Atmamimansa

Author(s): Dalsukh Malvania
Publisher: Jain Sanskruti Sanshodhan Mandal Banaras
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/001965/1

Page #1
AtmamImAMsA dalasukha mAlavaNiyA REAK dhinamaDalara saMskRti saMha salAma logamisAra sArabhUta zrI jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maMDala banArasa-5 *

Page #2
AtmamImAMsA dalasukha mAlavaNiyA jainadarzanAdhyApaka banArasa hindU yUnivarsiTI jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maDala sanmatiprakAzana naM 0 10 sacaM logammi sArabhUrya jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maMDala banArasa - 5

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prakAzaka dalasukha mAlavaNiyA maMtrI jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maMDala P. O. banArasa hindU yUnivarsiTI, banArasa-5 phno rupayA 1653 mudraka rAmakRSNadAsa banArasa hindU yUnivarsiTI presa, banArasa /

Page #4
paricaya jaise gItA meM kRSNArjuna saMvAda hai vaise gaNadharavAda meM bhagavAn mahAvIra aura indrabhUti Adi gyAraha brAhmaNa vidvAnoM ke bIca huI tattvacarcA ko saMkalita kiyA gayA hai / carcA kA viSaya hai jIvAdi tattva | zrI jinabhadra gaNi kSamAzramaNa ne vaha carcA dArzanika tathA tArkika zailI se pallavita kI hai| mUla grantha prAkRta meM aura TIkA saMskRta meM hai, jo tajjJa khAsa vidvAnoM ke liye hI sugama hai / gaNadharavAda kI pratiSThA aisI hai ki dharmajijJAsu tatvajijJAsu aura zraddhAlu sabhI jaina usako sunane ke liye, kama se kama paz2usana meM, tatpara rahate haiM / paraMtu prAkRta aura saMskRta bhASA ke kAraNa tathA viSayanirUpaNa kI sUkSmatA evaM tArkikatA ke kAraNa sAmAnya jana samUha ke liya isa grantha ko samajhanA AsAna nahIM / isaliye sabhI jijJAsuoM kA mArga sarala karane kI dRSTi se usa grantha kA gujarAtI bhASAntara, gujarAta kI aka khyAtanAmA saMsthA gujarAta vidyAsabhA ke antargata zrI bho0 je0 vidyAbhavana - ahamadAbAda -- ne isI varSa prasiddha bhASAntarakAra haiM paM0 zrI dalasukha mAlavaNiyA / sarala, pravAhabaddha aura hRdayaMgama hai ki mUla aura TIkA ko par3hane vAlA bhI use par3hane ke liye lAlAyita ho jAya aura par3ha lene para bar3A AhlAda anubhava kare / kiyA hai / isake yaha bhASAntara itanA isa grantha ke bhASAntara kI isa vizeSatA ke atirikta isa bhASAntara grantha kI khAsa aura maulika kahI jA sake aisI vizeSatA hai usakI vistRta evaM abhyAsapUrNa prastAvanA | isa prastAvanA meM paM0 mAlavaNiyA ne graMtha, graMthakAra ke itihAsa Adi ke alAvA AtmA, karma aura paraloka jaise

Page #5
( 2 ) parokSa viSayoM kA tAttvika nirUpaNa bar3e anokhe DhaMga se kiyA hai / isameM gaNadharavAda meM carcita jIvAdi tattvoM ke vicAra kA bhAratIya darzanoM meM kyA sthAna hai isakA aitihAsika va tulanAtmaka dRSTi se jo gaharA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai vaha khAsa draSTavya hai| ___ yoM to yaha sArA hI grantha rASTra bhASA meM anUdita karane yogya hai, kintu philahAla jainasaMskRti saMzodhana maMDala utanA adhika kharca kara sake aisA na hone se, tattva jijJAsuoM kI jijJAsA pUrNa karane ke hetu se prastAvanA meM se usa tAttvika aMza kA bhASAntara isa pustikA ke rUpa meM prakaTa karanA hI ucita va paryApta mAnA gayA hai| kyA hI acchA ho, koI udAracetA vyakti kI sahAyatA se isa sAre grantha kA hindI bhASAntara prakaTa kiyA jA sake / abhI to maiM itanA hI sUcita karanA cAhatA hU~ ki hindI ke jo pAThaka gujarAtI ko pUre yA adhUre rUpa meM bhI samajha pAte hoM ve isa bhASAntara ko tatkAla maMgavA kara avazya pddh'eN| isa anuvAda kI anumati pradAna karane ke liye maMDala bho0 je0 vidyAbhavana kI kameTI kA bahuta abhArI hai aura hindI anuvAda ke lie zrI pRthvIrAja M. A. kA AbhArI hai| saritakuMja, ahamadAbAda-9 tA0 13-9-53 sukhalAla adhyakSa jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maMDala banArasa

Page #6
viSaya sUcI 1-78 1-Atma vicAraNA 1 prAstAvika 2 astitva 3 AtmA kA svarUpa-caitanya (1) dehAtmavAda-bhUtAtmavAda (2) prANAtmavAda-indriyAtmavAda (3) manomaya AtmA (4) prajJAtmA, prajJAnAtmA, vijJAnAtmA (5) AnandAtmA (6) puruSa, cetana AtmA-cidAtmA-brahma (7) bhagavAn buddha kA anAtmavAda (8) dArzanikoM kA AtmavAda (9) jaina mata upasaMhAra 4 jIva aneka haiM(a) vedAntioM ke matabheda (1) zaMkarAcArya kA vivartavAda (2) bhAskarAcArya kA satyopAdhivAda ... (3) rAmAnujAcArya kA viziSTAdvaitavAda

Page #7
(4) nimbArkasaMmata dvaitAdvaita-bhedAbhedavAda (5) madhvAcArya kA bhedavAda (6) vijJAnabhikSukA avibhAgAdvaita ... (7) caitanya kA acintyabhedAbhedavAda ... (8) vallabhAcArya kA zuddhAdvaita mArga ... (A) zaivoM kA mata 5 AtmA kA parimANa 6 jIva kI nityatA-anityatA (1) jaina aura mImAMsaka (2) sAMkhyakA kUTasthavAda (3) naiyAyika-vaizeSikoM kA nityavAda (4) bauddha sammata anityavAda (5) vedAnta sammata jIva kI pariNAmI nityatA 7 jIva kA kartRtva tathA bhoktRtva (1) upaniSadoM kA mata (2) dArzanikoM kA mata (3) bauddha mata (4) jaina mata .8 jIva kA bandha aura mokSa (1) mokSa kA kAraNa (2) baMdha kA kAraNa (3) baMdha kyA hai ?

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71-133 (4) mokSa kA svarUpa (5) muktisthAna (6) jIvanamukti-videhamukti 2-karma vicAraNA 1 karma vicAra kA mUla 2 kAlavAda 3 svabhAvavAda 4 yadRcchAvAda 5 niyativAda 6 ajJAnavAdI 7 kAlAdi kA samanvaya 8 karma kA svarUpa (a) naiyAyika-vaizeSikoM kA mata (A) yoga aura sAMkhyamata (i) bauddha mata (I) mImAMsakoM kA mata 9 karma ke prakAra 10 karmabandha kA prabala kAraNa 11 karmaphala kA kSetra 12 karmabandha aura karmaphala kI prakriyA 13 karma kA kArya athavA phala 14 karma kI vividha avasthAe~ 15 karmaphala kA saMvibhAga ... 131

Page #9
... 134-152 3-paraloka vicAra 1 vaidika deva aura deviyA~ 2 vaidika svarga aura naraka 3. upaniSadoM ke devaloka (a) devayAna-pitRyAna 4 paurANika devaloka 5 vaidika asurAdi 6 upaniSadoM meM naraka kA varNana 7 paurANika naraka 8 bauddha saMmata paraloka 9 jaina saMmata paraloka

Page #10
TONE 1- Atma-vicAraNA Ca SE 18 prAstAvika samasta bhAratIya darzanoM kA utthAna aura vikAsa eka Atmatattva ko kendra meM rakha kara hI huA hai-aisA vidhAna saMbhava hai| nAstika cArvAka darzana ke upalabdha sUtroM kA anuzIlana bhI isameM bAdhaka nhiiN| kyoM ki unameM spaSTa rUpa se caitanya kA niSedha karanA abhipreta nahIM kintu caitanya ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM vivAda upasthita kiyA gayA hai| cArvAka ko anAtmavAdI jo kahA jAtA hai usa kA artha itanA hI hai ki vaha AtmA ko maulika tattva nahIM maantaa| vaha usa tattva kI upapatti itara dArzanikoM se bhinna rUpa se karatA hai| isa dRSTi se socA jAya to bhAratIya darzana ke jijJAsu * ke lie AtmamImAMsA ko avagata karanA sarvaprathama Avazyaka hai / isI dhyeya ko samakSa rakhate hue yahA~ AtmamImAMsA kI Avazyaka bAtoM kA saMgraha saMkSepa meM tulanAtmaka dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai| astitva jaba hama kisI bhI viSaya meM vicAra karanA prAraMbha karate haiM taba sarvaprathama usa ke astitva kA prazna vicAraNIya hotA hai| tatpazcAt hI usake svarUpa kaa| ataeva yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama jIva ke astitva ke saMbaMdha meM bhAratIya darzanoM kI vicAraNA para sarvaprathama dRSTipAta kara leN| brAhmaNoM evaM zramaNoM kI bar3hatI huI AdhyAtmika pravRtti ke kAraNa AtmavAda ke virodhI logoM kA sAhitya surakSita nahIM raha

Page #11
( 2 ) skaa| brAhmaNoM ne anAtmavAdiyoM ke saMbaMdha meM jo bhI ullekha kie haiM ve kevala prAsaMgika haiM aura unake AdhAra para hI vaidika kAla se lekara upaniSatkAla taka kI unakI mAnyatAoM ke viSaya meM kalpanAe~ kI jA sakatI haiN| usake bAda hama jaina Agama aura bauddha-tripiTaka ke AdhAra para yaha mAlUma kara sakate haiM ki bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya taka anAtmavAdiyoM kI kyA mAnyatAe~ thIM / dArzanika TIkA graMthoM ke pramANa se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai| ki dArzanika sUtroM ke racanA kAla meM anAtmavAdiyoM ne apanI mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana bRhaspatisUtra meM kiyA, kiMtu durbhAgyavaza vaha mUla graMtha Aja upalabdha nahIM hai| aisI paristhiti meM anAtmavAdiyoM se saMbaMdha rakhane vAlI sAmagrI kA AdhAra mukhyataH virodhiyoM kA sAhitya hI hai / ataH usakA upayoga karate samaya vizeSa sAvadhAnI kI AvazyakatA hai kyoMki virodhiyoM dvArA kie gae varNana meM nyUna yA adhika mAtrA meM ekAGgIpana kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hI hai| anAtmavAdI cArvAka yaha nahIM kahate ki 'AtmA kA sarvathA zrabhAva hai ' / kintu unakI mAnyatA kA sAra yaha hai ki jagat ke mUlabhUta eka yA aneka jitane bhI tattva haiM, unameM AtmA koI svataMtra tattva nahIM / dUsare zabdoM meM una ke matAnusAra AtmA maulika tattva nahIM hai| isI tathya ko dRSTisanmukha rakhate hue nyAyavArtikakAra udyotakara ne kahA hai ki AtmA ke astitva ke viSaya meM dArzanikoM meM sAmAnyataH vivAda hI nahIM hai / yadi vivAda hai to usakA saMbaMdha AtmA ke vizeSa svarUpa se hai / arthAt koI zarIra ko hI tmA mAnatA hai, koI buddhi ko, koI indriya yA mana ko aura koI saMghAta ko AtmA samajhatA hai / kucha aise bhI vyakti haiM jo ina sabase pRthak svatantra AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiM / " nyAyavArtika pR0 366 /

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jabataka manuSya meM vicAra-zakti kA samucita vikAsa nahIM hotA, vaha bAhyadRSTi banA rahatA hai| jaba taka usakI dRSTi bAhya viSayoM taka sImita rahatI hai, vaha bAhya indriyoM dvArA grAhya tattvoM ko hI maulika tattva mAnane ke lie utsuka rahatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki hameM upaniSadoM meM aise aneka vicAraka dRSTigocara hote haiM jina ke mata meM jala' athavA vAyu jaise indriya grAhya bhUta vizva ke mUlarUpa tattva haiN| unhoMne AtmA jaise kisI padArtha ko mUla tattvoM meM sthAna pradAna nahIM kiyA, kintu ina bhautika mUlatattvoM se hI AtmA athavA caitanya jaisI vastu kI sRSTi ko svIkRta kiyA hai| isa bAta kI vizeSa saMbhAvanA hai ki jaba bAhya dRSTi kA tyAga kara manuSyane vicAra kSetra meM padArpaNa kiyA, taba indriya grAhya tattvoM ko maulika tattva na mAna kara usane asat, sat athavA AkAza jaise tattvoM ko maulika tattva ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA ho jo buddhigrAhya hone para bhI bAhya the| aura yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki usane isa prakAra ke atIndriya tattvoM se hI AtmA kI upapatti kI ho| ___ jaba vicAraka kI dRSTi bAhya tattvoM se haTakara AtmAbhimukha huI-arthAt jaba vaha vizva ke mUla ko bAhara na dekhakara apane antara meM hI DhUMr3hane lagA taba usane prANatattva ko maulika mAnanA zuru kiyaa| isa prANa tattva ke vicAra se hI vaha brahma athavA AtmAdvaita taka pahu~ca gayA / 1 bRhadAraNyaka 5. 5.1 2 chAndogya 4. 3 chAndogya 3. 19. 1, taittirIya 2. 7 4 chAndogya 6. 2 5 chAndogya 1.9.1; 7. 12 6 chAndogya 1. 11.5, 4.3.3; 3. 15. 4.

Page #13
AtmA ke lie prayukta hone vAle vividha nAmoM se bhI AtmavicAraNA kI utkrAnti ke uparyukta itihAsa kA samarthana hotA hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM jIva ke lie bhUta, prANa jaise zabdoM kA prayoga AtmavicAraNA kI utkrAnti kA sUcaka hai| hai| hamAre pAsa aise sAdhana nahIM jinase yaha jJAta ho sake ki isa utkrAnti meM kitanA samaya lagA hogaa| kAraNa yaha hai ki upaniSadoM meM jina vividha matoM kA ullekha hai, ve usI kAla meM AvirbhUta hue aisA kathana zakya nhiiN| hAM, hama yaha mAna sakate haiM ki ina matoM kI paraMparA dIrgha kAla se calI ArahI thI aura upaniSadoM meM usakA saMgraha kara diyA gayA / upaniSadoM ke AdhAra para hamane yaha dekhA ki prAcIna kAla ke anAtmavAdI jagat ke mUla meM kevala kisI eka tattva ko hI mAnate the| hama unheM advaitavAda kI zreNI meM rakha sakate haiM aura unakI mAnyatA ko 'anAtmAdvaita' kA sArthaka nAma bhI de sakate haiN| kyoMki unake matAnusAra AtmA ko chor3a kara anya koI bhI eka hI padArtha vizva ke mUla meM vidyamAna hai| yaha kahA jA cukA hai ki anAtmadvaita kI isa paraMparA se hI kramazaH AtmAdvaita kI mAnyatA kA vikAsa huA / prAcIna jaina Agama, pAlitripiTaka aura sAMkhya darzana Adi isa bAta ke sAkSI haiM ki dArzanika vicAra kI isa advaita dhArA ke samAnAntara dvaitadhArA bhI pravAhita thii| jaina bauddha aura sAMkhya darzana ke mata meM vizva ke mUla meM kevala eka cetana athavA acetana tattva nahIM apitu cetana evaM acetana aise do tattva haiN| jainoM ne unheM jIva aura ajIva kA nAma diyA, sAMkhyoM ne puruSa aura prakRti kahA aura bauddhoM ne nAma aura rUpa /

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ukta dvaita vicAra-dhArA meM cetana aura usakA virodhI acetana isa prakAra do tattva mAne gae, isIlie use 'dvaita paraMparA' kA nAma diyA gayA hai| kiMtu vastutaH sAMkhyoM aura jainoM ke mata meM vyakti bheda se cetana aneka haiN| ve saba prakRti ke samAna mUlarUpa meM eka tattva nahIM haiN| jainoM kI mAnyatAnusAra kevala cetana hI nahIM, pratyuta acetana tattva bhI aneka haiN| jar3a aura cetana ina do tattvoM ko svIkRta karane ke kAraNa nyAyadarzana tathA vaizeSika darzana bhI dvaita vicAra dhArA ke antargata gine jA sakate haiN| kiMtu unake mata meM bhI cetana evaM acetana ye donoM sAMkhya sammata prakRti ke samAna eka maulika tattva nahIM; parantu jainoM dvArA mAnya cetana-acetana ke samAna aneka tattva haiN| aisI vastusthiti meM isa samasta paraMparA ko bahuvAdI athavA nAnAvAdI kahanA caahie| yaha batAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki bahuvAdI vicAradhArA meM pUrvokta sabhI darzana AtmavAdI haiM; kiMtu jaina Agama aura pAlitripiTaka isa bAta kI bhI sAkSI pradAna karate haiM ki isa bahuvAdI vicAra dhArA meM anAtmavAdI bhI hue haiN| unameM aise bhUtavAdiyoM kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai jo vizva ke mUla meM cAra yA pA~ca bhUtoM ko mAnate the| unake mata meM cAra yA pA~ca bhUtoM meM se hI AtmA kI utpatti hotI hai, AtmA jaisA svataMtra maulika padArtha nhiiN| dArzanika sUtroM ke TIkA graMthoM ke samaya meM jahA~ cArvAka, nAstika, bArhaspatya athavA lokAyata mata kA khaMDana kiyA gayA hai, vahA~ para bhI cAra bhUta athavA pAMca bhUtavAda kA hI khaMDana hai| ataH hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki dArzanika sUtroM kI vyavasthA ke samaya meM upaniSadoM ke prAcIna stara ke advaitI anAtmavAdI nahIM the, magara unakA sthAna nAnAbhUtavAdiyoM ne le liyA thaa| ye nAnA bhUtavAdI vizvAsa rakhate the ki cAra 1 sUtrakRtAMga 1.1.1.7-8; 2. 1. 10; brahmajAlasutta

Page #15
athavA pAMca bhUtoM ke eka viziSTa samudAya-saMmizraNa hone para AtmA arthAt caitanya kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai| AtmA ke samAna anAdi ananta kisI zAzvata vastu kA astitva hI nahIM hai, kyoMki isa bhUta samudAya kA nAza honepara AtmA kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra ina donoM dhArAoM ke viSaya meM vicAra karane se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki advaitamArga meM kisI samaya anAtmA kI mAnyatA mukhya thI aura dhIre dhIre AtmAdvaita kI mAnyatA ne dRr3hatA prApta kii| dUsarI ora nAnAvAdiyoM meM bhI cArvAka jaise dArzanika hue haiM jinake mata meM AtmasadRza vastu kA maulika tattvoM meM sthAna nahIM thA, jabaki unake virodhI jaina, bauddha, sAMkhya ityAdi AtmA evaM anAtmA donoM ko maulika tattvoM meM sthAna pradAna karate the| AtmA kA svarUpa-caitanya Rgveda ke eka RSi ke udgAra se pratIta hotA hai ki usake hRdaya meM AtmA ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM jijJAsA utpanna huii| usakI isa jijJAsA meM utkaTa vedanA kA anubhava spaSTa mAlUma hotA hai| vaha RSi pukArakara kahatA hai, 'yaha maiM kauna hU~ athavA kaisA hU~' mujhe isakA patA nahIM cltaa| atmA ke saMbaMdha meM hI nahIM, pratyuta vizvAtmA ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM bhI Rgveda ke RSi ko jijJAsA hai| vizva kA vaha mUla tattva sat hai athavA asat hai, ina donoM meM se vaha use kisI bhI nAma se kahane ke lie taiyAra nhiiN| zAyada use yaha pratIta huA ho ki yaha mUla tattva aisA nahIM hai jise vANI dvArA vyakta kiyA jA ske| Rgveda (10.90) 1 na vA jAnAmi yadiva idamasmi-Rgveda 1. 164. 37 2 nA'sadAsIt no sadAsIt tadAnIm / Rgveda 10. 129

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aura yajurveda (a0 31) ke puruSasUkta ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki samasta vizva ke mUla meM puruSa kI sattA hai| isa bAta kA ullekha karane kI to AvazyakatA hI nahIM ki yaha puruSa cetana hai| brAhmaNa kAla meM prajApati ne isI puruSa kA sthAna grahaNa kiyA / isa prajApati ko sampUrNa vizva kA sraSTA mAnA gayA hai| brAhmaNa kAla taka bAhya jagat ke mUla kI khoja kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai aura usake mUla meM puruSa athavA prajApati kI kalpanA kI gaI hai| kintu upaniSadoM meM vicAra kI dizA meM parivartana ho gayA hai| mukhyataH AtmavicAraNA ne vizva vicAra kA sthAna grahaNa kara liyA hai| ataeva Atma-vicAra kI kramika pragati ke itihAsa kA jJAna prApta karane ke lie upaniSad prAcIna sAdhana haiN| upaniSadoM meM dRggocara honevAlI AtmasvarUpa kI vicAraNA kA aura upaniSadoM kI pacanA kA kAla eka hI hai-yaha bAta nahIM mAnI jA sakatI, parantu upaniSada kI racanA se bhI pUrva dIrgha kAla se jo vicAra-pravAha cale A rahe the unakA ullekha upaniSadoM meM sammilita hai, yaha mAnanA ucita hai| kyoMki upaniSad veda ke aMtima bhAga mAne jAte haiM, isa liye koI vyakti yaha anumAna bhI kara sakatA hai ki kevala vaidika paraMparA ke RSiyoM ne hI AtmavicAraNA kI hai aura usameM kisI anya paraMparA kI dena nahIM hai| kintu upaniSadoM ke pUrva kI vaidika vicAra dhArA tathA usake bAda kI mAnI jAne vAlI aupaniSadika vaidika vicAra dhArA kI tulanA karane vAloM ko donoM meM jo mukhya bheda dikhAI detA hai, vidvAnoMne usake kAraNa kI khoja kI hai aura unhoMne yaha siddha ' The Creative Period p. 67, 342.

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kiyA hai ki veda-bhinna avaidika vicAra dhArA kA prabhAva hI isa bheda kA kAraNa hai| isa prakAra kI avaidika vicAra dhArA meM jaina paraMparA ke pUrvajoM kI dena kama mahattva nahIM rkhtii| hama ina pUrvajoM ko parivrAjaka zramaNa ke rUpa meM jAna sakate haiN| (1) dehAtmavAda-bhUtAtmavAda Atma-vicAraNA ke kramika sopAna kA citra hameM upaniSadoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| upaniSadoM meM mukhyarUpeNa isa bAta para vicAra kiyA gayA hai ki bAhya vizva ko gauNa kara apane bhItara jisa caitanya arthAt vijJAna kI sphUrti kA anubhava hotA hai, vaha kyA vastu hai| anya saba jar3a padArthoM kI apekSA apane samasta zarIra meM hI isa sphUrti kA vizeSa rUpa se anubhava hotA hai, ataH yaha svAbhAvika hai ki vicAraka kA mana sarva prathama svadeha ko hI AtmA athavA jIva mAnane ke lie AkRSTa ho| upaniSad meM isa kathA kA ullekha hai ki asuroM meM se vairocana aura devoM meM se indra Atma vijJAna kI zikSA lene prajApati ke pAsa gae haiN| pAnI ke pAtra meM una donoM ke pratibimba dikhAkara prajApati ne pUchA ki tumheM kyA dikhAI detA hai ? isake uttara meM unhoMne kahA ki pAnI meM nakha se lekara zikhA taka hamArA pratibimba dRggocara ho rahA hai| prajApati ne kahA ki jise tuma dekha rahe ho, vahI AtmA hai| yaha suna kara donoM cale ge| vairocana ne asuroM meM isa bAta kA pracAra kiyA ki deha hI AtmA hai| kintu indra kA isa bAta se samAdhAna nahIM huaa| taittirIya upaniSad meM bhI jahAM sthUla se sUkSma aura sUkSmatara Atma-svarUpakA kramazaH varNana kiyA gayA hai, vahAM sabase pahale 1 chAndogya 8.8

Page #18
annamaya AtmA kA paricaya diyA gayA hai aura yaha batAyA gayA hai ki anna se puruSa kI utpatti huI hai, usakI vRddhi bhI anna se hotI hai aura vaha anna meM hI vilIna hotA hai| ataH yaha puruSa annarasamaya hai| deha ko AtmA mAnakara yaha vicAraNA huI hai| prAkRta evaM pAli ke granthoM meM isa mantavya ko 'tajjIvataccharIravAda' ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai aura dArzanika sUtrakAla meM isI kA nirdeza 'dehAtmavAda' dvArA kiyA gayA hai| jaina Agama aura bauddha tripiTaka meM isa bAta kA bhI nirdeza hai ki isa dehAtmavAda se milatA julatA caturbhUta athavA paMcabhUta ko AtmA mAnane vAloM kA ddhAntasi bhI pracalita thaa| aisA mAlUma hotA hai ki vicAraka gaNa jaba dehatattva kA vizleSaNa karane lage hoMge taba kisI ne use cAra bhUtAtmaka aura kisI ne use pAMcabhUtAtmaka mAnA hogaa| ye bhUtAtmavAdI athavA dehAtmavAdI apane pakSa ke samarthana meM jo yuktiyAM dete the, unameM mukhya ye thIM: jisa prakAra koI puruSa myAna se talavAra bAhara khIMcakara use alaga dikhA sakatA hai, usI prakAra AtmA ko zarIra se nikAla kara koI bhI pRthak rUpeNa nahIM batA sktaa| athavA jisa prakAra tiloM meM se tela nikAla kara batAyA jA sakatA hai, yA dahI se makkhana nikAla kara dikhAyA jA sakatA hai, usI prakAra jIva ko zarIra se pRthak nikAla kara nahIM batAyA jA sktaa| jaba taka / taittirIya 2.1, 2, 2 brahmajAla sutta (hindI) pR0 12; sUtrakRtAMga / sUtrakRtAMga 1. 1 1. 7.8,

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( 10 ) zarIra sthira rahatA hai, tabhI taka AtmA kI sthiratA hai, zarIra kA nAza hone para AtmA kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai| ___ bauddhoM ke dIghanikAyAntargata pAyAsI sutta meM aura jainoM ke rAyapaseNaiya sutta meM una prayogoM kA samAna rUpa se vistRta varNana hai jinheM nAstika rAjA pAyAsI-paesI ne 'jIva zarIra se pRthak nahIM hai' isa bAta ko siddha karane ke lie kiye the| unase patA calatA hai ki usane marane vAloM se kahA huA thA ki tuma mara kara jisa loka meM jAo, vahA~ se mujhe samAcAra batAne ke lie avazya aanaa| kintu unameM se eka bhI vyakti use mRtyUparAnta kI sthiti ke viSaya meM samAcAra dene nahIM aayaa| ataH use yaha vizvAsa ho gayA ki mRtyu ke samaya hI AtmA kA nAza ho jAtA hai, zarIra se bhinna prAtmA nAmaka koI padArtha nahIM hai / 'zarIra hI AtmA hai' isa bAta ko pramANita karane ke uddezya se rAjA ne jIvita manuSya ko lohe kI peTI meM athavA hAMDI meM banda karake yaha dekhane kA prayatna kiyA ki mRtyu ke samaya usakA jIva bAhara nikalatA hai yA nhiiN| parIkSaNa ke anta meM usane nizcaya kiyA ki mRtyu ke samaya zarIra se koI jIva bAhara nahIM nikltaa| jIvita aura mRta vyakti ko tola kara usa ne yaha parIkSA bhI kI ki yadi mRtyu ke samaya jIva calA jAtA ho to vajana meM kamI ho jAnI caahie| kintu aisA nahIM huA, pratyuta isake viparIta use yaha patA calA ki mRta vyakti kA vaz2ana bar3ha jAtA hai| manuSya ke zarIra ke Tukar3e Tukar3e kara kramazaH haDDiyoM, mA~sa Adi meM jIva kI khoja kI, kintu vaha unameM bhI nahIM milaa| isake atirikta rAjA yaha yukti diyA karatA thA ki yadi zarIra aura jIva alaga 2 haiM to kyA kAraNa hai ki eka bAlaka aneka bANa nahIM calA sakatA aura eka yuvaka 'sUtrakRtAMga 2.1.9; 2.1.10

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( 11 ) yaha kAma kara sakatA hai / ataH zakti AtmA kI nahIM, apitu zarIra kI hai aura zarIra ke nAza ke sAtha hI usakA nAza ho jAtA hai| pAyAsI rAjA kI bhinna bhinna parIkSAoM evaM yuktiyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha AtmA ko bhUtoM ke samAna hI indriyoM kA viSaya mAnakara AtmA saMbaMdhI zodha meM lIna thA; aura AtmA ko eka bhautika tattva mAnakara hI usane tadviSayaka khoja jArI rkhii| isI lie use nirAzA kA mukha dekhanA pdd'aa| yadi vaha AtmA ko eka amUrta tattva mAnakara use DhUr3hane kA prayatna karatA to usakI zodha kI prakriyA aura hI hotii| rAyapaseAiya ke varNana ke anusAra paesI kA dAdA bhI usI kI bhA~ti nAstika thA / isase jJAta hotA hai ki AtmA ko bhautika samajha kara usake viSaya meM vicAra karane vAle vyakti ati prAcIna kAla meM bhI the| isa bAta kA samarthana pUrvokta taittirIya upaniSad se bhI hotA hai| vahAM AtmA ko annamaya' kahA gayA hai / isake atirikta upaniSad se bhI prAcIna aitareya AraNyaka meM AtmA ke vikAsa ke pradarzaka jo sopAna dikhAye gaye haiM, usase bhI yaha bAta pramANita hotI hai ki AtmavicAraNA meM AtmA ko bhautika mAnanA usakA prathama sopAna hai / usa AraNyakara meM vanaspati, pazu evaM manuSya ke caitanya ke pArasparika saMbaMdha kA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai aura yaha batAyA gayA hai ki auSadhi - vanaspati aura ye jo samasta pazu evaM manuSya haiM, unameM AtmA uttarottara vikasita hotA hai / kAraNa yaha hai ki auSadhi aura vanaspati meM to vaha kevala rasa rUpa meM hI dikhAI detA hai kintu pazuoM meM citta bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai aura 1 taittirIya 2.1.2 2 aitareya AraNyaka 2.3.2

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manuSya meM vaha vikAsa karate karate tInoM kAloM kA vicAraka bana jAtA hai| (2) prANAtmavAda-indriyAtmavAda upaniSadoM meM upalabdha vairocana aura indra kI kathA kA eka aMza dehAtmavAda kI carcA meM likhA jA cukA hai| yaha bhI kahA jA cukA hai ki indra ko prajApati ke isa spaSTIkaraNa se santoSa nahIM huA ki deha hI AtmA hai| ataH hama yaha mAna sakate haiM ki usa yuga meM kevala indra hI nahIM apitu usa jaise kaI vicArakoM ke mana meM isa prazna ke viSaya meM ulajhana huI hogI aura unakI usa ulajhana ne hI Atmatattva ke viSaya meM adhika vicAra karane ke liye unheM prerita kiyA hogaa| cintanazIla vyaktiyoM ne jaba zarIra kI AdhyAtmika kriyAoM kA nirIkSaNa-parIkSaNa prAraMbha kiyA hogA, taba sarvaprathama unakA dhyAna prANa kI ora AkRSTa huA ho, yaha svAbhAvika hai| unhoMne anubhava kiyA hogA ki nidrA kI avasthA meM jaba samasta indriyA~ apanI apanI pravRtti sthagita kara detI haiM, taba bhI zvAsocchavAsa jArI rahatA hai| kevala mRtyu ke pazcAn isa zvAsocchavAsa ke darzana nahIM hote| isa bAta se ve isa pariNAma para pahuMce ki jIvana meM prANa kA hI sarvAdhika mahattva hai| ataH unhoMne isa prANa tattva ko hI jIvana kI samasta kriyAoM kA kAraNa maanaa'| jisa samaya vicArakoM ne zarIra meM sphurita hone vAle tattva kI prANarUpa se pahicAna kI, usa samaya usakA mahattva bahuta bar3ha gayA aura usa viSaya meM adhika se adhika vicAra hAne lgaa| pariNAma svarUpa prANa ke saMbaMdha meM chAndogya upaniSad 'taittirIya 2.2,3,. kauSItakI 3.2. 2 chAndogya 3. 15. 4

Page #22
( 13 ) meM kahA gayA ki isa vizva meM jo kucha hai vaha prANa hai| bRhadAraNyaka' meM to use devoM ke bhI deva kA pada pradAna kiyA gayA / prANa arthAt vAyu ko AtmA mAnane vAloM kA khaMDana nAgasena ne milinda prazna meM kiyA hai| zarIra meM hone vAlI kriyAoM ke jo bhI sAdhana haiM, una meM indriyoM kA bhAga atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| ataH yaha svAbhAvika hai ki vicArakoM kA dhyAna usa ora pravRtta ho aura ve indriyoM ko hI AtmA mAnane lageM / bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad meM indriyoM kI pratiyogitA kA ullekha hai aura unake isa dRr3ha nirNaya kA bhI varNana hai ki ve svayaM hI samartha haiM / ataH hama yaha bhI mAna sakate haiM ki kucha logoM kI pravRtti indriyoM ko AtmA samajhane kI rahI hogii| dArzanika sUtra-TIkAkAla meM isa prakAra ke indriyAtmavAdiyoM kA khaMDana bhI kiyA gayA hai, ataH yaha nizcita hai ki kisI kisI vyakti ne isa siddhAnta ko avazya svIkAra kiyA hogaa| prANAtmavAda ke samarthakoM ne isa indriyAtmavAda ke viruddha jo yuktiyA~ dIM, ve hameM bRhadAraNyaka meM dRSTigocara hotI haiN| unameM kahA gayA hai ki mRtyu samasta indriyoM ko thakA detI hai kiMtu unake bIca rahane vAle prAgA ko vaha kucha bhI hAni nahIM pahuMcA sakatI, ataH indriyoM ne prANa ke rUpa ko grahaNa kiyA, isIlie indriyoM ko bhI prANa kahate haiM / prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM jina dasa prANoM kA varNana hai, unameM - indriyoM ko bhI prANa ginA gayA hai| isase bhI uparyukta bAta kA 'bRhadAraNyaka 1. 5. 22-23 2 milinda prazna 2. 10 bRhadAraNyaka 1. 5. 21 4 bRhadAraNyaka 1. 5. 21

