Sramana 2003 07

Author(s): Shivprasad
Publisher: Parshvanath Vidhyashram Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/525050/1

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zramaNa SRAMANA (julAI-sitambara 2003) dhApA pAzvanAtha vArANasI sahavAmagavaM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI PARSWANATHA VIDYAPITHA, VARANASI

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zramaNa SRAMANA (julAI-sitambara 2003) mahAbhagavaM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI PARSWANATHA VIDYAPITHA, VARANASI

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zramaNa (pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI traimAsika zodha-patrikA) varSa 54 aMka 7-9 julAI-sitambara 2003 pradhAna sampAdaka prophesara sAgaramala jaina sampAdaka DaoN0 zivaprasAda prakAzaka pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, AI.TI.AI. mArga, karauMdI po.oN. - bI.eca.yU., vArANasI-221005 (u.pra.) parshwanathvidyapeeth@rediffmail.com dUrabhASa : 0542-2575521 ISSN-0972-1002 vArSika sadasyatA zulka saMsthAoM ke lie : ru. 150.00 vyaktiyoM ke lie : ru. 100.00 isa aMka kA mUlya : ru. 25.00 AjIvana sadasyatA zulka saMsthAoM ke lie : ru. 1000.00 vyaktiyoM ke lie : ru. 500.00 noTa : sadasyatA zulka kA ceka yA DrAphTa kevala pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nAma se hI bhejeN|

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sampAdakIya zramaNa julAI-sitambara 2003 kA aMka sammAnanIya pAThakoM ke samakSa upasthita hai| aparihArya kAraNoM se hama ise samaya se prastuta na kara sake, isake liye hama kSamAprArthI haiN| zramaNa kA akTUbara-disambara aMka bhI kampoja ho rahA hai aura hamArA pUrNa prayAsa hai ki ukta aMka bhI sudhI pAThakoM ko atizIghra prastuta ho ske| isa aMka meM bhI jaina itihAsa, darzana, sAhitya evaM kalApakSa se sambaddha 11 maulika Alekha prakAzita haiN| hamArA yahI prayAsa rahatA hai ki ukta viSayoM ke AlekhoM ko hama susampAdita kara unheM zuddharUpa meM prakAzita kreN| apane isa prayAsa meM hama kahAM taka saphala ho sake haiM yaha nirNaya sudhI pAThakagaNa svayaM kareM aura apanI niSpakSa pratikriyA se hameM avazya sUcita karane kI kRpA kreN| hama apane aise pAThakoM ke vizeSa anugRhIta hoMge jo hamArI truTioM se hameM ni:saMkoca avagata karAne kA kaSTa kreNge| jaina dharma-darzana-sAhitya-itihAsa evaM kalA se sambaddha maulika evaM aprakAzita Alekha hindI, aMgrejI evaM gujarAtI bhASAoM meM prakAzanArtha AmaMtrita haiN| 16-12-2003 sampAdaka

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zramaNa julAI-sitambara 2003 sampAdakIya viSayasUcI hindI khaNDa 1. jaina dharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa yAtrA - pro0 sAgaramala jaina 1-53 2. jainayoga : eka dArzanika anuzIlana - anila kumAra sonakara 54-61 3. jaina darzana ke pariprekSya meM vastu-svAtantrya evaM dravya kI avadhAraNA - ku0 alpanA jaina 62-71 4. bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM samAdhimaraNa ke tattva - DaoN0 sudhIra kumAra rAya 72-80 5. vajjAlaggaM kA kAvyAtmaka mUlya ___ - rajanIza zukla 81-93 pUrvamadhyakAla meM striyoM kI dazA (trizaSTizalAkApuruSacarita ke saMdarbha meM) - DaoN0 umeza candra zrIvAstava 94-97 7. bhAratIya kalA ko buddha kA avadAna - pro0 aMgane lAla 98-104 8. elorA kI mahAvIra mUrtiyAM - DaoN0 Ananda prakAza zrIvAstava 105-110 9. kharataragaccha - begar3a zAkhA kA itihAsa - zivaprasAda 111-123 ENGLISH SECTION 10. Myth of Lord Mahavira's Embryo-Transfer in Jaina-Scriptures - Mangilal Bhutodia 124-132 11. Religious Aspect of Non-violence - Dr. B.N. Sinha 133-156 12. vidyApITha ke prAMgaNa meM 157 13. jaina jagat 158-160 14. sAhitya satkAra 161-168

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prathama adhyAya jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA (AdikAla se lekara Aja taka) jainadharma eka jIvita dharma hai aura koI bhI jIvita dharma deza aura kAlagata parivartanoM se achUtA nahIM rahatA hai| jaba bhI hama kisI dharma ke itihAsa kI bAta karate haiM to hameM yaha samajha lenA cAhie ki hama kisI sthira dharma kI bAta nahIM karate, kyoMki kisI sthira dharma kA itihAsa hI nahIM hotA hai| itihAsa to usI kA hotA hai jo gatizIla hai, parivartanazIla hai| jo loga yaha mAnate haiM ki jainadharma apane AdikAla se Aja taka yathAsthiti meM rahA hai, ve bahuta hI bhrAnti meM haiN| jainadharma ke itihAsa kI isa carcA ke prasaMga meM maiM una paramparAoM kI aura una paristhitiyoM kI carcA bhI karanA cAha~gA, jisameM apane sudUra atIta se lekara vartamAna taka jainadharma ne apanI karavaTeM badalI haiM aura jinameM usakA udbhava aura vikAsa huA hai| yadyapi janasaMkhyA kI dRSTi se Aja vizva meM prati eka hajAra vyaktiyoM meM mAtra chaha vyakti jaina haiM, phira bhI vizva ke dharmoM ke itihAsa meM jainadharma kA apanA eka viziSTa sthAna hai kyoMki vaicArika udAratA, dArzanika gambhIratA, lokamaMgala kI utkRSTa bhAvanA, vipula sAhitya aura utkRSTa zilpa kI dRSTi se vizva ke dharmoM ke itihAsa meM isakA avadAna mahattvapUrNa hai / yahA~ hama isa dharma paramparA ko itihAsa ke Aine meM dekhane kA prayAsa kreNge| prAcIna zramaNa yA Arhat paramparA vizva ke dharmoM kI mukhyata: semeTika dharma aura Arya dharma, aisI do zAkhAe~ haiN| semeTika dharmoM meM yahUdI, IsAI aura islAma Ate haiM jabaki Arya dharmoM meM pArasI, hindU (vaidika), bauddha aura jainadharma kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai / inake atirikta sudUra pUrva ke deza jApAna aura cIna meM vikasita kucha dharma kanphUziyasa evaM zinto ke nAma se jAne jAte haiN| __ Arya dharmoM ke isa varga meM jahA~ hindUdharma ke vaidika svarUpa ko pravRttimArgI mAnA jAtA hai vahA~ jainadharma aura bauddhadharma ko saMnyAsamArgI yA nivRttiparaka kahA jAtA hai| yaha nivRttiparaka saMnyAsamArgI paramparA prAcIna kAla meM zramaNa paramparA, Arhat paramparA yA vrAtya paramparA ke nAma se jAnI jAtI thii| jaina aura bauddha donoM hI dharma isI Aheta, vrAtya yA zramaNa paramparA ke dharma haiM / zramaNa paramparA kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha sAMsArika evaM aihika jIvana kI du:khamayatA ko ujAgara kara saMnyAsa evaM vairAgya ke mAdhyama se nirvANa yA mokSa kI prApti ko jIvana kA carama lakSya nirdhArita karatI hai / isa nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparA ne tapa evaM yoga kI apanI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA evaM zIloM yA

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sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa 2 vratoM ke rUpa meM naitika mUlyoM kI saMsthApanA kI dRSTi se bhAratIya dharmoM ke itihAsa meM apanA viziSTa avadAna pradAna kiyA hai| isa prAcIna zramaNa paramparA meM na kevala jaina aura bauddha dhArAyeM hI sammilita haiM, apitu aupaniSadika aura sAMkhya-yoga kI dhArAyeM bhI sammilita haiM jo Aja bRhad hindUdharma kA hI eka aMga bana cukI haiN| inake atirikta AjIvaka Adi anya kucha dhArAe~ bhI thIM jo Aja vilupta ho cukI haiN| Aja zramaNa paramparA ke jIvanta dharmoM meM bauddhadharma aura jainadharma apanA astitva banAye hue hai| yadyapi bauddhadharma bhArata meM janmA aura vikasita huA aura yahIM se usane sudUrapUrva meM apane paira jamAye, phira bhI bhArata meM vaha eka hajAra varSa taka vilupta hI rahA, kintu yaha zubha saMketa hai ki zramaNadhArA kA yaha dharma bhArata meM punaH sthApita ho rahA hai| jahA~ taka Arhat yA zramaNadhArA ke jainadharma kA prazna hai, yaha bhAratabhUmi meM atiprAcIna kAla se Aja taka apanA astitva banAye hue hai| agrima pRSThoM meM hama isI ke itihAsa kI carcA kreNge| bhAratIya itihAsa ke AdikAla se hI hameM zramaNadhArA ke astitva ke saMketa upalabdha hote haiN| phira cAhe vaha mohanajodar3o aura har3appA se prApta purAtAttvika sAmagrI ho yA Rgveda jaisA prAcInatama sAhityika grantha ho / eka ora mohanajodar3o aura har3appA se prApta aneka sIloM para hameM dhyAnastha yogiyoM ke aMkana prApta hote haiM to dUsarI ora Rgveda meM arhat, vrAtya, vAtarasanA muni Adi ke ullekha upalabdha hote haiN| ye saba prAcIna kAla meM zramaNa, vrAtya yA Arhat paramparA ke astitva ke pramANa haiM / yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki Aja pracalita jainadharma 'zabda' kA itihAsa adhika purAnA nahIM hai| yaha zabda IsA kI chaThI-sAtavIM zatI se pracalana meM hai| isake pUrva jainadharma ke liye 'nirgrantha dharma' yA 'Arhat dharma' aise do zabda pracalita rahe haiN| inameM bhI 'nirgrantha' zabda mukhyataH bhagavAn pArzva aura bhagavAn mahAvIra kI paramparA kA vAcaka rahA hai| kintu jahA~ taka 'Arhat' zabda kA sambandha hai yaha mUla meM eka vyApaka artha meM prayukta hotA thaa| 'Arhat' zabda arhat yA arahanta ke upAsakoM kA vAcaka thA aura sabhI zramaNa paramparAeM cAhe ve jaina hoM, bauddha hoM yA AjIvaka hoM, arahanta kI upAsaka rahI haiN| ata ve sabhI paramparAeM Arhat varga meM hI antarbhUta thiiN| Rgvaidika kAla meM Arhat (zramaNa) aura bArhat (vaidika) donoM kA astitva thA aura Arhat yA vrAtya zramaNadhArA ke paricAyaka the| kintu kAlAntara meM jaba kucha zramaNa paramparAeM bRhad hindUdharma kA aMga bana gaIM aura AjIvaka Adi kucha zramaNa paramparAeM lupta ho gaIM tathA bauddha paramparA videzoM meM apanA astitva rakhate huye bhI isa bhAratabhUmi se nAmazeSa ho gaI to 'Arhat' zabda bhI simaTa kara mAtra jaina paramparA kA vAcaka ho gyaa| isa prakAra Arhat, vrAtya, zramaNa Adi zabda ati prAcIna kAla se jainadharma ke bhI vAcaka raheM haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina dharma ko Arhat dharma, zramaNa dharma yA nivRttimArgI dharma bhI kahA jAtA hai / kintu yahA~ hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hai ki Arhat, vrAtya, zramaNa Adi

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA 3 zabda ati prAcIna kAla se jainadharma ke sAtha anya nivRttimArgI dharmoM ke bhI vAcaka rahe haiM jaba ki nirgrantha yA jJAtaputrIya zramaNa jainoM ke paricAyaka haiN| Age hama zramaNadhArA yA nivRttimArgI dharma, jisakA eka aMga jainadharma bhI hai, ke udbhava, vikAsa aura usakI vizeSatAoM kI carcA karanA cAheMge / zramaNadhArA kA udbhava mAnava-astitva dvi-AyAmI evaM virodhAbhAsapUrNa hai| yaha svabhAvataH paraspara virodhI do bhinna kendroM para sthita hai| vaha na kevala zarIra hai aura na kevala cetanA, apitu donoM kI eka vilakSaNa ekatA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki use do bhinna staroM para jIvana jInA hotA hai| zArIrika stara para vaha vAsanAoM se cAlita hai aura yahA~ usa para yAntrika niyamoM kA Adhipatya hai, kintu caitasika stara para vaha viveka se zAsita haiM, yahA~ usameM saMkalpa-svAtantrya hai / zArIrika stara para vaha baddha hai, paratantra hai kintu caitasika stara para svatantra hai, mukta hai| manovijJAna kI bhASA meM jahA~ eka ora vaha vAsanAtmaka ahaM (Id) se anuzAsita hai, to dUsarI ora AdarzAtmA (Super Ego ) se prabhAvita bhI hai / vAsanAtmaka ahaM usakI zArIrika mA~goM kI abhivyakti kA prayAsa hai to AdarzAtmA usakA AdhyAtmika svabhAva hai, usakA nija svarUpa hai, jo nirdvandva evaM nirAkula caitasika samatva kI apekSA karatA hai| usake liye ina donoM meM se kisI kI bhI pUrNa upekSA sambhava nahIM hai| usake jIvana kI saphalatA inake bIca santulana banAne meM nihita hai| usake vartamAna astitva ke ye do chora haiN| usakI jIvanadhArA ina donoM kA sparza karate hue inake bIca bahatI hai| mAnava astitva ke ina donoM pakSoM ke kAraNa dharma ke kSetra meM bhI do dhArAoM kA udbhava huA- 1. vaidikadhArA aura 2. zramaNadhArA zramaNadhArA ke udbhava kA manovaijJAnika AdhAra mAnava-jIvana meM zArIrika vikAsa vAsanA ko aura caitasika vikAsa viveka ko janma detA hai| pradIpta-vAsanA apanI santuSTi ke liye 'bhoga' kI apekSA rakhatI hai to vizuddha - viveka apane astitva ke liye 'saMyama' yA 'virAga' kI apekSA karatA hai| kyoMki sarAga-viveka sahI nirNaya dene meM akSama hotA hai / vastutaH vAsanA bhogoM para jItI hai aura viveka virAga para / yahIM do alaga-alaga jIvana dRSTiyoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| eka kA AdhAra vAsanA aura bhoga hotA hai to dUsarI kA AdhAra viveka aura viraag| zramaNa-paramparA meM inameM se pahalI ko mithyA - dRSTi aura dUsarI ko samyak dRSTi ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| upaniSadoM meM inheM kramazaH preya aura zreya ke mArga kahe gaye haiN| 'kaThopaniSad' meM RSi kahatA hai ki preya aura zreya donoM hI manuSya ke sAmane upasthita hote haiN| usameM se manda-buddhi zArIrika yoga-kSema arthAt preya ko aura vivekI puruSa zreya ko cunatA hai / vAsanA kI tuSTi ke liye bhoga aura bhogoM ke sAdhanoM kI

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sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa upalabdhi ke liye karma apekSita hai| isI bhogapradhAna jIvana-dRSTi se karma-niSThA kA vikAsa huA hai| dUsarI ora viveka ke liye virAga (saMyama) aura virAga ke liye AdhyAtmika mUlya-bodha (zarIra ke Upara AtmA kI pradhAnatA kA bodha) apekSita haiN| isI se AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi yA tyAga mArga kA vikAsa huaa| 4 inameM pahalI dhArA se pravartaka dharma kA aura dUsarI se nivartaka dharma kA udbhava huA / pravartaka dharma kA lakSya bhoga hI rahA, ataH usane apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ko hI bnaayaa| jahA~ aihika jIvana meM usane dhana-dhAnya, putra, sampatti Adi kI kAmanA kI, vahIM pAralaukika jIvana meM svarga (bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI uccatama avasthA) kI prApti ko hI mAnava-jIvana kA carama lakSya ghoSita kiyaa| punaH Anubhavika jIvana meM jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki alaukika evaM prAkRtika zaktiyA~ usakI sukhasuvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ke prayAsoM ko saphala yA viphala banA sakatI haiM, ata: usane yaha mAnA ki usakI sukha-suvidhAe~ usake apane puruSArtha para nahIM, apitu ina zaktiyoM kI kRpA para nirbhara haiM, to vaha inheM prasanna karane ke liye eka ora inakI stuti aura prArthanA karane lagA to dUsarI ora unheM bali aura yajJoM ke mAdhyama se bhI santuSTa karane lgaa| isa prakAra pravartaka dharma meM do zAkhAoM kA vikAsa huA 1. zraddhApradhAna bhakti-mArga aura 2. yajJayAga pradhAna karma-mArga / - dUsarI ora niSpApa aura svatantra jIvana jIne kI umaMga meM nivartaka dharma ne nirvANa yA mokSa arthAt vAsanAoM evaM laukika eSaNAoM se pUrNa mukti ko mAnava-jIvana kA lakSya mAnA aura isa hetu jJAna aura virAga ko pradhAnatA dI, kintu jJAna aura virAga kA yaha jIvana sAmAjika evaM pArivArika vyastatAoM ke madhya sambhava nahIM thA / ataH nivartaka dharma mAnava ko jIvana ke karma-kSetra se kahIM dUra nirjana vanakhaNDoM aura giri kandarAoM meM le gyaa| usameM jahA~ eka ora daihika mUlyoM evaM vAsanAoM ke niSedha para bala diyA gayA jisase vairAgyamUlaka tapa-mArga kA vikAsa huA, vahIM dUsarI ora usa nivRttimUlaka jIvana meM cintana aura vimarza ke dvAra khule, jijJAsA kA vikAsa huA, jisase cintanapradhAna jJAnamArga kA udbhava huaa| isa prakAra nivartaka dharma bhI do zAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho gayA jJAna-mArga aura 2. tapa- mArga / 1. -- -- mAnava prakRti ke daihika aura caitasika pakSoM ke AdhAra para pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM ke vikAsa kI isa prakriyA ko nimna sAriNI ke mAdhyama se adhika spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA . manuSya (nivartaka) (pravartaka) cetanA vAsanA viveka bhoga virAga (tyAga) abhyudaya (preya) niHzreyas svarga mokSa (nirvANa) karma saMnyAsa pravRtti nivRtti prarvataka dharma nivartaka dharma alaukika zaktiyoM kI upAsanA Atmopalabdhi samarpaNamUlaka yajJamUlaka bhaktimArga karmamArga cintana pradhAna dehadaNDanamUlaka jJAnamArga tapamArga jivartaka (zramaNa) evaM pravartaka (vaidika) dharmoM ke dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya. pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM kA yaha vikAsa bhinna-bhinna manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para huA thA, ata: yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unake dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya bhinna-bhinna hoN| pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM ke ina pradeyoM aura unake AdhAra para unameM rahI huI pArasparika bhinnatA ko nimna sAraNI se spaSTatayA samajhA jA sakatA hai -

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sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa prarvataka dharma nirvataka dharma 1. jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA 1. AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA / 2. vidhAyaka jIvana-dRSTi 2. niSedhaka jIvana-dRSTi / 3. samaSTivAdI 3. vyssttivaadii| 4. vyavahAra meM karma para bala phira bhI | 4. vyavahAra meM naiSkarmaNyatA kA samarthana daivika zaktiyoM kI kRpA para vizvAsa phira AtmakalyANa hetu vaiyaktika puruSArtha para bala! 5. IzvaravAdI 5. anIzvaravAdI / 6. IzvarIya kRpA para vizvAsa 6. vaiyaktika prayAsoM para vizvAsa, karma siddhAnta ___ kA smrthn| 7. sAdhanA ke bAhya sAdhanoM para bala / 7. Antarika vizuddhatA para bala / 8. jIvana kA lakSya svarga/Izvara ke 8. jIvana kA mokSa evaM nirvANa kI praapti| sAnnidhya kI prApti 9. varNa-vyavasthA aura jAtivAda kA | 9. jAtivAda kA virodha, varNa-vyavasthA kA janmanA AdhAra para samarthana | kevala karmaNA AdhAra para samarthana / 10. gRhastha-jIvana kI pradhAnatA 10. saMnyAsa jIvana kI pradhAnatA / 11. sAmAjika jIvana zailI 11. ekAkI jIvana zailI / 12. rAjatantra kA samarthana | 12. janatantra kA samarthana / 13. zaktizAlI kI pUjA 13. sadAcArI kI pUjA 14. vidhi vidhAnoM evaM karmakANDoM | 14. dhyAna aura tapa kI pradhAnatA / . kI pradhAnatA 15. brAhmaNa-saMsthA (purohita-varga) kA 15. zramaNa-saMsthA kA vikAsa / vikAsa 16. upAsanAmUlaka 16. samAdhimUlaka /

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA pravartaka dharma meM prArambha meM jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA rahI, vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti se sambandhita prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukhara hue haiN| udAharaNArtha- hama sau varSa jIyeM, hamArI santAna baliSTa hoveM, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha deveM, vanaspati pracura mAtrA meM hoM aadi| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma ne jaivika mUlyoM ke prati eka niSedhAtmaka rukha apanAyA, usane sAMsArika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA kA rAga alApA / unakI dRSTi meM zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA sAgara / unhoMne saMsAra aura zarIra donoM se hI mukti ko jIvana-lakSya maanaa| unakI dRSTi meM daihika AvazyakatAoM kA niSedha, anAsakti, virAga aura Atma santoSa hI sarvocca jIvana-mUlya hai| 7 eka ora jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma yaha huA hai ki pravartaka dharma meM jIvana ke prati eka vidhAyaka dRSTi kA nirmANa huA tathA jIvana ko sarvatobhAvena vAMchanIya aura rakSaNIya mAnA gayA, to dUsarI ora jaivika mUlyoM ke niSedha se jIvana ke prati eka aisI niSedhAtmaka dRSTi kA vikAsa huA jisameM zArIrika mA~goM ko ThukarAnA hI jIvana-lakSya mAna liyA gayA aura deha - daNDana hI tapa-tyAga aura AdhyAtmikatA ke pratIka bana gae / pravartaka dharma jaivika mUlyoM para bala detA hai ataH svAbhAvika rUpa se vaha samAjagAmI banA, kyoMki daihika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti, jisakA eka aMga kAma bhI hai, to samAja jIvana meM hI sambhava thI, kintu virAga aura tyAga para adhika bala dene ke kAraNa nivartaka dharma samAja - vimukha aura vaiyaktika bana gae / yadyapi daihika mUlyoM kI upalabdhi hetu karma Avazyaka the, kintu jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki daihika AvazyakatAoM kI santuSTi ke liye usake vaiyaktika prayAsoM ke bAvajUda unakI pUrti yA apUrti kinhIM anya zaktiyoM para nirbhara hai, to vaha daivavAdI aura IzvaravAdI bana gyaa| vizva vyavasthA aura prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke niyantraka tattvoM ke rUpa meM usane vibhinna devoM aura phira Izvara kI kalpanA kI aura unakI kRpA kI AkAMkSA karane lagA / isake viparIta nivartaka dharma vyavahAra meM naiSkarmaNyatA kA samarthaka hote hue bhI karma - siddhAnta ke prati AsthA ke kAraNa yaha mAnane lagA ki vyakti kA bandhana aura mukti svayaM usake kAraNa hai, ataH nivartaka dharma puruSArthavAda aura vaiyaktika prayAsoM para AsthA rakhane lgaa| anIzvaravAda, puruSArthavAda aura karmasiddhAnta usake pramukha tatva bana ge| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM jahA~ pravartaka dharma meM alaukika daivIya zaktiyoM kI prasannatA ke nimitta karmakANDa aura bAhya-vidhAnoM (yajJa- yoga ) kA vikAsa huA, vahIM nivartaka dharmoM ne citta-zuddhi aura sadAcAra para adhika bala diyA tathA kinhIM daivIya zaktiyoM ke nimitta karmakANDa ke sampAdana ko anAvazyaka maanaa| nivartaka zramaNa dharmoM kI vikAsa-yAtrA bhAratIya saMskRti eka samanvita saMskRti hai| isakI saMracanA meM vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA kA mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai| vaidikadhArA mUlata: pravRttipradhAna aura zramaNadhArA

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sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa nivRttipradhAna rahI hai| vaidikadhArA kA pratinidhitva vartamAna meM hindUdharma karatA hai jabaki zramaNadhArA kA pratinidhitva jaina aura bauddha dharma karate haiN| kintu yaha samajhanA bhrAntipUrNa hogA ki vartamAna hindUdharma apane zuddha rUpa meM mAtra vaidika paramparA kA anuyAyI hai| Aja usane zramaNadhArA ke aneka tattvoM ko apane meM samAviSTa kara liyA hai / ataH vartamAna hindUdharma vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA kA eka samanvita rUpa hai aura usameM ina donoM paramparAoM ke tattva sannihita haiN| isI prakAra yaha kahanA bhI ucita nahIM hogA ki jainadharma aura bauddhadharma mUlata: zramaNa-paramparA ke dharma hote hue bhI vaidikadhArA yA hindUdharma se pUrNataH aprabhAvita rahe haiN| ina donoM dharmoM ne bhI vaidikadhArA ke vikasita dharma se kAlakrama meM bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| yaha satya hai ki hindUdharma pravRttipradhAna rahA hai| usameM yajJa-yAga aura karmakANDa kI pradhAnatA hai, phira bhI usameM saMnyAsa, mokSa aura vairAgya kA abhAva nahIM hai| adhyAtma, saMnyAsa aura vairAgya ke tattvoM ko usane zramaNa-paramparA se na kevala grahaNa kiyA hai apitu unheM AtmasAta bhI kara liyA hai| yadyapi vedakAla ke prArambha meM ye tattva usameM pUrNata: anupasthita the, kintu aupaniSadika kAla meM usameM zramaNa-paramparA ke ina tattvoM ko mAnyatA prApta ho cukI thii| 'IzAvAsyopaniSad' sarvaprathama vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA ke samanvaya kA prayAsa hai| Aja hindUdharma meM saMnyAsa, vairAgya, tapa-tyAga, dhyAna aura mokSa kI jo avadhAraNAe~ vikasita huI haiM, ve sabhI isa bAta ko pramANita karatI haiM ki vartamAna hindUdharma ne bhArata kI zramaNadhArA se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| upaniSad vaidika aura zramaNadhArA ke samanvayasthala haiM, unameM vaidika hindUdharma eka nayA svarUpa letA pratIta hotA hai| isI prakAra kAlAntara meM zramaNadhArA ne bhI cAhe-anacAhe vaidikadhArA se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| zramaNadhArA meM karmakANDa aura pUjA-paddhati to vaidikadhArA se AyI hI hai, apitu aneka hindU devI-devatA bhI zramaNa-paramparA meM mAnya kara liye gae haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti kI ye vibhinna dhArAe~ kisa rUpa meM eka-dUsare se samanvita huI haiM, isakI carcA karane ke pUrva hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki ina donoM dhArAoM kA svatantra vikAsa kina manovaijJAnika aura pAristhitika kAraNoM se huA hai tathA kAlakrama meM kyoM aura kaise inakA paraspara samanvaya Avazyaka huaa| zramaNa evaM vaidika saMskRtiyoM ke samanvaya kI yAtrA ___ yadyapi pUrva meM hamane pravartaka dharma arthAt vaidika paramparA aura nivartaka dharma arthAt zramaNa paramparA kI mUlabhUta vizeSatAoM aura unake sAMskRtika evaM dArzanika pradeyoM ko samajhA hai, kintu yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hI hogA ki Aja vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA ne apane isa mUla svarUpa ko banAe rakhA hai| eka hI deza aura pariveza meM rahakara

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA donoM hI dhArAoM ke liye yaha asambhava thA ki ve eka-dUsare ke prabhAva se achUtI rheN| ata: jahA~ vaidikadhArA meM zramaNadhArA (nivartaka dharma-paramparA) ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai, vahA~ zramaNadhArA meM pravartaka dharma paramparA ke tattvoM kA praveza bhI huA hai| ata: Aja ke yuga meM koI dharma-paramparA na to aikAntika nivRttimArga kI poSaka hai aura na aikAntika pravRttimArga kii| vastuta: nivRtti aura pravRtti ke sambandha meM aikAntika dRSTikoNa na to vyAvahArika hai aura na mnovaijnyaanik| manuSya jaba taka manuSya hai, mAnavIya AtmA jaba taka zarIra ke sAtha yojita hokara sAmAjika jIvana jItI hai, taba taka aikAntika pravRtti aura aikAntika nivRtti kI bAta karanA eka mRga-marIcikA meM jInA hogaa| vastuta: AvazyakatA isa bAta kI rahI hai ki hama vAstavikatA ko samajheM aura pravRtti tathA nivRtti ke tattvoM meM samucita samanvayeM se eka aisI jIvana zailI khojeM jo vyakti aura samAja donoM ke liye kalyANakArI ho aura mAnava ko tRSNAjanita mAnasika evaM sAmAjika santrAsa se mukti dilA ske| isa prakAra ina do bhinna saMskRtiyoM meM pArasparika samanvaya Avazyaka thaa| jainadharma meM isI prayAsa meM munidharma ke sAtha-sAtha gRhasthadharma kA bhI pratipAdana huA aura use viratAvirata arthAt AMzika rUpa se nivRtta aura AMzika rUpa se pravRtta kahA gyaa| bhArata meM prAcIna kAla se hI aise prayatna hote rahe haiN| pravartakadhArA ke pratinidhi hindUdharma meM samanvaya ke sabase acche udAharaNa 'IzAvAsyopaniSad' aura 'bhagavadgItA' haiN| ina donoM granthoM meM pravRtti aura nivRttimArga ke samanvaya kA stutya prayAsa huA hai| isI prakAra zramaNadhArA meM bhI paravartI kAla meM pravartaka dharma ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai| zramaNa paramparA kI eka anya dhArA ke rUpa meM vikasita bauddhadharma meM to pravartaka dhArA ke tattvoM kA itanA adhika praveza huA ki mahAyAna se tantrayAna kI yAtrA taka vaha apane mUla svarUpa se kAphI dUra ho gyaa| bhAratIya dharmoM ke aitihAsika vikAsa-krama meM hama kAlakrama meM hue isa AdAna-pradAna kI upekSA nahIM kara sakate haiN| isI AdAnapradAna ke kAraNa ye paramparAe~ eka-dUsare ke kAphI nikaTa A giiN| - vastuta: bhAratIya saMskRti eka saMzliSTa saMskRti hai| use hama vibhinna cAradIvAriyoM meM avaruddha kara kabhI bhI samyak prakAra se nahIM samajha sakate haiM, usako khaNDa-khaNDa meM vibhAjita karake dekhane meM usakI AtmA hI mara jAtI hai| jaise zarIra ko khaNDakhaNDa kara dekhane se zarIra kI kriyA-zakti ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai, vaise hI bhAratIya saMskRti ko khaNDa-khaNDa karake usakI mUla AtmA ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ko hama tabhI sampUrNa rUpa se samajha sakate haiM, jaba usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma-darzana kA samanvita evaM samyak adhyayana na kara leN| binA usake saMyojita ghaTakoM ke jJAna se usakA sampUrNatA meM jJAna sambhava hI nahIM hai| eka iMjana kI prakriyA ko bhI samyak prakAra se samajhane ke liye na

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10 sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa kevala usake vibhinna ghaTakoM kA arthAt kala-puoM kA jJAna Avazyaka hotA hai, apitu unake paraspara saMyojita rUpa ko bhI dekhanA hotA hai| ataH hameM spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya ko samajha lenA cAhiye ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyayana evaM zodha ke kSetra meM anya sahavartI paramparAoM aura unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI zodha paripUrNa nahIM ho sakatI hai| dharma aura saMskRti zUnya meM vikasita nahIM hote, ve apane deza, kAla aura sahavartI paramparAoM se prabhAvita hokara hI apanA svarUpa grahaNa karate haiN| yadi hameM jaina, bauddha, vaidika yA anya kisI bhI bhAratIya sAMskRtika dhArA kA adhyayana karanA hai, use samyak prakAra se samajhanA hai, to usake deza, kAla evaM parivezagata pakSoM ko bhI prAmANikatApUrvaka taTastha buddhi se samajhanA hogaa| cAhe jaina vidyA ke zodha evaM adhyayana kA prazna ho yA anya kisI bhAratIya vidyA ke, hameM usakI dUsarI paramparAoM ko avazya hI jAnanA hogA aura yaha dekhanA hogA ki vaha una dUsarI sahavartI paramparAoM se kisa prakAra prabhAvita huI hai aura usane unheM kisa prakAra prabhAvita kiyA hai| pArasparika prabhAva ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI adhyayana pUrNa nahIM hotA hai| yaha satya hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa ke AdikAla se hI hama usameM zramaNa aura vaidika saMskRti kA astitva sAtha-sAtha pAte haiM, kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM ina donoM svatantra dhArAoM kA saMgama ho gayA hai aura aba unheM eka-dUsare se pUrNatayA alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bhAratIya itihAsa ke prArambhika kAla se hI ye donoM dhArAe~ paraspara eka-dUsare se prabhAvita hotI rahI haiN| apanI-apanI vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para vicAra ke kSetra meM hama cAhe unheM alagaalaga dekha leM, kintu vyAvahArika stara para unheM eka-dUsare se pRthak nahIM kara skte| bhAratIya vAGmaya meM Rgveda prAcInatama mAnA jAtA hai| usameM jahA~ eka ora vaidika samAja evaM vaidika kriyAkANDoM kA ullekha hai, vahIM dUsarI ora usameM na kevala vrAtyoM, zramaNoM evaM arhatoM kI upasthiti ke ullekha upalabdha haiM, apitu RSabha, ariSTanemi Adi, jo jaina paramparA meM tIrthaGkara ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM, ke prati samAdara bhAva bhI vyakta kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki aitihAsika yuga ke prArambha se hI bhArata meM ye donoM saMskRtiyA~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita hotI rahI haiN| hindadharma kI zaivadhArA aura sAMkhya-yoga paramparA mUlata: nivartaka yA zramaNa rahI haiM jo kAlakrama meM bRhad hindUdharma meM AtmasAt kara lI gaI haiN| ____ mohanajodar3oM aura har3appA ke utkhanana se jisa prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI jAnakArI hameM upalabdha hotI hai, usase siddha hotA hai ki vaidika saMskRti ke pUrva bhI bhArata meM eka ucca saMskRti astitva rakhatI thI jisameM tapa, dhyAna Adi para bala diyA jAtA thaa| usa utkhanana meM dhyAnastha yogiyoM kI sIleM Adi milanA tathA prAcIna stara para yajJazAlA Adi kA na milanA yahI siddha karatA hai ki vaha saMskRti tapa, yoga evaM

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA 11 dhyAna-pradhAna vrAtya yA zramaNa-saMskRti kA pratinidhitva karatI thI / yaha nizcita hai ki AryoM ke Agamana ke sAtha prArambha hue vaidika yuga se ye donoM hI dhArAe~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita ho rahI haiM aura unhoMne eka-dUsare ko paryApta rUpa se prabhAvita bhI kiyA hai| Rgveda meM vrAtyoM ke prati jo tiraskAra bhAva thA, vaha atharvaveda meM samAdara bhAva meM badala jAtA hai jo donoM dhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pratIka hai| tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa, dhyAna, samAdhi, mukti aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNAe~ jo prArambhika vaidika RcAoM aura karmakANDIya brAhmaNa granthoM meM anupalabdha thIM, ve AraNyaka Adi paravartI vaidika sAhitya meM aura vizeSa rUpa se upaniSadoM meM astitva meM A gayI haiN| isase lagatA hai ki ye avadhAraNAe~ saMnyAsamArgIya zramaNadhArAke prabhAva se hI vaidikadhArA meM praviSTa huI haiN| upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM eka ora vaidika karmakANDa kI samAlocanA aura unheM AdhyAtmikatA se samanvita kara nae rUpa meM paribhASita karane kA prayatna tathA dUsarI ora tapa, saMnyAsa aura mukti Adi kI spaSTa rUpa se svIkRti, yahI siddha karatI hai ki ye grantha vaidika evaM zramaNadhArA ke bIca hue samanvaya yA saMgama ke hI paricAyaka haiN| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki upaniSad aura mahAbhArata, jisakA eka aMga gItA hai, zuddha rUpa se vaidika karmakANDAtmaka dharma ke pratinidhi nahIM haiN| vaha nivRttipradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRttimArgI vaidikadhArA ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM jahA~ eka ora zramaNadhArA ke AdhyAtmika aura nivRttipradhAna tattvoM ko sthAna diyA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora yajJa Adi vaidika karmakANDoM kI zramaNa paramparA ke samAna AdhyAtmika dRSTi se navIna paribhASAe~ bhI prastuta kI gaI haiN| usameM yajJa kA artha pazubali na hokara svahitoM kI bali yA samAjasevA ho gyaa| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki hamArA Aja kA hindUdharma vaidika aura zramaNadhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| vaidika karmakANDa ke virodha meM jo AvAja aupaniSadika yuga ke RSimuniyoM ne uThAI thI, jaina aura anya zramaNa paramparAoM ne mAtra use mukhara hI kiyA hai| hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki vaidika karmakANDa ke prati yadi kisI ne pahalI AvAja uThAI to ve aupaniSadika RSi hI the| unhoMne hI sabase pahale kahA thA ki ye yajJarUpI naukAe~ adRr3ha haiM, ye AtmA ke vikAsa meM sakSama nahIM haiN| yajJa Adi vaidika karmakANDoM kI navIna AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vyAkhyA karane kA kArya aupaniSadika RSiyoM aura gItA ke pravaktA kA hai| mahAvIra evaM buddhakAlIna jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ to aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke dvArA prazasta kiye gae patha para gatizIla huI haiN| ve vaidika karmakANDa, janmanA jAtivAda aura mithyA vizvAsoM ke virodha meM uThe hue aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke svara ke hI mukharita rUpa haiN| jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI arhat RSiyoM ke rUpa meM svIkRti isakA spaSTa pramANa hai| yaha satya hai ki zramaNoM ne yajJoM meM pazubali, janmanA varNa-vyavasthA aura vedoM ke prAmANya se inkAra kiyA aura isa prakAra ve bhAratIya saMskRti ke samuddhAraka ke rUpa

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12 sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa meM hI sAmane Aye, kintu hameM yaha bhI nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM AI ina vikRtiyoM ke parimArjana karane kI prakriyA meM ve svayaM hI kahIM na kahIM una vikRtiyoM se prabhAvita ho gae haiN| vaidika karmakANDa aba pUjA-vidhAnoM evaM tantra-sAdhanA ke naye rUpa meM bauddha, jaina aura anya zramaNa paramparAoM meM praviSTa ho gayA hai aura unakI sAdhanA-paddhati kA eka aMga bana gayA hai| AdhyAtmika vizuddhi ke liye kiyA jAnevAlA dhyAna aba bhautika siddhiyoM ke nimitta kiyA jAne lagA hai| jahA~ eka ora bhAratIya zramaNa-paramparA ne vaidika paramparA ko AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi ke sAtha-sAtha tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa aura mokSa kI avadhAraNAe~ pradAna kI, vahIM dUsarI ora tIsarI-cauthI zatI se vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se pUjA-vidhAna aura tAntrika sAdhanAe~ jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM praviSTa ho giiN| aneka hindU deva-deviyA~ prakArAntara meM jainadharma evaM bauddhadharma meM svIkAra kara lI giiN| jainadharma meM yakSa-yakSiNiyoM evaM zAsana-devatA kI avadhAraNAe~ hindU devatAoM kA jainIkaraNa mAtra haiN| aneka hindU deviyA~ jaise- kAlI, mahAkAlI, jvAlAmAlinI, ambikA, cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, siddhAyikA tIrthaGkaroM kI zAsana-rakSaka deviyoM ke rUpa meM jainadharma kA aMga bana gii| isI prakAra zruta-devatA ke rUpa meM sarasvatI aura sampatti pradAtA ke rUpa meM lakSmI kI upAsanA bhI jainadharma meM bhI hone lagI aura hindU-paramparA kA gaNeza pArzva-yakSa ke rUpa meM lokamaMgala kA devatA bana gyaa| vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se jaina mandiroM meM bhI aba yajJa hone lage aura pUjA-vidhAna meM hindU devatAoM kI taraha tIrthaGkaroM kA bhI AhvAna evaM visarjana kiyA jAne lgaa| hinduoM kI pUjA-vidhi ko bhI mantroM meM kucha zAbdika parivartanoM ke sAtha jainoM ne svIkAra kara liyaa| isa sabakI vistRta carcA Age kI gaI hai| isa prakAra jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM tapa,dhyAna aura samAdhi kI sAdhanA gauNa hokara pUjA-vidhi-vidhAna pramukha ho gyaa| isa pArasparika prabhAva kA eka pariNAma yaha bhI huA ki jahA~ hindU paramparA meM RSabha aura buddha ko Izvara ke avatAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA, vahIM jaina paramparA meM rAma aura kRSNa ko zalAkApuruSa ke rUpa meM mAnyatA milii| isa prakAra donoM dhArAe~ ekadUsare se samanvita huiiN| Aja hameM unakI isa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ko taTastha dRSTi se spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karanA cAhiye, tAki dharmoM ke bIca jo dUriyA~ paidA kara dI gayI haiM, unheM samApta kiyA jA sake aura unakI nikaTatA ko bhI samyak rUpa se samajhA jA ske| durbhAgya se isa deza meM videzI tattvoM ke dvArA na kevala hindU aura musalamAnoM ke bIca, apitu jaina, bauddha, hindU aura sikkhoM,jo ki bRhad bhAratIya paramparA ke hI aMga haiM, ke bIca bhI khAiyA~ khodane kA kArya kiyA jAtA rahA hai aura sAmAnya rUpa se yaha prasArita kiyA jAtA rahA hai ki jaina aura bauddhadharma na kevala svatantra dharma haiM, apit ve vaidika hindU-paramparA ke virodhI bhI haiN| sAmAnyatayA jaina aura bauddhadharma ko vaidika dharma ke prati eka vidroha ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA jAtA hai| yaha satya hai ki vaidika aura zramaNa

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA 13 paramparAoM meM kucha mUla-bhUta praznoM ko lekara spaSTa matabheda haiN| yaha bhI satya hai ki jainabauddha paramparA ne vaidika paramparA kI una vikRtiyoM kA, jo karmakANDa, purohitavAda, jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa varga ke dvArA nimna vargoM ke dhArmika zoSaNa ke rUpa meM ubhara rahI thIM, khulakara virodha kiyA, kintu hameM use vidroha ke rUpa meM nahIM apitu bhAratIya saMskRti ke pariSkAra ke rUpa meM hI samajhanA hogaa| jaina aura bauddha dharmoM ne bhAratIya saMskRti meM A rahI vikRtiyoM kA parizodhana kara use svastha banAne hetu eka cikitsaka kA kArya kiyA hai| kintu smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki cikitsaka kabhI bhI zatru nahIM hotA,mitra hI hotA hai| durbhAgya se pAzcAtya cintakoM ke prabhAva se bhAratIya cintaka aura kisI sImA taka kucha jaina aura bauddha cintaka bhI yaha mAnane lage haiM ki jainadharma aura vaidika (hindU) dharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiM, kintu yaha eka bhrAnta avadhAraNA hai| cAhe apane mUla rUpa meM vaidika evaM zramaNa saMskRti pravartaka aura nivartaka dharma-paramparAoM ke rUpa meM bhinna-bhinna rahI hoM, kintu Aja na to hindU-paramparA hI usa artha meM pUrNata: vaidika hai aura na hI jaina-bauddha paramparA pUrNata: shrmnn| Aja cAhe hindU dharma ho athavA jaina aura bauddha dharma hoM, ye sabhI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvita rUpa haiN| yaha bAta alaga hai ki unameM pravRtti aura nivRtti meM se koI eka pakSa abhI bhI pramukha hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki jahA~ jainadharma Aja bhI nivRttipradhAna hai vahA~ hindU dharma prvRttiprdhaan| phira bhI yaha mAnanA ucita hogA ki ye donoM dharma pravRtti aura nivRtti ke samanvaya se hI nirmita hue haiN| jainadharma ke anusAra bhI bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne dIkSita hone ke pUrva pravRttimArga arthAt parivAra dharma, samAja dharma, rAjya dharma Adi kA upadeza diyA thaa| pUrva meM yaha spaSTa kiyA jA cukA hai ki isa samanvaya kA prathama prayatna hameM 'IzAvAsyopaniSad' meM spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotA hai| ata: Aja jahA~ upaniSadoM ko prAcIna zramaNa-paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazkatA hai, vahIM jaina aura bauddha paramparA ko bhI aupaniSadika paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazkatA hai| jisa prakAra vAsanA aura viveka, preya aura zreya, paraspara bhinna-bhinna hokara bhI mAnava vyaktitva ke hI aMga haiM usI prakAra nivRttipradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRttipradhAna vaidikadhArA donoM bhAratIya saMskRti ke hI aMga haiM / vastuta: koI bhI saMskRti aikAntika nivRtti yA aikAntika pravRtti ke AdhAra para pratiSThita nahIM ho sakatI hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ bhAratIya saMskRti kA vaise hI abhinna aMga haiM, jaise hinduu-prmpraa| yadi aupaniSadikadhArA ko vaidikadhArA se bhinna hote hue bhI vaidika yA hindU-paramparA kA abhinna aMga mAnA jAtA hai to phira jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ko usakA abhinna aMga kyoM nahIM mAnA jA sakatA? yadi sAMkhya aura mImAMsaka anIzvaravAdI hote hue bhI Aja hindUdharma-darzana ke aMga mAne jAte haiM, to phira jaina va bauddha dharma ko anIzvaravAdI kahakara usase kaise bhinna kiyA jA sakatA hai? vastuta:hindU koI eka dharma aura darzana na hokara, eka vyApaka paramparA kA

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14 sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa nAma hai yA kaheM ki vaha vibhinna vaicArika evaM sAdhanAtmaka paramparAoM kA samUha hai| usameM IzvaravAda-anIzvaravAda, dvaitavAda-advaitavAda, pravRtti-nivRtti, jJAna-karma sabhI kucha to samAhita hai| usameM prakRti-pUjA jaise dharma ke prArambhika lakSaNoM se lekara advaita kI ucca gaharAiyA~ taka sabhI kucha to usameM sanniviSTa haiN| ata: hindU usa artha meM koI eka dharma nahIM hai jaise yahUdI, IsAI yA muslmaan| hindU eka saMzliSTa paramparA hai, eka sAMskRtika dhArA hai jisameM aneka dhArAe~ samAhita haiN| ata: jaina aura bauddha dharma ko hinda paramparA se nitAnta bhinna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaina aura bauddha bhI usI adhyAtma-pakSa ke anuyAyI haiM jisake aupaniSadika RSi the| unakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ke dalita varga ke utthAna tathA janmanA jAtivAda, karmakANDa va purohitavAda se mukti kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| unhoMne usa dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA jo janasAmAnya kA dharma thA aura jise karmakANDoM kI apekSA naitika sadguNoM para adhiSThita kiyA gayA thaa| unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ko purohita varga ke dhArmika zoSaNa se mukta kiyaa| ve videzI nahIM haiM, isI mATI kI santAna haiM, ve zata-pratizata bhAratIya haiN| jaina, bauddha aura aupaniSadikadhArA kisI eka hI mUla strota ke vikAsa haiM aura Aja unheM usI pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| bhAratIya dharmoM, vizeSarUpa se aupaniSadika, bauddha aura jaina dharmoM kI jisa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ke adhyayana kI Aja vizeSa AvazyakatA hai, use samajhane meM prAcIna stara ke jaina Agama yathA- 'AcArAMga', 'satrakRtAMga', 'RSibhASita' aura 'uttarAdhyayana' Adi hamAre dizA-nirdezaka siddha ho sakate haiN| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki ina granthoM ke adhyayana se bhAratIya vidyA ke adhyetAoM ko eka naI dizA milegI aura yaha mithyA vizvAsa dUra ho jAegA ki jainadharma, bauddhadharma aura hindUdharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiN| AcArAMga meM hameM aise aneka sUtra upalabdha hote haiM jo apane bhAva, zabda-yojanA aura bhASA-zailI kI dRSTi se aupaniSadika sUtroM ke nikaTa haiN| 'AcArAMga' meM Atma ke svarUpa ke sandarbha meM jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai vaha 'mANDUkyopaniSad' se yathAvat milatA hai| 'AcArAMga' meM zramaNa aura brAhmaNa kA ullekha paraspara pratispardhiyoM ke rUpa meM nahIM, apitu sahagAmiyoM ke rUpa meM milatA hai| cAhe 'AcArAMga', 'uttarAdhyayana' Adi jainAgama hiMsaka yajJIya karmakANDa kA niSedha karate hoM, kintu ve brAhmaNoM ko bhI usI naitika evaM AdhyAtmika patha kA anugAmI mAnate haiM jisa patha para zramaNa cala rahe the| unakI dRSTi meM brAhmaNa vaha hai jo sadAcAra kA jIvanta pratIka hai| unameM aneka sthaloM para zramaNoM aura brAhmaNoM (samaNA-mAhaNA) kA sAtha-sAtha ullekha huA hai| isI prakAra 'sUtrakRtAMga' meM yadyapi tatkAlIna dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA hai kintu unake sAtha hI usameM aupaniSadika yuga ke aneka RSiyoM yathA-videhanami, bAhuka,

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA 15 agnitadevala, dvaipAyana, pArAzara Adi kA samAdarapUrvaka ullekha bhI huA hai / 'sUtrakRtAMga' spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai ki ina RSiyoM ke AcAra niyama usakI AcAra paramparA se bhinna the, phira bhI vaha unheM apanI arhat paramparA kA hI pUjya puruSa mAnatA hai| vaha unakA mahApuruSa aura tapodhana ke rUpa meM ullekha karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki unhoMne siddhi arthAt jIvana ke carama sAdhya mokSa ko prApta kara liyA thA / ' sUtrakRtAMga' kI dRSTi meM ye RSigaNa bhinna AcArara-mArga kA pAlana karate hue bhI usakI apanI hI paramparA ke RSi the| 'sUtrakRtAMga' meM ina RSiyoM ko mahApuruSa, tapodhana evaM siddhi prApta kahanA tathA 'uttarAdhyayana' meM anya liMga siddhoM kA astitva mAnanA yahI sUcita karatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM jaina paramparA atyanta udAra thI aura vaha mAnatI thI ki mukti kA adhikAra kevala usake AcAra niyamoM kA pAlana karanavAle ko hI nahIM hai, apitu bhinna AcAra-mArga kA pAlana karanevAlA bhI mukti kA adhikArI ho sakatA hai, zarta kevala eka hI hai usakA citta viSaya-vAsanAoM evaM rAga-dveSa se rahita aura samatA bhAva se vAsita hoN| isI sandarbha meM yahA~ 'RSibhASita' (isibhAsiyAI) kA ullekha karanA bhI Avazyaka hai, jo jaina Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha ( I0pU0 cauthI zatI) hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kA nirmANa usa samaya huA hogA, jaba jainadharma eka sampradAya ke rUpa meM vikasita nahIM huA thaa| isa grantha meM nArada, asitadevala, aMgirasa, pArAzara, aruNa, nArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, uddAlaka, vidura, sAriputta, mahAkazyapa, maMkhaligozAla, saMjaya (veliThThiputta) Adi paiMtAlisa RSiyoM kA ullekha hai aura ina sabhI ko arhat RSi, buddha RSi yA brAhmaNa RSi kahA gayA hai| 'RSibhASita' meM inake AdhyAtmika aura naitika upadezoM kA saMkalana hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kI racanA isa tathya kA spaSTa saMketa hai ki aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI paramparA aura jaina - paramparA kA udgama strota eka hI hai| yaha grantha na kevala jainadharma kI dhArmika udAratA kA sUcaka hai, apitu yaha bhI batAtA hai ki sabhI bhAratIya AdhyAtmika paramparAoM kA mUla srota eka hI hai| aupaniSadika, bauddha, jaina, AjIvaka, sAMkhya, yoga Adi sabhI usI mUla srota se nikalI huI dhArAe~ haiN| jisa prakAra jainadharma ke 'RSibhASita' meM vibhinna paramparAoM ke RSiyoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM, usI prakAra bauddha paramparA kI 'theragAthA' meM bhI vibhinna paramparAoM ke sthaviroM ke upadeza saMkalita haiN| usameM bhI aneka aupaniSadika evaM anya zramaNa paramparA ke AcAryoM ke ullekha haiM jinameM eka vardhamAna (mahAvIra) bhI haiN| ye sabhI ullekha isa tathya ke sUcaka haiM ki bhAratIya cintanadhArA prAcInakAla se hI udAra aura sahiSNu rahI hai aura usakI pratyeka dhArA meM yahI udAratA aura sahiSNutA pravAhita hotI rahI hai| Aja jaba hama sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM meM jakar3akara paraspara saMgharSoM meM ulajha gaye haiM, ina dhArAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hameM eka nayI dRSTi pradAna kara sakatA hai| yadi bhAratIya sAMskRtika cintana kI ina dhArAoM ko eka-dUsare se

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16 sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa alaga kara dekhane kA prayatna kiyA jAyagA to hama unheM samyak rUpa se samajhane meM saphala nahIM ho skeNge| jisa prakAra uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita' aura 'AcArAMga' ko samajhane ke lie aupaniSadika sAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai / usI prakAra upaniSadoM aura bauddha sAhitya ko bhI jaina paramparA ke adhyayana ke abhAva meM samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| Aja sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara taTastha evaM tulanAtmaka rUpa se satya kA anveSaNa hI eka aisA vikalpa hai, jo sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se grasta mAnava ko mukti dilA sakatA hai aura bhAratIya dharmoM kI pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ko spaSTa kara sakatA hai| jainadharma kA vaidikadharma ko avadAna aupaniSadika kAla yA mahAvIra - yuga kI sabase pramukha samasyA yaha thI ki usa yuga meM aneka paramparAe~ apane ekAMgI dRSTikoNa ko hI pUrNa satya samajhakara paraspara eka-dUsare ke virodha meM khar3I thiiN| usa yuga meM cAra pramukha varga the 1. kriyAvAdI, 2. akriyAvAdI, 3. vinayavAdI aura 4. ajJAnavAdI / mahAvIra ne sarvaprathama unameM samanvaya karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| prathama kriyAvAdI dRSTikoNa AcAra ke bAhya pakSoM para adhika bala detA thaa| vaha karmakANDaparaka thaa| bauddha paramparA meM isa dhAraNA ko zIlavrata parAmarza kahA gayA hai| dUsarA akriyAvAda thaa| akriyAvAda ke tAttvika AdhAra yA to vibhinna niyativAdI dRSTikoNa the yA AtmA ko kUTastha evaM akartA mAnane kI dArzanika avadhAraNA ke poSaka the| ye paramparAe~ jJAnamArga kI pratipAdaka thIM / jahA~ kriyAvAda ke anusAra karma yA AcaraNa hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva thA, vahA~ akriyAvAda ke anusAra jJAna hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva thaa| kriyAvAda karmamArga kA pratipAdaka thA aura akriyAvAda jJAnamArga kA pratipAdaka / karmamArga aura jJAnamArga ke atirikta tIsarI paramparA ajJAnavAdiyoM kI thI jo atIndriya evaM pAralaukika mAnyatAoM ko 'ajJeya' svIkAra karatI thI / isakA darzana rahasyavAda aura sandehavAda ina do rUpoM meM vibhAjita thaa| ina tInoM paramparAoM ke atirikta cauthI paramparA vinayavAda kI thI jise bhaktimArga kA prArambhika rUpa mAnA jAtA hai| vinayavAda bhaktimArga kA hI aparanAma thaa| isa prakAra usa yuga meM jJAnamArga, karmamArga, bhaktimArga aura ajJeyavAda (sandehavAda) kI paramparAe~ alagaalaga rUpa meM pratiSThita thiiN| mahAvIra ne apane anekAntavAdI dRSTikoNa ke dvArA inameM samanvaya khojane kA prayAsa kiyaa| sarvaprathama unhoMne samyagdarzana, samyak - jJAna aura samyak cAritra ke rUpa meM trividha mokSamArga kA eka aisA siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA jisameM jJAnavAdI, karmavAdI aura bhaktimArgI paramparAoM kA samucita samanvaya thaa| isa prakAra mahAvIra evaM jaina-darzana kA prathama prayAsa jJAnamArgIya, karmamArgIya, vibhinna bhaktimArgI, tApasa Adi ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM ke madhya samanvaya sthApita karanA thA / yadyapi 'gItA' meM jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura bhaktiyoga kI carcA huI hai kintu vahA~ inameM se pratyeka ko mokSa

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA . mArga mAna liyA gayA hai| jabaki jaina dharma meM inake samanvita ke rUpa ko mokSa mArga kahA gyaa| jainadharma ne na kevala vaidika RSiyoM dvArA pratipAdita yajJa-yAga kI paramparA kA virodha kiyA, varan zramaNa paramparA ke deha-daNDana kI tapasyAtmaka praNAlI kA bhI virodha kiyaa| sambhavata: mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzva ke kAla taka dharma kA sambandha bAhya tathyoM se hI jor3A gayA thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki brAhmaNa-varga yajJa-yAga ke kriyAkANDoM meM hI dharma kI iti zrI mAna letA thaa| sambhavataH jaina paramparA meM mahAvIra ke pUrvavartI tIrthaGkara pArzvanAtha ne AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM bAhya pahala ke sthAna para usake Antarika pahala para bala diyA thA aura pariNAmasvarUpa zramaNa paramparAoM meM bhI bauddha Adi kucha dharma paramparAoM ne isa Antarika pahalU para adhika bala denA prArambha kara diyA thaa| lekina mahAvIra ke yuga taka dharma evaM sAdhanA kA yaha bAhyamukhI dRSTikoNa pUrI taraha samApta nahIM ho pAyA thA, varan brAhmaNa paramparA meM to yajJa, zrAddhAdi ke rUpa meM vaha adhika prasAra pA gayA thaa| dUsarI ora jina vicArakoM ne sAdhanA ke Antarika pakSa para bala denA prArambha kiyA thA, unhoMne usake bAhya pakSa kI pUrI taraha avahelanA karanA prArambha kara diyA thA, pariNAmasvarUpa ve bhI eka ati kI ora jAkara ekAMgI bana ge| ata: mahAvIra ne donoM hI pakSoM meM samanvaya sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA aura yaha batAyA ki dharma-sAdhanA kA sambandha sampUrNa jIvana se hai| usameM AcaraNa ke bAhya pakSa ke rUpa meM kriyA kA jo sthAna hai, usase bhI adhika sthAna AcaraNa ke Antarika preraka kA hai| isa prakAra unhoMne dhArmika jIvana meM AcaraNa ke preraka aura AcaraNa ke pariNAma donoM para hI bala diyaa| unhoMne jJAna aura kriyA ke bIca samanvaya sthApita kiyaa| 'narasiMhapurANa' (61/9/11) meM bhI 'Avazyakaniyukti' (pRSTha, 15-17) ke samAna hI jJAna aura kriyA ke samanvaya ko aneka rUpakoM se varNita kiyA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaina paramparA ke isa cintana ne hindU paramparA ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| mAnava mAtra kI samAnatA kA udghoSa usa yuga kI sAmAjika samasyAoM meM varNa-vyavasthA eka mahattvapUrNa samasyA thii| varNa kA AdhAra karma aura svabhAva ko chor3a. janma mAna liyA gayA thaa| pariNAmasvarUpa varNa-vyavasthA vikRta ho gayI thI aura U~ca-nIca kA bheda ho gayA thA jisake kAraNa sAmAjika svAsthya viSamatA ke jvara se AkrAnta thaa| jaina vicAradhArA ne janmanA jAtivAda kA virodha kiyA aura samasta mAnavoM kI samAnatA kA udghoSa kiyaa| eka ora usane harikezIbala jaise nimna kulotpanna ko, to dUsarI ora gautama jaise brAhmaNa kulotpanna sAdhaka ko apane sAdhanA-mArga meM samAna rUpa se dIkSita kiyaa| kevala jAtigata vibheda hI nahIM varan Arthika vibheda bhI samAnatA kI dRSTi se jaina vicAradhArA ke sAmane koI mUlya nahIM rkhtaa| jahA~ eka ora magadha-samrATa to dUsarI ora puNiyA jaise

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18 sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa nirdhana zrAvaka bhI usakI dRSTi meM samAna the| isa prakAra usane jAtigata yA Arthika AdhAra para U~ca-nIca kA bheda asvIkAra kara mAnava mAtra kI samAnatA para bala diyaa| isakA prabhAva hindUdharma para bhI par3A aura usameM bhI guptakAla ke pazcAt bhaktiyuga meM varNa-vyavasthA aura brAhmaNa varga kI zreSThatA kA virodha huaa| vaise to mahAbhArata ke racanAkAla (lagabhaga cauthI zatI) se hI yaha prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| IzvarIya dAsatA se mukti aura mAnava ko svatantratA kA udghoSa usa yuga kI dUsarI samasyA yaha thI ki mAnavIya svatantratA kA mUlya logoM kI dRSTi meM kama A~kA jAne lagA thaa| eka ora IzvaravAdI dhArAe~ to dUsarI ora kAlavAdI evaM niyativAdI dhAraNAe~ mAnavIya svatantratA ko asvIkAra karane lagI thiiN| jaina darzana ne isa kaThinAI ko samajhA aura mAnavIya svatantratA kI puna: prANa-pratiSThA kii| usane yaha udghoSa kiyA ki na to Izvara aura na anya zaktiyA~ mAnava kI nirdhAraka haiM, varan manuSya svayaM hI apanA nirmAtA hai| isa prakAra usane manuSya ko IzvaravAda kI usa dhAraNA se mukti dilAI jo mAnavIya svatantratA kA apaharaNa kara rahI thI aura yaha pratipAdita kiyA ki mAnavIya svatantratA meM niSThA hI dharma-darzana kA saccA AdhAra bana sakatI hai| jainoM kI isa avadhAraNA kA prabhAva hindUdharma para utanA adhika nahIM par3A, jitanA apekSita thA, phira bhI IzvaravAda kI svIkRti ke sAtha-sAtha mAnava kI zreSThatA ke svara to mukharita hue hI the| rur3hivAda se mukti ... jainadharma ne rur3hivAda se bhI mAnava-jAti ko mukta kiyaa| usane usa yuga kI aneka rur3hiyoM jaise- pazu-yajJa, zrAddha, purohitavAda Adi se mAnava-samAja ko mukta karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA aura isaliye ina sabakA khulA virodha bhI kiyaa| brAhmaNa-varga ne apane ko Izvara kA pratinidhi batAkara sAmAjika zoSaNa kA jo silasilA prArambha kiyA thA, use samApta karane ke liye jaina evaM bauddha paramparAoM ne prayAsa kiyaa| jaina aura bauddha AcAryoM ne sabase mahattvapUrNa kAma yaha kiyA ki unhoMne yajJAdi pratyayoM ko naI paribhASAe~ pradAna kii| yahA~ jainadharma ke dvArA prastuta brAhmaNa, yajJa Adi kI kucha naI paribhASAe~ dI jA rahI haiN| brAhmaNa kA nayA artha ___ jaina paramparA ne sadAcaraNa ko hI mAnavIya jIvana meM uccatA aura nimnatA kA pratimAna mAnA aura use hI brAhmaNatva kA AdhAra btaayaa| 'uttarAdhyayana' ke paccIsaveM adhyAya evaM 'dhammapada' ke brAhmaNa varga nAmaka adhyAya meM saccA brAhmaNa kauna hai? isakA savistAra vivecana upalabdha hai| vistAra bhaya se usakI samagra carcA meM na jAkara kevala eka do padyoM ko prastuta kara hI virAma leNge| 'uttarAdhyayana' meM batAyA gayA hai ki 'jo jala meM utpanna hue kamala ke samAna bhogoM meM utpanna hote hue bhI bhogoM meM lipta nahIM rahatA, vahI saccA brAhmaNa hai| jo rAga, dveSa aura bhaya se mukta hokara antara meM vizuddha

