattA maLe te bhogavavAno AnaMda anubhavavAnuM temane mana thAya e svAbhAvika che. paNa A hameza saMbhavita nathI, hameza upayogI paNa nathI. keTalAka vakhata ne saMjogo evA hoya che ke jyAre parokSa ne adazya asaroja IcchavA lAyaka ne karI zakAya tevI hoya che. AnuM eka kAraNa che. pratyakSa rIte kaMI kAma karavAnuM hoya temAM te karanAramAM ghaNuM vadhAre jJAna, buddhi, ne vivekazakti hovAM joIe, kAraNa ke kAma jaladIthI karavAnuM hovAthI temAM bhUlacUka thavAno saMbhava na hovo joIe. parokSa athavA avyakta rIte je je asara karI zakAya che te ghaNAM vidano oLaMgyA pachIja ne ghaNI kasoTIe sevyA pachI ja thAya che; dhIme dhIme ne amuka hadamAM ja evI asara karI zakAya che. A hetuthI leke jJAnamAM ne anubhavamAM barAbara vadhelA na hoya ne tethI pratyakSa rIte temane sattA ApavAmAM na Ave, tyAre parokSa rIte temanA bolavA karavAnI je asara thAya che te saMtoSakAraka te nathI hotI, topaNa vadhAre pasaMda karavA jevI hoya che. khristi lokoe temanA adhikArIo para AvI rIte asara karI; te ghaNI ja ochI hatI, chatAM mane khAtrI che ke hatI kharI. khristi samAja ne leko vaccenI judAI dUra thaI ne teo ekabIjAnA saMbaMdhamAM AvatA tenuM eka bIjuM kAraNa paNa hatuM. khristi dharmaguruo judI judI paMktinA badhA manuSyonA sahavAsamAM vaheMcAyelA hatA, ne tethI temanA saMbaMdhamAM AvatA hatA. Azrita janonA kaMgAla raheThANathI zarU karIne cheka rAjAnA mahela sudhInA caDhatA utaratI badhA AvAsomAM pAdarI rahete jovAmAM Avato hato, ne tethI te badhIja jAtanI manuSyanI sthitio sAthe saMbaMdhamAM Avato. dharmaguruo ne prajA varganI vaccene A kAraNane lIdhe saMbaMdha jaLavAI rahe te hato. vaLI cUDala paddhati pramANenA samAjanA baMdhAraNamAM dharmaguruo ne temanA adhyakSo keTalIka vAra dhArmika sAthe laukika pada paNa dhAraNa karatA hatA. tethI ja eka ja prakAranI bAbata,

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huM 04 yuraiApanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. AcArA, ne rItabhAtA laukika ne dhArmika vAmAM sAmAnya rIte jovAmAM AvatI hatI. dharmAdhyakSA laDAImAM gayA hovA viSe te dharmaguruo laukika jIvana gujAratA hovA viSenI ghaNI kariyAdo thaI che. kharekhara, A ghaNI zaiAcanIya sthiti hatI, chatAM anya sthaLe dharmagurue pAtAnA devaLathI dUra jatAja nahi ne tethI prajAvathI taddana alAheduMja jIvana kADhatA evAenA karatAM AmanI sthiti ghaNI ochI mAThA prakAranI hatI. prajAvargathI tadana ataDA ne dUra rahenArA pAdarIo karatAM je dhamAdhyakSA laukika laheAmAM keTalIka rIte mAthuM mAratA te ghaNA vadhAre kAmamAM AvatA. AvI rItanA saMbaMdhathI adhikArI ne adhikRta varganI dharmasamAjamAM je bludAI hatI tenuM mAruM pariNAma badalI zakAyuM teA nahi, tApaNu ghaNuM ochuM hAnikAraka nIvaDyuM. have khristi samAje manuSyanA Antara vikAsa ne AtmAnI urjAne arthe zuM karyuM te sAmAjika sudhArAne arthe zuM karyuM tenI ApaNe tapAsa karIe. je samaya viSe ApaNe vicAra karIe chIe te samaye manuSyanA AtmAnI unnatine mATe khristi samAje dhaNuM karyuM hoya ema huM dhAratA nathI. duniyAmAM je baLavAna mANasA hatA temanAmAM naramAzanI bhAvanAe, ne nabaLA manuSyA pratinA temanA saMbaMdhamAM nyAyanI vRtti preravA e samAje prazna karyo; ane nabaLA manuSyamAM naitika jIvana ne temanI nirutsAhI dainika pravRttimAM hAI zake tenA karatAM uccatara bhAvanAo ne icchAe eNe jALavI rAkhyAM, tema chatAM manuSyanI, khAsa karI sAmAnya manuSyAnI, je kharI unnati che te sAdhavA, ne mANasanA AtmagauravanI vRddhi karavAne huM nathI dhAratA ke A samaye khristi samAje ghaNuM karyuM hAya. je kaMI eNe karyuM te dhArmika samAjanA mANasone mATeja hatuM. dharmaguruonI unnati, ne dharmapracArakeAnA zikSaNane mATeja e mukhyatve mathatA hatA. emane mATe zALAo, ane te uparAMta, sam'nI kaMgAla sthitimAM te vakhate banI zake evI hatI tevI saMsthA sthApI hatI. paNa te badhI dhArmika zALAo

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vyAkhyAna DuM. 105 hatI ne dharmaguruonA upadezane artheja hatI; sAmAnya prajA varganA vicAre ne AcArA unnata karavAmAM temanI mAtra parAkSaja asara hatI. khristi samAje janasamAjanI sAMsArika sthiti sudhAravAne vadhAre asarakAraka rIte kAma karyuM hatuM ema mArUM mAnavuM che. emAM jarAae zaka nathI ke sAmAjika sthitinA moTA doSA, jevA ke gulAmagIrInI paddhati, tenI viruddha eNe jabarI laData uThAvI. vAraMvAra karI karIne kahevAmAM AvyuM che ke Adhunika kALamAM gulAmagIrInI paddhati nAbuda thaI te mAtra khristi leAkeAnA baLane lIdheja thaI che. huM dhArUM chuM A te! jarA vadhAre paDatuM kahevAnuM che; ghaNA lAMbA samaya sudhI khristi leAkeAmAMja gulAmagIrI rahI hatI ne te viSe teo Azcarya pAmatA ke krodhathI tiraskAravRtti darzAvatA nahotA. badhA anyAyemAM sauthI meTAmAM meTA A anyAyanA nAH thavAmAM ghaNAM kAraNe, ne bIjA vicArA ne sudhArAnA siddhAntane ghaNe! vikAsa sahAyabhUta thayAM hatAM. chatAM gulAmagIrI dabAvavAmAM khristi samAje paNa mahenata karI che tene zaka lAvI zakAya tema nathI. AnI ApaNI pAse sayeTa sAbItI che. jude jude samaye nAgarika hake ApavAnI judI judI paddhatiomAM moTe bhAge dhArmika siddhAntAne anusaratI paddhati hatI; dhArmika vicArA, bhaviSyane viSe AzAe, te manuSyanI dhArmika samAnata.nA nAmamAMja hakA ghaNuMkharUM bakSavAmAM AvyA che. temaja jaMgalI rivAje dabAvavA, ane phejArI ne dIvAnI kAyadAmAM sudhArAo karavAne paNa khristi samAje ghaNuM kAma karyuM. svataMtratAnA keTalAka siddhAnta svIkArAyA chatAM kAyado te vakhate kevA vicitra hatA te tame jANe! che. satya odhI kADhavAne mATe nyAyapura:sara dvandvayuddha ne keTalAka mANasenA mAtra sAgata para karelAM vacane paraja badhA AdhAra rAkhavAmAM AvatA hatA. evI hAsyajanaka rItanA purAvAe te vakhate svIkArAtA hatA te paNa tame jANeA che. A badhAMne ThekANe vadhAre vyAjabI rItanA purAvAo sIkArAvavA khristi samAje prayatna karyA. TaoNliDe to

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106 yuropanA sudhArAnA itihAsa dhArmika samAje mukhyatve nakkI karelA visiAtha lokonA kAyadA ane khIjI vaidezika prajAnA kAyadAomAM je taphAvata jovAmAM Ave che te maiM tamane darzAvyA hatA. nyAya ne satyanA saMzAdhanamAM khristi samAjanuM padma uccatara che tema lAgyA vinA rahetuMja nathI. uddAharaNa tarIke visiAtha prajA seAgatanA kevA upayAga karatI hatI te tapAseA te tarata temanI vivekabuddhi tamane jaNAI AvazeH r kesanI samajaNa paDe teTalA mATe nyAyAdhIze sAkSIone prathama savAlo pUchavA, ne pachI likhita purAvA tapAsavA, kAraNa ke Ama karavAthI satya vadhAre nizcitatAthI zodhI kaDhAya ne segana nAkhapane na apAya. satyanuM anveSaNa karavuM hAya teA dareka pakSanA likhita purAvA cAkasAIthI tapAsavA joie, te game te vakhate seAgana levAnI pakSakArAnI karaja temanA para aNudhArele vakhate AvI paDe. jyAre koI paNa likhita purAvA, ke jo kaMI satya zeAdhAya tevA cokkasa purAvA na hoya tyAreja nyAyAdhIze sAgana khavaDAvavA. '' pheAjadvArI bAbAmAM gunhA ne temanI sajAne saMbaMdha buddhi ne nItine anusarIne rAkhavAmAM AvyA che. anya sthaLAe nukasAnanA pramANamAM gunhAnuM gAmbhIrya svIkAravAmAM AvatuM jaNAya che, ne Arthika pratikAranA rUpamAMja sajA pharamAvI saMtASa karavAmAM Ave che. visiAtha leAkeAmAM dhArmika vicArAnI sattAne khaLe gunhAnuM kharUM ne naitika svarUpa jovAmAM Ave che, te gunhAnuM khIja tenA IrAdAmAM gaNavAmAM Ave che. gunhA echAvattAnA pramANanA kramA, kevala ajJAnapUrvaka manuSyahatyA, sapramAda manuSyahatyA, kAdIpta manuSyahatyA, saMkalpapUrvaka ke saMkalparahita manuSyahatyA, ema Adhunika samayanI peTheja aparAdhanA krameA judA judA pADavAmAM Ave che, te samajAvavAmAM Ave che, te zikSA paNa A kramane anusarIneja echIvattI rAkhavAmAM Ave che. vaLI vaidezika prajAmAM mANasAnI uMcInIcI padavI pramANe gunhAnuM gAmbhIrya gaNAtuM te paNa kADhI nAkhavAmAM

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vyAkhyAna hatuM. 107 Ave che. mAtra svataMtra mANasa ne gulAmenI vaccenuM ja antara jALavI rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. khristi samAja viSe eka bAbata evI che ke teNe joIe teTaluM dhyAna khecyuM nathI; e pazcAttApanI paddhati che. e samAja taraphathI thatI badhI zikSAo tame tapAso to tamane mAlUma paDaze ke temAM mukhya udeza pApI mANasanA manamAM pazcAttApa utpanna karavAno, ne prekSakonA manamAM naitika bhaya utpanna karavAno hoya che. vaLI eka bIjo vicAra paNa A sAthe maLela raheta; ane te pAvanane. pazcAttApa karAvo ne dAkhalo besADa-e banne sAdhanothI pApanI zuddhi karavAne khristi samAjano prayatna hate. Ane anusarIne racAtA kAyadAo zuM kharekharA vicArazIlatAne pariNAmarUpe nahatA? gunhAo viSene yuropanA kAyadAmAM sudhArA dAkhala karavAne zuM Aja siddhAnta pramANe kAma nahotuM karavAmAM AvyuM ? khristi samAja ne loko vacce sabaMdhe A prakArane hato. have yuropanA sudhArA para enI zI asara thaI tenuM sAmAnya parIkSaNa ApaNe karavAnuM bAkI rahe che. A badhuM paNa ApaNuM jANavAmAM che. te badhuM sameTI letAM mAtra be sAmAnya vAta kahevA jevI che. pahelI vAta e che ke Adhunika samayanA yuropamAM nIti ne buddhinA kSetramAM, prajAkIya vicAra, bhAvanAo, ne AcAromAM khristi samAje ghaNI bhAre asara karI hovI joIe. A vAta dekhItI che. yuropanI nIti ne buddhiviSayaka unnati dhArmika vicArene anusaratI ja thaI che. pAMcamAthI bAramA saikA sudhIno ItihAsa tapAsa; manuSyanA Antara jIvana para dharmanuM baLa ne niyamanaja jovAmAM Ave che, badhA ja vicArone dharmano epa lAgelo hoya che, ne tattvajJAna, rAjanIti, ne ItihAsanA badhA viDyo dhArmika dRSTibinduthI ja carcAtA jovAmAM Ave che. buddhinA kSetramAM paNa dhArmika vicAronuM eTaluM badhuM baLa che ke gaNitavidyA ne padArthavijJAnamAM paNa dharmazAstranA siddhAntonI sattA

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108 yuropanA sudhArAno ItihAsa cAle che. yuropamAM bekana ne DekorTanA samaya sudhI badhI ja bAbatane dharmavicArone raMga lAgato hato. iMglaMDamAM bekane ne phrAnsamAM DekATe pahelI ja vakhata buddhine dharmanA kSetramAMthI chUTI pADI, ne vicAro svataMtra rIte karavAnI AvazyaktA sthApita karI. sAhityanAM sarve aMgomAM paNa AvI ja sthiti jovAmAM Ave che; dareka sthaLe dhArmika rUDhio, bhAvanAo, ne bhASA dRSTigocara thAya che. A samagra rIte jotAM A prakAranI asara hitakAraka thaI che. eNe yuropanA jJAnakSetramAM cetana mukI temAM sArAM phaLa ApyAM che, eTaluM ja nahi, paNa je siddhAnta ne upadezavacananI paddhatinA nAmamAM e cetana utsAhita karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM te prAcIna samayanI pravRttio karatAM ghaNuM uMcA prakAranuM hatuM. ekaja vakhate cetana ne pragati sAthe protsAhita thayAM. vaLI khristi samAjanI vastusthiti evI hatI ke agAu koI paNa divasa nahi thaelo e mAnasika vikAsa Adhunika yuropamAM thavA pAmyo. pUrvamAM buddhi tadana dharmaniSTha hoya che; grIka lokomAM e tadana laukika hoya che; ekamAM manuSyatva-nanuSyasvabhAva ne manuSyanA bhAvI viSenI bAbato bIlakula jovAmAM AvatI nathI, ne bIjAmAM, mANasa jAteja, enA rAga , enI bhAvanA ne enA viSeja buddhinuM badhuM kSetra bharI de che. hAlanA samayamAM dareka vastumAM dhArmika vicArone raMga lAgeluM hoya che, chatAM te kazAno bahiSkAra karatA nathI. Adhunika buddhi para laukika ne dhArmika banne bAbatenI chApa hoya che. ApaNA sAhityamAM mAnuSI bhAvanAone viSayo agatyanuM sthAna le che, ne tema chatAM mANasane dhArmika svabhAva bIjI duniyA sAthe ene joDI denAro enA jIvanano bhAga paNa dareka pagale jovAmAM Ave che. tethI mANasanI unnatinAM be mukhya sAdhane, manuSyatva ne dharma ekaja vakhate ne ghaNAM ja pravartamAna thayAM che. ane khristi samAjanI asara buddhinA daSTibinduthI jotAM ghaNae mAThAM ne aniSTa pariNAmo sAthe mizrita, ghaNue ApakhudI baLo sAthe ekaThI thaI hovA chatAM, unnatine vizva karavA

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vyAkhyAna che. karatAM vikAsaya karavAmAM vadhAre phaLIbhUta thaI che. rAjakIya dRSTibinduthI judI rItA bhAsa jAya che. rAjya ne prajA, sattA ne svataMtratAnA saMbaMdhanI khAkhatamAM khristi samAjanI asara huM nathI dhAratA ke lAbhakAraka thaI hAya. A saMbaMdhamAM khriti samAje dhArmika sattA ke zamana mahArAjyanI niraMkuza sattAnI paddhatinA rakSaka tarIke kAma karyuM che, eTale ke keTalIka vAra dharmanA nAmamAM te keTalIka vAra rAjasattAnA nAmamAM eNe ApakhudI sattA bhAgavI che. enI badhI saMsthAo, ne enA badhA kAyadAo tapAseA; enA niyameA ne kAryapaddhatie jue. tamane mAlUma paDaze ke kyAMtA dhArmika sattA, ke rAjasattAnI ApakhudI paddhatinA siddhAnta eNe AgaLa paDatA gaNyA che. jyAre nabaLA paDatA tyAre e samAja zahenazAheAnI niraMkuza sattAnI sahAyatA letA, ne jyAre jamA hoya tyAre potAnI dhArmika sattAnA nAmamAM niraMkuza svataMtratA dharAvavAne e haka karatA. 109 A pramANe sAmAjika ne rAjakIya sthiti para khristi samAje karelI asaranI ApaNe parIkSA karI. have dhArmika samAjanA baMdhAraNa viSe mAtra tarkabuddhithI karelA A vicArane banAvA ne itihAsathI sAkhItI maLe che ke nahi tenI ApaNe khAtrI karavAnI che. A siddhAntA ne pariNAmA ekaja samaye dRSTigAcara thayAM che te maiM cItaryA teTalAM spaSTatAthI dekhAyAM che evuM nahi dhArI levAnI tame sAvacetI rAkhajo. ghaNA saikA pachI gata samayane viSe vicAra karatAM vastue te banAveAnA Antara krama visaravA, ne tihAsanA banAvA anukrame thAya che e dekhIto vAta visarI javI e mATI ne dhaNI sAmAnya bhUla che. kraeNmbela, gasTevasa eDalTsa, ke kArDinala rizelyu evA ekAda mANasanuM jIvana tapAseA. enA jIvanamArga para e dAkhala thAya che, cAle che te AgaLa vadhe che; meTA banAvA para e asara kare che, te enA para paNa meTA banA vAnI asara thAya che; chevaTe e enuM antima kAma sAdhe che tyAre ApaNe ene barAbara jANIe chIe, paNa te, ene samagra rIte jotAM, Izvare ene dhaNI

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110 yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa, vAra ghaDyA pachI jANe enA taiyAra thaelA rUpamAM ApaNe ene joIe ne jANIe chIe. paNa je e ate thAya che te zarUAtamAM e nahota; enA jIvanI koI paNa eka paLe e saMpUrNa ne taiyAra nahota; e dhIme dhIme taiyAra thaye hoya che. jevo zArIrika te ja mANasone naitika vikAsa thAya che. roja te badalAya che. bilakula aTakyA vagara jIvana badalAtuM jAya che. I. sa. 1650 nI sAlane kaeNpTela te 1640 ne kraukhela hoto nathI. hameza, sthAyI vyaktitvane kaMI ekaja pAyo hoya che khare, ekaja mANasa TakI rahe che, to paNa enA vicAre, enI bhAvanAo, ne enI IcchAo keTalo badalAI gayAM hoya che! eNe zuM zuM khoyuM ne meLavyuM hoya che! manuSyajIvananI kaI paNa paLe ApaNe tene joIzuM, e, e jIvananI avadhi pUrI thayA pachI ApaNe tene joIzuM tevuM agAu thaI gaeluM ApaNe eke vAra nahi joIe. te chatAM ghaNAkharA itihAsakAroe ahIM ja bhUla karI che; koI paNa mANasanA AkhA jIvana saMbaMdhI temaNe amuka vicAra bAMdhyuM hoya te te parathI tene AkhA jIvanamArganA judA judA samaye paNa teo tene evone evo ja jAya che. saMsthAo ne sAmAnya pariNAmane viSe paNa teo hameza teja bhUla kare che. ApaNe tenI sAme saMbhALa rAkhavI joIe. khristi samAjanA siddhAnto viSe meM tamane je kahyuM che te aitihAsika dRSTithI kharUM nathI ema yAda rAkhaje, kAraNa ke te badhuM kakaDe kakaDe ne anukrame thayuM che, dipha ane kALamAM ahIMtahIM patharAyeluM che. pAMcamA ne bAramA saikAnI vacamAM itihAsa tapAsatAM khristi samAjanI zI sthiti hatI tenuM citra ApaNe jAIe. pAMcamA saikAmAM prathama te khristi samAja remana mahArAjyanA samayanA samAja tarIke jovAmAM Ave che. jyAre e mahArAjya paDatI para hatuM tyAre khristi samAja pote jANe pitAnA kAryanI Toca para AvyuM hoya ne pitAne vijaya paripUrNatAthI sAdhyuM hoya ema mAnatA hatA. kharuM che ke azraddhA

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vyAkhyAna che. 111 ne pAkhaMDamatene eNe pUrepUrA nAbuda karyA hatA. khristi dharmamAM nahi mAnanArAonA romanA dharmAdhyakSanI padavI dhAraNa karanAra chello zahenazAha jhezIana hato. e cothA saikAne ane te marI gayo. temaja pAkhaMDamatAnuyAyI eriyana loko jevAnI sAmenuM khristi samAjanuM yuddha paNa jANe atte AvyuM hoya ema lAgatuM hatuM. tethI khristi samAjanA be moTA verIo sAme e phAvavA pAmyo. Aja samaye romana mahArAjyanI paDatI thatI ne vaidezika prajIonA tAbAmAM Avato e samAja pitAne jovA lAge. paDatI ghaNI jabarI hatI. khristi samAjanA lokone e mahArAjyane mATe kevI prabaLa lAgaNI hovI joIe te tame helathI kalpI zake temU che. Ane lIdhe ja je kaMI e mahArAjyane nAza thatAM chatAM paNa TakI rahevA pAmyuM.zaherI rAjyapaddhati athavA myunisipala (nagarajanasattAka) paddhati ne niraMkuza sattA--e bene jabaro vaLagI raheto e samAja ApaNe joIe chIe. vaLI jyAre vaidezika prajAone khristi dharmamAM e pheravI rahyo, tyAre mahArAjyanI sattA vaidezika rAjAone remane zahenazAha banavA ane romana mahArAjyano khristisamAja sAthe je prakArano saMbaMdha hato te karavA eNe prayatna karyA. paMcamAMthI chaThThA saikAonI vacamAM dharmAdhyakSanuM kAmane khristi samAjanI sAmAnya sthiti A prakAranI hatI. A prayatna phattehamaMda thaI zake tema nahotuM; vaidezika lokomAMthI pharIthI remana samAja ubhuM karI zakAya tenAM sAdhano nahotAM. nAgarika samAjanI paDe khristiono dharmasamAja paNa jaMgalI sthitimAM AvI paDayo. A enI bIjA prakAranI sthiti hatI. AThamA saikAnA dhArmika tavArIkhakAronAM lakhANe je koI pUrvane samayanAM lakhANa sAthe tapAsaze to tene ghaNo taphAvata mAlUma paDaze. remana sudhArAnuM paDIbhAgeluM dareka citenI bhASA paNa-adRzya thayuM hatuM; dareka vastu jANe vaidezika sthitimAM paDI hoya ema lAgatuM hatuM. eka taraphathI vaidezika loko dharmaguruo ne dharmAdhyakSa thavA dharmasamAjamAM dAkhala thayA, ne bIjI taraphathI dharmAdhyakSae jaMgalI

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112 yureApanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. prakAranuM jIvana svIkAryuM, ne peAtAnuM sthaLa cheADyA sivAya deza para lUMTaphATa karatAM ne laDAI karanArAM vaidezika DhALAnA saradArapaNAnuM kAma karyuM. AvI vaidezika sthitimAM AvI paDelA khristi samAjane viSe e agatyanI khAkhatA dhIme dhIme vikAsa pAmI. pahelI dhArmika ne laukika sattAA chUTI paDI te bAbata che. A siddhAnta A samayeja udbhavyA. AthI vadhAre khIjuM kazuM svAbhAvika hAI zake tema nahAtuM. rAmana mahArAjyAnI sattA punarudIpta karavAmAM e samAja niSphaLa javAthI enI peAtAnI sahIsalAmatIne arthe eNe svataMtra banavuM paDayuM. badhI bAju taraphathI ene vAravAra bhaya rahetA hAvAthI pAtAnI badhI bAjuonuM eNu nu karavuM e ene Avazyaka hatuM. samAjanA paisA, jamIna, te sattA pacAvI pADavA ane tenI badhI khAkhatAmAM vacamAM paDavA vaidezika prajAo vAravAra mAthuM ghAlavA prayatna karatI te dareka dharmAdhyakSe ne dharmapracArake joyuM. khristisamAjanA rakSaNanuM ekaja sAdhana mAtra ema kahevAnuM hatuM ke " dhArmika samAja laukika samAjnmI taddana alAhedA che; tenI khAkhatAmAM vacamAM paDavAne tamAre haka nathI. vedezika prajAe viruddha khristi samAjanuM rakSaNa karavAmAM bIjA kAI paNa siddhAnta karatAM A sauthI vadhAre upayAgI thaI paDayA. ,, pazcimamAM maDhavAsIonA varga sthapAyA e eka khIjI agatyanI khAmata che. e jANItI vAta che ke saTa beneDikaTe chaThThA saikAmAM pazcimavAsI sAdhuemAM enA anuyAyIone eka navA varga sthApyA. te vakhate te varga saMkhyAmAM nahi jevA hatA paNa pachIthI te dhaNeja vadhI gayA che. A vakhatanA marDamAM rahenArA sAdhue dharmaguruonA samAjanAM aMgeA gaNAtA naheAtA; hajI teo mAtra sAmAnya laukika vargamAMja gaNAtA hatA. dharmapracArake! ke dharmaguruo suddhAM A vargamAMthI pasaMda karAtA hatA e niHsaMdeha / che, tepaNu sAmAnya rIte A sAdhue khudra dharmaguruonA vargamAM pAMcamA saikAnA antamAM te ThaThThAnI zarUAtamAMthIja gaNAtA thayA. dharmapracArako te dharmAdhyakSA sAdhuonA vargamAM dAkhala thavA mAMDyA; kAraNa ke tema karavAthI

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vyAkhyAna chatuM. 113 teo dhArmika jIvanamAM eka navIna pravRttino ne pragatino mArga letA ema teo mAnatA. Ama yuropamAM bhaThavAsIone varga vadhI gayo. laukika AcAre pALanArA dharmaguruo vaidezikonI kalpanA para jeTalI asara karI zaktA tenA karatAM A bhaThavAsIoe ghaNuM vadhAre karI. jema temanI jIvananI rIta vicitra hatI ne tethI dabadabe utpanna karatI hatI temane tethI vadhAre temanI saMkhyA tema karatI hatI. laukika AcAravALA dharmaguruo, dharmAdhyakSa, ke sAdA dharmapracArako vadezikone jANItA hatA ne temane teo jovAne, temanuM apamAna karavAne, ne temane lUTavAne paNa TevAI gayelA hatA. eka ja pavitra sthaLe ATalA badhA pavitra mANaso rahetA hoya evA maThanA para humalo karavo e ghaNuM vadhAre gaMbhIra kAma hatuM. jema sAmAnya prajAvargane khristi dhArmika samAjamAM AzrayasthAna maLanuM tema jaMgalI samayamAM khristi dhArmika samAjane maTho AzrayasthAna hatA. dharmaniSa manuchone temAM ArAma maLato hato. vaidezinI sattAnA samayanA khristi samAjanA ItihAsamAMnI mukhya be bAbata A pramANenI che, eka tarapha dhArmika ne laukika sattAo judI paDI te, ne bIjI tarapha pazcimamAM AzramavAsanI paddhati pravartamAna thaI te. vaidezinI sattAnA samayane lagabhaga ane remana mahArAjyane punajIvita karavAne zArlAmena rAjAe prayatna karyo hato. dharmasamAja ne laukika samAjanA rAjAnI vacce pharIthI gADha saMbaMdha sthapAye. A ghaNI naramAzano samaya hato, ne tethI pitAnI sattA ghaNuM vadhavAne anukULa hato. yAsa karIthI niSphaLa gayo ne zArlAmenanI rAjasattA paDI bhAMgI; paNa enI joDenA gADha saMbaMdhathI khristi samAjane je lAbha maLI cUkyA hatA te TakI rahyA. khristi samAjamAM pipanI sattA cakakasa Toca para AvI. zArlAmenanA mata pachI avyavasthAnI zarUAta thaI, temAM jema laukika tema dhArmika samAja paNa sapaDAI gayo che tenAthI chUTe paDyo te mAtra phayUDala paddhatimAM bhaLI javAne mATe ja. A e samAjanI trIjI sthiti

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114 yurepanA sudhArAne itihAsa, hatI. zArlAmenanI sattA bhAMgI paDavAthI jema laukika samAjamAM tema dhArmika samAjamAM aikyane nAza thayo, ne badhuM sthAnika asamagra, ne vyakti viSayaka thaI gayuM. dharmaguruonI sthitimAM agAu kadApi nahi ho evo kalaha utpanna thayo. A kalaha vatanadAranI bhAvanAo ne ene lAbhanI vAte, ane dharmagurUnI bhAvanAone ene lAbhanI vAte vacce hate. dharmanA je adhyakSa hatA te A benI vaccenI sthitimAM saMkaDAyelA hatA. sabhAone saMdhinI paddhatino upayoga karI prajAkIya dharmasamAje sthApavAne prayatna karavAmAM AvyA. Aja samaye ne phayUDala paddhatinA bejA nIceja sabhAo, pariSado, ne sthAnika temaja prajAkIya maMDaLe moTAmAM moTI saMkhyAmAM belAvAtAM ApaNe joIe chIe. khAsa karIne AvI rIte aikya sAdhavAne A prayatna ghaNA utsAhathI kAnsamAM AdaravAmAM Avyo hato. A vicArane pratinidhi kadAca rahImsanA mukhya dharmAdhyakSa hinkamArane gaNI zakAya. phayUDala paddhatinA samayanA khristi samAjamAM aikya ANavAno ene mukhya prayatna hato eka taraphathI laukika satAnA saMbaMdhamAM dhArmika samAjanI svataMtratA jALavavA ne bIjI taraphathI pipanA saMbaMdhamAM e samAjanI svataMtratA jALavavAne e mathata hato. paNa jema remana mahArAjyanA samayamAM khristi samAjane suvyavasthita karavAnA prayatna niSphaLa gayA temaja A prayatna paNa niSphaLa nIvaDayo. eya sAdhita karavAne koI prakArane rasto nahote. khristi samAja hameza vadhAre ne vadhAre tUTI jato hato. dareka dharmaguru ne dharmAdhyakSa potAnI sattAnA mulakamAM ne pitAnA maThamAM bharAI rahI alaga rahete the. eja kAraNane lIdhe avyavasthA vadhI paDI. rUzavata khAIne dharmagurunI pasaMdagI karavAnA moTAmAM moTA aparAdhane samaya A ho; dhArmika vRttio tadana svachaMdIpaNAthI vaheMcI apAtI te A samaye; ne dharmapracAramAM sauthI vadhAre anItimAna AcaraNe jovAmAM AvatAM te A samaye. A avyavasthAthI leke ne dharmaguruone sAro varga ghaNe duHkhita thatuM. tethI kaMIka sudhArAne pavana dAkhala thato

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vyAkhyAna chatu. 115 ApaNe joIe chIe, te saMpUrNa rIte dAkhala karI zake evI sattA mAtra popanI hatI. tethI thoDAja vakhatane antare pepanI sattA pravartamAna thaI agIAramA saikAmAM khristi samAja cothI sthitimAMthI pasAra thayo; te sthiti dharmaguruonA amalanI ke AzramavAsI sAdhuonA amalanI hatI. A prakAranA dhArmika samAjanA utpAdaka-koI eka mANasa je te utpanna karI zake tema hoya te-sAtamo gregarI hato. sAtamA gregarIne mATe evo vicAra bAMdhavAne ApaNe TevAyelA chIe ke e eka evo mANasa hato ke te badhI vastuone cetanarahita karI nAkhavA mAgata, buddhinI khIlavaNa ne nItinA vikAsano zatru hato, ne duniyAne sthAyI athavA jaMgalI sthitimAM rAkhavAno prayatna karata. AvuM asatya kaMI paNa na hoI zake. zArlAmena ne piTara dhI greTanI peThe ApakhudI paddhatithI sudhArA karavAne e cAhate hato. jema laukika bAbatonA saMbaMdhamAM zArlAmena kAnsamAM ne piTara dhI greTa raziAmAM sudhAraka hatA, tema dhArmika bAbatomAM sAtamo gregarI hato. khristisamAjane sudhAravAnI ne te dvArA samAjane sudhArI temAM nIti, nyAya, ne kAyadApUrvaka vartanane vadhAre karavAnI e IcchA dharAvato hato. A sudhAre e dharmagusnI padavInI mAraphate, ne tenAja lAbhArthe karavA Icchato hato. sudhArA ne pragatinI icchAthI jyAre lokika samAja para dhArmika e aMkuza sthApavA mathato hato te ja vakhate tevA ja prakArane prayAsa maThonA sudhArA mATe paNa karavAmAM AvyA hatA. vyavasthA, zAsana naitika aMkuzanI IcchA utsAha sAthe darzAvavAmAM AvI hatI. maThAmAM sAmAnya rIte uthalapAthala thavA pAmI; jAnA sAdhuo pitAnuM rakSaNa karavA maMDayA, pitAnI svataMtratA bhayamAM che ema kahevA lAgyA, vakhatane anusaravuM joIe ne pUrvanA samaya pramANe AcaraNa rAkhavuM asaMbhavita che tema Agraha dharAvatA thayA, ne badhA sudhArakone, gAMDa, svapnadarzIo, ne ApakhudI mANaso

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116 yuropanA sudhArAno itihAsa. tarIke gaNavA maMDayA. nAmenDinA itihAsa udhADA, ne tamane A prakAranI riyA vAravAra STigocara thaze. Ama badhI pAsanA saMjoge! khristisamAjanuM aikya ne enI sattA vadhArI enA lAbha sAdhatA hAya ema jaNAtuM hatuM. eka pAsathI jyAre pApanI sattA vadhI jatI hatI te maDhAmAM naitika sudhArA thayA jatA hatA, tyAre khIjI pAsathI keTalAka chUTAchavAyA paNa zaktimAn narA vyaktione lAgatIvaLagatI khAkhatAmAM ne enA abhiprAyeAmAM tarkazaktinA upayAga thavA joI e ema mAgaNI karatA havA. temAMne mATe bhAga pracalita matA ke dhArmika panthA para humalA karatA nahAtA; te mAtra eTaluMja kahetA hatA ke tarkazaktine temanI parIkSA karavAnA haka che te mAtra adhikArane AdhAre tee svIkArAvavAM na joI e. vicAranI svataMtratAnI A laData uDAvanArAomAM mukhya A samaye jhAna erijenA, rAselina, ne aelArDe hatA. svAtaMtryanA A prathama prayatna, anveSaNa buddhine sateja karavAnI A prathama icchAnuM agatya tarata mAlUma paDatuM hatuM. khristisamAja pote pAtAnuM Antara jIvana sudhAratA hatA, chatAM AvA matathI tene kaMI e bhaya utpanna thayA nahi. A navA sudhArAnI te tarata sAme thayA, kAraNa ke temanA mata karatAM temanI paddhatithI tene vadhAre jhhIvAnuM hatuM. agIAramA saikAne ante te bAramAnI zarUAtamAM A prakAranI sthiti hatI. itihAsamAM prathamaja A vakhate dharmaguruo ne svataMtra vicAkeAnI vacce laha utpanna thayA. eNelArDa na seTa arnArDanAM yuddA, ane sAisansa te sensanI sabhAe ke jemAM eelArDane nindavAmAM AvyA hatA te mAtra A pramANenI vastusthitinuM darzana che; A bAbata Adhunika sudhArAmAM ghaNuM agatyanuM sthaLa bhAgave che. teja vakhate eka bIjI pravRtti ne te taddana judI jAtanI zarU thaI hatI; nagarAmAMthI rAjyasabhAmAM pratinidhie mekalavAnA nagarajanone adhikAra ApavAnA haMka sthArita karavA viSenI A pravRtti hatI. asaMskRta ne

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17 vyAkhyAna chatuM. ajJa samayanI A kevI vicitra asaMgati! je nagarajanoe pitAnI svataMtratA AvA utsAhathI meLavI A adhikAra prApta karyo temane je ema kahevAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke tarkabuddhinI svataMtratAnI laData uThAvanArA ne khristio, jene pAkhaMDamatAnuyAyIo kahetA evA keTalAka mANase paNa A samaye hatA. te teoe temane patharA bhArI ke agnimAM bALIne jIvathI mArI nAMkhyA hata. ebelA ne enA mitrone ekathI paNa vadhAre vAra AvI dhAstI veThavI paDI hatI. bIjI taraphathI vicArasvAtaMtryane mATe laData uThAvanArA ja nagarajanonA adhikAradAnanA prayatnone tiraskAravA jevI avyavasthA, ne sAmAjika baMdhAraNanI nAtulya sthiti lekhatA hatA. tatvajJAna ne samAja saMbaMdhInI pravRtti, ne rAjakIya ne nyAyapuraHsara thatA adhikAradAnanI pravRttinI vacce jANe vigraha thaye hoya ema bhAsatuM hatuM. A bannene antima hetu ekaja che evI khAtrI thavAne mATe saikAonI jarUra hatI. bAramA saikAmAM te thavA pAmI nahatI.

