________________ Scholastic Orientation xlix of mind. One should conquer the tendencies of attachment and hatred for the purification of the mind. And these tendencies can be conque. red by equanimity (samatva). Equanimity however is possible only if one has completely given up the sense of mineness. And one should take resort to the twelvefold anupreksas (contemplations) in order to conquer the sense of mineness. One should practise dhyana after one has attained equanimity, because without equanimity one would try in vain to achieve concentration of mind (dhyana). Concentration of mind leads one to the knowledge of the self, and the knowledge of the self leads to the destruction of the karmans, which means emancipation.5 Hemacandra then classifies dhyana as dharmya and sukla. The four virtues of friendship (maitri), appreciation (pramoda), sympathy (karunya) and indifference (madhyasthya) are recognized as the sustainers of dharmya-dhyana. Hemacandra also deals with the questions of the selection of proper place, postures, regulation of breath (pranayama), withdrawal (pratyahara) of the mind with the senses, and fixing (dharana)8 of the mind on different places. In these matters he closely follows Subhacandra, and therefore we do not repeat his views. Hemacandra also recognizes the types of pindastha, padastha, rupastha, and rupatita dhyana.9 The other particulars about the dharma-dhyana are the same as are usually found elsewhere. Hemacandra states some facts about dhyana on the basis of his own experience. He distinguishes four kinds of mental states, viz scattered (viksipta), scattered-cum-collected (yatayata), collected (slista), and merged (sulina) 10 The scattered mind is ever restless. The scatteredcum-collected can sometimes concentrate itself and experience spiritual joy. The third kind is capable of greater concentration and spiritual joy. The mind reaches the fourth state when it becomes perfectly steady and enjoys supreme bliss. Hemacandra also recognizes three distinct 1 manahsuddhyai ca kartavyo raga-dvesa-vinirjayah.-Ibid., IV. 45. 2 Vide TSu, IX. 7. 3 samyam syan nirmamatvena tatkste bhavanah srayet-Ibid., IV. 55. The bhavanas are also known as anupreksas (contemplations). 4 samatvam avalambya'tha dhyanam yogi samasrayet / vina samatvam arabdhe dhyane svatma vidambyate 11-Ibid., IV. 112. 5 Cf. moksah karmaksayad eva sa catma-jvanato bhavet / dhyanasadhyam matam tac ca tad dhyanam hitam atmanah 11-Ibid., IV. 113. 6 Ibid., IV 123-33. 7 Ibid., V. 1-273. 8 Ibid., VI, 6-8. 9 Ibid., VII-X. Hemacandra uses the word sarirastha for pindastha. 10 Ibid., XII. 4.