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA 19 hai, vahI saccA brAhmaNa hai| 'dhammapada' meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki jaise kamalapatra pAnI se alipta hotA hai, jaise Are kI noka para sarasoM kA dAnA hotA hai, vaise hI jo kAmoM meM lipta nahIM hotA, jisane apane duHkhoM ke bhaya ko yahIM para dekha liyA hai, jisane janma-maraNa ke bhAra ko utAra diyA hai, jo sarvathA anAsakta hai, jo medhAvI hai, sthitaprajJa hai, jo sanmArga tathA kumArga ko jAnane meM kuzala hai aura jo nirvANa kI uttama sthiti ko pahu~ca cukA hai use hI maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina evaM bauddha donoM paramparAoM ne hI brAhmaNatva kI zreSThatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI brAhmaNa kI eka naI paribhASA prastuta kI, jo zramaNa paramparA ke anukUla thii| phalataH na kevala jaina paramparA evaM bauddha paramparA meM, varan hindU paramparA ke mahAn grantha 'mahAbhArata' meM bhI brAhmaNatva kI yahI paribhASA dI gaI hai| jaina paramparA ke 'uttarAdhyayana', bauddha paramparA ke 'dhammapada' aura 'mahAbhArata' ke zAntiparva meM sacce brAhmaNa ke svarUpa kA jo vivaraNa milatA hai, vaha na kevala vaicArika sAmyatA rakhatA hai, varan usameM zAbdika sAmyatA bhI bahuta adhika hai jo ki tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai aura ina paramparAoM ke pArasparika prabhAva ko spaSTa karatA hai| yajJa kA AdhyAtmika artha jisa prakAra brAhmaNa kI naI paribhASA prastuta kI gaI usI prakAra yajJa ko bhI eka nae artha meM paribhASita kiyA gyaa| mahAvIra ne na kevala hiMsaka yajJoM ke virodha meM apanA mantavya prastuta kiyA, varan unhoMne yajJa kI AdhyAtmika evaM tapasyAparaka naI paribhASA bhI prastuta kI / 'uttarAdhyayana' meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA savistAra vivecana hai| batAyA gayA hai ki "tapa agni hai, jIvAtmA agnikuNDa hai, mana, vacana aura kAyA kI pravRttiyA~ hI kalachI (cammaca) haiM aura karmoM (pApoM) kA naSTa karanA hI Ahuti hai, yahI yajJa saMyama se yukta hone se zAntidAyaka aura sukhakAraka hai| RSiyoM ne aise hI yajJa kI prazaMsA kI hai|" 3.. 3. phalataH na kevala jaina-paramparA meM varan bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM bhI yajJa-yAga ke bAhya pakSa kA khaNDana aura usake AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA citraNa upalabdha hotA hai| buddha ne bhI AdhyAtmika yajJa ke svarUpa kA citraNa lagabhaga usI rUpa meM kiyA hai jisa rUpa meM usakA vivecana uttarAdhyayana meM kiyA gayA hai| 'aMguttaranikAya' meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA varNana karate hue buddha kahate haiM ki he brAhmaNa ! ye tIna agniyA~ tyAga karane aura parivartana karane ke yogya haiM, unakA sevana nahIM karanA cAhiye / he brAhmaNa ! ina tIna agniyoM kA satkAra kareM, inheM sammAna pradAna kareM, inakI pUjA aura paricaryA bhalIbhA~ti sukha se kreN| ye agniyA~ kauna-sI haiM, AhvAnIyAgni (Ahaneyyaggi), gArhapatyAgni (gahapattaggi) aura dakSiNAgni (dkkhinnaayyggi)| mA~-bApa ko AhvAnIyAgni samajhanA cAhiye aura satkAra se unakI pUjA karanI caahiye| zramaNa-brAhmaNoM ko dakSiNAgni samajhanA cAhiye aura satkArapUrvaka unakI pUjA karanI caahiye| he brAhmaNa ! yaha lakar3iyoM kI agni to kabhI

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20 sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa jalAnI par3atI hai, kabhI upekSA karanI par3atI hai aura kabhI use bujhAnI par3atI hai, kintu ye agniyA~ to sadaiva aura sarvatra pUjanIya haiN| isI prakAra buddha ne bhI hiMsaka yajJoM ke sthAna para yajJa ke AdhyAtmika evaM sAmAjika svarUpa ko prakaTa kiyaa| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne sacce yajJa kA artha sAmAjika jIvana meM sahayoga karanA btaayaa| zramaNadhArA ke isa dRSTikoNa ke samAna hI upaniSadoM evaM gItA meM bhI yajJa-yAga kI nindA kI gayI hai aura yajJa kI sAmAjika evaM AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vivecanA kI gaI hai| sAmAjika sandarbha meM yajJa kA artha samAja-sevA mAnA gayA hai| niSkAmabhAva se samAja kI sevA karanA 'gItA' meM yajJa kA sAmAjika pahalU thaa| dUsarI ora gItA meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA vivecana bhI kiyA gayA hai| gItAkAra kahatA hai ki yogIjana saMyamarUpa agni meM zrotrAdi indriyoM kA havana karate haiM athavA indriyoM ke viSayoM kA indriyoM meM havana karate haiM, dUsare kucha sAdhaka indriyoM ke sampUrNa karmoM ko aura zarIra ke bhItara rahanevAlA vAyu jo prANa kahalAtA hai, usake saMkucita hone', 'phailane' Adi karmoM ko jJAna se prakAzita haI Atma-saMyamarUpa yogAgni meM havana karate haiN| ghRtAdi cikanI vastu se prajjvalita huI agni kI bhA~ti viveka-vijJAna se ujjvalatA ko prApta huI (dhAraNA-dhyAna samAdhi rUpa) usa Atma-saMyama-yogAgni meM (prANa aura indriyoM ke karmoM ko) vilIna kara dete haiN| isa prakAra jainadharma meM yajJa ke jisa AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, usakA anumodana bauddha paramparA aura vaidika paramparA meM huA hai| yahI zramaNa paramparA kA hindU-paramparA ko mukhya avadAna thaa| snAna Adi karmakANDoM ke prati AdhyAtmika dRSTikoNa jaina vicArakoM ne bAhya karmakANDa sambandhI vicAroM ko bhI naI dRSTi pradAna kii| bAhya zauca yA snAna jo ki usa samaya dharma aura upAsanA kA eka mukhya rUpa mAna liyA gayA thA, ko bhI eka nayA AdhyAtmika svarUpa pradAna kiyA gyaa| 'uttarAdhyayana' meM kahA gayA hai ki dharma jalAzaya hai aura brahmacarya ghATa (tIrtha) hai, usameM snAna karane se AtmA zAnta, nirmala aura zuddha ho jAtI hai| isI prakAra bauddha darzana meM bhI sacce snAna kA artha mana,vANI aura kAyA se sadguNoM kA sampAdana mAnA gayA hai| na kevala jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM varan vaidika paramparA meM bhI yaha vicAra prabala ho gayA ki yathArtha zuddhi AtmA ke sadguNoM ke vikAsa meM nihita hai| isa prakAra zramaNoM ke isa cintana kA prabhAva vaidika yA hindU paramparA para bhI huaa| isI prakAra brAhmaNoM ko dI jAnevAlI dakSiNA ke prati eka naI dRSTi pradAna kI gaI aura yaha batAyA gayA ki dAna kI apekSA, saMyama hI zreSTha hai| 'uttarAdhyayana' meM kahA gayA hai ki pratimAsa sahasroM gAyoM kA dAna karane kI apekSA bhI jo bAhya rUpa se dAna nahIM karatA varan saMyama kA pAlana karatA hai,usa vyakti kA saMyama hI adhika zreSTha hai| 'dhammapada' meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki eka tarapha manuSya yadi varSoM taka hajAroM kI dakSiNA dekara pratimAsa yajJa karatA jAya aura dUsarI tarapha yadi vaha puNyAtmA kI kSaNa bhara bhI sevA kare

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA 21 to yaha sevA kahIM uttama hai, na ki sau varSoM taka kiyA huA yajJa / ' isa prakAra jainadharma ne tatkAlIna karmakANDAtmaka mAnyatAoM ko eka naI dRSTi pradAna kI aura unheM AdhyAtmika svarUpa diyA, sAtha hI dharma - sAdhanA kA jo bahirmukhI dRSTikoNa thA, use AdhyAtmika saMsparza dvArA antarmukhI bnaayaa| isase usa yuga ke vaidika cintana meM eka krAntikArI parivartana upasthita huaa| isa prakAra vaidika saMskRti ko rUpAntarita karane kA zreya sAmAnya rUpa se zramaNa paramparA ko aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina - paramparA ko hai / arhat RSi paramparA kA sauhArdapUrNa itihAsa prAkRta sAhitya meM 'RSibhASita' (isibhAsiyAI) aura pAli sAhitya meM 'theragAthA' aise grantha haiM jo isa tathya kI puSTi karate haiM ki ati prAcInakAla meM AcAra aura vicAragata vibhinnatAoM ke hote hue bhI arhat RSiyoM kI samRddha paramparA thI, jinameM pArasparika sauhArda thaa| 'RSibhASita' jo ki prAkRta jaina AgamoM aura bauddha pAlipiTakoM meM apekSAkRta rUpa se prAcIna hai aura jo kisI samaya jaina paramparA kA mahattvapUrNa grantha mAnA jAtA thA, yaha adhyAtmapradhAna zramaNadhArA ke pArasparika sauhArda aura ekarUpatA ko sUcita karatA hai| yaha grantha AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke pazcAt tathA zeSa sabhI prAkRta aura pAli sAhitya ke pUrva I0 pU0 lagabhaga caturtha zatAbdI meM nirmita huA hai| isa grantha meM nirgrantha, bauddha, aupaniSadika evaM AjIvaka Adi anya zramaNa paramparAoM ke 45 arhat RSiyoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiN| isI prakAra bauddha paramparA ke grantha theragAthA meM bhI zramaNadhArA ke vibhinna RSiyoM ke upadeza evaM AdhyAtmika anubhUtiyA~ saMkalita haiN| aitihAsika evaM anAgrahI dRSTi se adhyayana karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki na to 'RSibhAsita' (isibhAsiyAiM) ke sabhI RSi jaina paramparA ke haiM aura na theragAthA ke sabhI thera (sthavira) bauddha paramparA ke haiN| jahA~ 'RSibhASita' meM sAriputra, vAtsIputra ( vajjIputta) aura mahAkAzyapa bauddha paramparA ke haiM, vahIM uddAlaka, yAjJavalkya, aruNa, asitadevala, nArada, dvaipAyana, aMgirasa, bhAradvAja Adi aupaniSadika dhArA se sambandhita haiM, to saMjaya (saMjaya velaTThiputta), maMkhalI gozAlaka, rAmaputta Adi anya svatantra zramaNa paramparAoM se sambandhita haiM / isI prakAra 'theragAthA' meM varddhamAna Adi jainadhArA ke, to nArada Adi aupaniSadika dhArA ke RSiyoM kI svAnubhUti saMkalita hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki zramaNadhArA kA janma vaidikadhArA kI pratikriyA ke rUpa meM huA, kintu isameM mAtra AMzika satyatA hai| yaha sahI hai ki vaidikadhArA pravRttimArgI thI aura zramaNadhArA nivRttimArgI / inake bIca vAsanA aura viveka athavA bhoga aura tyAga ke jIvana mUlyoM kA saMgharSa thA / kintu aitihAsika dRSTi se to zramaNa-dhArA kA udbhava, mAnava vyaktitva ke parizodhana evaM naitika tathA AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke pratisthApana kA hI prayatna thA, jisameM zramaNa-brAhmaNa sabhI sahabhAgI bane the| 'RSibhASita' meM ina RSiyoM ko arhat kahanA aura 'sUtrakRtAMga' meM inheM apanI paramparA se sammata mAnanA,

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sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa prAcInakAla meM ina RSiyoM kI paramparA ke bIca pArasparika sauhArda kA hI sUcaka hai| nimrantha paramparA kA itihAsa lagabhaga I0pU0 sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI kA yuga eka aisA yuga thA jaba janasamAja ina sabhI zramaNoM, tapasviyoM, yoga-sAdhakoM evaM cintakoM ke upadezoM ko AdarapUrvaka sunatA thA aura apane jIvana ko AdhyAtmika evaM naitika sAdhanA se jor3atA thaa| phira bhI vaha kisI varga-vizeSa yA vyakti-vizeSa se baMdhA huA nahIM thaa| dUsare zabdoM meM usa yuga meM dharma paramparAoM yA dhArmika sampradAyoM kA udbhava nahIM huA thaa| kramaza: ina zramaNoM, sAdhakoM evaM cintakoM ke AsapAsa ziSyoM, upAsakoM evaM zraddhAluoM kA eka vartula khar3A huaa| ziSyoM evaM praziSyoM kI paramparA calI aura unakI alaga-alaga pahacAna banane lgii| isI krama meM nirgrantha paramparA kA udbhava huaa| jahA~ pArzva kI paramparA ke zramaNa apane ko pAzrthApatya-nimrantha kahane lage, vahIM varddhamAna mahAvIra ke zramaNa apane ko jJAtraputrIya nirgrantha kahane lge| siddhArtha gautama buddha kA bhikSu saMgha zAkyaputrIya zramaNa ke nAma se pahacAnA jAne lgaa| pArzva aura mahAvIra kI ekIkRta paramparA nirgrantha ke nAma se jAnI jAne lgii| jaina dharma kA prAcIna nAma hameM nirgrantha dharma ke rUpa meM hI milatA hai| jaina zabda to mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa bAda astitva meM AyA hai| azoka (I0 pU0 tRtIya zatAbdI), khAravela (I0pU0 dvitIya zatAbdI) Adi ke zilAlekhoM meM jainadharma kA ullekha nimrantha saMgha ke rUpa meM hI huA hai| pArzva evaM mahAvIra kI paramparA ___'RSibhASita', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'sUtrakRtAMga' Adi se jJAta hotA hai ki pahale nimrantha dharma meM nami, bAhaka, kapila, nArAyaNa (tArAyaNa), aMgirasa, bhAradvAja, nArada Adi RSiyoM ko bhI, jo ki vastuta: usakI paramparA ke nahIM the, atyanta sammAnapUrNa sthAna prApta thaa| pArzva aura mahAvIra ke samAna inheM bhI arhat kahA gayA thA, kintu jaba nirgrantha sampradAya pArzva aura mahAvIra ke prati kendrita hone lagA, to inheM pratyekabuddha ke rUpa meM sammAnajanaka sthAna to diyA gayA, kintu aparokSa rUpa se apanI paramparA se pRthak mAna liyA gyaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki I0pU0 pA~cavIM zatI meM nirgrantha saMgha pArzva aura mahAvIra kI paramparA taka sImita ho gyaa| yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki prArambha meM mahAvIra aura pArzva kI paramparAe~ bhI pRthak-pRthak hI thiiN| yadyapi uttarAdhyayana evaM bhagavatI kI sUcanAnusAra mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM hI pArzva kI paramparA ke kucha zramaNa unake vyaktitva se prabhAvita ho unake saMgha meM sammilita hue the, kintu mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM mahAvIra aura pArzva kI paramparAe~ pUrNata: ekIkRta nahIM ho skii| 'uttarAdhyayana' meM prApta ullekha se aisA lagatA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt hI zrAvastI meM mahAvIra ke pradhAna ziSya gautama aura

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA 23 pArthApatya paramparA ke tatkAlIna AcArya kezI ne paraspara milakara donoM saMghoM ke ekIkaraNa kI bhUmikA taiyAra kI thii| yadyapi Aja hamAre pAsa aisA koI bhI sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hai jisake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sake ki pArzva kI paramparA pUrNataH mahAvIra kI paramparA meM vilIna ho gayI thii| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki pApityoM kA eka bar3A bhAga mahAvIra kI paramparA meM sammilita ho gayA thA aura mahAvIra kI paramparA ne pArzva ko apanI hI paramparA ke pUrva puruSa ke rUpa meM mAnya kara liyA thaa| pArzva ke lie 'puruSAdAnIya' zabda kA prayoga isakA pramANa hai| kAlAntara meM RSabha, nami aura ariSTanemi jaise prAgaitihAsika kAla ke mahAn tIrthaMkaroM ko svIkAra karake nimrantha paramparA ne apane astitva ko ati prAcInakAlIna siddha kiyA hai| vedoM evaM vaidika paramparA ke prAcIna granthoM se itanA to nirvivAda rUpa se siddha ho jAtA hai ki vAtarasanA muniyoM evaM vrAtyoM ke rUpa meM zramaNadhArA usa yuga meM bhI jIvita thI jisake pUrva puruSa RSabha the| phira bhI Aja aitihAsika AdhAra para yaha batA pAnA kaThina hai ki RSabha kI dArzanika evaM AcAra sambandhI vistRta mAnyatAe~ kyA thIM aura ve vartamAna jaina paramparA ke kitanI nikaTa thIM, to bhI itanA nizcita hai ki RSabha saMnyAsa-mArga ke Adya pravartaka ke rUpa meM dhyAna aura tapa para adhika bala dete the| prAcIna jaina granthoM meM yaha to nirvivAda rUpa se mAna liyA gayA hai ki RSabha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samAna paMca mahAvrata rUpa dharma ke prastotA the aura unakI AcAra vyavasthA mahAvIra ke anurUpa hI thii| RSabha ke ullekha Rgveda se lekara parANoM taka meM upalabdha haiN| DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNana ne 'yajarveda' meM RSabha ke atirikta ajita aura ariSTanemi ke nAmoM kI upalabdhi kI bAta kahI hai| hindU 'purANoM' aura 'bhAgavata' meM RSabha kA jo jIvana caritra varNita hai vaha jaina paramparA ke anurUpa hai| bauddha grantha 'aMgutaranikAya' meM pUrvakAla ke sAta tIrthaMkaroM kA ullekha kiyA hai, usameM araka (ara) kA bhI ullekha hai| isI prakAra 'theragAthA' meM ajita thera kA ullekha hai, unheM pratyekabuddha kahA gayA hai| phira bhI madhyavartI 22 tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM aitihAsika sAkSya adhika nahIM haiM, unake prati hamArI AsthA kA AdhAra jaina Agama aura jaina kathA grantha hI haiN| mahAvIra aura AjIvaka paramparA ___jainadharma ke pUrva-itihAsa kI isa saMkSipta rUparekhA dene ke pazcAt jaba hama punaH mahAvIra ke kAla kI ora Ate haiM to 'kalpasUtra' evaM 'bhagavatI' meM kucha aise sUcanA sUtra milate haiM, jinake AdhAra para jJAtaputra zramaNa mahAvIra ke pApityoM ke atirikta AjIvakoM ke sAtha bhI sambandhoM kI puSTi hotI hai| jainAgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki mahAvIra ke dIkSita hone ke dUsare varSa meM hI maMkhalIputra gozAlaka unake nikaTa samparka meM AyA thA, kucha varSa

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24 sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa donoM sAtha bhI rahe kintu niyativAda aura puruSArthavAda sambandhI matabhedoM ke kAraNa donoM alaga-alaga ho gye| haramana jekobI ne to yaha kalpanA bhI kI hai ki mahAvIra kI nimrantha paramparA meM nagnatA. Adi jo AcAra-mArga kI kaThoratA hai, vaha gozAlaka kI AjIvaka paramparA kA prabhAva hai| yaha satya hai ki gozAlaka ke pUrva bhI AjIvakoM kI eka paramparA thI, jisameM arjuna Adi AcArya the| phira bhI aitihAsika sAkSya ke abhAva meM yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki kaThora sAdhanA kI yaha paramparA mahAvIra se AjIvaka paramparA meM gaI yA AjIvaka gozAlaka ke dvArA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM aaii| kyoMki isa tathya kA koI pramANa nahIM hai ki mahAvIra se alaga hone ke pazcAt gozAlaka AjIvaka paramparA se jur3A thA yA vaha prArambha meM hI AjIvaka paramparA meM dIkSita hokara mahAvIra ke pAsa AyA thaa| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI ke bAda taka bhI isa AjIvaka paramparA kA astitva rahA hai| yaha nirgranthoM evaM bauddhoM kI eka pratispardhI zramaNa paramparA thI jisake zramaNa bhI jainoM kI digambara zAkhA ke samAna nagna rahate the| jaina aura AjIvaka donoM paramparAe~ pratispardhI hokara bhI eka-dUsare ko anya paramparAoM kI apekSA adhika sammAna detI thIM, isa tathya kI puSTi hameM bauddha piTaka sAhitya meM upalabdha vyaktiyoM ke SaTvidha vargIkaraNa se hotI hai| vahA~ nirgranthoM ko anya paramparA ke zramaNoM se Upara aura AjIvaka paramparA se nIce sthAna diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra AjIvakoM ke nirgrantha saMgha se jur3ane evaM alaga hone kI yaha ghaTanA nimrantha paramparA kI eka mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA hai| sAtha hI nirgranthoM ke prati apekSAkRta udAra bhAva donoM saMghoM kI AMzika nikaTatA kA bhI sUcaka hai| nirgrantha paramparA meM mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM hue saMgha-bheda mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM nirgrantha saMgha kI anya mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA mahAvIra ke jAmAta kahe jAnevAle jAmAli se unakA vaicArika matabheda honA aura jAmAli kA apane pA~ca sau ziSyoM sahita unake saMgha se alaga honA hai| 'bhagavatI', 'Avazyakaniyukti aura paravartI granthoM meM isa sambandha meM vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hai| nirgrantha saMgha-bheda kI isa ghaTanA ke atirikta hameM bauddha piTaka sAhitya meM eka anya ghaTanA kA ullekha bhI milatA hai jisake anusAra mahAvIra ke nirvANa hote hI unake bhikSuoM evaM zveta vastradhArI zrAvakoM meM tIvra vivAda utpanna ho gyaa| nirgrantha saMgha ke isa vivAda kI sUcanA buddha taka bhI pahu~catI hai| kintu piTaka sAhitya meM isa vivAda ke kAraNa kyA the, isakI koI carcA nahIM hai| eka sambhAvanA yaha ho sakatI hai ki yaha vivAda mahAvIra ke uttarAdhikArI ke prazna ko lekara huA hogaa| zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM meM mahAvIra ke prathama uttarAdhikArI ko lekara matabheda hai| digambara paramparA mahAvIra ke pazcAt gautama ko paTTadhara mAnatI hai, jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA sudharmA ko| zvetAmbara paramparA meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke samaya gautama ko nikaTa ke dUsare grAma meM kisI devazarmA brAhmaNa ko pratibodha dene hetu bhejane kI jo ghaTanA varNita hai, vaha bhI isa prasaMga meM vicAraNIya ho sakatI hai| kintu dUsarI sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA 25 hai ki bauddhoM ne jainoM ke zvetAmbara evaM digambara sambandhI paravartI vivAda ko piTakoM ke sampAdana ke samaya mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI ghaTanA ke sAtha jor3a diyA ho| merI dRSTi meM yadi aisA koI vivAda ghaTita huA hogA to vaha mahAvIra ke acela evaM sacela zramaNoM ke bIca huA hogA, kyoMki pArthApatyoM ke mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha meM praveza ke sAtha hI unake saMgha meM nagna aura savastra aise do varga avazya hI bana gaye hoMge aura mahAvIra ne zramaNoM ke ina do vargoM ko sAmAyika-cAritra aura chedopasthApanIya-cAritradhArI ke rUpa meM vibhAjita kiyA hogaa| vivAda kA kAraNa ye donoM varga hI rahe hoNge| merI dRSTi meM bauddha paramparA meM jinheM zveta vastradhArI zrAvaka kahA gayA, ve vastuta: savastra zramaNa hI hoMge, kyoMki bauddha paramparA meM zramaNa (bhikSu) ko bhI zrAvaka kahA jAtA hai, phira bhI isa sambandha meM gambhIra cintana kI AvazkatA hai| mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha kI dharma prasAra-yAtrA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kAla meM unake nirgrantha saMgha kA prabhAva-kSetra bihAra evaM pUrvI uttara pradeza tathA unake AsapAsa kA pradeza hI thaa| kintu mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt ina sImAoM meM vistAra hotA gyaa| phira bhI AgamoM aura niyuktiyoM kI racanA tathA jainadharma ke prArambhika-vikAsa-kAla taka uttarapradeza, hariyANA, paMjAba evaM pazcimI rAjasthAna ke kucha bhAga taka hI nirgranthoM ke vihAra kI anumati thii| tIrthaGkaroM ke kalyANa kSetra bhI yahIM taka sImita the| mAtra ariSTanemi hI aise tIrthaGkara haiM jinakA sambandha zUrasena (mathurA ke AsapAsa ke pradeza) ke atirikta saurASTra se bhI dikhAyA gayA hai aura unakA nirvANa sthala giranAra parvata mAnA gayA hai| kintu AgamoM meM dvArikA aura giranAra kI jo nikaTatA varNita hai vaha yathArtha sthiti se bhinna hai| sambhavata: ariSTanemi aura kRSNa ke nikaTa sambandha hone ke kAraNa hI kRSNa ke sAtha-sAtha ariSTanemi kA sambandha bhI dvArikA se rahA hogaa| abhI taka isa sambandha meM aitihAsika sAkSyoM kA abhAva hai| vidvAnoM se apekSA hai ki isa dizA meM khoja kreN| jo kucha aitihAsika sAkSya mile haiM usase aisA lagatA hai ki nirgrantha saMgha apane janma sthala bihAra se do dizAoM meM apane pracAra abhiyAna ke lie Age bddh'aa| eka varga dakSiNa-bihAra evaM baMgAla se ur3IsA ke rAste tamilanAr3a gayA aura vahIM se usane zrIlaMkA aura svarNadeza (jAvA-sumAtrA Adi) kI yAtrAe~ kii| lagabhaga I0pU0 dUsarI zatI meM bauddhoM ke bar3hate prabhAva ke kAraNa nirgranthoM ko zrIlaMkA se nikAla diyA gyaa| phalata: ve punaH tamilanADu meM A gye| tamilanADu meM lagabhaga I0pU0 prathama-dvitIya zatI se brAhmI lipi meM aneka jaina abhilekha milate haiM jo isa tathya ke sAkSI haiM ki nirgrantha saMgha mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga do-tIna sau varSa pazcAt hI tamila pradeza meM pahu~ca cukA thaa| mAnyatA to yaha bhI hai ki AcArya bhadrabAhu candragupta maurya ko dIkSita karake dakSiNa gaye the| yadyapi isakI aitihAsika prAmANikatA nirvivAda rUpa se siddha nahIM ho sakatI hai, kyoMki jo

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26 sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa abhilekha ghaTanA kA ullekha karatA hai vaha lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM zatI kA hai| Aja bhI tamila-jainoM kI vipula saMkhyA hai aura ve bhArata meM jainadharma ke anuyAyiyoM kI prAcInatama paramparA ke pratinidhi haiN| ye nayanAra evaM paMcamavarNI ke rUpa meM jAne jAte haiN| yadyapi bihAra, baMgAla aura ur3IsA kI prAcIna jaina paramparA kAlakrama meM vilupta ho gayI hai kintu sarAka jAti ke rUpa meM usa paramparA ke avazeSa Aja bhI zeSa haiN| 'sarAka' zabda zrAvaka kA hI apabhraMza rUpa hai aura Aja bhI isa jAti meM rAtri bhojana aura hiMsaka zabdoM jaise kATo, mAro Adi ke niSedha jaise kucha saMskAra zeSa haiN| upAdhyAya jJAnasAgarajI evaM kucha zvetAmbara muniyoM ke prayatnoM se sarAka puna: jainadharma kI aura lauTe haiN| uttara aura dakSiNa ke nirgrantha zramaNoM meM AcAra-bheda dakSiNa meM gayA nirgrantha saMgha apane sAtha vipla prAkRta jaina sAhitya to nahIM le jA sakA kyoMki usa kAla taka jaina sAhitya ke aneka granthoM kI racanA hI nahIM ho pAyI thii| vaha apane sAtha zruta paramparA se kucha dArzanika vicAroM evaM mahAvIra ke kaThora AcAramArga ko hI lekara calA thA, jise usane bahuta kAla taka surakSita rkhaa| Aja kI digambara paramparA kA pUrvaja yahI dakSiNI acela nirgrantha saMgha haiN| isa sambandha meM anya kucha mudde bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAraNIya haiN| mahAvIra ke apane yuga meM bhI unakA prabhAva kSetra mukhyatayA dakSiNa bihAra hI thA jisakA kendra rAjagRha thA, jabaki bauddhoM evaM pArthApatyoM kA prabhAva kSetra uttarI bihAra evaM pUrvottara uttara pradeza thA, jisakA kendra zrAvastI thaa| mahAvIra ke acela nirgrantha saMgha aura pApitya santarottara (sacela) nirgrantha saMgha ke sammilana kI bhUmikA bhI zrAvastI meM gautama aura kezI ke netRtva meM taiyAra huI thii| mahAvIra ke sarvAdhika cAturmAsa rAjagRha nAlandA meM honA aura buddha ke zrAvastI meM honA bhI isI tathya kA pramANa hai| dakSiNa kA jalavAyu uttara kI apekSA garma thA, ata: acelatA ke paripAlana meM dakSiNa meM gaye nirgrantha saMgha ko koI kaThinAI nahIM huI jabaki uttara ke nirgrantha saMgha meM kucha pArthApatyoM ke prabhAva se aura kucha ati zItala jalavAyu ke kAraNa yaha acelatA akSuNNa nahIM raha sakI aura eka vastra rakhA jAne lgaa| svabhAva se bhI dakSiNa kI apekSA uttara ke nivAsI adhika savidhAvAdI hote haiN| bauddhadharma meM bhI buddha ke nirvANa ke pazcAt suvidhAoM kI mA~ga vAtsIputrIya bhikSuoM ne hI kI thI, jo uttarI tarAI kSetra ke the| bauddha piTaka sAhitya meM nirgranthoM ko eka zATaka aura AjIvakoM ko nagna kahA gayA hai| yaha bhI yahI sUcita karatA hai ki lajjA aura zIta nivAraNa hetu uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha kama se kama eka vastra to rakhane laga gayA thaa| mathurA meM IsvI san prathama zatAbdI ke AsapAsa kI jaina zramaNoM kI jo martiyA~ upalabdha haI haiM unameM sabhI meM zramaNoM ko kambala jaise eka vastra se yukta dikhAyA gayA hai| ve sAmAnyatayA nagna rahate the kintu bhikSA yA janasamAja meM jAte samaya vaha vastra yA kambala hAtha para DAlakara apanI nagnatA chipA lete the aura ati zIta Adi kI sthiti meM use or3ha bhI lete the| AcArAMga' ke prathama zrutaskaMdha AThaveM adhyayana meM acela

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27 jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA zramaNoM ke sAtha-sAtha eka, do aura tIna vastra rakhane vAle zramaNoM kA ullekha hai| ___ yaha sunizcita hai ki mahAvIra binA kisI pAtra ke dIkSita hue the| 'AcArAMga' se upalabdha sUcanA ke anusAra pahale to ve gRhI pAtra kA upayoga kara lete the, kintu bAda meM unhoMne isakA bhI tyAga kara diyA aura pANipAtra ho gaye arthAt hAtha meM hI bhikSA grahaNa karane lge| sacitta jala kA prayoga niSiddha hone se sambhavata: sarvaprathama nimrantha saMgha meM zauca ke lie jalapAtra kA grahaNa kiyA gayA hogA, kintu bhikSuoM kI bar3hatI huI saMkhyA aura eka hI ghara se pratyeka bhikSu ko peTa bhara bhojana na mila pAne ke kAraNa Age calakara bhikSA hetu bhI pAtra kA upayoga prArambha ho gayA hogaa| isake atirikta bImAra aura ativRddha bhikSuoM kI paricaryA ke lie bhI pAtra meM AhAra lAne aura grahaNa karane kI paramparA pracalita ho gaI hogI / mathurA meM IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zatI kI eka jaina zramaNa kI pratimA milI hai jo apane hAtha meM eka pAtra yukta jholI aura dUsare meM pratilekhana (rajoharaNa) lie hue hai| isa jholI kA svarUpa Aja zvetAmbara paramparA meM, vizeSa rUpa se sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI paramparA meM pracalita jholI ke samAna hai| yadyapi mathurA ke aMkanoM meM hAtha meM khulA pAtra bhI pradarzita hai| isake atirikta mathurA ke aMkana meM muniyoM evaM sAdhviyoM ke hAtha meM mukha vastrikA (mu~ha-patti) aura pratilekhana (rajoharaNa) ke aMkana upalabdha hote haiN| pratilekhana ke aMkana digambara paramparA meM pracalita mayUrapicchi aura zvetAmbara paramparA meM pracalita rajoharaNa donoM hI AkAroM meM milate haiN| yadyapi spaSTa sAhityika aura purAtAttvika sAkSya ke abhAva meM yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki ve pratilekhana mayUrapicchi ke bane hote the yA anya kisI vastu ke| digambara paramparA meM mAnya yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM pratilekhana (paDilehaNa) aura usake guNoM kA to varNana hai kintu yaha spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai ki ve kisa vastu ke bane hote the| isa prakAra IsA kI prathama zatI ke pUrva uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM vastra, pAtra, jholI, mukhavastrikA aura pratilekhana (rajoharaNa) kA pracalana thaa| sAmAnyatayA muni nagna hI rahate the aura sAdhviyoM sAr3I pahanatI thiiN| muni vastra kA upayoga vizeSa paristhiti meM mAtra zIta evaM lajjA-nivAraNa heta karate the| maniyoM ke dvArA sadaiva vastra dhAraNa kiye rahane kI paramparA nahIM thii| isI prakAra aMkanoM meM mukhavastrikA bhI hAtha meM hI pradarzita hai, na ki vartamAna sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI paramparAoM ke anurUpa mukha para baMdhI huI dikhAI gaI hai| prAcIna stara ke zvetAmbara Agama grantha bhI inhI tathyoM kI puSTi karate haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM muni ke jina 14 upakaraNoM kA ullekha milA hai, ve sambhavataH IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatI taka nizcita ho gaye the| mahAvIra ke pazcAt nirgrantha saMgha meM hue saMgha-bheda mahAvIra ke nirvANa aura mathurA ke aMkana ke bIca lagabhaga pA~ca sau varSoM ke itihAsa se hameM jo mahattvapUrNa sUcanAe~ milatI haiM ve nihravoM ke dArzanika evaM vaicArika

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28 sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa matabhedoM evaM saMgha ke vibhinna gaNoM, zAkhAoM, kuloM evaM sambhogoM meM vibhakta hone se sambandhita haiN| 'Avazyakaniyukti' sAta nihnavoM kA ullekha karatI hai, inameM se jAmAli aura tiSyagupta to mahAvIra ke samaya meM hue the, zeSa pA~ca ASAr3habhUti,azvAmitra, gaMga, rohagupta aura goSTamahila mahAvIra nirvANa ke pazcAt 214 varSa se 584 varSa ke bIca hue| ye nihnava kinhIM dArzanika praznoM para nirgrantha saMgha kI paramparAgata mAnyatAoM se matabheda rakhate the| kintu inake dvArA nirgrantha saMgha meM kisI navIna sampradAya kI utpatti haI ho, aisI koI bhI sUcanA upalabdha nahIM hotii| isa kAla meM nirgrantha saMgha meM gaNa aura zAkhA bheda bhI hue kintu ve kima dArzanika evaM AcAra sambandhI matabheda ko lekara hue the, yaha jJAta nahIM hotA hai| merI dRSTi meM vyavasthAgata suvidhAoM evaM ziSyapraziSyoM kI paramparAoM ko lekara hI ye gaNa yA zAkhA bheda hue hoNge| yadyapi 'kalpasUtra' sthavirAvalI meM SaDulaka rohagupta se trairAzika zAkhA nikalane kA ullekha huA hai| rohagapta trairAzika mata ke pravaktA eka nihava mAne gaye haiN| ata: yaha spaSTa hai ki ina gaNoM evaM zAkhAoM meM kucha mAnyatA bheda bhI rahe hoMge, kintu Aja hamAre pAsa yaha jAnane kA koI sAdhana nahIM hai| 'kalpasUtra' kI sthavirAvalI tuMgIyAyana gotrIya Arya yazobhadra ke do ziSyoM mADhara gotrIya sambhUtivijaya aura prAcI (paurvAtya) gotrIya bhadrabAhu kA ullekha karatI hai| 'kalpasUtra' meM gaNoM aura zAkhAoM kI utpatti batAI gaI hai, jo eka ora Arya bhadrabAhu ke ziSya kAzyapa gotrIya godAsa se evaM dUsarI ora sthUlibhadra ke ziSyapraziSyoM se prArambha hotI hai| godAsa se godAsagaNa kI utpatti huI aura usakI cAra zAkhAe~ tAmraliptikA, koTivarSIyA, pauNDravarddhanikA aura dAsIkATikA nikalI haiM / isake pazcAt bhadrabAha kI paramparA kaise Age bar3hI, isa sambandha meM 'kalpasUtra' kI sthavirAvalI meM koI nirdeza nahIM hai| ina zAkhAoM ke nAmoM se bhI aisA lagatA hai ki bhadrabAhu kI ziSya paramparA baMgAla aura ur3IsA se dakSiNa kI ora calI gaI hogii| dakSiNa meM godAsagaNa kA eka abhilekha bhI milA hai| ata: yaha mAnyatA samucita hI hai ki bhadrabAhu kI paramparA se hI Age calakara dakSiNa kI acelaka nimrantha paramparA kA vikAsa huaa| -.. zvetAmbara paramparA pATaliputra kI vAcanA ke samaya bhadrabAhu ke nepAla meM hone kA ullekha karatI hai jabaki digambara paramparA candragupta maurya ko dIkSita karake unake dakSiNa jAne kA ullekha karatI hai| sambhava hai ki ve apane jIvana ke antima caraNa meM uttara se dakSiNa cale gaye hoN| uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha kI paramparA sambhUtivijaya ke praziSya sthUlibhadra ke ziSyoM se Age bddh'ii| 'kalpasUtra meM varNita godAsagaNa aura usakI uparyukta cAra zAkhAoM ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI gaNoM, kuloM aura zAkhAoM kA sambandha sthUlibhadra kI ziSya-praziSya paramparA se hI hai| isI prakAra dakSiNa kA acela nirgrantha

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA saMgha bhadrabAhu kI paramparA se aura uttara kA sacela nirgrantha saMgha sthUlibhadra kI paramparA se vikasita huaa| isa saMgha meM uttara balissahagaNa, uddhehagaNa, koTikagaNa, cAraNagaNa, mAnavagaNa, vesavADiyagaNa, uDDavADiyagaNa Adi pramukha gaNa the / ina gaNoM kI aneka zAkhAe~ evaM kula the| 'kalpasUtra' kI sthavirAvalI ina sabakA ullekha to karatI hai, kintu isake antima bhAga meM mAtra koTikagaNa kI vajrI zAkhA kI AcArya paramparA dI gaI hai jo devarddhikSamAzramaNa (vIra nirmANa saM0 980) taka jAtI hai| sthUlabhadra ke ziSya-praziSyoM kI paramparA meM udbhUta jina vibhinna gaNoM, zAkhAoM evaM kuloM kI sUcanA hameM 'kalpasUtra' kI sthavirAvalI se milatI hai usakI puSTi mathurA ke abhilekhoM se ho jAtI hai jo 'kalpasUtra' kI sthavirAvalI kI prAmANikatA ko siddha karatI haiN| digambara paramparA meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa se lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa pazcAt taka kI jo pahAbalI upalabdha hai, eka to vaha paryApta paravartI hai dUsare bhadrabAhu ke nAma ke atirikta usakI puSTi kA prAcIna sAhityika aura abhilekhIya koI sAkSya nahIM hai| bhadrabAhu ke sambandha meM bhI jo sAkSya haiM, ve paryApta paravartI haiN| ata: aitihAsika dRSTi se unakI prAmANikatA para praznacihna lagAye jA sakate haiN| mahAvIra ke nirvANa se IsA kI prathama evaM dvitIya zatAbdI taka ke jo mahattvapUrNa parivartana uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM hae, unheM samajhane ke lie arddhamAgadhI AgamoM ke atirikta mathurA kA zilpa evaM abhilekha hamArI bahuta adhika madada karate haiN| mathurA zilpa kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki tIrthaGkara pratimAe~ nagna haiM, muni nagna hokara bhI vastra (kambala) se apanI nagnatA chipAye hue haiN| vastra ke atirikta pAtra, jholI, mukhavastrikA aura pratilekhana bhI muni ke upakaraNoM meM samAhita haiN| muniyoM ke nAma, gaNa,zAkhA, kula Adi zvetAmbara paramparA ke 'kalpasUtra' kI sthavirAvalI se milate haiN| isa prakAra ye zvetAmbara paramparA kI pUrva sthiti ke sUcaka haiN| jainadharma meM tIrthaGkara pratimAoM ke atirikta stUpa ke nirmANa kI paramparA bhI thI, yaha bhI mathurA ke zilpa se siddha ho jAtA hai| yApanIya yA boTika saMgha kA udbhava - IsA kI dvitIya zatI meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke cha: sau nau varSa pazcAt uttara bhArata nirgrantha saMgha meM vibhAjana kI eka anya ghaTanA ghaTita huI, phalata: uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha sacela evaM acela aise do bhAgoM meM ba~Ta gyaa| pArthApatyoM ke prabhAva se ApavAdika rUpa meM evaM zItAdi ke nivAraNArtha gRhIta hue vastra, pAtra Adi jaba muni kI aparihArya upadhi banane lage, to parigraha kI isa bar3hatI huI pravRtti ko rokane ke prazna para Arya kRSNa aura Arya zivabhUti meM matabheda ho gyaa| Arya kRSNa jinakalpa kA uccheda batAkara gRhIta vastra-pAtra ko municaryA kA aparihArya aMga mAnane lage, jabaki Arya zivabhUti ne inake tyAga aura jinakalpa ke AcaraNa para bala diyaa| unakA kahanA thA ki samartha ke liye jinakalpa kA niSedha nahIM mAnanA caahie| vastra, pAtra kA grahaNa apavAda mArga hai, utsarga mArga to acelatA hI hai| Arya zivabhUti kI uttara bhArata kI isa acela paramparA ko

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30 sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa zvetAmbaroM ne boTika (bhraSTa) khaa| kintu Age calakara yaha paramparA yApanIya ke nAma se hI adhika prasiddha huii| gopAJcala meM vikasita hone ke kAraNa yaha gopyasaMgha nAma se bhI jAnI jAtI thii| 'SaTadarzanasamuccaya' kI TIkA meM guNaratna ne gopyasaMgha evaM yApanIyasaMgha ko paryAyavAcI batAyA hai / yApanIya saMgha kI vizeSatA yaha thI ki eka ora yaha zvetAmbara paramparA ke samAna 'AcArAMga', 'sUtrakRtAMga', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'dazavaikAlika' Adi arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko mAnya karatA thA jo ki use uttarAdhikAra meM hI prApta huA thA, sAtha hI vaha sacela, strI aura anyatairthikoM kI mukti ko svIkAra karatA thaa| Agama sAhitya ke vastra-pAtra sambandhI ullekhoM ko vaha sAdhviyoM evaM ApavAdika sthiti meM muniyoM se sambandhita mAnatA thA, kintu dUsarI ora vaha digambara paramparA ke samAna vastra aura pAtra kA niSedha kara muni kI nagnatA para bala detA thaa| yApanIya muni nagna rahate the aura pANitalabhojI (hAtha meM bhojana karanevAle) hote the| inake AcAryoM ne uttarAdhikAra meM prApta AgamoM se gAthAyeM lekara zaurasenI prAkRta meM aneka grantha bnaaye| inameM 'kaSAyaprAbhRta', 'SaTkhaNDAgama', 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA', 'mUlAcAra' Adi prasiddha haiN| dakSiNa bhArata meM acela nirgrantha paramparA kA itihAsa IsvI san kI tIsarI-cauthI zatI taka andhakAra meM hI hai / isa sambandha meM hameM na to vizeSa sAhityika sAkSya hI milate haiM aura na abhilekhIya hI / yadyapi isa kAla ke kucha pUrva ke brAhmI lipi ke aneka guphA abhilekha tamilanADu meM pAye jAte haiM, kintu ve zramaNoM yA nirmAtA ke nAma ke atirikta koI jAnakArI nahIM dete| tamilanADu meM abhilekha yukta jo guphAyeM haiM, ve sambhavata: nirgrantha ke samAdhimaraNa grahaNa karane ke sthala rahe hoNge| saMgama yuga ke tamila sAhitya se itanA avazya jJAta hotA hai ki jaina zramaNoM ne bhI tamila bhASA ke vikAsa aura samRddhi meM apanA yogadAna diyA thaa| tirUkurala ke jainAcAryakRta hone kI bhI eka mAnyatA hai| IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI meM tamila deza kA yaha nirgrantha saMgha karNATaka ke rAste uttara kI ora bar3hA, udhara uttara kA nirgrantha saMgha sacela (zvetAmbara) aura acelaka (yApanIya) ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hokara dakSiNa meM gyaa| sacela zvetAmbara paramparA rAjasthAna, gujarAta evaM pazcimI mahArASTra hotI huI uttara karnATaka pahu~cI to acela yApanIya paramparA bundelakhaNDa evaM vidizA hokara viMdhya aura satapuDA ko pAra karatI huI pUrvI mahArASTra se hokara uttarI karnATaka phuNcii| IsA kI pA~cavI zatI meM uttarI kanArTaka meM mRgezavarmA ke jo abhilekha mile haiM unase usa kAla meM jainoM ke pA~ca saMghoM ke astitva kI sUcanA milatI hai-- 1. nimrantha saMgha, 2. mUla saMgha, 3. yApanIya saMgha, 4. kUcarka saMgha aura 5. zvetapaTa mahAzramaNa sNgh| isI kAla meM pUrvottara bhArata meM vaTagohalI se prApta tAmrapatra meM paMcastUpAnvaya ke astitva kI bhI sUcanA milatI hai| isa yuga kA zvetapaTa mahAzramaNa saMgha aneka kuloM evaM zAkhAoM meM vibhakta thA, jisakA sampUrNa vivaraNa kalpasUtra evaM mathurA ke abhilekhoM se prApta hotA hai|

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt se lekara IsA kI pA~cavI zatI taka eka hajAra varSa kI isa sudIrgha avadhi meM arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA nirmANa evaM saMkalana hotA rahA hai| ata: Aja hameM jo Agama upalabdha haiM, ve na to eka vyakti kI racanA haiM aura na eka kAla kii| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, eka hI Agama meM vividha kAloM kI sAmagrI saMkalita haiN| isa avadhi meM sarvaprathama I0pU0 tIsarI zatI meM pATaliputra meM prathama vAcanA huI, sambhavata: isa vAcanA meM aMgasUtroM evaM pArthApatya paramparA ke pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM kA saMkalana huaa| pUrva sAhitya ke saMkalana kA prazna isaliye mahattvapUrNa bana gayA thA ki pArthApatya paramparA lupta hone lagI thii| isake pazcAt Arya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM mathurA meM aura Arya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI meM samAnAntara vAcanAe~ huIM, jinameM aMga, upAMga Adi Agama saMkalita he| isake pazcAt vIra nirvANa 980 arthAt I0 san kI pA~cavI zatI meM vallabhI meM devarddhikSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM antima vAcanA huii| vartamAna Agama isI vAcanA kA pariNAma hai| phira bhI devarddhi ina AgamoM ke sampAdaka hI haiM, racanAkAra nhiiN| unhoMne mAtra granthoM ko suvyavasthita kiyaa| ina granthoM kI sAmagrI to unake pahale kI hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM jahA~ 'AcArAMga' evaM 'sUtrakRtAMga' ke prathama zrutaskaMdha, 'RSibhASita', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'dazavaikAlika' Adi prAcIna stara ke arthAt I0pU0 ke grantha haiM, vahIM 'samavAyAMga', vartamAna 'praznavyAkaraNa' Adi paryApta paravartI arthAt lagabhaga I0sa0 kI pAMcavIM zatI ke haiN| 'sthAnAMga', 'aMtakRtadazA', 'jJAtAdharmakathA' aura 'bhagavatI' kA kucha aMza prAcIna (arthAt I0 pU0 kA) hai, to kucha paryApta paravartI hai| upAMga sAhitya meM apekSAkRta rUpa meM 'sUryaprajJapti', 'rAjapraznIya', 'prajJApanA' prAcIna haiN| upAMgoM kI apekSA bhI cheda-sUtroM kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai| isI prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya meM aneka grantha aise haiM, jo kucha aMgoM aura upAMgoM kI apekSA bhI prAcIna hai| phira bhI sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko antima rUpa lagabhaga I0 san kI chaThI zatI ke pUrvArdha meM milA, yadyapi isake bAda bhI isameM kucha prakSepa aura parivartana hue haiN| IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI ke pazcAt se dasavIMgyArahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya taka mukhyata: Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke rUpa meM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNI aura TIkAe~ likhI giiN| yadyapi kucha niyuktiyA~ prAcIna bhI haiN| isa kAla meM ina Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke atirikta svataMtra grantha bhI likhe gye| isa kAla ke prasiddha AcAryoM meM siddhasena, jinabhadragaNi, zivArya, vaTTakera, kundakunda, akalaMka, samantabhadra, vidyAnanda, jinasena, svayambha, haribhadra, siddharSi, zIlAMka, abhayadeva Adi pramukha haiN| digambaroM meM tattvArtha kI vividha TIkAoM aura purANoM ke racanAkAla kA bhI yahI yuga hai| nimrantha paramparA meM vibhAvoM kA praveza (a) hindU varNa evaM jAti-vyavasthA kA jainadharma para prabhAva mUlata: zramaNa paramparA aura jainadharma hindU varNa-vyavasthA ke viruddha khar3e hue the

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32 sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa kintu kAlakrama meM bRhad hindU-samAja ke prabhAva se usameM bhI varNa evaM jAti sambandhI avadhAraNAe~ praviSTa ho giiN| jaina paramparA meM jAti aura varNa-vyavasthA ke udbhava evaM aitihAsika vikAsa kA vivaraNa sarvaprathama 'AcArAMganiyukti' (lagabhaga IsvI san tIsarI zatI) meM prApta hotA hai| usake anusAra prArambha meM manuSya jAti eka hI thii| RSabha ke dvArA rAjya-vyavasthA kA prArambha hone para usake do vibhAga ho gaye- 1.zAsaka(svAmI) 2.zAsita(sevaka) usake pazcAt zilpa aura vANijya ke vikAsa ke sAtha usake tIna vibhAga ho hue - 1. kSatriya (zAsaka), 2. vaizya (kRSaka aura vyavasAyI) aura 3. zUdra (sevk)| usake pazcAt zrAvaka-dharma kI sthApanA hone para ahiMsaka, sadAcArI aura dharmaniSTha vyaktiyoM ko brAhmaNa (mAhaNa) kahA gyaa| isa prakAra kramaza: cAra varNa astitva meM aae| ina cAra vargoM ke strI-puruSoM ke samavarNIya anuloma evaM pratiloma saMyogoM se solaha varNa bane jinameM sAta varNa aura nau antara varNa khlaae| sAta varNa meM samavarNIya strI-puruSa ke saMyoga se cAra mUla varNa tathA brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatriya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna, kSatriya puruSa evaM vaizya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna aura vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra strI ke saMyoga se utpanna, aise anuloma saMyoga se utpanna tIna vrnn| 'AcArAMgacUrNi' (IsA kI 7vIM zatI) meM ise spaSTa karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki 'brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatrANI ke saMyoga se jo santAna utpanna hotI hai vaha uttama kSatriya, zuddha kSatriya yA saMkara kSatriya kahI jAtI hai, yaha pA~cavA~ varNa hai| isI prakAra kSatriya puruSa aura vaizya strI se utpatra santAna uttama vaizya, zuddha vaizya yA saMkara vaizya kahI jAtI hai, yaha chaThA~ varNa hai tathA vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra-strI ke saMyoga se utpanna santAna zuddha zUdra yA saMkara zUdra kahI jAtI hai, yaha sAtavA~ varNa hai| puna: anuloma aura pratiloma sambandhoM ke AdhAra para nimnalikhita nau antara-varNa bne| brAhmaNa puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ambaSTha' nAmaka AThavA~ varNa utpanna haA, kSatriya puruSa aura zUdra strI se 'ugra' nAmaka navA~ varNa huA, brAhmaNa puruSa aura zUdra strI se 'niSAda' nAmaka dasavA~ varNa utpanna huA, zUdra puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ayoga' nAmaka gyArahavA~ varNa utpanna huA, kSatriya aura brAhmaNI se 'sUta' nAmaka terahavA~ varNa huA, zUdra puruSa aura kSatriya strI se 'kSatrA' (khannA) nAmaka caudahavA~ varNa utpanna huA, vaizya puruSa aura brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'vedeha' nAmaka pandrahavA~ varNa utpanna huA aura zUdra puruSa tathA brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'cANDAla' nAmaka solahavA~ varNa huaa| isake pazcAt ina solaha vargoM meM paraspara anuloma evaM pratiloma saMyoga se aneka jAtiyA~ astitva meM aayii| uparokta vivaraNa meM hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jainadharma ke AcAryoM ne bhI kAla-krama meM jAti aura varNa kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM hindU paramparA kI vyavasthAoM ko apane DhaMga se saMzodhita kara svIkAra kara liyaa| lagabhaga sAtavIM zatI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM hue AcArya jinasena ne lokApavAda ke bhaya se tathA jainadharma kA astitva aura sAmAjika sammAna banAye rakhane ke liye hindU varNa evaM jAti-vyavasthA ko isa prakAra AtmasAta kara liyA ki

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA 33 isa sambandha meM jainoM kA jo vaiziSTya thA, vaha prAya: samApta ho gyaa| jinasena ne sarvaprathama yaha batAyA ki Adi brahmA RSabhadeva ne SaTkarmoM kA upadeza dene ke pazcAt tIna varSoM (kSatriya, vaizya, aura zUdra) kI sRSTi kii| isI grantha meM Age yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo kSatriya aura vaizya varNa kI sevA karate haiM ve zUdra haiN| inake do bheda haiM-kAru aura akaaru| puna: kAru ke bhI do bheda haiM - spRzya aura aspRshy| dhobI, nApita Adi spRzya zUdra haiM aura cANDAla Adi jo nagara ke bAhara rahate haiM ve aspRzya zUdra haiM ('AdipurANa', 16/ 184-186) zUdroM ke kAru aura akAru tathA spRzya aura aspRzya ye bheda sarvaprathama kevala purANakAla meM jinasena ne kiye haiN| unake pUrvavartI anya kisI jaina AcArya ne isa prakAra ke bhedoM ko mAnya nahIM kiyA hai| kintu hindU samAja-vyavasthA se prabhAvita hone ke bAda ke jaina AcAryoM ne ise prAya: mAnya kiyaa| 'SaTprAbhRta' ke TIkAkAra zrutasAgara ne bhI isa spRzya-aspRzya kI carcA kI hai| yadyapi purANakAra ne zUdroM ko ekazATakavrata arthAt kSullakadIkSA kA adhikAra mAnya kiyA thA kintu bAda ke digambara jaina AcAryoM ne usameM bhI kamI kara dI aura zUdra kI muni-dIkSA evaM jinamandira meM praveza kA bhI niSedha kara diyaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM 'sthAnAMga' (3/202) ke mUlapATha meM to kevala rogI, bhayArta aura napuMsaka kI muni-dIkSA kA niSedha thA, kintu paravartI TIkAkAroM ne cANDAlAdi jAti-juMgita aura vyAdhAdi karmajaMgita logoM ko dIkSA dene kA niSedha kara diyaa| yadyapi yaha saba jainadharma kI mUla paramparA ke to viruddha hI thA phira bhI hindU paramparA ke prabhAva se ise mAnya kara liyA gyaa| sthiti yahA~ taka paha~cI ki eka hI jainadharma ke anuyAyI jAtIya bheda ke AdhAra para dUsarI jAti kA chuA huA khAne meM, unheM sAtha biThAkara bhojana karane meM ApAtti karane lge| zUdra-jala kA tyAga eka Avazyaka kartavya ho gayA aura zUdroM kA jina-mandira meM praveza niSiddha kara diyA gyaa| zvetAmbara zAkhA kI eka paramparA meM kevala osavAla jAti ko hI dIkSita karane aura anya eka paramparA meM kevala bIsA osavAla ko AcAryapada dene kI avadhAraNA vikasita ho gii| . isa prakAra jahA~ prAcIna stara meM jaina paramparA meM cAroM hI vargoM aura sabhI jAtiyoM ke vyakti jina-pUjA karane, zrAvaka dharma evaM munidharma kA pAlana karane aura sAdhanA ke sarvocca lakSya nirvANa ko prApta karane ke adhikArI mAne gaye the, vahIM sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI meM jinasena ne sarvaprathama zUdra ko muni-dIkSA aura mokSa-prApti hetu ayogya maanaa| zvetAmbara AgamoM meM kahIM zUdra kI dIkSA kA niSedha nahIM hai, 'sthAnAMga' meM mAtra rogI,bhayArta aura napaMsaka kI dIkSA kA niSedha hai kintu Age calakara unameM bhI jAti-juMgati jaise- cANDAla Adi aura karma-jaMgati jaise-kasAI Adi kI dIkSA kA niSedha kara diyA gyaa| kintu yaha bRhattara hindU paramparA kA prabhAva hI thA jo ki jainadharma ke mUla siddhAnta ke viruddha thaa| jainoM ne ise kevala apanI sAmAjika pratiSThA ko banAe rakhane hetu mAnya kiyA, kyoMki AgamoM meM harikezabala, metArya, mAtaMgamuni Adi aneka cANDAloM ke muni hone aura mokSa prApta

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34 sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa karane ke ullekha haiN| (ba) jainadharma meM mUrtipUjA tathA ADambarayukta karmakANDa kA praveza yadyapi jainadharma meM mUrti aura maMdira nirmANa kI paramparA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga sau varSa pazcAt nandoM ke kAla se prArambha ho gaI thii| har3appA se prApta eka nagna kabandha jaina hai yA nahIM yaha nirNaya kara pAnA kaThina hai, kintu lohAnIpura paTanA se prApta mauryakAlIna jinapratimA isa tathya kA saMketa hai ki jaina dharma meM mUrti upAsanA kI paramparA rahI hai| tathApi usameM yaha saba apanI sahavartI paramparAoM ke prabhAva se AyA hai| karmakANDa aura AdhyAtmika sAdhanAe~ pratyeka dharma ke anivArya aMga haiM / karmakANDa usakA zarIra hai aura AdhyAtmika usakA praann| bhAratIya dharmoM meM prAcIna kAla se hI hameM ye donoM prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotI haiN| jahA~ prArambhika vaidika paramparA karma-kANDAtmaka adhika rahI hai, vahA~ prAcIna zramaNa paramparAe~ sAdhanAtmaka adhika rahI haiN| phira bhI ina donoM pravRttiyoM ko eka-dUsare se pUrNatayA pRthak rakha pAnA kaThina hai| zramaNa-paramparA meM AdhyAtmika aura dhArmika sAdhanA ke jo vidhi-vidhAna bane the, ve bhI dhIre-dhIre karmakANDa ke rUpa meM hI vikasita hote gye| aneka Antarika evaM bAhya sAkSyoM se yaha sunizcita ho jAtA hai ki inameM adhikAMza karmakANDa vaidika yA brAhmaNa paramparA athavA dUsarI anya paramparAoM ke prabhAva se Aye haiN| jaina paramparA mUlataH zramaNa paramparA kA hI eka aMga hai aura isaliye yaha apane prArambhika rUpa meM karmakANDa kI virodhI evaM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA pradhAna rahI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM 'uttarAdhyayana' jaise prAcIna jaina granthoM meM snAna, havana, yajJa Adi karmakANDoM ke virodha se bhI yahI parilakSita hotA hai| jaisA hama pUrva meM batA cuke haiM ki uttarAdhyayana kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki usane dharma ke nAma para kiye jAnevAle ina karmakANDoM evaM anuSThAnoM ko eka AdhyAtmika rUpa pradAna kiyA thaa| tatkAlIna brAhmaNa varga ne yajJa, zrAddha aura tarpaNa ke nAma para karmakANDoM evaM anuSThAnoM ke mAdhyama se sAmAjika zoSaNa kI jo prakriyA prArambha kI thI, jaina paramparA ne usakA khulA virodha kiyA thaa| .. vastuta: vaidika karmakANDa kI virodhI janajAtiyoM evaM bhaktimArgI paramparAoM meM dhArmika anuSThAna ke rUpa meM pUjA-vidhi kA vikAsa huA aura zramaNa paramparA meM tapasyA aura dhyAna kaa| samAja meM yakSa-pUjA ke prAcInatama ullekha jainAgamoM meM upalabdha haiN| janasAdhAraNa meM pracalita bhaktimArgI dhArA kA prabhAva jaina aura bauddha dharmoM para bhI par3A aura unameM tapa, saMyama evaM dhyAna ke sAtha-sAtha jina evaM buddha kI pUjA kI bhAvanA vikasita huii| pariNAmata: prathama stUpa, caitya Adi ke rUpa meM pratIka pUjA prArambha huI, phira siddhAyatana (jina-mandira) Adi bane aura buddha evaM jina-pratimA kI pUjA hone lagI, pariNAmasvarUpa jina-pUjA, dAna Adi ko gRhastha kA mukhya kartavya mAnA gyaa|

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA digambara paramparA meM to gRhastha ke liye prAcIna SaDAvazyakoM ke sthAna para SaT dainika kRtyoM jina- pUjA, guru-sevA, svAdhyAya, tapa, saMyama evaM dAna kI kalpanA kI gyii| hameM 'AcArAMga', 'sUtrakRtAMga', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'bhagavatI' Adi prAcIna AgamoM meM jina-pUjA kI vidhi kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA hai| inakI apekSA paravartI AgamoM 'sthAnAMga' Adi meM jina-pratimA evaM jina-mandira (siddhAyatana) ke ullekha haiM, kintu unameM pUjA sambandhI kisI anuSThAna kI carcA nahIM hai| jabaki 'rAjapraznIya' meM sUryAbhadeva aura 'jJAtAdharmakathA' meM draupadI ke dvArA jina-pratimAoM ke pUjana ke ullekha haiM / yaha saba bRhad hindU paramparA kA jainadharma para prabhAva hai| 'harivaMzapurANa' meM jinasena ne jala, candana, akSata, puSpa, dhUpa, dIpa aura naivedya kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa ullekha meM bhI aSTadravyoM kA krama yathAvat nahIM hai aura na jala kA pRthak nirdeza hI hai / smaraNa rahe ki pratimA-prakSAlana kI prakriyA kA agrima vikAsa abhiSeka hai jo apekSAkRta aura bhI paravartI hai| ____ 'padmapurANa', "paMcaviMzati'(padmanandikRta ), 'AdipurANa', 'harivaMzapurANa', 'vasunandi zrAvakAcAra' Adi granthoM se aSTadravyoM kA phalAdeza bhI jJAta hotA hai| yaha mAnA gayA hai ki aSTadravyoM dvArA pUjana karane se aihika aura pAralaukika abhyudayoM kI prApti hotI hai| 'bhAvasaMgraha' meM bhI aSTadravyoM kA pRthak-pRthak phalAdeza batAyA gayA hai| DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI dvArA prastuta vivaraNa hindU paramparA ke prabhAva se digambara paramparA meM pUjA-dravyoM ke kramika vikAsa ko spaSTa kara detA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM hinduoM kI paMcopacArI pUjA se aSTaprakArI pUjA aura usI se satraha bhedI pUjA vikasita huii| yaha sarvopacArI yA satraha bhedI pUjA vaiSNavauM kI SoDazopacArI pUjA kA hI rUpa hai aura bahata kucha rUpa meM isakA ullekha 'rAjapraznIya' meM upalabdha hai| isa samaya carcA meM hameM aisA lagatA hai ki jaina paramparA meM sarvaprathama dhArmika anuSThAna ke rUpa meM SaDAvazyakoM kA vikAsa huaa| unhIM SaDAvazyakoM meM stavana yA guNa-stuti kA sthAna thA, usI se Age calakara bhAvapUjA pracalita huI aura phira dravyapUjA kI kalpanA sAmane AI, kintu dravyapUjA kA vidhAna kevala zrAvakoM ke liye huaa| tatpazcAt zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM jina-pUjA sambandhI jaTila vidhi-vidhAnoM kA jo vistAra huA, vaha saba brAhmaNa-paramparA kA prabhAva thaa| Age calakara jinamandira ke nirmANa evaM jinabimboM kI pratiSThA ke sambandha meM hinduoM kA anusaraNa karake aneka prakAra ke vidhi-vidhAna bne| paM0 phUlacaMdajI siddhAntazAstrI ne 'jJAnapITha pUjAMjali' kI bhUmikA meM aura DaoN0 nemicaMdajI zAstrI ne apane eka lekha 'puSpakarma-devapUjA : vikAsa evaM vidhi' jo unakI pustaka 'bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa meM jaina vAGmaya kA avadAna' (prathama khaNDa), pR0 371 para prakAzita hai, meM isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai ki jaina paramparA meM pUjA-dravyoM kA kramaza: vikAsa huA