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( 14 ) samarthana hotA hai| isa prakAra indriyAtmavAda kA samAveza prANAtmavAda meM ho jAtA hai| - sAMkhya-saMmata vaikRtika baMdha kI vyAkhyA karate hue vAcaspati mizra ne indriyoM ko puruSa mAnane vAloM kA ullekha kiyA hai| vaha bhI indriyAtmavAdiyoM ke viSaya meM samajhA jAnA caahie| __isa prakAra AtmA ko deharUpa mAnA jAe athavA bhUtAtmaka, prANarUpa mAnA jAe athavA indriyarUpa, ina saba matoM meM AtmA apane bhautika rUpa meM hI hamAre sAmane upasthita hotI hai| ina se usakA abhautika rUpa pragaTa nahIM hotaa| athavA hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki ina saba matoM ke anusAra hameM AtmA apane vyaktarUpa meM dRSTigocara hotI hai| vaha indriya grAhya hai, yaha bAta samAnyataH ina saba matoM meM mAnI gayI hai| AtmA ke isa rUpa ko sanmukha rakhate hue hI usakA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| isIlie usake avyakta athavA abhautika svarUpa kI ora ina meM se kisI kA dhyAna nahIM gyaa| parantu RSiyoM ne jisa prakAra vizva ke bhautika rUpa ke pAra jAkara eka avyakta tattva ko mAnA, usI prakAra unhoMne AtmA ke viSaya meM yaha svIkAra kiyA ki vaha bhI apane pUrNa rUpa meM aisA nahIM jise A~khoM dvArA dekhA jA ske| jaba se unakI aisI pravRtti huI, taba se Atma-vicAraNA ne nayA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA / jaba taka AtmA kA bhautika rUpa hI svIkAra kiyA jAe taba taka isa loka ko chor3akara usake paraloka gamana kI mAnyatA, athavA paraloka gamana meM kAraNabhUta karma kI mAnyatA yA puNya pApa kI 'sAMkhyakA0 44 2Rgveda 10.129

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( 15 ) mAnyatA kA prazna hI paidA nahIM hotA / kintu jaba AtmA ko eka sthAyI tattva ke rUpa meM mAna liyA jAe, taba ina saba praznoM para vicAra karane kA avasara svayameva upasthita ho jAtA hai / ataH AtmavAda ke sAtha saMbaddha paraloka aura karmavAda kA vicAra isake bAda hI honA AraMbha huA / ( 3 ) manomaya AtmA vicArakoM ne anubhava kiyA ki prANarUpa kahI jAne vAlI indriyAM bhI manake binA sArthaka nahIM haiM, mana kA saMparka hone para hI indriyAM apane viSayoM kA grahaNa kara sakatI haiM, anyathA nahIM; aura phira vicAraNA ke viSaya meM to indriyAM kucha bhI nahIM kara sakatIM / indriya- vyApAra ke abhAva meM bhI vicAraNA kA krama calatA rahatA hai / supta manuSya kI indriyAM kucha vyApAra nahIM karatIM, usa samaya mana kahIM kA kahIM pahu~ca jAtA hai / ataH saMbhava hai ki unhoMne indriyoM se Age bar3hakara mana ko AtmA mAnanA zurU kara diyA ho / jisa prakAra upaniSat kAla meM prANamaya AtmA ko annamaya AtmA kA antarAtmA mAnA gayA, usI prakAra manomaya AtmA ko prANamaya AtmA kA antarAtmA svIkAra kiyA gyaa| isase patA calatA hai ki vicAra - pragati ke itihAsa meM prANamaya AtmA ke pazcAt manomaya AtmA kI kalpanA kI gaI hogI / ' prANa aura indriyoM kI apekSA mana sUkSma hai, kintu mana bhautika hai yA bhautika, isa viSaya meM dArzanikoM kA mata eka nahIM / kintu yaha bAta nizcita hai ki prAcIna kAla meM mana ko abhautika bhI 1 taittirIya 2. 3, 2 mana ke viSaya meM dArzanika matabheda kA vivaraNa 'pramANa mImAMsA' kI TippaNI pR0 42 para dekheM / Jajn Education International

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mAnA jAtA thaa| isI lie nyAyavaizeSika' zrAdi dArzanikoM ne mana ko aNurUpa mAna kara bhI pRthvI Adi bhUtoM ke sabhI paramANuoM se use vilakSaNa mAnA hai| isake atirikta sAMkhya mata meM bhI yaha mAnA gayA hai ki bhUtoM kI utpatti hone se pUrva hI prAkRtika ahaMkAra se mana kI utpatti ho jAtI hai| isase bhI yaha saMketa milatA hai ki mana bhUtoM kI apekSA sUkSma hai / punazca vaibhASika bauddhoM ne mana ko vijJAna kA samanantara kAraNa mAnA hai, ataH mana vijJAna rUpa hai| isa prakAra prAcIna kAla meM mana ko abhautika mAnane kI eka pravRtti spaSTa dRggocara hotI hai| ataH hameM yaha svIkAra karanA cAhie ki jisa vicAraka ne AtmavicAraNA ke viSaya meM prANa ko chor3akara mana ko AtmA mAnane kI sarvaprathama kalpanA kI hogI, usane hI sabase pahale AtmA ko bhautika zreNI se nikAla kara abhautika zreNI meM rakhA hogA / dArzanika sUtra graMthoM aura unakI TIkAoM se jJAta hotA hai ki mana ko AtmA mAnane vAle dArzanika sUtrakAla meM bhI vidyamAna the| mana koAtmA mAnane vAloM kA kathana thA ki jina hetuoM dvArA AtmA ko deha se bhinna siddha kiyA jAtA hai, unase vaha manomaya siddha hotI hai| mana sarvagrAhI hai| ataH vaha aisA pratisaMdhAna kara sakatA hai ki eka indriya dvArA dekhA gayA aura dUsarI indriya dvArA sparza kiyA gayA viSaya eka hI hai| ataH mana ko hI AtmA mAna lenA cAhie, mana se bhinna AtmA ko mAnane kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| sadAnanda ne vedAntasAra meM kahA hai ki taittirIya upaniSat ke 1 nyAyasUtra 3. 2. 61, vaizeSikasUtra 7. 1. 23 2 SaNNAmanantarAtItaM vijJAnaM yaddhi tanmana :--abhidharmakoSa 1. 17 3 nyAyasUtra 3. 1. 16 nyAyavArtika pR0 336 .

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'anyontarAtmA manomayaH' (2.3) vAkya ke AdhAra para cArvAka mana ko AtmA mAnate haiM / sAMkhyoM dvArA mAnya vikRta ke upAsakoM meM mana ko AtmA mAnane vAloM kA samAveza hai| __'mana kyA hai' isa viSaya meM bRhadAraNyaka meM aneka dRSTikoNoM se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| usameM batAyA gayA hai ki 'merA mana dUsarI ora thA ataH maiM dekha nahIM sakA' 'merA mana dUsarI ora thA ataH maiM suna nahIM saMkA'-arthAt vastutaH dekhA jAe to manuSya manake dvArA dekhatA hai aura usake dvArA hI sunatA hai| kAma, saMkalpa, vicikitsA (saMzaya), zraddhA, azraddhA, dhRti, adhRti, lajjA, buddhi, bhaya-yaha saba mana hI hai| isalie yadi koI vyakti kisI manuSya kI pITha kA sparza karatA hai, to vaha manuSya mana se isa bAta kA jJAna kara letA hai / 2 punazca vahAM mana ko parama brahma samrATa bhI kahA gayA hai| chAndogya meM bhI use brahma' kahA hai| mana ke kAraNa jo bhI vizva-prapaMca hai, usakA nirUpaNa tejobindu upaniSad meM kiyA gayA hai| usase bhI mana kI mahimA kA paricaya milatA hai| usameM batAyA gayA hai ki 'mana hI samasta jagat hai, mana hI mahAn zatru hai, mana saMsAra hai, mana hI triloka hai, mana hI mahAn duHkha hai, mana hI kAla hai, mana hI saMkalpa hai, mana hI jIva hai, mana hI citta hai, mana hI ahaMkAra hai, mana hI antaHkaraNa hai, mana hI pRthvI hai, mana hI jala hai, mana hI agni hai, mana hI mahAna vAyu hai, mana hI AkAza hai, mana hI zabda hai, sparza 1 sAMkhyakArikA 44 2 bRhadAraNyaka 1. 5. 3. / bRhadAraNyaka 4. 1. 6 4 chAndogya 7. 3. 1

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( 18 ) rUpa rasa gaMdha aura pAMca koSa mana se utpanna hue haiM, jAgaraNa svapna suSupti ityAdi manomaya haiM, dikpAla, vasu, rudra, Aditya bhI manomaya haiN|' (4) prajJAtmA, prajJAnAtmA, vijJAnAtmA ___ kauSItakI upaniSad meM prANa ko prajJA aura prajJA ko prANa saMjJA dI gaI hai| usase vidita hotA hai ki prANAtmA ke bAda jaba prajJAtmA kA anveSaNa huA, taba prAcIna aura navIna kA samanvaya Avazyaka thA / 'indriyAM aura mana ye donoM prajJA ke binA sarvathA akiMcitkara haiN| yaha bAta kaha kara kauSItakI meM batAyA gayA hai ki prajJA kA mahattva indriyoM aura mana kI apekSA bhI adhika hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki prajJAtmA manomaya AtmA kI bhI antarAtmA hai| isI bAta kA saMketa taittirIya upaniSad meM (2. 4) vijJAnAtmA ko manomaya AtmA kA antarAtmA batA kara kiyA gayA hai| ataH prajJA aura vijJAna ko paryAyavAcI svIkAra karane meM koI hAni nhiiN| aitareya upaniSad meM prajJAna brahma ke jo paryAya die gae haiM, unameM mana bhI hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki pUrvakalpita manomaya AtmA ke sAtha prajJAnAtmA kA samanvaya hai| usI upaniSad meM prajJA aura prajJAna ko eka hI mAnA hai| aura prajJAna ke paryAya ke rUpa meM vijJAna bhI likhA hai| / tejobindu upaniSad 5. 98, 104; 2 'prANo'smi prajJAtmA' kauSItakI 3. 2, 3. 3; yo vai prANaH sA prajJA / yA vA prajJA sa prANaH -kauSI 3. 3; 3. 4 3 kauSI, 3. 6. 7. gujarAtI anuvAda-pR0 892 4 aitareya 3. 2. 5 aitareya 3. 3. 6 aitareya 3. 2.

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( 16 ) sArAMza yaha hai ki vijJAna, prajJA, prajJAna ye samasta zabda ekArthaka mAne gae aura usI artha ke anusAra AtmA ko vijJAnAtmA, prajJAtmA, prajJAnAtmA svIkAra kiyA gyaa| manomaya AtmA sUkSma hai, kintu mana kisI ke matAnusAra bhautika aura kisI ke matAnusAra abhautika hai| kintu jaba vijJAna ko AtmA kI saMjJA pradAna kI gaI, taba usake bAda hI isa vicAraNA ko bala milA ki AtmA eka abhautika tattva hai| AtmavicAraNA ke kSetra meM vijJAna, prajJA athavA prajJAna ko AtmA kaha kara vicArakoM ne AtmavicAra kI dizA meM hI parivartana kara diyaa| aba unhoM ne isa mAnyatA kI ora agrasara honA prAraMbha kiyA ki AtmA maulika rUpeNa cetana tattva hai| prajJAna kI pratiSThA itanI adhika bar3hI ki AMtarika aura bAhya sabhI padArthoM ko prajJAna kA nAma diyA gyaa|' aba prajJA tattva kA vizleSaNa anivArya thA, ataH usake viSaya meM vicAra prAraMbha huaa| samasta indriyoM aura mana ko prajJA meM hI pratiSThita mAnA gyaa| jisa samaya manuSya supta athavA mRtAvasthA meM hotA hai, usa samaya indriyA~ prANa rUpa prajJA meM antahita ho jAtI haiM, ataH kisI bhI prakAra kA jJAna nahIM ho sktaa| jaba manuSya nIMda se jAgatA hai yA punaH janma grahaNa karatA hai, taba jisa prakAra ciMgArI meM se agni pragaTa hotI hai usI prakAra prajJA meM se indriyAM punaH bAhara AtI haiM aura manuSya ko jJAna hone lagatA hai| indriyAM prajJA ke eka aMza ke samAna haiM, isalie ve prajJA ke binA apanA kAma karane meM asamartha haiN| ataH indriyoM aura 1 aitareya 3.1.2-3 / 2 kauSItakI 3.2 / kauSItakI 3.5 4 kauSItakI 3.7

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mana se bhI bhinna prajJAtmA kA jJAna prApta karane kA prayatna karanA cAhie yaha kahA gyaa| isa bAta kI bhI preraNA kI gaI hai ki indriyoM ke viSayoM kA nahIM parantu indriyoM ke viSayoM ke jJAtA prajJAtmA kA jJAna prApta kiyA jaae| mana kA jJAna Avazyaka nahIM kiMtu manana karane vAle kA jJAna Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra kauSItakI upaniSad meM isa bAta para jora diyA gayA hai ki indriyAdi sAdhanoM se bhI para prajJAmA'-sAdhaka ko jAnanA cAhie / kauSItakI upaniSat ke uparyukta vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa upaniSad meM prajJA ko indriyoM kA adhiSThAna mAnA gayA hai| kintu abhI prajJA ke svataH prakAzita rUpa kI ora vicArakoM kA dhyAna gayA nahIM thaa| ataH suptAvasthA meM indriyoM ke vyApAra ke abhAva meM sva yA para kA kisI bhI prakAra kA jJAna svIkRta nahIM kiyA gyaa| usI prakAra mRtyUparAnta jaba taka naI indriyoM kA nirmANa nahIM hotA, taba taka prajJA bhI akiMci kara hI rahatI hai-esA mAnA gyaa| indriyAM prajJA ke adhIna haiM, isa bAta ko mAna kara bhI yaha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki prajJA bhI indriyoM ke binA kucha nahIM kara sktii| cUMki abhI prajJA aura prANa ko eka hI samajhA jAtA thA, ataH prANa se bhI para svataH prakAzaka prajJA kA svarUpa kisI ke dhyAna meM na Ae, yaha svAbhAvika hai| 1 kauSItakI 3.8 2 aise AtmA ke jJAna se indra ko saMtoSa nahIM huA thA, aura usane prajApati se suptAvasthA ke AtmA se bhI para AtmA kA jJAna prApta kiyA thA, yaha ullekha chAndogya meM hai-8. 11, isa viSaya meM bRhadA0 1. 1520 bhI dekhane yogya hai|

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( 21 ) kaThopaniSad' meM jahAM uttarottara uccatara tattvoM kI gaNanA kI gaI hai vahAM mana se buddhi, buddhi se mahat, mahat se avyakta--- prakRti, aura prakRti se puruSa ko uttarottara uccatara mAnA gayA hai / yahI bAta gItA meM bhI kahI gaI hai| yaha prakriyA sAMkhya sammata hai / isa mAnyatA se jJAta hotA hai ki prAcIna mata yaha thA ki vijJAna kisI cetana padArtha kA dharma nahIM, apitu acetana prakRti kA dharma hai / isa mata kI upasthiti meM yaha bAta svIkAra nahIM kI jA sakatI ki vijJAnAtmA kI zodha pUrI ho jAne para AtmA sarvataH cetanasvarUpa kiMvA jar3arUpa siddha ho gayA / kintu jaba vicAraka prajJAtmA kI sImA taka ur3Ana kara cuke, taba unakA bhAvI mArga spaSTa thA / ataeva ba aisI paristhiti nahIM thI ki AtmA se bhautika gaMdha ko sarvathA nirmUla karane meM vilamba ho / (5) AnandAtmA yadi manuSya ke anubhava kA vizleSaNa kiyA jAe, to usa anubhava ke do rUpa spaSTa dRggocara hote haiM; pahalA to padArthaM kI vijJapti saMbaMdhI hai arthAt hameM padArtha kA jo jJAna hotA hai vaha anubhava kA eka rUpa hai, aura dUsarA rUpa vedana saMbaMdhI hai / eka ko hama saMvedana kaha sakate haiM aura dUsare ko vedanA | padArtha ko jAnanA eka rUpa hai aura usakA bhoga karanA dUsarA / jJAna kA saMbaMdha jAnane se hai aura vedanA kA bhoga se / jJAna kA sthAna pahalA hai aura bhoga kA dUsarA / vaha vedanA bhI anukUla aura pratikUla ke bheda se do prakAra kI hotI hai| pratikUla vedanA kisI ke lie bhI rucikara nahIM hotI, parantu anukUla vedanA sabako iSTa hai / isI kA dUsarA nAma sukha hai aura sukha kI parAkASThA ko 1 kaTho0 1. 3. 10-11.

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( 22 ) Ananda kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| bAhya padArthoM ke bhoga se sarvathA nirapekSa anukUla vedanA AtmA kA svarUpa hai aura vicAraka puruSoM ne use hI AnandAtmA kahA hai| isa bAta kI adhika saMbhAvanA hai ki anubhava ke saMvedana rUpa ko pradhAna mAnakara prajJAtmA athavA vijJAnAtmA kI kalpanA ne janma liyA to usake vedanA rUpa kI prAdhAnyatA se AnandAtmA kI kalpanA ko bala milA / yaha svAbhAvika hai ki jaba AtmA jaise eka akhaMDa padArtha ko khaNDa khaNDa kara dekhA jAe to vicArakoM ke samakSa usake vijJAnAtmA, AnandAtmA jaise rUpa upasthita ho jAte haiN| vijJAna kA lakSya bhI Ananda hI hai, ataH isameM koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM ki vicArakoM ne AnandAtmA ko vijJAnAtmA kA antarAtmA svIkAra kiyaa| punazca manuSya meM do bhAvanAe~ haiMdArzanika aura dhArmika / dArzanika vijJAnAtmA ko mukhya mAnate haiN| kintu dArzanikoM ke antara meM hI sthita dhArmika AtmA AnandAtmA kI kalpanA kara saMtoSa kA anubhava kare, to yaha koI naI bAta nhiiN| (6) puruSa, cetana aAtmA-cidAtmA-brahma vicArakoM ne AtmA ke viSaya meM annamaya AtmA se lekara AnandAtmA paryanta pragati kI, kintu unakI yaha pragati abhI taka Atma-tattva ke bhinna-bhinna AvaraNoM ko AtmA samajha kara hI ho rahI thii| ina saba AtmAoM kI bhI jo mUlarUpa AtmA thI, usakA anveSaNa abhI bAkI thaa| jaba usa AtmA kI zodha 1 taittirIya 2-5 / * Nature of Consciousness in Hindu Philosophy p. 29.

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( 23 ) hone lagI, taba yaha kahA jAne lagA ki annamaya AtmA jise zarIra bhI kahA jAtA hai, ratha ke samAna hai, use calAne vAlA rathI hI vAstavika AtmA hai / AtmA se rahita zarIra kucha bhI karane meM asamartha hai| zarIra kI saMcAlaka zakti hI AtmA hai / isa prakAra yaha bAta spaSTa kara dI gaI ki zarIra aura AtmA ye donoM tattva pRthak haiM / Atma se svataMtra hokara prAraNa kucha bhI kriyA nahIM karatA / AtmA prANa kI bhI prAraNa hai / praznopaniSad meM likhA hai ki prANa kA janma AtmA se hI hotA hai / manuSya kI chAyA kA AdhAra svayaM manuSya hai, usI prakAra prAraNa AtmA para avalambita hai / isa prakAra prAraNa aura AtmA kA bheda sAmane AyA / 8 kenopaniSad meM yaha sUcita kiyA gayA hai ki yaha AtmA indriya aura mana se bhinna hai| vahAM batAyA gayA hai ki indriyA~ aura mana brahma-AtmA ke binA kucha bhI karane meM asamartha haiM / AtmA kA astitva hone para hI cakSu Adi indriyAM aura mana apanA apanA kArya karate haiM / jisa prakAra vijJAnAtmA kI antarAtmA AnandAtmA hai, usI prakAra AnandAtmA kI antarAtmA sadrUpa brahma hai / isa bAtakA pratipAdana karake vijJAna aura Ananda se bhI para aise brahma kI kalpanA kI gaI / 1 chAgaleya upaniSad kA sAra - dekheM, History of Indian Philosophy vol. 2, p. 131; maitrI upaniSad 2.3.4, kaTho0 1-3-3 / 2 kena 1.2. 3 praznopaniSad 3.3 4 kena 1.4 - -6 5 taittirIya 2.6

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( 24 ) brahma aura AtmA pRthak pRthak nahIM haiM, kintu eka hI tattva ke do nAma haiN| isI AtmA ko samasta tattvoM se para aisA puruSa bhI mAnA gayA hai aura saba bhUtoM meM gUDhAtmA bhI kahA gayA hai / kaThopaniSad meM buddhi-vijJAna ko prAkRta-jar3a batAyA gayA hai| ataH yaha bAta svAbhAvika hai ki vijJAnAtmA kI kalpanA se vicAraka saMtuSTa na hoM / ataH usase bhI Age cidAtmA-puruSacetanAtmA kI zodha Avazyaka thI aura vaha brahma athavA cetanaAtmA kI kalpanA se pUrNa huii| isa prakAra cintakoM ne abhautika tattva ke rUpa meM AtmA kA nizcaya kiyaa| isa krama se bhUta se lekara cetana kI AtmavicAraNA kI utkrAMti kA itihAsa yahAM pUrNa ho jAtA hai| vijJAnAtmA kA varNana karate hue pahale yaha likhA jA cukA hai ki use svataH prakAzita nahIM mAnA gayA / suptAvasthA meM vaha acetana ho jAtA hai, vaha svaprakAzaka nhiiN| kintu isa puruSa-cetana AtmA athavA cidAtmA ke viSaya meM yaha bAta nhiiN| vaha svayaM prakAza svarUpa hai, svataH prakAzita hotA hai| vaha vijJAna kA bhI antaryAmI hai / isa sarvAntarAtmA ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha sAkSAt hai, aparokSa hai, prANa kA grahaNa karane vAlA vahI hai, A~kha kA dekhane vAlA vahI hai, kAna kA sunane vAlA vahI hai, mana kA vicAra karane vAlA vahI hai, jJAna kA jAnane 1 sarvaM hi etad brahma, ayamAtmA brahma-mAMDukya 2; bRhadA0 2.5.19. 2 kaTho0 1. 3. 10-12. 3 bRhadA0 4. 3. 6-9, vijJAnAtmA va prajJAnaghana (bRhadA0 4.5. 13) AtmA meM antara hai| pahalA prAkRta hai jaba ki dUsarA puruSacetana hai| 4 bRhadA0 3.7.22 /

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( 25 ) vAlA vahI hai / yahI draSTA hai, yahI zrotA hai, yahI manana karane vAlA hai, yahI vijJAtA hai| yaha nitya cinmAtra rUpa hai, sarva prakAza rUpa hai, cinmAtra jyoti svarUpa hai| isa puruSa athavA cidAtmA ko ajara, akSara, amRta, amara, avyaya, aja, nitya, dhruva, zAzvata, ananta mAnA gayA hai / isa viSaya meM kaTha0 (1.3.15) meM likhA hai ki azabda, asparza, arUpa, avyaya, arasa, nitya, agandhavat, anAdi, ananta mahat tattva se para, dhruva aisI AtmA kA jJAna prApta kara manuSya mRtyu ke mukha se mukta ho jAtA hai| (7) bhagavAn buddha kA anAtmavAda hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki vicAraka saba se pahale bAhyadRSTi se grAhya bhUta ko hI maulika tattva mAnate the, kintu kAla krama se unhoMne Atmatattva ko svIkAra kiyaa| vaha tattva indriya grAhya na hokara atIndriya thaa| jaba unheM isa prakAra ke atIndriya tattva kA bodha huA, taba yaha svAbhAvika thA ki ve usake svarUpa ke saMbaMdha meM vicAra karane lgeN| jisa samaya prANa, mana, aura prajJA se bhI para AtmA kI kalpanA kA janma huA, taba cintakoM ke samakSa naye naye prazna upasthita hone lge| prANa, mana aura prajJA aise padArtha the jina kA jJAna sarala thA, kiMtu AtmA to ina saba se para mAnA gayA / ataH usakA jJAna kisa prakAra prApta kiyA jAe, vaha kaisA hai, 1 bRhadA0 3. 4 1-2 / 2 bRhadA0 3.7. 23, 3. 8. 11 / 3 maitreyyupaniSad 3.16.21. 4 kaTha 3.2; vRhadA0 4.4.20; 3.8.8; 4.4.25; zvetA0 1.9 ityAdi

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( 26 ) usakA svarUpa kyA hai, ye prazna utthe| vAstavika AtmavidyA kA zrIgaNeza isI samaya huA, aura logoM ko isa vidyA kA aisA vyasana lagA ki unhoMne AtmA kI zodha meM hI apane kartavya kI itizrI smjhii| unheM Atma-sukha kI apekSA isa saMsAra ke bhoga athavA svarga ke sukha tuccha pratIta hue aura unhoMne tyAga evaM tapazcaryA kI kaThina yAtanAoM ko saharSa sahana kiyA / naciketA' jaise bAlaka bhI mRtyu ke uparAMta AtmA kI dazA kA jJAna prApta karane ke lie itane utsuka ho gae ki unheM aihika athavA svarga ke sukhasAdhana heya dikhAI die| maitreyI jaisI mahilAeM apane pati kI saMpatti kA uttarAdhikAra lene kI apekSA Atma-vidyA kI zodha meM tallIna ho gaI aura pati deva se kahane lagI ki jise pAkara maiM amara nahIM ho sakatI, use lekara kyA karU~ ? ataH bhagavan ! yadi Apa amara hone kA upAya jAnate haiM to mujhe btaaie| kucha loga to pukAra pukAra kara kahane lage ki jisameM dhuloka, aMtarikSa aura pRthvI tathA sarva prANoM sahita mana otaprota hai, aise eka mAtra AtmA kA hI jJAna prApta karo, zeSa saba jhaMjhaTa chor3a do| amaratA prApta karane ke lie yaha AtmA setu ke samAna hai| yAjJavalkya to saba se Age bar3ha kara ghoSaNA karatA hai ki pati, patnI, putra, dhana, pazu ye saba cIjeM AtmA ke nimitta hI priya mAlUma hotI haiN| ataH isa AtmA ko hI dekhanA cAhie, usake viSaya meM hI sunanA cAhie, vicAra karanA cAhie, dhyAna karanA cAhie, aisA karane se saba kucha jJAta ho jaaegaa| 1 kaTho0 1. 1. 23-29, 2 bRhadA0 2.4.3, 3 muMDaka 2-2-5, 4 bRhadA0 4-5-6,

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( 27 ) isa pravRtti kA eka zubha phala yaha huA ki vicArakoM ke mana meM vaidika karmakAMDa ke prati virodha kI bhAvanA jAgarita ho gii| kintu Atma-vidyA kA bhI atireka huaa| aura atIndriya AtmA ke viSaya meM hareka vyakti manamAnI kalpanA karane lgaa| aisI paristhiti meM aupaniSada-AtmavidyA ke viSaya meM pratikriyA kA sUtrapAta honA svAbhAvika thaa| bhagavAn buddha ke upadezoM meM hameM vahI pratikriyA dRSTigocara hotI hai| sabhI upaniSadoM kA aMtima niSkarSa to yahI hai ki vizva ke mUla meM mAtra eka hI zAzvata AtmA-brahma tattva hai aura ise chor3a kara anya kucha bhI nahIM hai| upaniSat ke RSiyoM ne aMta meM yahAM taka kaha diyA ki advaita tattva ke hote hue bhI jo vyakti saMsAra meM bheda kI kalpanA karate haiM ve apane sarvanAza ko nimaMtraNa dete haiN| isa prakAra usa samaya AtmavAda kI bhISaNa bAr3ha AI thI, ataH usa bAr3ha ko rokane ke lie bAMdha bAMdhane kA kAma bhagavAna buddha ne kiyaa| isa kArya meM unheM sthAyI saphalatA kitanI milI, yaha eka pRthak prazna hai| hameM kevala yaha batAnA hai ki bhagavAna buddha ne usa bAr3ha ko anAtmavAda kI ora mor3ane kA bharasaka prayatna kiyA / jaba hama yaha kahate haiM ki bhagavAn buddha ne anAtmavAda kA upadeza diyA, taba usakA artha yaha nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki unhoMne AtmA jaise padArtha kA sarvathA niSedha kiyA hai| usa niSedha kA abhiprAya itanA hI hai ki upaniSadoM meM jisa prakAra se zAzvata advaita AtmA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai aura use vizva kA eka mAtra maulika tattva mAnA gayA hai, bhagavAn buddha ne usa kA virodha kiyaa| 'manasaivAnu draSTavyaM neha nAnAsti kiNcn| mRtyoH sa mRtyumApnoti ya iha nAneva pazyati / bRhadA0 4. 4. 19; kaTho0 4. 11

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( 28 ) upaniSat ke pUrvokta bhUtavAdI aura dArzanika sUtrakAla ke nAstika athavA cArvAka bhI anAtmavAdI haiM aura bhagavAn buddha bhI anAtmavAdI haiM / donoM isa bAta se sahamata haiM ki AtmA sarvathA svataMtra dravya nahIM aura vaha nitya yA zAzvata bhI nahIM / arthAt donoM ke mata meM AtmA eka utpanna hone vAlI vastu hai| kiMtu cArvAka aura bhagavAn buddha meM matabheda yaha hai ki bhagavAn buddha yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki pudgala, AtmA, jIva, citta nAma kI eka svataMtra vastu hai, jaba ki bhUtavAdI use cAra pAMca bhUtoM se utpanna hone vAlI eka parataMtra vastu mAtra mAnate haiM / bhagavAna buddha bhI jIva, pudgala athavA citta ko aneka kAraNoM dvArA utpanna to mAnate haiM aura isa artha meM vaha parataMtra bhI hai, kiMtu isa utpatti ke jo kAraNa haiM unameM vijJAna aura vijJAnetara donoM prakAra ke kAraNa vidyamAna hote haiM; jaba ki cArvAka mata meM caitanya kI utpatti meM caitanya se vyatirikta bhUta hI kAraNa haiM, caitanya kAraNa hai hI nahIM / tAtparya yaha hai ki bhUtoM ke samAna vijJAna bhI eka mUla tattva hai jo janya aura anitya hai, yaha bhagavAn buddha kI mAnyatA hai aura cArvAka bhUtoM ko hI mUla tattva mAnate haiM / buddha caitanya vijJAna kI saMtati-dhArA ko anAdi mAnate haiM kiMtu cArvAka mata meM caitanya dhArA jaisI koI cIja nahIM hai / nadI kA pravAha dhArAbaddha jala binduoM dvArA nirmita hotA hai aura usameM ekatA kI pratIti hotI hai| usI prakAra vijJAna kI saMtati paraMparA se vijJAna dhArA kA nirmANa hotA hai aura usameM bhI ekatva kI jhalaka najara AtI hai| vastutaH jala binduoM ke samAna hI pratyeka deza aura kAla meM vijJAna kSaNa bhinna hI hote haiN| aisI vijJAna dhArA bhagavAn buddha ko mAnya thI, kiMtu cArvAka use bhI svIkAra nahIM karate / bhagavAna buddha ne rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra va vijJAna, cakSu Adi indriyAM, unake viSaya, unase hone vAle jJAna, mana, mAnasika

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( 26 ) dharma aura manovijJAna ina saba para eka eka karake vicAra kiyA hai aura sabako anitya, duHkha evaM anAtma ghoSita kiyA hai| ina sabake saMbaMdha meM ve prazna karate ki ye nitya haiM athavA anitya ? unheM uttara diyA jAtA ki ye anitya haiN| ve punaH pUchate ki yadi anitya haiM to sukha rUpa haiM athavA duHkharUpa ? uttara milatA ki ye duHkharUpa haiN| ve phira pUchane lagate ki jo vastu anitya ho, duHkha ho, vipariNAmI ho, kyA usake viSaya meM 'yaha merI hai, yaha maiM hU~, yaha merA AtmA hai' aise vikalpa kie jA sakate haiM ? uttara meM nakarAtmaka dhvani sunAI detii| isa prakAra ve zrotAoM ko isa bAta kA vizvAsa karA dete ki saba kucha anAtma hai, AtmA jaisI vastu DhU~Dhane para bhI milatI nhiiN| 1 bhagavAn buddha ne rUpAdi sabhI vastuoM ko janya mAnA hai aura yaha vyApti banAI hai ki jo janya hai, usakA nirodha Avazyaka hai| ataH buddha mata meM anAdi ananta Atmatattva kA sthAna nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai ki koI vyakti isa bAta ke lie utsuka ho ki pUrvokta manomaya AtmA ke sAtha bauddha sammata pudgala arthAt dehadhArI jIva, jise citta bhI kahA gayA hai, kI tulanA kI jAe / kiMtu vastutaH ina donoM meM bheda hai| bauddhamata meM mana ko anta:karaNa mAnA gayA hai aura indriyoM kI bhA~ti cittotpAda meM yaha bhI eka kAraNa hai| ataH manomaya AtmAse usakI tulanA zakya nahIM, paraMtu vijJAnAtmA se usakI AMzika tulanA saMbhava hai| 'saMyuttanikAya 12. 70. 32-37, dIghanikAya-mahAnidAna sutta 15, vinayapiTaka mahAvagga 1.6. 38-46. 2yaM kiMci samudayadhamma sabbaM taM nirodhadhamma'-mahAvagga 1. 6. 29. 'savve saMkhArA aniccA-dukkhA-anattA' aMguttaranikAya tikanipAta 134.

