Nalrayavadanti Charita

Author(s): Ernest Bender
Publisher: American Philosophical Society

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294
BENDER: THE NALARĀYADAVADANTICARITA [Trans. Amer. PHIL. SOC The verb has an active voice; two tenses, a pres- pharasau (280)
'touch' ent, and a future; and three moods, an indicative, an bhogavaim (16)
'enjoy' imperative, and a precative.60 The present tense oc- mānau (293)
'believe curs in all three moods; the future in only one-the milaim (94)
'meet' indicative.
sunaim (21)
'hear' The imperative forms occur only with the second person singular and plural suffixes. There are no
Types of Bases special base-forming suffixes for the imperative.
Here is discussed the formation of verbal bases, of Verbal bases 61 are arranged into two groups, de
nominal bases derived from verbal bases (i.e., verbal pending upon the manner in which the personal end
bases to which are added suffixes which can be followed ings are added to them. In the one group the personal
only by case-suffixes--the bases of the participles and endings are attached directly to the base which ends in
of the infinitive), and of verbal bases from nominal a vowel. This group is designated "vocal bases."
bases (i.e., of the bases of denominative verbs). In the second there may intervene a vowel between
Simple bases comprise verb roots to which the the base, which ends in a consonant, and the personal endings. This group is designated "consonantal
personal endings are attached directly, with or without bases." 69 This rule is generally followed, though
the intervention of a vowel.
Complex bases comprise roots which undergo sufsome vocal bases add a vowel before the terminations,
fixation (with or without alternation) before the perwhile others (e.g., de- 'give' and le- 'take') behave,
sonal endings are attached and roots which undergo sometimes, as vocal and, sometimes as consonantal bases. Examples follow:
alternation without suffixation (other than the vowel
which is attached to consonantal bases). The first is Vocal:
exemplified by the bases of the precative, the future,
the passive, the causative, and the denominative; the gāim (89) 'sing'
second by the base of one type of the causative. jäim (310)
'go' janum (200)
'know' joi (33) 'see
Verbal Terminations thằim (310) 'become
The personal endings 64 are: nipäum (214)
'prepare roi (165) 'weep'
Singular lai (B 116) 'take
1st person. um) houm (274) 'become
2nd person. i, e, a, *
3rd person. i, e, a Consonantal: karaum (11) 'do'
Plural kahaum (284) 'say'
1st person. (No occurrences.) jānaum (223) 'know'
2nd person. u, ha jhūrai (H 129) 'grieve'
3rd person. i(m), mli, mtaim 65 talai (303)
'depart' dhalai (167) 'drop down
The irregular marking of vowel length and the loose
use of the anusvāra cause confusion between forms69 The forms, which, when translated into English are put into
especially between the singular and the plural of the the "passive" voice and are here termed "passive," are dis- third person suffixes. Of the second person suffixes all tinguished by base-forming suffixes (see under Complex Bases). the singular forms and the -ha of the plural occur in Compare Whitney, 1896: $8 531, 540, 768, and 998.
the manuscripts only with the imperative. The (*) 60 Also termed "optative" or "respectful imperative." See Tessitori, 1914-1916: $120, for terminology.
indicates an imperative formed without a person& The term "base" is applied to what remains of a verbal form number marking suffix. The * and the -a, therefore, after the suffixes marking person and number have been dropped. mark such imperatives of vocal and consonantal bases, It includes, therefore, "roots."
respectively. See Tessitori, 1914-1916: $116, for terminology; and, for a
The personal endings are attached to all the bases of similar treatment of nominal bases, $855 ff., and fn. 44 under Declension of the present study.
the tense-systems, i.e., the present and the future. & Cf. roi and roai (165) 'weep'; joi (33) and joai (119) 'see'; gaim and gäaim (89) 'sing'; di (H 126) and dai (B 79) 'give Writing variants are given among the examples and are (imperative), dei (286) 'having given' (conjunctive participle), enclosed in brackets. dai (BP 185) "gives' (pres. indic., 3rd sg.), diyai (98) 'is given 65-mti is the third person pl. Skt. ending. mtaim is a com(passive), dijai (29) 'is given' (passive); and lai (B 116) 'takes' bination of -- (from-mi) and the Old Gujarati third person (pres. indic., 3rd sg.), lei (B 22) 'having taken' (conjunctive par plural termination. These occur only with present indicative ticiple), and lii (208) 'take' (imperative).
bases. Cf. Tessitori, 1914-1916: $177.