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sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa hai| yadyapi puSpa-pUjA prAcInakAla se hI pracalita hai phira bhI yaha jaina paramparA ke Atyantika ahiMsA siddhAnta se mela nahIM khAtI hai| eka ora to pUjA-vidhAna kA pATha jisameM honevAlI ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA prAyazcita ho aura dUsarI ora puSpa, jo svayaM ekendriya jIva hai, unheM jina-pratimA ko samarpita karanA kahA~ taka saMgatipUrNa ho sakatA hai| vaha prAyazcitta pATha nimnalikhita hai IyApathe pracalatAdya mayA pramAdAt , ekendriyapramukhajIvanikAyabAdhA / nidvartitA yadi bhaveva yugAntarekSA, mithyA tadastu duritaM gurubhaktito me / / smaraNIya hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM caityavandana meM bhI 'iriyAvihi virAhanAye' nAmaka pATha bolA jAtA hai jisakA tAtparya hai 'maiM caityavandana ke liye jAne meM huI ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA prAyazcitta karatA huuN| dUsarI ora pUjA-vidhAnoM meM evaM homoM meM pRthvI, vAyu, apa, agni aura vanaspatikAyika ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA vidhAna, eka Antarika aMsagati to hai hii| sambhavataH hindUdharma ke prabhAva se IsA kI chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI taka jainadharma meM pUjA-pratiSThA sambandhI aneka karmakANDoM kA praveza ho gayA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki AThavIM zatI meM haribhadra ko inameM se aneka kA muniyoM ke liye niSedha karanA pdd'aa| haribhadra ne 'sambodhaprakaraNa' meM caityoM meM nivAsa, jina-pratimA kI dravya-pUjA, jina-pratimA ke samakSa nRtya, gAna, nATaka Adi kA jainamuni ke liye niSedha kiyA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne usI grantha meM dravya-pUjA ko azuddha pUjA bhI kahA hai|10 ____sAmAnyata: jaina paramparA meM tapapradhAna anuSThAnoM kA sambandha karmamala ko dUrakara manuSya ke AdhyAtmika guNoM kA vikAsa aura pAzavika AvegoM kA niyantraNa rahA hai| jina-bhakti aura jina-pUjA sambandhI anuSThAnoM kA uddezya bhI -laukika upalabdhiyoM evaM vighna-bAdhAoM kA upazamana na hokara vyakti kA apanA AdhyAtmika vikAsa hI hai| jaina sAdhaka spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta ko dRSTi meM rakhatA hai ki prabhu kI pUjA aura stuti kevala bhakta ke sva-svarUpa yA nija guNoM kI upalabdhi ke liye hai jaina paramparA kA udghoSa hai- 'vande tadguNa labdhaye' arthAt vaMdana kA uddezya paramAtmA ke guNoM kI upalabdhi hai| jinadeva kI evaM hamArI AtmA tattvata: samAna hai, ata: vItarAga ke guNoM kI upalabdhi kA artha hai svarUpa kI uplbdhi| isa prakAra jaina anuSThAna mUlata: Atmavizuddhi aura svarUpa kI upalabdhi ke liye hai| jaina anuSThAnoM meM jina gAthAoM yA mantroM kA pATha kiyA jAtA hai, unameM bhI adhikAMzata: to pUjanIya ke svarUpa kA hI bodha karAte haiM athavA AtmA ke liye patanakArI pravRttiyoM kA anusmaraNa karAkara unase mukta hone kI preraNA dete haiN|

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa yAtrA 37 yadyapi jaina anuSThAnoM kI mUla prakRti adhyAtmaparaka hai, kintu manuSya kI yaha eka svAbhAvika kamajorI hai ki vaha dharma ke mAdhyama se bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi cAhatA hai, sAtha hI unakI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka zaktiyoM ke nivartana ke liye bhI dharma se hI apekSA rakhatA hai| vaha dharma ko iSTa kI prApti aura aniSTa ke zamana kA sAdhana mAnatA hai| manuSya kI isa svAbhAvika pravRtti kA yaha pariNAma huA ki hindUdharma ke prabhAva se jaina paramparA meM bhI anuSThAnoM kA AdhyAtmika svarUpa pUrNatayA sthira na raha sakA, usameM vikRti aayii| vastuta: inhIM vikRtiyoM ke nirAkaraNa ke lie sthAnakavAsI amUrtipUjaka paramparA astitva meM aaii| satya to yaha hai ki jainadharma kA anuyAyI Akhira vahI manuSya hai jo bhautika jIvana meM sukha-samRddhi kI kAmanA se mukta nahIM hai| ata: jaina AcAryoM ke liye yaha Avazyaka ho gayA ki ve apane upAsakoM kI jainadharma meM zraddhA banAye rakhane ke liye jainadharma ke sAtha kucha aise anuSThAnoM ko bhI jor3eM, jo apane upAsakoM ke bhautika kalyANa meM sahAyaka hoN| nivRttipradhAna, adhyAtmavAdI evaM karmasiddhAnta meM aTala vizvAsa rakhanevAle jainadharma ke liye yaha nyAyasaMgata to nahIM thA, phira bhI yaha eka aitihAsika satya hai ki usameM yaha pravRtti vikasita huI, jisakA nirAkaraNa Avazyaka thaa| jainadharma kA tIrthaGkara vyakti ke bhautika kalyANa meM sAdhaka yA bAdhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai, ata: jaina anuSThAnoM meM jina-pUjA ke sAtha-sAtha yakSa-yakSiyoM ke rUpa meM zAsanadevatA tathA devI kI pUjA kI kalpanA vikasita huI aura yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki tIrthaGkara athavA apanI upAsanA se zAsana devatA (yakSa-yakSI) prasanna hokara upAsaka kA kalyANa karate haiN| zAsanarakSaka devI-devatAoM ke rUpa meM sarasvatI, lakSmI, ambikA, padmAvatI, cakrezvarI, kAlI Adi aneka deviyoM tathA maNibhadra, ghaNTAkarNa mahAvIra, pArzvayakSa Adi yakSoM, dikpAloM evaM aneka kSetrapAloM (bhairavoM) ko jaina paramparA meM sthAna milaa| ina sabakI pUjA ke liye jainoM ne vibhinna anuSThAnoM ko kiMcit parivartana ke sAtha hindU paramparA se grahaNa kara liyaa| 'bhairava padmAvatIkalpa' Adi granthoM se isakI puSTi hotI hai| jina-pUjA aura pratiSThA kI vidhi meM vaidika paramparA ke aneka aise tattva bhI jur3a gaye jo jaina paramparA ke mUlabhUta mantavyoM se bhitra haiN| Aja hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, ambikA, ghaNTAkarNa mahAvIra, nAkor3A-bhairava, bhomiyAjI, dikpAla, kSetrapAla Adi kI upAsanA pramukha hotI jA rahI hai| jainadharma meM pUjA aura upAsanA kA yaha dUsarA pakSa jo hamAre sAmane AyA, vaha mUlata: hindU yA brAhmaNa paramparA kA prabhAva hI hai| jina-pUjA evaM anuSThAna vidhiyoM meM aneka aise mantra milate haiM jinheM brAhmaNa paramparA ke tatsambandhI mantroM kA mAtra jainIkaraNa kahA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jisa prakAra brAhmaNa paramparA meM iSTa devatA kI pUjA ke samaya usakA AhvAna aura visarjana kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM bhI pUjA ke samaya jina ke AhvAna aura visarjana ke mantra bole jAte haiM / yathA

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38 sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa OM hrIM Namo siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra avatara avatara saMvoSaT / OM hrIM Namo siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra tiSTha tiSTha ThaH ThaH / OM hrIM Namo siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra mama sannihato bhavabhava vaSaT / OM hrIM Namo siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin svasthAnaM gaccha gaccha jaH jaH jaH / ye mantra jaina darzana kI mUlabhUta mAnyatAoM ke pratikUla haiM , kyoMki jahA~ brAhmaNa paramparA kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki AhvAna karane para devatA Ate haiM aura visarjana karane para cale jAte haiM / vahA~ jaina paramparA meM siddhAvasthA ko prApta tIrthaGkara na to AhvAna karane para upasthita ho sakate haiM aura na visarjana karane para jA hI sakate haiM / paM0 phUlacandajI ne 'jJAnapITha pUjAMjali' kI bhUmikA meM vistAra se isakI carcA kI hai tathA AhvAna evaM visarjana sambandhI jaina mantroM kI brAhmaNa mantroM se samAnatA bhI dikhAI hai / tulanA kIjiye AvAhanaM naiva jAnAmi naiva jAnAmi pUjanam / visarjanaM na jAnAmi kSamasva paramezvara / / 1 / / mantrahInaM kriyAhInaM dravyahInaM tathaiva ca / tatsarva kSamyatAM deva rakSa rakSa jinezvara / / 2 / / - visarjanapATha isake sthAna para brAhmaNadharma meM ye zloka upalabdha hote haiM AvAhanaM na jAnAmi na jAnAmi visarjanam / pUjanaM naiva jAnAmi kSamasva paramezvara / / 1 / / mantrahInaM kriyAhInaM bhaktihInaM janArdana / yatpUjitaM mayA deva paripUrNa tadastu me / / 2 / / isI prakAra paMcopacArapUjA, aSTadravyapUjA, yajJa kA vidhAna, vinAyaka-yantrasthApanA, yajJopavItadhAraNa Adi bhI jaina paramparA ke anukUla nahIM haiN| kintu jaba paurANika dharma kA prabhAva bar3hane lagA to paMcopacArapUjA Adi vidhiyoM kA praveza huaa| dasavIM zatI ke anantara ina vidhiyoM ko itanA mahattva prApta huA ki pUrva pracalita vidhi gauNa ho gyii| pratimA ke samakSa rahane para bhI AhvAna satridhikaraNa, pUjana aura visarjana kramaza: paMcakalyANakoM kI smRti ke liye vyavahata hone lge| pUjA ko vaiyAvRtya kA aMga mAnA jAne lagA tathA eka prakAra se ise 'AhAradAna' ke tulya mahattva prApta huaa| isa prakAra pUjA ke samaya sAmAyika yA dhyAna kI mUla bhAvanA meM parivartana huA aura pUjA ko atithisaMvibhAga vrata kA aMga mAna liyA gyaa| yaha sabhI brAhmaNa paramparA kI anukRti hI hai, yadyapi isa sambandha meM bole jAnevAle mantroM ko nizcita hI jaina rUpa de diyA gayA

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA hai| jisa paramparA meM eka varga aisA ho jo tIrthaGkara ke kavalAhAra kA bhI niSedha karatA ho vahI tIrthaGkara kI sevA meM naivedya arpita kare, kyA yaha siddhAnta kI viDambanA nahIM kahI jAyegI? jaina paramparA ne pUjA-vidhAna ke atirikta saMskAra-vidhi meM bhI hindU-paramparA kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| . sarvaprathama AcArya jinasena ne 'AdipurANa' meM hindU saMskAroM ko jaina-dRSTi se saMzodhita karake jainoM ke liye bhI eka pUrI saMskAra-vidhi taiyAra kI hai| sAmAnyatayA hinduoM meM jo solaha saMskAroM kI paramparA hai, usameM nivRttimUlaka paramparA kI dRSTi se dIkSA (saMnyAsagrahaNa) Adi kucha saMskAroM kI vRddhi karake yaha saMskAra-vidhi taiyAra kI gayI hai / isameM garbhAnvaya kriyA, dIkSAnvaya kriyA aura kriyAnvaya kriyA aise tIna vibhAga kiye gae haiN| inameM garbha se lekara nirvANa paryanta taka kI kriyAe~ batAI gaI haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki digambara paramparA meM jo saMskAra-vidhi pracalita huI vaha bRhad hindU paramparA se prabhAvita hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM kisI saMskAra-vidhi kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai, kintu vyavahAra meM ve bhI hindU paramparA meM pracalita saMskAroM ko yathAvat rUpa meM apanAte haiN| unameM Aja bhI vivAhAdi saMskAra hindU paramparAnusAra hI brAhmaNa paNDita ke dvArA sampanna karAe jAte haiN| ata: spaSTa hai ki vivAhAdi saMskAroM ke sambandha meM bhI jaina paramparA para hindU paramparA kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| vastuta: mandira evaM jinabimba-pratiSThA Adi se sambandhita adhikAMza anuSThAna brAhmaNa paramparA kI dena haiM aura usakI mUlabhUta prakRti kahe jA sakate haiM / kisI bhI paramparA ke liye apanI sahavartI paramparA se pUrNatayA aprabhAvita raha pAnA kaThina hai aura isaliye yaha svAbhAvika hI thA ki jaina paramparA kI anuSThAna vidhiyoM meM brAhmaNa paramparA kA prabhAva AyA, kintu zramaNa paramparA ke liye yaha vikRti rUpa hI thaa| vastuta: mandira aura mUrti nirmANa ke sAtha caityavAsa aura bhaTTAraka paramparA kA vikAsa huaa| jisake virodha meM saMvigna paramparA aura amUrtipUjaka paramparAe~ astitva meM aaiiN| caityavAsa aura bhaTTAraka paramparA kA udaya mUrti aura mandira nirmANa ke sAtha unake saMrakSaNa aura vyavasthA kA prazna AyA, phalataH digambara paramparA meM bhaTTAraka sampradAya aura zvetAmbara paramparA meM caityavAsa kA vikAsa lagabhaga IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI meM huaa| yadyapi jina-mandira aura jina-pratimA ke nirmANa ke purAtAttvika pramANa mauryakAla se. to spaSTa rUpa se milane lagate haiN| zaka aura kuSANa yuga meM isameM paryApta vikAsa huA, phira bhI IsA kI 5 vIM zatI se 12 vIM zatI ke bIca jaina zilpa apane sarvottama rUpa ko prApta hotA hai| yaha vastutaH caityavAsa kI dena hai| donoM paramparAoM meM isa yuga meM muni vanavAsa ko chor3akara caityoM, jina mandiroM meM rahane lage the| kevala itanA hI nahIM, ve ina caityoM kI vyavasthA bhI karane

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40 sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa lage the| abhilekhoM se to yahA~ taka sUcanA milatI hai ki na kevala caityoM kI vyavasthA ke lie, apitu muniyoM ke AhAra aura telamardana Adi ke liye bhI saMbhrAnta varga se dAna prApta kiye jAte the| isa prakAra isa kAla meM jaina sAdhu maThAdhIza bana gaye the| phira bhI isa suvidhAbhogI varga ke dvArA jaina darzana, sAhitya evaM zilpa kA jo vikAsa isa yuga meM huA usakI sarvotkRSTatA se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yadyapi isa caityavAsa meM suvidhAvAda ke nAma para jo zithilAcAra vikasita ho rahA thA usakA virodha zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM huaa| digambara paramparA meM caityavAsa aura bhaTTAraka paramparA kA virodha sarvaprathama AcArya kundakunda ke 'aSTapAhuDa'(liMgapAhuDa 1-22) meM prApta hotA hai| unake pazcAt AzAdhara, banArasIdAsa Adi ne bhI isakA virodha kiyaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sarvaprathama AcArya haribhadra ne isake virodha meM lekhanI claayii| 'sambodhaprakaraNa' meM unhoMne. ina caityavAsiyoM ke Agama viruddha AcAra kI khulakara alocanA kI, yahA~ taka ki unheM narapizAca bhI kaha diyaa| caityavAsa kI isI prakAra kI AlocanA Age calakara jinezvarasUri, jinacandrasUri Adi kharataragaccha ke anya AcAryoM ne bhI kii| IsvI san kI dasavIM zatAbdI meM kharatagaccha kA AvirbhAva bhI caityavAsa ke virodha meM huA thA, jisakA prArambhika nAma savihita mArga yA saMvigna pakSa thaa| digambara paramparA meM isa yuga meM dravir3a saMgha, mAthura saMgha, kASTA saMgha Adi kA udbhava bhI isI kAla meM huA, jinheM darzanasAra nAmaka grantha meM jainAbhAsa kahA gayA / isa sambandha meM paM0 nAthUrAmajI 'premI' ne apane grantha 'jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa meM 'caityavAsa aura vanavAsa' nAmaka zIrSaka ke antargata vistRta carcA kI hai| phira bhI upalabdha sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki ina virodhoM ke bAvajUda jaina saMgha isa bar3hate hue zithilAcAra se mukti pA skaa| phira bhI yaha virodha jainasaMgha meM amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM ke udbhava kA preraka avazya bnaa| tantra aura bhaktimArga kA jainadharma para prabhAva vastuta: guptakAla se lekara dasavIM aura gyArahavIM zatAbdI taka kA yuga pUre bhAratIya samAja ke lie caritrabala ke hrAsa aura lalita kalAoM ke vikAsa kA yuga hai| yahI kAla hai jaba khajurAho aura koNArka ke mandiroM meM kAmuka aMkana kiye gye| jina mandira bhI isa prabhAva se achUte nahIM raha ske| yahI vaha yuga hai jaba kRSNa ke sAtha rAdhA aura gopiyoM kI kathA ko gar3hakara dharma ke nAma para kAmukatA kA pradarzana kiyA gyaa| isI kAla meM tantra aura vAma mArga kA pracAra huA,jisakI agni meM bauddha bhikSu saMgha to pUrI taraha jala marA kintu jaina bhikSu saMgha bhI usakI lapaToM kI jhulasa se baca na skaa| adhyAtmavAdI jainadharma para bhI tantra kA prabhAva aayaa| hindu paramparA ke aneka devI-devatAoM ko prakArAntara se yakSa, yakSI athavA zAsana deviyoM ke rUpa meM jaina devamaNDala kA sadasya svIkAra kara liyA gyaa| unakI kRpA yA unase laukika sukha-samRddhi prApta karane ke liye aneka tAntrika

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA vidhi-vidhAna bne| jaina tIrthaGkara to vItarAga thA ata: vaha na to bhaktoM kA kalyANa kara sakatA thA na duSToM kA vinAza, phalata: jainoM ne yakSa-yakSiyoM yA zAsana-devatA ko bhaktoM ke kalyANa kI javAbadArI dekara apane ko yuga-paramparA ke sAtha samAyojita kara liyaa| isI prakAra bhaktimArga kA prabhAva bhI isa yuga meM jaina saMgha para pdd'aa| tantra evaM bhaktimArga ke saMyukta prabhAva se jina-mandiroM meM pUjA-yajJa Adi ke rUpa meM vividha prakAra ke karmakANDa astitva meM aaye| vItarAga jina-pratimA kI hindU paramparA kI SoDazopacAra pUjA kI taraha satrahabhedI pUjA kI jAne lgii| na kevala vItarAga jina-pratimA ko vastrAbhUSaNAdi se susajjita kiyA gayA, apitu use phala-naivedya Adi bhI arpita kiye jAne lge| yaha viDambanA hI thI ki hindU devI-devatAoM kI pUjA-paddhati ke vivekazUnya anukaraNa ke dvArA navagraha Adi ke sAtha-sAtha tIrthaGkara yA siddha paramAtmA kA bhI AhvAna aura visarjana kiyA jAne lgaa| yadyapi yaha prabhAva zvetAmbara paramparA meM adhika AyA thA kintu digambara paramparA bhI isase baca na skii| vividha prakAra ke karmakANDa aura mantra-tantra kA praveza unameM bhI ho gayA thA, jina-mandira meM yajJa hone lage the| zramaNa paramparA kI varNa-mukta sarvodayI dharma vyavasthA kA parityAga karake usameM zUdra kI mukti ke niSedha aura zUdra-jala tyAga para bala diyA gyaa| yadyapi bArahavIM evaM terahavIM zatI meM hemacandra Adi aneka samartha jaina dArzanika aura sAhityakAra hue, phira bhI jaina paramparA meM sahagAmI anya dharma paramparAoM se jo prabhAva A gaye the, unase use mukta karane kA koI sazakta aura sArthaka prayAsa huA ho, aisA jJAta nahIM hotaa| yadyapi sudhAra ke kucha prayatnoM evaM matabhedoM ke AdhAra para zvetAmbara paramparA meM tapAgaccha, aMcalagaccha Adi astitva meM Aye aura unakI zAkhA-prazAkhAe~ bhI banI, phira bhI lagabhaga 15vIM zatI taka jaina saMgha isI sthiti kA zikAra rhaa| madhyayuga meM kalA evaM sAhitya ke kSetra meM jainoM kA mahattvapUrNa avadAna __yadyapi madhyakAla jainAcAra kI dRSTi se zithilAcAra evaM suvidhAvAda kA yuga thA, phira bhI kalA aura sAhitya ke kSetra meM jainoM ne mahanIya avadAna pradAna kiyaa| khajurAho zravaNabelagola, AbU (delavAr3A), tAraMgA, raNakapura, devagar3ha Adi kA bhavya zilpa aura sthApatya kalA jo 9 vIM zatI se 14 vIM zatI ke bIca meM nirmita huI, Aja bhI jaina samAja kA mastaka gaurava se U~cA kara detI hai| aneka praur3ha dArzanika evaM sAhityika granthoM kI racanAe~ bhI inhIM zatAbdiyoM meM huiiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM haribhadra, abhayadeva, vAdidevasUri, hemacandra, maNibhadra, mallisena, jinaprabha Adi AcArya evaM digambara paramparA meM vidyAnandI, zAkaTAyana, prabhAcandra jaise samartha vicAraka bhI isI kAla ke haiN| mantra-tantra ke sAtha cikitsA ke kSetra meM bhI jaina AcArya Age aaye| isa yuga ke bhaTTArakoM aura jaina yatiyoM ne sAhitya evaM kalAtmaka mandiroM kA nirmANa to

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42 sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa kiyA hI sAtha hI cikitsA ke mAdhyama se janasevA ke kSetra meM bhI ve pIche nahIM rhe| lokAzAha ke pUrva kI dharmakrAntiyA~ bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA eka krAntadharmI paramparA rahI hai| usane sadaiva hI sthApita rUr3hi evaM andhavizvAsoM ke prati krAnti kA svara mukhara kiyA hai| isake anusAra ve paramparAgata dhArmika rUr3hiyA~ jinake pIche koI sArthaka prayojana nihita nahIM hai, dharma ke zava ke samAna hai| zava pUjA yA pratiSThA kA viSaya nahIM hotA balki visarjana kA viSaya hotA hai, ata: andha aura rUr3hivAdI paramparAoM ke prati krAnti Avazyaka aura aparihArya hotI hai| zramaNa dharmoM athavA jainadharma kA prAdurbhAva isI krAnti dRSTi ke pariNAmasvarUpa huA hai| bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne apane yuga ke anurUpa laukika aura AdhyAtmika kSetroM meM apanI vyavasthAyeM dI thii| paravartI tIrthaMkaroM ne apane yuga aura paristhiti ke anurUpa usameM bhI parivartana kiye| parivartana aura saMzodhana kA yaha krama mahAvIra ke yuga taka claa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke dharmamArga aura AcAra-vyavasthA meM apane yuga ke anurUpa vividha parivartana kiye| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jo AcAra-vyavasthA dI thI usameM bhI deza, kAla aura vyaktigata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa kAlAntara meM parivartana Avazyaka hue| phalata: jainAcAryoM ne mahAvIra ke sAdhanA-mArga aura AcAra-vyavasthA ko utsarga mArga mAnate huye apavAda mArga ke rUpa meM deza kAlagata paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para navIna mAnyatAoM ko sthAna diyA / apavAda mArga kI sRjanA ke sAtha jo suvidhAvAda jaina saMgha meM praviSTa huA vaha kAlAntara meM AcAra zaithilya kA pratIka bana gayA / usa AcAra zaithilya ke prati bhI yuga-yuga meM suvihita mArga ke samarthaka AcAryoM ne dharmakrAntiyA~ yA kriyoddhAra kiye| jainadharma eka gatyAtmaka dharma hai| apane mUla tattvoM ko saMrakSita rakhate huye usane deza, kAla aura paristhitiyoM ke parivartana ke sAtha-sAtha apanI vyavasthAoM meM bhI parivartana svIkAra kiyaa| ata: vibhinna paramparAoM ke jaina AcAryoM ke dvArA kI gayI dharmakrAntiyA~ jainadharma ke lie koI naI bAta nahIM thI, apitu isakI krAntadharmI vicAradRSTi kA hI pariNAma thaa| lokAzAha ke pUrva bhI dharmakrAntiyA~ huI thiiN| una dharmakrAntiyoM yA kriyoddhAra kI ghaTanAoM kA hama saMkSipta vivaraNa yahA~ prastuta kara rahe haiM.... jaisAki pUrva meM saMketa kiyA gayA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne bhI bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI AcAra-vyavasthA ko yathAvat rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA thaa| yaha ThIka hai ki bhagavAn pArzvanAtha aura bhagavAn mahAvIra kI mUlabhUta siddhAntoM meM maulika antara na ho, kintu unakI AcAra-vyavasthAyeM to bhinna-bhinna rahI hI haiM jinakA jainAgamoM meM aneka sthAnoM para nirdeza prApta hotA hai| mahAvIra kI paramparA meM ina donoM mahApuruSoM kI AcAra-vyavasthAoM kA samanvaya prathamata: sAmAyika cAritra aura chedopasthApanIya cAritra (paJcamahAvratAropaNa) ke rUpa meM huaa| phalataH muni AcAra meM eka dvistarIya vyavasthA kI gii| bhagavAn mahAvIra

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43 jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA ke dvArA sthApita yaha AcAra-vyavasthA binA kisI maulika parivartana ke bhadrabAhu ke yuga taka calatI rahI, kintu usameM bhI deza kAlagata paristhitiyoM ke parivartana ke sAtha AMzika parivartana to avazya hI aaye| una paristhitijanya parivartanoM ko mAnyatA pradAna karane hetu AcArya bhadrabAhu ko nikalpa aura sthavirakalpa tathA utsarga-mArga aura apavAda mArga ke rUpa meM puna: eka dvistarIya AcAra-vyavasthA ko svIkRti denI pdd'ii| AcArya bhadrabAhu ke praziSya aura sthUlibhadra ke ziSya Arya mahAgiri evaM Arya suhastI ke kAla meM jainadharma meM jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa - aisI do vyavasthAyeM svIkRta ho cukI thiiN| vastutaH yaha dvistarIya AcAra vyavasthA isalie bhI Avazyaka ho gayI thI ki jinakalpa kA pAlana karate huye Atma-sAdhanA to sambhava thI, kintu saMghIya vyavasthAoM se aura vizeSa rUpa se samAja se jur3akara jainadharma ke prasAra aura pracAra kA kArya jinakalpa jaisI kaThora AcAracaryA dvArA sambhava nahIM thaa| ataH munijana apanI suvidhA ke anurUpa sthavirakalpa aura jinakalpa meM se kisI eka kA pAlana karate the| phira bhI isa dvistarIya AcAra-vyavasthA ke pariNAmasvarUpa saMgha meM vaimanasya kI sthiti kA nirmANa nahIM ho pAyA thaa| Arya mahAgiri aura Arya suhasti ke kAla taka saMgha meM dvistarIya AcAra-vyavasthA hote hue bhI sauhArda banA rahA, kintu kAlAntara meM yaha sthiti sambhava nahIM raha pAyI / jahA~ jinakalpI apane kaThora AcAra ke kAraNa zraddhA ke kendra the vahIM dUsarI ora sthavirakalpI saMgha yA samAja se jur3e hone ke kAraNa usa para apanA varcasva rakha rahe the| Age calakara varcasva kI isa hor3a meM jainadharma bhI do vargoM meM vibhAjita ho gayA, jo zvetAmbara aura digambara nAma se kAlAntara meM prasiddha huye| AcArya bhadrabAhu ke dvArA racita 'nizItha', 'dazAzrutaskandha', 'bRhatkalpa' evaM 'vyavahArasUtra' meM utsarga aura apavAda ke rUpa meM athavA jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa ke rUpa meM isa dvistarIya AcAra-vyavasthA ko spaSTa rUpa se mAnyatA pradAna kI gayI hai| jahA~ mUla Agama granthoM meM apavAda ke kvacita hI nirdeza upalabdha hote haiM vahA~ ina chedagranthoM meM hameM apavAda - mArga kI vistRta vyAkhyA bhI prApta hotI hai| Age calakara Aryabhadra dvArA racita niyuktiyoM meM jinabhadragaNi dvArA racita 'vizeSAvazyaka' Adi bhASyoM meM aura jinadAsamahattara racita cUrNiyoM meM isa apavAda - mArga kA khulA samarthana dekhA jAtA hai| yaha satya hai ki koI bhI AcAra-vyavasthA yA sAdhanA paddhati apavAda-mArga ko pUrI taraha asvIkRta karake nahIM calatI / deza, kAlagata paristhitiyA~ kucha aisI hotI haiM jisameM apavAda ko mAnyatA denI par3atI hai, kintu Age calakara apavAda-mArga kI yaha vyavasthA suvidhAvAda aura AcAra zaithilyatA kA kAraNa banatI hai jo suvidhA mArga se hotI huI AcAra zaithilyatA kI parAkASThA taka pahu~ca jAtI hai| jaina saMgha meM aisI paristhitiyA~ aneka bAra utpanna huIM aura unake lie samaya-samaya para jainAcAryoM ko

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sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa 44 dharmakrAnti yA kriyoddhAra karanA pdd'aa| AcAra-vyavasthA ko lekara vizeSa rUpa se sacela aura acela sAdhanA ke sandarbha meM prathama vivAda vI0ni0saM0 606 yA 609 tadanusAra vikrama kI prathama dvitIya zatAbdI meM huaa| yaha vivAda mukhyatayA Arya zivabhUti aura Arya kRSNa ke madhya huA thaa| jahA~ Arya zivabhUti ne acela pakSa ko pramukhatA dI, vahIM Arya kRSNa sacela pakSa ke samarthaka rahe / Arya zivabhUti kI AcAra krAnti ke pariNAmasvarUpa uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM boTika yA yApanIya paramparA kA vikAsa huA jisane AgamoM aura strImukti ko svIkAra karate huye bhI yaha mAnA ki sAdhanA kA utkRSTa mArga to acela dharma hI hai| logoM ke bhAvanAtmaka aura AsthAparaka pakSa ko lekara mahAvIra ke pazcAt kAlAntara meM jainadharma meM mUrtipUjA kA vikAsa huaa| yadyapi mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 150 varSa ke pazcAt se hI jainadharma meM mUrtipUjA ke pramANa milane prArambha ho jAte haiN| lohAnIpura paTanA se milI jinapratimAe~ aura kaMkAlI TIlA mathurA se milI jinapratimAyeM isa tathya ke prabala pramANa haiM ki IsA pUrva hI jainoM meM mUrtipUjA kI paramparA astitva meM A gayI thii| yahA~ hama mUrtipUjA sambandhI pakSa-vipakSa kI isa carcA meM na par3akara taTastha dRSTi se yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki kAlakrama se jainadharma kI mUrtipUjA meM anya paramparAoM ke prabhAva se kaise-kaise parivartana hue aura usakA munivarga ke jIvana para kyA aura kaisA prabhAva par3A ? mandira aura mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa ke sAtha hI jaina sAdhuoM kI AcAra zaithilya ko tejI se bar3hAvA milA tathA zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM maTha yA caityavAsI aura vanavAsI aisI do paramparAoM kA vikAsa huaa| mandira aura mUrti ke nirmANa tathA usakI vyavasthA hetu bhUmidAna Adi bhI prApta hone lage aura unake svAmitva kA prazna bhI khar3A hone lgaa| prArambha meM jo dAna sambandhI abhilekha yA tAmra patra milate haiM unameM dAna mandira, pratimA yA saMgha ko diyA jAtA thA- * aise ullekha haiN| lekina kAlAntara meM AcAryoM ke nAma para dAna patra likhe jAne lge| pariNAmasvarUpa munigaNa na kevala caityavAsI bana baiThe apitu ve maTha, mandira Adi kI vyavasthA se bhI jur3a gye| sambhavataH yahI kAraNa rahA hai ki dAna Adi unake nAma se prApta hone lge| isa prakAra muni jIvana meM suvidhAvAda aura AcAra zaithilya kA vikAsa huaa| AcAra zaithilya ne zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM apanA Adhipatya kara liyaa| zvetAmbara meM yaha caityavAsI yati paramparA ke rUpa meM aura digambara meM maThavAsI bhaTTAraka paramparA ke rUpa meM vikasita huI / yadyapi isa paramparA ne jainadharma evaM saMskRti ko bacAye rakhane meM tathA jainavidyA ke saraMkSaNa aura samAja sevA ke kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA / cikitsA ke kSetra meM bhI jaina yatiyoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA, kintu dUsarI ora suvidhAoM ke upabhoga, parigraha ke saMcayana ne unheM apane zramaNa jIvana se cyuta bhI kara diyaa| isa paramparA ke virodha meM digambara AcArya kundakunda ne lagabhaga 6ThI zatI meM aura zvetAmbara AcArya haribhadra ne 8vIM zatI meM krAnti ke svara

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45 jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA mukhara liye / AcArya kundakunda ke dvArA jo krAnti kI gayI vaha mukhya rUpa se paramparAgata dharma ke sthAna para AdhyAtmika dharma ke sandarbha meM thI / yadyapi unhoMne 'aSTapAhuDa' meM vizeSa rUpa se 'cAritrapAhuDa', 'liMgapAhuDa' Adi meM AcAra zaithilya ke sandarbha meM bhI apane svara mukharita kiye the, kintu ye svara anasune hI rahe, kyoMki paravartI kAla meM bhI yaha bhaTTAraka paramparA puSTa hI hotI rhii| AcArya kundakunda ke pazcAt unake granthoM ke prathama TIkAkAra AcArya amRtacandra jainasaMgha ko eka AdhyAtmika dRSTi dene kA prayatna kiyA jisakA samAja para kucha prabhAva par3A kintu bhaTTAraka paramparA bhI yathAvata rUpa meM mahimAmaMDita hotI rhaa| isI prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI suvihitamArga, saMvignapakSa Adi ke rUpa meM i paramparA ke virodha meM svara mukharita huye aura kharataragaccha, tapAgaccha Adi astitva meM bhI Aye, kintu ye sabhI yati paramparA ke prabhAva se apane ko alipta nahIM rakha sake / * zvetAmbara paramparA meM 8 vIM zatI se caityavAsa kA virodha prArambha huA thaa| AcArya haribhadra ne apane grantha 'sambodhaprakaraNa' ke dvitIya adhyAya meM ina caityavAsI yatiyoM ke kriyAkalApoM evaM AcAra zaithilya para tIkhe vyaMga kiye aura unake viruddha krAnti kA zaMkhanAda kiyA, kintu yugIna paristhitiyoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa haribhadra kI krAnti ke ye svara bhI anasune hI rhe| yativarga suvidhAvAda, parigraha saMcaya Adi kI pravRttiyoM meM yathAvata jur3A rhaa| hameM aisA koI bhI sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hotA jisake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sake ki AcArya haribhadra kI isa krAntadharmitA ke pariNAmasvarUpa caityavAsI yatiyoM para koI vyApaka prabhAva par3A ho| zvetAmbara paramparA meM caityavAsa kA sabala virodha candrakula ke AcArya varddhamAnasUri ne kiyaa| unhoMne caityavAsa ke viruddha sarvaprathama suvihita muni paramparA kI punaH sthApanA kii| yaha paramparA Age calakara kharataragaccha ke nAma se vikhyAta huI / inakA kAla lagabhaga 11vIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai / yadyapi suvihita mArga kI sthApanA se Agama para AdhArita muni AcAra vyavasthA ko nayA jIvana to prApta huA, kintu yati paramparA nAmazeSa nahIM ho paayii| aneka sthaloM para zvetAmbara yatiyoM kA itanA prabhAva thA ki unake apane kSetroM meM kisI anya suvihita muni kA praveza bhI sambhava nahIM ho pAtA thaa| caityavAsI yati paramparA to nAmazeSa nahIM ho pAyI, apitu huA yaha ki usa yati paramparA ke prabhAva se saMvigna muni paramparA punaH punaH AkrAnta hotI rahI aura samaya-samaya para punaH kriyoddhAra kI AvazyakatA banI rhii| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM pratyeka sau-Der3ha sau varSa ke pazcAt punaH punaH AcAra zaithilya ke viruddha aura saMvigna mArga kI sthApanA ke nimitta dharma krAntiyA~ hotI rahIM / kharataragaccha kI dharmakrAnti ke pazcAt aMcalagaccha evaM tapAgaccha ke AcAryoM dvArA punaH kriyoddhAra kiyA gayA aura Agama anukUla muni AcAra kI sthApanA ke prayatna vi0 saM0 19169 meM AcArya AryarakSita (aMcalagaccha) tathA vi0saM0 1285 meM AcArya jagaccandra (tapAgaccha) ke dvArA kiyA gyaa|

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sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa isI taraha eka anya prayatna vi0 saM0 1214 yA 1250 meM Agamikagaccha evaM tapAgaccha kI sthApanA ke rUpa meM huA / Agamikagaccha ne na kevala caityavAsa evaM yakSayakSI kI pUjA kA virodha kiyA, apitu sacitta dravyoM se jina - pratimA kI pUjA kA bhI virodha kiyaa| yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki digambara paramparA meM jahA~ banArasIdAsa Adi ke prabhAva se lagabhaga 16 vIM zatI meM sacitta dravya se pUjana kA virodha huA, vahIM zvetAmbara paramparA do zatI pUrva hI isa prakAra kA virodha janma le cukA thaa| yadyapi Agamikagaccha adhika jIvaMta nahIM raha pAyA aura kAlakrama se usakA anta bhI ho gayA, phira bhI kharataragaccha, tapAgaccha aura aMcalagaccha apane prabhAva ke kAraNa astitva meM bane rhe| kintu ye tInoM paramparAyeM bhI caityavAsI- yativAsI paramparA se aprabhAvita nahIM raha skiiN| jisa saMvigna muni paramparA ko punarjIvita karane ke lie jo ye paramparAyeM astitva meM AyI thIM, ve apane usa kArya meM saphala nahIM ho skiiN| kharataragaccha, aMcalagaccha aura yahA~ taka ki tapAgaccha meM bhI yatiyoM kA varcasva sthApita ho gyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM mandira aura mUrti sambandhI ADambara bar3hatA hI gayA aura zramaNa varga jisakA lakSya Atma-sAdhanA thA, vaha ina karmakANDoM kA purohita hokara raha gyaa| tapa aura tyAga ke dvArA Atmavizuddhi kA mArga mAtra AgamoM meM hI sImita raha gayA / yathArtha jIvana se unakA koI sambandha nahIM raha pAyA / aisI sthiti meM punaH eka samagra krAnti kI AvazyakatA anubhava kI jAne lgii| caityavAsa kA virodha aura saMvigna sampradAyoM kA AvirbhAva 46 jaina paramparA meM parivartana kI lahara punaH solahavIM zatAbdI meM aayii| jaba adhyAtmapradhAna jainadharma kA zuddha svarUpa karmakANDa ke ghora ADambara ke AvaraNa meM dhUmila ho rahA thA aura muslima zAsakoM ke mUrtibhaMjaka svarUpa se mUrtipUjA ke prati AsthAe~ vicalita ho rahI thIM, tabhI musalamAnoM kI ADambara rahita sahaja dharma sAdhanA ne hinduoM kI bhA~ti jainoM ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA / hindUdharma meM aneka nirguNa bhaktimArgI santoM ke AvirbhAva ke samAna hI jainadharma meM bhI aise santoM kA AvirbhAva huA jinhoMne dharma ke nAma para karmakANDa aura ADambarayukta pUjA-paddhati kA virodha kiyaa| phalataH jainadharma kI zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI zAkhAoM meM sudhAravAdI Andolana kA prAdurbhAva huaa| inameM zvetAmbara paramparA meM lokAzAha aura digambara paramparA meM santa bAraNasvAmI tathA banArasIdAsa pramukha the| yadyapi banArasIdAsa janmanA zvetAmbara paramparA ke the, kintu unakA sudhAravAdI Andolana digambara paramparA se sambandhita thaa| lokAzAha ne zvetAmbara paramparA meM mUrtipUjA tathA dhArmika karmakANDa aura ADambaroM kA virodha kiyaa| inakI paramparA Age calakara lokAgaccha ke nAma se prasiddha huI / isI se Age calakara satrahavIM zatAbdI meM zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI paramparA vikasita huii| jisakA punaH eka vibhAjana 18vIM zatI meM zuddha nivRttimArgI jIvanadRSTi evaM ahiMsA kI niSedhAtmaka vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para zvetAmbara terApaMtha ke rUpa meM huaa|

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA 47 digambara paramparA meM banArasIdAsa ne bhaTTAraka paramparA ke viruddha apanI AvAja bulanda kI aura sacitta dravyoM se jina - pratimA ke pUjana kA niSedha kiyA, kintu tAraNasvAmI to banArasIdAsa se bhI eka kadama Age the| unhoMne digambara paramparA meM mUrtipUjA kA niSedha kara diyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, unhoMne dharma ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kI punaH pratiSThA kii| banArasIdAsa kI paramparA jahA~ digambara terApaMtha ke nAma se vikasita huI, vahI tAraNasvAmI kA vaha Andolana tAraNapaMtha yA samaiyA ke nAma se pahacAnA jAne lgaa| tAraNapaMtha ke caityAlayoM meM mUrti ke sthAna para zAstra kI pratiSThA kI gii| isa prakAra solahavIM zatAbdI meM jaina paramparA meM islAma dharma ke prabhAva ke phalasvarUpa eka nayA parivartana AyA aura amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM kA janma huaa| phira bhI purAnI paramparAe~ "yathAvata calatI rhiiN| eka ora adhyAtma sAdhanA, jo zramaNa saMskRti kI prANa thI vaha tatkAlIna yatiyoM ke jIvana meM kahIM bhI dikhAI nahIM par3a rahI thii| dharma karmakANDoM se itanA bojhala bana gayA thA ki usakI antarAtmA daba-sI gayI thii| dharma kA sahaja, svAbhAvika svarUpa vilupta ho rahA thA aura usake sthAna para dhArmika karmakANDoM ke rUpa meM dharma para sampattizAlI logoM kA varcasva bar3ha rahA thaa| dharma ke nAma para kevala aihika hitoM kI siddhi kehI prayatna ho rahe the| dUsarI ora islAma ke deza meM susthApita hone ke pariNAmasvarUpa eka ADambara vihIna sarala aura sahaja dharma kA paricaya janasAdhAraNa ko prApta huaa| tIsarI ora mandira aura mUrti jisa para usa samaya kA dharma adhiSThita thA, muslima AkrAntAoM dvArA dhvasta kiye jA rahe the| aisI sthiti meM janasAdhAraNa ko eka adhyAtmapUrNa, tapa aura tyAgamaya, sarala, svAbhAvika, ADambara aura karmakANDa vihIna dharma kI apekSA thI, jo muslima AkrAntAoM ke dvArA dhvasta usake zraddhA kendroM se udvelita usakI AtmA ko samyak AdhAra de ske| amUrtipUjaka paramparAoM kA udbhava vikrama kI prathama sahasrAbdI pUrNa hote-hote isa deza para muslima AkramaNa prArambha ho cukA thaa| usa samaya muslima AkrAntAoM kA lakSya mAtra bhArata se dhana-sampadA ko lUTakara jAnA thA, kintu dhIre-dhIre bhArata kI sampadA aura usakI urvara bhUmi unake AkarSaNa kA kendra banI aura unhoMne apanI sattA ko yahA~ sthApita karane ko prayatna kiyA / sattA ke sthApana ke sAtha hI islAma ne bhI isa deza kI miTTI para apane paira jamAne prArambha kara diye the| yadyapi muslima zAsaka bhI eka-dUsare ko ukhAr3ane meM lage huye the| eka ora humAyU~ aura zerazAha sUri kA saMgharSa cala rahA thA, to dUsarI ora dillI meM muslima zAsakoM ke varcasva ke kAraNa islAma apane paira isa dharatI para jamA rahA thaa| muslima zAsakoM kA lakSya bhI sattA aura sampatti ke sAtha-sAtha apane dharma kI sthApanA bana gayA thA, kyoMki ve jAnate the ki unakI saltanata tabhI kAyama raha sakatI hai jaba isa deza meM islAma kI

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48 sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa sattA sthApita ho| ata: muslima zAsakoM ne isa deza meM islAma ko phailAne aura apane paira jamAne ke lie paryApta suvidhAe~ pradAna kii| islAma kI sthApanA aura usake paira jamane ke sAtha hI usakA samparka anya bhAratIya paramparAoM se huaa| bhAratIya cintakoM ne islAma ke sAMskRtika aura dhArmika pakSa para dhyAna denA prArambha kiyaa| phalata: bhAratIya janamAnasa ne yaha pAyA ki islAma karmakANDa se mukta eka sarala aura sahaja upAsanA-vidhi hai| isa pArasparika samparka ke pariNAmasvarUpa deza meM eka aisI santa paramparA kA vikAsa huA jisane hindUdharma ko karmakANDoM se mukta kara eka sahaja upAsanA-paddhati pradAna kii| hama dekhate haiM ki 14vI, 15vIM aura 16vIM zatAbdI meM isa deza meM nirgaNa upAsanA paddhati kA na kevala vikAsa huA, apitu vaha upAsanA kI eka pramukha paddhati bana gii| usa yuga meM bhAratIya janamAnasa kaThora jAtivAda aura varNavAda se to grasita thA hI sAtha hI, dharma ke kSetra meM karmakANDa kA prabhAva itanA ho gayA thA ki dharma meM se AdhyAtmika pakSa gauNa ho gayA thA aura mAtra karmakANDoM kI pradhAnatA raha gayI thii| eka ora dharma kA sahaja AdhyAtmika svarUpa vilupta ho rahA thA to dUsarI ora dhArmika matAndhatA aura sattA bala ko pAkara muslima zAsaka deza bhara meM mandiroM, mUrtiyoM ko tor3a rahe the aura mandiroM kI sAmagrI se masjidoM kA nirmANa kara rahe the| isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki mandiroM aura mUrtiyoM para se logoM kI AsthA ghaTane lgii| mandiroM aura mUrtiyoM ke viSaya meM jo mahattvapUrNa kiMvadaMtiyA~ pracalita thIM vaha A~khoM ke sAmane hI dhUladhUsarita ho rahI thii| muslima dharma kI sahaja aura sarala upAsanA-paddhati bhAratIya janamAnasa ko AkarSita kara rahI thii| isa sabake pariNAmasvarUpa bhAratIya dharmoM meM mUrtipUjA aura karmakANDa ke prati eka vidroha kI bhAvanA jAgrata ho rahI thii| aneka santa yathA- kabIra, dAdU, nAnaka, raidAsa Adi hindUdharma meM krAnti kA zaMkhanAda kara rahe the| dharma ke nAma para pracalita karmakANDa ke prati logoM ke mana meM samarthana kA bhAva kama ho rahA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki isa kAla meM bhAratIya saMskRti meM aneka aise mahApuruSoM ne janma liyA jinhoMne dharma ko karmakANDa se mukta karAkara logoM ko eka sarala, sahaja aura ADambara vihIna sAdhanA-paddhati dii| jainadharma bhI isa prabhAva se achUtA nahIM raha skaa| guptakAla se jainadharma meM "caityavAsa ke prArambha ke sAtha-sAtha karmakANDa kI pramukhatA bar3hatI gayI thii| karmakANDoM ke zikaMje meM dharma kI mUla AtmA mara cukI thii| dharma paMDoM aura parohitoM dvArA zoSaNa kA mAdhyama bana gayA thaa| sAmAnya janamAnasa kharcIle, ADambarapUrNa AdhyAtmikatA se zUnya karmakANDa ko asvIkAra kara rahe the| aisI sthiti meM jainadharma ke donoM hI pramukha sampradAyoM meM tIna viziSTa puruSoM ne janma liyA / zvetAmbara paramparA meM lokAzAha aura digambara paramparA meM banArasIdAsa tathA tAraNasvAmI /

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA 49 eka ora mandira aura mUrtiyoM kA tor3A jAnA aura deza para muslima zAsakoM kA prabhAva bar3hanA, dUsarI ora karmakANDa se mukta sahaja aura sarala islAma dharma se hindU aura jaina mAnasa kA prabhAvita honA, jainadharma meM ina amUrtipUjaka dharma-sampradAyoM kI utpatti kA kisI sImA taka kAraNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| lokAzAha kA janma vi0 saM0 1475 ke Asa-pAsa huaa| yadyapi usa kAla taka muslimoM kA sAmrAjya to sthApita nahIM ho sakA thA, kintu deza ke aneka bhAgoM meM dhIre-dhIre muslima zAsakoM ne apanA varcasva sthApita kara liyA thaa| gujarAta bhI isase achUtA nahIM thaa| isa yuga kI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha thI ki aba taka isa deza meM sthApita muslima zAsaka sAmrAjya kA svapna dekhane lage the, kintu usake lie Avazyaka thA bhArata kI hindU prajA ko apane vizvAsa meM lenA / ataH mohammada tugalaka, bAbara, humAyU~ Adi ne islAma ke pracAra aura prasAra ko apanA lakSya rakhakara bhI hindUoM ko prazAsana meM sthAna denA prArambha kiyA, phalataH hindU sAmanta aura rAjya karmacArI rAjA ke samparka meM Aye / phalataH para karmakANDamukta jAti-pAti ke bheda se rahita aura bhrAtR-bhAva se pUrita islAma kA acchA pakSa bhI unake sAmane AyA jisane yaha cintana karane para bAdhya kara diyA ki yadi hindUdharma yA jainadharma ko bacAye rakhanA hai to usako karmakANDa se mukta karanA Avazyaka hai| isI ke pariNAmasvarUpa jaina paramparA meM amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM kA na kevala udbhava huA, apitu anukUla avasara ko pAkara vaha tejI se vikasita bhI huii| zvetAmbara sampradAya meM sthAnakavAsI paramparA kA aura digambara sampradAya meM tAraNapaMtha ke udaya ke nepathya meM islAma kI karmakANDa mukta upAsanA paddhati kA prabhAva dikhatA hai| yadyapi jainadharma kI pRSThabhUmi bhI karmakANDa mukta hI rahI hai, ataH yaha spaSTa rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina do sampradAyoM kI utpatti ke pIche mAtra islAma kA hI pUrNa prabhAva thA / paramparA ke anusAra yaha mAnyatA hai ki lokAzAha ko muslima zAsaka ne na kevala apane khajAJcI ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dI thI, apitu unake dhArmika Andolana ko eka mUka svIkRti to pradAna kI hI thii| lokAzAha kA kAla mohammada tugalaka kI samApti ke bAda zerazAha sUri aura bAbara kA sattAkAla thA / muslima bAdazAha se apanI AjIvikA pAne ke sAtha-sAtha hindU adhikArI muslima dharma aura saMskRti se prabhAvita ho rahe the| aisA lagatA hai ki ahamadAbAda ke muslima zAsaka ke sAtha kAma karate hue unake dharma kI acchAIyoM kA prabhAva bhI lokAzAha para pdd'aa| dUsarI ora usa yuga meM hindU dharma ke samAna jainadharma bhI mukhyataH karmakANDI ho gayA thaa| dhIre-dhIre usameM se dharma kA AdhyAtmika pakSa vilupta hotA jA rahA thaa| caityavAsI yati karmakANDa ke nAma para apanI AjIvikA ko sabala banAne ke lie janasAmAnya kA zoSaNa kara rahe the| apanI akSaroM kI sundaratA ke kAraNa lokAzAha ko jaba pratilipi karate samaya Agama granthoM ke adhyayana kA maukA milA to unhoMne dekhA ki Aja jaina muniyoM ke AcAra meM bhI siddhAnta aura vyavahAra meM bahuta bar3I khAI A gayI hai| sAdhakoM ke jIvana meM AyI siddhAnta aura

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50 sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa vyavahAra kI yaha khAI janasAmAnya kI cetanA meM aneka prazna khar3e kara rahI thii| lokAzAha ke lie yaha eka acchA maukA thA ki ve karmakANDa se mukta aura AdhyAtmika sAdhanA se yukta kisI dharma paramparA kA vikAsa kara skeN| lokAzAha pUrva jaina saMgha kI kyA sthiti thI? isa sambandha meM thor3A vicAra parva meM kara cuke haiN| lokAzAha ke pUrva 14 vIM-15vIM zatI meM jaina saMgha mukhya rUpa se tIna sampradAyoM meM vibhakta thA- zvetAmbara, digambara aura yaapniiy| isameM bhI lagabhaga 5 vIM zatI meM astitva meM AyI yApanIya paramparA aba vilupti ke kagAra para thii| eka-do bhaTTAraka gaddiyoM ke atirikta svatantra rUpa se usakA koI astitva nahIM raha gayA thaa| ata: mUlata: zvetAmbara aura digambara ye do paramparAyeM hI astitva meM thii| jahA~ taka digambara paramparA kA prazna hai to usa kAla meM muni aura AryA saMgha kA koI astitva nahIM raha gayA thaa| mAtra bhaTTArakoM kI hI pramukhatA thI, kintu bhaTTAraka tyAgI varga ke pratinidhi hokara bhI mukhyata: maThavAsI bane baiThe the| maTha kI sampatti kI vRddhi aura usakA saMrakSaNa unakA pramukha kArya raha gayA thaa| uttara bhArata aura dakSiNa bhArata donoM meM hI sthAna-sthAna para bhaTTArakoM kI gaddiyA~ thIM aura dhIre-dhIre sAmantoM kI taraha ye bhI apane kSetroM aura anuyAyiyoM para apanA zAsana calA rahe the| bhaTTArakoM meM bhI aneka saMgha yathA- kASThA, mAthura, mUla, lAr3avAgar3a, dravir3a Adi the| jo ki kucha gaNa yA gacchoM meM vibhAjita the| jahA~ taka zvetAmbara paramparA kA prazna hai usameM saMvigna aura suvihita muniyoM kA pUrNa abhAva to nahIM huA thA, phira bhI caityavAsI yatiyoM kI hI pramukhatA thii| samAja para varcasva yati varga kA hI thA aura unakI sthiti bhI maThavAsI bhaTTArakoM ke samAna hI thii| dhArmika kriyAkANDoM ke sAtha yati varga mantra-tantra aura cikitsA Adi se jur3A huA thaa| yaha mAtra kahane kI dRSTi se hI tyAgI varga kahA jAtA thaa| vastuta: AcAra kI apekSA se unake pAsa usa yuga ke anurUpa bhoga kI sArI suvidhAyeM upalabdha hotI thiiN| yati varga itanA prabhAvazAlI thA ki ve apane prabhAva se saMvigna evaM suvihita muniyoM ko apane varcasva kSetra meM praveza karane se bhI roka dete the| islAma ke prabhAva ke sAtha-sAtha bhaTTArakoM evaM yatiyoM ke AcAra zaithilya evaM dharmAcaraNa ke kSetra meM karmakANaDoM kA varcasva aisI sthitiyA~ thIM ki jisane lokAzAha ko dharmakrAnti hetu preraNA dii| lokAzAha ne mUrtipUjA, karmakANDa aura AcAra zaithilya kA virodha kara jainadharma ko eka navIna dizA dii| unakI isa sAhasapUrNa dharmakrAnti kA prabhAva yaha huA ki prAya: sampUrNa uttara-pazcima bhArata meM lAkhoM kI saMkhyA meM unake anuyAyI bana gye| kAlantara meM unake anuyAyiyoM kA yaha varga gujarAtI lokAgaccha, nAgaurI lokAgaccha aura lAhaurI lokAgaccha ke rUpa meM tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita ho gayA, kintu zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka yati paramparA ke prabhAva se zanai-zanai AcAra zaithilya kI ora bar3hate hue isane puna: yati paramparA kA rUpa le liyaa| phalata: lokAzAha kI dharmakrAnti ke lagabhaga 150

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA varSa pazcAt punaH eka navIna dharmakrAnti kI AvazyakatA anubhava kI jAne lgii| isI lokAgacchIya yati paramparA meM se nikala kara jIvarAjajI, lavajIRSijI, dharmasiMhajI, dharmadAsajI, manoharadAsajI, harajIsvAmIjI Adi ne puna: eka dharmakrAnti kA udghoSa kiyA aura Agamasammatta muni AcAra para vizeSa bala diyA, phalata: sthAnakavAsI sampradAya kA udaya huaa| sthAnakavAsI paramparA kA udbhava evaM vikAsa kisI eka vyakti se eka hI kAla meM nahIM huA, apitu vibhinna vyaktiyoM dvArA alaga-alaga samaya meM huaa| ata: vicAra aura AcAra ke kSetra meM matabheda bane rhe| jisakA pariNAma yaha huA ki yaha sampradAya apane udaya kAla se hI aneka upa-sampradAyoM meM vibhAjita rhaa| - 17vIM zatAbdI meM isI sthAnakavAsI sampradAya se nikala kara raghunAthajI ke ziSya bhIkhaNajI svAmI ne zvetAmbara terApaMtha kI sthApanA kii| inake sthAnakavAsI paramparA se pRthak hone ke mUlataH do kAraNa rahe- eka ora sthAnakavAsI paramparA ke sAdhuoM ne bhI yati paramparA ke samAna hI apanI-apanI paramparA ke sthAnakoM kA nirmANa karavAkara unameM nivAsa karanA prArambha kara diyA to dUsarI ora bhIkhaNajI svAmI kA Agraha yaha rahA ki dayA va dAna kI ve sabhI pravRttiyA~ jo sAvadha haiM aura jinake sAtha kisI bhI rUpa meM hiMsA jur3I huI hai, cAhe vaha hiMsA ekendriya jIvoM kI ho, dharma nahIM mAnI jA sktii| kAlAntara meM AcArya bhIkhaNajI kA yaha sampradAya paryApta rUpa se vikasita huA aura Aja jainadharma ke eka prabuddha sampradAya ke rUpa meM jAnA pahacAnA jAtA hai| ise terApaMtha ke naveM AcArya tulasIjI aura dasaveM AcArya mahAprajJajI ne naI ucAIMyA~ dI haiN| sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMtha ke udaya ke pazcAt kramaza: vIsavIM zatI ke pUvArdha, madhya aura uttarArdha meM vikasita jainadharma ke sAMskRtika itihAsa kI dRSTi se jo tIna paramparAe~ ati mahattvapUrNa haiM, unameM zrImad rAjacandra kI adhyAtmapradhAna paramparA meM vikasita 'kavipaMtha', sthAnakavAsI paramparA se nikalakara banArasIdAsa ke digambara terApaMtha ko navajIvana denevAle kAnajIsvAmI kA nizcayanaya pradhAna 'kAnajI paMtha' tathA gujarAta ke e0ema0 paTela ke dvArA sthApita dAdA bhagavAna kA sampradAya mukhya hai| yadyapi ye tInoM sampradAya mUlata: jainadharma kI adhyAtmapradhAna dRSTi ko lekara hI vikasita huye| zrImad rAjacandrajI jinheM mahAtmA gA~dhI ne guru kA sthAna diyA thA, jainadharma meM kisI sampradAya kI sthApanA kI dRSTi se nahIM, mAtra vyakti ke AdhyAtmika jAgaraNa kI apekSA se janasAdhAraNa ko jainadharma ke adhyAtma pradhAna sArabhUta tattvoM kA bodha diyaa| zrImad rAjacandra AdhyAtmika prajJAsampanna Azu kavi the| ata: unakA anuyAyI varga kavipaMtha ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| kAnajIsvAmI kundakunda ke samayasAra' Adi granthoM kA adhyayana kara banArasIdAsa aura zrImad rAjacandra kI adhyAtma pradhAna dRSTi ko hI jana-jana meM prasArita karane kA prayatna kiyA, kintu jahA~ zrImad rAjacandra ne nizcaya aura vyavahAra donoM para samAna bala

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52 sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa diyA vahA~ kAnajI svAmI kA dRSTikoNa mUlata: nizcaya pradhAna rhaa| donoM kI vicAradhArAoM meM yahI mAtra maulika antara mAnA jA sakatA hai| vyakti kI Antarika vizaddhi aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa donoM kA hI mUla lakSya hai| aisA kahA jAtA hai ki zrI ema0 ke0 paTela ko san 1957 meM jJAna kA prakAza milA aura unhoMne bhI apane upadezoM ke mAdhyama se vyakti ke Antarika vikAroM kI vizuddhi para hI vizeSa bala diyaa| phira bhI jahA~ kAnajIsvAmI ne kramabaddha paryAya kI bAta kahI vahA~ zrI ema0 ke0 paTela jo Age calakara dAdA bhagavAna ke nAma se prasiddha huye ne akrama vijJAna kI bAta khii| akrama vijJAna kA mUla artha kevala itanA hI hai ki AdhyAtmika prakAza kI yaha ghaTanA kabhI bhI ghaTita ho sakatI hai| AdhyAtmika bodha koI yAMtrika ghaTanA nahIM hai| vaha prAkRtika niyamoM se bhI Upara hai| dAdA bhagavAna kI paramparA kA vaiziSTya yaha hai ki unhoMne adhyAtma ke kSetra meM jaina evaM hindU paramparA kI samarUpatA kA anubhava kiyA aura isI AdhAra para jahA~ tIrthaGkara paramAtmA kI ArAdhanA ko lakSya banAyA vahIM vAsudeva aura ziva ko bhI apane ArAdhya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| isa prakAra unakI paramparA hindU aura jaina adhyAtma kA eka mizraNa hai| 20vIM zatI meM vikasita ina tInoM paramparAoM kA vaiziSTya yaha hai ki ve vikAsa para sarvAdhika bala detI hai| unakI dRSTi meM AcAra zuddhi se pUrva vicAra zuddhi yA dRSTi zuddhi Avazyaka hai| ina navIna pRthak bhUta paramparAoM ke atirikta pUrva pracalita paramparAoM meM bhI aitihAsika mahattva kI aneka ghaTanAe~ ghaTita huiiN| unameM eka mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA yaha hai ki digambara paramparA meM jo nagna muni paramparA zatAbdiyoM se nAmazeSa yA vilupta ho cukI thI, vaha AcArya zAntisAgarajI se punarjIvita huii| Aja deza meM paryApta saMkhyA meM digambara muni haiN| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM isa zatI meM vibhinna gacchoM aura samudAyoM ke madhya ekIkaraNa ke prayAsa to huye, kintu ve adhika saphala nahIM ho paaye| dUsare isa zatI meM caityavAsI yati paramparA prAya: kSINa ho gyii| kucha yatiyoM ko chor3a yaha paramparA nAmazeSa ho rahI hai, vahIM saMvigna muni saMsthA meM dhIre-dhIre AcAra zaithilya meM vRddhi ho rahI hai aura kucha saMvigna pakSIya muni dhIre-dhIre yatiyoM ke samarUpa AcAra karane lage haiN| yaha eka vicAraNIya pakSa hai| sthAnakavAsI samAja kI dRSTi se yaha zatI isaliye mahattvapUrNa kahI jA sakatI hai ki isa zatI meM isa vikIrNa samAja ko jor3ane ke mahattvapUrNa prayatna huye| ajamera aura sAdar3I ghANerAva meM do mahattvapUrNa sAdhu sammelana huye jinakI phalazruti ke rUpa meM vibhinna sampradAyeM eka-dUsare ke nikaTa aaiiN| sAdar3I sammelana meM gujarAta aura mAravAr3a ke kucha sampradAyoM ko chor3akara samasta sthAnakavAsI muni saMgha varddhamAna sthAnakavAsI zramaNasaMgha ke rUpa meM eka juTa huA, kintu kAlAntara meM kucha sampradAya punaH pRthak bhI hye| isa zatI meM terApaMtha sampradAya ne jaina dharma-darzana se sambandhita sAhitya kA prakAzana kara mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai| sAmAnya rUpa se yaha zatI AdhyAtmika cetanA kI jAgRti ke sAtha jaina sAhitya ke lekhana, sampAdana, prakAzana aura prasAra kI dRSTi se ati mahattvapUrNa

