Prakrit evam Sanskrit Sahitya ke Jain Aalekh

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Prachya Vidyapith Shajapur
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/004417/1

Page #1
prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA- 54 DaoN. sAgaramala jaina Alekha saMgaha bhAga-2 hu burc ke vibhinnuvarNAlItAmbandhitA janAdhAlekha hi DaoN. sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka : pAcya vidyApITha zAjApara (ma.pra.)

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samarpaNa pa. pU. mAlava siMhanI zrI vallabhaku~varajI ma.sA. pa. pU. sevAmUrti zrI pAnaku~varajI ma.sA. pa. pU. suprasidva vyAkhyAtrI zrI hemaprabhAzrIjI ma.sA. pa.pU.adhyAtma rasikA zrI maNiprabhAzrIjI ma.sA.

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puNya smRti RAPEDIA sva. zrImatI kamalAbAI jaina patni : DaoN. sAgaramala jI jaina janma : mArca 1934, phAlguna pUrNimA - dehavilaya : di. 8 akTUbara 2014, zarada pUrNimA

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prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA kramAMka sAgaramala jaina Alekha saMgraha bhAga-2 prAkRta evaM saMskRta sAhitya ke vibhinna vargoM se sambandhita jaina Alekha - lekhaka - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina vidyA rAjApura *yA prakAzaka - prAcya vidyApITha zAjApura (ma.pra.)

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sAgaramala jaina Alekha saMgraha bhAga-3 prAkRta evaM saMskRta sAhitya ke vibhinna vargoM se sambandhita jaina Alekha lekhaka : DaoN. pro. sAgaramala jaina prakAzakaprAcya vidyApITha, dupADA roDa zAjApura (ma.pra.) phona na. 07364-222218 email - sagarmal.jain@gmail.com prakAzana varSa 2014-15 . mUlya kApIrAiTa - lekhaka DaoN. sAgaramala jaina - rUpaye 200/sampUrNa seTa (lagabhaga 25 bhAga) - 5000/ mudraka AkRti AphaseTa, 1734-2561720

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prakAzakIya ___ DaoN: sAgaramala jaina jaina vidyA evaM bhAratIya vidyAoM ke bahuzruta vidvAna hai| unake vicAra evaM Alekha vigata 50 varSo se yatratatra vibhinna patra patrikAoM aura saMskRta, prAkRta evaM hindI ke vibhinna granthoM kI bhUmikAoM ke rUpa meM prakAzita hote raheM hai| una sabako ekatrita kara prakAzita karane ke prayAsa bhI alpa hI hue hai| prathamata: unake lagabhaga 100 Alekha sAgaramala jaima abhinandana grantha meM aura lagabhaga 120 Alekha - zramaNa ke vizeSAMko ke rUpa meM 'sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI' meM athavA jaina dharma evaM saMskRti ke nAma se sAta bhAgoM meM prakAzita hue hai| kintu DaoN. jaina ke lekhoM ke saMkhyA hI 320 se adhika hai| sAtha hI unhoMne saMskRta evaM prAkRta ke tathA jaina dharma aura saMskRti se sambandhita aneka granthoM kI vistRta bhUmikAe~ bhI likhI haiN| unakA yaha samasta lekhana prakIrNa rUpa se bikharA paDA hai / viSayAnurUpa usakA saMkalana bhI nahIM huA hai, unake aneka grantha bhI aba punaH prakAzana kI apekSA rakha rahe hai, kintu chaha-sAta hajAra pRSThoM kI isa vipula sAmagrI ko samAhita kara prakAzita karanA hamAre lie sambhava nahIM thaa| sAdhvIvaryA saumyaguNA zrIjI kA sujhAva rahA ki prathama krama meM unake vikIrNa AlekhoM ko hI eka sthAna para ekatrita kara prakAzita karane kA prayatna kiyA jaaye| unakI yaha preraNA hamAre lie mArgadarzaka banI aura hamane DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ke AlekhoM ko saMgrahita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| kArya bahuta vizAla hai, kintu jitanA sahaja rUpa se prApta ho sakegA - utanA hI prakAzita karane kA prayatna kiyA jaavegaa| aneka prAcIna patra patrikAe~ pahale hAtha se hI kampoja hokara prinTa hotI thI, sAtha hI ve vibhinna AkAroM aura vividha prakAra ke akSaroM meM mudrita hotI thI, una sabako eka sAija meM aura eka hI phANTa meM prakAzita karanA bhI kaThina thA / ata: unako punaH prakAzita karane hetu unakA punaH TaMkaNa evaM prupharIDiMga Avazyaka thaa| hamAre punaH TaMkaNa ke kArya meM sahayoga kiyA zrI dilIpa nAgara ne evaM prupha saMzodhana ke kArya meM sahayoga kiyA zrI caitanya jI sonI evaM zrI narendra jI gauDa ne| hama unake evaM mudraka aMkitAzrI, indaura ina sabhI ke bhI AbhArI hai| narendra jaina evaM . TrasTa maNDala prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura

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prAkRta evaM saMskRta sAhitya ke vibhinna vargoM se sambandhita jaina Alekha : viSaya sUcI: 1. jainoM kA prAkRta sAhitya : eka sarvekSaNa pRSTha kra. 5-22 2. prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza : pRSTha kra. 23-69 3. Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNako kA sthAna, mahatva, , racanAkAla evaM raciyatA pRSTha kra. 70-78 4. upAMga sAhitya : eka vizleSaNAtmaka vivecana pRSTha kra. 79-84 5. prAkRta kA niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana pRSTha kra. 85-120 6. saMskRta bhASA evaM sAhitya ke kSetra meM jaina zramaNa paramparA kA avadAna pRSTha kra. 121-135 7. jaina dArzanika sAhitya pRSTha kra. 136-146

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jainoM kA prAkRta sAhitya : eka sarvekSaNa - bhAratIya saMskRti eka samanvita saMskRti hai| ati prAcInakAla se hI isameM do dhArAe~ pravAhita hotI rahI haiM- vaidika aura zramaNa / yadyapi ye do svataMtra dhArAe~ mUlata: mAnava jIvana ke do pakSoM para AdhArita rahI hai| mAnava jIvana svayaM virodhAbhAsapUrNa hai? vAsanA (jaivika pakSa/zarIra) aura viveka (adhyAtma) - ye dono tattva usameM prArambha se hI samanvita hai| paramparAgata dRSTi se inheM zarIra aura AtmA bhI kaha sakate hai| jaise ye dono pakSa hamAre vyaktitva ko prabhAvita karate rahate hai, vaise hI ye dono saMskRtiyAM bhI eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karatI rahI haiN| bhASA kI dRSTi se bhI ye dono saMskRtiyAM bhI do bhinna bhASAoM ke sAhitya se puSTa hotI rahI hai| jahAM vaidika saMskRti meM saMskRta kI pradhAnatA rahI hai, vahI zramaNa saMskRti meM lokabhASA yA prAkRta kI pradhAnatA rahI hai| Adi kAla se hI vaidika dhArA kI sAhityika gatividhiyAM saMskRta kendrita rahI haiyadyapi usameM saMskRta ke tIna rUpa pAye jate hai-1. chAndas, 2. chAndas prabhAvita pANiNIya saMskRta aura 3. sAhityika vyAkaraNa-parizuddha sNskRt| chAndas, ye mUlata: vedoM kI bhASA hai| brAhmaNa graMtho para to chAndas kA hI adhika prabhAva rahA hai, kintu AraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM kI bhASA chAndas prabhAvita pANiNIya vyAkaraNa se parimArjita sAhityika saMskRta rahI hai| purANa Adi paravartI vaidika paramparA kA sAhitya-vyAkaraNa parizuddha sAhityika saMskRta meM hI dekhA jAtA hai| jabaki zramaNadhArA ne prArambha se hI lokabhASA ko apnaayaa| deza aura kAla kI apekSA se isake bhI aneka rUpa pAye jAte haiM, yathA- mAgadhI, pAlI, paizAcI, arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI aura apbhrNsh| bauddho kA paraMparAgata tripiTaka sAhitya pAlI bhASA meM hai, ye mUlata: mAgadhI aura ardhamAgadhI ke nikaTa hai| vahIM jaina paramparA kA sAhitya mUlata: ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI aura apabhraMza meM pAyA jAtA hai| yahAM yaha jJAtavya hai, ki jahAM jaina dharma kI zvetAmbara zAkhA kA sAhitya ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta meM hai, vahIM digambara evaM yApanIya zAkhA kA sAhitya, zaurasenI prAkRta meM pAyA jAtA hai| yahAM yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki chAndas, abhilekhIya prAkRta, pAlI aura prAcIna arddhamAgadhI eka dUsare se adhika dUra bhI nahI hai| vastuta: sudUra kSetra - [5]

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kI bhAyUropIya varga kI sabhI bhASAeM eka dUsare ke nikaTa hI dekhI jAtI hai, Aja bhI AcArAMga sUtra kI prAcIna prAkRta meM aMgrejI ke aneka zabda rUpa dekhe jAte haiM, jaise boMdi (Body), esa (As), AuTTe (Out), cillaDa-cilDrana (Childern) aadi| Aja prAkRta kI pratyeka saMgoSThI meM yaha prazna bhI uThAyA jAtA hai ki prAkRta se saMskRta banI yA saMskRta se prAkRta banI tathA iname kauna kitanI prAcIna haiN| jaina paramparA meM hI jahA~ 'namisAdhu' prAkRta se saMskRta ke nirmANa kI bAta kahate haiM, vahIM hemacandra 'prakRti saMskRtam' kahakara saMskRta se prAkRta ke vikAsa ko samajhAte hai| yadyapi yaha bhrAnti bhASAoM ke vikAsa ke itihAsa ke ajJAna ke kAraNa hai| sarvaprathama hameM bolI aura bhASA ke aMtara ko samajha lenA hogaa| prAkRta apane Apa meM eka bolI bhI rahI hai, aura bhASA bhii| bhASA kA nirmANa bolI ko vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM meM jakaDaqara kiyA jAtA hai| ata: yaha mAnanA hogA ki saMskRta kA vikAsa prAkRta boliyoM se huA hai| prAkRta mUla meM bhASA nahIM, aneka boliyoM ke rUpa rahI hai| isa dRSTi se prAkRta bolI ke rUpa meM pahale hai, aura saMskRta bhASA usakA saMskArita rUpa hai| dUsarI ora yadi prAkRtabhASA kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM, to prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa saMskRta vyAkaraNa se prabhAvita haiM, ata: saMskRta pahale aura prAkRteM (lokabhASAe~) paravartI hai| mUla meM prAkRteM aneka boliyoM se vikasita huI hai, ata: ve aneka hai| saMskRta bhASA vyAkaraNaniSTa hone se paravartI kAla meM eka rUpa hI rahI hai| jaina graMtho meM bhI prAkRtoM ke aneka rUpa jate hai, yathA-mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI mahArASTrI aura unase vikasita vibhinna apbhrNshe| Ajajo bhI prAcIna stara kA jaina sAhitya hai, vaha sabhI ina vividha prAkRtoM meM likhita hai| yadyapi jainAcAryo ne IsA kI tIsarI-cauthI zatI se saMskRta bhASA ko bhI apanAyA aura usameM bhI vipula mAtrA meM graMthoM kI racanA kI, phira bhI unakA mUla AgamasAhitya, Agamatulya aura anya vividha vidhAoM kA vipula sAhitya bhI prAkRta bhASA meM hI hai| prAkRta bhASA meM racita jaina sAhitya meM prAcInatA kI apekSA mukhyataH unakA Agama sAhitya AtA hai| AgamoM ke atirikta digambara paramparA ke aneka Agamatulya graMtha bhI prAkRta bhASA meM hI racita hai| isake atirikta jaina karmasAhitya ke vividha graMtha bhI prAkRta bhASA meM hI milate haiN| inake atirikta jaina sAhitya kI [6]

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eka mahattvapUrNa vidhA kathA sAhitya bhI prAkRta bhASA meM vipula rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai| inake AcAra.vyavahAra khagola-bhUgola aura jyotiSa sambaMdhI kucha graMtha bhI prAkRta bhASA meM hI pAye jAte hai| jahA~ taka jainadarzana sambaMdhI graMthoM kA prazna hai, sanmatitarka (sammasutta), navatattvapayaraNa, paMcAstikAya jaise kucha hI graMtha prAkRta meM milate hai, yadyapi prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM bhI jaino kA dArzanika cintana pAyA jatA hai| isI krama meM jainadharma ke dhyAna aura yoga sambaMdhI bhI aneka graMtha bhI prAMkRta bhASA meM nibaddha hai| prAkRta sAhitya bahuAyAmI hai| yadi kAlakrama kI dRSTi se isa para vicAra kiyA jAye, to hame jJAta hotA hai, ki jainoM kA prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha sAhitya I.pU. pAMcavI zatI se lekara IsA kI 20vIM zatI taka likhA jAtA rahA hai| isa prakAra prAkRta ke jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa lagabhaga DhAI sahasrAbdi kA itihAsa hai| ata: yahA~ hameM isa saba para kramika dRSTi se vicAra karanA hogaa| jaina prAkRta Agama sAhitya prAkRta jaina sAhitya ke isa sarvekSaNa meM prAcInatA kI dRSTi se hame sarvaprathama jaina Agama sAhitya para vicAra karanA hogaa| hamArI digambara paramparA Agama sAhitya ko vilupta mAnatI hai, yaha bhI satya aura tathya hai ki Agama sAhitya kA vipula aMza aura usake aneka graMtha Aja anupalabdha hai, kintu isa AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki Agama sAhitya pUrNata: vilupta ho gayA, ucita nahIM hogaa| jainadharma kI yApanIya evaM zvetAmbara zAkhAeM AgamoM kA pUrNa vilopa nahIM mAnatI hai| Aja bhI AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita Adi graMtho meM prAcIna sAmagrI azaMta: hI sahI, kintu upalabdha hai| AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke aneka sUtra aura RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAiM) isa bAta ke pramANa hai ki prAkRta jaina sAhitya aupaniSadika kAla meM bhI jIvanta thaa| yahAM taka ki AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha ke aneka sUtra aupaniSadika sUtroM se yathAvata samAnatA rakhate hai| vahI isibhAsiyAiM yAjJavalkya Adi 22 aupaniSadika RSiyoM, aneka bauddhabhikSuoM jaise- sAriputta, vajjIyaputta aura mahAkAzyapa, AjIcaka maMkhaligozAla evaM anya vilupta prAya: zramaNadhArAoM ke RSiyoM ke upadezo ko prAcInatama prAkRta bhASA meM yathArtha rUpa se prastuta karatA hai| isibhAsiyAI meM 45 RSiyoM ke upadeza saMkalita hai| inameM mAtra pArva aura varddhamAna [7]

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(mahAvIra) ko choDakara zeSa sabhI aupaniSadika, bauddha, AjIvaka Adi anya zramaNadhArAoM se sambaMdhita hai| Azcarya yaha hai ki inameM se adhikAMza ko arhat RrSi kahakara sambodhita kiyA gayA hai, ye jaina cintakoM kI udAradRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| jJAtavya hai ki yaha graMtha jaina dharma ke sAmpradAyika ghere meM Abaddha hone ke pUrva kI sthiti kA paricAyaka hai| jJAtavya hai ki jaba jainadharma sAmpradAyika ghere meM Abaddha hone lagA, taba yaha prAcInatama prAkRta kA eka mahatvapUrNa graMtha bhI upekSA kA zikAra huA, isakI viSaya-vastu ko dasaveM aMgaAgama se haTAkara prakIrNaka ke rUpa meM DAlA gyaa| sadbhAgya yahI hai ki yaha graMtha Aja bhI apane vAstavika svarUpa meM surakSita hai| prAkRta aura saMskRta ke vidvAnoM se merI yahI apekSA hai ki isa graMtha ke mAdhyama se bhAratIya saMskRti kI udAra aura udAtta dRSTi ko punarsthApita karane kA prayatna kreN| jJAtavya hai, ki anya jaina AgamoM meM RSibhASita ke aneka sandarbha Aja bhI dekhe jate hai| jaina Agama sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa aura saMkhyA kA prazna jaina Agama sAhitya kA vargIkaraNa do rUpo meM pAyA jatA hai- aMga praviSTa aura aMga baahm| prAcInakAla se zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparA meM AgamoM ko aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya- aise do vibhAgoM meM bAMTA jAtA rahA hai| aMgapraviSTa graMtho kI saMkhyA 12 bAraha mAnI gayI hai aura inake nAmo ko lekara bhI donoM paramparAoM meM koI matabheda nahIM hai| una dono meM bAraha aMgo ke nimna nAma bhI samAna rUpa se mAne gaye hai- 1. AcArAMga, 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 3. sthAnAMga, 4 samavAyAMga, 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatIsUtra), 6. jJAtAdharmakathA, 7. upAsakadazA, 8. antakRtdazA, 9. anuttaraupapAtikadazA, 10. praznavyAkaraNa, 11. viyAkasUtra aura 12. dRssttivaad| dono paramparAe~ isa saMbaMdha meM bhI ekamata hai ki vartamAna meM dRSTivAda anupalabdha hai| yadyapi digambara paramparA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki usake ye Agamatulya graMtha haiM, ve isI AdhAra para nirmita hue hai| aMgabAhyoM ke sambaMdha meM donoM paramparAoM meM AMzika ekarUpatA aura AMzika matabheda dekhA jAtA haiN| digambara paramparA aMga bAhya kI saMkhyA 14 mAnatI hai, jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA aisA koI spaSTa nirdeza nahIM karatI haiN| tatvArthasUtra ke zvetAmbara mAnya svopajJa-bhASya meM aMga bAhya ko aneka prakAra kA kahA gayA hai| digambara paramparA kI tatvArtha kI TIkAoM aura dhavalA meM.14 aMga bAhyoM [8]

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ke nAmoM ke jo nirdeza upalabdha hai, unameM uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, kalpa, vyavahAra, kalpikAkalpika, mahAkalpika, puNDarika, mahApuMDarika, nizItha Adi hai| jJAtavya hai ki dhavalA meM aMga bAhyo ke jo 14 nAma ginAye haiM, unameM kalpa aura vyavahAra bhI hai| dhavalA meM kappAkappIya mahAkappIya, puNDarika aura mahApuNDarika - ye cAra nAma tatvArtha bhASya kI apekSA adhika hai aura usameM bhASya meM ullekhita dazA aura RSibhASita ko choDa diyA gayA hai| sAtha hI ina nAmoM meM se puNDarika aura mahApuNDarika ko choDakara zeSa sabhI graMtha zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI mAnya hai| kalpAkalpika kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM hai, kintu aba yaha graMtha upalabdha nahIM hai| zeSa sabhI graMtha zvetAmbara paramparA meM Aja bhI upalabdha mAne jAte haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sUtrakRtAMga meM puNDarika nAmaka eka adhyayana bhI hai| . jahA~ taka Agama sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kA prazna hai, zvetAmbara paramparA meM do prakAra ke vargIkaraNa upalabdha hote hai- 1. nandIsUtra kA prAcIna vargIkaraNa aura 2. jinaprabha kI 'vidhimArga prapA' kA Adhunika vrgiikrnn| nandIsUtra kA prAcIna vargIkaraNa lagabhaga IsA kI pA~cavI zatAbdi kA hai, jabaki Adhunika vargIkaraNa prAya: IsA kI 13vI-14vI zatI se pracalana meM hai| nandIsUtra ke prAcIna vargIkaraNa meM AgamoM ko sarvaprathama aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhma, aise pUrva meM pracalita do vibhAgoM meM hI bA~TA gayA hai| kintu isakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha aMgabAhma granthoM ke prathamata: do vibhAga karatA hai- 1 Avazyaka aura 2 Avazyaka vytirikt| puna: Avazyaka ke sAmAyika Adi chaha vibhAga kiye gaye hai| Avazyaka vyatirikta ko puna: kAlika aura utkAlika aise do vibhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai| isameM kAlika ke aMtargata 31 graMtha aura utkAlika ke aMtargata 29 graMtha haiN| isa prakAra nandI sUtra meM 12 aMgapraviSTa 6 Avazyaka, 31 kAlika aura 29 utkAlika, kula 78 graMtha ullekhita haiM, inameM se kucha vartamAna meM anupalabdha bhI hai| [9]

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zruta (Agama)- sAhitya (ka) aMgapraviSTa . (kha) aMgabAhya (kha) Avazyaka vyatirikta 1. AcArAMga (ka) Avazyaka 2. sUtrakRtAMga 1. sAmAyika 3. sthAnAMga 2. caturvizatistava 4. samavAyAMga 3. vandanA 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatI) 4. pratikramaNa 6. jJAtAdharmakathA 5. kAyotsarga 7. upAsakadazAMga 6. pratyAkhyAna 8. antakRddazAMga 9. anuttaraupapatikadazAga 10. praznavyAkaraNa 11. vipAkasUtra 12. dRSTivAda (ka) kAlika (kha) utkAlika 1. uttarAdhyayana 1. dazAvaikAlika 2. dazAzrutskandha 2. kalpikAkalpika 3. kalpa 3. cullakakalpazruta 4. vyavahAra 4. mahAkalpazruta 5. nizItha 5. mahAnizItha 6. mahAnizItha 6. rApraznIya 7. RSibhASita 7. javAbhigama . 8. jabUdvIpaprajJapti 8. prajJApanA 9. dvIpasAgara prajJapti 9. mahAprajJApanA 10. candraprajJapti 10. pramAdApramAda 11. kSullikAvimAnapravibhakti 11. nandI 12. mahallikAvimAnapravibhakti 12. anayogadvAra 13. aMgacUlikA 13. devendrastava 14. vaggacUlikA 14. tandulavaicArika 15. vivAhacalikA 15. candravedhyaka 16. arUNopapAta 16. sUryaprajJapti . [10]

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17. varUNopapAta 17. paurUSImaNDala 18. garUDopapAta 18. maNDalapraveza 19. dharaNopapAta 19. vidyAcaraNa vinizcaya 20. vaizramaNopapAta 20. gaNividhA 21. velandharopapAta 21. dhyAnavibhakti 22. devendopapAta 22. maraNavibhakti 23. utthAnazruta 23. AtmavizAdhi 24. samutthAnazruta 24. vItarAgazruta 25. nAgaparijJApanikA 25. salekhanAzruta 26. nirayAvalikA 26. vihArakalpa 27. kalpikA 27. caraNavidhi 28. kalpAvaMtaMsikA 28 AturapratyAkhyAna 29. puSpitA 29. mahApratyAkhyAna 30. puSpacUlikA 31. vRSNidazA ___ jahA~ taka zvetAmbara meM pracalita Adhunika vargIkaraNa kA prazna hai, usakI carcA ke pUrva yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hai - usakI sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMtha kI paramparAeM mAtra 32 hI Agama mAnya karatI hai| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM bhI do mAnyatAeM hai- (1) 45 AgamoM kI aura (2) 84 Agamo kii| yahAM yaha jJAtavya hai ki 84 AgamoM sUcI ke aMtargata 32 aura 45 AgamagraMtha bhI sammilita ho jAte haiN| sthAnakavAsI evaM terApaMthI paramparA 11 aMga, 12 upAMga, 4 cheda, 4 mUla aura 1 Avazyaka aise 32 Agama mAnya karatI hai| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM bhI 11 aMga, 12 upAMga ke nAma samAna hai| sthAnakavAsI paramparA dvArA mAnya 4 mUla meM (1) uttarAdhyayana aura (2) dazavaikAlika donoM nAma samAna hai| nandIsUtra aura anuyogadvAra ko zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA culikA sUtra meM rakha detI hai| 6 cheda sUtroM meM mahAnizItha aura jItakalpa- ye do nAma adhika hai| cAra nAma samAna hai| mUla meM nandI aura anuyogadvAra ke sthAna para Avazyaka aura piNDaniyukti- ye do nAma Ate haiN| 10 prakIrNa sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI paramparA ko mAnya nahIM hai| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA dvArA mAnya 84 AgamoM kI sUcI nimna hai, isameM battIsa aura paiMtAlIsa bhI samAhita hai| [11]

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84 Agama (zve. sammata) 1-11 gyAraha aMga - AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti, jJAtAdharmakathA, upAsakadazAMga, antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtika, praznavyAkaraNa aura vipaak| 12-23 bAraha upAMga - aupapAtika, rAjapraznIya, jIvAjIvAbhigama, prajJApanA, sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti, jambUdvISaprajJapti, kalpikA, kalpAvaMtasikA, puSpikA, puSpacUlikA aura vRssnnidshaa| antima pAMcoM kA saMyuktanAma nirayAvalikA hai| 24-27 cAra mUlasUtra - AvazyakasUtra, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayanAni, piMDa niyukti (athavA odhaniryakti) 28-29 do cUlikA sUtra - nandIsUtra, anuyogdvaar| 30-35 cha: cheda sUtra - nizItha, mahAnizItha, bRhatkalpa, vyavahAra, dazAzrutaskaMdha, paMcakalpa (vicchinn)| 36-45 dasa prakIrNaka-catuHzaraNa, AturapratyAkhyAna, bhaktaparijJA, tandulavaicArika, candravedhyaka, devendrastava, gaNividyA, mahApratyAkhyAna vIrastava sNstaark| (kisI ke mata se 'vIrastava' aura 'devendrastava' dono kA samAveza eka meM hai aura saMstAraka' ke sthAna meM "maraNa samAdhi' aura 'gacchAcArapayannA' hai|) kalpasUtra (paryuSaNa kalpa-jinacarita, sthavirAvali, sAmAcArI) yatijItakalpa (somaprabhasUri). zrAddhajItakalpa (dharmaghoSasUri) pAkSikasUtra (Avazyaka sUtra kA aMga hai) kSamApanAsUtra (Avazyaka sUtra kA aMga hai) 51 vaMdittu (Avazyaka sUtra kA aMga hai) 52 RSibhASita 53-62 vIsa anya payannA- ajIvakalpa, gacchAcAra, maraNasamAdhi, siddhaprAbhRta, tIrthodgArika, ArAdhanApatAkA, dvIpasAgaraprajJapti, jyotiSakaraNDaka, 50 [12]

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R4 aMgavidyA, tithiprakIrNaka, piNDavizuddhi, sArAvalI, paryantArAdhanA, jIvavibhakti, kavaca prakaraNa, yoniprAbhUta, aMgacUliyA, vaggacUliyA, vRddhacatuHzaraNa, jmbuupynnaa| 63-83 gyAraha niyukti-(bhadrAbAhukRta) Avazyakaniyukti, dazavaikAlikaniyukti, uttarAdhyayana ni., AcArAMga ni.,sUtrakRtAMga ni.,sUryaprajJapti ni. (anupalabdha), bRhatkalpa ni., vyavahAra ni., dazAzrutaskaMdha ni. RSibhASita ni., (anupalabdha), saMsakta ni.| vishessaavshykbhaassyN| ye 84 Agama grantha Aja bhI upalabdha hai| AgamoM kA racanA kAla sAmAnyatayA Agama sAhitya meM aMga Agamo ko gaNadharakRta aura aMgabAhya graMthoM ko AcAryakRta mAnA jAtA hai, kintu bauddhika ImAnadArI se vicAra karane para upalabdha sabhI aMga Agama bhI kinhIM eka gaNadhara kI yA gaNadharo ke samUha kI racanA ho aisA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki aMga AgamoM kI viSayavastu unake hI aMta: sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para paryApta rUpa se badala gaI hai| prathamata: AcArAMga kA dvitIya zrutaskandha bhI kucha paravartIkAlIna hai| usake prathama zrutaskaMdha kI mukhya mukhya bAtoM ko choDaqara unameM bhI kAlakrama meM kucha bAteM DAla dI gaI hai| yadyapi bhagavatIsUtra ko bhagavAna mahAvIra aura gautama ke bIca saMvAda rUpa mAnA jatA hai, kintu isameM nandIsUtra, prajJApanAsUtra Adi ke jo nirdeza upalabdha hai, ve yaha to avazya batAte haiM, ki balabhI kI vAcanA ke samaya ise na kevala lipibaddha kiyA gayA, apitu isakI sAmagrI ko vyavasthita aura sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA mahAvIra dvArA kathita dRSTAntoM evaM kathAoM ke saMkalana rUpa hai| bhASika parivartana ke bAvajUda bhI yaha graMtha apane mUla svarUpa meM bahuta kucha surakSita rahA hai| upAsakadazA kI bhI yahI sthiti hai| kintu antakRtdazA kI viSayavastu paryApta rUpa se parivartita aura parivardhita huI hai| usameM sthAnAMga ke ullekhAnusAra 10 adhyayana the, jabaki Aja 8 varga 10 adhyayana hai, yahI sthiti anuttaropapAtika aura vipAkasUtra kI bhI mAnI ja sakatI hai| praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu to pUrNata: do bAra badala cukI hai| vipAkasUtra meM Aja [13]

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sukhavipAka aura dukhavipAka aise do varga hai aura bIsa adhyayana hai, jabaki pahale isameM dasa hI adhyayana the| isI prakAra kucha AgamoM kI viSayavastu pUrNata: badala gaI hai aura kucha kI viSaya vastu meM kAlakrama meM parivartana, parivardhana evaM saMzodhana huA hai, kintu AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, bhagavatI, jJAtA Adi meM bahuta kucha prAcIna aMza Aja bhI surakSita hai| aMgabAhya sAhitya meM upAMga sUtro meM prajJApanA Adi ke kucha ke kartA aura kAla sunizcita hai| prajJApanA IsA pUrva yA IsA kI prathamazatI kI racanA hai| uvavAI yA aupapAtikasUtra kI viSaya vastu meM bhI, jo sUcanAeM upalabdha hai aura jo sUryAbhadeva kI kathA vArNita hai, ye saba use IsA kI prathama zatI ke Asa-pAsa kA graMtha sUcita karatI haiN| rAjapraznIya kA kucha aMza to pAlItripiTaka ke samarUpa hai| usameM AtmA yA cittasattA ke pramANarUpa jo tarka diye gaye hai, ve tripiTaka ke samAna hI hai, jo usakI prAcInatA ke pramANa bhI haiM / sUryaprajJapti evaM candraprajJapti kA jyotiSa bhI vedAMga jyotiSa ke samarUpa hone se ina graMtho kI prAcInatA ko pramANita karatA hai| upAMga sAhitya ke anya graMtha bhI kama se kama valabhIvAcanA arthAt IsA kI pAMcavI zatI ke pUrva ke hI hai| chedasUtro meM se kalpa, vyavahAra, dazA aura nizItha ke ullekha tattvArtha meM hai| tattvArtha ke prAcIna hone meM vizeSa saMdeha nahIM kiyA ja sakatA hai| inameM sAdhu ke vastra, pAtra Adi ke jo ullekha hai, ve bhI mathurA kI upalabdha purAtatvIya prAcIna sAmagrI se mela khAte hai ata: ve bhI kama se kama IsA pUrva yA IsA kI prathamazatI kI kRtiyA~ haiN| aMta meM dazavaikAlika aura uttarAdhyayana kI prAcInatA bhI nirvivAda hai| yadyapi vidvAnoM ne uttarAdhyayanana ke kucha adhyAyoM ko prakSipta mAnA hai, phira bhI I.pU. meM usakI upasthiti se iMkAra nahI kiyA jA sakatA hai| dazavaikAlika kA kucha saMkSipta rUpa to Arya zyambhava kI racanA hai, isase iMkAra nahI kiyA jA sakatA hai| nandI aura aNuyoga adhika prAcIna nahIM hai| prakIrNakoM meM 9 kA ullekha svayaM nandIsUtra kI AgamoM kI sUci meM hai ata: unakI prAcInatA bhI asaMdigdha hai yadyapi sArAvAlI Adi kucha prakIrNaka vIrabhadra kI racanA hone se 10vIM zatI kI racanAe~ hai| [14]

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digambara paramparA meM mAnya Agamatulya graMtha yadyapi digambara paramparA AgamoM ke viccheda kI pakSadhara hai, phira bhI usakI yaha mAnyatA hai ki dRSTivAda ke aMtargata rahe hue pUrvajJAna ke AdhAra para kucha AcAryo ne Agama tulya graMtho kI racanA kI thI, jinhe digambara paramparA Agama sthAnIya grantha mAnakara hI svIkAra karatI hai| inameM guNadhara kRta kasAyapAhuDa prAcInatama hai| isake bAda puSpadaMta aura bhUtabAli kRta chakkhaNDAgama (SaTkhaNDAgama) kA krama AtA hai| jJAtavya hai ki ye donoM graMtha prAkRtabhASA meM nibaddha haiM, aura jaina karmasiddhAMta se sambaMdhita hai| ina para lagabhaga navIM yA dasavIM zatI meM dhavala, jayadhavala aura mahAdhavala nAma se vistRta TIkAe~ likhI gii| ye TIkAe~ saMskRta mizrita prAkRta bhASA meM milatI hai, kintu isake pUrva ina para cUrNisUtroM kI racanA prAkRta bhASA meM huI thii| ina donoM graMthoM ke atirikta digambara paramparA meM vaTTakera racita mUlAcAra aura Arya zivabhUti racita bhagavatI ArAdhanA- ye donoM prAkRta graMtha bhI Agama sthAnIya mAne jAte hai| maiM ina cAro grantho ko digambara paramparA kI hI yApanIya zAkhA ke AcAryo kI kRti mAnatA huuN| inake atirikta AcArya kundakunda ke graMtha samayasAra, niyamasAra, pravacanasAra, paMcAstikAyasAra, aSTapAhuDa dasabhakti Adi graMtho ko bhI Agamatulya hI mAnA jAtA hai| inake sAtha hI yativRSabhakRta tiloyapannati, prabhAcandrakRta, dravyasaMgraha, kundakunda kRta vArassa aNuvekkhA, kArtikayAnuprekSA Adi bhI digambara paramparA meM racita prAkRta ke mahatvapUrNa Agama sthAnIya graMtha hai| digambaroM meM prAkRtabhASA meM maulika graMtha likhane kI yaha paramparA pUrva madhyakAla aura madhyakAla meM bhI yathAvat jIvita rahI hai / lagabhaga 10 vIM zatI meM cAmuNDarAya ne gommaTTasAra nAmaka graMtha ke do khaNDa jIvakANDa aura karmakANDa, jo mUlataH karma siddhAMta se sambaMdhita hai, prAkRtabhASA meM hI likhe hai| isI prakAra 12vIM zatI meM vasunandI ne zrAvakAcAra aura 14vIM zatI meM bhaTTAraka padmanandI ne 'dhammarasAyaNa' nAmaka graMtha bhI prAkRtabhASA meM likheN| isake pUrva bhI aMgapatti Adi kucha prAkRta graMtha digambara AcAryo dvArA likhe gaye the| yadyapi digambara paramparA meM prAkRtagraMtho kI bhASA mukhyata: zorasenI prAkRta hI rahI hai, phira bhI vasunandI ke zrAvakAcAra aura mahAraka padmanandI ke dharmarasAyaNa kI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta dekhI jatI hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne ardhamAgadhI [15]

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aura mukhyata: mahArASTrI prAkRta ko apanI lekhanI kA viSaya bnaayaa| uparokta graMtho ke sAtha hI jaina karmasAhitya kA paMcasaMgraha nAmaka graMtha bhI prAkRta bhASA meM upalabdha hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM prAkRta bhASA nibaddha paMcasaMgraha upalabdha hai| yadyapi digambara paramparA meM saMskRta bhASA meM bhI paMcasaMgraha nAmaka graMtha milate hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM prAcIna kammapayaDI Adi aura devendrasUri racita navIna pAMca karmagrantha bhI prAkRta meM hI racita hai| Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya __ AgamoM ke pazcAt prAkRta sAhitya kI racanA ke krama kI dRSTi se Agamika vyAkhyAo kA krama AtA hai| inameM niyuktiyA~ prAcInatama hai| racanA-kAla kI apekSA niyuktiyA~ Aryabhadra kI racanAe~ hai aura unakA racanA kAla IsvIsan kI prathama yA dvitIya zatI ke bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA hai| yadyapi sabhI mahattvapUrNa Agama graMthoM para niyuktiyA~ nahI likhI gaI hai, Agama sAhitya ke kucha mahattvapUrNa graMthoM para hI niyuktiyA~ likhI gaI thI, jo Aja bhI upalabdha hai| inameM pramukha hai - 1. Avazyaka niyukti, 2. AcArAMga niyukti, 3. dazavaikAlika niyukti; 4. uttarAdhyayana niyukti, 5. sUtrakRtAMga niyukti, 6. dazAzrutaskaMdha niyukti, 7. vRhadakalpaniyukti aadi| nizIthasUtra para bhI niyukti likhI gaI thI, kintu yaha nizItha bhASya meM itanI ghula mila gaI hai ki use usase alaga kara pAnA kaThina hai| inake aririkta sUryaprajJapti aura RSibhASita para bhI niyukti likhe jane kI pratijJA to upalabdha hai, kintu ye niyuktiyA~ likhI bhI gaI thI yA nahIM, yaha kaha pAnA kaThina hai| prAcIna stara kI niyuktiyA~ usa Agama kA saMkSipta ullekha kara kucha mahatvapUrNa zabdoM kI vyAkhyA prastuta karatI hai| inake atirikta niyukti sAhitya ke do anya graMtha aura bhI upalabdha hai- 1. piNDaniyukti aura 2. audhaniyukti, yadyapi ye donoM graMtha dazavaikAlimakaniyukti ke hI eka vibhAga ke rUpa meM bhI mAne jate hai| sAtha hI zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA ina donoM ko Agama sthAnIya bhI mAnatI hai| goviMdAcArya kRta dazavakAlika niyukti kI sUcanA to upalabdha hai, kintu vartamAna meM yaha grantha upalabdha nahIM hai| Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM niyuktiyoM ke bAda bhASya likhe gye| bhASyoM meM vizeSAvazyakabhASya vizeSa prasiddha hai| isake tIna vibhAga hai prathama vibhAga meM paMca jJAnoM [16]

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kI carcA hai dUsarA vibhAga gaNadharavAda ke nAma se prasiddha hai- isameM gyAraha gaNadharo kI pramukha zaMkAo kA nirdezakara unake mahAvIra dvArA diye gaye samAdhAnoM kI carcA karatA hai| tRtIya vibhAga nihnavoM kI carcA karatA hai| isake atirikta vartamAna meM vRhatkalpabhASya vyavahArabhASya, jaitakalpabhASya, paMcakalpabhASya bhI upalabdha hai| bRhadakalpa para vRhadbhASya aura laghubhASya aise do bhASya milate hai| vyavahArabhASya, jaitakalpabhASya aise do anya bhASya bhI milate hai| piNDaniyuktibhASya ke bhI do saMskaraNa milate hai| isI prakAra piNDaniyukti para bhI eka anya bhASya bhI likhA gayA hai, kintu ye tIno bhASya maine nahIM dekhe hai| bhASyoM meM vyavahArabhASya, jaivakalpabhASya aura vRhatkalpabhASya AjamUla prAkRta aura usake hindI anuvAda ke sAtha prakAzita bhI haiisa sambaMdha meM samaNI kusumaprajJAje kA zrama stutya hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki bhASya bhI mUlataH prAkRta bhASA meM racita haiM, sAtha hI yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki niyukti aura bhASya donoM padyAtmaka hai, jabaki kAlAMtara meM ina para likhI gaI cUrNiyA~ prAkRta-saMskRta mizrita bhASA meM gadya meM likhI gaI hai| phira bhI cUrNiyoM kI bhASA para prAkRta kA bAhulya hai| bhASyoM kA racanAkAla 6-7 zatI ke lagabhaga hai, yadyapi kucha bhASya paravartI bhI hai| cUrNiyA 7vIM-8vIM zatI ke madhya likhI gii| cUrNiyo meM nizIthacUrNi sabase mahattvapUrNa aura vizAla hai yaha apane mUlasvarUpa meM cAra khaNDoM meM prakAzita hai| isake sAtha hI AvazyakacUrNi bhI ati mahattvapUrNa hai, yaha bhI apane vizAla AkAra meM mUla mAtra hI do khaNDoM meM pUrva meM mudrita huI thI, kintu vartamAna meM prAya: anupalabdha hai| inake atirikta anya cUrNiyA~ nimna hai- AcArAMgacUrNi, uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, dazavaikAlikacUrNi, sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi, jaitakalpacUrNi, nandIcUrNi aadi| inameM se nandIcUrNi bhI prAkRta TeksTa sosAiTI se prakAzita hai| Ajaina cUrNiyoM ke hindI anuvAda kI mahatI AvazyakatA hai| . cUrNiyo ke pazcAt prAkRta Agama sAhitya para TIkAe~ bhI likhI gaI haiN| TIkAe~ prAyaH saMskRta meM hai| TIkAkAroM meM haribhadra, zIlAMka abhayadeva, malayagiri Adi prasiddha hai| kintu ina TIkAoM meM zAMtisUri kI uttarAdhyayana kI pAia TIkA (prAya: navI zatI) ati prAcIna evaM prasiddha hai aura je mUlataH prAkRta bhASA meM hI nibaddha hai| yaha lagabhaga sau varSa pUrva do khaNDo meM prakAzita hai| TIkAoM meM yahI eka aisI TIkA hai, je prAkRta bhASA meM likhita hai| [17]

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Agama prAkRta ke svataMtra graMtha niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkAoM ke sAtha hI pUrva madhyakAla meM prAkRta bhASA meM aneka Agamika viSayo para svataMtra graMtha bhI likhe gye| inameM bhI jaivasamAsa, lokavibhAga, pakkhIsUtra, saMgrahaNIsUtra, kSetrasamAsa, aMgapaNNatti, aMgavijja Adi pramukha hai| isI krama meM dhyAna sAdhanA se sambandhita jimabhadragaNi kA jhANAdhyayana aparanAma dhyAnazataka (IsA kI 6TI zatI) bhI prakAza meM aayaa| haribhadra ke prAkRta yoga graMthoM meM yogaviMzikA, yogazataka sambodhaprakaraNa prasiddha hI hai| isI prakAra haribhadra kA dhUrtAkhyAna bhI bahuta hI prasiddha grantha hai, kintu hama isakI carcA prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM kreNge| isI krama meM upadezaparaka prAkRta graMthoM meM haribhadra ke sAvayapaNNati, paMcAzakaprakaraNa, paMcasutta, paMcavatthu, saMbodhaprakaraNa Adi bhI bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa hai| isI krama meM anya upadezAtmaka granthoM meM dhammasaMgahiNI, saMbodhasattarI, dharmadAsagaNi kI upadezamAlA, kharataragacchIya AcArya kI somaprabha kI upadezapuSpamAlA Adi bhI prasiddha hai| isI krama meM digambara paramparA meM devasena (10vI zatI) ke bhAvasaMgraha, darzanasAra, ArAdhanAsAra, jJAnasAra, sAvayadhammadohA Adi bhI prAkRta kI mahattvapUrNa kRtiyA~ hai| Agama prAkRta kathA sAhitya yadyapi AgamoM meM aneka graMtha to pUrNata: kathA rUpa hI hai, jaise jJAtAdharmakathA upAsakadazA, anuttaraupapAtikadazA, antarakRtdazA, vipAkasUtra aupapAtikasUtra, payUSaNAkalpa aadi| jabUdIpaprajJApti kA kucha aMza, je RSabhadeva, bharata Adi ke caritra kA varNana karatA hai bhI kathA rUpa hI hai| kintu inake atirikta bhI Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM vizeSa rUpa se niyuktiyoM bhASyoM aura cUrNiyoM meM bhI aneka kathAeM hai| piNDaniyukti, saMvegaraMgazAlA ArAdhanApatAkA Adi meM bhI aneka kathAoM ke nirdeza yA saMketa upalabdha hai| viSayoM kA spaSTIkaraNa karane meM, ye kathAeM bahuta hI sArthaka siddha hotI hai| ina upadezAtmaka kathAoM ke atirikta jaina AcAryoM ne aneka Adarza purUSo ke jIvana caritroM para svataMtra graMtha bhI likhe gaye hai| [18]

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inameM tIrthakaroM aura zalAkA purUSo ke caritra pramukha hai| AgamoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra Adi ke jIvana ke kucha prasaMga hI citrita hai| tIrthakaroM evaM anya zalakA purUSo ke caritra ko lekara, jo prAkRta bhASA meM svataMtra graMtha likhe gaye, unameM sarvaprathama vimalasUri ke 'paMumacariyaM' kI racanA huI hai| rAmakathA ke saMdarbha meM vAlmikI kI saMskRta bhASA meM nibaMddha 'rAmAyaNa' ke pazcAt prAkRta bhASA meM racita yahI eka prathama graMtha hai| yaha mahArASTrI prAkRta meM nibaMdha hai| isakA racanAkAla IsA kI dUsarI zatI se pAMcavI zatI ke madhya mAnA jatA hai| isake pazcAt prAkRta bhASA ke kathA graMtho meM saMghadAsagaNi kRta vasudecahiNDI (chaTIzatI) kA krama AtA hai| isameM vasudeva kI dezabhramaNa kI kathAe~ varNita hai| ina dono graMthoM meM aneka AvAntara kathAeM bhI varNita hai| isake pazcAta AcArya haribhadra ke kathAgraMtho kA krama AtA hai| iname dhUrtAkhyAna aura samarAiccakahA prasiddha hai| isI prakAra bhadrezvarasUri kI kahAvalI bhI prAkRta kathA sAhitya kI eka mahattvapUrNa kRti hai| jJAtavya hai ki jahAM vimalasUrikA 'paumacariya' padya meM hai vahA~ saMdhadAsa gaNikRta vasudevahiNDI aura haribhadra kA dhUrtAkhyAnagadya meM hai| nauvI dazamI zatI meM racita zilAMka ne 'cauppaNamahApurisacariyaM' bhI prAkRtabhASA kI eka mahattvapUrNa racanA hai| isI krama meM vardhamAnasUri ke ziSya jinezvarasUri kI 'lIlAvaIkahA bhI prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha eka zreSTha racanA hai| prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha anya carita kAvyoM meM 10vI zatI kA surasuMdarIcariyaM, garUDavaho, setubaMdha, kaMsavahoM, candraprabha mahattarakRta sirivijayacaMdakevalIcariyaM (saM. 1027), devendragaNI kRta sudaMsaNacariyaM, kummASuttacariyaM, jaMbUsAmIcariyaM, mahAvIracariya (12vI zatI pUvArdha) guNapAlamuni kRta gadyapadya yukta jaMbucariya, nemIcandrasUri kRta rayaNacUDacariyaM, siripAsanAhacariyaM, lakSmaNagaNi kRta supAsanAhacariyaM (sabhI lagabhaga 12vI zatI) isI kAlakhaNDa meM rAmakathA sambandhI do mahattvapUrNa kRtiyA~ bhI sRjita huI thii| yathAsiyAcariyaM, raamlkhncriyN| isase kucha paravartIkAla khaNDa kI mahendrasUri (san 1130) kRta nammayAsudaMrI bhI eka mahattvapUrNa racanA hai| isI krama meM 17vI zatI meM bhuvanatuMgasUri ne kumArapAlacariyaM kI racanA kii| isase jJAta hotA hai ki prAkRta meM kAvya likhane kI yaha paramparA cauthI-pAMcavI zatI se lekara 17vIM zatI taka jIvita rahI hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM kAlakrama meM mahArASTrIprAkRta meM tIrthakara caritroM para aneka graMtha likhe gaye-yathA AdinAhacariyaM, sumaInAhacariyaM [19]

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vasupujjavariyaM, anantanAhacariyaM, saMtinAhacariya, munisuNvayasAmIcariyaM, neminAhacariyaM, pAsanAhacariyaM, mahAvIracariyaM Adi / zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA meM caritragraMthoM ke likhane kI yaha dhArA digambara paramparA meM niraMtara nahIM clii| digambara paramparA meM caritragraMtha to likhe jate rahe hai, kintu digaMmbara AcAryoM ne yA to saMskRta ko apanI abhivyakti kA mAdhyama banayA yA phira apabhraMza bhASA ko apnaayaa| yadyapi zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne paravatIkAla meM bhI apabhraMza bhASA meM kucha caritragraMtha likhe, kintu saMkhyA kI dRSTi se ve digambara paramparA kI apekSA atinyUna hI hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki vaidika evaM jaina dhArA ke saMskRta nATakoM meM bhI bahula aMza prAkRta bhASA meM hI hotA hai, ve bhI prAkRta sAhitya kI eka mahattvapUrNa vidhA hai| isakI carcA svataMtra zIrSaka ke dvArA Age kreNge| yadyapi apabhraMza bhI prAkRta bhASA se hI vikasita huI hai, aura prAkRtoM tathA Adhunika uttarabhAratIya pramukha bhASAoM ke madhya yojaka bhI rahI hai| isa apabhraMza meM racita zvetAmbara, digambara AcAryoM ne nimna caritakAvya likhe yathA - riTThanemicariu, sirivAlacariu, vaDDamANacariu, paumacariu, sudaMsaNacariu, jambUsAmIcariu, NAyakumAracariu, padanayarAjayacariu aadi| jJAtavya hai ki ye sUcanAe~ merI jAnakArI taka hI sImita hai, sambhava haiM, ki jainakathA sAhitya ke prAkRta bhASA meM racita aneka grantha merI janakArI meM nahIM hone se chUTa gaye ho, isa hetu mai kSamA prArthI huuN| prAkRta meM Agama granthoM, Agamika vyAkhyAoM, Agamika viSayoM evaM upadezaparaka granthoM ke atirikta bhI sAhitya kI anya vidhAoM para bhI grantha likhe gaye haiN| prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa se sambandhita grantha prAkRta bhASA meM nahIM likhe gaye hai, ve mUlata: saMskRta meM racita hai aura saMskRta bhASA ke AdhAra para prAkRta ke zabda rUpoM ko vyAkhyAyita karane kA prayatna karate hai, inake racayitA bhI jaina aura ajaina donoM hI vargo se hai| inake granthoM meM vararUcikRta prAkRtaprakAza, mArkaNDeyaracita prAkRtasarvasva, hemacandrakRta siddhahema vyAkaraNa kA AThavA~ adhyAya pramukha haiN| prAkRta koza granthoM meM dhanapAlakRta pAiyalacchInAmamAlA, hemacandrakRta rayaNAvalI arthAt dezInAmamAlA prasiddha hai| isake atirikta bhI AbhimAnasiMha, gopAla, devarAjaAdi ne bhI dezyazabdoM ke koza grantha race the, kintu ve Aja anupalabdha hai| isI prakAra [20]

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droNa, pAdaliptasUri, zIlAMka racita prAkRta zabda kozo ke sambandha meM Aja vizeSa jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| prAkRta ke kozoM meM vijayarAjendrasUrikRta 'abhidhAnarAjendrakoza', zeTha haragovindadAsakRta 'pAiyasaddamahaNNava', muniratnacandrakRta ardhamAgadhIkoza', pAiyasaddamahaNNava AdhArita ke. Ara. candrA kA prAkRta hindI koza The Student's English-Paiya Dictionary Adi hI pramukha haiN| isake atirikta prAkRta zabda rUpoM ko lekara jaina vizva bhAratI saMsthAna se AcArya tulasI evaM AcArya mahAprajJajI ke nirdezana meM taiyAra nimnakoza grantha bhI mahattvapUrNa hai- 1. Agamazabdakoza, 2. dezIzabdakoza, 3. nirUktakoza, 4. ekArthakakoza, 5. jA Agama vanaspatikoza 6. jai Agama prANIkoza 7. zrI bhikSu Agamakoza bhAga 1 evaM bhAga 2 aadi| prAkRta nATaka yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki prAcIna nATaka aura saTTaka prAya: saMskRta bhASA kI racanAe~ mAne jAte hai| kintu saMskRta nATakoM meM prAya: bahula aMza prAkRta kA hI hotA hai, ata: mukhyataH prAkRtoM kI hone se unheM prAkRta bhASA kA bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| ye nATaka bhI jaina evaM ajaina donoM paramparAoM meM likhe gaye hai| kucha nATaka aise bhI haiM, jo mAtra prAkRta bhASA meM racita haiM, aura saTTaka ke rUpa meM jAne jAte hai| yathAkappUramaMjI, vilAsavai, caMdalehA, AnandasuMdarI, siMgAramaMjarI Adi / jaina nATakakAroM meM digambara hastimala prasiddha hai| inake nimna nATaka upalabdha hai - aMjanA pavanaMjaya, maithilIkalyANa, vikrAntakaurava, sulocanA aura subhdraahrnn| zvetAmbaroM meM AcArya hemacandra ke ziSya rAmacandra ne jahA~ eka aura saMskRta meM nATaya darpaNa nAmaka grantha likhA, vahI prAkRta saMskRta mizrita bhASA meM aneka nATakoM kI bhI racanA kI yathA- kaumudImitrAnanda, natavilAsa, yAdavAbhyudaya, radhuvilAsa, rAdhaSAbhyudaya, vanamAlA (nATikA), satyaharizacandra, isake atirikta ajaina lekhako dvArA racita nATakoM, saTTako aura vidhI Adi meM prAkRta ke aMza maujUda hai| [21]