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118 yuropanA sudhArAno ItihAsa vyAkhyAna sAtamuM. vyAkhyAnane viSaya-bAramA ne arADhamA saikAomAM rAjasabhAmAM pratinidhi mokalavAnA adhikAra dharAvanArA nagaranI sthitinI sarakhAmaNInuM citra--beva prazna-1 lo nagarane adhikAradAna-pAMcamAMthI dazamA saikA sudhI grAmonI sthitine temanI paDatIne pharIthI caDhatI--prajAbha--nagarajane karavAmAM AvelA adhikAra dAnanI sAmAjika ne naitika asara-2 pratinidhi melatAM nagaranI antavyavasthAlokasabhAo sattAdhikArIo-ucca ne anuSya para-yurepanA judA judA dezo mAM rAjasabhAmAM pratinidhi mekalavAne adhikAra dharAvanArA nagaranI sthitimAM vaividhya. A bAramA saikAnA aMta sudhI sudhArAnAM be mukhya tarala paddhati ne khristasamAja-e benA ItihAsa sudhI ApaNe AvyA chIe. have trIjuM tattva-nagara-tene bAramA saikAnA anta sudhIne ItihAsa ApaNe jovAno che, ne je dRSTithI bIjA be tane viSe ApaNe parIkSaNa karyuM te ja daSTi ahIM paNa rAkhavAnI che. khristisamAja ne cUDala paddhatinA karatAM nagaranI sthiti ApaNe judI ja joIe chIe. pAMcamAthI bAramA saikA sudhInA samayamAM khristisamAja ne phaphyuDala paddhatie saMpUrNatA prApta karI hatI; e beno ArambhakALa, vikAsa,ne paripakvatA ApaNe tapAsyAM che. nagarane viSe evuM nathI. mAtra agIAramA ne bAramAM saikAmAM ja temanuM agatya itihAsamAM mAluma paDe che. A samaya pahelAM jANavA lAyaka temane ItihAsa hato nahi ke temanuM astitva " rAjyakArabhAranA saMbaMdhamAM nahi jevuM hatuM tema nahotuM, paNa agIAramAM saikAmAMja duniyAnI moTI raMgabhUmi paNa spaSTa rIte te dekhAtAM thayAM, ne

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vyAkhyAna 118 Adhunika sudhArAnI agatyanAM tattva gaNAtAM thayAM. khristisamAjane kyAla paddhatinI utpatti kayAM kAraNomAMthI thavA pAmI ne sudhArAnA kAryamAM temaNe ze bhAga lIdhe tene vicAra karI itihAsamAM tema banyuM hatuM ke nahi te ApaNe joI zakyA hatA. nagaranA saMbaMdhamAM ApaNane AvI anukULatA nathI, temanI agatya vadhyAnI vAta ja ApaNe joIe chIe, bIjuM kaI jatA nathI. hAla tarata to kAraNone utpatti viSe ja huM bolIza. pratinidhi melanArAM nagaranA astitvanA pariNAma viSe huM je kahuM chuM ne yuropanA sudhArAmAM temaNe karelI asara viSe je boluM chuM, te thoDeka aMze huM mAtra kalpanAthI ja kahIza. sahakAlIna ne jANItI bInAone purA huM raju karI zakuM tema nathI. nagaranuM agatya vadhyuM, ne pratinidhio mekalavAmAM e badhAM eka saMsthA tulya thayAM te bAbata pachIthI-bAramAthI paMdaramA saikAnI vacamAM jovAmAM Ave che, ne ApaNuM kahevAnuM je che te te samayane ItihAsa sAbIta karaze. vastusthitimAM AvA prakArano pheraphAra che te tarapha huM khAsa dhyAna kheMcuM chuM. evo pheraphAra karavAnuM kAraNa, huM je citra tamArA samakSa haju karavA mAMguM chuM te apUrNa ne kAcuM hovAthI tame te sAme vAMdho uThAve tene agAuthI javAba ApI devAno hetu che. huM eka evI kalpanA karIza ke 1788 nI sAlamAM, arthAta kAnsanA bhayaMkara rAjyaparivartananI zarUAtamAM, bAramA saikAno eka nagarajana ekadama phrAnsamAM astitvamAM Avyo hoya, ane je ene vAMcatA AvaDatuM hoya te ene magaja pheravI nAkhe evuM ekAda patra ke ekAda nyUsapepara jANe vAMcavAne ApyuM hoya; udAharaNa tarIke, meM. sAIjhanuM patra-"samAjanuM trIjuM agatyanuM aMga karyuM?"trIjo varga kayo?" arthAta rAjyanAM keTalAMka agatyanA aMge ke agatyanA vargo che? temAM rAjA ne amIro maLI pahelA be varga svIkArAya che. have trIjo varga ? A praznano uttara ApaNuM dhArelA nagarajana sAIjhanA patramAM jozo. amIra ane dharmaguruone bAtala karatAM bAkI rahelI kanya prajA,

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12.0 yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa, trIjo varga che." e mANasanA magaja para A zabdonI asara zI thaze te huM tamane pUchuM chuM. zuM e A zabdo samajI zakaze ema tame dhAre che? nahi, "phenca prajA" e zabdo e samajI zake tema nathI, kAraNa ke e zabda je sthiti sUcavatA hatA te ene ajJAta hatI, enA jamAnAmAM eka evI prajA jevI vAta karI hatI ja nahi; ane je A zabdo e kadAca samajyo haze ne sAmAnya prajA paNa rAjya calAvanAruM rAjyanuM eka agatyanuM aMga che ema tene artha eNe grahaNa karyo haze to te badhuM ene unmatta ne apavitra paNa bhAsyuM haze, kAraNa ke eNe je kaMI joyuM hoya, tethI ane enA vicAro ne bhAvanAothI A badhuM tadana viruddha che. AvI rete ajAyaba pAmanAra A nagarajanane AgaLa laI jA; A samayanA eka phrenca nagara-rahImsa, beve, lena,ke -mAM ene laI jAo; ene eka bIjA prakAranuM Azcarya utpanna thaze; ekAda gAmamAM e dAkhala thAya che to nahi burajo, ke nahi killAo, ke nahi nagaralokonuM kAma calAu lazkara enI najare paDe; nahi rakSaNanuM koI paNa sAdhana enI najare paDe, badhuM ja khulluM hoya che, ne je kaMI ekadama humale kare ne dAkhala thAya tenA humalAone mATe khulluM hoya che, ApaNe nagarajana A nagaranI sahIsalAmatI viSe zaMkA lAvaze; e ene nabaLuM ne sArA rakSaNa vinAnuM dhAraze. e aMdara dAkhala thAya che, ne aMdara zuM thAya che, zAsana kevI rIte karAya che, te loko zuM kare che tenI tapAsa kare che. teo ene kahe che ke tenI marajI lIdhA sivAya divAla pAchaLa rahenArI eka sattA arthAta eka ajJAta sattA temanI pAsethI kara le che, kAmacalAu lazkara ubhuM kare che. ne tene laDAImAM mokale che. gunhA tapAsanAra nyAyAdhIza, zaheranA koTavALa ne matAdAra viSe e temane pUche che ke uttaramAM e sAMbhaLe che ke nagarajano temane pasaMda karatA nathI. ene khabara paDe che ke nagaranI bAbatono nirNaya nagarajano karatA nathI, paNa rAjAno nImele koI ekAda mANasa dUrathI temanA para rAjya kare che. vaLI AgaLa teo ene ema paNa

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vyAkhyAta sAtamuM. 121 kaheze ke temane pAtAne lAgatIvaLagatI khAkhatA para ekaThA thaI ne vicAra karavAnA nagarajaneAne haka nathI. khAramA saikAne! nagarajana AthI guMcAI jaze. sauthI pahelAM rAjyanA trIjA vargane--prajA vargane, je prakAranA agatyanA gaNavAmAM AvatA hatA tethI e cakita thaI gayA hatA, te have eja sthaLe e dAsatva, nirbalatva, te nisteja evA prakAranuM enA jovAmAM Ave che ke AgaLa anubhavelI koI paNa vastunA karatAM te ghaNuM vadhAre kharAba che. e eka dekhAvamAMthI taddana khIjAja dekhAvamAM jAya che-sarvasattAdhArI nagarjanavamAMthI taddana sattArahita nagarajananA citramAM e jAya che. AnA khyAla, AnI samajutI, tame ene kevI rIte ApI zakaze ? ogaNIsamA saikAmAM vasatA ApaNe bAramA saikAmAM chIe ema dhArA. kAI paNa dezanI sAmAnya sthiti, rAjyazAsana, ke samagra samAja viSe ApaNe citra khaDuM karIzuM teA nagarajane viSe ApaNe khIlakula sAMbhaLIzuM nahi; teo kAI paNa bAbatamAM bhAga letA nathI ne tene taddana kSudra gaNavAmAM Ave che. rAjyamAM temane kaMI hisAba nathI hAtA eTaluMja nahi, paNa teo pote potAnI sthiti viSe zuM vicAra dharAve che tene ApaNe khyAla karIzuM teA temanA uttarA ajaba bIkaNapaNA ne dAsatvanI bhASAmAM apAtA mApaNane mAlUma paDaze. amIre| jemanA teo dAsa hatA te jemanI pAsethI teoe peAtAnA haka jorathI meLavyA te leAkeA ANune digmUDha banAve evA prakAranI uddhatAibharelI temanA tarapha khAlI rakhe che; paNa tethI teo Azcarya pAmatA ke uzkerAtA nathI. nagaramAMja ApaNune dAkhala thavA do ne tyAM zuM thAya che te jovA oN. dekhAva badalAI jAya che; hathiyAravALA nagarajanothI surakSita eka jagAnuM citra ApaNA samakSa khaDuM thAya che; A nagarane potAnA para kara mUke che. potAnA maeNjisTreTA nIme che ne vicAra karI zikSA karamAve che, ane potAnI badhI khAkhatA para vicAra karavAne sabhA bharI pote ekaThA thAya che. A sabhAomAM badhAja Ave che; pAtAnIja prajAnA amIr

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122 yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa. varganI sAme teija laData uThAve che, ne teo kAmane mATe kAmacalAu lazkara paNa joIe tyAre ubhuM kare che. TUMkAmAM teo potAnI meLe potAnA para rAjya kare che; teo kula sattA dharAvanArA che. niHsaMdeha bAramA ne aDhAramA saikAnI vacamAM ghaNI vAta banI gaI hovI joIe; sAmAjika varganI sthitimAM A mATe pheraphAra ANavAne mATe ghaNuM asAdhAraNa banAvo ne ghaNAM parivartana thaI cUkyAM hovAM joIe. A pheraphAra thayA hovA chatAM, emAM jarAe zaka lavAya tema nathI ke 1788nI sAlamAM gaNAto rAjyane trIjo varga etihAsika binduthI jotAM bAramA sikAnI sabhAomAMthIja utarI Avela hovuM joIe. eTaluM te nakkI ja che ke A mATe pheraphAra thavA pAmyo tenI samajutI bAramA saikAnAM nagaranI sthiti jovAthI ApaNane nahi maLe. e pheraphAranAM kAraNe bAramAthI aDhAramA saikAnI vacamAM banelA banAvo hatA ne te banAvothI ja e pheraphAra thavA pAmyo hato. chatAM e samayanA itihAsamAM paNa " rAjyanA trIjA varga " nI utpattie ghaNuM agatyanuM kAma karyuM che. bAramA saikAnAM nagaronuM citra jo ke apUrNa haze, teo mArA dhAravA pramANe tamane A vAta sAbIta karI Apaze. A sthiti vadhAre sArI rIte samajavA mATe nagare viSe be daSTibinduthI avalokana karavuM joIe. be moTA savAle nirNaya karavAnuM cheH pahelo, nagarajanone karavAmAM AvelA adhikAradAnano savAla; parivartana kevI rIte ne zAM kAraNone lIdhe thayuM te savAla; nagarajanonI sthitimAM tethI zuM phera thavA pAme, sAmAnya prajA para, anya vargo para, ne rAjya para tenI zI asara thaI te savAla; ne bIjo, nagarenI Antara vyavasthA, adhikAra meLavanArAM nagaranI aMdaranI sthiti, nagarajanone anyonya saMbaMdha, ne nagaramAM zA AcAravicAre agatya dharAvatA hatA te viSene savAla. A be savAlane nirNaya karyA pachI AkhA yuropamAM nagaranI judI judI kevI sthiti hatI te viSe huM kaMIka kahIza. " nI utpatti nAM e samayanA hatA te

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vyAkhyAna 123 nagarajanene adhikAradAna karavAmAM AvyuM te bAbata samajavAne mATe nagaranI pAMcamAthI agIAramA saikAnI vacamAM sthiti kevI hatI te yAda karavI jarUrI che. judAM judAM yuropanAM nagaronI sthitimAM pheraphAra ghaNe hato; chatAM huM sAmAnya rIte jovAmAM AvatI vAta paraja dhyAna ApIza, ne AmAMthI je jarA khasIza to huM je kahIza te krAnsanAM nagarone lakSamAM rAkhIne kahIza. - remana mahArAjyanI paDatI pachI pAMcamAMthI bAramA saikA sudhI nagaromAM dAsatvae nahetuM ne svAtaMtryae nahotuM. mANasone banAvonuM citra ApavAmAM jevA prakAranI bhUlane bhaya rahe che te ja bhaya bhASAnA upayogamAM paNa rahe che. jyAre koI paNa samAjane bhASA cirakALa TakI rahyAM hoya, tyAre zabdo amuka cokkasa ne saMkucita artha dharAvatA thaI gaelA hoya che. vakhata jatAM dareka zabdamAM jAtajAtanA ghaNuM vicAro samAI gaelA hoya che, ne je zabda uccArAya che te vicAro tarata utpanna thAya che, paNa te ekaja divasane lAgu thatA banAvathI nahi hovAthI badhA samayane viSe sarakhI rIte lAgu paDatA nathI. udAharaNa tarIke " dAsatva " ne " svAtaMtrya " e zabda AThama, navamA, ke dazamA saikAmAM je bInAone lAgu paDatA hatA tenA karatAM hAlanA samayamAM ghaNA vadhAre cokkasa ne saMpUrNa artha sUcave che. AThamA saikAmAM nagaramAM svAtaMtrya hatuM ema je ApaNe kahIe to te ghaNuM vadhAre paDatuM che; hAlanA samayamAM svAtaMtrya e zabdane ApaNe evo bahoLo arthavALo kahIe chIe ke te artha lAgu paDe evI AThamA saikAnI sthiti nahotI. nagare dAsatvanI sthitimAM hatAM ema kahIzuM to e ApaNe evI ja bhUlamAM paDIzuM, kAraNa ke te samayanA nagaranI sthitinAthI tadana judI ja sthiti e zabda atyAre sUcave che. huM pharIthI kahuM chuM ke nagaramAM te samaye dAsatvae nahatu ke svAtaMtryae nahatuM. durbaLatAne lIdhe je je veThavuM paDayuM te badhuM temaNe veThayuM; baLavAna vyaktio temanA para vAraMvAra sattA vAparata ne humalAo karatA hatA;

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124 yuropanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. paNa AvI bhayaMkara avyavasthA hatI te nagarA dravyahIna thatAM hatAM ne vastI ochI thatI hatI tema chatAM nagare TakI rahyAM hatAM ne temanuM keTaluMka agatya paNa hajI rahyuM hatuM. dhaNAMkharAM nagarAmAM dharmaguru, ne dharmAdhyakSa hatA; teo potAnI sattAnA upayAga karI rAjAne prajA vacce saMbaMdha karA vavAmAM kAraNurUpa thatA hatA. ane dharmathI temanuM rakSaNu karatA hatA. uparAMta, zamana saMsthAonA paDI bhAMgelAM cihno paNa te vakhate jovAmAM AvatAM hatAM. A samayeja sabhAe vAraMvAra khelavAnI jovAmAM Ave che. A nAgarika cetana ne svAtaMtrya dhIme dhIme adRzya thayuM e kharUM che. aziSTatA, avyavasthA, te haMmeza vadhatA jatA dhruvane lIdhe vastI vadhAre ne vadhAre ghaTatI gaI. kRSikarmanuM agatya paNa vadhatuM gayuM tene lIdhe nagarAnI paDatInuM kAraNa eka vadhyuM. dharmAdhyakSeAja jyAre cUDala samAjamAM bhaLI gayA tyAre temaNe potAnA nAgarika jIvananI agatya dhaTADI nAMkhI. chevaTe jyAre yUDala paddhatinI pUrepUrA jaya thayA tyAre nagarA jo ke tadana dAsatvanI sthitimAM nahi, tApaNu amuka jamInadAra amIranA hAthamAM AvyAM, te amuka prakAranuM pUrve je svAtaMtrya hatuM te badhuM khAI kheThelAM thaI paDayAM. eTale pAMcamA saikAthI zarU karI karI kyUDala paddhatinuM baMdhAraNa barAbara thayuM tyAM sudhI nagarA haMmeza patIja sthitimAM hatAM. eka vAra jyAre cUDala paddhati kharAbara sthapAI, dareka mANasa pAtAnI jamIna para sthAyI sthaLa laI nizciMta thayA, te aTananI jIvanapaddhatinA anta AvyA tyAre keTalAka vakhata pachI nagareAnuM agatya pAchuM vadhavA mADayuM ne temaNe krIthI navI pravRtti darzAvavA mAMDI. tame jANA che. tema jema jamInanI mULa ApavAnI zakita viSe ane che tema manuSyanI pravRttine viSe paNa tevuMja che; jyAM ekavAra te khadha paDI jAya che ke te krIthI dekhAva de che ne dareka vastune phaLadAyI ne AbAda banAve che. thoDI paNa vyavasthAne zAntinI jhAMkhI thayethI mAjIsa AzAvanta bane che, te AzAvanta thayA pachI kAma karavA maDI paDe che. nagarAne viSe Amaja

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thayuM, phayUDala paddhati jyAM jarAe sthapAI ke jamInadArane navI jarUrIAto ubhI thaI ne sudhArA ne pragati mATe navo utsAha temanAmAM prerAyo. A jarUrIAto pUrI pADavAne mATe temanAM vatanamAM thoDo ghaNo vyApAraudyoga pharI zarU tha, dravya ne vastInI pAchI vRddhi thaI, te badhuM dhImuM dhImuM thayuM paNa pAchuM AvyuM kharuM. vaLI garIbathI mAMDI zrImaMta puruSane devaLamAM te vakhate Azraya maLato hato; kaI paNa vadhAre baLavAna mANasa ke rAjA satAve che ke pitAnuM sarvasva laI pitAnI jamIna cheDI daI deva ne Azraye jatA. je nagaranI sthitinA sudhArA para AvA mANasoe paNa asara karI che; teoe temAM dravya ne ucca prakAranI vastI dAkhala karI. te uparAMta, keNu nathI jANatuM, ke eka vAra eka maMDaLa keTaleka aMze sthapAyuM hoya te loko temAM vadhAre ne vadhAre joDAya che? tenAM kAraNa be che. tema karavAthI vadhAre sahIsalAmatI maLe che, ne thoDA vakhata paNa sAthe rahevAthI amuka jAtane sahavAsa e paDI jAya che ke pachI tenAthI TAtuM nathI. A badhAM kAraNe ekaThAM thavAthI nagaranI AbAdI ne temanuM baLa , pAchAM vadhyAM. paNa teTaleka aMze sahIsalAmatI temaNe pAchI meLavI nahi, bhaTakatuM jIvana aTakyuM hatuM te kharuM che, paNa e bhaTakatA jIvanathI te navA jamInadAre ne vijayI yoddhAonI IcchAo tRpta thaI zakatI hatI. jyAre temanI lUTavAnI marajI thatI tyAre teo dUra deza paryaTana karatA, ne dUranA mulako para humalA karatA. dareka jamInadAra jyAre lagabhaga sthAyI jIvana gujArate thayo, ne vijayasahita aTana karavAnI A bhaTakaNanI dhana tajI devAnuM jyAre Avazyaka thayuM, tyAre paNa tRSNAne ke teonI aparimita AkAMkSAone ke teonI baLavAna IcchAone paNa kaMI anta Avyo nahoto. AvI sthitimAM temanI dAnata pAsenA loko para paDI. lUTaphATa dUra karavA javAne badale pAsenA leka para karavA maMDAI saphara mArI AvyA pachI gAmamAM dAkhala thatAM vyApArIone sahIsalAmatI rahetI nahotI; rastA

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126 yuropanA sudhArAne ItihAsa, o para amIre ne temanA anuyAyIo hameza humalA karatA. udyoga je vakhate pharIthI zarU thatA hatA te ja vakhate sahIsalAmatI paNa ochI thatI hatI. pitAnI mahenatanuM phaLa mANasa bhogavI na zake, temAM je kaMI aMtarAyarUpa thaI paDe tenA karatAM bIjA kazAthI mANasa vadhAre uzkerAta nathI. dazamA saikAmAM nagaranI A prakAranI sthiti hatI. temanAmAM baLa vadhyuM hatuM, temanuM agatya vadhyuM hatuM, temanAmAM dravya vadhyuM hatuM, ne rakSaNa karavAnI temanI vastuo paNa vadhI hatI. te ja vakhate temanuM rakSaNa paNa ghaNuM vadhAre Avazyaka thaI paDayuM hatuM, kAraNa ke eja baLa, eja vastuo, eja dravya amIranI IrSAnAM kAraNe thaI paDyAM hatAM. uparAMta, satata virodhanI saphalatAne cUDala paddhatie ThIka dRSTAMta Apyo hate; kAraNa ke suvyavasthita rAjyapaddhatithI eka mANasa anekane tAbAmAM rAkhe evuM citra bIlakula e saMsthAmAM AvatuM nahotuM, emAM te dareka mANasa bIjAnA kAbumAM nahi rahevA mathate tenuM citra raju thatuM hatuM. Ano dAkhalo laI pitAnI durbalatA hovA chatAM nagaree amIra varga sAmAM badhI dizAomAM baMDa uThAvyAM. A banAva barAbara yAre thavA pAmyo te nakkI karavuM kaThaNa che, sAdhAraNa rIte ema kahevAya che ke sAmAnya prajAne agIAramA saikAmAM svataMtratA ne adhikAra bakSavAmAM AvyAM, paNa badhA moTA banAvone viSe ema jovAmAM Ave che ke phatteha AvatAM pahelAM ghaNA prayatno niSphaLa thAya che. agaNita zramane antaja, te mANasa pitAnI jAtanuM paNa svArpaNa kare che, ne tyAre ja Izvara ene madada kare che, ne chevaTe enI Isita vastu saphaLa thAya che. prajA svAtaMtryanI bAbatamAM Amaja banyuM. AThamA ne navamA saikAmAM adhikAra ne svAtaMtrya meLavavAne lekee karelA ghaNAe prayatna niSphaLa nIvaDyA; tema chatAM eTaluMe kharuM che ke e badhAe pachInI bInA para asara karI, svAtaMtryane mATeno lekone jusso pharIthI protsAhita karyo, ne agIAramA saikAnA moTA baMDane mArga taiyAra karyo. baMDa e zabda huM jANI joIne vAparuM chuM. agIAramA saikAmAM

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vyAkhyAna sAtamuM. 127 sAmAnya prajAe adhikAra prApta karyo te kharekharA baMDanuM, kharekharA yuddhanuM pariNAma hatuM; e baMDa, e yuddha nagarajanoe amIra varganI viruddha karyuM hatuM. A baMDane viSe zuM jovAmAM Ave che? je baMDakhoro hAra khAya che to amIra tenA killAo teDI pADe che; mAtra nagaranA nahi paNa dareka baMDakhoranA gharanI AsapAsanAM rakSaNe paNa te teDI pADe che. anyane sahAyatA ApavAne baMdhAyA pachI nagarajanonuM paheluM kAma pitAnA AvAsomAM majabutIthI pitAnuM rakSaNa karavAnuM che, ne te AvAsane killAnI peThe rakSita banAvavAnuM che. keTalAMka nagare ke jenAM nAma paNa atyAre bhUlI javAyAM jevAM che temaNe temanA para sattA dharAvanArA amIra sAme lAMbo vakhata sudhI laData jhIravI hatI. anta hAra thavAthI ghaNuM nagarajanonAM surakSita gRho toDI pADavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. ApaNA pUrvajonA AvAsonI aMdara ApaNe dAkhala thaIe; tenuM baMdhAraNa kevuM hatuM te, ne te parathI teo kevA prakAranuM jIvana gALatA hatA ema samajAya tene ApaNe abhyAsa karIe. yuddhane mATe ja badhuM rAkhavAmAM AveluM hoya che, badhI vastuomAM yuddhane udeza jaNAya che. ApaNe samajI zakIe tyAMsudhI bAramA saikAmAM nagarajananuM ghara A pramANe goThavaNavALuM hoya che; sAdhAraNa rIte traNa mALe hoya che, ne dareka para eka oraDe; bhoyataLIA parane oraDe sAmAnya khaMDa hoya che; kuTuMbanAM mANaso tyAM bhojana le che. pahele mALa salAmatI khAtara ghaNe uMce hoya che; gaThavaNamAM A vAta sauthI vadhAre dhyAna kheMce evI heya che. A mALanA khaMDamAM nagarajana enI patnI sAthe AvAsa karato. ghaNuMkharuM hameza gharane khUNuM paDatuM sAdhAraNa rIte eka corasa gaDha hoya che; yuddhanuM A eka bIjuM cihna ne rakSaNanuM sAdhana hoya che. bIjA mALa para eka khaMDa hoya che teno upayoga barAbara samajAto nathI, paNa te ghaNuM karIne chokarAone mATe ne gharanAM bIjAM mANasone mATe kAmamAM Avato. tenI upara ghaNuMkharuM sapATa jamIna hoya che, ne tene upayoga dekhItI ja rIte

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128 yurepanA sudhArAne itihAsa kaMI dUranuM jevuM karavuM hoya te mATene heya che. gharanI AkhI racanA yuddhanuM sUcana kare che. prajAnA sAmAnya vargo adhikAra ne svataMtratA prApta karI tenI laDatanuM A dekhItuM svarUpa hatuM. laDanAra pakSo game te hoya te paNa laDAI amuka vakhata sudhI poMcI hoya che ke pachI avazya salAha thAya che. sAmAnya prajAvarga ne temanA virodhI varganI vacce thatI salAhanA patre temanA bhaviSyanA hakonI sanada banatA, nagaranA hakonI sanada nagarajane ne amIronI vacce thaelI. salAhanA mAtra karArapatro ke saMdhipa hatI. baMDa sAmAnya hatuM. sAmAnya' e zabda huM vAparuM chuM tethI ema na mAnaze ke AkhA dezamAM aikya ke saMdhi hatI; tethI ulaTI ja sthiti hatI. prajA varganI sthiti ghaNuMkharUM badhe ja eka prakAranI hatI; eka ja jAtanA bhayanI temane dhAstI hatI, eka ja jAtanuM duHkha temanA para paDaMtuM hatuM. virodha ne rakSaNanAM lagabhaga eka sarakhAM ja sAdhane prApta karIne temaNe lagabhaga ekaja samaye tene upaga karyo. dAkhalAne paNa cepa lAgyo haze; eka ke be nagarane maLelA vijayanI A asara haze. keTalIka vakhate maLelI sane paNa eka ja jAtanI lakhAelI jovAmAM Ave che. paNa dAkhalA dhAravAmAM Ave che eTalI asara thaI haze e vAtanI mane zaka che. patravyavahAra vA anya vyavahAra agharo ne kavacita bane ema hatuM, ne UDatI vAte acAsa ne chUTI chavAyI AvatI. vadhAre saMbhavita te e che ke baDe thavAnuM kAraNa eka ja prakAranI sarakhI vastusthiti hatI, ne te sAmAnya ne svataMtra rIte udbhavatAM hatAM. "sAmAnya' zabda huM vAparuM chuM tethI huM ema kahevA mAguM chuM ke baMDe ghaNuMkharUM badhe UThatAM, bAkI huM jANuM chuM ke tenAM kAraNe khAsa ne sthAnika hatAM, dareka nagara tenA amIro sAme tenA khAsa saMjogone lIdhe ja laData uThAvatuM ne badhuM je banatuM te amuka tenA sthaLamAMja banatuM. e laDAImAM hArajItanI vArApharatI uthalapAthala daNI thatI hatI. vijaya

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vyAkhyAna sAtamuM. 129 vArApharatI thato hato eTaluM ja nahi, paNa salAhazAnti thaI gaI hoya ema jaNAtuM hatuM pachIe, ane karAra mujaba ekabIjAnA hakonI sanado soganapUrvaka kabUlAyA pachI suddhAM te toDavAmAM AvatI ne tene InakAra karAtA hatuM. A vigrahamAM thatI uthalapAthalomAM rAjAo ghaNe bhAga letA. rAjasattA viSe khAsa bolatAM A bAbata viSe huM vizeSamAM bolIza. prajAva adhikAra ne svAtaMtrya prApta karyA tenA saMbaMdhamAM rAjasattAe karelI asaranI ghaNI stuti karavAmAM Ave che; te stuti kadAca ghaNI aNaghaTatI rIte vadhAre che ane keTalIka vakhata e asaranI kiMmata ochI AMkavAmAM Ave che, ne keTalIka vakhata tene InakAra karavAmAM Ave che. hAla te huM mAtra eTaleja kahIza ke e sattA vAraMvAra vacamAM paDatI hatI. keTalIka vAra nagaronI bahAre ne keTalIka vAra amIranI; ghaNI vAra eNe virodhI bhAva bhajavyA che; keTalIka vAra eka niyama svIkArI te keTalIka vAra bIje svIkArI eNe mAthuM ghAvyuM che. enA udeze ne kAryo eNe vAraMvAra badalyAja karyo che. paNa samagra rIte jotAM eNe ghaNI asara karI che, ne te, naThArA karatAM sArI vadhAre karI che. AvI rItanI uthalapAthalo thatI hatI ne varevAra sanado toDavAmAM AvatI hatI tema chatAM nagaro bAramA saikAmAM adhikAra ne svAtaMtrya pUrepUrAM prApta karI zakyAM hatAM. eka saikA sudhI AkhuM yuropa ne khAsa karI kAnsa baMDathI ukaLeluM rahetuM hatuM. temAM vadhAreochI, DIvattI lAbhakAraka sanadothI have zAti prasarI gaI. nagarasabhAoe DIvattI sahIsalAmatI sAthe e hako bhagavyA, paNa chevaTe bhagavyA kharA. A pramANe e haka sAbIta thayA. have A moTA banAvathI pheraphAra zuM thayA ne nagaranI sthitimAM tenI zuM asara thaI te jovA ApaNe prayatna karIe. prathama te zarUAtamAMnI rAjyanI sthiti para asara kazI na thaI je banyuM te badhuM sthAnika hatuM.

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130 yupanA sudhArAne itihAsa paNa Ama kahetAM pahelAM eka vAta kahevI joIe. nagarajano ne rAjAnI vacce have eka jAtano saMbaMdha baMdhAte thayo. sanada apAI gayA pachI amIranI sAme thavuM hoya to keTalIka vAra nagarajano rAjAnI madada mAgatA. vaLI keTalIka vAra nagarajanonI viruddha amIra rAjAnI madada mAgatA. bannemAMthI dareka pakSanI mAgaNIthI rAjasattA patAvaTa mATe vacamAM paNa paDatI, ne tene lIdhe nagarajane ne rAjAnI vacce gADha saMbaMdha utpanna thavA pAmyo. A saMbaMdhane AdhAre ja sAmAnya rAjasattAnI sAthe paNa nagarajano saMbaMdha dharAvatA thayA. tema chatAM paNa pheraphAra badhe sthAnika hato. AdhakAradAnane lIdhe eka no sAmAnya varga ubhe che. prajAvamAM aikya kaMI thayuM nahotuM, tenAmAM kaMI eka juduM prajAkIya astitva udbhavyuM nahotuM. paNa dezamAM ekasarakhI sthitimAM rahenAre, ekasarakhI bAbatomAM jemanuM hitAhita hoya evo, ne ekasarakhA AcAravicAra dharAvanAra eka madhyama varga astitvamAM Avyo. te vargamAM dhIme dhIme aiyanI bhAvanA svAbhAvika rIte ja thayA vinA rahe tema nahotuM. nagarajanoe sthAnika svAtaMtrya prApta karyuM.-jamInadAra varga taraphathI temaNe adhikAranI sanado prApta karI, tene pariNAme avAja eka madhyama varga astitvamAM Avyo. ema nahi dhAravuM joIe ke A varga tyAra pachIthI je thayo che teja te vakhate paNa hato. enI sthiti badalAI che eTaluM ja nahi, paNa je varganA mANasane emAM samAveza thato hato temAM paNa pheraphAra thaI gayo che. bAramA saikAmAM e varga ghaNuMkharUM mAtra thoDo vepAra karanArA vyApArIone ne nagaramAM vasatA nAnA nAnA jamInadAra ke gharadhaNane baneluM hatuM. traNa saikA pachI A uparAMta vakIlo, dAktaro ne sthAnika maeNjisTreTane madhyama vargamAM samAveza thato hato. madhyama varga dhIme dhIme ubhe thayo hato ne tenA bhAge ghaNuM judA judA hatA. ane tenA ghaNuM vibhAga hatA. tenA itihAsamAM sAdhAraNa rIte A bAbatanI hakIkata pUrI pADavAmAM AvatI

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vyAkhyAna sAtamuM. '131 nathI. e varga bhaviSyamAM je bhAga bhajavyo te samajavAne mATe A itihAsa jANavo Avazyaka che. jyAM sudhI e vargamAM maeNjisTreTa ke sAkSano samAveza thaye nahoto, tyAMsudhI je prakAranuM agatya eNe soLamA saikAmAM meLavyuM te prApta karyuM nahatuM. e varganI caDhatIpaDatInI barAbara samajutI meLavavI hoya te navA navA dhaMdhAo, navI navI sAmAjika sthitio, ne navA navA vicAro je udbhavyAM tene barAbara khyAla meLavo joIe. bAramA saikAmAM to meM kahyuM tema madhyama vargamAM nAnA nAnA vyApArIo, jamInadAre, ne gharadhaNIono samAveza thato hato. yuropanA madhyama varganI ahIM ApaNe AraMbhaka sthiti joI zakIe chIe. sAmAnya prajAva svAtaMtrya prApta karyuM, ne nagarajanoe adhikAra meLavyA tenI trIjI moTI asara e thaI ke judA judA vargomAM spardhA ne vigraha utpanna thayAM. A vAta Adhunika itihAsamAM ghaNo agatyane ne moTe bhAga le che. samAjanA judA judA vargonI spardhathIja Adhunika yuropanI unnata thavA pAmI che. meM agAu jema kahyuM che te pramANe anya sthaLoe A spardhA ne A vigrahanuM juduM ja pariNAma AvyuM hatuM. dAkhalA tarIke, eziyAmAM eka varga saMpUrNa rIte vijaya meLavato ne AbAda thato. vargane badale jJAtionI vyavasthA ubhavI, ne samAjanuM cetana naSTa thayuM--e jaDa thaI gaye. IzvaranI kRpAthI yuropamAM AmAMnuM kazuM banyuM nahi. e vaga anya varga para vijaya meLavavA ke tene dabAvI devA phattehamAna the nathI. e vigraha jaDatA ne sthiratAnuM kAraNa na banatAM pragati ANavAne sAdhanarUpa bane che; Ama aMdara aMdaranI spardhAthI kalaha ke yuddha na thavA pAmatAM aikya ne pragati sAbita thayAM che, ne anne yuropanI unnatimAM ne prajAkIya aikya karavAmAM A badhuM ghaNuM phaLadAyI nIvaDyuM che. je parivartana viSe ApaNe vicAra karIe chIe tenI dekhItI ne sAmAjika asare A pramANenI che. enI nIti para kevI asara thaI, nAgarika janonA Antara jIvana para zI asara thaI ne A navI sthitimAM

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132 - yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa. te lekonuM vartana zA prakAranuM thayuM tenuM have ApaNe anveSaNa karIe. te mAtra bAramA saikAmAM nahi paNa pachInA samayamAM paNa nagarajane, ne rAjya ne rAjyasattAnI vaccenA saMbaMdha viSe vicAra karatAM eka vAta ApaNuM dhyAna kheMcyA vinA rahetI nathI. nagarajane atizaya bhIsa dAkhavatA hatA, rAjyanI bAbatamAM je kahevuM hoya te kahevAnI bAbatamAM teo ghaNeja vinaya darzAvatA, ne thoDekathI-sahelathI saMtuSTa thatA hatA. kaMI karI batAvavA, sudhAravA, ke sattA vAparavAne rAjakhaTapaTane je khare pavana hoya temAMnuM emanAmAM kazuM jovAmAM AvatuM nahotuM, ne vicArasvAtaMtrya ke ucca abhilASAo sUcave evuM paNa kazuM nahatuM rAjanItinA kSetramAM ucca abhilASAo ne vicArasvAtaMtrya be bAbatane lIdheja udbhavavA pAme che. eka te pitAne viSe ghaNIja moTAInI lAgaNI, bIjAonAM bhAvI para ghaNI sattA bhogavavAnI lAgaNI hovI joIe; athavA te, bIjuM, pitAnA vicAronI bAbatamAM tadana svataMtratA, anya puruSathI jarAe dabAyA vagara kAma karI zakavAnI svataMtratA hovI joIe. A bemAMthI ekAda kAraNane lIdhe ja kaMI paNa moTuM kAma karI zakavAnI icchA utpanna thavA pAme che. madhyakAlIna yuganA nagarajanone viSe A bemAMnI eke sthiti thavA pAmI nahotI, A nagarajane mAtra pitAne ja kAmanA hatA. potAnA nagara ke rAjyanI sthiti para teo kaMI asara karI zakatA nahotA. pitAne svataMyanI paNa kaMI beTI bhAvanA temanAmAM heI zake tema nahotuM. temane vijaya maLyo te nakAmo hatA, temane sanadI maLI te paNa nakAmI hatI. nagarajana potAnI pAse rahenAra ne pite jenA para tarataja jaya meLavyo hoya evA, utaratA darajajAnA jamInadAra sAthe pitAne sarakhAvatAM paNa pitAnA ghaNuM ja utaratApaNAno khyAla bhUlate nahoto; jamInadAranA magajamAM svataMtra ne je bhimAna bharyo pavana jovAmAM AvatuM hatuM te enAmAM nahote. nI pita nI rakataMtratAja jANe e pitAne baLe nahi paNa pitAnI

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vyAkhyAna sAtamuM. 133 maMDaLInA baLe bhagavate. A kAraNane lIdhe ja mAtra bAramA saikAmAM nahi, paNa pachInA vakhatamAM paNa, nagarajanonA jIvanamAM je ke 68 ne svataMtra vartana jovAmAM AvatuM hatuM, temAM tenI sAthe saMkoca, bIkaNapaNuM, nAhiMmata darzAve evuM zaramALapaNuM, ne bhASAnI namratA jovAmAM AvatAM hatAM. temane moTAM kAma karavAno zokha hato ne jyAre saMjogone lIdhe te temane karavAMja paDatAM tyAre teo gabharAtA ne guMcavAtA, temane ema lAgatuM ke temane mATe je karmakSetra che temAMthI teo bahAra khasI gayA che, ne temAM pAchA javA cahAtA, ne tethI teo namratAthI kAma letA. A pramANe surepanA itihAsamAM ne khAsa karIne phrAnsamAM mAlUma paDe che ke madhyama varga prati -je ke mAna, ucca lAgaNI ke khuzAmata suddhAM rAkhavAmAM AvyAM che, chatAM eno Dara kavacita ja rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. enA virodhIo para e varga mahattva ke madanI chApa pADI zakyo nathI. madhyama varganI A prakAranI nabalAIthI navAI pAmavA jevuM paNa kazuM nathI. AnuM mukhya kAraNa e varganI utpatti, ne e varge adhikAra kevI rIte prApta karyo temAM ja raheluM hatuM. game te saMjogomAM paNa ucca abhilASA rAkhavAnI vRtti, rAjakIya vicArone vikAsa ne temAM dRDhatA, dezanI bAbatamAM sattA vAparavAnI IcchA, mANasanA mANasa tarIke mahatvane saMpUrNa vizvAsa--A badhI yuropanI prajAonI bhAvanAo tadana Adhunika che bIjI taraphathI sthAnika kalahAne lIdhe pitAnA nAnA kSetramAM temane evI te dRDhatA, evo to abhiniveza, evI to bIjI rAkhavI ne batAvavI paDatI ke tenAthI caDhIAtI daDhatA, abhiniveza, ne dhIraja jovAmAM AvyAM nathI. temane karavAnuM kArya eTaluM te kaThaNa hatuM ke temane anupama parAkrama darzAvavuM paDatuM hatuM. paNa tene lIdhe ja temaNe evI te maradAmI ne evI te AgrahanI zakti prApta karI che ke tevI zakti Adhunika samayanI sahelI pravRttiomAM ubhavatI nathI. nagarajanoe adhikAra ne svAtaMtrya meLavyAM tenI A sAmAjika ke

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134 yurApanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. naitika asarAmAMnI ekke asara khAramA saikAmAM pUrepUrI phaLIbhUta te dRzyamAna thaI nahotI. te badhI asara| mAtra pachInA saikAomAMja jovAmAM Ave che. chatAM, bIja, pUrvanI sthitimAM te svAtaMtrya meLavatI vakhate naMkhAyAM hatAM. te nakkI che. have bAramA saikAnA nagaranI aMdaranI sthitinI huM parIkSA karIza. emAM kevI rItanI vyavasthA hatI te ApaNe joI e. zaherI sabhAonI sattAnI paddhati, Adhunika prajAone rAmana mahArAjyanI myunisipala paddhati parathI maLI che te viSe khelatAM me* tamane kahyuM hatuM ke rAmana mahArAjya ghaNI myunisipaeNliTinI nagaramaMDaLAnI ekatrita sabhAthI baneluM hatuM. A badhAM nagarAmAMnuM dareka nagara mULa romanI peThe svataMtratA dharAvatuM eka nAnuM prajAsattAka rAjya hatuM; peAtAnI meLeja te salAha ne laDAI karI zakatuM, ne yAgya lAge tema peAtAnuM rAjya karI zakatuM hatuM. jema jema dareka nagaranuM sthAnika rAjya romana mahArAjyamAM samAtuM gayuM tema tema AvI sthAnika sattA dareka nagaramAMthI jatI gai ne gamamAM vasatI gaI. sarvopari sattA have rAmanI sabhAe prApta karI te sthAnika sabhAee ke myunisipaeNlITIoe rAjyasattA khAI. te sabhAe rAjyazAsana karatI baMdha thaI te nagarAnI antarvyavasthA karavAnAM maMDaLA tarIke upayAgI rahI. mana mahArAjyamAM A pramANenuM moTuM parivartana thayuM jovAmAM Ave che. zaherI sabhAe have sthAnika bAbatAnuM nirAkaraNa karanArI, te nagaranIja lAgatIvaLagatI khAkhatAnI vyavasthA karanArI sabhAe thaI gaI; arthAt e sabhAe rAjasabhAe maTI hAlanA samayanI myunisipaeNliTi jevI thai gaI. nagare ne temAMnI saMsthAonI gemana mahArAjyanI paDatIne samaye A prakAranI sthiti rahI hatI. tyAra pachI vaidezika sthitine lIdhe je avyavasthA thaI temAM badhI jAtanA bicArA ne badhI bAbatenA goTALA thaI gayA hatA; rAjyasattA ne vyavasthAnAM badhAM lakSaNA guMcavAI gayAM hatAM. mAtra AvazyakatAne lIdhe jema banatuM tema banatuM hatuM. dareka sthaLe rAjA ke vyavasthApaka jema saMjogone anukULa hoya tema jovAmAM AvatA. nagaree pAtAnI sahIka

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vyAkhyAna sAtamu 135 salAmatI pAchI meLavavA jyAre khaMDA uThAvyAM, tyAre rAjyasattA pAchI prApta karI. Ama thavAnuM kAraNa koI paNa prakAranI rAjyanItinI paddhati saMbaMdhI vicAra amalamAM mukavAne kaMI hetu ke Atmagaurava darzAvavAnA kaMI hetu nahAtA. mAtra amIra varganI sAme Takkara jhIlI zakAya e hetuthIja nagarajanee kAmacalAu lazkara ubhuM karavAnA haka, laDAI ne calAvavAne mATe kara nAkhI zakAne haka, ne potAnA saradArA ne maeNjisTreTA pAteja pasaMda karI zakavAne haka peAtAnI meLeja dhAraNa karI lIdhA hatA. A pramANe zemanI paDatI pachI nagarasabhAoe khAelI rAjyasattA nagarAmAM pAchI AvI. nagarA pAchAM sarvopari sattA dharAvatAM thayAM. temaNe prApta karelA svAtaMtryanuM rAjyasaMbaMdhI vyAvahArika svarUpa AvuM che. A sarvopari sattA saMpUrNa rIte nagarAne prApta thaI hatI ema mAnI levAnuM nathI. keTalIka vAra amIra jAte nagaramAM maeNjisTreTa nImavAneA haka dharAvatA hatA, teA keTalIka vAra mahesula levAnA ene haka jaLavAI rahyo hatA, te keTalIka vAra ene amuka cokkasa dANa ApavAmAM AvatuM hatuM, keTalIka vAra AvI bahAranI sattA rAjAnAja hAthamAM rahelI jovAmAM AvatI hatI. nagarA cUDela patinI asara nIce AvI gayA pachI temAM AzritA ne adhikArI varganA bhAga jovAmAM AvatA hatA. jamInadAra amIravarga DyUla paddhati pramANe AzritA para je sattA bhagavatA hatA, te sattA keTaleka aMze nagarAe have prApta karI. cUMDala paddhati pramANenA nagarajaneAnA hakA, te jamInAra amIravarga sAme aMDeAmAM phAvI je adhikAra ne svAtaMtrya meLavatA te hake! judI judI jAtanA hovAthI guMcavaNa utpanna thaI. nagarAnI Antara vyavasthA agAu kevA prakAranI hatI te A pramANe ApaNe joyuM. badhA rahevAsIe maLIne nagaranI sabhA banatI. nagaramAM vasanArA badhAM leAkeAne zapatha levA paDatA, ne tevA badhA mANasAne ghaMTAnA nAdathI sAmAnya sabhAmAM khelAvavAmAM AvatA. tyAMja te maeNjisTreTA pasaMda karatA.