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jainadharma kI aitihAsika vikAsa-yAtrA 53 rahI hai| sAtha hI jaina dharmAnuyAyI ke videza gamana se ise eka antarrASTrIya dharma hone kA gaurava prApta huA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jainadharma kI sAMskRtika cetanA bhAratIya saMskRti ke AdikAla se lekara Aja taka navonmeSa ko prApta hotI rahI hai| vaha eka gatizIla jIvanta paramparA ke rUpa meM deza kAlagata paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samanvaya karate huye usane apanI gatizIlatA kA paricaya diyA hai| sandarbha 1. 'uttarAdhyayana', 25/27,21 / 2. 'dhammapada', 401-403 / 3. 'uttarAdhyayana', 12/44 | 4. 'aMguttaranikAya', 'suttanipAta', uddhRta bhagavAn buddha (dharmAnanda kausAmbI), pR0 - 26 / 5. 'bhagavAn buddha' (dharmAnanda kausAmbI), pR0 - 236-239 / 6. 'gItA', 4 / 33, 26-28 / 7. 'uttarAdhyayana', 12/46 / 8. 'uttarAdhyayana', 9/40, dekhiye- 'gItA' (zA0 ) 4 / 26-27 / 9. 'dhammapada', 106 / 10. 'sambodhaprakaraNa', gurvAdhikAra /

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jainayoga : eka dArzanika anuzIlana anila kumAra sonakara * "bhAratIya saMskRti meM jo kucha bhI zAzvata hai, jo kucha bhI udAtta evaM mahattvapUrNa tattva hai, vaha saba tapasyA se hI sambhUta hai, tapasyA se hI isa rASTra kA oz2a samutpanna huA hai...... tapasyA bhAratIya darzanazAstra kA hI nahIM, pratyuta usake samasta itihAsa kA prastAvanA hai..... pratyeka cintanazIla prANI cAhe vaha AdhyAtmika hoM cAhe Adhibhautika, sabhI tapasyA kI bhAvanA se anuprANita haiM..... usake veda, vedAMga, darzana, purANa, dharmazAstra Adi sabhI vidyA ke kSetra jIvana kI sAdhanArUpa tapasyA ke ekaniSTha upAsaka haiN| " 1 janasAmAnya ke kalyANa hetu AcAra-vyavahAra ke suvyavasthita niyamoM kA pratipAdana karane vAlA jaina darzana vyApaka AdarzoM vAlA vaha vaijJAnika jIvana-paddhati hai jo manuSya ke AcAra- zuddhi aura sAdhanA dvArA carama unnati kA samartha AzvAsana pratipAdita karate hue manuSya ko jainattva se sampanna karane kI kSamatA rakhatA hai sAtha hI anyAya paramparAoM ke viparIta muktidAtA ke rUpa meM kisI sarvocca sattA sampanna Izvara athavA tIrthaMkara ke anastitva kA nirdeza karate hue usa AsthA kA vidhAyaka hai ki manuSya apane prayAsoM evaM karmoM se jagat meM sarvocca sthiti ko prApta kara sakatA hai| mAnava ke aihika mUlyoM kI prApti kA sAkSAt hetu tathA pAralaukika mUlyoM kI prApti kA pAramparika hetu jaina darzana mAtra vaiyaktika mukti kA upakhyAna nahIM karatA, apitu use samaSTigata kalyANa ke rUpa meM dekhatA hai| usakI yahI dRSTi manuSya meM Atmagaurava, AtmavizvAsa aura Atmazakti ko udita karane meM saphala rahatI hai| umAsvAti praNIta tattvArthasUtra meM sAta tattvoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai- jIva, aMjIva, Asrava, baMdha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa - jo ki jaina darzana kI tattva yojanA bhI hai| prathama do jIva aura ajIva tattvoM kA nirUpaNa jaina-tattvamImAMsA ke antargata evaM Asrava aura baMdha kA vivecana karma siddhAnta ke antargata huA hai, yahI usakA manovijJAna bhI hai| saMvara aura nirjarA cAritra viSayaka haiM aura yahI jaina dharmagata AcArazAstra kahalAtA hai| sAtavA~ tattva mokSa jaina darzana ke anusAra jIvana kI sarvotkRSTa avasthA hai jise prApta karanA samasta dhArmika kriyAoM evaM AcaraNa kA antima dhyeya * (zodha chAtra) darzana evaM dharma vibhAga, kalA saMkAya, kA0 hi0vi0vi0, vArANasI

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55 hai| jaina-sAdhanA meM paramazreya ke rUpa meM jo mokSa hai, vahI dharma hai aura jo dharma hai, vahI 'samatva-prApti' hai| samasta dharmoM kA yahI paramazreya - 'samatva' jaina-dharma ke antargata mAnasika kSetra meM 'anAsakti' yA 'vItarAgatA' ke rUpa meM; sAmAjika kSetra meM 'ahiMsA' ke rUpa meM aura Arthika kSetra meM 'aparigraha' ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hotA hai, jo ki yoga-sAdhanA kA prayojana bhI hai| jaina-sAdhanA paddhati meM mana, vacana aura zarIra kI kriyAoM se utpanna Atma pradezoM kA kampanna jisase karma paramANuoM kA baMdha hotA hai, yoga hai| isake viparIta ayoga hai| vastuta: yahI ayoga pAtaJjala yoga ke yoga zabda se sAmya rakhatA hai| jIva mana, vacana aura kAya se sambandhita yoga-vyApAra ke tyAga se ayogattva ko prApta hotA hai evaM ayogI jIvana meM karmoM kA bandhana nahIM karatA, tathApi pUrvArddha karmoM kI nirjarA hI karatA hai| niSedhAtmaka 'yoga' se viparIta vidheyAtmaka 'saMvara' zabda jainAgamoM meM prApta hotA hai| AcArya haribhadra ke anusAra - mokSa tattva ke sAtha saMyoga karane vAlA dharma vyApAra yoga hai| jainavicArAnusAra mana ke do prakAra haiM - dravyamana, jo paudgalika hai aura dUsarA bhAvamana, jo AtmarUpa hai| dravyamana, bhAvamana kA mAtra sAdhana hai| ata: usakA nirodha sAdhanA kI uccabhUmi meM svata: ho jAtA hai, tathApi AtmarUpa bhAvamana ke lie usakA pariNamana svAbhAvika hai, kyoMki vaha usakA lakSaNa hai| yaha pariNamana svabhAvika evaM vaibhAvika do rUpoM meM abhivyakta hotA hai| jainayoga ke lie kaSAyoM se utpanna Atmika pariNamana arthAt vaibhAvika pariNamana kA nirodha Avazyaka hai, na ki AtmA ke svAbhAvika pariNamana-jJAna, darzana evaM Anandika guNoM kaa| jaina vicAraNAnusAra yoga vaibhAvika pariNamanoM/bAhyAbhimukhatA se svAbhAvika pariNamana/antarmukhatA kI ora gamana hai| jainAgamoM meM mana yatra-tatra citta ke rUpa meM abhihita huA hai, yathA-muni avyAkSipta citta se gocarI na kre|5 'avyAkSipta' pada se pAtanjala yoga meM varNita kSipta evaM vikSipta donoM avasthAoM kA saMketa prApta hotA hai uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke anusAra - jo moha se abhibhUta haiM, ve mUr3ha haiN| ekAgramana sanivezana se citta nirodha hotA hai| isameM ekAgra aura nirodha donoM hI avasthAe~ pratibimbita huI haiN| AcArya hemacandra ne ina avasthAoM ko vikSipta (atyanta caMcala), yAtAyAta (sAdhAraNa), zliSTa (anukUla) evaM sulIna mana (anukUla) kahA hai| isameM se yoga ke lie sarvathA uparyukta evaM pAtanjala yoga meM varNita ekAgra evaM nirodha se samAnatA rakhane vAlI zliSTa mana va sulInamana hai| saMvara ke cAra AyAma - vrata, akaSAya, indriya vyApAra, nirodha evaM akriyatva haiN| isameM se 'vrata' pAtanjala yoga ke yama se, dhyAna evaM samAdhi se 'akriyatva' kA evaM 'nirodha' se pratyAhAra kA sAmya hai| mana, vacana evaM kAya kA nigraha gupti hai, ghrANa evaM kAya kI viveka yukta pravRtti, ekAgratA evaM nirodha jainAgama kI samiti va gupti meM samAviSTa haiN| samiti satpravRtti kI aura

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56 gupti mana kI ekAgratA evaM nirodha kA saMketa hai| jahA~ yoga sAdhanA ke Arambha meM satpravRttirUpa samiti hotI hai vahIM samprajJAta meM ekAgratArUpa manogupti aura asamprajJAta meM nirodharUpa manogupti hotI hai| jainAgamoM meM dvAdazAMga yoga kA nirUpaNa huA, jo isa prakAra hai- anazana (saba prakAra ke AhAra kA alpakAlIna yA dIrghakAlIna parityAga), uNodarI (bhUkha se kama bhojana karanA), bhikSAcaryA (bhikSA ke niyamoM kA pAlana karate hue bhikSAnna para jIvana nirvAha karanA), rasa-parityAga (rasendriya se prApta hone vAle sukha kA parityAga). kAyakleza (yaha zarIra damana nahIM, apitu yaha zarIra parIkSaNa hai), pratisaMlInatA (ekAntavAsa evaM indriyoM ke bhogoM kA tyAga ), prAyazcitta (apane doSoM kI svIkRti), vinaya (ahaMkAra tyAga), vaiyAvRtya (dazavidha bhikSu evaM saMgha kI sevA zuzruSA karanA), svAdhyAya (AdhyAtmika sAhitya kA paThana-pAThana), vyutsarga (zarIra ke mamatva kA, parityAga) aura dhyAna (mana / citta ko kisI viSaya para kendrita karanA) / ' isameM se prathama chaH ko bAhya sAdhanA evaM antima chaH ko Abhyantarika sAdhanA kI saMjJA dI gayI hai| jisa prakAra jainAgamoM meM bAhya sAdhana aura Abhyantara sAdhana kA vidhAna abhihita hai usI prakAra pAtanjala yoga meM bhI yama, niyama, Asana, prANayAma evaM pratyAhAra ko bahiraMga sAdhana tathA dhAraNA, dhyAna aura samAdhi ko antaraMga sAdhana kI saMjJA dI gayI hai| pAtanjala yoga meM nirUpita dhAraNA, dhyAna aura samAdhi jainayoga ke antargata dhyAna meM hI samAviSTa hai| dhyAna kI cAra avasthAoM ArtadhyAna, raudradhyAna, dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna meM se prathama do kA sAdhana evaM yoga kI dRSTi se koI mahattva nahIM hai| AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna hI mahattvapUrNa haiN| isameM zukla dhyAna kI avasthA samAdhi ke samatulya hai| samAdhi ke do rUpa prApta hote haiMsamprajJAta samAdhi aura asamprajJAta samAdhi / samprajJAta samAdhi kA antarbhAva, jainayoga ke antargata zukladhyAna ke prathama do prakAra pRthakattva vicAra - savicAra ( kabhI artha kA cintana karate-karate zabda kA, to zabda kA cintana karate-karate artha kA dhyAna karanA) aura ekattva vitarka - avicAra (artha, vyaMjana aura yoga saMkramaNa se rahita eka paryAya - viSayaka dhyAna) meM tathA asamprajJAta samAdhi kA antarbhAva zukladhyAna ke antima do prakAra - sUkSmakriyA apratipAtI ( mana, vacana aura zarIra ke vyApAra kA nirodha ho jAne evaM kevala zvAsocchvAsa kI sUkSma kriyA ke zeSa rahane para dhyAnAvasthA) aura samucchinnakriyAnivRtti (mana, vacana aura kAya ke sAtha-sAtha sUkSma kriyA ke nirodha kI avasthA) meM ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra pAtanjala yoga meM nirUpita aSTAMga yoga kA vivecana samucita rUpa se jainAgamoM meM huA hai| - - jainAgamoM meM mokSamArga ke rUpa meM nirUpita samyakdarzanajJAnacAritra ko trividhayoga kahA gayA hai|" yahA~ para darzana, jJAna aura cAritra kramazaH dharma, tattvajJAna aura AcaraNa

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57 ke pratIka haiN| jaina-sAdhanA meM jisa prakAra mokSa ke trividha mArga-samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAna aura samyak cAritra eka-dUsare se apRthak haiM ThIka usI prakAra tattvadarzana, dharmadarzana aura AcAradarzana bhI eka-dUsare se apRthak haiN| trividha sAdhanA mArga mAtra jainAgamoM meM hI svIkRta nahIM hai, apitu anyAnya paramparAoM meM bhI svIkRta haiM, yathAbauddha darzana meM prajJA, zIla evaM samAdhi to hindU sAdhanA - paddhatiyoM (gItA) meM jJAna, karma evaM bhkti| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se mAnavIya cetanA ke tIna pakSa svIkRta haiM - jJAna, bhAva aura sNklp| naitika jIvana kA sAdhya cetanA ke tInoM pakSoM kA vikAsa hai aura etadartha naitika jIvana ke tInoM pakSoM ke samucita vikAsa hetu trividha sAdhanA-pakSa kA vidhAna abhihita huA hai| jahA~ cetanA ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa ko samyak banAne ke lie evaM yathArtha vikAsa hetu samyagdarzana kA vidhAna huA hai vahIM jJAnAtmaka pakSa va saMkalpAtmaka pakSa ke samyak vikAsa hetu jJAna aura cAritra kA vidhAna abhihita huA hai| isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki trividha sAdhanApakSa ke vidhAna ke pRSThabhUmi meM eka manovaijJAnika dRSTi rahI hai| jainAgamoM ke anusAra samyagdarzana se jJAna evaM caritra samyak rUpa ko prApta hotA hai| yaha sAmAnyata: sAta tattvoM kA yA vizeSata: Atma-anAtma kA yathArtha bodha hai| yaha AtmasvarUpa/unmukhatA hai| samyagdarzana deva-guru-zAstra ke prati zraddhA hai| yaha vyAvahArika jIvana meM zama, saMvega, nirveda, anukampA aura AstikatA ina pA~ca rUpoM meM abhivyakta hotA hai| zama krodhAdi kaSAyoM ko zAnta karatA hai jabaki saMvega mokSaprApti kI kAmanA karatA hai| nirveda viSaya - bhogoM ke prati anAsakti samutpanna karatA hai to anukampA samasta prANimAtra ke prati maitrI bhaav| isakA sAmya pAtanjala yoga darzana ke Izvara prANidhAna se hai - 'klezakarmavipAkaphala parAmRSTaH puruSavizeSa: iishvrH|' yoga darzana meM Izvara sAdhaka ke vighnoM ko dUra karatA hai jabaki jainavicAraNA meM svIkRta siddha AtmAe~ mAtra preraNAdAyaka haiN| Izvara ke anastittva ko svIkAra karane vAle jainayoga meM samyagdarzana janita niSkAma karma kI avadhAraNA upalabdha hai, kyoMki yaha puruSArtha baMdhana kA kAraNa nahIM hai| bauddhayoga meM bhI aSTAMgamArga ke antargata samyagdRSTi kI avadhAraNA cAra Aryasatya ke prati zraddhA hai| jaina paramparAnusAra sarvaprathama jJAna tatpazcAt ahiMsA kA AcaraNa saMyamI sAdhanA kA yahI krama hai| uttarAdhyayana meM kahA gayA hai - jJAna, ajJAna evaM mohajanya andhakAra ko naSTakara sabhI tathyoM ko dedIpyamAna karatA hai| bauddha paramparA meM nirUpita trividha sAdhanAmArga ke antargata prajJA kA vahI sthAna hai jo samyagjJAna kA jaina paramparA meM hai| suttanipAta meM buddha kahate haiM - avidyA ke kAraNa manuSya mRtyu rUpI saMsAra meM praveza karate haiM evaM eka gati se dUsarI gati ko prApta hote haiN| yaha avidyA mahAmoha hai, jisake Azrita loga saMsAra meM punarAgamana karate haiN| jo loga vidyA se mukta nahIM hai, ve purnajanma ko

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58 prApta nahIM hote| saMsAra cakra ke mUla meM ajJAna hai| prajJA kI anupasthiti meM nirvANa saMbhava nahIM haiN| jainayoga meM gaNadharapraNIta jainAgama hI yathArtha jJAna hai, zeSa mithyA jJAna hai| jaina paramparA meM rAga-dveSa se rahita vItarAgI hI Apta puruSa haiM aura inhI ke vacana jJAna kI samyakatA kI kasauTI haiN| jainAgamoM meM jJAna ke tIna stara nirUpita hue haiM - indriyajanya jJAna, bauddhika jJAna aura AdhyAtmika jnyaan| prathama stara kA jJAna avaraNIya hai jabaki dUsare stara kA jJAna isa rUpa meM varaNIya hai ki isameM jJAna ke viSaya Antarika hote haiN| tRtIya stara kA jJAna Atmabodha athavA sva-bodha hai| isa stara para jJAna, jJAtA tathA jJeya kI tripuTI samApta ho jAtI hai| jainadRSTi meM yahI kevala-dRSTi hai| 12 isI prakAra vaidika RSiyoM ke mUlamaMtra 'AtmAna viddhi' kI caramaniSpatti zAMkara vedAnta meM 'ayaM AtmA brahma' meM hotI hai, jahA~ arhatA evaM idantA, viSayitA evaM viSayatA aura vyaSTi evaM samaSTi ekAkAra ho jAte haiN| adhyAtmika vikAsa athavA yoga ke prayojana siddhi hetu kevala zraddhA evaM jJAna hI paryApta nahIM haiM, apitu usameM caritra kI bhI mahatI bhUmikA hai| etadartha samyagdarzana evaM samyagjJAna ke pazcAt samyakcAritra kA nirUpaNa huA hai| darzana tattva ke sAkSAtkAra meM jJAna hotA hai| tatpazcAt vahI jJAna cAritra rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtA hai| jaina vicAraNAnusAra zraddhA se tattva ko, jJAna ke mAdhyama se usake svarUpa ko pahacAnanA cAhie evaM AcaraNa ke mAdhyama se usakA sAkSAtkAra karanA chie| cAritra ke do rUpa prApta hote haiM - vyavahAra cAritra tathA nizcaya caaritr| vidhividhAna vyavahAra cAritra haiM aura isI kI sAmAjika jIvana meM mahattA hai jabaki isake viparIta AdhyAtmika vikAsa meM nizcaya cAritra kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| sAdhaka vAsanAoM, kaSAyoM (rAga-dveSa) se rahita jo vivekapUrNa AcaraNa karatA hai, vahI nizcaya cAritra kahalAtA hai| yaha apramatta cetanA/AtmaramaNa kI avasthA hai| vastuta: yaha mokSa kA nikaTatama sopAna hai| vyavahAra cAritra sAmAjika jIvana meM phalita hotA hai| isakA sambandha vyakti ke mana, vacana evaM karma kI zuddhi se hai| aNuvrata, mahAvrata, samiti, gupti, dharma aura tapa meM pravRtti vyavahAra cAritra hai| jaina paramparA meM gRhastha sAdhakoM ke lie dezavratI cAritra kA tathA zramaNoM ke lie sarvavratI cAritra kA vidhAna hai| gRhasthAcAra meM aSTamUlaguNa, SaTkarma, paMcANuvrata, tIna guNavrata, cAra zikSAvata, cAra bhAvanAe~, gyAraha pratimAe~ aura sallekhanA samAviSTa haiM jabaki zramaNAcAra meM pA~ca mahAvrata, tIna gupti, dazavidha dharma, dvAdaza anuprekSAe~, bAisa parISaha, chaH bAhyatapa, cha: AbhyAntaratapa, dhyAna, guNasthAna va mokSa kA vidhAna samAviSTa hai| sAmAnyata: jainAgamoM meM ukta trividha mArga kA pratipAdana huA hai, tathApi prAcIna AgAmoM (uttarAdhyayana aura darzana pAhuDa) meM eka caturvidha mArga kA bhI varNana prApta hotA hai|13 sAdhanA ke cauthe aMga ko samyak tapa kahA gayA hai| jisa prakAra anyAnya paramparAoM meM jJAnayoga, karmayoga, bhaktiyoga ke sAtha-sAtha dhyAnayoga kA bhI nirUpaNa

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59 huA hai| ThIka usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna, samyak cAritra ke sAtha-sAtha samyaktapa kA bhI pratipAdana huA hai| kAlAntara meM dhyAna yoga kA antarbhAva karmayoga meM ho gayA usI prakAra samyak tapa kA antarbhAva samyak cAritra meM huA sAtha hI prAcIna yuga meM bauddha paramparA meM samAdhi mArga kA tathA gItA meM dhyAnayoga kA jo svataMtra sthAna hai, vahI jaina paramparA meM samyak tapa ko prApta hai| sAdhAraNata: yaha svIkRta hai - jaina paramparA meM dhyAnamArga yA samAdhi mArga kA vidhAna nahIM hai, lekina yaha bhrAnta dhAraNA hai, kyoMki jisa prakAra yoga paramparA meM aSTAMga-yoga aura bauddha paramparA meM aSTAMga-mArga kA vidhAna hai, usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM isa yoga mArga kA vidhAna dvAdazAMga yoga ke rUpa meM huA hai| ise hI samyak tapa kA mArga kahA gayA hai| dhyAtavya hai ki caturvidha mArga (samyak darzana, samyak jJAna, samyak cAritra aura samyak tapa) kA pUrva meM vivecana kiyA jA cukA hai| AcArya haribhadra sUri ne jainayoga ko paMcAyAmI batAyA hai - sthAna, urNa, artha, Alambana aura anaalmbn| isameM se prathama do karmayoMga haiM to antima tIna jJAnayoga haiN| AsanAdi kriyAoM kA sampAdana sthAna yoga hai - svara, sampadA evaM mAyA para samucita dhyAna denA, zAstra vihita sUtroM kA pATha urNayoga hai| sUtrArtha kA jJAna karmayoga hai| dhArmika anuSThAna sampanna karate samaya mana ko ekAgra karanA aura bAhya viSayoM se mana ko lauTAkara Atmacintana para kendrita karanA / tanmaya ho jAnA, anAlambana yoga hai| yahA~ 'sthAna' para pAtaJjala yoga ke Asana ke sAtha, 'urNa aura artha' kA svAdhyAya ke sAtha, Alambana kA dhyAna ke sAtha tathA anAlambana kA samAdhi ke sAtha sAmya hai| haribhadra kRta paMcAyAmI yoga kA dUsarA rUpa bhI prApta hotA hai, yathA - adhyAtma (yathAzakti aNuvrata yA mahAvratoM ko svIkAra kara maitrI Adi bhAvanAoM se yukta hokara tattvArtha cintana evaM manana karanA), bhAvanA (adhyAtma kA ekAgratApUrvaka punarAvartana), dhyAna (sUkSma cintana kI vaha avasthA jo kisI zubha viSaya para nizcala dIpa zikta ke samAna sthira ho), samatA (iSTa-aniSTa pariNAmoM ke prati samAna bhAva rakhanA) aura vRtti (parakIya zarIra aura mana ke sambandha meM utpanna hone vAle vRttiyoM kI atyanta kssiinntaa)|144 yadi yoga athavA tapa naitika jIvana kI anivArya prakriyA hai to use kisI lakSya ke nimitta honA caahie| jaina-sAdhanA kA lakSya zuddha Atma-tattva kI upalabdhi hai| vaha svIkAra karatA hai - prANI kAyika, vAcika evaM mAnasika kriyAoM ke mAdhyama se karma vargaNAoM ke pudgaloM ko apanI ora AkarSita karatA hai aura ye AkarSita karma - vargaNAoM ke pudgala rAga - dveSa yA kaSAya vRtti ke kAraNa Atmatattva se ekIbhUta hokara usakI zuddhasattA, zakti evaM jJAna-jyoti ko Avarita kara dete haiN| yaha jar3a tattva kA saMyoga hI vikRti hai| ata: zuddha Atma-tattva kI upalabdhi ke liye AtmA kI svazakti ko Avarita karane vAle karma-pudgaloM kA vilagAva Avazyaka hai| pRthak

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60 karane kI kriyA ko nirjarA kahate haiM jo do rUpoM meM sampanna hotI hai - savipAka nirjarA aura avipAka nirjraa| yadyapi savipAka nirjarA meM karmapudgala apanI nizcita avadhi ke pazcAt apanA phala dekara svataH pRthak ho jAte haiM, tathApi yaha naitika sAdhanA kA karma' nahIM hai| jainavicAraNAnusAra naitika sAdhanA to saprayAsa para avalambita hai| prayAsapUrvaka karma - pudgaloM ke AtmA se pRthakkaraNa kI kriyA ko avipAka nirjarA kahate haiM aura tapa hI vaha prakriyA hai jisake dvArA avipAk nirjarA hotI hai| isa prakAra jainayoga kA prayojana hai - prayAsapUrvaka karma-pudgaloM ko AtmA se pRthaka kara usakI svazakti ko prakAzita karanA aura yahI jaina vicArANAnusAra zuddha Atmatattva kI upalabdhi / vizuddhikaraNa hai| yahI tapa sAdhanA hai, yoga sAdhanA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM kahA gayA hai - tapa AtmA ke parizodhana kI prakriyA hai, Abaddha karmoM ko kSaya karane kI paddhati hai / 15 punazca tapa zabda niSedhAtmaka artha meM tyAga-bhAvanA ko abhivyakta karatA hai| tyAga cAhe vaiyaktika svArtha evaM hitoM kA ho athavA vaiyaktika sukholabdhiyoM kA, tapa kahalAne kA adhikArI hai| isa rUpa meM tapa, saMyama, indriya - nigraha aura deha - daNDana ke rUpa meM parilakSita hotA hai| tapa mAtra tyAganA hI nahIM, apitu upalabdha karanA bhI hai| tapa kA kevala virsajanAtmaka mUlya hI nahIM, pratyuta sRjanAtmaka mUlya bhI svIkRta hai| apane sRjanAtmaka pakSa meM tapa Atmopalabdhi hai| yahA~ para sva- AtmanM itanA vyApaka rUpa lie hotA hai ki usameM 'sva' yA 'para' para bheda hI sthira hI nahIM rahatA aura etadartha eka tapasvI kA Atma-kalyANa aura loka-kalyANa paraspara virodhI na hokara eka rUpa hotA hai / tapasvI ke Atma-kalyANa meM loka-kalyANa svataH samAviSTa rahatA hai| vastutaH loka-kalyANa hI Atma-kalyANa hai| tapa cAhe indriya-saMyama ho, citta nirodha ho athavA loka kalyANa yA bahujana hita ho, usake mahattva ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| usakA vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika jIvana donoM ke lie mahattva hai| vizeSata: jaina paramparA meM tapa ke sAthasAtha Atma niryAtana kA vicAra bhI saMyukta hai| yaha jJAna samanvita tapasyA hai| jainasAdhanA samatva - sAdhanA rahita, athavA bheda-vijJAna ke jJAna se rahita Atma-niryAtana tapa ko svIkAra nahIM karatI hai| tapa kA jIvanta aura jAgRta zAzvata svarUpa sArvajanIna aura sArvakAlika hai| sabhI sAdhanA paddhatiyA~ ise svIkAra kara paramazreya kI ora gamana karatI haiN| sAtha hI deza-kAla ke anusAra kisI eka dvAra se sAdhakoM ko tapa ke usa bhavya prAsAda meM lAne kA prayAsa karatI haiM, jahA~ sAdhaka apane paramAtmA svarUpa kA darzana karatA hai| etadartha bhAratIya RSiyoM ne tapa ko virATa artha meM dekhA aura zraddhA jJAna, ahiMsA, brahmacarya, Arjava, mArdava, kSamA, saMyama, samAdhi, satya, svAdhyAya, adhyayana, sevA, satkAra prabhUti samasta guNoM ko tapa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA / 16 cUMki jaina vicAraNA meM tIrthaMkara athavA Izvara kA astitva asvIkRta hai isaliye vaha paramazreya

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61 ke rUpa meM paramAtmA svarUpa sAkSAtkAra kA niSedha karatA hai aura usake sthAna para svabhAva dazA kI upalabdhi ko svIkAra karatA hai| jaina vicAraNA meM Atma-svarUpa, svabhAvadazA kI upalabdhi, mokSa,dharma aura samatva-prApti sabhI samAnArthaka haiN| vastuta: jainayoga kA prayojana 'samatva prApti' hai aura isakI samprApti hetu prayAsa hI isakA sAra hai| samatva se saMyukta hokara hI jJAna, karma, bhakti aura dhyAna apane svabhAvika svarUpa kA prakaTana karate haiN| isI avasthA meM jJAna yathArtha jJAna meM, bhakti parama bhakti meM, karma akarma meM pariNata hotA hai aura dhyAna nirvikalpaka samAdhi kA lAbha karatA hai| jainAgamoM meM samatva- yoga kI pratiSThA meM kahA gayA hai - vyakti cAhe digambara ho yA zvetAmbara, bauddha ho athavA anya kisI mata kA, jo bhI samabhAva meM sthita hogA vaha ni:sandeha mokSa ko prApta hogaa| ukta tathyoM ke avalokana se spaSTa hotA hai ki jainAgamoM meM jisa caturvidha yoga (samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna, samyak cAritra aura samyak tapa ke antargata dvAdazAMka yoga), zrAvakAcAra tathA zramaNAcAra kA nirUpaNa huA hai, ve sabhI samatva-sAdhanA ke hetu haiN| samatva-sAdhanA meM rAga-dveSajanya cetanA kI sabhI vikRtiyA~ dUra hotI haiM aura AtmA apanI svabhAva dazA meM athavA apane sva-svarUpa meM pratiSThita hotA hai| isa avasthA meM sAdhaka ke antarmana meM samabhAva, ahiMsA, satya, vinaya, zAnti, saMyama, prabhRti sadguNoM kI sarasa saritA pravAhita hotI hai| samatva draSTA saMsAra ke samasta prANiyoM ko svayaM meM tathA svayaM ko saba meM dekhatA hai| usakI dRSTi 'jIo aura jIne do' kI hotI hai aura usI kA pAlana karatA hai| vastutaH yahI jainayoga kI sArthakatA hai| sandarbha: 1. bharata siMha upAdhyAya, bauddha darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, bhAga 1, punarmudraNa, dillI 1996 I0, pR0 71-72. 2. umAsvAti, tattvArthasUtra 1/2. 3. vahI, pR0 61. 4. AcArya haribhadra, yogaviMzikA prakaraNa, 1. 5. dazavaikAlika, 5/2. 6. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 29/5. 7. vahI, 30/9. 8. vahI, 30/9. 9. tattvArthasUtra, 1/1. 10. amRtacandra, puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 216. 11. dazavaikAlika, 4/10. 12. samayasAra, 144. 13. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 28/2, ___3, 35, darzanapAhuDa, 32. 14. haribhadrasUri, yo0vi0 1. 15. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 29/27. 16.sAgaramala jaina, jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga 2, pR0 5 (gItA, 17/14-19 se uddhRta).

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jaina darzana ke pariprekSya meM vastu - svAtantrya evaM dravya kI avadhAraNA ku0 alpanA jaina* jainadarzana meM vastu, dravya, tattva, padArtha, artha, sAmAnya, anvaya, dharmI sabhI ekArthavAcaka haiN| eka hI vastu ko vibhinna nAmoM se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| isameM zabdabheda hote hue bhI arthabheda kiMcit mAtra nahIM hai| jainadarzana meM vastu yA dravya ke svabhAva ko "satrUpa'" mAnA gayA hai| satrUpa / sattA sahita vastu ko jAnA jA sakatA hai, vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaba taka vastuoM ke sat astitva ko svIkAra na kara liyA jAya, taba taka unake sambandha meM vicAra sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki asatrUpa vastu to AkAza kusuma, bandhyAputra va zazazrRMgavat asambhava hai| ataH usakA na to jJAna, na hI vicAra aura na prarUpaNA sambhava hai| isalie tattvArthasUtra ke praNetA AcArya umAsvAti ne kahA hai ki "sat dravyalakSaNaM "" arthAt dravya kA lakSaNa satpanA hai| sat arthAt sattAvAna/astitvavAna, jinakA svataH siddha astitva ho aura jinakA niranvaya nAza asambhava ho| ataH vizva ke samasta padArtha sattAvAna haiN| yaha sattA loka- aloka sahita samasta padArthoM meM vyApta hai, sarva padArtha sthita hai kyoMki sattA ke kAraNa saba padArthoM meM "sat" aise kathana kI ora "sat" aise jJAna kI upalabdhi hotI hai| uktaMca " astitva hI dravya kA svabhAva hai, vaha (astitva) anya sAdhana se nirapekSa hone ke kAraNa anAdi ananta hone se ahetuka, ekavRtti rUpa sadA pravartatA hone se dravya ke sAtha ekatva ko dhAraNa karatA huA dravya kA svabhAva kyoM na ho? avazya ho / " isa prakAra satrUpa vastu para se nirapekSa, svasahAya, svatantra, svataH siddha, anAdi-nidhana hai| isI tathya ko paMcAdhyAyIkAra isa prakAra vyakta karate haiM - - d "tattva satlakSaNa vAlA hai, satmAtra hai kyoMki vaha svataH siddha hai isalie vaha anAdinidhana, svasahAya va nirvikalpa hai| "3 yadi sat vastu ko pUrvokta lakSaNoM se yukta na mAnA jAya to aneka dUSaNa utpanna hoNge| svataHsiddha na mAnane para asat padArtha kI utpatti niraMkuza mAnanI hogI, kyoMki binA sattA ke navIna rUpa kI utpatti mAnane para vastu kI koI maryAdA nahIM raha jAegI aura saMsAra meM ananta dravya hote cale jAe~ge va mRdA ke abhAva meM ghaTa kI utpatti * risarca phelo, AI0sI0pI0Ara0, DaoN0 harIsiMha gaura vi0vi0, sAgara (ma0pra0)

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63 kA prasaMga aaegaa| ata: vastu ke svataHsiddha svabhAva ko mAnanA ucita hai| anAdinidhana svabhAva kI svIkRti ke abhAva meM vastu parataHsiddha mAnanI hogI, hara padArtha para ke sahayoga se utpanna hogA, jisase anavasthA nAmaka mahat dUSaNa utpanna hogaa| svasahAya na mAnane para sat kA nAza mAnanA hogA, kyoMki vastu ke svatantra, sthiti, TikAva va pariNamana ke abhAva meM samasta dravya paraspara eka-dUsare ke kAryoM meM hastakSepa karane lageMge jisase kisI bhI vastu kA mUla svarUpa na Thahara skegaa| nirvikalpa svabhAva kI svIkRti ke abhAva meM vastu ko yutasiddha mAnA hogaa| isa prakAra yA to vastu ke svata:siddha svabhAva ko svIkRta karanA hogA yA phira dUSaNayukta vastu ko svIkRta karanA hogA jisase vastu-vyavasthA sambhava na ho skegii| ata: vizva kI doSamukta vyavasthA pUrvokta lakSaNoM ko svIkAra karane para hI sambhava hai, anyathA nhiiN| isI kAraNa jainadarzana pUrvokta lakSaNoM se yukta vastu ko svIkRta kara vastu-vyavasthA kA pratipAdana karatA hai| jainadarzana vizva loka meM chaH dravyoM kI sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai, jo jAti kI apekSA cha: va saMkhyA kI apekSA ananta haiM arthAt SadravyoM kA samudAya hI vizva hai| "yathA lokayante yasmin SaTadravyANi iti lokaH" jisameM cha: dravya avalokita kiye jAte haiM, usakA nAma loka hai, aisI usakI vyutpatti hai| aba prazna utpanna hotA hai ki sattAvAna vastu kaisI hai? kyA vaha sarvathA kUTastha va nitya hai yA phira sarvathA parivartanazIla va anitya hai? jainadarzana vastu ke anekAnta svarUpa kA pratipAdaka hone se vaha vastu ko na to sarvathA kUTastha aura na hI pUrNata: parivartanazIla mAnatA hai, balki vaha vastu ko donoM dharmoM se yukta mAnatA hai aura ekAnta pakSa kA niSedha karatA hai| kyoMki yadi vastumAtra ko sarvathA nitya svIkAra kara liyA jAe to usameM krama se hone vAle paryAyoM kA abhAva hone se jo parivartana dRSTigocara hotA hai vaha nahIM bana sakatA aura yadi use sarvathA kSaNika svIkAra kara liyA jAe to usameM yaha vahI vastu hai, aise pratyAbhijJAna ke abhAva meM eka santAnapane kA abhAva prApta hotA hai| pratyeka vastu ko anekAnta svarUpa siddha karate hue vastu ko sarvathA nitya svarUpa yA sarvathA anitya svarUpa svIkAra karane para jo doSa AtA hai usakA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue kArtikeyAnuprekSA meM kArtikeya svAmI kahate haiM ki - "pariNAma se rahita nitya dravya na to kabhI naSTa ho sakatA hai aura na kabhI utpanna ho sakatA hai| aisI avasthA meM vaha kaise kArya kara sakatA hai|" "kSaNa-kSaNa meM anya-anya hone vAlA vinazvara tattva anvayI dravya ke binA kucha bhI kArya nahIM kara sktaa|"5 ___loka meM nitya-anitya, eka-aneka ityAdi aneka dharmayukta vastueM hI kAryazIla dikhAI detI haiN| jaise, svarNa se kuNDala, aMgUThI ityAdi aneka vastu banatI

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64 haiN| yadi svarNa sarvathA ekarUpa tathA anityarUpa hove to usase kuNDalAdi kArya nahIM bana skte| ataH vastu svabhAva se hI anekAnta svarUpa hai| uparokta vivecana se spaSTa hotA hai ki vastu na to sarvathA nitya hai aura na hI sarvathA kSaNika, balki eka hI samaya meM nitya va anitya dharmoM ko eka sAtha apane meM samAhita kiye hue hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainadarzana sattA ko utpAdavyayadhrauvya svabhAvAtmaka svIkAra karatA hai| tattvArthasUtra ( 5:29 ) meM sattA / vastu ko "utpAdavyayadhrauvyayuktaMsat" ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA gayA hai arthAt sat hamezA utpAda, vyaya, dhrauvya ina trilakSaNoM se yukta hotA hai, vastu kA svarUpa sthAyI rahate hue bhI badalatA rahatA hai| vijJAna meM bhI aisA siddhAnta hai kintu yaha siddhAnta kevala pudgala dravya se sambaddha hai, jabaki yaha sabhI dravyoM ke sambandha meM saca hai| pratyeka vastu svayaM apanA astitva dhruva rUpa banAye rakhate hue bhI apanI pUrva avasthA ko chor3atI aura navIna avasthA kA utpAda karatI huI, anAdi ananta kAla taka apane astitva ko kAyama rakhatI hai| aisA vastu kA nijavaibhava yA svabhAva hai, jaise - miTTI apane piNDa rUpa paryAya kA vyaya karatI huI ghaTa rUpa navIna paryAya kA utpAda karatI huI, ghaTa va piNDa donoM avasthAoM meM miTTI rUpa dhruva astitva se ekameka/ tadrUpa rahatI huI trilakSaNayukta svabhAva ko sUcita karatI hai / isase siddha hotA hai ki satrUpa vastu hamezA ekarUpa nahIM rahatI hai, varan yaha apanI ekarUpatA kAyama rakhatI huI, aneka prakAra kI navInatA pratisamaya karatI huI apane astitva ko banAye rakhatI hai| Azaya yaha hai ki padArtha parivartanazIla hai, jaise dUdha kucha samaya bAda dahI rUpa meM pariNita ho jAtA hai aura phira dahI se chA~cha banA liyA jAtA hai| yadyapi dUdha se dahI va dahI se chA~cha ye tIna bhinna avasthAyeM haiM, para ye tInoM eka hI gorasa se utpanna haiN| isa prakAra pratyeka dravya meM avasthA bheda hone para bhI usakA anvaya pAyA jAtA hai jo vastu ke trilakSaNa astitva ko siddha karatA hai| aba prazna utpanna hotA hai ki dravya eka hI samaya meM tIna rUpa kaise ho sakatA hai? kadAcita kAlabheda se use utpAda va vyaya rUpa mAna liyA jAya, kyoMki jisakA utpAda hotA hai usakA kAlAntara meM vyaya avazya hotA hai tathApi aisI avasthA meM dravya dhrauvya nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki jisakA utpAda-vyaya hotA hai use dhauvya svabhAva mAnane meM virodha AtA hai| isakA samAdhAna yaha hai ki "avasthA bheda se tInoM dharma mAne gaye haiN| jisa samaya dravya kI pUrva avasthA nAza ko prApta hotI hai usI samaya usakI nayI avasthA utpanna hotI hai, phira bhI usakA traikAlika anvaya banA rahatA hai| "6 uktaMca " dravya eka hI samaya meM utpatti, sthiti aura vyaya saMjJA vAle paryAyoM se samaveta hai arthAt tAdAtmya lie hue hai, isalie dravya niyama se tInomaya hai / " wr

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65 puna: yaha prazna utpanna hotA hai ki jaba pratyeka padArtha parivartanazIla hai to vaha pratyeka samaya meM badalakara anya-anya kyoM nahIM ho jAtA, kyoMki prathama samaya meM jo dravya hai vaha jaba dUsare samaya meM badala gayA hai to use prathama samaya vAlA mAnanA kaise saMgata ho sakatA hai? isalie yA to yaha kahanA cAhie ki koI padArtha parivartanazIla nahIM hai yA yaha mAnanA cAhie ki jo prathama samaya jo dravya hai vaha dUsare samaya meM nahIM rahatA, navIna utpanna ho jAtA hai| yaha zaMkA nirAdhAra hai, kyoMki pariNamana pratyeka vastu kA svabhAva hai aura yaha pariNamanazIlatA pratyakSa va anumAna pramANa se siddha hai, abAdhita hai| pariNamana rahita vastu astitva ko dhAraNa nahIM karatI, vaha gadhe ke sIMga ke samAna asat hai| jahA~jahA~ vastu dikhAI detI hai vahA~-vahA~ pariNAma dikhAI detA hai| jaise, gorasa apane dUdha, dahI, chA~cha, ghI ityAdi pariNAmoM se hI yukta dikhAI detA hai| jahA~ pariNAma nahIM hotA, vahA~ vastu nahIM hotii| parantu vastu kA pariNamana prati samaya hone para bhI vaha anya vasturUpa nahIM ho jAtI, balki usakI avasthA parivartita ho jAtI hai| jaise, hamAre zarIra kI bAla, yuvA, praur3ha, vRddha Adi avasthAyeM hotI haiM para usameM pudgala kA satarUpa astitva jyoM kA tyoM banA rahatA hai, vaha nAza ko prApta nahIM hotaa| yadi sat ko sarvathA parivartanazIla mAnA jAya to uparokta varNita doSa utpanna hoMge aura yaha Apatti anivArya rUpa se lAgU hogii| jainadarzana sat ko kevala pariNAmasvabhAvI svIkAra na kara use utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvya saMyukta mAnatA hai| yathA - _ "dravya kI anya paryAyeM utpanna hotI haiM aura anya paryAya vyaya ko prApta hotI haiM to bhI dravya svayaM na to naSTa huA aura na utpanna huA hai|" ___ yadyapi yaha kathana thor3A vilakSaNa pratIta hotA hai ki dravya svayaM utpanna aura vinaSTa na hokara bhI anya paryAya rUpa kaise utpanna hotA hai aura vyaya ko kaise prApta hotA hai, kintu isameM vilakSaNatA kI koI bAta nahIM hai kyoMki sat apane sAmAnya svabhAva kI apekSA na to utpanna hotA hai aura na vyaya ko prApta hotA hai| phira bhI usameM utpAda-vyaya hotA hai, so vaha paryAya (vizeSa svabhAva) kI apekSA se hai| isalie yadi dravya kA hI vinAza, dravya kA hI utpAda aura dravya kA hI dhrauvya mAnA jAye to saba gar3abar3a ho jAye, kyoMki isase sat kA vinAza, asat kA utpAda evaM dravya kI kUTasthatA kA prasaMga aaegaa| ata: utpAda-vyaya -dhrauvya paryAyoM meM hote haiM aura paryAyeM dravya meM hotI haiM, isalie ye saba eka hI dravya rUpa haiN| samasta dravyoM kI dhruvatA va pariNamana kA spaSTIkaraNa karane ke pazcAt yaha prazna utpanna hotA hai ki vastu svayaM meM kaisI hai? jainadarzana vastu ko guNa-paryAya yukta mAnatA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM umAsvAti ne ise isa prakAra vyakta kiyA hai ki "guNaparyAyavad

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66 dravyam'9 arthAt dravya apane guNoM va paryAyoM se tanmaya hotA hai| jisa prakAra vastra tAne-bAne se milakara banatA hai, tAne-bAne ke binA vastra kA koI svarUpa nahIM hotA usI prakAra pratyeka dravya guNa-paryAyavAna hotA hai| yahA~ utpAda-vyaya paryAya meM samAhita ho jAte haiM aura dhrauvya meM nitya vidyamAna rahane vAle guNoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai arthAt utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvya kA dhAraka dravya hotA hai yA guNa-paryAyavAna dravya hotA haiina donoM kathanoM meM koI pharka nahIM hai| ___ isa prakAra dravya ina tIna lakSaNoM se yukta hai - sat, utpAdavyayadhrauvya aura guNa pryaayeN| ye tInoM lakSaNa paraspara avinabhAvI haiN| jahA~ eka hai vahA~ zeSa donoM niyama se hote haiN| jaise, yadi dravya sat hai to vaha utpAda-vyaya va guNa-paryAya saMyukta avazya hogaa| aisA hI anya ke sambandha meM satya hai, kahA bhI hai - "jo apane astitva svabhAva ko nahIM chor3ate hue utpAda-vyaya aura dhrauvya se yukta hone ke sAtha guNavAna aura paryAyavAna hotA hai, use dravya kahate haiN|' 10 dravya - yaha hama pahale kaha cuke haiM ki jainadarzana meM jAti apekSA chaha aura saMkhyA apekSA anantAnanta dravya svIkAra kiye gaye haiM, ye chaha dravya haiM - 1. jIvadravya ananta 2. pudgaladravya anantAnanta 3. dharmadravya ___ - eka 4. adharmadravya eka 5. AkAzadravya eka 6. kAla dravya loka pramANa asaMkhyAta ye sabhI dravya eka sAtha AkAzadravya meM apane-apane catuSTaya meM rahate hue svatantra rUpa se apanA-apanA kArya karate hue avagAhanA pA rahe haiN| yadi ina sabhI dravyoM kI svatantratA na hotI to ve ananta na kahalAte aura yadi inakI alaga-alaga sattA hai to phira inakA bhinna-bhinna svatantra pariNamana svIkAra karane meM hameM koI Apatti nahIM honI caahie| guNa - pratyeka dravya ananta guNamayI hotA hai, usameM sAmAnya aura vizeSa guNa pAye jAte haiN| guNarahita dravya kA astitva sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki guNoM kA samudAya hI dravya hai| sAmAnya guNa sabhI dravyoM meM samAna rUpa se pAye jAte haiM aura vizeSa guNa pratyeka dravya kA pRthak - pRthak hotA hai, jo dravya ko vaiziSTaya yA vizeSatA pradAna

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karatA hai| vAstava meM, guNa dravya kI vizeSatAe~ haiM jinase dravya kI mahimA prakaTa hotI hai| isa prakAra vastu meM ananta sAmAnya va ananta vizeSa guNa pAye jAte haiN| una ananta sAmAnya guNoM meM, ina mukhya chaha sAmAnya guNoM kI carcA AgamoM meM kI gaI hai| ve isa prakAra haiM - 1. astitva 2. vastutva 3. dravyatva 4. prameyatva 5. pradezatva 6. agurulaghutva gunn| pratyeka dravya kA apanA-apanA sAmAnya guNa pRthak-pRthak hotA hai| aisA nahIM hai ki jo astitva guNa jIva dravya meM hai vahI guNa pudgala dravya meM bhI hai, kyoMki jIva kA astitva cetanAmayI aura pudgala kA astitva sparza-rasa-gaMdha-varNamayI hai, isI prakAra sabhI guNa samajhanA caahie| astitva Adi guNoM ko hama isa prakAra bhI paribhASita kara sakate haiM ki dravya kI vizeSatA jisake kAraNa dravya kI sattA trikAla kAyama rahe aura kabhI nAza ko prApta na ho arthAt dravya kI sattA astitva guNa ke kAraNa hai na ki para ke kaarnn| pratyeka dravya apanA prayojanabhUta/arthakriyAbhUta kArya apane vastutva guNa ke kAraNa karatA hai, anya kisI kI preraNA yA madada ke dvArA nhiiN| pratyeka dravya kI pariNamanazIlatA anAdi ananta kAyama rahatI hai usakI dravyatva guNa kI zakti se, na ki para sahayoga kI apekssaa| isI prakAra premapatva guNa, dravya kI jJeya banane kI sAmarthya yAni jnyeytvpnaa| pradezatva guNa, AkArAdi hone kI yogyatA aura agurulaghutva guNa dravya kI apanI sImA se bane rahane kI sAmarthya ke pratipAdaka haiN| vizeSa guNa ke kAraNa dravya pRthak rUpa se pahacAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki yaha pratyeka dravya kA bhinna-bhinna hotA hai| jaise - 1. jIvadravya meM - jJAna-darzana-cAritra Adi ananta guNa pAye jAte haiM jo usake anya dravyoM se bhitra astitva ko prakaTa karate haiN| 2. pudgala dravya meM - sparza-rasa-gandha-varNa Adi ananta vizeSa gunn| 3. dharmadravya meM - gatihetutva arthAt jIva va pudgala kI gamana meM nimittatA aadi| 4. adharmadravya meM - sthiti hetutv| 5. AkAzadravya meM - avagAhana hetutv| 6. kAladravya meM - jIva va pudgala ke pariNamana meM nimitta hotA hai| isa prakAra sAmAnya guNa vastu ke dravyapane kI sUcaka aura vizeSa guNa aneka dravyoM meM se eka dravya ko bhinna batalAne vAle kAraka haiN| guNa dravya se alaga nahIM hai,

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68 kintu dravya guNamayI hai| dravya meM guNoM kI vyavasthA isa prakAra nahIM hai jaise bore meM gehU~ ke dAne bhare haiM, kintu jaise namaka meM khArApanA, saphedI, ThosapanA hai| vaise hI dravya meM guNa tAdAtmya-tadrUpa haiN| isa prakAra guNoM kA dravya se nityatAdAtmya sambandha hai jo usase pRthak nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| paryAya - dravya athavA guNoM ke pariNAma ko paryAya kahate haiM arthAt pratyeka dravya yA guNa koI-na-koI avasthA meM jarUra hotA hai| avasthA ke binA dravya ke astitva kA koI aucitya hI nahIM hotA hai| jaise svarNa, biskuTa, kuNDala, kaMgana Adi koI-na-koI avasthA meM to pAyA hI jaaegaa| hama koI bhI avasthA ke binA svarNa ko pAnA cAheM, to yaha sambhava nahIM hai| isa prakAra paryAya hI dravya kI prasiddhi kA hetu hai| pratyeka vastu ke pariNamana kA yaha vaiziSTya hotA hai ki vaha trikAla meM bhI pariNamana karate hue apane vastutvapane ko nahIM khotaa| arthAt usakA dravyapanA sadA kAyama rahatA hai| isI kAraNa vaha apane svabhAva rUpa se anya vastuoM se bhinna svatantra rahatI hai| jainadarzana meM paryAyoM ko ananta prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai aura mukhya rUpa se paryAya ke do bheda kiye haiM - 1. arthaparyAya 2. vyaMjanaparyAya dravya-guNa-paryAya kI bhinnatA va ananyatA gaNa va paryAya se dravya kathaMcita bhinna va kathaMcita abhinna hai| saMjJA, saMkhyA, prayojana Adi se kathaMcita bhinna hai, parantu sarvathA pRthak-pRthak astitva nahIM hai kyoMki tInoM ke pradeza abheda haiM, ananya haiN| guNaparyAya rahita dravya va dravyarahita guNaparyAya kA astitva nahIM dekhA jA sakatA, kyoMki guNaparyAya rahita dravya sambhava nahIM hai, guNa-paryAyoM se usakI pahacAna hotI hai aura guNaparyAya binA dravya ke sambhaka nahIM, kyoMki binA AdhAra ke guNaparyAya apanA astitva kho deNge| isa prakAra dravya ke sat astitva, utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyatA va guNaparyAya yukta svabhAva ke sampUrNa vivecana ke uparAnta yaha tathya sahajarUpa se udghaTita hotA hai ki vizva kI pratyeka vastu apane guNa sampadArUpI svabhAva se paripUrNa hai evaM binA anya kisI ke sahayoga se apane guNaparyAyoM meM utpAda-vyaya karate hue svatantra rUpa se ve apanA trikAla astitva banAye rakhate haiN| koI dravya yA usakA koI aMza yahAM taka ki sarvazaktimAna Izvara bhI kisI anya dravya kI sattA meM kiMcit mAtra bhI dakhala nahIM de sakatA, hastakSepa nahIM kara sakatA, aisI svatantra, svAdhIna, nirdoSa evaM sundara vizva kI vyavasthA hai| AcArya amRtacanda isa tathya ko bar3e sundara zabdoM meM prakaTa karate haiM -

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"dharma, adharma, AkAza, kAla jIvadravya svarUpa loka meM sarvatra jo kucha jitane padArtha haiM ve saba nizcaya se ekatva-nizcaya ko prApta hone se hI sundaratA ko pAte haiM, kyoMki anya prakAra se usameM sarvasaMkara Adi doSa A jaaveNge| ye saba padArtha apane dravya meM antarmagna rahane vAle apane anantadharmoM ke vakra (samUha) kA cumbana karate haiM, sparza karate haiM tathApi ve paraspara eka-dUsare ko sparza nahIM karate, atyanta nikaTa ekakSetrAvagAha rUpa raha rahe haiM tathApi sadAkAla apane svarUpa se cyuta nahIM hote| pararUpa pariNamana na karane se ananta vyaktitA naSTa hotI hai, isalie ve TaMkotkIrNa kI bhA~ti (zAzvata) sthira rahate haiM aura samasta viruddha tathA aviruddha kArya donoM kI hetutA se ve sadA vizva kA upakAra karate haiM - TikAye rakhate haiN|'' 11 / yaha vyavasthA kisI ke rokane se ruka nahIM sakatI, badala nahIM sakatI, ghaTabar3ha nahIM sakatI lekina anavarat rUpa se calatI rahatI hai, yathA - "anAdi nidhana vastuyeM bhinna-bhinna apanI-apanI maryAdA sahita pariNamita hotI haiM, koI kisI ke AdhIna nahIM hai, koI kisI ke pariNamita karAne se pariNamita nahIM hote, para ko pariNamita karAne kA bhAva mithyAdarzana hai|' 12 uparokta svatantra vastu vyavasthA hI vastusvAtantrya kI nIMva hai, mUla AdhAra hai| yaha kaheM ki svatantra, svAdhIna, svasahAya, vastu hI vastusvAtantrya hai| ___ yadi koI padArtha anya padArthoM ke kAryoM meM hastakSepa kare, to use apanA kArya banda karanA hogA athavA eka hI samaya meM do kArya karane hoNge| para aisA asambhava hai| samayasAra meM isa tathya ko bhalIbhA~ti spaSTa kiyA gayA hai - "jo jisa dravya meM yA guNa meM anAdikAla se varta rahA hai, use chor3akara anya dravya yA anya gaNa meM kabhI bhI saMkramita nahIM hotA to vaha use kaise pariNamA sakatA hai, arthAt nahIM pariNamA sktaa|''13 __isa prakAra jagat kI pratyeka vastu acalita vastusthiti kI maryAdA ko tor3ane meM azakya hone se apane dravya va guNa meM nijarasa se vartatI hai, parantu dravyAntara yA guNAntara rUpa se saMkramaNa ko prApta nahIM hotI, taba vaha anya vastu ko pariNamita nahIM karA sktii| isalie parabhAva kisI ke dvArA nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ata: yaha bAta hAtha meM rakhe A~vale kI bhA~ti sampUrNa rUpa se spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki vastu kI aisI svatantra vyavasthA hai, maryAdA hai jisake bAhara vastu pariNamana nahIM krtii| sAtha hI, kaI dravya paraspara ekakSetrAvagAha rUpa se rahate hue bhI apane svabhAva rUpa pariNamana karate haiM, vibhAva rUpa nhiiN| yathA - "ve chahoM dravya eka-dUsare meM praveza karate haiM, eka-dUsare ko avakAza dete haiM, paraspara (kSIranIravat) mila jAte haiM, tathApi apane-apane svabhAva ko nahIM chodd'te|"14

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70 yaha zaMkA utpanna ho sakatI hai ki Apa kahate haiM ki koI bhI dravya yA usakI paryAya anya dravya yA usa anya dravya kI paryAya meM hastakSepa nahIM kara sktii| lekina jagat meM hamako pratyakSa isake viruddha bhAsita hotA hai ki koI bhI kArya binA kisI dUsare dravya kI sahAyatA ke ho sakatA hai, aisA dikhatA nahIM hai| jaise, kisI ne hameM gAlI dI to krodha AtA hai, prazaMsA kI to mAna kaSAya utpanna hotI hai| lekina koI prasaMga utpanna hue binA kaSAya utpanna nahIM hotI hai aura hama zarIra kA kArya pratyakSa karate dekhe jAte haiN| yadyapi UparI dRSTikoNa se yaha zaMkA satya pratIta hotI hai, parantu gambhIratA se maMthana karane para yaha anubhava meM AtA hai ki koI mujhe gAtI deve to maiM krodha karU~ yA na karU~, aisI svatantratA hai yA nahIM? isI prakAra kisI dUsare vyakti ke dvArA.prazaMsA karane para mAnabhAva karane yA na karane kI svatantratA mujhe hai| isa prakAra anubhava hotA hai ki bAhya kAraNa eka sarIkhe milane para bhI sabhI vyaktiyoM ke bhAva samAna nahIM hote| isI prakAra yadi hamameM zarIra kA apane rUpa pariNamana karane kI sAmarthya hotI hai to zarIra meM roga hone para turanta ThIka kara lete, parantu aisA nahIM hotA kyoMki zarIra ke paramANu apane guNoM meM pariNamana karate haiM aura AtmA anya dravya hone se vaha apane guNoM meM icchA rUpa viparIta pariNamana kara sakatA hai lekina zarIra ke paramANuoM meM pheraphAra nahIM kara sktaa| jainadarzana do dravyoM ke bIca kartA-karma sambandha ko sarvathA asvIkRta karatA hai evaM unake bIca kevala nimittanimettika sambandha ko svIkAra karatA hai| usake anusAra para dravya kAryotpatti meM nimitta mAtra to hotA hai, para vaha kArya kA kartA nahIM hotA, usameM kiMcit mAtra bhI hastakSepa nahIM kara sktaa| jaise, miTTI svayaM ghaTa rUpa pariNamita hotI hai kumhAra, cakra, daNDa Adi to kevala nimitta rUpa se vidyamAna rahate haiN| yadi kumhAra ko ghaTa kA kartA mAnA jAe to kaMkar3a yukta miTTI se ghaTa bananA cAhie, joki asambhava hai| isa prakAra jainadarzana mAtra Izvara jagat kA kartA nahIM hai ke niSedhAtmaka mArga taka sImita nahIM hai, apitu vizva meM vyApta samasta dravyoM ke paraspara kartRvya yA unake pariNamana meM hastakSepa kA niSedhaka evaM svakartRtva kA poSaka hai| upasaMhAra - vastu-svAtantrya, jainadarzana kA paryAyavAcaka hone se jainadarzana meM varNita samasta siddhAnta isameM samAhita ho jAte haiM, jaise - ahiMsA, kramabaddhaparyAya, nimittopAdAna, SaTkAraka mImAMsA, abhAva mImAMsA aadi| vyakti kA jIvana-maraNa kisI anya dravya ke adhIna na hokara svatantra, svAdhIna hai| ata: para ko mArane va bacAne kI kartRtva rUpI mithyA bhrAnti vastu-svAtantrya ke poSaka ahiMsA ke siddhAnta meM svIkRta nahIM hai| kramabaddhaparyAya, vastu kI krama-krama se hone vAlI paryAyoM ko pUrNa vyavasthita va niyamita

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71 ghoSita kara paryAyagata svatantratA kA udghoSaNA karatA hai| nimittopAdAna vyavasthA meM nimitta kAryotpatti meM vidyamAna hote hue karttA nahIM hotA, balki upAdAnagata yogyatA kA dhAraka dravya svayaM kArya rUpa pariNamatA hai, nimitta paradravya rUpa se vidyamAna rahatA hai| isa prakAra yaha siddhAnta dravya kI svayaM zakti sAmarthya se pariNamana ko svIkRta kara vastu-svAtantrya ko poSita karatA hai| isI prakAra kA kartRkarma va SaTakAraka mImAMsA bhI parakartRtva kI niSedhaka va vastu ke svatantra svabhAva kI poSaka hai| uparyukta bhAva rUpa siddhAnta hI vastu kI svatantratA kA digdarzana nahIM karAte, balki nAsti pakSa se yukta abhAva siddhAnta bhI dravya kI usake guNoM va utpanna paryAyoM se sampUrNa svatantratA ko pragaTa karatA hai| isa prakAra jinAgamapraNIta samasta siddhAnta vastu kI svatantra vyavasthA kA prakaTIkaraNa karate haiN| yaha samasta siddhAntoM kA sAra hai| yaha jainadarzana ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA digdarzaka hai, ise samajhe binA jinAgama kA marma nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| sandarbha: 1. AcArya umAsvAti, tattvArthasUtra, 5/29, jayapura 1996, pR0 351. 2. AcArya kundakunda, pravacanasAra, gAthA 96 kI TIkA, kundakunda kahAna sarvodaya TrasTa, jayapura 1996, pR0 182. 3. AcArya amRtacanda, paMcAdhyAyI, digambara jaina sAhitya prakAzana samiti, alavara 1996 IsvI, gAthA 8, pR0 3-4. 4. AcArya kArtikeya svAmI, kArtikeyAnuprekSA, jayapura 1996, gAthA 227, pR0 102. 5. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, gAthA 228, pR0 103. 6. AcArya pUjyapAda, sarvArthasiddhi, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, dillI 1998, pR0 230. 7. pravacanasAra, gAthA 102, pR0 205. 8. pravacanasAra, gAthA 103, pR0 207. 9. tattvArthasUtra, 5/37. 10. pravacanasAra, gAthA 103, pR0 207. 11. AcArya kundakunda, samayasAra, jayapura 1983, gAthA 3 kI TIkA, pR0 11. 12. mokSa mArga, prakAzaka - paMDita ToDaramala....., jayapura 1995, pR0 52. 13. samayasAra, gAthA 103, pR0 186. 14. AcArya kundakunda, paMcAstikAya, gAthA 7 kI TIkA, pR0 19.