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jyotiSa yadyapi candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti prAkRta bhASA meM racita jyotiSa sambandhI pramukha Agama grantha hai, kintu inake atirikta bhI jaina paramparA meM aneka jyotiSa sambandhI grantha prAkRta bhASA meM bhI racita hai yathA- gaNivijja, aMgavijja, jeisakaraMDaka (jyotiSakaraNDaka prakIrNaka), jetissAra, vivAhamaNDala, laggasuddhi, diNasuddhi, gaNaharahosa, jeisadAra, jeisacakkaviyAra, jeissahIra aadi| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM, ki jainAcAryo ne prAkRta bhASA meM vipula granthoM kA sarjana kiyA thaa| saMskRta bhASA meM to unake aneko jyotiSa sambandhI grantha hai hii| 'AyanANatilaya' nAmaka phalita jyotiSa kA jaina AcArya vosari kA bhI eka mahattvapUrNa grantha prApta hotA hai| nimitta zAstra nimitta zAstra bhI jainAcAryo kA priya viSaya rahA hai| jayapAyaDa isa viSaya kI prAkRta bhASA kI eka prasiddha racanA hai| isake atirikta nimittapAhuDa, jeNIpAhuDa, riThThasammuccaya, sANakaya (zvAnakRta), chAyAdAra,, nADIdAra, uvassuidAra, nimittadAra, riThThadAra, pipIliyAnANa, karalakkhaNa chIMkaviyAra Adi isa viSaya kI prAkRta kRtiyA~ hai| isa prakAra zilpazAstra meM ThakkarapherUkRta vatthusArapayaraNa Adi grantha bhI prAkRta meM upalabdha haiN| prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM bhI jaina khagola, bhUgola, gaNita, cikitsAzAstra, prANIvijJAna Adi se sambandhita viSaya vastu prAkRta bhASA meM upalabdha hai| Aja jainAcAryo dvArA prAkRta bhASA meM racita aneka grantha anupalabdha hai evaM zodha kI apekSA rakhate hai| vistAra bhaya se maiM adhika gaharAI meM na jAkara isa carcA ko yahIM virAma de rahA huuN| maine isa Alekha meM prAkRta bhASA meM racita jaina kRtiyoM ke nAma mAtra diye haiN| jahA~ taka sambhava ho sakA lekhaka aura racanAkAla kA bhI saMketa mAtra kiyA hai| grantha kI viSaya vastu evaM anya vizeSatAoM kI koI carcA nahIM kI hai| anyathA yaha Alekha svayaM eka pustakAkAra ho jatA hai| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki merI jAnakArI ke abhAva meM kucha prAkRta grantha chUTa bhI gaye ho, etadartha maiM kSamA prArthI huuN| vidvAnoM se prApta sUcanA para unheM sammilita kiyA ja skegaa| .. [22]

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prAkRta kA jaina Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza bhAratIya saMskRti meM ati prAcInakAla se hI do samAntara dhArAoM kI upasthiti pAI jAtI hai - zramaNadhArA aura vaidikdhaaraa| jaina dharma aura saMskRti isI zramaNadhArA kA aMga hai| vaidikadhArA kA AdhAra veda hai aura zramaNadhArA kA AdhAra aagm| Agama zabda kA artha hai - paramparA se prApta jnyaan| jahA~ zramaNadhArA nivRttiparaka rahI, vahA~ vaidikadhArA prvRttiprk| jahA~ zramaNadhArA meM saMnyAsa kA pratyaya pramukha banA, vahA~ vaidikadhArA meM gRhasthajIvana kaa| zramaNadhArA ne sAMsArika jIvana kI du:khamayatA ko adhika abhivyakti dI aura yaha mAnA ki zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA sAgara, ata: usane zarIra aura saMsAra donoM se hI mukti ko apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya maanaa| usakI dRSTi meM jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlya gauNa rahe aura anAsakti, vairAgya aura AtmAnubhUti ke rUpa meM mokSa yA nirvANa ko hI sarvocca mUlya mAnA gyaa| isake viparIta vaidikadhArA ne sAMsArika jIvana ko vareNya mAnakara jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlyoM arthAt jIvana ke rakSaNa evaM poSaNa ke prayatnoM ke sAtha-sAtha pArasparika sahayoga yA sAmAjikatA ko pradhAnatA dii| phalata: vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti evaM pArasparika sahayoga hetu prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukhara hue haiM, yathA- hama sau varSa jIyeM, hamArI santAna baliSTha ho, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha deM, vanaspati evaM anna pracura mAtrA meM utpanna hoM, hamameM paraspara sahayoga ho aadi| jJAtavya hai ki vedoM meM vairAgya evaM mokSa kI avadhAraNA anupasthita hai, jabaki vaha zramaNadhArA kA kendrIya tattva hai| isa prakAra ye donoM dhArAe~ do bhinna jIvana-dRSTiyoM ko lekara pravAhita huI haiN| pariNAmasvarUpa inake sAhitya meM bhI inhIM bhinna-bhinna jIvana-dRSTiyoM kA pratipAdana pAyA jAtA hai| zramaNa-paramparA ke Agama-sAhitya meM saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA ko pradarzita kara tyAga aura vairAgyamaya jIvana-zailI kA vikAsa kiyA gayA, jabaki vaidika sAhitya ke grantha vedoM meM daihika jIvana ko adhika sukhI aura samRddha banAne hetu prArthanAoM kI aura sAmAjika-vyavasthA (varNa-vyavasthA) aura bhautika upalabdhiyoM hetu vividha karmakANDoM kI sarjanA huii| prArambhika vaidika sAhitya, jisameM mukhyata: veda aura brAhmaNa grantha samAhita haiM, meM laukika jIvana ko sukhI aura samRddha banAne .. [23]

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vAlI prArthanAoM aura karmakANDoM kA hI prAdhAnya hai| isake viparIta zramaNa-paramparA ke prArambhika sAhitya meM saMsAra kI du:khamayatA aura kSaNabhaMguratA ko pradarzita kara usase vairAgya aura vimukti ko hI pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| saMkSepa meM zramaNa paramparA kA sAhitya vairAgya pradhAna hai| zramaNadhArA aura usakI dhyAna aura yoga-sAdhanA kI paramparA ke astitva ke saMketa hameM mohanajodaDo aura haDappA kI saMskRti ke kAla se hI milane lagate haiN| yaha mAnA jatA hai ki haDappA saMskRti vaidika saMskRti se bhI pUrvavartI rahI hai| Rgveda jaise prAcInatama grantha meM vrAtyoM aura vAtarazanA muniyoM ke ullekha bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karate haiM ki usa yuga meM zramaNadhArA kA astitva thaa| jahA~ taka isa prAcIna zramaNa-paramparA ke sAhitya kA prazna hai durbhAgya se vaha Aja hameM upalabdha nahIM hai, kintu vedoM meM usa prakAra kI jIvana-dRSTi kI upasthiti ke saMketa yaha avazya sUcita karate haiM ki unakA apanA koI sAhitya bhI rahA hogA, jo kAlakrama meM lupta . ho gyaa| AjaAtmasAdhanA pradhAna nivRttimUlaka zramaNadhArA ke sAhitya kA sabase prAcIna aMza yadi kahIM upalabdha hai, to vaha aupaniSadika sAhitya meM haiN| prAcIna upaniSadoM meM na kevala vaidika karma-kANDoM aura bhautikavAdI jIvana-dRSTi kI AlocanA kI gaI hai, apitu AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI jo pratiSThA huI hai, vaha spaSTatayA isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki ve mUlataH zramaNa jIvana-dRSTi ke prastotA haiN| yaha satya hai ki upaniSadoM meM vaidikadhArA ke bhI kucha saMketa upalabdha haiM, kintu yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki upaniSadoM kI mUlabhUta jIvana-dRSTi vaidika nahIM, zramaNa hai| ve usa yuga kI racanAyeM haiM, jaba vaidikoM dvArA zramaNa saMskRti ke jIvana mUlyoM ko svIkRta kiyA jA rahA thaa| ve vaidika saMskRti aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvaya kI kahAnI kahate haiN| IzAvAsyopaniSad meM samanvaya kA yaha prayatna spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotA hai| usameM tyAga aura bhoga, pravRtti evaM nivRtti, karma aura karma-saMnyAsa, vyakti aura samaSTi, avidyA (bhautika jJAna) aura vidyA (AdhyAtmika jJAna) ke madhya eka sundara samanvaya sthApita kiyA gayA hai| ___ upaniSadoM kA pUrvavartI evaM samasAmayika zramaNa paramparA kA jo adhikAMza sAhitya thA, vaha zramaNa paramparA kI anya dhArAoM ke jIvita na raha pAne yA unake [24]

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bRhad hindU-paramparA meM samAhita ho jAne ke kAraNa yA to vilupta ho gayA thA yA phira dUsarI jIvita zramaNa paramparAoM athavA bRhad hindU-paramparA ke dvArA AtmasAta kara liyA gyaa| kintu usake astitva ke saMketa evaM avazeSa AjabhI aupaniSadika sAhitya, pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgamoM meM surakSita hai| prAcIna AraNyakoM, upaniSadoM AcArAMga (prathama zrutaskandha), sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, isibhAsiyAI, theragAthA, suttanipAta aura mahAbhArata meM ina vilupta yA samAhita zramaNa paramparAoM ke aneka RSiyoM ke upadeza Aja bhI pAye jAte haiN| isibhAsiyAI aura sUtrakRtAMga meM ullikhita yAjJavalkya, nArada, asitadevala, kapila, pArAzara, ArUNi, uddAlaka, nami, bAhuka, rAmaputta Adi RSi ve hI haiM, jinameM se aneka ke upadeza evaM AkhyAna upaniSadoM evaM mahAbhArata meM bhI surakSita haiN| jaina paramparA meM RSibhASita meM inheM 'arhat-RSi' evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM 'siddhi ko prApta tapodhana mahApurUSa' kahA gayA hai aura unheM apanI pUrva paramparA se sambaddha batAyA gayA hai| pAlitripiTaka dIghanikAya ke sAmaphalasutta meM bhI buddha ke samakAlIna chaha tIrthakaro - ajitakezakambala, prakudhakAtyAyana, pUrNakazyapa, saMjayavelaTTiputta, maMkhaligozAlaka evaM niggaMThanAtaputta kI mAnyatAoM kA nirdeza huA hai, phira cAhe unheM vikRta rUpa meM hI prastuta kyoM na kiyA gayA ho| isI prakAra theragAthA, suttanipAta Adi ke aneka thera (sthAvira) bhI prAcIna zramaNa paramparAMoM se sambandhita rahe haiN| isa sabase bhArata meM zramaNadhArA ke prAcInakAla meM astitva kI sUcanA mila jAtI hai| padmabhUSaNa paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne pAlitripiTaka meM ajita, araka aura aranemi nAmaka tIrthakaroM ke ullekha ko bhI khoja nikAlA hai| jJAtavya hai ki usameM inheM "titthakaro kAmesu vItarAgo" kahA gayA hai - cAhe hama yaha mAneM yA na mAneM ki inakI saMgati jaina paramparA ke ajita, ara aura ariSTanemi nAmaka tIrthakaroM se ho sakatI hai- kintu itanA to mAnanA hI hogA ki ye sabhI ullekha zramaNadhArA ke atiprAcIna astitva ko hI sUcita karate haiN| vaidika sAhitya aura prAkRta Agama sAhitya ___ vaidika sAhitya meM 'veda' prAcInatama hai| vedoM ke sandarbha meM bhAratIya darzanoM meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ ullikhita hai| mImAMsakadarzana ke anusAra veda apauruSeya hai __ [25]

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arthAt kisI vyakti vizeSa dvArA nirmita nahIM hai| unake anusAra veda anAdi-nidhana hai, zAzvata haiM, na to unakA koI racayitA hai aura nahIM rcnaakaal| naiyAyikoM kI mAnyatA isase bhinna hai, ve veda-vacanoM ko Izvara-sRSTa mAnate haiN| unake anusAra veda apauruSeya nahIM, apita IzvarakRta hai| IzvarakRta hote hue bhI Izvara ke anAdi-nidhana hone se veda bhI anAdi-nidhana mAne jA sakate haiM, kintu jaba unheM IzvarasRSTa mAna liyA gayA hai, to phira anAdi karanA ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki Izvara kI apekSA se to ve sAdi hI hoNge| ___ jahA~ taka jainAgamoM kA prazna hai unheM artha-rUpa meM arthAt kathya-viSaya-vastu kI apekSA se tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA upadiSTa mAnA jatA hai| isa dRSTi se ve apaurUSeya nahIM haiN| ve artha-rUpa meM tIrthakaroM dvArA upadiSTa aura zabda-rUpa meM gaNadharoM dvArA racita mAne jAte haiM, kintu yaha bAta bhI kevala aMga AgamoM ke sandarbha meM hai| aMgabAhya Agama grantha to vibhinna sthaviroM aura pUrvadhara-AcAryoM kI kRti mAne hI jAte haiN| isa prakAra jaina Agama pauruSeya (puruSakRta) hai aura kAla vizeSa meM nirmita haiN| kintu jaina AcAryoM ne eka anya apekSA se vicAra karate hue aMga AgamoM ko zAzvata bhI kahA hai| unake isa kathana kA AdhAra yaha hai ki tIrthakaroM kI paramparA to anAdikAla se calI A rahI hai aura anantakAla taka calegI, koI bhI kAla aisA nahIM, jisameM tIrthakara nahIM hote haiN| ataH isa dRSTi se jaina Agama bhI anAdi-ananta siddha hote haiN| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra tIrthakara bhinna-bhinna AtmAe~ hotI haiM, kintu unake upadezoM meM samAnatA hotI hai aura unake samAna upadezoM ke AdhAra para racita grantha bhI samAna hI hote haiN| isI apekSA se nandIsUtra meM AgamoM ko anAdi-nidhana bhI kahA gayA hai| tIrthakaroM ke kathana meM cAhe zabda-rUpa meM bhinnatA ho, kintu artha-rUpa meM bhinnatA nahIM hotI hai| ata: artha yA kathya kI dRSTi se yaha ekarUpatA hI jainAgamoM ko pravAha kI apekSA se anAdi-ananta siddha karatI hai| nandIsUtra (sUtra 58) meM kahA gayA hai "yaha jo dvAdaza-aMga yA gaNipiTaka hai vaha aisA nahIM hai ki yaha kabhI nahIM thA, kabhI nahIM rahegA aura na kabhI hogaa| yaha sadaiva thA, aura sadaiva rhegaa| yaha dhruva, nitya zAzvata, akSaya, avasthita aura nitya hai|" isa prakAra jaina cintaka eka ora pratyeka tIrthakara ke upadeza ke AdhAra para unake pramukha ziSyoM [26]

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ke dvArA zabda-rUpa meM AgamoM kI racanA hone kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karate haiM to dUsarI ora artha yA kathya kI dRSTi se samarUpatA ke AdhAra para yaha bhI svIkAra karate hai ki artha-rUpa se jinavANI sadaiva thI aura sadaiva rhegii| vaha kabhI bhI naSTa nahIM hotI hai| vicAra kI apekSA se AgamoM kI zAzvatatA aura nityatA mAnya karate hue bhI jaina paramparA unheM zabda-rUpa se sRSTa aura vicchinna hone vAlA bhI mAnatI hai| anekAnta kI bhASA meM kaheM to tIrthakara kI anavarata paramparA kI dRSTi se Agama zAzvata aura nitya hai, jabaki tIrthakara-vizeSa ke zAsana kI apekSA se ve sRSTa evaM anitya haiN| vaidika sAhitya aura jainAgamoM meM dUsarA mahatvapUrNa antara yaha hai ki vedoM ke adhyayana meM sadaiva hI zabda-rUpa ko mahatva diyA gayA aura yaha mAnA gayA ki zabda-rUpa meM koI parivartana nahIM honA cAhie, usakA artha spaSTa ho yA na ho| isake viparIta jaina paramparA meM tIrthakaroM ko artha kA pravaktA mAnA gayA aura isalie isa bAta para bala diyA gayA ki cAhe AgamoM meM zabda-rUpa meM bhinnatA ho jAye kintu unameM artha-bheda nahIM honA caahie| yahI kAraNa thA ki zabda-rUpa kI isa upekSA ke kAraNa paravartIkAla meM AMgamoM meM aneka bhASika parivartana hue aura Agama pAThoM kI ekarUpatA nahIM raha skii| yadyapi vibhinna saMgItiyoM ke mAdhyama se ekarUpatA banAne kA prayAsa huA, lekina usameM pUrNa saphalatA nahIM mila skii| yadyapi vaha zabda-rUpa parivartana bhI Age nirbAdha rUpa se na cale, isalie eka ora unheM lipibaddha karane kA prayAsa huA to dUsarI ora AgamoM meM pada, akSara, anusvAra Adi meM parivartana karanA bhI mahApApa batAyA gyaa| isa prakAra yadyapi AgamoM ke bhASAgata svarUpa ko sthiratA to pradAna kI gayI, phira bhI zabda kI apekSA artha para adhika bala diye jane ke kAraNa jainAgamoM kA svarUpa pUrNatayA aparivartita nahIM raha sakA, jabaki veda zabda-rUpa meM aparivartita rhe| Aja bhI unameM aisI aneka RcAyeM haiM- jinakA koI artha nahIM nikalatA hai| (anarthakA: hi ved-mntraa:)| isa prakAra veda zabda-pradhAna hai jabaki jaina Agama artha-pradhAna haiN| veda aura jainAgamoM meM tIsarI bhinnatA unakI viSaya-vastu kI apekSA se bhI hai| vedoM meM bhautika upalabdhiyoM hetu prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke prati prArthanAeM hI pradhAna rUpa se dekhI jatI haiM sAtha hI kucha khagola-bhUgola sambandhI vivaraNa aura kathAeM bhI hai| - [27]

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jabaki jaina Agama sAhitya meM AdhyAtmika evaM vairAgyaparaka upadezoM ke dvArA mana, indriya aura vAsanAoM para vijaya pAne ke nirdeza diye gaye haiN| isake sAtha-sAtha usameM muni evaM gRhastha ke AcAra sambandhI vidhi-niSedha pramukhatA se varNita hai tathA tapa-sAdhanA aura karma-phala viSayaka kucha kathAe~ bhI hai| khagola-bhUgola sambandhI carcA bhI jambUdvIpa prajJapti, sUryaprajJapti Adi granthoM meM hai| jahA~ taka jainadarzana kA prazna hai usakA prArambhika rUpa hI AgamoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| vaidika sAhitya meM vedoM ke pazcAt kramazaH brAhmaNa-granthoM, AraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM kA krama AtA hai| inameM brAhmaNa grantha mukhyataH yajJa-yAga sambandhI karmakANDoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karate haiN| ata: unakI zailI aura viSaya-vastu donoM hI Agama-sAhitya se bhinna hai| AraNyakoM ke sambandha me maiM abhI taka samyak adhyayana nahIM kara pAyA hU~ ata: unase Agama sAhitya kI tulanA kara pAnA mere liye sambhava nahIM hai| kintu AraNyakoM meM vairAgya, nivRtti evaM vAnaprastha jIvana ke aneka tathyoM ke ullekha hone se vizeSa tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke dvArA unameM aura jaina AgamoM meM nihita samarUpatA ko khojA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ taka upaniSadoM kA prazna hai upaniSadoM ke aneka aMza AcArAMga, isibhAsiyAiM Adi prAcIna Agama-sAhitya meM bhI yathAvata upalabdha hote haiM / yAjJavalkya, nArada, kapila, asitadevala, arUNa, uddAlaka, pArAzara Adi aneka aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke ullekha evaM upadeza isibhAsiyAI, AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga evaM uttarAdhyayana meM upalabdha hai| isibhAsiyAI meM yAjJavalkya kA upadeza usI rUpa meM varNita hai, jaisA vaha upaniSadoM meM milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana ke aneka AkhyAna, upadeza evaM kathAe~ mAtra nAma-bheda ke sAtha mahAbhArata meM bhI upalabdha haiN| prastuta prasaMga meM vistArabhaya se vaha saba tulanAtmaka vivecana prastuta karanA sambhava nahIM hai| inake tulanAtmaka adhyayana hetu icchuka pAThakoM ko maiM apanI isibhAsiyAiM kI bhUmikA evaM 'jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana' khaNDa-1 evaM 2 dekhane kI anuzaMsA ke sAtha isa carcA ko yahIM virAma detA huuN| [28]

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pAlitripiTaka aura prAkRta Agama sAhitya pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgama apane udbhava-srota kI apekSA se samakAlika kahe jA sakate haiM, kyoMki pAlitripiTaka ke pravaktA bhagavAn buddha aura jainAgamoM ke pravaktA bhagavAn mahAvIra samakAlika hI haiN| isalie donoM ke prArambhika granthoM kA racanAkAla bhI samasAmAyika hai| dUsare jaina-paramparA aura bauddha-paramparA donoM hI bhAratIya saMskRti kI zramaNadhArA ke aMga haiM ata: donoM kI mUlabhUta jIvana-dRSTi eka hI hai| isa tathya kI puSTi jainAgamoM aura pAlitripiTaka ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se ho jAtI hai| donoM paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se nivRttiparaka jIvana-dRSTi ko apanAyA gayA hai aura sadAcAra evaM naitikatA kI prasthApanA ke prayatna kiye gaye haiM, ata: viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se bhI donoM hI paramparAoM ke sAhitya meM samAnatA hai / uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika evaM kucha prakIrNakoM kI aneka gAthAe~, suttanipAta, dhammapada Adi meM mila jAtI hai| kintu jahA~ taka donoM ke darzana evaM AcAra niyamoM kA prazna hai, vahA~ antara bhI dekhA jAtA hai| kyoMki jahA~ bhagavAn buddha AcAra ke kSetra meM madhyamamArgI the, vahA~ mahAvIra tapa, tyAga aura titIkSA para adhika bala de rahe the| isa prakAra AcAra ke kSetra meM donoM kI dRSTiyA~ bhinna thiiN| yadyapi vicAra ke kSetra meM mahAvIra aura buddha donoM hI ekAntavAda ke samAlocaka the, kintu jahA~ buddha ne ekAntavAdoM ko kevala nakArA, vahA~ mahAvIra ne una ekAntavAdoM kA samanvaya kiyaa| ata: darzana ke kSetra meM buddha kI dRSTi nakArAtmaka rahI hai, jabaki mahAvIra kI skaaraatmk| isa darzana aura AcAra ke kSetra meM donoM meM jo bhinnatA thI, vaha unake sAhitya meM bhI abhivyakta huI hai| phira bhI sAmAnya pAThaka kI apekSA se donoM paramparA ke granthoM meM kSaNikavAda, anAtmavAda Adi dArzanika prasthAnoM ko choDakara ekatA hI adhika parilakSita hotI hai| AgamoM kA mahattva evaM prAmANikatA ___pratyeka dharma-paramparA meM dharma-gantha yA zAstra kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hotA hai, kyoMki usa dharma ke dArzanika siddhAnta aura AcAra vyavasthA donoM ke lie zAstra' hI ekamAtra pramANa hotA hai| hindUdharma meM veda kA, bauddhadharma meM tripiTaka kA, pArasIdharma meM avestA kA, IsAIdharma meM bAibila kA aura islAmadharma meM kurAna kA jo sthAna hai, vahI sthAna jainadharma meM Agama sAhitya kA hai| phira bhI Agama sAhitya ko na to veda ke - [29]

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samAna apauruSeya mAnA gayA hai aura na bAibila yA kurAna ke samAna kisI paigambara ke mAdhyama se diyA gayA Izvara kA sandezahI, apitu vaha una arhatoM va RSiyoM kI vANI kA saMkalana hai, jinhoMne apanI tapasyA aura sAdhanA ke dvArA satya kA prakAza prApta kiyA thaa| jainoM ke lie Agama jinavANI hai, Aptavacana hai, unake dharma-darzana aura sAdhanA kA AdhAra hai| yadyapi vartamAna meM jainadharma kA digambara sampradAya upalabdha AgamoM ko pramANabhUta nahIM mAnatA hai, kyoMki usakI dRSTi meM ina AgamoM meM kucha aisA prakSipta aMza hai, jo unakI mAnyatAoM ke viparIta hai| merI dRSTi meM cAhe vartamAna meM upalabdha AgamoM meM kucha prakSipta aMza ho yA unameM kucha parivartana-parivardhana bhI huA ho, phira bhI ve jainadharma ke prAmANika dastAveja hai| unameM aneka aitihAsika tathya upalabdha hai| unakI pUrNataH asvIkRti kA artha apanI prAmANikatA ko hI nakAranA hai| zvetAmbara mAnya ina AgamoM kI sabase baDI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ye I.pU. pA~cavI zatI se lekara IsA kI pA~cavI zatI arthAta lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa meM jaina saMgha ke caDhAva-utAra kI eka prAmANika kahAnI kaha dete haiN| AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa - vartamAna meM jo Agama grantha upalabdha haiM, unheM nimna rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA jAtA hai 11 aMga 1. AyAra (AcArAMgaH), 2. sUyagaDa (sUtrakRtAMga:), 3. ThANa (sthAnAMga:), 4. samavAya (samavAyAMgaH), 5. viyAhapannati (vyAkhyAprajJaptiH yA bhagavatI), 6. nAyAdhammakahAo (jJAtAdharmakathA:), 7. uvAsagadasAo (upAsakadazA:), 8. aMtagaDa dasAo (anta kRddazAH), 9. anuttarovavAiya-dasAau (anuttaraupapAtikadazA:), 10. paNhAvAgaraNAiM (praznavyAkaraNAni), 11. vivAgasuyaM (vipAkazrutam), 12. dRSTivAda: (diTThivAya), jo vicchinna huA hai| 12 upAMga - 1. uvavAiyaM (aupapAtikaM) 2. rAyapaseNaija (rAjanasenajitkaM) athavA rAyapaseNiyaM (rAjapraznIyaM), 3. jIvAjIvAbhigama, 4. paNNavaNA (prajJApanA), 5. [30]

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sUrapaNNatti (sUryaprajJaptiH), 6. jambudvIvapaNNatti (jambUdvIpaprajJaptiH), caMdapaNNati (candraprajJaptiH),. 8-12. nirayAvaliyAsuyakkhaMdha (nirayAvalikAzrutaskandhaH), 8. nirayAvaliyAo (nirayAvalikA:) 9. kappavaDiMsiyAo (kalpAvataMsikAH) 10. pupphiyAo (puSpikA:), 11. pupphacUlAo (puSpacUlA:), 12. vaNhidasAo (vRSNidazA:) jahA~ taka uparyukta aMga aura upAMga granthoM kA prazna hai, zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAya inheM mAnya karate haiN| jabaki digambara sampradAya inhIM gyAraha aMgasUtroM ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki aMgasUtra vartamAna meM vilupta ho gaye haiN| upAMgasUtroM ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAyoM meM ekarUpatA hai, kintu digambara paramparA meM bAraha upAMgoM kI na to koI mAnyatA rahI aura na ve vartamAna meM ina granthoM ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiN| yadyapi jambUdvIpaprajJapti, dvIpasAgaraprajJapti Adi nAmoM se unake yahA~ kucha grantha avazya pAye jate haiN| sAtha hI sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti ko bhI unake dvArA dRSTivAda ke parikarma vibhAga ke antargata svIkAra kiyA gayA thaa| 4 mUlasUtra sAmAnyatayA 1. uttarAdhyayana, 2. dazavaikAlika, 3. Avazyaka aura 4. piNDaniyukti -ye cAra mUlasUtra mAne gaye haiN| phira bhI mUlasUtroM kI saMkhyA aura nAmoM ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai| jahA~ taka uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika kA prazna hai inheM sabhI zvetAmbara sampradAyoM evaM AcAryoM ne ekamata se mUlasUtra mAnA hai| samayasundara, bhAvaprabhasUri tathA pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM pro. byUhalara, pro. zArapenTiyara, pro. vinTarnitja pro. zubriga Adi ne eka svara se Avazyaka ko mUlasUtra mAnA hai| kintu sthAnakavAsI evaM terApanthI sampradAya Avazyaka ko mUlasUtra ke antargata nahI mAnate haiN| ye donoM sampradAya Avazyaka evaM piNDaniyukti ke sthAna para nandI aura anuyogadvAra ko mUlasUtra mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM kucha AcAryoM ne piNDaniyukti ke sAtha-sAtha oghaniyukti ko bhI mUlasUtra meM mAnA hai| isa prakAra mUlasUtroM ke vargIkaraNa aura unake nAmoM meM ekarUpatA kA abhAva hai| acela paramparA meM ina mUlasUtroM meM se dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana aura Avazyaka [31]

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mAnya rahe haiN| tattvArtha kI digambara TIkAoM meM, dhavalA meM tathA aMgapaNNatti meM inakA ullekha hai| jJAtavya hai ki aMgapaNNatti meM nandIsUtra kI bhAMti hI Avazyaka ke chaha vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| yApanIya paramparA meM bhI na kevala Avazyaka, uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavaikAlika mAnya rahe haiM, apitu yApanIya AcArya aparAjita (navIM zatI) ne to dazavaikAlika kI TIkA bhI likhI thii| 6 chedasUtra - chedasUtroM ke antargata vartamAna meM 1. AyAradazA (dazAzrRMtaskandha) 2. kappa (kalpa) 3. vavahAra (vyavahAra), 4. nisIha (nizItha), 5. mahAnizItha aura 6. jIyakalpa (jItakalpa)- ye chaha grantha mAne jate haiN| inameM se mahAnizItha aura jItakalpa ko zvetAmbaroM kI terApanthI aura sthAnakavAsI sampradAyeM mAnya nahIM karatI haiN| ve donoM mAtra cAra hI chedasUtra mAnate haiN| jabaki zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya uparyukta 6 chedasUtroM ko mAnatA hai| jahA~ taka digambara aura yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai unameM aMgabAma granthoM meM kalpa, vyavahAra aura nizItha kA ullekha milatA hai| yApanIya sampradAya ke granthoM meM na kevala inakA ullekha milatA hai, apitu inake avataraNa bhI diye gaye haiN| Azcarya yaha hai ki vartamAna meM digambara paramparA meM pracalita mUlata: yApanIya paramparA ke prAyazcita sambandhI grantha 'chedapiNDazAstra' meM kalpa aura vyavahAra ke prAmANya ke sAtha-sAtha jItakalpa kA bhI prAmANya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra digambara evaM yApanIya paramparAoM meM kalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha aura jItakalpa kI hI mAnyatA rahI hai, yadyapi vartamAna meM digambara AcArya inheM mAnya nahIM karate haiN| 10 prakIrNaka isake antargata nimna dasa grantha mAne jate haiM - 1. causaraNa (catuHzaraNa), 2. AurapaccakkhANa (AturapratyAkhyAna), 3. bhattaparinnA (bhaktaparijJA), 4. saMthAraya (saMstAraka), 5. taMDulaveyAliya (taMdulavaicArika), 6. caMdavejjhaya (candravedhyaka), 7. devindatthaya (devendrastava), 8. gaNivijja (gaNividyA), 9. mahApaccakkhANa (mahApratyAkhyAna) aura 10. vIratthaya (vIrastava) [32]

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zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI ina prakIrNakoM ko mAnya nahIM karate haiN| yadyapi merI dRSTi meM inameM unakI paramparA ke virUddha aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai, jisase inheM amAnya kiyA jaave| inameM se 9 prakIrNakoM kA ullekha to nandIsUtra meM mila jAtA hai| ataH inheM amAnya karane kA koI aucitya nahIM hai| hamane inakI vistRta carcA Agama saMsthAna, udayapura se prakAzita 'mahApaccakkhANa' kI bhUmikA meM kI hai| jahA~ taka dasa prakIrNakoM ke nAma Adi kA prazna hai, zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya ke AcAryoM meM bhI kiMcita matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| lagabhaga 9 nAmoM meM to ekarUpatA hai, kintu bhaktaparijJA, maraNavidhi aura vIrastava ye tIna nAma aise haiM jo bhinna-bhinna rUpa se Aye haiM kisI ne bhaktaparijJA ko choDaqara maraNavidhi kA ullekha kiyA hai to kisI ne usake sthAna para vIrastava kA ullekha kiyA hai| muni zrI puNyavijayajI ne 'paiNNasuttAI' ke prathama. bhAga kI bhUmikA meM prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita lagabhaga 22 granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| inameM se adhikAMza mahAvIra vidyAlaya se paiNNasuttAiM nAma se do bhAgoM meM prakAzita hai| aMgavidyA kA prakAzana prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI kI ora se huA hai| ye bAIsa nimna haiM : 1. catuHzaraNa, 2. AturapratyAkhyAna, 3. bhaktaparijJA, 4. saMstAraka, 5. taMdulavaicArika, 6. candravedhyaka, 7. devendrastava, 8. gaNividyA, 9. mahApratyAkhyAna, 10 vIrastava, 11. RSibhASita, 12. ajIvakalpa, 13. gacchAcAra, 14. maraNasamAdhi, 15. titthogAliya, 16. ArAdhanApatAkA, 17. dvIpasAgaraprajJapti, 18. jyotiSakaraNDaka, 19. aMgavidyA, 20, siddhaprAbhRta 21. sArAvalI aura 22. jiivvibhkti| .. isake atirikta eka hI nAma ke aneka prakIrNaka bhI upalabdha hote haiM, yathA- "AurapaccakkhAna' ke nAma se tIna grantha upalabdha hote haiN| unameM se eka to dasavIM zatI ke AcArya vIrabhadra kI kRti hai| inameM se nandI aura pAkSikasUtra ke utkAlika sUtroM ke varga meM devendrastava, taMdulavaicArika, candravedhyaka, gaNividyA, maraNavibhakti, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna ye sAta nAma pAye jate haiM aura kAlikasUtroM ke varga meM RSibhASita aura dvIpasAgaraprajJapti ye do nAma pAye jate haiN| isa prakAra nandI eva pAkSikasUtra meM nau prakIrNakoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki [33]

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zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka samAjake kucha AcArya jo 84 Agama mAnate haiM, ve prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA 10 ke sthAna para 30 mAnate haiN| isameM pUrvokta 22 nAmoM ke atirikta nimna 8 prakIrNaka aura mAne gaye haiM - piNDavizuddhi, paryanta-ArAdhanA, yoniprAbhRta, aMgacUlikA, vRddhacatuHzaraNa, jambUpayannA aura klpsuutr| jahA~ taka digambara paramparA evaM yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai, ve spaSTata: ina prakIrNakoM ko mAnya nahIM karatI hai, phira bhI mUlAcAra meM AturapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna nAmaka adhyAyoM meM avatarita kI gaI hai| isI prakAra bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI maraNavibhakti, ArAdhanApatAkA Adi aneka prakIrNakoM kI gAthAe~ avatarita hai| jJAtavya hai ki inameM aMga bAloM ko prakIrNaka kahA gayA hai| 2 cUlikAsUtra cUlikAsUtra ke antargata nandIsUtra aura anuyogadvAra- ye do grantha mAne jAte hai| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM ki sthAnakavAsI paramparA inheM cUlikAsUtra na kahakara mUlasUtra meM vargIkRta karatI hai| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki ye donoM grantha zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAyoM ko mAnya rahe haiN| . __isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki 11 aMga, 12 upAMga, 4 mUla, 6 cheda, 10 prakIrNaka, 2 cUlikAsUtra - ye 45 Agama zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM mAnya hai| sthAnakavAsI va terApanthI isameM se 10 ko kama karake 32-Agama mAnya karate haiN| jo loga caurAsI Agama mAnya karate haiM, ve dasa prakIrNakoM ke sthAna para pUrvokta tIsa prakIrNaka mAnate haiN| isake sAtha dasa niyuktiyoM tathA yatijItakalpa, zrAddhajItakalpa, pAkSikasUtra, kSamApanAsUtra, vandittu, tithi-prakaraNa, kavacaprakaraNa, saMzaktaniyukti aura vizeSAvazyakabhASya ko bhI AgamoM meM sammilita karate haiN| isa prakAra vartamAnakAla meM Agama sAhitya ko aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda, mUla aura cUlikAsUtra ke rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA jAtA hai, kintu yaha vargIkaraNa paryApta paravartI hai| 12 vIM zatI se pUrva ke granthoM meM isa prakAra ke vargIkaraNa kA kahIM ullekha nahIM milatA hai| vargIkaraNa kI yaha zailI sarvaprathama hameM AcArya zrIcanda kI 'sukhabodhA samAcArI' (I.san 1112) meM AMzika rUpa se upalabdha hotI hai| isameM [34]

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Agama-sAhitya ke adhyayana kA jo krama diyA gayA hai usase kevala itanA hI pratiphalita hotA hai ki aMga, upAMga Adi kI avadhAraNA usa yuga meM bana cukI thii| kintu vartamAnakAla meM jisa prakAra se vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaisA vargIkaraNa usa samaya taka bhI pUrNa rUpa se nirdhArita nahIM huA thaa| usameM mAtra aMga-upAMga, Adi kI avadhAraNA usa yuga meM bana cukI thii| kintu vartamAnakAla meM jisa prakAra se vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaisA vargIkaraNa usa samaya taka bhI pUrNa rUpa se nirdhArita nahIM huA thaa| usameM mAtra aMga-upAMga, prakIrNaka itane hI nAma milate haiN| vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM nandIsUtra va anuyogadvArasUtra ko bhI prakIrNakoM meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| sukhabodhasamAcArI kA yaha vivaraNa mukhya rUpa se to Agama granthoM ke adhyayana-krama ko hI sUcita karatA hai| isameM muni-jIvana sambandhI AcAra niyamoM ke pratipAdaka Agama-granthoM ke adhyayana ko prAthamikatA dI gaI hai aura siddhAnta granthoM kA adhyayana bauddhika paripakvatA ke pazcAta ho aisI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| isI dRSTi se eka anya vivaraNa jinaprabha ne apane grantha 'vidhimArgaprapA' meM diyA hai| isameM vartamAna meM ullikhita AgamoM ke nAma to mila jAte haiM, kintu kauna Agama kisa varga kA hai, yaha ullekha nahIM hai| mAtra pratyeka varga ke AgamoM ke nAma eka sAtha Ane ke kAraNa yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya taka cAhe aMga, upAMga Adi kA vartamAna vargIkaraNa pUrNata: sthira na huA hai, kintu jaisA padmabhUSaNa paM. dalasukhabhAI kA kathana hai ki kauna grantha kisake sAtha ullikhita honA cAhie aisA eka krama bana gayA thA, kyoMki usameM aMga, upAMga, cheda, mUla, prakIrNaka evaM cUlikAsUtroM ke nAma eka hI sAtha milate haiN| vidhimArgaprapA meM aMga, upAMga granthoM kA pArasparika sambandha bhI nizcita kiyA gayA thA / mAtra yahI nahIM eka matAntara kA ullekha karate hue usameM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki kucha AcArya candraprajJapti evaM sUryaprajJapti ko bhagavatI kA upAMga mAnate haiN| jinaprabha ne isa grantha meM sarvaprathama vAcanAvidhi ke prArambha meM aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda aura mUla- ina vargoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne vidhimArgaprapA ko I. san 1306 meM pUrNa kiyA thA, ata: yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki isake Asa-pAsa hI AgamoM kA vartamAna vargIkaraNa pracalana meM AyA hogaa| [35]

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AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna zailI ... .. Agama-sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna zailI isase bhinna rahI hai| isa prAcIna zailI kA sarvaprathama nirdeza hameM nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra (IsvI san pA~cavI zatI) meM milatA hai| usa yuga meM AgamoM ko aMgapraviSTa va aMgabAhma- ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jatA thaa| aMgapraviSTa ke antargata AcArAMga Adi 12 aMga Ate the| zeSa grantha aMgabAhma kahe jate the| usameM aMgabAroM kI eka saMjJA prakIrNaka bhI thii| aMgaprajJapti nAmaka digambara grantha meM bhI aMgabAhoM ko prakIrNaka kahA gayA hai| aMgabAhma ko puna: do bhAgoM meM bAMTA jatA thA- 1. Avazyaka aura 2. aavshyk-vytirikt| Avazyaka ke antargata sAmAyika Adi cha: grantha the| jJAtavya hai ki vartamAna vargIkaraNa meM Avazyaka ko eka hI grantha mAnA jatA hai aura sAmAyika Adi cha: Avazyaka aMgoM ko usake eka-eka adhyAya rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai, kintu prAcInakAla meM inheM chaH svatantra grantha mAnA jAtA thaa| isakI puSTi aMgapaNNati Adi digambara granthoM se bhI ho jAtI hai| unameM bhI sAmAyika Adi ko cha: svatantra grantha mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi usameM kAyotsarga evaM pratyAkhyAna ke sthAna para vainayika evaM kRtikarma nAma milate haiN| Avazyaka-vyatirikta ke bhI do bhAga kiye jAte the- 1. kAlika aura 2. utkaalik| jinakA svAdhyAya vikAla ko choDakara kiyA jAtA thA, ve kAlika kahalAte the, jabaki utkAlika granthoM ke adhyayana yA svAdhyAya meM kAla evaM vikAla kA vicAra nahIM kiyA jAtA thaa| nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra ke anusAra AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI sUcI nimnAnusAra hai - [36]

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zruta (Agama) (ka) aMgapraviSTa - (kha) aMgabAhma (kha) Avazyaka vyatirikta 1. AcArAMga (ka) Avazyaka 2. sUtrakRtAMga 1. sAmAyika 3. sthAnAMga 2. caturviMzatistava 4. samavAyAMga 3. vandanA 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti 4. pratikramaNa 6. jJAtAdharmakathA 5. kAyotsarga 7. upAsakadazAMga 6. pratyAkhyAna 8. antakRddazAMga 9. anuttaraupapAtikadazAMga 10. praznavyAkaraNa 11. vipAkasUtra 12. dRSTivAda (ka) kAlika 1. uttarAdhyayana 2. dazAzrutaskandha 3. kalya 4. vyavahAra 5. nizItha . 6. mahAnizItha 7. RSibhASita 8. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 9. dvIpasAgara prajJapti 10. candraprajJapti 11. kSullikAvimAnapravibhakti / 12. mahallikAvimAnapravibhakti 13. aMgacUlikA 14. vaggacUlikA 15. vivAhacUlikA 16. aruNopapAta 17. varuNopapAta 18. garuDopapAta 19. dharaNopapAta [37] (kha) utkAlika 1. dazavaikAlika 2. kalpikAkalpika 3. cullakakalpazruta 4. mahAkalpazruta 5. nizItha 6. rAjapraznIya 7. javAbhigama 8.prajJApanA 9. mahAprajJApanA 10. pramAdApramAda 11. nandI 12. anuyogadvAra 13. devendrastava 14. tandulavaicArika 15. candravedhyaka 16. sUryaprajJapti 17. paurUSImaNDala 18. maNDalapraveza 19. vidyAcaraNa vinizcaya

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20. vaizramaNopapAta 21. velandharopapAta 22. devendropapAta 23. utthAnazruta 24. samutthAnazruta 25. nAgaparijJApanikA 26. nirayAvalikA 27. kalpikA 28. kalpAvataMsikA 29. puSpitA 30. puSpacUlikA 31. vRSNidazA 20. gaNividyA 21. dhyAnavibhakti 22. maraNavibhakti 23. Atmavizodhi 24. vItarAgazruta 25. saMlekhanAzruta 26. vihArakalpa 27. caraNavidhi 28. AturatyAkhyAna 29. mahApratyAkhyAna isa prakAra nandIsUtra meM 12 aMga, 6 Avazyaka, 31 kAlika evaM 29 utkAlika sahita 78 AgamoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki Aja inameM se aneka grantha anupalabdha haiN| yApanIya aura digambara paramparA meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa yApanIya aura digambara paramparAoM meM Agama-sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kI jo zailI mAnya rahI hai, vaha bhI bahuta kucha nandIsUtra kI zailI ke hI anurUpa hai| unhoMne use umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra se grahaNa kiyA hai| usameM AgamoM ko aMga aura aMgabAhya aise do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| inameM aMgoM kI bAraha saMkhyA kA spaSTa ullekha to milatA hai, kintu aMgabAhyaM kI saMkhyA kA spaSTa nirdeza nahIM hai| mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai ki aMgabAhma aura aneka prakAra ke haiN| kintu apane tattvArthabhASya (1/20) meM AcArya umAsvAti ne aMga-bAhma ke antargata sarvaprathama sAmAyika Adi cha: AvazyakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai usake bAda dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, dazA, kalpa-vyavahAra, nizItha aura RSibhASita ke nAma dekara anta meM Adi zabda se anya granthoM kA grahaNa kiyA hai| kintu aMgabAhma meM spaSTa nAma to unhoMne kevala bAraha hI diye haiN| isameM kalpa-vyavahAra kA ekIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| eka anya sUcanoM se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki tattvArthabhASya meM upAMga saMjJA kA nirdeza hai| ho sakatA hai ki pahale [38]

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12 aMgoM ke samAna hI 12 upAMga mAne jate hoN| tattvArthasUtra ke TIkAkAra pUjyapAda, akalaMka, vidyAnandI Adi digambara AcAryoM ne aMgabAhma meM na kevala uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, apitu kAlika evaM utkAlika aise vargoM kA bhI nAma nirdeza (1/20) kiyA hai| harivaMzapurANa evaM dhavalATIkA meM AgamoM kA jo vargIkaraNa upalabdha hotA hai, usameM 12 aMgoM evaM 14 aMgabAmoM kA ullekha hai, tatpazcAta dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, kalpa-vyavahAra, kappAkappIya (kalpikAkalpika), mahAkappIya (mahAkalpa), puNDarIka, mahApuNDarIka va nizItha kA ullekha hai| isa prakAra dhavalA meM 12 aMga aura 14 aMgabAhoM kI gaNanA kI gyii| inameM bhI kalpa aura vyavahAra ko eka hI grantha mAnA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki tattvArthabhASya kI apekSA isameM kappAkappIya, mahAkappIya, puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka- ye cAra nAma adhika hai| kintu bhASya meM ullikhita dazA aura RSibhASita ko choDa diyA gayA hai| isameM jo cAra nAma adhika hai- unameM kappAkappIya aura mahAkappIya kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM bhI hai, mAtra puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka ye do nAma vizeSa haiN| . digambara paramparA meM AcArya zubhacandra kRta aMgaprajJapti (aMgapaNNati) nAmaka eka grantha milatA hai| yaha grantha dhavalATIkA ke pazcAta kA pratIta hotA hai| isameM dhavalATIkA meM varNita 12 aMgapraviSTa va 14 aMgabAma granthoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| isameM aMgabAma granthoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa saMkSipta hI hai| isa grantha meM aura digambara paramparA ke anya granthoM meM aMgabAloM ko prakIrNaka bhI kahA gayA hai (3.10) / isameM kahA gayA hai ki sAmAyika pramukha 14 prakIrNaka aMgabAhma haiN| isameM diye gaye viSaya-vastu ke vivaraNa se lagatA hai ki yaha vivaraNa mAtra anuzruti ke AdhAra para likhA gayA hai, mUla granthoM ko lekhaka ne nahIM dekhA hai| isameM bhI puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka kA ullekha hai| ina donoM granthoM kA ullekha zvetAmbara paramparA meM mujhe kahIM nahIM milaa| yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA ke sUtrakRtAMga meM eka adhyayana kA nAma puNDarIka avazya milatA hai| prakIrNakoM meM eka sArAvalI prakIrNaka hai| isameM puNDarIka mahAtIrtha (zajaya) kI mahattA kA vistRta vivaraNa hai| sambhava hai ki puNDarIka sArAvalI prakIrNaka kA hI yaha dUsarA nAma ho| phira bhI spaSTa [39]

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pramANa ke abhAva meM isa sambandha meM adhika kucha kahanA ucita nahIM hogaa| . isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki prathama zatI se lekara dasavIM zatI taka AgamoM ko nandIsUtra kI zailI meM aMga aura aMgabAhma- puna: aMgabAroM ko Avazyaka aura Avazyaka- vyatirikta, aise do vibhAgoM meM bAMTA jatA thaa| Avazyaka-vyatirikta meM bhI kAlika aura utkAlika aise do vibhAga sarvamAnya the| lagabhaga gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatI ke bAda se aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda, mUla aura cUlikAsUtra yaha vartamAna vargIkaraNa astitva meM AyA hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara va digambara donoM paramparAoM meM sabhI aMgabAhma AgamoM ke lie prakIrNaka (paiNNaya) nAma bhI pracalita rahA hai| ' Agama-sAhitya kI prAcInatA evaM racanAkAla ___bhArata jaise vizAla deza meM atiprAcInakAla se hI aneka boliyoM kA astitva rahA hai, kintu sAhityika dRSTi se bhArata meM tIna prAcIna bhASAe~ pracalita rahI hai- saMskRta, prAkRta aura paali| inameM saMskRta ke do rUpa pAye jate haiM- chAndsa aura sAhityika sNskRt| veda chAndsa saMskRta meM haiM, je pAli aura prAkRta ke nikaTa hai| upaniSadoM kI bhASA chAnsa kI apekSA sAhityika saMskRtaM ke adhika nikaTa hai| prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha jo sAhitya upalabdha hai, usameM Agama sAhitya prAcInatama hai| yahA~ taka ki AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha aura RSibhASita to azokakAlIna prAkRta abhilekhoM se bhI prAcIna hai| ye donoM grantha lagabhaga I.pU. pAMcavI-cauthI zatAbdI kI racanAe~ haiN| AcArAMga kI sUtrAtmaka aupaniSadika zailI use upaniSadoM kA nikaTavartI aura svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vANI siddha karatI hai| bhAva, bhASA aura zailI tInoM ke AdhAra para yaha sampUrNa pAli aura prAkRta sAhitya meM prAcInatama hai| AtmA ke svarUpa evaM astitva sambandhI isake vivaraNa aupaniSadika vivaraNoM ke anurUpa haiN| isameM pratipAdita mahAvIra kA jIvana-vRtta bhI alaukikatA aura atizayatA rahita hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha vivaraNa bhI usI vyakti dvArA kahA gayA hai, jisane svayaM unakI jIvanacaryA ko nikaTatA se dekhA aura jAnA hogaa| sAhitya meM hI sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke chaThe adhyAya, AcArAMgacUlA aura kalpasUtra meM bhI mahAvIra kI jIvanacaryA kA ullekha hai, kintu ve bhI AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI apekSA paravartI haiM, kyoMki unameM kramaza: alaukikatA, [40]

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atizayatA aura atiraMjanA kA praveza hotA gayA hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita kI sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se rahita udAradRSTi tathA bhAva aura bhASAgata aneka tathya use AcArAMga ke prathama zrutraskandha ko choDaqara sampUrNa prAkRta evaM pAlisAhitya meM prAcInatama siddha karate haiN| pAli sAhitya meM prAcInatama grantha suttanipAta mAnA jAtA hai, kintu aneka tathyoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki RSibhASita, suttanipAta se bhI prAcIna hai| AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA sthUlibhadra ke samaya arthAt IsA pUrva tIsarI zatI meM huI thI, ata: itanA nizcita hai ki usa samaya taka Agama-sAhitya astitva meM A cukA thaa| isa prakAra Agama-sAhitya ke kucha granthoM ke racanAkAla kI uttara sImA I.pU. pA~cavI-cauthI zatAbdI siddha hotI hai, je ki isa sAhitya kI prAcInatA ko pramANita karatI hai| phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki sampUrNa Agama sAhitya ne to eka vyakti kI racanA hai aura na eka kAla kii| yaha satya hai ki isa sAtyi ko antima rUpa vIra nirvANa samvat 980 meM valabhI meM sampanna huI vAcanA meM prApta huaa| kintu isa AdhAra para hamAre kucha vidvAna mitra yaha galata niSkarSa nikAla lete haiM ki Agama sAhitya IsavI san kI pAMcavI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| yadi Agama IsA kI pAMcavI zatAbdI kI racanA hai, to valabhI kI isa antima vAcanA ke pUrva bhI valabhI , mathurA, khaNDagiri aura pATalIputra meM jo vAcanAeM huI thI unameM saMkalita sAhitya kaunasAthA? unheM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki valabhI meM AgamoM ko saMkalita, suvyavasthita aura sampAdita karake lipibaddha (pustakArUDha) kiyA gayA thA, ata: yaha kisI bhI sthiti meM unakA racanAkAla nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| saMkalana aura sampAdana kA artha racanA nahIM hai| punaH AgamoM meM viSaya-vastu, bhASA aura zailI kI jo vividhatA aura bhinnatA parilakSita hotI hai, vaha spaSTatayA isa tathya kI pramANa hai ki saMkalana aura sampAdana ke samaya unakI maulikatA ko yathAvata rakhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, anyathA Aja unakA prAcIna svarUpa samApta hI ho jAtA aura AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI bhASA aura zailI bhI parivartita ho jAtI tathA usake upadhAnazruta nAmaka naveM adhyayana meM varNita mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta alaukikatA evaM atizayoM se yukta bana jaataa| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu meM kucha prakSipta aMza haiM, kintu prathama [41]

