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GRAMMAR
even in the Modern languages. The three cases occurring in the Sr. are: 77 TUS HIC 710, FET 79413 81a and f agur 31 2186.
There appears a decided bias in favour of using the pret. part. in impersonal construction. Note छावडइ पहराविउ 78a, मइ रुनु 109d, eller af 3 142b, face pe 1446, ATA s 1440, men 3675 145d, tilaj TOP 5 146a, FE AITES 215b, etc. It is also to be noted that excepting the first case (in a Dohā), all the other cases have the instr. in ospe.
Here we can say that two steps intervene between the type of usage attested here and the one in the modern vernaculars which has shed the passive sense and serves to express the past directly. Thus, firstly if for expressions like say
erg afts by the goose was climbed' the climbing was done by the goose', those like हंसि (insti.) चडिउ (cf. छावडइ पहराविउ) get current and then secondly, if as a result of the phonetic development of sta into a (i. e. endingless instr. see § 51 B. ii) by the reduction of the final , our expression takes the form (instr.) afts (so common in Dingal, etc.), then the natural confusion of the h (instr.) with the homophonous nom./acc. A would give us without any difficulty the modern active expression de 257 the goose climbed the goose did the climbing'.
Thus, in the end the old passive was lost from the pret. And eventually it met the same fate in the present, where it developed a potential (and later on a mild imperative [cf. TESSITORI, § 137 ]) sense. Some indications as to this are supplied by अंबरु पुणि रंगियइ —the cloth can be dyed again', अंगु अभिगियइ "the body can be annointed', alau gu ffens 'riches can be won back and for afera 'how (it) can be turned', all occurring in 101.
An important result of this tendency was the development of a new passive (cf. TESSITORI, $ 126 (2)i; Dave, p. 47) which probably made the first beginning by the pret. passive part. in Stora, the successor of the old pret. part. In our text (in a passage whose language appears comparatively more advanced) is attested समाणा 180 (= संमिताः) from Vसमा and perhaps पच्छुत्ताणिय (f.) 1 According to TESSITORI (who follows in this matter HOERNLE § 484)
originally this was a potential passive developed from the causative) which in course of time became ordinary passive (see § 140), while the participle in '37193 is connected by him with the same in 37toto in Sk.
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