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bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM samAdhimaraNa ke tattva DA0 sudhIra kumAra rAya* - zivArya racita bhagavatIArAdhanA jaina sAhitya kA eka viziSTa grantha hai usI ko kendra banAkara yaha Alekha prastuta hai| isa grantha ke racanAkAla ke sambandha meM kevala itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki AcArya jinasena ke mahApurANa (lagabhaga 9vIM zatI I0) se pUrva hI isakI racanA huI, kintu kitanA pUrva yaha spaSTa rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sktaa| vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki AcArya kundakunda tathA mUlAcAra ke racayitA vaTTakera ke samakAlIna hI zivArya hone caahiye| dhyAtavya hai ki bhagavatIArAdhanA kI antima upalabdha TIkA AzAdhara kI hai jo vikrama kI terahavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM racI gayI hai aura vikrama kI navam zatAbdI meM racita mahApurANa meM bhagavatIArAdhanA tathA usake racayitA zivArya kA smaraNa kiyA gayA hai| isakI vijayodayATIkA bhI isI kAla arthAt navIM zatI I0 kI racanA honI cAhiye aura vijayodayATIkA kI racanA ke samaya usake racayitA ke sAmane eka nahIM, aneka vyAkhyAyeM thiiN| kundakunda evaM zivArya kI racanAoM meM kucha gAthAgata samAnatA ke AdhAra para hama bhagavatIArAdhanA ko samakAlIna mAna sakate haiN| bhagavatIArAdhanA kA racanA kAla vidvAnoM ne vikrama kI tIsarI se pA~cavI zatI I0 ke madhya mAnA hai| bhagavatIArAdhanA aura aparAjitasUri dvArA racita isakI TIkA vijayodayA eka aisI paramparA kA grantha hai jinameM zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI sampradAyoM ke lakSaNa vidyamAna haiN| zvetAmbara sampradAya sAdhuoM ke vastra Adi kA samarthaka hI nahIM, apitu poSaka bhI hai, kintu digambara sampradAya meM yaha svIkRta nahIM hai| dUsarI ora AcArAMga Adi Agama grantha zvetAmbara sampradAya meM hI mAnya haiM, kintu digambara sampradAya meM nhiiN| bhagavatIArAdhanA aura isakI TIkA se prakaTa hotA hai ki eka ora isake racayitA aparigraha siddhAnta ke kAraNa vastra Adi ke virodhI pratIta hote haiM aura dUsarI ora Agama granthoM ko mAnya karate haiN| nizcita hI inakA sambandha usa paramparA se hai jo zvetAmbara-digambara sampradAya se bhinna hai aura jise yApanIya sampradAya ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| isI yApanIya paramparA ke antargata mUlAcAra tathA bhagavatIArAdhanA evaM isakI vijayodayATIkA kI racanA huii| kintu jahA~ taka samAdhimaraNa kA prazna hai yaha avadhAraNA to AcArAMga jaise prAcInatama aMga Agama meM bhI upalabdha hai jisakA racanA kAla vidvAnoM ne I0pU0 pAMcavIM* posTa DAkTorala phelo (Ai0sI0 eca0Ara0), pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI

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cauthI zatAbdI mAnA hai| yaha satya hai ki maraNasamAdhi evaM bhagavatIArAdhanA aise grantha haiM jo sallekhanA yA samAdhimaraNa ke avadhAraNA kI ativistAra se carcA karate haiM, kintu yaha avadhAraNA to atiprAcIna hai| AcArAMgasUtra cAhe itane vistAra se to nahIM phira bhI samAdhimaraNa kI sampUrNa prakriyA kA ucita vizleSaNa prastuta karatA hai| janma aura mRtyu jIvana rUpI zrRMkhalA ke do chora haiN| janma jIvana kA eka zarIra meM prArambha hai to mRtyu usa zarIra meM usakI smaapti| janma kI antima pariNati mRtyu meM hai| janma ke sAtha mRtyu anivArya rUpa se jur3I hai| jo janma letA hai usakI mRtyu avazya hotI hai| agara jIne kA apanA mUlya hai to marane kA bhI apanA alaga mUlya hai| jIvana meM saMyoga kA sukha hai, isa kAraNa jInA acchA lagatA hai, jabaki mRtyu meM viyoga kA duHkha hai, ata: vaha acchI nahIM lagatI hai| phira bhI mRtyu kI anivAryatA yA aparihAryatA se koI inkAra nahIM kara sakatA hai| mRtyu aparihArya hai| ise spaSTa karate hue AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki mRtyu anAgama (nahIM AnA) nahIM hai| mRtyu avazya hI aayegii| yaha avazyambhAvI yoga hai, aparihArya sthiti hai, isase bacA nahIM jA sNktaa| tAtparya yaha hai ki mRtyu prANI kI eka vivazatA hai| vaha janmA hai, isalie use maranA bhI hogaa| yahI dhruva satya hai| ata: maranA nizcita hI hai to isa nizcita mRtyu se bhaya kaisA? yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya cintakoM ne jIvana kI bhAMti maraNa ko bhI apane cintana meM paryApta sthAna diyA hai| jaina evaM jainetara vidvAnoM kA isa sambandha meM mata hai ki jIvana meM janma sarvopari hai, parantu yahI eka mAtra satya nahIM hai| janma vartamAna jIvana athavA jIvana kA nirdhAraka hai, jabaki mRtyu bhAvI janma yA janmoM kI nirdhAraka hai| jaina cintaka isa hetu isa bAta para bala dete haiM ki mRtyu kI belA meM sAdhaka ko adhika sajaga rahanA caahiye| use mRtyu kA zoka na karake AnandapUrvaka usakA svAgata karanA caahiye| jaina loga mAtra isa prakAra cintana hI nahIM karate, varan mRtyu mahotsava kA Ayojana vyAvahArika rUpa meM bhI karate haiN| yaha jaina paramparA kA apanA vaiziSTya hai jo anyatra durlabha hai| mRtyu mahotsava ko ve ArAdhanA yA sAdhanA kA eka aMga mAnate haiN| jaina cintana meM mAnava kA antima lakSya AtmA ke svarUpa kI prApti hai| isa hetu ArAdhanA kA Azraya lenA par3atA hai| ArAdhanA kyA hai? isakA uttara dete hue kahA gayA hai ki samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna, samyakcAritra aura tapa ke udyotana, udyavana, nirvahana, sAdhana aura nistaraNa ko ArAdhanA kahate haiN| ArAdhanA ke do bheda haiM - prathama samyaktvArAdhanA aura dUsarI caaritraaraadhnaa| darzana kI ArAdhanA karane para jJAna kI ArAdhanA niyama se hotI hai, kintu jJAna kI ArAdhanA karane para darzana kI ArAdhanA bhajanIya hai, vaha hotI bhI hai aura nahIM bhI hotI, kyoMki samyagdarzana ke hone para samyagjJAna niyama se hotA hai, parantu jJAna ke hone para samyagdarzana ke hone kA niyama nahIM hai|

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74 saMyama kI ArAdhanA karane para tapa kI ArAdhanA niyama se hotI hai kintu tapa kI ArAdhanA meM cAritra kI ArAdhanA bhajanIya hai; kyoMki samyagdRSTi bhI yadi avirata hai to usakA tapa hAthI ke snAna kI taraha vyartha hai| ataH samyaktva ke sAtha saMyamapUrvaka hI tapazcaraNa karanA kAryakArI hotA hai, isaliye samyak cAritra kI ArAdhanA hotI hai arthAt samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna pUrvaka hI samyak cAritra hotA hai isaliye samyak cAritra kI ArAdhanA meM sabakI ArAdhanA garbhita hai| isI se Agama meM ArAdhanA ko cAritra kA phala kahA gayA hai aura ArAdhanA paramAgama kA sAra hai| bahuta samaya taka bhI jJAna darzana aura cAritra kA niraticAra pAlana karake bhI yadi marate samaya unakI virAdhanA kara dI jAye to usakA phala ananta saMsAra hai| isake viparIta samyak cAritra kI ArAdhanA karake ArAdhaka kSaNamAtra meM mukta ho jAtA hai| ataH ArAdhanA hI sArabhUta hai|0 dhyAtavya hai ki darzana, jJAna, cAritra evaM tapa kA ullekha anya AgamoM meM bhI hai, kintu vahA~ unake liye "ArAdhanA" zabda kA prayoga nahIM kiyA gyaa| bhagavatIArAdhanA meM sarvaprathama isa prasaMga meM ArAdhanA kA ullekha hai| isa grantha meM mukhya rUpa se samAdhimaraNa kA kathana hai| mRtyu ke samaya kI ArAdhanA hI yathArtha ArAdhanA hai, usI ke lie jIvanabhara ArAdhanA kI jAtI hai| usa samaya virAdhanA karane para jIvana bhara kI ArAdhanA niSphala ho jAtI hai aura usa samaya kI ArAdhanA se jIvanabhara kI ArAdhanA saphala ho jAtI hai| ata: jo marate samaya ArAdhaka hotA hai yathArtha meM usI ke samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna, samyakcAritra aura samyak tapa kI sAdhanA ko "ArAdhanA' kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra ArAdhanA karate hue manuSya ko samAdhimaraNa aMgIkAra karanA caahiye| ___ 'samAdhimaraNa' sAmAnya bolacAla kI bhASA meM samAdhipUrvaka maraNa karane kA nAma hai| yaha samAdhimaraNa kA eka artha avazya hai, parantu jaina paramparA meM samAdhimaraNa kA artha bhinna hai| samAdhimaraNa meM dehatyAga avazya kiyA jAtA hai, lekina nitAMta vilakSaNa DhaMga se| isa avasthA meM sAdhaka dRr3hatApUrvaka zarIra ke saMrakSaNa kA bhAva chor3a detA hai| AhArAdi kA tyAga kara nirvikalpa bhAva se ekAnta, pavitra aura zAnta sthAna meM Atmacintana karate hue Ane vAlI mRtyu kI pratIkSA kI jAtI hai|11 pratIkSA ke isa anukrama meM kisI prakAra kI zIghratA athavA vilamba kI kAmanA nahIM rahatI hai, rahatI hai to basa eka mAtra bhAvanA AnevAlI mRtyu ke svAgata kii| yahI samAdhimaraNa hai jise jaina paramparA meM kaI nAma diye gaye haiM - sallekhanA, 12 saMthArA, 13 samAdhimaraNa,14 paMDitamaraNa,5 jJAnImaraNa,16 sakAmamaraNa,7 udyuktamaraNa,18 saMnyAsamaraNa,19 aMta:kriyA,20 mRtyumahotsava' aadi|

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75 vibhinna jaina grantha mRtyu ke svarUpa kI carcA karate hue isake vibhinna prakAroM para bhI prakAza DAlate haiN| AgamoM meM maraNa ke satraha prakAra batAye gaye haiM221. avIcimaraNa, 2. tadbhavamaraNa, 3. avadhimaraNa, 4. AdyantamaraNa, 5. bAlamaraNa, 6. paMDitamaraNa, 7. AsamaraNa, 8. bAlapaMDitamaraNa, 9. sazallamaraNa, 10. balAyamaraNa, 11. vasaTTamaraNa, 12. vippANasamaraNa, 13. giddhapuTThamaraNa, 14. bhaktapratyAkhyAnamaraNa, 15. iMginImaraNa, 16. prAyopagamanamaraNa aura 17. kevliimrnn| kintu bhagavatIArAdhanA ke racanAkAra ne saMkSepa meM pAMca prakAra ke maraNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai - paNDita-paNDitamaraNa, paNDitamaraNa, bAlapaNDitamaraNa, bAlamaraNa aura baal-baalmrnn|23 kSINakaSAya aura kevalI kA maraNa paNDita-paNDitamaraNa hai jabaki virata muni kA maraNa paNDitamaraNa hai evaM viratAvirata zrAvaka kA maraNa bAlapaNDitamaraNa hai| avirata samayagdRSTi kA maraNa bAlamaraNa hai aura mithyAdRSTi kA maraNa bAla-bAlamaraNa hai| paNDita-paNDitamaraNa ke tIna bheda haiM - bhaktapratijJA, prAyopagamana aura iNginii| yaha maraNa zAstrAnusAra AcaraNa karane vAle sAdhu ko hotA hai| ___ uttarAdhyayana24 meM maraNa ke do prakAroM kA vivaraNa milatA hai - 1. akAmamaraNa aura 2. skaammrnn| ajJAnatAvaza viSaya-vAsanAoM va bhogoM meM rata rahanA, dharma kA ullaMghana kara adharma ko svIkAra karanA tathA mithyA jagata ko satya samajhakara hamezA mRtyu ke bhaya se bhayabhIta rahanA Adi guNa bAla jIva ke haiN| ina jIvoM ke maraNa ko hI akAmamaraNa yA bAlamaraNa kahA jAtA hai| sakAmamaraNa kA sAmAnya artha hotA hai kAmanAsahita mrnn| kintu yahA~ sakAma zabda kA yaha artha abhISTa nahIM hai| yahA~ sakAma zabda kA artha hai - uddezyapUrvaka yA sAdhanApUrvaka mRtyu kA vrnn| isameM mRtyu kA varaNa samabhAvapUrvaka kiyA jAtA hai| sthAnAMga25 meM bhI maraNa ke do prakAra batAye gaye haiM - aprazastamaraNa evaM prshstmrnn| aprazastamaraNa ko adhama koTi kA mAnA gayA hai jo bAraha prakAra ke haiM - 1. balanmaraNa - parISahoM se pIr3ita hone para saMyama tyAga karake maranA, 2. vazArttamaraNa - indriya-viSayoM ke vazIbhUta hokara maranA, 3. nidAnamaraNa - bhAvI jIvana meM dhana, vaibhava, bhoga Adi kI prApti kI icchA rakhate hue maranA, 4. tadbhavamaraNa - marakara usI bhava meM punaH utpanna honA aura maranA, 5. giripatanamaraNaparvatase girakara maranA, 6. tarupatanamaraNa - vRkSa se girakara maranA, 7. jalapravezamaraNanadI meM bahakara yA jala meM DUbakara maranA, 8. agnipravezamaraNa - Aga meM jhulasakara maranA, 9. viSabhakSaNamaraNa - viSapAna karake maranA, 10. zasyAvapATanamaraNa - zastra kI sahAyatA se maranA, 11. baihAyasamaraNa - phAMsI kI rassI se jhUlakara maranA aura

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76 12. giddhapaTTha yA gRddhaspRSTamaraNa - vizAlakAya mRta pazu ke zarIra meM praveza karake mrnaa| tIvra kaSAya ke Adeza se rahita hokara tathA samabhAvapUrvaka maraNa prApta karanA prazastamaraNa kahalAtA hai| isa prakAra ke maraNa ko hI uttama mAnA gayA hai| isake do bheda haiM - 1. bhaktapratyAkhyAnamaraNa - AhAra-jala kA krama se tyAga karate hue samAdhipUrvaka prANatyAga karane ko bhaktapratyAkhyAnamaraNa kahate haiM evaM 2. prAyopagamanamaraNa - kaTe hue vRkSa ke samAna nizceSTa par3e rahakara prANa tyAgane ko prAyopagamanamaraNa kahate haiN| bhagavatIArAdhanA meM bhaktapratyAkhyAna ke do bheda kiye gaye haiM26- savicAra evaM avicaar| yadi maraNa sahasA upasthita ho to avicArabhaktapratyAkhyAna hotA hai anyathA savicArabhaktapratyAkhyAna hotA hai| bhaktapratyAkhyAna kA kAla kama se kama antarmuhUrta hai, jyAdA se jyAdA bAraha varSa aura madhyama antarmuhUrta se Upara tathA bAraha varSa se kama kA hai|27 phira bhI isakA utkRSTa kAla bAraha varSa kahA gayA hai| sAdhaka cAra varSa taka aneka prakAra ke kAyakleza evaM tapa karatA hai| dUdha Adi rasoM ko tyAga kara cAra varSa taka zarIra ko sukhAtA hai| phira AcAmla aura nirvikRti dvArA do varSa bitAtA hai| AcAmla dvArA eka varSa bitAtA hai| madhyama tapa ke dvArA zeSa varSa ke chaha mAha aura utkRSTa tapa ke dvArA zeSa cha: mAsa bitAtA hai|28 isa prakAra zarIra kI sallekhanA karate hue vaha pariNAmoM kI vizuddhi kI ora sAvadhAna rahatA hai| eka kSaNa ke liye bhI usa ora se udAsIna nahIM hotaa| sallekhanA ke do bheda haiM29- bAhya aura aabhyntr| zarIra ko kRza karanA bAhya sallekhanA hai aura kaSAyoM arthAt krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha ko kRza karanA AbhyAntara sallekhanA hai| bAhya sallekhanA ke liye cha: prakAra ke tapa kA vidhAna hai - anazana, avamaudarya, rasoM kA tyAga, vRttiparisaMkhyAna, kAyakleza aura vivikta shyyaa|' sallekhanA ke samaya nimna vastuoM ke tyAgane kI bAta granthakAra ne kahI hai| dUdha, dahI, ghI, tela, gur3a aura ghRta kA pUra, patrAzaka, sUpa aura lavaNa Adi sabakA athavA ekaeka kA tyAga rasa parityAga hai arthAt sallekhanA kAla meM dUdha Adi kA yA unameM se yathAyogya do-tIna-cAra tyAga rasa parityAga hai|31 sallekhanA karane vAle ko yaha 'rasa parityAga' nAmaka tapa kA vizeSa rUpa se pAlana karanA caahiye| kSapaka sallekhanA ke liye muni krama se AhAra ko kama karate hue zarIra ko kRza karatA hai aura eka-eka dina grahaNa kiye tapa se, eka dina anazana, eka dina vRttiparisaMkhyAna isa prakAra se vaha sallekhanA ko aMgIkAra karatA hai|32 vividha prakAra ke rasarahita bhojana, alpa bhojana, sUkhA bhojana, AcAmla bhojana Adi se aura nAnA

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77 prakAra ke ugra niyamoM se donoM prakAra ke saMyamoM ko naSTa na karatA huA vaha apane bala ke anusAra deha ko kRza karatA hai / 3 3 isa prakAra se sallekhanA karane vAle yA to AcArya hote haiM yA sAmAnya sAdhu hote haiN|34 yadi AcArya hote haiM to ve zubha muhUrta meM saMgha ko bulAkara yogya ziSya para usakA bhAra sauMpakara sabase kSamA yAcanA karate haiM aura naye AcArya ko zikSA dete haiN| usake pazcAt saMgha ko zikSA dete haiM / 35 isa prakAra AcArya saMgha ko zikSA dekara apanI ArAdhanA ke liye apanA saMgha tyAgakara anya saMgha meM jAte haiM / 36 samAdhi kA icchuka AcArya niryApaka kI khoja meM pA~ca sau sAta sau yojana taka bhI jAtA hai| aisA karane meM use bAraha varSa taka laga sakate haiM / 37 isa kAla meM yadi usakA maraNa bhI ho jAtA hai to vaha ArAdhaka hI mAnA jAtA hai / 38 yogya niryApaka ko khojate hue jaba vaha saMgha meM jAtA hai taba usakI parIkSA kI jAtI hai| AcArya parIkSA ke liye kSapaka se tIna bAra usake doSoM ko svIkAra karAte haiN| yadi vaha tInoM bAra eka hI bAta kahatA hai to use sarala hRdaya mAnate haiM kintu yadi vaha ulaTaphera karatA hai to use mAyAvI mAnate haiM aura usakI zuddhi nahIM krte| isa prakAra kSapaka kI vizuddhi, zruta kA pAragAmI aura prAyazcitta karma kA jJAtA AcArya karatA hai / 39 parIkSA ke uparAnta niryApaka AcArya apane saMgha ke samasta sadasyoM se pUchate haiM ki yaha kSapaka hamAre saMgha meM AnA cAhatA hai aura yahA~ hamArI sahAyatA se samAdhimaraNa lenA cAhatA hai| yadi sabhI sadasya isake liye apanI sahamati pradAna kara dete haiM to AcArya kSapaka ko svIkAra kara lete haiM / 40 - isa prakAra kSapaka samAdhimaraNa ke liye anekoM upakrama karate hue niryApakAcArya dvArA zikSA grahaNa karatA hai| niryApakAcArya saMstAraka para ArUr3ha kSapaka ko zikSA dete hue kahate haiM ki aba tumhArA maraNa samaya nikaTa A gayA hai, tuma zuddhipUrvaka samAdhi kro| tattvazraddhAna se mithyAdarzana ko, saralatA se mAyA ko aura nispRhatA se nidAna ko dUra karake niHzalya bno| vyAdhi, upasarga, parISaha, asaMyama, mithyAjJAna Adi vipadAoM kA pratikAra karake vaiyAvRtya karane vAle vasati, saMstAraka, picchI Adi kA zodhana karake sallekhanA kro| ina upakramoM ke pazcAt ArAdhanA ke phalasvarUpa jo mokSa yA mukti kI prApti hotI hai, use ArAdhanA kA phala kahate haiN| ArAdhanA karate kSapaka kevalajJAnI ho jAtA hai aura vaha sampUrNa klezoM se mukta ho jAtA hai| usakI jaba mRtyu hotI hai to vaha mukti ko prApta kara letA hai / 42 yahA~ yaha prazna uTha sakatA hai ki samAdhimaraNa aura AtmahatyA donoM hI meM svecchApUrvaka zarIra tyAga kiyA jAtA hai, phira ina donoM meM antara kyoM ? yaha batA denA Avazyaka hai ki jahA~ vyakti mukhya rUpa se apanI samasyAoM se Ubakara mana kI sAMvegika avasthA se grasita hokara AtmahatyA karatA hai, vahIM samAdhimaraNa meM vyakti

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78 mana kI sAMvegika avasthAoM se pUrI taraha mukta hokara samabhAvapUrvaka mRtyu kA varaNa karatA hai| dhyAtavya hai ki samAdhimaraNa ko sallekhanA kahate haiM, samyak rIti se zarIra aura kaSAya ko kRza karane kA nAma sallekhanA hai| zarIra bAhya hai tathA kaSAya aabhyntr| dhIre-dhIre AhAra ko ghaTAne se zarIra kRza hotA hai aura kaSAya ke kAraNoM se bacane se kaSAya ghaTatI hai| zarIra ko sukhA DAlanA aura krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha nahIM ghaTe to zarIra kA kRza karanA vyartha hai| AtmahatyA karane vAle kI kaSAya prabala hotI hai, kyoMki jo rAga-dveSa yA moha ke Aveza meM Akara viSa, zastra, Aga Adi dvArA apanI hatyA karatA hai vaha AtmahatyA kahalAtA hai| uparyukta vivaraNa se yaha bhrAnti ho sakatI hai ki yadi sallekhanA hI saccI ArAdhanA hai athavA marate samaya kI ArAdhanA hI sArabhUta hai to marane se pUrva jIvana meM cAritra kI ArAdhanA kyoM karanI cAhiye? isakA uttara hai, ArAdhanA ke lie pUrva meM abhyAsa karanA ucita hai kintu sallekhanA se mRtyu ArAdhanA kI parAkASThA hai| sandarbha: bhagavatIArAdhanA racanAkAra zivArya (AcArya aparAjita sUri racita vijayodayA TIkA sahita), saM0 evaM anu0 - paM0 kailAzacandra siddhAntazAstrI, bhAga 1-2, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura 1978 I0 (Age se saMkSipta nAma bha0 A0 ke rUpa meN)| ise mUlArAhaNA (mUlArAdhanA) bhI kahate haiN| isameM 2166 padya zaurasenI prAkRta meM haiN| yaha ATha paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM samyagdarzana, jJAna, cAritra aura tapa ina cAra ArAdhanAoM kA nirUpaNa hai| yaha grantha mukhyatayA munidharma kA pratipAdana kara samAdhimaraNa kA svarUpa samajhAtA hai| kundakunda ke samayasAra kI maMgalagAthA 'vaMdittu savvasiddhe' bhagavatI kI maMgala gAthA 'siddhe jayappasiddhe' meM hameM zabdaza: aura arthaza: eka sI hI dhvani aura bhAvanA gUMjatI huI pratIta hotI hai| pro0 sAgaramala jaina bhagavatI ArAdhanA kA racanAkAla pA~cavIM zatI I0 se pUrva mAnate haiN| unhoMne tarka diyA ki isa grantha ke racayitA zivArya ne apane tIna guruoM ke liye 'Arya' vizeSaNa kA prayoga kiyA hai| sAtha hI jiNanandI aura sarvagupta ko gaNi bhI kahA hai| mathurA evaM vidizA ke abhilekhoM evaM kalpasUtra tathA nandIsUtra kI "sthavirAvaliyoM' se hameM yaha jJAta hotA hai ki IsA kI pAMcavIM zatI taka muniyoM ke nAmoM ke Age 'Arya' tathA sAdhvI ke lie 'AryA' zabda ke prayoga kA pracalana thA tathA AcArya ko 'gaNi' zabda se abhisUcita kiyA jAtA thaa|

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79 3. . (sAgaramala jaina, jaina dharma kA yApanIya sampradAya, vArANasI 1996 I0, pRSTha 120-121) / 3. NA'NAgamo maccumuhassa atthiA AcArAMgasUtram : saM0 AcArya zrI AtmArAma jI jaina prakAzana samiti, jainasthAnaka, ludhiyAnA 1963 I0, 1. 4. 2. 134 / 4. ujjovaNamujjavaNaM NivvahaNaM sAhaNaM va nnicchennN| daMsaNaNANacarittatavANamArAhaNA bhnniyaa|| bha.A. 2. 5. vahI., 3. vahI., 4. 7. vahI., 6. jamhA carittasAro bhaNiyA ArAhaNA pvynnmmi| savvassa pavayaNassa ya sAro ArAhaNA tmhaa|| bha.A. 14. vahI., 16. 10. diTThA aNAdimicchAdiTThI jamhA khaNeNa siddhA yA ArAhayA carittassa teNa ArAhaNA saaro|| bha.A. 17 11. rajjana kumAra, samAdhimaraNa, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA, granthAMka 124, vArANasI 2002 I0, pRSTha 3. 12. sarvAthasiddhiH, saM0 phUlacandra siddhAntazAstrI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 1955 I0, 7.22. 13. AcArAMgasUtra, gAthA 235, 241, pRSTha 291-296. 14. uttarAdhyayanasUtram zrI AtmArAma jI mahArAja, khajAMcIrAma jaina, jaina zAstramAlA ___ kAryAlaya, lAhaura 1936 I0, 5.3. 15. samavAyAMgasUtra; saM0 madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara (rAjasthAna) 1982 I0, pRSTha 54. 16. bha.A., pRSTha 54-55. 17. uttarAdhyayanasUtra; 5.3, 4, 5. 18. rajjana kumAra; samAdhimaraNa pRSTha 12. 19. puruSArthasiddhyupAya; zrI amRtacandrAcArya, zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa 1966 I0, pRSTha 75. 20. ralakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra; saM0 patrAlAla "basanta", vIra sevA mandira TrasTa prakAzana, dillI 1962 I0, 123.

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21. mRtyu-mahotsava, zrI akhila vizva jaina mizana, alIgaMja (eTA) 1958 I0 22. esa0 saTTAra; parasuiMga Detha, karNATaka yunivarsiTI, dhAravAr3a 1990 I0, pRSTha 13-22. 23. paMDidapaMDidamaraNaM paMDidayaM bAlapaMDidaM cev| bAlamaraNaM cautthaM paMcamayaM bAlabAlaM c|| bha.A. 26. 24. uttarAdhyayanasUtram: 5.2. 25. sthAnAMgasUtra; zrI madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara (rAjasthAna), 1989, 2. 4. 411. 26. duvihaM tu bhattapaccakkhANaM savicAramagha avicaarN|| savicAramaNAgADhe maraNe saparakkamassa hve|| bha.A.; 64. 27. rajjana kumAra, samAdhimaraNa, pRSTha : 90-91. 28. bha.A., 254-256. 29. sallehaNA ya duvihA abhaMtariyA ca bAhirA cev| __abbhaMtarA kasAyesu bAhirA hodi hu sriire|| bha.A.; 208. 30. vahI., 210. 31. vahI., 217. 32. vahI., 249. 33. vahI., 250. 34. vahI., 274. 35. vahI., 275-280. 36. vahI., 385. 37. vahI., 403-404. 38. vahI., 406. 39. vahI., 517. 40. vahI., 520. 41. vahI., 720. 42. iyamukkassiyamArAdhaNamaNupalittu kevalI bhviyaa| logaggasiharavAsI havaMti siddhA dhuykilesaa|| bha.A.; 1923.

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vajjAlaggaM kA kAvyAtmaka mUlya rajanIza zukla* bhAratIya sAhitya mAnava jIvana ke kisI na kisI mUlya se hamezA jur3A rahA hai| zAyada isIlie, hajAroM varSa pUrva kA sAhitya Aja bhI jIvana ko Alokita karane kI kSamatA rakhatA hai| saMskRta sAhitya kI kSamatA isa kSetra meM jitanI samartha hai utanI hI vyApaka upayogitA prAkRta sAhitya kI bhI hai| isa sAhitya ke mAdhyama se vaha janamAnasa ubharakara sAmane AyA hai, jisameM loka kI sahaja anubhUtiyAM haiM tathA adhyAtma ke abhinava pryog| prAkRta bhASA apanI vividhatA va anekarUpatA ke lie hI prasiddha nahIM hai, apitu unakA sAhitya bhI nita nayA rUpa dhAraNa karatA rahA hai| ata: isa sAhitya meM jIvana mUlya kI khoja kA adhyAtma ke badalate svarUpa kI pakar3a hai, kyoMki jitane parivartana AThavIM sadI kI vicAradhArA meM milate haiM utane sambhavataH anya sadI meM kama milate haiN| isa yuga ke sAhityakAroM ne viSaya zilpa aura bhASA samanvayabodha ko adhika jAgrata kiyA hai| jo bAta ve kahanA cAhate the usI ke anusAra zabda saMracanA, rasa, alaMkAra, chanda aura apane kAvya saundarya ke mAdhyama se hI usakA upayoga apane sAhitya meM karate the| isa yuga ke sAhityakAroM tathA kaviyoM ne mAnava jIvana ke vividha pahaluoM ko gaharAI se dekhane-parakhane kI ceSTA kI hai| ata: ve sAhitya ko mAtra manoraMjana kA sAdhana na mAnakara jIvana kI sUkSma saMvedanAoM, manovikAroM aura bhAvanAoM kA vizleSaNa karane vAlA mAdhyama mAnate haiN| isI dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa prAkRta kAvya sAhitya uddezya paraka sAhitya kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha sAhitya isa bAta kA pratiphala hai ki jisake sarjaka sArthakatA ke anveSI the ata: unake dvArA likhA gayA sAhitya nirrathaka evaM uddezyahInatA jaise doSoM se mukta rhaa| sAhitya evaM samAja kA avinAbhAva sambandha hotA hai| sAhitya meM samAja kA pratibimba avazya par3atA hai| sarjaka sAmAjika prANI hai, ata: unakI kRti sAhityika sandarbho se sarvathA mukta nahIM raha sakatI kintu usakA mUlya jaisA hai vaise hI usakA varNana karatA hai| sAhitya sarjaka kA sarjana sRSTi ke sarjanahAra kI dRSTi se vilakSaNa * je0 Ara0epha0, jainavidyA evaM prAkRta vibhAga, mohanalAla sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura

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82 hotA hai| ata: sAhitya meM kevala sAmAjika, Arthika, rAjanItika, dhArmika, mUlyoM kA hI varNana prApta nahIM hotA balki usake kucha apane svata: ke bhI mUlya hote haiM jo ki rasa, chanda, alaMkAra tathA usake saundaryoM se paripUrNa hote haiN| unheM hI hama kisI sAhitya kA sAhityika yA kAvyAtmaka mUlya kaha sakate haiN| prAkRta sAhitya meM kAvya kA eka viziSTa sthAna hai| jaina vidvAnoM ne prAkRta kAvyoM meM prAyaH dhArmika upadezoM, AkhyAnoM aura caritoM kA hI samAveza kiyA hai, jaba ki ajaina vidvAnoM ke kAvyoM meM prema aura zrRMgAra ko pramukha sthAna milA hai| prAkRta sAhitya meM adhyAtmavAdI cintanadhArA ke sthAna para ihalaukika yathArthavAdI cintanadhArA kI mukhyatA hai, isalie yaha sAhitya kAphI lokapriya rahA hai| isalie hamane AThavIM zatAbdI ke kAvya vajjAlaggaM ko apane Alekha kA AdhAra banAyA hai| prAkRta kAvya ke kavi saMskRta evaM prAkRta donoM hI bhASAoM para samAna adhikAra rakhate the, isake bAvajUda bhI unhoMne janajIvana se jur3I huI bhASA meM hI apane lekhana kA kArya kiyA hai| jayavallabha dvArA saMgRhIta vajjAlaggaM prAkRta muktakoM kA dUsarA prasiddha koSa hai| isakI racanA gAthAsaptazatI ke hI AdhAra para huI hai| saptazatI kI lagabhaga sau gAthAeM bhI isameM le gaI haiM, tathA usakI sATha vrajyAoM meM se paccIsa vajjAlaggaM se mela khAtI haiN| gAthAsaptazatI ke samAna yaha bhI aneka kaviyoM kI racanAoM kA saMgraha hai| jina kaviyoM kI racanAeM isameM saMgRhita haiM ve sabhI samasAmayika na hokara vibhinna samayoM meM prAdurbhUta hue the| isase yaha siddha hai ki gAthAsaptazatI kI hI bahuta sI gAthAeM, jinakI racanA vajjAlaggaM se zatAbdiyoM pahale huI thI, isameM milatI haiN| yaha bhI anekAneka viSayoM para AdhArita muktakoM kA koSa hai| zrRMgArika padyoM kA bAhulya isameM bhI hai| hAM jIvana ke anya pakSoM kA bhI apekSAkRta adhika citraNa huA hai| isa prakAra tulanA karane para donoM ke rUpa vidhAna meM bahuta adhika sAmya milatA hai| vajjAlaggaM meM kramavyavasthA ko hI mahattva diyA gayA hai, yaha usake nAma se hI spaSTa hai| arthAt gAthAsaptazatI kA nAmakaraNa padya saMkhyA ke AdhAra para huA tathA vajjAlaggaM meM krama bhinna prakAra se aMkita haiN| jaise vijjAlaggaM, bajjAlaggaM, padyAlayaM aura pjjhaal| isakI saMskRtachAyA meM prajJAlaya aura vidyAlaya zIrSaka bhI milate haiN| vajjAlaggaM kA artha - vajjAlaggaM kI vyutpati karate hue pizela ne apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM kahA hai ki yaha zabda vajjA, vrajyA aura lagga (dezInAmamAlA 7/7, laggaM = cinham) = lagna se banA hai| svayaM granthakAra ke zabdoM meM vajjAlagga vibhinna padyoM ke samUhoM kA aisA saMgraha hai, jisake pratyeka samUha kA eka-eka pRthak viSaya (zIrSaka) hotA hai, vajjA kA artha svayaM kavi ne bhI kiyA hai -

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83 ekatye patthAve jattha paDhijjati purgaahaao| taM khalu vajjAlaggaM vajja tti ya paddhaI bhnniyaa||4|| arthAt jahA~ eka prastAva (prasaMga) meM bahuta sI gAthAeM par3hI yA kahI jAtI haiM, vajjAlagga hai| paddhati ko vajjA kahA gayA hai| vajjA zabda saMskRta vrajyA kA prAkRta rUpa hai| prAcIna saMskRta meM usakA artha bhale hI gamana yA mArga rahA ho, kAlAntara meM vaha varga (samUha) ke artha meM pracalita ho gayA thaa| vajjA krama se racita koSa kAvya ati manorama hotA hai| sajAtIya padyoM ke ekatra saniveza (saMgraha) kA nAma vrajyA hai| ina ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM koSa - racanA kI do pramukha paripATiyA~ thiiN| eka meM apane anya ke sundara padya itastata: saMgRhIta kara diye jAte the, unheM viSayoM ke anusAra eka sthAna para nahIM rakhA jAtA thaa| dUsare ve jinameM padyoM kA viSayAnusAra vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA thaa| eka varga ke padya eka hI viSaya kA varNana karate the ataeva ve sabhI sajAtIya kahalAte the| prathama paripATI prAcIna hai aura dvitIya arvaaciin| prAkRta meM prathama kA pratinidhi grantha gAhAsattasaI hai aura dvitIya kA vjjaalggN| sampUrNa graMtha 95 vajjAoM meM (prakaraNoM meM) vibhakta hai, jinameM kevala prAkRta ke prathita evaM lokapriya chanda gAhA' (gAthA) kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| isa chanda ke prathama caraNa meM bAraha, dvitIya meM aThAraha, tRtIya meM bAraha aura caturtha meM pandraha mAtrAyeM hotI haiN| jainamuni jayavallabha ne svayaM apanA paricaya graMtha ke tRtIya padya meM diyA hai "raiyaM vajjAlaggaM vihiNA jayavallahaM nnaam"| ve durAgrahahIna evaM sAmpradAyika saMkIrNatA se mukta vyakti pratIta hote haiN| jaina hone para bhI apane saMgraha meM jainetara sAhitya ko pramukha sthAna denA unake hRdaya kI udAratA kA pramANa hai| adhikatara gAthAoM meM brAhmaNIya paramparA ke purANoM ke hI sandarbha upalabdha hote haiN| ziva, brahmA, viSNu, lakSmI, pArvatI, garur3a, kSIrasAgara, kRSNa, rAdhA prabhRta nAma aura sAgaramaMthana, rAsalIlA, balibaMdhana, ariSTAsuramardana Adi ghaTanAoM kI isameM carcA hai| parantu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki sampUrNa raMcanA kevala mAtra jainetara sAhitya se hI liyA gayA hai| saMgrahakAra ne subhASita zabda kA prayoga jisa vyApaka artha meM kiyA hai, usakI paridhi meM rasapezala kAvya A jAte haiN| merI samajha se sacce arthoM meM jinheM subhASita kahA jAtA hai ve upadeza aura nIti se sambandhita padya to adhikatara jaina sAhitya ke vibhinna graMthoM se lie gaye hoMge aura rasa, alaMkAra evaM manorama gAthAkoSa kA praNayana kiyA gayA hai, unameM prabandha kAvya bhI ho sakate haiM aura muktaka kAvya bhii| vajjAlaggaM vibhinna kaviyoM kI manorama racanAoM kA saMgraha hai, jisameM adhikAMza gAthAeM mUlata: muktaka haiM aura kucha prabandha, AkhyAyikAoM aura caritakAvyoM se saMgrahIta pratIta hotI haiN| vajjAlaggaM kI aneka sarasa gAthAeM dhvanyAloka, kAvyaprakAza, sAhityadarpaNa, zabdAnuzAsana, sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa prabhRta graMthoM meM udAhRta haiN| parantu eka bhI sthAna para unake nAma kA ullekha

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84 nahIM hai| saMbhava hai ki kAvyazAstra ke AcAryoM ne ukta gAthAeM kisI anya srota se prApta kI hoN| isa saMgrahagraMtha meM saMgrahakAra ne prAkRta ke aneka granthoM se apane saMkalana ko taiyAra kiyA hai unameM se katipaya graMthoM yathA caupannamahApurisacariya lIlavaI kuvalayamAlA kosAmbIviprakathA' Adi ke udAharaNa dhIravajjA, vasaMtavajjA, rayaNayaravajjA, divyavajjA jathA dariddavajjA Adi graMthoM meM kucha pATha bheda ke sAtha prApta hotI haiN| kAvyamUlya evaM rasabhAva yojanA - jaba kavi apane mana, vacana aura indriyoM ko eka sthAna para sthApita kara detA hai taba kAvya prasphuTita hotA hai| hadaya kI antarvedanA, bhAvukatA, sAMsArika anubhUti ityAdi ko kavi sahajAbhivyaMjaka zabdoM dvArA abhivyakta kara detA hai| zAstrAcAryoM ke dvArA nirdhArita sabhI kAvya upAdAnoM kI prApti vajjAlaggaM meM hotI hai| zabdAlaMkAra, arthAlaMkAra, rasa, zabdazaktiyAM, pratIka, bimba, chanda-yojanA evaM saundarya prabhRti samasta kAvya tatva isa kAvya meM samAhita haiN| AcArya bhAmaha ne zabda, chanda, abhidhAna artha, itihAsAzrita kathA, loka, yukti aura kalA ina ATha tatvoM ko kAvya ke lie Avazyaka mAnA hai| inakI dRSTi meM jisa kavi kI kRti meM uparyukta ATho tatva samAhita hote haiM vahI kRti kAvya kI ucca paMkti meM rakhane yogya hai| unakA kathana hai ki satkavitva ke binA vANI meM vaidagdhya nahIM A sakatA aura binA vaidagdha ke koI bhI kRti camatkArapUrNa nahIM ho sakatI - rahitA satkavitvedana kIdRzI vAgvidagdhatA / / bharatamuni ne zleSa, prasAda, samatA, samAdhi, mAdhurya, oja, padoM kI sukumAratA, abhivyaMjakatA, udAratA aura kAnti Adi daza guNoM ko kAvya ke lie upAdeya mAnA hai|10 para bhAmaha kI tattvagrAhiNI pratibhA ne prasAda mAdhurya aura oz2a ina tIna guNoM ko hI apanI svIkRti pradAna kI hai|11 inhoMne vakrokti ko kAvya niSpAdaka tattva batalAkara use kAvya ke lie anivArya evaM vyApaka guNa batalAyA hai|12 AcArya bhAmaha ke mata meM guNa, alaMkAra, adoSatA evaM vakrokti Adi kAvya ke lie Avazyaka tattva haiN|13 AcArya daNDI ke anusAra uttama kAvya meM zleSa, prasAda, samatA, mAdhurya, sukumAratA, arthavyakti, udAratA, oja, kAnti aura samAdhi ye daza guNa vaidarbhI mArga ke prANa haiN| rIti aura guNa kA sambandha sthApita hone para hI vaidarbha kAvya ko satkAvya kahA jAtA hai|14 chandakozAdi vividha zAstroM ke adhyayana evaM manana (anuzIlana) se kAvya praNayana meM gaMbhIratA evaM ramaNIyatA kA AdhAna hotA hai| ataeva ye donoM tattva adhyayana aura manana, kAvya mUlya ke nirmApaka AdhAroM meM se haiN|15 AcArya kuntaka ke anusAra kisI ke lie SaDvidha vakratA kA samAveza Avazyaka hai| varNa camatkAra, zabda saundarya, viSaya vastu kI ramaNIyatA, aprastutavidhAna evaM prabandha kalpanA ye

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SaDvidha vakrokti ke antargata Ate haiN|16 rasa, alaMkAra, ukti vaicitra, aucitya evaM mArgatrayasukumAra, vicitra aura madhyama bhI kAvya camatkAra ke sRjana ke lie Avazyaka haiN|17 mammaTa ne vAcyartha ke apekSA vyaMgyArtha ko uttamakAvya ke lie atyadhika upayukta mAnA hai|8 bhakta kavi jagaddharabhaTTa ne ziva kI stuti karate samaya uttama kAvya ke pratimAnoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai - ojasvI madhuraH prasAdavizada: saMskArazuddhobhidhA - bhktivyktivishissttriitirucitairrthebhRtaalNkRtiH| vRttasthaH paripAkavAnavirasaH sadvRttiraprAkRtaH zasya kasya na satkavirbhuvi yathA tasyaiva sUktikramaH / / 19 arthAt oja, prasAda evaM mAdhurya guNoM kA sadbhAva, vizuddhasaMskAra-yukta bhASA, viziSTa-rIti-sampannatA, sarasatA, alaMkAra yuktatA, abhidhAzakti ke sAtha lakSaNA aura vyaMjanA kA sadbhAva, sundara chandoM kA samAveza, kaizikI Adi vRttiyoM kA niveza evaM ukti camatkAra utkRSTa kAvya ke lie Avazyaka pratimAna haiN| uparyukta matoM ke samAlocanA se uttama kAvya ke lie nimnalikhita tattva Avazyaka haiM - 1. mAdhuryAdi guNoM kA satriveza, 2. zuddha saMskAra yuktabhASA, 3. alaMkAroM kA prayoga, 4. camatkArajanyatA, 5. AhlAdakatA, 6. sukumAratA, 7. bhAvoM kI abhivyaMjanA, 8. vaidarbhAdi rItiyoM kA prayoga, 9. samarasa chandoM kA samAveza, 10. ukti vaicitrya, 11. citrAtmakatA, 12. sarala evaM sahRdayAhlAdaka zabdoM kA ucita vinyAsa, 13. adoSatA, 14. mArgatraya kI yojanA, 15. abhidhA ke sAtha lakSaNA va vyaMjanA kA sadbhAva, 16. komalatA, 17. rasamayatA, 18. mArmikatA, 19. saMkSiptatA, 20. svAbhAvika abhivyakti, 21. bhAvAtirekatA, 22. chandojanya nAda mAdhurya, 23. bhAvAnukUla vAtAvaraNa, 24. sUkSma sNvednaa| vajjAlaggaM meM uttama kAvya ke utthApaka sabhI tatva ekatra samAhita haiN| bhAvoM kI svAbhAvika abhivyakti evaM sahata sampreSaNIyatA, bhASA kI saralatA, samarasatA evaM saMvedyatA, chandAlaMkAroM kA samucita prayoga, rIti, guNAdi kI yojanA, antarvedanA, kalpanA cArutA, sUkSmasaMvedanA Adi guNa sarvatra vidyamAna haiN| vajjAlaggaM meM kAvya saundarya evaM alaMkAra yojanA - vyAvahArika jIvana meM sAja-sajjA evaM bhavya rUpa saundarya ke dvArA dUsare kI dhAraNA ko prabhAvita karane kI pravRtti janasAmAnya meM pAyI jAtI hai| apAra kAvya saMsAra meM bhI kAvya kI sumadhura uktiyoM

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86 ko atyadhika camatkArapUrNa, prabhAvotpAdaka banAne ke lie vyAvahArika uktiyoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| lokottara - camatkAra-varNanAnipuNa kaviyoM kA karma kAvya brahmAsvAdasahodara tathA vilakSaNa hotA hai| lokavyavahAra kI analaMkRta uktiyAM alaMkRta hokara camatkArapUrNa bhaMgIvizeSa se kathita hone para kAvya zabda se abhihita hone lagatI kavi pratibhA se samudbhUta uktiyoM ke alokasiddha saundarya ko kucha AcAryoM ne vyApaka arthoM meM alaMkAra mAnA hai| 20 alaMkAra zabda kA arthakaraNa vyutpatti hai "alaGkriyate anena iti alaMkAra: / " vaha tattva jo kAvya ko alaMkRta athavA sundara banAne kA sAdhana ho, alaMkAra kahalAtA hai| anuprAsa upamAdi alaMkAra kahe jAte haiN| bhAmaha tathA udbhaTa ne kAvya zobhA ke sAdhaka dharma ko alaMkAra mAnakara guNa, rasa Adi ko bhI alaMkAra kI sImA meM sameTa liyA hai| AcArya mammaTa ke anusAra kAvya ke ve dharma, jo kAvya ke zarIrabhUta zabda evaM artha ko alaMkRta kara usake mAdhyama se kAvyAtmabhUta rasa kA bhI upakAra karate hoM, alaMkAra kahalAte haiN| ve anuprAsa, upamAdi zabdAlaMkAra evaM arthAlaMkAra manuSya ke hAra Adi AbhUSaNa kI taraha kAvya ke AbhUSaNa hote haiN| spaSTa hai ki mammaTa ne alaMkAra ko zabdArthabhUta kAvya zarIra kA bhUSaNa mAnA hai, jo prakArAntara se hI yadA-kadA rasa kA upakAra karatA hai| 21 bhAmaha, udbhaTa Adi alaMkAra ko kAvya-saundarya ke lie anivArya dharma mAnate haiM, para isase viziSTa artha meM prayukta upamA Adi kA mAdhurya Adi guNoM ke sAtha sApekSa mahatva spaSTa nahIM ho paataa| bhAmaha ne kAvya ke alaMkAra ko nArI ke AbhUSaNa kI taraha svIkRta kiyA hai| jaise- sundara strI AbhUSaNAbhAva meM zrIhIna lagatI hai usI prakAra alaMkAra vihIna kAvya zobhArahita hai / 22 bhAmaha ko kAnta sukha bhI analaMkRta hone para manorama nahIM lagatA, para kAlidAsa jaise sundara rasajJa "kimiva hi madhurANoM maNDanaM naakRtinaam||23 ityAdi kI udghoSaNA karate haiN| kuntaka ne vakrokti ko kAvya sarvasva svIkAra kiyA hai| lokottara camatkArapUrNa bhaMgIbhaNiti hI vakrokti hai, jo zabdArtha sAhitya kA upakAraNa hotA hai, vakrokti alaMkAra hai 24 aura kAvya kA prANabhUta tatva hai| Anandavarddhana ke anusAra rasa ko prakAzita karane vAle vAkya vizeSa hI rUpaka Adi alaMkAra haiM / 25 alaMkAra vAcyopakAraka hone ke kAraNa kAvya ke zarIra haiM, kabhI ve zarIrI bhI bana jAte haiN| isa prakAra alaMkAra zabdArtha sAhitya kI utkRSTatA ke upakAraka hote haiM, usake svarUpAdhAyaka nhiiN| jaise grAmya bAlA bhUSaNoM se bhUSita atyanta ramaNIya ho jAtI hai usI prakAra pratibhAzAlI kaviyoM kI vANI alaMkAroM se maNDita hokara kamanIya

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87 evaM zravaNIya ho jAtI hai| ataeva kAvya kI utkRSTatA meM alaMkAroM kA yogadAna hai| inhIM vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa isakI gAthAeM vibhinna graMthoM kI zobhA bar3hA rahI haiN| yadyapi rUpaka, utprekSA, parikara, kAvyaliMga, samAsokti, apahRti, dIpaka, tulyogitA, atizayokti, virodhAbhAsa, vyatireka, arthAntaranyAsa Adi alaMkAra sthAna-sthAna para anAyAsa hI mila jAte haiN| tathApi aprastuta prazaMsA (kAvyaprakAzokta paMcama bheda, anyokti) upamA evaM zleSa vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| kitanI vajjaoM meM to usI kA akhaMDa sAmrAjya hai| karabha, mAlatI, indindira, haMsa, surata, vizeSa, kamala-nindA, haMsamAnasa, candana, vaTa, tAla, palAza, suvarNa, samundra nindA, gaja, dhavala, lekhaka, yAntrika, musala aura kupanakha vajjAeM usI ke zrRMkhalAbaddha udAharaNa haiN| inameM 'prastuta varNana kahIM alaMkAra ke rUpa meM haiM to kahIM dhvani vyaMjaka pratIka ke rUpa meN| vajjAlaggaM meM bhAvoM kA tAratamya alaMkAra ke rasAnuguNa viniveza ke kAraNa aura bhI bar3ha gayA hai vividha vajjAoM meM yamaka (gAthA 188), rUpaka (gAthA 19), utprekSA (gAthA 314, 322, 313), vibhAvanA (gAthA 39), vizeSokti (gAthA 152, 464), virodhAbhAsa (gAthA 33, 561), kAvyaliMga (gAthA 177, 321), atizayokti (gAthA 534) Adi alaMkAroM ke udAharaNa vajjAlaggaM meM prApta hote haiN| vajjAlaggaM meM gItitattva, chanda aura bhASA - prabaMdhakAvyoM meM aneka bhAvoM kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai, lekina muktaka ke laghu kalevara meM kevala eka hI bhAva kI abhivyakti samAhita rahatI hai| kSaNika bhAvAveza meM kisI vRtti athavA vastu ke Azraya grahaNa ke binA kevala eka hI bhAvanA kI abhivyakti svAbhAvika rUpa se hotI hai| saMskRta vAGmaya meM eka bhAvanA pradhAna kAvyoM kA praNayana bahuza: huA hai lekina pRthak kisI vidhA ke rUpa meM nAmakRta nahIM hai| aisI racanAoM meM geya tattva kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai| isameM AtmavAda yA AtmaniSThatA kI mukhyatA rahatI hai| geyatA, rasapezalatA, rasAtmakatA Adi guNa aise kAvyoM meM sAmAnya rUpa se pAye jAte haiN| kAvyazAstrakAroM ne gItikAvya nAmaka alaga kAvyavidhA ko svIkRta nahIM kiyA hai| paravartI bhAratIya AcAryoM ne gItikAvya kA sAMgopAga nirUpaNa kiyA hai| gIti kAvya hRdaya kI gaMbhIra bhAvanA kA pariNamana hai jo sahajodreka pUrNa prAkRtika vega se ni:sRta hotI hai| tIvrabhAvApannatA ke kAraNa gItikAvya meM rasAtmakatA, sabala bhAvanAoM kA svataH pravartita pravAha athavA kalpanA dvArA rucira manovegoM kA sarjana hotA hai|26 sApekSadRSTi athavA saMkIrNadRSTi se kavi apane vyaktitva se abhibhUta hotA hai ata: svataMtracaritoM kA sarjana nahIM kara paataa| usake pAtra usake vyaktitva kA hI bhAravahana karate haiN| uparyukta kathana kI samAlocanA se spaSTa hotA hai ki gItikAvya meM AtmaniSThatA kA samAveza Avazyaka hai| kavi vaiyaktika bhAvadhArA tathA anubhUti ke anurUpa layAtmikA abhivyakti pradAna karatA hai| vaiyaktikatA ke sAtha avAdhaka kalpanA, asIma

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bhAvukatA tathA niSkarSopalabdhi kI mukta bhAvadhArA kA samAveza gItikAvya meM Avazyaka hai| vastuta: bhAvAtireka hI gItikAvya kI AtmA hai| kavi apanI rAgAtmikA anubhUti aura kalpanA ke dvArA viSaya athavA vastu ko bhAvAtmaka banAtA hai| anubhUti ke kAraNa hI vibhinna prakAra kI mAnasika pratikriyA utpanna hotI haiM, kyoMki gItikAvya meM kavi kI antarvRtti vastu yA viSaya ke sAtha svAnurUpatA sthApita hai| pUrvokta kathanoM ke avalokana se gIti kAvya ke nimnalikhita tattva parilakSita hote haiM - 1. antarvRti kI pradhAnatA 7. citrAtmakatA 2. saMgItAtmakatA 8. samAhita prabhAva 3. pUrvApara sambandha vihInatA athavA nirapekSatA 9. mArmikatA 4. rasAtmakatA athavA raMjakatA 10. saMkSiptatA 5. bhAvAtirekatA 11. saralatA evaM sahajatA 6. bhAva sAndratA gItikAvya - ye sabhI ke tattva vajjAlaggaM meM vidyamAna haiN| uparokta kAvya meM geya tattva kI pradhAnatA bhI hotI hai| __ saMgItAtmakatA - dhvani aura saMgIta kA jIvana ke sAtha ghaniSTha sambandha hai| saMgIta se mana mohita hotA hai aura AtmAnanda meM vibhora ho jAtA hai| saMgIta se pazupakSI jagat, manuSya, yahAM taka ki bAlaka bhI AkRSTa ho jAte haiN| bAlaka jaba rone lagatA hai yA sotA nahIM hai to mAM lorI gAkara sulAtI hai| vaha bAlaka saMgIta ke madhumaya svara lahariyoM meM AtmavismRta ho Ananda vibhora ho jAtA hai| dharma, artha aura kAma Adi trivarga saMgIta prakRSTa sAdhaka haiN| saMgIta se devatA, pArvatI pati ziva bhI vazIbhUta ho jAte haiN| grAmINa jIvana meM saMgIta kA kitanA mahattva hai isakA anekazaH varNana vajjAlaggaM kI gAthAoM meM prApta hotA hai| rasAtmakatA - rasamaya kAvya ke adhyayana se citta ekAgratA tathA nizcayatA ko prApta karatA hai| cittasthairya hI Ananda kA kAraNa hai| Ananda hI rasasvarUpa hai| bhAratIya manISiyoM ne rasa ko sarvasva mAnA hai| "nahi rasodate kazcidarthaH pravartate 27 // agnipurANakAra ne kAvya jIvana ke rUpa meM rasa ko svIkRta kiyA hai| "vAgvaidagdhyapradhAne'pi rasa evAtra jiivitm||28 / antarvRtti kI pradhAnatA - gItikAvya meM antarvatti kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| vajjAlaggaM meM yaha bhUriza: parilakSita hotA hai|

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pUrvApara sambandhavihInatA athavA nirapekSatA - nirapekSatA saMskRta gItikAvya kI pramukha vizeSatA hai| gItikAvya ke pratyeka zloka svatantra rUpa se rasabodha karAne meM samartha hote haiN| bhAvAtirekatA - bhAvAtirekatA gItikAvya kA pramukha guNa hai| bhAvAnviti - gItikAvya meM rAgAtmika anubhUti hI mUla bhAvanA se anuprANita rahatI hai| gIti kA kendra bindu vahI mUla bhAva hotA hai, jisakA vizleSaNa - vistAra kavi gIti ke kalevara meM karatA hai| bhAvAnviti buddhi dvArA niyantraNa kA abhAva nahIM hai| jaba taka buddhi kA samucita niyantraNa nahIM prApta hotA taba taka bhAvAveza kAvya ke rUpa meM sthApita nahIM hotaa| jaba buddhi bhAva kI apekSA gauNa hotI hai taba abhivyakti kA mAdhyama kAvya hotA hai, lekina jaba buddhi kI apekSA bhAva gauNa ho jAtA hai taba vaha kAvya nahIM gadya kahalAtA hai| nissaMdeha gItikAvya kA saMbaMdha kavi kI rAgAtmika anubhUti se hotA hai| citrAtmakatA - gItikAvya kI pramukha viziSTatA hai citraatmktaa| kavi yA pAThaka ke sAmane hRdayagata rAgoM kA citra aMkita ho jAtA hai| mArmikatA - prAkRta ke muktakoM meM mArmikatA kA samAveza sarvatra pAyA jAtA hai| isakA eka udAharaNa hai ki proSitabhartRkA (jisakA pati paradeza gayA hai)| putravadhu jaba apanI sAsa ke pAdavaMdana ke lie gayI to usake hAtha ke donoM kaMgana nikalakara gira par3e, yaha dekhakara usake gusse vAlI sAsa bhI ro pdd'ii| isase usa sAsa ke hRdaya se mArmikatA svata: hI abhivyakta hone lagatI hai|29 saralatA-sahajatA evaM svAbhAvika abhivyakti - gItikAvya meM saralatA, sahajatA tathA svAbhAvika abhivyakti kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| vajjAlaggaM kI chanda-yojanA - jaise sajjanoM kA vyavahAra unake zIla, guNa aura sajjanatA kI zobhA aucityapUrNa vyavahAra se hI sambhava hai vaise hI kAvya meM guNa, sundara chanda evaM rasaniyojana tabhI saundaryotpAdaka hote haiM jaba unameM aucitya kA samAveza ho|30 varNa aura zabdayojanA ke aucitya ke samAna hI chandoM kA aucitya bhI kAvyagata saundarya ke lie atyAvazyaka hai| mArmika, sarasa evaM rasamaya abhivyakti ke lie guNalaMkArAdi kI taraha kAvya meM chanda-yojanA kI anivAryatA sArvajanIna hai| anAdikAla se yaha paramparA pracalita hai ki apane jJAna ke saMvarddhana evaM pracAraprasAra ke lie kavi evaM RSi chandoM kA Azraya lete the| saMpUrNa Rgveda chandamayI vANI kA pravAha hI hai| jaba kavi yA kalAkAra apane saMpUrNa manovRttiyoM ko ekatrita kara sthita ho jAtA hai, apane lakSya meM ananya bhAva se rama jAtA hai, taba usI sAdhanA ke kSaNoM meM usakI vANI anAyAsa rUpavatI nAyikA kI taraha prakaTa ho jAtI hai| vaha upamAdi

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alaMkAroM ke sAtha-sAtha vasantatilakAdi sundara laya-tAlayukta chandoM kA jAmA bhI pahane rahatI hai| chandoM dvArA bhAvasaMpreSaNa meM saralatA Adi kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| kaThina bhAvoM ko chandoM ke mAdhyama se sahaja saMvedya rUpa meM abhivyakta kara sakate haiN| chanda kavi hRdaya se ni:sata ekatrAvasthita manovRttiyoM kA sandara pravAha hai, jo eka niyata aura nizcita dizA kI ora jAtA hai| kaThina se kaThina viSayoM ko ve chandoM ke mAdhyama se sahaja evaM grAhya banA lete haiN| prAkRta kAvyoM kA lokapriya chanda gAhA hai| isalie vajjAlaggaM ke kavi ne pUrI eka paddhati meM hI gAhA chandoM ke mahimA kA guNagAna kiyA hai| isameM prApta gAhA chanda kA rasa, mahilAoM ke vibhrama aura kaviyoM ke ullAsa kisakA hRdaya nahIM hara lete - kassa Na haraMti hiyayaM (va. 3/5) / gAthA chandoM ke na jAnane para bhI kavi ne kaTAkSa kiyA ki jo lokakathAoM ke gItoM ke praur3ha mahilAoM aura taMtrInAdoM ke rasa ko nahIM jAnate, unake lie ajJAna hI sabase bar3A daNDa hai| (va. 3/9) / eka gAthA kavi ne svayaM (gAhA) ko hI cetAvanI dete hue kahA hai ki arasika gavAra logoM se tuma dUra-dUra hI rahanA, jo tumheM bhalI-bhAMti gA nahIM sakate nahIM to ve tumheM apane dAMtoM se cabA-cabAkara tumheM pIr3A pahuMcAte hue usI taraha tor3akara laghu banA deMge (tumhArI gurutA naSTa kara deMge), jaise gAMva ke loga Ikha ke DaNDe ko kaThora dAMtoM se kATa-kATakara choTA kara dete haiN| gAthA gAyana eka viziSTa kalA hai| (va. 3/8) vajjAoM meM nirdiSTa viSaya hI gAthAoM ke pratipAdya haiN| vajjAoM meM bhI sarvatra viSaya-bheda nahIM hai| bahuta sI vajjAyeM bilkula samAna bhAva bhUmi kA hI sparza karatI haiN| viraha, proSita, priyAnurAga, hadayasaMvaraNa, bAlA saMvaraNa aura olaggAviyA kI bhAvabhUmi eka hai| unameM prAya: viraha kA varNana hai, haMsa aura candana meM kevala pratIkabheda haiM, viSaya-bheda nhiiN| aprastutaprazaMsA ke sthaloM para prAya: bhinna-bhinna vajjAoM meM eka hI vyaMgya kI pRthak pratIkoM ke mAdhyama se pratIti karAI gaI hai| aise sthaloM para bAhya-bheda hone para bhI Antarika bheda nagaNya haiN| vibhinna vajjAoM meM vaise bhI bilkula samAna padAvalI prAya: dRSTigata hotI hai isa doSa ke mArjana ke liye yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki saMgrahakAra ne samAna bhAva, samAna racanA-paddhati aura samAna zabda-yojanA se sambandhita gAthAoM ko tulanAtmaka dRSTi se eka sAtha saMgRhita kara diyA hogA parantu yaha saba hone para bhI vajjAlaggaM sarasatA aura maulikatA kI dRSTi se eka anupama kAvya hai| usameM bhAva, kalpanA aura zilpa-tInoM kA adbhuta sAhacarya hai| rasoM kA tAramya jahA~ use bhAva pakSa ke ucca zikhara para pratiSThita karatA hai, vahIM zailIgata vaidagdhya aura bhaNiti bhaMgimA ke kAraNa usakA kalApakSa bhI kamanIya bana gayA hai| isI kAraNa se vajjAlaggaM kI gAthAoM meM jahAM prAcIna kAvya rUr3hiyoM kA anuvartana hai vahAM bhI eka navInatA dikhAI detI hai| karuNA, maitrI, paropakAra, dAna, praNaya, nIti, sadAcAra,

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udAratA, utsAha Adi mAnavIya guNoM kI satpreraNA dene vAlA apane Apa meM eka anupama kAvya kA mahattva pradarzita karatA hai| yaha kAvya samAja kA yathArtha evaM ubhayapakSI citra prastuta karane ke kAraNa kore AdarzavAdI kAvyoM ke samAna ekAMgI nahIM hai| samAja meM ziva aura aziva, pIyUSa aura kAlakUTa, rAma aura rAvaNa para isa kAvya meM saMkSipta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| ata: yaha kAvya sacce arthoM meM eka sAhityika kRti hai| isa graMtha ke prArambhika do vajjAoM meM kAvya, kAvya zrotA aura kAvya samIkSakoM ke sambandha meM anekoM mAnyatAoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| prArambha meM zrutadevI ko praNAma kara subhASita saMgraha ke prayojana ke sAtha prAkRtakAvya kA mAdhurya aura zrRMgArapezalatva pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| isake anantara vajjAlaggaM kA artha aura usake pArAyaNa se milane vAle phala kA saMkSipta varNana hai| prAraMbha kI do vajjAoM (gAhAvajjA aura kavvavajjA) meM kAvya se sambandhita kucha mAnyatAoM ke saMketa haiN| kavi kahatA hai ki kAvya racanA kaSTasAdhya hotI hai, usakA pATha karanA bhI sarala kArya nahIM; parantu usake marmajJa zrotA sabase durlabha haiN| jaba sahRdaya zrotA upalabdha ho jAte haiM, taba kisI bhI bhASA kA kAvya apUrva rasa dene lagatA hai (6, 7) kliSTatva kAvya kA pramukha doSa hai, usake rahane para alaMkAra, lakSaNa aura geyatva - sabhI gaNoM se maMDita gAthA bhI citta meM kheda utpanna karatI hai (9, 10) gAthAoM kA marma (dhvanitatva) sahRdaya saMvedya hai (11) / vahI racanA kAminI ke samAna Ananda pradAna karatI hai, jo sundara chandoM evaM sulalita zabda yojanA ke sAtha-sAtha alaMkAra aura rasa se yukta ho (12) / satkAvya doSahIna, lalitapada vinyAsayukta, sphuTa (prasAda guNayukta) aura madhura hotA hai (24) / / prAkRta kAvyoM ke sambandha meM batAyA gayA hai ki ve madhura vargoM aura chandoM se vibhUSita, zrRMgAra bahula tathA dezI zabdoM se yukta hote haiN| sphuTatA (prasAdatva), vikaTatA gAmbhIrya aura prAvRtArthatA (dhvanigarbhitatA) unake pramukha guNa haiM (10) aise zrRMgAra rasa se labAlaba bhare, yuvatIjana-vallabha aura madhurAkSara prAkRta kAvyoM ke rahate bhalA koI saMskRta kaise par3ha sakatA hai? anta meM apAra niSThA ke udgAra prakaTa karate hue prAkRta kAvya, prAkRta-kavi aura prAkRta-kAvya-marmajJa ko praNAma kiyA gayA hai| dhvani, alaMkAra, geyatva aura lalita padavinyAsa kI suSamA se maMDita isakI prasanna gambhIra zailI pratyeka hRdaya ko mugdha kara detI hai| isa kAvya meM rasoM kA bhI sajIva va mArmika citraNa upasthita kiyA gayA hai| vIra rasa ke udAharaNa ke lie kavi ne raNabhUmi kA citraNa kiyA hai jahAM par3e sainikoM ke zava ko giddha le jA rahe haiM, parantu vaha usa pIr3A ko asahya hone para bhI isalie saha rahA hai ki pAsa meM par3e hue svAmI kI mUrchA paMkhoM kI havA se TUTa na jaay| isI prakAra se hAsya rasa kA bhI sundara citraNa

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kavi ne kucha isa prakAra kiyA hai ki "kRpaNa apanA dhana jamIna meM isalie gAr3a detA hai ki hameM eka dina rasAtala meM jAnA hI hai to pahale se hI prasthAna kyoM na rakha deN"|32 isI krama meM kavi ne zAnta rasa kA bhI bar3A hI sundara citra upasthita kiyA hai yathA manuSya kI Ayu sau varSa hai| usameM AdhI rAteM nikala jAtI haiN| usa zeSa Adhe bhAga kA bhI AdhA jarA aura zaizava chIna lete haiN| jIvana jala bindu ke samAna hai, yauna jarA ke sAtha utpanna hotA hai, saba dina samAna nahIM hote taba bhI loga kyoM niSkriya bane rahate haiN|33 raudra aura bhayAnaka rasoM kA bhI udAharaNa mila jAtA hai| isa prakAra vajjAlaggaM meM rasoM kA abhAva nahIM hai, parantu usakA pradhAna rasa zrRMgAra hI hai| sampUrNa graMtha praNaya ke manorama citroM se paripUrNa hai| vajlAlaggaM meM zrRMgAra rasa ke donoM pakSoM kA cArucitraNa hai| yadyapi saMbhoga aura vipralambha donoM ke udAtta varNanoM se vanjAyeM bharI par3I haiM parantu prAdhAnya vipralambha kA hI hai| vAha aura suraya vajjAoM ko chor3akara anya vajjAoM meM usI kA sAmrAjya hai| jIvana meM viyoga kI vyApti adhika hai saMyoga ke avasara nitAnta sImita haiN| viraha ko vAstavika agni kahA gayA hai| vaha kAma rUpI vAyu se prerita aura sneha rUpI IMdhana se uddIpita hone para asahya bana jAtA hai| sannipAta ke samAna usameM jvara, zIta aura romAMca ke lakSaNa prakaTa hote haiN| virahatApa ke varNana atizayoktipUrNa haiN| zItopacAra kI rUr3hiyoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| candra aura candana bhI virahiNiyoM ko dagdha karate haiN| ve prAya: anaMga aura candra ko upAlaMbha detI haiN| kahIM-kahIM ni:svArtha praNaya ke aise udAtta varNana bhI milate haiM, jahA~ premikA premI ke sudhAsikta aMgoM ke sparza kI bhI icchA nahIM karatI, use dekha lenA hI paryApta samajhatI hai - acchau tA phaMsasuhaM amayarasAo vi duurrmnnijj| daMsaNametteNa vi piyayamasya bhaNa kiM Na pjjttN||407 (priyAnurAga vajjA) vajjAlaggaM kA bhaNiti vaidagdhya advitIya hai| vividha bhAvoM kA paripoSa aura rasoM kA atireka, isakI vizeSatAyeM haiN| kAvyazAstra meM rasAdi ko asaMlakSya-krama dhvani kahA gayA hai| sampUrNa graMtha meM vibhinna rasoM kA abhAva na rahane para bhI zrRMgAra kI hI pramukhatA hai| anekA vajjAoM meM karuNa, vIbhatsa, vIra, adbhuta aura zAnta rasoM ke udAharaNa bikhare par3e haiN| isI prakAra se graMtha meM dhvani, vakrokti aura alaMkRti se paripUrNa hai| isa prakAra hama kaha sakate haiM ki vajjAlaggaM ke kAvyAtmaka mUlya sabhI vajjAoM meM prApta hote haiN| sandarbha: 1. vivihakaiviraiyANaM gAhANaM varakulANi ghettunn| raiyaM vajjAlaggaM vihiNA jayavallahaM naam|| vajjAlaggaM, gAthA 3.

