Nalrayavadanti Charita

Author(s): Ernest Bender
Publisher: American Philosophical Society

Page 42

ir
302
BENDER: THE NALARĀYADAVADANTICARITA (TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC. hiva (232) 'now'
3. NOTES ON SYNTAX 102 heva (308) 'now'
Sentences are of two types-full and minor.
Minor sentences consist of interjections or nominal CONJUNCTIONS
forms bearing vocative suffixes. Conjunctions are listed alphabetically without being
Full sentences fall into two groups-equational and grouped as to meaning.
narrative sentences.
Equational sentences are bipartite, each part being anai (between stanzas 147 and 148)
a nominal form, without a copula between them. ahe (26) 'then'
Narrative sentences are of actor-action construction, kai (63) 'either, or
the actor represented by nominal forms, and the action jai (288)
by verbal forms. A sub-class includes sentences in ju (H 214)
which the verbal element is replaced by one of the je 101 (208) 'if'
verbs, ch- 'be,' thū- 'become,' ho- 'become,' and a jo (166) 'if
nominal form as predicate complement. je (287) 'that'
More complex sentences are evolved from these two tau (286) 'then'
types by the replacement and expansion of the basic tu (288) 'then'
elements. In the narrative sentence the subject (the to (293) 'then'
nominal form representing the actor) can be expanded naim (200) and' pana (B 268) 'but, however
by the addition of words in apposition to it, of modipani (6) 'but, however
fying words, of postpositional phrases, and dependent puna (168) 'but, however
clauses. The modifying words may be nominal forms vali (159) 'moreover'
with genitive suffixes, adjectives or participles; the
clauses are introduced by relative pronouns and adjecEMPHATICS
tives. The predicate (the verbal form indicating the
action and its object or objects) can, similarly, be Emphatics are appended both to nominal and verbal expanded by the addition of adverbs and adverbial forms. They are indicated in the transliteration by a phrases (including postpositional phrases and dependhyphen (-), placed before them.
ent clauses introduced by adverbs). The object of
the verb can be expanded in the same way as the 1 (213)
subject. u (12)
The normal order of the elements in a narrative í (112)
sentence is the subject and its attributes followed by e (132)
the verb and its attributes. Attributive words and ja (274)
phrases usually precede the words they modify. This ji (319)
includes relative clauses which are placed before the na (309)
clause to which they relate. The verb occurs in final nai (B 79)
position. Emphatics follow the word or phrase they naim (B 309
modify and are attached to nominal as well as verbal
forms. Variations are made in the normal order of the INTERJECTIONS
elements to indicate emphasis. Two of the following (i.e., būpa and sakhi, sași) can The remarks made above refer to prose style. be recognized as stereotyped vocatives.
Since the language of the manuscripts is that of poetry,
the demands of meter and rhyme necessitate variations kiri (64) 'indeed
in the order other than those made for emphasis. bapu (5 293) 'my good sir!
Attributives may follow words they modify, with bapa (293) 'my good sir!
other words intervening. The verbal form and its re (79) 'hey'
attributes often precede the subject. sakhi (55) 'friend'
The bars marking the half- and the full-stanzas do sași (B 55) 'friend'
not necessarily indicate the ends of phrases or sensahiya (164) 'surely'
tences, though they very often occur at such points. haha (287) 'alas!
In several instances the bars separate the members of ha (166) 'ho!'
a nominal compound, as well as those of a postposihe (168) "hey!'
tional phrase. heva (125) 'indeed'.
102 See Harris, Methods of descriptive linguistics (manuscript); 101 Cf. jai, above.
Bloomfield, 1933: 170-177; Kellogg, 1938: 38 850-929.