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to aise prakSepa bahuta hI kama haiM aura dUsare unheM spaSTa rUpa se pahacAnA bhI jA sakatA hai| ata: isa AdhAra para sampUrNa Agama sAhitya ko paravartI mAna lenA sabase baDI bhrAnti hogii| Agama-sAhitya para kabhI-kabhI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva ko dekhakara bhI usakI prAcInatA para saMdeha kiyA jAtA hai| kintu prAcIna hastapratoM ke AdhAra para pAThoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jatA hai ki aneka prAcIna hastapratoM meM Aja bhI unake 'ta' zrutipradhAna ardhamAgadhI svarUpa surakSita haiM / AcArAMga ke prakAzita saMskaraNoM ke adhyayana se bhI yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki paravartIkAla meM usameM kitane pAThAntara ho gaye haiN| isa sAhitya para jo mahArASTrI prabhAva A gayA hai vaha lipikAroM aura TIkAkAroM kI apanI bhASA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAMga kA 'rAmaputte' pATha cUrNi meM rAmAutte' aura zIlAMga kI TIkA meM rAmagutte' ho gyaa| ata: AgamoM meM mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva ko dekhakara unakI prAcInatA para saMdeha nahIM karanA caahie| apitu una granthoM kI vibhinna pratoM evaM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkAoM ke AdhAra para pAThoM ke prAcIna svarUpoM ko surakSita rakhane kA prayatna karanA caahie| vastuta: Agama-sAhitya meM vibhinna kAla kI sAmagrI surakSita hai| isakI uttara sImA I.pU. pAMcavI-cauthI zatAbdI aura nimna sImA I.san kI pAMcavI zatAbdI hai| vastuta: Agama-sAhitya ke vibhinna granthoM kA yA unake kisI aMza-vizeSa kA kAla nirdhArita karate samaya unameM upalabdha sAMskRtika sAmagrI, dArzanika-cintana kI spaSTatA evaM gahanatA, bhASA-zailI Adi sabhI pakSoM para prAmANikatA ke sAtha vicAra karanA caahie| isa dRSTi se adhyayana karane para hI yaha spaSTa bodha ho sakegA ki Agama-sAhitya kA kauna sA grantha athavA usakA kauna sA aMza-vizeSa kisa kAla kI racanA hai| AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu sambandhI nirdeza zvetAmbara paramparA meM hameM sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandIsUtra, nandIcUrNi evaM tattvArthabhASya meM tathA digambara paramparA meM tattvArtha kI TIkAoM ke sAtha-sAtha dhavalA, jayadhavalA meM milate haiN| tattvArthasUtra kI digambara paramparA kI TIkAoM aura dhavalAdi meM unakI viSaya-vastu sambandhI nirdeza mAtra anuzrutiparaka haiM, ve granthoM ke vAstavika adhyayana para AdhArita nahIM hai| unameM diyA [42]

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gayA vivaraNa tattvArthabhASya evaM paramparA se prApta sUcanAoM para AdhArita hai| jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandI Adi AgamoM aura unakI vyAkhyAoM evaM TIkAoM meM unakI viSaya-vastu kA jo vivaraNa hai vaha una granthoM ke avalokana para AdhArita hai kyoMki prathama to isa paramparA meM AgamoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA Aja taka jIvita calI A rahI hai / dUsare, Agama-granthoM kI viSaya-vastu meM kAlakrama se kyA parivartana huA hai, isakI sUcanA zvetAmbara paramparA ke uparyukta Agama-granthoM se hI prApta ho jAtI hai| inake adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jatA hai ki kisa kAla meM kisa Agama grantha meM kauna sI sAmagrI juDI aura alaga huI hai| AcArAMga meM AcAracUlA aura nizItha ke juDane aura punaH nizItha ke alaga hone kI ghaTanA, samavAyAMga aura sthAnAMga meM samaya-samaya para hue prakSepa, jJAtAdharmakathA ke dvitIya varga meM juDe hue adhyAya, praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu meM huA sampUrNa parivartana, antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtika evaM vipAka ke adhyayanoM meM hue AMzika parivartana ina sabakI prAmANika jAnakArI hameM una vivaraNoM kA tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka adhyayana karane se mila jAtI hai| inameM praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu kA parivartana hI aisA hai, jisake vartamAna svarUpa kI sUcanA kevala nandIcUrNi (IsvI san sAtavIM zatI) meM milatI hai| vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa lagabhaga IsvI san kI pAMcavI-chaThI zatAbdI meM astitva meM AyA hai| isa prakAra Agama-sAhitya lagabhaga eka sahasra varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM kisa prakAra nirmita, parivardhita, parivartita evaM sampAdita hotA rahA hai isakI sUcanA bhI svayaM Agama-sAhitya aura usakI TIkAoM se mila jAtI hai| vastutaH Agama vizeSa yA usake aMza vizeSa ke racanAkAla kA nirdhAraNa eka jaTila samasyA hai, isa sambandha meM viSaya-vastu sambandhI vivaraNa, vicAroM kA vikAsakrama, bhASA-zailI Adi aneka dRSTiyoM se nirNaya karanA hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sthAnAMga meM sAta nihvavoM aura nau gaNoM kA ullekha milatA hai je ki vIranirvANa saM. 609 athavA usake bAda astitva meM Aye, ata: viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se sthAnAMga ke racanAkAla kI antima sImA vIranirvANa samvat 609 ke pUrva arthAt IsvI san kI prathama zatAbdI kA uttarArdha yA dvitIya zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha siddha hotI hai| [43]

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isI prakAra AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI viSaya-vastu evaM bhASA-zailI AcArAMga ke racanAkAla ko Agama-sAhitya meM sabase prAcIna siddha karatI hai| Agama ke kAla-nirdhAraNa meM isa sabhI pakSoM para vicAra apekSita hai| ___ isa prakAra na to hamAre kucha digambara vidvAnoM kI yaha dRSTi samucita hai ki Agama devarddhigaNi kI vAcanA ke samaya arthAt IsA kI pAMcavI zatAbdI meM astitva meM Aye aura na kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM kA yaha kahanA hI samucita hai ki sabhI aMga . Agama apane vartamAna svarUpa meM gaNadharoM kI racanA hai aura unameM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana, parivardhana, prakSepa yA vilopa nahIM huA hai| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki kucha prakSepoM ko choDakara Agama-sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha kasAyapAhuDasutta bhI IsvI san kI tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI se prAcIna nahIM hai| usake pazcAta SaTkhaNDAgama, mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA, tiloyapaNNatti, piNDachedazAstra aura Avazyaka (pratikramaNa) ke atirikta ina sabhI granthoM meM guNasthAna siddhAnta Adi kI upasthiti se yaha phalita hotA hai ki ye sabhI grantha pAMcavI zatI ke pazcAt ke haiN| digambara Avazyaka (pratikramaNa) evaM piNDachedazAstra kA AdhAra bhI kramaza: zvetAmbara mAnya Avazyaka aura kalpa-vyavahAra, nizItha Adi chedasUtra hI rahe haiN| unake pratikramaNa sUtra meM bhI vartamAna sUtrakRtAMga ke teIsa evaM jJAtAdharmakathA ke unnIsa adhyayanoM kA vivaraNa hai tathA piNDachedazAstra meM jItakalpa ke AdhAra para prAyazcita dene kA nirdeza hai| ye yahI siddha karate haiM ki prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM ardhamAgadhI Agama hI prAcInatama hai cAhe unakI antima vAcanA pAMcavI zatI ke uttarArdha (I.san 453) meM hI sampanna kyoM na huI ho? isa prakAra jahA~ taka AgamoM ke racanAkAla kA prazna hai use I.pU. pAMcavI zatAbdI se IsA se pAMcavI zatAbdI taka lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM vyApta mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki upalabdha AgamoM meM sabhI eka kAla kI racanA nahIM hai| AgamoM ke sandarbha meM aura vizeSa rUpa se aMga AgamoM ke sambandha meM paramparAgata mAnyatA to yahI hai ki ve gaNadharoM dvArA racita hone ke kAraNa I.pU. pAMcavI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| kintu dUsarI ora kucha vidvAna unheM valabhI meM saMkalita evaM sampAdita kiye jAne ke kAraNa IsA kI pAMcavI zatI kI racanA mAna lete haiN| merI dRSTi meM ye donoM hI [44]

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mata samIcIna nahIM haiN| devardhi ke saMkalana, sampAda evaM tADapatroM para lekhanakAla ko unakA racanAkAla nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| aMga Agama to prAcIna hI haiN| IsA pUrva cauthI zatI meM pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM jina dvAdaza aMgoM kI vAcanA huI thI, ve nizcita rUpa se usake pUrva hI bane hoNge| yaha satya hai ki AgamoM meM devardhi kI vAcanA ke samaya athavA usake bAda bhI kucha prakSepa hue hoM, kintu una prakSepoM ke AdhAra para sabhI aMga AgamoM kA racanAkAla I.san kI pAMcavI zatAbdI nahI mAnA jA sktaa| DaoN. harmana yAkobI ne yaha nizcita kiyA hai ki AgamoM kA prAcIna aMza I.pU. cauthI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha se lekara I.pU. tIsarI zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha ke bIca kA hai| na kevala aMga Agama apitu dazAzrutaskandha, bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra bhI, jinheM AcArya bhadrabAhu kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai yAkobI aura zubriga ke anusAra I.pU. caturtha zatI ke uttarArddha se I.pU. tIsarI zatI ke pUrvArddha meM nirmita haiN| paM: dalasukhabhAI Adi kI mAnyatA hai ki AgamoM kA racanAkAla pratyeka grantha kI bhASA, chandayojanA, viSaya-vastu aura upalabdha Antarika aura bAhma sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para hI nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha apanI bhASA-zailI, viSaya-vastu, chandayojanA Adi kI dRSTi se mahAvIra kI vANI ke sarvAdhika nikaTa pratIta hotA hai| usakI aupaniSadika zailI bhI yahI batAtI hai ki vaha eka prAcIna grantha hai| usakA kAla kisI bhI sthiti meM I.pU. dUsarI yA prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| sUtratrakRtAMga bhI eka prAcIna Agama hai| usakI bhASA, chandayojanA evaM usameM vibhinna dArzanika paramparAoM tathA RSiyoM ke jo ullekha mile haiM unake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaha bhI I.pU. cauthI-tIsarI zatI se bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usake bAda vikasita dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA usameM kahIM koI ullekha nahIM hai| usameM upalabdha vIrastuti meM bhI atiraMjanAoM kA prAyaH abhAva hI hai| aMga AgamoM meM tIsarA krama sthAnAMga kA AtA hai| sthAnAMga, bauddha Agama aMguttaranikAya kI zailI kA grantha hai| grantha-lekhana kI yaha zailI bhI prAcIna rahI hai| sthAnAMga meM nau gaNoM aura sAta nihvavoM ke ullekha ko choDakara anya aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai jisase use paravartI kahA jA ske| ho sakatA hai ki jainadharma ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hone ke kAraNa ye ullekha usameM antima vAcanA ke samaya prakSipta kiye gaye hoN| usameM jo dasa dazAoM aura usameM pratyeka ke adhyAyoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai, vaha bhI una AgamoM kI pAnITa [45]

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viSaya-vastu kA nirdeza karatA hai| yadi vaha valabhI ke vAcanAkAla meM nirmita huA hotA to usameM daza dazAoM kI jo viSaya-vastu varNita hai vaha bhinna hotii| ata: usakI prAcInatA meM saMdeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| samavAyAMga, sthAnAMga kI apekSA eM paravartI grantha hai| isake prArambha meM dvAdaza aMgoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| sAtha hI isameM uttarAdhyayana ke 36, RSibhASita ke 44, sUtrakRtAMga ke 23, sUtrakRtAMga prathama zrutaskandha ke 16, AcArAMga ke cUlikA sahita 25 adhyayana, dazA, kalpa, vyavahAra ke 26 adhyayana Adi kA ullekha hone se itanA to nizcita hai ki yaha grantha isameM nirdiSTa AgamoM ke svarUpa ke nirdhArita hone ke pazcAt hI banA hogaa| puna: isameM caturdaza guNasthAnoM kA jIvasthAna ke rUpa meM spaSTa ullekha milatA hai| yaha nizcit hai ki guNasthAna kA yaha siddhAnta umAsvAti ke pazcAt arthAt IsA kI caturtha zatI ke bAda hI astitva meM AyA hai| yadi isameM jIvaThANa ke rUpa meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ke ullekha ko bAda meM prakSipta bhI mAna liyA jAya to bhI apanI bhASAzailI aura viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se / isakA vartamAna svarUpa IsA kI 3-4 zatI,se pahale kA nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai usake kucha aMza prAcIna hoM, lekina Aja unheM khojapAnA ati kaThina kArya hai| jahA~ taka bhagavatIsUtra kA prazna hai, vidvAnoM ke anusAra isameM aneka stara haiN| isameM kucha stara avazya hI I.pU. ke haiM, kintu samavAyAMga kI bhAMti bhagavatI meM bhI paryApta prakSepa huA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM aneka sthaloM para jIvAjIvAbhigama, prajJApanA, anuyogadvAra, nandI Adi paravartI AgamoM kA nirdeza huA hai| inake ullekha hone se yaha spaSTa hai ki isake sampAdana ke samaya isameM ye aura isI prakAra kI anya sUcanAyeM de dI gayI hai| isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki vallabhI vAcanA meM isameM paryApta rUpa se parivardhana aura saMzodhana avazya huA hai, phira bhI isake kucha zatakoM kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai| kucha pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya vidvAna isake prAcIna evaM paravartI staroM ke pRthakkaraNa kA kArya kara rahe haiN| unake niSkarSa prApta hone para hI isakA racanAkAla nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| upAsakadazA Agama-sAhitya meM zrAvakAcAra kA varNana karane vAlA prathama grantha hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM ullikhita isake dasa adhyayanoM aura unakI viSaya-vastu meM kisI prakAra ke parivartana hone ke saMketa nahIM milate haiN| ata: maiM samajhatA hUM ki yaha [46]

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grantha bhI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM I.pU. kI racanA hai aura isake kisI bhI adhyayana kA vilopa nahIM huA hai| zrAvakavratoM ko aNuvrata aura zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM vargIkRta karane ke sambandha meM tattvArthasUtra meM spaSTata: isakA anusaraNa dekhA jAtA hai| ata: yaha tattvArtha se arthAt IsA kI tIsarI zatI se paravartI nahIM ho sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki anuttaraupapAtika meM upalabdha vargIkaraNa paravartI hai, kyoMki usameM guNavrata kI avadhAraNA A gayI hai| aMga Agama-sAhitya meM antakRddazA kI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha hameM sthAnAMgasUtra meM milatA hai| isameM isake nimna dasa adhyAya ullikhita hai- nami, mAtaMga, somila, rAmaputta, sudarzana, jamAli, bhagAli, kiMkima, pallatetiya, phAla ambddputr| inameM se sudarzana sambandhI kucha aMza ko choDakara vartamAna antakRddazAsUtra meM ye koI bhI adhyayana nahIM milate haiN| kintu samavAyAMga aura nandIsUtra meM kramaza: inake sAta aura ATha vargoM ke ullekha milate haiN| isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki sthAnAMga meM ullikhita antakRddazA kA prAcIna aMza vilupta ho gayA hai| yadyapi samavAyAMga aura nandI meM kramaza: isake sAta evaM ATha vargoM kA ullekha hone se itanA taya hai ki vartamAna antakRddazA samavAyAMga aura nandI kI racanA ke samaya astitva meM A gayA thaa| ata: isakA vartamAna svarUpa IsA kI cauthI-pAMcavI zatI kA hai| usake prAcIna dasa adhyAyoM ke jo ullekha hameM sthAnAMga meM milate haiM, unhI dasa adhyayanoM ke ullekha digambara evaM yApanIya paramparA ke granthoM meM yathA akalaMka ke rAjavArtika, dhavalA, aMgaprajJapti Adi meM bhI milate haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki isa aMga Agama ke prAcIna svarUpa ke vilupta ho jAne ke pazcAt bhI mAthurI vAcanA kI anuzruti se sthAnAMga meM ullikhita isake dasa adhyAyoM kI carcA hotI rahI hai| ho sakatA hai ki isakI mAthurI vAcanA meM ye dasa adhyayana rahe hoNge| bahuta kucha yahI sthiti anuttaraupapAtikadazA kI hai| sthAnAMgasUtra kI sUcanA ke anusAra isameM nimna dasa adhyayana kahe gaye haiM- 1.RSidAsa, 2.dhanya, 3.sunakSatra, 4.kArtika, 5.saMsthAna, 6.zAlibhadra, 7.Ananda, 8.tetalI, 9.dazArNabhadra, 10. atimukti| upalabdha anuttaraupapAtikadazA meM tIna varga haiM, usameM dvitIya varga meM RSidAsa, dhanya aura sunakSatra aise tIna adhyayana milate haiN| inameM bhI dhanya kA [47]

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adhyayana hI vistRta hai| sunakSatra aura RSidAsa ke vivaraNa atyanta saMkSepa meM hI haiN| sthAnAMga meM ullikhita zeSa sAta adhyAya vartamAna anuttaraupapAtikasUtra meM upalabdha nahIM hote| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki yaha grantha valabhI vAcanA ke samaya hI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM AyA hogaa| jahA~ taka praznavyAkaraNadazA kA prazna hai, itanA nizcita hai ki vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu na kevala sthAnAMga meM ullikhita viSaya-vastu se bhinna hai, apitu nandI aura samavAyAMga kI ullikhita viSaya-vastu se bhI bhinna hai| praznavyAkaraNa kI vartamAna Amrava aura saMvara dvArA vAlI viSaya-vastu kA sarvaprathama nirdeza nandIcUrNi meM milatA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki vartamAna praznavyAkaraNasUtra nandI ke pazcAta I.san kI pAMcavI-chaThI zatI ke madhya hI kabhI nirmita huA hai| itanA to nizcita hai ki nandI ke racayitA devavAcaka ke sAmane yaha grantha apane vartamAna svarUpa meM nahIM thaa| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA, antadRddazA aura . anuttaraupapAtikadazA meM jo parivartana hue the, ve nandIsUtrakAra ke pUrva ho cuke the, kyoMki ve unake isa parivartita svarUpa kA vivaraNa dete haiN| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA maiMne apane eka svatantra lekha meM kI hai jo 'jaina Agama-sAhitya', sampAdaka DaoN. . ke. Ara. candrA, ahamadAbAda, meM prakAzita hai| isI prakAra jaba hama upAMga sAhitya kI ora Ate haiM to usameM rAyapaseNisutta meM rAja paseNIya dvArA AtmA ke astitva ke sambandha meM jo prazna uThAye gaye haiM, unakA vivaraNa hameM pAlitripiTaka meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki aupapAtika kA yaha aMza kama se kama pAlitripiTaka jitanA prAcIna to hai hii| jIvAjIvAbhigama ke racanAkAla ko nizcita rUpa se batA pAnA to kaThina hai, kintu isakI viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki vaha grantha I.pU. kI racanA honI caahie| upAMga sAhitya meM prajJApanAsUtra ko to spaSTataH Arya zyAma kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai| Arya zyAma kA AcAryakAla vI.ni.saM. 335-376 ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai| ata: isakA racanAkAla I.pU. dvitIya zatAbdI ke lagabhaga nizcita hotA hai| isI prakAra upAMga varga ke antargata varNita candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti- tIna prajJaptiyA~ bhI prAcIna hI haiN| vartamAna meM candraprajJapti aura [48]

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sUryaprajJapti meM koI bheda nahIM dikhAI detA hai| kintu sUryaprajJapti meM jyotiSa sambandhI jo carcA hai, vaha vedAMga jyotiSa ke samAna hai, isase isakI prAcInatA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| yaha grantha kisI bhI sthiti meM I.pU. prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| ina tInoM prajJaptiyoM ko digambara paramparA meM bhI dRSTivAda ke eka aMza- parikarma ke antargata mAnA jAtA hai| ata: yaha grantha bhI dRSTivAda ke pUrNa viccheda evaM sampradAya-bheda ke pUrva kA hI honA caahie| ___chedasUtroM meM dazAzruta, bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra ko spaSTata: bhadrabAhu prathama kI racanA mAnA gayA hai| ata: isakA kAla I.pU. caturtha-tRtIya zatAbdI ke bAda kA bhI nahIM ho sakatA hai| ye sabhI grantha acela paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahe haiN| isI prakAra nizItha bhI apane mUlaM rUpa meM to AcArAMga kI hI eka cUlA rahA hai, bAda meM use pRthaka kiyA gayA hai| ata: isakI prAcInatA meM bhI sandeha nahIM kiyA ja sktaa| yAkobI, zubriga Adi pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne ekamata se chedasUtroM kI prAcInatA svIkAra kI hai| isa varga meM mAtra jItakalpa hI aisA grantha hai, jo nizcita hI paravartI hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke anusAra yaha AcArya jinabhadra kI kRti hai| ye jinabhadra vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke kartA haiN| inakA kAla aneka pramANoM se I.san kI sAtavIM zatI nizcita hai| ata: jItakalpa kA kAla bhI vahI honA caahie| merI dRSTi meM paM. dalasukhabhAI kI yaha mAnyatA nirApada nahIM haiM, kyoMki digambara paramparA meM indranandi ke chedapiNDazAstra meM jItakalpa ke anusAra prAyazcita dene kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, isase phalita hotA hai ki yaha grantha spaSTa rUpa se sampradAya-bheda se pUrva kI racanA honI caahie| ho sakatA hai isake kartA jinabhadra vizeSAvazyaka ke kartA jinabhadra se bhinna hoM aura unake pUrvavartI bhI hoN| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM / jo AgamoM kI sUcI milatI hai usameM jItakalpa kA nAma nahIM hai| ata: yaha usake bAda kI hI racanA hogii| isakA kAla bhI I. san kI pAMcavI zatI kA uttarArddha honA caahie| isakI digambara aura yApanIya paramparA meM mAnyatA tabhI sambhava ho sakatI hai, jaba yaha spaSTa rUpa se saMghabheda ke pUrva nirmita huA ho| spaSTa saMgha-bheda pAMcavI zatI ke uttarArddha meM astitva meM AyA hai| cheda varga meM mahAnizItha kA uddhAra AcArya haribhadra ne kiyA thA, yaha sunizcita hai| AcArya haribhadra kA kAla I.san kI AThavIM zatI mAnA jatA hai| ata: yaha grantha usake pUrva hI nirmita huA hogaa| haribhadra isake uddhArakaM [49]

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Avazyaka hai, kintu racayitA nahIM / mAtra itanA mAnA jA sakatA hai ki unhoMne isake * truTita bhAga kI racanA kI ho| isa prakAra isakA kAla bhI AThavIM zatI se pUrva kA hI hai| .. mUlasUtroM ke varga meM dazavaikAlika ko Arya zarayaMbhava kI kRti mAnA jatA hai| inakA kAla mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 75 varSa bAda kA hai| ataH yaha grantha I.pU. pAMcavI-cauthI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| uttarAdhyayana yadyapi eka saMkalana hai, kintu isakI prAcInatA meM koI zaMkA nahIM hai| isakI bhASA-zailI tathA viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne ise I.pU. cauthI-tIsarI zatI kA grantha mAnA hai| merI dRSTi meM yaha pUrva praznavyAkaraNa kA hI eka vibhAga thaa| isakI aneka gAthAe~ tathA kathAnaka pAlitripiTaka sAhitya, mahAbhArata Adi meM yathAvat milate haiN| dazavaikAlika aura uttarAdhyayana yApanIya aura digambara paramparA meM mAnya rahe haiM, ata: ye bhI saMgha-bheda yA sampradAya-bheda ke pUrva kI racanA hai| ata: inakI prAcInatA meM koI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 'Avazyaka' zramaNoM kI dainandina kriyAoM kA grantha thA ata: isake kucha prAcIna pATha to bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samakAliMka hI mAne jA sakate haiN| cU~ki dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana aura Avazyaka ke sAmAyika Adi vibhAga digambara aura yApanIya paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahe haiM, ata: inakI prAcInatA asaMdigdha hai| prakIrNaka sAhitya meM nau prakIrNakoM kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM hai| ata: ye sabhI nandIsUtra se to prAcIna hai hI, isameM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| puna: AtupratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, maraNasamAdhi Adi prakIrNakoM kI saikaDoM. gAthAe~ yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra aura bhagavatIArAdhanA meM pAyI jAtI haiM, mUlAcAra evaM bhagavatI ArAdhanA bhI chaThI zatI se paravartI nahIM haiN| ata: ina nau prakIrNakoM ko to I. san kI cauthI-pAMcavI zatI ke paravartI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadyapi vIrabhadra dvArA racita kucha prakIrNaka navIM-dasavIM zatI kI racanAe~ haiN| isI prakAra cUlikAsUtroM ke antargata nandI aura anuyogadvAra sUtroM meM bhI anuyogadvAra ko kucha vidvAnoM ne AryarakSita ke samaya kA mAnA hai| ata: vaha I.san kI prathama zatI kA grantha honA caahie| nandIsUtra ke kartA devavAcaka devardhi se pUrvavartI haiM ata: unakA kAla bhI pAMcavI zatAbdI se paravartI nahIM ho sktaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki upalabdha AgamoM meM prakSepoMko choDakara adhikAMza grantha [50]

Page #55
to I.pU. ke haiN| yaha to eka sAmAnya carcA huI, abhI ina granthoM meM se pratyeka ke kAlanirdhAraNa ke lie svatantra aura sampradAya nirapekSa dRSTi se adhyayana kI AvazyakatA banI huI hai| AzA hai jaina vidvAnoM kI bhAvI pIDhI isa dizA meM kArya kregii| AgamoM kI vAcanAe~ ___ yaha satya hai ki vartamAna meM upalabdha zvetAmbara mAnya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke antima svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa valabhI vAcanA meM vI.ni.saMvat 980 yA 993 meM huA kintu usake pUrva bhI AgamoM kI vAcanAe~ to hotI rahI haiN| jo aitihAsika sAkSya hameM upalabdha haiM unake anusAra ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI pA~ca vAcanAe~ hone ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| prathama vAcanA prathama vAcanA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 160 varSa pazcAt huii| paramparAgata mAnyatA to yaha hai ki madhyadeza meM dvAdazavarSIya bhISaNa akAla ke kAraNa kucha muni kAla-kavalita ho gaye aura kucha samudra ke taTavartI pradezoM kI ora cale gye| akAla kI samApti para ve munigaNa vApasa lauTe to unhoMne pAyA ki unakA Agama-jJAna aMzata: vismRta evaM vizRkhaMlita ho gayA hai aura kahIM-kahIM pAThabheda ho gayA hai| ata: usa yuga ke pramukha AcAryoM ne pATalIputra meM ekatrita hokara AgamajJAna ko vyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| dRSTivAda aura pUrva sAhitya kA koI viziSTa jJAtA vahA~ upasthita nahIM thaa| ataH gyAraha aMga to vyavasthita kiye gaye, kintu dRSTivAda aura usameM antarnihita sAhitya ko vyavasthita nahIM kiyA jA sakA, kyoMki usake viziSTa jJAtA bhadrabAhu usa samaya nepAla meM the| saMgha kI vizeSa prArthanA para unhone sthUlibhadra Adi kucha muniyoM ko pUrva sAhitya kI vAcanA denA svIkAra kiyaa| sthUlibhadra bhI unase dasa pUrvo taka kA hI adhyayana artha sahita kara sake aura zeSa cAra pUrvo kA mAtra zAbdika jJAna hI prApta kara ske| - isa prakAra pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM dvAdaza aMgoM ko suvyavasthita karane kA prayatna avazya kiyA gayA, kintu unameM ekAdaza aMga hI suvyavasthita kiye jA ske| dRSTivAda aura usameM antarbhukta pUrva sAhitya ko pUrNata: surakSita nahIM kiyA jA sakA aura usakA kramaza: vilopa honA prArambha ho gyaa| phalata: usakI viSaya-vastu [51]

Page #56
ko lekara aMgabAma grantha nirmita kiye jane lge| dvitIya vAcanA - AgamoM kI dvitIya vAcanA I.pU. dvitIya zatAbdI meM mahAvIra ke nirvANaM ke lagabhaga 300 varSa pazcAt uDIsA ke kumArI parvata para samrATa khAravela ke kAla meM huI thii| isa vAcanA ke sandarbha meM vizeSa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai- mAtra yahI jJAta hotA hai ki isameM zruta ke saMrakSaNa kA prayatna huA thA / vastuta: usa yuga meM AgamoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA gurU-ziSya ke mAdhyama se maukhika rUpa meM hI calatI thii| ata: dezakAlagata prabhAvoM tathA vismRti-doSa ke kAraNa unameM svAbhAvika rUpa se bhinnatA A jAtI thI / ataH vAcanAoM ke mAdhyama se unake bhASAyI svarUpa tathA pAThabheda ko vyavasthita kiyA jAtA thaa| kAlakrama meM jo sthAviroM ke dvArA navIna granthoM kI racanA hotI thI, usa para bhI vicAra karake unheM inhIM vAcanAoM meM mAnyatA pradAna kI jAtI thii| isI prakAra paristhitivaza AcAra-niyamoM meM evaM unake Agamika sandarbho kI vyAkhyA meM jo antara A jAtA thA, usako nirAkaraNa bhI inhIM vAcanAoM meM kiyA jAtA thaa| khaNDagiri para huI isa dvitIya vAcanA meM aise kina vivAdoM kA samAdhAna khoja gayA thA, isakI prAmANika jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| tRtIya vAcanA AgamoM kI tRtIya vAcanA vI.ni.saMvat 827 arthAt I.san kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM mathurA meM Arya skaMdila ke netRtva meM huii| isalie ise mAthurI vAcanA yA skandilI vAcanA ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| mAthurI vAcanA ke sandarbha meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ nandIcUrNi meM haiN| prathama mAnyatA ke anusAra sukAla hone ke pazcAta Arya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM zeSa rahe muniyoM kI smRti ke AdhAra para kAlikasUtroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA gayA hai| anya kucha kA mantavya yaha hai ki isa kAla meM sUtra naSTa nahIM huA thA kintu anuyogadhara svargavAsI ho gaye the| ata: eka mAtra jIvita skandila ne anuyogoM kA punaH pravartana kiyaa| caturthavAcanA caturtha vAcanA tRtIya vAcanA ke samakAlIna hI hai| jisa samaya uttara, pUrva aura madhya kSetra meM vicaraNa karane vAlA muni saMgha mathurA meM ekatrita huA, usI samaya dakSiNa-pazcima meM vicaraNa karane vAlA muni saMgha vallabhI (saurASTra) meM Arya nAgArjuna [52]

Page #57
ke netRtva meM ekatrita huaa| ise nAgArjunIya vAcanA bhI kahate haiN| Arya skandila kI mAthurI vAcanA aura Arya nAgArjuna kI vallabhI vAcanA samakAlika hai| nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI meM Arya skandila aura nAgArjuna ke madhya Arya himavanta kA ullekha hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki Arya skandila aura nAgArjuna samakAlika hI rahe hoNge| nandI sthavirAvalI meM Arya skandila ke sandarbha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki unakA anuyoga Aja bhI dakSiNArddha bharata kSetra meM pracalita hai| isakA eka tAtparya yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki unake dvArA sampAdita Agama dakSiNa bhArata meM pracalita the| aitihAsika sAkSyoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha ke vibhAjana ke phalasvarUpa jisa yApanIya sampradAya kA vikAsa huA thA usameM Arya skandila ke dvArA sampAdita AgamaM hI mAnya kiye jAte the aura isa yApanIya sampradAya kA prabhAva kSetra madhya aura dakSiNa bhArata thaa| AcArya pAlyakIrti zAkaTAyana ne to strI-nirvANa prakaraNa meM spaSTa rUpa se mathurAgama kA ullekha kiyA hai| ata: yaha spaSTa hai ki yApanIya sampradAya jina AgamoM ko mAnya karatA thA, ve mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the| mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA Adi yApanIya AgamoM meM vartamAna meM zvetAmbara mAnya AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, kalpa, vyavahAra, saMgrahaNIsUtroM, niyuktiyoM Adi kI saiMkaDoM gAthAe~ Aja bhI upalabdha ho rahI haiN| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki yApanIyoM ke pAsa mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the| hama yaha bhI pAte haiM ki yApanIya granthoM meM je AgamoM kI gAthAe~ milatI haiM ve na to ardhamAgadhI meM haiM, na mahArASTrI prAkRta meM, apitu ve zaurasenI meM haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM aparAjita kI bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, kalpasUtra, nizItha Adi se jo aneka avataraNa diye haiM ve sabhI ardhamAgadhI meM na hokara zaurasenI meM haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki skaMdila kI adhyakSatA vAlI mAthurI vAcanA meM AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA para zaurasenI kA prabhAva A gayA thaa| dUsare mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke jo bhI pATha bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA Adi meM upalabdha hote haiM, unameM vallabhI vAcanA ke vartamAna AgamoM se pAThabheda bhI dekhA jAtA hai| sAtha hI acelakatva kI samarthaka kucha gAthAe~ aura gadyAMza bhI pAye jAte haiN| kundakunda ke granthoM meM anuyogadvArasUtra, prakIrNakoM niyukti Adi kI kucha gAthAe~ kvacit pAThabheda ke sAtha [53]

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milatI haiM- sambhavataH unhoMne ye gAthAe~ yApanIyoM ke mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM se lI hoNgii| eka hI samaya meM Arya skandila dvArA mathurA meM aura nAgArjuna dvArA vallabhI meM vAcanA kiye jAne kI eka sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki donoM meM kinhIM bAtoM ko lekara matabheda the| sambhava hai ki ina matabhedoM meM vastra-pAtra Adi sambandhI prazna bhI rahe hoN| paM. kailAzacandrajI ne jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa- pUrva pIThikA (pR. 500) meM mAthurI vAcanA kI samakAlIna vallabha vAcanA ke pramukha rUpa meM devardhigaNi kA ullekha kiyA hai, yaha unakI bhrAnti hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki mAthurI vAcanA kA netRtva Arya skandila aura vallabhI kI prathama vAcanA kA netRtva Arya nAgArjuna kara rahe the aura ye donoM samakAlika the, yaha bAta hama nandIsUtra ke pramANa se pUrva meM hI kaha cuke haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki Arya skandila aura nAgArjuna kI vAcanA meM matabheda thaa| ___paM. kailAzacandrajI ne yaha prazna uThAyA hai ki yadi vallabhI vAcanA nAgArjuna kI thI to devardhi ne vallabhI meM kyA kiyA? sAtha hI unhoMne yaha bhI kalpanA kara lI ki vAdivetAlazAntisUri vallabhI kI vAcanA meM nAgArjunIyoM kA pakSa upasthita karane vAle AcArya the| hamArA yaha durbhAgya hai ki digambara vidvAnoM ne zvetAmbara sAhitya kA samagra evaM niSpakSa adhyayana kiye binA mAtra yatra-tatra uddhRta yA aMzata: paThita aMzoM ke AdhAra para aneka bhrAntiyA~ khaDI kara dii| isake pramANa ke rUpa meM unake dvArA uddhRta mUla gAthA meM aisA kahIM koI ullekha hI nahIM hai ki zAntisUri vallabhI vAcanA ke samakAlika the| yadi hama Agamika vyAkhyAoM ko dekheM to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka varSoM taka nAgArjunIya aura devardhi kI vAcanAe~ sAtha-sAtha calatI rahI hai, kyoMki inake pAThAntaroM kA ullekha mUla granthoM meM kama aura TIkAoM meM adhika huA hai| paMcamavAcanA... vI.ni. ke 980 varSa pazcAt I.san kI pAMcavI zatI ke uttarArddha meM Arya skandila kI mAthurI vAcanA aura Arya nAgArjuna kI vallabhI vAcanA ke lagabhaga 150 varSa pazcAt devardhigaNikSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM puna: vallabhI meM eka vAcanA huii| isa vAcanA meM mukhyata: AgamoM ko pustakArUDha karane kA kArya kiyA gyaa| aisA lagatA hai ki isa vAcanA meM mAthurI aura nAgArjunIya donoM vAcanAoM ko samanvita [54]

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kiyA gayA hai aura jahA~ matabheda parilakSita huA vahA~ "nAgArjunIyAstu paThanti" aisA likhakara nAgArjunIya pATha ko bhI sammilita kiyA gayA hai| pratyeka vAcanA ke sandarbha meM prAya: yaha kahA jAtA hai ki madhyadeza meM dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla ke kAraNa zramaNasaMgha samudrataTIya pradezoM kI ora calA gayA aura vRddha muni, jo isa akAla meM lambI yAtrA na kara sake kAlagata ho gye| sukAla hone para jaba munisaMgha lauTakara AyA to usane yaha pAyA ki inake zrutajJAna meM vismRti aura visaMgati A gayI hai| pratyeka vAcanA se pUrva akAla kI yaha kahAnI mujhe buddhigamya nahIM lagatI hai| merI dRSTi meM prathama vAcanA meM zramaNasaMgha ke vizRkhaMlita hone kA kAraNa akAla kI apekSA magadha rAjya meM yuddha se utpanna azAMti aura arAjakatA hI thI kyoMki usa samaya nandoM ke atyAcAroM evaM candragupta maurya ke AkramaNa ke kAraNa magadha meM azAMti thii| usI ke phalasvarUpa zramaNa saMgha sudUra samudrItaTa kI ora yA nepAla Adi parvatIya kSetra kI ora calA gayA thaa| bhadrabAhu kI nepAla yAtrA kA bhI sambhavata: yahI kAraNa rahA hogaa| jo bhI upalabdha sAkSya haiM unase yaha phalita hotA hai ki pATaliputra kI vAcanA ke samaya dvAdaza aMgoM ko hI vyavasthita karane kA prayatna huA thaa| usameM ekAdaza aMga suvyavasthita hue aura bArahaveM dRSTivAda, jisameM anya darzana evaM mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kA sAhitya samAhita thA, isakA saMkalana nahIM kiyA jA skaa| isI sandarbha meM sthUlibhadra ke dvArA bhadrabAhu ke sAnnidhya meM nepAla jAkara caturdaza pUrvo ke adhyayana kI bAta kahI jAtI hai, kintu sthUtibhadra bhI mAtra dasa pUrvo kA hI jJAna artha sahita grahaNa kara sake, zeSa cAra pUrvo kA kevala zAbdika jJAna hI prApta kara ske| isakA phalitArtha yahI hai ki pATaliputra kI vAcanA meM ekAdaza aMgoM kA hI saMkalana va sampAdana huA thaa| kisI bhI caturdaza pUrvavid kI upasthiti nahIM hone se dRSTivAda ke saMkalana evaM sampAdana kA kArya nahIM kiyA jA skaa| upAMga sAhitya ke aneka grantha jaise prajJApanA Adi, chedasUtroM meM AcAradazA, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi tathA cUlikAsUtroM meM nandI, anuyogadvAra Adiye sabhI paravartI kRti hone se isa vAcanA meM sammilita nahIM kiye gaye hoNge| yadyapi Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana Adi grantha pATaliputra kI vAcanA ke pUrva ke [55]

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haiM, kintu isa vAcanA meM inakA kyA kiyA gayA, yaha jAnakArI prApta nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai ki sabhI sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke lie inakA svAdhyAya Avazyaka hone ke kAraNa inake vismRta hone kA prazna hI na uThA ho| ___ pATalIputra vAcanA ke bAda dUsarI vAcanA uDIsA ke kumArI parvata (khaNDagiri) para khAravela ke rAjyakAla meM huI thii| isa vAcanA ke sambandha meM mAtra itanA hI jJAta hai ki isameM bhI zruta ko suvyasthita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA thaa| sambhava hai ki isa vAcanA meM I.pU. prathama zatI se pUrva racita granthoM ke saMkalana aura sampAdana kA koI prayatna kiyA gayA ho| jahA~ taka mAthurI vAcanA kA prazna hai, itanA to nizcita hai ki usameM I.san kI cauthI zatI taka ke racita sabhI granthoM meM saMkalana evaM sampAdana kA prayatna kiyA gayA hogaa| isa vAcanA ke kArya ke sandarbha meM jo sUcanA milatI hai, usameM isa vAcanA meM kAlikasUtroM ko vyavasthita karane kA nirdeza hai| nandisUtra meM kAlikasUtra ko aMgabAhma, Avazyaka vyatirikta sUtroM kA hI eka bhAga batAyA gayA hai| kAlikasUtroM ke antargata uttarAdhyayana, RSibhASita, dazAzruta, kalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha tathA vartamAna meM upAMga ke nAma se abhihita aneka grantha Ate haiN| ho sakatA hai ki aMga sUtroM kI jo pATalIputra vAcanA calI A rahI thI vaha mathurA meM mAnya rahI ho, kintu upAMgoM meM se kucha ko tathA kalpa Adi chedasUtroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA gayA ho| kintu yApanIya granthoM kI TIkAoM meM jo mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke uddharaNa milate haiM, una para jo zaurasenI prabhAva dikhatA hai, usase aisA lagatA hai ki mAthurI vAcanA meM na kevala kAlika sUtroM kA apitu usa kAla taka racita sabhI granthoM ke saMkalana kA kAma kiyA gayA thaa| jJAtavya hai ki yaha mAthurI vAcanA acelatA kI poSaka yApanIya paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahI hai| yApanIya granthoM kI vyAkhyAoM evaM TIkAoM meM isa vAcanA ke AgamoM ke avataraNa tathA ina AgamoM ke prAmANya ke ullekha milate haiN| Arya zAkaTAyana ne apanI strI-nirvANa prakaraNa evaM apane vyAkaraNa kI svopajJaTIkA meM na kevala mathurA Agama kA ullekha kiyA hai, apitu unakI aneka mAnyatAoM kA nirdeza bhI kiyA hai tathA aneka avataraNa bhI diye haiN| isI prakAra bhagavatIArAdhanA para aparAjita kI TIkA meM bhI AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, nizItha ke avataraNa bhI pAye jAte haiM, yaha hama pUrva meM kaha cuke haiN| [56]

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Arya skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA vastuta: uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha ke sacela-acela donoM pakSoM ke lie mAnya thI aura usameM donoM hI pakSoM ke sampoSaka sAkSya upasthita the| yahA~ yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se uThatA hai ki yadi mAthurI vAcanA ubhaya pakSoM ko mAnya thI to phira usI samaya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI meM vAcanA karane kI kyA AvazyakatA thI / merI mAnyatA hai ki aneka praznoM para skaMdila aura nAgArjuna meM matabheda rahA hogaa| isI kAraNa se nAgArjuna ko svatantra vAcanA karane kI AvazyakatA paDI! isa samasta carcA se paM. kailAzacandrajI ke isa prazna kA uttara bhI mila jAtA hai ki vallabha kI dUsarI vAcanA meM kyA kiyA gayA? eka ora muni zrI kalyANavijayajI kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki vallabhI meM AgamoM ko mAtra pustakArUDha. kiyA gayA to dUsarI ora paM. kailAzacandrajI yaha mAnate haiM ki vallabhI meM AgamoM ko naye sire se likhA gayA, kintu ye donoM hI mata mujhe ekAMgI pratIta hote haiN| yaha satya hai ki vallabhI meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakArUDha kiyA gayA, apitu unheM saMkalita evaM sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA kintu yaha saMkalana evaM sampAdana nirAdhAra nahIM thaa| na to digambara paramparA kA yaha kahanA ucita hai ki vallabhI meM zvetAmbaroM ne apanI mAnyatA ke anurUpa AgamoM ko naye sire se raca DAlA aura na yaha kahanA hI samucita hogA ki vallabhI meM jo Agama saMkalita kiye gaye ve akSuNNa rUpa se vaise hI the jaisepATalIputra Adi kI pUrva vAcanAoM meM unheM saMkalita kiyA gayA thaa| yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke sAtha-sAtha aneka Agama grantha bhI kAlakrama meM vilupta hue haiN| vartamAna AgamoM kA yadi samyak prakAra se vizleSaNa kiyA jAya to isa tathya kI puSTi ho jatI hai| AjaAcArAMga kA sAtavA~ adhyayana vilupta hai| isI prakAra antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtika va vipAkadazA ke bhI aneka adhyAya Aja . anupalabdha haiN| nandIsUtra kI sUcI ke aneka Agama grantha Ajaanupalabdha haiM / isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA hamane AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA ke prasaMga meM kI hai| jJAtavya hai ki devardhi kI vallabhI vAcanA meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakArUDha kiyA gayA hai, apitu unheM sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA hai| isa sampAdana ke kArya meM unhoMne AgamoM kI avaziSTa upalabdha viSaya-vastu ko apane DhaMga se punaH vargIkRta bhI kiyA thA aura [57]

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paramparA yA anuzruti se prApta AgamoM ke ve aMza je unake pUrva kI vAcanAoM meM samAhita nahIM the, unheM samAhita bhI kiyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jJAtAdharmakathA meM . sampUrNa dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa varga aura adhyayana isI vAcanA meM samAhita kiye gaye haiM, kyoMki zvetAmbara, yApanIya evaM digambara paramparA ke pratikramaNasUtra evaM anyatra usake unnIsa adhyayanoM kA hI ullekha milatA hai| prAcIna granthoM meM dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa vargoM kA kahIM koI nirdeza nahIM hai| isI prakAra antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtikadazA aura vipAkadazA ke sandarbha meM sthAnAMga meM jo dasa-dasa adhyayana hone kI sUcanA hai usake sthAna para inameM bhI jo vargoM kI vyavasthA kI gaI vaha devardhi kI hI dena hai| unhoMne inake vilupta adhyAyoM ke sthAna para anuzruti se prApta sAmagrI joDaqara ina granthoM ko naye sire se vyavasthita kiyA thaa| yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki Aja praznavyAkaraNa kI Amrava-saMvara dvAra sambandhI jo viSaya-vastu upalabdha hai vaha kisake dvArA saMkalita va sampAdita hai yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina kArya hai, kintu yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki nandIsUtra ke racayitA devardhi na hokara deva vAcaka hai, jo devardhi se pUrva ke haiM to yaha kalpanA bhI kI jA sakatI hai ki devardhi ne Amrava saMvara dvArA sambandhI viSaya-vastu ko lekara praznavyAkaraNa kI prAcIna viSaya-vastu ko lekara praznavyAkaraNa kI prAcIna viSaya-vastu kA jo viccheda ho gayA thA, usakI pUrti kI hogii| isa prakAra jJAtAdharma se lekara vipAkasUtra taka ke cha: aMga AgamoM meM jo AMzika yA sampUrNa parivartana hue haiM, ve devardhi ke dvArA hI kiye hue mAne jA sakate haiN| yadyapi yaha parivartana unhoMne kisI pUrva paramparA yA anuzruti ke AdhAra para hI kiyA hogA yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake atirikta devardhi ne eka yaha mahattvapUrNa kArya bhI kiyA ki jahA~ aneka AgamoM meM eka hI viSaya-vastu kA vistRta vivaraNa thA vahA~ unhoMne eka sthala para vistRta vivaraNa rakhakara anyatra usa grantha kA nirdeza kara diyaa| hama dekhate haiM ki bhagavatI Adi kucha prAcIna staroM ke AgamoM meM bhI, unhoMne prajJApanA, nandI, anuyogadvAra jaise paravartI AgamoM kA nirdeza karake AgamoM meM viSaya-vastu ke punarAvartana ko kama kiyaa| isI prakAra jaba eka hI Agama meM koI vivaraNa bAra-bAra [58]

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A rahA thA to usa vivaraNa ke prathama zabda ke bAda 'java' zabda rakhakara antima zabda kA ullekha kara use saMkSipta banA diyaa| isake sAtha hI unhoMne kucha mahattvapUrNa sUcanAe~ jo yadyapi paravartI kAla kI thIM, unheM bhI AgamoM meM de diyA jaise sthAnAMgasUtra meM sAta nihvavoM aura sAta gaNoM kA ullekha / isa prakAra vallabhI kI vAcanA meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakArUDha kiyA gayA, apitu unakI viSaya-vastu ko suvyavasthita aura sampAdita bhI kiyA gyaa| sambhava hai ki isa sandarbha meM prakSepa aura vilopana bhI huA hogA, kintu yaha sabhI anuzruti yA paramparA ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA thA anyathA AgamoM ko mAnyatA na miltii| sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vAcanAoM meM kevala anuzruti se prApta AgamoM ko hI saMkalita kiyA jAtA thA, kintu merI dRSTi meM vAcanAoM meM na kevala Agama pAThoM ko sampAdita evaM saMkalita kiyA jAtA thA, apitu unameM navanirmita granthoM ko mAnyatA bhI pradAna kI jAtI thI aura jo AcAra aura vicAra sambandhI matabheda hote the unheM samanvita yA nirAkRta bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta ina vAcanAoM meM vAcanA sthaloM kI apekSA se AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana huA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM Agama paTanA athavA uDIsA ke kumArI parvata (khaNDagirI) meM suvyavasthita kiye gaye the, unakI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hI rahI, kintu jaba ve Agama mathurA aura vallabhI meM puna: sampAdita kiye gaye to unameM bhASika parivartana A gye| mAthurI vAcanA meM jo AgamoM kA svarUpa taya huA thA, usa para vyApaka rUpa se zaurasenI kA prabhAva A gayA thaa| durbhAgya se Aja hameM mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama upalabdha nahIM hai, kintu ina AgamoM ke jo uddhRta aMza uttara bhArata kI acela dhArA yApanIya-saMgha ke granthoM meM aura unakI TIkAoM meM uddhRta milate hai, unameM hama yaha pAte haiM ki bhAgavata samAnatA ke hote hue bhI zabda-rUpoM aura bhASika svarUpa meM bhinnatA hai| AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, nizItha, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi se jo aMza bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM uddhRta haiM ve apane bhASika svarUpa aura pAThabheda kI apekSA se vallabhI ke AgamoM se kincit bhinna haiN| ata: vAcanAoM ke kAraNa AgamoM meM na kevala bhASika parivartana hue, apitu pAThAntara bhI astitva meM Aye haiN| vallabhI kI antima vAcanA meM vallabhI kI [59]

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hI nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pAThAntara to liye gaye, kintu mAthurI vAcanA ke pAThAntara samAhita nahIM haiN| yadyapi kucha vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki vallabhI kI devardhi vAcanA kA AdhAra mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the aura yahI kAraNa thA ki unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pAThAntara diye haiN| kintu merA mantavya isase bhinna hai| merI dRSTi meM unakI vAcanA kA AdhAra bhI paramparA se prApta nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pUrva ke Agama rahe hoMge, kintu jahA~ unheM apanI paramparAgata vAcanA kA nAgArjunIya vAcanA se matabheda dikhAyI. diyA, vahA~ unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA kA ullekha kara diyA, kyoMki mAthurI vAcanA spaSTata: zaurasenI se prabhAvita thI, dUsare usa vAcanA ke AgamoM ke jo bhI avataraNa Aja milate haiM unameM kucha vartamAna AgamoM kI vAcanA se mela nahIM khAte haiN| unase yahI phalita hotA hai ki devardhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra skaMdila kI vAcanA to nahIM rahI hai| tIsare mAthurI vAcanA ke avataraNa AjayApanIya granthoM meM milate haiM, unase itanA to phalita hotA hai ki mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM meM bhI vastra-pAtra sambandhI evaM strI . tadbhava mukti ke ullekha to the, kintu unameM acelatA ko utsarga mArga mAnA gayA thaa| yApanIya granthoM meM uddhRta, acelatA ke sampoSaka kucha avataraNa to vartamAna vallabhI vAcanA ke AgamoM yathA AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha Adi meM milate haiM, kintu kucha avataraNa vartamAna vAcanA meM nahIM milate haiN| ata: mAthurI vAcanA ke pAThAntara vallabhI kI devardhi kI vAcanA meM samAhita nahIM hue haiM, isakI puSTI hotI hai| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki vallabhI kI devardhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama na hokara unakI apanI hI gurU-paramparA se prApta Agama rahe hoNge| merI dRSTi meM unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke hI pAThAntara apanI vAcanA meM samAhita kiye- kyoMki donoM meM bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu donoM hI dRSTi se kama hI antara thaa| mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama yA to unheM upalabdha hI nahIM the athavA bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu donoM kI apekSA bhinnatA hone se unhoMne use AdhAra na banAyA ho| phira bhI devardhi ko jo Agama paramparA se prApta the, unakA aura mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM kA mUlasrota to eka hI thaa| ho sakatA hai ki kAlakrama meM bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu kI apekSA donoM meM kvacit antara A gaye hoN| ata: yaha dRSTikoNa bhI samucita nahIM hogA ki devardhi kI vallabhI vAcanA ke Agama mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM se nitAnta bhinna the| [60]