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( 30 ) vijJAnAtmA satata jAgarita nahIM hotA, aura na satata saMvedaka hotA hai| magara suptAvasthA meM athavA mRtyu ke samaya meM vaha lIna ho jAtA hai aura bAda meM punaH saMvedaka bana jAtA hai| pudgala ke viSaya meM bhI yahI bAta kahI jA sakatI hai| suptAvasthA athavA mRtyu ke samaya usakA bhI nirodha hotA hai / isa tulanA ko AMzika isa lie kahA gayA hai ki vijJAnAtmA hI punaH jAgarita hotA hai, yaha bAta mAna lI gaI thI kintu buddha ne to jAgarita hone vAle pudgala athavA mRtyu ke pazcAt utpanna hone vAle pudgala ke viSaya meM yaha 'vahI hai' yA 'bhinna' hai ina donoM vidhAnoM meM se kisI ko bhI ucita svIkAra nahIM kiyA / yadi ve yaha kaheM ki unhIM pudgaloM ne punaH janma grahaNa kiyA to upaniSat sammata zAzvatavAda kA samarthana ho jAtA hai jo ki unheM aniSTa hai aura yadi ve yaha bAta kaheM ki 'bhinna hai' to bhautikavAdiyoM ke uccheda vAda ko samarthana prApta hotA hai| vaha bhI buddha ke lie iSTa nhiiN| ataH buddha kevala itanA hI pratipAdana karate haiM ki prathama citta thA, isI lie dusarA utpanna huaa| utpanna hone vAlA vahI nahIM hai aura usase bhinna bhI nahIM hai kintu vaha usakI dhArA meM hI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki buddha kA upadeza thA ki janma, jarA, maraNa Adi kisI sthAI dhruva jIva ke nahIM hote kiMtu ve saba amuka kAraNoM se utpanna hote haiN| buddha mata meM janma, jarA, maraNa ina sabakA astitva to hai, kintu bauddha yaha svIkAra nahIM karate ki ina saba kA koI sthAyI AdhAra' bhI hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki buddha ko jahAM cArvAka kA dehAtmavAda amAnya hai vahAM upaniSat saMmata sarvAntaryAmI, nitya, dhruva, zAzvata svarUpa AtmA bhI amAnya saMyuttanikAya 12-26, aMguttaranikAya 3, dIghanikAya brahmajAlasutaM, saMyuttanikAya 12. 17, 24; visuddhimagga 17. 166-174

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hai| unake mata meM AtmA zarIra se atyanta bhinna bhI nahIM aura zarIra se abhinna bhI nhiiN| unheM cArvAka saMmata bhautikavAda ekAnta pratIta hotA hai aura upaniSadoM kA kUTastha AtmavAda bhI ekAnta dikhAI detA hai| unakA mArga to madhyama mArga hai jise ve 'pratItyasamutpAda'-amuka vastu kI apekSA se amuka vastu utpanna huIkahate haiN| vaha vAda na to zAzvatavAda hai aura na hI uccheda vAda, use azAzvatAnucchedavAda kA nAma diyA jA sakatA hai| buddha mata ke anusAra saMsAra meM sukha duHkha Adi avasthAe~ haiM, kama hai, janma hai, maraNa hai, baMdha hai, mukti bhI hai-ye saba kucha hai, kintu ina saba kA koI sthira AdhAra nahIM nityatva nhiiN| ye samasta avasthAe~ apane pUrvavartI kAraNoM se utpanna hotI rahatI haiM aura eka navIna kArya ko utpanna kara ke naSTa hotI rahatI haiN| isa prakAra saMsAra kA cakra calatA rahatA hai| pUrva kA sarvathA uccheda athavA usa kA dhrauvya donoM hI mAnya nahIM haiN| uttarAvasthA pUrvAvasthA se nitAnta asaMbaddha hai, apUrva hai.---yaha bAta svIkAra nahIM kI jA sakatI, kyoMki donoM kAryakAraNa kI zrRMkhalA meM baddha haiN| pUrva ke saba saMskAra uttara meM A jAte haiM, ataH isa samaya jo pUrva hai vaha uttara rUpa meM astitva meM AtA hai| uttara pUrva se na to sarvathA bhinna hai aura na sarvathA abhinna, kintu vaha avyAkRta hai| bhinna mAnane se ucchedavAda aura abhinna kahane se zAzvatavAda mAnanA par3atA hai| bhagavAn buddha ko ye donoM hI vAda iSTa nahIM the| ataH aise viSayoM ke saMbaMdha meM unhoMne avyAkRtavAda kI zaraNa lii|' - buddhaghoSa ne isI viSaya ko paurANikoM kA bacana kaha kara pratipAdita kiyA hai : 1 nyAyAvatAravArtika vRtti kI prastAvanA dekheM-pR0 6, milinda prazna 2. 25-33, pR0 41-52,

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( 32 ) kammassa kArako natthi vipAkassa ca vedako / suddhadhammA pavattanti evetaM sammadassanaM // evaM kamme vipAke ca vattamAne sahetuke / bIjarukkhAkAnaM va puvvA koTi na nAyati / anAgate pi saMsAre appavattaM na dissati / etamatthaM anabAya titthiyA asayaMvasI // sattasacaM gahetvAna sassatucchedadassino / dvAsahidi4i gaNhanti aJamabavirodhitA // diTThibaMdhana-baddhA te taNhAsotena vuvhare / taNhAsotena vuyhantA na te dukkhA pamuccare / / evametaM abhijJAya bhikkhu buddhassa sAvako / gambhIraM nipuNaM suddhaM paJcayaM paTivijjati // kammaM natthi vipAkamhi pAko kamme na vijjati / acamabaMubhosubJAnacakammaM binA phalaM / / yathA na suriye aggi na maNimhi na gomaye / na tesiM bahi so asthi saMbhArehi ca jAyati // tathA na ante kammassa vipAko upalabbhati / bahiddhAvi na kammassa na kammaM tattha vijati / / phalena sujaM taM kammaM phalaM kamme na vijjati / kammaM ca kho upAdAya tato nivvattatI phalaM / / na hettha devo brahmA vA saMsArassatthikArako / suddhadhammA pavataMti hetusaMbhArapaccayA // isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki :-karma ko karane vAlA koI nahIM hai, vipAka-karma ke phala kA anubhava karane vAlA koI nahIM hai, kintu zuddha dharmoM kI hI pravRtti hotI hai, yahI samyagdarzana hai| isa prakAra karma aura vipAka apane apane hetuoM para azrita hokara pravRtta hote haiM, una meM pahalA sthAna kisakA hai yaha bIja aura

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vRkSa ke prazna kI bhAMti nahIM batAyA jA sktaa| arthAt bIja aura vRkSa ke samAna karma evaM vipAka anAdi kAla se eka dUsare para Azrita cale A rahe haiN| punazca yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki karma aura vipAka kI yaha paraMparA kaba niruddha hogii| isa bAta ko na jAnane se tairthika parAdhIna hote haiN| sattva-jIva ke viSaya meM kucha loga zAzvatavAda kA aura kucha ucchedavAda kA avalambana lete haiM aura paraspara virodhI dRSTikoNa apanAte haiN| __ bhinna bhinna dRSTiyoM ke bandhana meM baddha hokara ve tRSNArUpI srota meM phaMsa jAte haiM aura usameM phaMsa jAne ke kAraNa ve duHkha se mukta nahIM ho skte| isa tattva ko samajhakara buddha zrAvaka gaMbhIra, nipuNa aura zUnya rUpa pratyaya kA jJAna prApta karatA hai| vipAka meM karma nahIM hai aura karma meM vipAka nahIM hai, ye donoM eka dUsare se rahita haiM, phira bhI karma ke binA phala yA vipAka hotA hI nhiiN| - jisa prakAra sUrya meM agni nahIM hai, maNi meM nahIM hai, upaloM (gobara) meM bhI nahIM hai, kintu vaha inase bhinna padArthoM meM bhI nahIM hai, jaba ina sabakA samudAya hotA hai taba vaha utpanna hotI hai; usI prakAra karma kA vipAka karmameM upalabdha nahIM hotA aura karma ke bAhara nahIM milatA tathA vipAka meM bhI karma nahIM hai| isa prakAra karma phalazUnya hai, karma meM phala kA abhAva hai, phira bhI karma ke hone para hI phala milatA hai|

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( 34 ) koI deva yA brahma isa saMsAra kA karttA nahIM hai --hetusamudAya kA Azraya lekara zuddha dharmoM kI hI pravRtti hotI hai -vizuddhimArga 16.20 bhadaMta nAgasena ne ratha kI upamA dekara batAyA hai ki pudgala kA astitva keza, dAMta Adi zarIra ke avayavoM tathA rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra, vijJAna ina sabakI apekSA se hai, kintu koI paramArthika tattva nahIM - milind prazna 2.4 sU0 298 / svayaM buddhaghoSa ne bhI kahA hai: yatheva cakkhuviNaM manodhAtu anantaraM / na ceva gataM nApi na nibbataM anantaraM // tatheva parisaMdhivittate cittasaMtati / purimaM bhijjati cittaM pacchimaM jAyate tato || jisa prakAra manodhAtu ke pazcAt cakSurvijJAna hotA hai - vaha kahIM se AyA to nahIM, phira bhI yaha bAta nahI ki vaha utpanna nahIM huA; usI prakAra janmAntara meM citta saMtati ke viSaya meM samajhanA cAhie ki pUrva citta kA nAza huA hai aura usase naye citta kI utpatti huI hai - vizuddhimArga 19.23 / bhagavAn buddha ne isa pudgala ko kSaNika aura nAnA- aneka kahA hai / yaha cetana to hai kiMtu mAtra cetana hI hai, aisI bAta nahIM / yaha nAma aura rUpa donoM kA samudAya rUpa hai, arthAt use bhautika aura abhautika kA mizrarUpa kahanA caahie| isa prakAra bauddhasaMmata pudgala upaniSat kI bhAMti kevala cetana athavA bhUtavAdiyoM kI mAnyatA ke samAna kevala cetana nahIM hai / isa viSaya meM bhI bhagavAna buddha kA madhyama mArga hai - milind prazna 2.33 ; vizuddhimArga 18.25 - 35; saMyuttanikAya 1.135 /

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(8) dArzanikoM kA AtmavAda upaniSat-kAla ke pazcAt bhAratIya vividha darzanoM kI vyavasthA huI hai, ataH aba isa viSaya kA nirdeza karanA bhI Avazyaka hai| upaniSad cAhe dIrgha kAla kI vicAra paraMparA ko vyakta karate hoM, kiMtu, unameM eka sUtra sAmAnya hai| bhUtavAda kI pradhAnatA mAnI jAe yA AtmavAda kI, yaha eka bAta nizcita hai ki vizva ke mUla meM kisI eka hI vastu kI sattA hai, aneka vastuoM kI nhiiN| yaha ekasUtratA samasta upaniSadoM meM dRSTigocara hotI hai| Rgveda (10.129) meM use 'tadeka' kahA gayA thA, kiMtu usakA nAma nahIM batAyA gayA thaa| brAhmaNa kAla meM usa tattva ko prajApati kI saMjJA dI gii| upaniSadoM meM use sat, asat, AkAza, jala, vAyu, prANa, mana, prajJA, AtmA, brahma Adi vividha nAmoM se prakaTa kiyA gyaa| kiMtu unameM vizva ke mUla meM aneka tattvoM ko svIkAra karane vAlI vicAradhArA ko sthAna nahIM milaa| jaba dArzanika sUtroM kI racanA huI taba vedAnta darzana ke atirikta kisI bhI bhAratIya vaidika athavA avaidika darzana meM advaitavAda ko Azraya milA ho, yaha jJAta nahIM hotaa| ataH hameM yaha svIkAra karanA par3egA ki cAhe upaniSadoM ke pahale kA avaidika paraMparA kA sAhitya upalabdha na huA ho, parantu advaitavirodhI paraMparA kA astitva ati prAcIna kAla se avazya thaa| isa paraMparA ke astitva ke AdhAra para hI veda va brAhmaNa granthoM meM pratipAdita vaidika karmakAMDa ke sthAna para svayaM vedAnuyAyioM ne bhI jJAnamArga aura AdhyAtmika mArga ko grahaNa kiyA aura isI paraMparA ke kAraNa vaidika darzanoM ne advaita mArga kA tyAga kara dvaita mArga athayA bahutattvavAdI paraMparA ko sthAna diyaa| vedavirodhI zramaNa paraMparA meM jaina paraMparA, AjIvaka paraMparA, bauddha paraMparA, cArvAka paraMparA Adi aneka paraMparAe~

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Astitva meM AIM, kintu vartamAna kAla meM jaina aura bauddha paraMparA hI vidyamAna haiN| hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki advaita cetana AtmA athavA brahma tattva ko svIkAra kara upaniSad-vicAra dhArA parAkASThA ko phuNcii| kintu vaidika darzanoM meM nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya-yoga, aura pUrva mImAMsA kevala advaita AtmA ko hI nahIM api tu jar3a cetana donoM prakAra ke tattvoM ko maulika mAnate haiN| yahI nahIM, unhoMne Atma tattva ko bhI eka na mAna kara bahusaMkhyaka svIkAra kiyA hai| ukta sabhI darzanoM ne AtmA ko upaniSadoM kI bhAMti cetana pratipAdita kiyA hai-arthAt AtmA ko unhoMne bhautika nahIM maanaa| (9) jainamata ina saba vaidika darzanoM ke samAna jaina darzana meM bhI AtmA ko cetana tattva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura use aneka mAnA gayA hai| kiMtu yaha cetana tattva apanI saMsArI avasthA meM bauddha darzana ke pudgala ke samAna mUrttAmUrta hai| vaha jJAnAdi guNa kI apekSA se amUrta hai aura karma ke sAtha saMbaMdhita hone ke kAraNa mUrta hai| isake viparIta anya saba darzanoM ne cetana ko amUrta mAnA hai| upasaMhAra samasta bhAratIya darzanoM ne yaha niSkarSa svIkAra kiyA hai ki AtmA kA svarUpa caitanya hai| nAstika darzana ke nAma se prasiddha cArvAka darzana ne bhI AtmA ko cetana hI kahA hai| usameM aura dUsare darzanoM meM matabheda yaha hai ki cArvAka ke anusAra AtmA cetana hote hue bhI zAzvata tattva nahIM, vaha bhUtoM se utpanna hotA hai| bauddha bhI cetana tattva ko anya darzanoM kI bhAMti nitya nahIM mAnate, apitu cArvAkoM ke samAna janya mAnate haiN| phira

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( 37 ) bhI bauddhoM aura cArvAkoM meM eka mahattvapUrNa bheda hai / bauddhoM kI mAnyatA ke anusAra cetana to janya hai parantu cetana saMtati anAdi hai / cArvAka pratyeka janya cetana ko sarvathA bhinna yA apUrva hI mAnate haiM / bauddha pratyeka janya caitanya kSaraNa ko usake pUrvajanaka kSaNa se sarvathA bhinna athavA abhinna hone kA niSedha karate haiM / bauddha darzana meM cArvAka kA ucchedavAda kiMvA upaniSadoM aura anya darzanoM kA AtmazAzvatavAda mAnya nahIM, ataH ve Atma saMtati ko anAdi mAnate haiM, AtmA ko anAdi nahIM mAnate / sAMkhya yoga, nyAya-vaizeSika, pUrva mImAMsA uttara mImAMsA aura jaina ye samasta darzana AtmA ko anAdi svIkAra karate haiM, parantu jaina aura pUrva mImAMsA darzana kA bhATTa saMpradAya AtmA ko pariNAmI nitya mAnate haiN| zeSa sabhI darzana use kUTastha nitya mAnate haiM / AtmA ko kUTastha nitya mAnane vAle, usameM kisI bhI prakAra ke pariNAma kA niSedha karane vAle, saMsAra aura mokSa ko to mAnate hI haiM aura AtmA ko pariNAmI nitya mAnane vAle bhI saMsAra va mokSa kA stitva svIkAra karate haiN| ataH AtmA ko kUTastha yA pariNAmI mAnane para bhI saMsAra aura mokSa ke viSaya meM kisI bhI prakAra kA matabheda nahIM hai / ve donoM haiM hI / yaha eka alaga prazna hai ki una donoM kI upapatti kaise kI jAe / AtmA ke sAmAnya svarUpa caitanya kA vicAra karane ke uparAMta usake vizeSa svarUpa kA vicAra karanA aba sarala hai / jIva aneka haiM hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki veda se lekara upaniSadoM taka kI vicAra dhArA meM mukhyataH advaita pakSa kA hI avalambana kiyA gayA hai| ataH upaniSadoM ke AdhAra para jaba brahmasUtra meM vedAnta darzana kI vyavasthA kI gaI, taba bhI usameM advaita ke siddhAMta ko hI

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__ ( 38 ) puSTa kiyA gyaa| kiMtu saMsAra meM jo aneka jIva pratyakSa dikhAI dete haiM, unakA niSedha karanA sarala nahIM thaa| ataH hama dekhate haiM ki tattvataH eka AtmA mAna kara bhI usa eka advaita AtmA athavA brahma ke sAtha saMsAra meM pratyakSa dRggocara hone vAle aneka jIvoM kA kyA saMbaMdha hai, isa bAta kI vyAkhyA karanA Avazyaka thaa| brahmasUtra ke TIkAkAroM ne yaha spaSTIkaraNa kiyA bhI hai| kiMtu isameM ekamata sthira nahIM ho skaa| ataH vyAkhyAbheda ke kAraNa vedAnta darzana kI aneka paraMparAe~ bana gaI haiN| vedAnta darzana ke samAna anya bhI vaidika darzana haiN| kiMtu unhoMne vedAnta kI bhAMti upaniSadoM ko hI AdhAra bhUta mAnakara apane darzana kI racanA nahIM kii| rUDhi ke kAraNa zAstra athavA Agama ke sthAna para veda aura upaniSadoM ko mAnate hue bhI una darzanoM meM upaniSadoM ke advaita pakSa ko Adara nahIM milA, paraMtu vahA~ vedetara jaina darzana ke samAna AtmA ko tattvataH aneka mAnA gayA hai| aise vaidika darzana nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya, yoga aura pUrva mImAMsA haiN| yaha pakSa bauddho ko bhI mAnya hai| vedAnta pakSa aura vedAntetara pakSa meM maulika bheda yaha hai ki vedAnta mata meM eka AtmA hI maulika tattva hai aura saMsAra meM dikhAI dene vAlI aneka AtmAe~ usa eka maulika AtmA ke hI kAraNa se haiM, ve saba svataMtra nahIM haiN| isake viparIta itara pakSa kA kathana hai ki saMsAra meM dRSTigocara hone vAlI aneka AtmAoM meM pratyeka svataMtra AtmA hai, vaha apane astitva ke lie tattvataH kisI anya AtmA para Azrita nahIM hai| veda aura upaniSadoM ke anuyAyiyoM ko ina graMthoM kI vicAra dhArA svIkAra karanI cAhie arthAt, advaita pakSa ko mAnyatA denI cAhie, kintu vedAnta ke atirikta anya vaidika darzana aisA nahIM

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( 39 ) krte| unhoMne aneka AtmAe~ svIkAra kI, isase una para vedabAhya vicAradhArA kA prabhAva sUcita hotA hai| isameM Azcarya nahIM ki prAcIna sAMkhya aura jaina paraMparA ne isa viSaya meM mukhya bhAga liyA hogaa| aitihAsika isa tathya se suparicita haiM ki prAcIna kAla meM sAMkhya bhI avaidika darzana mAnA jAtA thA parantu bAda meM use vaidika rUpa de diyA gayA / isa prAsaMgika carcA ke uparAnta aba hama isa bAta para vicAra kareMge ki brahmasUtra kI vyAkhyAoM meM advaita brahma ke sAtha aneka jIvoM kI upapatti karane meM kauna kauna se matabheda hue| (a) vedAntiyoM ke matabheda' (1) zaMkarAcArya kA virvatavAda zaMkarAcArya kA kathana hai ki mUlarUpa meM brahma eka hone para bhI anAdi avidyA ke kAraNa vaha aneka jIvoM ke rUpa meM dRggocara hotA hai| jaise ajJAna ke kAraNa rassI meM sarpa kI pratIti hotI hai, vaise hI ajJAna ke kAraNa brahma meM aneka jIvoM kI pratIti hotI hai| rassI sarpa rUpa meM utpanna nahIM hotI, nahIM vaha sarpa ko utpanna karatI hai, phira bhI usameM sarpa kA bhAna hotA hai| isI prakAra brahma aneka jIvoM ke rUpa meM utpanna nahIM hotA, aneka jIvoM ko utpanna bhI nahIM karatA, tathApi aneka jIvoM ke rUpa meM dRSTigocara hotA hai| isakA kAraNa avidyA yA mAyA hai| ataH aneka jIva mAyArUpa haiM, mithyA haiN| isI lie unheM brahma kA vivarta kahA jAtA hai| yadi jIva kA yaha ajJAna dUra ho jAe 1 ina matabhedoM kA pradarzana zrI go0 ha0 bhaTTakRta brahmasUtrANubhASya ke gujarAtI bhASAMtara kI prastAvanA kA mukhya AdhAra lekara kiyA gayA hai| unakA AbhAra mAnatA huuN|

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( 40 ) to brahmatAdAtmya kI anubhUti ho - arthAt jIvabhAva dUra hokara brahma bhAva kA anubhava ho / zaMkara ke isa mata ko 'kevalAdvaitavAda' isa lie kahA jAtA hai ki ve kevala eka advaita brahma-AtmA ko hI satya mAnate haiM, zeSa samasta padArthoM ko mAyArUpa athavA mithyA mAnate haiM / jagat ko mithyA svIkAra karane ke kAraNa usa mata ko 'mAyAvAda' bhI kahA gayA hai jisakA dUsarA nAma 'vivartavAda' bhI hai / (2) bhAskarAcArya kA satyopAdhivAda bhAskarAcArya yaha mAnate haiM ki anAdikAlIna satya upAdhi ke kAraNa nirupAdhika brahma jIvarUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai| jisa kriyA ke vaza nitya, zuddha, mukta, kUTastha brahma mUrtta padArthoM meM praveza kara aneka jIvoM ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai aura una jIvoM kA AdhAra banatA hai, usa kriyA ko 'upAdhi' kahate haiM / isa upAdhi ke saMbaMdha ke kAraNa brahma jIva rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai, ataH brahma kA aupAdhika svarUpa jIva hai, yaha bAta svIkAra karanI par3atI hai / isa prakAra jIva aura brahma meM vastutaH abheda hote hue bhI jo bheda hai, vaha upAdhimUlaka hai, kiMtu jIva brahma kA vikAra nahIM hai / jaba vaha nirupAdhika hotA hai, use brahma kahate haiM aura sopAdhika hone para use jIva kahate haiN| brahma ke sopAdhika rUpa aneka hote haiM ataH aneka jIvoM kI upapatti meM koI bAdhA nahIM AtI / upAdhi ke satyasvarUpa hone ke kAraNa aura isI upAdhi se jagat tathA aneka jIvoM kI upapatti siddha karane ke kAraNa bhAskarAcArya ke mata ko 'satyopAdhivAda' kahate haiM / isase viparIta zaMkarAcArya upAdhi ko mithyA mAnate haiM, unakA mata 'mAyAvAda' kahalAtA hai / bhAskarAcArya ke matAnusAra brahma apanI pariNAma zakti athavA bhogyazakti ke kAraNa jagat rUpa meM pariNata hotA hai, ataH jagat satya hai, mithyA nahIM / isa prakAra bhAskarAcArya ne jagat ke

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( 41 ) saMbaMdha meM zaMkarAcArya ke vivartavAda ke sthAna para prAcIna pariNAmavAda kA samarthana kiyaa| aura usake pazcAt rAmAnujAcArya Adi anya AcAryoM ne bhI usI kA anusaraNa kiyaa| (3) rAmAnujAcArya kA viziSTAdvaita vAda rAmAnuja ke matAnusAra paramAtmA brahma kAraNa bhI hai aura kArya bhii| sUkSma cit tathA acit se viziSTa brahma kAraNa hai aura sthUla cit tathA acit se viziSTa brahma kArya hai| ina donoM viziSToM kA aikya svIkRta karane ke kAraNa rAmAnuja kA mata 'viziSTAdvaita' kahalAtA hai| kAraNarUpa brahma paramAtmA ke sUkSmacidrUpa ke vividha sthUla pariNAma hI aneka jIva haiM aura paramAtmA kA sUkSma acidrUpa sthUla jagat ke rUpa meM pariNata hotA hai| rAmAnuja ke anusAra jIva aneka haiM, nitya haiM aura aNuparimANa haiN| jIva aura jagat donoM hI paramAtmA ke kArya-pariNAma haiM, ataH ve mithyA nahIM pratyuta satya haiN| mukti meM jIva paramAtmA ke samAna hokara usake hI nikaTa rahatA hai| rAmAnuja kI mAnyatA hai ki jIva aura paramAtmA donoM pRthak haiM, eka kAraNa hai aura dUsarA kArya, kiMtu kArya kAraNa kA hI pariNAma hai ataH ina donoM meM advaita hai| (4) nimbArka sammata dvaitAdvaita-bhedAbhedavAda ___ AcArya nimbArka ke mata meM paramAtmA ke do svarUpa haiM, cit aura acit / ye donoM hI paramAtmA se bhinna bhI haiM aura abhinna bhii| jisa prakAra vRkSa aura usake patra, dIpaka aura usake prakAza meM bhedAbheda hai, usI prakAra paramAtmA meM bhI cit aura adhit ina donoM kA bhedAbheda hai| jagat satya hai kyoMki yaha paramAtmA kI zakti kA pariNAma hai| jIva paramAtmA kA aMza hai aura aMza tathA aMzI meM bhedAbheda hotA hai| aise jIva aneka haiM, nitya hai,

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( 42 ) aNuparimANa haiN| avidyA aura karma ke kAraNa jIva ke lie saMsAra kA astitva hai| rAmAnuja kI mAnyatA ke samAna mukti meM bhI jIva aura paramAtmA meM bheda hai, phira bhI jIva apane ko paramAtmA se abhinna samajhatA hai| (5) madhyAcArya kA bhedavAda vedAnta darzana meM samAviSTa hone para bhI madhvAcArya kA darzana vastutaH advaitI na ho kara dvaitI hI hai| rAmAnuja Adi AcAryoM ne jagat ko brahma kA pariNAma mAnA hai, arthAt brahma ko upAdAna kAraNa svIkAra kiyA hai aura isa prakAra advaitavAda kI rakSA kI hai| kiMtu madhvAcArya ne paramAtmA ko nimitta kAraNa mAna kara prakRti ko upAdAna kAraNa pratipAdita kiyA hai| rAmAnuja Adi AcAryoM ne jIva ko bhI paramAtmA kA hI kArya, pariNAma, aMza Adi mAnA hai aura isa prakAra donoM meM abheda batAyA hai| parantu madhvAcArya ne aneka jIva mAna kara unameM paraspara bheda mAnA hai aura sAtha hI Izvara se bhI una saba kA bheda svIkAra kiyA hai| isa taraha madhvAcArya ne samasta upaniSadoM kI advaita pravRtti ko badala DAlA hai| unake mata meM jIva aneka haiM, nitya haiM, aura aNuparimAgA haiN| jisa prakAra brahma satya hai, usI prakAra jIva bhI satya haiM, parantu ve paramAtmA ke adhIna haiN| (6) vijJAnabhikSu kA avibhAgAdvaita vijJAna bhikSu kA mata hai ki prakRti aura puruSa jIva-ye donoM brahma se bhinna ho kara vibhakta nahIM raha sakate, kiMtu ve usameM antahiMta-gupta-avibhakta haiM, ataH usake mata kA nAma 'avibhAgAdvaita' hai| puruSa yA jIva aneka haiM, nitya haiM, vyApaka haiN| jIva aura brahma kA saMbaMdha pitA putra ke saMbaMdha ke samAna hai| vaha aMzAzibhAva yukta hai| janma se pUrva putra pitA meM hI thA, usI prakAra

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jIva bhI brahma meM thA, brahma se hI vaha prakaTa hotA hai tathA pralaya ke samaya brahma meM hI lIna ho jAtA hai| Izvara kI icchA se jIva aura prakRti meM saMbaMdha sthApita hotA hai aura jagat kI utpatti hotI hai| (7) caitanya kA aciMtya bhedAbhedavAda zrI caitanya ke mata meM zrI kRSNa hI parama brahma hai| usakI ananta zaktiyoM meM jIva zakti bhI sammilita hai aura usa zakti se aneka jIvoM kA AvirbhAva hotA hai| ye jIva aNuparimANa haiM, brahma ke aMza rUpa haiM aura brahma ke adhIna haiN| jIva aura jagat parama brahma se bhinna haiM athavA abhinna haiM, yaha eka acintya viSaya hai| isIlie caitanya ke mata kA nAma 'aciMtyabhedAbhedavAda' hai| bhakta ke jIvana kA parama dhyeya yaha mAnA gayA hai ki jIva parama brahmarUpa kRSNa se bhinna hone para bhI usakI bhakti meM tallIna ho kara yaha mAnane laga jAe ki vaha apane svarUpa ko vismRta kara kRSNa svarUpa ho rahA hai|| (8) vallabhAcArya kA zuddhAdvaita mArga AcArya vallabha ke matAnusAra yadyapi jagat brahma kA pariNAma hai tathApi brahma meM kisI bhI prakAra kA vikAra utpanna nahIM hotaa| svayaM zuddha brahma hI jagat rUpa meM pariNata huA hai| isase na to mAyA kA saMbaMdha hai aura na avidyA kA, ataH vaha zuddha kahalAtA hai aura yaha zuddha brahma hI kAraNa tathA kArya ina donoM rUpoM vAlA hai| ataH isa vAda ko 'zuddhAdvaitavAda' kahate haiN| isase yaha bhI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki kAraNa brahma ke samAna kArya brahma arthAt jagat bhI satya hai, mithyA nhiiN| "brahma se jIva kA udgama agni se sphuliMga kI utpatti ke samAna hai| jIva meM brahma ke sat aura cit ye do aMza prakaTa hote haiM, Ananda aMza apragaTa rahatA hai,

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jIva nitya hai aura aNuparimANa hai, brahma kA aMza hai tathA brahma se abhinna hai|" jIva kI avidyA se usake ahaMtA athavA mamatAtmaka saMsAra kA nirmANa hotA hai| vidyA se avidyA kA nAza hone para ukta saMsAra bhI naSTa ho jAtA hai (A) zaivoM kA mata hama yaha varNana kara cuke haiM ki veda aura upaniSadoM ko pramANa mAnakara advaita brahma-paramAtmA ko mAnane vAle vedAntiyoM ne jIvoM ke aneka hone kI upapatti kisa prakAra siddha kI hai| aba hama ziva ke anuyAyI una zaivoM ke mata para vicAra kareMge jo veda aura upaniSadoM ko pramANabhUta na mAnate hue aura vaidikoM dvArA upadiSTa varNAzrama dharma ko asvIkAra karate hue bhI advaita mArga kA Azraya lete haiM aura usake AdhAra para aneka jIvoM kI siddhi karate haiN| isa mata kA dUsarA nAma 'pratyabhijJAdarzana' bhI hai| zevoM ke mata meM parama brahma ke sthAna para anuttara nAma kA eka tattva hai| yaha tattva sarvazaktimAn nitya padArtha hai| use ziva aura mahezvara bhI kahate haiN| jIva aura jagat ye dono ziva kI icchA se ziva se hI prakaTa hote haiN| ataH ye donoM padArtha mithyA nahIM, kintu satya haiN| AtmA kA parimANa upaniSadoM meM AtmA ke parimANa ke viSaya meM aneka kalpanAe~ upalabdha hotI haiN| kiMtu ina saba kalpanAoM ke aMta meM RSiyoM kI pravRtti AtmA ko vyApaka mAnane kI ora vizeSa rUpa se huii|' yahI kAraNa hai ki lagabhaga sabhI vaidika darzanoM ne AtmA ' muMDaka 1.1.6, vaize0 7.1.22; nyAyamaMjarI pR0 468 (vijaya0); prakaraNapaM0 pR0 158 / ------- ------- ----- - -

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ko vyApaka mAnA hai / isa viSaya meM zaMkarAcArya ko chor3a kara bAkI ke rAmAnuja Adi brahmasUtra ke bhASyakAra apavAda haiN| unhoMne brahmAtmA ko vyApaka tathA jIvAtmA ko azuparimANa mAnA hai / cArvAka ne caitanya ko dehaparimANa mAnA aura bauddhoM ne bhI pudgalako dehaparimANa svIkAra kiyA aisI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| jainoM ne to AtmA ko dehaparimANa svIkAra kiyA hai| AtmA ko dehaparimANa mAnane kI mAnyatA upaniSadoM meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai| kauSItakI upaniSad meM kahA hai ki jaise talavAra apanI myAna meM aura agni apane kuMDa meM vyApta hai, usI taraha AtmA zarIra meM nakha se lekara zikhA taka vyApta hai|' taittirIya upaniSad meM annamaya-prANamaya, manomaya-vijJAnamaya, Anandamaya ina saba AtmAoM ko zarIrapramANa batAyA gayA hai| upaniSadoM meM isa bAta kA bhI pramANa hai ki AtmA ko zarIra se bhI sUkSma parimANa mAnane vAle RSi vidyamAna the| bRhadAraNyaka meM likhA hai ki AtmA cAvala yA jau ke dAne ke parimANa kI hai| kucha logoM ke matAnusAra vaha aMguSTha parimANa hai 4 aura kucha kI mAnyatA ke anusAra vaha vilasta parimANa hai| maitrI upaniSad (6.38) meM to use aNu se bhI aNu mAnA gayA hai| bAda meM jaba AtmA ko avarNya mAnA gayA, taba RSiyoM ne use aNu se bhI aNu aura mahAn se bhI mahAn mAna kara santoSa kiyaa|6 1 kauSItakI 4.20 . taittirIya 1.2 3 bRhadA0 5.6.1 4 kaTha 2.2.12 5 chAndogya 5.18.1 6 kaTha 1.2.20; chAMdo0 3.14.3; zvetA0 3.20

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- jaba sabhI darzanoM ne AtmA kI vyApakatA ko svIkAra kiyA, taba jainoM ne use dehaparimANa mAnate hue bhI kevalajJAna kI apekSA se vyApaka kahanA zurU kiyaa|' athavA samuddhAta kI avasthA meM AtmA ke pradezoM kA jo vistAra hotA hai, usakI apekSA se use lokavyApta kahA jAne lagA (nyaaykhnnddkhaady)| AtmA ko deha parimANa mAnane vAloM kI yuktiyoM kA sAra vizeSAvazyakabhASya Adi granthoM meM diyA gayA hai, ataH isa viSaya meM adhika likhanA anAvazyaka hai| kiMtu eka bAta kA yahAM ullekha karanA anivArya hai| jo darzana AtmA ko vyApaka mAnate haiM, unake mata meM bhI saMsArI AtmA ke jJAna, sukha, duHkha ityAdi guNa zarIra maryAdita AtmA meM hI anubhUta hote haiM, zarIra ke bAhara ke Atma pradezoM meM nhiiN| isa prakAra saMsArI AtmA ko vyApaka mAnA jAe athavA zarIra pramANa, saMsArAvasthA to zarIra maryAdita zrAtmA meM hI hai| AtmA ko vyApaka svIkAra karane vAloM ke mata meM jIva kI bhinna bhinna nArakAdi gati saMbhava hai, kiMtu unake anusAra gati kA artha jIva kA gamana nhiiN| ve mAnate haiM ki vahAM liMga zarIra kA gamana hotA hai aura usake bAda vahAM vyApaka AtmA se navIna zarIra kA saMbaMdha hotA hotA hai| isI ko jIva kI gati kahate haiN| isase viparIta dehaparimANavAdI jainoM kI mAnyatA ke anusAra jIva apane kArmaNa zarIra ke sAtha una sthAnoM meM gamana karatA hai aura nae zarIra kI racanA karatA hai| jo dArzanika jIva ko azuparimANa mAnate haiM, unake siddhAntAnusAra bhI jIva liMga zarIra ko sAtha le kara gamana karatA hai aura nae zarIra kA nirmANa karatA hai| bauddhoM ke mata meM gati kA artha yaha hai ki mRtyu ke samaya eka pudgala kA nirodha 1 brahmadevakRta dravyasaMgraha TI0 10

