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of the Viy. much in the same way as non-reference texts, which means that the various ordering methods and principles presiding the concatenation of the latter also affected the insertion of the references. The question therefore will have to be reconsidered in $ 21.
As a rule the references appear to be very loose additions/8 prefixed or appended to a text so as to introduce or develop a topic treated in it.19 This random character explains why most of them either constitute a separate udd. (called ref.-udd. below, 40 %) or introduce resp. conclude an udd. (40 %).20 Ref.-udd., it would seem, played an important role in the ultimate constitution and subdivision of the different sayas. Thus for instance the discussion of the intermediate continents (Jiv. 2952-326b) has been split in two halves: the first half, which treats the southern continents21 (to which two introducing ref.-udd. were prefixed) has been put before the non-reference uddesas of IX while the second half, which treats the northern ones, has been appended to the non-reference uddesas of X. In this way IX and X have got thirty-four udd. each, thus satisfying the well-known Jaina predilection for parallel structures, and have at the same time been linked up in a kind of frame.22
18 Certain texts, as we saw, even have been referred to more than once, e.g. Pannav. 4 and 28.
19 This introducing or expatiating character sometimes is very indistinct, thus for instance in II 3, VI 9', X12, XVI 10. 'Introductions' sometimes announce a theme long before it actually crops up: thus e.g. II 9 anticipates the theme samayakhetta which will come up for discussion in V 1, that is after III-IV the leading theme of which (Gods) was introduced by II 7-8. Once or twice a reference serves only as a transition from one topic to another: I 103 for instance, the last sūtra of I, is loosely connected with I 10? by the word samaya but in fact has nothing to do with the preceding and following sūtras. However, as it refers to Pannav. 6 upon which follows Pannav. 7 = 'T'sāsa' it in a sense modulates to the first catchword of II 1, 'Osāsa'.
20 This does not mean that the remaining 20%, viz the references inserted within the body of an udd., are less loosely connected with the surrounding context. Such interpolations also are mere introductions (e.g. VIII 2) or digressions (V 49).
21 The south always prevails on the north and therefore precedes it, cf. III 1. Thus the text also successively treats the inda-sabhās of the southern Asuras (Camara, II 8), the southern lowest heaven (Sakka, X 6), the northern Asuras (Bali, XVI 9) and the northern lowest heaven (Isāna, XVII 5).
22 As a whole IX 3-30 and X 7-34 introduce XI 9', see § 22 under IX 3-30,
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