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digambara aura yApanIya sampradAya kA Agama sAhitya digambara aura yApanIya jaina dharma kI acela dhArA ke mukhya sampradAya rahe hai| Aja jisa Agama sAhitya kI bAta kI jA rahI hai usakA mukhya sambandha zvetAmbara dhArA ke mUrtipUjaka, sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI sampradAyoM se rahA hai| mUrtipUjaka sampradAya 10 prakIrNaka, jItakalpa, piNDaniyukti aura mahAnizItha ina teraha granthoM ko choDakara zeSa battIsa Agama to sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI bhI mAna rahe haiN| jahA~ taka acela dhArA kI digambara paramparA kA prazna hai jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke hai, vaha 12 aMga AgamoM aura 14 aMgabAhma AgamoM ke nAma to prAya: vahIM mAnatI hai, kintu usakI mAnyatA ke anusAra ina aMga aura aMgabAhma Agama granthoM kI viSaya vastu kAphI kucha vilupta ora vidrUSita ho cukI hai, ata: mUla Agama sAhitya kA viccheda mAnatI hai| unake anusAra cAhe Agama sAhitya kA viccheda ho cukA hai, unake AdhAra para caricata kasAyapAhuDa,chakkhaNDAgama, mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA, tiloyapaNNati Adi tathA AcArya kundakunda viracita-samayasAra, pravacanasAra, paMcAstikAyasAra, niyamasAra, aSTapAhuDa Adi Agama tulya granthoM ko hI ve Agama ke sthAna para svIkAra karate hai| __jahA~ taka yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai, ve 12 aMga AgamoM aura 14 aMga bAhya AgamoM ko svIkAra karate hai| unake anusAra Agama pUrNata: vilupta nahIM hue, yadyapi unake jJAtA AcAryo kI paramparA kA viccheda huA hai| mUla meM unake dvArA mAnya Agama zvetAmbara paramparA dvArA usI nAma se AgamoM se pUrNata: bhinna nahIM the, unakI aparAjitasUri apanI bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM una AgamoM se aneka pATha uddhRta kiye hai| unake dvArA uddhRta AgamoM ke pATha Aja bhI zaurasenI ardhamAgadhI prAkRta bheda evaM kucha pAThAntara ke sAtha Aja bhI zvetAmbaroM dvArA mAnya usa nAma vAle AgamoM meM mila jatI hai| digambara aura yApanIya paramparA meM mUlabhUta antara yahI hai digambara paramparA AgamoM kA pUrva viccheda mAnatI hai, jabaki yApanIya unameM Aye AMzika pAThabheda ko svIkAra karake bhI unake astitva ko nakArate nahIM haiN| ve una Agama granthoM ke AdhAra para racita kucha Agama tulya granthoM ko bhI mAnya karatI thii| inameM kasAyapAhuDa, chakkakhaNDAgama, bhagavatIArAdhanA, mUlAcAra Adi unheM mAnya rahe the| Aja yaha paramparA vilupta hai aura inake dvArA racita kucha grantha bhI digambara [61]

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paramparA dvArA mAnya kiye jAte hai| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki yApanIyoM dvArA mAnya . Agama zvetAmbara paramparA mAnya AgamoM nitAnta bhinna nahIM the| aparAjitasUri ne spaSTata: yaha ullekha kiyA hai ki unake dvArA mAnya Agama 'mAthurI vAcanA' ke the| yaha vAcanA lagabhaga IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM skaMdila kI adhyakSatA meM mathurA meM huI thii| isa vAcanA ke samAntara nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI meM bhI eka vAcanA huI thii| devarddhigaNi meM isa nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke sthAna para mAthurI vAcanA ko hI AdhAra mAnA thaa| isase bhI yaha phalita hotA hai ki yApanIya Agama devarddhigaNi kI vAcanA se bahuta bhinna nahIM the| skaMdila kI isa mAthurI vAcanA meM hI Agama pAThoM kI bhASA para zaurasenI prAkRta kA prabhAva AyA hogaa| Agama sAhitya kI bhASA jainoM ke Agama sAhitya kI bhASA ko sAmAnyatayA prAkRta kahA jA sakatA hai, phira bhI yaha dhyAna rakhanA Avazyaka hai, ki jahA~ zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya kI . bhASA ardhamAgadhI prAkRta kahI jAtI hai, vahI digambara evaM yApanIya paramparA dvArA mAnya . Agama tulya granthoM kI bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta kahI jAtI hai| kintu vartamAna meM upalabdha ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI bhASA pUrNata: ardhamAgadhI hai aura na digambara evaM yApanIya paramparA dvArA mAnya Agamatulya granthoM kI bhASA mUlata: zaurasenI haiM / zvetAmbara paramparA dvArA mAnya AgamoM kI bhASA para kvacit zaurasenI kA aura mukhyata: mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai / inakA mUla ardhamAgadhI svarUpa kvacit rUpa se isibhAsiyAiM meM, aMzata AcArAMga meM milatA hai, kintu inakI cUrNi meM Aye mUlapAThoM meM Aja bhI inakA ardhamAgadhI svarUpa upalabdha hai, jise AdhAra mAnakara pro. ke.ema.candrA ne AcArAMga ke prathama adhyayana kA mUlapATha nirdhArita kiyA hai| vAstatikatA yaha hai ki zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM kI jo vividha vAcanAe~ yA sampAdana sabhAe~ huI unameM bhASAgata parivartana Aye hai| prathama pATalIputra aura dvitIya khaNDagiri kI vAcanA meM cAhe inakA ardhamAgadhI svarUpa banA rahA ho, kintu mAthurI vAcanA meM ina para zaurasenI kA prabhAva AyA, jisake kucha mUlapATha Aja bhI bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI aparAjitasUri kI TIkA meM upalabdha hai| kintu vallabhI kI vAcanA meM ye mUlapATha mahArASTrI prAkRta se bahulatA se prabhAvita hue hai / mAtra yahI nahIM hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa ko AdhAra mAnakara jo bhI hastalikhita evaM mudrita granthoM meM isake [62]

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pATha nirdhArita hue ve mahArASTrI prAkRta se prabhAvita haiM / phira bhI unakI mahArASTrI bhI ardhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI se prabhAvita hai, ata: use vidvAnoM ne jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta kahA hai| isI prakAra acela dhArA kI digambara aura yApanIya paramparA ke Agama tulya granthoM kI bhASA bhI ardhamAgadhI se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa jaina zaurasenI kahI jAtI hai| AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu sarala hai Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu mukhyata: upadezaparaka, AcAraparaka evaM kathAparaka hai / bhagavatI ke kucha aMza, prajJApanA, anuyogadvAra jo ki apekSAkRta paravartI hai, ko choDaqara unameM prAya: gahana dArzanika evaM saiddhAntika carcAoM kA abhAva hai| viSaya-pratipAdana sarala, sahaja aura sAmAnya vyakti ke lie bhI bodhagamya hai| vaha mukhyata: vivaraNAtmaka evaM upadezAtmaka haiN| isake viparIta zaurasenI AgamoM meM ArAdhanA aura mUlAcAra ko choDaqara lagabhaga sabhI grantha dArzanika evaM saiddhAntika carcA se yukta hai| ve paripakva dArzanika vicAroM ke paricAyaka haiN| guNasthAna aura karmasiddhAnta kI ve gaharAiyA~, jo zaurasenI AgamoM meM upalabdha hai, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM unakA prAyaH abhAva hI hai| kundakunda ke samayasAra ke samAna unameM saiddhAntika dRSTi se adhyAtmavAda ke pratisthApana kA bhI koI prayAsa parilakSita nahIM hotaa| yadyapi ye saba unakI kamI bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, kintu cintana ke vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para spaSTa rUpa se yaha phalita hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya prAthamika stara kA hone se prAcIna bhI hai aura sAtha hI vikasita zaurasenI AgamoM ke lie AdhAra-bhUta bhii| samavAyAMga meM jIvasthAnoM ke nAma se 14 guNasthAnoM kA mAtra nirdeza hai, jabaki SaTakhaNDAgama jaisA prAcIna zaurasenI Agama bhI unakI gambhIratA se carcA karatA hai| mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA, kundakunda ke grantha aura gommaTasAra Adi sabhI meM guNasthAnoM kI vistRta carcA hai| cUki tattvArtha meM guNasthAnoM kI carcA kA evaM syAdvAda-saptabhaMgI kA abhAva hai, ata: ve sabhI racanAe~ tattvArtha ke bAda kI kRtiyA~ mAnI jA sakatI haiN| Agama sAhitya kI vizeSatA (a) tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana kiyA gayA hai ata: aneka [63.]

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sthAnoM para saiddhAntika dRSTi se unameM bhinnatAe~ bhI pAyI jAtI hai| vastuta: ye grantha akRtrima bhAva se race gaye haiM aura unake sampAdana kAla meM bhI saMgatiyukta banAne kA koI prayAsa nahIM kiyA gayA hai| eka aura utsarga kI dRSTi se unameM ahiMsA kI sUkSmatA ke sAtha pAlana karane ke nirdeza haiM to dUsarI aura apavAda kI apekSA se aise aneka vivaraNa bhI haiM jo isa sUkSma ahiMsaka jIvanazailI ke anukUla nahIM hai| isI prakAra eka aura unameM muni kI acelatA kA pratipAdana-samarthana kiyA gayA hai, to dUsarI aura vastra-pAtra ke sAtha-sAtha muni ke upakaraNoM kI lambI sUcI bhI mila jAtI hai| eka aura kezaloca kA vidhAna hai to dUsarI aura kSura-muNDana kI anujJA bhI hai| uttarAdhyayana meM vedanIya ke bhedoM meM krodha vedanIya Adi kA ullekha hai, jo ki karmasiddhAnta ke granthoM meM yahA~ taka ki svayaM uttarAdhyayana ke karmaprakRti nAmaka adhyayana meM bhI anupalabdha hai| ukta sAkSyoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya jaina saMgha kA niSpakSa itihAsa prastuta karatA hai| tathyoM kA yathArtha rUpa meM prastutIkaraNa usakI apanI vizeSatA hai| vastuta: tathyAtmaka vividhatAoM evaM antarvirodhoM ke kAraNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke granthoM ke kAla-krama kA nirdhAraNa bhI sahaja ho jAtA hai| (ba) AgamoM meM jaina saMgha ke itihAsa kA prAmANika rUpa yadi hama AgamoM kA samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana kareM, to hameM yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina paramparA ke AcAra evaM vicAra meM deza-kAlagata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa kAlakrama meM kyA-kyA parivartana hue isako jAnane kA AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama hI hai, kyoMki ina parivartanoM ko samajhane ke liye unameM una tathyoM ke vikAsa krama ko khojA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jaina dharma meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kaise dRDha-mUla hotA gayA isakI jAnakArI RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga aura bhagavatI ke pandrahaveM zataka ke samIkSAtmaka adhyayana se mila jAtI hai| RSibhASita meM nArada, maMkhaligozAla, asitadevala, nArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, bAhuka Adi RSiyoM ko arhat RSi kahakara sammAnita kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM bhI kapila, nami, karakaNDDa, naggati, gardabhAlI, saMjaya Adi kA sammAnapUrvaka smaraNa kiyA gayA aura sUtrakRtAMga meM inameM se kucha ko AcArabheda ke bAvajUda bhI [64]

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paramparA-sammata mAnA gyaa| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA meM nArada kI aura bhagavatI ke pandrahave zataka meM maMkhalI gozAla kI samAlocanA bhI kI gaI, isa AdhAra para hama kaha sakate hai ki jaina paramparA meM anya paramparA ke prati udAratA kA bhAva kaise parivartita hotA gayA aura sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kaise dRDhamUla hote gaye, isakA yathArtha citraNa unameM upalabdha ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha, AcArasUtra, dazavaikAlika, nizItha Adi chedasUtra tathA unake bhASya aura cUrNiyoM ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jainAcAra meM kAlakrama meM kyA-kyA parivartana huA hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI, jJAtAdharma kathA Adi ke adhyayana se spaSTa hotA hai ki pArzvapatyoM kA mahAvIra ke saMgha para kyA prabhAva paDA aura donoM ke bIca sambandhoM meM kaise parivartana hotA gyaa| isI prakAra ke aneka prazna, jinake kAraNa Aja kA jaina samAja sAmpradAyika kaTagharoM meM banda hai, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke niSpakSa adhyayana ke mAdhyama se sulajhAye jA sakate haiN| zaurasenI AgamoM meM mAtra mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA ko, jo apanI viSaya-vastu ke liye ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ke RNI haiM, isa koTi meM rakhA jA sakatA hai, kintu zeSa Agamatulya zaurasenI grantha jainadharma ko sImita gheroM meM Abaddha hI karate haiN| (sa) zaurasenI-Agama tulya granthoM aura paravartI mahArASTrI prAkRta meM racita granthoM ke AdhAra. Agama zaurasenI-Agama tulya granthoM aura mahArASTrI-Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra rahe haiN| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM kramaza: niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi, vRtti, TabbA Adi likhe gaye haiM, ye sabhI jaina dharma evaM darzana ke prAcInatama srota haiN| yadyapi zaurasenI Agama aura vyAkhyA sAhitya meM cintana ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha deza, kAla aura sahagAmI paramparAoM ke prabhAva se bahuta kucha aisI sAmagrI bhI hai, jo unakI apanI maulika kahI jA sakatI hai phira bhI AgamoM ko unake aneka granthoM ke mUlasrota ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| mAtra mUlAcAra meM hI tIna sau se adhika gAthAe~ uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, Avazyakaniyukti, jIvasamAsa, AturapratyAkhyAna, candravedhyaka (candAvejjhaya) Adi meM upalabdha hotI haiN| isI prakAra bhagavatIArAdhanA meM bhI aneka gAthAe~ ardhamAgadhI Agama aura vizeSa [65]

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rUpa se prakIrNakoM (pA) se milatI haiN| SaTkhaNDAgama aura prajJApanA meM bhI jo samAnatAe~ parilakSita hotI haiM, unakI vistRta carcA paNDita dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne (pro. e.ena.upAdhye vyAkhyAnamAlA meM) kI hai| niyamasAra kI kucha gAthAe~ anuyogadvAra evaM itara AgamoM meM bhI pAI jAtI haiM, jabaki samayAsAra Adi kucha aise zaurasenI Agama tulya grantha bhI hai, jinakI maulika racanA kA zreya unake kartAoM ko hI hai| tiloyapAtti kA prAthamika rUpa vizeSa rUpa se Avazyakaniyukti tathA kucha prakIrNakoM ke AdhAra para taiyAra huA thA, yadyapi bAda meM usameM paryApta rUpa se parivartana aura parivardhana kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra zaurasenI AgamoM tulya granthoM ke niSpakSa adhyayana se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jatI hai ki unakA mUla AdhAra prAcIna Agama-sAhitya hI rahA hai tathApi unameM jo saiddhAntika gaharAiyA~ aura vikAsa parilakSita hote haiM, ve unake racanAkAroM kI maulika dena haiN| AgamoM kA kartRtva prAyaH ajJAta__AgamoM meM prajJApanA, dazavaikAlika aura chedasUtroM ke kartRtva ko choDakara zeSa ke racanAkAroM ke sambandha meM hameM koI spaSTa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai| yadyapi dazavaikAlika Arya zarayambhUvasUri kI, tIna chedasUtra AryabhadrabAhu kI aura prajJApanA zyAmAcArya kI kRti mAne jAte hai, mahAnizItha kA usakI dImakoM se bhakSita prati ke AdhAra para AcArya haribhadra ne samuddhAra kiyA thA, yaha svayaM usI meM ullikhita hai, tathApi anya AgamoM ke kartAoM ke bAre meM hama andhakAra meM hI haiN| sambhavata: usakA mUla kAraNa yaha rahA hogA ki sAmAnyajana meM isa bAta kA pUrNa vizvAsa banA rahe ki ardhamAgadhI Agama gaNadharoM athavA pUrvadharoM kI kRti hai, isaliye kartAoM ne apane nAma kA ullekha nahIM kiyaa| yaha vaisI hI sthiti hai jaisI hindU-purANoM ke kartA ke rUpa meM kevala veda vyAsa ko jAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi ve aneka AcAryo kI aura paryApta paravartIkAla kI racanAe~ haiN| isake viparIta zaurasenI Agama tulya granthoM kI mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai ki unameM sabhI granthoM kA kartRtva sunizcita hai| yadyapi unameM bhI kucha parivartana aura prakSepa paravartI AcAryoM ne kiye hai| phira bhI isa sambandha meM unakI sthiti ardhamAgadhI Agama kI apekSA kAphI spaSTa hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM to yahA~ taka bhI huA hai ki kucha [66]

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vilupta kRtiyoM ke sthAna para paryApta paravartI kAla meM dUsarI kRti hI rakha dI gii| isa sambandha meM praznavyAkaraNa kI sampUrNa viSaya-vastu ke parivartana kI carcA pUrva meM hI kI jA cukI hai| abhI-abhI aMgacUliyA aura baMgacUliyA nAmaka do vilupta AgamoM kA patA calA, ye bhogIlAla leharacanda bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira meM upalabdha hai, jaba inakA adhyayana kiyA to patA calA ki ve lokAzAha ke pazcAt arthAt solahavIM yA satrahavIM zatAbdI meM kisI ajJAta AcArya ne banAkara rakha diye hai| yadyapi isase yaha niSkarSa bhI nahIM nikAla lenA cAhie ki yaha sthiti sabhI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI hai| satya to yaha hai ki unake prakSepoM aura parivartanoM ko AsAnI se pahacAnA jA sakatA hai, jabaki zaurasenI AgamoM meM hue prakSepoM ko jAnanA jaTila haiN| AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke sambandha meM jisa atizayatA kI carcA paravartI AcAryoM ne kI hai, vaha unake kathana kI vizvanIyatA kA prazna cinha upasthita karatI hai| hamArI zraddhA aura vizvAsa cAhe kucha bhI ho kintu tarkabuddhi aura gaveSaNAtmaka dRSTi se to aisA pratIta hotA hai ki Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu ko baDhA-caDhAkara batAyA gayA / yaha kahanA ki AcArAMga ke Age pratyeka aMga grantha kI zloka saMkhyA eka dUsare se kramazaH dviguNita rahI thI athavA 14 ve pUrva kI viSaya-vastu itanI thI ki use caudaha hAthiyoM ke barAbara syAhI se.likhA ja sakatA thA, AsthA kI vastu ho sakatI hai, kintu buddhigamya nahIM hai| ___ anta meM vidvAnoM se merI yaha apekSA hai ki ve AgamoM aura vizeSa rUpa se ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA adhyayana zvetAmbara, mUrtipUjaka, sthAnakavAsI yA terApaMthI dRSTi se na kareM apitu ina sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se upara uThakara kareM, tabhI hama unake mAdhyama se. jainadharma ke prAcIna svarUpa kA yathArtha darzana kara sakegeM aura. prAmANika rUpa se yaha bhI samajha sakegeM ki kAlakrama meM unameM kaise aura kyA parivartana hue haiN| Aja AvazyakatA hai paM. becaradAsajI jaisI niSpakSa evaM taTastha buddhi se unake adhyayana kI / anyathA digambara ko usameM vanasambandhI ullekha prakSepa lageMge, to zvetAmbara sAre vanapAtra ke ullekhoM ko mahAvIrakAlIna mAnane lagegA aura donoM hI yaha nahIM samajha sakege ki vana-pAtra kA kramika vikAsa kina paristhitiyoM meM aura kaise huA hai? isa sambandha meM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkA kA adhyayana [67]

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Avazyaka hai kyoMki ye inake adhyayana kI kuMjiyA~ hai| zaurasenI aura ardhamAgadhI . AgamoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI unameM nihita satya ko yarthAtha rUpa se Alokita kara skegaa| AzA hai yuvA-vidvAn merI isa prArthanA para dhyAna dege| jaina Agama-sAhitya kA paricaya dene ke uddezya se sampratikAla meM aneka prayatna hue haiN| sarvaprathama pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM harmana jaikobI, zubriga, viNTaranitja Adi ne apanI bhUmikAoM evaM svatantra nibandhoM meM isa para prakAza ddaalaa| isa dizA meM aMgrejI meM sarvaprathama hIrAlAla rasikalAla kApaDiyA ne "A History of the Cononical Literature of the Jainas" nAmaka pustaka likhii| yaha grantha atyanta zodhaparaka dRSTi se likhA gayA aura Aja bhI eka prAmANika grantha ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA jAtA hai| isake pazcAt pro. jagadIzacandra jaina kA grantha "prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa' bhI isa kSetra meM dUsarA mahattvapUrNa grantha haiN| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna dvArA jaina sAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa yojanA ke antargata prakAzita prathama tInoM khaNDoM meM prAkRta Agama-sAhitya kA vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| isI dizA meM AcArya devendramunizAstrI kI pustaka "jainagama : mamana aura mImAMsA' bhI eka mahattvapUrNa kRti hai| muni nagarAjajI kI pustaka "jainAgama aura pAlI-tripiTaka" bhI tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa haiN| paM. kailAsacandrajI dvArA likhita "jaina sAhitya ke itihAsa kI pUrva pIThikA" meM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA aura usake prathama bhAga meM zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kA ullekha huA hai kintu usameM niSpakSa dRSTi kA nirvAha nahIM huA hai aura ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke mUlya aura mahattva ko samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA gayA hai| ___ pUjya AcArya zrI jayantasenasUrijI ne "jaina Agama sAhitya : eka anuzIlana' kRti kI sRjanA janasAdhAraNa ko Agama-sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu kI paricaya dene ke uddezya kI hai, phira bhI unhoMne pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha saMzodhanAtmaka dRSTi ko bhI nirvAha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| isa grantha kI merI bhUmikA vizeSa rUpa se paThanIya hai| [68]

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Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna, mahatva, - racanAkAla evaM racayitA Agama-sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna kisI bhI dhArmika paramparA kA AdhAra usake dharmagraMtha hote haiM, jinheM vaha pramANabhUta mAnakara calatI hai| jisa prakAra musalamAnoM ke lie kurAna, IsAiyoM ke lie bAibila, bauddhoM ke lie tripiTaka aura hinduoM ke lie veda pramANabhUta graMtha haiM, usI prakAra jainoM ke lie Agama pramANabhUta graMtha haiN| sarvaprathama tattvArthasUtra, naMdIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa aMgabAhya ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| paramparAgata avadhAraNA yaha hai ki tIrthaMkaroM dvArA upAdiSTa aura gaNadharoM dvArA racita graMtha aMga praviSTa Agama kahe jAte haiN| inakI saMkhyA bAraha hai, jo zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se svIkRta haiN| ina aMga AgamoM ke nAma hai- 1. AcArAMga, 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 3. sthAnAMga, 4. samavAyAMga, 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti, 6. jJAtAdharmakathAMga, 7. upAsakadazAMga, 8. aMtakRddazAMga, 9. anuttaraupapAtikadazA, 10. praznavyAkaraNadazA, 11. vipAkadazA aura 12. dRSTivAda / inake nAma aura krama ke sambaMdha meM bhI donoM paramparAoM meM ekarUpatA hai| mUlabhUta aMtara yaha hai ki jahAM zvetAmbara paramparA Aja bhI dRSTivAda ke atirikta zeSa gyAraha aMgoM kA astitva svIkAra karatI hai, vahAM digambara paramparA Aja mAtra dRSTivAda ke AdhAra para nirmita kasAyapAhuDa, SaTkhaNDAgama Adi ke atirikta ina aMga-AgamoM ko vilupta mAnatI hai| _ aMgabAhya ve graMtha hai jo jinavacana ke AdhAra para sthavIroM ke dvArA likhe gae haiN| naMdIsUtra meM aMgabAhya AgamoM ko bhI prathamataH do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai- 1. Avazyaka aura 2. Avazyaka vyatirikta / Avazyaka ke aMtargata sAmAyika, cartuvizatistava, vaMdanA pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga aura pratyAkhyAna- ye chaH graMtha sammilita rUpa se Ate haiM, jinheM Aja Avazyaka sUtra ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| isI graMtha meM Avazyaka atirikta Agama-graMthoM ko bhI punaH do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai- 1. kAlika aura 2. utkAlika / Aja prakIrNakoM meM vargIkaraNa nau graMtha inhIM do vibhAgoM ke aMtargata ullikhita haiN| isameM kAlika ke aMtargata RSibhASita aura dvIpasAgara prajJapti, ina doprakIrNakoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jabaki utkAlika ke aMtargata deveMdrastava, taMdulavaicArika, caMdravedhyaka, gaNividyA, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna aura mAraNavibhakti ina sAta prakIrNakoM kA ullekha hai| [69]

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___prAcIna AgamoM meM aisA kahIM bhI spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai ki amuka-amuka graMtha prakIrNaka ke aMtargata Ate haiN| naMdIsUtra aura pAkSika sUtra donoM meM hI AgamoM ke vividha vargoM meM kahIM bhI prakIrNaka varga kA ullekha nahIM hai| yadyapi ina donoM graMthoM meM Aja hama jinheM prakIrNaka mAna rahe haiM unameM se aneka kA ullekha kAlika evaM utkAlika AgamoM ke aMtargata huaahai| yahAM yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki AgamoM kA aMga upAMga, cheda, mUla, cUlikA aura prakIrNaka ke rUpa meM ullekha sarvaprathama AcArya jinaprabha ke vidhimArgaprapA (lagabhaga IsA kI terahavIM zatI) meM milatA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki terahavIM zatI se pUrva AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa meM kahIM bhI prakIrNaka varga kA spaSTa nirdeza nahIM hai, kiMtu isase yaha niSkarSa nahIM nikAla lenA cAhie ki usake pUrvana to prakIrNaka sAhityathAaura na hI inakA koI ullekhthaa| . aMga-AgamoM meM sarvaprathama samavAyAMgasUtra meM prakIrNaka kA ullekha huA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke caurAsI hajAra ziSyoM dvArA racita caurAsI hajAra prakIrNaka the| paramparAgata avadhAraNA yaha hai ki jisa tIrthaMkara ke jitane ziSya hote haiM, usake zAsana meM utane hI prakIrNaka graMthoM kI racanA hotI hai| sAmAnyatayA prakIrNaka zabda kA tAtparya hotA haivividha graMtha / mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki prArambha meM agamoM ke atirikta sabhI graMtha prakIrNaka kI koTi meM mAne jAte the| aMga-AgamoM se itara Avazyaka, Avazyaka vyatirikta, kAlika evaM utkAlika ke rUpa meM vargIkRta sabhI graMtha prakIrNaka kahalAte the| mere isa kathana kA pramANa yaha hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA meM bAraha aMga-AgamoM se bhinna aMgabAhya graMthoM koprakIrNaka nAma diyA gayA hai| usameM uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, RSibhASita Adi ko bhI prakIrNaka hI kahA gayA hai| yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita athavA prakIrNaka varga meM samAhita sabhI graMthoM ke nAma ke aMta meM prakIrNaka zabda nahIM milatA hai| mAtra kucha hI graMtha aise haiM jinake nAma ke aMta meM prakIrNaka zabda kA ullekha huA hai| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki prakIrNakoM kA astitva ati prAcIna kAla meM bhI rahA hai, cAhe unheM prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA ho athavAna kiyA gayA ho| naMdUsatrakAra ne aMga-AgamoM ko chor3akara AgamarUpa meM mAnya sabhI graMthoM ko prakIrNaka kahA hai| ataH prakIrNaka' zabda Aja kitane saMkucita artha meM hai utanA pUrva meM nahIM thaa| umAsvAti aura devavAcaka ke samaya to aMga-AgamoM ke atirikta zeSa sabhI AgamoM ko prakIrNaka meM hI samAhita kiyA jAtA thaa| isase jaina Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNaka kA kyA sthAna hai, yaha siddha ho jAtA hai| prAcIna dRSTi se toaMga-AgamoM ke atirikta sampUrNa jaina Agamika sAhitya prakIrNakavarga ke aMtargata AtA hai| vartamAna meM prakIrNaka varga ke aMtargata dasa graMtha mAnane kI jo paramparA hai, vaha na [70]

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kevala arvAcIna hai apitu isa saMdarbha meM zvetAmbara AcAryoM meM paraspara matabheda bhI hai ki ina dasa prakIrNakoM meM kaunase graMtha samAhita kie jAeM / pradyumnasUri ne vicArasAra prakaraNa (caudahavIM zatAbdI) meM paiMtAlIsa AgamoM kA ullekha karate hue kucha prakIrNakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| Agama prabhAkara muni puNyavijayajI ne cAra alaga-alaga saMdarbho meM prakIrNakoM kI alaga-alaga sUciyAM prastuta kI hai|' ataH dasa prakIrNaka ke aMtargata kina-kina graMthoM ko samAhita karanA cAhie, isa saMdarbha meM zvetAmbara AcAryoM meM kahIM bhI ekarUpatA dekhane konahIM milatI hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki prakIrNaka graMthoM kI saMkhyA dasa hai, yaha mAnyatA na kevala paravartI hai apitu usameM ekarUpatA kA bhI abhAva hai| bhinna-bhinna zvetAmbara AcArya bhinna-bhinna sUciyAM prastuta karate rahe haiM, unameM kucha nAmoM meM to ekarUpatA hotI hai, kiMtu sabhI nAmoM meM ekarUpatA kA abhAva pAyA jAtA hai| jahAM taka digambara paramparA kA prazna hai usameM tatvArtha bhASya kA anusaraNa karate hue aMga AgamoM ke atirikta anya graMthoM ko prakIrNaka kahane kI hI paramparA rahI hai| ataH prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA amuka hI hai, yaha kahane kA koI prAmANika AdhAra nahIM hai| vastutaH aMga-Agama sAhitya ke atirikta sampUrNa aMgabrAhya Agama sAhitya prakIrNaka ke aMtargata Ate haiN| isa prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya jaina Agama sAhitya ke ati vizAla bhAga kA paricAyaka hai aura unakI saMkhyA ko dasa taka sImita karane kA dRSTikoNa paryApta rUpa se paravartI aura vivAdAspada hai| . prakIrNaka sAhitya kA mahatva ____ yadyapi vartamAna meM zvetAmbara jainoM ke sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI sampradAya prakIrNakoM ko AgamoM ke aMtargata mAnya nahIM karate haiM, kiMtu prakIrNakoM kI viSaya-vastu kA adhyayana karane se aisA lagatA hai ki aneka prakIrNaka aMga-AgamoM kI apekSA bhI sAdhanA kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa haiN| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki AcArya vIrabhadra dvArA IsA kI dasavIM zatI meM racita kucha prakIrNaka arvAcIna hai, kiMtu isase sampUrNa prakIrNakoM kI arvAcInatA siddha nahIM hotii| viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se prakIrNaka sAhitya meM jaina vidyA ke vividha pakSoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| jahAM taka deveMdrastava aura dvIpasAgaraprajJapti prakIrNaka kA prazna hai, ve mukhyataH jaina khagola aura bhUgola kI carcA karate haiN| isI prakAra titthogAlI prakIrNaka meM bhI jaina kAla vyavasthA kA citraNa vibhinna bhaugolika kSetroM ke saMdarbha meM huA hai| jyotiSkaraNDaka aura gaNividyA prakIrNaka kA sambaMdha mukhyatayA jaina jyotiSa se hai| titthogAlI prakIrNaka mukhya rUpa se prAcIna jaina itihAsa ko prastuta karatA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM tithyogAMlI hI eka mAtra aisA prakIrNaka hai jisameM AgamajJAna ke kramika uccheda kI bAta kahI gaI hai| [71]

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sArAvalI prakIrNaka meM mukhya rUpa se zatrunjaya mahAtIrtha kI kathA aura mahatva ullikhita hai| taMdulavaicArika prakIrNaka jaina jIvavijJAna kA suMdara aura saMkSipta paricaya prastuta karatA hai| isI prakAra aMgavidyA nAmaka prakIrNaka mAnava zarIra ke aMga-pratyaMgoM ke vivaraNa ke sAthasAtha unake zubhAzubha lakSaNoM kA bhI citraNa karatA hai aura unake AdhAra para phalAdeza bhI prastuta karatA hai / isa prakAra isa graMtha kA sambaMdha zarIra-racanA evaM phalita jyotiSa donoM viSayoM sehai| gacchAcAra prakIrNaka meM jaina saMgha-vyavasthA kA citraNa upalabdha hotA hai, jabaki caMdravedhyaka prakIrNaka meM gurU-ziSya ke sambaMdha evaM zikSA-sambaMdhoM kA nirdeza hai| vIrastava prakIrNaka meM mahAvIra ke vividha vizeSaNa ke artha kI vyutpattiparaka vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| catuHzaraNa prakIrNaka meM mukhya rUpa secaturvidha saMgha ke mahatva ko spaSTa karate hue jaina-sAdhanA kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| Atura pratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, maraNasamAdhi, saMstAraka, ArAdhanApatAkA, ArAdhanAprakaraNa, bhaktapratyAkhyAna Adi prakIrNaka jaina-sAdhanA ke aMtima caraNa samAdhimaraNa kI pUrva taiyArI aura usakI sAdhanA kI vizeSa vidhiyoM kA citraNa prastuta karate haiN| isa prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya meM jaina vidyA ke vividha pakSoM kA samAveza huA hai, jo jaina sAhitya ke kSetra meM unake mUlya aura mahatva ko spaSTa kara detA hai| prakIrNaka sAhitya kA racanAkAla - ___ jahAM taka prakIrNakoM kI prAcInatA kA prazna hai unameM se aneka prakIrNakoM kA ullekha naMdIsUtra meM hone se ve usase prAcIna siddha ho jAte haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita graMthoM meM se aneka to aMga-AgamoM kI apekSA prAcIna stara ke rahe haiM, kyoMki RSibhASita kA sthAnAMga evaM samavAyAMga meM ullekha hai| RSibhASita Adi kucha aise prakIrNaka haiM, jo bhASA-zailI, viSaya-vastu Adi aneka AdhAroM para AcArAMga sUtra ke prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara zeSa AgamoM kI apekSA bhI prAcIna hai| RSibhASita usa kAla kA graMtha hai, jaba jaina dharma sImita sImAoM meM Abaddha nahIM huA thA varan usameM anya paramparAoM ke zramaNoM ko bhI AdarapUrvaka sthAna prApta thaa| isa graMtha kI racanA usa yuga meM sambhava nahIM thI, jaba jaina dharma kI sampradAya ke kSudra ghere meM Abaddha ho gyaa| lagabhaga I.pU. tIsarI zatAbdI se jaina dharma meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza dRr3ha ho rahe the, usake saMketa sUtrakRtAMgasUtra aura bhavagatIsUtra jaise prAcIna AgamoM meM bhI mila rahe haiN| bhagavatI sUtra meM jisa maMkhaliputra gozAlaka kI kaTu AlocanA hai, use RSibhASita arhat RSi kahatA hai| AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, taMdulavaicArika, maraNavibhakti Adi prakIrNaka sAhitya ke aise graMtha haiM- jo sampradAyagata AgrahoM se mukta haiN| sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM RSibhASita ke aneka RSiyoM kA sammAnapUrvaka ullekha aura inheM arhat paramparA dvArA sammata mAnA jAnA bhI yahI [72]

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sUcita karatA hai ki RSibhASita ina aMga-AgamoM se bhI prAcIna hai| punaH RSibhASita jaise kucha prAcIna prakIrNakoM kI bhASA kA ardhamAgadhI svarUpa tathA AgamoM kI apekSA unakI bhASA meM mahArASTrI bhASA kI alpatA bhI yahI siddha karatI hai ki ye graMtha prAcIna stara ke haiN| naMdIsUtra meM prakIrNaka ke nAma seabhihita nau graMthoM kA ullekha bhI yahI siddha karatA hai ki kama se kama ye nau prakIrNaka to naMdIsUtra se pUrvavartI haiM / naMdIsUtra kA kAla vidvAnoM ne vikrama kI pAMcavIM zatI mAnA hai, ataH ye prakIrNaka usase pUrva ke haiN| isI prakAra samavAyAMgasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se prakIrNako nirdeza bhI yahI siddha karatA hai ki samavAyAMgasUtra ke racanAkAla arthAta vikrama kI tIsarI zatI meM bhI aneka prakIrNakoM kA astitvthaa| ina prakIrNakoM meM deveMdrastava ke racanAkAra RSipAlita haiN| kalpasUtra sthivirAvalI meM RSipAlita ullekha hai| inakA kAla IsA pUrva prathama zatI ke lagabhaga hai| isakI vistRta carcA hamaneM devaMdrastava (deviMdratthaoM) kI prastAvanA meM kI hai (icchuka pAThaka use vahAM dekha sakate haiN)| abhI-abhI 'sambodhi' patrikA meM zrI lalita kumAra kA eka zodha lekha prakAzita huA hai, jisameM unhoMne purAtAtvika AdhAroM para yaha siddha kiyA hai ki deveMdrastava kI racanA I.pU. prathama zatI meM yA usake bhI pUrva huI hogii| prakIrNakoM meM nimnalikhita prakIrNaka vIrabhradra kI racanA kahe jA sakate haiM- causaraNa, AurapaccakkhANa, bhattapariNNA aura aaraadhnaaptaakaa| ArAdhanApatAkA kI prazasti meM vikkamanivakAlAoaThThattarimesamAsahassammi yA pAThabheda seaTThabheda sesamAsahassammi'ke ullekha ke anusAra inakA racanAkAla I. san 1008 yA 1078 siddha hotA hai| isa prakAra prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita graMthoM meM jahAMRSibhASita I.pU. pAMcavI zatI kI racanA hai, vahIM ArAdhanA patAkAI. san kI dasavIM yA gyArahavIM zatI ke pUrvArddha kI racanA hai| isa prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya meM samAhita graMtha lagabhaga paMdraha sau varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM nirmita hote rahe haiM, phira bhI causaraNa, paravartI AurapaccakvANa, bhattapariNNA, saMthAraga aura ArAhanApaDAyA ko chor3akara zeSa prakIrNaka I. san kI pAMcavI zatI ke pUrva kI racanAeM haiN| jJAtavya hai ki mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI se prakAzita payaNNasuttAI meM AurapaccakkhANa ke nAma se tIna graMtha upalabdha hote haiM, inameM vIrabhadra racita AuparaccakkhANa paravartI hai, kiMtu naMdIsUtra meM ullikhita AurapaccakkhANa to prAcIna hI hai| - yahAM para yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prakIrNakoM kI aneka gAthAeM zvetAmbara mAnyaaMgaAgamoM evaM uttarAdhyayanasUtra, dazavaikAlika-sUtra jaiseprAcIna stara ke Agama graMthoM meM bhI pAI jAtI haiN| gadya aMga-AgamoM, meM padyarUpa meM ina gAthAoM kI upasthiti bhI yahI siddha karatI hai ki unameM yegAthAeM prakIrNakoM se avatarita haiN| yaha kArya valabhIvAcanAke pUrva huAhai, ataH phalita [73]

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hotA hai kinandIsUtra meM ullikhita prakIrNaka valabhIvAcanA ke pUrvaracita haiN| taMdula vaicArikakA ullekha dazavaikAlika kI prAcIna aMgastyasiMha cUrNi meM hai| isase usakI prAcInatA siddha ho jAtI hai| yaha cUrNianya cUrNiyoM kI apekSA prAcIna mAnI gaI hai| ___ digambara paramparA meM mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA aura kundakunda ke graMthoM meM prakIrNakoM kI saikar3oM gAthAeM apane zaurasenI rUpAMtaraNa meM milatI haiN| mUlAcAra ke saMkSipta pratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna nAmaka adhyAyoM meM to AturapratyAkhyAna evaM mahApratyAkhyAna ina donoM prakIrNakoM kI lagabhaga sattara se adhika gAthAeM haiN| isI prakAra maraNavibhakti prakIrNaka kI lagabhaga zatAdhika gAthAeM bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM milatI haiN| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki ye prakIrNaka graMtha mUlAcAra evaM bhagavatI ArAdhanA se pUrva ke haiN| mUlAcAra evaM bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke racanAkAla ko lekara cAhe kitanA bhI matabheda ho, kiMtu itanA nizcita hai ki ye graMtha IsA kI chaThI zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| yadyapi yaha prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai ki prakIrNaka meM ye gAthAeM ina yApanIya/acelaparamparA ke graMthoM se lI gaI hoMgI, kiMtu aneka pramANoM ke AdhAra para yaha dAvA nirasta ho jAtA hai| jinameM se kucha pramANa isa prakAra haiM - 1. guNa siddhAMta umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra aura AcArAMganiyukti kI racanA ke pazcAt lagabhaga pAMcavIM-chaThI zatI meM astitva meM AyA hai| cUMki mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA donoM graMthoM meM guNasthAna kA ullekha milatA hai, ataH ye graMtha pAMcavIM zatI ke bAda kI racanAeM hai jabaki AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna aura maraNasamAdhi kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM hone se ye graMtha pAMcavIM zatI ke pUrva kI racanAeM haiN| 2. mUlAcAra meM saMkSipta pratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna nAmaka adhyayana banAkara unameM AturapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna nAmaka donoM graMthoM ko samAhita kiyA gayA hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki ye graMtha pUrvavartI hai aura mUlAcAra paravartI hai| 3. bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI maraNavibhakti kI aneka gAthAeM samAna rUpa se milatI haiN| varNyaviSaya kI samAnatA hote hue bhI bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM jo vistAra hai, vaha maraNavibhakti meM nahIM hai| prAcIna stara ke graMtha mAtra zrutaparamparA se kaNThastha kie jAte the, ataH ve AkAra meM saMkSipta hotethe tAki unheM sugamatA se yAda rakhA jA sake, jabaki lekhana-paramparA ke vikasita honeke pazcAt vizAlakAya graMtha nirmita honelage / mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI-ArAdhanA donoM vizAla graMtha haiM, ataH ve prakIrNakoM se apekSAkRta paravartI haiN| vastutaH prakIrNaka sAhitya ke ve sabhI graMtha jo naMdIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM ullikhita haiM aura vartamAna meM upalabdha haiM, nizcita hI IsA kI pAMcavIM zatI pUrva ke haiN| [74]

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prakIrNakoM meM jyotiSkaraNDaka nAmaka prakIrNaka kA bhI mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| isameM zramaNa gandhahastI aura pratihastI kA ullekha milatA hai| isameM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jisa viSaya kA sUryaprajJapti meM vistAra se vivecana hai, usI ko saMkSepa meM yahAM diyA gayA hai| tAptarya yaha hai ki yaha prakIrNaka sUryaprajJapti ke AdhAra para nirmita kiyA gayA hai| isameM kartA ke rUpa meM pAdaliptAcArya kA bhI spaSTa ullekha huA hai| pAdaliptAcArya kA ullekha niyukti sAhitya meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai (lagabhaga IsA kI prthmshtii)| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki jyotiSkaraNDaka kA racanAkAla bhI I. san kI prathamazatI hai| aMgabAhya AgamoM meM sUryaprajJapti, jisake AdhAra para isa graMtha kI racanA huI, eka prAcIna graMtha hai kyoMki isameM jo jyotiSa sambaMdhI vivaraNa hai, vaha IsvI pUrva ke haiM, usake AdhAra para bhI isakI prAcInatA siddha hotI hai| sAtha hI isakI bhASA meM ardhamAgadhI rUpoM kI pracuratAbhI ise prAcIna graMtha siddha karatI hai| ataH prakIrNakoM ke racanAkAla kI pUrva sImA I.pU. caturtha-tRtIya zatI se prArambha hotI hai| paravartI kucha prakIrNaka jaise kuzalAnubaMdhi adhyayana, catuHzaraNa bhakta parijJA Adi vIrabhadra kI racanA mAne jAte haiM, ve nizcita hI IsA kI dasavIM zatI kI racanAeM haiN| isa prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya kA racanAkAla I.pU. caturtha zatI se prArambha hokara IsA kI dasavIM zatI taka arthAta lagabhaga paMdraha sau varSoM kI sudIrgha avadhi taka vyApta hai| prakIrNakoM ke racayitA .. : prakIrNaka sAhitya ke racanAkAla ke sambaMdha meM vicAra karate hue hamane yaha pAyA hai ki adhikAMza prakIrNaka graMthoM ke racayitA ke saMdarbha meM kahIM koI ullekha nahIM hai| prAcIna stara ke prakIrNakoM meM RSibhASita, caMdravedhyaka, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, maraNasamAdhi, gaNividyA saMstAraka Adi meM lekhaka ke nAma kA kahIM bhI nirdeza nahIM hai| mAtra deveMdrastava aura jyotiSkaraNDaka donoM hI prAcIna prakIrNaka aise haiM, jinakI aMtima gAthAoM meM spaSTa rUpa se lekhaka ke nAmoM kA ullekha huA hai| devendrastava ke kartA ke rUpa meM RSipAlita aura jyotiSkaMraNDaka ke kartA ke rUpa meM pAdaliptAcArya ke nAmoM kA ullekha kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM mahAvIra kI paTTaparamparA meM terahaveM sthAna para AtA hai aura isa AdhAra para ve I.pU. prathama zatAbdI ke lagabhaga ke siddha hote haiN| kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM inake dvArA koTikagaNa kI RSiSAlita zAkhA prArambha huI, aisA bhI ullekha hai| isa saMdarbha meM Age vistAra se carcA hamaneM deveMdrastava prakIrNaka kI bhUmikA meM kI hai|" deveMdrastava ke kartA RSipAlita kA samaya lagabhaga I. pU. prathama zatAbdI hai| isa tathya kI puSTi zrI lalita kumAra ne apane eka zodhalekha meM kI hai, jisakA nirdeza bhI hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| jyotiSkaraNDaka ke kartA pAdaliptAcArya kA ullekha [75]

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hameM niyukti sAhitya meM upalabdha hotA hai| AryarakSita ke samakAlika hone se ve lagabhaga IsA kI prathama zatAbdI ke hI siddha hote haiN| unake vyaktitva ke saMdarbha meM bhI cUrNi sAhitya aura paravartI prabaMdhoM meM vistAra seullekha milatA hai| kusalANubaMdhi adhyayana aura bhaktaparijJA ke kartA ke rUpa meM bhI AcArya vIrabhadra kA hI ullekha milatA hai| vIrabhadra ke kAla ke saMbaMdha meM aneka pravAda pracalita haiM jinakI carcA hamaneM gacchAcAra prakIrNaka kI bhUmikA meM kI hai| hamArI dRSTi meM vIrabhadra IsA kI dasavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha aura gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha ke AcArya haiN| isa prakAra niSkarSa rUpa meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki IsvI pUrva caturtha zatAbdI se lekara IsA kI dasavIM zatAbdI taka lagabhaga paMdraha sau varSoM kI sudIrgha avadhi meM prakIrNaka sAhitya likhA jAtA rahA hai| kiMtu itanA nizcita hai ki adhikAMza mahatvapUrNa graMtha IsA kI pAMcavI-chaThIM zatAbdI taka likhe jA cuke the| ve sabhI prakIrNaka jo naMdIsUtra meM ullikhita haiM, vastutaH prAcIna haiM aura unameM jainoM ke sampradAyagata vibheda kI koI sUcanA nahIM hai| mAtra titthogAlI, sArAvalI Adi kucha paravartI prakIrNakoM meM prakArAntara se jainoM ke sAmpradAyika matabhedoM kI kiMcita sUcanA milatI hai| prAcIna stara ke ina prakIrNakoM meM se adhikAMza mUlataH AdhyAtmika sAdhanA aura vizeSa rUpa se samAdhimaraNa kI sAdhanA ke viSaya meM prakAza DAlate haiN| ye graMtha nivRttimUla jIvanadRSTi ke prastotA haiN| yaha hamArAdurbhAgya hai ki jaina paramparA ke kucha sampradAyoM meM vizeSa rUpa se digambara, sthAnakavAsIaura terApaMthI paramparAoM meM inakI Agama rUpa meM mAnyatA nahIM hai, kiMtu yadi niSpakSa bhAva se ina prakIrNakoM kA adhyayana kiyA jAe to inameM aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai jo ina paramparAoM kI mAnyatA ke virodha meM jAtA ho| Agama saMsthAna, udayapura dvArA ina prakIrNakoM kA hindI meM anuvAda karake jo mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyA jA rahA hai, AzA hai, usake mAdhyama se ye graMtha una paramparAoM meM bhI pahuMceMge aura unameM inake adhyayana aura paThana-pAThana kI rUci vikasita hogii| vastutaH prakIrNaka sAhitya kI upekSA prAkRta sAhitya ke eka mahatvapUrNa pakSa kI upekSA hai| isa dizA meM Agama saMsthAna, udayapura ne sAmpradAyika AgrahoM se upara uThakara inake anuvAda ko prakAzita karane kI yojanA ko apane hAtha meM liyA aura inakA prakAzana karake apanI udAravRtti kA paricaya diyA hai| prakIrNaka sAhitya ke samIkSAtmaka adhyayana ke uddezya ko lekara inake dvArA prakAzita 'prakIrNaka sAhitya : adhyayana evaM samIkSA' nAmaka pustaka prakIrNakoM ke viSaya meM vistRta jAnakArI detI hai| AzA hai sudhIjana saMsthAna ke ina prayatnoM ko protsAhita kareMge, jinake mAdhyama se prAkRta sAhitya kI yaha amUlya nidhi jana-jana taka pahuMcakara apane Atma-kalyANa meM sahAyaka bnegii| [76]

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saMdarbha 1. aMgabAhiracoddasapaiNNayajjhAyA'- dhavalA, pustaka 13, khaNDa 5, bhAga 5, sUtra 48, pR. 267, uddhRta-jainendra siddhAMta koza, pR.70| 2. vahI, pR.701 3. nandIsUtra, sampA. muni madhukara, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1982, sUtra 81 / 4. uddhRta-paiNNayasuttAI, sampA. muni puNyavijaya, mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 1984, bhAga 1, prastAvanA, pR. 21/ 5. vahI, prastAvanA, pR. 20-211 6. (ka). sthAnAMgasUtra, sampA. madhukaramuni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1981, sthAna 10, sUtra 1160 (kha). samavAyAMgasUtra, sampA. muni madhukara, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1982, samavAya 44, sUtra 2581 7. deviMdatthao(devendrastava), Agama, ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, 1988, bhUmikA, pR. 18-221 8. Sambodhi, L.D. Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad, Vol. XVIII, Year 1992-93, pp.74-76. 9. ArAdhanApatAkA (AcArya vIrabhadra), gAthA 987 / 10. azavaikAlikacUrNi, pR. 3, paM. 12-uddhRtapaiNNayasuttAI, bhAga 1, prastAvanA, pR. 191 11. (ka). devendrastava prakIrNaka, gAthA 3101 (kha). jyotiSkaraNDaka prakIrNaka, gAthA 403-4061 12. depiMdatthao, bhUmikA, pR. 18-221 13. piMDaniyukti, gAthA 498 / 14. (ka). kusalANubaMdhi adhyayana prakIrNaka, gAthA 63 / / (kha). bhaktaparijJA prakIrNaka, gAthA 1721 15. gacchAyAra paiNNayaM (gacchAcAra-prakIrNaka), Agama ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, 1994, bhUmikA, pR. 20-211 [77]