Page #56
( 47 ) hotA hai aura usI ke kAraNa anyatra navIna pudgala utpanna hotA hai / isI ko pudgala kI gati kahate haiM / upaniSadoM meM bhI kacit mRtyu ke samaya jIva kI gati athavA gamana kA varNana AtA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki jIva kI gati kI mAnyatA prAcIna kAla se calI A rahI hai / ' jIva kI nityatA- anityatA (1) jaina aura mImAMsaka upaniSat ke 'vijJAnaghana' ityAdi vAkya kI vyAkhyA (vizeSA0 gA0 1563-6 ) aura bauddha samasta 'kSaNika vijJAna' kA nirAkaraNa ( vizeSA0 gA0 1631 ) karate hue tathA anyatra ( vizeSA0 gA0 1843, 1661 ) AtmA ko nityAnitya kahA gayA hai| caitanya dravya kI apekSA se AtmA nitya hai arthAt AtmA kabhI bhI anAtmA se utpanna nahIM hotI ora nahIM AtmA kisI bhI avasthA meM anAtmA banatI hai / isa dRSTi se use nitya kahate haiM / parantu AtmA meM jJAna-vijJAna kI paryAya athavA avasthAe~ parivartita hotI rahatI haiM, ataH vaha anitya bhI hai / yaha spaSTIkaraNa jaina dRSTi ke anusAra hai aura mImAMsaka kumArila ko bhI yaha dRSTi mAnya hai / (2) sAMkhya kA kUTasthavAda isa viSaya meM dArzanikoM kI paraMparAoM para kucha vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai / sAMkhya-yoga AtmA ko kUTastha nitya mAnate haiMarthAt usameM kisI bhI prakAra kA pariNAma yA vikAra iSTa nahIM / saMsAra aura mokSa bhI AtmA ke nahIM pratyuta prakRti ke mAne gae haiM / 1 chAndogya 8.6.5. 2 tattvasaM 0 kA 0 223 - 7, zlokabA0 AtmavAda 23 -30

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(sAkhyakA0 62) sukha duHkha jJAna bhI prakRti ke dharma haiM, aAtmA ke nahIM (sAM0 kA0 11) / isa taraha ve AtmA ko sarvathA apariNAmI svIkAra karate haiN| kartRtva na hone para bhI bhoga AtmA meM hI mAnA gayA hai| isa bhoga ke AdhAra para bhI AtmA meM pariNAma kI saMbhAvanA hai, ataH kucha sAMkhya bhoga ko bhI vastutaH AtmA kA dharma mAnanA ucita nahIM samajhate / isa prakAra unhoMne AtmA ke kUTastha hone kI mAnyatA kI rakSA kA prayatna kiyA hai| sAMkhya ke isa vAda ko katipaya upaniSad-vAkyoM kA AdhAra bhI prApta hai| ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki AtmakuTasthavAda prAcIna hai| (3) naiyAyika-vaizeSikoM kA nityavAda naiyAyika aura vaizeSika dravya va guNoM ko bhinna mAnate haiN| ataH unake matake anusAra yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki Atmadravya meM jJAnAdi guNoM ko mAnakara bhI guNoM kI anityatA ke AdhAra para AtmA ko anitya mAnA jaae| isake viparIta jaina Atmadravya se jJAnAdi guNoM kA abheda bhI mAnate haiN| ataH guNoM kI asthiratA ke kAraNa ve AtmA ko bhI asthira yA anitya kahate haiN| (4) vauddhasammata anityavAda ___ bauddha ke mata meM jIva athavA pudgrala anitya haiN| pratyeka kSaNa vijJAna Adi cittakSaNa nae nae utpanna hote haiM aura pudgala ina vijJAna kSaNoM se bhinna nahIM haiM, ataH unake mata meM pudgala yA jIva anitya haiN| kiMtu eka pudgala kI saMtati anAdi kAla se 1 sAMkhyakA0 17 2 sAMkhyata0 17 . kaTha 1.2, 18-19

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( 46 ) calI A rahI hai aura bhaviSya meM bhI vaha cAlU rahegI / ataH dravya nityatA ke sthala para saMtatinityatA to bauddhoM ko bhI abhISTa hai / kArya-kAraNa kI paraMparA ko saMtati kahate haiN| isa paraMparA kA kabhI uccheda nahIM huA aura bhaviSya meM bhI usakA krama vidyamAna rahegA / kucha bauddha vidvAnoM ke anusAra nirvANa ke samaya yaha paraMparA samApta ho jAtI hai, kiMtu kucha anya bauddhoM ke mata se vizuddha cittaparaMparA kAyama rahatI hai| ataH isa apekSA se kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddhoM ko saMtatinityatA mAnya hai / ( 5 ) vedAntasammata jIva kI pariNAmI nityatA vedAnta meM brahmAtmA-paramAtmA ko ekAMta nitya mAnA gayA hai / kintu jIvAtmA ke viSaya meM jo aneka mantavya haiM, unakA varNana pahale kiyA jA cukA hai / usake anusAra zaMkarAcArya ke mata meM jIvAtmA mAyika hai, vaha anAdikAlIna jJAna ke kAraNa anAdi to hai, kintu ajJAna kA nAza hone para vaha brahmaikya kA anubhava karatI hai / usa samaya jIvabhAva naSTa ho jAtA hai / ataH yaha kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki mAyika jIva brahma rUpa meM nitya hai aura mAyArUpa meM nitya / zaMkarAcArya ko chor3akara lagabhaga samasta vedAntI brahma kA vivarta na mAnakara pariNAma svIkAra karate haiM, isa dRSTi se jIvAtmA ko pariNAmI nitya kahanA caahie| jaina va mImAMsakoM ke pariNAmI nityavAda tathA vedAntiyoM ke pariNAmI nityavAda meM yaha antara hai ki jaina va mImAMsakoM ke mata meM jIva svataMtra haiM aura unakA pariNamana huA karatA hai, kintu vedAntiyoM ke pariNAmI nityavAda meM jIva aura brahma kI apekSA se pariNAmavAda kI ghaTanA hai, arthAt brahma ke vividha pariNAma hI jIva haiM / jIva ko sarvathA nitya mAnA jAe athavA anitya, kintu sabhI 4

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( 50 ) dArzanikoM ne apanI apanI paddhati se saMsAra aura mokSa kI upapatti to kI hI hai| isase nitya mAnane vAloM ke mata meM usakI sarvathA ekarUpatA aura anitya mAnane vAloM ke mata meM usakA sarvathA bheda sthira nahIM raha sktaa| ataH saMsAra aura mokSa kI kalpanA ke sAtha pariNAmI nityavAda adhika upayukta pratIta hotA hai| jaina, mImAMsaka aura vedAnta ke zaMkaravyatirikta TIkAkAroM ne isI vAda ko mAnyatA dI hai| jIva kA kartRtva tathA bhoktRtva AtmavAdI samasta darzanoM ne bhoktRtva to svIkAra kiyA hI hai, kiMtu kartRtva ke viSaya meM kevala sAMkhya kA mata dUsaroM se bhinna hai| usake anusAra AtmA kA nahIM kintu bhoktA hai aura yaha bhoktRtva bhI aupacArika hai|' (1) upaniSadoM kA mata ___ upaniSadoM meM jIva ke kartRtva va bhoktRtva kA varNana hai| zvetAzvatara upaniSad meM kahA hai ki yaha jIvAtmA phala ke lie karmoM kA kartA hai aura kie hue karmoM kA bhoktA bhI hai| vahAM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki jIva vastutaH na strI hai, na puruSa aura nahI npuNsk| apane karmoM ke anusAra vaha jisa zarIra ko dhAraNa karatA hai, usase usakA saMbaMdha ho jAtA hai| zarIra kI vRddhi aura janma-saMkalpa, viSaya ke sparza, dRSTimoha, anna aura jala se hote haiN| deha yukta jIva apane karmoM ke anusAra zarIroM ' isa vAda ke sadRza upaniSadoM meM bhI kathana hai-maitrAyaNI 2.10-11; sAMkhya kA0 19 . . 2 zvetAzvatara 5.7.

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( 51 ) ko bhinna bhinna sthAnoM meM krama pUrvaka prApta karatA hai aura vaha karma tathA zarIra ke guNAnusAra pratyeka janma meM pRthak pRthak bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai| bRhadAraNyaka ke nimnalikhita vAkya bhI jIvAtmA ke kartRtva aura bhoktRtva ko prakaTa karate haiM:-'puNyo vai puNyena karmaNA bhavati, pApaH pApena' (3.2.13) 'zubha kAma karane vAlA zubha banatA hai aura azubha kArya karane vAlA azubha' / "yathAkArI yathAcArI tathA bhavati, sAdhukArI sAdhurbhavati, pApakArI pApo bhavati, puNyaH puNyena karmaNA bhavati, pApaH pApena / atho khalvAhuH kAmamaya evAyaM puruSa iti sa yathAkAmo bhavati tatkraturbhavati, yatkraturbhavati tatkarma kurute tdbhisNpdyte|" (4.4.5) manuSya jaise kAma va AcaraNa karatA hai, vaisA hI vaha bana jAtA hai| acche kAma karane vAlA acchA banatA hai aura bure kAma karane vAlA burA / puNya kArya se puNyazAlI aura pApa karma se pApI banatA hai| isI lie kahA hai ki manuSya kAmanAoM kA banA huA hai| jaisI usakI kAmanA hotI hai, usIke anusAra vaha nizcaya karatA hai, jaisA nizcaya karatA hai vaisA hI kAma karatA hai aura jaise kAma karatA hai vaise hI phala pAtA hai| kiMtu yaha jIvAtmA jisa brahma yA paramAtmA kA aMza hai, use upaniSadoM meM akartA aura abhoktA kahA gayA hai| use kevala apanI lIlA kA draSTA mAnA gayA hai| yaha bAta isa kathana se spaSTa ho jAtI hai:-'yaha AtmA mAno zarIra ke vaza hokara athavA zubhAzubha karma ke baMdhanoM meM baddha hokara bhinna bhinna zarIroM meM saMcAra karatA hai| kiMtu vastutaH dekhA jAe to yaha avyakta, sUkSma, ahazya, agrAhya aura mamatA rahita hai| ataH vaha saba avasthAoM se zUnya hai, aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vaha kartRtva se vihIna hokara bhI kartRrUpa meM 1 zvetAzvatara 5.10-12

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( 52 ) dikhAI detA hai| yaha AtmA zuddha, sthira, acala, Asaktirahita, duHkharahita, icchArahita, draSTA ke samAna hai aura apane karmoM kA bhoga karate hue dRggocara hotA hai| usI prakAra tIna guNarUpI vastra se apane svarUpa ko AcchAdita kie hue jJAta hotA hai| (2) dArzanikoM kA mata upaniSadoM ke ukta paramAtmA ke varNana ko nirIzvara sAMkhyoM ne puruSa meM svIkAra kiyA hai aura paramAtmA kI taraha jIvAtmA puruSa ko akartA aura abhoktA mAnA hai| sAMkhyamata meM puruSa vyatirikta kisI paramAtmA kA astitva hI nahIM thaa| ataH paramAtmA ke dharmoM kA puruSa meM Aropa kara aura puruSa ko akartA va abhoktA kaha kara use mAtra draSTA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gyaa| ___ isake viparIta naiyAyika-vaizeSika ne AtmA meM kartRtva aura bhoktRtva donoM dharma svIkAra kie haiN| yahI nahIM paramAtmA meM bhI jagatkartRtva mAnA gayA hai| upaniSadoM ne prajApati meM jagatkartRtva svIkAra kiyA thA, naiyAyika-vaizeSika ne use paramAtmA kA dharma mAna liyaa| naiyAyika-vaizeSika mata meM AtmA ekarUpa nitya hai| ataH usameM kartRtva aura bhoktRtva jaise kramika dharma kaise siddha ho sakate haiM ? yadi vaha kartA ho to kartA hI rahegA aura bhoktA ho to bhoktA hI raha sakatA hai| kiMtu ekarUpa vastu meM yaha kaise saMbhava hai ki vaha pahale kartA ho aura phira bhoktA ? isa prazna ke uttara meM naiyAyika aura vaizeSika kartRtva aura bhoktRtva kI yaha vyAkhyA karate haiM:"Atmadravya ke nitya hone para bhI usameM jJAna, cikIrSA aura prayatna 1 maitrAyaNI 2. 10. 11 2 maitrAyaNI 2.6.

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___ ( 53 ) kA jo samavAya hai, usI kA nAma kartRtva hai|' arthAt AtmA meM jJAnAdi kA samavAya saMbaMdha honA hI kartRtva hai, dUsare zabdoM meM AtmA meM jJAnAdi kI utpatti AtmA kA kartRtva hai| AtmA sthira hai parantu usase jJAna kA saMbaMdha hotA hai aura vaha naSTa bhI hotA hai| arthAt jJAna svayaM hI utpanna va naSTa hotA hai, AtmA pUrvavat sthira hI rahatI hai| isI prakAra unhoMne bhoktRtva kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai :-"sukha aura duHkha ke saMvedana kA samavAya honA bhoktRtva hai|"2 AtmA meM sukha aura duHkha kA jo anubhava hotA hai, use bhoktRtva kahate haiN| yaha anubhava bhI jJAnarUpa hotA hai, ataH vaha AtmA meM utpanna aura naSTa hotA hai| phira bhI AtmA vikRta nahIM hotii| utpatti aura vinAza anubhava ke haiM, AtmA ke nhiiN| kyoki isa anubhava kA samavAya saMbaMdha AtmA se hotA hai, ataH AtmA bhoktA kahalAtI hai| usa saMbaMdha ke naSTa ho jAne para vaha bhoktA nahIM rhtii| isa mata meM dravya aura guNa meM bheda hai| ataH guNa meM utpatti vinAza hone para bhI dravya nitya raha sakatA hai| isase viparIta jaina Adi jo darzana jIva ko pariNAmI mAnate haiM, una sabake mata meM AtmA kI bhinna bhinna avasthAe~ hone ke kAraNa usameM sarvadA ekarUpatA nahIM ho sktii| vahI AtmA kartRrUpa meM pariNata hokara phira bhoktArUpa meM pariNata ho jAtI hai| yadyapi kartRrUpa pariNAma aura bhoktRrUpa pariNAma bhinna bhinna haiM, tathApi donoM meM AtmA kA anvaya hai| ataH eka hI AtmA kartA aura bhoktA kahalAtI hai| isI bAta ko naiyAyika isa DhaMga se kahate haiM ki eka hI AtmA meM vastujJAna kA pahale samavAya hotA hai ataH 1 'jJAnacikIrSA prayatnAnAM samavAyaH kartRtvam' nyAyavArtika 3.1.6.; nyAyamaMjarI pR0 469. 2 sukhaduHkhasaMvitsamavAyo bhoktRtvam-~-nyAyavA0 3.1.6

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( 54 ) use kartA kahate haiM aura usI AtmA meM bAda meM sukhAdi ke saMvedana kA samavAya hotA hai, ataH use bhoktA kahate haiM / (3) bauddha mata anAtmavAdI - AzAzvatAtmavAdI bauddha bhI pudgala ko kartA aura bhoktA mAnate haiN| unake mata meM nAma rUpa kA samudAya pudgala yA jIva hai / eka nAma rUpa se dUsarA nAma rUpa utpanna hotA hai / jisa nAma-rUpa ne karma kiyA, vaha to naSTa ho jAtA hai, kiMtu usase dUsare nAma rUpa kI utpatti hotI hai aura vaha pUrvokta karma kA bhoktA hotA hai| isa prakAra saMtati kI apekSA se pudgala meM kartRtva aura bhoktRtva pAe jAte haiM / kAzyapa ne saMyutta nikAya meM bhagavAn buddha se isa viSaya meM carcA kI hai| usane bhagavAn se pUchA, 'duHkha svakRta hai ? parakRta hai ? svaparakRta hai ? yA asvaparakRta hai ?' ina saba praznoM kA uttara bhagavAn ne nakArAtmaka diyA / taba kAzyapa ne bhagavAn se prArthanA kI ki ve isakA spaSTIkaraNa kareM / bhagavAn ne uttara dete hue kahA ki duHkha svakRta hai, isa kathana kA artha yaha hogA ki jisane kiyA, vahI use bhogegaa| kiMtu isase AtmA ko zAzvata mAnanA par3egA / yadi duHkha ko svakRta na mAnakara parakRta mAnA jAearthAda karma kA karttA koI aura hai tathA bhoktA anya hai yaha kahA jAe to isase AtmA kA uccheda mAnanA par3egA / kiMtu tathAgata ke lie zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda donoM hI aniSTa haiM / use pratItyasamutpAdavAda mAnya hai- arthAt pUrva kAlIna nAma-rUpa thA ataH uttara kAlIna nAma rUpa kI utpatti huI / dUsarA pahale se utpanna huA hai ataH pahale dvArA kie gae karma ko bhogatA hai / " saMyukta nikAya 12, 17 12.24; visuddhimagga 17.168 - 174.

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( 55 ) yahI bAta rAjA milinda ko aneka dRSTAntoM dvArA bhadanta nAgasena ne samajhAyI hai / unameM eka dRSTAnta yaha thA :- eka vyakti dIpaka jalAkara ghAsa phUsa kI jhoMpar3I meM bhojana karane baiThA / akasmAt usa dIpaka se jhoMpar3I ko Aga laga gii| vaha Aga kramazaH bar3hate bar3hate sAre gAMva meM phaila gaI aura usase sArA gAMva jala gayA / bhojana karane vAle vyakti ke dIpaka se kevala jhoMpar3I hI jalI thI / kiMtu usase uttarottara abhiyoM kA jo pravAha prAraMbha huA, usane sAre gAMva ko bhasma kara diyA / yadyapi dIpaka kI agni se paraMparAbaddha utpanna hone vAlI anya abhiyAM bhinna thIM, tathApi yaha mAnA jAegA ki dIpaka ne gAMva jalA DAlA | ataH dIpaka jalAne vAlA vyakti aparAdhI ginA jaaegaa| yahI bAta pudgala ke viSaya meM hai / jisa pUrva pudgala ne kAma kiyA, vaha pudgala cAhe naSTa ho jAe, kiMtu usI pugala ke kAraNa naye pudgala kA janma hotA hai aura vaha phala bhogatA hai / isa prakAra kartRtva aura bhoktRtva saMtati meM siddha ho jAte haiM aura koI karma prabhukta nahIM rahatA / jisane kArya kiyA, 'usI ko saMtati kI dRSTi se usakA phala mila jAtA hai / ' bauddhoM kI yaha kArikA suprasiddha hai 'yasminneva hi santAne AhitA karmavAsanA / phalaM tatraiva saMdhatte kArpAse raktatA yathA // 2 'jisa saMtAna meM karma kI vAsanA kA puTa diyA jAtA hai, usI meM hI kapAsa kI lAlI ke samAna phala prApta hotA hai / ' dhammapada kA nimna kathana saMtati kI apekSA se kartRtva aura bhoktRtva kI mAnyatA ke anusAra hI hai, anyathA nahIM - - " jo pApa hai, use AtmA ne hI kiyA hai, vaha AtmA se hI utpanna 1 milinda prazna 2 31 pR0 48, nyAyamaMjarI pR0 443. * syAdvAdamaMjarI meM uddhRta kArikA 18; nyAyamaMjarI pR0 443

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( 56 ) huA hai"|' "pApa karane vAle ko hI usakA phala bhoganA par3atA hai"| "isa saMsAra meM koI aisA sthAna nahIM jahAM cale jAne se manuSya pApa ke phala se baca jAe3" ityAdi / buddha ne apane viSaya meM kahA hai, 'ita ekanavatikalpe zaktyA meM puruSo htH| tena karmavipAkena pAde viddho'smi bhikssvH||' Aja se pUrva 61 veM kalpa meM maiMne apane bala se eka manuSya kA badha kiyA thA, usa karma ke vipAka ke kAraNa Aja merA pA~va ghAyala huA hai|' buddha kA yaha kathana bhI zAzvata AtmA kI apekSA se nahIM, apitu saMtAna kI apekSA se hI samajhanA caahie| bauddhoM ke mata ke anusAra kartRtva kA artha bhI samajha lenA caahie| kuzala prathA akuzala citta kI utpatti hI kuzala yA akuzala karma kA kartRtva hai| unake mata meM kartA aura kriyA bhinna nahIM haiM, ve donoM eka hI haiN| kriyA hI kartA hai aura kartA hI kriyA hai| citta aura usakI utpatti meM kucha bhI bheda nhiiN| yahI bAta bhoktRtva ke viSaya meM hai| bhoga aura bhoktA bhinna nahIM haiN| duHkhavedanA ke rUpa meM citta kI utpatti hI citta kA bhoktRtva hai| isIlie buddhaghoSa ne kahA hai ki karma kA koI kartA nahIM aura vipAka kA koI anubhava karane vAlA (vedaka) nahIM kevala zuddha dharmoM kI pravRtti hotI hai| 1 attanA va kataM pApaM attajaM attasaMbhavaM-dhammapada 161 / 2 dhammapada 66 3 dhammapada 127 4 visuddhimagga 19.20 / isa viSaya para vizeSa vicAra 'buddha kA anAtmavAda' isa zirSaka ke antargata kiyA gayA hai| aura bhI 'nyAyAvatAra' Ti0 pR0 152 dekheN|

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( 57 ) (4) jaina mata jaina AgarmoM meM bhI jIva ke kartRtva aura bhokatRtva kA varNana hai| uttarAdhyayana ke 'kammA raNANAvihA kaTu' (3-2) aneka prakAra ke karma karake, 'kaDANa kammANa na mokakhu atthi' (4.3; 13.10) kie hue karma ko bhoge vinA chuTakArA nahIM, 'kattArameva agujAI kamma' (13.23)-karma kartA kA anusaraNa karatA hai, ityAdi vAkya asaMdigdha rUpeNa jIva ke kartRtva aura bhoktatva kA varNana karate haiN| kintu jisa prakAra upaniSadoM meM jIvAtmA ko karttA aura bhoktA mAna kara bhI paramAtmA ko donoM se rahita mAnA gayA hai, usI prakAra jainAcArya kundakunda ne jIva ke karmakartRtva aura karmabhoktatva ko vyavahAra dRSTi se mAnA hai aura yaha bhI spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai ki nizcaya dRSTi se jIva karma kA kartA bhI nahIM aura bhoktA bhI nhiiN|' isa viSaya ko upaniSat kI bhASA meM isa prakAra kaha sakate haiMsaMsArI jIva karma kA kartA hai, kiMtu zuddha jIva karma kA kartA nahIM hai| upaniSadoM ke matAnusAra bhI saMsArI AtmA aura paramAtmA eka hI haiM aura jaina mata meM bhI saMsArI jIva tathA zuddha jIva eka hI haiN| donoM meM yadi bheda hai to vaha yahI hai ki upaniSadoM ke anusAra paramAtmA eka hI hai aura jainamata meM zuddha jIva aneka haiN| kiMtu jainoM dvArA sammata saMgrahanaya kI apekSA se yaha bhedarekhA bhI dUra ho jAtI hai| saMgrahanaya kA mata hai ki zuddha jIva caitanya svarUpa kI dRSTi se eka hI haiN| jaba hama isa bAta kA smaraNa karate haiM ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne gautama gaNadhara se kahA thA ki bhaviSya meM hama eka sadRza hone vAle haiM, taba nirvANa avasthA 1 samayasAra 93; aura 98 se Age

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( 58 ) meM aneka jIvoM kA astitva mAna kara bhI advaita aura dvaita donoM bahuta nikaTa haiM aisA pratIta hotA hai|' naiyAyika Adi AtmA ko ekAMta nitya mAna kara, vauddha anitya mAna kara tathA jaina, mImAMsaka aura adhikatara vedAntI use pariNAmI nitya mAnakara usameM karma ke kartRtva aura bhoktRtva kI siddhi karate haiN| kiMtu ina sabake matAnusAra ina donoM meM se kisI kA bhI astitva mokSa meM nahIM hai| jaba hama isa bAta ko apane dhyAna meM rakhate haiM taba jJAta hotA hai ki sabhI darzana eka hI uddezya ko sanmukha rakha pravRtta hue haiM aura vaha hai-jIvoM ko karmapAza se kaise mukta kiyA jaay| jisa prakAra nityavAdiyoM ke samakSa yaha prazna thA ki karma ke kartRtva aura bhoktatva kI upapatti kaise kI jAe, usI prakAra yaha bhI samasyA thI ki nitya AtmA meM janma maraNa kisa taraha hote haiN| unhone isa samasyA kA yaha samAdhAna kiyA hai ki AtmA ke janma kA tAtparya usakI utpatti nahIM hai| zarIrendriya Adi se saMbaMdha kA nAma janma hai aura unase viyoga kA nAma mRtyu / isa prakAra AtmA ke nitya hone para bhI usameM janma maraNa hote haiN| jIva kA baMdha aura mokSa (1) mokSa kA kAraNa jIva ke svataMtra astitva ko mAnane vAle sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM ne baMdha aura mokSa ko svIkAra kiyA hI hai, parantu anAtmavAdI bauddhoM ne bhI baMdha mokSa ko mAnyatA pradAna kI hai| samasta darzanoM ne 1 bhagavatI 14. 7. 2 nyAyabhASya 1. 1. 19., 4. 1. 10.; nyAyavA0 3. 1. 4; 3. 1. 19.

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( 56 ) avidyA-moha-ajJAna-mithyAjJAna ko baMdha athavA saMsAra kA kAraNa aura vidyA athavA tattvajJAna ko mokSa kA hetu mAnA hai| yaha bAta bhI sarvasammata hai ki tRSNA baMdha kI kAraNa bhUta avidyA kI sahayoginI hai, kintu mokSa ke kAraNa bhUta tattvajJAna ke gauNa-mukhya bhAva ke saMbaMdha meM vivAda hai| upaniSadoM ke RSiyoM ne mukhyataH tattvajJAna ko kAraNa mAnA hai aura karma-upAsanA ko gauNa sthAna diyA hai| yaha bAta bauddha darzana, nyAya darzana, vaizeSika darzana, sAMkhya darzana, zAMkara vedAnta Adi darzanoM ko bhI mAnya hai / mImAMsA darzana ke anusAra karma pradhAna hai aura tattvajJAna gauNa / bhakti saMpradAya ke mukhya praNetA rAmAnuja, nimbArka, madhva aura vallabha ina saba ke mata meM bhakti hI zreSTha upAya hai, jJAna va karma gauNa haiM / bhAskarAnuyAyI vedAntI aura zava jJAna-karma ke samuccaya ko mokSa kA kAraNa mAnate haiM aura jaina bhI jJAna-karma arthAt jJAna-caritra ke samuccaya ko mokSa kA kAraNa svIkAra karate haiN| (2) baMdha kA kAraNa samasta darzana isa bAta se sahamata haiM ki anAtmA meM AtmAbhimAna karanA hI mithyAjJAna athavA moha hai| anAtmavAdI bauddhoM taka yaha bAta svIkAra karate haiN| bheda yaha hai ki AtmavAdiyoM ke mata meM AtmA eka svataMtra, zAzvata vastu rUpa meM sat hai aura pRthvI Adi tattvoM se nirmita zarIra se pRthak hai| phira bhI zarIrAdi ko AtmA mAnane kA kAraNa mithyAjJAna hai| kiMtu bauddhoM ke mata meM AtmA jaisI kisI svataMtra zAzvata vastu kA astitva nahIM hai, aisA hone para bhI zarIrAdi anAtmA meM jo Atma buddhi hotI hai, vaha mithyAjJAna athavA moha hai| chAndogyare meM kahA hai ki 1 suttanipAta 3. 12. 33; visuddhimagga 17. 302. 2 chAndogya 8. 8. 4-5

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anAtma dehAdi ko AtmA mAnanA asuroM kA jJAna hai aura usase AtmA paravaza ho jAtI hai| isI kA nAma baMdha hai| sarva sAropaniSad meM to spaSTataH kahA hai ki anAtma dehAdi meM Atmatva kA abhimAna karanA baMdha hai aura usase nivRtti mokSa hai| nyAya darzana ke bhASya meM batAyA gayA hai ki mithyAjJAna hI moha hai aura vaha kevala tattvajJAna kI anutpatti rUpa hI nahIM hai, parantu zarIra, indriya, mana, vedanA aura buddhi ina saba ke anAtmA hone para bhI inameM Atmagraha arthAt ahaMkAra---yaha maiM hI hU~ aisA jJAna-mithyAjJAna athavA moha hai| yaha bAta vaizeSikoM ko bhI mAnya hai| sAMkhya darzana meM baMdha vipayarya para AdhArita hai| aura viparya hI mithyAjJAna hai / sAMkhya mAnate haiM ki isa viparyaya se hone vAlA baMdha tIna prakAra kA hai| prakRti ko AtmA mAna kara usakI upAsanA karanA prAkRtika baMdha hai ; bhUta, indriya, ahaMkAra, buddhi ina vikAroM ko AtmA samajha kara upAsanA karanA vaikArika baMdha hai aura iSTa-ApUrta meM saMlagna honA dAkSiNaka badha hai|" sArAMza yaha hai ki sAMkhyoM ke anusAra bhI anAtmA meM Atmabuddhi karanA hI mithyAjJAna hai| yoga darzana ke anusAra kleza saMsAra ke mUla haiM, arthAt baMdha ke kAraNa haiM aura saba klezoM kA mUla avidyA hai| sAMkhya jise viparyaya kahate haiM, yoga darzana use kleza mAnatA hai| 1 'anAtmAnAM dehAdInAmAtmatvenAbhimAnyate so'bhimAna Atmano 'bandhaH / tannivRttirmokSaH |-srvsaaropnissd / 2 nyAyabhASya 4.2.1; prazastapAda pR0 538 (viparyayanirUpaNa) 6 sAMkhya kA0 44 4 jJAnasya viparyayo'jJAnam-mAThara vRtti 44. 5 sAMkhyatattvakaumudI kA0 44 6 yogadarzana 2. 3; 2.4

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( 61 ) yogadarzana meM vidyA kA lakSaNa hai- anitya, azuci, duHkha aura anAtma vastu meM nitya, zuci, zubha aura Atmabuddhi karanA / 1 jaina darzana meM baMdhakAraraNa kI carcA do prakAra se kI gaI haizAstrIya aura laukika / karmazAstra meM baMdha ke kAraNoM kI jo carcA hai, vaha zAstrIya prakAra hai| vahAM kaSAya aura yoga ye donoM baMdha ke kAraNa mAne gae haiM / ina kA hI vistAra kara midhyAtva, avirati, kaSAya aura yoga ye cAra aura kahIM unameM pramAda ko sammilita kara pAMca kAraNa ginAe gae haiM / inameM se mithyAtva dUsare darzanoM meM vidyA - mithyAjJAna- ajJAna ke nAma se prasiddha hai / lokAnusaraNa karate hue jainAgamoM meM rAga, dveSa aura moha ko bhI saMsAra kA kAraNa mAnA gayA / 3 pUrvokta kaSAya ke cAra bheda haiM- krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha / rAga aura dveSa ina donoM meM bhI una cAroM kA samanvaya ho jAtA hai / rAga meM mAyA aura lobha, tathA dveSa meM krodha aura mAna kA samAveza hai / isa rAga va dveSa ke mUla meM bhI moha hai, yaha bAta anya dArzanikoM ke samAna jainAgamoM meM bhI svIkAra kI gaI hai| isa prakAra saba darzana isa viSaya meM sahamata haiM ki midhyAtvamithyAjJAna- moha - viparyaya-avidyA Adi vividha nAmoM se vikhyAta 1 yogadarzana 2. 5. 2 tattvArtha sUtra vivecana ( paM0 sukhalAla jI ) 8.1. 3 uttarAdhyayana 21. 19; 23.43; 28. 20; 29. 71 4 'dohi ThANehiM pApakammA baMdhati rAgeNa ya doseNa ya / rAge duvihe paNate / ... mAyA ya lobhe ya / dose duvihe kohe ya mANe ya' sthAnAMga 2. 2. 5 uttarA0 32. 7 ...

