Nalrayavadanti Charita

Author(s): Ernest Bender
Publisher: American Philosophical Society

Page 17

VOL. 40, PT. 4, 1950]
GRAMMAR: MORPHOLOGY
DECLENSION
This section treats of nominal bases and the casesuffixes attached to them to indicate syntactic relationships. The nominal bases have been arranged into these classes: Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns, and Numerals.
There are three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter; two numbers: singular and plural; and seven cases: nominative, accusative, vocative, instrumental, locative, genitive, and ablative.
Nouns and Adjectives
The gender of nouns is not easily distinguishable. In adjectives (including participles) it is clearly marked by certain of the nominative-accusative singular suffixes. These are: (1) the feminine i of adjectives and participles, and (2) the masculine-neuter u(m) of adjectives and participles. In the participles the anusvāra (m) generally distinguishes the neuter from the masculine nominative singular. Inconsistency in the indicating of vowel-length and loose use of the anusvāra makes for confusion. The gender of nouns has been identified from their occurrences with forms described above. The gender of nouns not thus identifiable has been ascertained from sources based on lexical tradition where such information is given.36 It is possible that the gender of some nouns has not been correctly identified. The general analysis, however, has not been affected.
Nominal bases can be modified by prefixation and
suffixation.
Suffixes are of two types: (1) those added to nominal bases, and (2) nominalizing suffixes-those which, when added to verbal bases, enable them to take case suffixes (i.e., the suffixes of the bases of participles (including conjunctive participles and gerundives) and infinitives). As many as two nominal suffixes in succession can be added to a base-e.g., -(a)lad-. The nominal suffixes are: -(a)d-, -(a)l-,38 and -il-,39 -(a)lad- (see above), and -im-.40 Examples follow.
37
-(a)d-: suyaḍā (45) 'parrots'
rāşaḍī (56) 'amulet'
mumdradi (57) 'ring'
cunadi (57) 'cunari (cloth)' patauladi (57) 'patola (cloth)'
bahinadi (93) 'sister' hiyadae (94) 'heart'
rüyaḍau (162) 'handsome' rūdau (202) 'good' kūbaḍau (203) 'deformed' hivaḍām (206) 'now' rüyadi (208) 'form' evada (234) 'such'
36 See Glossary and References.
Cf. Tessitori, 1914-1916: § 146; and Pischel, 1900: § 599.
38 Cf. Tessitori, 1914-1916: § 145.
39 Cf. ibid., § 144; and Pischel, 1900: § 595.
40 Cf. Tessitori, 1914-1916: § 148.
-(a)l-, -il-: pahilau (112) 'first'
amdhalau (S 125) 'blind' ladhalaum (132) 'gained' pächile (147) 'afterwards' ketali (154) 'how much' jetalaum (225) 'as much' tetalaum (225) 'so much' -(a)lad: sumalaḍām (150) 'soft' ekaladau (219) 'alone' -im- guhirima (23) 'gravity'
277
The nominalizing suffixes are: * (= zero) of conof past participles, -(n)t- of present participles, -v- of junctive participles, * of past participles, -(y)- and -y-. infinitives, conjunctive participles and gerundives, and the partial base variation of past participial bases of the third type (q.v.). For fuller descriptions and examples see under Conjugation where the nominalization of verbal bases is discussed.
The one prefix, the negative ana-," appears with the conjunctive participle of the base dekh-: anadeşi (161) 'not having seen.'
the singular the nominative, accusative, and vocative The case suffixes are not mutually exclusive. In suffixes cannot be distinguished in form from one another. 42 The instrumental and locative suffixes are, with the exception of the "extended" 43 suffix -au (and the contracted form -0), for the most part the same. The suffix of the nominative (excepting the "extended" suffix) can, and very frequently does, serve as a suffix for all cases, singular as well as plural. This last statement includes the members of a nominal compound, with the exception of the last which may take a case-suffix, and adverbs. In the plural the nominative and accusative suffixes are identical in form, and, excluding the "extended" suffix -au, are the same as those of the singular. Suffixes for the vocative plural do not occur in the manuscripts. The instrumental and locative plural suffixes are fewer in number than those of the singular. Of these, two (-e and -i) serve both instrumental and locative functions, and are identical in form with the -e and i suffixes of the instrumental and locative singular. There is no occurrence in the manuscripts of a suffix or suffixes for the ablative plural.
The case suffixes are: in the singular: Nominative-Accusative: a, (a)(m), o, ā, u(m), ü(m), i, i
Cf. ibid., § 149; Pischel, 1900: § 602; Critical Päli Dictionary, an-a and a (8.9); and Wackernagel, Altindische Grammatik, II. 1, § 32b.
42 The vocative singular d-suffix and the vocative plural oe-suffixes, listed by Tessitori, do not appear in the manuscripts. See Tessitori, 1914-1916: §§ 66 and 67.
43 The "extended" suffix -au consists of two suffixes-the a (nom.-acc. termination of the a-declension) to which has been added the other case-suffixes. See Edgerton, 1911: 9-12; Whitney, 1896: § 1222; and Tessitori, 1914-1916: § 57.