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upAMgasAhitya : vizleSaNAtmaka vivecana upAMga sAhitya kA sAmAnya svarUpa jaina Agama sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna paddhati ke anusAra AgamoM ko mukhyata: do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai- 1. aMgapraviSTha aura 2. aMgabAhma jahA~ prAcInakAla meM aMga bAloM kA vargIkaraNa Avazyaka aura Avazyakavyatirikta ina do bhAgoM meM kiyA jAtA thA aura Avazyakavyatirikta ko puna: kAlika aura utkAlika rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA jAtA thA, jabaki vartamAna kAla meM aMga bAhma granthoM ko- 1. upAMga 2. chedasUtra 3. mUlasUtra 4. prakIrNakasUtra aura 5. cUlikAsUtra - aise pA~ca bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai| vartamAna meM upAMga varga ke arntagata nimna bAraha Agama mAne jAte hai:1. aupapAtikasUtra 2. rAjapraznIyasUtra 3. jIvAjIvAbhigamasUtra 4. prajJApanAsUtra 5. jabUdvIpa prajJapti 6. candraprajJapti 7. sUrya prajJapti 8. kalpikA 9. kalpAvaMtasikA 10. puSpikA 11. puSpacUlikA aura 12. vRSNidazA jJAtavya hai ki ina bAraha upAMgoM meM antima pA~ca kalpikA se lekara vRSNidazA taka kA saMyukta nAma nirayAvalikA bhI milatA hai| AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI jo prAcIna zailI hai, vaha hameM naMdIsUtra meM upalabdha hotI hai, jabaki AgamoM ke vartamAna vargIkaraNa kI jo zailI hai, vaha lagabhaga 14 vIM zatAbdI ke bAda kI haiN| vartamAna meM aMgabAloM ke jo pA~ca varga batAe gae haiM, ina vargo ke nAma ke ullekha to jinaprabha ke vidhimArga prapA meM nahIM hai, kintu usameM pratyeka varga ke AgamoM ke nAma eka sAtha pAe jAne se yaha anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai, ki upAMga, cheda, mUla, prakIrNaka, cUlikA Adi ke rUpa meM navIna vargIkaraNa kI yaha zailI lagabhaga 14 vIM zatAbdI meM astitva meM AI hogii| jahA~ taka upAMga zabda ke prayoga kA prazna hai, vaha sarvaprathama hameM upAMga varga ke hI kalpikA Adi pA~ca granthoM ke lie milatA hai| usameM kalpAvaMtasikA, puSpikA, puSpacUlikA, aura vRSNidazA meM upAMga (uvaMga) zabda kA prayoga huA hai| naveM upAMga kalpAvaMtasikA ke prArambha meM "uvaMgANaM paDhamassa vaggassa' aisA spaSTa ullekha haiN| [78]

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isa AdhAra para yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki sarvaprathama upAMga varga ke antima pA~ca granthoM, jinakA sammilita nAma nirayAvalikA hai, ko upAMga nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA rahA hogaa| nandIsUtra ke racanA kAla (pA~cavI zatI) taka kalpikA se lekara vRSNidazA taka ke ina pA~ca granthoM ko upAMga saMjJA prApta thii| yadi hama yaha mAne ki AgamoM kI antima vAcanA vIra nirvANa ke 980 varSa pazcAt lagabhaga vikrama kI 5 vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM huI to hame itanA to svIkAra karanA paDegA ki upAMga varga ke nirayAvalikA ke arntabhUta kalpikA se lekara vRSNidazA taka ke pA~ca granthoM ko vikrama kI 5 vIM zatAbdI meM upAMga saMjJA prApta thii| cAhe bAraha upAMgoM kI avadhAraNA paravartIkAlIna ho, kintu vIra nirvANa savat 980 yA 993 meM vallabhIvAcanA ke samaya nirayAvalikA ke pA~co vargoM ko upAMga nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA thaa| sambhavata: pahale nirayAvalikA zrutaskandha ke kalpikA, kalpAvaMtasikA, puSpikA, puSpacUlikA aura vRSNidazA ko upAMga kahA jAtA thA, kintu jaba bAraha aMgoM ke AdhAra para unake bAraha upAMgo kI kalpanA kI gaI taba nirayAvalikA ke ina pAMca vargo ko pAMca svatatraM grantha mAnakara aura usameM nimna sAta granthoM yathA- 1. aupapAtika 2.rAjapraznIyasUtra 3. jIvajIvAbhigama 4. prajJApnAsUtra 5. jabUdvIpaprajJapti 6. candraprajJapti aura 7. sUryaprajJapti ko joDaqara bAraha aMgo ke bAraha upAMgoM kI kalpanA kI gaI aura isa AdhAra para yaha mAnA gayA ki kramaza: pratyeka aMga kA eka-eka upAMga haiM jaise- AcArAMga kA upAMga aupapAtikasUtra hai, sUtrakRtAMga kA upAMga rAjapraznIya hai, sthAnAMga kA upAMga jIvajIvAbhigama hai, samavAyAMga kA upAMga prajJApanA hai, bhagavatI kA upAMga candraprajJapti hai, isI prakAra Age jJAtAdharmakathA kA upAMga jambUdvIpaprajJapti hai aura upAsakadazA kA upAMga sUryaprajJapti hai| antakRtadazA, anuttaraupapAtikadazA, praznavyAkaraNadazA, vipAkasUtra aura dRSTivAda ke upAMga nirayAvalikA ke pAMca varga, dvIpasAgaraprajJapti kA bhI ullekha milatA hai, kintu vartamAna meM yaha grantha upalabdha hai| jahA~ taka digambara paramparA kA prazna hai, usameM bhI bArahave aMga dRSTivAda ke pA~ca vibhAga kiye gaye hai| usake parikarma vibhAga ke antargata caMdraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti, dvIpasAgaraprajJapti aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti kA ullekha milatA hai| isa prakAra upAMga sAhitya ke ye grantha prAcIna hI siddha hote hai| yadyapi dvIpasAgaraprajJapti kA ullekha sthAnAMgasUtra aura digambara paramparA meM dRSTivAda .. [79]

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ke parikarma vibhAga meM milatA hai, kintu use upAMga meM arntabhUta nahI kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi nandIsUtra meM aMga bAhma granthoM ke kAlika aura utkAlika kA jo bheda hai, usameM bhI kAlika varga ke antargata dvIpasAgaraprajJapti kA ullekha milatA hai| kintu nandIsUtra ke vargIkaraNa kI yaha eka vizeSatA hai ki upAMgoM meM vaha jambUdvIpaprajJapti aura candraprajJapti ko kAlika varga ke antargata rakhatA hai aura sUryaprajJapti ko utkAlika varga ke antargata rakhatA hai| jahA~ taka upAMgo ke rUpa meM mAnya ina bAraha granthoM kA prazna haiM ina sabakA ullekha nandIsUtra ke kAlika aura utkAlika varga meM mila jAtA hai| utkAlika varga ke antargata aupapAtika, rAjapraznIya, jIvAjIvAbhigama, prajJApanA aura sUryaprajJapti aise pA~ca granthoM kA ullekha haiM jabaki kAlika varga ke antargata jambUdvIpaprajJapti, candraprajJapti, nirayAvalikA, kalpikA, kalpAvaMtasikA, puSpikA, puSpacUlikA aura vRSNidazA kA ullekha hai| isa saMdarbha meM vizeSa rUpa se do bAteM vicAraNIya hai- prathama to yaha ki isameM nirayAvalikA ko tathA kalpikA Adi pA~ca granthoM kA alaga-alaga mAnA gayA hai, jabaki ve nirayAvalikA ke hI vibhAga hai| isI prakAra candraprajJapti aura sUryaprajJapti ko do alaga-alaga grantha mAnakara do alaga-alaga vargo meM vargIkRta kiyA hai, jabaki unakI viSaya-vastu aura mUlapATha donoM meM samAnatA hai| aisA kyo huA isakA spaSTa uttara to hamAre pAsa nahIM hai, kintu aisA lagatA hai ki sUryaprajJapti ko jyotiSa sambandhI granthoM ke sAtha alaga kara diyA gayA aura candraprajJapti ko loka svarUpa vivecana granthoM jaise- dvIpasAgaraprajJapti, jambUdvIpaprajJapti ke sAtha rakhA gyaa| vAstavikatA cAhe jo bhI rahI ho kintu itanA nizcita haiM ki upAMga varga ke antargata jo bAraha grantha mAne jAte haiN| una saba kA ullekha naMdIsUtra ke vargIkaraNa meM upalabdha hai| upAMga sAhitya kA racanAkAla upAMga sAhitya ke sabhI granthoM kA nandIsUtra meM ullekha hone se yaha siddha hotA hai ki upAMgoM ke racanAkAla kI antima kAlAvadhi vIra nirvANa saMvat 980 yA 993 ke Age nahI jA sktii| isa sambandha meM vicAraNIya yaha haiM ki tattvArthasUtra kI svopajJaTIkA meM aMgabAhma granthoM ke jo nAma milate hai, unameM uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, dazAzrutaskandha, kalpa vyavahAra, nizItha aura RSibhASita ke nAma to [80]

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milate haiM kintu isameM upAMgavarga ke eka bhI grantha kA nAmollekha nahIM hai, isa kAraNa vidvatvarga kI yahamAnyatA hai ki upAMga sAhitya ke racanA kI pUrvAvadhi IsA pUrva prathama zatAbdI aura uttarAvadhi IsA kI pAMcavI zatAbdI ke madhya rahI hai| upAMga varga ke arntagata prajJApanAsUtra ke raciyatA AryazyAma ko mAnA jatA hai| AryazyAma nizcit rUpa meM umAsvAti se pUrvavartI hai| paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra inakA kAla IsvIpUrva dvitIya-prathama zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| ye vIra nirvANa saMvat 376 taka yugapradhAna rahe haiN| aisI sthiti meM upAMga sAhitya ke saba nahI to kama se kama kucha granthoM kA racanAkAla IsvI pUrva dvitIya zatAbdI mAnA ja sakatA hai| kintu viSaya-vastu Adi kI apekSA se vicAra karane para hama yaha pAte hai ki upAMga sAhitya ke kucha granthoM kI kucha viSaya vastu to isase bhI pUrva kI hai| upAMga sAhitya meM nirayAvalikA ke kalpikA varga kI viSaya vastu meM rAjA bimbisAra zreNika aura usake anya parijanoM kA vistRta vivaraNa hai,jo bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakAlika rahe haiM, cAhe usa vivaraNa ko grantha rUpa meM nibadva kucha kAla pazcAt kiyA gayA ho| kuNika-ajAtazatru aura vaizAlI gaNarAjya ke adhipati ceTaka ke madhya hue rathamUsala saMgrAma kA ullekha bhagavatIsUtra meM upalabdha hotA hai, isase bhI upAMga sahitya kI prAcInatA siddha hotI hai| isI prakAra sAmAnyatayA viSaya-vastu kI apekSA hama upAMga sAhitya ko IsA pUrva pAMcavI zatAbdI se lekara IsA kI caturtha zatAbdI ke madhyakAla taka meM nirmita mAna sakate haiN| yadyapi spaSTa nirdeza ke AdhAra para upAMga sAhitya meM prajJApanAsUtra ko hI prAcInatama mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu viSaya vastu Adi kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para usake anya granthAMza bhI prAcIna siddha hote haiN| udAharaNArtha rAjapraznIyasUtra kA rAjA prasenajita aura AcArya kezI ke madhya hue saMlApa kA bhAga bhI adhika prAcIna siddha hotA hai, kyoMki bauddha paramparA meM payAsIsutta meM bhI yaha saMvAda ullekhita hai mAtra nAma kA kucha antara haiN| bauddha paramparA meM bhI payAsIsutta ko prAcIna mAnA gayA hai| isa apekSA se rAjapraznIya kA kucha aMza ati prAcIna hai, kintu rAjapraznIya ke sUryAbhadeva se sambandhita bhAga meM jinaprasAda kA jo svarUpa varNita hai tathA nATyavidhi Adi sambandhI jo ullekha hai, ve vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM IsA kI dUsarI tIsarI zatAbdI se pUrvavartI nahIM ho sakate haiM, kyoki usameM jinaprasAda ke jisa zilpa kA vivecana kiyA hai, purAtAttvika dRSTi se vaha zilpa pUrva guptakAla yA guptakAla meM hI pAyA jAtA haiN| isI prakAra [81]

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aupapAtikasUtra meM jo vibhinna prakAra ke tApaso evaM parivrAjakoM Adi kA jo ullekha milatA hai, vaha mahAvIra ke samakAlIna hI hai, kintu usameM bhI parivrAjakoM kI kucha zAkhAe~ paravartIkAlIna bhI haiN| isI prakAra candraprajJapti aura sUryaprajJapti meM jyotiSa-grahoM kI gati sambandhI jisa paddhati kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai vaha AryabhaTTa aura varAhamihira se bahuta prAcIna hai| usakI nikaTatA vedakAlIna jyotiSa se adhika haiM / puna: usameM nakSatra bhojana Adi ko lekara jo mAnyatAe~ prastuta kI gaI hai, unakA bhI jaina dharma ke guptakAlIna vikasita svarUpa se virodha AtA hai| ve mAnyatAe~ bhI prAcIna stara ke AgamoM kI mAnyatAoM ke adhika nikaTa haiN| ata: sUryaprajJapti aura candraprajJapti kA kAla nizcit hI prAcIna hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu (Arya bhadra) ne jina dasa niyuktiyoM kI racanA karane kA nizciya prakaTa kiyA hai, usameM sUryaprajJapti kI niyukti bhI haiN| ___ merI dRSTi meM niyuktiyoM kA racanAkAla IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI se paravartI nahIM hai, ataH sUryaprajJapti kA astitva usase to prAcIna hI siddha hotA hai| isI krama meM jambUdvIpaprajJapti ko bhI bahuta adhika paravartIkAlIna nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| isI krama meM nirayAvalikA ke antabhUta pA~ca granthoM kA racanAkAla bhI IsA pUrva kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI se paravartI nahIM hai, isI prakAra upAMga sAhitya meM ullekhita koI bhI grantha IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI se paravartI siddha nahI hotA hai| upAMga sAhitya meM prajJApanA jaise gaMbhIra grantha meM bhI lagabhaga cauthI-pAMcavI zatI meM vikasita guNasthAna siddhAnta kA ullekha nahIM honA bhI yahI siddha karatA hai ki upAMga sahitya IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI se pUrva kI racanA hai| aMgabAhma granthoM ke raciyatA pUrvadhara AcArya mAne jAte haiN| pUrvadharoM kA antima kAla bhI IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI se paravartI nahIM hai ataH isa dRSTi se bhI upAMga sAhitya ko IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI se pUrva kI racanA mAnanA hogaa| upAMga sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu upAMga sAhitya meM prajJApanA tathA jIvAjIvAbhigama aura caMdraprajJapti tathA sUryaprajJapti ke atirikta zeSa sabhI grantha kathAparaka hI hai| jahA~ jIvAjIvAbhigama aura prajJApanA kI viSaya vastu dArzanika hai, vahIM candraprajJapti aura sUryaprajJapti kA sambandha [82]

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jyotiSa se hai| jambUdvIpa kA kucha aMza bhUgola tathA kAlacakra se sambandhita hai, vahIM zeSa aMza kathA paraka hI hai| aupapAtika sUtra meM campAnagarI ke vistRta vivecana se sAtha-sAtha vibhinna prakAra ke zramakoM, tApasoM evaM parivrAjako ke ullekha milate hai| ina saMnyAsiyoM meM gaMgAtaTa nivAsI vAnaprastha tApasoM, vibhinna prakAra ke AjIvaka zAkya Adi zramaNoM, brAhmaNa parivrAjako, kSatriya parivrAjakoM Adi ke ullekha hai| isa prakAra se aupapAtikasUtra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakAlIna zramaNoM, tApasoM aura parivrAjako tathA unakI tapavidhi kA vistAra se ullekha karatA hai| isameM mukhya kathA abaMDa parivrAjaka kI hai| isa kathA meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki aMbaDa nAmaka parivrAjaka antima samaya meM saMlekhanA pUrvaka samAdhimaraNa ko prApta kara brahmaloka nAmaka kalpa meM utpanna hogA aura vahA~ se cyuta hokara mahAvideha kSetra meM dRDhapratijJa ke rUpa meM utpanna hogA aura vahA~ se mokSa ko prApta kregaa| jJAtavya hai ki aupapAtikasUtra aura rAjapraznIyasUtra donoM meM hI 'dRDhapratijJa' ke jIvana kA jo vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai, vaha lagabhaga zabdazaH samAna hai, antara mAtra yaha hai ki jahA~ aupapAtikasUtra meM aMbaDa parivrAjaka kA dRDhapratijJa ke rUpa meM mahAvideha kSetra meM utpanna honA likhA hai vahI rAjapraznIyasUtra meM rAja prasenajita (paesi) kA sUryAbhadeva ke bhava ke pazcAt mahAvideha kSetra meM dRDhapratijJa ke rUpa meM utpanna hokara anta meM munidharma svIkAra kara mokSa prApta karane kA ullekha hai| aupaMpatikasUtra kI viSaya vastu kI vizeSatA yahI hai, ki usameM zramaNoM evaM tApasoM ke dvArA kiye jAne vAle una vibhinna tapoM evaM sAdhanAoM kA vistAra se ullekha huA hai, jinameM se kucha sAdhanAe~ tapa vidhiyAM aura bhikSA vidhiyA~ nirgrantha paramparA meM bhI pracalita rahI hai| aupapAtikasUtra ke anta meM siddha zilA ke vivecana sambandhI jo gAthAe~ milatI hai, ve uttarAdhyayana sUtra aura anuyogadvAra sUtra meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai, kintu uttarAdhyayana sUtra kI apekSA aupapAtikasUtra meM siddha zilA Adi kA jo vistRta vivaraNa hai, usase yahI siddha hotA hai ki uttarAdhyayana kI apekSA aupapAtika sUtra paravartIkAlIna hai| upAMgasUtroM kA dUsarA mukhya grantha rAjapraznIyasUtra hai| isa grantha meM sarvaprathama rAja prasenajita aura pArzvasaMtAnIya kezI zramaNa kA AtmA ke astitva ke sambandha meM vistRta saMvAda haiN| usake pazcAt prasenajita ke dvArA saMlekhanApUrvaka deha tyAga [83]

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karake sUryAbhadeva ke rUpa meM utpanna hone kA ullekha milatA hai phira sUryAbhadeva ke dvArA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakSa vividha nATyAdi prastuta karane kA ullekha hai| isI prasaMga meM jinaprasAda ke svarUpa kA evaM usake dvArA kI gaI jinapUjA kI vidhi kA bhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai| anta meM jaisA hamane pUrva meM ullekha kiyA sUryAbhadeva dvArA svarga kI Ayu pUrNa karane ke pazcAt dRDhapratijJa ke nAma se mahAvideha meM utpanna hokara mokSa prApta karane kA ullekha hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki aupapAtikasUtra aurarAjapraznIyasUtra donoM meM dRDhapratijJa ke prasaMga meM gRhastha jIvana sambandhI lagabhaga sabhI saMskAroM kA ullekha bhI pAyA jAtA hai| vaidika paramparA meM mAnya SoDazasaMskAro meM se lagabhaga pandraha saMskAroM kA ullekha isameM upalabdha ho jAtA hai| vastuta: zvetAmbara paramparA meM vaidika paramparA meM mAnya gRhasthoM ke saMskAroM kA ullekha karane vAle ye donoM upAMga isa dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| isa prakAra upAMga sAhitya meM prathama do upAMga rAjA prasenajita aura abaMDa parivrAjaka ke jIvana kI kathAoM ko prastuta karate haiN| inake pazcAt jIvAjIvAbhigama aura prajJApanAye do upAMga mUlata: jaina dharma kI dArzanika mAnyatAoM se sambandhita hai, jahA~ jIvAjIvAbhigama meM jIva aura ajIva tatva ke bheda-prabhedoM kI vistRta carcA hai, vahI prajJApanAsUtra meM chattIsa padoM meM jaina darzana ke kucha mahattvapUrNa pakSoM jaise:- indriya, saMjJA, lezyA, paryAya, saMjJA, karma-AhAra, upayoga, pazyatA, samuddhAta Adi kA gambhIra vivecana prastuta karatA hai| isa prakAra ye donoM upAMga mukhyataH jaina darzana se sambandhita hai| prajJApanAsUtra meM sarvaprathama cakSuindriya aura mana ko aprApyakArI batAyA gayA hai, jabaki zravaNendriya ko bauddhoM ke viparIta prApyakArI varga meM rakhA gayA hai| indriyoM ke prApyakAritva aura aprApyakAritva sambandhI yaha carcA sambhavataH IsA kI prathama zatAbdI meM vikasita huii| isa carcA ke AdhAra para kucha logoM kA yaha bhI kahanA hai, ki prajJApanA kA racanAkAla IsvI kI prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI se pahale nahIM ho sktaa| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki bhagavatIsUtra meM sthAna-sthAna para prajJApanA kA saMdarbha diyA gayA hai| isa AdhAra para kucha viddhAnoM kA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki bhagavatI kA vartamAna svarUpa prajJApanA se bhI paravartI hai, kintu hamArI dRSTi meM vAstavikatA yaha hai ki bhagavatIsUtra meM vistAramaya se bacane ke lie vallabhIvAcanA ke samaya use saMpAdita karate hue prajJAvanA Adi kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| [84]

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isake pazcAt upAMga sAhitya meM sUryaprajJapti aura candraprajJapti kA krama hai, ina donoM granthoM kI viSaya vastu lagabhaga samAna hai, aura inakA vivecya viSaya jyotiSa se sambandhita hai| inameM graha, nakSatra, tArA tathA sUrya-candra kI gati kA je vivecana milatA hai vaha vivecana vedakAlIna vivecana se adhika nikaTatA rakhatA hai aisA lagatA hai ki jaina AgamasAhitya meM jyotiSa sambandhI grantha kI paripUrti ke lie ina granthoM kA samAveza upAMga sAhitya meM kiyA gayA haiN| chaTe upAMga ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane jambUdvIpaprajJapti kA krama AtA hai| jambUdvIpaprajJapti kA mukhya viSaya to bhUgola haiN| isameM jambUdvIpa ke vibhinna vibhAgoM tathA khaNDoM kA tathA bharata kSetra evaM airAvata kSetra meM hone vAle utsarjita evaM avasarpiNI kAla kA vivecana hai, kintu prakArAntara se isameM bharata cakravartI aura RSabhadeva ke jIvana caritra kA bhI vistRta ullekha upalabdha hotA hai| sambhavata: ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM jambUdvIpaprajJapti hI eka aisA grantha hai, je bharata cakravartI aura RSabhadeva ke jIvanavRtta kA vistRta vivaraNa prastuta karatA hai| upAMga sAhitya ke antima pA~ca grantha kalpikA, kalpAvaMtasikA, - puSpikA, puSpacUlikA aura vRSNidazA haiN| ina pA~coM kA sAmUhika nAma to nirayAvalikA rahA hai aura usake hI pA~ca vargoM ke rUpa meM hI pAMcoM kA ullekha milatA hai| isake prathama kalpikA nAma vibhAga meM campAnagarI aura rAjA kUNika kA vistRta jIvanavRtta varNita hai| isake sAtha hI isameM rathamUsalasaMgrAma kA vivecana bhI upalabdha hotA hai, jo mUlataH rAjA kUNika aura vaizAlI kI gaNAdhipati mahArAjA ceTaka ke bIca huA thaa| ina pAMca granthoM meM prathama ke cAra granthoM kA sambandha mahArAjA zreNika ke rAjaparivAra ke sAtha hI rahA hai, jabaki antima vRSNidazA kRSNa ke yAdava kula se sambandhita hai| ... isa prakAra upAMga sAhitya jaina Agama sAhitya kA mahatvapUrNa vibhAga hai aura apekSAkRta prAcIna hai| [85].

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prAkRta kA niyukti sAhitya : eka punarcintana * jisa prakAra vedoM ke zabdoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM sarvaprathama nirUkta likhe gae, sambhavataH usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie sarvaprathama niyuktiyAM likhane kA kArya huaa| jaina AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM likhe gae graMthoM meM niyuktiyAM prAcInatama haiN| Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya mukhya rUpa se nimna pAMca rUpa meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai - 1. niyukti, 2. bhASya, 3. cUrNi, 4. saMskRta vRttiyAM evaM TIkAeM aura 5. TabbA arthAta Agamika zabdoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie prAcIna marU-gurjara meM likhA gayAAgamoM kA shbdaarth| inake atirikta samprati Adhunika bhASAoM yathA hindI, gujarAtI aura aMgrejI meM bhI AgamoM para vyAkhyAeM likhI jA rahI haiN| suprasiddha jarmana vidvAn zAnTiyara uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI bhUmikA meM niyukti kI paribhASA ko spaSTa karatehue likhate haiM ki niyuktiyAM mukhya rUpa se kevala viSaya sUcI kA kAma karatI haiN| ve sabhI vistArayukta ghaTanAoM ko saMkSepa meM ullikhita karatI haiN|' ___ anuyogadvArasUtra meM niyuktiyoM ke tIna vibhAga kie gae haiM1. nikSepa niyukti- isameM nikSepoM ke AdhAra para pAribhASika zabdoM kA artha spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai| 2. upodghAta niyukti- isameM Agama meM varNita viSaya kA pUrva bhUmikA ke rUpa meM spaSTIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| 3. sUtrasparzika niyukti- isameM Agama kI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai| pro.ghATageneiNDiyana hisTArikala kvArTaralI, khaNDa 12, pR. 270 meM niyuktiyoM ko nimna tIna vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai1. zuddha niyuktiyAM- jinameM kAla ke prabhAva se kucha bhI mizraNa na huA ho, jaise AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga kI niyuktiyaaN| 2. mizrita kiMtu vyavacchedya niyuktiyAM- jinameM mUlabhASyoM kA saMmizraNa ho gayA hai, tathApi ve vyavacchedya haiM, jaise dazavaikAlika aura AvazyakasUtra kI niyuktiyaaN| 3. bhASya mizrita-niyuktiyAM- ve niyuktiyAM jo Ajakala bhASya yA bRhadbhASya meM hI samAhita ho gaI hai aura una donoM ko pRthaka-pRthaka karanA kaThina hai jaise nizItha Adi kI niyuktiyaaN| [86]

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niyuktiyAM vastutaH Agamika pAribhASika zabdoM evaM Agamika viSayoM ke artha ko sunizcita karane kA eka prayatna haiN| phira bhI niyuktiyAM ati saMkSipta haiM, inameM mAtra Agamika zabdoM evaM viSayoM ke artha-saMketa hI haiM, jinheM bhASya aura TIkAoM ke mAdhyama se hI samyaka prakAra se samajhA jA sakatA hai| jaina AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM jina niyuktiyoM kA praNayana huA, ve mukhyataH prAkRta gAthAoM meM haiN| Avazyaka niyukti meM niyukti zabda kA artha aura niyuktiyoM ke likhane kA prayojana batAte hue kahA gayA hai- 'eka zabda ke aneka artha hote haiM, ataH kauna-sA artha kisa prasaMga meM upayukta hai, yaha nirNaya karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza ke AdhAra para likhita Agamika graMthoM meM kauna se zabda kA kyA artha hai, ise spaSTa karanA hI niyukti kA prayojana hai|'' dUsare zabdoM meM niyukti jaina paramparA ke pAribhASika zabdoM kA spaSTIkaraNa haiM / yahAM hameM smaraNa rahe ki jaina paramparA meM aneka zabda apane vyutpattiparaka artha meM gRhIta na hokara apane pAribhASika artha meM gRhIta haiM, jaise-astikAyoM ke prasaMga meM 'dharma' evaM 'adharma' zabda, karma siddhAMta ke saMdarbha meM prayukta 'karma' zabda athavA syAdvAda meM prayukta syAt' shbd| AcArAMga meM dasaNa' (darzana) zabda kA jo artha hai, uttarAdhyayana meM usakA vahI artha nahIM hai| darzanAvaraNa meM darzana zabda kA jo artha hotA hai vahI artha darzana moha ke saMdarbha meM nahIM hotA hai| ataH Agama graMthoM meM zabda ke prasaMgAnusAra artha kA nirdhAraNa karane meM niyuktiyoM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| niyuktiyoM kI vyAkhyA-zailI kA AdhAra mukhya rUpa se jaina paramparA meM pracalita nikSepa-paddhati rahI hai| jaina paramparA meM vAkya ke artha kA nizcaya nayoM ke AdhAra para evaM zabda ke artha kA nizcaya nikSepoM ke AdhAra para hotA hai| nikSepa cAra haiM - nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva / ina cAra nikSepoM ke AdhAra para eka hI zabda ke cAra bhinna artha ho sktehaiN| nikSepa-paddhati meM zabda ke sambhAvita vividha arthoM kA ullekha kara unameM se aprastuta artha kA niSedha karake prastuta artha kA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM Avazyaka niyukti ke prArambha meM abhinibodha jJAna ke cAra bhedoM ke ullekha ke pacAt unake arthoM ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki arthoM (padArthoM) kA grahaNa avagraha evaM unake sambaMdha meM ciMtana IhA hai|' isI prakAra niyuktiyoM meM kisI eka zabda ke paryAyavAcI anya zabdoM kA bhI saMkalana kiyA gayA hai, jaise- abhinibodhika zabda ke paryAya haiM- IhA, apoha, vimarza, mArgaNA, gaveSaNA, saMjJA, smRti, mati evaM prjnyaa| niyuktiyoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki jahAM eka ora ve AgamoM ke mahatvapUrNa pAribhASika zabdoM ke arthoM ko spaSTa karatI haiM, vahIM AgamoM ke vibhinna adhyayanoM aura uddezyakoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa bhI detI haiN| yadyapi isa prakAra kI pravRtti sabhI niyuktiyoM meM nahIM hai, phira bhI unameM AgamoM ke pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha kA tathA unakI viSaya-vastu kA ati saMkSipta paricaya prApta hojAtA hai| [87]

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pramukha niyuktiyAM Avazyaka niyukti meM lekhaka ne jina dasa niyuktiyoM ke likhane kI pratijJA kI thI, ve nimna haiM1. Avazyakaniyukti 2. dazavaikAlikaniyukti 3. uttarAdhyayananiyukti 4. AcArAMganiyukti 5. sUtrakRtAMganiyukti 6. dazAzrutaskaMdhaniyukti 7. bRhatkalpaniyukti 8. vyavahAraniyukti 9. sUrya prajJaptiniyukti 10. RSibhASitaniyukti . vartamAna meM uparyukta dasa meM se ATha hI niyuktiyAM upalabdha haiM, aMtima do / anupalabdha haiN| Aja yaha nizcaya kara pAnAati kaThina hai ki ye aMtima do niyuktiyAM likhI bhI gaI yA nahIM ? kyoMki hameM kahIM bhI aisA koI nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hotA, jisake AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakeM ki kisI kAla meM ye niyuktiyAM rahI aura bAda meM vilupta hogii| yadyapi maiMne apanI RSibhASita kI bhUmikA meM yaha saMbhAvanA vyakta kI hai ki vartamAna 'isImaNDalatthu' sambhavataH RSibhASitaniyukti kA parivartita rUpa hoM, kiMtu isa sambaMdha meM nirNayAtmaka rUpa se kucha bhI kahanA kaThina hai| ina donoM niyuktiyoM ke saMdarbha meM hamAre sAmane . tIna vikalpa ho sakate haiM1. sarvaprathama yadi hama yaha mAneM ki ina dasoM niyuktiyoM ke lekhaka eka hI vyakti haiM aura unhoMne ina niyuktiyoM kI racanA usI krama meM kI hai, jisa krama meM inakA ullekha Avazyaka niyukti meM hai, to aisI sthiti meM yaha sambhava hai ki ve apanejIvana-kAla meM ATha niyuktiyoM kI hI racanA kara pAe hoM tathA aMtima do kI racanA nahIM kara pAe hoN| 2. dUsare yaha bhI sambhava hai ki graMthoM ke mahatva ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue prathama to lekhaka ne yaha pratijJA kara lI ho ki vaha dasoM Agama graMthoM para niyukti likhegA, kiMtu jaba usane ina donoM [88]

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Agama graMthoM kA adhyayana kara yaha dekhA ki sUrya prajJapti meM jaina-AcAra maryAdAoM ke pratikUla kucha ullekha haiM aura RSibhASita meM nArada, maMkhaligozAla Adi una vyaktiyoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM jo jaina paramparA ke lie vivAdAspada haiM, to usane ina para niyukti likhane kA vicAra sthagita kara diyA ho| 3. tIsarI sambhAvanA yaha bhI hai ki unhoMne ina donoM graMthoM para niyuktiyAM likhI hoM, kiMtu inameM bhI vivAdita viSayoM kA ullekha hone se ina niyuktiyoM ko paThana-pAThana se bAhara rakhA gayA hoaura phlataH apanI upekSA ke kAraNa kAlakrama meM ve bhI vilupta ho gaI hoN| yadyapi yahAM eka zaMkA ho sakatI hai ki yadi jaina AcAryoM ne vivAdita hote hue bhI ina donoM graMthoM ko saMrakSita karake rakhA, to unhoMne inakI niyuktiyoM ko saMrakSita karake kyoM nahIM rakhA? 4. eka anya vikalpa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki jisa prakAra darzana prabhAvakagraMtha ke rUpa meM mAnya goviMdaniyukti vilupta ho gaI hai, usI prakAra ye niyuktiyAM bhI vilupta ho gaI hoN| niyukti sAhitya meM uparyukta dasa niyuktiyoM ke atirikta piNDaniyukti, audhaniyukti evaM ArAdhanAniyukti kobhI samAviSTa kiyA jAtA hai, kiMtu unameM se piNDaniyukti aura audhaniyukti koI svataMtra graMtha nahIM hai| piNDaniyukti dazavaikAlikaniyukti kA eka bhAga hai aura audhaniyukti bhI Avazyakaniyukti kA eka aMza hai| ataH ina donoM ko svataMtra niyukti graMtha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi vartamAna meM ye donoM niyuktiyAM apane mUla graMtha se alaga hokara svataMtra rUpa se hI upalabdha hotI haiN| AcArya malayagiri ne piNDaniyukti ko dazavaikAlikaniyukti kA hI eka vibhAga mAnA hai, unake anusAra dazavaikAlika ke piNDaiSaNA nAmaka pAMcaveM adhyayana para vizada niyukti hone se usako vahAM se pRthaka karake piNDaniyukti ke nAma se eka svataMtra graMtha banA diyA gyaa| malayagiri spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki jahAM dazavaikAlika niyukti meM lekhaka ne namaskAra pUrvaka prAraMbha kiyA, vahIM piNDaniyukti meM aisA nahIM hai, ataH piNDaniyukti svataMtra graMtha nahIM hai| dazavaikAlika niyukti tathA Avazyakaniyukti se inheM bahuta pahale hI alaga kara diyA gayA thaa| jahAM taka ArAdhanAniyukti kA prazna hai, zvetAmbara sAhitya meM to kahIM bhI isakA ullekha nahIM hai| pro.e.ena.upAdhye ne bRhatkathAkoza kI apanI prastAvanA (pR.31) meM mUlAcAra kI eka gAthA para vasunandI kI TIkA ke AdhAra para isI niyukti kA ullekha kiyA hai, kiMtu ArAdhanAniyukti kI unakI yaha kalpanA yathArtha nahIM hai| mUlAcAra ke TIkAkAra, vasunandI svayaM evaM pro.e.ena.upAdhyejI mUlAcAra kI usa gAthA ke artha ko samyaka prakAra se samajha nahIM pAe haiN| [89]

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vaha gAthA nimnAnusAra hai - 'ArAhaNa Nijjutti maraNavibhattI yA sNghtthudio| paccakkhANAvasaya dhammakahAoya eriso|' (mUlAcAra, paMcAcAradhikAra, 279) arthAta ArAdhanA, niyukti, maraNavibhakti, saMgrahaNIsUtra, stuti (vIrastuti), pratyAkhyAna (mahApratyAkhyAna, AturapratyAkhyAna), AvazyakasUtra, dharmakathA tathA aise anya graMthoM kA adhyayana asvAdhyAya kAla meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH mUlAcAra kI isa gAthA ke anusAra ArAdhanA evaM niyukti ye alaga-alaga svataMtra graMtha haiN| isameM ArAdhanA se tAtparya ArAdhanA nAmaka prakIrNaka athavA bhagavatI ArAdhanA se tathA niyukti se tAtparya Avazyaka Adi sabhI niyuktiyoM se hai| . ataH ArAdhanAniyukti nAmaka niyukti kI kalpanA ayathArtha hai| isa niyukti ke astitva kI koI sUcanA anyatra bhI nahIM milatI hai aura na yaha graMtha hI upalabdha hotA hai| ina dasa niyuktiyoM ke atirikta Arya goviMda kI goviMdaniryakti kA bhI ullekha milatA hai, kiMtu yaha bhI niyukti vartamAna meM anupalabdha haiN| inakA ullekha nandIsUtra, vyavahArabhASya', AvazyakacUrNi', nizIthacUrNi" meM milatA hai| isa niyukti kI viSaya-vastu mukhya rUpa se ekendriya arthAta pRthvI, pAnI, agni, vAyu, vanaspati Adi meM jIvana kI siddhi karanA thaa| ise goviMda nAmaka AcArya ne banAyA thA aura unake nAma ke AdhAra para hI isakA nAmakaraNa huaahai| kathAnakoM ke anusAra yaha bauddha paramparA se Akara jaina paramparA meM dIkSita hue the| merI dRSTi meM yaha niyukti AcArAMga ke prathama adhyayana aura dazavaikAlika ke caturtha SaDajIvanikAya nAmaka adhyayana se sambaMdhita rahI hogI aura isakA uddezya bauddhoM ke virUddha pRthvI, pAnI Adi meM jIvana kI siddhi karanA rahA hogaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki isakI gaNanA darzana prabhAvaka graMtha meM kI gaI hai| saMjJI-zruta ke saMdarbha meM isakA ullekha bhI yahI batAtA hai|" isa prakAra saMsaktiniyukti 13 nAmaka eka aura niyukti kA ullekha milatA hai| isameM 84 AgamoM ke sambaMdha meM ullekha hai| isameM mAtra 94 gAthAeM haiN| 84 AgamoM kA ullekha hone se vidvAnoM ne ise paryApta paravartI evaM visaMgata racanA mAnA hai| ataH ise prAcIna niyukti sAhitya meM parigaNita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra vartamAna niyuktiyAM dasa niyuktiyoM meM samAhita ho jAtI haiN| inake atirikta anya kisI niyukti nAmaka graMtha kI jAnakArI hameM nahIM hai| [90]

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dasa niyuktiyoM kA racanAkrama yadyapi dasoM niyuktiyAM eka hI vyakti kI racanAeM haiM, phira bhI inakI racanA eka krama meM huI hogii| Avazyakaniyukti meM jisa krama se ina dasa niyuktiyoM kA nAmollekha hai " usI kramaseunakI racanA huI hogI, vidvAnoM ke isa kathana kI puSTi nimna pramANoM se hotI hai - 1. Avazyakaniyukti kI racanA sarvaprathama huI hai, yaha tathya svataH siddha hai, kyoMki isI niyukti meM sarvaprathama dasa niyuktiyoM kI racanA karane kI pratijJA kI gaI hai aura usameM bhI Avazyaka kA nAmollekha sarvaprathama huA hai|" punaH Avazyakaniyukti senihnavAda se sambaMdhita sabhI gAthAeM (gAthA 778 se784 taka)" uttarAdhyayananiyukti (gAthA 164 se178 taka)" meM lI gaI hai| isase bhI yahI siddha hotA hai ki Avazyakaniyukti ke bAda hI uttarAdhyayananiyukti Adi anya niyuktiyoM kI racanA huI hai| Avazyakaniyukti ke bAda sabase pahale dazavaikAlikaniyukti kI racanA huI hai aura usake bAda pratijJAgAthA ke kramAnusAra anya niyuktiyoM kI racanA kI gii| isa kathana kI puSTi Age die gae uttarAdhyayayananiyukti ke saMdarbho se hotI hai| 2. uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 29 meM 'vinaya' kI vyAkhyA karate hue yaha kahA gayA hai 'viNaopubuddaTThA' arthAta vinaya ke sambaMdha meM hama pahale kaha cuke haiN| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki uttarAdhyayananiyukti kI racanA se pUrva kisI aisI niyukti kI racanA ho cukI thI, jisameM vinaya sambaMdhI vivecana thaa| yaha bAta dazavaikAlikaniyukti ko dekhane se spaSTa ho jAtI hai, kyoMki dazavaikAlikaniyukti meM vinaya samAdhi nAmaka naveM adhyayana kI niyukti (gAthA 309 se 326 taka) meM 'vinaya' zabda kI vyAkhyA hai| isI prakAra uttarAdhyayananiyukti (gAthA 207) meM kAmApubuddiTThA' kahakara yaha sUcita kiyA gayA hai ki kAma ke viSaya meM pahale vivecana kiyA jA cukA hai| yaha vivecana bhI hameM dazavaikAlikaniyukti kI gAthA 161 se163 taka meM mila jAtA hai|" uparyukta donoM sUcanAoM ke AdhAra para yaha bAta siddha hotI hai ki uttarAdhyayananiyukti, dazavaikAlikaniyukti ke bAda hI likhI gii| 3. Avazyakaniyukti ke bAda dazavaikAlikaniyukti aura phira uttarAdhyayananiyukti kI racanA huI, yaha to pUrva carcA se siddha ho cukA hai| ina tInoM niyuktiyoM kI racanA ke pazcAta AcArAMganiyukti kI racanA huI hai, kyoMki AcArAMganiyukti kI gAthA 5 meM kahA gayA hai - 'AyAreaMgammiya pubuddiTThA caukkayaM nikkhevo' - AcAra aura aMga ke nikSepoM kA vivecana [91].

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pahale ho cukA hai| dazavaikAlikaniyukti meM dazavaikAlikasUtra ke kSullakAcAra adhyayana kI niyukti (gAthA 79-88) meM 'AcAra' zabda ke artha kA vivecana tathA uttarAdhyayananiyukti meM uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke tRtIya 'caturaMga' adhyayana kI niyukti karatehueM gAthA 143-144 meM 'aMga' zabda kA vivecana kiyA hai| ataH yaha siddha hotA hai ki Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika evaM uttarAdhyayana ke pazcAta hI AcArAMganiyukti kA krama hai| .. ___ isI prakAra AcArAMga kI caturtha vimukticUlikA kI niyukti meM 'vimukti' zabda kI niyukti karate hue gAthA 331 meM likhA hai ki 'mokSa' zabda kI niyukti ke anusAra hI 'vimukti' zabda kI niyukti bhI samajhanA caahie| cUMki uttarAdhyayana keM aTThAIsaveM adhyayana kI niyukti (gAthA 497-98) meM mokSa zabda kI niyukti kI jA cukI thii| ataH isase yahI siddha huA ki AcArAMganiyukti kA krama uttarAdhyayana ke pazcAt hai / Avazyakaniyukti, dazavaikAlikaniyukti, uttarAdhyayananiyukti evaM AcArAMganiyukti ke pazcAt sUtrakRtAMganiyukti kA krama AtA hai| isa tathya kI puSTi isa AdhAra para bhI hotI hai ki sUtrakRtAMga-niyukti kI gAthA 99 meM yaha ullikhita hai ki 'dharma' zabda ke nikSepoM kA vivecana pUrva meM ho cukA hai (dhmmopubuddittttho)|" darzavaikAlikaniyukti meM dazavaikAlikasUtra kI prathama gAthA kA vivecana karate samaya dharma' zabda ke nikSepoM kA vivecana huA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, dazavaikAlikaniyukti ke bAda nirmita huI hai| isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMganiyukti kI gAthA 127 meM kahA hai 'gNthopuvvuddittttho"| hama dekhate haiM ki uttarAdhyayananiyukti gAthA 267-268 meM graMtha zabda ke nikSepoM kA bhI kathana huA hai|" isase sUtrakRtAMganiyukti bhI dazavaikAlika-niyukti evaM uttarAdhyayananiyukti se paravartI hI siddha hotI hai| 4. uparyukta pAMca niyuktiyoM ke yathAkrama se nirmita hone ke pazcAt hI tIna cheda sUtroM yathAdazAzrutaskaMdha, bRhatkalpa evaM vyavahAra sUtra para niyuktiyAM bhI unake ullekha krama se hI likhI gaI haiM, kyoMki dazAzrutaskaMdhaniyukti ke prArambha meM hI prAcanIgotrIya sakala zruta ke jJAtA aura dazAzrutaskaMdha, bRhatkalpa evaM vyahAra ke racayitA bhadrabAhu ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| isameM bhI ina tInoM graMthoM kA ullekha usI krama se hai jisa krama se niyukti lekhana kI pratijJA meM hai| ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina tInoM graMthoM kI niyuktiyAM isI krama meM likhI gaI hoNgii| uparyukta ATha niyuktiyoM kI racanA ke pazcAta hI sUryaprajJapti evaM isibhAsiyAiM kI niyukti kI racanA honI thii| ina donoM graMthoM para niyuktiyAM likhI bhI gaI yA nahIM, Aja yaha nirNaya karanA atyaMta kaThina hai, kyoMki pUrvokta pratijJA gAthA ke atirikta [92]

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hameM ina niyuktiyoM ke saMdarbha meM kahIM bhI koI bhI sUcanA nahIM milatI hai| ataH ina niyuktiyoM kI racanA honA saMdigdha hI hai| yA to ina niyuktiyoM ke lekhana kA krama Ane sepUrva hI niyuktikAra kA svargavAsa ho cukA hogA yA phira ina donoM graMthoM meM kucha vivAdita prasaMgoM kA ullekha hone se niyuktikAra ne inakI racanA karane kA nirNaya hI sthagita kara diyA hogaa| ataH sambhAvanA yahI hai ki ye donoM niyuktiyAM likhI hI nahIM gaI, cAhe inake nahI likhe jAne ke kAraNa kucha bhI rahe hoN| pratijJA gAthA ke atirikta sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, gAthA 189 meM RSibhASita kA nAma avazya AyA hai|" vahAM yaha kahA gayA hai ki jisa-jisa siddhAMta yA mata meM jisa kisI artha kA nizcaya karanA hotA hai usameMpUrva kahA gayA artha hI mAnya hotA hai, jaise ki RSibhASita hai| kiMtu yaha ullekha RSibhASita mUla graMtha ke sambaMdha meM hI sUcanA detA hai na ki usakI niyukti ke sambaMdha meN| . niyukti ke lekhaka aura racanA-kAla- . niyuktiyoM ke lekhaka kauna haiM, unakA racanA-kAla kyA hai ye donoM prazna ekadUsare se jur3e haiN| ataH hama una para alaga-alaga vicAra na karake eka sAtha hI vicAra kreNge| .. paramparAgata rUpa se.aMtima zrutakevalI, caturdazapUrvadhara tathA chedasUtroM ke racayitA AryabhadrabAhu prathama ko hI niyuktiyoM kA kartA mAnA jAtA hai| munizrI puNyavijayajI ne atyaMta parizrama dvArA zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ko niyuktiyoM ke kartA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane vAle nimna sAkSyoM ko saMkalita karake prastuta kiyA hai| jinheM hama yahAM avikala rUpa se de - rahe haiN|" 1. 'anuyogadAyinaH- sudharmasvAmiprabhRtayaH yAvadasya bhagavato niyuktikArasya bhadrabAhusvAmi nazcaturdazapUrvadharasyAcAryostastAn srvaaniti|' / . - acArAMgasUtra, zIlAMkAcAryakRta TIkA-patra 4. 2. -- na ca ke SAMcidihodAharaNAnAM niyukti kAlAdAkkAlAbhAvitA ityansyoktatvamAzaMkanIyam, sa hi bhagavAMzcayaturdazapUrvavit zrutakevalI kAlatrayaviSayaM vastu pazyatyeveti kthmnykRttvaashNkaa| iti|' . -uttarAdhyayanasUtra zAMtisUrikRtA pAiyaTIkA-patra 139. 3. 'guNAdhikasya vandanaM kartavyaM na tvadhamasya, yata uktam - 'guNAhie vNdnnyN'| bhadrabAhusvAminazcayaturdazapUrvadharatvAd dazapUrvadharAdInAMca nyUnatvAt kiM teSAM namaskAramasau karoti?iti atrocyate- guNAdhikA eva te, avyavacchittiguNAdhikyAt, atona doSa iti|' -oghaniryutakti droNAAryakRta, TIkA-patra 3. [93]

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4. iha caraNakaraNa kriyAkalA patarUmUlakalpaM sAmAyikAdiSaDa - dhyayanAtmaka - zrutaskaMdha rUpamAvazyakatAvadarthatastIrthakaraiH sUtratastu gaNadharairviracitam / asya cAtIva gambhIrArthatA sakalasAdhu-zrAvakavargasya nityopayogitAM ca vijJAya caturdazapUrvadhareNa zrImadbhadrabAhu naitavyAkhyAnarUpA'AbhiNibohiyanANaM.' ityAdi prasiddhagraMtha rUpA niyuktiH kRtaa|' . - vizeSAvazyaka- maladhArihemacaMdrasUrikRta TIkA-patra 1. 5. 'sAdhaniAmanugrahAya caturdazapUrvadhareNa bhagavatA bhadrabAhusvAminA kalpasUtraM vyavahArasUtraM cAkAri, ubhayorapi ca sUtrasparzikA niyuktiH| -bRhatkalpapIThikA malayagirikRta TIkA-patra 2. 6. isa zrImadAvazyakAdisiddhAMta pratibaddhaniyukti-zAstrasaM- sUtraNasUtradhAraH.... zrI bhadrabAhusvAmI.... kalpanAmadheyamadhyayanaM niyuktiyuktaM nirmuuddhvaan|' __-bRhatkalpapIThikA zrI kSemakIrtisUri- anusaMdhitA TIkA-patra 177 ina samasta saMdarbho ko dekhane se spaSTa hotA hai ki zrutakevalI caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu prathama ko niyuktiyoM ke kartA ke rUpa meM mAnya karane vAlA prAcInatama saMdarbha Arya zIlAMka kA hai| Arya zIlAMka kA samaya lagabhagaM vikrama saMvat kI 9vIM -10vIM sadI mAnA jAtA hai| jina anya AcAryoM ne niyuktikAra ke rUpa meM bhadrabAhu prathama ko mAnA hai, unameM AryadroNa, maladhAri, hemacaMdra, malayagiri, zAMtisUri tathA kSemakIrti sUri ke nAma pramukha haiM, kiMtu ye sabhI AcArya vikrama kI dasavIM sadI ke pazcAta hue haiN| ataH inakA kathana bahuta adhika pramANika nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| unhoMne jokucha bhI likhA hai, vaha mAtra anuzrutiyoM ke AdhAra para likhA hai| durbhAgya se 8-9 vIM sadI ke pazcAta caturdaza pUrvadhara zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu aura varAhamihira ke bhAI naimittika bhadrabAhu ke kathAnaka, nAmasAmya ke kAraNa ekadUsare meM ghula-mila gae aura dUsare bhadrabAhu kI racanAeM bhI prathama ke nAma car3hA dI gii| yahI kAraNa rahA ki naimittika bhadrabAhu ko bhI prAcInagotrIya zrutakevalI caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu ke sAtha jor3a diyA gayA hai aura donoM ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM ke isa ghAla-mela se aneka anuzrutiyAM pracalita ho gii| inhIM anuzrutiyoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa niyukti keM kartA ke rUpa meM caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu kI anuzruti pracalita ho gii| yadyapi munizrI puNyavijayajI ne bRhatkalpasUtra (niryakti, laghubhASya-vRttayupetam) ke SaTha vibhAga ke Amukha meM yaha likhA hai ki niyuktikAra sthavira Arya bhadrabAhu haiM, isa mAnyatA ko puSTa karane vAlA eka pramANa jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ke vizeSAvazyakabhASya kI svopajJa TIkA meM bhI milatA hai| yadyapi unhoMne vahAM usa pramANa kA saMdarbha sahita ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| maiM isa saMdarbha ko khojane kA prayatna kara rahA hUM, kiMtu usake mila jAne para bhI hama kevala itanA hI kaha sakeMge ki vikrama / [94]

