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No. 10.]
boundaries, further places below the ghauts and in the neighbourhood of Karkala will have to be examined. But an inscription in the Koppa talaka (Ep. Carn. Vol. VI. Kp. 47), dated in Saka-Samvat 1452 (=A.D. 1530-31), states that, while Vira-Bairarasa-Voḍeys was ruling on the throne at Karakala, his younger sister Kalaladevi was in charge of (the district) Bagufiji-sime. Mg. 40, dated in Saka-Samvat 1474 (= A.D. 1552-53), records that PânḍyaVodeya was on the throne at Keravase while a certain Bhayirarsannâji was in charge of Kalasa. The same fact is mentioned also in Mg. 60, dated four years later. The district Bagunji-sime apparently derived its name from the modern village of Baggañji in the Bâle-Honnâr taluka, about 8 miles north-east of Sringeri ; and Keravase is identical with Keravâse, 8 miles east of Karkala (Mr. Sewell's Lists of Antiquities, Vol. I. p. 232). Müḍabidure and Vênûr, two other important centres of Jaina religion in the South Canara district which are not very far from Karkala, do not appear to have been included in the Kalasa-Karakala-rajya. The former of these two villages was in the possession of a family of local chiefs called Chautar, who were under the direct control of the Vijayanagara viceroys at Mangalore, while the second belonged to another petty Jaina principality, known as Puñjali- or Puñjalike-rajya, and was ruled over by the Ajilar. Besides, the villages Madabidure and Vênûr were included within the religious. sphere of the Jaina teacher Charukirti, while Kârkala and its chiefs were subordinate to Lalitakirti. It may, therefore, be provisionally assumed that the territory of the KalasaKarkala chiefs extended from Bagguñji above the ghauts to Karkala below the ghauts, including between them the towns of Keravase and Kalasa. This comprises almost the whole of the present Bâle-Honnûr taluka3 of the Kadûr district in the Mysore State and the south-eastern portion of the Uḍipi taluka in the South Canara district.
KARKALA INSCRIPTION OF BHAIRAVA II.
129
The village of Telara, which was granted to the Chaturmukhabasti, is situated about 3 miles north-east of Karkala and is marked on the Madras Survey Map of the South Canara district as Tellàr. The two other villages, Rañjala and Nallûru, which together contributed a sum of 238 varaha, are situated quite close to each other at a distance of about 4 miles due east of Karkala and are marked on the same map as Nallur and Renjala. Several nameless streams are marked on the map round Tellàr, and these may have to be identified with the four boundary streams mentioned in 1. 24. Two other proper names which occur in 11. 43 and 47, vis. Arûru and Kelavase, are identical with Arur' and 'Keravase' (Keravâse) on the same map, in the Uḍipi tâluka.
The requirements for the daily and annual worship in the temple, for which provision is made, call for a few remarks. The complicated calculations are very carefully worked out, and we are enabled to infer that, in measuring rice, 1 mûde was 50 hane, and 1 hane 74 kuḍute, and that, in counting money, 1 ga was 10 m. Twelve háda of oil cost 8 ga 4 m, and 1 háda cost 7 m.
See the Government Epigraphist's Annual Report for 1900-01, paragraph 5, and above, Vol. VII. p. 114 and note 1. It may here be noted that in an unpublished inscription at Karkala (No. 69 of the Government Epigraphist's collection for 1901), dated in the cyclic year Vilambin, a certain Bhairarasa-Vodeya, son of Vira-Bhairarasa-Vodeya of the Kalasa-Karkala family, presided over the settlement of a dispute, in which the Chautaru, Ajilaru, Desingarasaru and Sifiladarasara (6.e. the chief of Sisila) acted as arbitrators (madhyastha).
From the earliest inscription at Karkala referred to above, it appears as if the Jainas at that place were, about Saka 1256, the lay-disciples of Kumudachandra-Bhattarakadêva, a pupil of Bhanukirti-Maladharidêva of the Kandrgans and the Malasangha, while the ruling chief Lokanatharass himself was the adherent of Charukirtipanditadeva. Perhaps the Lalitakirtis of Hanasoge replaced the Bhanukirtis at Karkala subsequent to Saka 1256. The inscriptions of the Kalasa-Karkala chiefs found in the Koppa and Mûdgere talukas are chiefly confined to three villages: Kalasa, Baggufiji and Narve. The first two villages are now included in the newly formed BâleHonnur taluka, and the third is on its borders, but included in the Koppa taluka.
In the inscriptions at Vênûr we find a milde 50 bala (No. 75 of the Government Epigraphist's collection for 1901) or sometimes 40 bala (No. 84 of the same collection).
⚫ Compare the Sanskrit grain measure ddhaka which is equal to 4 prastha or 16 kuduva; and also the Tamil ádam which is even now used in measuring oil and ghee in the Southern districts.