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136 yuropanA sudhArAne ItihAsa. mejisTronI saMkhyA ne temanA prakAra ghaNI jAtanAM hatAM. mejisTreTa eka vAra nImAyA pachI sabhA visarjana karavAmAM AvatI, ne mejisTreTe kaMIka svecchAthI niraMkuza zAsana calAvatA. navI pasaMdagI athavA prajAkIya baMDa sivAya temanA para koI jAtane aMkuza na hovAthI temanI bIjI rIte kaMI javAbadArI nahotI. nagarenI Antara vyavasthAmAM be to mukhya jovAmAM AvatAM hatAM. te tame have samajyA hazo. eka, nagaravAsIonI sAmAnya sabhA, ne bIjI lagabhaga niraMkuza sattA dharAvanArI maeNjisTreTanI sattA. niyamita sattA sthApavAnuM kAma vastusthitimAMja asaMbhavita hatuM. nagaramAM rahenAra varganI vastIne meTa bhAga ajJAna, jaMgalI sthiti, ne krUratAvALe hato, ne tethI temane aMkuzamAM rAkhavAnuM kAma azakya hatuM. jemAM pUrva nagarajanane amIranA saMbaMdhamAM nahi jevI sahIsalAmatI jovAmAM AvatI hatI tema thoDA ja vakhata pachI nagaronI aMdaranI sthiti paNa thaI chatAM ghaNe jaladIthI, eka ucca madhyama varga thavA pAmyo hato. tenAM kAraNe tame sahelathI samajI zakazo. keTalAka paisAdAra ne uMcI padavI dhAraNa karanArA madhyama varganA leke jeke madhyama varganA hevAthI anucca pada dhAraNa karatA hatA, chatAM samAjamAM teo upayogI hevAne lIdhe ne uMcA dhaMdhAomAM rokAyelA hovAthI nagaranI vyavasthAnI bAbatomAM agatyanI asara karI zakatA. nagaromAM madhyama varganA te vakhate be peTA bhAga hatA; eka, ucca madhyama varga, ne bIje, badhIja jAtanI bhUle ne durguNamAM sapaDAte sAmAnya prajAno anucca madhyama varga. ucca madhyama vargane eka pAsethI sAmAnya halakA prajAvargane kAbumAM rAkhavAnuM, ne bIjI pAsethI pitAnI sattA pAchI sthApavA, nagaronA jUnA zeThe-amIro mathatA hatA. temanA prayatnone kAbumAM rAkhavAnuM muzkela bhareluM kAma hatuM. cheka soLamA saikA sudhI mAtra phrAnsamAM nahi paNa AkhA yuropamAM e varganI sthiti evI hatI. ghaNIkharI yuropanI prajAmAM ne khAsa karI kAnsa nagaranI sabhAo rAjakIya bAbata para joIe

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vyAkhyAna sAtamuM. 137 teTalI asara karI zakatI nahotI tenuM mukhya kAraNa kadAca Aja hatuM. be bAbatene lIdhe temanI aMdaraja suleha jaLavAtI nahotI; anucca madhyama vaga athavA to halakA prajAvargamAM prajAsattAka rAjyane ajJa, niraMkuza, ne prabaLa pavana hato, ne tene pariNAme ucca prajAvargamAM kyAM te rAjAnA saMbaMdhamAM ke jUnA amIronA saMbaMdhamAM karAra karatAM ke nagaranI aMdara suleha zAMti sthApavAnI bAbatamAM ghaNI nabaLAI jovAmAM AvatI hatI. A dareka bAbatane lIdhe rAjyamAM nagarasabhAonI asara ochI thayA vinA rahe tema nahotuM. bhUlatA na houM te nagaree adhikAra ne svAtaMtrya prApta karyA, ne Antara vyavasthA meLavI tenuM mukhya svarUpa, ne tenAM sAmAnya pariNAmo A prakAranAM hatAM.

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yureApanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. vyAkhyAna Apu. vyAkhyAnanA viSaya--yuropanA sudhArAnA sAmAnya itihAsanuM siMhAvaleAkanaenuM khAsa ne mukhya svarUpa--kaye samaye te jovAmAM AvyuM----mAramA seALamA saikA sudhInA yuropanI sthiti--dhArmika yuddAnuM svarUpa--temanAM naitika ne sAmAjika kAraNA teramA saikAomAM A kAraNeA bhAgyeja vhevAmAM AvatAM hatAM--dhArmika yuddheAnI sudhArA para asara. 138 reApanA sudhArAnA itihAsanA traNa moTA yugA pADI zakAya tema che. pahelA, utpatti yuga. A samaye judAM judAM tattvA avyavasthAmAMthI chUTAM paDI astitvamAM AvyAM. A yuga lagabhaga bAramA saikA sudhI paheAMcyA. khIjo, prayananA yuga. sAmAjika vyavasthAnAM judAM judAM tA A samaye ekaThAM thavA mAMDayAM. trIjo, vikAsanA yuga. A samaye curopanA samAja amuka svarUpamAMja te amuka uddezane anusarIneja AgaLa vadhatA ke unnata thatA thayA. AvI sthiti sALamA saikAmAM zarU thaI ne te have pravartamAna che. yu yuropanA sudhArAnuM siMhAvalokana A pramANe jaNAya che. have ApaNe bIjA yuga para AvIe chIe. je yuga viSe ApaNe khAlIe chIe temAM pahelAmAM pahelA mATe banAva dhArmika yuddhonA ApaNI najare paDe che. e yuddho agIAramA saikAmAM zarU thayAM, ne bAramA te teramA saikA sudhI pahoMcyAM. kharekhara, e dhaNA moTA banAva hatA, kAraNa ke jyArathI e pUrA thavA pAmyA che, tyArathI vicArazIla tavArIkhakArAnuM magaja emAM poravAyA vinA rahyuM

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vyAkhyAna Amu. 139 nathI. enA hevAla vAMcatAM pahelAM paNu, badhAe agAuthI joI zakyA che ke meATA banAvAmAMnA e eka evA banAva hatA ke lokeAnI sthitija taddana badalI nAMkhe. banAvAnA kAryakAraNu saMbaMdha barAbara samajavAne tenA abhyAsa tadana Avazyaka che. dhArmika yuddhonuM prathama khAsa lakSaNa e che ke e sarvatra thavA pAmyAM hatAM; AkhuM curApa e yuddhomAM sAmela thayuM, e yuddo prathamaja yurepanA prajAkIya banAva hatAM. dhArmika yuddo pahelAM AkhA yuropamAM koI eka bhAvanA ke eka prakAranA hetuthI prAtsAhana kadApi thayuM nahAtuM; eka curApaja nahotuM. dhArmika yuddoeja, curApa te eka deza che ema pradarzita karI ApyuM. dhArmika yudgha karanArAonA lazkaramAM sauthI pahelAM AgaLa paDatA bhAga phrAnsanA leAkeAe lIdhA hatA; paNa teAe jarmanI, iTAlI, spena, te igleMDanA leAkeA aMdara hatA kharA. bIjAM ne trIjuM dhArmika yuddha tapAseA; adhIja khristi temAM dAkhala thaelI tamane mAlUma paDaze. atyAra sudhI AvuM kazuM jovAmAM AvyuM nahAtuM. prajA paNa ATaluM khasa nathI. jema dhArnika yuddha curApanI badhI prajAene lAgatAvaLagatA eka banAva hatA, tema dareka dezamAM e prajAkIya banAva hatA. prajAnA badhA varga ekaja bhAvanA, ekaja vicAra, eka prakAranA utsAhathI jAgrata thayA hatA. dhArmika yuddAmAM rAjA, amIre, dharmaguruo, nagarajanA, grAmyajano, e badhAja ekasarakhI rIte joDAtA hatA. judI judI prajAnI naitika ekatA AthI jaNAI AvatI hatI. jyAre koI paNa prajAnA ArambhakALamAM Ave! khanAva bane, ane te samaye kAI paNa jAtaneA prathamathI vicAra karyA vinA, kAi paNa jAtanA rAjakIya hetu vinA ke maMDaLamAM ekaThA thayA vinA lAke taddana svecchA ne svataMtratAthI e kArya karavA ghukta thAya, tyAre tevI rIte banelA banAveAne ApaNe kharA parAkramI banAvA jANIe chIe, ne te samaya prajAne parA kramaneA samaya gaNAya che. kharUM jotAM dhArmika yuddo Adhunika yuropanA

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140 * yuropanA sudhArAno ItihAsa. parAkramI banA hatA, ane temane mATenuM protsAhana ekadama vyaktione paNa uzkere, ne sAmAnya ne prajAkIya vargane paNa protsAhita kare, chatAM koI paNa jAtanA niyamana vagaranuM hatuM. dhArmika yuddhonuM ArambhamAM svarUpa AvuM hatuM, te lakhANathI ne badhA banAvothI sAbIta thAya che. sauthI pahelAM dhArmika yuddho karavAne kayA leke jAgrata thayA? AzramanivAsI pITarathI doravAtA, koI paNa prakAranI taiyArI vinAnA, ne saradAro vinAnA prajAnA ToLeToLAM. teo jarmanI ne grIsanA rAjyapradezamAM pharI vaLyAM, ne eziyA mAInaramAM AthaDI mayAM ke nAza pAmyAM. | ucca vargo dhArmika yuddhomAM sAmela thavA utsAha rAkhatA thayA. I DibulananI saradArI heThaLa amIro ne temanA anuyAyIo pUrNa jesamAM yuddhamAM javA nIkaLI paDyA. eziyA mAInara sudhI teo gayA pachI temanA saradAromAM bedarakArI ne thAka AvyAM. temane AgaLa javAnI darakAra nahatI. teo vijaya meLavavA ne mulaka jItavA badhA ekaThA thayA. lazkaramAMnA sAmAnya lokoe baMDa uThAvyo. temane jesalama javuM hatuM, kAraNa ke je salamano uddhAra kare teja dhArmika yuddhono udeza hato. sAmAnya loko kaMI eka ke bIjA saradArane mulaka jatAvI ApavA lazkaramAM joDAyA nahotA. A badhA lokonI pAse temanI marajI viruddha kaMI karAvI zake evI saradAromAM zakti nahatI. rAjAo je pahelA dhArmika yuddha vakhate binadarakAra rahyA hatA te have lekamatanI tarapheNamAM, eTale dhArmika yuddha karavAnI tarapheNamAM thayA hatA. bAramA saikAnAM moTAM dhArmika yuddhomAM rAjAoja senApatio thayA hatA. ekadama huM teramA saikAnA anta sudhI jato rahuM chuM. leke hajI yuropamAM dhArmika yuddhonI vAto karatA hatA, ne hajI utsAhathI tenI tarapheNamAM paNa bolatA hatA. popa ke rAjAo ne lokone uzkeratA hatA; pavitra kSetranA lAbhane arthe sabhAo paNa teo bharatA hatA. chatAM tyAM koI ja jatuM nahotuM, tene mATe have kaI darakAra rAkhatuM nahotuM. yuropanA prajAjIvanamAM

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vyAkhyAna AThamuM. 141 ne yuropanA samAjamAM kaMIka evo pheraphAra thaI gayo hato ke tene lIdhe dhArmika yuddhone anna AvyuM. hajI keTalIka khAnagI rIte caDhAI o thatI hatI. keTalAka amIre, keTalAMka ToLAMo hajI jerusalama javA nIkaLatAM hatAM, paNa sAmAnya rIte evAM yuddho karavAne pavana baMdha thayo hato. tema chatAM te calAvavAnI AvazyaktA ke sagavaDane anna Avyo hoya ema jaNAtuM nathI. musalamAna leka eziyAmAM vadhAre ne vadhAre phAvyA. jerusalamamAM sthapAyeluM khristi rAjya temanA hAthamAM AvyuM hatuM. tene pharIthI jaya kare Avazyaka hata; dhArmika yuddhonI zarUAtanA samayamAM hatAM tenA karatAM vijaya prApta karavAnAM sAdhano vadhAre hatAM; eziyA mAInara, sIriA,ne pelesTinamAM keTalAka khristi leke moTI saMkhyAmAM vasyA hatA ne teo hajI zaktimAna. hatA. pravAsa ne yuddhanAM sAdhanothI teo vadhAre jANItA hatA. tema chatAM dhArmika yuddho pharIthI laDAyAM nahi. eTaluM nakkI hatuM ke samAjanAM be moTAM baLe, eka taraphathI rAjA ne bIjI taraphathI prajAvarga, e yuddhonI viruddha hatAM. vAraMvAra ema kahevAmAM AvyuM che ke AnuM kAraNa zithilatA hatuM. caropa, eziyA para caDhAI karatAM kaMTALI gayuM hatuM. AvA, sarakhAja prasaMgonA saMbaMdhamAM vaparAto zithilatA e zabdane barAbara artha ApaNe samaja joIe; e zabda ghaNo vicitra rIte acoksa che. zithilatA amuka manuSyamAM hoI zake, e kaMI koI jAtanA vArasAnI peThe vaMzaparaMparAthI utarI na Ave. teramA saikAnA mANaso bAramA saikAnAM dhArmika yuddhothI thAkI gayA ke zithila thayA nahatA; bIjA kAraNanI temanA para asara thaI hatI. vicAre, bhAvanAo ne sAmAjika sthitimAM moTo pheraphAra thaI ma hato. eka ja jAtanI jarUrIAto ne IcchAo have rahevA pAmI nahotI. pachInA saikAnA leke pahelAMnA lokonA ja vicAra karatA nahotA ke temanI ja IcchAe paNa rAkhatA nahotI. eka pachInA bIjA yugamAM jovAmAM AvatA pheraphAra AvA rAjakIya ke naitika parivartanathI samajAya che, zithilatAnA kAraNathI nahi. je khoTI zithilatAno Aropa karavAmAM Avyo

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142 yuropanA sudhArAno ItihAsa. che te mAtra eka khoTuM rUpaka che. eka sAmAjika ne eka naitika, ema be moTAM kAraNone lIdhe yuropamAM dhArmika yuddha thatAM hatAM. tame jANo ja che ke naitika kAraNamAM, dhArmika bhAvanAo ne panthono utsAha hato. sAtamA saikAnA antathI khristio musalamAno sAme dhArmika yuddho laDatA hatA, hAravAnI bhAre bhayamAM AvyA pachI yuropamAM te briti dharmane vijaya maLyo hato ne musalamIna dharmane spena dezamAM ja gaMdhI rAkhavAmAM ene phatteha maLI hatI. tyAMthI paNa tene hAMkI kADhavAne khristio vAraMvAra thatA hatA. dhArmika yuddho eka Akasmika, aciMtyo, ne agAu nahi saLagele, jerusalamathI pAchA AvatA yAtrALuenI kahelI vAtone lIdheja ne piTara dhi hamiMTanA upadezane AdhAre ja janmela banAva hato ema ene mATe kahevAmAM Ave che. AmAMnuM kazuMe nahotuM. dhArmika yuddho cAra saikA sudhI khristi dharma ne musalamIna dharmanI vacce thatA kalahanI mAtra parisamApti hatI. atyAra sudhI A kalahanuM kSetra yuropa hatuM. have tene eziyAmAM ANavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. e be dharmomAM rahelA dhArmika ne sAmAjika bhAvanAonA bhedo ja dhArmika yuddhonAM kAraNarUpa hatA. eka bIjI paNa bAbata e yuddho pracalita thavAmAM sAdhanabhUta thaI hatI. agIramA saikAnI yurepanI sAmAjika sthiti. pAMcamAM ne agIyAramA saikAmAM yuropamAM kaMI paNa sAmAnya moTI vastu dAkhala thaI zake tema nahotuM tenuM kAraNa meM tamane agAu samajAvyuM che. rAjya, saMsthAo, vicAro vagere badhuMja amuka maryAdAmAM saMkucita hatuM. dareka vastu sthAnika hatI te samajAvavAne meM agAu prayatna karyo hato. AvI ja rIte phaDala paddhati pravartamAna thaI hatI. keTalAka samaya pachI AvI saMkucita maryAdAthI saMtoSa thAya tema nahotuM. manuSyanA vicAro ne enI pravRttine vistIrNa kSetramAM viharavAnuM mana thayuM hatuM. bhaTakatuM jIvana paNa have aTakI gayuM hatuM, paNa tene mATe rahetA manane ullAsa ne te jIvananAM sAhasone mATenI icchA hajI nAza pAmI nahotI. dhArmika yuddhamAM loko jesabaMdha joDAyA.

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vyAkhyAna AThamuM. 143 jANe eka navuM cetanaja teo prApta karatA hoya tema thayuM. A cetana vadhAre vistIrNa hatuM, vadhAre vividhatAmaya hatuM, ne keTalIka vAra temAM agAunA vaidezika jIvananuM svAtaMtrya sAMbharI AvatuM, ane keTalIka vAra eka bhavya bhaviSyanuM rekhAdarzana thaI AvatuM. e prakArane yuropanA lokone teno anubhava thato hato. bAramA saikAnAM dhArmika yuddhonAM kharAM kAraNe mArA dhAravA pramANe A mujaba che. teramA saikAne cheDe AmAMnuM eke kAraNa rahyuM nahotuM. loko ne janasamAja evAM badalAI gayAM hatAM ke have eziyA para yuropanA lakone caDhAI karavAnuM naitika ke sAmAjika kAraNa rahyuM nahatuM. zarUAtanA tavArIkhakAro ne bAramA saikAnA antanA ne teramA saikAnA tavArIkhakAronAM lakhANo sarakhAve. pahelAMnA lekhakone dhArmika yuddhone mATe jesso hatA, ne tethI temanAM lakhANamAM temane jhema jovAmAM Avaze. tenI ja sAthe teo saMkucita mananA hatA ema paNa mAlUma paDaze. pAchalA lekhakonAM pustako ughADe. temanAM lakhANa tamane Adhunika lakhANonI peThe vizALa daSTibinduthI lakhAelAM mAlUma paDaze. pahelAMnA tavArIkhakAre musalamAna lokone mAtra tiraskArane ja pAtra gaNAve che. khulluMja che ke teo e lekane viSe kaMIja jANatA nahotA; mAtra dhArmika vaira sivAya temane viSe anya koI rItano vicAra e lekhako rAkhatA nahotA. koI paNa jAtanA sAmAjika saMbaMdhanAM paNa cihna ApaNane jaDatAM nathI. e lekhake mAtra temane dhikkAratA ne laDAI karatA; eTale ja temane saMbaMdha hato. pachInA tavArIkhakAro musalamAna lekene mATe tadana judI ja rIte bele che. keI paNa joI zake che ke je ke teo temanI sAthe laDhe che chatAM temane rAkSasa jevA gaNatA nathI, keTaleka darajaje te lekhako temanA vicAro sAthe samabhAva rAkhe che, ne temanI sAthe amuka saMbaMdha ne samabhAva paNa svIkAre che. musalamAna ne khristi lekanA AcAravicAra sarakhAvavA sudhI paNa teo jAya che, ne musalamAna lokone dAkhalo laI khristio para

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144 yuropanA sudhArAne ItihAsa, rIkA suddhAM kare che. tethI e be samaye vacce vicAramAM keTale badhe phera haze te tame joI zake tema che. dhArmika yuddhanI pahelI ja ne mukhya asara Ama vicArasvAtaMtrya ANavAnI, vicAra vistIrNa ne udAra thAya tema karavAnI hatI. dharmapanA nAme ne baLathI zarU thaelAM dhArmika yuddhoe dhArmika vicAronI yogya ne kAmanI asara kADhI nAMkhI ema te huM nahi kahuM, paNa e vicAronI manuSyanA mana para saMpUrNa--anya vicAronI pratibaMdhaka ne sarvopari sattA je hatI te kADhI naMkhAvI. ni:saMdeha, tadana nahi dhArelI evI A asara ghaNAM kAraNone lIdhe thaI hatI. paheluM kAraNa te dhArmika yuddhamAM laDavA janArAonI najare paDelA dekhAvanI nUtanatA, vizAlatA, ne vividhatA-e badhAmAM vaseluM hatuM jema pravAsIone bane che tema temane paNa thayuM. sAmAnya rIte ema kahe vAmAM Ave che ke pravAsa karanArAonuM mana vikasita thAya che. bhinna bhinna prajAo, AcAra, ne bhinna bhinna abhiprAya jevAnI TevathI vicAre vistIrNa thAya che, ne buddhi jAnA durAgraho, ekapakSI vicAronA baMdhanamAMthI vimukta thAya che. dhArmika yuddha karavAne nIkaLI paDelA pravAsIone viSe paNa evuM ja banyuM. jAta jAtanI judI judI ghaNI vastuo ne pitAnAthI judA AcAravicAre jovAthI temanAM mane paNa baMdhanamukta ne unnata thayAM. teo paNa pitAnAthI mAtra judA ja nahi, paNa vadhAre AgaLa vadhelA, be sudharelA dezanA saMbaMdhamAM AvyA; eka grIka lekanA, ne bIjo musalamAna lekinA. grIka leke jo ke nabaLA thaI gaelA, agAunA karatAM bagaDelA, ne paDatI dazAmAM AvelA hatA chatAM A pravAsIonA mana para temaNe eka vadhAre sudharelI, ziSTa, ne jJAnavALI prajA tarIke pitAnI chApa pADI emAM kaI zaka nathI. musalamAna prajAne viSe paNa evuM ja hatuM. dhArmika yuddhamAM gaelA lekae pitAne viSe musalamAno para kevI chApa pADI te bAbatamAM jUnA tavArIkhamAM jatAM Azcarya utpanna thAya che. musalamAna leka pahelAM temane jaMgalI, tadana aziSTa, atIva kUra ne ghaNuM ja ajJa prajA jevA

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vyAkhyAna AThamuM. 45 gaNatA hatA; ane e loko musalamAnonI AbAdI ne temanI rItabhAtanI ziSTatA joIne chaka thaI gayA hatA. pahelAMnI paDelI A chApa pachI, e bane prajAo vAraMvAra ekabIjAnA saMbaMdhamAM AvI. sAdhAraNa rIte dhAravAmAM Ave che tenA karatAM A saMbaMdho ghaNuM vadhI gayA ne agatyanA thayA. pUrva taraphanA khristi loko musalamAna loko sAthe vAraMvAranA saMbaMdhamAM AvyA, eTaluM ja nahi paNa pazcima ne pUrva e be dezo ekabIjAne jANItA thayA, temAM vAraMvAra jAAva thaI ne loko ekabIjAmAM maLI jatA thayA. A kAraNane lIdhe teramA ne caudamA saikAmAM yuropanI prajAo eka navI ne vistIrNa duniyAnA saMbaMdhamAM AvI ne temanAM magaja khIlyAM. dhArmika yuddha thaI gayA pachI yurepanI unnati ne svAtaMtrya jhaLakI uThayAM tenAM kAraNomAMnuM moTAmAM moTuM A eka hatuM emAM kaI ja zaka nathI. eka bIjuM kAraNa paNa jovA jevuM che. cheka dhArmika yuddha thayAM te samaya sudhI, sAmAnya prajAvarga romathI AvelA dUto ke dharmAdhyakSo ne dharmaguruonI sAthe saMbaMdhamAM Avyo te sivAya khristi dharmasamAjanA madhya sthaLa-ramanI kacerInI sAthe bIjI koI rIte saMbaMdhamAM Avyo nahoto. hamezAM sAmAnya prajA varganA keTalAka leka remanI sAthe bArobAra saMbaMdhamAM AvatA hatA; paNa samagra rIte vicAra karatAM ema jaNAya che ke dharmaguruenI mAraphateja rema sAmAnya prajAvarga sAthe saMbaMdhamAM AvatuM. tethI ulaTuM dhArmika yuddha cAlatAM hatAM te vakhate jatAM ne AvatAM banne vakhate yuddha karavA janArAone rema pravAsamArga thatuM hatuM. saMkhyAbaMdha sAmAnya ke e zaheranI paddhati ne AcAravicAronuM nirIkSaNa karatA, ne dhArmika vAdavivAdomAM vyaktigata bAbato keTalI badhI asara karatI te teo joI zaktA. A navA jJAnathI agAu kadApi nahi jovAmAM AveluM ghaNuM mANasemAM dhaya AvyuM. khAsa karIne dhArmika bAbatomAM, ne sAmAnya bAbato viSe paNa, dhArmika yuddha thaI gayA pachInA samayamAM lokonAM mananI sAmAnya rIte kevI sthiti

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146 yuropanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. hatI tene jyAre ApaNe vicAra karIe chIe tyAre eka vAta ApaNuM dhyAna kheMcyA vinA rahetI nathI. dhArmika vicAromAM kaMI pheraphAra thayo nahi, chatAM lokeAnAM mana dhaNAMja vadhAre svataMtra rIte vicAra karatAM thayAM hatAM. dhArmika pantheAja mAtra mananA vicAranuM kSetra rahyA nahotA. dhArmika panthI ne vicArAne taddana tajI dIdhA vinA lekenAM mana temAMthI chUTAM paDyAM te anya kSetromAM rezakAtAM thayAM. Ama teramA saikAne ante curApanI naitika sthitimAM ghaNA pheraphAra thaI gayA hatA. sAmAjika sthitimAM paNa Ane maLatAja pheraphAra thayA hatA. dhArmika yuddhonI A bAbatamAM kevI asara thaI hatI tenI dhaNI tapAsa thaI che. dhArmika yuddheAmAM javAne joItAM sAdhano pUrAM pADavAne mATe ghaNA jamInadArAne potAnI jamIne rAjAone vecavI paDI, ke nagarajanone sanado paisAnA badalAmAM ApavI paDI ema batAvI ApavAmAM AvyuM che. ghaNAkharA amIrAe mAtra peAtAnI gerahAjarIne lIdhe peAtAnI sattAnA mATe bhAga khAyA hovA joIe ema paNa batAvavAmAM AvyuM che. A bAbatanI parIkSAmAM vadhAre uMDA na utaratAM dhArmika yuddAnI sAmAjika sthiti paranI asaranuM theADIkaja khInAmAM ApaNe pRthakkaraNa karI zakIe tema che. nAnA jamInadArAnI saMkhyA e yuddAne lIdhe ghaNI ochI thaI gaI, maiM milkata ne sattA thoDAja mANasAnA hAthamAM ekaThAM thayAM. dhArmika yuddAnI pahelAMna te pachInI phrAnsanI sthiti ApaNe sarakhAvIzuM te ApaNane jaNAze ke dhaNA jamInadAreAnAM vatana jatAM rahyAM hatAM, ne mATA ne sAdhAraNa jamInadArAnAM vataneAmAM dhI vRddhi thaI hatI. dhArmika yuddAne pariNAme A eka meTAmAM mATI khInA thavA pAmI. jyAM nAnA jamInadArAnAM vataneA rahyAM hatAM tyAMpaNa agAunI peThe e lAkA alAhedA rahetA nahotA, moTA jamInadArAnI AsapAsa te AzrayamAM rahetA, ne temanA pADezamAMja temanuM jIvana gujAratA hatA. dhArmika yuddheAne vakhate moTA jamInadArAne paisAdAra amIrAnA anuyAyIo tarIke

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vyAkhyAna AThamuM. 17. javuM ne temanI madada levI e Avazyaka hatuM, e moTA amIre sAtheja nAnA jamInadArane pravAsamAM rahevuM paDatuM, enA bhAgyamAM bhAga levo paDato, ne enI ja sAthe sAhasika kAma karavAM paDatAM hatAM. e dhArmika yuddha laDanArAe badhA jyAre ghera pAchA AvatA, tyAre A sahavAsa, ane uMcI padavIne amAre sAthe rahevAnI A Teva temanI rItabhAtamAM ThasI jatI. A pramANe dhArmika yuddha zarU thayA pachI jema moTA jamInadArenAM vatanamAM vRddhi thaelI ApaNe joIe chIe, temaja e vatanavALAone temanA killAomAM vadhAre moTI kacerI bharatA joIe chIe, ne pitAnAM nAnAM vatane hoya tema chatAM temAM nahi bharAI besatAM A moTA jamInadAranI AsapAsa vITaLAtA nAnA vatanadArane ApaNe joIe chIe. nagarajananA saMbaMdhamAM, evA ja prakAranuM pariNAma sahelAIthI jovAmAM Ave che. dhArmiMka yuddhone pariNAme moTAM nagaro astitvamAM AvyAM. iTAlI ane phalAMDarsanAM moTAM zahero jevAM zaherene astitvamAM ANavA mATe nAne sane vepAraudhoga cAle tema nahotuM. e zahere moTA pAyA para cAlatA vepAra, dariyAI vapAra, khAsa karI pUrva taraphanA vepArane lIdhe thavA pAmyAM hatAM ane dariyAI vepArane sauthI vadhAre baLavAna uttejana dhAnika yuddhAe ApyuM hatuM. teramA ne caudamA saikAnA lagabhaga chevaTanA samayathI loko ke rAjA bemAMthI ekene dhArmika yuddha taraphano utsAha have rahyo nahoto. tenuM kAraNa tame samajI zakaze. temane have te viSenI AvazyaktA ke spRhA nahatI. mAtra dhArmika Avezane lIdhe ja teo e yuddhamAM deravAyA hatA; A AvezanI zakti have nAza pAmI hatI. dhArmika yuddhomAM temane vaLI eka navuM cetana-vadhAre vistIrNa ne bhinnatAvALuM cetana bhegavavAnuM kSetra maLatuM hatuM. e cetana temane have yuropanA ja sAmAjika vyavasAyomAM maLe tema hatuM. Aja samaye napatione rAjyavivRddhi karavAnA mArga khullA thayA. jyAre gharane AMgaNe rAjya meLavI zakAya tema hoya tyAre te meLavavA ezi

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148 yurepanA sudhArAne ItihAsa thAmAM zA mATe javuM? philipa ogasTasa IcchA viruddha dhArmika yuddhamAM joye; bIjuM zuM vadhAre svAbhAvika hoI zake tema hatuM ? ene kAnsanA rAjA banavuM hatuM. lokone viSe paNa temaja hatuM. dravya prApta karavAnA jIvanamArga temanI najara AgaLa khullA thayA; sAhase karavAnuM choDI daI kAma karavAmAM teo guMthAyA. rAjAone mATe sAhasanI jagyA rAjanIti ke yuktiprayuktio pUrI pADatI hatI; lokone mATe te jagyA moTAM moTAM kAma pUrAM pADatAM hatAM. samAjanA ekaja vargane hajI sAhasa kheDavAne zAkha sva hatuM. A varga phyuDala samayanA amIrI kuTuMbanA vaMzajone hatuM, kAraNa ke teo rAjyavivRddhine vicAra karI zake evI sthitimAM nahatA, ne kAma ke mahenatane mATe temane abhiruci nahotI. tethI teo temanI jUnI sthiti ne rItine vaLagI rahetA hatA. tethI teo dhArmika somAM jatA hatA tema javAnuM temaNe cAlu rAkhyuM, ne e yuddho pharIthI jIvanta thAya tene mATe temaNe prayatna karyA. dhArmika yuddhonI meTI ne kharI asare mArA mAnavA pramANe A pramANenI che. eka bAju taraphathI vicAra vistIrNa thayA, mana bandhanayA thayuM ne svAtaMtrya AvyuM; ne bIjI bAju taraphathI badhI jAtanI pravRttione mATe vadhAre vistIrNa kSetra khulluM mukAyuM, mananA vyApAranI vastuonI vivRddhi thaI. A bene lIdhe svataMtratA ne rAjakIya aikya vadhAre pramANamAM utpanna thayAM. mANasanI svataMtratA ne samAjanA ekIkaraNane temaNe sahAyatA ApI. pUrvamAMthI temaNe ANelAM sudhArAnAM sAdhano viSe ghaNuM pUchavAmAM Ave che. ema kahevAya che ke hokAyaMtra (athavA pAsa), mudraNa ne dArUge -caudamA ne paMdaramA saikAnI yuropanI unnati sAdhanArI zemAMnI mukhya zaidhe pUrvamAM jANItI hatI, ne tethI dhArmika yuddha laDavA janArAoe e vastuo tyAMthI ANI heya tema che. keTaleka darajaje A kharuM che. paNa AmAMnuM keTaluMka vivAdagrasta che. jene mATe matabheda nathI te pArmika yuddhanI eka taraphathI lokonAM mana para asara, ne bIjI taraphathI

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14s vyAkhyAna AThamuM. samAja para asara che. e yuddhoe yuropanA samAjane ekanA eka cuMthAcalA cIlAmAMthI A khaseDe, ne navA ne vadhAre vistIrNa mArgamAM caDhAvI Ape. lagabhaga teja samaye A moTA pariNAmamAM madada karanAra eka tatva-napataMtrapaddhati-ne paNa dhIme dhIme vikAsa pAmyuM. Adhunika rAjyanA utpattisamayathI teramA saikAnA anta sudhI e paddhatine ItihAsa mAsa AvatA vyAkhyAnane viSaya thaze.

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150 yurepanA sudhArAne itihAsa. vyAkhyAna navamuM. vyAkhyAnane viSaya-yuropanA ne AkhI duniyAnA ItihAsamAM rAjAe lIdhela agatyane bhAga-AnAM kharAM kAraNe-nRpataMtra viSenAM agatyanAM be daSTibinduo-(1) nyAyanA sAmrAjyanuM e sAkSAtkaraNa che-zI hadamAM 1 (2) jema vALavuM hoya tema vaLAya ne bhinna karavuM hoya tema bhinna karAya evA enA guNeyuropanuM nRpataMtra judI judI jAtanAM nRpataMtranA pariNAma rUpe che-remana nRpataMtra-dhArmika rAjapada-cUDala paddhati pramANenuM rAjapada-Adhunika kharekharUM pataMtra ne tenuM kharuM svarUpa mAhya ra gayA vyAkhyAnamAM Adhunika yuropIana samAjane ArambhanA samayanA yuropIana samAjanI sAthe sarakhAvI tenAM mukhya ne khAsa lakSaNe nakkI karavA meM prayatna karyo hato. huM dhAruM chuM ApaNe zodhI kADhyuM | hatuM ke sAmAjika baMdhAraNanAM prathama je ghaNAM ne e judAM judAM to hatAM te badhAnAM have mAtra beja mukhya tatta thaI gayAM che; eka taraphathI rAjya, ne bIjI taraphathI prajA. phayUDala amIrIvarga, dharmaguruo, rAjAo, nagarajano, ne Azritavargane badale Adhunika yuropanI aitihAsika raMgabhUmi para mAtra beja meTAM pA-eka, rAjA ne bIjuM, prajA-rAjya ne deza-have agatyane bhAga le che. je samaye dhArmika yuddha zarU thayAM te ja samaye Adhunika samAjanA baMdhAraNamAM meTe hisso ApanAra, ne rAjA ne prajA evA be bhAgamAM ja badhAM judAM judAM sAmAjika tatvonuM ekIkaraNa karanAra eka paddhatinI vivRddhi thavA mAMDI; A paddhati pataMtranI hatI. - yurepanA sudhArAnA ItihAsamAM nRpataMtrane ghaNe mere bhAga che te dekhItuM che. aitihAsika banAvonA sahaja nirIkSaNathI A bAbatanI khAtrI

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thAya tema che. ghaNuM lAMbA vakhata sudhI jeTalI tvarAthamimI nA thatI gaI teTalI ja tvarAthI rAjamahimA paNa vadhato gayo. e pragati arasaparasa saMbaMdha dharAve che. eTaluM ja nahi paNa jyAre jyAre samAja tenI Adhunika ne nizcita sthiti tarapha prayANa karate jovAmAM Ave che, tyAre tyAre rAjapadanI sattA paNa vistIrNa thatI ne vijaya pAmatI jAya che. te kAraNane lIdhe yuropanAM moTAM rAjyamAM rAjyane prajA e beja ta jyAre upayogI asara karI zakatAM mAlUma paDe che, tyAre rAjya eTale rAjapada jovAmAM Ave che, arthAta rAjAja rAjya hoya che, ne rAjyamAM enI ja sattA sarvopari jovAmAM Ave che. AvI sthiti mAtra phrAnsamAM nahi tyAM to e dekhItI ja che-paNa yuropanA dezamAMnA moTA bhAgamAM thaI che. kaMIka vahelI ke kaMIka meDI ne kaMIka judA judA svarUpamAM iMglaMDa, spena ne jarmanInA samAjanA itihAsamAM evuM ja pariNAma ApaNuM jovAmAM Ave che. udAharaNa tarIke iMglaMDamAM TayaDara rAjAonA samayamAM aMgrejI prajAnAM jAnAM ne sthAnika tane nAza thayo hato, ne tene badale prajAkIya sattA ke baLanI paddhati astitvamAM AvI hatI; rAjapade, rAjAoe sauthI vadhAre sattA paNa Aja samaye vAparI hatI. jarmanI, spena, ne yuropanAM badhAM moTAM rAjyomAM paNa evuM ja hatuM. - yurepa choDI bAkInI duniyA tarapha ApaNe najara karIzuM to AnA jevIja vastusthiti joIzuM. dareka sthaLe ApaNe joIzuM ke rAjapada ghaNuM agatyanuM sthAna le che. nRpataMtranI paddhati sauthI vadhAre sAdhAraNa ne sthAyI saMsthA hato, ne jyAM enI pUrve sattA nahatI tyAM te thatI hatI, ne jyAM hatI tyAMthI kADhavI sauthI vadhAre agharI hatI. cheka prAcIna kALathI eziyAmAM e sarvatra pracalita che. amerikAnI zodha thaI tyAre tyAM paNa rAjapada jovAmAM AvatuM hatuM. AphrikAnA madhya pradezamAM dAkhala thaIzuM, jyAM jyAM koI paNa rIte vistIrNa prajAo ApaNe joIzuM tyAM

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ra. yurApanA sudhArAnA tahAsa ApaNane enIja sattA pravartelI mAlUma Daze. rAjapada sarvatra dAkhala thayuM che, eTaluMja nahi, paNa ghaNI judI judI ne bhinna bhinna prakAranI sthiti sAthe paNa ene anukULatA jovAmAM Ave che. sudharela temaja jaMgalI, ane zAnta temaja uddhRta prajAemAM e ekasarakhI rIte sthapAyuM che. jyAM jJAtibaMdhaneAnI paddhati che tyAM, temaja jyAM prajAnA sarve aMgA ekasarakhA gaNavAmAM Ave che tyAM paNa e sthapAyuM che. kAika sthaLe ApakhudI ne julamI tA kAika sthaLe sudhArAne ne svataMtratAne suddhAM anukULa, e jANe judAM judAM ghaNAM zarorA para mukI zakAya tevA eka zIrSa jevuM jaNAya che, te dhaNAM judI judI jAtanAM khIjomAMthA kaLI zake evAM eka phaLa jevuM che. A bAbatamAM ghaNAM vicitra ne upayAgI pariNAmeA ApaNe zodhI zakIe tema che. huM mAtra meneja viSe kheAlIza. paheluM teA e che ke AvuM pariNAma mAtra akasmAt, baLa, ke adhikAra vinA prApta karI zakAya. ni:sadeha nRpataMtranI paddhatinI sAtheja baLa tA joDAyaluM hoya cheja. maLe enI unnatimAM agatyanA bhAga paNa lIdheA che. paNa jyAre eka sarakhA mATe banAva dhaNA saikAomAM te judI judI ghaNI sthitimAM ApaNe joI e chIe tyAre tenuM kAraNa mAtra aLa hatuM ema ApaNe ApI zakatA nathI. manuSyanI bAbate mAM khaLa dhaNA mATe bhAga le che ne satata kAma kare che, paNu te kaMi temanuM AdikAraNa nathI, kAraNa ke baLa je kaMI karI zake che te badhAMnA para naitika kAraNa paNa hamezAM kAma karatuMja hoya che, ne te vastumAtrane amuka rIte niSkRta kare che. jema mANasanA jIvananA itihAsamAM zarIrane viSe che tema samAjanA pratihAsamAM baLane viSe che. mANasanA jIvanamAM zarIra kharekhara dhaNuM agatyanuM sthAna le che, teA paNa jIvananuM e kaMI kAraNa nathI. jIvana emAM badhe phare che, paNa emAMthI udbhavatuM kaMi nathI. tevIja rIte samAjote viSe che. baLa temAM game te kAma kare tAe e kaMI temAM rAjya calAvatuM ke tenuM bhAvI nakkI karI zakatuM nathI. baLanI Akasmika asara pAchaLa chupAyalI naitika ne buddhinI sarA samAjane amuka dizAmAM vALA