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( 62 ) anAtma meM Atmabuddhi hI baMdha kA kAraNa hai / saba kI mAnyatAnusAra ina kAraNoM kA nAza hone se hI AtmA meM mokSa kI saMbhAvanA hai, anyathA nahIM / mumukSu ke lie sarva prathama kArya yahI hai ki anAtma meM zrAtma buddhi kA nirAkaraNa kiyA jAe / ( 3 ) baMdha kyA hai ? AtmA yA jIvatattva tathA anAtmA athavA ajIva tattva ye donoM bhinna bhinna haiM, phira bhI ina donoM kA jo viziSTa saMyoga hotA hai, vahI baMdha hai- arthAt jIva kA zarIra ke sAtha saMyoga hI AtmA kA baMdha hai / jaba taka zarIra kA nAza na ho jAe taba taka jIva kA sarvathA mokSa nahIM ho sakatA / mukta jIvoM kA bhI ajIva yA jar3a padArthoM ke sAtha - pudgala paramANuoM ke sAthasaMyoga to hai kiMtu vaha saMyoga baMdha kI koTi meM nahIM AtA, kyoMki mukta jIvoM meM baMdha ke kAraNa bhUta moha - avidyA - midhyAtva kA abhAva hai / arthAt una kA jar3a se saMyoga hone para bhI ve ina jar3a padArthoM ko apane zarIrAdi rUpa se grahaNa nahIM karate / kiMtu jisa jIva meM avidyA vidyamAna hai, vaha jar3a padArthoM ko apane zarIrAdi rUpa se grahaNa karatA hai / ataH jar3a aura jIva kA viziSTa saMyoga hI baMdha kahalAtA hai jIva ko mAnane vAle saba matoM meM sAmAnyataH baMdha kI aisI hI vyAkhyA hai / / AtmA aura anAtmA ina donoM kA baMdha kaba se huA, isa prazna kA vicAra karmatattva viSayaka vicAra se saMkalita hai / upaniSadoM meM karmatattva viSayaka mAtra isa sAmAnya vicAra kA ullekha haiM ki zubha karmoM kA zubha tathA azubha karmoM kA azubha phala milatA hai / kiMtu karma tattva kyA hai, vaha apanA phala kisa prakAra detA hai, isakA AtmA ke sAtha kaba saMbaMdha huA, ina saba viSayoM kA vicAra

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upaniSadoM ke tattvajJAna ke sAtha otaprota ho, yaha bAta prAcIna upaniSadoM meM dRggocara nahIM hotii| yaha tathya prAcIna upaniSadoM ke kisI bhI vidyArthI ko ajJAta nahIM hai| yaha bhI vidita hotA hai ki karma saMbaMdhI ye vicAra upaniSadbhinna paraMparA se upaniSadoM meM Ae aura aupaniSada tattvajJAna ke sAtha unakI saMgati biThAne kA prayatna kiyA jAtA rahA kintu vaha adhUrA hI rhaa| isa viSaya meM vizeSa vicAra karma viSayaka prakaraNa meM kiyA jaaegaa| yahA~ itanA hI ullekha paryApta hai ki jagat ko IzvarakRta mAna kara bhI nyAyavaizeSika darzanoM ne saMsAra ko anAdi mAnA hai, aura cetana tathA zarIra ke saMbaMdha ko bhI anAdi hI mAnA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki unake mata meM AtmA aura anAtmA kA baMdha anAdi hai| kiMtu upaniSad sammata vividha sRSTiprakriyA meM jIva kI sattA hI sarvatra anAdi siddha nahIM hotI to phira AtmA aura anAtmA ke saMbaMdha ko anAdi kahane kA avasara hI kaise prApta ho sakatA hai ? karma siddhAnta ke anusAra to AtmA-anAtmA ke saMbaMdha ko anAdi mAnanA anivArya hai| yadi aisA na mAnA jAe to karma siddhAMta kI mAnyatA kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jaataa| yahI kAraNa hai ki upaniSadoM ke TIkAkAroM meM zaMkara ko brahma aura mAyA kA saMbaMdha anAdi mAnanA par3A, bhAskarAcArya ke lie satyarUpa upAdhi kA brahma ke sAtha anAdi saMbaMdha mAnane ke atirikta koI mArga na thA, rAmAnuja ne bhI baddha jIva ko anAdi kAla se hI baddha svIkAra kiyA / nimbArka aura madhva ne bhI avidyA tathA karma ke kAraNa jIva kA saMsAra mAnA hai aura yaha avidyA va karma bhI anAdi haiN| vallabha ke matAnusAra bhI jisa prakAra brahma anAdi 1 "anAdizcetanasya zarIrayogaH, anAdizca rAgAnubandha iti" nyAya bhA0 3.1.25; "evaM cAnAdiH saMsAro'pavargAntaH" nyAyavA0 3.1.27; "anAdi-cetanasya zarIrayogaH" nyAyavA0 3.1.28

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hai, usI prakAra usakA kArya jIva bhI anAdi hai| ataH jIva tathA avidyA kA saMbaMdha bhI anAdi hai| sAMkhya mata meM bhI prakRti aura puruSa kA saMyoga hI baMdha hai aura vaha anAdi kAla se calA A rahA hai| prakRtiniSpanna liMga zarIra anAdi hai aura vaha anAdi kAla se hI puruSa ke sAtha saMbaddha hai| dUsare dArzanikoM kI mAnyatA hai ki baMdha aura mokSa puruSa ke hote haiM, parantu sAMkhya mata meM baMdha tathA mokSa prakRti ke hote haiM, puruSa ke 2 nhiiN| isI prakAra yogadarzana ke mata meM bhI draSTA--puruSa aura dRzyaprakRti kA saMyoga anAdi kAlIna hai, use hI baMdha samajhanA cAhie / bauddha darzana meM nAma aura rUpa kA anAdi saMbaMdha hI saMsAra yA baMdha hai aura usakA viyoga hI mokSa hai| jaina mata meM bhI jIva aura karma pudgala kA anAdi kAlIna saMbaMdha baMdha hai aura usakA viyoga mokSa / isa prakAra sAMkhya, jaina, bauddha tathA pUrvokta nyAyavaizeSika Adi saba ne jIva va jar3a ke saMyoga ko anAdi kAlIna mAnya kiyA hai aura usI kA nAma saMsAra yA baMdha hai| jaba hama yaha kahate haiM ki jIva aura zarIra kA saMbaMdha anAdi hai, taba isa kA tAtparya yaha samajhanA cAhie ki vaha paraMparA se anAdi hai| jIva nae nae zarIra grahaNa karatA hai vaha kisI bhI samaya zarIra rahita nahIM thaa| pUrvavartI vAsanA ke kAraNa nae nae 1 sAMkhyakA0 52 3 yogadarzana 2. 17 yogabhASya 2. 17

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zarIra kI utpatti hotI hai aura zarIra ke utpanna hone ke uparAMta naI naI vAsanAoM kA janma hotA hai| yaha vAsanA phira nae zarIra ko utpanna karatI hai| isa prakAra bIja va aMkura ke samAna ye donoM hI jIva ke sAtha anAdi kAla se haiN| anAdi avidyA ke kAraNa anAtmA meM jo AtmagrahaNa kI buddhi hai, usI ke kAraNa bAhya viSayoM meM tRSNA yA rAga utpanna hotA hai aura isa se hI saMsAra paraMparA calatI rahatI hai| avidyA kA nirodha ho jAne para baMdhana kaTa jAtA hai aura phira tRSNA ke lie koI avakAza nahIM rhtaa| ataH nayA upAdAna nahIM hotA aura saMsAra ke mUla para kuThArAghAMta ho jAne se vaha naSTa ho jAtA hai| sAkhyoM ne eka laMgar3e aura eka aMdhe vyakti ke loka-prasiddha udAharaNa se siddha kiyA hai ki saMsAracakra kA pravartana jar3a cetana ina donoM ke saMyoga se hotA hai| ekAkI puruSa athavA prakRti meM saMsAra ke nirmANa kI zakti nahIM hai| kiMtu jisa samaya ye donoM milate haiM, usa samaya hI saMsAra kI pravRtti hotI hai| jaba taka puruSa jar3a prakRti ko apanI zakti pradAna nahIM karatA, jaba taka usameM yaha sAmarthya nahIM ki vaha zarIra indriya Adi rUpa meM pariNata ho ske| usI prakAra yadi prakRti kI jar3a zakti puruSa ko prApta na ho to vaha bhI akele zarIrAdi kA nirmANa karane meM samartha nhiiN| ina donoM kA saMbaMdha anAdi kAla se hai, ataH saMsAracakra bhI anAdi kAla se hI pravRtta huA hai| __ bauddhoM ke matAnusAra nAma aura rUpa ke saMsarga se saMsAra cakra anAdi kAla se pravRtta huA hai| visuddhimagga ke racayitA buddhaghoSAcArya ne bhI sAMkhya zAstroM meM prasiddha isI laMgar3e aura donoM ke nirmANa kA hI saMsAra pradAna na sAMkhyakArikA 21

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aMdhe kA dRSTAnta dekara batAyA hai ki kisa prakAra nAma aura rUpa donoM paraspara sApekSa hokara utpanna va pravRtta hote haiN| unhoMne yaha bhI likhA hai ki eka dUsare ke binA donoM hI nisteja haiM aura kucha bhI karane meM asamartha haiN| jainAcArya kundakunda ne bhI isI rUpaka ke AdhAra para karma aura jIva ke paraspara baMdha aura unakI kAryakAritA kA varNana kiyA hai| vastutaH nyAya vaizeSikAdi bhI isI prakAra yaha kaha sakate haiM ki jIva tathA jar3a paraspara mile hue haiM aura sApekSa hokara hI pravRtta hote haiN| isI kAraNa saMsArarUpI ratha gatimAna hotA hai, anyathA nhiiN| akelA jar3a athavA akelA cetana saMsAra kA ratha calAne meM samartha nhiiN| car3a aura cetana donoM saMsAra rUpI ratha ke do cakra haiN| ___ mAyAvAdI vedAntiyoM ne advaita brahma mAna kara bhI yaha svIkAra kiyA ki anIrvacanIya mAyA ke vinA saMsAra kI ghaTanA azakya hai, ataH brahma aura mAyA ke yoga se hI saMsAra cakra kI pravRtti hotI hai| sabhI darzanoM kI sAmAnya mAnyatA hai ki saMsAracakra kI pravRtti do paraspara virodhI prakRti vAle tattvoM ke saMsarga se hotI hai| ina donoM ke nAmoM meM bheda ho sakatA hai kiMtu sUkSmatA se vicAra karane para tAttvika bheda pratIta nahIM hotaa| (4) mokSa kA svarUpa baMdhacarcA ke samaya yaha batAyA gayA hai ki anAtmA meM AtmAbhimAna baMdha kahalAtA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai 1 visuddhimagga 18.35. 2 samayasAra 340-343.

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( 67 ) 1 ki anAtmA meM AtmAbhimAna kA dUra honA hI mokSa hai / isa viSaya meM sabhI dArzanika eka mata haiM / aba isa bAta para vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai ki mokSa athavA mukta AtmA kA svarUpa kisa prakAra kA hai| sabhI dArzanikoM kA mata hai ki mokSAvasthA indriyagrAhya nahIM, vacanagocara nahIM, manogrAhya nahIM tathA tarkaprAya bhI nahIM / kaThopaniSad meM spaSTarUpeNa kahA hai ki vANI, mana athavA cakSu se isakI prApti saMbhava nahIM, kevala sUkSmabuddhi se ise grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki tarkaprapaMca sUkSmabuddhi kI koTI meM nahIM AtA / tapa evaM dhyAna se ekAgra huA vizuddha sattva ise grahaNa kara sakatA hai / nAgasena ke kathanAnusAra bauddha mata meM bhI nirvAraNa to hai kiMtu usakA svarUpa aisA nahIM jise saMsthAna, vaya aura pramANa, upamA, kAraNa, hetu athavA naya se batAyA jA ske| jisa prakAra yaha prazna sthApanIya hai - isakA uttara nahIM diyA jA sakatA - ki samudra meM kitanA pAnI hai aura usameM kitane jIva rahate haiM, usI prakAra nirvANa viSayaka ukta prazna kA uttara denA bhI saMbhava nahIM / laukika dRSTi bAle puruSa ke pAsa ise jAnane kA koI sAdhana nahIM / yaha na to cakSurvijJAna kA viSaya hai, na kAna kA, na nAsikA kA, na jihvA kA aura nahI sparza kA viSaya hai / phira bhI yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki nirvANa kI sattA hI nahIM hai / vaha vizuddha manovijJAna kA viSaya hai / isa manovijJAna kI vizuddhatA kA kAraNa usakA nirAvaraNa" @ kaTha 2.6.12; 1.3.12. 2 kaTha 2.8.9. * muMDaka 3.1.8. 4 milindaprazna 4.8.66 - 7, pR0 309 5 milindaprazna 4.7.15, pR0 265, udAna 71.

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( 68 ) honA hai| upaniSad meM jise vizuddha sattva kahA gayA hai, usI ko nAgasena ne vizuddha manovijJAna kahA hai| upaniSadoM meM brahmadazA kA nirUpaNa 'neti neti' kaha kara diyA gayA hai, aura isI bAta ko pUrvokta prakAra se nAgasena ne kahA hai| jo vastu anubhava grAhya ho, usakA varNana saMbhava nahIM, aura yadi kiyA bhI jAe to vaha adhUrA raha jAtA hai| ataH zreSTha mArga yahI hai ki yadi nirvANa ke svarUpa kA jJAna karanA hI to svayaM usakA sAkSAtkAra kiyA jaae| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhI vizuddha AtmA ke viSaya meM kahA hai ki vahAM vANI kI pahuMca nahIM, tarka kI gati nahIM, buddhi athavA mati bhI vahAM pahuMcane meM asamartha hai; yaha dIrgha nahIM hrasva nahIM, trikoNa nahIM, kRSNa nahIM, nIla nahIM, strI nahIM aura puruSa bhI nhiiN| yaha upamArahita hai aura anirvacanIya hai| isa prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhI upaniSadoM aura buddha ke samAna 'neti neti kA hI Azraya lekara vizuddha athavA mukta AtmA kA varNana kiyA hai| isa muktAtmA ke svarUpa kA yathArtha anubhava usI samaya hotA hai jaba vaha deha mukta hokara mukti prApta kre| __ aisI vastusthiti hone para bhI dArzanikoM ne avarNanIya ke bhI varNana karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| AcArya haribhadra ne yaha abhiprAya prakaTa kiyA hai ki yadyapi una varNanoM meM paribhASAoM kA bheda hai, tathApi tattva meM koI antara nhiiN| unhoMne kahA hai ki saMsArAtIta tattva jise nirvANa bhI kahate haiM, aneka nAmoM se prasiddha hai, kiMtu eka hI hai| isI eka tattva ke hI sadAziva 1 bRhadA0 4.5.15. 2 AcArAMga sU0 170 3 saMsArAtItattattvaM tu paraM nirvANasaMjJitam / taddhayekameva niyamAt zabdabheda'pi tattvataH // yogadRSTisamuccaya 129

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paramabrahma, siddhAtmA, tathatA Adi nAma cAhe bhinna bhinna hoM, parantu vaha tattva eka hI hai| isI bAta ko AcArya kuMdakuMda ne bhI kahA hai| unhoMne karmavimukta paramAtmA ke paryAya kahe haiM-jJAnI, ziva, parameSThI, sarvajJa, viSNu, caturmukha, buddha, prmaatmaa| isase bhI jJAta hotA hai ki parama tattva eka hI hai, nAmoM meM bheda ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra dhyeya kI dRSTi se nirvANa meM bheda nahIM, kiMtu dArzanikoM ne jaba usakA varNana kiyA taba usameM antara par3a gayA aura usa antara kA kAraNa dArzanikoM kI pRthak pRthak tattva vyavasthA hai| isa tattva vyavasthA meM jaisA bheda hai, vaisA hI nirvANa ke varNana meM dRSTigocara honA svAbhAvika hai| udAharaNataH nyAya-vaizeSika AtmA aura usake jJAna sukhAdi guNoM ko bhinna bhinna mAnate haiM aura AtmA meM jJAnAdi kI utpatti ko zarIra para Azrita mAnate haiN| ataH yadi mukti meM zarIra kA abhAva hotA ho to nyAya-vaizeSikoM ko yaha svIkAra karanA par3egA ki muktAtmA meM jJAna, sukhAdi guNoM kA bhI abhAva hotA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoM ne yaha bAta mAnI ki mukti meM AtmA ke jJAna, sukhAdi guNoM kI sattA nahIM rahatI, kevala vizuddha caitanya tattva zeSa rahatA hai| isI kA nAma mukti hai| jIvAtmAko mukti meM jJAna, sukhAdi se rahita mAna kara bhI unhoMne IzvarAtmA .._..__.................................. 1 sadAzivaH parabrahma siddhAtmA tathateti c| zabdaistaducyate'nvArthAMdekamevaivamAdibhiH // yogadRSTi0 130, SoDazaka 16. 1-4 ' bhAvaprAbhRta 149. 3 nyAyabhASya 1. 1. 21; nyAyamaMjarI pR. 508

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ko nitya jJAna, sukhAdi se yukta mAnA hai| isa prakAra AtmA ke sthAna para paramAtmA meM sarvajJatA aura Atyantika sukhaAnanda mAnakara nyAya-vaizeSika bhI una dArzanikoM kI paMkti meM sammilita ho gae haiM jo muktAtmA ko jJAna evaM sukhAdi se saMpanna mAnate haiN| ___bauddhoM ne dIpanirvANa kI upamA se nirvANa kA varNana kiyA hai| isase eka yaha mAnyatA pracalita huI ki nirvANa meM citta kA lopa ho jAtA hai|2 nirodha zabda kA vyavahAra aisA thA jo dArzanikoM ko bhrama meM DAla de| isase bhI isa mAnyatA ko samarthana pApta huA ki mukti meM kucha bhI zeSa nahIM rhtaa| kintu bauddha darzana para sampUrNataH vicAra kiyA jAe to jJAta hotA hai ki vahAM bhI nirvANa kA svarUpa vaisA hI batAyA gayA hai jaisA ki upaniSadoM athavA anya darzana zAstroM meM / vizva ke sabhI padArtha saMskRta athavA utpattizIla haiM, ataH kSaNika haiM, kiMtu nirvANa apavAda svarUpa hai| vaha asaMskRta hai| usakI utpatti meM koI bhI hetu nahIM, ataH usakA vinAza bhI nahIM hotA / asaMskRta hone ke kAraNa vaha ajAta, abhUta akRta hai| saMskRta anitya, azubha aura duHkharUpa hotA hai kiMtu asaMskRta dhruva, zubha aura 1 nyAyamaMjarI pR. 200-201 / / 2 isI kA khaMDana vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke gaNadharavAda meM kiyA gayA hai| gAthA 1975. ___ 3 nirodha kA vAstavika artha tRSNAkSaya athavA virAga hai / visuddhi magga 8. 247; 16. 64; 4 nirvANa abhAvarUpa nahIM, isakA samarthana visuddhimagga 16 37; meM dekheN| 5 udAna 73. visuddhi magga 16.74;

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( 71 ) sukharUpa hai| jisa prakAra upaniSadoM meM brahmAnanda ko Ananda kI parAkASThA mAnA gayA hai, usI prakAra nirvANa kA Ananda bhI Ananda kI parAkASThA hai| isa taraha bauddhoM ke matAnusAra bhI nirvANa meM jJAna aura Ananda kA astitva hai| yaha jJAna aura Ananda asaMskRta athavA aja kahe gae haiM ataH naiyAyikoM ke Izvara ke jJAna aura Ananda se vastutaH inakA koI bheda nhiiN| yahI nahIM, pratyuta vedAnta sammata brahma kI nityatA aura AnandamayatA tathA bauddhoM ke nirvANa meM bhI bheda nahIM hai| sAMkhya mata meM bhI naiyAyikoM dvArA mAnya AtmA ke samAna muktAvasthA meM vizuddha caitatya hI zeSa rahatA hai| naiyAyika mata meM jJAna, sukhAdi AtmA ke guNa haiM kintu unakI utpatti zarIrAzrita hai| ataH zarIra ke abhAva meM unhoMne jaise una guNoM kA abhAva svIkAra kiyA, vaise hI sAMkhya mata ko yaha svIkAra karanA par3A ki jJAna, sukhAdi prAkRtika dharma hone ke kAraNa prakRti kA viyoga hone para ve muktAtmA meM vidyamAna nahIM rahate aura puruSa mAtra zuddha caitanya svarUpa sthira rahatA hai| sAMkhya mAnate haiM ki puruSa ko jaba kaivalya kI prApti hotI hai taba vaha mAtra zuddha caitanyarUpa hotA hai| gaNadhara vAda ke pAThakoM ko jJAta ho jAegA ki muktAtmA ke vizuddha caitanya svarUpa meM pratiSThita rahane kI mAnyatA ke viSaya meM jahAM sAMkhya-yoga nyAya, vaizeSika ekamata haiM vahAM jaina bhI isa mata se sahamata haiN| isa sAmAnya mAnyatA ke viSaya meM saba kA ekamata hai ki muktAtmA vizuddha caitanya svarUpa meM pratiSThita rahatI hai| kiMtu vicAroM 5 udAna 80; visuddhi magga 16. 71; 16. 90; 2 taittarIya 2.8; 3 majjhima nikAya 57;

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( 72 ) meM jo kiMcit matabheda hai usakA ullekha bhI Avazyaka hai| upaniSadoM meM brahma ko caitanya rUpa ke sAtha sAtha Ananda rUpa bhI mAnA hai| naiyAyikoM ne Izvara meM to Ananda kA astitva svIkAra kiyA hai kiMtu muktAtmA meM nhiiN| bauddhoM ne nirvANa meM Ananda kI sattA svIkRta kI hai| jainoM ne Ananda ke atirikta naiyAyikoM ke Izvara ke samAna zakti athavA vIrya bhI mAnA hai| jainoM ne caitanya kA artha jJAna-darzana zakti kiyA hai kiMtu naiyAyika-vaizeSikamata meM muktAtmA meM jJAna-darzana nahIM hote| sAMkhyamata meM cit zakti puruSa meM hai, phira bhI usa meM jJAna nahIM hotA kiMtu draSTutva hotA hai| ina sabhI matabhedoM kA samanvaya asaMbhava nhiiN| jaba hama isa viSaya para vicAra karate haiM ki muktAtmA meM Ananda kA jJAna se pRthak kyA svarUpa hai, taba yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki Ananda bhI jJAna kI hI eka paryAya hai| jainAcAryoM ne ise spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai| bauddha dArzanikoM ne bhI jJAna aura sukha ko sarvathA bhinna nahIM maanaa| vedAnta mata meM bhI eka akhaMDa brahma tattva meM jJAna, Ananda, caitanya ina saba kA vastutaH bheda karanA advaita ke virodha ke samAna hI hai / naiyAyika caitanya aura jJAna meM bheda kA varNana karate haiM parantu jaba hama yaha dekhate haiM ki unhoM ne nitya mukta Izvara meM nitya jJAna svIkAra kiyA hai, taba hameM yaha mAnanA par3atA hai ki ve isa bheda ko sarvathA sthira nahIM rakha sake / punazca muktAtmA cetana hokara bhI jJAna hIna ho, to isa caitanya kA svarUpa bhI eka samasyA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letA hai| yahAM yadi hama yAjJavalkya ke maitreyI ke prati kahe gae kathana para ki 'na tasya pretya saMjJA asti'-mRtyUparAMta usakI koI saMjJA nahIM hotI-sUkSma dRSTi se vicAra kareM to isa kA 1 sarvArthasiddhi 10. 4.

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( 73 ) samAdhAna ho jAtA hai / yaha aisI avasthA hai jisakA nAmakaraNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / yadi ise jJAna kahA jAe to jJAna ke viSaya meM sAdhAraNa jana kA jo vicAra hai, vahI unake mana meM sthAna prApta karegA arthAt indriyoM athavA mana ke dvArA hone vAlA jJAna / parantu muktAtmA meM ina sAdhanoM kA abhAva hotA hai ataH usake jJAna ko jJAna kaise mAnA jAe ? AtmA svayaM pratiSThita hai, vaha bAhara kyoM dekhe ? bahirvRtti kyoM bane ? aura yadi AtmA bahivRtti nahIM hotA to use jJAnI kahane kI apekSA caitanyaghana kahanA adhika upayukta hai / naiyAyikoM ne jJAna kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI hai : - AtmA kA mana ke sAtha sanni karSa hotA hai, mana kA indriya ke sAtha tathA indriya kA bAhya padArtha ke sAtha sannikarSa hotA hai, taba jJAna kI utpatti hotI hai / jJAna kI isa vyAkhyA ke anusAra yaha bAta svAbhAvika hai ki naiyAyika muktAvasthA meM jJAna kI sattA na mAneM / arthAt unakI jJAna kI paribhASA hI bhinna hai / paribhASA ke bheda ke kAraNa tattva meM kucha bhI bheda nahIM par3atA anyathA naiyAyikoM ke mata meM jar3a padArtha aura caitanya padArtha meM kyA bheda raha jAegA ? ataH yaha bAta mAnanI par3egI ki jar3a se bheda karAne vAlA AtmA meM koI tattva avazya hai jisake AdhAra para naiyAyikoM ne use cetana mAnA hai / usa tattva kA nAma caitanya hai / AtmA ko cetana mAnane ke viSaya meM unakA kisI bhI dArzanika se matabheda hI nahIM hai| unakI jJAna kI paribhASA alaga hai, ataH unhoMne jJAna zabda se caitanya kA bodha karAnA ucita nahIM samajhA / vedAntI jaba adhika sUkSma vicAra karane lage taba ve 'caitanya'' ko caitanya zabda se pratipAdita karane ke lie udyata na hue aura 'neti neti' kaha kara usakA varNana karane lge| yaha bAta likhI jA cukI hai ki anya dArzanikoM ne bhI aisA hI kiyA / bhASA kI /

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( 74 ) zakti itanI sImita hai ki vaha parama tattva ke svarUpa kA yathArtha varNana kara hI nahIM sakatI, kyoMki vicArakoM ne bhinna bhinna zabdoM kI paribhASA aneka prakAra se kI hai / ataH una zabdoM kA prayoga karane se vastu kA spaSTIkaraNa nahIM ho pAtA / isake viparIta kaI bAra adhika ulajhana paidA ho jAtI hai / muktAtmA meM zakti ko pRthaka rUpa se svIkAra karane para yaha prazna utpanna huA ki zakti kyA hai ? isa para vicAra karate hue AcAryoM ne kahA ki zakti ke abhAva meM ananta jJAna kI utpatti nahIM hotI, ataH jJAna meM hI usakA samAveza kara lenA cAhie / (5) mukti sthAna jo darzana AtmA ko vyApaka mAnate haiM, unake mata meM mukti sthAna kI kalpanA anAvazyaka thI / AtmA jahA~ hai, vahIM hai, kevala usakA mala dUra ho jAtA hai, use anyatra jAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM / yaha bhI to prazna hai ki jaba vaha sarvavyApaka hai taba usakA gamana kahAM ho ? kiMtu jaina darzana, bauddha darzana aura jIvAtmA ko arUpa mAnane vAle bhaktimArgI vedAnta darzana ke sammukha mukti sthAna viSayaka samasyA kA upasthita honA svAbhAvika thA / jainoM ne yaha bAta mAnI hai ki Urdhvaloka ke agrabhAga meM muktAtmA kA gamana hotA hai aura siddha zilA nAmaka bhAga meM hamezA ke lie usakI sthiti rahatI hai / bhaktimArgI vedAntI mAnate haiM ki viSNu bhagavAn ke viSNu loka meM jo Urdhva loka hai, vahAM mukta jIvAtmA kA gamana hotA hai aura use parabrahmarUpa bhagavAn viSNu kA hamezA ke lie sAMnidhya prApta hotA hai / * sarvArthasiddhi 10. 4.

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( 75 ) bauddhoM ne isa prabha kA nirAkaraNa dUsare prakAra se kiyA hai| una ke mata meM jIva yA pudgala koI zAzvata dravya nahIM / ataH ve punarjanma ke samaya eka jIva kA anyatra gamana nahIM mAnate, kiMtu ve eka sthAna meM eka citta kA nirodha aura usakI apekSA se anyatra nae citta kI utpatti svIkAra karate haiN| yaha kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki isI siddhAMta ke anurUpa muktacitta ke viSaya meM bhI siddhAnta nizcita kiyA jAe / rAjA milinda ne prAcArya nAgasena se pUchA ki pUrvAdi dizAoM meM aisA kaunasA sthAna hai jisa ke nikaTa nirvANa kI sthiti hai| prAcArya ne uttara diyA ki nirvANasthAna kahIM kisI dizA meM avasthita nahIM jahA~ jAkara muktAtmA nivAsa kre| to phira nirvANa kahA~ prApta hotA hai ? jisa prakAra samudra meM ratna, phUla meM gaMdha, kheta meM dhAnya Adi kA sthAna niyata hai, usI prakAra nirvANa kA bhI koI nizcita sthAna honA caahie| yadi usakA koI aisA sthAna nahIM hai to phira yaha kyoM nahIM kahate ki nirvANa bhI nahIM hai ? isa AkSepa kA uttara dete hue nAgasena ne kahA ki nirvANa kA koI niyata sthAna na hone para bhI usakI sattA hai| nirvANa kahIM bAhara nahIM hai, apane vizuddha mana se isakA sAkSAtkAra karanA par3atA hai| yadi koI yaha prazna kare ki jalane se pahale agni kahAM hai, to use agni kA sthAna nahIM batAyA jA sktaa| kintu jaba do lakar3iyAM milatI haiM taba agni prakaTa hotI hai| usI prakAra vizuddha mana se nirvANa kA sAkSAtkAra ho sakatA hai kiMtu usakA sthAna batAnA zakya nhiiN| yadi yaha mAna bhI liyA jAe ki nirvANa kA niyata sthAna nahIM hai, to bhI aisA koI nizcita sthAna avazya honA cAhie jahA~ avasthita raha kara pudgala nirvANa kA sAkSAtkAra kara ske| isa prazna ke

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uttara meM nAgasena ne kahA ki pudgala zIla meM pratiSThita hokara kisI bhI AkAza pradeza meM rahate hue nirvANa kA sAkSAtkAra kara sakatA hai| (5) jIvanmukti-videha mukti - AtmA se moha dUra ho jAe aura vaha vItarAga bana jAe taba zarIra tatkAla alaga ho jAtA hai athavA nahIM, isa prazna ke uttara ke phalasvarUpa mukti kI kalpanA do prakAra se kI gaIjIvanmukti aura videha mukti / rAga dveSa kA abhAva ho jAne para bhI jaba taka Ayu karma kA vipAka-phala pUrNa na huA ho taba taka jIva zarIra meM rahatA hai athavA usake sAtha zarIra saMbaddha rahatA hai| kiMtu saMsAra yA punarjanma ke kAraNabhUta avidyA aura rAga dveSa ke naSTa ho jAne para AtmA meM nae zarIra ko grahaNa karane kI zakti nahIM rhtii| ataH aisI AtmA kA prANadhAraNarUpa jIvana jArI rahane para bhI vaha moha, rAga, dveSa se mukta hone ke kAraNa 'jIvanmukta' kahalAtI hai| jaba usakA zarIra bhI pRthak ho jAtA hai taba use 'videha mukta' athavA kevala 'mukta' kahate haiN| vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki upaniSadoM meM jIvanmukti ke uparAMta kramamukti kA siddhAMta bhI pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| isa bAta kA dRSTAnta kaThopaniSad se diyA jAtA hai| usameM likhA hai ki uttarottara unnataloka meM AtmapratyakSa kramazaH vizada aura vizadatara hotA jAtA hai| isa se jJAta hotA hai ki isa upaniSad meM kramamukti kA ullekha hai-arthAt AtmasAkSAtkAra kramika milinda prazna 4.8.92-94. 2 kaTha 2. 3. 5;

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( 77 ) hotA hai| dUsare darzanoM meM mAnya Atma vikAza ke krama kI isase tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| jainoM ne use guNasthAnakramAroha kahA hai aura bauddhoM ne use yogacaryA kI bhUmi kA nAma diyA hai| vaidika darzana meM isI vastu ko 'bhUmikA' kahA gayA hai| ___ upaniSadoM meM jIvanmukti kA siddhAnta bhI upalabdha hotA hai| isI kaThopaniSad meM Age jAkara likhA hai ki jaba manuSya ke hRdaya meM rahI huI sabhI kAmanAe~ pUrNa ho jAtI haiM taba vaha amara bana jAtA hai aura yahIM brahma kI prApti kara letA hai| jaba yahAM hRdaya kI sabhI gAMTheM TUTa jAtI haiM taba manuSya amara ho jAtA hai / ___ upaniSadoM ke vyAkhyAkAroM kA jIvanmukti ke viSaya meM eka mata nahIM hai| prAcArya zaMkara, vijJAna bhikSu aura vallabha isa siddhAMta ko svIkAra karate haiM kiMtu bhakti mArga ke anuyAyI anya vedAntI-rAmAnuja, nimbArka aura madhva ise nahIM mAnate / bauddhoM ke mata meM 'sopAdisesa nirvANa' aura 'anupAdisesa nirvANa' kramazaH jIvanmukti aura videha mukti ke nAma haiN| upAdi kA artha hai pAMca skNdh| jaba taka ye zeSa hoM taba taka 'sopAdisesa nirvANa' aura jaba ina skaMdhoM kA nirodha ho jAe taba 'anupAdisesa nirvANa' 3 hotA hai| nyAyavaizeSika aura sAMkhyayoga ke mata meM bhI jIvanmukti saMbhava mAnI gaI hai| 1 kaTha 2.3.14---15; muMDaka 3.2.6; bRhadA0 4.4.6---7. 2 pro0 bhaTTa kI pUrvokta prastAvanA dekheN| 3 visuddhi magga 16.73. 4 nyAya bhASya 4.2.2. / sAMkhya kA0 67; yoga bhASya 4.30.

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( 78 ) ... jo vicArakagaNa jIvanmukti ko svIkAra nahIM karate, unake mata meM AtmasAkSAtkAra hote hI samasta karma kSINa ho jAte haiM aura AtmA videha hokara mukta bana jAtI hai| isake viparIta jo loga jIvanmukti mAnate haiM, unakI mAnyatAnusAra AtmasAkSAtkAra ho jAne para bhI karma apane samaya para hI phala dekara kSINa hote haiM, tatkAla nhiiN| isa prakAra AtmA pahale jIvanmukta banatI hai, aura phira kAlAntara meM zeSa saMskAra kSINa hone para videha mukt|

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2.-karma-vicAraNA karma vicAra kA mUla ___ yaha to nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki vaidika kAla ke RSiyoM ko manuSyoM meM tathA anya aneka prakAra ke pazu, pakSI evaM kITa pataMgoM meM vidyamAna vividhatA kA anubhava nahIM huA hogaa| kiMtu aisA pratIta hotA hai ki unhoMne isa vividhatA kA kAraNa antarAtmA meM DhUMDhane kI apekSA use bAhyatattva meM mAna kara hI santoSa kara liyA thaa| kisI ne yaha kalpanA kI ki sRSTi kI utpatti kA kAraNa eka athavA aneka bhautika tatva haiM kiMvA prajApati jaisA tattva sRSTi kI utpatti kA kAraNa hai| kintu isa sRSTi meM vividhatA kA AdhAra kyA hai, isa ke spaSTIkaraNa kA prayatna nahIM kiyA gyaa| jIvasRSTi ke anya vargoM kI bAta chor3a bhI deM, to bhI kevala mAnavasRSTi meM zarIrAdi kI, sukha-duHkha kI, bauddhika zakti-azakti kI jo vividhatA hai, usake kAraNa kI zodha kI gaI ho, aisA jJAta nahIM hotaa| vaidika kAla kA samasta tatvajJAna kramazaH deva aura yajJa ko kendrabindu banA kara vikasita huaa| sarva prathama aneka devoM kI aura tatpazcAt prajApati ke samAna eka deva kI kalpanA kI gii| sukhI hone ke lie athavA apane zatruoM kA nAza karane ke lie manuSya ko cAhie ki vaha usa deva athavA una devoM kI stuti kare, sajIva athavA nirjIva iSTa vastu ko yajJa kara use samarpita kre| isase deva santuSTa hokara manokAmanA pUrI karate haiN| yaha mAnyatA vedoM se lekara brAhmaNa kAla taka vikasita hotI rahI / devoM ko prasanna karane ke sAdhana bhUta yajJa karma kA kramika vikAsa huA

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aura dhIre dhIre usakA rUpa itanA jaTila ho gayA ki yadi sAdhAraNa vyakti yajJa karanA cAheM to yajJa karma meM niSNAta purohitoM kI sahAyatA ke binA isakI saMbhAvanA hI nahIM thii| isa prakAra vaidika brAhmaNoM kA samasta tattvajJAna deva tathA use prasanna karane ke sAdhana yajJakarma kI sImA meM vikasita huaa| brAhmaNakAla ke pazcAt racita upaniSad bhI vedoM aura brAhmaNoM kA aMtima bhAga hone ke kAraNa vaidika sAhitya ke hI aMga haiM aura unheM 'vedAnta' kahate haiN| kiMtu inase patA calatA hai ki veda paraMparA arthAt deva tathA yajJa paraMparA kA aMta nikaTa hI thaa| ina meM aise navIna vicAra upalabdha hote haiM jo veda va brAhmaNa gaMthoM meM nahIM the| unameM saMsAra aura karma-adRSTa-viSayaka nUtana vicAra bhI dRggocara hote haiN| ye vicAra vaidika paraMparA ke upaniSadoM meM kahA~ se Ae, inakA udbhava vikAsa ke niyamAnusAra vaidika vicAroM se hI huA athavA avaidika paraMparA ke vicArakoM se vaidika vicArakoM ne inheM grahaNa kiyA--ina bAtoM kA nirNaya Adhunika vidvAn abhI taka nahIM kara ske| kiMtu yaha bAta nizcita hai ki vaidika sAhitya meM sarva prathama upaniSadoM meM hI ina vicAroM kA darzana hotA hai| Adhunika vidvAnoM meM isa viSaya meM koI vivAda nahIM hai ki upaniSadoM ke pUrva kAlIna vaidika sAhitya meM saMsAra aura karma- adRSTa kI kalpanA kA spaSTa rUpa dikhAI nahIM detaa| karma kAraNa hai aisA vAda bhI upaniSadoM kA sarva sammata vAda ho yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ataH ise vaidika vicAra dhArA kA maulika vicAra svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| zvetAzvatara upaniSad meM 1 Hiriyanna: Outlines of Indian Philosophy p. 80. Belvelkar: History of Indian Philosophy II. p. 82... 2 zvetAzvatara 1.2 /

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( 81 ) jahA~ aneka kAraNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai vahA~ kAla, svabhAva, niyati, yadRcchA, bhUta, athavA puruSa athavA ina saba ke saMyoga kA pratipAdana hai| kAlAdi ko kAraNa mAnane vAle vaidika hoM yA avaidika, kiMtu ina kAraNoM meM bhI karma kA samAveza nahIM hai| aba isa bAta kI zodha karanA zeSa hai ki jaba upaniSad kAla meM bhI vaidika paraMparA meM karma yA adRSTa sarvamAnya kendrastha tattva nahIM thA taba vaidika paraMparA meM isa vicAra kA AyAta kaunasI paraMparA se huA ? kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki AryoM ne ye vicAra bhArata ke AdivAsiyoM (Primitive people) se grahaNa kie| prophesara hiriyannA ne isa mAnyatA kA nirAkaraNa yaha likha kara kiyA hai ki AdivAsiyoM kA yaha siddhAMta ki AtmA mara kara vanaspati Adi meM jAtA hai-aMdhavizvAsa (Superstition) thaa| tattvataH una ke isa vicAra ko tarkAzrita nahIM kahA jA sktaa| punarjanma ke siddhAnta kA lakSya to manuSya kI tArkika aura naitika cetanA ko santuSTa karanA hai| AdivAsiyoM kI yaha mAnyatA ki manuSya kA jIva mara kara vanaspati Adi ke rUpa meM janma letA hai, kevala aMdhavizvAsa kaha kara nirAkRta nahIM kI jA sktii| upaniSadoM se pahale jisa karmavAda ke siddhAnta ko vaidika devavAda se vikasita nahIM kiyA jA sakA, usa karmavAda kA mUla AdivAsiyoM kI pUrvokta mAnyatA se saralatayA saMbaddha hai| isa tathya kI pratIti usa samaya hotI hai jaba hama jainadharma sammata jIvavAda aura karmavAda ke gahana mUla ko DhUDhane kA prayAsa karate haiN| jainaparaMparA kA prAcIna nAma kucha bhI ho, kintu yaha bAta nizcita hai ki vaha upaniSadoM se svataMtra aura prAcIna hai| 1 isake ullekha aura nirAkaraNa ke lie dekheM-Hiriyanna: Outlines of Indian Philosophy p. 79.