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kI lagabhaga sAtavIM zatI ke niyuktikAra prAcInagotrIya caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu haiM, aisI anuzruti pracalita ho gaI thii| niyuktikAra prAcInagotrIya caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu haiM athavA naimittika (varAhamihira ke bhAI) bhadrabAhu haiM , ye donoM hI prazna vivAdAspada haiN| jaisA ki hamane saMketa kiyA hai niyuktiyoM ko prAcIna gotrIya caturdaza pUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu kI mAnane kI paramparA AryazIlAMka se yA usake pUrva jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNa se prArambha huI hai| kiMtu unake ina ullekhoM meM kitanI pramANikatA hai yaha vicAraNIya hai, kyoMki niyuktiyoM meM hI aise aneka pramANa upasthita hai, jinase niyuktikAra pUvardhara bhadrabAhu haiM, isa mAnyatA meM bAdhA utpanna hotI hai| isa sambaMdha meM munizrI puNyavijayajI ne atyaMta parizrama dvArA ve saba saMdarbha prastuta kie haiM, jo niyuktikAra pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu haiM, isa mAnyatA ke virodha meM jaatehaiN| hama unakI sthApanAoM ke hArda ko hI hindIbhASA meM rUpAMtarita kara nimnapaMktiyoM meM prastuta kara rahe haiM1.Avazyakaniyukti kI gAthA762 se 776 taka meM vajrasvAmI ke vidyAgurU AryasiMhagiri, AryavajrasvAmI, toSaliputra, AryarakSita, Arya phalgumitra, sthavira bhadragupta jaise AcAryoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| ye sabhI AcArya caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu se paravartI haiM aura toSaliputra ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI kA ullekha kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM hai| yadi niyuktiyAM caturdaza pUrvadhara AryabhadrabAhu kI kRti hotI to unameM ina nAmoM ke ullekha sambhava nahIM the| 2. isI prakAra piNDaniyukti kI gAthA 498 meM pAdaliptAcArya kA evaM gAthA 503 se 505 meM vajrasvAmI ke mAmA samitaMsUri kA ullekha hai sAtha hI brahmadIpakazAlA" kA ullekha bhI hai - ye tathya yahI siddha karate haiM ki piNDaniyukti bhI caturdaza pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu kI kRti nahIM hai, kyoMki pAdaliptasUri, samitasUri tathA brahmadIpakazAkhA kI utpatti, ye sabhI prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu se paravartI haiN| 3. uttarAdhyayananiyukti kI gAthA 120 meM kAlakAcArya kI kathA kA saMketa hai| kAlakAcArya bhI prAcanIgotrIya pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu se lagabhaga tIna sau varSa pazcAt hue haiN| 4. aughaniyukti kI prathama gAthA meM caturdaza pUrvadhara, daza pUrvadhara evaM ekAdaza-aMgoM ke jJAtAoM ko sAmAnya rUpa se namaskAra kiyA gayA hai," aisA droNAcArya ne apanI TIkA meM sUcita kiyA hai| yadyapi munizrI puNyavijayajI sAmAnya kathana kI dRSTi se ise asaMbhAvita nahIM mAnate haiM, kyoMki Aja bhI AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM muni namaskAra maMtra meM sabase choTe pada aura vyaktiyoM ko namaskAra krtehaiN| kiMtu merI dRSTi meM koI bhI caturdazapUrvadhara dazapUrvadhara ko [95]

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namaskAra kare, yaha ucita nahIM lgtaa| punaH Avazyakaniyukti kI gAthA 769 meM dasa pUrvadhara vajrasvAmI ko nAma lekara jo vaMdana kiyA gayA hai, vaha to kisI bhI sthiti meM ucita nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| 5. punaH Avazyaka niyukti kI gAthA 763 se774 meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki ziSyoM kI smaraNa zakti ke hAsa ko dekhakara AryarakSita ne vajrasvAmI ke kAla taka jo Agama anuyogoM meM vibhAjita nahIM the, unheM anuyogoM meM vibhAjita kiyA," yaha kathana bhI eka paravartI ghaTanA ko sUcita karatA hai| isase bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki niryaktiyoM ke kartA caturdaza pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhunahIM haiM, apitu AryarakSita ke pazcAta honevAle koI bhadrabAhu haiN| 6. dazavaikAlikaniyukti kI gAthA 4 evaM oghaniyukti kI gAthA 2 meM caraNakaraNAnuyoga kI niyukti kahUMgA aisA ullekha hai| yaha bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karatA hai ki niyukti kI racanA anuyogoM ke vibhAjana ke bAda arthAta AryarakSita ke pazcAta huI hai| 7.Avazyakaniyukti kI gAthA 778-783 meM tathA uttarAdhyayananiyukti kI gAthA 164 se178 taka meM 7 nihnavoM aura AThaveM boTika mrata kI utpatti kA ullekha huA hai| aMtima sAtavAM nihnava vIranirvANa saMvat 584 meM tathA boTika mata kI utpatti vIra nirvANa saMvat 609 meM huii| ye ghaTanAeM caturdazapUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu ke lagabhaga cAra sau varSa pazcAta huI hai| ataH unake dvArA racita niyukti meM inakA ullekha honA sambhava nahIM lagatA hai| vaise merI dRSTi meM boTika mata kI utpatti kA kathana niyuktikAra kA nahIM hai- niyukti meM sAta nihnavoM kA hI ullekha hai| nihnavoM ke kAla evaM sthAna sambaMdhI gAthAeM bhASya gAthAeM haijo bAda meM niyukti meM mila gaI haiN| kiMtu niyuktiyoM meM sAta ninhavoM kA ullekha honA bhI isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki niyuktiyAM prAcInagotrIya pUrvadharabhadrabAhu kI kRtiyAM nahIM haiN| 8. sUtrakRtAMganiyukti kI gAthA 146 meM dravya-nikSepa ke sambaMdha meM eka bhavika, buddhAyuSya aura abhimukhita nAma-gotra aise tIna AdezoM kA ullekha huA hai|" ye vibhinna mAnyatAeM bhadrabAhu ke kAphI pazcAt Arya suhasti, Arya maMkSu Adi paravartI AcAryoM ke kAla meM nirmita huI haiN| ataH ina mAnyatAoM ke ullekha se bhI niyuktiyoM ke kartA caturdaza pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu haiM, yaha mAnane meM bAdhA AtI hai| munizrI puNyavijayajI ne uttarAdhyayana ke TIkAkAra zAntyAcArya, jo niyuktikAra ke rUpa meM caturdaza pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu ko mAnate haiM, kI isa mAnyatA kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki * niyuktikAra trikAlajJAnI haiN| ataH unake dvArA paravartI ghaTanAoM kA ullekha honA asambhava nahIM hai| yahAM muni puNyavijaya jI kahate haiM ki hama zAntyAcArya kI isa bAta ko svIkAra [96]

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kara bhI leM, to bhI niyuktiyoM meM nAmapUrvaka vajrasvAmI ko namaskAra Adi kisI bhI dRSTi se yuktisaMgata nahIM kahA jA sktaa|ve likhate haiM yadi uparyukta ghaTanAeM ghaTita hone ke pUrva hI niyuktiyoM meM ullikhita kara dI gaI hoM to bhI amuka mAnyatA amuka purUSa dvArA sthApita huI yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai| _____punaH jina dasa Agama-graMthoM para niyukti likhane kA ullekha Avazyakaniyukti meM hai, usase yaha spaSTa hai ki bhadrabAhu ke samaya AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga Adi ati vistRta evaM paripUrNa the| aisI sthiti meM una AgamoM para likhI gaI niyukti bhI ativizAla evaM cAroM anuyogamaya honI caahie| isake virodha meM yadi niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu the, aisI mAnyatA rakhane vAle vidvAna yaha kahate haiM ki niyuktikAra to bhadrabAhu hI the aura ve niyuktiyAM bhI ativizAla thIM, kiMtu bAda meM sthavira AryarakSita ne apane ziSya puSyamitra kI vismRti evaM bhaviSya meM hone vAle ziSyoM kI maMda-buddhi ko dhyAna meM rakhakara jisa prakAra AgamoM ke anuyogoM ko pRthaka kiyA, usI prakAra niyuktiyoM ko bhI vyavasthita evaM saMkSipta kiyaa| isake pratyuttara meM muni zrI puNyavijayajI kA kathana hai- prathama, to yaha ki AryarakSita dvArA anuyogoM ke pRthaka karane kI bAta to kahI jAtI hai, kiMtu niyuktiyoM ko vyavasthita karane kA eka bhI ullekha nahIM hai| skaMdila Adi ne vibhinna vAcanAoM meM AgamoM ko hI vyavasthita kiyA, niyuktiyoM ko nhiiN| dUsare, upalabdha niyuktiyAM una aMga-AgamoM para nahIM hai jo bhadrabAhu prathama ke yuga meM the| paramparAgata mAnyatA ke anusAra ArakSita ke yuga meM bhI AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga utane hI vizAlathe, jitane bhadrabAhu ke kAla meM the| aisI sthiti meM cAhe eka hI anuyoga kA anusaraNa karake niyuktiyAM likhI gaI hoM, unakI viSaya-vastu to vizAla honI cAhie thii| jabaki jo bhI niyuktiyAM upalabdha haiM ve sabhI mAthurIvAcanA dvArA yA valabhI vAcanA dvArA nirdhArita pAThavAle AgamoM kA hI anusaraNa kara rahI haiN| yadi yaha kahA jAe ki anuyogoM kA prathakkaraNa karate samaya AryarakSita neniyuktiyoM ko bhI punaH vyavasthita kiyA aura unameM aneka gAthAeM prakSipta bhI kI, to prazna hotA hai ki phira unameM goSThAmAhila aura boTika mata kI utpatti sambaMdhI vivaraNa kaise Ae, kyoMki ina donoM kI utpatti AryarakSita ke svargavAsa ke pazcAta hI huI hai| ___ yadyapi isa saMdarbha meM merA munizrI se matabheda hai| mereadhyayana kI dRSTi se sapta ninhavoM ke ullekha vAlI gAthAeM to mUla gAthAeM haiM, kiMtu unameM boTika mata ke utpatti sthala rathavIrapura evaM utpattikAla vIra ni.saM. 609 kA ullekha karane vAlI gAthAeM bAda meM prakSipta haiN| ve niyukti kI gAthAeM na hokara bhASya kI haiM, kyoMki jahAM ninhavoM evaM unake matoM kA [97]

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ullekha hai vahAM sarvatra sAta kA hI nAma AyA hai jabaki unake utpatti sthala evaM kAla ko sUcita karane vAlI ina do gAthAoM meM yaha saMkhyA ATha ho gii|" Azcarya yaha hai ki Avazyaka niyukti meM boTikoM kI utpatti kI kahIM koI carcA nahIM hai aura yadi boTikamata ke prastotA evaM unake maMttavya kA ullekha mUla Avazyaka niyukti meM nahIM hai, to phira unake utpatti-sthala evaM utpatti kAla kA ullekha niyukti meM kaise ho sakatA hai ? vastutaH bhASya kI aneka gAthAeM niyuktiyoM meM mila gaI haiN| ataH ye nagara evaM kAla sUcaka gAthAeM bhASya kI honI caahie| yadyapi uttarAdhyayananiyukti ke tRtIya adhyayana ke aMta meM inhIM sapta ninhavoM kA ullekha hone ke bAda aMta meM eka gAthA meM zivabhUti kA rathavIrapura nagara meM dIpaka udyAna meM AryakRSNa se vivAda honekA ullekha hai| kiMtu na to isameM vivAda ke svarUpa kI carcA hai aura na koI anya bAta, jabaki usake pUrva pratyeka ninhava ke maMtavya kA Avazyakaniyukti kI apekSA vistRta vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| ataH merI dRSTi meM yaha gAthA bhI prakSipta hai| yaha gAthA vaisI hI hai jaisI ki AvazyakamUlabhASya meM pAI jAtI hai| punaH vahAM yaha gAthA bahuta adhika prAsaMgika bhI nahIM kahI jA sktii| mujhe spaSTa rUpa se lagatA hai ki uttarAdhyayananiyukti meM bhI ninhavoM kI carcA ke bAda yaha gAthA prakSipta kI gaI hai|, ___ yaha mAnanA bhI ucita nahIM lagatA ki caturdaza pUvardhara bhadrabAhu ke kAla meM racita niyuktiyoM ko sarvaprathama AryarikSata ke kAla meM vyavasthati kiyA gayA aura punaH unheM paravartI AcAryoM neapane yuga kI Agamika vAcanA ke anusAra vyavasthita kiyaa| Azcarya taba aura adhika bar3ha jAtA hai ki yaha saba parivartana ke virUddha bhI koI svara ubharane kI kahIM koI sUcanA nahIM hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki AgamoM meM jaba bhI kucha parivartana karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA to usake virUddha svara ubhare haiM aura unheM ullikhita bhI kiyA gayA hai| ___ uttarAdhyayananiyukti meM usake 'akAmamaraNIya' nAmaka adhyayana kI niyukti meM nimna gAthA prApta hotI hai - 'savvee e dArA maraNavibhattIe vaNNiA kmso| sagaNaNiuNepayatthejiNa caudasa puvi bhaasNti|| 232 / / (jJAtavya hai ki muni puNyavijaya jI ne ise gAthA 233 likhA hai kiMtu niyukti saMgraha meM isa gAthA kA krama 232 hI hai|) isa gAthA meM kahA gayA hai ki maraNavibhakti meM ina sabhI dvAroM kA anukrama se varNana kiyA gayA hai, padArthoM ko sampUrNa rUpa se to jina athavA caturdaza pUvardhara hI jAna sakate haiM' yadi niyuktikAra caturdaza pUrvadhara hote to ve isa prakAra nahIM likhte| zAntyAcArya ne svayaM ise [98]

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do AdhAroM para.vyAkhyAyita kiyaa| prathama, caturdaza pUrvadharoM meM Apasa meM arthajJAna kI apekSA se kamI-adhikatA hotI hai, isa dRSTi se yaha kahA gayA ho ki padArthoM kA sampUrNa svarUpa to caturdazapUrvI hI batA sakate haiM athavA dvAra gAthA se lekara Age kI ye sabhI gAthAeM bhASya gAthAeM hoN|" yadyapi muni puNyavijayajI inheM bhASya gAthAeM svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| cAhe ye gAthAeM bhASyagAthA hoM yA na hoM kiMtu merI dRSTi meM zAntyAcArya ne niyuktiyoM meM bhASya-gAthA milI hone kI jo kalpanA kI hai, vaha pUrNatayA asaMgata nahIM hai| - punaH jaisA pUrva meM sUcita kiyA jA cukA hai, sUtrakRtAMga ke puNDarIka adhyayana kI niyukti meM puNDarIka zabda kI niyukti karate samaya usake dravya nikSepa se ekabhavika, baddhAyuSya aura abhimukhita nAma-gotra aise tIna AdezoM kA niyuktikAra ne svayaM hI saMgraha kiyA hai| bRhatkalpasUtrabhASya (prathama vibhAga, pR.44-45) meM ye tInoM Adeza Arya suhasti, Arya maMgu evaM Arya samudra kI mAnyatAoM ke rUpa meM ullikhita hai| itanA to nizcita hai ki ye tInoM AcArya pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu (prathama) se paravartI haiM aura unake matoM kA saMgraha pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu dvArA sambhava nahIM hai| dazAzrutaskaMdha kI niyukti ke prArambha meM nimna gAthA dI gaI hai 'vaMdAmibhaddabAhuM pAINaM crimsylsuynaanniN| suttassa kAragamisiM dasAsu kappeya vvhaare|' ___ isameM sakala zrutajJAnI prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu kA na kevala vaMdana kiyA gayA hai, apitu unheM dazAzrutaskaMdha kalpa evaM vyavahAra kA racayitA bhI kahA hai, yadi niyuktiyoM ke lekhaka pUrvadhara zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu hote to ve svayaM hI apaneko kaise namaskAra karate? isa gAthA ko hama prakSipta yA bhASya gAthA bhI nahIM kaha sakate, kyoMki prathama to yaha graMtha kI prArambhika maMgala gAthA hai, dUsare cUrNikAra ne svayaM isako niyukti gAthA ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA hai| isase yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki niyuktikAra caturdaza pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu nahIM ho skte| - isa samasta carcA ke aMta meM muni jI isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki paramparAgata dRSTi se dazAzrutaskaMdha, kalpasUtra, vyavahArasUtra evaM nizItha ye cAra chedasUtra, Avazyaka Adi dasa niyuktiyAM, uvasaggahara evaM bhadrabAhu saMhitA ye sabhI caturdaza pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu svAmI kI kRti mAne jAte haiM , kiMtu inameM se4 cheda sUtroM ke racayitA tocaturdaza pUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu hI haiN| zeSa dasa niyuktiyoM, uvasaggahara evaM bhadrabAhu saMhitA ke racayitA anya koI bhadrabAhu hone cAhie aura sambhavataH ye anya koI nahIM, apitu vArAha saMhitA ke racayitA [99]

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varAhamihira ke bhAI, maMtravidyA ke pAragAmI naimittika bhadrabAhu hI honecaahie|" munizrI puNyavijaya jI ne niyuktiyoM ke kartA naimittika bhadrabAhu hIthe, yaha kalpanA nimna tarko ke AdhAra para kI hai1. Avazyakaniyukti kI gAthA 1252 se1270 taka meM gaMdharva nAgadatta kA kathAnaka AyA hai| isameM nAgadatta ke dvArA sarpa ke viSa utArane kI kriyA kA varNana hai|" uvasaggahara (upasargahara) meM bhI sarpa ke viSa utArane kI carcA hai| ataH donoM ke kartA eka hI haiM aura ve maMtra-taMtra meM AsthA rakhate the| 2. punaH naimittika bhadrabAhu kI niyuktiyoM ke kartA hone cAhie isakA eka AdhAra yaha bhI hai ki unhoMne apanI pratijJA gAthA meM sUryaprajJapti para niyukti likhanekI pratijJA kI thii| aisA sAhasa koI jyotiSa kA vidvAna hI kara sakatA thaa| isake atirikta AcArAMganiyukti meM to spaSTa rUpa se nimitta vidyA kA nirdeza bhI huA hai|" ataH munizrI puNyavijaya jI niyukti ke kartA ke rUpa meM naimittika bhadrabAhu ko svIkAra karate haiN| . ___ yadi hama niyuktikAra ke rUpa meM naimittika bhadrabAhu ko svIkAra karate haiM to hameM yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki niyuktiyAM vikrama kI chaThIM sadI kI racanAeM haiM, kyoMki varAhamihira ne apane graMtha ke aMta meM zaka saMvat 427 arthAta vikrama saMvat 566 kA ullekha kiyA hai| naimittika bhadrabAhu varAhamihira ke bhAI the, ataH ve unake samakAlIna haiN| aisI sthiti meM yahI mAnanA hogA ki niyuktiyoM kA racanA-kAla bhI vikrama kI chaThI zatAbdI kA uttarArddha hai| yadi hama uparyukta AdhAroM para niyuktiyoM ko vikrama kI chaThIM sadI meM hue naimittika bhadrabAhu kI kRti mAnatehaiM, to bhI hamAre sAmane kucha prazna upasthita hote haiM1. prathama toyaha kinandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra meM niyuktiyoM ke astitva kA spaSTa ullekha hai'saMkhejAonijjuttIosaMkhejjA saMgahaNIo' - (naMdIsUtra, sUtra saM.46) 'sa suttesaatthesagaMthesanijjuttie sasaMgahaNie' __- (pASikasUtra, pR.80) itanA nizcita hai ki ye donoM graMtha vikrama kI chaThIM sadI ke pUrva nirmita ho cuke the| yadi niyuktiyAM chaThIM sadI uttarArddha kI racanA haiM to phira vikrama kI pAMcavIM zatI ke uttarArddha yA chaThI zatI ke pUrvArddha ke graMthoM meM chaThIM sadI ke uttarArddha meM racita niyuktiyoM kA ullekha kaise saMbhava hai? isa sambaMdha meM munizrI puNyavijaya jI ne tarka diyA hai ki naMdIsUtra meM jo [100]

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niyuktiyoM kA ullekha hai, vaha goviMdaniyukti Adi ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hogaa|" yaha satya hai ki goviMdaniyukti eka prAcIna racanA hai kyoMki nizAIthacUrNi meM goviMdaniyukti ke ullekha ke sAtha-sAtha goviMdaniyukti kI utpatti kI kathA bhI dI gaI hai| goviMdaniyukti ke racayitA vahI AryagoviMda hone cAhie jinakA ullekha naMdIsUtra meM anuyogadvAra ke jJAtA ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| sthavirAvalI ke anusAra ye Arya skaMdila kI cauthI pIr3hI meM haiN|" ataH inakA kAla vikrama kI pAMcavIM sadI nizcita hotA hai| ataH muni zrI puNyavijaya jI isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki naMdIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra meM niyukti kA jo ullekha hai vaha AryagoviMda kI niyukti ko lakSya rakhakara kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra muni jI dasoM niyuktiyoM ke racayitA ke rUpa meM naimittika bhadrabAhu ko hI svIkAra karate haiM aura naMdIsUtra athavA pAkSikasUtra meM jo niyukti kA ullekha hai use ve goviMdaniyukti kA maantehaiN| hama muni zrI puNyavijaya jI kI isa bAta se pUrNataH sahamata nahIM ho sakate haiM, kyoMki uparyukta dasa niyuktiyoM kI racanA se pUrva cAhe AryagoviMda kI niyukti astitva meM ho, kiMtu naMdIsUtra evaM pAkSika sUtra meM niyukti sambaMdhI jo ullekha haiM, ve AcArAMga Adi Agama graMthoM kI niyukti ke sambaMdha meM haiM, jabaki goviMdaniyukti kisI Agama graMtha para niyukti nahIM hai / usake sambaMdha meM nizIthacUrNi Adi meM jo ullekha haiM ve sabhI use darzanaprabhAvaka graMtha aura ekeMdrIya meM jIva kI siddhi karanevAlA graMtha batalAte haiN| ataH unakI yaha mAnyatA ki naMdIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM niyukti ke jo ullekha haiM, ve goviMdaniyukti ke saMdarbha meM haiM, samucita nahIM hai| vastutaH naMdIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra meM jo niyuktiyoM ke ullekha haiM ve Agama graMthoM kI niyuktiyoM ke haiN| ataH yaha mAnanA hogA ki naMdI evaM pAkSikasUtra kI racanA ke pUrva arthAta pAMcavIM zatI ke pUrva AgamoM para niyukti likhI jA cukI thii| 2. dUsare, ina dasa niyuktiyoM meM aura bhI aise tathya haiM jinase inheM varAhamihira ke bhAI evaM naimittika bhadrabAhu (vikrama saMvat 566) kI racanA mAnane meM zaMkA hotI hai| Avazyaka niyukti kI sAmAyika niyukti meM jo ninhavoM ke utpatti sthala evaM utpattikAla sambaMdhI gAthAeM haiM evaM uttarAdhyayananiyukti ke tIsare adhyayana kI niyukti meM jo zivabhUti kA ullekha hai, vaha prakSipta haiN| isakA pramANa yaha hai ki uttarAdhyayanacUrNi jo ki isa niyukti para eka prAmANika racanA hai, meM 167 gAthA taka kI hI cUrNi dI gaI hai| ninhavoM ke saMdarbha meM aMtima cUrNi 'jeThThA sudaMsaNa' nAmaka 167 vIM gAthA kI hai| usake Age ninhavoM ke vaktavya ko sAmAyikaniyukti (Avazyakaniyukti) ke AdhAra para jAna lenA cAhie, aisA nirdeza hai jJAtavya hai ki sAmAyikaniyukti meM boTikoM kA ullekha nahIM hai| hama yaha bhI batA cuke [101]

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haiM kiM usa niyukti meM jo boTika mata ke utpattikAla evaM sthala kA ullekha hai, vaha prakSipta hai evaM ve bhASya gAthAeM haiN| uttarAdhyayanacUrNi meM eka saMketa yaha bhI milatA hai ki usameM ninhavoM kI kAlasUcaka gAthAoM ko niyuktigAthAeM na kahakara AkhyAna saMgrahaNI kI gAthA kahA gayA hai| isase mere usa kathana kI puSTi hotI hai ki Avazyakaniyukti meM jo ninhavoM ke utpattinagara evaM utpattikAla kI sUcaka gAthAeM haiM ve mUla meM niyukti kI gAthAeM nahIM haiM, apitu saMgrahaNI athavA bhASya se usameM prakSipta kI gaI haiM kyoMki ina gAthAoM meM unake utpatti nagaroM evaM utpatti-samaya donoM kI saMkhyA ATha-ATha hai| isa prakAra inameM boTikoM ke utpattiM nagara aura samaya kA bhI ullekha hai- Azcarya yaha hai ki ye gAthAeM sapta ninhavoM kI carcA ke bAda dI gaI-jabaki boTikoM kI utpatti kA ullekha to isake bhI bAda meM hai aura mAtrA eka gAthA meM hai| ataH ye gAthAeM kisI bhI sthiti meM niyukti kI gAthAeM nahIM mAnI jA sakatI haiN| punaH yadi hama boTika ninhava sambaMdhI gAthAoM ko bhI niyukti gAthAeM mAna leM to bhI niyukti ke racanAkAla kI apara sImA ko vIranirvANa saMvat 610 arthAta vikrama kI tIsarI zatI ke pUrvArdha se Age nahIM le jAyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki isake bAda ke koI ullekha hameM niyuktiyoM meM nahIM mile| yadi niyukti naimittika bhadrabAhu (vikrama kI chaThIM sadI uttarArddha) kI racanAeM hotI to unameM vikrama kI tIsarI sadI se lekara chaThIM sadI ke bIca ke kisI na kisI AcArya evaM ghaTanA kA ullekha bhI, cAhe saMketa ke rUpa meM hI kyoM na ho, avazya hotaa|any kucha nahIM to mAthurI evaM valabhI vAcanA ke ullekha to avazya hI hote, kyoMki naimittika, bhadrabAhu to unake bAda hI hue haiN| valabhI vAcanA ke Ayojaka devarddhigaNi ke to ve kaniSTha samakAlika haiM, ataH yadi ve niyukti kekartA hote to valabhI vAcanA kA ullekha niyuktiyoM meM avazya krte| . 3. yadi niyuktiyAM naimittika bhadrabAhu (chaThIM sadI uttarArddha) kI kRti hotI to usameM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA avazya hI pAI jAtI / chaThIM sadI ke uttarArddha meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA vikasita ho gaI thI aura usa kAla meM likhI gaI kRtiyoM meM prAyaH guNasthAna kA ullekha milatA hai kiMtu jahAM taka mujhe jJAta hai, niyuktiyoM meM guNasthAna sambaMdhI avadhAraNA kA kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM hai| Avazyakaniyukti kI jina do gAthAoM meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha milatA hai, ve mUlataH niyukti gAthAeM nahIM haiN| Avazyaka mUlapATha meM caudaha bhUtagrAmoM (jIva-jAtiyoM) kA hI ullekha hai, guNasthAnoM kA nhiiN| ataH niyukti to bhUtagrAmoM kI hI likhI gii| bhUtagrAmoM ke vivaraNa ke bAda do gAthAoM meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ke nAma die gae haiN| yadyapi yahAM guNasthAna zabda kA prayoga nahIM hai| ye donoM gAthAeM prakSipta haiM, kyoMki haribhadra (AThavIM sadI) ne Avazyakaniyukti kI TIkA meM 'adhunAmumaiva [102]

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guNasthAnadvAreNa darzayannAha saMgrahaNikAraH' kaha kara ina donoM gAthAoM ko saMgrahaNI gAthA ke rUpa meM uddhRta kiyA hai| ataH guNasthAna siddhAMta ke sthira hone ke pazcAta saMgrahaNI kI ye gAthAeM niyukti meM DAla dI gaI haiN| niyuktiyo meM guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA kI anupasthiti isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki unakI racanA tIsarI-cauthI zatI ke pUrva huI thii| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki niyuktiyAM naimittikabhadrabAhu kI racanA nahIM hai| 4. sAtha hI hama dekhate haiM ki AcArAMganiyukti meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI unhIM dasa avasthAoM kA vivecana hai jo hameM tattvArthasUtra meM bhI milatI haiM aura jinase Age calakara guNasthAna kI avadhAraNA vikasita huI hai / tattvArthasUtra tathA AcArAMganiyukti donoM hI vikasita guNasthAna siddhAMta ke sambaMdha meM sarvathA mauna haiM, jisase yaha phalita hotA hai ki niyuktiyoM kA racanAkAla tattvArthasUtra ke sama-sAmayika (arthAta vikrama kI tIsarI-cauthI sadI) hai| ataH ve chaThI zatI ke uttarArddha meM hone vAle naimittika bhadrabAhu kI racanA to kisI sthiti meM nahIM ho sktii| yadi ve unakI kRtiyAM hotI to unameM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI ina dasa avasthAoM ke citraNa ke sthAna para caudaha guNasthAnoM kA bhI citraNa hotaa| 5. niyukti gAthAoM kA niyukti gAthA ke rUpa meM mUlAcAra' meM ullekha tathA asvAdhyAya kAla meM bhI unake adhyayana kA nirdeza yahI siddha karatA hai ki niyuktiyoM kA astitva mUlAcAra kI racanA aura yApanIya sampradAya ke astitva meM Ane ke pUrva kA thaa| yaha sunizcita hai ki yApanIya sampradAya 5 vIM sadI ke aMta taka astitva meM A gayA thaa| ataH niyuktiyAM 5 vIM sadI se pUrva kI racanA honI cAhie- aisI sthiti meM bhI ve naimittika bhadrabAhu (vikrama kI chaThIM sadI uttarArddha) kI kRti nahIM mAnI jA sakatI hai| punaH niyukti kA ullekha AcArya kundakunda ne bhI Avazyaka zabda kI niyukti karate hue niyamasAra gAthA 142 meM kiyA hai| Azcarya yaha hai ki yaha gAthA mUlAcAra ke SaDAvazyaka nAmaka adhikAra meM bhI yathAvat milatI hai| isameM Avazyaka zabda kI niyukti kI gaI hai| isase bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki niyuktiyAM kama se kama mUlAcAra aura niyamasAra kI racanA ke pUrva arthAt chaThI zatI ke pUrva astitva meM AgaI thiiN| 6. niyuktiyoM ke kartA naimittika bhadrabAhu nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki AcArya mallavAdI (lagabhaga cauthI-pAMcavIM zatI) ne apane graMtha nayacakra meM niyuktigAthA kA uddharaNa diyA hainiyukti lakSaNamAha-vatthUNaM saMkamaNaM hoti avtthuunnyesmbhiruuddhe'| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki valabhI vAcanA ke pUrva niyuktiyoM kI racanA ho cukI thii| ataH unake racayitA naimittika bhadrabAhu na hokara yA tokAzyapagotrIya, Aryabhadragupta haiM yA phira gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra haiN| [103]

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7. punaH valabhI vAcanA ke AgamoM gadyabhAga meM niyuktiyoM aura saMgrahaNI kI aneka gAthAeM milatI haiM, jaise jJAtAdharmakathA meM mallI adhyayana meM jo tIrthaMkara-nAma-karma-bandha sambaMdhI 20 boloM kI gAthA hai, vaha mUlataH Avazyakaniyukti (179-181) kI gAthA hai| isase bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki valabhI vAcanA ke samaya niyuktiyoM aura saMgrahaNIsUtroM se aneka gAthAeM AgamoM meM DAlI gaI haiN| ataH niyuktiyoM aura saMgrahaNiyAM valabhI vAcanA ke pUrva kI haiM ataH ve naimittika bhadrabAhu ke sthAna para lagabhaga tIsarI-cauthI zatI ke kisI anya bhadra nAmaka AcArya kI kRtiyAM haiN| 8. niyuktiyoM kI sattA valabhI vAcanA ke pUrva thI, tabhI to naMdIsUtra meM AgamoM kI niyuktiyoM kA ullekha hai| punaH agastyasiMha kI dazavaikAlikacUrNi ke upalabdha evaM prakAzita ho jAne para yaha bAta puSTa hojAtI hai ki Agamika vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM niyuktiyAM valabhI vAcanA ke pUrva likhI jAne lagI thiiN| isa cUrNi meM prathama adhyayana kI dazavaikAlikaniyukti kI 54 gAthAoM kI bhI cUrNi kI gaI hai| yaha cUrNi vikrama kI tIsarI-cauthI zatI meM racI gaI thii| isase yaha tathya siddha hojAtA hai ki niyuktiyAM bhI lagabhaga tIsarI-cauthI zatI kI racanA haiN| jJAtavya hai ki niyuktiyoM meM bhI paravartI kAla meM paryApta rUpa se prakSepa huA hai, kyoMki dazavaikAlika ke prathama adhyayana kI agastyasiMhacUrNi meM mAtra 54 niyukti gAthAoM kI cUrNi huI hai, jabaki vartamAna meM dazavaikAlikaniyukti meM prathama adhyayana kI niyukti meM 151 gAthAeM haiN| ataH niyuktiyAM Aryabhadragupta yAgautamagotrIya Aryabhadra kI racanAeM haiN| isa sambaMdha meM eka Apatti yaha uThAI jA sakatI hai ki niyuktiyAM valabhI vAcanA ke AgamapAThoM ke anurUpa kyoM hai ? isakA prathama uttara to yaha hai ki niyuktiyoM kA Agama pAThoM se utanA sambaMdha nahIM hai, jitanA unakI viSaya vastu se hai aura yaha satya hai ki vibhinna vAcanAoM meM cAhe kucha pATha-bheda rahe hoM kiMtu viSayavastu to vahI rahI hai aura niyuktiyAM mAtra viSayavastu kA vivaraNa detI haiN| punaH niyuktiyAM mAtra prAcIna stara ke aura bahuta kucha aparivartita rahe AgamoM para haiM, sabhI Agama graMthoM para nahIM hai aura ina prAcIna stara ke AgamoM kA svarUpa-nirdhAraNa to pahale hI ho cukA thaa| mAthurIvAcanA yA valabhI vAcanA meM unameM bahuta adhika parivartana nahIM huA hai| Aja jo niyuktiyAM haiM ve mAtra AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, Avazyaka, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, dazAzrutaskaMdha, vyavahAra, bRhatkalpa para haiN| ye sabhI graMtha vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM prAcIna stara ke haiM aura inake svarUpa meM bahuta adhika parivartana nahIM huA hai| ataH valabhI vAcanA se samarUpatA ke AdhAra para niyuktiyoM ko usase paravartI mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| [104]

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uparyukta samagra carcA se yaha phalita hotA hai ki niyuktiyoM ke kartA na to caturdazapUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu haiM aura na vArAhamihira ke bhAI naimittika bhadrabAhu / yaha bhI sunizcita hai ki niyuktiyoM kI racanA chedasUtroM kI racanA ke pazcAta huI hai| kiMtu yaha bhI satya hai ki niyuktiyoM kA astitva AgamoM kI devarddhi ke samaya huI vAcanA ke puurvthaa| ataH yaha avadhAraNA bhI bhrAMta hai ki niyuktiyAM vikrama kI chaThIM sadI ke uttarArddha meM nirmita huI haiN| naMdIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra kI racanA ke pUrva Agamika niyuktiyAM avazya thiiN| aba yaha prazna uThatA hai ki yadi niyuktiyoM ke kartA zruta kevalI pUrvadhara prAcInagotrIya bhadrabAhu tathA vArAhamihira ke bhAI naimittika bhadrabAhu donoM hI nahIM the, to phira ve kauna se bhadrabAhu haiM jinakA nAma niyukti ke kartA ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai| niyukti ke kartA ke rUpa meM bhadrabAhu kI anuzruti jur3I hone se itanA to nizcita hai ki niyuktiyoM kA sambaMdha kisI 'bhadra' nAmaka vyakti se honA cAhie aura unakA astitva lagabhaga vikrama kI tIsarI-cauthI sadI ke Asa-pAsa honA cAhie / kyoMki niyamasAra meM Avazyaka kI niyukti, mUlAcAra meM niyuktiyoM ke asvAdhyAya kAla meM bhI par3hane kA nirdeza tathA usameM aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM niyuktiyoM kI aneka gAthAoM kI niyukti-gAthA ke ullekhapUrvaka upasthiti yahI siddha karatI hai ki niyukti ke kartA usa avibhakta paramparA ke hone cAhie jisase zvetAmbara evaM yApanIya sampradAyoM kA vikAsa huA hai|klpsuutr sthavirAvalI meM jo AcArya paramparA prApta hotI hai, usameM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI paramparA meM prAcInagotrIya zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke atirikta doanya bhadra' nAmaka AcAryoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai- 1. Arya zivabhUti ke ziSya kAzyapagotrIya Aryabhadra aura 2. Arya kAlaka ke ziSya gautamagotrIya, aarybhdr| . saMkSepa meM kalpasUtra kI yaha AcArya paramparA isa prakAra hai-mahAvIra, gautama, sudharmA, jambU, prabhava, zayyambhava, yazobhadra, saMbhUti, vijaya, bhadrabAhu (caturdazapUrvadhara), sthUlibhadra (jJAtavya hai ki bhadrabAhu evaM sthUlibhadra donoM hI saMbhUtivijaya ke ziSya the), Aryasuhasti, susthita, iMdradinna, Aryadinna, AryasiMhagiri, Aryavajra, Aryavajrasena, Aryaratha, Arya puSyagiri, Arya phalgumitra, Arya dhanagiri, Arya zivabhUti, Aryabhadra (kAzyapagotrIya,) AryakRSNa, AryanakSatra, AryarakSita, AryanAga, AryajyeSThila, AryaviSNu, AryayAlaka, AryasaMpalita, Aryabhadra (gautamagotrIya), AryavRddha, Arya saMghapAlita, AryahastI, Aryadharma, AryasiMha, Aryadharma, SANDilya (sambhavataH skaMdila, jomAthurI vAcanA ke vAcanA pramukha the) aadi| gAthAbaddha jo sthavirAvalI hai usameM isake bAda jambU, naMdila, duSyagaNi, sthiragupta, kumAradharma evaM devarddhikSapakazramaNa ke pAMca nAma aura aatehaiN|" [105]

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jJAtavya hai ki naimittika bhadrabAhu kA nAma jo vikrama kI chaThI zatI ke uttarArdha meM hue haiM, isa sUcI meM sammilita nahIM ho sakatA hai| kyoMki yaha sUcI vIra nirvANa saM. 980 arthAta vikrama saM. 510 meM apanA aMtima rUpalecukI thii| isa sthavirAvalI ke AdhAra para hameM jaina paramparA meM vikrama kI chaThIM zatI ke pUrvArddha taka hone vAle bhadra nAmaka tIna AcArya ke nAma milate haiM - prathama prAcIna gotrIya Arya bhadrabAhu, dUsareArya zivabhUti ke ziSya kAzyapagotrIya Arya bhadragupta, tIsare AryaviSNu ke praziSya aura AryakAlaka ke ziSya gautamagotrIya aarybhdr| inameM vArAhamihira ke bhrAtA naimittika bhadrabAhu ko jor3ane para yaha saMkhyA cAra ho jAtI hai| inameM se prathama evaM aMtima ko to niyuktikartA ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, isa niSkarSa para hama pahuMca cuke haiN| aba zeSa do rahate haiM -1. zivabhUti ke ziSya Aryabhadragupta aura dUsareAryakAlaka ke ziSya Aryabhadra / inameM pahale hama Arya dhanagiri ke praziSya evaM Arya zivabhUti ke ziSya Aryabhadragupta ke sambaMdha meM vicAra kareMge ki kyA ve niyuktiyoM ke kartA ho sakate haiM ? - kyAAryabhadragupta niyuktiyoM ke kartA haiM ? niyuktiyoM ko zivabhUti ke ziSya kAzyapagotrIya bhadragupta kI racanA mAnaneke pakSa meM hama nimna tarka de sakatehaiM - 1. niyuktiyAM uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha se vikasita zvetAmbara evaM yApanIya donoM sampradAyoM meM mAnya rahI haiM, kyoMki yApanIya graMtha mUlAcAra meM na kevala zatAdhika niyukti gAthAeM uddhRta haiM, apitu usameM asvAdhyAya kAla meM niyuktiyoM ke adhyayana na karanekA nirdeza bhI hai| isase phalita hotA hai ki niyuktiyoM kI racanA mUlAcAra sepUrva hocukI thii|" yadi mUlAcAra ko chaThIM sadI kI racanA bhI mAneM to usake pUrva niyuktiyoM kA astitva to mAnanA hI hogA, sAtha hI yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki niyuktiyAM mUlarUpa meM avibhakta dhArA meM nirmita ho cukI thiiN| cUMki paramparA bheda to zivabhUti ke pazcAta unake ziSyoM kauDinya aura koTTavIra se huA hai| ataH niyuktiyAM zivabhUti ke ziSya bhadragupta kI racanA mAnI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki ve na kevala avibhaktadhArA meM hue apitu lagabhaga usI kAla meM arthAta vikrama kI tIsarI zatI meM hue haiM, jo ki niyukti kA racanA kAla hai| 2. punaH AcArya bhadragupta kouttara-bhArata kI acela paramparA kA pUrvapurUSa do-tIna AdhAroM para mAnA jA sakatA hai| prathama to kalpasUtra kI paTTAvalI ke anusAra Aryabhadragupta AryazivabhUti ke ziSya haiM aura ye zivabhUti vahI haiM jinakA AryakRSNa se muni kI upadhi (vastra-pAtra) ke prazna para vivAda huA thA aura jinhoMne acelatA kA pakSa liyA thaa| kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM AryakRSNa aura Aryabhadra donoM koArya zivabhUti kA ziSya kahA [106]]

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hai| cUMki Aryabhadra hI aise vyakti haiM- jinheM Aryavajra evaM AryarakSita ke zikSaka ke rUpa meM zvetAmbaroM meM aura zivabhUti ke ziSya ke rUpa meM yApanIya paramparA meM mAnyatA milI hai| punaH AryazivabhUti ke ziSya hone ke kAraNa Aryabhadra bhI acelatA ke pakSadhara hoMge aura isalie unakI kRtiyAM yApanIya paramparA meM mAnya rahI hoNgii| 3. vidizA se jo eka abhilekha prApta huA hai usameM bhadrAnvaya evaM Aryakula kA ullekha hai zamadamavAna cIkarat ( / / ) AcArya- bhadrAnvayabhUSaNasya ziSyohyasAvAryakulodgatasya (1) AcArya-goza (jai.zi.saM. 2, pR.57) sambhAvanA yahI hai ki bhadrAnvaya evaM Aryakula kA vikAsa inhIM Aryabhadra se huA ho| yahAM ke anya abhilekhoM meM muni kA pANitalabhojI' aisA vizeSaNa hone se yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki yaha keMdra acela dhArA kA thaa| apane pUrvaja AcArya bhadra kI kRtiyAM hone ke kAraNa niyuktiyAM yApanIyoM meM bhI mAnya rahI hoNgii| oghaniyukti yA piNDaniyukti meM bhI jo ki paravartI evaM vikasita haiM, do cAra prasaMgoM ke atirikta kahIM bhI vastra-pAtra kA vizeSa ullekha nahIM milatA hai| yaha isa tathya kA bhI sUcaka hai ki niyuktiyoM ke kAla taka vastra-pAtra Adi kA samarthana usa rUpa meM nahIM kiyA jAtA thA, jisa rUpa meM paravartI zvetAmbara sampradAya meM huaa|vstr-paatr ke sambaMdha meM niyukti kI mAnyatA bhagavatI ArAdhanA evaM mUlAcAra se adhika dUra nahIM hai| AcArAMganiyukti meM AcArAMga ke vastravaiSaNA adhyayana kI niyukti, kevala eka gAthA meM samApta ho gaI hai aura pAtraiSaNA para koI niyukti gAthA hI nahIM hai| ataH vastra-pAtra ke sambaMdha meM niyuktiyoM ke kartA Aryabhadra kI sthita bhI mathurA ke sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke aMkana se adhika bhinna nahIM hai| ataH niyuktikAra ke rUpa meM Aryabhadragupta ko svIkAra karane meM niyuktiyoM meM vastra-pAtra ke ullekha adhika bAdhaka nahIM hai| .. 4. cUMki Aryabhadra ke niryApaka ArakSita mAne jAte haiN| niyukti aura cUrNi donoM se hI yaha siddha haiM ki AryarakSita bhI acelatA ke hI pakSadhara theaura unhoMne apane pitA ko jo prArambha meM acela dIkSA grahaNa karanA nahIM cAhate the, yojanApUrvaka acela banA hI diyA thA |cuurnni meM jokaTipaTTakakI bAta hai, vaha to zvetAmbara pakSa kI puSTi hetuDAlI gaIpratIta hotI hai| bhadragupta ko niyukti kA kartA mAnane ke sambaMdha meM nimna kaThinAiyAM haiM1. Avazyakaniyukti evaM AvazyakacUrNi ke ullekhoM ke anusAra AryarakSita bhadragupta ke niryApaka (samAdhimaraNa karAnevAle) mAne ge| Avazyakaniyukti na kavela ArakSita kI [107]

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vistAra se carcA karatI hai, apitu unakA AdarapUrvaka smaraNa bhI karatI hai / bhadragupta ArakSita se dIkSA meM jyeSTha haiM, aisI sthiti meM unake dvArA racita niyuktiyoM meM AryarakSita kA ullekha itane vistAra se evaM itaneAdarapUrvaka nahIM AnA cAhie / yadyapi paravartI ullekha ekamata se yaha mAnate haiM ki Aryabhadragupta kI niryApanA AryarakSita ne karavAI, kiMtu mUla gAthA ko dekhane para isa mAnyatA ke bAre meM kisI ko saMdehabhI ho sakatA hai, mUlagAthA nimnAnusAra hai 'nijjavaNa bhaddaguttevIsuM paDhaNaM ca tassa puvvagayA pavvAvioya bhAyA rakkhiakhamaNehiM jnno'| - - Avazyakaniyukti- 776 yahAM nijavaNa bhaddagutte' meM yadi bhaddagutte' ko ArSa prayoga mAnakara koI prathamA vibhakti meM samajhe to isa gAthA ke prathama do caraNoM kA artha isa prakAra bhI ho sakatA haibhadragupta neAryarakSita kI niryApanA kI aura unase samasta pUrvagata sAhitya kA adhyayana kiyaa| gAthA ke uparyukta artha ko svIkAra karane para to yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki niyuktiyoM meM AryarakSita kA jo bahumAna pUrvaka ullekha hai, vaha aprAsaMgika nahIM hai| kyoMki jisa vyakti ne AryarakSita kI niryApanA karavAI ho aura jinase pUrvo kA adhyayana kiyA ho, vaha unakA apanI kRti meM sammAnapUrvaka ullekha karegA hii| kiMtu gAthA kA isa dRSTi se kiyA gayAartha cUrNi meM prastuta kathAnakoM ke sAtha evaM niyukti gAthAoM ke pUrvApara prasaMga ko dekhate hue kisI bhI prakAra saMgata nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| cUrNi meM to yahI kahA gayA hai ki AryarakSita ne bhadragupta kI niryApanA karavAI aura Aryavajra se pUrva sAhitya kA adhyayana kiyA yahAM dUsare caraNa meM prayukta tassa' zabda kA sambaMdha Aryavajra se haiM, jinakA ullekha pUrva gAthAoM meM kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI yahAM bhagutte' meM saptamI kA prayoga hai, jo eka kArya ko samApta kara dUsarA kArya prArambha karane kI sthiti meM kiyA jAtA hai| yahAM sampUrNa gAthA kA artha isa prakAra hogA - AryarakSita ne bhadragupta kI niryApanA (samAdhimaraNa) karavAne ke pazcAta (Aryavajra se) pUrvo kA samasta adhyayana kiyA hai aura apane bhAI aura pitA ko dIkSita kiyaa| yadi AryarakSita bhadragupta ke niryApaka haiM aura ve hI niyuktiyoM ke kartA bhI haiM, to phira niyuktiyoM meM ArakSita dvArA niryApana karavAneke bAda kie gae kAryoM kA ullekha nahIM honA thA, kiMtu aisA ullekha hai, ataH niyuktiyAMkAzyapagotrIyabhadragupta kI kRti nahIM ho sakatI hai| 2. dUsarI eka kaThinAI yaha bhI hai ki kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ke anusAra ArakSita Aryavajra se8 vIM pIr3hI meM Ate haiN| ataH yaha kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai ki 8 vIM pIr3hI meM hone vAlA vyakti apane se ATha pIr3hI pUrva ke Aryavajra se pUrvo kA adhyayana kre| [108]

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isase kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM die gae krama meM saMdeha hotA hai, hAlAki kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI evaM anya srotoM se itanA to nizcita hotA hai ki Aryabhadra AryarakSita se pUrva meM hue haiN| usake anusAra AryarakSita Aryabhadragupta ke praziSya siddha hote haiN| yadyapi kathAnakoM meM AryarakSita ko toSaliputra kA ziSya kahA gayA hai| ho sakatA hai ki toSaliputra Aryabhadragupta ke ziSya rahe hoM / sthavirAvalI ke anusAra Aryabhadra ke ziSya AryanakSatra aura unake ziSya AryarakSita the| cAhe kalpasatra kI sthavirAvalI meM kacha aspaSTatAeM hoM aura do AcAryoM kI paramparA ko kahIM eka sAtha milA diyA gayA ho, phira bhI itanA to nizcita hai ki Aryabhadra AryarakSita se pUrvavartI yA jyeSTha samakAlika haiN| aisI sthiti meM yadi niyuktiyAM Aryabhadragupta ke samAdhimaraNa ke pazcAta kI AryarakSita ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM kA vivaraNa detI haiM, to unheM zivabhUti ke ziSya kAzyapagotrIya Aryabhadragupta kI kRti nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadi hama Aryabhadra ko hI niyukti ke kartA ke rUpa meM svIkara karanA cAhate haiM to isake atirikta koI vikalpa nahIM hai ki hama AryarakSita, aMtima, ninhava evaM boTikoM kA ullekha karane vAlI niyukti gAthAoM ko prakSipta mAneM / yadi AryarakSita Aryabhadragupta ke niryApaka haiM to aisI sthiti meM Aryabhadra kA svargavAsa vIra nirvANa saM. 560 ke Asa-pAsa mAnanA hogA, kyoMki prathama to AryarakSita ne bhadragupta kI niryApanA apane yuvA avasthA meM hI karavAI thI aura dUsare jaba vIra nirvANa saM. 584 (vikrama kI dvitIya zatAbdI) meM svargavAsI hone vAle Aryavajra jIvita the| ataH niryuktayoM meM aMtima ninhava kA kathana bhI sambhava nahIM lagatA, kyoMki abaddhika nAmaka sAtavAM ninhava vIra nirvANa ke 584 varSa pazcAta huA hai| ataH hameM na kevala AryarakSita sambaMdhI apitu aMtima ninhava evaM boTikoM sambaMdhI vivaraNa bhI niyuktiyoM meM prakSipta mAnanA hogaa| yadi hama yaha svIkara karane ko sahamata nahIM hai, to hameM yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki kAzyapagotrIya Aryabhadragupta bhI niyuktiyoM ke kartA nahIM ho sakate haiN| ataH hameM anya kisI bhadra nAmaka AcArya kI khoja karanI hogii| kyA gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra niyuktiyoM ke kartA haiM ? kAzyapagotrIya bhadragupta ke pazcAt kalpasUtra paTTAvalI meM hameM gautamagotrIya AryakAlaka ke ziSya aura AryasaMpAlita ke gurUbhAI Aryabhadra kA bhI ullekha milatA hai yaha Aryabhadra AryaviSNu ke praziSya evaM AryakAlaka ke ziSya haiM tathA inake ziSya ke rUpa meM AryavRddha kA ullekha hai| yadi hama AryavRddha ko vRddhavAdI mAnate haiM, to aisI sthiti meM ye Aryabhadra, siddhasena ke dAdA gurU siddha hotehaiN|yhaaN hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki kyA yeAryabhadra bhI spaSTa saMghabheda arthAta zvetAmbara, yApanIya aura digambara sampradAyoM ke nAmakaraNa ke pUrva hue haiM ? yaha sunizcita hai ki sampradAya-bheda ke pazcAta kA koI bhI AcArya niyukti kA [109]