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vyAkhyAna navamu 153 zake che. baLa nahi paNa AvI jAtanuM kAraNa rAjapadane vijaya meLavI ApavAmAM sahAyabhUta thayuM hatuM. eka bIjI eTalIja agatyanI bAbata, sudhArA sAthe judI judI paristhitine anukULa paDe te pramANe sattAne vALavAnI e patinI khukhI che. A bheda keTalA badhA che te tapAseA. e paddhati aneka jAtanI, sthAyI, ne saraLa che; khIjI paddhatimAM je bhinna bhinna jAtanAM saMmizraNA jovAmAM Ave che tevAM emAM nathI, tema chatAM je samAjo sAthe sauthI echI enI sarakhAmaNI hAya che tene paNa e lAgu paDI zake che te anuphaLa thAya che. naitika baLa eja tenuM kharuM kAraNa che. nRpataMtranuM evuM kharUM baLa, kaMI mAtra amuka samaye je mANasa rAjAnuM pada dhAraNa kare che tenI svacchAmAM raheluM nathI eTaluM niHsaMdeha che. leAkeA rAjAnI sattA svIkAre che te philasUfA tenuM pratipAdana kare che te vakhate tee amuka eka mANasanI saMkucita, niraMkuza, turaMgI, he ana svecchAnuM sAmrAjya svIkAravA dhAratA ke rAjI heAtA nathI. nRpataMtra amuka eka mANusanI icchAthI judIja vastu che, joke tedvArAja ene ApaNe joie chIe. rAjA e teA nyAyanA sAmrAjyanuM, ne vyaktionI judI judI icchAethI taddana judIja ne caDhIAtI, yeAgya, saMskAravALI, nyAyya, ne pakSapAtarahita icchAnuM mUrtimAna svarUpa che, ma Aneja lIdhe vyaktinI bhinna bhinna icchA para zAsana karavAnA tene haka che leAkeAnA manamAM nRpataMtrane AvA artha hoya che, te tRpataMtrane te vaLagI rahe che tenA hetu paNa AvA hoya che. phAI paNa prakAranI nRpataMtranI zAsanapaddhati jozAtAe nakkIja che ke rAjA, e nyAyanA sAmrAjyanI mUrti tarIke dRSTigAcara thAya che. dhArmika paddhati tapAsA; e pramANe A pRthvI para IzvaranA avatAra che. Ane artha eja ke te uttama nyAya, satya, te sAdhutAnI mUrtio che. dharma

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154 yuropanA sudhArAne ItihAsa. zAstramAM pravINa puruSone pUcho; teo tamane kaheze ke rAjA nyAyanA sAmrAjyanI ne nyApya dharmazAstranI mUrti che, ne samAja para zAsana karavAne tene haka che. pataMtrazAsanapaddhatimAM rAjAne ja pUcho; e tamane kaheze ke rAjyanA uttama zreyasUnuM e mUrtimAna svarUpa che. game te sthitimAM ne game te prakAranuM nRpataMtra tame joze temAM tamane mAlUma paDaze ke rAjA nyAyanA sAmrAjyanA pratinidhi tarIke zAsana karatA jaNAya che. vaLI nRpataMtrane khAsa anukULa keTalAka samaya hoya che. keTalAka samaya evA hoya che ke vyaktionAM AtmabaLe duniyAmAM bhinna bhinna Apattie ne vaimanasya sAthe prakAzamAM Ave che, ne ajJAna, kUratA, ke duSTatAne lIdhe lekemAM mamatva baLavAna hoya che. A samaye lekanI svecchAonA jhagaDAne lIdhe samAjamAM sarvenuM hita sAdhe evI eka sAmAnya sarvopari IcchAnA tAbAmAM svataMtra rIte aikya thaI zakatuM nathI, ne tethI, leke badhA jenA kAbumAM rahI zake evA eka rAjAnI sattA sthapAya tene mATe atIva usuka bane che; ane je kSaNe nyAyanuM sAmrAjya sthApana kare evI ekAda saMsthA lekenA jovAmAM Ave che ke tarata samAja tene utsAhathI vadhAvI le che. prajAonI avyavasthita taruNAvasthAmAM AvuM ja jovAmAM AvyuM heya che. arAjakatA pUrNa jesamAM hoya eve samaye nRpataMtra ghaNuMja anukULa hoya che, kAraNa ke samAja te vakhate niyamana ne zAsananI IcchA rAkhe che, paNa tenI svataMtra icchAthI te kema karavuM te te jANato nathI. anya samaye evA paNa hoya che ke tadana viruddha ja kAraNone lIdhe, kRpataMtra, temAM teTaluM ja anukULa hoya che. prajAsattAka rAjyataMtrane ane lagabhaga nAzavaMta sthitimAM AveluM remana mahArAjya, tyAra pachI lagabhaga paMdara saikA sudhI hameza avanata thatuM ne durdazA bhogavatuM, chatAM mahArAjyanuM nAma dhAraNa karatuM TakI rahyuM, enuM kAraNa zuM hatuM? kRpataMtrane lIdhe ja AvuM pariNAma saMbhavita hatuM; jene hameza nAzavaMta banAvavA prayatna karate hate evA svArthavALA samAjane

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vyAkhyAna navamuM. 15 pataMtraja TakAvI zake. remana prajAno nAza paMdara saikA sudhI thato aTakAvavA pasattA mathI rahI hatI. Ama keTalAka samaya evA heya che ke tene nAza thato aTakAvavAnuM, ne tenuM baMdhAraNa jaladIthI sthAyI karavAnuM kAma, nRpataMtraja karI zake. A banne bAbatamAM nRpatio sattA bhogave che tenuM kAraNa e che ke bIjI kaI paNa paddhati karatAM nRpataMtranI zAsanapaddhati vadhAre spaSTatAthI ne vadhAre daDhatAthI nyAyanA sAmrAjyanuM svarUpa dhAraNa kare che. koI paNa daSTibinduthI ne koI paNa samaya viSe tame A paddhatine vicAra karaze te tame kabUla karaze ke enuM mukhya lakSaNa, enuM naitika baMdhAraNa, ene kharo ne gUDha artha e che ke samAja para zAsana karavAnI ekaja, ucca, ne nyApya IcchAnuM pratibiMba, enI mUrti, ne eno pratinidhi mAtra rAjAja che. have nRpataMtranI paddhati judI judI paristhitimAM vALavI hoya tema vaLe ne anukULa thAya ema agAu ApaNe kahyuM hatuM te dRSTibindu laIe. ahIM ApaNane eka lAbha che; ApaNe ekadama itihAsa ne te paNa phrAnsanA itihAsa viSe bolI zakIzuM. Adhunika yuropamAM duniyAnA ItihAsamAM je je bhinna svarUpamAM nRpataMtra jovAmAM AvyuM che te ghaNAM kAraNone lIdhe dhAraNa thayuM che. je gaNitanI bhASA vAparavAnI mane chUTa hoya te kahI zakuM tema che ke yuropamAM astitvamAM AvelI nRpataMtranI paddhati duniyAnI bhinna bhinna badhA prakAranI pataMtranI paddhatinA saravALA jevI che. pAMcamAthI bAramA saikAne ene ItihAsa huM sArAMzamAM batAvIza ne te parathI mAruM kahevuM tamane samajAze. pAMcamA saikAmAM moTA jarmana humalAne samaye be tRpataMtranI paddhatio jovAmAM Ave che; eka vaidezika nRpataMtra, ne bIjuM, remana nRpataMtra, eka kalevisanuM ne bIjuM kausTenTinanuM. bannenI paddhati ne pariNAme judAM che. videzika nRpati mukhyatve jananiyukta che. jo ke temanI cuMTaNI hAlanI

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15 yurApanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. cuMTaNInA jevI nahotI, tAe jarmana pati cUMTI kADhavAmAM AvatA hatA. e nRpatie senAdhipati hatA ne temanA potAnA vargamAM temane sauthI vadhAre bahAdura ne kuzaLa gaNI AjJAdhIna rahenArA temanA gAThIAe . temanI sattA potAnI marajIthI svIkAre evI rIte temane vartavuM paDatuM hatuM. Ama vaidezika nRpataMtra mukhyatve karIne jananiyuktaja hatuM. huM ema nathI kahevA mAMgatA ke nRpataMtranA A svarUpamAM kaMI pheraphAra thayA nahotA ke khIjAM tattvA emAM dAkhala karavAmAM AvyAM nahotAM. judI judI TALI para thoDA samaya sudhI tenA saradArA hatA. paNa keTalAMka kuTuMba khIjAMnA karatAM vadhAre vizvasanIya, AdaraNIya, ne dravyavAna thayAM hatAM. A kArAne lIdhe vArasAthI maLatA hakAnI zarUAta thaI. havethI saradAra A kuTuMbamAMthIja ghaNe bhAge cuMTI kaDhAtA hatA. cuMTaNInA mukhya niyama sAthe tenAthI judo paDatA A niyama sauthI pahelA joDAtA thayA. vaidezika nRpataMtramAM eka bIjo vicAra, eka khIjuM tattva paNa dAkhala thayuM hatuM. keTalIka vaidezika prajAmAM, jemake gAya leAkeAmAM, rAjAonAM kuTuMbe zvaramAMthI utarI AvatAM, athavA te eDina jevA je vIra puruSone temaNe IzvaranA avatAra jevA gaNyA hoya temAMthI utarI AvatAM hatAM. heAmare varNavelA rAjA, Izvara ke zvarI avatArAmAMthI utarI AvatA, te A prakAranAja hatA, ne temanA AvA haka hAvAne lIdhe e rAjAonI sattA saMkucita hAvA chatAM temanA tarapha dhArmika dRSTino pUjyabhAva rAkhavAmAM AvatA hatA. vaidezika nRpataMtra pAMcamA saikAmAM AvuM ne A pramANe atyArathI judA khudA svarUpamAM badalAtuM jatuM hatuM, jo ke enuM ArambhanuM svarUpa hajI kAyama rahyuM hatuM. have rezamana nRpataMtra tapAsIe. A taddana juduMja che; emAM rAjA te rAjyanuM mUrtimAna svarUpa, romana prajAnA sAmrAjya ne gauravanA jANe vArasa che. AgAma ne TAmeriyasanAM nRpataMtra tapAsA. zahenazAha rAjyanI judI

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vyAkhyAna navamuM. judI sabhAo ne prajAne pratinidhi mAluma che; e temanI pachIthI Avyo ne A badhAonuM astitva jANe enAmAMja samAI jAya che. pahelA zahenazAhe je vinIta bhASAno upayoga karatA te parathIja A bAbata keNu samajyA vinA raheze? chellAM sAmrAjya bhegavatA ne pitAnI tarapheNamAM adhikAra tyAga karanAra prajAvarga samakSa e zahenazAhe prajAnA mAtra pratinidhi ne maMtrio peThe pitAne gaNatA ne prajA samakSa bolatA. paraMtu vastutaH prajAnI badhI sattA teo ja vAparatA, ne te paNa ghaNI daDhatAthI. Avo pherapara kevI rIte thayo te ApaNAthI sahelathI samajI zakAya tema che. ApaNe nateja e pheraphAra joye che. lokenuM sAmrAjya eka mANasanA hAthamAM jatu ApaNe joyuM che; eja nepelianane ItihAsa che. e paNa sAmrAnya bhogavanAra eka prajAne pratinidhei hate. e hameza kahyA karataH eka karoDa eMzI lAkha lekothI cuMTI kaDhAyala mArA jevo koNa che? phrAnsanA prajAsattAka rAjyanA lokone mArA je pratinidhi koNa che?" ane jyAre enA sikkAnI eka bAju tarapha "prajAsattAka krAnsa", ne bIjI bAju tarapha "zahenazAha nepalIana" evA zabdo ApaNe vAMcIe chIe, tyAre prajAja rAjA thAya che ema meM AgaLa varNavelA banAva sivAya bIjuM zuM samajI zakAya tema che? rimana nRpataMtranuM mukhya lakSaNa A prakAranuM hatuM. DAyAliziananA samaya pachI temAM pheraphAra thavAno prasaMga Avyo hato; eka navA prakAranuM pataMtra lagabhaga prakAzamAM AvyuM hatuM. traNa saikA sudhI samAjamAM dhArmika to dAkhala karavA khristi dharma mathI rahyo hato. keMsTenTinanA rAjyamAM ene phateha maLI ne dhArmika to sarvagrAhI te nahi paNa agatyano bhAga letAM thayAM. A samaye nRpataMtra eka judA ja svarUpamAM daSTigocara thAya che; enI utpatti pArthiva nathI, ne rAjA prajAsAmrAjyane pratinidhi paNa nathI, paNa Izvarano e avatAra ne Izvarano pratinidhi che. havethI rAjAnI sattA ucethI maLatI gaNAI remana pataMtramAM e nIcethI AvatI hatI. A

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158 yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa. be tadana judIja vastusthitio che ne tenAM pariNAma paNa tadana judAMja che. dhArmika pataMtra sAthe svataMtratAnA hake ne tethI maLatuM rAjakIya rakSaNa joDI zakavAM muzkela che, tema chatAM A paddhati ja unnata, nItivALI, ne lAbhakAraka che. dhArmika nRpataMtrane samaye-sAtamA saikAmAM rAjAne viSe zo Adarza kalpavAmAM AvatuM hatuM te ApaNe joIe. DholiDonI sabhAnA niyamamAMthI huM utArI lauM chuM. "rAjA nyAyathI zAsana kare che teTalA mATe ja rAjA kahevAya che. e nyAyathI varte che to e yogya rIte rAjA nAma dhAraNa kare che; je e anyAyathI varte che te zocanIya rIte e e nAma beya che. nyAya ne satya e be mukhya rAjasadaguNe che." paNa dhArmika nRpataMtranI paddhatimAM nRpataMtrathI eka tadana juduM ja tatva ghaNuMkharUM dAkhala thaI jatuM hatuM. pataMtranA karatAM paNa IzvaranI vadhAre najIkanI eka navI sattA pataMtranI sAthe sAthe sthapAvavA pAmI; A dharmaguruonI sattA hatI, ne te Izvara ne rAjAonI ne rAjAone prajAnI vacamAM AvatI hatI. eTale nRpataMtra IzvarI IcchAne mAnuSI dubhASiyAe arthAta dharmaguru nA jANe sAdhanarUpa banyuM. pataMtranI paddhatinA bhAvI ne tenA pariNAmamAM bhinnatA jovAmAM Ave che tenuM A vaLI eka navuM ja kAraNa hatuM. remana mahArAjyanI paDatI pachI pAMcamA saikAmAM kevAM kevAM bhinna prakAranAM pataMtro jovAmAM AvatAM hatAM te ApaNane A pramANe mAlUma paDe che -vaidezika pataMtra, remana pataMtra, ne navuM thatuM dhArmika nRpataMtra. jevAM temanAM baMdhAraNe judAM hatAM tevAja temanAM bhaviSya paNa judAM hatAM. pAMcamAthI bAramA saikAnI vacamAM sAmAnya rIte traNa jAtanAM nRpataMtra sAthe pravarte. yurepanAM judAM judAM rAjyamAM darekamAM dareka ke vadhAre prakAranAM pataMtra sthitine anusarIne pracAramAM AvyAM. avyavasthA A samaye evI hatI ke kaMIja sArvatrika ke sthAyI sthApI zakAya tema nahotuM; ne eka pheramAMthI bIje pheraphAra e pramANe AThamA saikA

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vyAkhyAna navamuM. 157 sudhI sthiti badalAtAM badalAtAM ApaNe AThamA saikAmAM AvIe chIe tyAre ja tRpataMtranI paddhatie kaMIka sthAyI svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM joIe chIe. phrAnsanA mere vijiana rAjAo pachI kAlIvijiana rAjAo jyAre rAjya kare che tyAre vaidezika nRpataMtranI paddhati pAchI dAkhala thaelI mAlUma paDe che; cuMTaNa pharIthI jovAmAM Ave che. pepina rAjA seImsansamAM pote cuMTaNIthI gAdIe Ave che. jyAre pahelA kavijiana rAjAo pitAnA chokarAone rAjya soMpe che tyAre rAjyanA mukhya puruSonI pAse temane svIkAra karAvyA pachI tema kare che. jyAre koI paNa vibhAga karavo hoya che tyAre paNa prajAkIya sabhAomAM tenI maMjUrI meLavavA teo Icche che. prajAkIya svIkAranA svarUpamAM cuMTaNanI paddhati kaMIka kharUM svarUpa pharIthI dhAraNa kare che. dhyAnamAM rAkhaje ke rAjAonI vaMzAvalimAM thaelo A phera yuropanI pazcimamAM jarmanAe karelA navA humalA jevo hato, ne tethI temanI jUnI paddhatio ne jUnA AcAravicArenI kaMIka chAyA pAchAM dAkhala thayAM. te ja samaye nRpatiMtramAM dhArmika paddhati paNa vadhAre spaSTatAthI dAkhala thaelI ne tyAM vadhAre agatyane bhAga letI ApaNe joIe chIe. papinane pipe svikAryo hato ne pape ene rAjyAbhiSeka karyo hato. dhArmika anumatinI ene AvazyaktA hatI; dharmanI sattA atyAra sudhImAM ghaNI ja thaI cUkI hatI ne tenI eNe madada mAgI. zArlAmene paNa eja sAvacetI lIdhI. dhArmika nRpataMtranI paddhati dhIme dhIme vikasita thatI hatI. chatAM zAlamenanA vakhatamAM A paddhati mukhya na thaI, eNe remana pataMtranI paddhati punarjavita karavA prayatna karyo hato. jo ke dharmaguruo sAthe e gADha saMbaMdha rAkhato ne temane upayoga karato hato, topaNa temanA mAtra sAdhana je e ba nahatA. zAlAmenanA rAjyanI mahecchA eka mahAna rAjya, eka mahAna rAjakIya aikya, remana mahArAjyanuM punaHsthApana karavAnI hatI. e marI gayo ne enI pachI luI li bAra Avyo. tarataja nRpasAe

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160 yureApanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. kevuM svarUpa pakaDayuM te badhAja jANe che; rAjA dharmaguruonI sattAmAM AvI jaththo, te te enA tiraskAra karatA, gAdIethI utAratA, karI besADatA, ne enA para niyamana calAvatA hatA. thoDAka vakhata pahelAM khAI gaelI dhArmika nRpataMtranI paddhati krIthI sthApita thavAnI aNIe AvelI jaNAI. Ama AThamA saikAnA madhya kALathI navamAnA madhya kALa sudhI traNe prakAranAM nRpataMtronI paddhationI vividhatA, agatyanA, paraspara saMbaMdya, te dekhItA banAvAmAM dRSTigAcara thaI. luI li dekhAzeranA mRtyu pachI yuropamAM avyavasthA thaI te samaye nRpataMtranI traNe paddhati lagabhaga ekjhI vakhate nAza pAmI. badhIja avyavasthA thaI gaI. keTalAka samaya pachI jyAre yUDala paddhati dAkhala thaI tyAre eka ceAthIja te agAu ApaNe kadApi joi hoya tenAthI judAja prakAranI nupataMtranI paddhati jovAmAM AvI; A yUDala nRpataMtranI paddhati hatI. A guMcavaNavALI che te enuM lakSaNa ApavuM ghaNuM kaThaNa che. ema kahevAya che ke yUDala paddhati pramANe rAjA teA rAjAno rAjA, amIrAnA amIra hatA, maiM tethI AkhA samAjanAM judAM judAM aMgAne e barAbara saMbaMdhamAM rAkhI zakatA hatA. enI AsapAsa enA peAtAnA AzritajanonuM ne AzritAnA AzritAnuM paNa namana mATe AvhAna karI AkhI prajAne e peAtAnI pAse khelAvI zakatA, ne tethI potAnI nRpasattA kharekharI dAkhavI ApatA hatA. yUDala nRpata MtranI paddhati A prakAranI hatI tenI huM nA pADatA nathI; paNa e mAtra eka paddhatija hatI, vastusthiti tevA prakAranI nahotI. kramazaH prajAnA badhA vargo sAthe rAjA saMbaMdhamAM AvatA, te tethI sAmAnya asara karI zakatA ema je A paddhati pramANe kahevAmAM Ave che te rAjakIya viSayAmAM agresara bhAga lenArAonuM mAtra svapradarzana che. kharUM jotAM cUDala amIrAnA moTA bhAga A samaye nRpataMtrathI taddana svataMtra hatA; meTI saMkhyA tA rAjAnuM nAma paNa bhAgyeja jANatI, te tenI sAthe bahu thoDA

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161 vyAkhyAna navamu. saMbaMdha dharAvatI ke bIlakula nae dharAvatI. badhAja rAjAo sthAnika ne svataMtra hatA. dazamA ne agIAramA saikAmAM pataMtranI A prakAranI sthiti hatI. bAramA saikAmAM luI li grosanA rAjyanI zarUAta thatAM dekhAva badalAvavA mAMDyo. rAjA viSe bolAtuM ApaNe ghaNuM vadhAre vAra sAMbhaLIe chIe; jyAM atyAra sudhI e pahoMcI zakyo nahato, tyAM paNa enI sattAnI asara pahoMcI zakI samAjamAM eno bhAga vadhAre agatyano thayo. zA hakathI rAjA AvI sattA bhogavavA mAMDyo te ApaNe zodhIe chIe te atyAra sudhInA enA jANItA haka mane eke ApaNuM jovAmAM AvatuM nathI. rimana nRpataMtra taraphathI ene e haka maLyo nahoto; temaja cuMTaNIthI ke dhArmika sattAnA pratinidhinA rUpamAM paNa maLyo nahoto. atyAra sudhI nahi jovAmAM AveluM eka navuM ja svarUpa pataMtramAM jovAmAM AvyuM; eka navI jAtanuM nRpataMtra zarU thayuM. mAre kahevAnI jarUra nathI ke A samaye samAjamAM ghaNI ja avyavasthA hatI; mAraphADane e satata bhaThya thato hato. AvI zocanIya sthitinI sAme thavAne, ke koI jAtanI vyavasthA ke ektA pharI sthApita karavAne samAjanI aMdara kaMI sAdhano nahotAM. yala paddhatinAM badhAM sAdhana nAmamAtramAMja rahyAM hatAM. vyavasthA ke nyAyanuM punaHsthApana kare evuM kazuM samAjamAM nahotuM jovAmAM AvatuM. AvI sthitimAM anyAya thatuM aTakAvavA ke koIpaNa jAtanuM rAjakIya baMdhAraNa sthApavA konI pAse javuM tenI koIne sUjha paDatI nahatI. rAjAnuM nAma rahyuM hatuM; ekAda amIra e nAmane dhAraNa karatA hatA, ne keTalAka vaLI tene pitAnuM duHkhanivedana karatA hatA. atyAra sudhI judAM judAM svarUpamAM pataMtra thaI gayAM hatAM. te hajI lekonA manamAM tAja hatAM, ne keTalAka saMjogomAM le ke te kabUla paNa karatA hatA. koIpaNa jAtanI bhAre mAraphADa dabAvavA, ke rAjAnA AvAsa pAse kaMIka vyavasthA sthApita karavA, ke ghaNA vakhatanI thaelI kaMI laDAI patAvavA

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162 yurepanA sudhArAne itihAsa lake rAjAnI pAse jatA; keTalIka vAra enI sattAnI bahAranI vAtamAM paNa vacamAM paDavAne enI madada mAgavAmAM AvatI; e prajAkIya vyavasthAnA rakSaka tarIke, ke lokone thatI IjA dUra karavA lavAda tarIke vacamAM paData. enA nAmanI sAthe je naitika sattA rahI hatI te dhIme dhIme A prakAranI sattA ene meLavI ApatI hatI. laI li gresanA rAjya nIce ne sugaranI sattA nIce A pramANenuM nRpataMtra thavA mAMDayuM hatuM. jemane rAjyanAM sAmAnya sAdhano dvArA nyAya na maLato hoya temane nyAya ApavAnuM ne avyavasthAne samaye vyavasthA sthApavAnuM kAma havethI pataMtra sAthe joDAyuM. salAha jALavavI ke pharIthI karavI, ne je kaMI na patAvI zake evI laDAIe hoya te patAvavI evuM eka moTA maeNjisTreTa tarIkenuM navuM kAma A rAjAone zire lokoe aryuM hatuM. - yuropamAM ne khAsa karI kAnsamAM bAramA saikAthI zarU thatuM nRpataMtranuM A tadana navuM ja svarUpa hatuM. e vaidezika pataMtrae nahetuM, dhArmika nRpataMtrae nahetuM, ke remana pataMtra paNa nahotuM. enI sattA tadana judI ja rIte vaparAtI hatI. enI mAtra thoDI, apUrNa ne akasmAtathI prApta thaelI jANe AkhI prajAnI zAntinA rakSaka tarIkenI sattA hatI. Adhunika nRpataMtranI kharI utpatti A che; kharuM jotAM A enuM kharU kAraNa che; AgaLa jatAM ene ja vikAsa thayo che ne ene lIdhe ja Adhunika nRpataMtra vijayavAna nIvaDayuM che ema saMkoca vinA ApaNe kahI zakIzuM. ItihAsanA judA judA yugamAM pataMtranAM judAM judAM svarUpa pharIthI jovAmAM Ave che. Ama dharmaguruoe hamezAM dhArmika pataMtrane upadeza karyo che; dharmazAstramAM kevida puruSoe remana nRpataMtrane punarjIvita karavA prayatna karyo che; ane amIroe keTalIka vakhate prajAniyukta pataMtra ke cUDala nRpataMtra pharIthI sthAvavA prayatna karyo che. A pramANe judA judA lekee judAM judAM nRpati sthApavA prayatna karyA che eTaluM ja nahi paNa rAjAoe judAM judAM pataMtra pramANe te te vargane potAnI sattA vadhAravAmAM sAdhanabhUta karyA che.

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vyAkhyAna navamuM. 163 paNa Adhunika nRpataMtra judIja jAtanuM che ne enI sattAnuM kAraNa paNa juduM ja che. Adhunika rAjAo mArA kahevA pramANe prajAkIya vyavasthA, nyAya, ne lokahitanA rakSake che, ne Adhunika pataMtra A svarUpanuM che. jema jema ApaNe AgaLa vadhIzuM tema tema tame jozo ke Adhunika yuropIana nRpataMtranuM A svarUpa daDhIbhUta thatuM jAya che ne AgaLa jatAM eja enuM rAjakIya svarUpa thayuM hatuM. yuropanA samAjanA je be moTA bhAga rAjA ne prajA-rAjya ne deza, Adhunika yurepamAM thavA pAmyA hatA, te eja pataMganAM pariNAmarUpa hatA. Ama dhArmika yuddhonA antasamaye cupa enI Adhunika sthitine mArge prayANa karatuM thayuM hatuM; ne e moTA pheraphAramAM pataMgree ene yogya bhAga lIdho hato. ApaNA AvatA vyAkhyAnamAM ApaNe bAramAthI soLamA saikA sudhI rAjakIya vyavasthA sthApita karavAne thaelA judA judA prayatnene abhyAsa karIzuM. samAjane jUnI paddhatio pramANe vyavasthita sthitimAM ANavAne ne zarU thaelA sAmAnya pheraphAra sAme TakAvI rAkhavAne karelA phesUDala paddhatinA, khristi samAjanA, ne nagaronA prayatna suddhAM kevA prakAranA hatA te ApaNe joIzuM.

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CIL yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa. vyAkhyAna dasamuM vyAkhyAnane viSaya--samAjanAM judAM judAM tatvonA ekIkaraNa mATe Adhunika yurepamAM prayatna-1 le,dhArmika baMdhAraNa karavA prayatna-zA mATe e niSphaLa thayocAra mukhya vida-sAtamA gegarinA de-pristisamAja baLavAna thAya te sAme pratidhvanilakoe karelo---rAjAoe karelo-ra , prajAsattAka baMdhAraNa karavAne prayatna-ITAlinI prajAsattAka saMsthAonA do-3 je, mizrita baMdhAraNa karavAno prayatna phrAnsanI rAjyasabhA-pena ne gAlanI sabhAo-aMgrejI pArzva menTa-jarmaninI vicitra sthiti badhAnA prayatnonI niSphaLatA--tenAM kAraNo-yure. panuM sAmAnya vaLaNa, rAbara, ne zarUAtamAM ja mAre vyAkhyAnane viSaya nakkI karavAnI IcchA che. tamane yAda haze ke yuropanA prAcIna samAjanA tamAM eka bAbata ApaNuM dhyAna kheMce evI hatI te e ke samAjanAM tattva bhinna bhinna, judAM judAM ne svataMtra hatAM. cUDala amare, dharmaguruo, ne nagare e darekanI sthiti, darekanA kAyadAo, ne darekanI rItabhAto tadana judAM judAM hatAM; e badhAM jANe judA judA samAja jevAM hatAM, badhAMnAM baMdhAraNo judAM hatAM, ne badhAMnI paddhatio judI hatI. e badhAM ekabIjAnA saMbaMdhamAM AvatAM, chatAM temAM kharuM aikya thayuM na hatuM. eka samAja ke eka prajAnAM e badhAM aMge thaI zakyAM nahotAM. A badhA samAjanuM ekIkaraNa thaI cUkyuM che. samAjanAM badhAM jUnAM tanAM have mAtra beja thaI gayAM che.-rAjA ne prajA. vividhatAne anta Avyo che ne sarakhAmaNIne lIdhe ekatA thavA pAmI che. paNa A prakAranuM

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pariNAma AvatAM pahelAM, ne tene aTakAvavAne suddhAM judA judA samAnonI bhinnatA sacavAI rahe te mATe ghaNuM prayatno karavAmAM AvyA hatA. A badhA prayatna niSphaLa nIvaDayA. Adhunika samAjanI ekatA A prayatnanI niSphaLatA sAbIta kare che. je yupIana dezomAM sAmAjika tonuM jUnuM vaividhya jovAmAM Ave che, jemake jarmanImAM phaDala amIre ne madhyama varge e bane sAmAjika tattvonuM vividha baLa cAlu rahyuM che tyAM, ane iMglaMDamAM prajAkIya dharmasamAjane amuka amuka sattAo che tyAM paNa te mAtra nAmanuM ja che; A judAM taranuM baLa chevaTe rAjyasattAnA vizALa baLamAM samAI gaeluM mAluma paDe che. prAcIna sAmAjika to jyAM nAmamAM paNa rahyAM hoya che tyAM temanuM svataMtra baLa rahI zakayuM nathI. chatAM e jAnAM sAmAjika tatve kADhI nAkhyA sivAya ke temane badalI nAkhyA sivAya, te badhAM sAthe sAthe prajAkIya hita sAdhe tema karavAne AdarelA prayatno yuropanA ItihAsamAM agatyanuM sthAna le che. je samaya viSe ApaNuM hAlamAM dhyAna rokAyeluM che, je samaya prAcInamAMthI arvAcIna yuropane juduM pADe che, ne je samayamAM yuropanA samAjamAM A prakAranuM rUpAntara thayuM, te samayamAM keTaloka bhAga A prayatnothI bharAI jAya che. pachInA banAvo ne samAjanAM bhinna bhinna tonAM hAlamAM je beja ta rAjA ne prajA-agatyanuM sthAna bhogave che, te badhAM para enI ghaNI asara thaI che. eTalA mATe bAramAthI soLamA saikAnI vacamAM rAjakIya baMdhAraNe sthApavA ne gauNa samAjanAM vividha baLono nAza karyA sivAya prajA ne rAjya e be samAjanAM to astitvamAM ANavA je je prayatna thayA tenI barAbara tapAsa karavI ne samajutI meLavavI agatyanI che. A vyAkhyAnamAM ApaNe eja karIzuM. e adharuM ne kaMTALAbhareluM paNa kAma che. rAjakIya baMdhAraNanA A badhA prayatna sArA irAdAthI dhArelA ne karAyelA nathI; temAMnA ghaNA prayatno svArtha ne jorajulamanA irAdAthI karAyA hatA. chatAM ekathI vadhAre prayatna

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purepanA sudhArAno ItihAsa saraLa ne niHsvArtha vRttithI paNa karavAmAM Avyo hata; ekathI vadhAre prayatnane kharo udeza samAjanuM naitikane sAmAnya hita sAdhavAno hato. samAjamAM te vakhate avyavasthA, kUratA, ne anyAya pravartamAna hatAM tethI uccane udAravRtinA keTalAka sAdhu puruSe dukhita thatA hatA, ne te sthitimAMthI vimukta thavA teo satata prayatna karatA hatA. chatAM AvA uttama prayatnomAM nA sArAmAM sArA prayatna paNa phAvI zakyA nathI; ane keTalA badhA sadguNa, vIratva, ne AtmabhoganA prayatno nakAmA gayA che;-zuM A ApaNane pIgaLAvI nAkhe e dekhAva nathI? eka vAta hajI paNa vadhAre duHkhajanakane kaDavo anubhava cakhADe evI che; sAmAjika sudhArAnA A prayatno niSphaLa gayA che eTaluM ja nahi, paNa temAM bhUle ne aniSTa pariNAme ghaNAMja ghusI gayAM che. sArA IrAdA hovA chatAM ghaNAkharA prayatna arthahIna hatA, ne buddhi, nyAya, manuSyanA hake, ne sAmAjika sthitinAM piSaka tattvanuM gaMbhIra ajJAna sUcavatA hatA; eTale lokone temanA prayatnomAM phatteha maLI nathI eTaluM ja nahi paNa teo niSphaLatA prApta karavAneja lAyaka hatA. A bAbatamAM ApaNe manuSyanuM nidhura bhaviSya joIe chIe eTaluM ja nahi paNa enI nirmalatAne paNa citAra joI zakIe chIe. mAtra satyanuM darzana thatAM moTA mANaso temAM kevA tallIna thaI jAya che, bIjuM badhuM bhUlI jAya che, ne temanA vicAranA kartavyakSetranI bahAranI vastuo jANe joIja zakatA nathI tenuM ApaNane A bAbatathI udAharaNa maLe tema che. nyAyanI mAtra jhAMkhI thatAM tadarthe kare paDate badhe anyAyane khyAla teo ke tadana bhUlI jAya che ! mANasanI koI paNa sthitinAM duHkha karatAM enI duSTatA ne apUrNatAno AvirbhAva vadhAre zekajanaka vicAre utpanna kare che; mANasanAM duHkha karatAM enA doSone mATe mane vadhAre lAge che. mAre je prayatnonuM varNana karavAnuM che te badhA AmAMnI dareka vAtano citAra Apaze. AvI rIte bhUla jemaNe karI che te mANaso tarapha samabhAva rAkhI temanA anubhavo jevA, temanA tarapha, temanA samaya tarapha nyAyabuddhithI jevuM, temanI bhUle samajavI,

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vyAkhyAna dasamuM, 167 ne bhUlo hovA chatAM teo ghaNA ucca sadguNo dharAvatA hatA ne umadA prayatno karatA hatA ne tene mATe ghaNA yazane lAyaka hatA te badhI bAbate samajavI Avazyaka che. rAjakIya vyavasthA sthApavAne bAramAthI soLamA saikA sudhImAM thaelA prayane be prakAranA che. eka prakAranA prayatnane udeza ekAda khAsa sAmAjika tattva-jevuM ke dharmaguruo, ke phayUDala amIrIvarga, ke nagarajanonA varga -ne baLavAna karavAno hato; ane bIjAno udeza A badhAM sAmAjika tamAMthI ekene sarvopari na banavA detAM badhAM sAthe sAthe kAma kare tevI rIte karavAno hato, arthAt sAmAjika tattanuM aikya sthApavAno hato. bIjA prakAranA prayatna karatAM pahelA prakAranA prayatnomAM svArtha ne jorajulama hatAM evo zaka rahe tema che. vastutaH A doSo temAM vadhAre jovAmAM AvyA che; ne kudaratI rIte ja e prayatno jorajulamanI paddhatithI ja karI zakAya tevA che. chatAM temAMnA keTalAka prayatno samAjanuM hita ne unnati sAdhavAnA zuddha udezathI dhArelA ne karelA hoI zake tema che. sauthI pahelo prayatna dhArmika baMdhAraNa sthApavAno, arthAta samAjanAM judAM judAM aMge para dhArmika samAjanuM baLa sarvopari karavAnuM hatuM. dhArmika samAjanA itihAsa viSe meM tamane je kahyuM che te tamane yAda Avaze. e samAjamAM zAM zA siddhAnto phelAyA ne te darekano yogya bhAga zo hato, te badhA svAbhAvika rIte ja banAvomAMthI kevI rIte utpanna thayA hatA, temaNe zI sevA bajAvI che, ne temaNe zAM aniSTa pariNAmo utpanna karyA che e badhuM tamane batAvavA meM prayatna karyA hatA. AThamAthI bAramA saikA sudhImAM khristi samAja kevI kevI sthitimAMthI pasAra thayo tenuM svarUpa me cItaryuM che; mana khristisamAja, udezika khristisamAja, kyAla khristi samAja, ne chevaTe dhArmika khristisamAjanI sthiti darzAvI che. A badhAMnI smRti tamArA magajamAM tAjI haze ema huM dhAruM chuM; dharmaguruoe

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168 yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa yuropamAM pitAnuM baLa vadhAravA zuM karyuM ne zA mATe teo niSphaLa nIvaDayA te darzAvavA have huM prayatna karIza. dhArmika baMdhAraNa sthApavA remanI rAjyasabhAnA ke sAmAnya rIte dharmaguruonA prayatno ghaNo ArambhanA samayamAM thayA hatA. A prayatno khristisamAjanI rAjakIya ne naitika uccatAne lIdhe ja svAbhAvika rIte utpanna thayA hatA, paNa ApaNe joIzuM ke eka zarUAtathI ja ene evAM vine naDayAM hatAM ke e ghaNu baLavALA hovA chatAM paNa e vipna khaseDI zakyA nahotA. pahelI bAbata to khristi dharmanuM svarUpaja hatuM. dhArmika paMthomAMnA moTA bhAgathI tadana judI ja rIte khristi dharma mAtra anunaya-samajAvaTa-thI, ke naitika upadezathIja sthapAye hata; enA janmasamayathI zarU karI kadApi e dharma baLanI sAthe joDAye nahoto. ArampanA yugamAM mAtra zabdanA upayogathIja eNe vijaya meLavyA hatA, ne te vijaya manuSyanA AtmA para prApta karyo hato. tethI ja evuM banyuM ke jaya meLavyA pachI, ne khristi samAja pAse jyAre ghaNuM dravya hatuM tyAre paNa samAja para pratyakSa rIte zAsana karate ene ApaNe kadApi joyo nathI. jevI e samAjanI utpatti mAtra naitika, mAtra anunayane AdhAre hatI, tevI ja enI sthiti para paNa naitika chApa hatI. khristisamAjanI asara-pratiSThA ghaNI hatI paNa enI sattA kaMI nahatI. zaheranA maeNjisTranI sattAmAM e samAja mAthuM ghAlate hate, rAjAone temanA kAryakArakenA para ghaNI asara karato hato, tepaNa jene rAjyane khare vahIvaTa kahevAya e ene hAthamAM bIlakula nahatA. have dhArmika ke anya koI paNa prakAranuM rAjyazAsana parokSa rIte mAtra asara karavAthI sthApita thaI zakatuM nathI; rAjyane vahIvaTa kare, AjJAo karavI, kara levA, AvakanI vaheMcaNI karavI, zAsana karavuM, ne TuMkAmAM prajA para saMpUrNa rAjyanI sattA calAvavI te badhuM A mATe Avazyaka che. jyAre prajAone rAjya para anunayanI asara thaI zake che tyAre

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vyAkhyAna dasamuM. 168 ghaNuM karI zakAya che, ne moTI rAjyasattA paNa vAparI zakAya che; paNa tethI kaMI rAjya sthapAtuM nathI. khristisamAjanI ArasmathI ja A prakAranI sthiti hatI, e samAjane eka bIjI paNa vinaDayuM hatuM. remana mahArAjyonI eka vAra paDatI thaIne vaidezika rAjyo sthapAyAM ke khristisamAjane hArelI prajAmAM samAveza thaI gayo. pahelI bAbata jarUranI hatI te A spitimAMthI chUTavAnI hatI; e samAjane sauthI paheluM kAma jIta meLavanArA ne dharma pheravI nAkhI pite temanuM samAna pada prApta karavAnuM hatuM. jyAM A kArya pUruM thayuM ne pristisamAje baLavAna thavAnI umeda rAkhI ke phayula amIrI varganI magarUbIne ene virodha naDe. dhArmika samAjanI sattAmAM nahi AvelA phayaDala amIrIvargoe yuropanI A eka moTI sevA karI hatI. agIAramA saikAmAM prajAo ghaNuMkharuM tadana parAdhIna banI khristisamAjane paravaza banI gaI hatI, ne rAjAo paNa pitAnuM rakSaNa karavAne javalle zaktimAna nIvaDatA hatA; mAtra phaDala amIrIvargaja dharmagurunI dhurAmAM joDAyo nahato, ne teja tadana svataMtra rahI zakyo hate. madhyakAlIna yugomAM amIrava ne dharmaguruonA saMbaMdhamAM uddhatAI ne adhInatA, andhazraddhA, ne svataMtratAnuM vicitra saMmizraNa kevuM thatuM hatuM te jevuM hoya te ApaNe mAtra te samayanuM citra ApaNI najara AgaLa khaDuM karavuM; tenI Arambhaka :sthitinAM bhAgyAMtUTayAM cihane ApaNane mAluma paDaze. phalUDala pahatinI utpatti, enAM zarUAtanAM to, ne jamInadAranI AsapAsa nAnuM sarakhe samAja kevI rIte prathama sthapAya te badhuM meM tamane samajAvavA kevA prayatna karyA hatA te tame yAda karazo. dharmagurunuM pada e samAjamAM amIranA padathI kevuM halakuM hatuM ema meM kahyuM hatuM. ThIka, phayuDala amIrIvarganA manamAM hameza A sthitinI smRti rahI hatI; hameza e dharma samAjathI pote taddana svataMtra che eTaluM ja nahi paNa tenAthI caDhIA che ne deza para rAjya karavAne lAyaka che ema gaNata; hameza e dharmaguru