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( 82 ) ataH yaha mAnanA nirAdhAra hai ki upaniSadoM meM prasphuTita hone vAle karmavAda viSayaka navIna vicAra jainasammata karmavAda ke prabhAva se rahita haiN| jo vaidika paraMparA devoM ke vinA eka kadama bhI Age nahIM bar3hatI thI, vaha karmavAda ke isa siddhAnta ko hastagata kara yaha mAnane lagI ki phala dene kI zakti devoM meM nahIM pratyuta svayaM yajJa karma meM hai| vaidikoM ne devoM ke sthAna para yajJakarma ko AsIna kara diyaa| deva aura kucha nahIM, veda ke maMtra hI deva haiN| isa yajJa karma ke samarthana meM hI apane ko kRtakRtya mAnane vAlI dArzanika kAla kI mImAMsaka vicAradhArA ne to yajJAdi karma se utpanna hone vAle apUrva nAma ke padArtha kI kalpanA kara vaidika darzana meM devoM ke sthAna para adRSTa-karma-kA hI sAmrAjya sthApita kara diyA / - yadi isa samasta itihAsa ko dRSTisammukha rakheM to vaidikoM para jaina paramparA ke karmavAda kA vyApaka prabhAva spaSTataH pratIta hotA hai| vaidika paraMparA meM mAnya veda aura upaniSadoM taka kI sRSTiprakriyA ke anusAra jar3a aura cetana sRSTi anAdi na hokara sAdi hai| yaha bhI mAnA gayA thA ki vaha sRSTi kisI eka yA kinhIM aneka jar3a athavA cetana tattvoM se utpanna huI hai| isase viparIta karma siddhAnta ke anusAra yaha mAnanA par3atA hai ki jar3a athavA jIva sRSTi anAdikAla se calI A rahI hai| yaha mAnyatA jaina paraMparA ke mUla meM hI vidyamAna hai| usake anusAra kisI aise samaya kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI jaba jar3a aura cetana kA astitva-karmAnusArI astitva na rahA ho| yahI nahIM, upaniSadoM ke anantarakAlIna samasta vaidika matoM meM bhI saMsArI jIva kA astitva isI prakAra anAdi svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yaha karmatattva kI mAnyatA kI hI dena hai| karma tattva kI kuMjI isa sUtra se prApta hotI hai ki janma kA kAraNa karma hai| isI siddhAnta ke AdhAra para saMsAra ke anAdi

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( 83 ) hone kI kalpanA kI gaI hai| anAdi saMsAra ke jisa siddhAnta ko bAda meM sabhI vaidika darzanoM ne svIkAra kiyA, vaha ina darzanoM kI utpatti ke pUrva hI jaina evaM bauddha paraMparA meM vidyamAna thaa| kiMtu veda athavA upaniSadoM meM ise sarvasammata siddhAnta ke rUpa meM svIkRta nahIM kiyA gyaa| isase patA calatA hai ki isa siddhAnta kA mUla vedabAhya paraMparA meM hai| yaha vedetara paraMparA bhArata meM AryoM ke Agamana se pahale ke nivAsiyoM kI ho sakatI hai aura unakI ina mAnyatAoM kA hI saMpUrNa vikAsa vartamAna jaina paraMparA meM saMbhava hai| jaina paraMparA prAcIna kAla se hI karmavAdI hai, usameM devavAda ko kabhI bhI sthAna prApta nahIM huaa| ataH karmavAda kI jaisI vyavasthA jaina graMthoM meM dRSTigocara hotI hai vaisI vistRta vyavasthA anyatra durlabha hai| aneka jIvoM ke unnata aura avanata jitane bhI prakAra saMbhava haiM, aura eka hI jIva kI, AdhyAtmika dRSTi se saMsAra kI nikRSTatama avasthA se lekara usa ke vikAsa ke jitane bhI sopAna haiM, una saba meM karma kA kyA prabhAva hai tathA isa dRSTi se karma kI kaisI vividhatA hai, ina saba bAtoM kA prAcInakAla se hI vistRta zAstrIya nirUpaNa jaisA jaina zAstroM meM hai, vaisA anyatra dRggocara honA zakya nhiiN| isase spaSTa hai ki karma vicAra kA vikAsa jaina paramparA meM huA hai aura isI paramparA meM use vyavasthita rUpa prApta huA hai| jainoM ke ina vicAroM ke sphuliMga anyatra pahuMce aura usI ke kAraNa dUsaroM kI vicAradhArA meM bhI nUtana teja prakaTa huaa| __vaidika vicAraka yajJa kI kriyA ke cAroM ora hI samasta vicAraNA kA Ayojana karate haiN| jaise unakI maulika vicAraNA kA stambha yajJa kriyA hai, vaise hI jaina vidvAnoM kI samasta vicAraNA karma para AdhArita hai| ataH una kI maulika vicAraNA kI nIMva karmavAda hai|

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( 84 ) jaba vedavAdI brAhmaNoM kA karmavAdiyoM se saMparka huA, taba devavAda ke sthAna para tatkAla hI karmavAda ko ArUr3ha nahIM kiyA gayA hogaa| jisa prakAra pahale AtmavidyA ko gUr3ha evaM ekAMta meM vicAra karane yogya mAnA gayA thA, usI prakAra karmavidyA ko rahasyapUrNa aura ekAnta meM mananIya svIkAra kiyA gayA hogaa| jisa prakAra AtmavidyA ke kAraNa yajJoM se logoM kI zraddhA haTane lagI thI, usI prakAra karmavidyA ke kAraNa devoM saMbaMdhI zraddhA bhI kSINa hone lgii| isI prakAra ke kisI kAraNavaza yAjJavalkya jaise dArzanika ArtabhAga ko ekAnta meM le jAte haiM aura use karma kA rahasya samajhAte haiN| usa samaya karma kI prazaMsA karate hue ve kahate haiM ki puNya karane se manuSya zreSTha banatA hai aura pApa karane se nikRsstt'| . vaidika paramparA meM yajJakarma tathA deva donoM kI mAnyatA thii| jaba deva kI apekSA karma kA mahattva adhika mAnA jAne lagA, taba yajJa kA samarthana karane vAloMne yajJa aura karmavAda kA samanvaya kara yajJa ko hI deva banA diyA aura ve yaha mAnane lage ki yajJa hI karma haiM tathA isI se saba phala milate haiN| dArzanika vyavasthA kAla meM ina logoM kI paramparA kA nAma mImAMsaka darzana pdd'aa| kintu vaidika paraMparA meM yajJa ke vikAsa ke sAtha sAtha devoM kI vicAraNA kA bhI vikAsa huA thaa| brAhmaNa kAla meM prAcIna aneka devoM ke sthAna para eka prajApati ko devAdhideva mAnA jAne lgaa| jina logoM kI zraddhA isa devAdhideva para aTala rahI, unakI paraMparA meM bhI karmavAda ko sthAna prApta huA hai aura unhoMne bhI prajApati tathA karmavAda kA samanvaya apane DhaMga se kiyA hai| ve mAnate haiM ki jIva ko apane karmAnusAra phala to milatA hai kiMtu isa phala ko dene vAlA 'bRhadA0 3-2-13.

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( 85 ) devAdhideva Izvara hai| Izvara jIvoM ke karmAnusAra unheM phala detA hai, apanI icchA se nhiiN| isa samanvaya ko svIkAra karane vAle vaidika darzanoM meM nyAyavaizeSika, cedAnta aura uttarakAlIna sezvara sAMkhyadarzana kA samAveza hai| vaidika paraMparA ke lie adRSTa athavA karmavicAra navIna hai aura bAhara se usakI AyAta huI hai, isa bAta kA eka pramANa yaha bhI hai ki vaidika loga pahale AtmA kI zArIrika, mAnasika aura vAcika kriyAoM ko hI karma mAnate the| tatpazcAt ve yajJAdi bAhya anuSThAnoM ko bhI karma kahane lge| kintu ye asthAyI anuSThAna svayameva phala kaise de sakate haiM ? unakA to usI samaya nAza ho jAtA hai| ataH kisI mAdhyama kI kalpanA karanI caahie| isa AdhAra para mImAMsA darzana meM 'apUrva nAma ke padArtha kI kalpanA kI gii| yaha kalpanA veda meM athavA brAhmaNoM meM nahIM hai| yaha dArzanika kAla meM hI dikhAI detI hai| isase bhI siddha hotA hai ki apUrva ke samAna adRSTa padArtha kI kalpanA mImAMsakoM kI maulika dena nahIM parantu vedetara prabhAva kA pariNAma hai| isI prakAra vaizeSika sUtrakAra ne adRSTa-dharmAdharma ke viSaya meM sUtra meM ullekha avazya kiyA hai kiMtu usa adRSTa kI vyavasthA usake TIkAkAroM ne hI kI hai| vaizeSika sUtrakAra ne yaha nahIM batAyA ki adRSTa-dharmAdharma kyA vastu hai, isIlie prazastapAda ko usakI vyavasthA karanI par3I aura unhoMne usakA samAveza guNapadArtha meM kiyaa| sUtrakAra ne adRSTa ko spaSTataH guNarUpeNa pratipAdita nahIM kiyaa| phira bhI ise AtmA kA guNa kyoM mAnA jAe, isa bAta kA spaSTIkaraNa prazastapAda ne kiyA hai| isase pramANita hotA hai ki vaizeSikoM kI padArtha vyavasthA meM adRSTa eka navIna tattva hai| 'prazastapAda pR0 47, 637, 643.

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isa prakAra vaidikoM ne yajJa athavA devAdhideva ke sAtha adRSTakarmavAda kA samanvaya kiyA hai| kiMtu yAjJika yajJa ke atirikta anya karmoM ke viSaya meM vicAra nahIM kara sake aura IzvaravAdI bhI Izvara kI siddhi ke lie jitanI zakti kA vyaya karate rahe utanI ve karmavAda ke rahasya kA udghATana karane meM nahIM lagA ske| ataH karmavAda mUlarUpa meM jisa paraMparA kA thA, usI ne usa vAda para yathAzakya vicAra kara usakI zAstrIya vyavasthA kii| yahI kAraNa hai ki karma kI jaisI zAstrIya vyavasthA jainazAstroM meM hai, vaisI anyatra upalabdha nahIM hotii| ataH yaha svIkAra karanA par3atA hai ki karmavAda kA mUla jaina paraMparA meM aura usase pUrvakAlIna AdivAsiyoM __ aba karma ke svarUpa kA vizeSa varNana karane se pahale yaha ucita hogA ki karma ke sthAna meM jina vividha kAraNoM kI kalpanA kI gaI hai, una para kiMcit vicAra kara liyA jaae| usake bAda use sammukha rakhate huai karma kA vivecana kiyA jaae| kAlavAda vizvasRSTi kA koI na koI kAraNa honA cAhie, isa bAta kA vicAra vedaparaMparA meM vividharUpa meM huA hai| kiMtu prAcIna Rgveda se yaha pragaTa nahIM hotA ki usa samaya vizva kI vicitratA-jIvasRSTi kI vicitratA ke nimitta kAraNa para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA ho / isa viSaya kA sarvaprathama ullekha zvetAzvatara (1. 2.) meM upalabdha hotA hai| usameM kAla, svabhAva, niyati, yahacchA, bhUta aura puruSa inameM se kisI eka ko mAnane athavA saba ke samudAya ko mAnane vAle vAdoM kA pratipAdana hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya cintaka kAraNa kI khoja meM tatpara ho gae the aura vizva kI vicitratA kI vyAkhyA vividha rUpa se karate the| ina vAdoM meM

Page #96
sUkta hai jisakI ko utpanna hI samasta bhUtaha prajApati kAma ( 87 ) kAlavAda kA mUla prAcIna mAlUma hotA hai| atharvaveda meM eka kAlasUkta hai jisameM kahA hai ki : kAla ne pRthvI ko utpanna kiyA, kAla ke AdhAra para sUrya tapatA hai, kAla ke AdhAra para hI samasta bhUta rahate haiM, kAla ke kAraNa hI A~kheM dekhatI haiM, kAla hI Izvara hai, vaha prajApati kA bhI pitA hai, ityAdi / isameM kAla ko sRSTi kA mUla kAraNa mAnane kA siddhAMta hai| kiMtu mahAbhArata meM manuSyoM kI to bAta kyA, samasta jIvasRSTi ke sukha duHkha, jIvana maraNa ina saba kA AdhAra kAla mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra mahAbhArata meM bhI eka aise pakSa kA ullekha milatA hai jo kAla ko vizva kI vicitratA kA mUla kAraNa mAnatA thaa| usameM yahAM taka kahA gayA hai ki karma athavA yajJayAgAdi athavA kisI puruSa dvArA manuSyoM ko sukha duHkha nahIM miltaa| kiMtu manuSya kAla dvArA hI saba kucha prApta karatA hai| samasta kAryoM meM samAnarUpeNa kAla hI kAraNa hai, ityAdi / prAcIna kAla meM kAla kA itanA mahattva hone ke kAraNa hI dArzanika kAla meM naiyAyika Adi cintakoM ne yaha mAnA ki anya IzvarAdi kAraNoM ke sAtha kAla ko bhI sAdhAraNa kAraNa mAnA jaae| svabhAvavAda upaniSad meM svabhAvavAda kA ullekha hai| jo kucha hotA hai, vaha svabhAva se hI hotA hai| svabhAva ke atirikta karma yA Izvara 1 atharva veda 19. 53-54. 2 mahAbhArata zAMtiparva adhyAya 25, 28, 32, 33 Adi / _____ 3 janyanAM janakaH kAlo jagatAmAzrayo mataH-- nyAyasiddhAMtamuktAbali kA0 45, kAlavAda ke nirAkaraNa ke lie zAstravArtAsamuccaya dekheM 252-9; mATharavRtti kA0 61, 4 zvetA0 1. 2 /

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(88 ) rUpa koI kAraNa nahIM, yaha bAta svabhAvavAdI kahA karate the| buddha carita meM svabhAvavAda kA nimna ullekha hai :___ "kauna kA~Te ko tIkSNa karatA hai ? athavA pazu pakSiyoM kI vicitratA kyoM hai ? ina saba bAtoM kI pravRtti svabhAva ke kAraNa hI hai| isameM kisI kI icchA athavA prayatna kA avakAza hI nahIM hai| gItA aura mahAbhArata meM bhI svabhAvavAda kA ullekha hai / / mAThara aura nyAyakusumAMjalikAra ne svabhAvavAda kA khaMDana kiyA hai aura anya aneka dArzanikoM ne bhI svabhAvavAda kA niSedha kiyA hai| vizeSAvazyaka meM bhI aneka bAra isa vAda kA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| yadRcchAvAda zvetAzvatara meM yahacchAvAda ko kAraNa mAnane vAloM kA bhI ullekha hai| isase vidita hotA hai ki yaha vAda bhI prAcIna kAla se pracalita thaa| isa vAda kA mantavya yaha hai ki kisI bhI niyata kAraNa ke binA hI kArya kI utpatti ho jAtI hai| yadRcchA zabda kA artha akasmAt' hai, arthAt kisI bhI kAraNa ke binA / 'buddha carita 52 / 2 gItA 5. 14; mahAbhArata zAMti parva 25. 16 / . mAThara vRtti kA0 61; nyAya kusumAMjali 1. 5 / 4 svabhAvavAdake bodhaka nimna zloka sarvatra prasiddha haiM : 'nityasattvA bhavantyanye nityAsattvAzca kecana / vicitrAH kecidityatra tatsvabhAvo niyAmakaH / / . agniruSNo jalaM zItaM samasparzastathAnila: / kenedaM citritaMtasmAt svabhAvAt tadvyavasthitiH / / * nyAyabhASya 3.2.31 /

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( 86 ) mahAbhArata meM bhI yahacchAvAda kA ullekha' hai| nyAyasUtrakAra ne isI vAda kA ullekha yaha likha kara kiyA hai ki animitta-nimitta ke binA hI kAMTe kI takSNatA ke samAna bhAvoM kI utpatti hotI hai| unhoMne isa vAda kA nirAkaraNa bhI kiyA hai| ataH animittavAda, akasmAtvAda aura yadRcchAvAda eka hI artha ke dyotaka haiN| kucha loga svabhAvavAda aura yadRcchAvAda ko eka hI mAnate haiM kiMtu yaha mAnyatA ThIka nhiiN| ina donoM meM yaha bheda hai ki svabhAvavAdI svabhAva ko kAraNarUpa mAnate haiM, kiMtu yahacchAvAdI kAraNa kI sattA se hI inakAra karate haiN| niyativAda __isa vAda kA sarva prathama ullekha bhI zvetAzvatara meM hai| kiMtu vahA~ athavA anya upaniSadoM meM isa vAda kA vizeSa vivaraNa nahIM miltaa| jainAgama aura bauddha tripiTaka meM niyativAda saMbaMdhI bahuta sI bAteM upalabdha hotI haiN| jaba bhagavAn buddha ne upadeza denA prAraMbha kiyA taba niyativAdI jagaha jagaha apane mata kA pracAra kara rahe the| bhagavAna mahAvIra ko bhI niyativAdiyoM se vAdavivAda karanA par3A thaa| una kI mAnyatA thI ki AtmA aura paraloka kA astitva hai, paraMtu saMsAra meM dRSTigocara hone vAlI jIvoM kI vicitratA kA koI bhI anya kAraNa nahIM hai, saba kucha eka nizcita prakAra se niyata hai aura niyata rhegaa| sabhI jIva niyati cakra meM phaMse hue haiN| jIva meM yaha zakti nahIM ki isa cakra meM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana kara ske| yaha niyati cakra 1 mahA0 zAti parva 33. 23 / 2 nyAyasUtra 4. 1. 22 / / paM0 phaNibhUSaNakRta nyAyabhASya kA anuvAda 4. 1. 24 /

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( hI ) svayaM hI ghUmatA rahatA hai aura jIvoM ko eka niyata krama ke anusAra idhara udhara le jAtA hai / jaba yaha cakra pUrNa ho jAtA hai to jIva svataH hI mukta ho jAte haiM / aise vAda kA prAdurbhAva usI samaya hotA hai jaba mAnavabuddhi parAjita ho jAtI hai / tripiTaka meM pUraNa kAzyapa aura maMkhalI gozAlaka ke matoM kA varNana AyA hai| eka ke bAda kA nAma 'akriyAvAda' tathA dUsare ke vAda kA nAma 'niyativAda' rakhA gayA hai / kiMtu ina donoM meM siddhAntataH vizeSa bheda nahIM / yahI kAraNa hai ki kucha samaya bAda pUraNakAzyapa ke anuyAyI jIvakoM arthAt gozAlaka ke anuyAyiyoM meM mila gaye the / 2 AjIvakoM aura jainoM meM AcAra tathA tattvajJAna saMbaMdhI bahuta sI bAtoM meM samAnatA thI / kintu mukhya bheda niyativAda tathA puruSArtha vAda meM thA / jainAgamoM meM aise kaI ullekha upalabdha hote haiM jinase pragaTa hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra vikhyAta niyativAdiyoM ke mata meM parivartana karAyA thA / 4 saMbhava hai ki dhIre dhIre AjIvaka jaina meM sammilita ho kara lupta ho gae hoM / pakudha kA mata bhI akriyAvAdI hai, ataH vaha niyatimeM samAviSTa ho jAtA hai / vAda sAmaJJaphalasutta meM gozAlaka ke niyativAda kA nimnalikhita varNana hai : " prANiyoM kI apavitratA kA kucha bhI kAraNa nahIM hai, kAraNa binA hI ve apavitra hote haiM / unake apavitra hone meM na koI 1 dIghanikAya - sAmaJJaphalasutta 3 buddhacarita ( kozAMbI) pR0 179 / 3 niyativAda kA vistRta varNana 'utthAna' mahAvIrAMka meM dekheM - pR0 74 / 4 upAsaka dazAMga a0 7

Page #100
( 91 ) kAraNa hai, na hetu / prANiyoM kI zuddhatA kA bhI koI kAraNa athavA hetu nahIM hai| hetu aura kAraNa ke binA hI ve zuddha hote haiN| apane sAmarthya ke bala para kucha nahIM hotaa| puruSa ke sAmarthya ke kAraNa kisI bhI padArtha kI sattA nahIM hai| na bala hai, na vIrya na hI puruSa kI zakti athavA praakrm| sabhI sattva, sabhI prANI, sabhI jIva avaza haiM, durbala haiM, vIryavihIna haiN| unameM niyati, jAti, vaiziSTaya aura svabhAva ke kAraNa parivartana hotA hai| chaH jAtiyoM meM se kisI bhI eka jAti meM raha kara saba dukhoM kA upabhoga kiyA jAtA hai| 84 lAkha mahAkalpa ke cakra meM ghUmane ke bAda buddhimAn aura mUrkha doMnoM ke hI duHkha kA nAza ho jAtA hai| yadi koI kahe ki 'maiM zIla, vrata, tapa athavA brahmacarya se aparipakva karmoM ko paripakva karU~gA, athavA paripakva hue karmoM kA bhoga kara unheM nAmazeSa kara dUMgA' to aisI bAta kabhI bhI hone vAlI nhiiN| isa saMsAra meM sukha duHkha isa prakAra avasthita haiM ki unheM parimita pAlI se nApA jA sakatA hai| unameM vRddhi yA hAni nahI ho sktii| jisa prakAra sUta kI golI utanI hI dUra jAtI hai jitanA laMbA usameM dhAgA hotA hai usI prakAra buddhimAn aura mUrkha donoM ke duHkha-saMsAra kA nAza parivarta meM par3akara hI hotA hai|" .. isI prakAra kA hI kintu jarA AkarSaka DhaMga kA varNana jainoM ke upAsaka dazAMga aura bhagavatI sUtra meM hai| inake atirikta / sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI aneka sthaloM para isa vAda ke saMbaMdha meM jJAtavya bAteM likhI haiN| 1 buddha carita pR0 171 (kozAMbI) 2 adhyayana 6 va 7 / 3 zataka 15 / 4 2. 1.12, 2. 6 /

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(62 ) bauddha piTaka meM pakudha kAtyAyana ke mata kA varNana nimnaprakAreNa kiyA gayA hai :--"sAta padArtha ese haiM jo kisI ne banAe nahIM, banavAe nhiiN| unakA na to nirmANa kiyA gayA aura na karAyA gyaa| ve vandhya haiM, kUTastha haiM aura stambha ke samAna acala haiN| ve hilate nahIM, badalate nahIM aura eka dUsare ke lie trAsadAyaka nhiiN| ve eka dUsare ke duHkha ko, sukha ko yA donoM ko utpanna nahIM kara sakate / ve sAta tattva ye haiM-pRthvIkAya, apakAya, tejakAya, vAyukAya, sukha, duHkha aura jIva / inakA nAza karane vAlA, karavAne vAlA, inako sunane vAlA, kahane vAlA, jAnane vAlA athavA inakA barNana karane vAlA koI bhI nahIM hai|" yadi koI vyakti tIkSNa zastra dvArA kisI ke mastaka kA chedana karatA hai to vaha usake jIvana kA haraNa nahIM krtaa| isa se kevala yaha samajhanA cAhiye ki ina sAta padArthoM ke antaHsthita sthala meM zastroM kA praveza' huA! pakudha ke isa mata ko niyativAda hI kahanA caahie| tripiTaka meM akriyAvAdI pUraNakAzyapa ke mata kA varNana ina zabdoM meM kiyA gayA hai:-"kisI ne kucha bhI kiyA ho athavA karAyA ho, kATA ho yA kaTavAyA ho, trAsa diyA ho yA dilavAyA ho, prANI kA badha kiyA ho, corI kI ho, ghara meM seMdha lagAI / ho, DAkA DAlA ho, vyabhicAra kiyA ho, jhUTha bolA ho, to bhI use pApa nahIM lagatA ! yadi koI vyakti tIkSNa dhAra vAle cakra se pRthvI para mAMsa kA bar3A bhArI Dhera lagA de to bhI isameM lezamAtra pApa nhiiN| gaMgA nadI ke dakSiNa taTa para jAkara koI mArapITa kare, katala kare yA karAe, trAsa de yA dilAe to bhI rattI bhara pApa nhiiN| gaMgA nadI ke uttara taTa para jAkara koI dAna kare yA -------------------- 1 sAmAphalasutta dIghanikAya 2, buddha carita pa0 173 /

Page #102
karAe, yajJa kare yA karAe, to isameM kucha bhI puNya nahIM hotaa|' jaina sUtrakRtAMgara meM bhI akriyAvAda kA aisA hI varNana hai / pUraNa kA yaha akriyAvAda bhI niyativAda ke tulya hai| ajJAnavAdI __ hama saMjaya belaTThIputra ke mata ko na to nAstika kaha sakate haiM aura nahI use Astika koTi meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH use tArkika zreNI meM rakhanA caahie| usane paraloka, deva, nAraka, karma, nirvANa jaise adRzya padArthoM ke viSaya meM spaSTarUpa se ghoSaNA kI ki inake saMbaMdha meM vidhirUpa, niSedha rUpa, ubhaya rUpa athavA anubhaya rUpa nirNana karanA zakya hI nahIM / 3 jisa samaya aise adRzya padArthoM ke viSaya meM aneka kalpanAoM kA sAmrAjya sthApita ho rahA ho, taba eka ora nAstika unakA niSedha karate haiM aura dUsarI ora vicArazIla puruSa donoM pakSoM ke balAbala para vicAra karane meM tatpara ho jAte haiN| isa vicAraNA kI eka bhUmikA aisI bhI hotI hai jahAM manuSya kisI bAta ko nizcata rUpa se mAnane athavA pratipAdita karane meM samartha nahIM hotaa| usa samaya yA to vaha saMzayavAdI bana kara pratyeka viSaya meM sandeha karane laga jAtA hai athavA vaha ajJAnavAda kI ora jhuka jAtA hai aura kahane lagatA hai ki sabhI padArthoM kA jJAna saMbhava hI nhiiN| aise ajJAnavAdiyoM ke viSaya meM jainAgamoM meM kahA hai ki ye ajJAnavAdI tarkakuzala hote haiM parantu asaMbaddha pralApa karate haiM, unakI apanI 1 buddhacarita pR0 170, dIghanikAya sAmaJaphalasutta / - 2 sUtrakRtAMga 1. 1. 1. 13 / 3 buddha carita pR0 178, isa mata ke viruddha bhagavAn mahAvIra ne syAdvAda kI yojanA dvArA vastu kA aneka rUpeNa varNana kiyaa| nyAyAvatAravAtikavRtti kI prastAvanA dekheM-pR0 39 se aage|

Page #103
(64 ) zaMkAoM kA hI nivAraNa nahIM huA hai| ve svayaM ajJAnI haiM aura ajJajanoM meM mithyA pracAra karate haiN|' kAlAdi kA samanvaya jisa prakAra vaidika dArzanikoM ne vaidika paraMparA sammata yajJakarma aura devAdhideva ke sAtha pUrvokta prakAra se karma kA samanvaya kiyA, usI prakAra jainAcAryoM ne jainaparaMparA ke dArzanika kAla meM karma ke sAtha kAlAdi kAraNoM ke samanvaya karane kA prayatna kiyaa| kisI bhI kArya kI utpatti kevala eka hI kAraNa para Azrita nahIM, parantu usakA AdhAra kAraNa sAmagrI para hai| isa siddhAMta ke bala para jainAcAryoM ne kahA ki kevala karma hI kAraNa nahIM hai, kAlAdi bhI sahakArI kAraNa haiN| isa prakAra sAmagrIvAda ke AdhAra para karma aura kAlAdi kA samanvaya huaa| jainAcArya siddhasena divAkara ne isa bAta ko mithyA dhAraNA mAnA hai ki kAla, svabhAva, niyati, pUrvakRtakarma aura puruSArtha ina pAMca kAraNoM meM kisI eka ko hI kAraNa mAnA jAya aura zeSa kAraNoM kI avahelanA kI jaae| unake matAnusAra samyak dhAraNA yaha hai ki kArya niSpatti meM ukta pAMcoM kAraNoM kA samanvaya kiyA jAe / 2 AcArya haribhadra ne bhI zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM isI bAta kA samarthana kiyA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki jaina bhI 1 sUtrakRtAMga 1. 12. 2, mahAvIra svAmino saMyama dharma (gu0) pR0 / 135, sUjJakRtAMga cUNi pR0 255. isakA vizeSa varNana Creative Period meM dekheM-pR0 454 / / 2 kAlo sahAva NiyaI puvvakamma purisakAraNegaMtA / micchattaM taM ceva u samAsao hu~ti sammattaM // 3 zAstravArtA0 2.79-80 / -

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( 65 ) karma ko ekamAtra kAraNa nahIM mAnate, parantu gauNamukhya bhAva kI apekSA se kAlAdi sabhI kAraNoM ko mAnate haiN| AcArya samantabhadra ne kahA hai ki deva-karma aura puruSArtha ke viSaya meM ekAnta dRSTi kA tyAga kara anekAnta dRSTi grahaNa karanI caahie| jahAM manuSya ne buddhipUrvaka prayatna na kiyA ho aura use iSTa athavA aniSTa vastu kI prApti ho, vahAM mukhyataH deva ko mAnanA cAhie kyoMki yahAM puruSa prayatna gauNa hai aura daiva pradhAna hai| ve donoM eka dUsare ke sahAyaka bana kara hI kArya ko pUrNa karate haiN| parantu jahAM buddhipUrvaka prayatna se iSTAniSTa kI prApti ho, vahAM apane puruSArtha ko pradhAnatA pradAna karanI cAhie aura deva athavA karma ko gauNa mAnanA caahie| isa prakAra AcArya samantabhadra ne deva aura puruSArtha kA samanvaya kiyA hai| karma kA svarUpa karma kA sAdhAraNa artha kriyA hotA hai aura vedoM se lekara brAhmaNakAla taka vaidika paraMparA meM isakA yahI artha dRSTigocara hotA hai| isa paraMparA meM yajJayAgAdi nitya naimittika kriyAoM ko karma kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| yaha mAnA jAtA thA ki ina karmoM kA AcaraNa devoM ko prasanna karane ke lie kiyA jAtA hai aura deva inheM karane vAle vyakti kI manokAmanA pUrNa karate haiN| jaina paraMparA ko karma kA kriyArUpa artha mAnya hai, kiMtu jaina isakA kevala yahI artha svIkAra nahI krte| saMsArI jIva kI pratyeka kriyA athavA pravRtti to karma hai hI, kiMtu jaina paribhASA meM ise bhAva karma kahate haiN| isI bhAva karma arthAt jIva kI kriyA dvArA jo ajIva dravya-pudgala dravya AtmA ke saMsarga meM A kara AtmA ko baMdhana meM ' AptamImAMsA kA0 88-91 /

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bAMdha detA hai, use dravya karma kahate haiN| dravya karma pudgala dravya hai, usakI karma saMjJA aupacArika hai| kyoMki vaha AtmA kI kriyA yA usake karma se utpanna hotA hai, ataH use bhI karma kahate haiN| kArya meM kAraNa kA upacAra kiyA gayA hai| arthAt jaina paribhASA ke anusAra karma do prakAra kA hai| bhAva karma aura dravya karma / jIva kI kriyA bhAvakarma hai aura usakA phala dravya krm| ina donoM meM kAryakAraNabhAva hai| bhAvakama kAraNa hai aura dravyakarma kaary| kiMtu yaha kAryakAraNabhAva murgI aura usake aMDe ke kAryakAraNabhAva ke sadRza hai| murgI se aMDA hotA hai, ataH murgI kAraNa hai aura aMDA kaary| yadi koI vyakti prazna kare ki pahale murgI thI yA aMDA, to isakA uttara nahIM diyA jA sktaa| yaha tathya hai ki aMDA murgI se hotA hai, parantu murgI bhI aMDe se hI utpanna huI hai| ataH donoM meM kAryakAraNabhAva to hai parantu donoM meM pahale kauna, yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| saMtati kI apekSA se inakA pArasparika kAryakAraNabhAva anAdi hai| isI prakAra bhAvakarma se dravyakarma utpanna hotA hai, ataH bhAvakarma ko kAraNa aura dravyakarma ko kArya mAnA jAtA hai| kiMtu dravyakarma ke abhAva meM bhAvakarma kI niSpatti nahIM hotii| ataH dravyakarma bhAvakarma kA kAraNa haiN| isa prakAra murgI aura aMDe ke samAna bhAvakarma aura dravyakarma kA pArasparika anAdi kAryakAraNabhAva bhI saMtati kI apekSA se hai| yadyapi saMtati ke dRSTikoNa se bhAvakarma aura dravyakarma kA kAryakAraNabhAva anAdi hai, tathApi vyaktizaH vicAra karane para jJAta hotA hai ki kisI eka dravyakarma kA kAraNa koI eka bhAvakarma hI hotA hogA, ataH unameM pUrvAparabhAva kA nizcaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| kAraNa yaha hai ki jisa eka bhAvakarma se kisI vizeSa dravyakarma kI utpatti huI hai, vaha usa dravyakarma kA kAraNa hai aura vaha dravyakarma