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kartA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki niyuktiyAM yApanIya aura zvetAmbara donoM meM mAnya haiN| yadi ve eka sampradAya kI kRti hotI to dUsarA sampradAya use mAnya nahIM krtaa| yadi hama AryaviSNu ko digambara paTTAvalI meM ullikhita AryaviSNu samajheM to inakI nikaTatA acela paramparA se dekhI jA sakatI hai| dUsare vidizA ke abhilekha meM jisa bhadrAnvaya evaM Aryakula kA ullekha hai usakA sambaMdha ina gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra se bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki inakA kAla bhI spaSTa sampradAya-bheda evaM usa abhilekha ke pUrva hai| durbhAgya se inake saMdarbha meM Agamika vyAkhyA-sAhitya meM kahIM koI vivaraNa nahIM milatA, kevala nAma-sAmya ke AdhAra para hama inake niyuktikAra hone kI sambhAvanA vyakta kara sakate haiN| . . inakI vidvattA evaM yogyatA ke sambaMdha meM bhI Agamika ullekhoM kA abhAva hai, kiMtu vRddhavAdI jaise ziSya aura siddhasena jaise praziSya ke gurU vidvAna hoMge, isameM zaMkA nahIM kI jA sktii| sAtha hI inake praziSya siddhasena kA AdarapUrvaka ullekha digambara aura yApanIya AcArya bhI karate haiN| ataH inakI kRtiyoM ko uttara bhArata kI acela paramparA meM mAnyatA milI ho, aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai| ye ArakSita se pAMcavI pIr3hI meM mAne gae haiN| ataH inakA kAla inake sau-Der3ha sau varSa pazcAta hI hogA arthAta ye bhI vikrama kI tIsarI sadI ke uttarArddha yA cauthI ke pUrvArddha meM kabhI hue hoNge| lagabhaga yahI kAla mAthurIvAcanA kA bhI hai| cUMki mAthurIvAcanA yApanIyoM ko bhI svIkRti rahI hai, isalie isa kAlaka ke ziSya gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra ko niyuktiyoM kA kartA mAnane meM kAla evaM paramparA kI dRSTi se kaThinAI nahIM hai| ___ yApanIya aura zvetAmbara donoM meM niyuktiyoM kI mAnyatA ke hone ke prazna para bhI isase koI bAdhA nahIM AtI, kyoMki yeAryabhadra Arya nakSatra evaM AryaviSNu kI hI paramparA ke ziSya haiN| sambhava hai ki digambara paramparA meM AryanakSatra aura AryaviSNu kI paramparA meM hue jina bhadrabAhu ke dakSiNa meM jAne ke ullekha milate haiM, jinase acela dhArA meM bhadrAnvaya aura Aryakula kA ArvibhAva mAnA jAtA hai, ve ye hI Aryabhadra hoN| yadi hama inheM niyuktiyoM kA kartA mAnate haiM, to isase naMdIsUtra evaM pAkSika sUtra meM jo niyuktiyoM ke ullekha haiM ve bhI yuktisaMgata bana jAte haiN| ataH hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki niyuktiyoM ke kartA Arya nakSatra kI paramparA meM hue AryaviSNu ke praziSya evaM Arya saMpAlita ke gurU-bhrAtA gautamagotrIya Aryabhadra hI haiN| yadyapi maiM apane isa niSkarSa ko aMtima to nahIM kahatA, kiMtu itanA avazya kahUMgA ki ina Aryabhadra ko niyukti kA kartA svIkAra karane para hama una aneka vipratipattiyoM se baca sakate haiM, jo prAcIna gotrIya pUrvadhara bhadrabAhu kAzyapagotrIyaAryabhadragupta aura vArAhamihira ke bhrAtA [110]

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naimittika bhadrabAhu ko niyuktiyoM kA kartA mAnane para AtI hai| hamArA yaha durbhAgya hai ki aceladhArA meM niyuktiyAM saMrakSita nahIM raha sakI, mAtra bhagavatI ArAdhanA, mUlAcAra aura kundakunda ke graMthoM meM unakI kucha gAthAeM hI avaziSTa haiN| inameM bhI mUlAcAra hI mAtra aisA graMtha hai jo lagabhaga sau niryaktigAthAoM kA niyuktigAthA ke rUpa meM ullekha karatA hai| dUsarI aura sacela dhArA meM jo niyuktiyAM upalabdha haiM, unameM aneka bhASya gAthAeM mizrita ho gaI haiM, ataH upalabdha niyuktiyoM meM se bhASya gAthAoM evaM prakSipta gAthAoM ko alaga karanA kaThina kArya hai, kiMtu yadi eka bAra niyuktiyoM ke racanAkAla, usake kartA tathA unakI paramparA kA nirdhAraNa ho jAe to yaha kArya sarala ho sakatA hai| ____ AzA hai jaina vidyA ke niSpakSa vidvAnoM kI agalI pIr3hI isa dizA meM aura bhI anveSaNa kara niyukti sAhitya sambaMdhI vibhinna samasyAoM kA samAdhAna prastuta kreNgii| prastuta lekhana meM munizrI puNyavijaya jI kA Alekha merA upajIvya rahA hai| AcArya hastImalajI ne jaina dharma ke maulika itihAsa ke lekhana meM bhI usI kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| kiMtu maiM ukta donoM ke niSkarSoM se sahamata nahIM ho skaa| yApanIya sampradAya para mere dvArA graMtha lekhana ke samaya merI dRSTi meM kucha naI samasyAeM aura samAdhAna dRSTigata hue aura unhIM ke prakAza meM maiMne kucha navIna sthApanAeM prastuta kI haiM, ve satya ke kitane nikaTa haiM, yaha vicAra karanA vidvAnoM kArya hai| maiM apane niSkarSoM koaMtima satya nahIM mAnatA hUM, ataH sadaiva unake vicAroM evaM samIkSAoM se lAbhAnvita hone kA prayAsa kruuNgaa| [111]

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saMdarbha 1. (a) nijjutA teatthA, jaMbaddhA teNa hoi nnijjuttii| - Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 88 (ba) sUtrArthayoH parasparaniryojana sambandhanaM niyuktiH - Avazyakaniyukti TIkA haribhadra, gAthA 83 kI TIkA 2. atthANaM uggahaNaM avaggahaM taha viAhaNaM ih| . - Avazyakaniyukti, 3... 3. IhAapoha vImaMsA, maggaNA ygvesnnaa| saNNAsaI maI paNNAsavvaM aabhinibohiy|| __- vahI, 12 4. Avassagassa dasakAliassa taha uttrjjhmaayaare| suyagaDe nijjutiM vucchAmitahAdasANaM c|| kappassaya nijjutiM vavahArasseva paramaNiNassA sUriapaNNattIe vucchaM isibhAsiyANaM c|| __- vahI, 84-85 5. isibhAsiyAI -(prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura), bhUmikA, sAgaramala jaina, pR. 93 6. bRhatkathAkoSa -(siMghI jaina graMthamAlA) prastAvanA, e.ena. upAdhye, pR.31 7. ArAdhanA... tasya niyuktiraadhnaaniyuktiH| -- mUlAcAra, paMcAcArAdhikAra, gA. 279 kI TIkA (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, 1984) 8. goviMdANaM pinmoannuogeviuldhaarnniNdaannN| - naMdIsUtra sthavirAvalI, gA.41 9. vyavahArabhASya, bhAga6, gA. 267-268 10. soya heugovesogoviNdnijjuttimaadito...| darisaNappabhAvagANi satthANijahA goviNdnijjuttimaadii| - AvazyakacUrNi bhAga 1, pR.31 evaM 353 bhAga 2, pR. 201, 322 [112]

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11. goviMdo... pacchAteNa egidiva jIva sAhaNaM goviMda nijutikyaa| -nizItha bhASya gAthA 3656, nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, pR. 260, bhAga-4, pR. 96 12. naMdIsUtra, - (saM. madhukaramuni) sthavirAvalI gAthA 41 13. (a) prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, DaoN.jagadIzacaMdra jaina, pR. 190 (ba) jainasAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA, -pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, bhAga 3, pR. 6 14. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 84-85 15. vahI, 84 16. bahurayapaesaavvattasamucchAdugatigaabaddhiyA cev| sattee NiNhaNAkhalu titthaMmi uvaddhamANassA bahurayajamAlipabhavAjIvapaesA yetiisguttaao| avvttaa''saaddhaaosaamuccheyaa''smittaao|| gaMgAodokiriyA chalugA tarAsiyANa uppttii| therAya goTThamAhilapuTThamabaddhaM pruviNti|| sAvatthI usabhapura seyaviyA mihila ullugaatiirN| puramiMtaraMji dasapura-rahavIrapuraMca ngraaii|| coddasa solasa vAsAcoddasavIsuttarAyadoNNi syaa| aTThAvIsA yaduvepaMceva sayA ucoyaalaa|| paMcasayA culasIyA chacceva syaannvottraahoNti| NANupattIya duveuppaNA Nivvue sesaa|| evaM ee kahiyAosappiNIe u niNhavA stt| viirvrsspvynnesesaannNpvvynnenntthiaa| - vahI, 778-784 17. bahuraya jamAlipabhavAjIvapaesA ya tiisguttaao| avvttaa''saaddhaaosaamuccheyaa''smittaao|| gaMgAe dokiriyA chalugA terAsiANa uppttii| therAya guTThamAhilapuTThabaddhaM pruviNti|| [113]

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jiTThA sudaMsaNa jamAli aNuja sAvatthi tiNdugujjaanne| paMcasayAya sahassaM DhakeNa jamAli muttuunn|| rAyagiheguNasilae vasu cudspubvitiisguttaao| AmalakappA nayari mittasirI kuurpiNddaadi|| siyaviyapolAsADhe joge tddivshiyysuuley| sohammi naliNagummerAyagihepuriya blbhdde|| mihilAe lacchigharemahagiri koDinna aasmitto| nneunnmnnuppvaaeraaygihekhNddrkkhaayaa| naikheDajaNava ullaga mahagiridhaNagutta ajgNgey| kiriyA doraaygihemhaatvotiirmnninaae|| puramaMtaraMjibhuyaguha balasiri sirigutta rohguttey| parivAya puTTasAleghosaNa pddisehnnaavaae| vicchya sappemUsaga migI varAhI ya kAgi poyaaii| eyAhiM vijjAhiM souprivvaaygokuslo|| moriya nauli birAlI vagghI sIhI ya ulugiovaai| eyAovijAogiNha privvaaymhnniio|| dasapuranagarucchughareajjarakkhiya pusmittttiygNc| guTThAmAhila nava aTTha sesapucchA ya viNjhssaa| puTThojahA abaddhokaMcuiNaM kNcuosmnnei| evaMpuTThamabaddhaM jIvaM kammaM smnnech|| paccakkhANaM seyaM aparimANeNa hoi kaayvvN| jesiM tu parImANaM taM durlDa hoi aasNsaa|| rahavIrapuraM nayaraM dIvagamujANa ajjknnhe| sivabhUissuvahimipucchAtherANa khnnaayaa| - uttarAdhyayananiyukti, 165-178 18. vahIM, 29 19. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, gAthA 309-326 20. uttarAdhyayananiyukti, 207 [114]

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21. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, 161-163 22. AcArAMganiyukti, gAthA 5 23. (a) dazavaikAlikaniyukti, 79-88 (ba) uttarAdhyayananiyukti, 143-144 24. joceva hoi mukkhosA u vimutti pagayaM tu bhaavennN| desavimukkA sAhU savvamuikkA bhvesiddhaa|| - acArAMganiyukti, 331 25. uttarAdhyayananiyukti, 497-92 26. sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, gAthA 99 27. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, gAthA 3 28. sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, 127 29. uttarAdhyayananiyukti, 267-268 . 30. dazAzrutaskaMdhaniyukti, gAthA 1 31. tahaviya koI atthouppajati tammitaMmi samayaMmi puvvabhaNioaNumattoahoiisibhAsiesu jhaa|| - sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, 1892 32. ka. bRhatkalpasUtram, pRSTha vibhAga, . prakAzaka- zrI AtmAnaMda jaina sabhA bhAvanagara, prastAvanA, pR. 4,5 33. vahI Amukha, pR.2 34. (ka) mUDhaNaiyaM suyaMkAliyaM tuNaNayA samoyaraMti ih| apuhuttesamoyAro, nsthipuhuttesmoyaaro|| jAvaMti ajjavairA, apuhuttaM kAliyANuogeyA teNA''reNa puhuttaM, kAliyasuya diTThivAe yaa|| - Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 762-763 (kha) tuMbavaNasannivesAo, niggayaM piusgaasmlliinn| chammAsiyaM chasujayaM, mAUya samanniyaM vNde||| jogujjhaehiM bAlo, nimaMtiobhoyaNeNa vaasNte| Necchai viNIyaviNao, tNvirrisiNnnmNsaami|| [115]

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* ujjeNIe jojaMbhagohiM ANakkhiUNa thuymhio| akkhINamahANasiyaM sIhagiripasaMsiyaM vNde|| jassa aNuNNAe vaaygttnnedspurmminnyrmmi| devehiM kayA mahimA, pyaannusaarinnmNsaami|| jokannAighaNeNa ya, NimaMtioMjuvvaNammi gihvinnaa| nayarammi kusumanAme, tNbirrisiNnnmNsaami|| jaNuddhAraA vijA, AgAsagamA mhaarinnnnaao| vaMdAmi ajjavairaM, apcchimojosuyhraann|| ___ - vahI, gAthA 764-769 (ga) apahutteaNuoge, cattAri duvArabhAsaI ego| puhutANuogakaraNe, teattha touvocchinnaa|| deviMdavaMdiehiM, mhaannubhaagehiNrkkhianjehi| jugamAsajja vibhatto, annuogetokocuhaa|| . mAyA yaruddasomA, piyAyanAmeNa somadeva tti| bhAyA yaphagurakkhiya, tosaliputtA yaayriaa|| . NijjavaNabhadrutte, vIsaM paDhaNaM catassa puvvgyN| pavvAvioyabhAyA, rkkhiakhmnnehiNjnnoy| - vahI, gAthA 773-776 35. jaha jaha paesiNI jANugammi paalittobhmaadde| taha tahasIseviyaNA, paNassai muruNddraayss| . - piNDaniyukti, gAthA-498 36. nai kaNha-vinna dIve, paMcasayA tAvasANa nnivsNti| pavvadivasesu kulavai, pAlevuttAra skkaare|| jaNa sAvagANa khiMsaNa, samiyakkhaNa mAiThANa leveNA sAvaya payattakaraNaM, aviNaya loe clnndhoe|| paDilAbhiya vaccaMtA, nivvuDa niikUlamilaNa smiyaao| vimhiya paMcasayA tAvasANapavvaja saahaayaa| - piNDaniyukti, gAthA 503-505 [116]

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37. (a). vI, gAthA 505. (ba). naMdIsUtrasthavirAvalI gAthA, 36 (sa). mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM isa zAkhA kA ullekha brahmadAsika zAkhA ke rUpa meM milatA hai| 38. ujjeNI kAlakhamaNA sAgarakhamaNA suvnnnnbhuumiie| iMdoAuyasesaM, pucchai sAdivvakaraNaM c|| - uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 119 39. arahaMtevaMdittA caudasapuvvI taheva dspuvii| ekkArasaMgasuttatthadhArae svvsaahuuyaa| ___- oghaniyukti, gAthA 1 40. zrImatI oghaniyukti, saMpAdaka-zrImadvijayasUrIzvara, . prakAzana- jaina graMthamAlA, gopIpurA sUrata, pR. 3-4 41. jeNuddhariyA vijAAgAsagamA mhaaprinaao| _ vaMdAmiajjavairaM apcchimojosuahraann|| _ - Avazyakaniyukti gAthA, 769 42. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 763-774 . 43. apuhuttapuhuttAI niddisiuM ettha hoi aNhigaaro| caraNakaraNANuogeNa tassa dArA imehuti|| -dazavaikAlika niyukti, gAthA 4 44. oheNa u nijuttiM vucchNcrnnkrnnaannuogaao| appakkharaM mahatthaM aNuNhatthaM suvihiyaann|| - oghaniyukti, gAthA 2 45. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 778-783 46. uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 164-178 47. egabhavieyabaddhAue ya abhimuhiynaamgoey| . etetinnivi desA davvaMmi ypoNddriiyss|| - sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, gAthA 146 48. uttarAdhyayana TIkAzAntyAcArya, [117]

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-uddhRta bRhatkalpasUtrama bhASya, SaSTha vibhAga prastAvanA, pR. 12 49. vahI, pR.2 50. bRhatkalpasUtrama, bhASya SaSThavibhAga, AtmAnaMda jaina sabhA, bhAvanagara, pR. 11 51. sAvatthI usabhapara seyaviyA mihila ullugaatii| pudimaMtaraMji dasapurarahavIrapuraM ca ngraaii|| coddasa solasa bAsA coddasavIsuttarAya doNNi sthaa| aTThAvIsoya duvepaMcevasayA ucoyaalaa|| ____ - Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 81-82 52. rahavIrapuraM nayaraM dIvagamujANa ajjakaNheA sivabhUissavahimipucchAthorANa khnnaay|| - uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 178 53. svayaM caturdazapUrvitve'pi yaccaturdazapUryupAdAnaM tat teSAmapi SaTsthAnapatitatvena zeSamAhAtmyasthApanaparamaduSTameva, bhASyagAthA vA dvAragAthAdvayAdArabhya lakSyanta iti preryAnavakAza eveti|| - uttarAdhyayana TIkA, zantyAcArya, gAthA 233. 54. egabhavie ya baddhAue yabhimuhiynaamgoey| ete tinnividesAdavvaMmiya paaNddriiyss|| ___ - sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, gAthA 146 55. yecAdezAH yathA-AryamaMgarAcAryastrividhiM zaMkhamicchiti- ekabhavikaM dya baddhAyuSkamabhimukhanAmagotraM ca, Aryasamudrodvividham- baddhAyuSkamabhimukhanAmagotraM ca, AryasuhastI ekam - abhimukhnaamgotrmitiH| ___ - bRhatkalpasUtram, bhASya bhAga 1, gAthA 144 56. vahI, SaSThavibhAga, pR.saM. 15-17 57. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 1252-1260 58. vahI, gAthA 85 59. jatthaya jopaNNavaokassavi sAhai disAsu ya nnimittN| jattomuhoya ddhaaiisaapuvvaapcchvoavraa|| __- AcArAMganiyukti, gAthA 51 60. saptAzvivedasaMkhya, zakakAlamapAsya caitrshuklaadau| [118]

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ardhAstamitebhAnau, yvnpuresaumydivsaaye|| ___ - paMcasiddhAMtikA, uddhRta bRhatkalpasUtram, bhASya SaSThavibhAga, prastAvanA, pR. 17 61. bRhatkalpasUtram, SaSThavibhAga, prastAvanA, pR. 18 62. goviMdonAma bhikkhU... pacchA teNa egidiyajIvasAhaNaM goviMdanijjuttI kyaa| esnaanntenno| - nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, uddezaka 11, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA pR. 260 63. (a) goviMdANaM pi namo, annuogeviuldhaarnniNdaannN| NiccaM khaMtidayANaM pruuvnnedullbhiNdaann|| - naMdIsUtra, gAthA 81 (ba) Arya skaMdila Arya himavaMta Arya nAgArjuna Arya govinda - dekheM naMdIsUtra, sthavirAvalI, gAthA 36-41 64. pacchA teNa egiMdiyajIvasAhaNaM goviMdaNijuttI kyaa| esnnaanntenno| eva dNsnnpbhaavgstthtttthaa| - - nizIthacUrNi, pR. 260 65. niNhayANa vattavvayA bhANiyavvA jahA saamaaiynijuttiie| __- uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, z2inadAsagaNimahattara, vikrama saMvat 1989, pR.95 66. idANiM etesiM kAlobhaNNati cauddasa solasa vIsA' gAhAudo, idANiMbhaNNati _ - 'coddasa vAsA taiyA' gAthA akkhaannysNghnnii| vahI, pR. 95 67. micchaddiTTI sAsAyaNeya taha sammamicchadiTThI yA avirayasammaddiTTI virayAvirae pmttey|| tattoya appamattoniyaTThi aniyaTTi baayresuhume| uvasaMta khINamohehoi sjogiiajogiiyaa| . - Avazyakaniyukti, (niyuktisaMgraha, pR. 140) 68. Avazyakaniyukti (haribhadra) bhAga 2, prakAzaka zrI bherUlAla kanhaiyAlAla koThArI dhArmika TrasTa, mumbaI, vIra saM. 2508, pR. 106-107 69. sammattupattI sAvae ya virae annNtkmmse| dasaNamohakkhavae uvasAmaMteya uvste|| [119]

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khavae yakhINamohejiNeaseDhI bhveasNkhijjaa| tvvivriiokaalosNkhjjgunnaaiseddhiie|| - acArAMganiyukti, gAthA 222-223 (niyuktisaMgraha, pR. 441) 70. samyagdRSTizrAvakaviratAnantaviyojakadarzanamohakSapakopazama kopazAntamohakSapakakSINamohajinAH kramazo'saMkhyeyaguNa nirjraaH|| - tattvArthasUtra (umAsvAti) sukhalAla saMghavI, 1.47 . 71. (a). NijjuttI NijjuttI esA kahidA mae smaasenn| aha vitthAra psNgo'nniyogdohodinnaadvvo|| AvAsagaNijjuttI evaM kadhidA smaasovihinnaa| Nouvaga~jadi NiccaM sosiddhaM, jAdi visuddhppaa|| . - mUlAcAra (bhAratIya jJAnapITha) 691-692 esoaNNegaMthokappadi paDhieM asjjhaae| ArAhaNA Nijjutti maraNavimattIya sNghtthudio| pcckkhaannaavsydhmmkhaaoeriso| - mUlAcAra, 278-279 (ba) NavasoavasoavasassakammamAvassayaMti bodhvvaa| jutti tti uvAaMtiNa Niravayavohodi nnijjutti|| - mUlAcAra, 515 72. Navasoavasoavasassa kamma vAvassayaM ti bodhvvaa| jutti tti uvAaMtiya Niravayavohodi nnijjutti|| - niyamasAra, gAthA 142, lakhanaU, 1931 73. dekheM -kalpasUtra, sthavirAvalI vibhAga 74. dekheM-mUlAcAra SaDAvazyaka-adhikAra 75. therassaNaM aja vinhussamADharassaguttassa ajjakAlae thereaMtevAsI goyamasaguttetherassaNaM ajjakAlassa goyamasaguttassa imeduvetherAaMtevAsI goyamasagutteajja saMpalie thereajjabhadde, eesi dunhavi goyamasaguttANaMajja buddhethere| - kalpasUtra (muni pyAracaMdajI, ratalAma) sthavirAvalI, pR.233 mAtA [120]

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jaina kA saMskRta sAhitya bhAratIya saMskRti kI do zAkhAeM haiM - 1. zramaNa aura 2. vaidik| zramaNadhArA kI bhI aneka paramparAe~ rahI haiM- unameM jaina, bauddha, sAMkhya, AjIvaka evaM cArvAka pramukha dhArAe~ hai| jahA~ taka ina zramaNa dhArAoM ke bhAratIya saMskRta sAhitya ko avadAna kA prazna hai, usameM AjIvaka dhArA kA koI bhI sAhitya Aja upalabdha nahIM hai| isI prakAra cArvAka paramparA kA bhI eka mAtra grantha tattvoplavasiMha prApta mAnA jAtA hai, jo saMskRta bhASA meM likhita hai aura mUlata: nyAyazAstra kA grantha hai, isameM bhI vividha pramANoM aura una para AdhArita mAnyatAo kA khaNDana hI milatA hai| zramaNa dhArA ke aneka vidvAnoM kI yaha mAnyatA rahI hai ki sAMkhya aura yoga paramparA bhI avaidika hai aura zramaNa dhArA kI hI nikaTavartI hai| inakA sabhI prAcIna sAhitya saMskRta bhASA meM hI upalabdha hai, yathA sAMkhyasUtra, yogasUtra, sAMkhyakArikA Adi aura una para likhita aneka vRttiyA~ evaM TIkAeM / sAMkhya aura yoga paramparA zramaNa dhArA kA aMga hai yA nahI hai yaha eka vivAdAspada prazna hai- maiM yahA~ isa para koI carcA na karate hue mUlata: zramaNa dhArA ke do aMgo jaina aura bauddha dhArA ke sandarbha meM hI carcA kruugaaN| bauddha dharma kI hInayAna zAkhA ke mUlagrantha, jo tripiTaka sAhitya ke rUpa me jAne jAte hai, ve mUlata: pAlI bhASA meM upalabdha haiN| prAkRta bhASA ke vibhinna rUpo meM pAlI eka aisI bhASA hai jisakA anya prAkRta bhASAoM kI apekSA saMskRta se adhika naikaTya hai| kucha vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA yaha bhI hai ki 'pAlI' mUlata: mAgadhI hai, phira bhI isakI azoka ke pAlI abhilekho kI apekSA bhI saMskRta se adhika nikaTatA dekhI jAtI hai| bauddha paramparA meM lagabhaga 5 vIM zatI se saMskRta bhASA kA prayoga prArambha huaa| usake pUrva kA samagra bauddha sAhitya mAgadhI meM hI thA aura mAgadhI kA saMskAra karake hI pAlI bhASA banI hai| usakA yaha saMskAra laukika saMskRta ke sahAre huA ataH pAli anya prAkRto kI apekSA saMskRta ke adhika nikaTa hai| na kevala bauddha paramparA kI hInayAna zAkhA ke mUla grantha pAlI bhASA meM pAe jAte hai, apitu una para likhI gaI aTTakathAe~ arthAta TIkAe~ bhI pAlI meM hI milatI hai, na kevala itanA apitu pAlI bhASA kA vyAkaraNa bhI pAlI meM hI hai| kintu yahA~ yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki bauddha paramparA meM hInayAna zAkhA yA theravAdI zAkhA kA bala prArambha meM pAlI bhASA para hI rahA thA, kintu paravartIkAla meM isa hInayAna paramparA meM nyAya saMbaMdhI jo grantha likhe gae ve saMskRta bhASA meM rahe, jabaki bauddha paramparA kI mahAyAna paramparA kA vipula sAhitya [121]

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saMskRta bhASA meM hI nibaddha hai| mahAyAna sampradAya kA bala pAli kI apekSA saMskRta para hI adhika rahA hai| isake viparIta jahA~ jaina paramparA ke mUla Agama prAkRta bhASA me milate haiM vahI unakI 8 vI zatI yA usase paravartI TIkAe~ aura vRttiyA~ saMskRta meM hai| isI prakAra prAkRta ke sabhI vyAkaraNa bhI saMskRta bhASA meM likhe gaye hai aura unakA mUla uddezya bhI saMskRta ke vidvAno ko prAkRta bhASA ke svarUpa ko samajhA kara prAkRta granthoM kA artha bodha karanA hI rahA hai| isa sAmAnya carcA ko yahA~ samApta karate hue maiM jaina paramparA ke AcAryo ke dvArA saMskRta sAhitya ko jo avadAna diyA gayA hai, usakI hI carcA karanA cAhatA huuN| jahA~ taka jaina paramparA kA prazna hai, usakI zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM zAkhAoM meM Agama tulya grantha mUlata: arddhamAgadhI, mahArASTrI evaM zorasenI prAkRta meM likhe gae aura unakI niyukti aura una para likhe gae bhASya bhI prAkRta meM hI rhe| kintu Agama sAhitya para jo cUrNiyA~ aura cUrNi-sUtra likhe gae ve prAkRta aura saMskRta kI mizrita bhASA meM hI likhe ge| cUrNiyoM ke pazcAt Agama aura Agama tulya granthoM para jo bhI TIkAe~ yA ttiyA~ likhI gaI athavA durgama padoM kI vyAkhyAe~ likhI gaI, ve sabhI saMskRta meM hI rhii| Agama granthoM para saMskRta meM TIkAe~ aura vRttiyA~ likhane vAle AcAryo meM sarvaprathama AcArya haribhadra kA krama AtA hai jo 8vIM zatAbdI meM hue| haribhadra ke pazcAt zIlAMka (10vIM zatAbdI), abhayadeva (12vI zatAbdI), maladhArI hemacandra (12vIM zatAbdI), malayagiri (13vIM zatAbdI), yazovijaya (18vI zatAbdI), Adi AcAryo ne prAya: saMskRta bhASA meM TIkAe~ likhane kA kArya kiyA jisakA prArambha 8vIM zatAbdI se mAnA jAtA hai kintu jaina AcAryoM ne saMskRta meM grantha likhane kA kArya usase 500 varSa pUrva hI prArambha kara diyA thaa| jaina paramparA meM lagabhaga IsA kI 3rI zatAbdI meM AcArya umAsvAti ne sarvaprathama saMskRta bhASA meM tattvArthasUtra aura usake svopajJabhASya kI racanA kI thii| isake atirikta umAsvAti kI prazamarati Adi kucha anya kRtiyA~ bhI saMskRta bhASA meM likhI gii| isameM prazamarati-prakaraNa aura pUjA-prakaraNa pramukha hai| yadyapi pUjA-prakaraNa kA lekhana umAsvAti ne hI kiyA thA yA kisI anya ne, isa saMbaMdha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| jaina AcAryo me dvArA saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha granthoM meM tattvArthasUtra aura usakI TIkAe~ pramukha mAnI jA sakatI hai| tattvArthasUtra para digambara paramparA meM pUjyapAda devanandi (lagabhaga 6 ThI zatAbdI) ne sarvArtha siddhi nAmaka TIkA kI racanA kii| inakI anya kRtiyoM meM iSTopadeza, samAdhitantra Adi bhI hai, jo saMskRta bhASA meM likhI gaI hai| [122]

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zvetAmbara dhArA meM jaina nyAya aura anekAMtavAda para AdhArita sarvaprathama saMskRta kRti mallavAdI kSamAzramaNa kA dvAdazAranayacakra hai| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki usa para siddhasena kI jo TIkA hai vaha bhI saMskRta meM hai, kintu siddhasena kI mukhya kRti sanmatitarka mUlata: prAkRta bhASA meM hai| siddhasena kI kucha dvAtriMzikAe~ milatI hai, jo saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha hai| tattvArthasUtra para zvetAmbara paramparA meM saMskRta bhASA meM TIkA likhane vAle siddhasenagaNi (7vI zatI) hai jo sanmatitarka ke kartA siddhasena divAkara se bhinna hai, aura 7vIM zatI ke hai| jaina nyAya para sarvaprathama saMskRta bhASA meM grantha likhane vAle siddhasena divAkara hai jinhone nyAyAvatAra nAmaka eka dvAtriMzikA saMskRta bhASA meM likhI hai| digambara paramparA meM pUjyavAda ke pazcAt akaMlaka ne tattvArthasUtra para saMskRta meM rAjavArtika nAmaka TIkA likhI sAtha hI jaina nyAya ke kucha granthoM kA bhI saMskRta meM praNayana kiyaa| unake pazcAt vidyAnanda ne zlokavArtika nAma se tattvArthasUtra kI TIkA saMskRta zloko meM likhii| isake atirikta 8vI aura 9vI zatAbdI meM jainanyAya para jo bhI grantha likhe gaye, ve prAyaH saba saMskRta bhASA meM hI likhe gye| jainoM ke nyAya saMbaMdhI sabhI pramukha grantha saMskRta bhASA meM hI likhe gaye, jaina AcAryoM ne nimna viSayo para saMskRta bhASA meM apane grantho kI racanA kI- Agamika TIkAe~, vRtiyA~ evaM vyAkhyAe~, Agamika prakaraNa (isa vidhA ke kucha hI grantha saMskRta bhASA meM hai)| saMskRta bhASA meM jainoM ke aneka stuti stotra Adi bhI milate hai, jaina karma siddhAnta ke kucha granthoM kI saMskRta TIkAe~ bhI milatI hai, jainayoga evaM dhyAna ke kucha grantha bhI saMskRta meM hai, yathA zubhacandra kA jJAnArNava, hemacandra kA yogazAstra aadi| nirvANakalikA, rUpamaNDana evaM samarAMgaNasUtradhAra Adi jaina kalA ke aneka grantha saMskRta meM hI hai| jaina rAjanIti ke grantha yathA nItivAkyAmRta arhannIti Adi bhI saMskRta meM hai, jaina tIrtha mAlAe~, jaina vijJAna evaM jaina karma kANDa kA pracura sAhitya saMskRta bhASA meM hI likhita hai, jaina itihAsa ke kSetra meM bhI prabandhakoza, prabandha-cintAmaNi Adi, saMskRta bhASA ke aneka grantha hai, isake atirikta kAvyazAstra, chandazAstra, jyotiSazAstra, jainapurANa evaM jIvanacaritra, jainakathAsAhitya (ArAdhanAkathAkoSa Adi), dvayAzrayamahAkAvya, jainanATaka, jainadUtakAvya evaM anekArthaka grantha jaise - aSTakakSI samayasuMdarakRta Adi aneka grantha bhI saMskRta sAhitya ke vikAsa me jaina kaviyoM ke avadAna ke paricAyaka hai| saMskRta kA jaina Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM vizeSAvazyakabhASya nAmaka prAkRta kRti [123]

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jinabhadragaNi dvArA lagabhaga vikrama kI chaTI zatAbdI meM prAkRta meM likhI gaI thI, kintu usa para jinabhadragaNizramAzramaNa ne svayaM hI svopajJa vyAkhyA saMskRta meM likhI thii| cUrNiyoM ke pazcAt AgamoM para jo saMskRta meM TIkAe~ evaM vRttiyA~ likhI gaI, unameM sarvaprathama 8vI zatAbdI meM AcArya haribhadra ne, anuyogadvAravRtti, prajJApanA-vyAkhyA, Avazyaka-laghuTIkA, Avazyaka-vRdaTIkA, oghaniyuktivRtti, jambUdvIpaprajJaptiTIkA, jIvAbhigamalaghuvRtti, dazavaikAlikalaghuvRtti, dazavaikAlikavRhadavRtti, piNDaniyuktivRtti, nandi-aghyayanaTIkA, prajJApanA-pradeza-vyAkhyA Adi TIkAe~ aura vyAkhyA-grantha saMskRta bhASA meM likhe the| ina sabhI kA lekhanamAla prAya: 8vI zatAbdI hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| usake pazcAt 10vI zatAbdI meM AcArya zIlAMka ne AcArAga aura sUtrakRtAMga- ina do aMga AgamoM para saMskRta meM TIkAe~ likhii| isI krama meM unhone jIvasamAsa nAmaka Agamika prakaraNa-grantha para saMskRta meM vRtti bhI likhI thii| Age isI krama meM dhanezvarasUri ke ziSya kharataragaccha ke AcArya abhayadevasUri ne AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga ko choDakara 9 aMga AgamoM para saMskRta meM TIkAe~ likhii| unake nAma isa prakAra haisthAnAMgaTIkA, samavAyAMgaTIkA, bhagavatITIkA, jJAtAdharmakathATIkA, upAsakadazATIkA, antakRta dazATIkA, anuttaro pAtikaTIkA, praznavyAkaraNaTIkA aura vipaaksuutrttiikaa| isI AdhAra para unheM navAMgITIkAkAra bhI kahA jAtA hai, kintu ina nava aMga-AgamoM atirikta unhoMne kucha upAMgo para evaM Agamika prakaraNoM para saMskRta meM TIkAe~ likhI hai| ve kramaza: isa prakAra haiprjnyaapnaattiikaa| isake atirikta unhoMne haribhadra ke paMcAzaka nAmaka grantha para bhI eka vRtti bhI likhI hai| abhayadeva kI ina racanAoM kA kAla vikrama saMvat 1120 se vi.saM. 1135 ke madhya hai| Agamika vyAkhyAkAro meM isake pazcAt AmradevasUri ke ziSya nemIcaMdasUri hue, unhone bhI 12vI zatAbdI ke prArambha meM uttarAdhyayana sUtra para sukhabodhA nAmaka saMskRta TIkA likhI thii| yadyapi isameM pUrva vikrama saMvata 1096 meM vAdivetAla zzAMtisUri ne uttarAdhyayana sUtra para prAkRta meM eka TIkA likhI thI kintu prAkRta meM hone ke kAraNa hama usakI parigaNanA prastuta saMskRta TIkAoM meM nahIM kara rahe haiN| isake pazcAt Agamika TIkAkAro meM malayagiri kA nAma AtA hai| inhoMne AvazyakabRhavRtti, oghaniyuktivRtti, candraprajJaptivRtti, jIvAbhigamavRtti, nandisUtraTIkA, piNDaniyuktivRtti, prajJApanAvRtti, vRhadakalpabhASya -pIThikAvRtti, bhagavatI dvitIyazatakavRtti, rAjaprazanIyavRtti, vizeSAvazyakavRtti, vyavahArasUtraTIkA [124]

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Adi TIkA grantha saMskRta-bhASA meM likhe| isake atirikta unhoMne aneka Agamika prakaraNoM evaM karmagranthoM para bhI saMskRta meM TIkAe~ likhii| yathA- karmaprakRtiTIkA, paMcasagrahaTIkA, kSetrasamAsavRtti, SaMDazItivRtti, saptatikATIkA aadi| isake pazcAta AgamoM para saMskRta meM TIkAe~ likhane vAloM meM tilakAcArya kA nAma AtA hai,unhone jItakalpavRtti, AvazyakaniyuktilaghuvRtti, dazavaikAlikaTIkA, zrAvakapratikramaNalaghuvRtti, pAkSikasUtraavacUri Adi likhii| inakA kAla 13vI zatAbdI kA uttarArdha mAnA jAtA hai| isake cAra zatAbdi pazcAt Agamika vyAkhyAkAro meM upAdhyAya yazovijayaje kA krama AtA hai, inhone aneka Agamo para TIkAe~ likhI thii| kintu inake kAla ke bAda meM AgamoM para saMskRta meM TIkA yA vRtti likhane ke sthAna para prAya: lokabhASA (marU gurjara) meM Tabbe likhe jAne lage the, ata: saMskRta lekhana kA pracalana kama ho gayA, phira bhI vartamAna yuga meM pUjya ghAsIlAlajI ma.sA. ne sthAnakavAsI paramparA meM mAnya 32 AgamoM para saMskRta meM TIkAe~ likhI hai| terApaMtha ke AcArya mahAprajJajI ne bhI AcArAMga bhASya Adi kucha bhASya saMskRta meM likhe hai| AcArya hastImalajI ne dazavaikAlikasUtra evaM nandIsUtra para saMskRta meM TIkAe~ likhI hai| isI prakAra zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM kulacandrasUrI, kalyANasUri ne bhI kalpasUtra evaM anya AgamoM para TIkAe~ likhI hai, ata: AgamoM para saMskRta meM vyAkhyA sAhitya likhane kI yaha paramparA vartamAna yuga taka bhI jIvita rahI hai| jahA~ taka digambara paramparA ke Agama tulya granthoM kA prazna hai, ve bhI mUlata: prAkRta bhASA meM racita hai- SaTakhaNDAgama, kasAyapAhuDa, mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA, tiloyapaNNatti, samayasAra, niyamasAra, paMcAstikAyasAra, aSTapAhuDa Adi sabhI mUlata: prAkRta meM nibaddha hai, kintu lagabhaga 9vI zatAbdI se ina para jo TIkAe~ likhI gaI, ve yA to saMskRta prAkRta mizrita bhASA yA phira vizuddha saMskRta meM hI milatI hai| inameM dhavalA, jaya dhavalA, mahAdhavala Adi prasiddha hai| kintu mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA, samayasAra, niyamasAra, paMcAstikAyasAra Adi kI TIkAe~ to saMskRta meM hI hai| ye sabhI 9vI zatI se lekara 15vI zatI ke madhya kI hai| saMskRta bhASA kA jaina dArzanika sAhitya yadyapi jaina tatvajJAna se saMbadhita viSayoM kA pratipAdana AgamoM meM milatA hai, kintu sabhI Agama prAkRta meM hI niSaddha hai| tatvajJAna se saMbadhita prathama sUtra grantha kI racanA umAsvAti ne saMskRta bhASA meM hI kI thii| umAsvAti ke kAla taka vividha dArzanika nikAyoM ke sUtra grantha astitva meM A cuke the, jaise vaizeSika sUtra, [125]

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sAMkhyasUtra, yogasUtra, nyAyasUtra, aadi| ata: umAsvAti ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki ve jaina dharma-darzana se saMbadhita viSayoM ko samAhita karate hue sUtra-zailI meM saMskRta bhASA meM kisI grantha kI racanA kre| umAsvAti ke pazcAt siddhasena, samantabhadra Adi ne bhI jaina darzana para saMskRta bhASA meM grantha likhe| siddhasena divAkara ne bhAratIya dArzanika dhArAoM kI avadhAraNAoM kI samIkSA ko lekara kucha dvAtriziMkAo kI racanA saMskRta bhASA meM kI thii| jinameM nyAyavatAra pramukha hai| isI prakAra AcArya samantabhadra ne bhI Apta-mImAMsA yuktyAnuzAsana evaM svayambhUstotra nAmaka granthoM kI racanA saMskRta bhASA meM kii| isa prakAra IsA kI tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI ye jaina dArzanika sAhitya saMskRta meM likhA jAne lgaa| umAsvAti ne svayaM hI tatvArthasUtra ke sAtha sAtha usakA svopajJa bhASya bhI saMskRta meM likhA thaa| lagabhaga 5 vI zatAbdI ke anta aura 6vI zatAbdI meM prArambha meM digambarAcArya pUjyapAda devanandi ne tatvArthasUtra para 'sarvArtha-siddhi' nAmaka TIkA saMskRta meM likhI thii| isake atirikta unhone jaina-sAdhanA ke sandarbha meM 'samAdhi taMtra' aura 'iSTopadeza' nAmaka grantha bhI saMskRta bhASA meM likhe| isI kAla khaNDa meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM mallavAdI ne dvAdazAranayAcakra kI racanA saMskRta bhASA meM kI jisameM pramukha rUpa se sabhI bhAratIya dArzanika paramparAe~ pUrva pakSa ke rUpa meM prastuta kI gaI aura unhIM meM se unakI virodhI dhArA ko uttarapakSa ke rUpa meM prastuta kara unakI samIkSA bhI kI gaI isake pazcAt 6 TI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM jinabhadragaNi zramAzramaNa ne vizeSAvazyakabhASya to prAkRta meM likhA, kintu usako svopajJa TIkA saMskRta meM likhI thii| unake pazcAta 7 vI zatI ke prArambha meM koTTAcArya ne bhI vizeSAvazayaka bhASya para saMskRta bhASA meM TIkA likhI thI, jo prAcIna bhAratIya dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA gambhIra vivecana prastuta karatI hai, sAtha hI unakI samIkSA bhI karatI hai| lagabhaga 7vI zatAbdI meM hI siddhasenagaNi ne zvetAmbara paramparA meM tattvArthasUtra kI TIkA likhI thI, dvAdazAranayacakra kI saMskRta bhASA meM siMhazUragaNi ne TIkA bhI likhI thii| 8vI zatAbdI meM prasiddha jainAcArya haribhadrasUri hue, jinhone prAkRta aura saMskRta donoM hI bhASAoM meM apanI kalama claaii| haribhadrasUri ne jahA~ eka aura aneka jainAgamoM para saMskRta meM TIkAe~ likhI, vahI unhone aneka dArzanika grantho kA bhI saMskRta bhASA meM praNayana kiyaa| unake dvArA racita nimna dArzanika grantha adhika prasiddha haiSaDdarzanasamuccaya, zAstravArtA samuccaya, ane kAnta jaya patAkA, anekAntavAdapraveza, anekAntapraghaTTa Adi sAtha hI unhone bauddha dArzanika diD.nAga [126]

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ke nyAyapraveza kI saMskRta TIkA bhI likhii| isake atirikta unhone 'yogadRSTisamuccaya' Adi grantha bhI saMskRta bhASA meM likhe| haribhadra ke samakAla meM yA unake kucha pazcAt digambara paramparA meM AcArya akalaMka aura vidyAnandasUri hue, jihoMne aneka dArzanika granthoM kI racanA kii| jahA~ akalaMka ne tatvArthasUtra para 'rAjavartika' TIkA ke sAtha sAtha nyAya-vinizcaya, siddhi-vinizcaya, ladhIyastrI-aSTazatI evaM pramANasaMgraha Adi dArzanika granthoM kI saMskRta meM racanA kii| vahI vidyAnanda ne bhI tatvArthasUtra para zlokavArtikaTIkA ke sAtha sAtha Apta-parIkSA, pramANa-parIkSA, satyazAsana-parIkSA, aSTasahastrI Adi gambhIra dArzanika granthoM kI saMskRta bhASA meM racanA kii| 10vI zatAbdI ke prArambha meM siddhasena ke nyAyAvatAra para zvetAmbarAcArya siddhaRSi ne vistRta TIkA kI racanA kI thii| isIkAla meM prabhAcanda, kumudacandra evaM vAdirAjasUri nAmaka digambara AcAryo ne kramaza: prameyakamalamArtavDa nyAyakumudacandra, nyAya-vinizcaya TIkA Adi mahatvapUrNa dArzanika granthoM kI racanA kii| isake pazcAta 11vIM zatAbdI meM devasena ne laghunayacakra, bRhadnayacakra, AlApapaddhati, mANikyanandI ke parIkSAmukha tathA anantavIrya ne siddhi-vinizcaya TIkA Adi dArzanika kRtiyoM kA sRjana kiyaa| isI kAlakhaNDa meM zvetAmbara paramparA ke abhayadeva sUri ne siddhasena ke sanmati-tarka para vAda-mahArNava nAmaka TIkA grantha kI racanA kii| isI krama meM digambara AcArya anantakIrti ne laghusarvajJasiddhi, bRhadsarvajJasiddhi, pramANanirNaya Adi dArzanika granthoM kI racanA kI thii| isI kAla khaNDa meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM AcArya vAdidevasUri hue unhone pramANa-nayatatvAloka tathA usI para svopajJa TIkA ke rUpa meM syAdavAda-ratnAkara jaise jaina nyAya ke granthoM kA nirmANa kiyA aura unake hI ziSya ratnaprabhasUri ne ratnAkarAvatArikA kI racanA kI thI ina sabhI meM bhAratIya darzana evaM nyAya kI aneka mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA bhI hai| 12vIM zatAbdI meM hue zvetAmbara AcArya hemacandra ne mukhya rUpa se jaina-nyAya para pramANa-mImAMsA (apUrNa) aura dArzanika samIkSA ke rUpa meM anyayogavyavacchedikA - aise do mahatvapUrNa dArzanika granthoM kI racanA kii| yadyapi saMskRta vyAkaraNa evaM sAhitya ke kSetra meM unakA avadAna pracura hai, tathApi hamane yahA~ unake dArzanika granthoM kI hI carcA kI hai| yadyapi 13vI, 14vI, 15vI aura 16vI zatAbdI meM bhI jaina AcAryoM ne saMskRta bhASA meM kucha dArzanika granthoM kI racanA kI thI, kintu ve grantha adhika mahatvapUrNa na hone se hama yahA~ unakI carcA nahI kara rahe haiM, yadyapi isa kAla khaNDa meM kucha dArzanika granthoM kI [127]

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TIkAe~ jaise anyayogavyavachedikA kI syAdavAda-manjarI nAmaka TIkA, guNaratna kI SaDadarzana samuccaya kI TIkA Adi bhI likhI gaI thI, kintu vistAra bhaya se una saba meM janA ucita nahIM haiN| 17vI zatAbdI meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM upAdhyAya yazovijaya nAmaka eka prasiddha jaina lekhaka hue, jinake adhyAtmasAra, jJAnasAra Adi darzana ke kSetra meM aneka mahatvapUrNa grantha hai| adhyAtma ke kSetra meM adhyAtmamatasamIkSA, adhyAtmasAra, jJAnasAra Adi tathA darzana ke kSetra meM jaina tarkabhASA, nayopadeza, nayasahasya, nyAyAloka, syAdavAda kalpalatA Adi unake aneka grantha prasiddha hai| unake pazcAt 18vI, 19vI aura 20vI zatAbdI meM jaina darzana para saMskRta bhASA meM koI mahatvapUrNa grantha likhA gayA ho yaha hamArI janakArI meM nahI hai, yadyapi tattvArthasUtra kI zailI para AcArya tulasI ke jaina-siddhAnta-dIpikA aura mano'nuzAsanam nAmaka granthoM kI saMskRta bhASA meM racanA kI hai, phira bhI isa kAla khaNDa meM saMskRta bhASA meM dArzanika granthoM ke lekhana kI pravRtti nahIvat hI rahI hai| saMskRta ke jaina carita kAvya evaM mahAkAvya mahApurUSo kI jIvana gAthaoM ke AdhAra para jaina dharma kI zvetAmbara evaM digambara paramparAoM meM aneka saMskRta granthoM kI racanA huI hai| mahApurANa (Adi purANa aura uttara purANa ) tathA hemacandra kA trizaSTi zalAkA mahApurANa caritra to prasiddha hai hii| isake atirikta bhI mahApurUSoM para aneka purANa aura caritakAvya bhI race gye| jaise - padyAnanda-mahAkAvya, ajitanAthapurANa, candraprabhacarita, zreyAMsanAthacarita, vAsupUjyacarita, vimalanAthacarita, zAntinAthapurANa, zAntinAthacarita, mallinAthacarita, munisuvratacarita, neminAthamahAkAvya, neminAthacarita, pArzvanAthacarita, mahAvIracarita, vardhamAnacarita, amamasvAmicarita, pratyekabuddhacarita, kevalicarita, zreNikacaritra, mahAvIrakAlIna zreNika ke parivAra ke sadasyoM evaM anya pAtroM ke carita, prabhAvaka AcAryoM ke carita, kharataragacchIya AcAryo ke jaivanacaritra, kumArapAlacaritra, vastupAla-tejapAlacarita, vimalamaMtricarita, jagaDUzAhacarita, sukRtasAgara, pRthvIdharaprabaMdha, cAvaDaprabaMdha, karmavaMzotkIrtanakAvya, kSemasaubhAgyakAvya aadi| inake atirikta prathama tIrthakara RSabhadeva, bAraha cakravartiyo evaM anya zalAkA purUSo para bhI saMskRta meM aneka racanAe~ jainAcAryo ne likhI hai| isake atirikta nimna kAvya aura mahAkAvya bhI jainAcAryo dvArA racita hai / jaise- pradyamnacaritakAvya, neminirvANamahAkAvya, candraprabhacaritamahAkAvya, vardhamAnacarita, dharmazarmAbhyudaya, sanatkumAracarita, [ 128]

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jayantavijaya, naranAgayaNAnanda, munisuvratakAvya, zreNikacarita, zAntinAthacarita, jayodaya mahAkAvya, bAlabhArata, laghukAvya, zrI dharacaritamahAkAvya, jainakumArasaMbhava, kAdambarImaNDana, candravijayaprabaMdha, kAvyamaNDana aadi| saMskRta bhASA meM nibadhda jaina kathA sAhitya ke grantha jaina AcAryo ne dhArmika evaM naitika AcAra-niyamoM evaM upadezo ko lekara aneka kathAoM evaM kathAgranthoM kI racanA kI hai| pUrvAcAryo dvArA racita granthoM kI TIkA, vRtti Adi maiM una kathAoM kA samAhita kiyA gayA hai| inameM dharmakathAnuyoga kI svataMtra racanAe~, purUSapAtra pradhAna bRhad-kathAe~, purUSapAtrapradhAna laghu kathAe~, strIpAtrapradhAna racanAe~, tIrthamAhAtmya viSayaka kathAe~, tithi-parva, pUjA evaM stotraviSayaka kathAe~, vrata-parva evaM pUjA viSayaka kathAe~, parIkathAe~, mugdhakathAe~, nItikathAe~, AcAra-niyamoM ke pAlana evaM spaSTIkaraNa sambandhI kathAe~ Adi, ina kathAoM evaM kathA-granthoM kI saMkhyA itanI hai ki yadi inake nAma mAtra kA ullekha kiyA jaye to bhI eka svataMtra grantha bana jyegaa| aitihAsika mahAkAvya evaM anya kathAe~ paurANika kAvyoM evaM kathA sAhitya ke atirikta jainAcAryo ne saMskRta meM aitihAsika kathA ganthoM kI racanA bhI kI hai, je nimnAMkita hai- guNavacanadvAtriMzikA, dvayAzrayamahAkAvya, vastupAla-tejapAla kI kIrtikathA sambandhI sAhitya, sukRtasaMkIrtana, vasantavilAsa, kumArapAlabhUpAlacarita, vastupAlacarita, jagaDUcarita, sukRtasAgara, pethaDacarita aadi| isake sAtha hI aitihAsika saMskRta granthoM ke anrtagata jainAcAryo ne nimna prabandha sAhitya kI bhI racanA kI hai- prabaMdhAvali, prabhAvakacarita, prabaMdhacintAmaNi, vividhatIrthakalpa, prabaMdhakoza, purAtanaprabandhasaMgraha Adi ina prabaMndhoM ke sAtha hI kucha prazastiyA~ bhI saMskRta bhASA meM milatI hai ve nimna hai- vastupAla aura tejapAla ke sukRtoM kI smAraka prazastiyA~, sukRtakIrtikallolinI, vastupAla -tejapAlaprazasti, vastupAla prazasti, amamasvAmIcarita kI prazasti aadi| ina prazastiyo ke atirikta kucha paTTavalI aura gurvAvali bhI saMskRta meM milatI hai yathA- vicArazreNI yA sthavirAvalI, gaNadharasArdhazataka, kharataragaccha bRhadgurvAvali, vRddhAcArya prabaMdhAvali, kharataragaccha paTTAvalIsaMgraha, gurvAvali, gurvAvali yA tapAgaccha paTTAvalIsUtra, senapaTTAvalI, balAtkAragaNa kI paTTAvalIyA~, [129]