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170 yuropanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. AnI sAthe ekamata thaI kAma karavA rAjI hatA, paNa te pAtAnI svataMtratA ne peAtAnuM hita jALavIneja, dharmaguruonA dukhANu nIce rahIne nahi. ghaNA saikA sudhI amIrIvargaja dharmasamAjanA saMbaMdhamAM sAmAjika svastaMtratA jALavI rAkhI zakatA hatA. jyAre rAjAe ne leAkA e samAjanA tAkhAmAM rahetA tyAre e vargaja uddhatAIthI peAtAnA svAtaMtryanuM rakSaNa karatA hatA. samAja para dhArmika baMdhAraNu sthApita karavAnA prayatnane virAdha ApanAra sauthI pahelA varga eja hatA, te e prayatna niSphaLa nIvaDayA te paNa kadAca e varganIja madathI nIvaDayA hatA. eka trIjuM paNa vighna naDatuM hatuM. te viSe bahu gheADI noMdha levAI che ne ghaNI vAra teA enAM pariNAme viSe gerasamajutI thaI che. jyAM jyAM dharmaguru samAja para sarvopari sattA meLavavA sabaLa nIvaDayA che, te samAjanuM baMdhAraNu dhArmika karavA samartha thayA che, tyAM tyAM A sattA gRhasthAvasthAmAM rahenArAonA hAthamAM gaelI che. tee pAtAnI saMtatine potAnAja dhaMdhAne mATe ucherI peAtAnA vargane mATe joItA mANusA peAtAnAmAMthIja pUrA pADatA mAlUma paDe che. itihAsa tapAseA. ezi yA ne ijIpTa tarapha najara karI. tyAM je je meTAM dhArmika baMdhAraNA thaelAM jovAmAM Ave che. tenA dharmagurue gRhasthAvasthAmAM rahetAja mAlUma paDaze, te tyAMnA dhArmika samAjone khIjA samAjanI madada levI paDelI nathI. paraMtu khristi dharmagurue brahmacarya pALatA hovAthI khristi dharmasAja tadana judIja sthitimAM hatA. pAtAnA TakAva mATe e samAjane laukika samAjamAMthI mANasA levAnI jarUra paDatI hatI, ane tethI judI judI sAmAjika sthitinA te judA judA dhaMdhAnA mANasAne ahArathI dAkhala karavA paDatA hatA. A bAhya tattvAne ekasara khAM karavA e samAjanI ekatrabuddhi samartha na nIvaDI, kAraNa ke e samAjamAM je navA varSAM dAkhala thatA tenA mANusA peAtAnI pUrvanI annasthAnI uccanIcatAnI bheTyuddhi vIsaratA nahAtA. kharUM che ke brahmacaryane lIdhe

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vyAkhyAna dasamuM: 71 e vacce samAjanA anya vargothI jude rahI zakato hato, topaNa teja kAraNane lIdhe pitAnA vargamAM umero karavAne tene laukika varganA mANasane dAkhala karavA paDatA hatA, ane huM acakAyA vagara kahuM chuM ke badhAja brahmacarya pALatA hovAthI e varganA manuSyomAM ekatrabuddhi utpanna thatI hatI tenAthI je lAbha thato tenA karatAM bahAranA varganA mANasane dAkhala karavA paDatA te bAbatanI AvazyakatAne lIdhe samAjamAM dhArmika baMdhAraNa dAkhala karavAnA prayatnanI phattehamAM vadhAre hAni utpanna thatI hatI. chevaTe, A prayatnanAM virodhI bIjo, khristisamAjanI aMdaraja keTalAMka hatAM. e samAjanI ekatratA ghaNI vakhaNAI gaI che, ane e kharUMe che ke te hamezAM ekatratA sAdhavA mathata hato, ne keTalIka bAbatomAM sAre nasIbe e prApta paNa karI zakyA che. tema chatAM zabdonA ADaMbarathI ke ekataraphI hakIkatathI ApaNe chetarAvavuM na joIe. dharmaguruomAM jeTalA aMdara aMdaranA kalaha jovAmAM AvyA che teTalA bIjA konAmAM jovAmAM AvyA che ? dhAmika samAjanA baLa nIce rahenArI prajAmAM jeTalI avyavasthA ne tUTa jovAmAM Ave che teTalAM bIjI kaI prajAmAM jovAmAM Ave che?" - dhArmika baMdhAraNanI phattehanI viruddha A badhAM vinenI uparAMta eka bIjuM vidata naDayuM hatuM. e baMdhAraNano uttamamAM uttama ne prabaLa samaya sAtamA gegarinA rAjyo hato. sAtamA gegarino mukhya vicAra duniyA para dharmaguruonI sattA sarvopari karavAnI, ne dharmaguruo para popanI sattA baLavAna karavAno hato.A vicAramAM mArA dhAravA pramANe e mahAna puruSe be bhUla karI hatI, eka te mAtra avyAvahArika vicAraka tarIkenI, bIjI ucchedaka vicAraka tarIkenI. A kAraNene lIdhe eno mukhya udeza sAdhavAne badale gegarine te ghaNe aMze kadAca mUkI devo paDato hate. samAjamAM prajAsattAka baMdhAraNa sarvopari karavAno prayAsa ITAlimAM thaele jovAmAM Ave che. tyAM prajAsattAka rAjyane lIdhe phalUDala paddhati 2. evAmAM samAjanA bAlA che tevA e dharmaguruo arayA ke

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12 yuropanA sudhArAno itihAsa. jaladIthI nAbUda thaI tema chatAM e baMdhAraNu jAteja TakI zake ke phalAi zake evAM emAM tattvA nahAtAM. agIAra ne paMdaramA saikAnI vaccenAM iTAlinAM prajAsattAka rAjyone tihAsa ApaNe tapAsIe chIe tyAre temAM rahelI virAdhI chatAM spaSTa jaNAtI e khAkhatAthI ApaNe cakti thaIe chIe. hIMmata, utsAha, buddhinA ApaNe ghaNeAja vikAsa joI e chIe, ne tene pariNAme sukhasaMpatti paNa ghaNI joI e chIe. bAkInA yuropamAM je prakAranuM cetana ne je prakAranI svataMtratA na jovAmAM Ave tevAM iTAlimAM ApaNe joIe chIe, pazu tyAMnI prajAnI sthiti vastutaH kevI hatI, te jIvana kevA prakAranuM gu. jAratI hatI, ne sukha keTaluM bhAgavatI hatI tenA ApaNe savAla karIe. A bAbatA viSe dekhAva badalAI jAya che. bIjI krAI paNa prajAnA prati hAsa AvA du:khadAyaka, Ave zAkajanaka bhAsatA nathI. kadAca e prajAnA jIvanamAM jovAmAM Ave che tenA karatAM vadhAre zAkajanaka kamanasIbanA banAveA, ke kalahA ke gunhAe bIjI kAI prajAmAM jovAmAM AvatA hoya ema lAgatuM nathI. eka bIjI paNa bAbata spaSTa che; prajAsattAka rAjakIya aMdhArAnA moTA bhAgamAM, svataMtratA dhaTatIja cAlI gaI. svataMtratA vadhavAne akrame sattA nAnA nAnA jayAe ke taDenA hAthamAM gaI. ITAlinA A prajAsattAka rAjyAmAM khe bAbatAnI khAmI jovAmAM AvatI hatIH jiMdagInI surakSitatA, te saMsthAonI te. prajAsattAka baMdhAraNamAM eka khIjuM AmAMthI du:kha utpanna thatuM hatuM. ITAline moTAmAM moTA bhaya bahAranAM rAjyA tarathI hatA. chatAM A bhaya paNa e dezanAM prajAsattAka rAjyAnI mAMhya aMdara aMdaranuM akaya sadhAvavA saphaLa nIvaDayeA nahAtA, e rAjyA bahArathI thatA sAmAnya humalAnI sAme thavAnI bAbatamAM pazu akaya sAdhI zakatAM naheAtAM. A kAramuDe lIdhe Adhunika dezahitaiSI, ne dhaNA buddhizALI praTAlianeAmAMnA ghaNAnuM evuM mAnavuM che ke mAdhyamika yugAmAM iTAlimAM prajAsattAka rAjyapaddhati

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173 vyAkhyAna dasamuM. hatI tene lIdhe ja e dezanA loke eka prajA thaI zakyA nathI. emanuM evuM kahevuM che ke thoDA thoDA lokonA jathAomAM e dezanA TukaDA paDI gayA hatA, ne teo AvezathI eTalA badhA deravAtA hatA ke temanuM ekIkaraNa azakya hatuM. e loko kheda kare che ke yuropanA bIjA bhAganI peThe iTAlimAM johukamInI rAjyapaddhati thaI nahotI, kAraNa ke te thaI hota to tene baLe teo ejyabhAvavALI eka prajA banata, ne bAhya prajAothI taddana svataMtra banata. A parathI jaNAya che ke sauthI sArAmAM sArA saMjogomAM paNa prajAsattAka rAjyabaMdhAraNa unnati, TakAva, ke vRddhinA aMzathI rahita hatuM ane prajAsattAka sAmAjika baMdhAraNa iTAlimAM ATaluM ochuM alpAyuSI nIvaDayuM, to pachI yuropanA bIjA bhAgomAM e niSphaLa gayuM te heje samajI zakAya tevuM che, kAraNa ke iTAlimAM to e sauthI vadhAre baLavAna hatuM. have mizrita baMdhAraNa karavAnA prayatne tapAsIe. tame badhA yuropanA judA judA dezonI keTalIka rAjasabhAonA nAmathI vAkepha che; kAnsanI sTeTa-janarala, spena ne porTugAlanI keTe, iMglaMDanI pArlAmenTa, ne jarmaninI DAeTa A judI judI sabhAo kevI rIte banelI che ne temAM kyAM kyAM to sattA bhogave che te paNa tame jANe che. e badhI sabhAo mizrita baMdhAraNonA namunArUpa che; temAM phaDala amIrI varga, dharmaguruo, ne madhyama varganA loko ekatrita thavAnA uddezathI ekaThA thatA ne rAjya calAvavA prayatno karatA hatA. e badhI sabhAonAM nAma judAM judAM che, to e valaNa ne udeza ekaja che. A prayatnanA namunA tarIke ApaNane badhAne sauthI vadhAre rasa utpanna kare ne jANItI evI ApaNI sTeTa-janaralane huM tapAsIza. ApaNane sauthI vadhAre jANItI ema huM kahuM chuM kharo, paNa mane khAtrI che ke sTeTajanarala, e zabda tamArA manamAM keTalAka mAtra jhAMkhA ne apUrNa vicAro utpanna karate haze. phrAnsanI sTeTa-janaralamAM niyamita ke nizcita zuM hatuM.

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174 yurApanA sudhArAne itihAsa. te sabhAnA sabhAsadonI saMkhyA keTalI hatI, temAM viSayeA kayA kayA carcAtA nA, te sabhAe maLatI keTalA keTalA samayane aMtare ne eka keTaleA samaya pahoMcatI te praznonA uttara tamArAmAMthI eke kahI zake tema nathI. A khAkhatA viSe kazuM jANavAmAM AvyuM nathI. A viSaya para itihAsamAMthI kaMI paNu spaSTa, sAdhAraNu, ke sAmAnya asarA jANI zakAya tema nathI. phrAnsanA itihAsamAM A sabhAee kevuM sthAna lIdhuM tenI ApaNe kharAkhara parIkSA karIe chIe tyAre temanuM astitva mAtra acAnaka, nahi jevI agatyanuM jaNuAya che. rAjAnI pAse jyAre nANAM khUTatAM, te te bhIDamAMthI kema chUTA thavuM tenI muzkelImAM AvatA tyAe te e sabhAonI madada mAgatA, ane muzkelI ghaNI vadhatI jatI te khIje kaMI paNu rastA sUjhatA nahi tyAre prajA paNa enIja madada mAgatI. sTeTa janaralAmAM amIravarga ne dharmaguruo badhA bhAga letA, te chatAM te bina paravAthI tema karatA, kAraNa ke teo jANatA ke pAtAnAM dhArelAM kArya karavAmAM e sabhA mATe bhAge sAdhanarUpa nahAtI, ne rAjyakArabhAramAM te je kaMI bhAga laI zakatA te bAbatamAM e sabhA emane khAsa lAbhakAraka nahAtI. madhyama varganA loko paNa e sabhA mATe bhAgyeja vadhAre utsAha rAkhatA hatA; e sabhAmAM bhAga levo, te khapajoga eka haka tarIke nahiM, pazu vAMdhA nahi levA lAyaka ne veThI levA lAyaka eka jarUrIAta tarIke teo gaNatA. A sabhAnA rAjakIya cetananuM kharUM svarUpa A pramANe samajI zakAze. keTalIka vAra te taddana nirbaLa nI vAtI, ne keTalIka vAra bhayaMkara. jo rAjA sauthI baLavAna hoya te e sabhAonI nirbaLatA hada uparAMta vadhI jatI, ne jo rAjA kamanasIbe muzkelImAM heya te ene e sabhAnI madadanI jarUra paDatI, te enA vibhAga paDI jatA, ne amIravarganA ke rAjyanA kAI meTA netAnA kAvAdAvAnuM sAdhana banatI. phuMkAmAM, e sabhAe keTalIka vAra mAtra amIrAnI sabhAe banatI ne keTalIka vAra jANe. niyamasara maLatI sabhAe banatI,

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vyAkhyAna dasamu 175 Ama tenAM karelA kAme! TuMke| vakhata asara karI zakatAM hatAM. uddeze meTA darzAvI, prayatna mATA karI, e sabhA karatI kaMI nahi. e sabhAonuM astitva bilakula nirarthaka hatuM ema kahI zakAya nahi, kAraNa ke vakhatevakhata prajAkIya dAsatvanI viruddha jhuMbezane pavane enI mAraphteja dezamAM vAyA karyAM che. tApaNu dezanA judA judA samAjone ekatrika karavAnA kAryamAM e sabhAne tteha maLI nathI ne tethI, rAjya sArI rIte cAlavAmAM te sAdhanabhUta thaI nathI. spena ne pAcuMgAlanI kAryane viSe paNa evuMja pariNAma jovAmAM Ave che, chatAM hajAra, darajje te judA prakAranI che. sthaLa ne samayane anusarIne kArTonuM agatya khadalAya che. oNregAna te biskemAM rAjyanA vArasasaMbaMdhI ne mUra loko sAme laDAI e karavA viSenI takarArA thatI te sakhaLathI e sabhAe vadhAre vAra vAra khelAvAtI ne vadhAre baLavAna hatI. keTalIka krAryamAM, dAkhalA tarIke 1370, 1373 nA varSanI sTAIlanI kArTamAM, amIrA ne dharmaguruone kheAlAvavAmAMja nahotA AvatA. banAve sUkSma dRSTithI tapAsIzuM te ApaNune nAnI nAnI ghaNI vIgate mAlUma paDaze. paNa je sAmAnya dRSTibinduthI mAre jovuM paDe che. te pramANe jotAM kahI zakAya ke phrAnsanI sTeTa-janaralanI peThe A kArTo paNa nirarthakaja hatI, temanuM astitva paNa Akasmika ne niSprayeAjana hatuM, ne te rAjyanA kAryavahanamAM niyamita ke vyavasthita sevA bajAvavAmAM sAdhanarUpa nahetI. iMgleMDanuM bhaviSya judA prakAranuM hatuM. A viSayanI badhI vIgatAmAM huM utaravA nathI mAgatA. iMgleMDanA rAjakIya cetana viSe huM juduMja eka vyAkhyAna karIza; hAlamAM te e cetana surApakhaMDanA khIjA badhA. dezanAM cetanathI judIja dizAmA vahyuM che tenAM kAraNeA viSe thoDAka zabdo kahIza... prathama tA. iMglaMDamAM dAsatvanI sthitimAM hoya . eve meTA nahAtA. halakA ne uMcA varganA amIra lokone rAjanI sAme thavuM paDatuM tyAre ekatrita banavuM paDatuM hatuM. upalA varganA leAkeAmAM AthI aikaya jaLavAtuM. te

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176 yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa. uparAMta, nAnA jamInadAro ne madhyama varganA nagarajanone paNa ekyamAM ja rahevuM paDatuM, ne AmanI sabhAmAM sAthe besavuM paDatuM hatuM, ane tethI ja iMglaMDanI pArlAmeMTa yuropanI tevI sabhAo karatAM rAjyanA vahIvaTamAM vadhAre baLa dharAvatI hatI. caudamAM saikAmAM briTiza pArlAmeMTanI zI sthiti hatI te ApaNe tapAsIe. umarAvonI sabhA teja rAjAnuM moTAmAM moTuM salAhakAraka maMDaLa hatuM ne rAjyasattAmAM eja sabhA ghaNo bhAga letI. AmanI sabhA nAnA jamInadAro ne madhyama varganA lokonI banelI hovAthI bhAgye ja kharA rAjyakArabhAramAM kaMI bhAga letI, paNa eNe prajAne hake meLavI ApyA, ne khAnagI ne sthAnika hitanI bAbatenuM ghaNA utsAhathI rakSaNa karyuM. ekaMdare, hajI pArlAmeMTa dezamAM rAjya karatI nahatI, paNa tema chatAM e eka niyamita saMsthA tarIke thaI gaI hatI, ne rAjyakArabhAramAM enuM sthAna agatyanuM gaNAtuM hatuM. samAjanA judAM judAM aMgenuM ekIkaraNa karavA prayatna yurepamAM jyAre anya sthaLomAM niSphaLa nIvaDyo hate. tyAre e A pramANe iMglaMDamAM phattehavaMta thayo hato. janine viSe mAtra thoDA ja zabdo huM kahIza, ane te paNa enA ItihAsanuM mukhya svarUpa batAvavAnA hetuthI. tyAM AgaLa samAjane ekatrita karavAnuM ane rAjyanuM baMdhAraNa barAbara sthApavAno prayane utsAhathI thatA hatA, samAjanAM judAM judAM aMge yuropanA bAkInA dezo karatAM tyAM vadhAre chinnabhinna ne svataMtra rahyAM. caudamA saikAnA anta sudhI ne padaramanI zarUAtanA samaya sudhI yuropamAM amuka amuka rAjakIya baMdhAraNe sthApavAnA prayatna meM have tamArA AgaLa raju karyA che, tame e badhA niSphaLa gaelA joyA che. A niSphaLatAnAM kAraNe meM ThekANe ThekANe darzAvyAM che. kharuM jotAM e badhAM kAraNe eka ja kAraNanAM judAM judAM svarUpa che. samAja ekatra thavAne joIe teTale unnata thaze nahato. badhI vastuo hajI ghaNu sthAnika,

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vyAkhyAna dasamu. 177 saMkucita, te bhema hatI. darekanAM judAM judAM hatA te vicArIne aMkuzamAM ANI zake evI sAmAnya hitanI khAkhatAja hajI sudhI AstitvamAM nahetI. dhaNA keLavAyalA ne prabaLa vicAranA mAsAne paNu hajI rAjyavahIvaTa ne kharA rAjakIya nyAyanA vicAra nahAtA. AvA avyavasthita banAvA mATe vadhAre jakharA sudhArA thavA joIe e dekhItuMja che. prathama teA leAkamata te leAkasattA sthapAvavAnI AvazyaktA hatI, A saMbaMdhIne viSaya have pachInA vyAkhyAnamAM ApaNe tapAsIzuM.

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yuropanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. vyAkhyAna agIArayuM. vyAkhyAnanA viSaya-----paMdaramA saikAnuM khAsa lakSaNa--prajA ne rAjayAnuM dhIme dhIme thatuM ekIkaraNa-13, phrAnsanuM, prajAkIya bhAvanAone samudbhava-1gIAramAM luInuM. rAjya--rajI, spenanuM-jI, jarmeninuM--jaMthu', iMgleM Da nuM--paruM, iTAlinuM--rAyAnA ekabIjA taraphanA bahAranA sabaMdha ne rAjanIti nI kaLAnI utpatti-dhArmika vicAromAM cetana--ucca varganA sudhArAnA prayatno konsTansa ne belanI sabhAo--leAkapriya sudhArA karavAnA prayatna --jona hassa --sAhityanuM puvare jIvana----jUnAne cahAnArA ke svataMtra matanA mANaseA----sAdhAraNa pravruttio--dariyAnI musApharI, rodheA,, navIna rodhe--ante anumAna. 19 damA saike pUrA thayA. paMdaramA saikAnuM khAsa lakSaNa e che ke temAM khAsa ekIkaraNa thatuM jovAmAM Ave che. e saikAmAM saMkucita vicAre te bhAvanA dUra karI sarvenA sAmAnya hitanI bAbateAnI vRddhi karavAne prayatne vadhAre jovAmAM Ave che. atyAra sudhI je nahAtAM---- prajA ne rAjya, te enI bhAvanA utpanna karavAnA prayatnA e saikAmAM thayA hatA; ane te prayatnA je te vakhate khIjarUpa hatA te prakAzamAM AvyA. seALamA ne sattaramA saikAmAM tA mAtra taiyArIoja thatI hatI ne te ApaNe atyAre tapAsavAnI che. nA Ama pAte nahi kalpelI, ke kadAca samajI paNa na zake evI yeAjaphaLIbhUta karavA manuSya prayatnazIla ane che. ante pAchaLathI jyAre te prakAzamAM Ave che te kharI jaNAya che tyAra pahelAM mANasa te viSe kazuM samajatA nathI ke ajJAnaja hoya che, ane pachI paNa te viSe ane dhaNuM apUrNa jJAna thAya che. chatAM e ceAjanAone pAra pADanAra ajANutAM

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vyAkhyAna agIAraNyu 178 paNa e peAteja hoya che; enI pAtAnI buddhi ne svataMtratA jema jema khIle che tema tema e phaLIbhUta thAya che. eka meTA sacAnI kalpanA kareA. dhArA ke enI kuMcI-ene barAbara calAvanAra mukhya vicAra ekaja jaNanI pAse. ekaja jaNanA magajamAM che. vaLI dhArA ke e saMcAnA judA judA bhAgA judA judA kAmadArAnA kANumAM che, te badhA eka khIjAthI chUTA ne ajJAna che, te ekaMDhare kAma zuM karavAnuM che ke judA judA kAmadArAnAM kAmeAnA cAkkasa saravALeA chevaTe zuM che tenAthI tee ajANyA che, tema chatAM dareka peAtAnuM ekalAnuM kAma kuzaLatAthI te svataMtratAthI kare che. daivanI yAjanA pazu evIja che; mANasanI mAraphate tenuM kArya paNa te evIja rIte karAve che. sudhArAnA itihAsamAM e mukhya khAkhate! je levAmAM Ave che te Aja pramANe sAthe rahe che; eka taraphathI e itihAsa dainirNIta che te vidyA te manuSyanI buddhine AdhIna nathI te bAbata, te khIjI taraphathI mAnuSI buddhi ne svata Mtra vicArAe emAM je hissA ApyA che te khAkhata. paMdaramA saikAnA itihAsanA barAbara khyAla ANavA mATe ApaNe anAvAnuM vargIkaraNa karIzuM. prathama ApaNe rAjakIya bAbateA tapAsIzuM. pachI nItisaMbaMdhI khAkhatA joIzuM. rAjakIya bAbatene khyAla AvA mATe yuropanAM meATA meTA dezeAnA A saikAnA itihAsanuM huM jaladIthI avalAkana karI jaIza. . huM phrAnsathI zarUAta karIza. caudamA saikAnA chellA aDadhA ne paMdaramAne paheleA aDadhA bhAga phrAnsanA loko iMglaMDa viruddha prajAkIya yuddheAmAM rAkAyA. itihAsa tarapha sheja najara karatAM jaNAze ke phrAnsanA judA judA loke A yuddhone lIdhe eka thaI jatA hatA. jaoNna Akr ArkanA itihAsathIja A yuddhone samaye thaelI prajAnI ekatA sAbIta thAya che. jaoNna Ar ArkanuM astitva prajAkIya aya ne utsAhanAja pariNAmarUpe hatuM. leAkeAnI bhAvanAo, vicArA, te icchAthIja enI vIratA utsAhita thaI TakI rahetI hatI. rAjyanA amaladArA te lazkaranA saradArA enA

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yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa tarapha vahema, tiraskAra, ne zatrutAnI najarathI suddhAM jotA hatA; paNa leko ne lazkaranA sipAIo enI taraphamAM hatA. enA dAkhalAthI jeTalI phrAnsanA A yuddhonI lokapriyatA jaNAI Ave che teTalI bIjA kathAthI dekhAtI nathI. krAnsanA lokomAM prajAtvanA aMkuro A pramANe suravA mAMDayA. veleIne rAjyanA samaya sudhI phrAnsamAM yUDala paddhati baLavAna hatI; phreca prajA, phreMca vicAro phreMca dezAbhimAna evuM kazuM haju sudhI hatuM ja nahi. veloInA samayathIja phrAnsanA lokenI eka prajA astitvamAM AvI pheMca lekene potAnA zatru sAme laDAIo karavI paDatI hovAthI te laDAIone ja samaye temanAmAM ane bhAva phuryo; paNa hAlamAM temanAmAM jovAmAM Ave che tevA rAjakIya pavananI hajI AzA rAkhavAne samaya Avyo nahoto. e samaye phrAnsa dezamAM aikya mAtra nAmanuM ja hatuM, prajAnuM nAka jALavI rAkhavA pUratuM ja hatuM, ne prajAkIya saMmati pramANenA pitAnA rAjA prati premabhAvane AdhAreja rahyuM hatuM, ane te badhuM bahAranA zatrune dezamAM dAkhala na thavA devAnA hetuthI ja hatuM. A pramANe natika unnatinA daSTibinduthI dAnsa caDhatuM jatuM hatuM teja vakhate enI rAjakIya unnati paNa vadhatI hatI, rAjya vyavasthita thatuM, vistIrNa thatuM, ne baLavattara thatuM hatuM. atyAra sudhI je judAM judAM paragaNuM gaNAtAM hatAM te have phrAnsa evA eka nAma nIce AvavA mAMDayAM hatAM, sAtamA cArlsanA vakhatamAM aMgreja lokone hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA tyAra pachI agAunA emanAthI vasAyelAM badhAM paragaNa, normanDi, eNgomaiI, surena, pAI, senTIja vagere krAnsanA tAbA nIceja cokkasa AvyAM. dasamA luInA rAjyamAM dasa paragaNAM kAnsamAM joDAyAM; rUsilona, karaDena, barganDi, phrAnsa, keta, pikArDi, ArTIi, pravensa, mena, aju, ne pace. AThamA cATarsa ne bAramA luInA rAjyamAM, ananAM eka pachI bIjA A rAjAo sAthe thaelAM lagnane lIdhe, ApaNA hAthamAM briTani AvyuM Ama eke sameye, eka ja jAtanA saMjogomAM phrAnsanI naitika ne rAjakIya unnati thatI hatI.

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vyAkhyAna agIAramu 1 prajAne mUkI daI rAjya viSe have ApaNe vicAra karIe. evAja prakAranuM pariNAma ahIM paNa sadhAtuM ApaNe joIzuM. chaThThA cArlsanA sajyamAM te sAtamA cArlsanA rAjyanI zarUAtamAM phrAnsamAM jeTalI aikayanI te rAjyanA baLanI khAmI hatI teTalI agAu keAI samaye nahAtI. AmAMnA pAlA rAjyane ante badhI vastunI sthiti badalAI gaI, dekhItIja rIte sattA baLavAna, vistRta, te vyavasthita thatI hatI; rAjyavyavahArana badhAMja mukhya sAdhanA--karA, lazkara, kAyadeA--moTA pAyA para utpanna karavAmAM AvyAM hatAM, te temAM eka prakAranI vyavasthA jALavavAmAM AvI hatI. jAthukanAM lazkA rAkhavAnuM zarU paNu A samayathIja thayuM. eja samayathI mAthAverA, ke je rAjyanI mukhya Avaka pUrI pADatA, te hamezane mATe lAgu thayA. lokeAnI svataMtratAne e verA mATA dhA jevA hatA, paNa rAjyamAM vyavasthitatA te baLa ANuvAmAM e dhaNA kAmamAM AvyeA. Aja vakhate sattAnuM moTuM sAdhana, nyAyanI vyavasthA, vadhAre baheALA ne sArA pAyA para karavAmAM AvI; pArthAmeTA vadhI. dhaNI TuMkI mudatamAM pAMca navI pArthAmeTAnuM baMdhAraNa baMdhAyuM; agIAramAM luInA vakhatamAM ( 1451mAM ) *nobalanI pArmeiTa, (1462mAM) ArTanI, te (1476mAM) DijenI; khAramAM suInA vakhatamAM ( 1499mAM) rUSa~nI ne (1501mAM) eksanI ( pArmeiTa. nyAyanI vyavasthA karavAmAM ne tenI pati ceAjI kADhavAnI bAbatamAM perisanI pArthAeMTa paNa A samaye mahattva te dRDhatAmAM ghaNI AgaLa vadhI. Aja samaye eka khIjo mATe pheraphAra thatA jovAmAM Ave che. A phephAra agIAramAM luie rAjyazAsanapaddhatimAM je phera karyo te che. agIAranA luIne thaelA rAjyanA umarAvA sAthe kalahA, temanI avanati, te eNe darzAvelI sAmAnya te adhama vargo tarapha rahema viSe itihAsamAM dhaNuM vivecana karavAmAM Ave che. AmAM satya paNa che, joke dhaNe bhAge atizayAkti che. vaLI e paNa kharUM che ke rAjyanA judA jui

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1 yuropanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. vargI taraphanI luInI vartaNuka rAjyane ghaNIvAra kaMI paNa sevA na karatAM vadhAre te muzkelImAM AtI. paNa luie kaMika khIjAM ghaNuM vadhAre agatyanuM kArya karyuM hatuM. atyAra sudhI rAjyanuM zAsana dhaNuMkharUM mAtra khaLathIja calAvavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. kaLa vAparavI, salAha ApavI, leAkeAnA manamAM kaMI vAta utArIne kAma levuM, TuMkAmAM yukti para atyAra sudhI nahi jevuM lakSa apAtuM hatuM. alabata sukhanI yukti . asatya ne prapaMcamayI hatI tAe te baLa nahi paNa kaLaja hatI. rAjakIya yuktimAM sAdhana te sAdhya banne bAbate mAM svArthanA upayoga na karatAM nyAyane upayeAga karavAnuM kAma Adhunika samayane mATe bAkI rahyuM hatuM, tema chatAM khaLa upayAga tajI dRIne mAnasika yuktithI sattA vAparavAnI paddhati vAparavAnuM agIAramAM luIthI zarU thayuM. phrAnsane paDatuM mUkI have huM spena viSe ekalIza. tyAM huM evAja prakAranA banAvA jouM chuM. paMdaramA saikAmAM spenanuM prajAkIya aikya pazu evIja rIte sadhAyuM hatuM. sattAnuM ekIkaraNa paNa tyAM thayuM hatuM; neinDa ( graMtholika ) ne isAbellAnA lagnathI raeNsTAIla ne eNregAnanAM be mukhya rAjyeA saMdhAyAM hatAM. krAnsamAM banyuM hatuM tema ahIM paNa rAjyanI sattA vistRta pradezamAM vadhI hatI ne maLavALo thaI hatI, te sattAnAM cAlaka yaMtrA tarIke vadhAre majabuta, te vadhAre trAsa utpanna kare evAM nAmAvALI pati kAmamAM levAmAM AvI hatI. prArtyAmeMTane badale, tyAM prathama rAjakIya ne pachI dhArmika matabhinnatAne dabAvavAnA hetuthI khAnagI jIvana viSe tapAsa karanArAM nyAyamaMdiraza--ikvijhizanA astitvamAM AvyAM. A nyAyamaMdira te vakhate mAtra rAjakIyaja kAmAne mATe sthapAyAM hatAM, dhArmika nahi; te vakhate vyavasthA jALavavA khAtaraja sthapAyAM hatAM, dhArmika matA jALavI rAkhavAnA te nAstikatAviruddhanA hetuthI nahi. phrAnsa sAthenI A sarakhAmaNI mAtra saMsthAomAMja nahi paNa mANasAnI paNa hatI. keTaleka aMze pharDinenDa rAjAnuM rAjya agIAramAM luinA rAjya sAthe maLatuM Ave che.

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- vyAkhyAna agIAramuM. tANItUsIne ANelI sarakhAmaNIone huM agatyanI gaNatuM nathI; paNa A bAbatomAM sarakhAmaNuM ghaNuM che, ne sAdhAraNa bAbatomAM temaja nAnI vIgatomAM paNa te dekhAI Ave che. * jarmanimAM paNa ApaNe eja sthiti joIe chIe. paMdaramA saikAne ane pahelA mekisamiliane rAjasattA ekahaththI ne majabuta karI; sAramAM cArlsa phrAnsamAM prathamaja jAzukanuM lazkara ubhuM karyuM, temaja mekisamiliane paNa ene vArasAmAM maLelAM rAjya viSe paNa temAM prathama karyuM. agIAramAM laIe phrAnsamAM posTa-phisa sthApI, ne mekisamiliane te jarmanimAM dAkhala karI. paMdaramA saikAmAM iMglaMDano ItihAsamAM be moTA banAva jovAmAM Ave che. dezanI bahAra, iMca leko sAthe yuddha ne dezanI aMdara, versa ek dhi rejhijha, eka dezanI bahAra yuddha ne bIjuM mAMhomAMhya, A banne judI judI laDAIonuM pariNAma ekaja AvyuM. phreMca lokonI sAmenA yuddha mATe prajAne utsAha eTalo badho hato ke te jALavI rAkhatAM phAyado rAjAnI sattAne thaye. bIjI koI paNa prajAnA karatAM lazkara para kAbu pitAnA hAthamAM rAkhavAnI bAbatamAM A prajA vadhAre kuzaLa hatIja toe, eNe A samaye, te kAbu bilakula bhaviSyanA vicAra " vagara ke aMkuza rAkhyA vagara, rAjAnA hAthamAM soMpI dIdho. pAMcamAM hetrinA rAjyamAM kasTamanA moTA verAthI je Avaka thAya te badhI rAjAne svAdhIna karI devAmAM AvI. phrAnsa sAthenA yuddhane anna Avyo tyAre dezanI mAMhomAMhya be moTA vargomAM yuddha jhAmyuM ne tene pariNAme amIra varga ane tadana nirbaLa ne sattA hAthamAM rAkhavAne azakta thaI gayo. TayuDara vaMzanA rAjAA gAdIe AvyA, ne 1485 mAM sAtamo hetri rAjyArUDha thayo tenA vakhatathI rAjakIya sattA vadhAre ne vadhAre ekahaththI thavA mAMDI, ne rAjA baLavattara thavA mAMDayo. ITAlimAM rAjAnI sattA sthapAIja nahotI, paNa pariNAma tapA

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184 yurepanA sudhArAne ItihAsa. savAmAM A bAbata kaMI agatyanI nathI. paMdaramA saikAmAM ja prajAsattAka rAjyonI paDatI thaI tevI sattA nAmamAM paNa jyAM rahI hatI tyAM te eka ke vadhAre kuTuMbanA hAthamAM gaI hatI. prajAsattAka rAjyapaddhatinuM jIvana nAza pAmyuM hatuM. yuropanA koIpaNa deza tarapha ApaNe joIzuM te Apane samAjanAM jUnAM ta ne svarUpe nAza pAmatAM daSTigocara thaze. pracalita svataMtratA jatI rahe che, ne navI ne ekahathI sattA astitvamAM Ave che. yuropanI jUnI svataMtratA Ama nAza pAme che te viSe keTaluMka bhAre kheda utpanna kare tevuM che; te vakhate, enAthI kaDavAmAM kaDavI lAgaNIo utpanna thaI hatI. phrAnsa, jarmani, ne iTAlimAM te vakhatanA dezabhakto A parivartana-jenI asara vyAjabI rIte johukamI ANavAnI gaNI zakAya-tenA prati virodha darzAvatA hatA, ne nirAzA sAthe dilagIra thatA. temanI hiMmatane vakhANyA vinA, ne zokane mATe dayA ApyA vinA koInAthI paNa rahevAya tema nathI; paNa tenI ja sAthe eTaluM paNa samajavuM joIe ke A parivartana mAtra anivArya hatuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa lAbhakAraka paNa hatuM. phayUDala ne sAmAjika svataMtratAnI yuropanI Arambhaka paddhati samAjane vyavasthita baMdhAraNamAM ANI zakI nahotI. sAmAjika jIvanano mukhya AdhAra nirbhayatA ne unnati para che. je koI paddhati tarata vyavasthA ne bhaviSyamAM unnati ANI zakyA samartha nathI, te naThArI che, ne tarata tajAya che. yurepanI prAcIna rAjakIya paddhationuM paMdaramA saikAmAM evuM svarUpa hatuM. e paddhatithI samAjane nirbhayatA ( vyavasthA ) ke unnati bemAMthI eke sAdhya nahetAM; e bAbato bIjI rIte sAdhavI paDatI hatI. meM tamArI pAse je badhI hakIkate raju karI che tene Aja bhAvArtha che. eja samayathI eka bIjI paNa bAbatanI nedha levAya che, ne A bAbata yuropanA ItihAsamAM agatyanI che. paMdaramA saikAmAMja rAjyanA parasparanA saMbaMdhe vadhyA, niyamita thayA, ne sthAyI banyA. zAti ke yuddhane

Page #206
vyAkhyAna agIArama 15 arthe je mATI saMdhione karavAmAM AvI hatI te pAchaLathI rAjyAnI sattAone viSe samatA jALavI rAkhavAmAM je sAdhanabhUta thaI te saMdhi paNa teja vakhate prathama thaI hatI. elacI ke saMdhikAraka tarIkainI rAjanItinI zarUAta paNa teja vakhatathI thAya che. A bAbata rAjanI sattAnI vRddhine lAbha karanArI hatI. eka rIte jotAM rAjyAnA bAhya saMbaMdhe jALavavAnI khAkhatanuM svarUpaja evuM che ke te bAbata para ekaja mANasa ke thADAkaja mANase sArI rIte dhyAna ApI zake, te kAma chUpI rIte te kharAkhara karI zake. khIjI rIte jotAM lokeA evA tA ochA dUradarzI hatA ke AvA prakAranI saMdhinAM pariNAmA zAM Avaze te kaLI zakatA nahAtA. temane peAtAne e saMdhi . rAjyanI aMdaranI vyavasthAmAM kAmanI ke hitakara naheAtI; teo jAte te mATe bhAgyeja darakAra rAkhatA, ne e khAkhatA ekahaththI sattAneja svAdhIna rAkhatA. A pramANe ArambhathIja elacI ne saMdhikAraka tarIkenI rAjanIti rAjAenAja hAthamAM AvI, ane e khAkhata temanA kula adhikAranI che, dezanA lokeAne pAtA para naMkhAtA kara ne Antara vyavasthA viSe khelavAnI svataMtratA hoya chatAM khAdya saMbaMdhonI bAbatamAM temaNe mAthuM mAravAnuM nathI evA vicAra lagabhaga badhAja yureApanI prajAemAM eka cAsa niyama, jANe eka pracalita kAyadAnA sUtra mArka svIkArAI mayeA hatA. seALamA ne sattaramA saikAnA iMgleDanA itihAsa uMdhADazeA, teA A vicAra keTalA baLavAna hatA teneA tamane khyAla Avaze, ane ilijhAkhetha, pahelA jemsa, te pahelA cArlsanA rAjyamAM aMgrejI prajAnI svata MtratAnI viruddha A vicAra kevI jabarI asara karatA hatA te tamane mAlUma paDaze. Aja niyamane AdhAre salAha ne laDAI, vyASAranA saMbaMdhA, te bahAra dezanI bIjI badhI khAkhatA hamezAM rAjAnAja kula adhikAranI gaNAtI, ane Aneja lIdhe dezanA haMkAnI viruddha aniyanvita sattA zvetAne TekavI zakatI. A kula adhikAra viSe virodha darzAvavAmR prajA paNIja bhIru khanI gaI hatI, ane A bhIrutA pariNAmamAM