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2. pizela, prAkRta vyAkaraNa, niyama 12. 3. paDhamaM bAraha mattA bIe aTThArahehi sNjuttaa| jaha paDhamaM taha tIyaM dahapaMca vihusiA gaahaa|| prAkRta paiMgalaM 1.54 4. tA tuMgo merugirI mayaraharo tAva hoI dttaaro|| tA visamA kajjagaI, jAva Na dhIrA pvjjti|| caupatramahApurisacaritaM 29/ 3 milAie gAthA 103 dhiirvjjaa| 5. gahiUNa cUya-maMjari kIro paribhamai ptt-laahttho| osarasu sisira-Naravai puhaI laddhA vsNtenn|| lIlAvaI 74/1, milAiye gAthA 635 vsNtvjjaa| 6. kuvalayamAlAkahA, pR0 3, milAiye gAthA 745 vddvaanlvjjaa| kuvalayamAlAkahA, pR0 12, milAie gAthA 120 divvvjjaa| 7. kosAmbIviprakathA, pR0 534, milAie gAthA 144 driddvjjaa| 8. kAvyAlaMkAra, sUtra 1.9 9. kAvyAlaMkAra, sUtra 1.4 10. nATyazAstra 27.96 11. kAvyAlaMkAra, 1.1 12. kAvyAlaMkAra 5.66 13. kAvyAlaMkAra 3.54 14. kAvyAdarza 1.41 - 44 15. kAvyAlaMkAra 1.4 kI TIkA 16. kAvyAlaMkAra 1.18 17. vakroktijIvitaM 1.6, 23, 24, 53 18. kAvyaprakAza 1.2.4 19. stutikusumAMjali 5.33 / / 20. saundaryamalaMkAra: - vAmana, 21. mammaTa, kAvyaprakAza 8.67 kAvyAlaMkAra sUtravRtti 1.2 22. bhAmaha, kAvyAlaMkAra 1.13 23. abhijJAnazAkuntalam 1.20 24. kuntaka, vakroktijIvitaM 1.10 25. Anandavardhana, dhvanyAloka, 2 26. hindI sAhityakoSa, pR0 262 27. bharata, nATyazAstra, a0 06 28. agnipurANa, 336/33 29. gAhAsattasaI 5/93 30. kSemendra, aucityavicAracarcA, kArikA 19 aura usakI TIkA 31. pakkhaNileNa pahuNo viramau muccha tti paaspddienn| giddhaMtakaDDhaNaM dUsahaM pi sAhijjai bhddenn|| 177 suhddvjjaa| 32. nihaNaMti dhaNaM dharaNIyalammi iya jANiUNa kivinnjnnaa| pAyAle gaMtavvaM tdgcchtvgrsthaanmpi|| 580 kivinnvjaa| 33. varisasayaM NaraAU..........bAlabhAvo y|| 666 jraavjjaa|

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pUrvamadhyakAla meM striyoM kI dazA (triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita ke saMdarbha meM) DaoN0 umeza candra zrIvAstava* hemacandra viracita triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM striyoM kI dazA kA varNana tatkAlIna samAja ke anukUla kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha meM varNita nArI kartavya pAlana tathA tyAga kI bhAvanA se yukta dikhAyI detI hai| usake jIvana ko granthakAra ne putrI, patnI tathA mAtA ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA hai| kanyA - bhAratIya samAja pitRsattAtmaka hone ke kAraNa putra prApti kI vizeSa apekSA rakhatA hai| hemacandra ne bhI isI dRSTikoNa ko apane grantha meM prastuta kiyA hai lekina putrI kI upekSA bhI nahIM kI hai| grantha meM putrI kI kAmanA spaSTa rUpa se dikhAyI detI hai| kanyA ke janmotsava para atyanta prasannatA dikhAyI gayI hai| vaha parivAra ke sneha kI sampatti mAnI gayI hai| aneka putroM ke bAda putrI kA janma adhika prasannatA kA viSaya hai| yadyapi hemacandra ne putra tathA putrI ko samAna dRSTi se dekhA hai tathApi unake grantha se yaha spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai ki kanyA bar3he hue RNa, vaira tathA bImArI Adi ke samAna hai| aisI dazA meM hemacandra ne eka sthala para navajAta putrI ko tyAga dene kA udAharaNa diyA hai| isameM sandeha nahIM ki samAja meM strI kanyA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita thii| hemacandra ne kaikeyI, prItimatI, kanakavatI Adi kanyAoM ko atyanta viduSI rUpa meM citrita kiyA hai jisase jJAta hotA hai ki striyoM ko ucca zikSA bhI dI jAtI thI kanyAyeM rAjanItika viSayoM se sambandhita jJAna bhI prApta karatI thiiN| kaikeyI dazaratha ke sAtha yuddhasthala meM gayI thii| rAjA nahuSa kI anupasthiti meM usakI patnI siMhikA ne senA kA netRtva kiyA thaa| striyoM meM ghur3asavArI kA zauka bhI dikhAyI detA hai| tatkAlIna nArI dvArA svayaMvara meM ukta kalAoM kI pratiyogitA pradarzita kI jAtI thii| ina kalAoM meM harAne vAle puruSa hI usakA varaNa karatA thaa| prItimatI10, gandharvasenA, zrAvikA tathA suNyeSThA Adi nAriyAM aisI thIM jinhoMne svayaMvara meM bhAga lekara apane pati kA varaNa kiyA thaa| sulasA tathA subhadrA ne veda-vedAMgoM kI pratiyogitA meM yAjJavalkya ke sAtha bhAga liyA thaa| isa prakAra jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya kanyAoM ko hara prakAra kI kalAoM meM pAraMgata kiyA jAtA thaa| * prAdhyApaka, prAcIna itihAsa, mahilA mahAvidyAlaya, bastI, uttara pradeza

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95 patnI - hemacandra ne patnI rUpa meM nArI kA ullekha vistAra se kiyA hai| unhoMne patnI ke lie nArI, gRhiNI, bhAryA, bhAminI, kAminI, ramaNI, sahadharmiNI Adi14 zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| ye kula ke lie varadAnasvarUpa thIM kyoMki apane kartavyapAlana evaM zuddhAcaraNa se pitRkula evaM patikula donoM vaMzoM ko ujjavala karatI thiiN|15 hemacandra ne svacchanda na honA kulIna striyoM kA svAbhAvika dharma batAyA hai|16 hemacandra ne saundarya kI pratirUpa nArI ko usake pativrata dharma ke kAraNa atyanta zreSTha mAnA hai| tatkAlIna samAja meM strI kA satItva hI sarvasva mAnA jAtA thaa|17 usake gRhastha jIvana kA sukha usake pativrata dharma meM nihita thaa|18 pativratA strI apane satItva ke prabhAva se asaMbhava ko saMbhava banA detI thii| satItva ke AcaraNa se hI damayantI ne rAkSasI se apanI rakSA kI thI9 aura jala prApta kara apanI pyAsa bujhAyI thii|20 pativrata dharma ke AcaraNa se hI sItA rAvaNa tathA mandodarI dvArA samajhAye jAne para bhI vicalita nahIM huI thii|21 nemi kI bhAvI patnI rAjImatI ne apane devara rathanemi se satItva kI rakSA hetu zrApa kA Azraya liyaa|22 draupadI ne bhI apane satItva kA prabhAva dikhAyA thaa|23 isase jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna samAja meM strI ke satItva kA mahatva tathA prabhAva svIkAra kiyA jAtA thaa| hemacandra ne dAmpatya jIvana kA sandara citraNa kiyA hai| yahA~ pati-patnI kA pArasparika vyavahAra atyanta sauhArdapUrNa varNita hai|24 nala - damayantI ke mAdhyama se pati-patnI kA jo pArasparika anurAga evaM prema varNita hai, vaha kisI bhI dampatti ke svAbhAvika manodazA kA citraNa ho sakatA hai|25 patnI pati se kevala prema hI nahIM karatI apitu usakI AjJA kA pAlana bhI karatI hai| isa dRSTi se vaha usakI dAsI jJAta hotI hai| AjJA-pAlana ke kartavya kA pAlana karane ke kAraNa hemacandra use kulavadhU kA AbharaNa aura maNDana kI saMjJA dete haiN|26 unakA kahanA hai ki strI ko sadaiva apane svAmI ke kaSToM evaM dukhoM kI cintA karanI caahie|27 hemacandra ne pati-patnI ke pArasparika sAhacarya kA ullekha kiyA hai aura yaha batAyA hai ki patnI pati ke mArga kA kaNTaka nahIM apitu usake uccAdarza kI prApti meM sahAyaka hotI hai| sItA rAma ke vanagamana ke samaya usakI sahAyikA ke rUpa meM kArya karane ke lie mAtA aparAjitA se AjJA mAMgatI hai| aparAjitA bhI sItA ko yathArtha upadeza dekara use apane mArga para agrasArita hone kI preraNA detI hai|28 isase patA calatA hai ki pati kA anugamana karane vAlI strI ko koI bhI roka nahIM sakatA thaa| isa prakAra jJAta hotA hai ki isa samaya strI patnI rUpa meM eka Adarza gRhaNI mAnI jAtI thI jo bhAratIya paraMparA ke anukUla thaa| mAtA - hemacandra ne prema kI naisargika pariNati mAtRtva meM kI hai| usa samaya nArI mAtA ke rUpa meM pUjyanIya evaM sammAnanIya thii| Alocya grantha meM bhI santAnotpatti

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ke bAda hI nArI mAtA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita mAnI gayI hai|29 santAnarahita strI ko acchI dRSTi se nahIM dekhA jAtA thaa| anapatya hone para nArI apanA sampUrNa jIvana nirarthaka mAnatI thii|30 ata: aneka upAyoM dvArA santAnotpatti kI kAmanA kI jAtI thii|31 isa prakAra mAtA banane para usakI garimA samAja meM atyadhika unnata ho jAtI thii| hemacandra ne apane grantha meM mAtRtva ke jisa vAtsalyabhAva kA varNana kiyA hai vaha anyatra kahIM nahIM miltaa|32 putra ke prati mAtA kA vAtsalya varNana mahAvIra, pradyumna, bhAmaNDala Adi ke varNana prasaMga meM apane caramotkarSa para pahuMca gayA hai| pradyumna tathA bhAmaNDala ke apaharaNa kI sUcanA pAkara inakI mAtAeM zokAkula mudrA meM mUcchita ho jAtI haiN|33 sAgara ke 60 hajAra putroM ke mara jAne para mAtAoM kA duHkha karuNA kI sImA ko lAMgha jAtA hai|34 isa prakAra nArI mAtA ke rUpa meM karuNA tathA vAtsalya kI sAkSAta pratirUpa mAnI gayI hai| hemacandra kA mAnanA hai ki pati evaM putra se yukta nArI kA honA hI usakA vAstavika jIvana hai| isIlie inase hIna nArI ko ve "nirvIsa' zabda se abhihita karate haiN|35 yaha usake durbhAgya kA dyotaka hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki hemacandra apane grantha meM mAtA ke svarUpa ko vizeSa mahatva dete haiN| gaNikA - strI ke ina tInoM rUpoM ke atirikta hemacandra ne nArI ke gaNikA svarUpa kA bhI vistRta ullekha kiyA hai| vAstava meM tatkAlIna sAmAjika pariveza meM nArI kA yaha svarUpa gRhastha jIvana se mukta svatantra astitva kA dyotaka hai| bhAratIya paraMparA meM nArI bAlyakAla meM pitA, yauvanakAla meM pati tathA vRddhAvasthA meM putra dvArA poSita evaM rakSita mAnI gayI hai.6 kintu isase bhinna avasthA meM vaha anya rUpoM meM bhI dikhAyI detI hai| eka avasthA unakI sArvajanika upabhoga kI hai jinheM gaNikA, vaizikI, svairiNI, patitA, vezyA Adi nAmoM se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| hemacandra ne bhI gaNikAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jo sArvajanika upabhoga kI vastu thIM jinheM vArastrI bhI kahA jAtA thA lekina aisI striyoM ko samAja ghRNA kI dRSTi se dekhatA thaa|37 gaNikAoM ko rAjadarabAra meM ucita tathA mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta thaa|38 aisI gaNikAoM meM madanamaMjarI, anantamAlikA, guNamaMjarI, kAmalatA Adi prasiddha thiiN|39 guNamaMjarI, rAjA parvataka ke darabAra meM rAjagaNikA pada para pratiSThita thii| isameM strI ke aneka sulabha guNa vidyamAna the jisake kAraNa rAjA parvataka use prANoM se adhika prema karate the| kabhI-kabhI ye gaNikAyeM rAjAoM meM yuddha kA kAraNa bana jAtI thiiN| isakA nirdeza hemacandra ne viMdhyazakti ke varNana prasaMga meM kiyA hai|41 dAna Adi ke prasaMga meM gaNikAoM ko alaMkArAdi diye jAne ke ullekha bhI milate haiN| 2 vaise sAmAnyata: inheM rAjAoM dvArA pAritoSika Adi bhI die jAte the| ina gaNikAoM kA kArya rAjA tathA darabAriyoM kA manovinoda karanA thaa| isa prakAra gaNikAeM vizeSata: rAjadarabAriyoM se sambandhita thiiN|

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97 isa prakAra isa mahAkAvya meM striyoM kI dazA kA varNana vistAra se aneka prasaMgoM meM prApta hotA hai| unake mukhya rUpa kanyA, patnI tathA mAtA hI batAye gaye haiM kintu unake vArarUpoM kA varNana bhI sthAna-sthAna para prApta hotA hai| ina varNana prasaMgoM meM unake guNoM tathA durguNoM ko bhI kavi ne nirdezita kiyA hai| sandarbha : 1. trizaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, 22 . vahI, 23. vahI, 24. vahI, 3.8.21 25. vahI, 8.3.703 5. vahI, 4.1.434, 492 26. vahI, 4.5.30 6. vahI, 8.3.25, 30, 7.4.15127. vahI, 8.7.821 7. vahI, 7.4.156 - 157 28. vahI, 7.4.454 29. vahI, 8.10.112 30. vahI, 8.10.119 39. vahI, 5.1.203; 3.3.32; 10.6.58 2. vahI, 3.3.17 3. vahI, 4.1.195 - 196 4. vahI, 8.3.14 - 17 8. vahI, 7.4.70 72 8.1.297 9. vahI, 10. vahI, 8.1.427 11. vahI, 8.2.164 - 165 12 . vahI, 10.6.200 13. vahI, 8.2.275 - 285 14. vahI, 5.1.88-89; 4.7.36; 4.7.5; 3.1.366, 3.3.17; 4.9.232, 3.7.23; 4.7.37 15. vahI, 4.4.22. 16. vahI, 1.1.683 - 84 17. vahI, 8.3.602; 4.5.23 18. vahI, 5.1.125; 4.1.26 19. vahI, 8.3.709 20. vahI, 8.3.622 29. vahI, 7.6.130 - 170 8.10.284 8.10.17 10.6.60; 3.3.38-39 32. vahI, 3.3.32 33. vahI, 8.6.141; 7.4.25 34. vahI, 2.6.1 35. vahI, 10.11.153 33 36. manusmRti, 9.3 37. triSaSTi, 7.5.21-22; 5.1.77 38. vahI, 4.2.145 39. vahI, 5.1.115; 5.1.53; 4.2.144 - 45; 7.5.21 40. vahI, 4.2.157 - 158 41. vahI, 4.2.162 - 185 42 . vahI, 3. 7.122

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bhAratIya kalA ko buddha kA avadAna pro0 a~gane lAla* kalA mAnava kI bhAvanAoM yA kalpanAoM kA mUrta svarUpa hai| bhAratIya kalA dharma kI cira-saMginI rahI hai aura yahI usakI sarvotkRSTa vizeSatA hai| DA0 bholAnAtha tivArI kA mata hai ki kalA kI kRtitva zakti kA kisI bhI mAnasika tathA zArIrika, upayogI yA AnandadAyI yA donoM se yukta vastu ke nirmANa ke lie kiyA gayA kauzala yukta prayoga hai| bhAratIya saMskRti meM kalA jIvana yApana kA saphala DhaMga mAnA gayA hai aura isIlie kucha vidvAn kalA ke lie, koI jIvana yApana ke lie, koI pracAra ke lie, koI sevA ke lie aura koI manovijJAna ke lie isakA prayojana mAnate haiM / bhRrtahari ne to yahA~ taka kaha diyA hai ki sAhitya, saMgIta aura kalA se vihIna puruSa pU~cha aura sIMga rahita pazu hI hai / - sAhitya saMgIta kalA vihiinaa| sAkSAt pazu puMcha viSANa hInA / / spaSTataH ve sAhitya, saMgIta aura kalA kA mahattva eka samAna svIkArate haiN| vAstava meM kalA, jIvana yApana aura AnandAnubhUti se alaga astitva vihIna hai| kalA ke vargIkaraNa ke viSaya meM kroMce, TI0 DablU0 praoNla, mahAdevI varmA Adi vidvAn kalA ko avibhAjya mAnate haiM, jabaki arastU, hIgela, brAuna Adi vidvAn kalAoM ke vargIkaraNa ke pakSa meM haiN| sara moniyara viliyamsa kalA ke do varga - bAhya kalA tathA Abhyantara kalA mAnate haiN| hIgela mahodaya kalA ke vikAsa ke tIna sopAna isa prakAra mAnate haiM 1. pratIkAtmaka kalA, 2. zAstrIya kalA, 3. bhAvAtmaka kalA pratIkAtmaka kalA ke antargata vAstukalA; zAstrIyakalA ke antargata mUrtikalA aura bhAvAtmaka kalA meM kAvya, citra Adi kalAe~ mAnate haiN| bauddha kalA ina tInoM meM samRddha hai| jahA~ taka saMgIta, nRtya aura vAdya kalA kA prazna hai, bauddha bhikSuoM ke lie ve pUrNataH niSiddha thIM, lekina gRhastha bauddha anuyAyiyoM (upAsaka upAsikAoM) ke lie usakA niSedha nahIM thA / * pUrva kulapati, DaoN0 rAmamanohara lohiyA avadha vizvavidyAlaya, phaijaabaad| vartamAna patA - Ara- 25, siddhArtha lena, saMjayapuram, phaijAbAda roDa, lakhanaU- 226016

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99 1. mUrtikalA - mUrtikalA ke kSetra meM sindhu ghATI kI mUrtikalA ke bAda tathAgata gautama buddha kendra bindu rahe haiN| ve bhAratIya pratimA - vijJAna ke AdhAra haiN| bauddha sAhitya meM mUrti ke lie 'rUpaka' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| pahale bhagavAn buddha ne mUrti na banAne kA nirdeza apane ziSyoM ko diyA thA aura isa sambandha meM unhoMne kahA thA ki "maiM aura mere dvArA upadezita dharma eka hI haiN| donoM meM koI antara nahIM hai| isalie jo mere dharma ko kahatA, sunatA aura samajhatA hai, vahI mujhe dekhatA hai aura jo mujhe dekhatA hai, vahI mere dharma ko samajhatA hai| " yo maM dhammaM passati so maM passati / yo maM passati so dhammaM passati / / isalie usa samaya buddha kI mUrtiyoM kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM thI, kevala unakI pUjA- arcanA pratIkoM ke mAdhyama se hotI thii| ye pratIka hI buddha rUpa the, jinameM caitya, zArIrika dhAtu, stUpa aura mahAbodhi ( mahAbodhi vRkSa) mukhya the| vandAmi cetiyaM sabbaM sabbaThAnesu patiTThitaM / sArIrikadhAtu mahAbodhiM buddharUpaM sakalaM sadA || yaha pratIkAtmaka kalA bharahuta aura sAMcI ke stUpoM para utkIrNa milatI hai| sabase pahale buddha kA pratIkoM ke sAtha-sAtha mAnava rUpa meM a~kana amarAvatI (Andhra pradeza) stUpa meM huA thA / tadantara gAndhAra, mathurA, sAranAtha aura bodhagayA ke mUrtikalA kendroM se buddha tathA bodhisatvoM kI aneka mudrAoM meM pratimAyeM nirmita huiiN| jahA~ eka ora saMsAra kI sabase vizAla buddha kI mUrti banI ( bAmiyAna, aphagAnistAna kI eka buddha mUrti 173 phITa U~cI thI, jise tAlibAna ne naSTa kara diyA hai), vahIM saMsAra kI sarvotkRSTha mUrtiyA~ bhI buddha kI aura bhArata meM hI nirmita huiiN| ullekhanIya hai ki saMsAra kI tIna sarvotkRSTha mUrtiyoM meM eka sAranAtha kI dharmacakra pravartana mudrA kI mUrti hai jo sAranAtha saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| dUsarI mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM khar3I huI buddha mUrti hai aura tIsarI bhArata ke rASTrapati bhavana meM zobhAyamAna hai| bhagavAn buddha kI mUrtiyA~ jina vibhinna AkAra prakAroM meM nirmita huI haiM, unheM mudrAoM ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| ye pramukha mudrAe~ isa prakAra haiM dhyAna mudrA - isameM buddha padmAsana meM baiThe hue haiN| yaha mudrA buddha kI sAdhanA avasthA kA pratIka hai| ise vajrAsana mudrA bhI kahate haiM / bhUmi sparza mudrA isa mudrA meM baiThe hue buddha kA dAhinA hAtha nIce bhUmi ko sparza karatA huA dikhalAyA gayA hai| isa mudrA dvArA darzAyA gayA hai ki buddha ne mAra para vijaya prApta kara buddhatva prApta kara liyA hai jisakI sAkSI pRthvI hai| bodhagayA ke mahAbodhi vihAra (mandira) kI mUrti isI bhUmi sparza mudrA meM hai|

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100 ____ dharmacakra pravartana mudrA - padmAsana meM baiThe hue buddha vyAkhyAna dete hue pradarzita haiN| isameM buddha kI uMgaliyoM ko avidyA ke maNDala ko vicchinna karate hue dikhAyA gayA hai| ise vyAkhyAna mudrA yA granthi vimocana mudrA bhI kahA gayA hai| sAranAtha kI mUrti isI mudrA meM hai| abhaya mudrA - isameM buddha prANiyoM ko nirbhaya rahane kA saMdeza de rahe haiM (bhayappattA ca nibbhyaa)| isameM dAhinA hAtha kandhe taka uThA hai aura kartala sAmane hai| pro0 sI0esa0 upAsaka kA mata hai ki vizva kI sabase U~cI khar3I huI abhaya mudrA meM bAmiyAna kI 55 mITara (173 phITa) U~cI buddha kI pratimA thI jo aba bhagna avasthA meM hai| varada mudrA - isa mudrA meM mUrti kA dAhinA hAtha AzIrvAda dene kI mudrA meM nIce, parantu sAmane kI ora karatala kiye hue hotA hai| uparyukta mudrAoM ke alAvA do anya mudrAoM meM bhI buddha kI mUrtiyA~ prApta hotI haiN| cArikA mudrA - isameM tathAgata kI calatI phiratI mudrA meM mUrtiyA~ hotI haiN| aisI mUrtiyA~ aphagAnistAna meM adhika prApta huI haiN| ___ mahAparinirvANa mudrA - isa mudrA meM bhagavAn buddha kI antima samaya kI mUrti prApta hotI hai| isameM bhagavAn buddha dAhine karavaTa, dAhine hAtha ko sira ke nIce mor3akara rakhe huye leTe haiM aura dAhine paira para bA~yA paira sIdhA rakhA huA hai| kuzInagara ke mahAnirvANa vihAra (mandira) meM isI mudrA kI mUrti sthApita hai| kAlAntara meM bauddha kalA meM baddha mUrtiyoM ke alAvA bodhisatvoM yathA padmapANi, avalokitezvara, maitreya tathA tArA Adi deviyoM kI mUrtiyA~ banAyI gaIM jo purAtAtvika utkhanana meM prApta haiN| 2. citrakalA * citrakalA ke kSetra meM buddha aura unake dharma kA bahuta yogadAna hai| bauddha kalA kendra ajantA apanI citrakalA ke lie hI vizva ke AzcaryoM meM eka mAnA jAtA hai| isake alAvA bhArata ke bAhara kUcA aura turkAna ke Age cIna kI sImA para rezama mArga para sthita tunahvAMga pradeza (nagara) se cauthI aura pA~cavI I0 ke kuNDalIkRta citra prApta hue haiM jo advitIya haiN| tunahvAMga guphAoM ke bhittacitra bhI ajantA kI guphAoM kI taraha susajjita haiM, lekina ve adhika surakSita nahIM haiN| citrakalA ke sambandha meM prArambha meM bhagavAn buddha ne kevala puSpa mAlAoM ke citraNa (mAlAkamma), latAoM ke citraNa (latAkamma), makaradanta kI bhA~ti trikoNa AkRtiyA~ (makaradantaka), caukhaToM kI AkRtiyA~ (paMcapaTika) ke citra banAne kI anumati bhikSuoM ko dI thii| ye citra kapar3oM, pattharoM aura dIvAroM para banAye jAte the, jinheM paTacitra, phalakacitra aura bhitticitra kahate the|

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101 bhitti citrakalA para cullavagga se atIva mahattvapUrNa prakAza par3atA hai| isameM batAyA gayA hai ki dIvAroM para citra banAne ke lie unheM eka vizeSa prakAra kA lepa lagAkara cikanA kiyA jAtA thaa| isa lepa meM cikanI miTTI (kuNDamattikA), sarasoM kI bhUsI (sAsapakuTTa), moma (sittha) aura khalI (tilaka) milAyI jAtI thii| isa lepa ko hAtha se saphAI se lagAyA jAtA thA, jise 'hatthabhittikamma' kahate the| tatpazcAt usa dharAtala ko cUne kI miTTI (sudhAmattikA) se potakara pRSThabhUmi taiyAra kI jAtI thii| tatpazcAt sapheda raMga, kAle raMga tathA geruA raMga (geruka) ke prayoga se citrA~kana kiyA jAtA thaa| phira una rekhA citroM meM raMga (vaNNa) bharA jAtA thA, jise 'bhitticittakamma' kahate the| citroM meM raMga bharane kA kAma kuMciyoM (tUlAni) se hotA thaa| ye kUciyA~ citroM ke anupAta se choTI bar3I hotI thIM, jinakA nirmANa vRkSa aura latAoM tathA ghAsa-phUsa se kiyA jAtA thA, jinheM kramaza: rukkhatUla, latAtUla aura poTakitUla kahate the| . raMga bharane meM bhAva kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| DA0 vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ke zabdoM meM "rekhA, varNa (raMga) aura bhAva sacamuca yahI tIna acche citra ke prANa hote haiN| vastuta: bhAva kA hI mUrta rUpa citra hai| bhAva jaba mUrta rUpa meM AtA hai, tabhI uttama citra bana pAtA hai|" 3. vAstukalA - sthApatya kalA ke kSetra meM bauddha dharma kI anupama dena rahI hai| buddha ne bhAratIya sthApatya meM aneka naye vAtAyana khole haiN| bauddha sthApatya ko do vargoM - anivAsI sthApatya aura nivAsI sthApatya, meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| anivAsI sthApatya stUpa - anivAsI sthApatya meM ve sthApatya haiM jo nivAsa ke lie nahIM banAye jAte haiM yathA stuup| ullekhanIya hai ki stUpa buddha athavA unake ziSyoM ke zarIra dhAtuoM ko sannihita kara banAye gaye thUhAkAra tathA bulabulAkAra smAraka haiN| ye stUpa pahale miTTI ke aura bAda meM pakke IMToM ke banAye gye| lauriyAnandanagar3ha ke miTTI ke bane stUpa bhArata ke prAcInatam stUpa haiN| IMToM ke stUpoM meM piparahavA~ kA stUpa sabase prAcIna hai| bharahuta, sAMcI aura sAranAtha ke stUpa to advitIya haiM hI, jise kalA marmajJa bauddha dharma kI sarvazreSTha dena mAnate haiN| stUpoM kA nirmANa buddha ke jIvanakAla meM hI hone lagA thaa| buddha ke keza, nakha dhAtu ke Upara magadharAja bimbisAra ne apane aMta:pura meM eka stUpa kA nirmANa karAyA thA aura jisakI vaha pUjA vandanA karatA thaa| isI prakAra tapassu aura bhallika ne buddha ke keza dhAtu ke Upara apane deza aphagAnistAna meM stUpa kA nirmANa karAyA thaa|

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102 mahAparinirvANasUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke pazcAt dasa stUpa rAjAoM ne bar3e-bar3e nagaroM meM banavAye the, jinameM se ATha dhAtu stUpa the, navA~ droNa brAhmaNa dvArA ghar3e para banavAyA gayA thA aura dasavAM mauryoM ne citA se prApta rAkha koyale ko lekara apanI rAjadhAnI pippalIvana meM banavAyA thaa| kAlAntara meM samrATa azoka ne 84,000 stUpoM kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| nivAsI sthApatya caitya - "bauddha vAstu kI bhASA meM stUpa aura caitya, donoM meM stUpa samAna hai| caitya meM bhI stUpa hotA hai| stUpa hI jaba chata ke nIce yA kisI bhavana meM hotA hai, taba use caitya kahate haiN|'' pAli tripiTaka meM aneka caityoM kA ullekha milatA hai, yathA AlavI meM aggAlava caitya, kuzInagara meM mukuTaba-dhana caitya aadi| purAtattvaparaka khojoM se kArle aura bhAjA Adi ke vizva prasiddha darzanIya caitya sAmane Aye haiN| ___AvAsa - bhagavAn buddha ne bhikSuoM ke rahane ke lie pA~ca prakAra ke AvAsoM kI anujJA dI thii| ye the vihAra, aDDayoga, prAsAda, harmya aura guhy| vihAra pUrNata: bauddha sthApatya hai jise buddha kI dena mAnA jAtA hai| vihAra ke sthala cayana, nirmANa, rakha-rakhAva Adi kA pUrNa vivaraNa vinayapiTaka meM prApta hotA hai| yaha pUrNarUpeNa bauddhabhikSuoM kA AvAsa sthala thaa| yaha gA~va yA nagara se na bahuta samIpa aura na bahuta dUra banAye jAte the| jisa taraha bhikSuoM ke AvAsa ko vihAra kahate the, usI prakAra bhikSuNiyoM ke AvAsa ko 'upazraya' (upassaya) kahate the| bhikSu saMgha ke lie vihAra kA nirmANa karavAkara dAna denA zreSTha dAna mAnA jAtA thaa| aDDayoga kisa prakAra kA AvAsa thA sunizcita karanA kaThina hai| prAsAda U~ce cabUtare para nirmita kaMgUroM yukta bhavana hotA thaa| isI prakAra harmya (hammiya) AvAsa ekamaMjilA athavA bahumaMjilA hotA thA, nizcita nahIM hai| guhA bhI bhikSuoM ke lie AvAsa hetu anumanya thii| inameM kucha prAkRtika guphAe~ tathA kucha mAnava nirmita guphAe~ hotI thiiN| samrATa azoka aura usake vaMzajoM ne udayagiri parvata meM guphAoM kA nirmANa karAkara unheM AjIvaka bhikSuoM ko dAna diyA thaa| bauddha sAhitya meM cAra prakAra kI guhAoM kA ullekha milatA hai - iTThAguhA - IMToM dvArA nirmita guhA, silAguhA - patthara dvArA nirmita guhA, dAruguhA - lakar3I kI banI huI guhA, pAMsuguhA - miTTI kI banI huI guhaa| kucha guphAe~ itanI bar3I hotI thIM ki pA~ca sau loga eka sAtha baiTha sakate the| rAjagRha kI saptaparNI guphA aisI hI vizAla guphA thii| vihAra sthApatya aura usakI vizeSatAe~ - sthApatya kalA ke kSetra meM vihAra sthApatya kalA buddha kI eka advitIya dena hai| vihAra kevala bhikSuoM ke AvAsa sthala

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103 hI nahIM the, apitu ve zikSA kendra bhI hote the| ucca zikSA kendra ko 'mahAvihAra' kahate the, yathA nAlandA mahAvihAra, vikramazilA mahAvihAra, odantapurI mahAvihAra aadi| vihAra meM eka A~gana thA jise 'pariveNa' kahate the, jisameM baiThakara zikSArthI zikSA grahaNa karate the| parivaNa yA A~gana meM kIcar3a na ho, isalie usameM mauraMga (mauramba) bichAyI jAtI thii| miTTI (padarasilA) bhI DAlI jAtI thii| A~gana ke pAnI ke nikAsa ke lie eka nAlI banAyI jAtI thI jise 'udakaniddhamana' kahate the| . koTThaka (koThA) - vihAra ke bAharI phATaka ke pAsa parakoTA hotA thA jahA~ Ane jAne vAle loga baiThate-uThate aura apanA sAmAna rakhate the| yaha bAharI barAmade ke samAna rahA hogaa| gambha (koTharI) - vihAra meM bhikSuoM ke rahane ke lie koThariyA~ (gabbha) hotI thiiN| kucha koThariyA~ vargAkAra hotI thIM, jinheM sivikA gabbha kahate the aura kucha koThariyA~ laMbI hotI thIM, jinheM 'nAlikA gambha' kahate the| phATaka ke Upara vAlI koTharI ko 'hammiya ganbha' kahA jAtA thaa| maNDa (maNDapa) - yaha vihAra kA sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa aMga thA jo bodhimaNDa ke rUpa meM sthApita kiyA jAtA thaa| isI meM bAda meM bhagavAn buddha kI mUrti sthApita kI jAne lgii| bhojanazAlA aura jalazAlA - vihAra meM bhojanAlaya bhI hotA thA, jise 'upaTThAnasAlA' (upasthAnazAlA) kahate the| pAnI rakhane ke lie 'jalazAlA' hotI thI, jahA~ pAnI ko bar3e-bar3e maTakoM (udakabhAjana), nAMdoM (mattikA droNika) meM Dhakakara rakhA jAtA thaa| pAnI pIne ke lie gilAsa (pAnIya saMkha) tathA kulhar3a (sarAvaka) hote the| kuoM meM khara-patavAra na gira sake, isake lie Dhakkana (apidhAna) lagAye jAte the| snAnaghara (jantAghara) - vihAroM meM snAna karane ke lie snAnaghara hote the jinheM pAli meM jantAghara kahA gayA hai, jahA~ pAnI garmAne kI pUrNa vyavasthA rahatI thI (aggiTTAna ddhhti)| jantAghara meM kapar3e TA~gane ke lie khUTiyA~ (kapisIsaka) hotI thIM aura rassI (rajju) bA~dhI rahatI thii| vihAra meM Aga kI sadaiva AvazyakatA hotI thI isalie vihAra meM eka vizeSa sthAna nirmita kiyA jAtA thA, jise 'aggisAlA' (agnizAlA) kahA jAtA thaa| zaucAlaya (vaccakuTi) - bhagavAna buddha ne bauddha vihAroM ke nirmANa meM paryAvaraNa aura svacchatA kA bahuta dhyAna rakhA thA, isalie unhoMne vihAra meM zaucAlaya kI vyavasthA

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104 kI thii| pAli sAhitya ke adhyayana se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki Adhunika zaucAlaya bauddha zaucAlaya sthApatya kI anukRti mAtra haiN| bauddha sAhitya meM zaucAlaya ko 'vaccakuTi' kahA gayA hai| zauca ke lie gaDDhA banAyA jAtA thA jise 'vaccakUpa' kahate the| vaccakUpa ke donoM ora paira rakhane ke lie do U~ce pA~vadAna (vaccapAduka) banAye jAte the| zaucAlaya meM pezAba karane ke lie eka alaga pezAba pAtra lagAyA jAtA thA, jise 'passAva doNika' kahate the| vaccakUpa para Dhakkana (apidhAna) lagAyA jAtA thA tAki durgandha na phaila ske| ise dIvAra (pAkAra) se gherakara kivAr3a lagAye jAte the, kapar3e TA~gane ke lie khUTI lagAyI jAtI thiiN| vRddha logoM kI suvidhA ke lie 'Alambaka' (bAhI) lagAyI jAtI thIM, jise pakar3akara vRddhajana uThate-baiThate rahe hoNge| passAvakuTI / isI prakAra pezAba ke lie 'passAvakuTI' (pezAbazAlA) banAyI jAtI thii| pezAbaghara meM eka vizeSa prakAra kA pAtra hotA thA jise 'passAvakuMbhI' kahate the| isa para bhI Dhakkana lagAyA jAtA thaa| bhavanoM meM daravAje lagAye jAte the, jise 'piTThasaMghATa' kahA gayA hai| daravAje meM cAra kASTha bhAga hone ke kAraNa ise cauphaTha yA caukaTa kahate the| sabase nIce ke bhAga deharI ko 'udukkhalikA' kahA jAtA thaa| Upara ke bhAga ko 'uttarapAsaka' kahate the, jise isa samaya utaraMga kahA jAtA hai| donoM ora kI do bAjuoM ko pArzva kahA gayA hai| daravAje kivAr3a (kavATa) lagAye jAte the| surakSA ke lie kuMDI (vaTTaka) aura jaMjIra (aggala) lagAyI jAtI thii| tAlA cAbI (yaMtaka sUcika) bhI hotI thii| isa prakAra bauddha vAstukalA kA bhAratIya kalA meM viziSTa sthAna hai| yaha vicAraNIya hai ki hama Aja jina zabdoM ko videzI yA dUsarI bhASAoM kA mAna baiThe haiM, ve apanI hI akSaya nidhi haiN| udAharaNa ke lie pAli sAhitya meM ullekhita 'passAvasAlA', pezAbaghara hI hai| 'passAvadoNI' yUrinara hai| moraMga ko pAli meM 'moramba, marumba' kahA gayA hai| isI taraha giTTI yA kalejI ko 'padarazilA' kahA jAtA thaa| kivAr3a ko 'kavATa', tAlA ko 'tAr3A', IMTA ko 'iTThA yA 'iTTikA', jIne kI reliMga ko 'Alambana', chata ko 'chadana' kahA gayA hai| sthApatya ke kucha aise bhI zabda pAli sAhitya meM milate haiM jo isa samaya ke prayoga se bilkula bhinna lagate haiM, jaise snAnaghara ke lie 'jantAghara', zaucAlaya ke lie 'vaccakuTI', do chatoM vAle khaparaila kI taraha ke bhavana ko 'avayoga' kahA gayA hai| vAstava meM pAli sAhitya kA vAstukalA kI dRSTi se adhyayana hone kI abhI AvazyakatA hai| jahA~ isake adhyayana se kalA ke vibhinna pakSoM para navIna prakAza par3egA, vahIM bhAratIya kalA kA zreSThatva aura gaurava bhI sAmane aayegaa|

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elorA kI mahAvIra mUrtiyA~ DA0 Ananda prakAza zrIvAstava * elorA (auraMgAbAda - mahArASTra) layaNa - sthApatya evam mUrtizilpa kA vilakSaNa kalA kendra rahA hai jahA~ kalcuri- vAkATaka, cAlukya, rASTrakUTa evaM devagiri ke yAdavoM saMrakSaNa meM chaThI se 11vIM zatI I0 ke madhya lagabhaga 34 guphAe~ utkIrNa huIM jo brAhmaNa, bauddha evaM jaina dharmoM se saMbaMdhita haiN| inameM brAhmaNa- bauddha evaM jaina dharmoM kI kalA - triveNI ke vilakSaNa mUrtisvarUpoM ke darzana hote haiN| guphA saMkhyA 1 se 12 bauddhadharma aura kalA; guphA saMkhyA 13 se 29 brAhmaNIya dharma aura kalA tathA guphA saMkhyA 30 se 34 jainadharma aura kalA se saMbaMdhita haiN| elorA kI jaina guphAoM evaM layaNa mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa tathA citrAMkana mukhyataH 9vIM se 11vIM zatI I0 ke madhya huA hai| ye kalAvazeSa digaMbara paramparA se saMbaddha haiN| jaina guphAoM meM choTA kailAsa ( guphA saMkhyA 30), indrasabhA ( guphA saMkhyA 32 ) va jagannAtha sabhA (guphA saMkhyA 33) sthApatya aura mUrtizilpa kI dRSTi se sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa haiM | indrasabhA ke UparI tala meM indra tathA ambikA kI bhavya pratimAeM barabasa darzakoM ko AkRSTa karatI haiN| elorA kI jaina guphAoM kA pratimAlakSaNa kI dRSTi se vaiziSTya tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ( sAta sarpaphaNoM vAlI 30 mUrtiyAM) aura RSabha putra bAhubalI (17 mUrtiyAM) kI sAdhanArata kAyotsargamUrtiyoM kA sarvAdhika saMkhyA meM utkIrNana hai| elorA kI jaina guphAoM meM bhitticitroM ke avazeSa bhI mile haiM, jo bahuta jIrNa-zIrNa avasthA meM haiM / 4 elorA ke jaina mandira indrasabhA meM navIM aura dasavIM zatI I0 meM tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM ko banavAne vAle sohila brahmacArI aura nAgavarmmA ke nAma bhI utkIrNa haiN| elorA kI jaina guphAoM meM jainoM ke sarvocca ArAdhyadeva tIrthaMkaroM (jinoM) kI paryApta mUrtiyAM haiN| 24 jinoM meM se kevala AdinAtha yA RSabhanAtha (prathama jina) zAMtinAtha ( 16 veM jina ), pArzvanAtha (23veM jina) evaM mahAvIra (24veM jina ) kI hI mUrtiyAM milI haiN| sAtha hI RSabhanAtha ke putra bAhubalI gommaTezvara tathA yakSa aura yakSiyoM kI bhI yatheSTa mUrtiyAM haiN| yahAM ullekhanIya hai ki dakSiNa bhArata meM gommaTezvara kI mUrtiyAM vizeSa lokapriya thIM aura elorA meM unakI sarvAdhika mUrtiyAM bniiN| kisI bhI purAsthala para pAyI jAne kalA - itihAsa vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI

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vAlI mUrtiyoM kI saMkhyA kI dRSTi se yaha saMkhyA sarvAdhika hai| elorA meM 24 tIrthaMkaroM kA sAmUhika aMkana bhI huA hai| elorA kI jina mUrtiyoM meM trichatra, siMhAsana, prabhAmaNDala cAmaradhArI sevakoM jaise prAtihAryoM evaM lAMchanoM tathA zAsana devatAoM ke rUpa meM yakSa-yakSiyoM kA siMhAsana choroM para aMkana huA hai| elorA kI pramukha jaina guphAeM (guphA 30 choTA kailAsa, guphA 32 indrasabhA, guphA 34) rASTrakUToM ke kAla meM vizeSata: amoghavarSa evaM kRSNa 'dvitIya' ke kAla meM banIM jabaki anya jaina guphAoM aura unake mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa meM devagiri ke yAdavoM kA bhI yogadAna thaa| isa prakAra elorA kI jaina mUrtiyAM mukhyata: 9vIM-dasavIM zatI I0 meM nirmita haiN| brAhmaNa mUrtiyoM ke samAna hI kalAtmaka dRSTi se jaina guphAoM kI mUrtiyAM bhI mahAkAya kintu AnupAtika aMgaracanA vAlI aura jIvaMta haiN| kAyotsarga evaM dhyAnastha, jina mUrtiyoM ke atirikta anya udAharaNoM meM AkRtiyAM pUrI taraha gatizIla dikhAI gaI haiN| jaina mahApurANa kI racanA rASTrakUTazAsaka amoghavarSa 'prathama' (lagabhaga 819 se 881 I0) evaM kRSNa 'dvitIya' (lagabhaga 880-914 I0) ke zAsanakAla evaM kSetra meM huii| ata: svAbhAvika rUpa se mahApurANa kI kalAparaka sAmagrI kA samakAlIna rASTrakUTa kalAkendra elorA kI jaina guphAoM kI mUrtiyoM para prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki mahApurANa evaM elorA kI jaina guphAeM samakAlIna (9vI - 10vIM zatI I0) aura digambara paramparA se sambaddha haiN| mahApurANa, AdipurANa aura uttarapurANa ina khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai| AdipurANa kI racanA jinasena ne lagabhaga navIM zatI I0 ke madhya aura uttarapurANa kI racanA unake ziSya guNabhadra ne navIM zatI I0 ke aMta yA dasavIM zatI I0 ke prArambha meM kI thii| kalA paraka adhyayana kI dRSTi se AdipurANa evaM uttarapurANa arthAta mahApurANa (digambara paramparA) kI sAmagrI kA vizeSa mahattva hai kyoMki inameM RSabhadeva sahita 24 tIrthaMkaroM evaM anya zalokApuruSoM tathA samakAlIna yAnI rASTrakUTakAlIna samAja aura kalA kA vistArapUrvaka ullekha huA hai| isa dRSTi se DaoN0 kumuda giri dvArA kiyA gayA zodha kArya jaina mahApurANa kA kalA paraka adhyayana vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai| elorA meM pArzvanAtha ke bAda mahAvIra kI hI sarvAdhika mUrtiyAM haiM, jinake kula 12 udAharaNa mile haiN| elorA kI jaina guphAoM kI mahAvIra mUrtiyoM meM se 6 guphA saMkhyA 30; 4 guphA saMkhyA 32 aura 2 mUrtiyAM guphA saMkhyA 33 meM haiN| prastuta lekha meM elorA kI mahAvIra mUrtiyoM kA adhyayana hamArA abhISTa hai| elorA kI mUrtiyoM para prArambhika cAlukya kalA kendra bAdAmI evaM aihola kI mUrtiyoM kA spaSTa prabhAva dikhAI detA hai| adhikAMza udAharaNa jaina guphAoM ke mukhya maNDapa meM pratiSThita

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107 haiM, jinameM mahAvIra ko dhyAnastha aura siMha lAMchana sahita dikhAyA gayA hai| ullekhanIya hai ki elorA kI pArzvanAtha aura bAhubalI kI mUrtiyoM meM unakI gahana sAdhanA aura upasargoM ko darzAne ke lie unheM sarvadA kAyotsarga mudrA meM dikhAyA gayA hai| guphA saMkhyA 30 ke garbhagRha meM mUlanAyaka mahAvIra (9vIM zatI I0) kI dhyAnastha mUrti hai jisameM siMhAsana ke madhya meM siMha lAMchana aura prAtihAryoM meM trichatra, devadundubhi, siMhAsana, bhAmaNDala tathA cAmaradharoM kA utkIrNana huA hai| inameM AkAzagAmI vidyAdhara yugaloM tathA nIce pIThikA para upAsakoM kI yugala AkRtiyAM bhI haiN| ___guphA saMkhyA 30 ke gUr3hamaNDapa kI pazcimI bhitti meM bhI dhyAnastha mahAvIra kI mUrti hai| siMha lAMchana ke sAtha hI do anya dhyAnastha jina AkRtiyAM bhI utkIrNa haiN| guphA saMkhyA 30 kI pazcimIbhitti para pravezadvAra ke samIpa mahAvIra kI dhyAnastha evaM siMha lAMchana se yukta mUrti draSTavya hai| __ . guphA saMkhyA 31 ke choTe mandiroM ke samUha meM 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyAM banIM haiM, jisameM mahAvIra kA bhI aMkana hai| guphA saMkhyA 32 ke garbhagRha meM mahAvIra kI manojJa dhyAnastha mUrti pratiSThita hai, isake siMhAsana ke choroM para do gaja AkRtiyAM utkIrNa haiN| guphA saMkhyA 32 ke pazcimI maNDapa meM mahAvIra kI eka dhyAnastha mUrti dekhI jA sakatI hai, jisameM padmapITha para dhyAnastha mahAvIra ke siMhAsana ke madhya meM siMha lAMchana kI AkRti spaSTa hai| mahAvIra ke sAtha anya prAtihAryoM meM cAmaradhara, trichatra evaM azoka kI pattiyAM tathA devadundubhi kA aMkana hai| isa mUrti meM mahAvIra ke dakSiNa evaM vAma pArthoM meM dvibhuja yakSa ke rUpa meM kramaza: gajavAhana vAle kubera yakSa aura siMha vAhana tathA goda meM zizu AkRti se yukta aMbikA yakSI kI AkRtiyAM bhI haiN| yakSa-yakSI kI AkRtiyAM mUla nAyaka ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa ke sthAna para bhautika jagat ke lAlitya tathA saundarya evaM alaMkaraNoM se yukta haiN| guphA saMkhyA 32 ke hI dakSiNa ke maNDapa ke madhya kI dhyAnastha mahAvIra mUrti meM bhI siMha lAMchana tathA karaNDa mukuTa se zobhita aura gajArUr3ha tathA hAthoM meM phala tathA dhana ke thaile se suzobhita kubera yakSa evaM Amralumbi evaM zizu ko dhAraNa karane vAlI dvibhujA siMhavAhanA aMbikA kI AkRtiyAM utkIrNa haiN| - isI guphA kI dakSiNI bhitti kI eka anya dhyAnastha mUrti meM bhI uparyukta vizeSatAoM tathA gajavAhana vAle kubera aura siMha vAhana vAlI aMbikA kI AkRtiyAM utkIrNa haiN| samAna lakSaNoM vAlI tathA kubera aura aMbikA kI AkRtiyoM se veSThita mahAvIra kI do anya mUrtiyAM bhI isa guphA meM haiN| isa prakAra mahAvIra mUrtiyoM kI dRSTi

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108 se guphA saMkhyA 32 kI mahAvIra mUrtiyAM sarvAdhika vikasita koTi kI haiN| inameM siMha lAMchana tathA trichatra, cAmaradhara evaM prabhAmaNDala jaise pramukha prAtihAryo aura yakSa-yakSI ke rUpa meM pAramparika mAtaMga aura siddhAyikA ke sthAna para kubera aura aMbikA ko nirUpita kiyA gayA hai| guphA saMkhyA 33 ke maNDapa kI dakSiNI bhitti kI dhyAnastha mahAvIra kI mUrti siMha lAMchana evaM dvibhuja kubera tathA dvibhujA aMbikA (Amralumbi evaM zizu ke sAtha) sahita pradarzita hai|11 ___guphI saMkhyA 33 kA UparI tala tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM kI dRSTi se vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| isakI bhittiyoM para sabhI 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyAM utkIrNa haiN| isa guphA meM mahAvIra evaM pArzvanAtha kI kaI mUrtiyAM haiN| guphA 33 ke garbhagRha meM mahAvIra kI vizAla pratimA pratiSThita hai| mahAvIra pUrvavat dhyAnamudrA meM siMhAsana para baiThe haiN| pAdapITha ke madhya meM siMha lAMchana evam sira ke Upara trichatra zobhita hai| elorA kI mahAvIra mUrtiyoM ke adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki unake nirUpaNa meM ekarUpatA milatI hai aura pArzvanAtha tathA gommaTezvara bAhubalI kI tulanA meM elorA meM unakA mahattva apekSAkRta kucha kama thaa| sabhI udAharaNoM meM siMhAsana yA pAdapITha ke nIce siMha lAMchana kA aMkana huA hai jabaki yakSa-yakSI mukhya rUpa se guphA saMkhyA 3 ke udAharaNoM meM hI niyamita rUpa se dikhAye gaye haiN| elorA meM mahAvIra ke yakSa aura yakSI ke rUpa meM pAramparika mAtaMga aura siddhAyikA ke sthAna para 22veM tIrthaMkara neminAtha ke yakSa-yakSI kubera yA sarvAnubhUti aura aMbikA ko nirUpita kiyA gayA hai| yaha pazcima bhArata kI zvetAmbara paraMparA kI jina mUrtiyoM kI eka vizeSatA rahI hai, jinameM sAmAnyata: sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ke sAtha jaina paramparA ke prAcInatama yakSa-yakSI kubera aura aMbikA ko rUpAyita kiyA gayA hai| elorA meM anya sthaloM kI bhA~ti gajavAhana vAle kubera ke eka hAtha meM dhana kA thailA aura siMhavAhanA dvibhujA aMbiko ke sAtha Amralumbi tathA bAlaka evaM zIrSa meM AmravRkSa kA aMkana haA hai|3 jo unake zakti aura mAtRsvarUpa donoM ko saMyuktarUpa se vyakta karatA hai| isa prakAra elorA kI mahAvIra mUrtiyAM eka dRSTi se pazcimI bhArata ke zvetAmbara paraMparA se bhI jur3I haiN| sAtha hI aihola kI prAraMbhika cAlukya (lagabhaga 7vIM zatI I0) mahAvIra mUrtiyoM kA paravartI vikasita rUpa elorA kI mahAvIra mUrtiyoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| elorA meM pArzvanAtha ke aMkana meM kAyotsarga meM khar3e pArzvanAtha ke sAtha unake upasargoM kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai, jo unakI sAdhanA yA tapazcaryA ke aMtima caraNa kA sUcaka hai| isI kAraNa unameM trichatra yA aSTaprAtihAryoM kA aMkana nahIM milatA, jabaki mahAvIra kI mUrtiyAM adhikAMzataH aSTa prA tihAryoM ke sAtha garbhagRha yA maNDapoM meM pratiSThita haiM aura unameM dhyAnastha mahAvIra ko yakSa-yakSI ke sAtha dikhAyA gayA hai, jo isa bAta ko spaSTa karatA hai ki mahAvIra

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ko kaivalya prApti ke pazcAt eka tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM nirUpita kiyA gayA hai, jinake sAtha aSTaprAtihArya bhI hai aura mahAvIra se sambandhita dharmasaMgha ke rakSaka devatAoM ke rUpa meM zAsana devatA bhI haiN| yaha elorA kI mahAvIra mUrtiyoM kA vaiziSTya mAnA jA sakatA hai| sandarbha : 1. mAruti nandana prasAda tivArI, pArzvanAtha imejeja ina elorA', arhat pArzva dharaNendraneksasa, (saMpA0 ema0e0 DhAMkI), dillI 1977 I0, pR0 108. 1.09 - 2. elorA meM IsApUrva dUsarI sadI se pAMcavI sadI I0 taka ke do hajAra sAla purAne eka prAcIna zahara ke avazeSa bhI haiN| 3. jemsa phargyusana eNDa jemsa barjesa, dI keva Tempalsa oNpha iNDiyA, landana 1880 I0; jemsa barjesa, e gAiDa TU elorA keva Tempalsa, haidarAbAda 1926 I0; riporTa Ana dI elorA keva Tempalsa eNDa adara brahmanikala eNDa jaina kevsa ina vesTarna iNDiyA (ArkiyolaoNjikala sarve oNpha vesTarna iNDiyA), bambaI, khaNDa 5, pR0 7-58 (punarmudrita ), vArANasI 1970 I0; o0sI0 gAMgulI, dI ArTa Apha dI rASTrakUTAja, nyUyArka 1958 I0; Ara0ema0 gupte eNDa bI0DI0 mahAjana, ajantA, elorA eNDa auraMgAbAda kevsa, bambaI 1962 I; jaoNna bI0 zIle, dI vanDarsa oNpha elorA, dvitIya saMskaraNa, dillI (punarmudrita ) 1975 I; TI0vI0 pati, elorA ArTa eNDa kalcara, nayI dillI 1980 I0; (saMpA0 ) ratana parimU, dIpaka kanAla Adi, elorA kevsa skalpacarsa eNDa ArkiTekcara, nayI dillI 1988 I0; Ananda prakAza zrIvAstava, elorA kI brAhmaNa deva pratimAe~, ilAhAbAda 1988 I0; elorA kI zaiva pratimAe~, nayI dillI 1993. 4. elorA guphAoM ke paricaya sUcanApaTTa se uddhRta, vistAra ke lie draSTavya Ara0esa0 gupte eNDa bI0DI0 mahAjana, ajaMtA elorA eNDa auraMgAbAda keksa, pR0 218 - 24. 7. mAruti nandana prasAda tivArI, 'imejeja oNpha bAhubalI ina elorA', elorA kevsa skalpacarsa eNDa ArkiTekcara (saMpA0 ratana parimU evaM anya), naI dillI 1988 I0. 6. vistAra ke lie draSTavya Ara0esa0 gupte eNDa bI0DI0 mahAjana, pUrvanirdiSTa, pR0 218 - 24; mAruti nandana prasAda tivArI, jaina pratimA vijJAna, vArANasI 1981 I0, pR0 135, 144, 162, 230, 243. Ananda prakAza zrIvAstava, elorA kI brAhmaNa deva pratimAe~, pR0 8.