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usa bhAvakarma kA kArya hai, kAraNa nhiiN| isa prakAra hameM yaha svIkAra karanA par3atA hai ki vyaktizaH pUrvAparabhAva hone para bhI jAti kI apekSA se pUrvAparabhAva kA abhAva hone ke kAraNa donoM hI anAdi haiN| ___yahAM eka prazna upasthita hotA hai| yaha to spaSTa hai ki bhAvakarma se dravyakarma kI utpatti hotI hai kyoMki apane rAga-dveSa-moha rUpa pariNAmoM ke kAraNa hI jIva dravyakarma ke baMdhana meM baddha hotA hai athavA saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karatA hai| kintu bhAvakarma kI utpatti meM bhI dravyakarma ko kAraNa kyoM mAnA jAe ? isa prazna kA uttara yaha diyA jAtA hai ki yadi dravyakarma ke abhAva meM bhI bhAvakama kI utpatti saMbhava ho to mukta jIvoM meM bhI bhAvakarma kA prAdurbhAva hogA aura unheM phira saMsAra meM AnA hogaa| phira saMsAra aura mokSa meM kucha bhI antara na raha jaaegaa| jaisI baMdhayogyatA saMsArI jIva kI hai, vaisI hI mukta jIva meM mAnanI pdd'egii| aisI dazA meM koI bhI vyakti mukta hone ke lie kyoM prayatnazIla hogA ? ataH hameM svIkAra karanA hogA ki mukta jIva meM dravyakarma na hone ke kAraNa bhAvakarma bhI nahIM haiN| aura dravyakama ke hone ke kAraNa hI saMsArI jIva meM bhAvakarma kI utpatti hotI hai| isa prakAra bhAvakarma se dravyakarma aura dravyakarma se bhAvakarma kI anAdi kAla se utpatti hone ke kAraNa jIva ke lie saMsAra anAdi hai| dravyakarma kI utpatti bhAva karma se hotI hai, ataH dravyakarma bhAvakarma kA kArya hai, aisA ina donoM meM jo kAryakAraNabhAva hai usakA bhI spaSTIkaraNa Avazyaka hai| miTTI kA piNDa ghaTAkAra meM pariNata hotA hai, isalie miTTI ko upAdAna kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai| kintu kumhAra na ho to miTTI meM ghaTarUpa banane kI yogyatA hone para bhI ghaTa nahIM bana sktaa| ataH kumhAra nimaca

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( haTa ). kAraNa hai / isI prakAra pudgala meM karmarUpa meM pariNata hone kA sAmarthya hai ataH pudgala dravyakarma kA upAdAna kAraNa hai / kiMtu jaba taka jIva meM bhAvakarma kI sattA na ho pudgala dravya karmarUpa meM pariNata nahIM ho sakatA / isalie bhAvakarma nimitta kAraNa hai / isI prakAra dravyakarma bhI bhAvakarma kA nimitta kAraNa hai / arthAt dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma kA kAryakAraNabhAva upAdAnopAdeya rUpa na hokara nimittanaimittika rUpa hai / saMsArI AtmA kI pravRtti athavA kriyA ko bhAvakarma kahate haiM / kiMtu prazna yaha hai ki usakI kauna sI kriyA ko bhAvakarma kahanA cAhie ? krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha ye cAra kaSAya AtmA ke AbhyaMtara pariNAma haiM, yahI bhAva karma haiM / athayA rAga, dveSa, moha rUpa AtmA ke AbhyaMtara pariNAma bhAvakarma haiM / saMsArI AtmA sadaiva zarIra sahita hotI hai, ataH mana, vacana, kAya ke avalaMbana ke binA usakI pravRtti saMbhava nahIM / AtmA ke kaSAyarUpa athavA rAgadveSamoharUpa AbhyaMtara pariNAmoM kA AvirbhAva mana, vacana, kAya kI pravRtti dvArA hotA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki saMsArI AtmA kI mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika pravRtti jise yoga bhI kahate haiM, rAgadveSamoha athavA kaSAya ke raMga se raMjita hotI hai / vastutaH pravRtti eka hI hai; parantu jaise kapar3e aura usa ke raMga ko bhinna bhinna bhI kahate haiM, vaise hI AtmA kI isa pravRtti ke bhI do nAma haiM :- yoga aura kaSAya / raMga se hIna korA kapar3A ekarUpa hI hotA hai, isI prakAra kaSAya ke raMga se vihIna mana, vacana, kAya kI pravRtti eka rUpa hotI hai| kapar3e kA raMga kabhI halakA aura kabhI gaharA hotA hai / isI taraha yoga vyApAra ke sAtha kaSAya ke raMga kI upasthiti meM bhAvakarma kabhI tIvra hotA hai kabhI manda / raMga rahita vastra choTA yA bar3A ho sakatA hai, kaSAya ke raMga se hIna yogavyApAra

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bhI nyUnAdhika ho sakatA hai| kiMtu raMga ke kAraNa hote vAlI camaka kI tIvratA athavA mandatA kA usameM abhAva hotA hai / isaliye yoga vyApAra kI apekSA raMga pradAna karane vAle kaSAya kA mahattva adhika hai| ataH kaSAya ko hI bhAvakarma kahate haiN| dravya karma ke baMdha meM yoga evaM kaSAya donoM ko hI sAdhAraNataH nimitta kAraNa mAnA gayA hai, tathApi kaSAya ko hI bhAvakarma mAnane kA kAraNa yahI hai| sArAMza yaha hai ki krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha-ye cAra kaSAya athavA rAga dveSa moha ye doSa bhAva karma haiM; inase dravya karma ko grahaNa kara jIva baddha hote haiM / naiyAyika-vaizeSikoM kA mata anya dArzanikoM ne isI bAta ko dUsare nAmoM se svIkAra kiyA hai| naiyAyikoM ne rAga, dveSa aura moha rUpa ina tIna doSoM ko mAnA hai| ina tIna doSoM se preraNA prApta kara jIvoM ke mana, vacana, kAya kI pravRtti hotI hai| isa pravRtti se dharma va adharma kI utpatti hotI hai| dharma va adharma ko unhoMne 'saMskAra'3 kahA hai| naiyAyikoM ne jina rAga, dveSa, moharUpa tIna doSoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, ve jainoM ko mAnya haiM aura jaina unheM bhAva karma kahate haiN| .1 "jogA payaDipaesaM ThiiaNubhAgaM kasAyAo" paMcamakarmagraMtha gA096 / 2 uttarAdhyayana 32.7, 30.10, tattvArtha 8.2; sthAnAMga 2.2, samayasAra 94, 96, 109, 177, pravacana sAra 1. 84, 88 / . 3 nyAyabhASya 1. 1. 2; nyAyasUtra 4. 1. 3-9; nyAyasUtra 1. 1. 17; nyAya maMjarI pR0 471, 472, 500 ityAdi / "evaM ca kSaNabhaMgitvAt saMskAradvArika: sthitaH / sa karmajanyasaMskAro dhrmaadhrmgirocyte|" nyAyamaMjarI pR0 472

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naiyAyika jise doSajanya pravRtti kahate haiM, use hI jaina yoga kahate haiN| naiyAyikoM ne pravRtti janya dharmAdharma ko saMskAra athavA adRSTa kI saMjJA pradAna kI hai, jainoM meM paudgalika karma athavA dravya karma kA vahI sthAna hai| naiyAyika mata meM dharmAdharma rUpa saMskAra AtmA kA guNa hai| kiMtu hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki isa mata meM guNa va guNI kA bheda hone se kevala AtmA hI cetana hai, usakA guNa saMskAra cetana nahIM kahalA sakatA kyoMki saMskAra meM caitanya kA samavAya saMbaMdha nhiiN| jaina sammata dravya karma bhI acetana hai| ataH saMskAra kaheM yA dravya kama, donoM acetana haiN| donoM matoM meM bheda itanA hI hai ki saMskAra eka guNa hai jaba ki dravyakarma pudgala dravya hai| gahana vicAra karane para yaha bheda bhI tuccha pratIta hotA hai| jaina yaha mAnate haiM ki dravyakarma bhAvakarma se utpanna hote haiN| naiyAyika bhI saMskAra kI utpatti hI svIkAra karate haiN| bhAva karma ne dravyakarma ko utpanna kiyA, isa mAnyatA kA artha yaha nahIM hai ki bhAva karma ne pudgala dravya ko utpanna kiyaa| jainoM ke mata ke anusAra pudgala dravya to anAdi kAla se vidyamAna hai| ataH uparyukta mAnyatA kA bhAvArtha yahI hai ki bhAva karma ne pudgala kA kucha aisA saMskAra kiyA jisake phalasvarUpa vaha pudgala karmarUpa meM pariNata huaa| isa prakAra bhAva karma ke kAraNa pudgala meM jo vizeSa saMskAra huA, vahI jaina mata meM vAstavika karma hai| yaha saMskAra pudgala dravya se abhinna hai, ataH ise pudgala kahA gayA hai| aisI paristhiti meM naiyAyikoM ke saMskAra evaM jaina sammata dravya karma meM vizeSa bheda nahIM raha jaataa| jainoM ne sthUla zarIra ke atirikta sUkSma zarIra bhI mAnA hai| use ve kArmaNa zarIra kahate haiN| isI kArmaNa zarIra ke kAraNa sthUla zarIra kI utpatti hotI hai| naiyAyika kArmaNa zarIra ko

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( 101 ) 'avyakta zarIra' bhI kahate haiN| jaina kArmaNa zarIra ko atIndriya mAnate haiM, isalie vaha avyakta hI hai| vaizeSika darzana kI mAnyatA naiyAyikoM ke samAna hai| prazastapAda ne jina 24 guNoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, unameM adRSTa bhI eka hai| yaha guNa saMskAra guNa se bhinna hai| usake do bheda haiM dharma aura adhrm| isase jJAta hotA hai ki prazastapAda dharmAdharma kA ullekha saMskAra zabda se na kara adRSTa zabda se karate haiN| ise mAnyatA bheda na mAnakara kevala nAma bheda samajhanA caahie| kyoMki naiyAyikoM ke saMskAra ke samAna prazastapAda ne adRSTa ko AtmA kA guNa mAnA hai| nyAya aura vaizeSika darzana meM bhI doSa se saMskAra, saMskAra se janma, janma se doSa aura phira doSa se saMskAra evaM janma, yaha paraMparA bIja aura aMkura ke samAna anAdi mAnI hai| yaha jainoM dvArA mAnya bhAva karma aura dravya karma kI pUrvokta anAdi paraMparA jaisI hI hai| yoga aura sAMkhya kA mata ___ yoga darzana kI karma prakriyA kI jainadarzana se atyadhika samAnatA hai| yogadarzana ke anusAra avidyA, asmitA, rAga, dveSa, abhiniveza ye pAMca kleza haiN| ina pAMca klezoM ke kAraNa kliSvRtti 1 "dve zarIrasya prakRtI vyaktA ca avyaktA ca, tatra avyaktAyAH karmasamAkhyAtAyAH prakRtarupabhogAt prakSayaH / prakSINe ca karmaNi vidyamAnAni mUtAni na zarIramutyAdayanti iti upapanno'pavargaH / " nyAyavArtika 3. 2 68 2 prazastapAda bhASya pR0, 47, 637, 643, / nyAyamaMjarI pR0 513;

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( 102 ) cittavyApAra kI utpatti hotI hai aura usase dharma adharma rUpa saMskAra utpanna hote haiM / klezoM ko bhAvakarma, vRtti ko yoga aura saMskAra ko dravyakarma samajhA jA sakatA hai| yogadarzana meM saMskAra ko vAsanA, karma aura apUrva bhI kahA gayA hai| punazca isa mata meM kleza aura karma kA kAryakAraNabhAva jainoM ke samAna bIjAkura kI taraha anAdi mAnA gayA hai ___ jaina aura yogaprakriyA meM antara yaha hai ki yogadarzana kI prakriyAnusAra kleza, kliSTavRtti aura saMskAra ina saba kA saMbaMdha AtmA se nahIM apitu citta athavA antaHkaraNa ke sAtha hai, aura yaha antaHkaraNa prakRti kA vikAra-pariNAma hai|| yaha kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki sAMkhya mAnyatA bhI yogadarzana jaisI hI hai| parantu sAMkhyakArikA va usakI mATharavRtti tathA sAMkhyatattvakaumudI meM baMdha-mokSa kI carcA ke samaya jisa prakriyA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, usakI jainadarzana kI karma saMbaMdhI mAnyatA se jo samAnatA hai, vaha vizeSarUpeNa jJAtavya hai| yaha bheda dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki sAMkhya matAnusAra puruSa kUTastha hai aura apariNAmI hai parantu jaina matAnusAra vaha pariNAmI hai| kyoMki sAMkhyoM ne AtmA ko kUTastha svIkAra kiyA ataH unhoMne saMsAra evaM mokSa bhI pariNAmI prakRti meM hI maane| jainoM ne AtmA ke pariNAmI hone ke kAraNa jJAna, moha, krodha Adi AtmA meM hI svIkAra kie kiMtu sAMkhyoM ne ina saba bhAvoM ko prakRti ke dharma mAnA hai| ataH unheM yaha mAnanA par3A ki una bhAvoM ke kAraNa baMdha mokSa AtmA kA-puruSa kA nahIM hotA parantu prakRti kA hI hotA hai| jaina aura sAMkhya prakriyA meM yahI bheda hai| isa 1 yogadarzanabhASya 1. 5, 2. 3; 2. 12, 2. 13 tathA usakI tattvavaizAradI, bhAsvatI Adi ttiikaaeN| For Private & Personaf Use Only

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( 103 ) bheda kI upekSA karane ke pazcAt yadi jainoM aura sAMkhyoM kI saMsAra evaM mokSa viSayaka prakriyA kI samAnatA para vicAra kiyA jAe to to jJAta hogA ki donoM kI karmaprakriyA meM kucha bhI antara nahIM / 1 jaina matAnusAra moha, rAga, dveSa ina saba bhAvoM ke kAraNa anAdi kAla se AtmA ke sAtha paudgalika kArmaNa zarIra kA saMbaMdha hai / bhAvoM va kArmaNazarIra meM bIjAGkuravat kAryakAraNa bhAva hai / eka kI utpatti meM dUsarA kAraNarUpeNa vidyamAna rahatA hai, phira bhI anAdikAla se donoM hI AtmA ke saMsarga meM haiM / isa bAta kA nirNaya azakya hai ki donoM meM prathama kauna hai / isI prakAra sAMkhya mata meM liMgazarIra anAdi kAla se 'puruSa ke saMsarga meM hai / isa liMgazarIra kI utpatti rAga, dveSa, moha jaise bhAvo se hotI hai aura bhAva tathA liMgazarIra meM bhI bIjAGakura ke samAna hI kAryakAraNa bhAva hai / jaise jaina audArika-sthUlazarIra ko kArmaNa zarIra se pRthakU mAnate haiM, vaise hI sAMkhya bhI liMga - sUkSmazarIra ko sthUla zarIra se bhinna mAnate haiM / jainoM ke mata meM sthUla aura sUkSma donoM hI zarIra paudgalika haiM, sAMkhya mata meM ye donoM hI prAkRtika haiN| jaina donoM zarIroM ko pudgala kA vikAra mAna kara bhI donoM kI vargaNAoM ko bhinna bhinna mAnate haiM / sAMkhyoM ne eka ko tAnmAntrika tathA dUsare ko mAtApitRjanya mAnA hai / jainoM ke mata meM mRtyu ke samaya audArika zarIra alaga ho jAtA hai aura janma ke samaya navIna utpanna hotA hai / kiMtu kArmaNa zarIra mRtyu ke samaya eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna meM gamana karatA hai aura isa prakAra vidyamAna rahatA hai / sAMkhya mAnyatA ke anusAra bhI mAtApitRjanya sthUla zarIra mRtyu ke samaya 2 1 sAMkhya kA0 52 kI mAThara vRtti tathA sAMkhyatattvakaumudI | 2 sAMkhya kA0 39 /

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( 104 ) sAtha nahIM rahatA aura janma ke avasara para nayA utpanna hotA hai| kiMtu liMga zarIra kAyama rahatA hai aura eka jagaha se dUsarI jagaha gati karatA hai| jainoM ke anusAra anAdi kAla se saMbaddha kArmaNazarIra mokSa ke samaya nivRtta ho jAtA hai, isI prakAra sAMkhya mata meM bhI mokSa ke samaya liMgazarIra kI nivRtti ho jAtI hai| jainoM ke mata meM kArmaNa zarIra aura rAgadveSa Adi bhAva anAdi kAla se sAtha sAtha hI haiM, eka ke binA dUsare kA astitva nhiiN| isI prakAra sAMkhya mata meM liMgazarIra bhI bhAva ke binA nahIM hotA aura bhAva liMgazarIra ke binA nahIM hote| jaina mata meM kArmaNa zarIra pratighAta rahita hai, sAMkhya mata meM liMga zarIra avyAhata gati vAlA hai, use kahIM bhI rukAvaTa kA sAmanA nahIM karanA par3atA / jainamatAnusAra kArmaNa zarIra meM upabhoga kI zakti nahIM hai, kiMtu audArika zarIra indriyoM dvArA upabhoga karatA hai| sAMkhya mata meM bhI liMga zarIra upabhoga" rahita hai| __yadyapi sAMkhya mata meM rAgAdi bhAva prakRti ke vikAra haiM, liMga zarIra bhI prakRti kA vikAra hai aura anya bhautika padArtha bhI prakRti ke hI vikAra haiM, tathApi ina sabhI vikAroM meM vidyamAna jAtigata bheda se sAMkhya inkAra nahIM krte| unhoMne tIna prakAra ke sarga mAne haiM :--pratyayasarga, tAnmAtrikasarga, bhautika srg| rAgadveSAdi bhAva pratyayasarga meM samAviSTa haiM aura liMgazarIra tAnmAtrika' sarga 1 mAThara kA0 44, 40; yogadarzana meM bhI yaha bAta mAnya haiyogasUtra-bhASya bhAsvatI 2. 13 / 2 mAThara vRtti 44 / 3 sAMkhya kA0 41 / 4 sAMkhya tattvakau0 40 / " sAMkhya kA0 40 / 6 sAMkhya kA0 46 / 7 sAMkhya tattvakau0 52 /

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( 105 ) meN| isI prakAra jainoM ke mata meM rAgAdi bhAva pudgala kRta hI haiM, kArmaNa zarIra bhI pudgalakRta hai| parantu ina donoM meM maulika bheda hai| bhAvoM kA upAdAna kAraNa AtmA hai aura nimitta pudgala jaba ki kArmaNa zarIra kA upAdAna pudgala hai aura nimitta aatmaa| sAMkhya mata meM prakRti acetana hote hue bhI puruSa sasaMrga ke kAraNa cetana ke samAna vyavahAra karatI hai| isI prakAra jainamata meM pudgala dravya acetana hokara bhI jaba AtmasasaMga se karmarUpa meM pariNata hotA hai taba cetana ke sadRza hI vyavahAra karatA hai| jainoM ne saMsArI AtmA aura zarIra Adi jar3a padArthoM kA aikya kSIranIra tulya svIkAra kiyA hai| isI prakAra sAMkhyoM ne puruSa evaM zarIra, indriya, buddhi Adi jar3a padArthoM kA aikya kSIranIra ke samAna hI mAnA hai| jaina sammata bhAva karma kI tulanA sAMkhya sammata bhAvoM se, yoga kI tulanA vRtti se, aura dravyakarma athavA kArmaNa zarIra kI tulanA liMga zarIra se kI jA sakatI hai| jaina tathA sAMkhya donoM hI karmaphala athavA karma niSpatti meM Izvara jaise kisI kAraNa ko svIkAra nahIM krte| jaina matAnusAra AtmA vastutaH manuSya, pazu, deva, nAraka ityAdi rUpa nahIM hai, pratyuta AtmAdhiSThita kArmaNa zarIra bhinna bhinna sthAnoM meM jAkara manuSya, deva, nAraka ityAdi rUpoM kA nirmANa karatA hai| sAMkhya mata meM bhI liMga zarIra puruSAdhiSThita hokara manuSya, deva, tiryaJca rUpa bhUtasarga kA nirmANa karatA hai|" * mAThara vRtti pR0 9, 14, 33 / 2 mAThara vRtti pR0 29, kA0 17 / 3 sAMkhya kA0 40 4 sAMkhya kA0 28, 29, 30 / 5 mAThara kA0 40, 44, 53 /

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( 106 ) bauddha mata. jaina darzana ke samAna bauddha darzana meM bhI yaha bAta mAnI gaI hai ki jIvoM kI vicitratA karmakRta' hai| jainoM ke sadRza hI bauddhoM ne bhI lobha (rAga), dveSa aura moha ko karma kI utpitti kA kAraNa svIkAra kiyA hai| rAgadveSa aura moha yukta ho kara prANI-sattva mana, vacana, kAya kI pravRttiyA~ karatA hai aura rAga, dveSa, moha ko utpanna karatA hai| isa prakAra saMsAra cakra calatA rahatA hai / isa cakra kA koI Adi kAla nahIM, yaha anAdi hai / rAjA milinda ne AcArya nAgasena se pUchA ki jIva dvArA kie gae karmoM kI sthiti kahA~ hai ? AcArya ne uttara diyA ki yaha dikhalAyA nahIM jA sakatA ki karma kahA~ rahate haiN| visuddhi magga meM karma ko arUpI kahA gayA hai (17.110), kintu abhidharmakoSa meM usa avijJapti ko rUpa kahA hai (1.6) aura yaha rUpa sapratigha na ho kara apratigha hai| sautrAntika mata meM karma kA samAveza arUpa meM hai| ve avijJapti nahIM maante| isase jJAta hotA hai ki jainoM ke samAna bauddhoM ne bhI karma ko sUkSma mAnA hai| mana, vacana, kAya kI pravRtti bhI karma kahalAtI hai kintu vaha vijJaptirUpa athavA "bhAsitaM petaM mahArAja bhagavatA-kammassakA mANava, sattA, kammadAyAdA, kammayonI, kammabandhU , kammapaTisaraNA, kammaM satte vibhajati, yadidaM hInapaNItatAyAti"milinda 3. 2; 'karmajaM loka vaicitryaM"abhidharma koSa 4. 1 / - 2 aMguttaranikAya tikanipAta sUtra 33.1. bhAga 1. pR0134 / 3 saMyuttanikAya 15.5.6 (bhAga 2, pR0 181-2) / -- 4 "na sakkA mahArAja tAni kammAni dassetuM idha vA idha vA tAni kammAni titttthntiiti'| milinda prazna 3.15 pR0 75 / 5 navamI oriyaMTala kaoNnpharaM pR0 620 /

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( 107 ) pratyakSa hai| arthAt yahA~ karma kA abhiprAya mAtra pratyakSa pravRtti nahIM apitu pratyakSa karma janya saMskAra hai| bauddha paribhASA meM use vAsanA aura avijJapti kahate haiN| mAnasika kriyAjanya saMskAra-karma-ko vAsanA aura vacana evaM kAya janya saMskArakarmako avijJapti' kahate haiN| ___ yadi tulanA karanA cAheM to kaha sakate haiM ki bauddha sammata karma ke kAraNabhUta rAgadveSa evaM moha jaina sammata bhAva kama haiN| mana, vacana, kAya kA pratyakSa karma jainamata meM mAnya yoga hai aura isa pratyakSa karma se utpanna vAsanA tathA avijJapti dravya karma haiN| vijJAnavAdI bauddha karma ko vAsanA zabda se pratipAdita karate haiN| prajJAkara kA kathana hai ki jitane bhI kArya haiM, ve saba vAsanA janya haiN| Izvara ho athavA karma (kriyA), pradhAna (prakRti) ho yA anya kucha, ina saba kA mUla vAsanA hI hai| nyAyI Izvara ko mAnakara yadi vizva kI vicitratA kI upapatti kI jAe to bhI vAsanA ko svIkAra kie binA kAma nahIM cltaa| arthAt Izvara, pradhAna, karma ina saba nadiyoM kA pravAha vAsanA samudra meM mila kara eka ho jAtA hai| zUnyavAdImata meM mAyA athavA anAdi avidyA kA hI dUsarA nAma vAsanA hai| vedAnta mata meM bhI vizva vaicitrya kA kAraNa anAdi avidyA athavA mAyA hai| 1 abhidharmakoSa caturtha pariccheda; Keith Buddhist Philosophy p. 203 2 prAmANavAtikAlaMkAra pR0 75-nyAyAvatAravAtikavRtti kI TippaNI pR0 177-8 meM uddhRta / / 3 brahmasUtra-zAMkarabhASya 2.1.14 / ,

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( 108 ) mImAMsakoM kA mata mImAMsakoM ne yAgAdikarmajanya apUrva nAma ke eka padArtha kI sattA svIkAra kI hai| ve yaha yukti dete haiM :-manuSya jo kucha anuSThAna karatA hai vaha kriyA rUpa hone ke kAraNa kSaNika hotA hai| ataH usa anuSThAna se apUrva nAmaka padArtha kA janma hotA hai jo yAgAdi karma-anuSThAna kA phala pradAna karatA hai / kumArila ne isa apUrva padArtha kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA hai ki apUrva kA artha hai yogytaa| jaba taka yAgAdi karma kA anuSThAna nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka ve yAgAdi karma aura puruSa donoM hI svargarUpa phala utpanna karane meM asamartha- ayogya hote haiN| parantu anuSThAna ke pazcAt eka aisI yogyatA utpanna hotI hai jisase kartA ko svarga kA phala milatA hai| isa viSaya meM Agraha nahIM karanA cAhie ki yaha yogyatA puruSa kI hai athavA yajJa kii| itanA jAnanA paryApta hai ki vaha utpanna hotI hai| ___ anya dArzanika jise saMskAra, yogyatA, sAmarthya, zakti kahate haiM, use mImAMsaka apUrva zabda ke prayoga se vyakta karate haiN| parantu ve yaha avazya mAnate haiM ki vedavihita karma se jisa saMskAra athavA zakti kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai, usI ko apUrva kahanA cAhie, anya karmajanya saMskAra apUrva nahIM haiN| mImAMsaka yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki apUrva athavA zakti kA Azraya AtmA hai aura AtmA ke samAna apUrva bhI amUrta hai| 1 zAbara bhASya 2.1.5, taMtravArtika 2.1.5; zAstradIpikA pR0 80 2 karmabhyaH prAgayogyasya karmaNaH puruSasya vA / yogyatA zAstragamyA yA parA sA pUrvamiSyate // " tantravA0 2.1.15. 3 taMtravArtika pR0 395-26. 4 taMtravA0 pR0.398; zAstradIpikA pR0 80. 5 taMtravA0pR0 398.

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( 106 ) mImAMsakoM ke isa apUrva kI tulanA jainoM ke bhAva karma se isa dRSTi se kI jA sakatI hai ki donoM ko amUrta mAnA gayA hai / kintu vastutaH pUrva jainoM ke dravyakarma ke sthAna para hai| mImAMsaka isa krama ko mAnate haiM : -kAmanAjanya karma -- yAgAdi pravRtti aura yAgAdi pravRttijanya apUrvaM / ataH kAmanA yA tRSNA ko bhAvakarma, yAgAdi pravRtti ko jaina sammata yoga-vyApAra aura pUrva ko dravya karma kahA jA sakatA hai / punazca mImAMsakoM ke matAnusAra apUrva eka svataMtra padArtha hai / ataH yahI ucita pratIta hotA hai ki use dravya karma ke sthAna para mAnA jaae| yadyapi dravyakarma amUrta nahIM tathApi apUrva ke samAna atIndriya to hai hI / kumArila isa apUrva ke viSaya meM bhI ekAnta Agraha nahIM karate / yajJaphala ko siddha karane ke lie unhoMne pUrva kA samarthana to kiyA hai, kiMtu isa karmaphala kI upapatti apUrva ke binA bhI unhoMne svayaM kI hai| unakA kathana hai ki karma dvArA phala hI sUkSma zaktirUpeNa utpanna ho jAtA hai| kisI bhI kArya kI utpatti haThAt nahIM hotI / kiMtu vaha zaktirUpa meM sUkSmatama sUkSmatara aura sUkSma hokara bAda meM sthUla rUpa se pragaTa hotA hai / jisa prakAra dUdha meM khaTAI milAte hI dahI nahIM bana jAtA, paraMtu aneka prakAra ke sUkSma rUpoM ko pAra kara vaha amuka samaya meM spaSTa rUpeNa dahI ke AkAra meM vyakta hotA hai, usI prakAra yajJa karma kA svargAdi phala apane sUkSmarUpa meM tatkAla utpanna hokara bAda meM kAla kA paripAka hone para sthUla rUpa se pragaTa hotA hai / 2 1 nyAyAvatAravArtika meM maine isa dRSTi se tulanA kI hai / TippaNa pR0 181. 2 "sUkSmazaktyAtmakaM vA tat phalamevopajAyate" ---- taMtravA0pU0395,

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( 110 ) zaMkarAcArya ne mImAMsaka sammata isa apUrva kI kalpanA athavA sUkSmazakti kI kalpanA kA khaMDana kiyA hai aura yaha bAta siddha kI hai ki Izvara karmAnusAra phala pradAna karatA hai| usane isa pakSa kA samarthana kiyA hai ki phala kI prApti karma se nahIM apitu Izvara se hotI hai|' - karma ke svarUpa kI isa vistRta vicAraNA kA sAra yahI hai ki bhAvakarma ke viSaya meM kisI bhI dArzanika ko Apatti nahIM / 'sabhI ke mata meM rAga, dveSa aura moha bhAva karma athavA kama ke kAraNa rUpa haiN| jaina jise dravyakarma kahate haiM, usI ko anya dArzanika karma kahate haiN| saMskAra, vAsanA, avijJapti, mAyA, apUrva isI ke nAma haiN| hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki vaha pudgala dravya hai, guNa hai, dharma hai athavA anya koI svataMtra dravya hai, isa viSaya meM dArzanikoM kA matabheda to hai parantu vastu ke saMbaMdha meM vizeSa vivAda nhiiN| aba hama isa karma athavA dravya karma ke bheda Adi para vicAra kreNge| karma ke prakAra dArzanikoM ne vividha prakAra se karma ke bheda kie haiM parantu puNya-pApa, kuzala-akuzala, zubha-azubha, dharma-adharma rUpa bheda sabhI ko mAnya haiN| ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki karma ke puNya-pApa athavA zubha-azubha rUpa bheda prAcIna haiM aura karma vicAraNA ke prAraMbhika kAla meM hI do bheda hue hoNge| prANI jisa karma ke phala ko anukUla anubhava karatA hai vaha puNya Ara jisake phala ko pratikUla samajhatA hai vaha pApa / isa prakAra ke bheda upaniSad,2 . brahmasUtra zaMkara bhASya 3.2.38-41. 2 bRhadAraNyaka 3.2.13; prazna 3.7.

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( 111 ) jaina,' sAMkhya, bauddha,3 yoga,4 nyAya vaizeSika ina saba darzanoM meM dRSTigocara hote haiN| phira bhI vastutaH darzanoM ne puNya evaM pApa ina donoM karmoM ko baMdhana hI mAnA hai aura donoM se mukta honA apanA dhyeya nizcita kiyA hai| ataH viveka zIla vyakti karma janya anukUla vedanA ko bhI sukha rUpa na mAna kara duHkha rUpa hI svIkAra karate haiM / __karma ke puNya pApa rUpa do bheda vedanA kI dRSTi se kie gae haiM, kintu vedanA ke atirikta anya dRSTiyoM se bhI karma ke bheda kie jAte haiN| karma ko acchA aura burA samajhane kI dRSTi ko sanmukha rakha kara bauddha aura yogadarzana meM kRSNa, zukla, zukla-kRSNa, tathA azuklAkRSNa nAmaka cAra bheda kie gae haiN| kRSNa pApa hai, zukla puNya, zukla-kRSNa puNya pApa kA mizraNa aura azuklAkRSNa donoM meM se koI bhI nahIM kyoMki yaha karma vItarAga puruSoM kA hI hotA hai| isakA vipAka na sukha hai aura nahIM duHkha / kAraNa yaha hai ki unameM rAgadveSa nahIM hotaa| isake atirikta kRtya, pAkadAna aura pAkakAla kI dRSTi se bhI karma ke bheda kie gae haiN| bauddhoM ke abhidharma aura 1 paMcama karmagraMtha 15 se tattvArtha 8.21 2 sAMkhya kA. 44; 3 visuddhimagga 17.88 4 yoga sUtra 2.14; yoga bhASya 2.12, 5 nyAya maMjarI pR0 472, prazasta pAda pR0 637, 643, 6 "pariNAmatApasaMskAraduHkhairguNavRttivirodhAcca duHkhameva sarvaM vivekinH'| yoga sUtra 2.15, 7 yogadarzana 4.7; dIghanikAya 3.1.2; buddhacaryA pR0 496, 8 yogadarzana 4.7 /

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( 112 ) vizuddhi mArga meM samAna rUpa se kRtya kI dRSTi se cAra, pAkadAna kI dRSTi se cAra aura pAkakAla kI dRSTi se cAra isa prakAra bAraha prakAra ke karma kA varNana hai| kintu abhidharma meM pAkasthAna kI dRSTi se cAra bheda adhika pratipAdita kie gae haiN| yogadarzana meM bhI ina dRSTiyoM ke AdhAra para kama saMbaMdhI sAmAnya vicAraNA hai kiMtu gaNanA bauddhoM se bhinna hai| ina saba bAtoM ke hote hue bhI yaha svIkAra karanA par3atA hai ki eka prakAra se nahIM apitu aneka prakAra se karmoM ke bheda kA vyavasthita vargIkaraNa jaisA jaina granthoM meM upalabdha hotA hai, vaisA anyatra durlabha hai| ___ jainazAstroM meM karma kI prakRti athavA svabhAva kI dRSTi se karma ke ATha mUla bhedoM kA varNana hai :-jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, vedanIya, mohanIya, Ayu, nAma, gotra aura antraay| ina ATha mUla bhedoM kI aneka uttara prakRtiyoM kA vividha jIvoM kI apekSA se vividha prakAreNa nirUpaNa bhI vahAM upalabdha hotA hai| baMdha, udaya, udIraNA, sattA Adi kI dRSTi se kisa jIva meM kitane karma haiM, unakA vargIkRta vyavasthita pratipAdana bhI vahAM dRSTigocara hotA hai| yahAM ina saba bAtoM kA vistAra anAvazyaka hai| jijJAsu use anyatra dekha sakate haiN|' karmabaMdha kA prabala kAraNa ___ yoga aura kaSAya donoM hI karma baMdhana ke kAraNa gine gae haiM kiMtu ina donoM meM prabala kAraNa kaSAya hI hai| yaha eka sarva 1 abhidhammattha saMgraha 5.19 visuddhimagga 19. 14-16. ina bhedoM . kI carcA Age kI jaaegii| 2 yogasUtra 2. 12-14. / 3 karmagraMtha 1-6; gomaTTasAra-karmakAMDa

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( 113 ) sammata siddhAnta hai| kiMtu AtmA ke ina kaSAyoM kI abhivyakti mana, vacana aura kAya se hI hotI hai| ina tInoM meM se kisI eka kA Azraya lie binA kaSAyoM ke vyakta hone kA anya koI bhI mArga nahIM hai| ataH prazna hotA hai mana, vacana, kAya ina tInoM meM kaunasA avalambana prabala hai ? ___ 'mana eva manuSyANAM kAraNaM baMdhamokSayoH / bandhAya viSayAsaktaM muktyai nirviSayaM smRtam / / ' brahmabindu upaniSad (2) ke uparyukta kathana se siddha hotA hai ki mana hI prabala kAraNa hai| kAya aura vacana kI pravRtti meM mana sahAyaka mAnA gayA hai| yadi mana kA sahayoga na ho to vacana athavA kAya kI pravRtti avyavasthita hotI hai| ataH upaniSat ke anusAra mana, vacana, kAya meM mana kI hI prabalatA hai| isI lie arjuna ne kRSNa ko kahA, 'caJcalaM hi manaH kRssnn'| isa caMcala mana ko vaza meM karanA sarala nhiiN| jaba taka isa kA sarvathA kSaya na ho jAe, isakA nirodha jArI rahanA caahie| jaba AtmA mana kA pUrNa nirodha kara letI hai, taba hI vaha paramapada ko prApta karatI hai | jainoM ke samAna upaniSadoM meM isa mana ko do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai, zuddha aura azuddha / kAma yA saMkalpa rUpa mana azuddha hai aura usase rahita shuddhH| azuddha mana saMsAra kA sAdhana hai aura zuddha mana mokSa kaa| jaina mAnyatAnusAra jaba taka kaSAya kA nAza nahIM ho jAtA, taba taka azuddha mana vidyamAna rahatA hai| kSINakaSAya vItarAga chadmastha guNasthAnaka nAmaka bArahaveM guNasthAnaka 5 gItA 6.34 2 "tAvadeva niroddhavyaM yAvad hRdi gataM kSayam / etajjJAnaM ca mokSaM ca ato'nyo grnthvistrH||" brahmabindu 5. / brahmabindu 1.