Page #207
18 yuropanA sudhArAnA itihAsa temane ghaNI hAnikAraka nIvaDI che, kAraNa ke seALamA saikAthI zarU thatA surApane itihAsa rAjyAnA parasparanA saMbaMdheA jALavavA viSenI khAkhatAthI bharapUra che. lagabhaga traNa saikA sudhI A parasparanA saMbaMdhe itihAsamAM agatyanuM sthAna che. kharekhara Ama na bane te khIjI kaI khane te bhAgyeja saMbhavita hatuM. A prakAranI bAbate mAM prajAvarga mAthuM mArI zake te pahelAM sudhArAmAM ghaNA vadhArA thavA joI e ane sAmAnya buddhi ne rAjakIya bAbateAmAM kuzalatAmAM ghaNI abhivRddhi Avazyaka che. seALamAthI aDhAramA saikA sudhI A prakAranI lAyakAtathI leAkeA hajI ghaNAja pachAta che. iMgleMDamAM pahelA jemsanA rAjyamAM, sattaramA saikAmAM zuM thayuM te jue; ene jamAI-AhImIAne lekapasaMdagIthI nImAyalA rAjA, peAtAnuM rAjya khAI kheDo te ete vaMzapara parAthI maLelA rAjyane paNa eNe khAyuM. samagra preTesTanTa prajA enAmAM hita letI hatI, ne te kAraNane lIdhe IMgleMDanA loko ene mATe lAgaNI dharAvavA lAgyA. jemsanI pAse enA jamAInI madda levaDAvavA ne tene tenuM rAjya pAchuM meLavI apAvavA prajAmatanA jakharA ubharA mAlUma paDayA hatA. AvezamAM pArlAmenTe paNa laDAI ne mATe mAgaNI karI ne tene mATe joItAM sAdhanA pUrAM pADavA vacana ApyuM. jemsa jAte khuzI naheAtA, eNe e bAbatamAMthI chaTakI javA prayAsa karyAM, keTaluMka lazkara jarmanimAM mokalyuM, te pote pAlyAme Tane kahevA AvyA ke ttehanI eka paNa umeda rAkhavI hAya to 400,000 pauDanI jarUra che. enI gaNatrIthI paNa pAA~meTa AbhI banI gaI, te nAkhuzIthI eNe 77,000 pauDa-eka padabhraSTa thayelA rAjAne gAdIe ANavA, te iMgleMDathI ghaNe dUra AvelA eka dezane jItavA maMjura karyAM. rAjakIya bAbateAmAM prajAnuM A prakAranuM ajJAna ne AvI nirbaLatA hatI. kharI hakIkatAnI khabara vagara, te pAtAnI jImedArInI bAbatanI darakAra karyAM vinAja e kAma karatI; ane khAra dezanA saMbaMdheA viSe sattA epha "

Page #208
vyAkhyAna agIAramu' hathvI thavAnuM te te rAjA pAse javAnuM mukhya kAraNa Aja hatuM. rajI have huM nIti ne vicArA saMbaMdhI hakIkatA tamArI AgaLa karIza. temAM paNa ApaNe eja anumAna para AvIzuM; sattA ekahathvI thavA tarapha valaNu, samAjanuM ekIkaraNa, sAmAnya rIte janahitanI bAbate,mAM vadhArA thavA. 157 khristisamAjasaMbaMdhI hakIkatA ApaNe sauthI pahelI tapAsIzuM. cheka 56mAM saikA sudhI janasamAjanA judA judA aMgA para ekasarakhI rIte asara karI zake evA e sAmAnya rasanA viSayeA dhArmika sivAya anya jovAmAM AvatA nathI. khristisamAja lokeAnuM jIvana niyamita, vyavasthita, ne amuka dizAmAM aMkuzita rAkhatA hatA. AnI viruddha svataMtratAnA prayatA thayA paNa hatA, ne te khAvavAne khristisamAjane ghaNA zrama leveza paDayA hatA. paNa atyAra sudhI te dukhAvI zakavA e samAja ttehamada nIvaDayeA naheAtA; te jematapathAneA e samAje e asvIkAra karyo hoya tevA leAkeAnA mata para paNa nahiM jevI asara karI zakayA hatA. kharUM che ke e samAjamAMja matabheda ne kalaha thatA hatA. paNa tenI ceAkkasa asara kaI thatI nahoto. paMdaramA saikAnI zarUAtamAM eka navAja banAva dekhAvavAmAM AvyA; eja samAjamAM navA vicArA, pheraphAra, te sudhArAnI jarUrIAtanI mAnya ra te mAgaNI thavA mAMDI. caudamA saikAnA anta paMdaramA saikAnA prAraMbhanA samayamAM pazcima taraph eka meTIkATa paDI hatIeNvignAna ne rAmanA e peApanI vacce kalaha. 1378mAM enI zarUAta thaI. 1409mAM pIsAnA sabhAmaMDaLe e kalahanA anta ANavAnA hetuthI ane pApAne padabhraSTa karyAM, ne pAMcamA eNlekajhAnDaranI nImaNuka karI. paNa krATa pUrAvavAne badale, laha zAnta thavAne badale temAM vRddhi thaI ene badale traNa pApa thayA. avyavasthA te anAcAra vadhatAM gayAM. 1414 mAM phrAnsTansanI sabhA maLI. e sabhAmAM pApanI nImaNukanuM kAma hAtha na dharatAM khristisamAjamAMja sudhArA karavAnuM kAma mAthe levAmAM

Page #209
189 yurApanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. AvyuM. A hetuthI e sabhAe eka sudhAraka maMDaLanI nImaNuka karI. e maMDaLamAM judI judI prajAnA pratinidhie kheAlAvavAmAM AvyA hatA, ane enuM kAma khristisamAjane zA thA anAcArA dUSita karatA hatA, temAM sudhArA kevI rIte uttamatAthI karI zakAya te khAkhatanuM TippaNu karavAnuM hatuM, A parathI sabhA sudhArA pAra pADavAnAM pagalAM ceAjI kADhavAnuM kAma karI zake e uddeza hatA. paNa sabhA jyAre A kAmamAM rokAI hatI tyAre evA savAla uThAvavAmAM AvyA hatA ke anAcAranA sudhArAnuM kAma potAnA dharmAdhyakSa-pApanI dekhItI rIteja madada vagara e karI zake kharI ? Ano uttara keTalAka nakAramAM bhaNyA te temane bhIru puruSAe TekA ApyA. sabhAe navA pApa cuTaNIthI pasaMda karyo-pAMcamA mATina. e pApe khristisamAjamAM sudhArAnI ceAjanA poteja karavI evI sabhA tarafanI ene icchA darzAvavAmAM AvI hatI. A ceAjanA pasaMda nahi paDavAthI, sabhA visarjana thaI. 1431mAM eja uddeza sAdhavA elamAM eka navI sabhA maLI. AgalI sabhAnuM kArya karavAnA hetuthIja e paNa maLI, paNa ene paNa evIja TMha maLI. jema khristisamAjamAM kATa paDI hatI tema A sabhAmAMja phrATa paDI. pApe A sabhA elathI kADhI pharerA meLavavA kuramAvyuM, te chevaTe lorensamAM dharmaguruomAMnA keTalAkAe pApanuM kahevuM mAnavA nA kahI ne te khelamAMja rahyA; ne agAu jema e pApa hatA, tema have e sabhA thaI. pariNAma AnuM kaMI AvyuM nahi. pApanI sattA vijayavAna nIvaDI, ne dharmasamAja para enIja sattA cAlu rahI. sabhAe mAthe lIdheluM kArya te karI zakI nahi; paNa teNe nahi mAthe lIdheluM eNe keTaluMka sAdhyuM ne te ante TakI rahyuM. je vakhate khelanI sabhA sudhArA karavAne asamartha nIvaDI te vakhate, rAjAoe e vicAro pakaDI lIdhA, ne sabhA je kAryamAM niSphaLa nIvaDI hatI temAM teo ttava meLavI zakyA. je kArya dhArmika sattA niSphaLatA sAthe karavA mathI rahI hatI, te kArya laukika sattA pUruM karavAne jANe daivanirmANu hatuM.

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vyAkhyAna agIAramuM. 184 prajA taraphathI dhArmika sudhArAnA pahelA prayAsa paNa lagabhaga Aja samaye zarU thayA hatA, jena hasanI pravRtti 1404thI zarU thAya che, teja varSathI eNe pregamAM vyAkhyAnadArA zikSaNa ApavA mAMDyuM. Ama be dizAnA sudhArA sAthe sAthe vadhatA hatA; eka te khristisamAjanAja upalA varganA dharmaguruomAM-suzIla, paNa guMcavaNa bharelo ne bAyelo sudhAro, ane bIje khristisamAjanI bahAra ne viruddhana, jabaro ne jessAdAra sudhAro. A bannenI vacce laDAI zarU thaI. khristionI sabhAe na hassa ne jemane konsTansa bolAvyA, te temane nAstika ne ucchedaka tarIke zikSApAtra jAhera karyA. Aje ApaNane A banAva barAbara samajI zakAya tevA che. A judA judA chatAM ane eka ja uddeza sAdhavA mathatA sudhArA viSe ApaNe atyAre barAbara samajI zakIe tema chIe. A sudhArAnA prayatne eka bIjAnI viruddha karavAmAM AvatA hatA, teo bannene uddeza chevaTe ekaja hatA. paMdaramA saikAne ane dhArmika bAbatomAM tyAre A pramANe yurepanI sthiti hatI-upalA varganA dharmaguruo sudhArAne mATe niSphaLa mathatA hatA, ne prajAkIya sudhAre zarU thaye hato, tene dharmaguruo dabAvavA mathatA, chatAM te hameza pharI pharIne jAgrata thato. paNa mAtra dhArmika bAbatamAMja te vakhatanA lekanAM mana pravRtta thayAM nahotAM. tame jANe che te pramANe caudamA saikAnA madhyamAMja grIsa ne remanA prAcIna pustakane abhyAsa purepamAM zarU thayo hato. DenTa, peke, ne bokezI, ane temanA samakAlIna puruSo grIka ne laiTina hastalikhita pustako mATe keTalA utsAhathI zodha karatA, te pachI te chapAvatA, ne prasiddhimAM ANatA, ane najIvI paNa pustakazodhathI kevo ghaMghATa ne harSa jovAmAM Avato te tame jANo ja che. A caLavaLa cAlI rahI hatI te samaye yuropamAM eka navuM maMDaLa dabhuM thayuM hatuM. e mANasanI mAnasika unnati sAdhavAmAM sAdhAraNa rIte

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180 yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa gaNavAmAM Ave che tenA karatAM e maLe ghaNuM vadhAre agatyano bhAga lIdhe che. e maMDaLa te jUnuM cahAnArAonuM maMDaLa hatuM. hAlamAM ApaNe A zabdone je artha karIe chIe te ene artha na karavo evI sAvacetI mAre tamane ApavI joIe; sAhityanI paddhati ke matabhinnatAnI bAbatothI judIja bAbato para e dhyAna ApatuM hatuM jUnuM cahAnAruM te vakhatanuM maMDaLa mAtra varjila ne hemara jevA prAcIna lekhakonAM pustako pratija mAnanI lAgaNI rAkhatuM nahotuM, paNa AkhA prAcIna samAja, te vakhatanI saMsthAo, vicAra, tatvajJAna, ne sAhitya e badhAMnI tarapha mAnanI najarathI jotuM. kabUla karavuM joIe ke rAjanIti, tattvajJAna, ne sAhityanI bAbatomAM caudamA paMdaramA saikAnA curopa karatAM prAcIna samaya ghaNe caDhIAte hato. prAcIna vicAro, bhAvanAo, ne saMsthAo ATalAM badhAM mAnya thAya, ke keLavAyelA, sudharelA, ne tarkazakti sArI rIte vAparI zake evA mANasomAMthI meTo bhAga pitAnA samayanA asaMskRta, avyavasthita, aziSTa rItarivAje tarapha tiraskAra dAkhave, ane vadhAre vyavasthita ne unnata samAjanA jIvananI bAbatono utsAhathI abhyAsa kare athavA te tarapha lagabhaga pUjya bhAva rAkhe temAM ajAyaba pamAya evuM kazuM nathI. paMdaramA saikAmAM je svataMtra vicAronuM maMDaLa jovAmAM AvatuM hatuM ne jemAM judA judA uMcA dhaMdhAnA badhA varganA mANaso joDAtA te A pramANe sthapAyuM hatuM. A caLavaLa sAthe Take lekee kensenTinopala lIdhuM, pUrvamAMnA zahenazAhatanI paDatI thaI ne trAselA loke ITAlimAM nAThA te badhuM banyuM. e loko temanI sAthe prAcIna bAbatonuM vizeSa jJAna, ghaNaja hastalikhita pustake, ne prAcIna sudhArAnA abhyAsa karavAnAM hajAra navAM sAdhano letA. AvyA. Ane pariNAme jUnuM cahAnArAonuM maMDaLa diguNa utsAhathI prerita thayuM te sahelathI ka9pI zakAya tema che. upalA varganA dharmaguruomAM moja zekha ne Arthika abhivRddhine paNa Aja samaya ho, sAhitya ne kaLA tarapha rasane paNa Aja samaya hate.

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vyAkhyAna agIAramuM. 11 eTale, A samaye traNa mukhya bAbato ApaNA jovAmAM Ave che prathama, khristi samAjane dhArmika sudhArA mATeno prayatna; bIjuM, dhArmika sudhArAnA prajAkIya prayatna; ne chelle, svataMtra vicArakanuM maMDaLa vicAromAM sudhAro karavA prayatnazIla thatuM hatuM te prayatna. ATalethI basa nahotuM. mANasanI moTAmAM moTI bAhya pravRttione paNa Aja samaya hato. saphare, sAhaso, ne zodhakhoLAno eja samaya hate. pagIjha leke AphrikAne kinAre prathama gayA, vAsko De gAma e kepa guDa hopa mAraphatano rasto zodhI kADho, krisTophara kelambase amerikA khaMDa zodhI kADhaye, ne yurepanA vyApAramAM ajaba vRddhi thaI te badhAMne paNa Aja samaya hato. hajAro navI zodhakhoLa thaI bIjI keTalIka zodhakhoLo je agAu jeke jANatI hatI chatAM bahu thoDA mANasene jANatI hatI te ghaNunA jANavAmAM AvI ne sAmAnya upayogamAM AvavA mAMDI. dArUgoLAnI zodhe yuddhanI paddhati badalI nAkhI, ne hokAyaMtranI zodhe nAvikakaLAnI paddhati badalI nAkhI. oNIla periMganI kaLA dhIme dhIme vadhI, ne AkhA yuropamAM citrakaLAnA uttama namunAo ThekANe ThekANe jovAmAM AvavA mAMDyAH tAMbA para kotarakAmanI kaLA 1460mAM zodhI kaDhAI hatI te paNa vadhI ne citrakaLAne uttejaka banI. cItharomAMthI banAvAto kAgaLa sAdhAraNa upayogane thaI gayo; ane chevaTe, 1436thI 145ranI vaccenA samayamAM mudraNakaLA zodhavAmAM AvI. A sikAnuM mahattva ne enI pravRtti kevA prakAranAM che te tame have joI zakaze. A mahattva hajI mAtraja thoDuMja dekhAI Ave che, ane A pravRttinAM pariNAma hajI pUrepUrAM vikAsamAM AvyAM nathI. ekadama karavA mAMDelA bhAre sudhArA niSphaLa thayA jaNAya che, rAjyanI sattA vadhI jAya che, ne prajAmAM zAti jaNAya che. ema dhAravAmAM Ave ke samAja kaMI ghaNI vadhAre sArI vastuo meLavavAnI taiyArI karato hato, paNa tevuM nahotuM. soLamA saikAnAM moTAM rAjyaparivartanane bhaya te vakhate mAthA para laTakato hato; paMdaramA saikAmAM e parivartanonI mAtra taiyArIja thatI hatI. e parivartane mArA AvatA vyAkhyAnanA viSaya thaze.

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kra yuropanA sudhArAnA pratihAsa. vyAkhyAna bAramu. vyAkhyAnanA viSaya-pharmezana athavA yuropanA dhArmika sudhArAnAM judAM judAM kAraNA--enuM mukhya lakSaNa e hatu` ke e samayamAM manuSyanA mAnasika baLa para aniyamita sattA vAparavAnI ne tenI svataMtratA chInavI levAnI viruddha baLavA---- judA judA dezamAM raeNpharmezananu bhaviSya-pharmezananI nirmaLatA dhArmika ne laiki samAjamAM thatAM piravataeNnAnI sarakhAmaNI. rASanA samAjamAM jovAmAM AvatI vyavasthAne mATe ApaNane ghaNIvAra dilagIrI utpanna thAya che. ATalA badhA nibhinna ne avyavasthita samAjanA jIvana viSe vAke thavAnI muzkelIo viSe ApaNe bhama pADIe chIe. sAmAnya hitanA viSayA jemAM vadhAre hoya, vyavasthA, ne sAmAjika eyu jemAM hoya evA samaya jovA ApaNe utsukatA rAkhI che. have ApaNe tyAM AvI pahoMcyA chIe. je samAjamAM sarvatra sAmAnya hakIteA te sAmAnya vicArA, athavA teA vyavasthA te aikya najare paDe evA samaya AgaLa have ApaNe jaIe chIe. ahIM ApaNane eka bIjA prakAranI muzkelI naDaze. atyAra sudhI hakIkatA judI judI hAya tene sAMdhI devAnI ApaNane dhaNI muzIkhata paDatI hatI. hAlanA curApamAM A sthiti udhIja thaI jAya che. sAmAjika jIvananAM badhAM tattva ne banAve ekakhIjAne sudhAre che, ne arasaparasa asara kare che; leAkeAnA parasparanA saMbaMdha ghaNA vadhAre prakAranA thAya che te temAM guMcavaNa paNa vadhatI jAya che. je samayeA viSe ApaNe avalAkana karI gayA temAM ghaNA anAvA chUTaka chUTaka, eka khIjAnA saMbaMdhamAM AvyA vagara, mAMhyomAMhya * asara karyAM vagara cAlyA gayA. A prakAranI bhinnatA have ApaNe kadApi jovA

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vyAkhyAna khAramu 13 nA nathI; badhI khAkhatA seLabheLa thAya che--te ekabIjA para asara kare che. AvA saMjogAmAM eka sAmAnya mukhya banAva judo pADavA te te viSe khelavuM tenAthI vadhAre duSkara zuM hoI zake ?sALamA saikAmAM rekarmezana-- e sAmAnya nAma nIce je mATe dhArmika banAva prakhyAta che te have ApaNe tapAsavAnA che. A sthaLe mane kahevA dejo ke rekrarmezana e zabda huM mAtra dhArmikaparivartana sAtheja eka arthanA gaNIza, ne tenA nAmathI ( " sudhArA " ) sUcita thatA koI paNa prakAranA abhiprAyane e arthamAM samAveza karIza nahi. seALamA saikAnI zarUAta te sattaramAnA madhyanA samayamAM e banAva mATe ApaNe avalAna karavAnuM che; kAraNa ke samayaja e banAvanuM jIvana, utpatti, te nAza e badhAMne samAveza kare che. e banAvanI cokkasa tArIkha nahi jevuM agatya dharAve che. ene zikSApAtra TheravanAra-dasamA lui nAmanA pApanI AjJApatrikA nahera rIte viTergamAM lyUthare bALA, ne rAmanA dharmasamAjathI dekhItI rIte e chUTA paDyA te 1para tA varSamAM banyuM hatuM. A samayane 1648 sudhInA varSanI vaccene je samaya tema ja rermezananuM jIvana samAI jAya che. jyAre A moTA banAvanAM kAraNeA zeAdhI kADhavAmAM Ave che tyAre rekarmezananA zatruo ene acAnaka kAraNAthI janmeleA banAva gaNAvI kADhe che, ne sudhArAnA itihAsamAM thaelA eka duvanA pariNAmarUpa batAve che. dAkhalA tarIke pApa karanArAo peAtAnAM pApa mATe pAchaLathI pastAya te temAMthI mukta karanArAM kSamApatrA pApane ApavAnA adhikAra hatA. A kSamApA vecavAne adhikAra haeNminikana maMDaLanA mANusAne seAMpavAmAM AvelA hAvAthI AgasTina maMDaLanA loke IrSyAnA AvezamAM mukAyA hatA. have lyUthara AgasTina hatA, ne teja enA AvezanuM te enI zatrutAnuM, ante rekzananuM kAraNa hatuM. khIjAe e banAva rAjAnI spardhAne lIdhe, pApanI dhArmika sattAnI adekhAIne lIdhe, te amIravaMganA leAkeAnI khristisamAjanI saMpatti para tarApa mAravAnI icchA ane sanya

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14 yurepanA sudhArAne itihAsa, lobhane lIdhe janma pAmyA ema batAve che. Ama e leke A dhArmika parivartana mANasonI halakaTa vRttio, temanA khAnagI lAbho, ne Avezane lIdheja utpanna thavA pAmyuM ema samajAve che. bIjI taraphathI repharmezananI tarapheNavALAo ne enA mitroe e banAva khristisamAjamAM pracalita anAcAromAM sudhAro karavAnI AvazyaktAmAMthI pariNAma pAmele darzAvavA prayatna karyo che. dhArmika bAbatomAM lekenI phariyAda dUra karavA zarU karAyelo, ne britisamAjanI zuddha pUrvakALanA jevI sthitine punaHsthApita karavA zarU karAyelA prayatnaja temane te e lAge che. A bemAMthI eke mane te kharuM lAgatuM nathI. A bIjA prakAranI samajutI pahelInA karatAM vadhAre satyatAthI bharelI che; ema nahi teo e moTA banAvanA vistAra ne agatyane vadhAre baMdhabesatI te cheja; tene huM ene kharI mAnatA nathI. mArA vicAra pramANe repharmezana eka acAnaka banelo banAva paNa nahotuM ke dhArmika sudhArAnA amuka udeza sAdhanAra banAva paNa nahoto, khAnagI jIvananI bAbatothI akasmAta banela nahotuM ke manuSyatva ne satyanI eka manaHkalpita sRSTinA koI AdarzanA pariNAmarUpa paNa nahotuM. A badhAMnA karatAM enuM kAraNa ghaNuM vadhAre baLavattara hatuM, ane te kAraNa A badhAM khAsa kAraNenA karatAM vadhAre bahAra paDI AvatuM ne agatyanuM che. e banAva manuSyanA manane atyAra sudhInAM bandhanemAMthI vimocana karAvavAne eka mahAna prayAsa hatuM, ane kharA zabdo vAparIe te dhArmika sattAnI aniyaMtritatA sAme e manuSyanA mane uThAvela eka baLavo hate. repharmezananuM kharUM, sAmAnya, ne agatyanuM svarUpa mArA mAnavA pramANe AvuM hatuM. A samaye eka taraphathI manuSyanA mananI sthiti tapAsIe chIe, ne bIjI taraphathI tenA para hakumata calAvanAra dharmasamAjanI sthiti joIe chIe tyAre be bAbata ApaNuM dhyAna kheMce che; mANasanuM mana agAu kaI paNa vakhate hatuM tenA karatAM atyAre vadhAre pravRttimAM hatuM, ne vikAsane sattA

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vyAkhyAna bAramuM. 185 meLavavA tarapha paNa tenuM vadhAre valaNa hatuM. A navI pravRtti ghaNAM kAraNonA pariNAmarUpa hatI, paNa te kAraNe ghaNuM yugo sudhI ekaThAM thayAM karatAM hatAM. dAkhalA tarIke, keTalAka yugo evA paNa hatA ke je vakhate nAstikamato ane stitvamAM AvyA hatA, keTaloka samaya TakyA hatA, tUTI gayA, ne ane tene ThekANe bIjA paNa mate astitvamAM AvyA hatA; ane jemanAstika matanA yuga hatA tema tattvajJAnanA judA judA vicArenA paNa samayane viSe banyuM hatuM. dharma ke tattvajJAnanA kSetramAM manuSyanA mane lIdhelo vicArano zrama agIAramAthI soLamA saikA sudhI eka thayA karyo hato; ane chevaTe tenuM pariNAma jaNAvavuM joIe te kSaNa AvI pahoMcI hatI. te uparAMta, khristisamAjamAM zikSaNanAM je badhAM sAdhane hatAM tenAM paNa phaLa AvyAM hatAM. zALA sthapAI hatI, ane temAMthI jJAna dharAvanArA mANaso zikSaNa laI laIne bahAra nIkaLyA hatA, ne temanI saMkhyA divase divase vadhatI hatI. A mANase chevaTe pote svataMtra buddhithI vicAra karavAnuM pasaMda karatA. chevaTe prAcIna bAbatenA punaHsthApanathI manuSyanA manane punarjIvana maLatuM hatuM te paNa Aja samaye thayuM hatuM. e bAbata viSe meM AgaLa tamane kahyuM che. soLamA saikAnI zarUAtamAM A badhAM kAraNe ekaThI thavAthI mANasane mana para pragatinI AvazyaktAnI jabarI chApa paDI hatI. A badhAM viruddhanI dhArmika sattAnI sthiti tadana judA ja prakAranI hatI: e ALasa ne jaDatAmAM sapaDAI gaI hatI. dhArmika samAjanI ne remanA dharmamaMDaLanI rAjakIya zAkha ghaNI ghaTI gaI gatI. yuropano samAja kyAranoe enA hAthamAMthI khasI gayo hato ne laukika rAjasattAnA tAbAmAM AvI gayA hatA. tema chatAM dhArmika sattA pitAne ADaMbara, bahAranA hako ne agatya jALavI rahetI hatI. eNe jema jUnAM rAjyonI sattA toDavAne karyuM hatuM tema ene viSe paNa tevuM ja banyuM. enI viruddha phariyAda thatI temAMnI moTe bhAge ene viSe lAgu paDe tevI nahatI. soLamA saikAmAM

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196 yurApanA sudhArAnA pratikrAsa. rAmanuM dhArmika maMDaLa ghaNuM jorajulamI hatuM te riyAda kharI nathI, ane khIjA vakhatAmAM jevA anAcArA thatA tenA karatAM enA kharekharA anAcArA saMkhyAmAM vadhAre, ke vadhAre kharAba hatA tema paNa nathI. ethI ulaTuM dhArmika sattA te vakhate hatI teTalI agAu koi vakhate binadarakAra te sahiSNu nahAtI; jo mANasa ene hekyA vagara rahevA de tA mANasAnI svataMtratAne paNa e dhyeyyA vinA rahevA devA taiyAra hatI. paNa sattA jyAre ochAmAM ochI baLavAna haiya che, tene mATe lokone ochAmAM ochuM mAna hAya che, ne te ochAmAM echuM anartha utpanna karatI hoya che tyAreja tenA para humalA paNa thAya che, kAraNa ke tyAreja tenA para humalA karavA zakya hAya che, agAu tA te azaya hAya che. A parathI dekhItuMja che ke rekarmezananA anAva meM darzAvyA mujaba svataMtratA meLavavAneAja mATe prayAsa hatA. khIjAM je kAraNeA gaNAvavAmAM Ave che te AnA pramANamAM bahu ochI agatyanAM hatAM. huM eka evI dhAraNA karUM chuM ke rekarmezananAM zarUAtanAM varSo pachI, jyAre eNe dhArelA badhA uddeza jAhera karI cUkyuM hoya te badhI phariyAde karI cUkyuM hoya, tyAre jANe dhArmika sattA enA matanI thaI gaI hoya, ne ene kahe ke--"ThIka, ema tyAre. huM badhuMja sudhArIza. huM vadhAre niyamita ne dhArmika vyavasthA pramANe vartIza. badhI uzkeraNI, badhI avyavasthA, badhAM karI huM dabAvI daiza. dhArmika siddhAntAnI bAbatamAM paNa huM pUrvanA artho kabUla rAkhIza. paNa jyAre badhI phariyAdI Ama dUra thAya, tyAre, huM mArUM mahattva calAvIza-agAunI peThe mANasanA mana para mArA kAbu raheze, ne te agAu jeTalIja sattA ne agAu jeTalAja hA sAthe.'' zuM tame dhArA che ke ATalI khUlAtAthI dhArmika parivartana karanArA saMtuSTa thAya, ne temanI pragatinA kAryamAMthI apravRtta bane? huM nathI dhAratA. huM daDhatAthI mAnuM chuM ke e kAryamAM te pravRttaja rahata, te sudhArAnI mAgaNI karyo pachI svataMtratAnI mAgaNI karata. seALamA saikAnA aNInA saMjogo mAtra

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vyAkhyAna bAramuM. sudhAroja karAvanArA nahetA, paNa ucachedaka hatA, badhuM pheravI naMkhAve evA jabarA hatA. e samayane A bAbatanA guNadoSothI vimukta karavo azakya hato; ane AvA svarUpanAM badhAM ja pariNAmo paNa temAM jaNAyAM hatAM. soLamA saikAnuM dhArmika parivartana jyAM jyAM prasaryuM hatuM tyAM badhe ja manuSyanA manane parataMtratAmAMthI je e tadana vimukta nahi karI zakayuM hoya toe navI rItanI svataMtratA ene ghaNI meLavI ApI mAlUma paDaze. mANasanuM mana saMjogo pramANe, rAjasattAthI svataMtra ke tene tadana adhIna e banAvane lIdhe thavA pAmyuM; topaNa dhArmika sattAne to eNe tadana nirbaLa karI nAkhI ne mANasanA mana para ene niyamita kabu hato te chInavI lIdho judA judA dezonA judA judA saMjogomAM repharmezane A pariNAma badheja ApyuM hatuM. jyAM jyAM repharmezanano pavana peThe, pachI te phAvyo ke nahi, toe badhA ja saMjogomAM dhArmika sattAthI teNe manuSyanA manane taddana taMtra karyuM che. A pariNAma ane AvyuM che eTaluM ja nahi, paNa teTalAthI ja e hilacAla jANe saphaLa thaI che. jyAM jyAM ene eTaluM maLyuM che tyAM eNe vadhArenI apekSA rAkhI nathI, ane ethI ja e banAvane agatyano bhAga mANasane dhArmika sattAthI svataMtra karavAno hato te sAbIta thAya che. tethI jarmanimAM rAjakIya bAbatamAM dAsatva, athavA eTaluM badhuM nahi toe asvataMtratA eNe sahI lIdhI. iMglaMDamAM. dharmaguruonA caDhatA utaratI krama eNe kabala rAkhyA, ne remana dharmasamAjanA karatAM paNa vadhAre anAcAravALe samAja sahI lIdhA. Ama keTalIka bAbatomAM repharmezana ghaNo jesso batAvatuM hatuM, te A bAbatamAM ATaluM badhuM nabaLuM ne namatuM kema thatuM hatuM ? tenuM kAraNa eja hatuM ke ene mukhya je kAma sAdhavuM hatuM te sadhAtuM hatuM-dhAmika sattAno bahiSkAra ne manuSyanuM temAMthI vimocana. huM pharIthI kahuM chuM ke jyAM jyAM A udeza sadhAto, tyAM e badhIja paddhatio ne sthitio nIbhAvI levAtI. A tapAsanI ulaTI taraphathI sAbItI have laIe. je dezamAM

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18 - yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa, dhArmika parivartanane pavana dAkhala thavA pAmyuM nahato ne jyAM zarUAtamAM ja tene dabAvI devAmAM Avyo hato, tyAMne ItihAsa ApaNe joIe. ApaNane mAlUma paDe che ke mANasanA mana paranAM badhUnanuM tyAM vimocana thayuM nathI. spena ne ITAli, e be moTA dezo A sAbIta karaze. jyAre yuropanA je dezanA itihAsamAM repharmezana agatyane bhAga letuM hatuM, tyAM chellA traNa saikAmAM mANasanI buddhie agAu kadApi nahi anubhavelI evI pravRtti ne svataMtratA anubhavavA mAMDI hatI, tyAre teja samayamAM je dezamAM e sudhArA dAkhala thayA nathI tyAM buddhi nirmAlya ne jaDa thaI gaI hatI. Ama sIdhI ne ulaTI rItanI sAbItI ekaja vakhate sAthe sAthe ItihAsa tapAsatAM ApaNe karI che ke, te banne parathI eka ja anumAna para AvIe chIe. vicArane jo, ne dhArmika bAbatamAM aniyaMtrita sattAne bahikAra e be repharmezananAM mukhya lakSaNo, enI thaelI asaranuM sAmAnya pariNAma, ne enA bhaviSyanA itihAsamAM mukhya hakIkata che. hakIkata e zabdo huM khAsa vAparuM chuM. rekazananA itihAsamAM mANasanA mana paranAM badhunenuM vimocana te kaMI siddhAnta nahote paNa eka hakIkata hatI, te kaMI dhAraNa nahotI paNa eka pariNAma hatuM. A bAba tamAM huM dhAruM chuM ke dhAryA karatAM repharmezane vadhAre udeza sAdhyo hato. bIjAM ghaNAM parivartane jyAre pote dhArelA udezo sAdhavAmAM pAchaLa paDI jAya che, jyAre temAM AvatAM pariNAme dhAraNAo karatAM ghaNAM utaratAM hoya che tyAre repharmezananAM pariNAme dhAraNAo karatAM caDhI gayAM. e parivartana yojanAmAM hatuM tenA karatAM banavAmAM caDhIA, nIvaDayuM. eNe je kArya sAdhyuM tene pUrvathI ene khyAla nahote, ne tema karavAnuM te kahetuM paNuM nahotuM. enA zatruo enI sAme vAravAra zuM vAMka kADhe che? eno avAja baMdha karavAne enAM kyAM pariNAmo teo dADhamAM le che ?

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vyAkhyAna khAramuM. Re ra mukhya e. huM. dhArmika samAjanA TukaDA thaI gayA te. rajo julama ne asahiSNutAthI vaparAtuM jora. e sudhArAnA vAdhIA kahe tame svecchA uskere che; tame ene utpanna suddhAM karA che; ane te karI rahyA pachI tame tene niyamamAM lAvavA ne dabAvavA icche che, ane tame tene kevI rIte dakhAve che ? sakhtamAM sakhta pagalAM bharIne tame jAteja nAstikatAne jorathI hAMkI kADhA che, te te haka vagaranI sattA vAparIne. krmezananI viruddha karavAmAM AvelA badhA humalAo tapAsI jAe, ne temAM mAtra dharmamata paMthanI bAbateA heAya te judI rAkhA, te tamane jaNAze ke A eja mukhya vAMdhA levAmAM Ave che. "" F sudhA kapakSa tethI ghaNA guMcavAI gayA hatA. e leAkeAe dharmasamAjanA TukaDA karI nAkhyA ne dhaNA paMtha sthApyA e vAMdhA kabUla karI, te yeAgya rIte jarUranuM hatuM ema kahevAne badale sudhArakeA tenA astitva viSe cApa bhaNatA te paMtheAnA ahiSkAra karatA, dilagIra thatA, ne tenA aslIkAra karatA, kahetA ke paMtho cheja nahi. jorajulama vAparavA viSe, vAMdhA levAmAM AvatA, tyAre tenA bacAvamAM paNa eTalAja gUMcavAtA; tenI AvazyaktA che ema kahetA, ane kahetA ke satya temanA hAthamAM AveluM hAvAthI bhUla dakhAvavA ne te mATe zikSA karavAnA temane haka hatA; emane paMtha ne emanI saMsthAeja kharAM che ema kahetA, ane rAmana dharmasamAja te sudhArakAne zikSA karavAnA haka nahAtA, tenuM kAraNa teo ema khatAvatA ke te samAja temanI viruddha bhUlamAM hatI. jyAre jorajulamathI kAma levA viSenA vAMdhA temanA zatruo taraphathI nahi paNa temanAmAMnAja mANasa, temanAja je paMthanA mANasAne sudhArakA bahiSkAra karatA hatA temanI taraphathI levAmAM AvatA ane teo kahetAH "ame mAtra tame je karyuM che teja karIe chIe; jema tame judA pRSA temaja ame paNa mAtra judAja paDIe chIe," tyAre sudhArako AnA

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200 yupanA sudhArAno itihAsa. uttara devAmAM tethAe vadhAre guMcavAtA, te ghaNIvAra tA mAtra bamaNA jorathI pratyuttara ApatA. - kharUM jotAM dhArmika bAbatamAM aniyatrita sattAno nAza karavAne sudhArA mathatA hatA te vakhate tee buddhinA svAtaMtryanA kharA niyame viSe ajJAnanI sthitimAM hatA. manuSyanA mana paranA bandhanamAMthI tee tene vimukta karAvyuM, ne tema chatAM niyamita rIte tene aMkuzamAM rAkhavAtA teo dAvA karatA hatA. vyAvahArika rIte svataMtra vicArazaktine te uttejana ApatA hatA, niyamamAM kheATI sattAne badale kharI sattAne te sthApita karatA hatA; paNu AmAMnI pahelI bAbata, paheleA udeza kharAkhara sAdhI zakAyA nahi, ane pote zarU karelA kAryane anta sudhI vaLagI rahevAyuM nahi. Ama bamaNA doSane tee zaraNe gayA; eka taraphathI vicArarAktinA saMpUrNa hako te jANatA nahAtA ne tene mAna ApatA nahotA, te bIjI taraphathI sattAnA haka kevI rIte jALavavA ne zA pramANamAM te viSe te ajJAnamAM hatA. sudhArakA pAtAnAja siddhAntA te tenAM pariNAma viSe barAbara samajatA nahAtA ne te pramANe vartI zakatA nahAtA. Aja kAraNathI sudhArAnA vicArAmAM kaMIka paraspara viredha ne saMkucitatA tevAmAM AvatAM hatAM, ne AthI ghaNIvAra tenA viredhIe kAvatA te temane chIDAM zeAdhavAnuM jaDatu hatuM. temanA vireAdhI teo zuM karatA te zuM karavA mAgatA te bahu sArI rIte samajatA hatA; tee je ka karatA tenA hetu e viradhIe zeAdhI kADhatA, te tenAM badhAM pariNAme darzAvatA. sudhArA jeTaluM dhAratA teTaluM karI zakatA nahi, ne tene lIdhe temanA kAmAmAM kaMIka apUrNatA, kaika virAdha, kaIka saMkoca jovAmAM AvatAM. Ane lIdhe te vijayI nIvaDatA tAe buddhinI najare jotAM kri dharma prApta karatA, ne tenuM pariNAma paNa vastutaH keTalIka vAra jovAmAM AvatuM hatuM. rekmezana pakSanuM nabaLuM pAsuM mAja hatu, eja

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sudhArAnI kuttehanI ADe AvatuM, ne eja tene potAnA khacAva paNa barAbara karavA daI zakatuM nahotuM. seALamA saikAmAM thaelA A dhArmika sudhArA khIjAM ghaNAM dRSTibinduAthI joI zakAya. paNa samAja para teNe kevI asara karI te agatyanI khAkhata huM carcIza. e sudhArAthI sAmAnya leAkeAmAM dharmanI lAgaNIo jAgrat thaI. pUrve dharma jANe mAtra dharmaguruoneja mATeja hatA ne te leAkeAneja jANe dhArmika viSayeA para kheAlavAnI sattA hatI. karmezanathI dhArmika matapaMtheAne sAmAnya pracAra prasarI gaye!; Astika leAkeAne mATe eNe zraddhAnAM kSetrA khullAM karI ApyAM, je atyAra sudhI temane mATe baMdha hatAM. vaLI e sudhArAnuM bIjuM paNa eka pariNAma AvyuM hatuM. rAjakIya khAkhatAmAMthI dharmanA eNe samULagA athavA lagabhaga samULagA bahiSkAra karAA, laukika sattAnuM svAtaMtrya eNe pAchuM meLavI ApyuM. khIjAM ghaNAM pariNAmA darzAvI zakAya tema che. paNa huM ATalethIja saMteASa pAmuM chuM. rermezana viSe ApaNe joyuM te pramANe mukhya ekaja bAbata che--dhArmika bAbatamAMthI aniyaMtrita sattAne bahiSkAra. Adhunika yuropanA itihAsanA A banAva ane laukika banAvAnI sarakhAmaNI jovA lAyaka che ane te viSe huM thoDuMka kheAlIza ne pachI A vyAkhyAna samApta karIza. khristisamAjanA itihAsa viSe jyAre huM khelo hatA tyAre ApaNe joyuM hatuM ke e samAja zarUAtamAM eka svataMtra samAja hatA, te tenA para zarUAtamAM koI pazu paddhati ke niyameAnA aMkuza naheAtA, mAtra jarUra paDatI te pramANe nItinA niyamAnA aMkuzaja te para rAkhavAmAM AvatA hatA. curApamAM laukika samAjane paNa Arambha evIja rItanA hatA--e pazu tadRna svataMtra samAja hatA, temAM paNa AI prakAranA niyamA ke kAyadAenA aMkuza nahAtA, te dareka mANasa peAtAne ThIka lAgatuM teTalA mATe ne tevI rIte e samAjanA aMga tarIke rahe ne vartatA. e ArambhanI

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22 yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa, sthitine anne dhArmika samAjamAM upalA varganA dharmaguruonI niraMkuza sattAnuM baLa vadhyuM hatuM ne e samAja temanAthI ja devAtA hatA. laukika samAjamAM paNa tevuM ja hatuM; temAMe phayUDala amIre, ne ucca varganA lokonA hAthamAM ja sarva sattA hatI. dhArmika samAjamAM upalA varganA dharmaguonA hAthamAMthI ekaja mANasanA hAthamAM badhI sattA gaI-pApanA laukika samAjamAM paNa evA ja pheraphAra thayo hato, amIra ne ucca varganA kenI sattAno nAza karIne ja nRpa sattAnuM baLa vadhyuM hatuM. soLamA saikAmAM dhArmika samAjamAM aniyatrita sattA vadhI gaI hatI tenI viruddhane pavana vAvA maMDyo, ne tene pariNAme yurepamAM svataMtra vicAre thavA mAMDyA, svataMtra vicAre mAnanIya gaNAvavA mAMDyAM, ne sthapAvavA maMDayA. laukika samAjamAM evI ja sthiti ApaNA divasomAM AvatI ApaNe joI che. aniyandrita laukika sattA-rAjasattA para humalA karavAmAM AvyA, ne tene jItI levAmAM AvI hatI. Ama tame joyuM ke e banne samAjemAM eka ja prakAranA pheraphAra thatA gayA che, ne temAM eka ja jAtanAM parivartana thayAM che; phera, mAtra eTalo ja che ke AvA ItihAsamAM dhArmika samAjanA pheraphAra sauthI pahelA thayA che. have ApaNe Adhunika samAjanI eka moTI bAbata sudhI AvI pahoMcyA chIe--e bAbata te svataMtra vicAra, manuSyanuM mana nikuza buddhine upayoga kare te che. tenI sAthe sAthe badheja rAjakIya bAbatamAM sattA ekahaththI vadhAre ne vadhAre thaI hatI te paNa ApaNe joyuM che. mArA AvatA vyAkhyAnamAM huM iMglaMDanA rAjakIya parivartana viSe belIza.