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110 8. mAruti nandana prasAda tivArI, 'imejeja oNva bAhubalI ina elorA', elorA kevsa skalpacarsa eNDa aarkittekcr| 9. kumuda giri, jaina mahApurANa kA kalAparaka adhyayana, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA, granthAMka 74, vArANasI 1995 I0, pR0 254. 10. mAruti nandana prasAda tivArI, 'jaina mahApurANa kI kalA paraka sAmagrI', saMskRti manthana, khaNDa 6, vArANasI 1993 I0, pR0 38, 39; Ara0esa0 gupte eNDa bI0DI0 mahAjana, pUrvokta, pR0 129-223. 11. lekhaka ko mUrtiyoM ke sthalagata vaiziSTya tathA unakI saMkhyA kI jAnakArI pro0 mAruti nandana prasAda tivArI se prApta huI hai jisake liye vaha unakA hRdaya se AbhArI hai| 12. mAruti nandana prasAda tivArI, jaina pratimA vijJAna, pR0 159. 13. kumuda giri, pUrvokta, pR0 106-107

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kharataragaccha begar3azAkhA kA itihAsa - zivaprasAda * vizva ke prAyaH sabhI dharma aura sampradAya samaya-samaya para vibhinna zAkhAoMprazAkhAoM meM vibhAjita hote rahe haiN| nirgrantha paramparA ke zvetAmbara sampradAya meM candrakula se udbhUta kharataragaccha meM bhI samaya-samaya para astittva meM Aye vibhinna zAkhAoM meM begaDazAkhA bhI eka hai| yaha zAkhA vi0saM0 1420 meM astittva meM AyI / AcArya jinacandrasUri 'caturtha' ke ziSya AcArya jinezvarasUri isa zAkhA ke pravartaka mAne jAte haiN| isa zAkhA ke begar3a nAma par3ane ke sambandha meM do mAnyatAyeM pracalita haiN| prathama yaha ki AcArya jinezvarasUri begar3a - chAjahar3a gotrIya the, ataH unakI ziSyasaMtati begar3azAkhA ke nAma se jAnI gyii| isI prakAra dUsarI mAnyatA ke anusAra gujarAta ke sultAna mahamUda ise prasanna hokara inheM 'begar3a' virud pradAna kiyA jo bAda meM inakI ziSya santati ke sAtha jur3a gayA / 2 gujarAta ke sulatAna mahamUda begar3A kA zAsanakAla I0 san 1458 - 1511 sunizcita hai| ataH kharataragaccha kI isa zAkhA ke pravartaka AcArya jinezvarasUri aura mahamUda begar3A kI samasAmayikatA asaMbhava hai| aisI sthiti meM isa zAkhA begar3a nAmakaraNa ke sambandha meM pracalita prathama mAnyatA sahI pratIta hotI hai| a begar3azAkhA ke itihAsa ke adhyayana ke liye paryApta saMkhyA meM sAhityika (grantha aura pustaka prazastiyAM) aura abhilekhIya sAkSya upalabdha haiN| sAmprata nibandha meM upalabdha sabhI sAkSyoM kA pUrNa upayoga karate hue isa zAkhA ke itihAsa para prakAza DAlane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| begar3azAkhA ke AdipuruSa AcArya jinezvarasUri dvArA racita yadyapi koI kRti nahIM milatI, kintu inakI paramparA ke paravartI racanAkAroM ne apanI kRtiyoM kI prazastiyoM meM apane pUrvaja ke rUpa meM inakA sAdara ullekha kiyA hai / vi0 saM0 1425/ I0 san 1369 ke do pratimAlekhoM meM pratimA pratiSThApaka ke rUpa meM jinacandrasUri ke ziSya AcArya jinezvarasUri kA ullekha milatA hai| inameM se eka pratimA mahAvIra kI hai jo bIkAnera sthita cintAmaNi pArzvanAtha jinAlaya meM saMrakSita hai| zrI agaracaMda bha~varalAla nAhaTA ne isakI vAcanA dI hai, jo isa prakAra hai: * saM0 1425 varSe vaizAkha sudi 11 zukravAra zrI mahAvIra bibaM pitA maM0 jhAjhaNa mAtA dhAdhalade puNyArthaM kAritA mahaM verAke zrIkharataragacchIya zrIjinacandrasUri ziSyaiH zrIjinezvarasUribhiH pratiSThitaM / / pravaktA, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI.

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112 isI tithi aura vAra yukta eka dUsarI pratimA AdinAtha kI hai jo nAgaura sthita causaThiyAjI ke maMdira meM saMrakSita hai| zrI vinayasAgara ne isakI vAcanA prastuta kI hai, jo isa prakAra hai : - saM0 1425 varSe vaizAkha sudi 1.... maM0 zrIdhara putra devayAkena bhrAtR pavalaNade (?) zreyorthaM zrIAdinAthabibaM kAritaM pratiSThitaM kharataragacchIya zrIjinacandrasUriziSyaiH shriijineshvrsuuribhiH|| yadyapi ukta pratimAlekhoM meM begar3azAkhA kA kahIM nAmollekha bhI nahIM hai, phira bhI samasAmayikatA, nAmasAmya Adi ke AdhAra para zAkhA pravartaka AcArya jinezvarasUri aura ukta pratimAlekhoM meM pratimApratiSThApaka ke rUpa meM ullikhita jinacandrasUri ke ziSya jinezvarasUri ko eka hI vyakti mAnane meM koI bAdhA dikhAI nahIM detii| ThIka yahI bAta cintAmaNi pArzvanAtha jinAlaya, bIkAnera meM saMrakSita abhinaMdananAtha kI pratimA para utkIrNa vi0saM0 1438/I0 san 1372 ke lekha meM pratimA pratiSThApaka ke rUpa meM ullikhita somadattasUri ke guru jinezvarasari ke bAre meM kahI jA sakatI hai| lekha kA mUlapATha nimnAnusAra hai : saM0 1438 jyeSTha sudi 4 zano (zanau) chAjahar3avaMze pitRvaMze mahaM lAkhA mAtR lAkhaNade puNyArthaM sutalalatAkena zrI abhinandananAtha biMbaM kAritaM pra0 zrIjeizvarasUripaTTe shriisomdttsuuribhiH|| ____ jinezvarasUri ke paTTadhara jinazekharasUri dvArA racita na to koI kRti hI milatI hai aura na hI inake dvArA pratiSThApita koI pratimA hI prApta huI hai, kintu inake paTTadhara jinadharmasUri dvArA pratiSThApita 6 jinapratimAyeM prApta huI haiM, jo vi0saM0 1491/ I0 san 1435 se vi0saM0 1513/I0 san 1457 taka kI haiN| ina pratimAlekhoM meM bhI kahIM begar3azAkhA kA nAmollekha nahIM miltaa| jinadharmasUri ke ziSya vinayamerugaNi ne vAyaDagacchIya AcArya jinadattasUri dvArA racita vivekavilAsa kI vi0saM0 1497/I0 san 1441 meM pratilipi kii| isakI prazasti meM unhoMne apanI guru - paramparA kI eka tAlikA dI hai, jo isa prakAra hai: jinacandrasUri jinezvarasUri jinazekharasUri jinadharmasUri vinayamerugaNi (vi0saM0 1497/I0 san 1441 meM vivekavilAsa ke pratilipikAra)

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113 jinadharmasUri ke dvitIya ziSya jayAnanda hue jinhoMne vi0saM0 1510/I0 san 1454 meM dhanyacaritamahAkAvya kI racanA kii| inake ziSya kSamAmUrti ne vi0saM0 1526/I0 san 1470 meM kAlakAcAryakathA kI pratilipi kii| jinadharmasUri ke paTTadhara jinacandrasUri 'prathama' hue, jinake dvArA pratiSThApita RSabhadeva ke putra cakravartI bharata kI eka salekha pratimA prApta huI hai jo vi0saM0 1536 kI hai aura vartamAna meM AdinAtha jinAlaya, jaisalamera meM saMrakSita hai| zrI pUranacanda nAhara ne isa lekha kI vAcanA dI hai jo isa prakAra hai : 1. // saMva0 1536 varSe phAguNa sudi 5 bhaumavAsare zrIupake 2. zavaMze chAjahar3agotre maMtri phaladharAnvaye maM0 jUThila putra maM0 kA3. lU bhA0 karmAde pu0 nayaNA bhA0 nAmalade tayoH putra maM 4. sIhA bhAryayA copar3A sA0 savA putra saM0 jinadatta bhA0 laSAI 5. putryA zrAvikA apurava nAmnyA putra samadhara samarA saMDU sahi 6. tayA svapuNyArthaM zrIAdideva prathama putraratna prathama cakravarti 7. zrI bharatezvarasya kAyotsargasthitasya pratimA kAritA pratiSThi 8. tA zrIkharataragacchamaMDana zrIjinadattasUri zrIjinakuzalasU 9. risaMtAnIya zrIjinacandrasUri paM0 zrIjinezvarasUrizAkhAyAM / zrI / / 10. jinazekharasUripaTTe zrIjinadharmasUripaTTAlaMkAra zrIpUjya 11. (zrI jinacandrasUribhiH // zrIH / zrAvikA sUramade kArApitA) vi0saM0 1555/I0 san 1499 meM AcArya jinacandrasUri 'prathama' ke nAyakattvakAla meM upAdhyAya devacandra ke praziSya evaM kSamAsaMdara ke ziSya paM0 narasamudra ne Avazyakaniyukti kI pratilipi kii| vi0saM0 1528/I0 san 1462 meM inake ziSya devabhadragaNi ne syAdhaMtaprakriyA kI pratilipi kii12| kharataragaccha kI laghuzAkhA ke pravartaka AcArya jinasiMhasUri ke ziSya zAsanaprabhAvaka AcArya jinaprabhasUri dvArA racita vidhimArgapraprA kI vi0saM0 1559/ I0 san 1503 meM lipibaddha kI gayI prati kI dAtAprazasti meM bhI begar3azAkhA ke munijanoM kI eka choTI gurvAvali13 prApta hotI hai, jo isa prakAra hai : jinezvarasUrisaMtAnIya jinazekharasUri jinadharmasUri jinacandrasUri jinamerusari (inake vAcanArtha vi0 saM0 1559/I0 san 1503 meM vidhimArgaprapA kI pratilipi kI gardI)

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114 ThIka yahI bAta vi0saM0 1571/I0 san 1515 meM likhI gayI jIvabhigamasUtra kI pratilipi kI prazasti meM bhI kahI gayI hai| vi0saM0 1526/I0 san 1470 meM likhI gayI kAlApakavyAkaraNavRttisaha kI prazasti15 meM pratilipikAra devabhadragaNi ne svayaM ko jinacandrasUri kA ziSya batalAte hue apanI guru-paramparA kI tAlikA dI hai, jo isa prakAra hai : jinadattasUrisaMtAnIya jinacandrasUri ke ziSya jinezvarasUri jinazekharasUri jinadharmasUri jinacandrasUri devabhadragaNi (vi0saM0 1523/I0 san 1470 meM kAlApakavyAkaraNavRttisaha ke pratilipikAra) devabhadragaNi ne vi0saM0 1535/I0 san 1479 meM naladavayantIcaritra kI bhI pratilipi kI, jisakI prazasti'6 meM unhoMne apanI paramparA kI gurvAvali kA prArambha isa prakAra kiyA hai : jinezvarasUrisaMtAnIya - jinazekharasUri jinadharmasUri jinacandrasUri devabhadragaNi (vi0 saM0 1535/I0 san 1479 meM naladayavantIcaritra ke pratilipikAra) vi0 saM0 1536/I0 san 1480 meM devabhadragaNi ke paThanArtha eka zrAvaka dvArA triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita kI pratilipi karAyI gyii| isakI dAtAprazasti meM bhI ThIka usI prakAra kI gurvAvalI dI gayI hai jaisA ki kAlApakavyAkaraNavRttisaha kI dAtAprazasti meM hama Upara dekha cuke haiN| devabhadragaNi ke paThanArtha hI vi0 saM0 1538/I0 san 1472 meM karpUramaMjarInATikA kI pratilipi kI gyii| yadyapi isakI prazasti meM prApta gurvAvalI uparokta prazastigata gurvAvaliyoM ke samAna hI hai, kintu isa prazasti meM sarvaprathama kharatarabegar3azAkhA kA nAmollekha prApta hotA hai, ata: yaha atyanta mahattvapUrNa mAnI jA sakatI hai| muni puNyavijaya ne isa prazasti9 kA mUlapATha diyA hai, jo isa prakAra hai :

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115 karpUramaMjarInAma nATikA raajshekhrii| tadvayAkhyA premarAjena karpUrakusume kRtA // 1 // iti zrImatsUryavaMzotbhava sahigilakulAvataMsazrImatprayAgadAsAGgaja zrIpremarAjaviracite karpUrakusumanAmni karpUramaMjarIbhASye caturthaM yavanikAntaraM samAptamiti / / cha / / zrIrastu zubhamastu zrIdevaguruprasatteH / / cha / / saMvat 1538 varSe zrAvaNa zulka saptamyAM somavAsare zrIjesalamerumahAdurge rAula zrIdevIdAsavijayarAjye zrIkharataravegar3agacche zrIjinezvarasUrisaMtAnIyazrIjinacandrasUrivarANAmAdezena paM0 devabhadragaNivareNa vAcanArthaM zrIkarpUramaMjarIbhASyamalekhi nandatAdAcandrArkaM vAcyamAnaM lekhaka-pAThakayo: kalyANaM bhUyAt zrIjinadharmaprasAdataH / / cha / / vi0 saM0 1541/I0 san 1485 meM inhoMne apane guru jinacandrasUri ke Adeza se vajjAlaggaM kI pratilipi kii| jaisA ki isI nibandha meM prArambha meM hama dekha cuke haiM, inhoMne apane guru ke Adeza se vi0saM0 1528/I0 san 1472 meM syAdataprakriyA kI pratilipi kI thii| vi0saM0 1541/I0 san 1485 meM hI inhoMne apane ziSya mahimAmuni ke paThanArtha abhidhAnacintAmaNi kI bhI pratilipi kii|22 AcArya jinacandrasari ke paTTadhara jinamerusari kA vi0saM0 1571/I0 san 1515 meM dehAnta huA, tatpazcAt inake ziSya jayasiMhasUri ne begar3azAkhA kA nAyakattva grahaNa kiyaa| yaha bAta vi0saM0 1578/I0 san 1522 meM likhI gayI zIlopadezamAlA prakaraNabAlAvabodha kI pratilipi kI prazasti22 se jJAta hotI hai jahAM hama jayasiMhasUri ko begar3azAkhA ke AcArya pada para pratiSThita pAte haiN| inakA nAyakatvakAla alpa hI rhaa| prAptasUcanAnusAra vi0saM0 1582/I0 san 1529 meM inake gurubhrAtA jinaguNaprabhasUri kharataragaccha kI isa zAkhA ke nAyaka bne| vi0saM0 1595/I0 san 1539 meM paM0 jJAnamaMdiragaNi ne AtmapaNyArtha apane guru jinaguNaprabhasUri kI vAcanA hetu vRttisahabhavabhavanAprakaraNa kI pratilipi kii| isakI prazasti23 meM inhoMne apanI gurvAvalI dI hai, jo isa prakAra hai : jinezvarasUrisaMtAnIya jinazekharasUri jinadharmasUri jinacandrasUri jinamerusUri jinaguNaprabhasUri jJAnamaMdiragaNi (vi0 saM0 1595/I0 san 1539 meM vRttisaha bhavabhavanAprakaraNa ke pratilipikAra)

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116 vi0saM0 1617/I0 san 1561 meM jinaguNaprabhasUri ke nAyakattva kAla meM paM0 bhaktamaMdira ne malayagiri dvArA racita rAjapraznIyasUtravRtti23 kI pratilipi kii| vi0saM0 1623/I0 san 1567 meM paM0 bhaktamaMdira ne hI jinaguNaprabhasUri ke ziSyoM ke paThanArtha bRhatkalpasUtra kI pratilipi kii|24 / / jinaguNaprabhasUri dvArA racita cittasaMbhUtasaMdhi, sattarabhedIpUjAstava, navakAragIta, Adi kRtiyAM prApta hotI haiN| vi0saM0 1655/I0 san 1599 meM inakA nidhana huaa| inhoMne kharataragaccha kI mUla paramparA ke AcArya jinamANikyasUri ke paTTa para sumatidhIra ko baiThA kara jinacandrasUri nAma pradAna kiyaa| yahI Age calakara yugapradhAna jinacandrasUri ke nAma se vikhyAta hue| jinaguNaprabhasUri ke ziSya evaM paM0 bhaktamaMdira ke garubhrAtA matisAgara ne vi0saM0 1659 meM kAlakAcAryakathA kI pratilipi kii26| jaisalamera sthita smazAna meM utkIrNa vi0saM0 1663/I0 san 1607 ke zilAlekha ke racayitA bhI yahI the| apane guru ke samaya meM hI inhoMne vi0saM0 1642 meM sabhASyatattvArthasUtra kI bhI pratilipi kii|28 saMvat 1642 varSe magazira (mArgazIrSa) sudi 5 tithau zrIjaisalamerau rAulazrIbhImajIvijayarAjye zrIkharatarabegaDagacche bhaTTArakazrIjinaguNaprabhasUrivijayarAjye paM0 matisAgareNa lipikRtaa|| jinaguNaprabhasUri ke eka ziSya guNasAgara ne vi0saM0 1582 meM kAlakAcAryakathAbAlAvabodha kI pratilipi kii| isakI prazasti meM inhoMne apane eka gurubhrAtA kamalasundara kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai|28e isa prakAra jinaguNaprabhasUri ke kula 6 ziSyoM kA ullekha prApta ho jAtA hai: jinaguNaprabhasUri guNasAgara kamalasundara matisAgara paM0bhaktamaMdira jJAnamaMdira jinezvarasUri 'dvitIya' (paTTadhara) jinaguNaprabhasUri ke paTTadhara jinezvarasUri 'dvitIya' hue| inake dvArA racita jinaguNaprabhasUriprabandha nAmaka eka kRti prApta hotI hai jo vi0saM0 1655 ke bAda kI racanA hai| jaisalamera sthita begaDagacchIya upAzraya ke bAhara bAMye dIvAla para vi0saM0 1673 kA eka zilAlekha utkIrNa hai jo isa samaya bIca se do khaMDoM meM vibhakta ho gayA hai| isa abhilekha meM AcArya jinezvarasUri 'dvitIya' ke samaya ukta upAzraya ke dvAra ke nirmANa kA ullekha hai| zrI pUranacanda nAhara29 ne lekha kI chAyA pratilipi aura mUlapATha diyA hai, jo isa prakAra hai :

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117 | jaisalamera - zrI begar3agaccha upAsarA prazasti pArzvanAraya mA saiva vivisAvA 114savAramatanadAzrIjeetAmarunagaregAulazrIkSA lyApajIvijayarAjyazrIsvaratApagaDazanalapatrAginezvaramati vijayarAjyAnAnagAvamakalabharAvayAmavAvagaDAjavalA sAnapatramAravadanAjamAedanAnAvaNabajalamA vikamA ramasA nAma sAmanA jinamavAmapatIdA sajAyA jAtANAmaNyApasI majadayAtanAmA vAkarasImaiTaulA ramallArapasAvakANI udaya mA rAjA mAmalagamanasenapAna sahita orisAvakAritA dijibAvAmadhayoM) AAdhAraNevAkena nA paMcA SHRI BEGARH GACHHA UPASARA PRASHASTI - JAISALMER (1) // zrIpArzvanAthAya namaH / / saMvat 16 caitrAdi 73 varSe jeTha sudi (2) 15 somavAre mUlanakSatre / zrIjesalamerunagare rAula zrIka - (3) lyANajI vijayarAjye / zrIkharataravegar3agacche / bha0 zrIjinezvarasUri (4) vijayarAjye / chAjahar3agotre / maM0 kuladharAnvaye / maMtrI vegar3a / putra maM0 (5) sUrA / tatputra maM0 devadatta / putra maMtrI guNadatta / tatputra maM0 surajana / maM0 (6) vakamA / dharamasI / ratnA / laSamasI / maMtrI surajana putra / maM0 jIAde (7) sU / jIyA putra maMtrI paMcAiNa / putra maM0 cAMpasI / maM0 udayasiMha maM0 (8) vAMkurasI / maM0 ToDaramalla / cAMpasI putra devakarNa / udayasiMha putra (9) mahirAja / pra ..rAjhA maMtrI ToDaramalleNa putra sonapAla sahite (10) na upAsarA dvAraM sughaTa kAritaM / / ciraM jayatu / zrIsaMghasya / / (11) / / sUtradhAra pAMcAkena kRtaM / / aMbANI / / jaisalamera ke zmazAna se prApta vi0saM0 1663 ke eka zilAlekha meM ukta jinezvarasUri dvArA apane guru jinaguNaprabhasUri ke stUpa para caraNapAdukA kI pratiSThA kA ullekha hai29e| jinezvarasUri ke ullekha vAlA tIsarA zilAlekha bhI zmazAna se hI prApta huA hai, jo vi0saM0 1685 kA hai29bii| cU~ki yaha abhilekha khaMDita ho cukA hai, ata: isase vizeSa bAteM spaSTa nahIM ho paatii|

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118 jinezvarasUri 'dvitIya' ke paTTadhara jinacandrasUri 'dvitIya' hue, yaha bAta guNaratna dvArA racita raghuvaMzamahAkAvyaTIkA kI vi0saM0 1683 meM jodhapura meM matisAgara dvArA likhI gayI pratilipi kI prazasti se jJAta hotI hai| isa prazasti meM lipikAra ne jinacandrasUri 'dvitIya' ke guru-paramparA kI eka paTTAvalI bhI dI hai jo isa prakAra hai: jinezvarasUrisaMtAnIya jinazekharasUri jinacandrasUri 'prathama' jinamerusUri jinaguNaprabhasUri jinezvarasUri 'dvitIya' jinacandrasari 'dvitIya' (inake samaya vi0saM0 1683 meM matisAgara ne raghuvaMzamahAkAvyaTIkA kI pratilipi kI) jinacandrasUri 'dvitIya' dvArA vi0 saM0 1698/I0 san 1642 meM racita paMcapANDavarAsa aparanAma draupadIrAsa nAmaka kRti prApta hotI hai31| isakI vi0 saM0 1709/I0 san 1653 meM lipibaddha kI gayI eka prati jaisalamera ke granthabhaMDAra meM saMrakSita hai, jise inake ziSya paM0 ratlasoma ne likhA thaa|32 / / vi0saM0 1711/I0 san 1655 meM inhI ratnasoma ne uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI pratilipi kii33| jinacandrasari 'dvitIya' ke eka ziSya mahimAnidhAna ne vi0saM0 1698/I0 san 1642 meM RSidattAcaupAI kI racanA prArambha kI, parantu ve use apane jIvanakAla meM pUrNa na kara sake, jise inakI paramparA meM hI Age calakara hue jinasundara ke ziSya kSamAsundara ne vi0saM0 1766/I san 1710 meM pUrNa kiyaa|32e jinacandrasUri 'dvitIya ke eka anya ziSya jinalabdhi hue, jinhoMne vi0saM0 1724/I0 san 1668 meM vicAraSaTtriMzikApraznottara kI racanA kii| isI prakAra . inake eka ziSya padmacandra hue jinake dvArA racita bharatasaMdhi nAmaka kRti milatI hai| padmacandra ke ziSya dharmacandra dvArA vi0saM0 1767/I0 san 1711 meM racita jJAnasukhaDI nAmaka kRti prApta hotI hai| inhoMne vi0saM0 1779/I0 san 1723 meM samAdhitaMtrabAlAvabodha kI pratilipi kii|27 jinacandrasUri 'dvitIya' ke paTTadhara jinasamudrasUri hue, jinake dvArA vi0 saM0 1698/I0 san 1642 se vi0saM0- 1751/I0 san 1695 ke madhya racI gayI vibhinna kRtiyAM prApta hotI haiM jinameM RSidattAcaupAI, neminAthaphAga, pArzvanAtharAsa, haribalarAsa, pravacanaracanAbeli, ratnasenapadmAvatIkathA, IlAcIkumAracaupAI

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119 Adi pramukha haiN| vi0saM0 1725/I0 san 1669 meM inake nAyakattvakAla meM paM0 ratnasoma ne surata bandaragAha sthita ajitanAtha jinAlaya meM zrIpAlacaritabAlAvabodha kI racanA kii| yaha vahI ratnasoma haiM jinhoMne draupadIrAsa aura uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI pratilipi kI thii|39 vi0 saM0 1728/I0 san 1662 meM jinasamudrasUri ke ziSya saubhAgyasamudra ne karNakautUhala kI pratilipi kii| inake eka anya ziSya paM0 samudra ne vi0 saM0 1726/I0 san 1660 meM RSimaMDalaprakaraNa kI pratilipi kI / jinasamudrasUri ke paTTadhara jinasundarasUri hue, jinake dvArA racita mAnatuMgamAnavatI caupAI Adi kaI kRtiyAM milatI hai 19 / isI prakAra inake ziSya jinaudayasUri dvArA vi0saM0 1753/I0 san 1697 meM racita guNasundarIcaupAI, vi0 saM0 1773/ I0 san 1717 meM racita guNAvalIcaupAI, udayavilAsa, sUtrakRtAMgabAlAvabodha Adi kRtiyAM prApta hotI haiN| vi0saM0 1781/I0 san 1725 aura vi0saM0 1806/I0 san 1750 ke zilAlekhoM meM bhI jinaudayasUri kA ullekha prApta hotA hai|42e jinasundarasUri ke dvitIya ziSya kSamAsundara ne vi0saM0 1766/I0 san 1710 meM RSidattAcaupAI ko pUrNa kiyA jisakA prArambha vi0saM0 1698/I0 san 1642 meM mahimAsamudra ne kiyA thA, parantu apane jIvanakAla me ve use pUrNa na kara sake the|43 zrI agaracanda nAhaTA ne inake eka ziSya kSamAsamudra kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai jinake dvArA racita RSidattAcaupAI (vi0 saM0 18vIM zatI) nAmaka eka kRti prApta hotI hai| jinaudayasUri ke eka ziSya paM0 kanakakIrti kI prArthanApara kSullakabhAvalikAprakaraNesAvacUri kI vi0 saM0 1785/I0 san 1729 meM pratilipi kI gyii|5 jinaudayasUri ke paTTadhara unake dvitIya ziSya jinacandrasUri 'tRtIya' hue jinake dvArA vi0saM0 1812/I0 san 1756 meM apane guru ke sammAna meM pratiSThApita eka caraNapAdukA prApta huI hai| 6 jinacandrasUri ke paTTadhara jinezvarasUri 'tRtIya hue| vi0saM0 1843/I0 san 1787 aura vi0saM0 1846/I0 san 1790 ke caraNapAdukA ke lekhoM meM inakA ullekha hai| zrI nAhaTA ke anusAra inake paTTadhara kA nAma nahIM miltaa| inake pazcAt jinakSemacandrasUri hue jo vi0saM0 1902/I0 san 1846 meM svargastha hue| inake ziSya evaM paTTadhara jinacandrasUri 'caturtha' vi0saM0 1930/ I0 san 1874 taka vidyamAna the| mahopAdhyAya vinayasAgara jI ke anusAra jinacandrasUri 'caturtha' ke pazcAt yaha zAkhA samApta ho gyii|

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120 kharataragaccha-begar3azAkhA ke munijanoM kA vidyAvaMzavRkSa jinacandrasUri jinezvarasUri 'prathama' (vi0saM0 1425 meM begaDa zAkhA ke pravartaka, pratimA lekha vi0 saM0 1425) somadatta jinazekharasUri jinadharmasUri (pratimAlekha) vi0 saM0 1510, 1513 jayAnanda (vi0 saM0 1510 meM dhanyacaritamahAkAvya ke kartA; jinacandrasUri 'prathama' (pratimAlekha - vi0 saM0 1536) vinayamerugaNi / vi0saM0 1526 meM kAlakAcAryakathA ke lipikAra) kSamAmUrti jinamerusUri (vi0 saM0 16vIM zatI meM inake paThanArtha vidhimArgaprapA kI pratilipi kI gayI) devabhadragaNi jayasiMhasUri jinaguNaprabhasUri muni mahimAmaMdira kamalasundara guNasAgara matisAgara paM0 bhaktamaMdira jJAnamaMdira jinezvarasUri (vi0saM0 1582 meM (vi0 saM0 1595 meM (vi0 saM0 17vIM zatI meM kAlakAcAryakathA ke bhavabhAvanA ke pravajyAvidhAnakulakapratilipikAra) pratilipikAra) bAlAvabodha ke racanAkAra)

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jinacandrasUri 'dvitIya' jinalabdhisUri mahimAsamudra (vi0saM0 1724 meM vicAraSaTtriMzikApraznottara ke racanAkAra) jinasamudrasUri (vi0 saM0 1698 se 1751 ke madhya vibhinna kRtiyoM ke racayitA) padmacandra (18vIM meM bharatasaMdhi ke kartA) paM0 rlsom| (vi0 saM0 1779 meM paMcapANDavarAsa ke pratilipikAra) dharmacandra (vi0 saM0 1767 meM jJAnasukhaDI ke kartA) saubhAgyasamudra jinasundarasUri paM0 samudra - jinaudayasUri kSamAsundara kSamAsamudra RSidatAcaupAI (18vIM zatI) ke racayitA vi0saM0 1753 meM guNasundarIcaupAI . vi0saM0 1773 meM guNAvalIcaupAI vi0 saM0 18vIM zatI meM udayavilAsa vi0 saM0 18vIM zatI meM sUtrakRtAMgabAlAvabodha Adi ke kartA jinacandrasUri 'tRtIya' paM0 kanakakIrti jinezvarasUri 'tRtIya' (vi0 saM0 18vIM zatI meM jaMbUsvAmIcaupAI ke racanAkAra) jinakSemacandrasUri (vi0 saM0 1902 meM svargastha) jinacandrasUri 'caturtha' (vi0 saM0 1930 taka vidyamAna) 121

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122 sandarbha : 2. vahI, pRSTha 10. 2a. ramezacandra majumadAra aura e0DI0 pusAlakara, dillI saltanata, prathama saMskaraNa, mumbaI 1960 I0, pR0 162. agaracanda nAhaTA, bha~varalAla nAhaTA, saMpA0 bIkAnerajainalekhasaMgraha, zrI abhaya jaina granthamAlA, puSpa 15, kalakattA vIra samvat 2482, lekhAMka 473. vinayasAgara, saMpA0 pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, jinamaNimAlA - granthAMka 4, sumati sadana, koTA 1953 I0, lekhAMka 155. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. paM0 becaradAsa dozI, maNidhArI jinacandrasUri kAvyAMjali, sampAdaka - pro0 sAgaramala jaina, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama laghu prakAzana, granthAMka 3, vArANasI - 1980 I0, prastAvanA, pRSTha 10. 9. bIkAnerajainalekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 534. vahI, lekhAMka 881 tathA 1958 evaM pUranacanda nAhara, saMpA0 jainalekhasaMgraha bhAga 3, lekhAMka 2739, 2740, 2741, 2824 Adi / Muni Punya Vijaya, Ed., New Catalogue of Mss in the Jain Bhandars at Jesalmer, L.D. Series, No. - 36, Ahmedabad- 1972 A.D., P-278-79, No.- 1231. dhannAzAlibhadracaupAI, saMpA0 ramaNalAla sI0 zAha, mumbaI 1983 I0, prastAvanA, pRSTha 23. Muni Punya Vijaya, Ed., New Catalogue of Mss. P- 227, No. 467. 10. pUranacanda nAhara, saMpA0- jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga 3, lekhAMka 2401. 11. muni puNyavijaya, pUrvokta, pRSTha 201-202, kramAMka 189. - 13. vahI, pRSTha 240, kramAMka 661. vahI, pRSTha 207, kramAMka 249. 15. 17. vahI, pRSTha 204, kramAMka 228. vahI, pRSTha 217, kramAMka 386. vahI, pRSTha 205, kramAMka 237. vahI, pRSTha 205, kramAMka 239. 22 . 12 . vahI, pRSTha 264, kramAMka 993. 14. vahI, pRSTha 164, kramAMka 228. 16. vahI, pRSTha 207, kramAMka 252. 18 - 19. vahI, pRSTha 206, kramAMka 247.20. 21. vahI, pRSTha 264, kramAMka 993. 22e. vahI, pRSTha 216, kramAMka 374. 23e. vahI, pRSTha 223, kramAMka 423. 25. zItikaMTha mizra, hindI jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa ( maru - gUrjara ), bhAga 2, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama granthamAlA, granthAMka 66, vArANasI 1994 I0 san, pRSTha 122. 23. 24. vahI, pRSTha 209, kramAMka 272.

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123 26. muni puNyavijaya, pUrvokta, pRSTha 254, kramAMka 850. 27. nAhara, pUrvokta, bhAga 3, lekhAMka 2505. 28. muni puNyavijaya, pUrvokta, pRSTha 232, kramAMka 547. 28e. vahI, 226-27, kramAMka 458. 29. nAhara, pUrvokta, bhAga 3, lekhAMka 2447. 29e. vahI, bhAga 3, lekhAMka 2505. 29bI. vahI, bhAga 3 lekhAMka 2507. 30. muni puNyavijaya, pUrvokta, pRSTha 216, kramAMka 370 31. agaracanda nAhaTA, bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA, saMpA0, maNidhArI jinacandrasUri aSTama zatAbdIsmRtigrantha, bhAga 2, "kharataragacchIya sAhitya sUcI", pRSTha 49. 32. muni puNyavijaya, pUrvokta, pRSTha 241, kramAMka 673. 33. vahI, pRSTha 216, kramAMka 371. 33e. vahI, pRSTha 218-19, kramAMka 400. 34. vahI, pRSTha 303, kramAMka 1441. 35. kharataragacchIya sAhitya sUcI, pRSTha 53. 36. vahI, pRSTha 48. 37. muni puNyavijaya, pUrvokta, pRSTha 255, kramAMka 863. 38. vahI, pRSTha 214, kramAMka 338. 39. vahI, pRSTha 241, kramAMka 673 evaM pRSTha 216, kramAMka 371. 40. vahI, pRSTha 273, kramAMka 1136. 41. vahI, pRSTha 265, kramAMka 1015. 41e. khataragacchIya sAhitya sUcI, pRSTha 54. 42. vahI, pRSTha 6, 38, 45. 43. draSTavya, saMdarbha kramAMka 33e. 44. kharataragacchIya sAhitya sUcI, pRSTha 42. 45. muni puNyavijaya, pUrvokta, pRSTha 316, kramAMka 1613. 46. nAhara, pUrvokta, bhAga 3, lekhAMka 2509. 47. vahI, bhAga 3, lekhAMka 2510, 2511. 48. agaracanda nAhaTA evaM bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA, saMpA0, aitihAsikajainakAvyasaMgraha pRSTha 75. 49. maNidhArI jinacandrasUri kAvyAMjali, prastAvanA, pRSTha 11. 50. vahI, pRSTha 11.

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MYTH OF LORD MAHAVIR'S EMBRYO-TRANSFER IN JAIN-SCRIPTURES MANGILAL BHUTODIA Apropos my article on "The unique example of embryo transfer" performed practically about 2600 yrs ago published in the Journal of The Asiatic Society (vol. XLII nos. 3-4, 2000), it was my pleasure researching the issues raised by learned readers and thinkers. The most revered 12th Century's Jain Acharya Hem Chandra Suri in his well known treatise "Trishasti-Salaka-Purus-Carita" (triSaSThi zalAkApuruSacarita, parva - 10, saM. 2 pada 16-19) has while narrating Lord Mahavir's life, described the episode of the Embryo transfer almost in a similar manner mentioned in the Jain Agamic Scriptures Kalpa Sutra (kalpasUtra), Bhagwati Sutra ( bhagavatI sUtra ) and Acharanga Sutra (AcArAMga sUtra ). It seems he followed the tradition of medieval saints. It was astonishing to find a similar episode in Balram, Krishna's elder brother whose embryo-transfer is mentioned in Srimad BhagwatPurana (zrImadbhAgavata purANa, skaMdha - 10, adhyAya - 2, zloka - 6-15) as having surpassed all limits of time and imagination. bhagavAnapi vizvAtmA viditvAkaMsajaM bhayam / yadUnAM nijanAthAnAM yogamAyAM samAdizat // 6 // gaccha devi vrajaM bhadre gopagobhiralaGkatam / rohiNI vasudevasya bhAryA''ste nandagokule | anyAzru kaMsasaMvignA vivareSu vasanti hi // 7 // devakyA jaThare garbha zeSAkhyaM dhAma mAmakam / tat saMnikRSya rohiNyA udare saMnivezaya // 8 // athAhamaMzabhAgena devakyA: putratAM zubhe / prApsyAmi tvaM yazodAyAM nandapatnyAM bhaviSyasi // 9 // arciSyanti manuSyAstvAM sarvakAmavarezvarIm / dhUpopahArabalibhiH sarvakAmavarapradAm // 10 //

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125 nAmadheyAni kurvanti sthAnAni ca narA bhrvi| durgeti bhadrakAlIti vijayA vaiSNavIti ca // 11 // kumudA caNDikA kRSNA mAdhavI kanyaketi c| mAyA nArAyaNIzAnI zAradetyambiketi ca / / 12 / / garbhasaMkarSaNAt taM ve prAhuH saMkarSaNaM dhruvi / rAmeti lokaramaNAd balaM balavaducchyAt / / 13 / / sandiSTaivaM bhagavatA tathetyomiti tadvacaH / pratigRhya parikramya gAM gatAtat tathAkarot / / 14 // garbhe praNIte devakyA rohiNI yoganidrayA / aho vistraMsito garbha iti paurA vicukruzuH / / 15 / / (At the prayer of Deva (a), Vishnu decided to incarnate in part (aMza) on the Earth in Devaki's womb. Visualising the possibility of Kans's (kaMza) misdeeds killing six of her sons He called his Shakti (zakti) Yogmaya (yogamAyA) and ordered her to transfer his incarnate-embryo from Devaki's womb to the womb of Rohini (rohiNI), the second wife of Vasudev (arca), who was outside prison, so that Balram may be born from Rohini's womb. He also ordered Yogmaya herself to incarnate on Earth taking birth as Yashoda's daughter. Vishnu at the same time decided to incarnate fully (avatAra) as Devaki's 8th child. The strategy being that the 7th child of Devaki, Balram would be saved by embryo-transfer and the 8th child Krishna would be replaced by Vasudev with Yashoda's daughter Yogmaya and when Kans tries to kill her she being an angelic-incarnation, would vanish. Yogmaya did exactly as instructed by Vishnu, she hypnotised Devaki and Rohini into deep sleep and then transferred Balram's embryo in the 7th month of pregnancy to Rohini's womb. Thus Kans's purpose was defeated.) The noteworthy aspects of the above operation are - i) The operation takes place when the embryo is 7 months old. ii) The process of hypnotising the incumbents into deep sleep before the operation takes place. Dr. Parameswar Solanki has without questioning the possibility of such an embryo-transfer remarked (see Jain Bharati, Vol. 39.3 March 1991, pages 147-148) that the Jain Acharyas may have been guided in

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126 mentioning such an episode by the Bhagwat-Purana's example perhaps on the assumption that the Bhagwat-Purana is a prior treatise. But it could be vice-versa, the origin of Agamic literature is no less older than the Bhagwat-Purana's. The flight of imagination however in the BhagwatPurana's episode of embryo-transfer in the 7th month of pregnancy is in fact more amazing and less credible than the Agamic-transfer of embryo on its 83rd day of pregnancy. The process of hypnotising the incumbents in deep sleep is also void of the minute details which are the hallmark of Agamic literature. I had in my article published in Tulsi-Pragna (Vol. 104, Issued 4, March, 1998 at pages 155-161) while highlighting the excellency of such an experiment 2600 years ago, also expressed my doubt about the factual trustworthiness of the whole episode. Giving it a sociological twist I was inclined to interpret the myth differently. Those were the days of feudal Kingship. The King Supreme owned many a Queen and in the palace there were concubines from every strata including Brahmins with whom the king frequently had sexual relations. The son born to a Brahminconcubine could find favour with the king linking the son's parentage to the Royal household for the outside world or could be adopted by the king to avoid embarrassment although he already, had a son (af Gaza) from his Queen Trishala in this particular case. This view of the whole episode, may annoy many a blind follower and fanatic but needs to be explored for solving many myths created by vested interests and to bring out historical facts as authentically as possible. The modern mind with its scientific aptitude can not accept such unimaginable happenings as historic truths unless they could be rationally perceived and or explained. Even the myth of Five-hoodedserpent-head as canopy over the 23rd Tirthankar (alfat) Parasvanath has been challenged by modern scholars. These serpent-heads are said to be the creation of medieval Jain-Acharyas. The sculptures and literature depicting the canopy only go to explain Parsva's association with Nagraj (APR ) Dharnendra (ETCUTES). Sri U .P. Shah, a Jainologist of repute, in his essay on the subject while explaining the depiction of a serpentcanopy (1 187) over Parsva interprets it to be a totemic symbol of his

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127 link with his ancestral Naga-tribe (ar digi) and Nag-worship (am 4571). The eminent scholar Dr. M.A Dhaky in his essay 'Arhat Parsva and Dharnendra Nexus' (published 1997) supporting Shah's views suggests that in the total absence of this serpent-canopy in any of the sculptures found in the Kankali tila (otit CTCT) of the Mathuraexcavations dating back to 1st century B.C., the so called depiction is obviously a Nirgrantha (Fifa) adaptation of the Brahmanical myth of Sesh-Nag (1971) supporting Globe of Earth on his head or followed from the myth of Krishna-Govardhan episode of Hindu-scriptures. Likewise the embryo-transfer-myth could be interpreted rationally to be a creation of the later Jain-Acharyas to avoid the Brahmanical parental linkage of Lord Mahavir. The medieval period between 5th to 10th century AD. saw a phenomenal upsurge of hatred against Boudhas (allas) and Jains generated by the followers of Adi-Guru Shankaracharya when not only a vast number of Jain shrines were demolished or destroyed but also a disheartening number of Jain and Boudh Acharyas and Muni's (f) were slain in Southern India. The possibility of one-up-manship creating such myth can not be ruled out. The most revered Jain scholar of the 20th century Pundit Sukhlal Sanghvi has in his critical analysis of such mythical representations in Lord Mahavir's life challenged the Embryo-transfer episode (Eir atefotot), and suggested that it could be 'an addition to the Agamic literature by later Acharyas. What gave strength to his argument was the fact that the Jain scriptures of the Digambar sect have completely ignored this transfer episode. Mahavir according to them was born of Trishala and there is no mention of Devananda as Mahavir's mother of conception at all. The Archaeological findings of the Kankali tila (archaisit CT) in Mathura and the inscriptions found there support the above view. The famous Western Archaeologist and Historian Vincent Smith has in his treatise "Jaina Stupa & other Antiquities of Mathura" dated the inscriptions and sculptures to be of 1st century B.C. These sculptures faithfully depict most of the important events of Lord Mahavir's life but the total absence of the Embryo transfer-episode in those depictions clearly is a pointer to its concoction later on.

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128 Some passages in the Kalpa Sutra (0264 ) depicting hatred towards Brahmins also seem to be later-age creations giving credence to the Addition-theory. Stanza (gAthA) 17 of the Kalpa Sutra is explicit in this regard: (tae NaM tassa sakkassa deviMdassa devaranno ayameyArUve ajjhathie ciMtie patthie maNogae saMkappe samuppajjitthana eyaM bhUyaM, na eyaM bhavvaM, na eyaM bhavissaM, jaM naM arahaMtA vA cakkavaTTI vA baladevA vA vAsudevA vA aMtakulesu vA paMtakulesu vA tucchakulesu vA dariddakulesu vA kiviNakulesu vA bhikkhAyakulesu vA mAhaNakulesu vA AyAiMsu vA AyAiMti vA AyAissaMti vA evaM khalu arahaMtA vA cakkavaTTI vA baladevA vA vAsudevA vA uggakulesu vA bhogakulesu vA rAiNNakulesu vA khatiyakulesu vA harivaMsakulesu vA anataresu vA tahappagAresu visuddhajAtikulavaMsesu AyAiMsu vA AyAiMti vA aayaaissNtivaa| (Lord Indra (5-5) oversees from his heavenly abode by Awadhigyan (avadhijJAna) that Lord Mahavir has incarnated on Earth into the womb of Devananda (devAnandA)Brahmani (brAhmaNI). He contemplates over it and thinks that Tirthankars (aitefat), I the enlightened ones can not take birth in low castes (antya kula, adhama kula, nIca kula, tuccha kula, daridra kula, kRpaNa kula, bhikSuka kula athavA brAhmaNa kula) such as the most down trodden shudras, criminals, poverty stricken, misers, beggars and the Brahmins. Therefore Indra thinks it to be his duty to transfer the embryo of Mahavir to the womb of a lady of Khsatriya Kul (kSatriya kula), a race of pure blood (vizuddha jAti). Then Indra proceeds to instruct his man to execute the plan). This kind of bias against Brahmins showing them at par with the low castes is not depicted any where else in the Agamic literature of ancient times. On the contrary 'Uttar Purana' (uttara purANa) contains references of some Tirthankars (eg. Shantinath, Kunthunath and Arhnath) whose spouses belonged to the Mlechha (1083) community of extremely low and out castes. Muni Punya Vijay(muni puNyavijaya)alearned commentator on ancient Agamic literature has in his introduction to a modern edition of the Kalpa Sutra expressed his doubt about the authenticity of a number of Stanzas (gAthA) in it. Trisala's (trizalA) dreams in elaborate poetic form are thought to be such doubtful additions to the original text of the Kalpa Sutra. The

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129 Embryo-transfer episode could well be one of such additions by later Acharyas. This appears to be more so because the author of the Kalpa Sutra Acharya Bhadrabahu was a born Brahmin. He was the 8th successor to Lord Mahavir. Brahmins in those times were ardent followers of Jins ( ). Admittedly the Agamic literature was for the first time reduced to writing in 453 AD. As discovered by scholars, the second and third part of the Kalpa Sutra namely Sthaviravali (f) and Sadhu Samachari (4) contain passages definitely written by later Acharyas. = Some historians go so far as to suggest that Jamali (HI) was the son of Nandivardhan (nandivardhana), Trishala's (trizalA) own son and elder brother of Lord Mahavir. According to them Mahavir's daughter Priyadarshana (f) was given in marriage to Nandivardhan's son Jamali. If that be so, Mahavir could not have been the son of Trisala. He might have been adopted after having born to Devananda, the Brahmin lady. Dr. Hermann Jacobi, the learned Western authority and erudite commentator on ancient Jain Agamic Literature had visualised the possibility of Devananda being the second wife of Siddhartha. In his introduction to the Jain Sutra (The Sacred Books of the East 1884 Ed. Vol. 22) Dr. Jacobi interprets the episode as follows: I assume that Siddhartha had two wives, the Brahmini Devananda, the real mother of Mahavira and the Khsatriyani Trishala. Because the name of the alleged husband of the former viz., Rishabhdatha can not be very old because its Prakrit form would in that case probably be Usabhadinna in stead of 'Usabhdatta'. Besides, the name is such as could only be given to a Jain not to a Brahmin. I therefore have no doubt that 'Rishabhdatha' has been invented by the Jains in order to provide Devananda with another husband. Siddhartha was connected with persons of high rank and great influence through his marriage with Trisala. It was therefore probably thought more profitable to give out that Mahavira was the son and not merely the step son of Trisala so that he could be entitled to the patronage of her relations. This story could all the more easily have gained credence as Mahavira's parents had died many years before he

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130 came forward as a prophet. But as the real state of things could not totally have been erased from the memory of the people the story of the transfer of the embryo was invented. The most authentic proof of Devananda being the real mother of Mahavir and Mahavir having horn of her comes from the most revered Jain scripture Bhagvati Sutra itself. Lord Mahavir is said to have attained enlightenment in 557 B.C. and two years later he visited his birth place Bhahman Kunda (brAhmaNa kuNDa) when Jamali and Priyadarshana (his son in law and daughter respectively) are said to have taken Sanyas and joined Mahavir's Religious order (dharma saMgha). There Devananda came to pay her respects to the Lord. This incident is vividly described in stanza (gAthA)4 and 5 of part (uddezaka) 33 of Chapter (zataka)9 of the Bhagvati Sutra as follows: (taeNaM sA devANaMdA mAhaNI AgayapaNhAyA, papphuyaloyaNA saMvariyavalayabAhA, kaMcuyapa rikkhittiyA dhArA hayakalaMbagaM piva samUsaviyaromakUvA samaNaM bhagavaM mahAvIraM aNimisAe diTThIe pehamANI dehamANI citttti| . (Looking at the Lord her (Devananda's) whole body shivered with ecstasy and excitement. Tears burst out of her eyes and milk oozed out of her breasts. The sensation pulsating in her limbs inflated the wet breast covering). (prazna - bhaMte ! ti bhagavaM goyameM samaNaM bhagavaM mahAvIraM vaMdai NamaMsai, vaMditANamaMsittA evaM vayAsI - kiNaM bhaMte ! esA devANaMdA mAhaNI AgayapaNhayA, taM ceva jAva romakUvA davANuppiyaM aNimisAe diTThIe pehamANI pehamANI citttthiN| ("Oh Lord !" addressing thus, Muni Goutam (Titara Fant) saluted and asked Mahavir - "How is it that this lady's (devAnandA brAhmaNI) body is shivering with excitement and milk is oozing out of her breasts and she is standing staring continuously at you"). goyamAi ! samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIraM bhagavaM goyamaM evaM vayAsI - evaM khalu goyamA! devANaMdA mAhaNI mamaM ammagA, ahaNaM devANaMdAe mAhANIe attae, taeNaM sA devANaMdA mAhaNI teNa puvva putta siNeharAgeNaM AgayapaNhayA, jAva samUsa viyaroma kUvA mama aNimisAe diTThIe pehamANI pehamANI citttthi| taeNa samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIra usabhadattassa mAhANassa devANadAe mAhaNIe tIse ca mahatimahAliyAe isiparisAe jAva parisA pddigyaa|

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131 (Lord Mahavir answered - "Gou tam. she is my own mother. I was born of her. That is why because of love and excitement from seeing her son after a long long time her body is shivering and milk is oozing out of her breasts." The Lord then addressed the gathering including Rishabhdutta and Devananda and after hearing His sermon the gathering dispersed.) The abovementioned narration, in my view, conclusively shows that Devananda herself had given birth to Mahavir. Such an ecstatic excitement at seeing her son after a long time and in such an enlightened state could only emerge in a lady who had experienced the pangs of giving birth to him. Devananda was not an enlightened one and she or anybody else could not have knowledge of the so called transfer of embryo from her womb on the 83rd day of her pregnancy. Lord Mahavir while answering Goutam's query does not speak either about the so called transfer. The Lord on the contrary asserts in clearest terms that he was born of her. It would be a travesty of facts if we in our zeal to upgrade the parentage from the so called low caste of Brahmin to the so called upper caste of Khsatriyas and stick to a myth created with a bias against Brahmins and most probably to show oneup-manship over the Brahminical myths. The husk should be sorted, out of the rice. The ancient scriptures thus need to be interpreted rationally and honestly with a visionary's perception to straighten the historical records. References 1. Tulsi Prajna (Quarterly Magazine vol. 104, Issue-4, March, 1998 Pages 155-161) Ed. Dr. Parameswar Solanki, Published by Jain Viswa Bharati. Ladnun. 2. Acharya Hemchandra Suri, Trishasti-Salaka-Purus-Carita (98 10. 246 16-19). 3. Kalpa Sutra, Acharya Bhadrabahu (97791-17) Editor : Muni Punya Vijay. 4. Bhagvati Sutra (P16 - 9, JE 977 - 33, 7799 - 4,5). 5. Acharanga Sutra (Third Chulika-Bhawna. Chapter 24, Stanza 991-993).

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132 6. Shrimad-Bhagwat Purana (FOSET - 10, 3782/84 - 2, Pilah: 6-15). 7. Jain Bharati (Monthly Magazine, vol. 39, issue-3, March, 1999) Published by Jain Viswa Bharati, Ladnun. 8. Dr. M.A. Dhaky 'Arhat Parsva & Dharnendra Nexus ', Delhi - 1997. 9. Sri U.P. Shah 10. Vo Tamid 90, ar neto! 11. Vincent Smith 'Jaina Stupa & other Antiquities of Mathura'. 12. Uttar Purana. 13. Hermann Jacobi, The Sacred Books of the East, 1884 Ed. Vol. 22.

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Religious Aspect of Non-Violence Dr. B.N. Sinha* Religious aspect of non-violence is of the subject an important dimension because religion and non-violence are related with each other very closely. In the Mahabharata it has been mentioned that non-violence itself is a complete religion and violence is a non-religion (Adharma); non-violence is the greatest one among all religions because all beings are saved by it.' According to Bhaktaparijna there is no religion like nonviolence.? In the words of Acarya Tulasi, non-violence is the substance (Sattva), essence (Sara) and cream (Makkhana) of all religions. But it is necessary, before discussing this aspect, to know religion in itself as well as non-violence in itself. Religion In Hindi there is a word 'Dharma' which comes for the English term 'Religion'. The English word 'Religion' has been derived from the Latin word 'Religio'which means saintliness, holiness, religious faith etc. James Martin has defined it in the following words - "Whenever we have devoutedness, devotedness, devotion we have the primary features of religion."4 Some thinkers are of the opinion that there is a vast difference between the Indian term 'Dharma' and the Western term 'Religion'. As they have assigned, the word 'Religion' stands for some communal organization while the word 'dharma' connotes some deep secracy, some mysteriousness. It cannot be translated in to other languages. But neither in the Western tradition there is any word except religion for 'Dharma' nor in the Indian tradition there is any term except 'Dharma' for Religion. The term 'Dharma' is generally used for nature (prakriti), duty (kartavya), kindness or favour (upkara), virtue (punya) etc. It has *Former Reader, Deptt. of Philosophy, M.G. Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi-2

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134 been originated from the Sanskrit root 'Dhr' which means to provide base. So Dharma has been defined as that on which the world (loka) is based. It is also that which is based upon world is human life. In short, Dharma and world or human life are based on each other. Therefore in the Jataka it has been said - "An individual is lost when his Dharma is lost." Manu has identefied ten characteristics of Dharma." They are Patience (Dhairya), Forgiveness (Ksama), Mind-Aversion (Manonigraha), Non-stealing (Acaurya), Cleanliness (Sauca), Sense-Aversion (Indrinigraha), Reason (Viveka), Knowledge (Jnana), Truth (Satya), NonAnger (Akrodha). Mahatma Vidura while focussing light on the importance of religion has said, "It is Dharma due to which Rsis have crossed the ocean like world. The whole world is based on Dharma. Dharma causes the improvement of deities. Even economy is established in Dharma." A well known Western thinker, G. Galloway, has defined religion as - 'Religion is man's faith in a power beyond himself whereby he seeks to satisfy emotional needs and gain stability of life and which he expresses in acts of worship and services. Acarya Tulasi has defined Dharma in the following way - Dharma is a unity between knowledge (Jnana), faith (Darsana), happiness (Ananda) and power (Sakti).' Again he says that universal tolerance, harmony, humble tendency towards truth are the basic elements of religion. On the whole, religion is that which brings harmony, happiness, holiness and stability in human life. This definition may be analysed in the following way - Harmony - Harmony consists of these co-operative elements1) Harmony between individual and individual. 2) Harmony between individual and society. 3) Harmony between society and society 4) Harmony between society and nation. 5) Harmony between nation and nation. The failure of harmony in one concern may disturb the harmony of all concerns.

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135 Happiness, holiness and stability should prevail in all individual life, social life, national life and universal life. So far as the function of religion is concerned, Acarya Tulasi has said it changes the mind, life and heart of a man." Non-Violence The term 'Non-Violence' is a combination of two words 'Non and 'Violence'. Thus it means absence of violence or negation of violence. It is the negative form of Non-Violence. Now the question arises - what is the violence which is negated in the negative form of non-violence. In Jainism, violence has been defined as that activity in which movement of the living power (Prana) is destroyed due to distraction, killing, torturing, disturbing etc. These are categories of violence. In other words, immoral irreligious and unsocial activities are considered as violence. But nonviolence cannot be known in its negative form only. It has also its positive form which is constituted by help, charity, benevolence, gratitude, forgiveness etc. In this form affirmation may be seen. The affirmation religious, moral and social activities is classed as non-violence. Violence or non-violence may be seen in idea which is abstract as well as in substance or matter. The abstract idea of violence or non-violence is the internal form while the material form of violence or non-violence is the external form. Thinking to kill or to save from killing is the internal form and to kill some body or to save some body when he is in a position to be killed is the external form. But violence or non-violence is mainly mental or psychological. There are very famous examples of a farmer and a fisherman. A farmer is never considered a killer or violence doer (Himisaka), though so many insects are killed by his ploughing activity because his aim is not to kill some insect but to get sufficient corn for his family and society for the cause of their pleasant life. On the other hand, a fisherman is treated as a violence-doer though, by chance during the whole day he may not catch a single fish and return to his residence empty, This is because his aim is to catch as many fishes as he can. He is suffering from mental violence, According to Jainism, violence and non-violence may be done through three karanas and three yogas.

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136 Three Karanas and Three Yogas in the field of Violence. Karnas - Yogas - 1) Doing violence on your own, himself i.e. to kill some being through own activity (Karanaa) Yogas - 2) Getting violence done by others i.e. to order some body to injure some being. (Karavana) 3) Neither doing violence on your own nor endorsing some person to do violence but simply to support the activity of violence by witnessing that. (Anumodana karana) To make up your mind to kill or to injure some being. To utter harsh words in order to humiliate somebody. 3) To attack somebody in order to kill him or to injure him. In other words, these are injury in mind (Manasa) injury in words (Vaca) and injury in action (Karmana). Three Karanas and Three Yogas in the field of Non-Violence. Karanas 1) Doing non-violence yourself i.e. to save somebody from being injured (Karana) 1) 2) 2) Ordering some person to save somebody (Karavana) 3) Neither saving nor ordering somebody to save some being but only supporting the activity of saving by witnessing that (Anumodana Karana) 1) To make up your own mind not to injure anybody. 2) Not to utter any harsh words to humiliate some body. 3) To save somebody if he is in a position to be injured. These are non-injury in mind (Manasa), non-injury in words (Vaca) and, non-injury in action (Karmana) In the Acarangasutra non-violence and religion have been declared as one and the same. "All animates (Prani), all elements (bhuta), all beings (jiva) and all existants (satta) should neither be killed, nor be ordered to be killed, nor be oppressed, nor be tortured, nor be disturbed with a view to killing. This religion (dharma) in the form of non-violence is pure' 12

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137 The Negative form of Non-Violences in Religion The negative form of non-violence is the prohibition of violences. So, here it is needed to know the violences occurring in the religious field. In all religions there are two classes - (i) the class of those persons who are followed by common people and (ii) the class of those persons who follow their religious guides. The former class consists of saints, seers, ascetics, monks, nuns etc. under whose guidance householders lead their religious life. The later class consists of house holders both male and female who with respect, regard and faith follow their prophets. In this way, saints and prophets are known as the main organisers of religions and their conduct lights the path of ordinary people. It is the religious duty of house holders to follow their prophets honestly and interestedly, co that religion may be proved as the peace giver to society. The proper religious life of any society depends on the conduct of both monks and house holders. The violation of the code of conduct either by monks or by house holders may cause violence in society and violence pushes a society to decay not development. Though religious prophets and their followers are found very careful in conducting their careers, several faults are seen in their behaviour which result into the violation of ethical code. Some examples of violation of moral law, i.e. violence, may be cited up here to show the present condition of religion in our society. 1) Misinterpretation of others' scriptures: Generally due to envy religious teachers misinterpret the scriptures of other religions so that wrong ideas may be created in society against other religions. The followers of almost all religions treat their own religion as the oldest and the greatest one. Due to this narrow mindedness they think that whatever right may be in this world, have been introduced in their scriptures and the scriptures of other religions are full of useless things. But actually, no religion should be considered as the most superior or superior to any other religion because all religions pave the path to the same ultimate reality. 2) Nastika and Kaphira : The Vedic tradition believes in the God and the Vedas. All its philosophical, religious and social theories have originated from the

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138 Vedas. The Vedas have been accepted as the words of God. God is known as the creator, sustainer and destroyer of this world. Contrary to this tradition, Jaina and Buddhist traditions have refused the Vedas and the existence of God. They have believed in human power. According to Jainism and Buddhism, a man, by practising penance, can achieve Godly superiority. Therefore he should not depend on God, a transcendental element. But the followers of Vedic tradition have named Jainas and Buddhists as Nastikas. According to them, Nastika means a man of irreligious and immoral character. If a man is neither religious nor moral, how can he be a social man. So the nastika-man is neither religious nor ethical nor social. But, in the real sense the word Nastika represents the jealousy of Vedic tradition against Jaina and Buddhist traditions which symbolise violence. Islam is a religion based on the five religious pillars (Pancastambhas). The Pancastambhas consist of one Imana (faith) and four Ibadata (religious activities). The followers of Islam have faith in Allaha, Kurana Sarif, Deen (Islam religion), Akhirata, Muhammad Sahib, Nabi, Rasula. They practise four Ibadata i.e. Namaza (Prayer to Khuda), Roja (Fasting), Jakata (Charity) and Haja (Travel to Makka-Madina the central place of Islam). A Muslim is he who follows the five stambhas and a religious man is he who has faith in Islam. According to Islamic theory, those who do not follow Islam are Kaphira. A Kaphira just like Nastiak of Hinduism, stands for those who are neither religious, nor moral, nor social. The feeling of Nastika or Kaphira hampers the universality of religion. According to time and place, there are different, religions in the world. How can only one religion be accepted as a religion? If a man declares all religions, except his own religion, as non-religions, he commits a sort of violence. All religions should be respected equally. Superiority of own religion In the Srimadbhagavadgita a key not of the whole Vedic philosophy and religon Sri Krsna has propounded - "Sreyansvadharmo vigunah paradharmatsvanusthitat | Svadharme nidhanam sreyahpara dharmo bhyavahah" |1351|3

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139 That, own religion, even if it lacks some religious qualities, is better than others religion well conducted. If needed, to sacrifice even life for the cause of own religion is auspicious because others religions are fearful. Inferiority of Others' Religions Religious teachers and prophets are found very interested not only in praising and popularising their own religions but also in defaming others' religions. They deform the technical terms having right forms of other religions, so that people may have their wrong meanings and unsocial senses. In the Hindi speaking areas there are two very popular words - Lucca and Buddhu - which are always used in a bad sense. The word Lucca means that man who is a wrong-doer and whose words are not worthy to be believed. This word is the deformation of the Jaina word Lunca. In the Jaina religion monks and nuns pluck threir hairs without using any razor or scissor or blade. That plucking activity is known as "Luncana'. The person who does 'Luncana' is named as 'Lunca". Particularly this word is used for the Jaina-saints. The religious teachers and prophets of the Vedic tradition do not accept the philosophical and religious theories propounded by the Jaina philosophers and prophets. According to them, the Jaina philosophical theories and religious practices are meaningless and useless. So, due to jealousy against Jainism the Vedic prophets have declared that the words of a 'Lunca' are not worthy to be believed. In the flux of time the word "Lunca' has been changed as 'Lucca' which is very commonly used for a wrong-doer and unbelievable person. The word 'Buddhu' is the deformation of the word 'Buddha' of Buddhist tradition. The envious intension of the Vedic religious teachers have caused this deformity. The word 'Buddhu' means foolish while the word 'Buddha' means wiseman. In Buddhism, Buddha is he who has attained true knowledge after renouncing all worldly attachments and practising penance. But the Vedic religious teachers have attached a wrong meaning with this word. According to them, Buddha is Buddhu or foolish. Actually Buddha has refuted the Vedic philosophy and religious teachings. Therefore they have declared Buddhists as Buddhus. But now the word 'Buddhu' is used for any wrong doer and foolishman.