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kASThAsaMgha mAthuragaccha kI paTTAvalI, kASThAsaMgha lADabAgaDagaccha punnATagaccha kI paTTAvalI aadi| inake atirikta kucha tIrthamAlAe~ aura vijJaptipatra bhI saMskRta meM likhita hai jinameM aneka aitihAsika tathya samAhita hai, sAtha hI aneka pratimA yA mUrti lekha bhI saMskRta meM milate hai| anekArthakasaMdhAnakAvya bhI jainAcAryo ke dvArA saMskRta meM likhita hai yathAdvisandhAnamahAkAvya, saptasaMdhAnakAvya aadi| inake atirikta samayasundaragaNi (17vI zatI) ne eka hI pada 'rAjanodadate saukhyam' ke ATha lAkha artha karate hue aSTalakSI nAmaka grantha saMskRta bhASA meM likhA thaa| saMskRta kI gadyakAvya zailI evaM campUkAvya zailI meM jainAcAryo ke nimna grantha milate hai- tilakamaMjarI, tilakamaMjarIkathAsAra, gadyacintAmaNi aadi| campUkAvyo meM kuvalayamAlA, yazastilakacampU, jIvanadharacampU, purUdevacampU, campUmaNDana Adi grantha jainAcAryo dvArA racita hai, gItikAvya, rasamuktaka gItikAvya dUtakAvya yA sandezakAvya (khaNDakAvya) jainAcAryoM ne likhe hai, yathA pAzrvAbhyudaya nemidUta, jainameghadUta, zIladUta, pavanadUta Adi aneka duutkaavy| isake atirikta jainAcAryoM ne saMskRta meM pAdapUrti sAhitya bhI likhA hai| isameM aneka grantha medhadUta kI pAdapUrti ke rUpa meM likhe gye| sAtha hI jainAcAryoM ne kucha subhASitoM aura aneka stotra bhI saMskRta bhASA meM likhe hai| unake stotra sAhitya ko aneka saMgraha granthoM meM samAhita kiyA gayA hai| ye stuti-stotra sahastroM kI saMkhyA meM hai| sAtha hI dRzyakAvya ke rUpa meM aneka nATako kI racanA bhI rAmacandra Adi jainAcAryoM ne kI hai jaise- satyaharizacandra, nalavilAsa, mallikAmakaranda, kaumudImitrANanda, raghuvilAsa, nirbhayabhImavyAyoga, rohiNImRgAMka, rAghavAbhyudaya, yAdavAbhyudaya, vanamAlA, candralekhAvijyaprakaraNa, prabaddharauhiNeya, draupadIsvayaMvara, moharAjaparAjaya, mudritakumudacandra, dharmAbhyudaya, imAmRta, hammIramadamardana, karUNAvajra yudha, aMjanApavanaMjaya, subhadrAnATikA, vikrAntakaurava, maithilIkalyANa, jyotiSprabhAnATaka, rambhAmaMjarI, jJAnacandrodaya, jJAnasUryodaya aadi| Agamika vyAkhyAoM darzana, kAvya nATaka, dUtakAvya evaM kathA sAhitya ke atirikta bhI vividha viSayoM para bhI jainAcAryo evaM jaina lekhako ne saMskRta meM grantha likhe hai| jaina sAhitya ke bRhad itihAsa bhAga pA~ca meM unakI sUci upalabdha hai| usa AdhAra para hama yahA~ mAtra unakA nAma nirdeza kara rahe hai| [130]

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saMskRta evaM prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa sambandhI jainAcAryoM ke saMskRta grantha . bhASA kA prANa vyAkaraNa hai ata: jaina AcAryoM ne prAkRta evaM saMskRta bhASA ke vyAkaraNa sambandhI granthoM kI racanA kii| unake ina vyAkaraNa sambandhI granthoM kA mAdhyama saMskRta bhASA rhii| unake vyAkaraNa sambandhI granthoM kI sUcI ati vistRta hai, jo nimnAnusAra hai- aindravyAkaraNa, zabdaprAbhRta, kSapaNaka-vyAkaraNa, jainendra-vyAkaraNa, jainendranyAsa, jaineMdrabhASya aura zabdAvatAranyAsa, mahAvRtti, zabdAMbhojabhAskaranyAsa, pacaMvastu, laghujainendra, zabdAvarNa, zabdArNavacaMdrikA, zabdArNavaprakriyA, bhagavadvAgvAdinI, jainendravyAkaraNa vRtti, aniTkArikAvacUri, zAkaTAyana-vyAkaraNa, pAlyakIrti zAkaTAyana ke vyAkaraNa sambandhI anya grantha, amoghavRtti Adi ciMtAmaNizAkaTAyanavyAkaraNavRtti, maNiprakAzikA, prakriyAsaMgraha, zAkaTAyana- TIkA, rUpasiddhi, gaNaratnamahodadhi, ligAnuzAsana, dhAtupATha, paMcagraMthI yA buddhisAgara vyAkaraNa, dIpakavyAkaraNa, zabdAnuzAsana, zabdArNavyAkaraNa, zabdArNava vRtti, vidyAnaMdavyAkaraNa, nUtanavyAkaraNa, premalAbhavyAkaraNa, zabdabhUSaNavyAkaraNa, prayogamukhavyAkaraNa, siddhahemacaMdra zabdAnuzAsana, usakI svopajJalaghuvRtti, svopajJamadhyamavRtti, rahasyavRtti, bRhadavRtti, bRhanyAsa, nyAsasArasamuddhAra, laghunyAsa, nyAsasAroddhAra-TippaNa, haimaDhuMDhikA, aSTAghyAyatRtIyapadavRtti, haimalaghuvRtti-avacUri, catuSkavRtti -avacUri, laghuvRtti avacUri, haimalaghuvRttiDhuMDhikA, laghuvyAkhyAnaDhuMDhikA, DhuMDhikA dIpikA, bRhadavRtti sArodvAra, bRhadavRtti avacUrNikA, bRhadavRttiDhuMDhikA, bRhadavRttidIpikA, kakSApaTavRtti, bRhadavRttiTippaNa, haimodAharaNavRtti, haimadazapAdavizeSa, aura haimadazapAdavizeSArtha, balAbalasUtravRtti, kriyAratnasamuccaya, nyAyasagraMha, syAdizabdasamuccaya, syAdivyAkaraNa, syAdizabdadIpikA, hemavibhramaTIkA, kavikalpadrumaTIkA, tiDanvayoMkti, haimadhAtupArAyaNa, haimadhAtupArAyaNavRtti, hemaliMgAnuzAsanavRtti, durgamapadaprabodhavRtti, hemaliMgAnuzAsana -avacUri, gaNapATha, gaNaviveka, gaNadarpaNa, prakriyAgrantha, haimalaghuprakriyA, haimabRhatprakriyA, haimaprakAza, caMdraprabhA, hemazabda-prakriyA, hemazabdacaMndrikA, haimaprakriyA, haimaprakriyA zabdasamuccaya, hemazabdasamuccaya, hemazabdasacaMya, haimakArakasamuccaya, siddhasArasvata vyAkaraNa, upasargamathuna, dhAtumaMjjarI, mizraliMgakoza, mizraliMganirNaya, liMgAnuzAsana, uNAdipratyaya, vibhaktivicAra, dhAturatnAkara, dhAturatnAkaravRtti kriyAkalApa, aniTkArikA, aniTkArikATIkA, [131]

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aniTkArikA vivaraNa, uNAdinAmamAlA, samAsaprakaraNa, SaTkArakavivaraNa, zabdArthacaMdrikoddhAra, rUcAdigaNavivaraNa, uNAdigaNasUtra, uNAdigaNasUtravRtti, vizrAMtavidyAdharanyAsa, padavyavasthAkArikATIkA, kAtaMtravyAkaraNa, dugarmapadaprabodhaTIkA, daurgasihIvRtti, kAtaMtrottaravyAkaraNa, kAtaMtravistara, bAlabodhavyAkaraNa, kAtaMtradIpakavRtti, kAtaMtrabhUSaNa, vRttitrayanibaMdha, kAtaMtravRtti-paMjikA, kAtaMtrarUpamAlA, laghuvRtti, kAtaMtravibhramaTIkA, sArasvatavyAkaraNa, sArasvatamaMDana, yazonaMdinI, vidvaciMtAmaNi, dIpikA, sArasvatarUpamAlA, kriyAcaMdrikA, rUparatnamAlA, dhAtupATha, dhAtutaraMgiNIvRtti, subodhikA, prakriyAvRttiTIkA, caMdrikA, paMcasaMdhi-bAlAvabodha, bhASATIkA, nyAyaratnAvalI, paMcasaMdhiTIkA, zabdaprakriyAsAdhanI, saralAbhASATIkA, siddhAMtacaMdrikA-vyAkaraNa, siddhAMtacaMdrikATIkA, subodhinIvRtti, aniTkArikA -avacUri, aniT kArikA evaM usakI svopajJavRtti, bhUdhAtuvRtti, mugdhAvabodhavauktika, bAlazikSA, vAkyaprakAza, uktiratnAkara, uktipratyaya, uktivyAkaraNa, prAkRta vyAkaraNa, prAkRtalakSaNa, prAkRtalakSaNavRtti, svayaMbhU vyAkaraNa, siddhahe macandra zabdAnu zAsana prAkRtavyAkaraNa, siddhahemacandrazabdAnuzAsana (prAkRtavyAkaraNa) vRtti, haimadIpikA, dIpikA, prAkRta dIpikA, haimaprAkRtaDhuMDhikA, prAkRtaprabodha, prAkRtavyAkRti, dodhakavRtti, haimadodhakArtha, prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana, prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana vRtti, prAkRta padyavyAkaraNa, audAryaciMtAmaNi, ardhamAgadhI vyAkaraNa aadi| saMskRta koza sAhitya sambandhI jainAcAryo kI kRtiyA~ ___ vyAkaraNa ke pazcAt koza sAhitya kA krama AtA hai, jainAcAryo kI koSa sambandhI kRtiyA~ nimna hai- dhanaMjayanAmamAlA, dhanaMjayanAmamAlAbhASya, nighaMTasamaya, anekArthanAmamAlA, anekArthanAmamAlATIkA, abhidhAnaciMtA- maNinAmamAlA, abhidhAnaciMtAmaNivRtti, abhidhAnaciMtAmaNiTIkA, abhidhAnaciMtA maNisAroddhAra, abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi vyutpattiratnAkara, abhidhAnaciMtAmaNiavacUri, abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi ratnaprabhA, abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi-bIjaka, abhidhAnaciMtA maNinAmamAlA-pratIkAvalI, anekArthasaMgraha, anekArthasaMgrahaTIkA, nighaMTuzeSa, nighaTuzeSaTIkA, dezIzabdasaMgraha, zilocchakoza, zilocchakozaTIkA, nAmakoza, zabdacaMdrikA, suMdaraprakAza zabdArNava, zabdabhedanAmamAlA, zabdabhedanAmamAlAvRtti, nAmasaMgraha, zAradIyanAmamAlA, zabdaratnAkara, avyayaikAkSaranAmamAlA, [132]

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zeSanAmamAlA, zabdasaMdohasaMgraha, zabdaratnapradIpa, vizravalocanakoza, nAnArthakoza, paMcavarga saMgrahanAmamAlA, apavarganAmamAlA, ekAkSarI nAnArthakAMDa, ekAkSarInAmamAlikA, ekAkSarakoza, ekAkSaranAmamAlA aadi| isa prakAra jainAcAryo ne saMskRta meM aneka koza granthoM kI bhI racanA kI hai| samagrarUpa se kahe to jainAcAryo kA saMskRta sAhitya ko vipula evaM virATa avadAna hai| prastuta Alekha meM samAviSTa viSayoM ke atirikta jainAcAryo ne alaMkArazAstra, chandazAstra, nATaka evaM nATyazAstra, saMgIta, kalA, gaNita, jyotiSa, zakuna, nimitta, svapna, cUDAmaNi sAmudrika, ramala lakSaNa zAstra, Ayurveda, arthazAstra, nItizAstra, zilAzAstra, mudrAzAstra, chAtuvijJAna, prANIvijJAna Adi para bhI saMskRta meM grantha likhe hai, jinakI carcA AgAmI lekha meM krege| alaMkAra evaM kAvyAnuzAsana sambandhI jaina kRtiyA~ kavizikSA, kAvyAnuzAsana, kAvyAnuzAsanavRtti, kAvyAnuzAsana-vRtti (viveka), alaMkAracUDAmaNi-vRtti, kAvyAnuzAsana-vRtti, kAvyAnuzAsana -avacUri, kalpalatA, kalpalatApallava, kalpapallavazeSa, vAgbhaTAlaMkAra, vAgbhaTAlaMkAra-vRtti, kavizikSA, alaMkAramahodadhi, alaMkAramahodadhi-vRtti kAvyazikSA, kAvyazikSA aura kavitArahasya, kAvyakalpalatA-vRtti, kAvyakalpalatAparimala-vRtti , tathA kAvyakalpalatAmaMjarI-vRtti, kAvyakalpalatAvRtti- makaraMdaTIkA, kAvyakalpalatAvRtti-TIkA, kAvyakalpalatAvRtti-bAlAvabodha, alaMkAraprabodha, kAvyAnuzAsana, alaMkArasaMgraha, alaMkAramaMDana, kAvyAlaMkArasAra, akabarasAhizrRMgAradarpaNa, kavimukhamaMDana, kavimadaparihAra, kavimadaparihAra-vRtti, mugdhameghAlaMkAra, mugdhameghAlaMkAra-vRtti, kAvyalakSaNa, karNAlaMkAramaMjarI, prakrAntAlaMkAra-vRtti, alaMkAra-cUrNi, alaMkAraciMtAmaNi, alaMkAraciMtAmaNi-vRtti, vakroktipaMcAzikA, rUpakamaMjarI, rUpakamAlA, kAvyAdarza-vRtti, kAvyAlaMkAra-vRtti, kAvyAlaMkAra-nibaMdhanavRtti, kAvyaprakAza-saMketavRtti, kAvyaprakAza-TIkA, sAradIpikA-vRtti, kAvyaprakAza-vRtti, kAvyaprakAza-khAMDana, sarasvatIkaMThAbharaNa-vRtti vidagdhamukhamaMDana-avacUrNi, vidagdhamukhamaMDana-TIkA, vidagdhamukhamaMDana-vRtti, vidagdhamukhamaMDana-avacUri, vidagdhamukhamaMDana-bAlAvabodha, alNkaaraavcuurnni| [133]

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chandazAstra sambandhI jainAcAryo kI kRtiyA~ nimna hai - ratnamaMjUSA, ratnamaMjUSA-bhASya, chaMdaHzAstra, chaMdonuzAsana, chaMdonuzAsana-vRtti, chaMdoratnAvalI, chaMdonuzAsana, chaMdovidyA, piMgalaziromaNi, AryAsaMkhyA-uddiSTa-naSTavartanavidhi, vRttamauktika, chaMdovataMsa, prastAravimaleMdu, chaMdodvAtriMzikA, jayadevachaMdas, jayadevachaMdovRtti, jasadevachaMdaHzAstravRtti-Tippanaka, svayaMbhUcchandas, vRttajatisamuccaya, vRttajatisamuccaya-vRtti, gAthAlakSaNa, gAthAlakSaNa-vRtti, kavidarpaNa, kavidarpaNa-vRtti, chaMda:koza, chaMda:kozavRtti, chaMda:koza-bAlAvabodha, chaMda:kaMdalI, chaMdastattva, jainetara granthoM para jaina vidvAnoM ke TIkAgranthA . nATyazAstra sambandhI jainAcAryo kI saMskRta kRtiyA~ bhI aneka hai, unameM pramukha nimna hai - nATyadarpaNa, nATyadarpaNa-vivRti, prbNdhsht| __ saMgItazAstra para bhI jainAcAryo ne saMskRta meM nimna kRtiyA~ likhI hai yathA - saMgItasamayasAra, saMgItopaniSatsArodvAra, saMgItopaniSat, saMgItamaMDana, saMgItadIpaka, saMgItaratnAvalI, sNgiitshpiNgl| . citrakalA para bhI saMskRta bhASA meM jainAcAryo ke nimna tIna prasiddha grantha hai citravarNasaMgraha, kalAkalApa, mssiivicaar| gaNita viSaya sambandhI saMskRta granthoM para bhI jainAcAryoM ne mUlagrantha evaM TIkAe~ likhI hai, je nimna hai - gaNitasArasaMgraha, gaNitasArasaMgraha-TIkA, SaTviMzikA, gaNitasArakaumudI, pATIgaNita, gaNitasaMgraha, siddha-bhU-paddhati-TIkA, kSetragaNitatra iSTAMkaviMzatikA, gaNitasUtra; gaNitasAra-TIkA, gnnittilk-vRtti| jyotiSa bhI jainAcAryo kA priya viSaya rahA hai usa para unhoMne saMskRta evaM prAkRta meM aneka grantha likhe| unameM pramukha saMskRta grantha nimna hai - jyotissAra, laggasuddhi, diNasuddhi, kAlasaMhitAM, gaNaharahorA, paznapaddhati, bhuvndiipk| [134]

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... jaina dArzanika sAhitya jahA~ taka jaina dharma ke dArzanika sAhitya kA prazna hai, use mukhya rUpa se tIna bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai - (1) prAkRta bhASA kA jaina dArzanika sAhitya (2) saMskRta bhASA kA jaina dArzanika sAhitya aura (3) Adhunika yuga kA jaina dArzanika saahity| sambandhI prAkRta bhASA kA jaina darzanika sAhitya jaina dharma kA AdhAra Agama grantha hai| Agama-sAhitya ke sabhI grantha to dArzanika sAhitya se sabaMdhita nahIM mAne jA sakate haiM, kintu AgamoM meM kucha grantha avazya hI aise hai, jinheM hama dArzanika sAhitya ke antargata le sakate haiN| dArzanika sAhitya ke tattvamImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA aura AcAramImAMsA - ye tIna pramukha aMga hote hai| tattvamImAMsA ke antargata sRSTi vijJAna evaM khagola-bhUgola saMbaMdhI kucha carcA bhI A jAtI hai| isa dRSTi se yadi hama prAkRta jaina sAhitya aura usameM bhI vizeSa rUpa se Agamika sAhitya kI carcA kare to usameM nimna Agamika granthoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| hama unheM tattvamImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA evaM AcAramImAMsA kI dRSTi se hI vargIkRta karane kA prayatna kreNge| jahA~ taka tattvamImAMsIya Agama sAhitya kA prazna hai, usake antargata prathama grantha sUtrakRtAMga hI AtA hai| yadyapi sUtrakRtAMga meM jaina AcAra saMbaMdhI kucha dArzanika viSayoM kI carcA hai, kintu phira bhI prAthamika dRSTi se usakA pratipAdya viSaya usa yuga kI vibhinna dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA rahA hai| isa AdhAra para hama use prAkRta evaM jaina Agama sAhitya kA eka mahatvapUrNa dArzanika grantha kaha sakate hai| jahA~ taka prathama aMga Agama AcArAMga kA prazna hai vaha mukhyata: dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke sAtha-sAtha jaina sAdhanA ke mUlabhUta dArzanika sUtroM ko prastuta karatA hai| isameM AtmA ke astittva evaM SaT vanikAya ke sAtha kina-kina tattvoM kA astittva mAnanA cAhie - isakI carcA hai| kintu isake sAtha hI usameM jaina AcAra aura vizeSa rUpa se muni AcAra kI vistRta vivecanA hai| AcArAMga aura satrakatAMga ke atirikta aMgaAgamoM meM tIsare aura cauthe aMgaAgama sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga kA krama AtA hai| ye donoM grantha saMkhyA ke AdhAra para nirmita jaina vidyA ke koSagrantha kahe jA sakate hai| inameM vividha viSayoM kA saMkalana hai| yaha satya hai ki inameM kucha dArzanika viSaya bhI samAhita kiye gaye haiN| kintu ye donoM grantha dArzanika viSayoM ke atirikta jai sRSTividyA, nakSatravidyA evaM khagola-bhUgola Adi se bhI sambandhita hai| pAMcave aMga Agama ke rUpa meM bhagavatIsUtra kA krama AtA hai| nizciya hI [135]

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yaha grantha jaina dArzanika mAnyatAoM aura vizeSa rUpa se tattva mImAMsIya avadhAraNAoM kA AdhArabhUta grantha hai| aMga AgamoM meM bhagavatIsUtra ke pazcAt jJAtAdharmakathA, upAsakadazA, antakRtdazA, praznavyAkaraNasUtra aura vipAkadazA kA krama AtA hai| sAmAnyatayA dekhane para ye sabhI grantha jaina sAdhako ke jIvanavRta aura unakI sAdhanAoM ko hI prastuta karate hai| phira bhI upAsakadazA meM zrAvaka ke AcAra niyamoM kA vistRta vivecana upalabdha ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra praznavyAkaraNasUtra kI vartamAna viSaya-vastu pAMca AzravadvAroM aura saMvaradvAroM kI carcA karatA hai, jo jaina AcArazAstra kI mUlabhUta saiddhAMtika avadhAraNA se sambandhita hai| anya dRSTi se Azrava aura saMvara jaina tattva yojanA ke pramukha aMga hai| isI dRSTi se isa aMga kA saMbaMdha bhI jaina tattva mImAMsA se joDA jA sakatA hai| vipAkasUtra ke antargata do vibhAga hai - sukha vipAka aura duHkha vipAkA yaha grantha yadyapi kathArUpa hI hai, phira bhI isameM vyakti ke karma kA pariNAmoM kA cintana hone se ise eka dRSTi seM jaina dArzanika sAhitya se sabaMdhita mAnA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ taka upAMga sAhitya kA prazna hai, usake antargata nimna 12 grantha Ate hai - inameM aupapAtikasUtra aura rAjapraznIyasUtra ye do grantha aise hai jinameM kramaza: sanyAsiyoM kA sAdhanA ke vibhinna rUpoM kA evaM AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| ata: ye donoM grantha AMzika rUpa se jaina dArzanika se sabaMdhita mAne jA sakate haiN| sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti ye tIna grantha mukhya rUpa se jaina khagola aura bhUgola se sabaMdhita hai, upAMga sAhitya ke zeSa pAMco grantha mUlata: kathAtmaka hI hai| inake pazcAt cheda sUtroM kA krama AtA hai| mUrtipUjaka paramparA cha: cheda granthoM ko mAnatI hai, jabaki sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI paramparA meM cheda sUtroM kI saMkhyA cAra mAnI gayI hai| sthAnakavAsI paramparA ke anusAra dazAzrutaskaMdha, bRhadkalpa, vyavahAra aura niSItha ye cAra cheda grantha haiM, jo mUrtipUjaka paramparA ko bhI mAnya hai| ina cAroM kA saMbaMdha vizeSa rUpa se prAyazcitya aura daNDa vyavasthA se hai| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA ko mAnya jItakalpa aura mahAniSItha - ye donoM grantha bhI mUlata: to prAyazcitya aura daNDavyavasthA se saMbadhita hI rahe hai| ata: inheM kisI sImA taka jaina AcAramImAMsA ke sAtha joDA jA sakatA hai| mUlasUtra aura cUlikAsUtroM meM bhI kula milAkara chaha yA sAta granthoM kA samAveza hotA hai| inameM uttarAdhyayanasUtra eka pramukha grantha hai, jo mukhya rUpa se jaina sAdhanA aura AcAra vyavasthA se sambandhita hai| kintu isake 28 ve aura 36 ve adhyAya meM jaina tattvamImAMsA [136]

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kI carcA dekhI jA sakatI hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra mUkhyataH jaina muni jIvana kI AcAra vyavasthA se saMbaMdhita hai| isake atirikta zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA ke anusAra mUla granthoM meM uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika evaM Avazyaka ke atirikta oghaniyukti aura piNDaniyukti ko bhI samAhita mAnA jAtA hai| ye donoM grantha jaina muni ke sAmAnya AcAra aura bhikSAvidhi se sambandhita hai, ata: kisI sImA taka inako bhI jaina AcAra mImAMsA ke aMga mAne jA sakate hai| sthAnakavAsI paramparA meM mUla evaM mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM cUlikAsUtra ke nAma se prasiddha nandIsUtra aura anuyogadvAra mAne jAte hai| inameM nandIsUtra mUlata: pAMca jJAnoM kI vivecanA karatA hai, ata: ise jaina jJAnamImAMsA ke dArzanika granthoM ke antargata rakhA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi nandisUtra meM jaina itihAsa ke bhI kucha ardha khule tathya bhI samAhita hai| anuyogadvAra sUtra ko jaina darzanika mAnyatAoM ko samajhane kI vizleSanAtmaka vidhi kahA jA sakatA hai| jaina dArzanika praznoM ko samajhane ke lie anekAMta naya aura nikSepa kI avadhAraNAe~ to pramukha hai hi isake atirikta anuyogadvAroM kI vyavasthA bhI mahatvapUrNa rahI hai| jainadarzana kA nikSepa kA siddhAnta yaha batAtA hai ki kisI zabda ke artha kA ghaTana kisa prakAra se kiyA jA sakatA hai| usI prakAra naya kA siddhAnta vAkya yA kathana ke artha ghaTana kI prakriyA ko samajhAtA hai| anuyogadvAra meM kisa viSaya kI kisa-kisa dRSTi se vivecanA kI jA sakatI hai, ise spaSTa karatA hai| ataH yaha jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA eka pramukha grantha mAnA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ taka AvazyakasUtra kA prazna hai, vaha mUlata: jaina sAdhanA kA grantha hai| isa prakAra jaina Agamika sAhitya meM mukhya rUpa se dArzanika viSayoM ko isa taraha se prastuta kiyA gayA hai, ki ve jaina dharma kI sAdhanA vidhi ke sAtha bhI juDa ske| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA AgamoM ke antargata prakIrNaka sAhitya ko bhI mAnatI hai| prakIrNakoM kA mukhya viSaya dArzanika vivecanA na hokara sAdhanA saMbaMdhI vivecanA hai| phira bhI ve sabhI prAya: jaina sAdhanA evaM AcAra se saMbaMdhita mAne jA sakate hai| kyoMki lagabhaga 6-7 prakIrNakoM kA viSaya to samAdhimaraNa kI sAdhanA hai| jaina prAkRta sAhitya ke antargata zvetAmbara paramparA dvArA mAnya AgamoM ke atirikta digambara paramparA ke Agama tulya aneka grantha bhI Ate hai| ina granthoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ye sabhI grantha mUlata: jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA eka mahatvapUrNa aMga hai| inameM sarvaprathama kasAyapAhuDa aura SaTkhaNDAgama kA krama AtA hai| jahA~ kasAyapAhuDa jaina karma siddhAnta ke karmabandha ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karatA hai, to vahIM [137]

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SaTkhaNDAgama jaina karmasiddhAnta kI mArgaNAsthAna, guNasthAna evaM jIvasthAna sambandhI avadhAraNAoM kI vistRta vivecanA prastuta karatA hai| inake atirikta mUlAcAra nAmakaM jo prAcIna grantha hai, vaha bhI mukhya rUpa se jaina AcAra aura vizeSa rUpa se muni AcAra kI vivecanA karatA hai| bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI mukhya rUpa se jaina sAdhanA aura vizeSa rUpa se samAdhimaraNa kI sAdhanA kA vivecana hai| isake atirikta jaina darzana sAhitya ke rUpa meM kundakunda ke samayasAra, pravacanasAra, niyamasAra, paMcAstikAyasAra aura aSTaprAbhRta, dazabhakti Adi grantha pramukha hai| inameM samayasAra meM mukhya rUpa se to Atma tattva ke svarUpa kI vivecanA hai, kintu prAsaMgika rUpa se AtmA ke kama-Azrava bandha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa kI carcA bhI isameM mila jAtI hai| isa dRSTi se ise jaina tattvamImAMsA kA mukhya grantha mAnA jAtA hai| isI prakAra unakA paMcAstikAya nAmaka grantha bhI pA~ca astikAyoM kI carcA karane ke kAraNa jaina tattvamImAMsA kA eka pramukha grantha mAnA gayA hai| pravacanasAra, niyamasAra, raMyanasAra, aSTaprAbhRta Adi kA saMbaMdha jaina sAdhanA se rahA huA hai| ata: ye grantha bhI kisI sImA taka jaina tattvamImAMsA aura AcAramImAMsA se. sabaMdhita rahe hai| digambara paramparA ke prAkRta ke anya pramukha granthoM meM gomaTTasAra vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai| isa grantha kA mukhya sabandha to jaina karma siddhAnta se hai| isake atirikta digambara paramparA meM kucha apabhraMza bhASA ke grantha bhI jaina dArzanika granthoM meM samAhita kiye ja sakate hai, jaise - paramAtma prakAza aadi| digambara paramparA meM kucha purANa bhI apabhraMza bhASA meM milate hai, inameM bhI jaina tattvamImAMsA aura jaina AcAramImAMsA se sambandhita viSaya vipula mAtrA meM upalabdha hai| yadyapi yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki jainoM kA jJAnamImAMsA sambandhI vipula sAhitya saMskRta bhASA meM hI upalabdha hai| prAkRta Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM mukhya rUpa se sUtrakRtAMga niyukti meM bhI tatkAlIna dArzanika mAnyAtAoM kI samIkSA hI parilakSita hotI hai| niyukti sAhitya kA dUsarA mahatvapUrNa grantha uttarAdhyayana niyukti hai, jisameM jaina tattvamImAMsA aura AcAramImAMsA kI kucha carcA hI parilakSita hotI hai| isake pazcAt zeSa niyuktiyA mukhyatayA jaina AcAra kI hI carcA karatI haiN| niyuktiyoM meM Avazyaka niyukti avazya hI eka bRhadkAya grantha hai, isameM jaina darzana evaM jaina AcAra paddhati kI carcA upalabdha hotI hai| zeSa niyuktiyA~ bhI prAyazcita evaM jaina sAdhanA vidhi kI carcA karatI hai| niyukti-sAhitya ke pazcAt bhASya-sAhitya kA krama AtA hai| isameM mukhya [138]

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rUpa se vizeSAvazyakabhASya hI aisA grantha hai, jo dArzanika carcAoM se yukta hai| isake prathama khaNDa meM jaina jJAnamImAMsA aura vizeSa rUpa se pA~ca jJAnoM unake upaprakAroM aura pArasparika sahasaMbaMdhoM kI carcA kI gaI hai| isake atirikta isake gaNadharavAda vAle khaNDa meM AtmA ke astittva ke sAtha-sAtha jainakarmasiddhAnta kI gambhIra carcA hai| prathamatayA yaha khaNDa gaNadharoM ke saMdeho aura unake uttaro kI vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai, usameM svarga, naraka, purnajanma, karma aura karmaphala Adi kI gambhIra carcA hai| bhASyasAhitya ke zeSa granthoM meM mukhya rUpa se jaina AcAra, prAyazcita-vyavasthA aura sAdhanA paddhati kI carcA kI gaI hai| bhASyoM ke pazcAt cUrNi sAhitya kA krama AtA hai, cUrNi sAhitya kI bhASA prAkRta evaM saMskRta bhASA kA mizrita rUpa hai| inameM bhI AgamoM kI cUrNiyo kI apekSA mukhya rUpa se chedasUtroM kI cUrNiyA hI adhika pramukha hai| unameM eka Avazyaka cUrNi hI aisI hai, jo kucha dArzanika carcAoM ko prastuta karatI hai| zeSa cUrNiyoM kA saMbaMdha AcAra-zAstra se aura unameM bhI vizeSa rUpa se upasarga aura apavAda mArga kI sAdhanA se hai| usake pazcAt lagabhaga AThavI zatAbdI ke AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM saMskRta TIkAoM kA pracalana huA, inameM dArzanika prazno kI gambhIra carcA hai, kintu isakI vizeSa carcA hama jaina dArzanika saMskRta sAhitya ke antargata hI krege| yadyapi prAcInakAla meM kucha dArzanika grantha bhI prAkRta bhASA meM likhe gaye hai| inameM mukhya rUpa se sanmati tarka kA sthAna sarvopari hai, sanmati tarka mUlata: to jaino ke anekAntavAda kI sthApanA karane vAlA grantha hai, phira bhI isameM aneka dArzanika praznoM kI carcA karake anekAMta ke mAdhyama se usameM samanvaya kA prayatna hai| yaha grantha jahA~ eka ora dArzanika ekAntavAdoM kI samIkSA karatA hai, vahI prasagoMpeta anekAMtavAda kI sthApanA kA prayatna bhI karatA hai| dArzanika dRSTi se isameM sAmAnya aura vizeSa kI carcA hI pramukha rUpa se huI hai, aura yaha batAyA gayA hai ki vastu-tattva sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka hotA hai, aura isI AdhAra para vaha ekAnta rUpa se sAmAnya yA vizeSa para bala dene vAlI dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA bhI karatA hai| isake atirikta isameM jaina paramparA ke pracalita jJAna aura darzana ke pArasparika sambandha ko bhI sulajhAne kA bhI prayatna bhI kiyA gayA hai| - yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki digambara paramparA meM jahA~ prAkRta bhASA meM aneka dArzanika grantha kI racanA kI, vahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA meM dArzanika praznoM kI carcA hetu saMskRta bhASA ko hI pramukhatA dI hai aura isakA pariNAma yaha huA kI zvetAmbara [139]

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aura digambara paramparAoM meM dArzanika carcAoM ko lekara mukhya rUpa se saMskRta bhASA meM hI grantha likhe gye| Age hama jainoM ke dArzanika saMskRta sAhitya kI carcA kreNge| . saMskRta bhASA kA jaina dArzanika sAhitya yadyapi jaina tattvajJAna se saMbadhita viSayoM kA pratipAdana AgamoM meM milatA hai, kintu sabhI Agama prAkRta bhASA meM hI niSaddha hai| jaina tattvajJAna se saMbadhita prathama sUtra grantha kI racanA umAsvAti (lagabhaga 2 rI zatI) ne saMskRta bhASA meM hI kI thii| umAsvAti ke kAla taka vividha dArzanika nikAyoM ke sUtra grantha astitva meM A cuke the, jaise vaizeSikasUtra, sAMkhyasUtra, yogasUtra, nyAyasUtra, aadi| ata: umAsvAti ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki ve jainadharmadarzana se saMbadhita viSayoM ko samAhita karate hue sUtra-zailI meM saMskRta bhASA meM kisI grantha kI racanA kre| umAsvAti ke pazcAt siddhasena, samantabhadra Adi ne bhI jaina darzana para saMskRta bhASA meM grantha likhe| siddhasena divAkara ne bhAratIya dArzanika dhArAoM kI avadhAraNAoM kI samIkSA ko lekara kucha dvAtriziMkAo kI racanA saMskRta bhASA meM kI thii| jinameM nyAyavatAra jaina pramANa mImAMsA kA pramukha grantha hai| isI prakAra AcArya samantabhadra ne bhI Apta-mImAMsA yuktyAnuzAsana evaM svayambhUstotra nAmaka granthoM kI racanA saMskRta bhASA meM kii| ina sabhI kI viSaya vastu darzana se sambandhita rahI hai| isa prakAra IsA kI tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI se jaina dArzanika sAhitya saMskRta meM likhA jAne lagA thaa| umAsvAti ne svayaM hI tatvArthasUtra ke sAtha sAtha usakA svopajJa bhASya bhI saMskRta meM likhA thaa| lagabhaga 5 vI zatAbdI ke anta aura 6vI zatAbdI meM prArambha meM digambarAcArya pUjyapAda devanandi ne tatvArthasUtra para 'sarvArthasiddhi' nAmaka TIkA saMskRta meM likhii| isake atirikta unhone jainasAdhanA ke sandarbha meM 'samAdhitaMtra' aura 'iSTopadeza' nAmaka grantha bhI saMskRta bhASA meM hI likhe| isI kAla khaNDa meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM mallavAdI ne dvAdazAranayAcakra kI racanA saMskRta bhASA meM kI, jisameM pramukha rUpa se sabhI bhAratIya dArzanika paramparAe~ pUrva pakSa ke rUpa meM prastuta kI gaI aura unhIM meM se unakI virodhI dhArA ko uttarapakSa ke rUpa meM prastuta kara unakI samIkSA bhI kI gii| isake pazcAt 5 vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM jinabhadragaNi zramAzramaNa ne vizeSAvazyakabhASya to prAkRta meM likhA, kintu usako svopajJa TIkA saMskRta meM likhI thii| unake pazcAta 7 vIM zatI ke prArambha meM koTTAcArya ne bhI vizeSAvazayakabhASya para saMskRta bhASA meM TIkA [140]

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likhI thI, jo prAcIna bhAratIya dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA gambhIra vivecana prastuta karatI hai, sAtha hI unakI samIkSA bhI karatI hai| lagabhaga 7 vI zatAbdI meM hI siddhasena gaNi ne zvetAmbara paramparA meM tattvArthasUtra kI TIkA likhI thI, isI krama sihazUragaNi ne dvAdazAra nayacakra para saMskRta bhASA meM TIkA likhI thii| 8vI zatAbdI meM prasiddha jainAcArya haribhadrasUri hue, jinhone prAkRta aura saMskRta donoM hI bhASAoM meM apanI kalama claaii| haribhadrasUri ne jahA~ eka ora aneka jainAgamoM para saMskRta meM TIkAe~ likhI, vahI unhone aneka dArzanika grantho kA bhI saMskRta bhASA meM praNayana kiyaa| unake dvArA racita nimna dArzanika grantha adhika prasiddha hai- SaDdarzanasamuccaya, zAstravArtAsamuccaya, anekAntajayapatAkA, anekAntavAdapraveza, anekAntapraghaTTa aadi| sAtha hI inhoMne bauddha dArzanika diD.nAga ke nyAyapraveza kI saMskRta TIkA bhI likhii| isake atirikta unhone 'yogadRSTisamuccaya' Adi grantha bhI saMskRta bhASA meM likhe| haribhadra ke samakAla meM yA unake kucha pazcAt digambara paramparA meM AcArya akalaMka aura vidyAnandasUri hue, jinhoMne aneka dArzanika granthoM kI racanA kii| jahA~ akalaMka ne tatvArthasUtra para 'rAjavartika' TIkA ke sAtha sAtha nyAyavinizcaya, siddhivinizcaya, pramANasaMgraha, ladhIyastrI, aSTazatI evaM pramANasaMgraha Adi dArzanika granthoM kI saMskRta meM racanA kii| vahI vidyAnanda ne bhI tatvArthasUtra para zlokavArtikaTIkA ke sAtha sAtha AptaparIkSA, pramANaparIkSA, satyazAsanaparIkSA, aSTasahastrI Adi gambhIra dArzanika granthoM kI saMskRta bhASA meM racanA kii| 10vI zatAbdI ke prArambha meM siddhasena ke nyAyAvatAra para zvetAmbarAcArya siddhaRSi ne vistRta TIkA kI racanA kii| isIkAla meM prabhAcanda, kumudacandra evaM vAdirAjasUri nAmaka digambara AcAryoM ne kramazaH prameyakamalamArtavDa nyAyakumudacandra, nyAyavinizcaya TIkA Adi mahatvapUrNa dArzanika granthoM kI racanA kii| isake pazcAta 11vIM zatAbdI meM devasena ne laghunayacakra, bRhadanayacakra, AlApapaddhati, mANikyanandI ke parIkSAmukha tathA anantavIrya ne siddhivinizcaya TIkA Adi dArzanika kRtiyoM kA sRjana kiyaa| isI kAlakhaNDa me zvetAmbara paramparA ke abhayadeva sUri ne siddhasena ke sanmatitarka para vAdamahArNava nAmaka vizAla TIkA grantha kI racanA kii| isI krama meM digambara AcArya anantakIrti ne laghusarvajJasiddhi, bRhadsarvajJasiddhi, pramANanirNaya Adi dArzanika granthoM kI racanA kI thii| isI kAla [141]

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khaNDa meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM AcArya vAdidevasUri hue unhone pramANanayatatvAloka tathA usI para svopajJa TIkA ke rUpa meM syAdavAdaratnAkara jaise jaina nyAya ke granthoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| unake ziSya ratnaprabhasUri ne pramANanayatattvAloka para TIkA ke rUpa meM ratnAkarAvatArikA kI racanA kI thii| ina sabhI meM bhAratIya darzanoM evaM unake nyAya zAstra kI aneka mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA bhI hai| 12vIM zatAbdI meM hue zvetAmbara AcArya hemacandra ne mukhya rUpa se jainanyAya para pramANamImAMsA (apUrNa) aura dArzanika samIkSA ke rUpa meM anyayogavyavacchedikA aise do mahatvapUrNa dArzanika granthoM kI racanA kii| yadyapi saMskRta vyAkaraNa evaM sAhitya ke kSetra meM unakA avadAnaM pracura mAtrA hai, tathApi hamane yahA~ unake dArzanika granthoM kI hI carcA kI hai| yadyapi 13vI, 14vI, 15vI aura 16vI zatAbdI meM bhI jaina AcAryo ne saMskRta bhASA meM kucha dArzanika TIkA granthoM kI racanA kI thI, inameM syAdvAdamaMjarI evaM zAstravArtAsamuccaya evaM SaTdarzanasamuccaya kI TIkAe~ mukhya hai| kintu kucha grantha bhI likhe gaye, phira bhI ve adhika mahatvapUrNa na hone se hama yahA~ unakI carcA nahI kara rahe haiM, yadyapi isa kAla khaNDa meM kucha dArzanika granthoM kI TIkAe~ jaise anyayogavyavachedikA kI syAdavAda-manjarI nAmaka TIkA, SaDadarzana samuccaya kI TIkA Adi bhI likhI gaI thI, kintu vistAra bhaya se una saba meM jAnA ucita nahI haiN| 17vI zatAbdI meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM upAdhyAya yazovijaya nAmaka eka prasiddha jaina lekhaka hue, jinake adhyAtmasAra, jJAnasAra Adi darzana ke kSetra meM aneka mahatvapUrNa grantha hai| adhyAtma ke kSetra meM adhyAtmamatasamIkSA, adhyAtmasAra, jJAnasAra Adi tathA darzana ke kSetra meM jaina tarkabhASA, nayopadeza, nayasahasya, nyAyAloka, syAdavAdakalpalatA Adi unake aneka grantha prasiddha hai| unake pazcAt 18vI, 19vI aura 20vI zatAbdI meM jaina darzana para saMskRta bhASA meM koI mahatvapUrNa grantha likhA gayA ho yaha hamArI jAnakArI meM nahI hai, yadyapi tattvArthasUtra kI zailI para AcArya tulasI ke jaina siddhAntadIpikA aura manAnuzAsanam nAmaka granthoM kI saMskRta bhASA meM racanA kI hai, phira bhI isa kAla khaNDa meM saMskRta bhASA meM dArzanika granthoM ke lekhana kI pravRtti nahIvaMt hI rahI haiN| ___jahA~ taka apabhraMza bhASA meM jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA nirdeza upalabdha hotA hai, usameM do grantha mahatvapUrNa mAne jAte hai - 1. paramAtmaprakAza aura 2. prAbhRtadohA ( pAuDa dohaa)| yadyapi ye donoM grantha darzana kI apekSA jaina sAdhanA para adhika bala dete [142]

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hai, phira bhI inheM apabhraMza ke dArzanika jaina sAhitya kA mahatvapUrNa grantha mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu inakI carcA hama prAkRta ke jaina dArzanika sAhitya ke sAtha kara cuke haiN| isake atirikta digambara jaina paramparA meM svayaMbhU se lekara madhya kAla taka aneka purANoM aura kAvya granthoM kI saMskRta meM racanAe haI haiN| unameM bhI jaina darzana kI tattvamImAMsA aura AcAramImAsA kA vivaraNa hameM mila jAtA hai| anya bhASAoM meM jaina dArzanika sAhitya anya bhAratIya bhASAoM meM jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA nirmANa huA hai, usameM AgamoM ke Tabbe pramukha hai| inameM bhI AgamoM meM varNIta dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA marUgurjara bhASA meM nirdeza huA hai| marUgurjara bhASA meM jaina darzana kA koI viziSTa grantha likhA gayA hai, yaha hamArI jAnakArI meM nahIM hai, kintu hama sambhAvanAoM se inakAra nahI karate hai| marUgurjara meM jo dArzanika carcAe~ huI hai, ve prAyaH khaNDana maNDanAtmaka huI hai| inameM bhI anya matoM kI apekSA jaina dharma darzana kI vividha zAkhAoM va prazAkhAoM ke pArasparika vivAdoM kA hI adhika ullekha hai| jahA~ taka purAnI hindI aura Adhunika hindI kA prazna hai, unameM bhI paryApta rUpa se jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA nirmANa huA ho, kintu unameM se adhikAMza viSaya pArasparika dArzanika avadhAraNAoM se saMbadhita hai| inameM merI jAnakArI ke anusAra eka pramukha grantha amolakaRSIjI kRta jaina tattva prakAza hai| yaha sarvAgINa rUpa se jaina darzana ke vividha pakSoM kI carcA karatA hai| yaha sambhAvanA hai ki unake dvArA isa prakAra ke anya grantha bhI likhe gaye hoge, kintu unakI mujhe jAnakArI upalabdha na hone ke kAraNa una para adhika kucha kaha pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| yadyapi guNasthAna siddhAnta para aDhIzatadvArI bhI inhI kA eka prasiddha grantha hai| yahA~ taka Adhunika hindI meM likhe gaye jaina darzana sambandhI granthoM kA prazna hai, unameM paM. phUlacandaja dvArA likhita jainatattvamImAMsA eka pramukha grantha hai| isake atirikta paM. (DaoN.) darabArIlAlajI koThiyA dvArA racita jainatattva, jJAnamImAMsA, paM. sumeracanda dIvAkara dvArA racita jaina zAsana, paM. dalasukhabhAI dvArA racita Agamayuga kA jainadarzana, vijayamuni jI racita jaina darzana ke mUlatattva, AcArya mahAprajJajI dvArA jainadarzana manana aura mImAMsA, paM. devendramuni jI dvArA racita jainadarzana svarUpa va vizleSaNa evaM jainadarzana manana aura mUlyAkaMna, paM. mahendrakumAra jI jaina dvArA racita jainadarzana, muni mahendrakumAra dvArA racita jaina darzana [143]

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evaM vidyAm, jinendravarNI dvArA racita jaina darzana meM padArtha vijJAna, DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA dvArA racita jainadarzana, muni nyAyavijaya jI dvArA racita jainadarzana pramukha Adi grantha hai| isake atirikta jainadharmadarzana ke vividha pakSoM ke lekara hindI meM paryApta sAhitya kI racanA kI hai| inameM DaoN. ratanacanda jaina kA zodha prabandha - jaina darzana meM nizcaya aura vyavahAranaya, eka parizIlana, paM. kailAzacandrazAstrI kA jainanyAya evaM pramANa naya nikSepa prakAza, DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ke jainabhASAdarzana, jaina darzana meM dravya guNa aura paryAya, jaina darzana kA guNasthAna siddhAnta pramukha grantha hai| yahA~ hamane hindI ke kucha granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, vaise to hindI bhASA jaina dharma evaM darzana se sambandhita saikar3oM grantha hai| jinake nAmollekha se yaha nibandha-nibandha na rahakara eka grantha hI bana jaayegaa| isI krama meM sAdhvI dharmazilAjI kA navatattva, muni pramANasAgarajI kA jaina dharma aura darzana , sAdhvI vighutaprabhAjI kA dravyavijJAna, samaNI maMgalaprajJAjI kI ArhatIdRSTi bhI jainadharmadarzana ke pramukha grantha mAne jAte hai| hindI bhASA ke atirikta baMgAlI, paMjAbI, marAThI aura kannaDa bhASAoM meM bhI Adhunika yuga meM jainadharmadarzana se sabaMdhita kucha grantha prakAza meM Ae hai| vistAra bhaya se una saba kI carcA karanA yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai| dArzanika samasyAoM ke lekara paM. sukhalAlajI ke darzana aura cintana meM prakAzita kucha mahatvapUrNa Alekha bhI isa dRSTi se vicAraNIya hai| isI krama me paM. kanhaiyAlAla jI loDhA ne bhI nava tatvoM para alaga alaga rUpa se svataMtra grantha likhe haiN| vaise gujarAtI bhASA meM bhI paryApta rUpa se jaina dharma darzana saMbadhI sAhitya ke grantha likhe gaye hai| kintu isa sambandha meM merI jAnakArI kI alpatA ke kAraNa una para vizeSa kucha likha pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| yadyapi aMgrejI bhAratIya bhASAoM kA eka aMga nahIM hai, phira bhI eka vizva kI eka pramukha bhASA hone ke kAraNa usameM bhI jaina darzana sambandhI aneka grantha upalabdha hote hai| usameM pro. nathamala jI TATIyA kA jaina sTaDIja DaoN. indrazAstrI kA jaina epIsTomolAje, je.sI. sikandara kA jai thyorI Apha riyalITI, pro. bI. Ara. jaina kA kAsamolAjI olDa eNDa nyU Adi kucha pramukha grantha mAne jA sakate hai| yadyapi Aja kucha mUla granthoM ke aMgrejI anuvAda sahita lagabhaga pAMca sau adhika grantha aMgrejI bhASA meM bhI upalabdha haiMphreMca, UrdU, paMjAbI, baMgAlI Adi meM kvacita jainadharmadarzana sambandhI grantha upalabdha [144]

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prAcya vidyApITha : eka paricaya DaoN. sAgaramala jaina pAramArthika zikSaNa nyAsa dvArA san 1997 se saMcAlita prAcya vidyA pITha, zAjApura AgarA-mumbaI mArga para sthita isa saMsthAna kA mukhya udezya bhAratIya prAcya vidyAoM ke ucca starIya adhyayana, prazikSaNa evaM zodhakArya ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIya sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko punaH pratiSThita karanA hai| isa vidyApITha meM jaina, bauddha aura hindu dharma Adi ke lagabhaga 12,000 durlabha grantha upalabdha hai| isake atirikta 700 hastalikhita pANDulipiyA~ bhI hai| yahA~ 40 patrapatrikAe~ bhI niyamita AtI hai isa parisara meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM, zodhArthiyoM aura mumukSujanoM ke lie adhyayana adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha nivAsa, bhojana Adi kI bhI uttamavyavasthA hai| zodhakArya ke mArgadarzana evaM zikSaNa hetu DaoN. sAgaramalajI jaina kA satat sAnidhya prApta hai| ise vikrama vizvavidyAlaya ujjaina dvArA zodha saMsthAna ke rupa meM mAnyatA pradAna kI gaI hai|

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina janma di. 22.02.1932 janma sthAna zAjApura (ma.pra.) zikSA sAhityaratna : 1954 ema.e. (darzana zAstra) : 1963 pI-eca.DI. : 1969 akAdamika upalabdhiyA~ : pravaktA (darzanazAstra) ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA: 1964-67 sahAyaka prAdhyApaka ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA : 1968-85 prAdhyApaka (prophesara) ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA : 1985-89 nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI : 1979-1987 evaM 1989-1997 lekhana : 49 pustaka sampAdana : 160 pustakeM pradhAna sampAdaka : jaina vidyA vizvakoSa (pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI mahatvAkAMkSI pariyojanA) puraskAra : pradIpakumAra rAmapuriyA puraskAra : 1986 evaM 1998 svAmI praNavAnanda puraskAra : 1987 DipTImala puraskAra : 1992 AcArya hastImala smRti sammAna : 1994 vidyAvAradhi sammAna : 2003 presIDensIyala avArDa oNpha jainA yU.esa.e: 2007 vAgArtha sammAna (ma.pra. zAsana) : 2007 gautama gaNadhara sammAna (prAkRta bhAratI) : 2008 ArcAya tulasI prAkRta sammAna : 2009 vidyAcandrasUrI sammAna : 2011 samatA manISI sammAna : 2012 sadasya : akAdamika saMsthAe~ : pUrva sadasya - vidvata pariSada, bhopAla vizvavidyAlaya, bhopAla sadasya - jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM : pUrva sadasya - mAnada nidezaka, Agama, ahiMsA, samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udypur| samprati saMsthApaka - prabaMdha nyAsI evaM nidezaka prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra) pUrvasacivaHpArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI videza bhramaNa : yU.esa.e.. zikAgoM, rAle, hyUTana, nyUjarsI, uttarIkarolInA, vAziMgaTana, senaphrAMsisko, laoNsa eMjilsa, phinIksa, seMTa luIsa, piTsabarga, ToraNToM, (kanAr3A) nyUyArka, landana (yU.ke.) aura kATamA (nepAla) Printed at Akrati Offset. ILMAIN Ph. 0734-2561720