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vyAkhyAna teramuM. 203 vyAkhyAna teramuM. vyAkhyAnano viSaya-IgleMDanA rAjakIya parivartananuM sAmAnya svarUpa-enAM mukhya kAraNo- dhArmika karatAM e rAjakIya vadhAre hatuM- emAMnA traNa mukhya para 1. kAyadA sudhAranArAone pakSa 2. rAjakIya parivartana icachanArAone pakSa, 3. sAmAnya 'jika parivartana IcchanArAone pakSa-badhA niSphaLa thAya che- krovela-TuarTa rAjAonuM pharI gAdIe besavuM pradhAnamaMDaLa-IMglaMDamAM ne yuropamAM 1688nuM rAjakIya parivartana. me joyuM ke yuropanA samAjanA agAu je badhAM ta ne lakSaNo hatAM tenA bheda jatA rahyA ne mAtra beja mukhya ta soLamA saikAmAM te samAjamAM jovAmAM Ave che-svataMtra vicAra ne ekahaththI sattA. paheluM tattva dharmaguruomAM ne bIjuM laukika samAjamAM pravarte. yuropamAM ekI vakhate vicArasvAtaMtrya, ne niraMkuza pasattA, e banne sthapAyAM. A be ta vacce virodha meDehele UThayA vinA rahe ema bhAgyeja dhAryA vinA rahevAya tema hatuM, kAraNa ke e be bAbate paraspara virodhI hatI; eka bAbata dhArmika bAbatamAM aniyaMtrita sattAnA nAzanI hatI, ne bIjI e sattAnA laukika ke rAjakIya bAbatomAM jayanI hatI; eke prAcIna mukhya dhArmika sattA-pApanI ekahaththI sattAnA nAzane mArga taiyAra karyo, ne bAjIe prAcIna cUiDala ne sAmAjika svAtaMtryane saMpUrNa nAtha Aze. A prakAranAM be to ekabIjAnA saMghadanamAM AvyA vinA rahe e asaMbhavita hatuM.

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yuropanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. evA khanAva, e saMTTana iMglaMDamAM sauthI paheluM thayuM. e dezanA rAjyaparivartananuM teTalAja mATe curApanA sudhArAnA itihAsamAM agatya che. prazna e udbhave che ke A virAdha anya sthaLe nahi ne iMglaMDamAMja kema sauthI pahelA ubhA thAya che? 204 jema curopamAM temaja iMglaMDamAM nRpasattAmAM ekaja prakAranA pheraphAro thayA che. e sattA vUDara vaMzanA rAjAnA vakhatamAM jevI vadhI tevI tyAra pachI kadApi vadhI nathI. te parathI ema nathI. anumAna karavAnuM ke yUDara rAjAonI aniyaMtrita sattA temanA pUrvajonA karatAM vadhAre jorAvara hatI ke tethI iMgleMDane kaMI vadhAre veThavuM paDayuM. huM ema dhArUM chuM ke cUDara rAjAonA rAjyAmAM jorajulama ne anyAyanA jeTalA dAkhalAo thayA hatA teTalAja, kadAca vadhAre paNa dAkhalA planTejineTa rAjAonA sama yamAM iMglaMDamAM thayA haze. TayUDara rAjAnA vakhatamAM navuM e hatuM ke e johukamI vadhAre niyamita rIte karAvavA maMDAI, nRpasattAe cheka zarUAtanuM ne svataMtra svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM, atyAra sudhI nahi jovAmAM AveluM svarUpa ne pati Ne te samaye prathama dhAraNa karyo. AmA hetri, ilijhAbetha, pahelA jemsa, ke pahelA cArlsanI rAjyapaddhati pahelA eDavarDa ke trIjA eDavarDanI paddhati karatAM niyamamAM taddana judAja prakAranI hatI, joke A chellA be rAjAonI sattA paNa kaMI ochI niraMkuza ke ochI vAparavAmAM AvatI nahotI. huM karIthI kahuM chuM ke sALamA saikAmAM iMgleMDamAM nRpasattAnI niyamita paddhatija badalAI hatI, AcAramAM bhAgyeja phera thayA hatA, kAraNa ke AcAramAM AgalA rAjAe paNa niraMkuza banatA hatA; nRpasattAe taddana niraMkuzatA dhAraNa karI, ane badhAja kAyadA-pAte je kAyadAne mAna ApavuM joI e ema kmAlyuM huMya te suddhAM--nI te hada bahAra che ema teNe dAvA karyAM. vaLI je rIte curApamAM dhArmika parivartana thayuM hatuM te rIte te iMgyuMDamAM thayuM nahotuM; ahIM te te mAtra rAjAeneja hAye aNuAyuM hatuM.

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vyAkhyAna teramuM. 205 ema nahi ke jema anya sthaLe tema A dezamAM paNa prajA sudhArAne mATe ghaNe samaya thayAM zarUAta karatI nahotI ke mathatI nahotI, ne te TuMka mudatamAM pAra na paData. paNa AThamA hetrie jAte te kAmamAM agraNInuM kAma karyuM, pariNAma e AvyuM ke yuropamAM repharmezananuM kArya jeTalI phateha meLavI zakyuM hatuM teTaluM te iMglaMDamAM meLavI zakyuM nahi. kAraNa e hatuM ke e kAryanI zarUAta karanArA pitAnA svArthanI khAsa darakAra rAkhatA hatA. rAjA ne dharmaguruoe pUrvanI pipanI sattAne pAma thaeluM dravya ne sattAnI aMdara aMdara vaheMcaNI karI lIdhI. pariNAma jaladIthIja jaNAyuM hatuM. ema kahevAtuM hatuM ke repharmezananuM kAma pUruM thayuM hatuM, chatAM te sAdhavAnAM je kAraNo ne je hetuo hatAM te hajI jIvatAM hatAM. eNe prajAkIya svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM ne yuropamAM jema popanI sattAviruddha jhuMDe uThAvavAmAM Avato hato tema ahIM dharmAdhyakSonI viruddha uThAvavAmAM Avato hato, temane jANe bIjA eTalA popanI peThe ja gaNI kADhI tiraskaraNIya gaNavAmAM AvyA. lagabhaga teja samaye laukika samAjamAM paNa svataMtratA prApta karavAne loke pravRttizIla banyA hatA, ne rAjakIya svAtaMtrya meLavavAnA prayatna karatA hatA. tevA prayatna tyAM sudhI agAu thayA nahotA, athavA te thayA hoya toe najIvA hatA. soLamA saikAmAM iMglaMDanI vyApArika saMpatti ghaNI ja jaladIthI vadhI; te ja vakhate jamInanI mIlakatanI mAlIkInI adalAbadalI ghaNI thaI. yUDala paddhati pramANe agAu je varga amIrI sthitimAM hatA tenI paDatI thavAthI Ama jamInanI mAlIkI badalAI hatI, ne pariNAme sattaramA saikAnI zarUAtamAM AmanI sabhAnA sabhAsado jeTalA tavaMgara hatA teTalA amIravarganA lake jovAmAM AvatA nahotA. Ama ekaja vakhate te samaye vyApArika saMpattinI vRddhi ne jamInanI mAlIkImAM ghaNI adalabadala thavA pAmyAM hatAM. A benI asara sAthe eka trIjI paNa bAbata AvI-lokenA vicAronI navI pravRtti. ilijhAbethanuM rAjya, sAhityanI ne philasuphInI pravRttinI bAbatamAM kadAca aMgrejI ItihAsamAM sauthI amu

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209 yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa. tyane ne mATe samaya che, ucca ne phaLadrupa kalpanAone e yuga che. yuriTana sudhArake acakAyA vinA pitAnA saMkucita paNa sArA vicAre TheTha sudhI AcAramAM mUkatA; viruddhano varga nItimAna ochA ne svataMtra-svachAvAna vadhAre hovAthI tene je je gamatuM ne tenA kutUhalane saMtoSa ApatuM te badhuM svIkArate. AvI rItanAM svAtaMtryanAM preraka valaNa yuropamAM paNa keTaleka ThekANe thayAM hatAM. paNa te saMtoSAvavAnAM sAdhane tyAM hatAM nahi. te kevI rIte saMtoSAvavAM te loko tyAM jANatA hatA. te dezanI saMsthAo ke tyAMnA rivAjemAMthI eke bAbata taraphathI tene madada maLe tema nahotI. e valaNe praphullita thayA vinAnAM ne cesa rIte prakAzamAM AvyA vinAnAM ja tyAM rahyAM. iMglaMDamAM sthiti judI hatI. tyAM rAjakIya svAtaMtryano pavana je soLamA saikAmAM pharIthI vAvA mAMDyo ne je repharmezanane pariNAmeja thaye hatA, tene prAcIna saMsthAo ne sAmAjika sthitio para jora ajamAvavAnuM ThIka sAdhana maLyuM hatuM. IMglaMDanI svataMtra saMsthAonI utpati dareka jANe che. 1215mAM moTA umarAvoe jaoNna rAjA pAse megnA kArTI para kevI rIte sahI karAvI te badhA jANe che sAmAnyataH eTaluM je jANavAmAM nathI te e che ke e megnA kArTA nAmanI prajAnA hakanI patrikA pachInA rAjAonA vakhatamAM paNa temane yAda karAvavAmAM AvI hatI ne temAM apAyelA hako pharIthI maMjura karAvavAmAM AvyA hatA. teramA ne soLamA saikAnI vacamAM trIsathI vadhAre vAra e patrikA ke sanada pharI pharI bahAla karAvavAmAM AvI hatI. e patrikA bahAla karAvavAmAM AvI hatI eTaluM ja nahi paNa ene jArU rAkhavA ne emAMthI ja nIkaLatA vadhAre hakanI mAgaNI karavA navA kAyadAonA kharaDA dAkhala karavAmAM AvyA hatA. tethI jANe koI paNa prakAranA khAlI vacagALA vinA ja e megnA kA nAmanI prajAnA hakonI patrikA jANe tAjI, jIvatIja rahI zakI hatI. te ja vakhate AmanI sabhAnuM baMdhAraNa

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vyAkhyAna teramu 20g sthapAyuM, ne dezanI mATI saMsthAomAM enuM paNa sthAna gaNAtuM thayuM. hU~. nTAjineTa vaMzanA rAjAnA vakhatamAM enAM khI vavAyAM; te samaye rAjyamAM e sabhAe moTA bhAga kaMI paNa lIdhA ema huM kahevA nathI mAgatA. kharuM jotAM rAjakIya bAbate para barAbara asara paNu e te vakhate karI zakatI nahAtI. te vakhate teA rAjA khelAve tAja e vacamAM paDI zakatI, ne te paNa haMmeza nAkhuzIthI nai AcakA sAthe; jANe ke peAtAnI sattA vadhAravAnA karatAM te sattA vAparatAM ke tenI Apale karatAM te vadhAre hItI hAya ema bhAsatu. paNa viSaya jyAre khAnagI hakAnA saMrakSaNeAnA hoya tyAre AmanI sabhA peAtAnI sevA dhaNA utsAha te khaMta sAthe majAvatI, ne tema karatAMja, tema karavAmAMja teNe aMgrejI rAjyanA baMdhAraNanA pAyArUpa thaelA siddhAntA sthApita karyA che. planTejineTa vaMzanA rAjA pachI, te khAsa karIne TacAra vaMzanA rAjAe pachI AmanI sabhA athavA kharUM jotAM AkhI pAlyAneMTa juduMja svarUpa dhAraNa kare che. plaeNnTejineTanA samayamAM karatI hatI tema khAnagI hake ke leAkeAnI svataMtratA jALavavAnuM kArya eNe have cAlu rAkhyuM nahi. khAnagI hA paranI tarApA ne svecchAnuM vadhatuM jatuM prAkhahma--te viSe te zAntithI gaI kare che. paNa bIjI taraphathI rAjyanA zAsananI bAbatamAM pAoNmeTa vadhAre agatyatA--AgaLa paDatA bhAga levA mAMDe che. dharma badalavAmAM te vArasAnI hAra nakkI karavAnI khabatamAM AThamA haitrine kAI sAdhaka baLanI jarUra hatI, koI prajAkIya sAdhananeA khapa hatA, te enI A jarUramAM pAlllAmenTe madada karI, te khAsa karIne AmanI sabhAe e sabhA plaeNnTAjineTAnA samayamAM rAjAonI sAthe thavAnuM sAdhana hatI ne khAnagI hakA jALavavAmAM madadagAra thatI hatI, cUDara rAjAonA samayamAM e rAjazAsananuM sAdhana manI ne rAjanItinuM paNa sAdhana banI. tethI seALamA saikAne antu e sabhAnI agatya ghaNI vadhI gaI hatI, ne te samayathI e mukhya sattAnI zarUAta thaI.

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204 yurepanA sudhArAne itihAsa soLamA saikAne ane iMglaMDanI svataMtra saMsthAo tarapha ApaNe najara karIe chIe tyAre ApaNane ATalI bAbato mAluma paDe che. (1) svataMtratAnA mukhya niyamo ne siddhAnta. prajAjIvanamAM ke kAyadAkAnUnI bAbatamAM AvuM kadApi vismaraNa thayuM nathI. (2) dAkhalAo svataMtratAnA AgaLanA TAMkavA lAyaka dAkhalAo. AmAM viddha jovAmAM Ave evA dAkhalAo paNa haze, paNa jeTelA hatA te badhA svataMtratAnI laData macAvanArAone, svataMtratAnuM saMrakSaNa karanArAone potAnA hako ne pitAnI laData kAyadApUrvaka che ema batAvI ApavAmAM basa thAya evA dAkhalAo hatA. (3) svataMtratAnAM bIthI bharapUra evI keTalIka khAsa te sthAnika saMsthAo; jyurI, sabhAmAM maLavAne ne hathiyArabaMdha thavAne haka, myunisipala saMsthAo ne temanI sattAnuM svAtaMtrya. (4) pAlyameMTa ne enI sattA tenI rAjAne agAu karatAM paNa vadhAre jarUra paDatI hatI, kAraNa ke rAjAoe pitAnI svataMtra Avaka, makAne, cUDala hake vageremAMthI moTA bhAgano vyaya karI nAkhyo hato ne tethI pitAnI sattAne TakAvI rAkhavA ja bAbatamAM prajAmatane Azare hato. Ama yuropanI rAjakIya sthitinAthI iMglI sthiti saLamA saikAmAM tadana judI ja hatI. TayuDara vaMzanA rAjAonI johukamI hatI chatAM svataMtratAne pavana vAI zake ne te dhAryuM kAma karI zake tene mATe cokkasa sAdhana hatuM ja. A samaye iMglaMDamAM prajAnI be jarUrIAta hatI. eka tarapha dhArmika parivartana ne svataMtratA zarU thaI cUkyAM hatAM tenI jarUra hatI, ne bIjI tarapha svataMtra pasattA te vakhate vadhatI jatI hatI tenI viruddha rAjakIya svataMtratAnI jarUra hatI A be jarUrIAte jema vadhatI gaI tema tema A darekane mATe je je pagalAM bharavAmAM AvI cUkyAM hatAM tenI madada maLatI gaI. e banne ekaThAM thayAM. dhArmika sudhArA bhAganA pakSa rAjA ne dharmaguruonI viruddha pitAnI svataMtratAnI laData mATe rAja

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vyAkhyAna teramuM. 208 kIya svataMtratA mAgavA maMDe; ane rAjakIya svAtaMtrya mAganAre pakSa prajAkIya sudhAro bhAgavA maMDe. laukika ne dhArmika sattAo, je have rAjAnA hAthamAM ekahaththI thaI hatI tenI viruddha laData macAvavA banne pakSe ekaThA thaI gayA. aMgrejI parivartananuM bI ne tene bhAvArtha Aja che. Ama svataMtratAnuM saMrakSaNa karavA, svataMtratA meLavavAno ja tene khAsa udeza hato. dhAmika sudhArakone A eka sAdhana hatu, rAjakIya sudhArakone e udeza hato; paNa bannene svataMtratA agatyane savAla hatA, ne bannene eka sAmAnya rIte te prApta karavAnI AvazyakatA hatI. nAnI nAnI matabhedanI bAbate dUra rAkhIne samagra rIte jotAM aMgrejI parivartanano udeza rAjakIya hatuM ema spaSTa mAlUma paDe che. leko te samayanA dhArmika hatA ne dhArmika laData paNa te hatI kharI, paNa te laDatanuM sAdhana ne chevaTe antima udeza prajAkIya svAtaMtrya, rAjakIya svAtaMtrya, ne aniyaMtrita napasattAne nAza, eja hato. A meTe aNIne samaye traNa mukhya pakSo ubhA thayA hatA, traNa parivartanano samAveza thato hato, ne eka pachI eka e traNe kSetra para jovAmAM AvyAM hatAM. dareka pakSamAM, ne dareka parivartanamAM be pakSa ekaThA kAma karatA hatA, eka rAjakIya, ne bIjo dhArmika, AmAM pahele AgaLa paDato bhAga lete, ne bIjo tenI pAchaLa, chatAM banne ekabIjAne Avazyaka sahAyabhUta hatA. eTale e banAvanAM banne svarUpo jevI rIte e banAvane ApaNe joIe chIe tevI rIte jovAmAM Ave che. pahelo pakSa je jovAmAM AvyuM te kAyadAnA sudhArAo mAganArAene pakSa hato. prathama e pakSanI chAyAmAM ja bIjA badhA ubhA rahetA hatA. aMgrejI parivartana jyAre zaruM thayuM, ne 1640 mAM pArlAmeMTa maLI tyAre badhAja ema kahetA hatA, ne ghaNA zraddhApUrvaka mAnatA paNa hatA ke : kAyadAno sudhAro thaze eTale badhuM patI jaze; dezanA prAcIna kAyadAo ne AcAra evA sArA hatA ke te ANavAmAM Avaze te badhI kari.

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210 yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa. yAda dUra thaze, ne prajAmatane anukULa rAjyapaddhati sthapAze. kAyadAviruddha kare ugharAvatA hatA, marajImAM Ave tema kone keda karavAmAM AvatA hatA, ne TuMkAmAM kahIe te dezanA jANItA kAyadAnI viruddha je je AcaraNo karAtAM hatAM tene viSe A pakSa bama pADatA hatA, ne te dUra karavA AgrahathI Icchato hato, rAjakIya bAbatomAM jANItI rIte ne niyamasara rAja pitAnI sattA vApare tevA prakAranI tRpasattAne rAjakIya bAbatomAM TekavavI, ne rAjAnI sattAnA hAtha nIce rahe tevI dharmaguruonI sattA TakAvavAne A pakSano bevaDe uddeza hato, ne enA AgevAnomAM kalaeNrenDana lArDa kepela, ne laoNrDa phekalenDa hatA. A pakSanI pAchaLa bIjo pakSa hatuM, tene huM rAjakIya parivartana karavA mAganArAone pakSa e nAmathI oLakhAvIza. A pakSane e mata hato ke rAjyanI jUnA vakhatanI zarata ne hakanI jUnI je hado svIkArAI hatI te kAmamAM Ave te pUrI thAya tevI agAu nahetI ne te vakhate paNa nahotI. rAjyapaddhatinA mAtra svarUpamAM ja nahi paNa temAM vastutaH pheraphAra thavAnI AvazyakatA hatI ema e pakSanuM mAnavuM hatuM. vaLI rAjA ne enA pradhAnamaMDaLa pAsethI sattAnuM svAtaMtrya laI levuM, ne AmanI sabhAnuM rAjakIya agatya vadhAravuM Avazyaka hatuM. kharuM jotAM je kharI rAjasattA che te AmanI sabhAnA ne tenA AgevAnonA hAthamAM joI e ema temanA vicAro hatA. meM jeTalI spaSTatAthI A pakSanA vicAronuM citra ApyuM che eTalI khullI rIte e pakSa potAnA vicAre darzAvato nahoto, paNa tene bhAvArtha e ja hatA. pasattA athavA te rAjAnI svataMtra sattAne badale AmanI sabhA, je dezanA kharA pratinidhi tarIke gaNAya tenI sattA baLavAna rahe te temane catuM hatuM. A vicAramaja prajAsattAka rAjyanI icchAnuM bIja chupAyeluM hatuM, joke A pariNAma pUrepUruM te pakSe dhAreluM nahotuM, paNa mAtra AmanI sabhAnI sattA sarvopari karavI e svarUpamAM ja teNe svIkAreluM hatuM. je A pakSa rAjakIya

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211 - vyAkhyAna teramuM. bAbatomAM tevo ja keTerIane pakSa dhArmika sudhArAnI bAbatomAM, sattA dharmaguruonI sabhAonA hAthamAM ApavAnI tarapheNamAM hato. trIjA eka pakSanI mAgaNI ghaNu ja vadhAre paDatI hatI. A pakSa ema kaheta ke saMpUrNa pheraphAranI jarUra hatI ne te paNa rAjyapaddhatinA svarUpamAM ja nahi, paNa rAjyanI paddhatimAM ja; rAjakIya paddhati ja badhI kharAba hatI ema te mAnato hato. A pakSa mAtra sudhAroja karavA hete mAgato, ene to samAjanuM parivartana, temAM uthalapAthala, ne bahuja navuMjUnuM karavuM hatuM. A pakSa ucchedaka matano hato. AgalA be pakSe peThe e paNa keTaleka aMze rAjakIya ne keTaleka aMze dhArmika hato. dharmasaMbaMdhI bAbatamAM jIsasa krAIsTanI sattA sivAya bIjI koIja sattAne te svIkAratA nahe. bAra varSa prayatno ajamAvyA pachI 1653mAM A traNe pakSe eka pachI eka niSphaLa nIvaDayA mAlUma paDayA; niSphaLa na nIvaDyA teo niSphaLa nIvaDyA ema mAnavAne temane kAraNa hatAM, ne prajAne temanI niSphaLatA viSe khAtrI thaI hatI. kAyadAnA sudhArA IcchanArAono pakSa je jaladIthI adazya thaye teNe joyuM ke jUnA kAyadAo ne baMdhAraNane leke bIlakula lekhavatA nahotA, ane sarvatra navInatA ja jovAmAM AvatI hatI. rAjakIya sudhArA karanArAonA pakSe joyuM ke pArlAmeMTanI je paddhati ne tenA je svarUpane temane upayoga karavo hato te nAza pAmatAM hatAM; temaNe joyuM ke bAra varSa sattA vAparyA pachI chevaTe AmanI sabhAnA sabhAsadonI saMkhyA ghaNI ghaTI gaI hatI, ne prajA temanI tarapha tiraskAranI daSTithI jotI hatI. rAjyazAsana mATe temane nAlAyaka gaNatI hatI. uche. daka vargane vadhAre phatteha maLI hoya ema jaNAtuM hatuM, sattAnI laDatamAM e pakSa vijayavAna nIvaDyo jaNAto hato; AmanI sabhAmAM 50 thI 60 sabhAsado gaNAtA hatA ne te badhA ja uchedaka vRttinA. deza para rAjyanI kharI sattA calAvanAra varga tarIke te varga pitAne yogya rIte gaNI zake che

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212 yuropanA sudhArAne ItihAsa ne jAhera rIte karI zake tema hatuM. paNa prajAe temane asvIkAra karyo hatuM. temanA TharAva kaI paNa sthaLe teo amalamAM mUkI zake tema nahotuM. lazkara ke prajA bemAMthI eke para teo dekhItI asara kaMI paNa karI zakyA nahi. sAmAjika aikya ke zAntinI khAtrI have kaI rahI nahatI. nyAya apAtuM baMdha thayuM hatuM, agara jo te apAte hato, te te te nyAyaja havethI rahyo nahate; te mAtra amuka pakSanI svecchA ne AvezathI je hukama karavAmAM Ave taja svarUpamAM rahyo hate. Ama sAmAjika zAMtino bhaMga thayo hato teTaluM ja nahi, paNa rAjamArgo parathI paNa core ne luTArAoe e zAnti laI lIdhI hatI. sarvatra vyAvahArika, laukika, ke rAjakIya daSTibinduthI, temaja naitika dRSTibanduthI arAjakatA pravartamAna hatI. AmanI sabhAne uchedaka prajAvarga bemAMthI ekakenuM baLa A arAjakatA aTakAvavA zaktimAna nahotuM. parivartana samayanA traNa pakSe A pramANe eka pachI eka te kArya karavAne rokAyA hatA. e traNe pakSe tadana niSphaLa nIvaDyA hatA. "vicAra ke pahoMca vAparI kismata pAsethI jeTaluM kAma kaDhAvI zakAya teTaluM kismatane mATe na mUkanAra eka mANasa te samaye jovAmAM Avyo hato." ema bAsuetanuM kahevuM che. A zabdo bhUlathI bharapUra che, ne ItihAsa temanI viruddha jaNAyo che. je mANasa mATe A zabdo che te kaeNvela hato, ane kaeNmpala jeTaluM kAma kismatane AdhIna rahevA deto teTaluM koI e rAkhyuM nathI; mAtra kismata jyAM laI jAya tyAMja janAra, ne koI paNa udeza vinA bIkaNa pagalAM bharIne moTuM jokhama kheDanAra enA jeTalo bIjo koI nIkaLyuM nathI. bilakula hada vinAnI mahecchAo, dareka divasa ne saMjoga pitAnA AgaLa vadhavAnA kAryamAM sAdhaka banAvavAnI vakhANavA lAyaka zakti, akasmAtane kAbumAM rAkhyA sivAya, te para sattA vApavAne dAvo karyA vinA tene lAbhakAraka banAvavAnI kaLA--e badhuM kaeNnvelanA hAthamAM hatuM. enA jevA saMjoge mAMja bIjA keI mANasane na bane tevuM kadAca kvelane banyuM hatuM; pari

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vyAkhyAna taimu 213 vartananAM judAM judAM svarUpomAMnAM ghaNAMkharAM badhAMne e pUrA paDatA hatA, enA prathamathI te antanA yugeAne mATe e lAyaka hatA. e baLavAne agraNI hatA, arAjakatAne sahAyabhUta hatA, te aMgrejI ucchedaka pakSanA bhANu sAmAM sauthI vadhAre tejadAra eja hatA. pAchaLathI ucchedaka pakSanI viruddha, vyavasthA pharIthI sthApavAnI tarapheNamAM, te sAmAjika baMdhAraNa niyamita karavA icchanArA paNa eja hatA. Ama parivartanasamaye moTA moTA agraNIenAM kAma eNe peAtAnAja jIvananA judA judA samayeAmAM vaheMcI nAkhI bajAvyAM hatAM. krAbvela mirebU hatA ema tA bhAgyeja kAI kahI zakaze; enAmAM khelavAnI sArI zakti nahAtI, ne e dhaNA utsAha dharAvatA te pravRttizIla rahetA, tApaNu 1640nI pANyAmeMTa je lAMbA samaya sudhI cAlu rahI hatI tenA samayamAM potAnI zaktinA eNe koI paNa rIte dekhAva karyA nahotA. paNa eNe vArApharatI phaeNnTana ne nepAlIana enApATaeNnA bhAga bhajavyA hatA. bIjA koi paNa mANasa karatAM aMgreja sattAne nAza karavA saphaLa prayatna karyA hatA, ane e sattA pAchI eNeja uMcI ANIH kAraNa ke enA sivAya bIjuM keAIja tene dhAraNa karavAnuM te pote dhArI zake tema vAparavAnuM jANatA nahAtA. kAi ke tA sattA vAparavIja joIe; badhA niSphaLa thayA hatA, e phatteha meLavI zakyA. eja ene haka hatA. eka vAra rAjyanI sattA enA saMpUrNa kAbumAM AvI eTale ghaNI bhAre te asaMtApI mahecchA rAkhanAra, ne kismatane pote dhAratA te pramANe nacAvanAra A mANase have kaMI subuddhi, DahApaNu, ne zuM saMbhavita che tenuM jJAna dAvyuM. ni:saMdeha aniyaMtrita sattAnA ene ghaNeAja zokha hatA, te peAtA nAja mAthA para rAjyatA mugaTa mUkI devAnI ne potAnA vaMzamAM te sthAyI karavAnI ene prabaLa icchA hatI. A chellA vicAra eNe paDatA mUkyA, RRAraNa ke temAM raheze| bhaya eNe enI pAtAnIja jiMdagImAM joyA; ane aniyaMtrita sattAnA saMbaMdhamAM, joke te eNe vAparI kharI, teAe e haMmeza jANutA hatA ke enA vakhatanuM valaNa enI viruddhanuM hatuM. e jANutA

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214 yuropanA sudhArAnA chatahAsa. hatA ke je parivartana ANavAne eNe madada karI hatI te aniyaMtrita sattAnI viruddha hatuM, te iMgleMDanA leAkeAnI avinAzI icchA pArlTImeTa ne tenI paddhatithIja zAsita rahevAnI hatI. teTalA mATe e jAte svecchAthI ne vastutaH aniyatrita sattA vAparavAnI tarapheNanA hatA tepaNa pAlgAme Ta khelAvI tenI paddhatithI rAjya karavAnuM kAma eNe mAthe lIdhuM. badhAja pakSanA mANasAnI e hameza madada letA; dhArmika jossA dharAvanArA mANasA, ucchedaka varganA mANasA, presDITerIane, ne lazkaranA amaladAro e badhAnI maLelI pAlllAmeTa banAvavA eNe prayatna karyo. enI sAthe madadamAM rahI kAma kare evI pAtsyAmeTa banAvavA eNe banatA prayatna karyA. e prayatna nirarthaka hatA; badhAja pakSA jyAM eka vAra temane vesTaminsTara haeNAlamAM khelAvavAmAM AvatA, rAjyasabhAmAM khelAvavAmAM AvatA ke tarataja enI pAsethI sattA chInavI laI jAteja te bhAgavavA mAgatA. huM ema nathI kahetA ke enuM potAnuM hita ne enA pAtAnA svArtha enA manamAM agra sthAne nahAtAM; paNa tethI e kaMI ochuM nakkI nathI ke jo eNe sattAnA tyAga karyo heAta tA khIjeja divase ene te pAchI svIkAravAnI krUja paData. enA sivAya bIjuM koI sattA vAparavAne samartha naheAtuM. enI sthiti A prakAranI hatI. enuM zAsana hamezanuM che ema kAja svIkAratuM nahotuM, badhAja ema mAnatA ke e mAtra TuMkA sumaya sudhIja temanA paraM sattA bhAgavanAra hatA. aMdarakhAnethI lokeAnA mana para eNe kadApi sattA bhAgavI nathI. enI peThe ekke pakSa rAjya calAvI zake tema nahatuM, paNa tenIja sAthe e rAjya calAvanAra rahe e kAIja icchatuM nahAtuM; badhAja pakSanA mANasA enI vAraMvAra viruddha thatA hatA. phrAvelanA maraNasamaye uccheka pakSaja mAtra zake tevI sthiti hatI; te pakSanA leAkeAe tema niSphaLa jatA hatA temaja te samaye paNa thayuM. sattA hAthamAM lagna karyuM, te agAu teo Ama thavAnuM kAraNu

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* vyAkhyAna te muM. 215 kaMI temane potAnI zaktimAM vizvAsa nahoto. ema nahatuM. agAu jema rAjya calAvavAnI bAbatamAM teo asamartha nIvaDayA hatA temaja A samaye paNa nIvaDayA, ane rAjakIya bAbatomAM nRpasattAnuM punarAvartana thayuM. iMglaMDamAM TuarTa vaMzanA rAjAonuM pharIthI gAdIe AvavuM te eka ghaNeja prajAkIya lAgaNI darzAvanAro banAva hato. e banAvamAM jUnI rAjyapaddhati, ne nahi kasAyelI navI paddhati e banne lAbhakAraka bAbatonuM saMmizraNa thayuM hatuM, bIjo cArlsa pharI gAdIe Avyo tyAre rAjAnA pakSane varga kAyadA sudhAravA icchanArA pakSane baneluM hatuM, ne tene sabaLa AgevAna kaarenDana hato. tame jANo cho ke 166thI 1667 sudhI kaarenDana mukhya maMtrI hato, ne iMglaMDamAM rAjakIya bAbatomAM sauthI vadhAre asara e karato hato. kalairenDana ne enA mitro temanI jUnI rAjyapaddhatinA vicAro sAthe pAchA sattAmAM AvyA; e vicAra pramANe rAjAne aniyaMtrita sattA ApavAnI hatI, ne mAtra karanI bAbatamAM tenA para pAlya meMTano, ne khAnagI hako ne khAnagI bAbatomAM nyAyanI adAlatonoja te aMkuza rAkhavAno hato. paNa kharekharI rAjazAsananI bAbatamAM tene lagabhaga taddana svataMtratA ApavAnI hatI, ne pArlAmeMTane khAsa karI AmanI sabhAnA moTA bhAgane vacamAM paDavAno, ke viruddha hoya chatAM koI jAtano haka nahoto. bAkInI bAbatamAM kAyadAne mATe temane pUratuM mAna hatuM, dezahitane mATe joIe teTalI kALajI hatI, potAnA gaurava viSe umadA prakAranI bhAvanA hatI, ne prauDha ne mAnanIya nIti hatI. kalerenDananI sAta varSa sudhInI vyavasthAnuM A prakAranuM svarUpa hatuM. paNa A pakSanI sattA je mukhya vicArane baLe TakatI hatI-rAjAnI aniyaMtrita sattA. ne pArlAmeMTanI salAhanI jenA para asara na hoya evI rAjyapaddhati-te pakSa have purANe thaI gayo hato, ne baLahIna hato. ja pharIthI gAdIe beThe te vakhate thaelo lokone je tAjo hatA

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216 yuropanA sudhArAne ItihAsa. te chatAM, chellAM vIsa varSa pArlAmeMTanI madade rAjya thaeluM hovAthI temanA matane teNe teDI pADyo, temanAja pakSamAM eka navuM tatva utpanna thayuM. svataMtra vicAraka, aniyamitatAnA cahAnArAo, ne anItimAna puruSo je te vakhatanA vicAramAM TApasI pUratA hatA temaNe ema vicAryuM ke sattA AmanI sabhAnIja kharI hatI. ne niyama ke rAjAnI sattAne mATe jarAe darakAra rAkhyA vinA mAtra pitAnI phatteha meLavavAja mAthAphoDa karatA, ne jyAre jyAre kaMI paNa sattA pitAne maLaze ema bhAsatuM hatuM tyAre tyAre te meLavavA prayatna karatA hatA. A lokone eka pakSa thayo hato, ne te asaMtuSTa prajA pakSamAM bhaLI gaye, ne kalerenDananI sattA paDI bhAgI. A pramANe rAjAnI sattAnI tarapheNane pakSa hato temAMthI eka bhAga jude paDI eka navI rAjyapaddhatinI himAyatI karanAra varga ubhe thaye. anItimAna durAcArI puruSonuM eka maMtrimaMDaLa thayuM ne te kebaeNla trimaMDaLa ne tenI pachInAM maMDaLothI oLakhAya che. enuM svarUpa A prakAranuM hatuM; niyama, kAyadAo, ke hakone mATe kaMIja darakAra nahi; nyAya ne satyane mATe paNa teTalI ja echI; dareka prasaMge phatteha meLavavAnAM sAdhano gedhavA teo prayAsa karatA hatA; phatteha je AmanI sabhAnA mata sAthe eka thavAnI thAya to teo tenI sAthe hAjIhA karatA; ne je AmanI sabhAnA matane tarachoDI kADhavAnuM temane vAstavika lAgatuM ke te pramANe karatA, ne bIje ja divase tarata pAchI te mATe tenI kSamA mAgatA. eka divasa teo lAMcano upaga karatA te bIje divase prajAmatanI khuzAma karatA. dezanA sAmAnya hitane, tenA gauravane, ke tenA mAnane mATe jarAe darakAra rAkhavAmAM AvatI nahotI. TuMkAmAM, temanI rAjyazAsanapaddhati ghaNI ja svArthI ne anItimAna hatI, prajAmatane bIlakula gaNakAratI ja nahi, paNa aMdarakhAnethI te vyAvahArika bAbatomAM ghaNI buddhizALI ne mokaLA mananI hatI. arla DebInuM maMtrimaMDaLa A prakAranuM hatuM. ( 1667-1978)

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vyAkhyAna teramu 217 laeNraeNnDananA maMtrimaMDaLa karatAM A TaeNmmInuM maMtrimaMDaLa anItimAna hovA chatAM eThuM tiraskAravAmAM AvatuM hatuM. tenuM kAraNa zuM ? kAraNa e hatuM ke e samayane anukULa ne lokeAnI lAgaNIne ruce tevI rIte te kAma karatuM hatuM. dezane eNe dhaNuM nukasAna karyuM teAe dezane te vadhAre pasaMda paDayuM hatuM. chatAM ante evA vakhata AvyeA ke anIti, khuzAmada, te leAkeAnA hakanA tiraskAra eTale darajje vadhI gayAM ke leAkeA vadhu bedarakAra na rahI zakyA. anItimAna puruSonI rAjyapaddhati viruddha leAkeA uzkerAyA. prajAkIya ne dezAbhimAnI leAkeAne AmanI sabhAmAM eka pakSa navA thayA hatA. rAjAe tenA AgevAnAne maMtrimaMDaLamAM khelAvavA nizcaya karyAM. rAjyanI dArI tethI have lA isseksa, lArDa rasela, ne lArDa rITsabarInA hAthamAM AvI. A prajAkIya pakSa nirbaLa hatA; peAtAnI buddhi ke zaktinI madada, e, nahi leAkeAnA ke nahi rAjAnA lAbhane avaiM, vAparI zakyA. theADA vakhata sattA bhAgavI, te pakSa paDI bhAgyA enA AgevAnAnI nItine lIdhe itihAsamAM ene ucca sthAna apAya che, paNa jevI ucca enI nIti hatI tevI ucca enI rAjyazAsanamAM buddhi naheAtI, te sIdhe raste peAtAnI sattA kema vAparavI te e barAbara jANatA nahotA. A prayatna niSphaLa javAthI, aMgrejI rAjAe gAdIe pAchA AvyA te khAkhatanI sthiti have tame joI zakeA che. eka pachI eka badhA pakSA maMtrimaMDaLa tarIke kasAI cUyA, ekene kUtteha na maLI. 1653mAM iMgleMDanI je sthiti hatI teja A samaye mAlUma paDI, ne temAMthI chUTakA paNa teja raste javAthI thayeA. je kAma rAjyaparivartananA lAbhArthe zAbvele karyuM hatuM te khIjA cArlse peAtAnA rAjyane arthe karyuM; aniyatriMta-johukamInI sattA eNe calAvavAnuM zarU karyuM. khIne jemsa enA bhAInI gAdIe Avyo. aniyatrita sattAnA prazna sAthe eka bIjo prazna te samaye umerAyeA; A prazna dharmanA hatA. jemsa aniyatrita nRpasattAnI sAthe pApanI aniyatrita sattA pAchI

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218 yuropanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. heramAM ANavA mAgatA hatA. parivartananI zarUAtamAM tema A vakhate paNuM ApaNe rAjyanI viruddha be prakAranI laData joie chIe, eka rAjakIya ne bIjI dhArmika. ghaNI vAra ema pUchavAmAM AvyuM che ke trIjo vilyama astitvamAMja na Avyo hAta, athavA teA hAlanDanA enA lazkara sAthe bIjA jemsa te enI prajA vaccenA kalahane anta ANavAmAM AvyAja na hota te zuM thayuM hota? huM dRDhatAthI ema mAnuM chuM ke eja banAva banyA hota. thoDA varga sivAya A vakhate iMgleMDanA badhA leAkeA jemsanI viruddha hatA. paNa A saMjoga bIjAM ne vadhAre gaMbhIra kAraNeAthI banavA pAmyA hatA. te AkhA yuropanA hatA, iMgleMDanAja nahi; ane te mArateja A banAva curApanA sudhArAnA itihAsamAM joDAI jAya che. lagabhaga AvAja prakAranuM yuddha yuropamAM paNa cAlatuM hatuM. caudamA luInI svataMtra nRpasattA sarvatra curApamAM thaze ema yureApanI prajAne bhaya utpanna thayA hatA. A prayatnanI sAme thavAne curApamAM eka saMdhi karavAmAM AvI hatI, ne A pakSanA AgevAna te yuropamAM rAjakIya ne dhArmika svAtaMtryanA hImAyatI--oNrenjane pATavI, vilama hatA. vilyamanI AgevAnI heThaLa hAlanDanA prATesTaMTa paMthanA prajAsattAka rAjyanA hImAyatIoe caudamA luI je aniyaMtrita nRpasattA pratinidhi hatA tenI viruddha thavAnuM kAma manamAM lIdhuM. rAjyAnI aMdaraja svAtaMtrya jALav vAnA savAla kaMI A naheAtA, paNa te uparAMta temanAM bahAranA parasparanA saMbaMdhamAM te jALavavAtA paNa hatA. je laDAI iMglaMDamAM laDAtI hatI teja laDAI teo paNa laDhatA hatA ema caudamA luI te enA virAdhIo jANatA nahotA. tethI jyAre iMglaMDamAM aniyatrita sattA te svAtaMtryanI vaccenI laData khIjA jemse cAlu karI tyAre eja laData caudamA luI ne eNrenjanA pATavI, vilyama vacce meTA svarUpamAM AkhA yuremamAM cAlatI hatI. caudamA luI viruddhanI saMdhi evI baLavAna hatI ke rAjakIya ke dhArmika svAtaMtryane mATe je rAjAne dekhItI rIte nahi jevI darakAra hatI

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vyAkhyAna teramuM. . 218 teo paNa temAM tenI sAme sAmela thayA. jarmanine zahenazAha ne agIAramo inasenTa pApa, e be, caudamA luI viruddha, trIjA vilyamanI sAthe bhaLI gayA. vilyama iMglaMDamAM gaye te tyAMnI dezanI aMdaranI sthiti bacAvavA khAtaranA karatAM vadhAre IMglaMDanA lokone caudamA laI sAmenA yuddhamAM ghasaDavAnA hetuthI gayo hato. A rAjya eNe meLavyuM te eka navI sattA meLavavAne khAtara meLavyuM hatuM, ne te paNa evI sattA ke je luIe atyAra sudhI enI viruddha vAparI zakAvI hatI. jyAre bIjo cArlsa ne jemsa rAjya karatA hatA tyAre iMglaMDa caudamA laInA hAthamAM hatuM; e dezanA bahAranA saMbaMdhe enA dhAryA pramANe e rakhAvaDAvato, ne hailanDanI viruddha te hamezAM sAme thatuM. have kevaLa svataMtra nRpasattAnA pakSanA hImAyatIonA hAthamAMthI iMglaMDa chInavI levAmAM AvyuM hatuM, ne tene dhArmika svAtaMtryanA himAyatIonI tarapheNamAM thavAnuM hatuM. 1988nA rAjyaparivartanane, yuropanA ItihAsanA daSTibinduthI, A pramANe dekhAva che, ne AkhA yurepanA A samayanA banAvamAM enuM A pramANe sthAna che. Ama A parivartanane kharo udeza rAjakIya ne dhArmika bAbatomAMthI aniyaMtrita sattAne hAMkI kADhavAne che. e parivartananA judA judA prasaMge A bAbata hameza jovAmAM Ave che. eja mATe banAva yuropamAM kevI rIte thavA pAmyo te jovAnuM have bAkI rahe che. A ApaNuM AvatA vyAkhyAnane viSaya thaze.