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140 'Sravagi' - Once Upadhyaya Amara Munijee was passing through South-Bihar, now Jharakhand. He came to hear a sentence uttered by a shopkeeper to a street-dog moving near about his shop. "Dura hata sravagi'. Having heard this sentence he wondered how a Jaina word 'sravagi', the changed form of the word 'Srayaka', was being used for a dog. The origin and meaning of 'Sravagi' were not known to the shopkeeper. He was uttering that word simply because that was in use from the long past. But it may be inferred that the wrong meaning might have been given to 'Gravagi' by the Vedic religious teachers in order to humiliate the Jainas. Saying of Brahamana Haribhadra, a Brahmana scholar has said that the entrance in a Jaina temple is much more dangerous than being killed by a mad elephant. So ne should never go to any Jaina temple. This is nothing but jealousy of the Vedic scholar against Jainism. Envy is the mother of violence. One can very easily assign that under evaluation of one religion by another religion is a sort of violence. Violation of Ascetic Code of Conduct Violation of the ascetic code of conduct by monks and nuns directly or indirectly causes violence in the religious field which can be identified in the following forms - Attachment Although, while accepting monkhood a person renounces all his worldly relations, now a days monks and nuns are found suffering from different types of attachment, such as - a) Attachment with former family members - Even after being an ascetic, monks and nuns are found attached with their former family members. If possible they help them in various family affairs by providing them money or material. They help them in their business, service, marriage, academic achievements etc. They keep themselves always in contact with them through letters and telephones. They keep soft corners for them in their hearts. b) Attachment to Dwelling place - Ascetics are seen very much attached to their Matha, Asrama, Sthanaka etc. as an ordinary man is attached

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141 to his native place. They are found so related with the people living around their Matha or Asrama that they (common people) consider them their own monks and nuns. Though monks and nuns should be of no place and of no person. Without considering the proper necessity of some religious or academic institution they try to establish them near about their own places with a view to achieving fame of their own names and places. c) Parently Attachment - Monks and nuns are also found attached to their disciples as ordinary parents are seen attached to their sons and daughters. They feel pleasure or pain for their disciples as in worldly life parents enjoy pleasure and suffer pain different on issues. This sort of feeling creates jealousy among different monks and their disciples. Attraction towards worldly life - * Saintliness is nothing but renunciation of worldly life. That is why after accepting monkhood man leaves aside all names, dynasties, dresses, dishes, degrees, decorums of worldly life. He remains neither son nor father, nor husband nor brother of anybody. He is recognized simply as a religious man. People respect him without considering his age and qualification. The householders bow their heads to him only because he is a saint or monk and not because he is B.A. or M.A. But these days young monks and nuns are fascinated towards academic degrees which are of no use for them. Instead of remembering Rama, Krisna, Khuda, Mahavira, Buddha, Christ and the like they remember the names of ordinary authors and their books expected to be asked in the examinations they are preparing to appear at. Saints should study only scriptures so that they may attain true knowledge presented theirin by former saints and seers, otherwise saintliness is pulled down by the efforts done for degrees and diplomas. When saintliness is relegated, it goes towards various forms of violence. Influence of cinema on religion These days religion is being influenced by cinema. The followers of different religions sing parodies as prayers. The parodies consist of religious terms and cinema tunes. Even monks and nuns are composing parodies used as prayers. It is well understood that till a man is not well versed in cinema-songs he cannot compose a parody in cinema-tune. The cinema scene with which the particular song is concerned may come in

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142 the rememberance of the person who composes the parody as well as the person who presents it as prayer, if they have seen the particular movie. The remembrance of cinema-seen may cause deviation of the internal leaning from spiritual world to material world, from saintly life to householder's life. Deformation of Gocari Gocari is a method for getting food in the ascetic life. A cow collects its food from different places by moving here and there. In the same way a monk should collect his food from different houses without pre-fixing any place. He should go only upto the outer-gate of the house and should stay their for a few minutes. If he does not get any food there, he should move to other doors. He should pleasantly accept the items of food prepared for the family members, not with a view to offering to some saint. But these days, places and persons are seen predetermined, from where and from whom food is to be collected. The ascetic goes directly to the kitchen of the householder from whom he has to have his meal. He chooses and takes delicious items prepared according to his choice knowingly by the householder. The householder thinks that he achieves religious values as much different delicious dishes he offers to the ascetic at his doors. Sometimes the householder goes to the dwelling place of the saint to inform that food is prepared and his family members are quite ready to welcome him. This way of Gocari makes the ascetic unable to control his taste which is against the saintly life. The unrestricted way of taking food may cause different types of violence in ascetic life as well as in common social life. Concealment of Crimes Often many religious activities are preformed for the concealment of crimes and illegal deeds. A robber collects money by robbing others and constructs a temple to show that he is a good social man and is interested in religion. A smuggler earns a lot of money by smuggling and to conceal his unsocial activities he establishes an inn or a home for homeless so that people may respect him as a great social worker and a true well wisher of humanity. Some wealthy persons organize charitable trust in order to help the poor and the needy, by the power of his wealth

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143 collected by exploiting labours and weak persons. But these activities should not be considered as religious behaviour because these are based upon irreligious and illegal means and methods. They are externally religious, but internally irreligious i.e. violence. Sacrifice Sacrifice (Balipratha) of the Vedic tradition is known as a religious practice, in which some animal is killed as offering to Gods or Goddesses to please them. Therefore in the Vedic tradition it has been asserted - "Vaidiki himsa hissa na bhavati" That violence prescribed in the Vedas is not a violence. The theory of sacrifice has been established in the Vedas and has been classified as a religious activity and not as irreligious deed or violence. But Hemacandracarya, a great Jaina thinker, in his work, Anyayogavyvacchedavatrinsika, has vehemently criticised this theory." Though the theory of sacrifice has been mentioned in the Vedas it cannot be the cause of religion. Even after being introduced in the Vedas, violence cannot be treated as religion. A saying cannot be proved as exception to some reference different from it. Approval of sacrifice in the Vedas is just like a theory which accepts sitting on the throne after killing one's own son. According to the Vedic view, the person who performs sacrifice gets pleasure and prosperity and the animal which is killed as offering to God goes to heaven as a result of that religious performance. But the Jainacarya has raised here two questions. i) Does the animal killed before Gods or Goddesses want to go to heaven at the cost of its own life? It is but natural that nobody wants to be killed. Even for the sake of enjoying heavenly pleasure nobody wants to finish the present life. So it is irreligious to kill an animal with a view to sending it to heaven. ii) Suppose the animal slaughtered on the altar goes to heaven, why not the sacrificers kill their own near and dear ones as religious offering to Gods and Goddesses so that they will go to heaven? But they do not do so. It means that the idea of sending an animal to heaven by killing it on some altar is wrong.

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144 The Mimansa system of the Vedic tradition argues that 'Na himsyat sarvabhutani' is a general theory while "Vaidiki hissa himsa na bhavati" is an exception. Since, exception is considered as more powerful than the general rule or theory, Vaidiki himsa himsa na bhavati" should be accepted as a religious theory and it must be followed. But the Samkhya system of Vedic tradition has refuted this theory. According to Samkhys Vedic yajna does not make the sacrificer (yajnakarta) worthy to be liberated, because it is not fully pure and religious. Moreover, if "Na himisyat sarvabhutani' is a general rule, its exception may be known as some particular being is to be killed. 'Vaidiki himsa hissa na bhavati' cannot occupy the place of its exception. In this way the Jaina thinkers as well as the Samkhya thinkers conclude that if killing of an animal is known as religious activity, what will be put in the class of irreligious actions? If by killing animal and sprinkling blood on earth one can go to heaven, what can be the way for going to hell.is Kurabani Kurabani is a famous religious activity in Islam. Kurbani means offering of one's own dearest thing to Khuda or Allaha . The story of Kurbani runs like this - para Imbrahima established Makka the central place of Islam. When that establishment was completed, Khuda ordered Imbrahima to offer his own dearest thing to him. Imbrahima brought his camel, which was dear to him. to offer that to Allaha. But Khuda asked-whether the camel was the most dear thing to him? Next time Imbrahima brought his sheep in order to offer that to Khuda. Again Khuda asked, whether the sheep was the most beloved thing to him? Then Imbrahima made up his mind to offer his son to Khuda because he was his dearest issue. With this intention he brought his son to a hill where he disclosed the secret to his son that he had brought him there to sacrifice him to Khuda. After hearing the proposal and purpose of his father the son became very much happy. He advised his father to bind his hands and legs by a rope so that he could not run away in the love of his life and he also requested his father to fasten his own eyes by some cloth so that he (father) could not

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145 be deviated from his determination by seeing the killing of his son. Imbrahima very courageously and religiously did all according to his son's advice. But as soon as he raised his hands to kill his son, an angel of Khuda (Farista) arrived there and by catching his hands said not to do so, because Khuda was very much pleased, having known his intention. He advised him to offer a sheep only. Since that time offering an animal to Khuda has been in practice as Kurbani in Islam. According to the rule prescribed for Kurbani, the animal to be offered should be tamed with love and affection in the family of the person who wants to perform Kurbani, so that all family members may feal attached with that animal. But generally people buy some goat or sheep from the market and offer that to Khuda at the time of Kubani. In Christianity also Kurbani was in practice but after the sacrifice Isamasiha made, the performance of sacrifice was considered to be completed and since then the Christians left the Kurbani performance. In the vedic tradition, according to the rules assigned for sacrifice, the animal which is slaughtered on the altar goes to heaven but there is nothing like this in Christianity and Islam. In these religions all beings, except human being, have been created with a view to being used by the human beings so they are used by them without thinking about their decay and development. The followers of Islam, for proving the religious and social value of Kurbani, argue that the money earned by selling the skins of animals butchered on the eve of Kurbani, is given as charity to poor people. Though, both Hinduism and Islam claim their Sacrifice and Kurbani respectively as religious performances, a very simple question remains unsolved - If killing some being is religious, what can be known as irreligious? So from the view point of Non-Violence, neither Sacrifice nor Kurbani may be considered as religious activity. Crusade Crusade or Zehada or Dharmayuddha is a very famous concept in the field of religion. It is a fight for spreading and developing own religion, and disturbing and destroying others' religion. History has

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146 witnessed a long-time crusade between Jews, Christians and Mohammedans. When crusade occurs many people of both sides are killed. Though crusade is known as a fight for the cause of religion, it is not in the favour of true religion. In the true sense, religion never accepts killing or destroying. A real religion is for the betterment of human society, not for its ruin. Crusade finishes the freedom of following a religion according to one's own will. It destroys the universality of religion. A religion may be considered good as long as it has universality. But crusade puts a religion in a small limitation. It is not only against religion but against humanity also. Crusade can never provide a harmonious and happy life to human beings. Conversion Conversion consists of two parts - (i) Leaving one's own religion and (ii) Accepting another religion. Due to different social, economic and political reasons a man leaves his own religion and accepts another religion. This conversion has two types. i) Conversion by own will ii) Conversion by force Many Hindus have converted themselves to Christians, because they are being helped by Christianity. They have accepted Christianity willingly. Contrary to it, Mugal emperor Aurangjeba forcibly converted Hindus to Islam. He demolished many temples, statues of Gods and Goddesses of Hindu religion. He also killed thousands of Hindus who stood against him. So the conversion by force is a very fearful form of violence in the field of religion, which must be prohibited. So the negative forms of Non-Violence in religion may be constituted by the prohibitions of all above said violences in it. The Positive form of Non-Violence in Religion In the positive form of Non-Violence there is nothing to be prohibited or negated but there are some ideas and activities to be affirmed and accepted. Kindness (Daya) and Charity (Dana) have been considered as the main positive forms of non-violence in religion.

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147 Kindness (Daya) The Hindi word 'Daya' has different synonyms as 'Anukampa' (Compassion), Karuna (Mercy) etc. Acaarya Hemacandra has defined Karuna in the following words - Dinesvarthesu bhitesu yacamanesu jivitam! Pratikarapara buddhiti karunyabhedhiyate 11201116 . The feeling for saving a person from his trouble, who is either poor or suffering from pains or fearful or begging for the safety of his life, is Karuna. Karuna or Daya has been divided into four kindsDravya Daya, Bhava Daya, Sva Daya and Para Daya 1. Dravya Daya - As it has been discussed in Acarangasutra, Sutrakstangasutra, Uttaradhyanasutra etc., no being desires to suffer any sort of pain either mental or verbal or bodily. A wiseman, having treated all souls like his own soul, never troubles anybody, rather he always tries to save others from different sufferings of the world. This is Dravya Daya. If somebody tortures some being for the sake of his ownself, his family or society, his nation, he pushes himself down from the path of Dravyadaya. 2. Bhava Daya - There are two types of happiness - (i) Material happiness (Paudgalika sukha) and (ii) Spiritual happiness or Happiness concerning soul (Atmika sukha). The material happiness is momentary while the spiritual happiness is eternal. The developed being endures to have spiritual happiness, which is obtained through the enhancement of internal qualities of soul. Therefore to pave path for the betterment of spiritual qualities is Bhavadaya. It has been said - "Atmaguna aviradhana bhavadaya bhandara" The Bhavadaya is restored in the development of spiritual characteristics. 3. Sva Daya (Kindness towards ownself) - To be kind to one's own self is Svadaya. Often a man indulges himself in different material and worldly activities which cause bondage and sufferings. But when he tries, by practising penance, to get himself free from worldly sufferings, he obtains liberation. In this way he becomes kind to his own self, because kindness is to help somebeing when he is in some trouble.

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148 4. Para Daya (Kindness towards other beings) - To increase the percentage of pleasure and to decrease the percentage of pain of other beings are known as Paradaya. So a kind man always tries to save other beings from their sufferings and to provide them pleasures as much as he can. Dana (Charity) Dana has been defined by Umasvati as "Anugrahartha svasyati sargo danam Il"?!? Charity (Anugraha) is to offer one's own thing to some person to help or to favour him. Pt. Sukhalalaji has analysed the theory of charity established by Umasvati. In his opinion, dana is the offer of that thing which has been earned justly. The offer must be proved beneficial to both the person who is offering and the person to whom the offer is made. The person who gives charity to some needy fellow is benefitted by being free from the attachment to the thing given and the man who gets charity is benefitted by the fulfillment of his needs. Parts and Characteristics of Charity - There are four parts of charity, that present its four characteristics." (i) Method of charity (Vidhi) - The method of charity introduces its methodical characteristic. When, with a view to justifying the space (Desa), time (Kala) and faith (Sraddha), a thing is offered and it does not affect in any way the theory of the person who is receiving the charity, it is categorised as methodical characteristic. (ii) Matter or object of charity (Vastu) - The matter or thing which is being given as charity must have the qualities which may give support and cause improvement of that person who is getting charity. (iii) Generous Person (Data) - The generous person should have respect in his heart for the person to whom he is offering something. After giving charity neither he should have any gloom in his heart nor any desire for getting some gain or return. (iv) Man who gets charity (Patra) - The man who is considered suitable for taking charity must have right faith (Samyaka Darsana), right

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149 knowledge (Samyak Jnana) and right conduct (Samyak caritra). He should be always vigilant for doing right works. Kinds of Charity - There are ten types of charity'' 1) Anukampadana (Kindness - based charity) - The charity which is given with a view to favouring some poor and distressed is known as Anukampadana. 2) Sangrahadana (Emergency help-based charity) - The charity offered to somebody in order to get some help (as return) at the time of emergency is named as Sangrahadana. The selfishness of the person giving charity lies in it. So it does not cause his liberation. 3) Bhayadana (Fearfulness - based charity) - The charity given due to fear from king, minister, priest, giant (Raksasa) demon (Pisaca) etc. is known as Bhayadana. 4) Karunyadana (Mercy - based charity)- The charity given after being merciful at the time of the death of some near and dear one is addressed as Karunyadana). 5) Lajjadana (Shamefulness - based charity) - A man sitting in a meeting being participated by several persons of various status, gives charity to some needy person, in case of being requested by him, so that people do not consider him a miser. Because this sort of charity is given due to shamefulness, it is known as Lajjadana. 6) Gauravadana (Glory-based Charity) - The charity which is offered in order to attain name and fame, is known as Gauravadaha. 7) Adharmadana (Irreligiousness - based charity) - The charity given to those persons who are busy in violence, false-speaking, stealing etc. is known as Adharmadana. This type of charity favours irreligiousness, not religiousness, and indirectly promotes violence. 8) Dharmadana (Religiousness - based charity) * The charity offered for the cause of religion is known as Dharmdana. This type of charity is given particularly to those saints and seers for whom gold and ashes have the same value.

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150 9) Karisytidana (Return-based charity) - When a person gives charity to somebody, with a hope that he will return something as help or favour in future, that is called karisyatidana. 10) Ketadana (Past favour - based charity) - The charity given as a return of the favour done in the past is treated as Kotadana. Some thinkers have put charity into four other classes - 1) Jnanadana, 2) Abhayadana, 3) Dharmopakaranadana and 4) Anukampadana 1) Jnanadana (Knowledge-based charity) - To offer knowledge to other persons is known as Jnanadana. This type of charity consists of teaching and helping those who are curious to achieve knowledge. 2) Abhayadana (Fearlfulness - based charity) - To save those persons who are fearful is considered as Abhyadana. Abhayadana is treated as the greatest one among all charities. 20 3) Dharmopakaranadana (Austerities - based charity) - Dharmopakaranadana is that in which charity is given to those persons who follow the five great austerities (Panca Mahavratas) very sincerely, 4) Anukampadana - It has been elaborately discussed ahead in this article. Charity is one of the four kinds of religion - a) Dana (Charity),.b) Sila (Amiableness), Tapa (Penance) and Bhavana (Meditation). Charity is also one of the following virtues (Punyas) 1. Annapunya - The virtue or punya which is caused by giving corn to somebody. 2. Panapunya - Panapunya is that which is attained by offering milk like drinks to somebody. 3. Vastrapunya - The virtue obtained by giving clothings to some needy person is known as Vastrapunya. 4. Layanapunya - The religiousness achieved by giving residential place to some poor person is Layanapunya. 5. Sayanapunya - Offering of bed to some person for sleeping is Sayanapunya.

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151 ONY 6. Manahpunya - The cheerfulness enjoyed by seeing gentlemen and religious persons. 7. Vacanapunya - The admiration of meritorious fellows is known as Vacanapunya. 8. Kayapunya - The virtue attained by being at the service of other persons is considered as Kayapunya. 9. Namaskarapunya - Salutation based virtue is known as Namaskarapunya. Among the above mentioned nine kinds of virtue, the first five are also known as the kinds of charity.21 Result of Charity - Ordinarily it is known that charity results into virtue. But in the Jaina religion, different alternatives concerning results of charity have been presented. There is an interesting discussion between Lord Mahavira and Gautama Swami in the Bhagawatisutra. As Lord Mahavira has instructed Gautama Swami, there are three types of result of charity. 1. When a householder offers prescribed seat (asana) to take place, pure and unadulterated drinks and food to some ascetic (Sramana), the results of his different deeds (karmas) come to their complete end (karmaksaya) and he suffers no sins. 2. The house holder who gives unpreseribed seat, impure and adulterated drinks and foods to some saint, the result of his deeds (Karmas) are removed in large quality and he suffers too less sins. 3. In the case of offering pure or impure drinks and food to some unrestrained person, liberal man (Dani) suffers his sins fully, and the result of his various deeds never perish. Anukampadana Lord Mahavira has not negated Anukampadana, though he has not discussed it very clearly. In the Terapantha, Anukampadana has been declared as unprescribed and irreligious charity (Asanyati Dana) because it causes sin. Jayacarya has advocated this theory in the Danadhikarana of Bhramavidhvansanam, which has been refuted by Jawahirlalji in Sarvadharmamandanam in the following way -

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152 1. Adoption of Religious Vows by Gathapati Ananda - There is a statement by Gathapati Ananda, while he adopts 5 Anuvratas and 7 Siksavratas, in the 1s Adhyayana of Upasakadasangasutra. In his acceptance of different virtues he asserts that he will offer prescribed and pure seats, drinks, food etc. to sramana - Nirgranthas i.e. Jaina ascetics. As Jayacarya has interpreted this statement, Ananda has refused to give any charity to poor and needy, because he has mentioned only Nirgranthas in his statement. But Jawahiralalji in Saddharmamandanam, while refuting Jayacarya's view, says that Ananda has refused only to give charity to those who follow the religion which is not established by the omniscient and also who is not wise. He has not negated to give charity to poor persons on the basis of kindness. So charity must be given to the poor and the sufferers. 2. Lord Mahavira - Gautama Swami - Discussion - According to Jayacarya, charity should not be given to those who are religiously not worthy to take that (Asanyati). If done, it results into sin. He, in order to strengthen his opinion, presents the Mahavira - Gautama discussion found in the Bhagawatisutra. Mahavira, while answering Gautama's question concerning charity, assigns that charity should not be given to Asanyati, because it causes sin not Nirjara (End of karma). But Jawahirlalji with a view to refuting Jayacaryas theory says that though theoretically (on the basis of Gurubuddhi)giving charity to Asanyati has been prohibited, offering charity to the poor people as a result of kindness has not been negated. 3. Adoption of religious vows by Rajapradesi - In Rajaprasniya there is a statement of Rajapradesis adoption of religious vows. Rajapradesi like Gathapati Ananda adopts 12 religious vows and he also makes up his mind to give charity to poor and needy people. He conveys his proposal to Kesikumara who keeps silence. Here Jayacarya, with a view to supporting his own theory, has interpreted the silence maintained by Kesikumara as the negation of giving charity to poor persons. But Jawahirlalji says that in the case of giving charity to poor being the cause of sin, Kesikumara shuld have prohibited Rajapradesi from offering charity to sufferers. But he has not done so, that's why giving charity to needy persons should not be considered as the cause of sin. 4. Muni Ardrakumara and Karmakandi Brahmana - In the Sutrakitanga there is a talk between Muni Ardrakumara and a Brahmana.

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153 The Brahmana requests Muni Ardrakumara to follow the Vedic - religion. He says that as a result of feeding two thousand Brahmanas who practise their six duties studying, teaching etc. one achieves virtue (punya) and goes to heaven. But Ardrakumara refutes his idea and says that what to talk of two thousand Brahamanas, feeding even one Brahamana who takes meat causes suffering in too torturous hell. Here Jayacarya says that Ardrakumara has not accepted the Brahmana's idea because it is against religious conduct to feed Asanyati. But Jawahiralalaji while refuting Jayacarya's interpretation of Ardrakumaras saying asserts that Ardrakumara has prohibited the giving of charity to the Brahmanas who praise the violence based religion and condemn the non-violence based religion, not the charity given due to kindness (Anukampadana) In this way, it may be concluded that the act of giving charity to poor and needy fellows, on the basis of kindness (Anukampadana) is virtuous and worthy to be practised. Dana according to Ganadhipati Tulasi Ganadhipati Tulasi a Jaina saint and philosopher of world fame and the 9th acarya of Terapantha sect has expressed his valuable views concerning charity in the following way - a) To provide bread and water to somebody is not a charity but a social co-operation. A true charity is to make that man wise who is not wise.22 b) To feel pride as a result of offering unnecessary and rotten things to somebody is to lower the justification of charity.23 c) To offer money as charity to somebody, in order to be free from the sin resulted the earning of wealth through unjustified and improper means, is nothing but the mockery of charity.24 d) The purity of all three - liberal person, things to be given as charity and the person who takes charity - causes the achievement of benefit of true charity.25 e) The person who has abandoned willingly all things is worthy to take charity.26 Preaching and Teaching of Religious Ideas Religion and Non-violence are in very close contact with each other as we have seen in the beginning. Actually, without non-violence there

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154 cannot be any true religion which may provide harmony and happiness to human life. So the religious ideas supporting non-violence must be preached by the saints and prophets of all religions. In the schools and colleges the curriculum of non-violence should be run with other courses going on in different universities. There is only one university named Jaina Visva Bharati Institute, Ladanu (Rajasthan), in which MA course in Non-Violence is being taught. But it is not sufficient. According to Acarya Mahaprajna, these days non-violence has become irrelevant, because practically no society or nation is active for developing non-violence. Except Jaina Visva Bharati Ladanu neither there is any training centre nor any teaching institute for non-violence in the whole world. On the other hand, in almost all countries of the world there are several training centres and schools for teaching violence. Terrorism is spread all over the world. No country may be exception which is free from terrorism. Terrorists are trying to prove the relevance of violence. As they are showing, creating terror and torturing people is their motives, their way of life. As such, we are going back to the primitive age when the theory of "might is right" was prevailing in human life. But this way of thinking will finish the present culture and civilization which have been developed since long back. Therefore, all religious institutions should promote the teaching of not only non-violence but also other religious and ethical theories supporting non-violence. Non-Violence is supported by truth (Satya), nonstealing (Asteya), celibacy (Brahmacarya) and non-hoarding (Aparigraha). Truth presents a thing as it is, which helps a man to know the reality. After knowing the real situation of a thing the man concerned becomes ready to face that. But due to false statement a person is befooled and cheated which may place him in some painful position. So truth helps a man in bringing pleasure and peace in life, i.e. non-violence. Non-stealing makes a man earn his livelihood honestly, otherwise stealing creates sorrow in the life of the person and brings weakness in the life of the person who steals. So non-steeling is proper and pleasant for both the man suffering due to theft and the man who steals. Celibacy provides a proper and pious lite to human being. In the absence of celibacy, life becomes uncontrolled which results into irreligious and immoral life. The irreligious and immoral elements of life may cause any type of violence. So celibacy should be practised.

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Non-hoarding saves a man from exploitation which is a kind of violence. A man should have only those things which fulfill his necessities. But generally people try to store various commodities of comfort and luxury not for his ownself but for his sons and grand sons for which they exploit other persons. So non-hoarding is a way to follow the path of non-violence. 844 All these ideas should be taught to the public so that the concept of non-violence may be advanced and it may flourish in the world. *References: 1. Ahimisa sakalodharmo himisadharmastathahitah 1201 Mahabharata, Santiparva, ch. 272. Nabhutanamahimisaya jyayan dharmosti kathancana ch 262, Santiparva. 4. 5. 6. Dhrtih ksama damosteyam sauca mindriyanigraha | Dhi vidya satyamkrodho dasakam dharma laksanam || 7. Dharmenaivarsayastirna dharma lokaha pratisthitah Dharmena deva vavrdhurdharme carthah samahitah ||7|| Mahabharata, Santiparva, chapter- 167. 113011 2. Dhammamahinisasam nathi - Bhaktaparijna - 91. 3. Ahimisa saba dharmon ka sattva hai, sara hai, makkhana hai | 3134 EkaBunda Eka Sagara, Vol. I, p. 265. Value and Destiny of the Individual, Boasanquet, p. 25. Dhammo have hato hanti - 8/422/45 Jataka. 8. The Philosphy of Religion, G. Galloway, p. 184. 9. Jnana, darsana, ananda aura skti ke satha jo ekarasta hai, vaha dharma hail Eka bunda eka sagara vol. 2, p. 722. 10. Dharma ka kama kisika mata badalana nahin, kintu mana jivana aura hrdaya badalana hai Eka Bunda Eka Sagara, Vol. 2, p. 722. 11. "Pramatt yogat prana vyaparopanam himsa". 12. Savve pana, savve bhuya, savve jiva, savve satta, na hantavva, na ajjjaveyavva, na paridhitavva, na pariyaveyavva, na uddaveyavva, esa dhamume suddha | Acarangasutra - Atmaramajee, Prathama srutaskandha, caturtha adhyayan, Uddesaka - 1, page - 370

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156 13. Srimadbhagavadgita, chapter - 3, sloka - 35 14. Na dharmahetur vihitapi himsa notsrsta manyarthamapodyate call Svaputraghatad nopatitvalipsa sabrahmcari sfuritam paresaml|11||| 15. Yupam cchitva pasun hatva krtva rudhirakardmam Ydyevam gamyate svarge naraka kena gamyate || Syadvadamangari, Mallisena p. 92 16. Yogasutra, Caturtha Prakasa 17. Tattvarthasutra, 7, 33 18. Vidhidrayadatspatra visesanattadvisesah 113411 Tattvarthasutra, chapter - 7 19. Dasavihe dana - Anukampa - 1. Sangahe, 2. Cevabhye, 3. Kalunitetiya, 4. Lijjate, 5. Garvenamca, 6. Ahamme una sattame, 7. Dhammeta atthame vutte, 8. Kahitita 9. Katantita 1011 Sthanargasutra, ch. 10, Udde - 3, Sutra 745 20. Sutrakstanga, Ist Srutaskandha, ch. - 6, Gatha - 23 21. Sthanangasutra, part - 5, Sthana - 9, Sutra - 17 22. Kisiko roti khilana, panipilana dana nahin, samajika sahayoga hai Sacca dana hai kisi ajnani ko jnani bana dena. Eka Bunda Eka Sagara, Vol. - 2, p. 684 23. Sarigali aura anavasyaka vastuon ka dana dekara svayam ko krtartha samajhana dana ke aucitya ko kama karna hai ! 24. Anyaya aura buraion se paise kamakara usa papa se mukti pane ke liye dana cahata hai | Eha dana ki vidambana hai / Ibid 25. Data, deya, aura patra tinon vieudha hone se hi pavitra dana ka labha milata hai l Ibid. 26. Dana ka adhikari vaha hota hai jisane sveccha se saba kucha tyaga diya hai | Ibid 685.

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vidyApITha ke prAMgaNa meM zve0 terApaMtha sampradAya kI sAdhvI jatanakumArI jI (kaniSThA) ThANA 5 kA 6 julAI ko vidyApITha meM zubhAgamana huaa| apane 24 ghaMTe ke alpa pravAsa meM unhoMne saMsthAna parisara sthita bhavanoM, yahAM ke samRddha pustakAlaya, saMgrahAlaya Adi kA avalokana kiyaa| isa avasara para unheM saMsthAna meM cala rahe zaikSaNika evaM zodha sambandhI pariyojanAoM kI vistRta jAnakArI dI gyii| vidyApITha meM adhyayanArtha virAjita kharataragacchIya muni mahendrasAgara jI evaM muni manISasAgara jI ma0 sA0 kA adhyayana sucAru rUpa se cala rahA hai| . 7 sitambara ko zve0 terApaMthI sampradAya kI samaNI muditaprajJA jI ThANA - 4 kA saMsthAna meM Agamana haa| apane saMkSipta pravAsa meM unhoMne yahAM ho rahe zodha kAryoM kI jAnakArI prApta kii| - mAnyavara, kSamA, bhrAtRtva aura karuNA ke mahAn parva saMvatsarI ke pAvana avasara para hama vigata varSoM meM huI apanI samasta bhUloM evaM mana, vacana evaM kAya se jAne-anajAne hue aparAdhoM ke liye Apa sabhI se hRdaya se kSamAyAcanA karate haiN| kSamAbhilASI pro0 sAgaramala jaina indrabhUti gharar3a pro0 mahezvarI prasAda maMtrI saha maMtrI nidezaka evaM samasta pArzvanAtha vidyApITha parivAra

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jaina jagat DaoN0 lAlacanda jI kI jaina ceyara para niyukti bhuvanezvara 5 agasta : utkala yunivarsiTI dvArA pravartita jaina ceyara para prophesara ke rUpa meM suprasiddha vidvAn DaoN0 lAlacanda jaina ko niyukta kiyA gayA hai| DaoN0 jaina pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke pUrva chAtra rahe haiM aura yahIM se unhoMne pIeca0DI0 kI upAdhi bhI prApta kI hai| jJAtavya hai ki DaoN0 jaina ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI ke nidezaka pada se pichale maI mAha meM hI sevAnivRtta hue haiN| unakI isa gauravapUrNa upalabdhi ke liye vidyApITha kI ora se hArdika bdhaaii| narsiMga skUla ke bhavana nirmANa hetu bhUmipUjana sampanna kolakAtA 23 agasta : bhIkhamacaMda bhaMsAlI narsiMga skUla ke bhavana nirmANa hetu 23 agasta ko dopahara 3 baje zrI jaina haoNspiTala eNDa risarca senTara, hAvar3A parisara meM bhUmipUjana kA kAryakrama sampanna huaa| amerikA ke pravAsI zrI rAja bhaMsAlI ne apane pUjya pitA kI smRti meM ukta narsiMga skUla kI sthApanA hetu 11 lAkha rupaye kA anudAna diyA hai| pUrva meM bhI zrI bhaMsAlI ne pUrvokta cikitsAlaya meM apanI mAtA kI smRti meM eka vArDa kA nirmANa karAyA hai| paryuSaNa parva sampanna jammU 31 agasta : sthAnIya zrImahAvIra jaina hAyara sekenDarI skUla ke prAMgaNa meM-ATha divasIya paryuSaNa kA mahAn parva saMvatsarI dAna, zIla, tapa evaM dhArmika zraddhA ke sAtha sampanna huaa| zrI esa0esa0 jaina sabhA, jammU dvArA isa bhavya samAroha kA Ayojana kiyA gayA jisameM bar3I saMkhyA meM sthAnIya zrAvakoM ne bhAga liyaa| isa avasara . para bhajana tathA sAMskRtika kAryakrama bhI prastuta kiye gye| maNidhArI jinacandrasUri kI jayantI sampanna naI dillI 2 sitambara : prakaTa prabhAvI maNidhArI jinacandrasUri jI (dvitIya dAdA guru) kI 863vI jayantI ke pAvana avasara para bar3I dAdAvAr3I, meharaulI meM do divasIya (2-3 sitambara) mele kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| isa samAroha meM kendrIya mAnavasaMsAdhana maMtrI DaoN0 muralI manohara jozI, madhya pradeza ke pUrva mukhyamaMtrI zrI sundara lAla paTavA tathA bar3I saMkhyA meM zraddhAluoM ne bhAga liyaa|

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159 rathayAtrA mahotsava sampanna ___ aMbAlA 5 sitambara : zrIzvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka saMgha, aMbAlA ke tattvAvadhAna aura tapAgacchAdhipati AcArya zrImad vijayaratnAkarasUri jI ma0 sA0 kI pAvana nizrA meM dinAMka 5 sitambara ko Ayojita bhavya rathayAtrA mahotsava kA kAryakrama sampanna huaa| isameM bar3I saMkhyA meM zraddhAlajanoM ne bhAga liyaa| isa zobhAyAtrA meM sthAnIya vibhinna vidyAlayoM dvArA nikAlI gayI cittAkarSaka jhAMkiyAM AkarSaNa kA kendra rhiiN| DaoN0 nirmala kumAra jinadAsa phar3akule sammAnita dillI 7 sitambara : marAThI jaina sAhitya ke marmajJa, yazasvI lekhaka DaoN0 nirmala kumAra jinadAsa phar3akule ko omakoThArI phAuNDezana dvArA sthApita tathA triloka uccastarIya adhyayana evaM anusaMdhAna saMsthAna, koTA (rAja.) dvArA pravartita cAritracakravartI puraskAra se sammAnita kiyA gyaa| puraskAra samarpaNa samAroha 7 sitambara ko kundakunda sabhA maMDapa, RSabhadeva pArka, lAla kilA ke sAmane AcArya vidyAnanda jI mahArAja ke pAvana sAnidhya meM Ayojita kiyA gayA thaa| puraskAra ke rUpa meM zrIphar3akule ko eka lAkha rupaye kI rAzi, prazastipatra evaM svarNapadaka pradAna kiyA gyaa| arhatvacana puraskAra samarpaNa samAroha sampanna indaura 21 sitambara : kundakunda jJAnapITha, indaura dvArA pravartita arhat vacana puraskAra samarpaNa samAroha 21 sitambara ko sampanna huA jisameM zrI rAjamala jaina, DaoN0 esa0e0 bhuvanendrakumAra tathA zrImatI pragati jaina ko sammAnita kiyA gyaa| isa avasara para vidvatgoSThI meM zIrSastha vidvAnoM ke vyAkhyAna bhI hue| sabhI kAryakramoM kA saMcAlana DaoN0 anupama jaina ne kiyaa| sambodhi dhyAna zivira sampanna jayapura 22 sitambara : suprasiddha ciMtaka, yuvAmuni zrI candraprabhasAgara ke sAnnidhya meM motI DUMgarI, jayapura sthita dAdAvAr3I meM sAta divasIya sambodhi dhyAna zivira kA Ayojana kiyA gayA jo 15 sitambara se prArambha hokara 21 sitambara taka claa| isa zivira meM paryApta saMkhyA meM zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ne bhAga liyaa| zoka samAcAra AcAryakalAprabhasUri jI ma0sA0 kI ziSyA sAdhvI jayakIrti jI kA 10 sitambara ko ahamadAbAda meM nidhana ho gyaa| zrI a0bhA0 sAdhumArgI jaina saMgha ke mukhapatra zramaNopAsaka ke saMpAdaka zrI campAlAla DAgA kI patnI zrImatI sundara devI DAgA kA 11 sitambara ko 60 varSa kI Ayu meM cennaI meM nidhana ho gyaa| 22 sitambara

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160 ko rAjasthAna ke navaniyukta rAjyapAla mAnanIya nirmalacandajI jaina kA nidhana ho gyaa| 26 sitambara ko bhogIlAla laheracanda insTITyUTa oNpha iNDolaoNjI, dillI ke saMsthApaka, prasiddha udyogapati zrI pratApa bhAI bhogIlAla kI dharmapatnI zrImatI bhagavatI devI kA nidhana ho gyaa| vidyApITha kI ora se ukta svargastha AtmAoM ko bhAvabhInI shrddhaaNjli| bheMTa meM maMgavAyeM paramapUjya AcArya zrI vijaya jayantasenasUri jI ma0sA0 kI dIkSA paryAya ke 50veM varSa meM praveza ke upalakSya meM unake dvArA likhita "milA prakAza : khilA basanta" nAmaka grantha svAdhyAyiyoM, pustakAlayoM, sAdhu-sAdhvIvRnda Adi ko khimAvata cairiTebala TrasTa, rANI/mumbaI dvArA bheMTa meM dI jA rahI hai| yaha grantha hindI bhASA meM hai| jo jJAna maMdira/pustakAlaya yaha grantha maMgAnA cAhate hoM ve apanI saMsthA kA saMkSipta vivaraNa bhI bhejeN| pustaka prApti kA patA - muni cAritraratnavijaya, yatIndra bhavana dharmazAlA, talahaTI roDa, pAlItANA (gujarAta) 364270

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sAhitya satkAra jaina darzana kA samIkSAtmaka anuzIlana : sAdhvI nagInA ; prakAzaka jaina vizvabhAratI prakAzana, lADanUM, prathama saMskaraNa - 2002 I0, pRSTha 210, AkAraDimAI, mUlya 85/- rupye| - - - AtmA, sAdhvI nagInA kRta 'jaina darzana kA samIkSAtmaka anuzIlana' aba taka jaina darzana para likhI gayI pustakoM se sarvathA alaga eka navInatA lie hue hai| sAdhvI jI ne isa pustaka meM jaina darzana ke ciraparicita sAmAnya viSayoM kA samAveza na karate hue kucha mahattvapUrNa aura samakAlIna dArzanika mahattva ke viSayoM yathA karmavAda, punarjanma, mokSa kI bodhagamya vyAkhyA ke sAtha-sAtha vikAsavAda evaM pAzcAtya darzana ke sAtha unake samanvaya ko bhI rekhAMkita kiyA hai| lekhikA kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki unhoMne jina dArzanika viSayoM kI vyAkhyA kI hai, unheM SaDdarzana ke Aloka meM samAlocita bhI kiyA hai jisameM durAgraha athavA 'sayaM sayaM pasaM satA garahaMtA parama vayam' kA lezamAtra bhI samAveza nahIM hai| jaina darzana ke sAtha pAzcAtya darzana ke pramukha viSayoM kI samanvayAtmaka vyAkhyA sAdhvI zrI kA eka abhinava prayoga hai jo sarvathA prazaMsanIya hai| karmavAda ko vaijJAnika AdhAra pradAna karate hue lekhikA ne use kloniMga tathA kvAMTama yAMtrikI jaise sadya: navIna viSayoM ke pariprekSya meM bhI vyAkhyAyita karane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai| yathAsthAna varNya viSayoM ke samarthana meM citroM kA viniyoga pustaka ko pUrNatA pradAna karatA hai| bhASA prAJjala aura subodhagamya hai| yaha pustaka nizcaya hI jaina darzana ke adhyetAoM ke lie sarvathA upayogI aura sAdhanA mArga ke pathikoM ke lie upAdeya siddha hogI / DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ( aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika pariprekSya meM) : saMpA0 DaoN0 azoka kumAra jaina, DaoN0 jayakumAra jaina evaM DaoN0 surezacandra jaina, prakA0 prAcya zramaNa bhAratI, 12 / 4, premapurI, nikaTa jaina maMdira, mujaphpharanagara uttara pradeza; prathama saMskaraNa - varSa 1999 I0, AkAra - DimAI, pakkI jilda bAiMDiMga, pRSTha 26+6+353; mUlya 125/- mAtra / prastuta grantha tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ( aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika pariprekSya meM) nAmaka viSaya para varSa 1997 meM Ayojita akhila bhAratIya saMgoSThI meM par3he gaye zodhanibandhoM ke saMkalana kA mudrita rUpa hai| upAdhyAya zrI jJAnasAgara jI ma0sA0 ke

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162 pAvana sAnnidhya meM zrI jambUsvAmI digambara jaina siddhakSetra, mathurA meM yaha saMgoSThI 1910-97 se 21-10-97 taka Ayojita kI gayI thii| isakA Ayojana zrI gaNezavarNI zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI dvArA kiyA gayA thaa| isa saMgoSThI ke 7 satroM meM kula 37 nibandhoM kA vAcana huaa| saMgoSThI meM paThita prAya: sabhI Alekha apaneapane viSaya/kSetra meM lambe samaya se kArya kara rahe variSTha vidvAnoM ke haiN| apane lekhoM meM unhoMne aneka naI bAtoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| ye nibandha bhagavAn pArzvanAtha se sambaddha itihAsa, sAhitya, sthApatya-zilpa evaM kathAnakoM para AdhArita haiM aura ina kSetroM meM kArya karane vAle anveSakoM ke liye nizcit hI eka saphala mArgadarzaka kI bhUmikA nibhAne meM samartha haiN| AzA hai isa mahattvapUrNa saMgoSThI meM par3he gaye nibandhoM se preraNA lekara naye zodhArthI isa kArya ko Age bddh'aayeNge| __ saMgoSThI meM par3he gaye zodha AlekhoM ko zuddharUpa meM sundara DhaMga se prakAzita kara prAcya zramaNa bhAratI ne atyanta sarAhanIya kArya kiyA hai| isakA mUlya 125/- rupaye rakhanA prakAzaka kI udAratA kA paricAyaka hai| yaha pustaka pratyeka pustakAlayoM ke liye saMgrahaNIya aura jaina dharma-darzana - sAhitya-kalA-itihAsa - kisI bhI kSetra meM kArya karane vAle zodhArthiyoM ke liye anivArya rUpa se paThanIya aura mananIya hai| dazavakAlika sUtra - tilakAcArya dvArA racita vRtti sahitaH saMzodhaka - AcArya vijaya somacandrasUri : prakAzaka - zrI rAMdera roDa jaina saMgha, zrI zaMkhezvarapArzvanAtha jaina derAsara per3hI, aDAjaNA pATIyA, rAMdera roDa, surata 395009; prathama saMskaraNa vi0saM0 2058; AkAra - DimAI, pRSTha 48+502; pakkI jilda; mUlya 150/- rupaye maatr| jaina AgamoM meM tIsarA mUlasUtra hai dazavaikAlika, jisakI racanA AcArya zayyaMbhavasUri dvArA kI gayI hai| AgamoM para prArambha meM prAkRta bhASA meM TIkAyeM racI gayIM jo niyukti, bhASya evaM cUrNiyoM ke nAma se prasiddha huiiN| bAda ke kAla meM saMskRta bhASA ke bar3hate hue prabhAva ke kAraNa saMskRta bhASAoM meM bhI vibhinna jaina munijanoM ne TIkAoM kI racanA kii| inameM prAcIna niryaktiyoM, bhASyoM evaM cUrNiyoM kI sAmagrI kA upayoga karane ke sAtha-sAtha TIkAkAroM ne vibhinna hetuoM evaM tarkoM dvArA bhI isa sAmagrI ko paripuSTa kiyaa| dazavakAlika sUtra para bhI prAkRta bhASA meM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi evaM saMskRta bhASA meM TIkAoM kI racanA kI gyii| prastuta pustaka dazavaikAlika sUtra mUla aura usa para tilakAcArya dvArA saMskRta bhASA meM racI gayI vRtti kA mudrita rUpa hai| tilakAcArya jaina dharma ke zvetAmbara sampradAya ke antargata pUrNimAgaccha se sambaddha the| inake guru kA nAma zivaprabhasUri thA jo pUrNimAgaccha ke pravartaka AcArya candraprabhasUri ke prapautra ziSya the| kRti kI prazasti meM racanAkAra ne apanI guru-paramparA dI hai, jo isa prakAra hai -

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163 candraprabhasUri (pUrNimAgaccha ke pravartaka) dharmaghoSasUri cakrezvarasUri zivaprabhasUri tilakAcArya (vi0saM0 1261/I0 san 1205 meM dazavaikAlikasUtravRtti ke racanAkAra) yaha vRtti abhI taka aprakAzita thii| tapAgacchIya vijayasaMvigna paramparA ke vidvAn muni AcArya vijayasomacandrasUri ne muni nirmalacandragaNi evaM muni jinezavijayajI ke sahayoga se jaisalamera, pATaNa, khaMbhAta, ahamadAbAda, surata Adi nagaroM ke grantha bhaMDAroM se prApta 12 hastapratiyoM ke AdhAra para prAmANika rUpa se isa mahattvapUrNa grantha kA saMzodhana evaM saMpAdana tathA zrI rAMdera roDa jaina saMgha ne isakA prakAzana kara vidvat jagat kA mahAna upakAra kiyA hai| uttama kAgaja para mudrita isa pustaka kI sAja-sajjA atyanta AkarSaka evaM mudraNa suspaSTa hai| yaha upayogI grantha prAcya vidyA ke pratyeka pustakAlayoM evaM vidvAnoM ke liye anivArya rUpa se saMgraNIya hai| aise upayogI grantha ke sampAdaka evaM ise alpa mUlya meM upalabdha karAne meM artha sahayogI seTha DosAbhAI abheca~da peDhI, bhAvanagara ke TrasTIgaNa sabhI badhAI ke pAtra haiN| jAlora evaM svarNagiridurga kAsAMskRtika itihAsa : lekhaka - DaoN0 sohanalAla paTanI; prakAzaka - zrI caitanyakumAra jI kAzyapa, adhyakSa - zrI svarNagiri jaina zvetAmbara tIrtha peDhI, kaMcanagiri vihAra, jAlora; prathama saMskaraNa - 2002 I0; AkAra - rAyala aThapejI; pRSTha 12+124; pakkI bAiMDiga; mUlya - 250/- rupaye maatr| muslima AkramaNa se pUrva svarNagiri jAlora pazcima bhArata kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa rAjanaitika evaM vyApArika kendra rahA hai| yahAM kA durga ajeya samajhA jAtA thA aura isI kAraNa yaha bAra-bAra muslima AkramaNakAriyoM ke kopa kA zikAra bhI hotA rhaa| dhIredhIre isakA mahattva ghaTane lgaa| jisa svarNagiri para pahale koTyAdhIzoM ke hI bhavana nirmita ho sakate the vahI sthAna ujAr3a hone lagA aura sthiti yahAM taka A gayI ki yahAM sthita jinAlaya hathiyAroM ke godAma ke rUpa meM prayukta hone lge| tristutika AcArya vijaya rAjendrasUrijI ke sadprayAsoM se bIsavIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM yahAM jinAlayoM meM puna: pUjA-arcanA prArambha huii| unakI paramparA ke suyogya AcAryoM ne samaya-samaya para yahAM ke prAcIna jinAlayoM kA na kevala jIrNoddhAra karAyA balki vibhinna nUtana jinAlayoM kA nirmANa karA kara isa prAcIna tIrtha ke gaurava ko punarjIvita karane kA jo saphala prayAsa kiyA, vaha stutya hai|

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164 jaisA ki isake nAma se hI spaSTa hai prastuta pustaka meM vidvAn lekhaka ne jAlora evaM svarNagiri durga ke sAMskRtika itihAsa ko sAragarbhita rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| isameM kula 16 adhyAya haiM / prathama adhyAya ke 11 pRSThoM meM jAlaura ke rAjanaitika itihAsa kA saMkSipta paricaya hai| dvitIya adhyAya meM isa kSetra kI bhaugolika saMracanA aura tRtIya adhyAya meM svarNagiri durga evaM vahAM ke jinAlayoM kA vivaraNa hai| cauthe aura pAMcaveM adhyAya meM isa kSetra meM jaina dharma ke prasAra tathA yahAM se sambaddha vibhinna jaina munijanoM evaM unake dvArA racita sAhitya kA vivecana hai| chaThe adhyAya ke antargata kAnhaNadeprabandha meM varNita jAlaura nagara kI carcA hai| sAtaveM adhyAya meM tapAgacchIya AcArya vijayadevasUri dvArA yahAM pratiSThApita jinapratimAoM kA vivaraNa hai| AThaveM evaM naveM adhyAyoM meM bhagavAn mahAvIra se lekara bRhadsaudharma tapAgaccha ke vartamAna gacchanAyaka taka kA saMkSipta paricaya hai| dasaveM adhyAya meM mugalakAla meM hue jayamala jI muNota dvArA svarNagiri sthita jinAlayoM para karAye gaye jIrNoddhAra kArya kI carcA hai| gyArahaveM evaM bArahaveM adhyAya meM jAlaura sthita jinAlayoM evaM madhyakAla meM racita vibhinna tIrthamAlAoM evaM prazastiyoM meM varNita isa nagarI ke vivaraNoM kI carcA hai| terahaveM adhyAya meM yahAM ke jinAlayoM meM saMrakSita vibhinna jinapratimAoM para utkIrNa lekhoM kA vivaraNa hai| caudahaveM adhyAya meM yahAM sthita zaiva evaM zAkta pIThoM evaM pandrahaveM adhyAya meM isa kSetra meM samaya-samaya para pracalita vibhinna mudrAoM kA paricaya hai| aMtima adhyAya meM mArca 2002 meM isa durga para nava nirmita jinAlayoM ke pratiSThA mahotsava kI carcA hai| grantha ke anta meM mahattvapUrNa saMdarbha sUcI bhI dI gayI hai| sampUrNa grantha meM cittAkarSaka vibhinna raMgIna citra bhI diye gaye haiM, jo pAThakoM kA mana moha lete haiN| isakI sAja-sajjA atyanta AkarSaka aura mudraNa suspaSTa hai| grantha zodhArthiyoM ke sAtha-sAtha paryaTana meM ruci rakhane vAle jijJAsuoM ke liye bhI upayogI hai| isa bahuuddezIya grantha ke praNayana aura sundara DhaMga se ise prakAzita karane hetu lekhaka aura prakAzaka donoM hI abhinandanIya haiN| arbada parimaNDala kI jaina dhAtu pratimAyeM evaM mandirAvali (pratimA zilpa, pratimAlekhIya evaM aitihAsika adhyayana) : lekhaka - DaoN0 sohanalAla paTanI; prakAzaka- seTha kalyANa jI paramAnanda jI per3hI, sunAravAr3A, sirohI (rAja.); prathama saMskaraNa- 2002 I0; AkAra - DimAI; pRSTha 14+166; hArDa bAiMDiMga; mUlya100/- rupaye maatr| abhilekhIya sAkSyoM kI prAmANikatA ke kAraNa itihAsa lekhana meM unakA mahattva nirvivAda hai| jaina dharma ke vibhinna sampradAyoM - upasampradAyoM, tatkAlIna sAMskRtika itihAsa Adi ke kramabaddha adhyayana meM bhI ThIka yahI bAta lAgU hotI hai| ukta kSetroM meM zodhakArya karane vAloM kA saubhAgya hai ki unheM jaina zilAlekhoM - pratimAlekhoM - caraNapAdukAoM Adi ke eka darjana se adhika saMgraha grantha susampAdita aura prakAzita

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165 rUpa meM upalabdha haiN| isakA zreya sva0 pUranacandajI nAhara, muni jinavijaya, AcArya vijayadharmasUri, AcArya buddhisAgarasUri, agaracandajI-bhaMvaralAlajI nAhaTA, mahopAdhyAya vinayasAgara, muni jayantavijaya jI, muni vizAlavijaya jI, daulatasiMha loDhA, DaoN0 hIrAlAla jaina, paM0 vijayamUrti zAstrI, DaoN0 vidyAdhara joharApurakara, paM0 kAmatAprasAda jaina, muni kaMcanasAgara, bhAI zrIpArzva, zrI lakSmaNabhAI bhojaka, DaoN0 pravINacandra parIkha, DaoN0 kastUracandra jaina, paM0 kamalakumAra jaina Adi ko hai| isI mahattvapUrNa zrRMkhalA kI agalI kar3I haiM DaoN0 sohanalAlajI pttnii| prastuta pustaka meM unhoMne sirohI sthita purAtattva saMgrahAlaya evaM arbuda maNDala sthita vibhinna jaina tIrthoM meM saMrakSita jaina dhAtu pratimAoM para utkIrNa lekhoM kA saMkalana kiyA hai sAtha hI pratimAlekhoM meM Aye gacchoM ke nAma, unake Adi AcArya, dhAt pratimAlekhoM se sambaddha pAribhASika zabda, pratimAlekhoM para utkIrNa saMkSipta saMketa evaM vibhinna jJAtiyoM, unake gotroM, pratimAlekhoM meM ullikhita vibhinna grAmoM Adi kA bhI vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai| ina amUlya maulika sAkSyoM ke saMkalana meM DA0 paTanI dvArA kiyA gayA kaThora parizrama tabhI sArthaka ho sakatA hai jaba ki abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ko AdhAra banAkara jaina dharma kI vibhinna upazAkhAoM aura vibhinna jaina jJAtiyoM ke itihAsa ko saMkalita kiyA jaaye| hameM vizvAsa hai ki itihAsa ke isa mahattvapUrNa kintu prAya: upekSita kar3I kI ora bhI jaina vidvAnoM kA dhyAna avazya hI jaayegaa| pustaka kI sAja-sajjA AkarSaka aura mudraNa suspaSTa hai| arbuda parimaMDala ke jaina pratimAlekhoM ko saMkalita aura use sundara DhaMga se prakAzita karane hetu saMkalaka aura prakAzaka donoM hI badhAI ke pAtra haiN| yaha mahattvapUrNa pustaka pratyeka pustakAlayoM evaM itihAsa ke zodhArthiyoM ke liye saMgrahaNIya hai| arbudaparimaNDala kA sAMskRtika itihAsa : lekhaka - DaoN0 sohanalAla paTanI, prakAzaka - sandIpa phAuNDezana C/0 ke0sI0 jaina eNDa kampanI, 2, mAunTa roDa, henDana, landana, NW4 3PU; prApti sthAna/prabandhana - ajita prAcya evaM samAja vidyA saMsthAna, sirohI (rAja.); dvitIya AvRtti 2002 I0; AkAra - DimAI; pRSTha 8+256; pakkI bAiMDiMga; mUlya 200/- rupye| vivecya pustaka meM lekhaka ne arbuda parimaNDala ke aitihAsika, sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika AyAmoM ke udghATana hetu vibhinna srotoM se upayogI sAmagrI kA upayoga kiyA hai| pustaka meM kula 34 adhyAya haiN| prathama do adhyAyoM meM aitihAsika sirohI jilA evaM arbuda parimaMDala kA saMkSipta itihAsa diyA gayA hai| tIsare aura cauthe adhyAya meM yahAM ke jaina evaM hindU maMdiroM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa hai| pAMcaveM adhyAya meM mahAvIra kI vihArasthalI ke rUpa meM prAya: mAnya brAhmaNavAr3a kA tathA chaThe meM varamANa ke sUrya maMdira kA vivaraNa hai| sAtaveM adhyAya meM mIrapura (prAcIna hamIrapura) sthita prAcIna maMdira kA saMkSipta varNana hai| AThaveM aura naveM adhyAyoM meM jIrAvalA va sAraNezvara ke maMdiroM

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kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| 10veM se 13veM adhyAya ke arntagata arbada maNDala kI jaina dhAtu pratimAyeM, kSetra kA sAMskRtika vaibhava tathA sthAnIya boliyoM kA paricaya hai| agale adhyAyoM meM prAcIna candrAvatI evaM kSetra ke aitihAsika durgoM kA saMkSipta paricaya hai| isake pazcAt sirohI ke zAsaka rAva suratANa, prasiddha rAjasthAnI kavi opAjI ADhA, mahAna itihAsakAra evaM bhAratIya purAlipivijJAna ke adhyayana AdipuruSa DaoN0 gaurIzaMkara hIrAcaMda ojhA tathA suprasiddha svataMtratA senAnI bhImAzaMkara zarmA kA vistRta paricaya diyA gayA hai| Age ke adhyAyoM meM yahAM ke aitihAsika zilAlekhoM, pramukha racanAkAroM, aitihAsika vyaktiyoM, sthApatya evaM mUrtikalA, mudrA mApa, citrakalA, vezaAbhUSaNa, loka mAnyatAyeM evaM nRtya-gIta, yahAM avasthita granthabhaMDAra evaM briTizakAla meM hue jana Andolana Adi kA sundara paricaya diyA gayA hai| vastuta: vidvAn lekhaka ne apanI isa pustaka meM gAgara meM sAgara bharane kA jo prayAsa kiyA hai, vaha stutya hai| AzA hai lekhaka ke isa prayAsa se preraNA lekara bhaviSya meM anya vidvAn bhI alagaalaga kSetroM kA isI prakAra sAMskRtika itihAsa saMkalita karane kA kArya kreNge| uttama kAgaja para mudrita isa pustaka kI sAja-sajjA atyanta AkarSaka aura mudraNa atyanta spaSTa hai| pustaka meM kaI raMgIna citra bhI diye gaye haiM jo pAThakoM ko kSetra darzana ke liye prerita karate haiN| yaha pustaka na kevala zodhArthiyoM balki janasAmAnya ke liye bhI paThanIya aura sabhI pustakAlayoM ke liye anivArya rUpa se saMgrahaNIya hai| aise sundara grantha ke praNayana ke liye lekhaka aura use sundara rUpa meM mudrita karA kara alpa mUlya meM upalabdha karAne hetu prakAzaka, donoM hI badhAI ke pAtra haiN| zivaprasAda harivaMza kathA : lekhaka - paMDita ratanacanda jI bhArilla; prakAzaka - paMDita ToDaramala smAraka TrasTa, e-4, bApUnagara, jayapura 302015; prathama saMskaraNa - 2003 I0; AkAra - rAyala aThapejI; pRSTha 6+299; pakkI jilda bAiMDiMga; mUlya - 30/- rupaye maatr| harivaMza kathA, AcArya jinasenakRta harivaMzapurANa para AdhArita hai| harivaMza kathA ko lekhaka ne kathanAka zailI meM likhA hai| mUlagrantha meM jahA~ AcArya jinasena ne 66 sargoM meM bhagavAna AdinAtha se lekara caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra taka ke jIvana caritra para vizeSa ullekha kiyA hai| vahIM para paMDita zrI ratanacanda bhArilla ne mAtra 29 sargoM ke mAdhyama se hI 'harivaMza' kA udbhava aura vikAsa darzAyA hai arthAt bhagavAn zItalanAtha se bhagavAn neminAtha kA samaya aura usa kAla ke pramukha pAtroM ko sajIva banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| isa pustaka meM lekhaka dvArA kathA ke mAdhyama se jaina-dharma ke pracAra-prasAra karane kA saphala prayAsa hai| harivaMza kathA vAstava meM zravaNIya hai| isameM paryApta rocakatA hai| eka prakAra se hama isako adhyAtma kathA bhI kaha sakate haiN|

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167 paMDita ratanacandra bhArilla dvArA praNIta prastuta kRti Aja ke samAja ke lie bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai| kyoMki samAja meM ApasI kalaha, vaimanasyatA, kaTutA, dveSa, hiMsA (dharma, vRtti Adi ko lekara) apanI carama sImA para haiM, aise meM isa AdhyAtmika kathA ko par3hane sunane se mAnavIya vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha manuSya kI AdhyAtmika zakti ko bala milegA, jisase manuSya ke mokSamArga ke lie acchA sAdhana evaM zuddha vAtAvaraNa paidA hogaa| saMsAra meM sabhI manuSyoM kA antima dhyeya eka hI hotA hai vaha hai - mokSa | manuSya cAhe vaha kisI bhI dharma, sampradAya, jAti kA ho, mokSaprApta karane kI lAlasA banI rahatI hai| samIkSArtha rUpa se kahA jAya to 'harivaMza kathA' ko par3hane-sunane se * samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna evaM samyak cAritra tInoM kI vRddhi hotI hai| isa kathA meM kahIMkahIM AdhyAtmika aura karmodayajanma sAMsArika duHkhoM kI mArmika hRdayoM ko hilA dene vAlI carcA bhI hai| vAstava meM yaha grantha mAnava ko upabhoktAvAdI pravRtti se rokane evaM usake AtmavikAsa aura AdhyAtmika unnati kA mArga prazasta karane meM upayogI hai| nizcaya hI paMDita ratanacandajI bhArilla kA yaha kArya jainazAstra ke saralIkaraNa meM eka abhinava evaM prazaMsanIya prayAsa hai| DaoN0 dharmendra kumAra siMha gautama jainakAvyoM kA dArzanika mUlyAMkana : lekhaka - DaoN0 jinendra jaina, sahAyaka AcArya - prAkRta evaM jainAgama vibhAga, jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM (rAja0 ); prakAzakarAdhA pablikezansa 4378/4bI, aMsArI roDa, dariyAgaMja, naI dillI, prathama saMskaraNa 2001; AkAra - DimAI; pakkI bAiMDiMga; pRSTha 220; mUlya 350/- rupye| jisa prakAra kisI bhI deza kI svAdhInatA, saMpannatA evaM tadanurUpa rASTranIti kI suvyavasthA kSaNika-vijJAnavAda, paramANu puJjavAda, sarvazUnyavAda yA nityavijJAnAdvaitavAda Adi ke pracAra-prasAra se surakSita yA sudRr3ha nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki apekSita zAsyazAsakabhAva, daNDya- dANDikabhAva, poSya- poSakabhAva, bhakSya bhakSakabhAva Adi ko suvyavasthita rakhane ke lie sAMsArika padArthoM meM sthira vastudRSTi tathA satyatA dRSTi kA siddhAnta apekSita hai| usI prakAra kisI bhI deza kI saMskRti, sabhyatA, kalAitihAsa, dharma evaM darzana kI sudRr3hatA ke lie sabala sAhityika AdhAra bhI apekSita hai| deza-kAla Adi kI dRSTi se sAhitya vividha bhASAoM meM prasphuTita hotA hai / prastuta pustaka meM DaoN0 jinendra jaina ne jaina siddhAntoM evaM AcAra dharma kI samIkSAtmaka vyAkhyA prastuta karane kA pUrA prayAsa kiyA hai| usa deza kAla meM anya dArzanika siddhAntoM kI bhI unhoMne carcA kI hai| isa pustaka ko chaH adhyAyoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| prathama adhyAya meM saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza, hindI tathA anya kSetrIya bhASAoM meM likhe gaye dasavIM zatAbdI ke jaina sAhitya kA paricaya diyA gayA hai evaM anta meM usa samaya

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168 dharma evaM darzana kI sthiti ke sAtha rAjanaitika evaM sAmAjika paristhitiyoM kI bhI carcA kI gayI hai| dvitIya adhyAya meM ukta zatAbdI ke pramukha dArzanika vicAradhArAoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai sAtha-sAtha zaiva, sAMkhya evaM vaizeSika darzana kI vicAradhArA ko bhI samAhita kiyA hai| tRtIya adhyAya jaina kAvyoM meM upalabdha vaidika darzana evaM caturtha adhyAya meM bauddhadarzana ke siddhAntoM evaM dhArmika jIvana para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| pAMcaveM adhyAya meM jaina darzana ke jIva, ajIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla kI vyAkhyA ke sAthasAtha jaina darzana kI nItizAstrIya mImAMsA kI gayI hai| __ vastuta: yaha pustaka sacamuca meM zodhArthiyoM ke lie adhika upayogI hai| isa pustaka meM lekhaka ne naye tathyoM kI jAnakArI prastuta kI hai| jaina darzana evaM dharma meM zodha kArya ke lie lekhaka ne kucha jagaha aise praznoM kI carcA kI hai jisase pratIta hotA hai ki abhI bhI dasavIM zatAbdI se sambandhita kucha aura kArya kiye jA sakate haiN| DaoN0 dharmendra kumAra siMha gautama Book-Review Jaina Perspective on the Philosophy of Religion : by Arvind Sharma, Publisher MLBD, Delhi; 2001, Price Rs. 195/- pp. 166. Dr. Arvind Sharma's 'Jaina Perspective on the Philosophy of Religion' is a critical Monograph on Philosophy of Religion. In this book, Dr. Sharma has very methodically explained the main features of philosophy of religions i.e, the concept of God and its relation with sufferings of human beings, faith and knowledge, epistemology and ontology, problem of religious pluralism as well as Human Destiny in Western and Indic perspective. Dr. Sharma has discussed all the points not mere theologically particularly in the case of God but apologetically which philosophically defences the religious beliefs. Dr. Sharma's approach to the problems is lucid and with a new angle of vision. This book will definitely open a new horizon of thought against the superstitional beliefs. Dr. Sharma deserves to be thanked for his contribution made. Dr. S.P. Pandey

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