________________ xxvi Jaina Meditation and accordingly it stands for the mental condition that suffers from agony and anguish. The concentration of mind that is overlaid with deep anguish is arta-dhyana. It takes place under four circumstances and so there are the following four varieties of the arta dhyana : (i) When a person is confronted with an undesirable object, and directs his entire attention towards getting rid of that object and non-recurrence of such confrontation in the future, there occurs the first variety of arta dhyana. (ii) When a person is confronted with a desirable object, and directs his entire attention towards non-separation from that object and a permanent conjunction with the same, there occurs the second variety of arta-dhyana. (iii) When a person is confronted with a painful ailment, and directs his entire attention towards getting rid of it and nonrecurrence of such confrontation in the future, there occurs the third variety of arta-dhyana. (iv) When a person recollects the enjoyment of objects in the past, and directs his entire attention towards non-separation from such enjoyment and its permanent retention, there occurs the fourth variety of arta-dhyana. The above mentioned four varieties are condensed into three, and a fresh variety is added in the Dhyanasataka' in the following way: (i) same as (i) defined above, (ii) same as (iii) defined above, (iii) same as (ii) & (iv) defined above, (iv) when a person is tortured with the ambition (born of envy), called nidana, for superhuman powers and positions, there occurs the fourth variety of arta-dhyana. The characteristic signs of the person inclined towards arta-dhyana are four, viz. bewailings, a sense of inferiority and humbleness, weeping, and mournful murmuring. A person depressed with nidana despises his own acts and heaps up praises on and wonders at the supernatural powers of others and craves for them and directs his energy towards acquiring them for himself. 4. The Raudra Dhyana This dhyana is attended with extreme forms of cruelty. Such con1 Gathas, 6-9,