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22 0 yurepanA sudhArAno ItihAsa vyAkhyAna cadamuM. vyAkhyAnane viSaya- laMDane yuropamAM sudhArAnI pragatimAM pheraphArane sarakhApaNuM-kAsanuM mahatva-sattaramA saikAmAM, tyAMnI rAjasattAne lIdhe-aDhAramAmAM, te dezanA ItihAsane lIdhe-cadamAM luInuM rAjyazAsana-enI laDAIobIjA dezo sAthenA saMbaMdhamAM enI rAjanIti-enI rAjyavyavasthA-enA kAyadAenI jaladIthI thatI paDatInAM kAraNe-aDhAramA saikAmAM kAnsa philasuphenA vicAronA parivartananAM mukhya lakSaNo-vyAkhyAnamALAsamApti. sa rA vyAkhyAnamAM aMgrejI rAjyaparivartananuM kharuM svarUpa kevuM hatuM ne tenuM rAjakIya agatya kevuM hatuM te nakkI karavAne meM prayatna karyo hato. ApaNe joyuM ke soLamA saikAmAM, yuropanA AgalA sudhArAnAM mULa to ghaNAM hatAM tenA bheda bhAgI jaI be bAbate mukhya rahI hatI, eka taraphathI svataMtra athavA kevaLa nRpasattA, ne bIjI taraphathI svataMtra vicArane pavana. e be baLe sauthI pahelAM iMglaMDamAM virodhamAM AvyAM. ATalA parathI IMglaMDa ne yuropanI sAmAjika sthitimAM mUlagata bheda hato ema darzAvavAno prayatna karavAmAM AvyA che. keTalAkee ema paNa dhAryuM che ke AvI judI judI sthitivALA dezonI vacce sarakhAmaNI karavI zakyA nathI. temaNe ema kahyuM che ke jema vyAvahArika rIte iMglaMDa badhA dezothI alaga hatuM temaja naitika dRSTithI paNa alaga hatuM. kharuM che ke aMgrejI lekanA sudhArA ne yuropanA sudhArAmAM agatyano taphAvata hato, ne tenI gaNatarI ApaNe karavI ja paDe tema che. AnI jhAMkhI mArA vyAkhyAna darmiyAna tame karI zakyA haze. samAjanA judA judA siddhAnta ne to vikAsa IgleMDamAM sAmaToja thavA pAmyo; yurepanA

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vyAkhyAna caudamu: 221 karatAM tyAM tema vadhAre tA banyuM hatuM. prAcIna ne eziyA dezanA sudhArA sAthe sarakhAvatAM yureApanA sudhArAnuM khAsa svarUpa kevuM hatuM tenA nirNaya karavA meM prayatna karyA hatA, tyAre curApane sudhArA vizALa bhedavALA, ne ghaNAM tattvAthI mizrita che ema meM tamane darzAvyuM hatuM. ekaja niyamane tAme rahIne e sudhArA kadApi vadhyA nathI. samAjanAM judAM judAM tattvA ekabIjA para asara karatAM, ekaThAM thatAM, te vidhamAM AvyAM hatAM, te vAraMvAra tene ekatra rahevuM paDatuM hatuM. surepanA sudhArAnuM sAmAnya A lakSaNa sauthI vadhAre iMgleMDanA sudhArAne viSe jovAmAM Ave che; iMglaMDamAMja A prakAranuM svarUpa aTakyA vinA te dekhItI rIte vikAsa pAmyuM hatuM. rAjakIya ne dhArmika khAkhatA, uccavargasattAka rAjyapaddhati, prajAsattAka rAjyapaddhati, nRpasattAka rAjyapaddhati, sthAnika ne mukhya saMsthAo, naitika te rAjakIya unnati e badhAneA jANe khIcaDA sAthe sAtheja vadhatA gayA hatA, ne temAM sudhArA thatA jatA hatA, te badhAmAM ekasarakhI tvarAthI tema nahi hAya tAe pAse pAsene vakhate tema thatuM jatuM hatuM. dAkhalA tarIke cUDara rAjAnA rAjyamAM svataMtra nRpasattAnI spaSTa vRddhi thatI hatI tenIja sAthe prajAsattAka rAjyapaddhatinA vicArA paNa ekkI samaye udbhavatA ne muLavattara thatA ApaNe joIe chIe. sattaramA saikAnuM parivartana ekadama thayuM; te ekadama dhArmika ne rAjakIya hatuM. cUDala amIre atyAre dhaNA nabaLA paDI gaelA dekhAtA hatA, te temanI paDatInAM badhAM ci jovAmAM AvatAM hatAM. chatAM A banAvamAM agatyanA tene hameza bhAga levAnA hatA, te tenA pariNAmamAM paNa tene hissA hatA. iMgleMDanA AkhA RtihAsa viSe evuMja che; kAI paNa prAcIna tattva taddana na thayuM nathI; kAI paNa navIna tattva taddana kuttehavaMta thayuM nathI, ke koI paNa khAsa siddhAnta ekalAja agatyanA gaNAyA hoya evuM banyuM nathI. judAM judAM khaLAnA hamezAM tyAM sAthe sAtheja vikAsa thayA che, te tenA prayatnA ne tene je hita sAdhavAnAM hAya te enI vacce haMmezAM Apale thaI che.

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yuropanA sudhArAnA itihAsa. surApamAM sudhArAnI pragati vadhAre vizALa te saMpUrNa thaI che. samAjanAM judAM judAM tattvA-dhArmika ne rAjakIya bAbateA. nRpasattAka rAjyapaddhati, uccavargasattAka rAjyapaddhati, ne prajAsattAka rAjyapaddhati sAthe sAthe nahi paNa ekanI pachI khIjI e pramANe vikAsa pAmI che. dareka siddhAnta, dareka tattvane vArApharatI AgaLa paDato bhAga maLyA che. 222 phrAnsanA ne iMgleMDanA madhyakAlIna yuga sarakhAvA, e khenA agIAra, khAra, ne teramA saikAnA itihAsa sarakhAvA. tamane jaNAze ke A samaye phrAnsamAM DyUDala paddhati sauthI vadhAre baLavALI hatI ne nRpasattAka rAjyapaddhati ane prajAsattAka rAjyapaddhatinA siddhAnta jANe lekhAmAMja nahotA. iMgleMDa tarapha jIe; tyAM phyUla amIrI varga baLavAna hateA kharA, tApaNu tenIja sAtheja nRpasattA ne prajAsattA paNa baLavAna ne aga tyanAM hatAM. jema phrAnsamAM caudamA luinA vakhatamAM tema iMglaMDamAM nRpasattAka lijhAbethanA vakhatamAM krUttehavaMta rIte pravartI. paNa tene keTalI badhI sAvacetI levI paDatI hatI! eka vAra uccavarganA loko taraphathI tA khIjI vAra prajAvarga taraphathI ene keTalA badhA aMkuzamAM rahevuM paDatuM hatuM ! iMgleMDamAM paNa dareka paddhati ne dareka siddhAntanI sattA ne tenA vijayanA divasa judA judA AvatA hatA, paNa yuropamAM jeTalA saMpUrNa rIte ne ekalA teneja vijayanA samaya jema AvatA tema kadApi nahi; jene vijaya maLatA tene peAtAnA pratispardhIonI hAjarI paNa sahevI paDatI, ne tene tene hissA paNa bhAgavavA devA paDatA hatA. A e sudhArAonI pragatimAM pheraphAra jovAmAM Ave che tenI sAthe te e dezanA itihAsamAM paNa lAbha te geralAbha pariNAmatA jovAmAM Ave che. dAkhalA tarIke, emAM zaka nathI ke samAjanAM judAM judAM tattvA sAthe sAthe unnata thayAM tene lIdhe iMglaMDa samAjanA sudhArAneA antima uddeza yureApa karatAM vadhAre jaladIthI prApta karI zakyuM; e uddeza ekadama

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vyAkhyAna caumuM. 223 niyamita ne svataMtra rAjyazAsanapaddhatinI sthApanane hatA. rAjyazAsananuM lakSaNaja e che ke badhAM judAM judAM hito ne baLonI ekasarakhI darakAra rAkhavI, tene avirodhI banAvavAM, ne te sAthe sAthe rahI vRddhi pAmI zake tema anukULatA karI ApavI. have aneka kAraNo ekaThAM thavAne pariNAme iMglaMDanA samAjanAM judAM judAM tanAM valaNa ne saMbaMdha mULathI ja evA prakAranAM hatAM; tethI rAjyazAsana sAmAnya svarUpanuM ne kaMIka niyamita thavAne tyAM ochI muzIbata naDe tema hatuM. temaja, svataMtratAnuM tattva badhAM bhinna bhinna hita, hako, baLo, ne sAmAjika tattvo sAthe sAthe prAdurbhata thAya ne rahI zake temAM ja samAyeluM che. meTe bhAge bIjA rAjyonA karatAM iMglaMDane A prApta karavAnuM vadhAre saheluM hatuM. te ja kAraNone lIdhe prajAkIya suzIlatA ne prajAkIya bAbato barAbara samajavI te be avazya karIne bIjA sthaLa karatAM tyAM ja vadhAre jaladIthI prApta thaI rAjakIya pahoMca eTale badhI bAbate viSe pramANa ne vivekabuddhi kema vAparavI tenuM jJAna; ane iMglaMDamAM A pahoMca sAmAjika sthitinuM Avazyaka pariNumi, tyAMnA sudhArAnA ItihAsanuM svAbhAvika pariNAma hatuM. bIjI taraphathI bAkInA yurepakhaMDamAM dareka paddhati, dareka niyama saMpUrNa rIte ekaleja, thoDo samaya paNa agatya dharAvatA hovAthI, ene vikAsa vadhAre vizALa ne moTA svarUpamAMja thayo hato, ne tene dabadabe, ne jhamaka vadhAre hatAM. dAkhalA tarIke, tyAM AgaLa pasattA ne Dala amInI sattA vadhAre hiMmatavALI, vizALa, ne svataMtra hatI. paNa A parathI ema thI anumAna thatuM ke sudhArAnI dizA ne tenuM svarUpa banne sthaLe ekasarakhAM nathI. sattaramA saikAnA yuropanA itihAsanuM avalokana karatAM eTaluM jovAyA vinA rahetuM nathI ke yuropamAM sudhArAmAM phrAnsa agra pada bhogave che. A bAbata tarapha, tenA kAraNe sAthe meM zarUAtamAM dhyAna kheMcyuM hatuM. AgaLa

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224 yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa lAgI haze tenA karatAM paNa have e ApaNane vadhAre dhyAna kheMce evI lAgaze. kevala pasattA, aniyatrita kRpasattAnI paddhati caudamA laIne, hAtha nIce phrAnsamAM vikAsa pAmatA pahelAM te pAMcamA cArlsane bIjA philipanA hAtha nIce spenamAM vikAsa pAmI hatI. te ja pramANe svataMtra vicAranI paddhati aDhAramA saikAmAM phrAnsamAM dAkhala thatA pahelAM sattaramA saikAmAM iMglaMDamAM dAkhala thaI hatI. tema chatAM duniyA para e be paddhatie rAjya calAvyuM te spena ne iMglaMDamAMthI nahatuM, tyAM te te be paddhatio dezamAMja bharAI rahI hatI. enA rAjyane ke enI sattAne vistAra vadhe te mATe e bane phrAnsamAM dAkhala thaI. tyAMthI bIjA dezo para te asara kare e Avazyaka hatuM; aniyatrita nRpasattA ne svataMtra vicAra AkhA yuropamAM pravane tyAra pahelAM te phrAnsamAM pravate te Avazyaka hatuM. dAsanI bAbatenuM AvuM cepI svarUpa agAu karatAM A samaye sauthI vadhAre spaSTa rIte mAlUma paDatuM hatuM. sattara ne aDhAramA saikAmAM yuropa para karelI phrAnsanI asara judA judA svarUpamAM jovAmAM Ave che. sattaramA saikAmAM yuropa para phrAnsanI rAjyazAsanapaddhatinI asara thaI hatI, ne sAmAnya sudhArA para paNa enI AgaLa paDatI asara karI hatI. aDhAramA saikAmAM phrAnsa dezaja, phrAnsanI sAmAjika sthiti ja agatyanI asara karatI hatI. pahelI bAbatamAM caudame laI ne enI kacerI, ne pAchaLathI krAnsa ne tyAMno lokamata leke para rAjya karatAM hatAM ne temanuM dhyAna kheMcatAM hatAM. A prakAranI asara barAbara samajavAne mATe pahelAM sattaramA saikAnI jAnsanI rAjyazAsanapaddhati, ne pachI aDhAramA saikAnI tyAMnI sAmAjika sthitine barAbara abhyAsa kare joIe. caudamA laIne rAjya viSe ApaNe vicAra karIe chIe, ne yuropamAM enI sattA ne asarane khyAla ANI tenAM kAraNe zedhIe chIe te

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vyAkhyAna caudamuM. 225 enI khyAti, enA vije, enI moTAI ne enA samayanA sAhityanA gaurava sivAya bIjA kazAne bhAgyeja ApaNane vicAra Ave che. phrAnsanA rAjyane AkhA yuropamAM agatyano bhAga hatA teno mAtra bAhyaja kAraNe ApaNe zodhIe chIe, paNa mArA dhAravA pramANe kharuM kAraNa vadhAre uMDuM ne gaMbhIra hatuM. luine enA rAjyanA mAtra bahAranA svarUpathIja e samayamAM teNe eTale badhe bhAga lIdhe ema ApaNe mAnavuM na joIe. kArDinala rizelyunA rAjya pachI ne caudamA luInI bAlyAvasthAmAM kevI sthiti thaI gaI hatI tenuM citra tamArA magaja AgaLa khaDuM kare. spenanAM lazkare hameza sarahada para, ne keTalIka vAra te ApaNA dezamAM paNa jovAmAM AvatAM hatAM. humalAne hamezAM bhaya raheto hato. dezanI aMdara paNa phATapuTa hada uparAMta ne kalaha ne yuddha hatAM. rAjyanI sattA bAhya temaja Antara vyavasthA ANavAne asamartha hatI. caudamA laIe phrAnsane A sthitimAMthI ugAryuM hatuM. eNe je zarUAtamAM yuddhakSetra para vi prApta karyA hatA tene pariNAme prajAnuM mAna ne gaurava vadhyAM hatAM. enA rAjyanI mukhya bAbate viSe huM tarataja vivecane karavA mAguM chuM-laDAIe, bahAranA sambandha, Antara vyavasthA, kAyadA, te parathI je sarakhAmaNI viSe huM kahuM chuM te najIvI nathI ema tame kaLI zakazo. prathama ApaNe caudamA luInAM yuddho viSe belIe. yurepanI laDAI enuM mULa, prajAkIya cetana hatuM. teramA saikAmAM dharmayuddha thaI gayAM tyAMsudhI A prakAranAM yuddho laDAtAM hatAM. paNa laIne vakhate yuddha laDAtAM hatAM te hAlanAM ApaNAM yuddhathI bhAgyeja judAMja paDatAM hatAM. e yuddha kenA hita khAtara laDAtAM nahotAM paNa rAjya pitAnI sattA vadhAravA laDatAM hatAM. paMdara ne keTalAka bhAganA soLamA saikAnAM ghaNAMkharAM badhAMja yuddha A prakAranAM hatAM. paNe caudamA luInAM yu A prakAranAM hatAM. e badhAM kaMIka rAjakIya vicArone khAtara laDAyAM hatAM. temAM nyAya hoya ke na hoya, tethI phrAnsane ghaNuM veThavuM paDayuM hoya, temanI nIti ne hada pAra vinA te

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yurepanA sudhArAno itihAsa. laDAtAM te viruddha hajAra kAraNo apAya, paNa tema chatAM agAu je laDAIo laDAtI tenA karatAM temAM ghaNI vadhAre vAstaviktA jovAmAM AvatI hatI. dhUna ke mAtra jItanA hetuthI te laDAIo laDAI nahatI, kaMIka gaMbhIra hetu temAM samAyelo hato; kyAM te kaMIka svAbhAvika mulakI hada pitAnA mulaka sAthe joDI devAnA hetuthI te laDAtI, ke ekaja bhASA bolanArI prajAne eka tAbAmAM ANavAne laDAtI, ke pAsenA rAjyaviruddha pitAnA dezanA bacAva mATe joIe evo mulakane bhAga levA khAtara laDAtI hatI. Ama caudamA luInI laDAImAM kaMIka rAjakIya hetu samAyale mAlUma paDe che. laDAI o mUkI bIjA rAjya sAthenA saMbaMdhanI enI rAjyanIti tapAsIzuM to ApaNane emaja mAlUma paDaze. eka taraphathI caudame luI pattA sarvatra svataMtra karavA mAgate te, ne bIjI taraphathI prajAsvAtaMtryanA siddhAntane trIjo vilyama Teko Apato te be vacce yuddha cAlatuM hatuM te viSe huM agAu bolI gayo chuM. A be jaNanA vAvaTA nIce judAM judAM rAjyonI sattAo vaheMcAI gaI hatI te tame joyuM che. paNa ApaNe atyAre jema samajI zakIe chIe tema A hakIkato te vakhate samajAI nahotI. jeo te pravRttimAM rokAyA hatA tenAthI te chUpI ne temane ajJAta hatI. hAlanDanA rAjya, ne tenA mitra cAdamAM luInI viruddha laDatA hatA tenuM gupta pariNAma svataMtra pasattA hAMkI kaDhAvI tene badale rAjakIya ne dhArmika svAtaMtrayane sthApita karavAnuM hatuM. paNa khullI rIte savAla Ama aniyatrita sattA ne svataMtratA vaccone vyakta thayo nahoto. ghaNI vAra ema kahevAmAM AvyuM che ke aniyatrita sattAne prasAra kare e caudamA luInI bIjA rAjyonI sAthenI rAjyanItine hetu hato; paNa te huM mAnato nathI. enI rAjyanItimAM A bAbate agatyano bhAga lIdhe nathI, mAtra enA antanA samayamAM tema hatuM. caudamA luIno uddeza phrAnsanI sattA vadhAravI, yurepamAM phrAnsanuM agatya vadhAravuM pratispathI sattAone halakI pADavI, ne TuMkAmAM kahIe

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- vyAkhyAna cAda. 227 te rAjyanuM ja hita ne baLa vadhAravuM e ha. IgleMDamAM nRpasattA vadhe nahi tenI viruddha laData karI e laIne IMglaMDanA sambandhamAM hetu hate. prajAsatta ke rAjya paddhativALA pakSane e jAgrata karato hato, ne bIje cArja pitAnA rAjyamAM bahu baLavAna thaI jAya te e aTakAvatA hatA. jyAM jyAM cArlsanI sattA jItatI jaNAtI ne prajAbaLa nabaLuM paDatuM ne cagAtuM jaNAtuM, tyAM tyAM phrAnsano elacI prabaLanI madade jato ne aniyatriMta nRpasattAnI viruddha laData. caudamA luinI bIjAM rAjyo sambandhI rAjanItimAM tamane A vAta vadhAre dhyAna kheMcatI mAlUma paDaze. have caudamA luinI rAjyavyavasthA tapAsIe. enAM rAjyanA baLa ne jhamakanAM tyAM judAMja kAraNe ApaNI najare paDaze. rAjyavyavasthA zabdano artha ApaNe zuM samaje te nakkI karavuM agharuM che. TuMkAmAM rAjyanI mukhya sattA je je sattA vAparI potAnI sattA pramANe rAjyanuM badhuM kAma calAvI zake te badhuM rAjavyavasthAmAM samAya che. je vakhate samAjanAM to chinnabhinna thaI gayAM hoya ne tene ekatra karavAnI AvazyakatA heya te vakhate te badhAM rAjya ekatra karavAM e tene dharma che, ne rAjyavyava sthAne uddeza paNa tene mATe yogya pagalAM bharavAM te che. caudamA luInI rAjyavyavasthAne vastutaH udeza A prakArane hato. atyArasudhI jema yurepanA bAkInA bhAgamAM phrAnsamAM paNa samAjanA badhA bhAgomAM rAjyanI mukhya sattAnuM baLa barAbara dAkhala karAvavuM enAthI vadhAre agharuM ke vikaTa kAma bIjuM kazuM nahotuM. luIe A kArya mATe mahenata karI hatI, ne ene keTaleka darajaje phatteha maLI. bArIka hakIkatamAM huM UtarI zakatuM nathI. paNa tame luinI prajAsevA karo, rastAo, vyApAraudyoga, lazkarI vyavasthA, ne rAjyavyavasthAnI judI judI badhI bAbatone manamAM jarA khyAla karo, ne temAM eka paNa vAta evI bhAgye nIkaLaze ke jenI utpatti, vRddhi, ke sudhAre luinA vakhatamAM nahi thaye heya. kAyadA tapAsazo te e A rAjya viSe tamane evA ja dekhAva pAcho

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228 yuropanA sudhArAno ItihAsa. najare paDaze. eNe je je moTI AjJApatrikAo kADhI hatI, eNe kADhelo gunhAo saMbaMdhI niyamasaMgraha, dIvAnI kAma calAvavAnI paddhatine niyama saMgraha, vyApAra, naukA, dariyA, ne jaMgalabaMdhI bAbatonA kAyadAo e kharA kAyadAo che, ne jevI rIte ApaNuM niyamasaMgraho ne kAyadAo taiyAra karavAmAM Ave che tevIja rIte e paNa taiyAra karavAmAM AvyA hatA. e kAyadAe kevA hatA te bAbata ApaNe vicArIzuM te phuInA rAjyanI viruddha ApaNane ghaNuM kahevuM paDaze, kAraNa ke temAM joIe teTalI anIti mAlUma paDe che, nyAya ne svataMtratAne khAtara te karavAmAM AvyA nahetA paNa mAtra niyama ne daDha kAyadAo sthApavA khAtaraja hatA. paNa te paNa sudhArAnuM eka moTuM AgaLa pagaluM hatuM, ane ApaNane jarAe zika rahe tema nathI ke caudamA luInA kAyadAoe phrAnsanA samAjane sudhArAmAM unnata karavA ghaNI sahAyatA ApI hatI. game te daSTithI A rAjyane ApaNe joIe chIe, to e enI sattA ne eNe karelI asaranuM kAraNa ApaNane tarata jaDe che. caudamAM InuM rAjya dezanI Antara vyavasthA tarapha lakSa ApanAra rAjya tarIke paheluMja hatuM. ceksa paddhati pramANe ne sudhArAnA pAyA para enI zAsanapaddhati sthApita hatI. bhaviSyamAM sudhAro thaze ema gaNI tarata sudhAre karavAmAM laI jarAe Darata ke saMkecAtuM nahote. kharuM jotAM navuM navuM ajamAvanArAM rAjyo ghaNaja ochAM thayAM che. dareka dizAmAM navA navA sudhArAo dAkhala karavAmAM luI rokAyo hato, ne enA rAjyamAM sAhitya, kaLA, dravya, ne TuMkAmAM sudhArAnI vRddhine anukULatA hatI. e rAjya AkhA yuropamAM AgaLa paDato bhAga che tenuM kAraNa Aja hatuM. ane e AgaLa paDato bhAga evo hato ke AkhA sattaramA saikAmAM e rAjya eka namunArU5 rAjya gaNAtuM hatuM. te paNa mAtra rAjAonAja dRSTibinduthI nahi paNa prajAonI daSTithI paNa kharuM. have ApaNe tapAsIzuM-ne tema karyA vinA ApaNane cAle tema

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vyAkhyAna caudamuM. 228 nathI ke je sattA AvI prabaLa hatI tenI ATalI badhI jaladIthI paDatI kema thaI ? yurepamAM Avo bhAga bhajAyA pachI, pachInA saikAmAM emAM virodha, nirbaLatA, ne zithilatAnA aMza kema AvyA ? e hakIkata to badhAne kabUla karavI ja paDe tevI che. sattaramA saikAmAM phrAnsanuM TALya yurepanA sudhArAne Toce hatuM; aDhAramAmAM e adazya thayuM, ane havethI phrAnsanA rAjyathI judo paDele mAtra phrAnsano samAja yurepanA sudhArAnI pragatimAM agra sthaLa para rahyo hato. aniyatrita sattAnI ghaNI ja aniSTatA ne tenuM anivArya pariNAma Aja che. caudamA lainI rAjyapaddhatinA doSonI vigatemAM huM UtaravAne nathI enA rAjyathI thaelo phAyado meM tamane darzAvyo che te huM gaNatarImAM laIza. paNa A rAjyamAM aniyatrita sattAnA siddhAnta sivAya bIje ekake siddhAnta haseja nahi, ne bIjA kazA para tene AdhAra paNa hato ja bahi, eTalI ja hakIkatane lIdhe enI paDatI vadhAre jaladIthI na thavI joIe teTalAja mATe thaI. phrAnsanI prAcIna saMsthAo badhI kayAranIe naSTa thaI gayA jevI hatI, ne luIe temane pUrepUrI nAza pamADI dIdhI. navI saMsthAe temane badale sthApavAnI eNe darakAra na rAkhI; tema karavAmAM ene aDacaNa naData ne aDacaNa ene joItI nahotI. je ghaNuM dhyAna kheMce evuM te vakhate badhuM jaNAtuM hatuM te mAtra svecchI-enI svecchA hatI, ne ekahaththI sattA je je kAma karI zakatI hatI te hatuM. caudamA luInuM rAjya eka meTa banAva hatuM, ghaNo baLavAna ne AkarSaka, paNa tenAM bI, tene pAyo bIlakula haja nahi. svataMtra saMsthAe rAjyanI kuzaLatA sAthe tenA TakAvane paNa sAdhanarUpa hoya che. jyAre aniyatrita sattA TakI zakI che, tyAre te dezanI kharI saMsthAone baLeja TakI zakI che. luInA rAjyamAM te nahotI. phrAnsamAM A samaye rAjyanAM agya pagalAM viruddha dezane, ke samayanI anivArya sattA viruddha rAjayane bacAve evuM kazuM sAdhana nahotuM. Ama luInuM rAjya pitAno ja anta ANatuM ApaNe joIe chIe.

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2 30. yuropanA sudhArAne ItihAsa, kAnsa devane rAjyasattAnI sthiti luInA rAjyane anta A prakAranI hatI; dareka jAtanI pravRttivALa saMpattimAM vadhate samAja ne tenI sAthe sthira ne akkaDa thaI gaeluM-le konI pravRttione baMdhabesatuM na thaI zake evuM rAjya. aDhAramA saikAmAM mukhya bAbata svataMtra vicAranI hatI, te mAre bhAgye ja kahevAnI AvazyakatA che. te viSe mArI taraphathI tame AgaLa sAMbhaLyuM ja che. keTalIka bAbato viSe bahu ochuM vivecana karavAmAM AvyuM che te viSe bolyA vinA mAre kahevAnuM huM samApta nahi karuM. pahelI bAbata e che ke aDhAramA saikAnA sudhArAnA itihAsamAM rAjyo viSe ApaNe lagabhaga nahi jevuM sAMbhaLIe chIe, ne manuSyanA vicArasvAtaMtrya viSe ApaNe mukhya-ve karIne sAMbhaLIe chIe. caudamAM luInuM rAjya ghaNuM utsAhI hatuM chatAM bIjI rIte jotAM rAjyanuM zAsana enA vyaktitvane utsAha bAtala karatAM tadana mila jevuM hatuM. pravRtti mAtra prajAvargamAM jaIne vasI hatI. naitika dRSTithI prajAja sattA dharAvanAra hatI, ne naitika sattA teja kharI sattA che. bIjI bAbata aDhAramA saikA viSe mAruM lakSa kheMce che te svataMtra vicAra tarapha sarvatra valaNa jovAmAM Ave che te che. sattaramAM saikAmAM svataMtra vicAra saMcita ne nAnA kSetramAM pravartatA hatA; keTalIka vAra te dhArmika viSayane viSe thatA hatA, to keTalIka vAra dhArmika ne rAjakIya viSayone viSe sAmaTA thatA hatA, paNa badhAja viSayomAM tenI sattA dhusI nahotI. paNa aDhAramA saikAmAM svataMtra vicAranuM lakSaNa tenI sArvatriktA, ke sarva dezIyatA hatuM; dharma rAjakIya bAbate, tattvajJAna, manuSya ne samAja, naitika ne laukika bAbate e badhI ja bAbate abhyAsa, zaMkA, ne niyama ke paddhatinI bAbato ke tenA viSaya tarIke gaNAtI hatI. prAcIna vijJAna asvIkArya thayuM hatuM, navuM vijJAna astitvamAM ANavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. A prakAranI pravRttinuM eka khAsa svarUpa hatuM, ne te kadAca duniyAnA

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vyAkhyAna caudamuM. 231 itihAsamAM paNa anya sthaLe jovAmAM Ave tevuM nathI; e pravRtti taddana mundranI pravRtti ke vicAranI pravRtti hatI. te samaya sudhInA mAnuSI rivartAmAM vicAra sAthe AcAra ke karma paNa seLabheLa thatAM hatAM paNa aDhAramA saikAmAM phrAnsanI pravRtti tadana judAja prakAranI hatI. e samayanA AgevAne vyAvahArika jIvananI bAbatAthI tadana aLagAja rahetA--teo mAtra prekSaka tarIke avalokana karatA, anumAna karatA, ne ThIka lAge te khelatA hatA, AcAramAM te pramANe karI batAvatA nahotA. paNa vicArA AcaramAM mUkavAne, divasa AvavAja joie, ane jema e e atyArasudhI bhinna hatAM tema temanA saMyeAga paNa vadhAre vikaTa thavAja joie, ne tethI je prajAjIvanane dhakko lAge te paNa vadhAre bhayaMkara lAgavAja joi e. A samayanA manuSyanA vicAranI nirbhayatAnI sthitithI paNa ApaNe have Azcarya pAmIe tema nathI. e samaya sudhI vicArAnI meTAmAM meTI pravRttine kaI kai aMkuzA naDatA hatA. aDhAramA saikAmA koI paNa bAbatane manuSyanA mane AdaraNIya gaNI hoya ke tenI te para sattA cAlavA dIdhI hAya evuM mane jaDI zakatuM nathI; badhI sAmAjika sthitine te tiraskAradRSTithI zvetuM hatuM. tethI enuM anumAna e thatuM hatuM ke badhIja bAbatamAM sudhArA karavA e tenI pharaja hatI, e jANe eka jAtanI utpAdaka zakti dharAvavAno haka dharAvatuM hatuM. saMsthAe, abhiprAyeA, samAja, te mAsa suddhAM~e badhAmAM sudhArAnI jarUra jaNAtI hatI, te manuSyanI buddhine te kAma jANe suparata karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM evI te samayanI sthitinuM khAsa svarUpa hatuM. agAu kadApi AnA jevI kaMI dhRSTatA kalpavAmAM AvI hatI ! aDhAramA saikAnI darmiyAnamAM caukrama! luInA rjyanA je aMzeA hajI rahevA pAmyA hatA tene A prakAranI satAnI viruddha yuddha karavAnuM hatuM. A yuddhanAM a Mkhya pariNAme| zAM AvyAM te gaNAvavAnA huM dAvA nathI karatA. A vyAkhyAnamALA samApta karavAno samaya have AvI paheAMcyA che; ne mAre vistAra na karavA joi e. A banAvathI je eka ghaNIja gaMbhIra ne dhadAyaka bAbata ApaNI najare paDI che te tarapha tamArUM dhyAna kheMcavAnIja

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232 yuropanA sudhArAne ItihAsa huM IcchA rAkhuM chuM. A bAbata, aniyatrita sattAnI dhAstI, aniSTatA ne anivArya kharAba pariNAma che, pachI tenuM svarUpa ke tenuM nAma game te hoya. tame joyuM che ke caudamA luInuM rAjya mAtra A kAraNane lIdhe ja nAza pAmyuM. ThIka; tenI pachI je sattA prabaLa thaI vicArasvAtaMtrya, tenI paNa eja dazA thaI enA vArAmAM eNe paNa aniyatrita sattA hAtha dharI, ne eNe paNa pitAnI sattAmAM ghaNI ja zraddhA rAkhI. enI vRddhi suMdara, sArI, upayogI hatI, ane te viSe bhAre cakkasa ke nakkI abhiprAya ApavAnI jarUra hoya te huM ema kahIza ke aDhAramA saikA itihAsamAM eka moTAmAM moTo saMke thaI gayo che. manuSyahitanI eNe moTAmAM moTI sevAo bajAvI che, te manuSyanI unnatine eNe ghaNIja sAmAnya ne lAbhakAraka madada karI che. prajAkIya vyavasthAnA daSTibinduthI mAre kahevAnuM hoya tene huM enI tarapheNamAMja kahIza. paNa eTaluMe kharuM che ke manuSyanuM mana aniyatrita sattA dhAraNa karatuM hovAthI tenAthI bagaDayuM ne khoTe raste doravAyuM; pracalita vicAro ne jUnI bAbato tarapha te agya tiraskAranuM vartana rAkhatuM hatuM. A tiraskArathI te bhUla ne niraMkuzatA tarapha deravAyuM. satA, bhale te vicAranI hoya ke rAjyasabaMdhInI hoya, bhale te rAjyanI hoya ke prajAnI hoya, bhale te eka hetu sAdhavA mathe ke bIjo e, sattAmAtramAM kaMIka svAbhAvika doSa vaselo ja hoya che, ne te khoTI vaparAya evA paNa temAM aMza hoya che te jANavuM te ApaNA samayanI khAsa pharaja che, ne ApaNe samaya jANe che te tenuM khAsa gaurava paNa che. badhA hake, badhAM hite, badhA abhiprAya sAmAnyataH svataMtra hoya te ja darekanA judA baLanI svataMtratAne kAbumAM rAkhI zake, ne svataMtra vicAranuM astitva lAbhaprada dizAmAM vaLAvI zake. aDhAramA saikAmAM aniyatrita rAjyasattA ne aniyatrita dhArmika ke vicAra sattA vacce je yuddha thayuM tene Aja meTo bAdha che. have meM tamane batAvI hatI te antanI mudata AgaLa huM AvI pahoMcyo chuM. tamane yAda haze ke A vyAkhyAnamALA zarU karavAmAM bhAre

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vyAkhyAna caumu 233 uddeza romana mahArAjyanI paDatInA vakhatathI ApaNA vakhata sudhI yuropanI unnatinuM citra kevuM hatuM ne te kema vikasita thaI te darzAvavAnA hatA. A kAma meM ghaNuM jaladIthI ATepyuM che, ne jeTaluM badhuM agatyanuM hatuM tethI tamane jANItA karavA, ne je je meM kahyuM hoya tenA sAkhItI ApavA huM samartha nIvaDyo nathI. ghaNuM mAre mUkI devAnI pharaja paDI che, te ghaNI vAra mArA zabda para bharAseA rAkhavAnI mAre tamane yAcanA karavI paDI che. tema chatAM huM dhAruM chuM ke meM mArA udeza sAdhyuM! che. e uddeza Adhunika samAjanI unnatinA aNInA banAvo batAvI ApavAnA hatA. eka zabda vadhAre hajI mane kahevA do. : zarUAtamAM me' sudhArA-ke unnati e zabdanuM lakSaNa ApavA te A nAmavALA banAvanuM varNana ApavA prayatna karyAM hatA. sudhArA mane e tattvonA banelA lAgyA hatAH manuSyasamAjanI unnati, te manuSyanI athavA manuSyanA vicArAnI unnati eka tarafa rAjakIya ne sAmAjika unnati, bIjI tarapha Antara ne naitika unnati. hajI sudhI sAmAjika itihAsaneja huM vaLagI rahyo chuM. sudhAre mAtra sAmAjika dRSTithIja me AlekhyA che, ne manuSyanI nIti - enA vicArA - evI potAnI unnati vaSe huM ka+-ja elyA nathI. vicArAnA bhedane manuSyanI nItinI unnatinA itihAsa viSe khelavA meM prayatnaja karyo nathI. pharIthI ApaNe maLIzuM tyAre phrAnsaneja vaLagI rahI tamArI sAthe phrAnsanI unnatinA taDAsanAja abhyAsa karavA, tenI vIgatA tapAsavA, te tenuM judAM judAM dRSTibinduthI parIkSaNa karavAnuM huM kAma karIza. phrAnsanA mAtra samAjanAja nahi paNa tyAMnA leAkeAnA vicAra ne temanI nItinA itihAsathI huM tamane jANItA karIza, ApaNI saMsthAo, ApaNA matabhedo, te ApaNAM badhI jAtanAM buddhinAM kAmeAnuM huM tamArI sAthe nirIkSaNa karIza, te ApaNA kIrtimaMta dezanI unnatinI saMpUrNa samajItI ApIza. bhUtamAM temaja bhaviSyamAM ApaNA deza ApaNI sArAmAM sArI premanI lAgaNI khecI zakavA ceogya rahe.

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gujarAta varnAkyulara sosAITIe prasiddha karelAM aitihAsika graMtha itihAsanAM pustake | 10 kenca relyuzana 02-0 1 Imapiriyala gejhaTIara 11 briTiza riyAsata 1-08-0 iDiyA ve. 4 thuM. chapAya che.) | 12 mAThI sattAne udaya 100 2 IMglAMDanI unnatina 13 musalamAnanI caDhaItihAsa 2-00 tIne ItihAsa 0-20 3 grIsa dezane ItihAsa 0-140 14 musalamAnI riyAsata (chapAya che) 15 mirAte sikaMdarI ( , ) 4 gujarAtane prAcIna 16 laMkAne itihAsa 0-3-0 itihAsa 0-1ra-0 17 vikramAMkadeva caritra -12-0 5 gujarAtane arva 18 rAsamALA bhA. cIna itihAsa 1-0-0 1-2 (darekanI) 2-0-0 6 jagatane arvAcIna 18 rUziyA ItihAsa 2-0-0 20 surata mAMDavInuM desI 7 dakSiNa pUrva samayane rAjya 0-8-0 itihAsa 0100 21 hiMdustAnamAM aMgrejI 8 prAcI bhArata bhA. 10-120 rAjyane udaya 0-6-0 8 prAcIna bharatakhaMDane 22 hindustAnamAM rAjya mahimA - 0-8-0 | vyavasthA 1-4-0 .-;-w bIjo pustako mATe sosAITIke prasiddha karelAM pustakonuM moTuM lIsTa maMgAve.

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