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( 114 ) 1 meM aura bAda meM zuddha mana hotA hai / kevalI sarva prathama isakA nirodha karatA hai aura tatpazcAt vacana evaM kAya kA nirodha karatA hai / isIse siddha hotA hai ki jaba taka manakA nirodha nahIM ho jAtA taba taka vacana aura kAya ke nirodha kA prazna hI utpanna nahIM hotA / vacana aura kAya kA saMcAlaka bala mana hai / isa bala ke samApta hone para vacana aura kAya nirbala hokara niruddha ho jAte haiM / ataH mana, vacana, kAya kI pravRttiyoM meM jainoM ne mana kI pravRtti ko prabala mAnA hai / hiMsA-ahiMsA ke vicAra meM bhI kAyayoga athavA vacanayoga ke sthAna para mAnasika adhyavasAya rAga tathA dveSa ko hI karma baMdha kA mukhya kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| isa bAta kI carcA vizeSAvazyaka meM bhI hai ?, ataH yahA~ vistAra kI AvazyakatA nahIM / aisA hone para bhI bauddhoM ne jainoM para AkSepa kiyA hai ki jaina kAyakarma athavA kAyadaMDa ko hI mahattva pradAna karate haiM / yaha unakA bhrama hai / isa bhrama kA kAraNa sAMpradAyika vidveSa to hai hI, isake atirikta jainoM ke AcAra ke niyamoM meM bAhyAcAra para jo adhika jora diyA gayA hai, vaha bhI isa bhrAMti kA utpAdaka hai| jainoM ne isa viSaya meM bauddhoM kA jo khaNDana kiyA hai, usase bhI yaha pratIti saMbhava hai ki jaina bauddhoM ke samAna mana ko prabala kAraNa nahIM mAnate, anyathA ve bauddhoM ke isa mata kA khaMDana kyoM kareM / yaha likhane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki jainoM ke samAna bauddha 1 vizeSAvazyaka gA0 3059 - 3064. 2 gAthA 1762-68 3 majjhimanikAya, upAlisutta 2.2.6. 4 sutrakRtAGga 1.1.2. 24-32, 2.6 26 - 27. vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie jJAnabindu kI prastAvanA dekheM - pR0 30 - 35, TippaNa pR0 80-97 1

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( 115 ) bhI mana ko hI karma kA pradhAna kAraNa mAnate haiN| upAli sutta meM bauddhoM ke isa mantavya kA spaSTa ullekha hai| dhammapada kI nimna likhita prathama gAthA se bhI isI mata kI puSTi hotI hai : 'manopuvvaMgamA dhammA manoseTThA manomayA / manasA ce padudvena bhAsati vA karoti vA / tato naM dukkhamanveti cakkaM va vahato padaM / ' aisI vastusthiti meM bhI bauddha TIkAkAroM ne hiMsA-ahiMsA kI vicAraNA karate hue Age jAkara jo vivecana kiyA, usameM mana ke atirikta anya aneka bAtoM kA samAveza kara diyA, ataH isa mUla mantavya ke viSaya meM unakA anya dArzanikoM ke sAtha jo ekamata thA, vaha sthira nahIM raha skaa| karmaphala kA kSetra karma ke niyama kI maryAdA kyA hai ? arthAt yahAM isa bAta para vicAra karanA bhI Avazyaka hai ki jIva aura jar3a rUpa donoM prakAra kI sRSTi meM karma kA niyama saMpUrNataH lAgU hotA hai athavA usakI koI maryAdA hai ? kAla, Izvara, svabhAva Adi meM se eka mAtra ko kAraNa mAnane vAle jisa prakAra samasta kAryoM meM kAla yA IzvarAdi ko kAraNa mAnate haiM, usI prakAra kyA karma bhI sabhI kAryoM kI utpatti meM kAraNarUpa hai athavA usakI koI sImA hai ? jo vAdI kevala eka cetana tattva se sRSTi kI utpatti svIkAra karate haiM, unake mata meM karma, adRSTa athavA mAyA samasta kAryoM meM sAdhAraNa ' vinaya kI aTThakathA meM prANAtipAta saMbaMdhI vicAra dekheM / bauddhoM kA yaha vAkya bhI vicAraNIya hai : "prANI, prANIjJAnaM ghAtakacittaM ca tadgatA cessttaa| prANaizca viprayogaH paJcabhirApadyate hiMsA // "

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( 116 ) nimitta kAraNa hai| vizva kI vicitratA kA AdhAra bhI yahI hai| naiyAyika vaizeSika kevala eka tattva se samasta sRSTi kI utpatti nahIM mAnate, phira bhI ve samasta kAryoM meM karma yA adRSTa ko sAdhAraNa kAraNa mAnate haiN| arthAt jar3a evaM cetana ke samasta kAryoM meM adRSTa eka sAdhAraNa kAraNa hai| cAhe sRSTi jar3a cetana kI ho, parantu ve yaha bAta svIkAra karate haiM ki vaha cetana ke prayojana kI siddhi meM sahAyaka hai ataH isameM cetana kA adRSTa nimitta kAraNa hai| bauddha darzana kI mAnyatA hai ki karma kA niyama jar3a sRSTi meM kArya nahIM krtaa| yahI nahIM, usake matAnusAra jIvoM kI sabhI prakAra kI vedanA kA bhI kAraNa karma nahIM hai| milinda prazna meM jIvoM kI vedanA ke ATha kAraNa batAe gae hai :-vAta, pitta, kapha, ina tInoM kA sannipAta, Rtu, viSamAhAra, aupakramika aura karma / jIva ina ATha kAraNoM meM se kisI bhI eka kAraNa ke phalasvarUpa vedanA kA anubhava karatA hai| AcArya nAgasena ne kahA hai ki vedanA ke uparyukta ATha kAraNoM ke astitva meM jIvoM kI sampUrNa vedanA kA kAraNa karma ko hI mAnanA mithyA hai| jIvoM kI vedanA kA atyanta alpa bhAga pUrvakRta karma ke phala kA pariNAma hai, adhikatara bhAga kA AdhAra anya kAraNa haiN| kauna sI vedanA kisa kAraNa kA pariNAma hai, isa bAta kA aMtima nirNaya bhagavAn buddha hI kara sakate haiN| jainamatAnusAra bhI karma kA niyama AdhyAtmika sRSTi meM lAgU hotA hai / bhautika sRSTi meM yaha niyama akicitkara hai| jar3a sRSTi kA nirmANa apane hI niyamAnusAra hotA hai| jIvasRSTi meM vividhatA kA kAraNa karma kA niyama hai / jIvoM ke manuSya, deva, niyaMca, nArakAdi vividha rUpa; zarIroM kI vividhatA; jIvoM ke sukha, duHkha, jJAna, ajJAna, caritra, acaritra 1 milinda prazna 4. 1. 62, pR0 137 /

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( 117 ) Adi karma ke niyamAnusAra haiN| kiMtu bhUkampa jaise bhautika kAryoM meM karma ke niyama kA lezamAtra bhI hastakSepa nhiiN| jaba hama jaina zAstroM meM pratipAdita karma kI mUla aura uttara prakRtiyoM tathA unake vipAka para vicAra karate haiM to yaha bAta svataH pramANita ho jAtI hai| karmabaMdha aura karmaphala kI prakriyA jaina zAstroM meM isa bAta kA suvyavasthita varNana hai ki AtmA meM karmabaMdha kisa prakAra hotA hai aura baddha karmoM kI phalakriyA kaisI hai| vaidika paraMparA ke graMthoM meM upaniSat taka ke sAhitya meM isa saMbaMdha meM koI vivaraNa nahIM / yogadarzanabhASya meM vizeSarUpase isakA varNana hai| anya dArzanika TIkA grathoM meM isake saMbaMdha meM jo sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai, vaha nagaNya hai| ataH yahAM isa prakiyA kA varNana jaina graMthoM ke AdhAra para hI kiyA jaaegaa| tulanAyogya viSayoM kA nirdeza bhI ucita sthAna para kiyA jaaegaa| loka meM koI bhI aisA sthAna nahIM jahAM karmayogya pudgala paramANuoM kA astitva na ho / jaba saMsArI jIva apane mana, vacana, kAya se kucha bhI pravRtti karatA hai, taba karmayogya pudgala paramANuoM ke skaMdhoM kA grahaNa sabhI dizAoM se hotA hai| kiMtu isameM kSetramaryAdA yaha hai ki jitane pradeza meM AtmA hotI hai, vaha utane hI pradeza meM vidyamAna paramANuskaMdhoM kA grahaNa karatI hai, dUsaroM kA nhiiN| pravRtti ke tAratamya ke AdhAra para paramANuoM kI saMkhyA meM bhI tAratamya hotA hai| pravRtti kI mAtrA adhika , ' chaThe karmagraMtha ke hindI anuvAda meM paM0 phUlacaMda jI kI prastAvanA dekheM--pR0 43 /

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( 118 ) hone para paramANuoM kI adhika saMkhyA kA grahaNa hotA hai aura kama hone para kama saMkhyA kA / ise pradeza baMdha kahate haiM / gRhIta paramANuoM kA bhinna bhinna jJAnAvaraNa Adi prakRtirUpa meM pariNata honA prakRtibaMdha kahalAtA hai / isa prakAra jIva ke yoga ke kAraNa paramA gurukaMdhoM ke parimANa aura unakI prakRti kA nizcaya hotA hai / inheM hI kramazaH pradeza baMdha aura prakRti baMdha kahate haiM / tattvataH AtmA amUrta hai, parantu anAdi kAla se paramANu pudgala ke saMparka meM rahane ke kAraNa vaha kathaMcit mUrta hai| AtmA aura karma ke saMbaMdha kA varNana dUdha evaM jala athavA lohe ke gole aura ani ke saMbaMdha ke samAna kiyA gayA hai| arthAt eka dUsare ke pradezo meM praveza kara AtmA aura pudgala avasthita rahate haiM / sAMkhyoM ne bhI yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki saMsArAvasthA meM puruSa aura prakRti kA baMdha dUdha aura pAnI ke sadRza ekIbhUta hai / naiyAyika aura vaizeSikoM ne AtmA tathA dharmAdharma kA saMbaMdha saMyogamAtra na mAna kara samavAyarUpa mAnA hai / usakA kAraNa bhI yahI hai ki ve donoM ekIbhUta jaise hI haiM / unheM pRthak pRthak kara batAyA nahIM jA sakatA, kevala lakSaNabheda se pRthak samajhA jA sakatA hai / gRhIta paramANuoM meM karmavipAka ke kAla aura sukha-du:kha vipAka kI tIvratA - mandatA kA nizcaya AtmA kI pravRtti athavA yoga vyApAra meM kaSAya kI mAtrA ke anusAra hotA hai / inheM kramazaH sthiti baMdha aura anubhAga baMdha kahate haiM / yadi kaSAya kI mAtrA na ho to karma paramANu AtmA ke sAtha saMbaddha nahIM raha sakate jisa prakAra sUkhI dIvAra para dhUla cipakatI nahIM, kevala usakA sparza kara alaga ho jAtI hai; usI prakAra AtmA meM kaSAya kI snigdhatA ke abhAva meM karmaparamANu usase saMbaddha nahIM ho skte| saMbaddha na hone ke kAraNa unakA anubhAga athavA vipAka bhI nahIM ho sakatA / yoga darzana meM bhI klezarahita yogI ke karma ko azuklA

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( 116 ) kRSNa mAnA gayA hai| usakA tAtparya bhI yahI hai| bauddhoM ne kriyA cetanA ke sadbhAva meM arhata meM karma kI sattA asvIkAra kI hai, usakA bhAvArtha bhI yahI hai ki vItarAga navIna karmoM kA baMdha nahIM krtaa| jaina jise IryApatha athavA asAMparAyika kriyA mAnate haiM, use bauddha kriyAcetanA kahate haiN| karma ke ukta cAra prakAra ke ba~dha ho jAne ke pazcAt tatkAla hI karmaphala milanA prAraMbha nahIM ho jaataa| kucha sayaya taka phala pradAna karane kI zakti kA saMpAdana hotA hai| cUlhe para rakhate hI koI bhI cIz2a paka nahIM jAtI, jaisI vastu ho usI ke anusAra usake pakane meM samaya lagatA hai| isI prakAra vividha karmoM kA pAkakAla bhI eka jaisA nhiiN| karma ke isa pAka yogyatA-kAla ko jaina paribhASA meM 'AbAdhAkAla' kahate haiN| karma ke isa AbAdhAkAla ke vyatIta hone para hI karma apanA phala denA prAraMbha karate haiN| ise hI karma kA udaya kahate haiN| karma kI jitanI sthiti kA baMdha huA ho, utanI avadhi meM karma kramazaH udaya meM Ate haiM aura phala pradAna kara AtmA se alaga ho jAte haiN| ise karma kI nirjarA kahate haiN| jaba AtmA se sabhI karma alaga ho jAte haiM, taba jIva mukta ho jAtA hai| ___yaha karmabaMdhaprakriyA aura karmaphalaprakriyA kI sAmAnya rUparekhA hai| yahA~ inakI gaharAI meM jAne kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| karma kA kArya athavA phala ___ sAmUhika rUpase karma kA kArya yaha hai ki jaba taka karma baMdha kA astitva hai, taba taka jIva mokSa prApta nahIM kara sakatA / samasta kArmoM kI nirjarA hone para hI mokSa hotA hai| karma kI ATha mUla prakRtiyAM ye haiM :-jJAnAkaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya, antarAya, vedanIya, Ayu, nAma, gotra /

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( 120 ) inameM se prathama cAra ghAtI kahalAtI haiM / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki inase AtmA ke guNoM kA ghAta hotA hai| aMtima cAra aghAtI haiM / inase AtmA ke kisI guNa kA ghAta nahIM hotA, parantu ye AtmA ko vaha svarUpa pradAna karate haiM jo usakA vAstavika nahIM hai / sarAMza yaha hai ki ghAtI karma AtmA ke svarUpa kA ghAta karate haiM aura ghAtI karma use vaha rUpa dete haiM jo usakA nijI nahIM / jJAnAvaraNa AtmA ke jJAna guNa kA ghAta karatA hai aura darzanAvaraNa darzana guraNakA / darzana mohanIya se tavaruci, AtmaanAtma viveka athavA samyaktva guNa kA ghAta hotA hai aura caritra mohanIya se parama sukha athayA samyak caritra kA / antarAya vIryAdi zakti ke pratighAta kA kAraNa hai / isa taraha ghAtI karma AtmA kI vividha zaktiyoM kA ghAta karate haiM / vedanIya karma AtmA meM anukUla athavA pratikUla vedanA ke avirbhAva kA kAraNa hai / Ayu karma dvArA AtmA nArakAdi vividha bhavoM kI prApti karatA hai / jIvoM ko vividha gati, jAti, zarIra Adi kI upalabdhi nAmakarma ke kAraNa hotI hai| jIvoM meM uccatva-nIcatva gotrakarma ke kAraNa utpanna hotA hai / ukta ATha mUla prakRtiyoM ke avAntara bhedoM kI saMkhyA baMdha kI apekSA se 120 hai / jJAnAvaraNa ke pAMca, darzanAvaraNa ke nava, vedanIya ke do, mohanIya ke chabbIsa, Ayu ke cAra, nAma ke satasaTha, gotra ke do aura aMtarAya ke pAMca bheda haiM / unakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai - matijJAnAvaraNa, zrutajJAnAvaraNa, avadhijJAnAvaraNa, mana:paryayajJAnAvaraNa aura kevalajJAnAvaraNa ye pAMca jJAnAvaraNa haiM / cakSurdarzanAvaraNa, acakSurdarzanAvaraNa, avadhidarzanAvaraNa, kevaladarzanAvaraNa, nidrA, nidrAnidrA, pracalA A

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( 121 ) pracalApracalA, styAnaddhi ye nava darzanAvaraNa haiN| sAta aura asAta do prakAra kA vedanIya hotA hai| mithyAtva; anantAnubaMdhI krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobhaH pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, saMjvalana krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha-ye 16 kaSAya; strI, puruSa, napuMsaka ye tIna veda, tathA hAsya, rati, aratI, zoka, bhaya, jugupsA ye che hAsyAdi SaTaka, isa prakAra nava nokaSAya ye saba mile kara mohanIya ke 26 bheda haiN| naraka, tiryaMca, manuSya aura deva ye Ayu ke cAra prakAra haiN| nAma karma ke 67 bheda haiM :-nAraka, tiryaMca, manuSya evaM deva ye cAra gati; ekendriya, dvIndriya, trIndriya, caturindriya, aura paMcendriya ye pAMca jAti, audArika, vaikriya, AhAraka, taijasa aura kArmaNa ye pAMca zarIraH audArika, vaikriya aura AhAraka ina tInoM ke aMgopAMga, vajraRSabhanArAca saMhanana, RSabhanArAca saMhanana, nArAca saM0, ardhanArAca saM0, kIlikA saM0, sevAta saM0 ye che saMhanana; samacaturasra, nyagrodha, sAdi, kubja vAmana, huMDa ye che saMsthAna; varNa, rasa, gaMdha, sparza ye varNAdi cAra nArakAdi cAra AnupUrvIH prazasta evaM aprazasta do vihAyogati; paraghAta, ucchvAsa Atapa, udyota, agurulaghu, tIrtha, nirmANa, upaghAta ye ATha pratyeka prakRti; trasa, bAdara, paryApta, pratyeka, sthira, zubha, subhaga, susvara, Adeya, yaza-kIrti ye trasadazaka; aura isake viparIta sthAvara, sUkSma, aparyApta, sAdhAraNa, asthira, azubha, asubhaga, duHsvara, anAdeya, ayaza kIrti ye sthAvaradazaka / gotra ke do bheda haiM-ucca gotra, nIca gotra / dAnAntarAya, lAbhAntarAya, bhogAntarAya, upabhogAntarAya tathA vIryAntarAya ye pAMca antarAya ke bheda haiN| mithyAtva moha kA Upara eka bheda ginA hai, yadi usake tIna bheda gine jAe~ to udaya aura udIraNA kI apekSA se 122 prakRti hotI

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( 122 ) haiN| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki baMdha to eka midhyAtva kA hotA hai, kiMtu jIva apane adhyavasAya dvArA usake tIna puMja kara letA haiazuddha, ardha vizuddha aura zuddha / unheM krama se midhyAtva, mizra aura samyaktva kahate haiM / ataH baMdha eka hote hue bhI udaya tathA udIraNA kI apekSA se tIna prakRtiyAM ginI jAtI haiM / ataH udaya aura udIraNA kI apekSA se 120 ke sthAna meM 122 prakRtiyAM haiM / kiMtu karma kI sattA kI dRSTi se nAma karma ke uttara bheda 67 kI jagaha 93 mAne to 148 aura 103 mAne to ve 158 ho jAtI haiM / Upara varNana kI gaI nAma karma kI 67 prakRtiyoM meM pAMca baMdhana, pAMca saMghAta ye dasa aura varNa catuSka kI jagaha usake bIsa upabheda gineM to ye 16 - isa prakAra kula 26 aura milAne se 93 bheda hote haiN| yadi pAMca baMdhana ke sthAna meM 15 baMdhana mAneM to 103 bheda hote haiM / ina saba prakRtiyoM kA vargIkaraNa puNya evaM pApa meM kiyA gayA hai / isa viSaya meM vizeSAvazyaka meM nirdeza hai, ataH yahAM usakA vivecana anAvazyaka hai / 1 isa ke atirikta ina ke do vibhAga aura kie gae haiM, dhruvabaMdhana aura avadhinI / jo prakRtiyAM baMdha hetu ke hone para bhI Avazyaka rUpeNa baMdha meM nahIM AtIM unheM adhruvabaMdhinI kahate haiM aura jA hetu ke astitva meM avazya baddha hotI haiM unheM dhruvabaMdhinI kahate haiM / ukta prakRtiyoM kA eka aura rIti se bhI vibhAga kiyA gayA hai: - dhruvodayA aura dhruvodyaa| jisakA udaya svodayavyavaccheda r gAthA 1946. 2 paMcama karmagraMtha gA0 1-4

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( 123 ) kAla paryanta kabhI bhI vicchinna nahIM hotA, ve dhruvodayA aura jinakA udaya vicchinna ho jAtA hai aura phira udaya meM AtI haiM unheM dhruvodaya' kahate haiM / samyaktva Adi guNoM kI prApti hone se pUrva ukta prakRtiyoM meM se jo prakRtiyAM samasta saMsArI jIvoM meM vidyamAna hotI haiM, unheM dhruvasattAkA aura jo niyamataH vidyamAna nahIM hotIM, unheM, adhruvasattAkA kahate haiM / " ukta prakRtiyoM ke do vibhAga isa prakAra bhI kie jAte haiM:anya prakRti ke baMdha athavA udaya kiMvA ina donoM ko roka kara jisa prakRti kA baMdha athavA udaya kiMvA donoM hoM, use parAvartamAnA aura jo isase viparIta ho vaha apara vartamAnA kahalAtI hai / 3 ukta prakRtiyoM meM se kucha aisI haiM jinakA udaya usa samaya hI hotA hai jaba jIva navIna zarIra ko dhAraNa karane ke lie eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna ko jA rahA ho / arthAt unakA udaya vigrahagati meM hI hotA hai| aisI prakRtiyoM ko kSetravipAkI kahate haiN| kucha aisI prakRtiyAM haiM jinakA vipAka jIva meM hotA haiM, unheM jIva vipAkI kahate haiM / kucha prakRtiyoM kA vipAka nara-nArakAdi bhava sApekSa hai, unheM bhavavipAkI kahate haiM / kucha kA vipAka jIvasaMbaddha zarIrAdi pudgaloM meM hotA hai, unheM pudgalavipAkI kahate haiM / jisa janma meM karma kA baMdhana huA ho usI meM hI usa kA bhoga ho, yaha koI niyama nahIM hai / kintu usI janma meM 1 paMcama karmagraMtha gAthA 6- 7 2 paMcama karma graMtha gA0 8- 9. 3 paMcama karma graMtha 18 - 19 4 paMcama karma graMtha gA0 19 -- 21.

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( 124 ) athavA anya janma meM kiMvA donoM meM kRta karma ko bhoganA par3atA hai| jaina dRSTi ke AdhAra para jisa vastu sthiti kA Upara varNana kiyA gayA hai, usakI tulanA meM anya graMthoM meM upalabdha mAnyatAoM kA bhI yahAM ullekha karanA ucita pratIta hotA hai| yogadarzana meM karma kA vipAka tIna prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai :-jAti, Ayu aura bhoga / jaina sammata nAma karma ke vipAka kI tulanA, yoga sammata jAti vipAka se, Ayukarma ke vipAka kI tulanA Ayu vipAka se kI jA sakatI hai| yoga darzana ke anusAra bhoga kA artha hai-sukha, duHkha aura moh| ataH jaina sammata vedanIya karma ke vipAka kI isa bhoga se tulanA saMbhava hai| yoga darzana meM moha kA artha vyApaka hai| usa meM apratipatti aura vipratipatti donoM kA samAveza hai| ataH jainasammata jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya aura mohanIya karma ke vipAka yogadarzana sammata moha ke sadRza haiN| vipAka ke saMbaMdha meM jaina mata meM jaise pratyeka karma kA vipAka niyata hai vaise yoga darzana meM niyata nahIM hai| yoga mata ke anusAra saMcita samasta karma mila kara ukta jAti, Ayu, bhogarUpa vipAka kA kAraNa banate haiN| 1 sthAnAgasUtra 77. 2 yoga darzana 2. 13. 3 yoga bhASya 2. 13 4 "tasmAjjanmaprAyaNAntare kRtaH puNyApuNyakarmAzayapracayo vicitra: pradhAnopasarjanabhAvenAvasthitaH prAyeNAbhivyaktaH ekapraghaTTakena militvA maraNaM prasAdhya saMmUchita ekameva janma karoti tacca janma tenaiva karmaNA labdhAyuSkaM bhavati / tasminnAyuSi tenaiva karmaNA bhogaH saMpadyate iti, asau karmAzayo janmAyurbhogahetutvAt trivipaako'bhidhiiyte|" yoga bhASya 2. 13

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( 125 ) nyAyavArtikakAra ne karma ke vipAka kAla ko aniyata varNita kiyA hai| yaha koI niyama nahIM ki karma kA phala isI loka meM yA paraloka meM athavA jAtyantara meM hI milatA hai| karma apanA phala usI dazA meM dete haiM jaba sahakArI kAraNoM kA sannidhAna ho tathA sannihita kAraNoM kA bhI koI pratibaMdhaka na ho| yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai ki yaha zarta kaba pUrI ho| isa carcA ke antargata yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki apane hI vipacyamAna karma ke atizaya dvArA anya karma kI phala zakti kA pratibaMdha saMbhava hai| samAna bhoga vAle anya prANiyoM ke vipacyamAna karma dvArA bhI karma kI phala zakti ke pratibaMdha kI saMbhAvanA hai| aisI aneka saMbhAvanAoM kA ullekha karane ke pazcAt vArtikakAra ne likhA hai ki karma kI gati durvijJeya hai, manuSya isa prakriyA ke pAra kA patA nahIM lagA sktaa|' ___ jayaMta ne nyAyamaMjarI meM kahA hai ki vihita karma ke phala kA kAlaniyama nirdhArita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kucha vihita karma aise haiM jinakA phala tatkAla milatA hai-jaise kArIrI yajJa kA phala vRSTi, kucha vihita karmoM kA phala aihika hote hue bhI kAla-sApekSa hai-jaise putreSTi kA phala putra / tathA jyotiSToma Adi kA phala svargAdi paraloka meM hI milatA hai| kiMtu sAmAnyarUpeNa yaha niyama nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki niSiddha karma kA phala to paraloka meM hI milatA hai| ___yoga darzana meM karmAzaya aura vAsanA meM bheda kiyA gayA hai| eka janma meM saMcita karma ko karmAzaya kahate haiM tathA aneka janmoM ke kamoM ke saMskAra kI paraMparA ko vAsanA kahate haiN| karmAzaya kA 1 nyAyavA0 3. 2. 61 2 nyAyamaMjarI pR0 505, 275 3 yogabhASya 2. 13.

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( 126 ) vipAka do prakAra kA hai-adRSTajanmavedanIya aura dRSTajanmavedanIya / jisakA vipAka dUsare janma meM mile vaha adRSTajanmavedanIya tathA jisakA vipAka isa janma meM mila jAe vaha dRSTajanmavedanIya kahalAtA hai| vipAka ke tIna bheda haiM :-jAti athavA janma, Ayu aura bhog| arthAt adRSTajanmavedanIya ke tIna phala haiM:navIna janma, usa janma kI Ayu, aura usa janma kA bhog| kiMtu dRSTajanmavedanIya karmAzaya kA vipAka Ayu va bhoga athavA kevala bhoga hai janma nhiiN| yadi yahAM bhI janma kA vipAka svIkAra kiyA jAe to vaha adRSTajanmavedanIya ho jaaegaa| nahuSa deva thA, arthAt usakI devarUpa meM janma aura devAyu donoM bAteM jArI thii| phira bhI kucha samaya ke lie sarpa bana kara usane dukha kA bhoga kiyA aura tadantara vaha punaH deva bana gyaa| yaha dRSTajanmavedanIya bhoga kA udAharaNa hai| nandIzvara ne manuSya hote hue bhI devAyu aura deva bhoga prApta kie, kiMtu usakA manuSya janma jArI rhaa| vAsanA kA vipAka asaMkhya janma, Ayu aura bhoga mAne gae haiN| kAraNa yaha hai ki vAsanA kI paraMparA anAdi hai| jisa prakAra yoga' darzana meM kRSNa karma kI apekSA zukla karma ko adhika balavAn mAnA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki zukla karma kA udaya hone para kRSNa karma phala die binA hI naSTa ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra bauddhauM ne bhI akuzala karma kI apekSA kuzala karma ko adhika balavAn mAnA hai| kiMtu ve kuzala karma ko akuzala karma kA nAzaka nahIM mAnate, isa loka meM pApI ko aneka prakAra ke daNDa evaM duHkha bhogane par3ate haiM aura puNyazAlI ko apane puNyakAryoM kA phala prAyaH isI loka meM nahIM miltaa| bauddhoM ne isakA kAraNa yaha batAyA hai ki pApa parimita hai ataH usake vipAka kA anta 1 yoga darzana 2. 13 pR0 171

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( 127 ) zIghra hI ho jAtA hai| kiMtu kuzala karma vipula hai, ataH usakA vipAka dIrghakAla meM hotA hai| yadyapi kuzala aura akuzala donoM kA phala paraloka meM milatA hai, tathApi akuzala ke adhika sAvadha hone ke kAraNa usakA phala yahA~ bhI mila jAtA hai| pApa kI apekSA puNya vipulatara kyoM hai, isa bAta kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki pApa karane ke pazcAt manuSya ko pazcAttApa hotA hai aura vaha kahatA hai ki are ! maiMne pApa kiyaa| isase pApa kI vRddhi nahIM hotii| kiMtu zubha kAma karane ke bAda manuSya ko pazcAttApa nahIM hotA balki pramoda-Ananda hotA hai| ataH usakA puNya uttarottara vRddhi ko prApta karatA hai| bauddhoM ke mata meM kRtya ke AdhAra para karma ke jo cAra bheda kie gae haiM unameM eka janaka karma hai aura dUsarA usakA utthaMbhaka hai| janaka karma nae janma ko utpanna kara vipAka pradAna karatA hai, kintu utthaMbhaka apanA vipAka pradAna na kara dUsaroM ke vipAka meM anukUla-sahAyaka bana jAtA hai| tIsarA karma upapIr3aka hai jo dUsare karmoM ke vipAka meM bAdhaka bana jAtA hai| cauthA karma upaghAtaka hai jo anya kamoM ke vipAka kA ghAta kara apanA hI vipAka pragaTa karatA hai| pAkadAna ke krama ko lakSya meM rakha kara bauddhoM meM karma ke ye cAra prakAra mAne gae haiM-garuka, bahula athavA AciNNa, Asanna tathA abhyasta / inameM garuka tathA bahula dUsaroM ke vipAka ko roka kara pahale apanA phala pradAna karate haiN| Asanna kA artha hai mRtyu ke samaya kiyA gyaa| vaha bhI pUrva karma kI apekSA apanA phala 1 milinda prazna 4.8. 24-29, pa.0 284. 2 milinda prazna 3.36. 3 abhidhammatva saMgaha 5.19, visuddhimagga 19.16

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( 128 ) pahale de detA hai| pahale ke karma kaise bhI hoM, parantu maraNa kAla ke samaya ke karma ke AdhAra para hI zIghra nayA janma prApta hotA hai / abhyasta karma ina tInoM ke abhAva meM hI phala de sakatA hai, aisA niyama hai / ' bauddhoM ne pAkakAla kI dRSTi se karma ke jo cAra bheda kie haiM, unakI tulanA yogadarzana sammata vaise hI karmoM se kI jA sakatI hai| dRSTajanmavedanIya jisakA vipAka vidyamAna janma meM mila jAtA hai| upapajja - vedanIya - jisakA phala navIna janma meM prApta hotA hai / jisa karma kA vipAka na ho, use aho karma kahate haiM / jisakA vipAka aneka bhAvoM meM mile, use aparApara vedanIya kahate haiM / bauddhoM ne pAkasthAna kI apekSA se karma ke ye cAra bheda kie - akuzala kA vipAka naraka meM, kAmAvacara kuzala karma kA vipAka kAma sugati meM, rUpAvacara kuzala karma kA vipAka rUpibrahma loka meM, tathA arUpAvacara kuzala karma kA vipAka rUpaloka meM upalabdha hotA hai / karma kI vividha avasthAe~ yaha likhA jA cukA hai ki karma kA AtmA se baMdha hotA hai / kiMtu baMdha hone ke bAda karma jisa rUpa meM baddha huA ho, usI rUpa meM phala de, aisA niyama nahIM hai, isa viSaya meM aneka apavAda haiN| jaina zAstroM meM karma kI baMdha Adi dasa dazAoM kA isa prakAra varNana kiyA gayA hai : 1 baMdha - AtmA ke sAtha karma kA saMbaMdha hone para usake cAra 1 abhidhammattha saMgraha 5. 19; visuddhimagga 19.15 2 visuddhimagga 19.14; abhidhammattha saMgraha 5. 19 / 3 abhidhammattha saMgraha 5. 19 /

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( 126 ) prakAra ho jAte haiM - prakRti baMdha, pradeza baMdha, sthiti baMdha aura anubhAga baMdha | jaba taka baMdha na ho, taba taka karma kI anya kisI bhI avasthA kA praznahI upasthita nahIM hotA / 2 sattA -baMdha meM Ae hue karma pudgala apanI nirjarA hone taka AtmA se saMbaddha rahate haiM, ise hI usakI sattA kahate haiM / vipAka pradAna karane ke bAda karma kI nirjarA ho jAtI hai / pratyeka karma abAdhAkAla ke vyatIta ho jAne para hI vipAka detA hai / arthAt amuka karma kI sattA usake abAdhAkAla taka hotI hai / 3 udvartana athavA utkarSaNa - AtmA se baddha karmoM ke sthiti aura anubhAga baMdha kA nizcaya baMdha ke samaya vidyamAna kaSAya kI mAtrA ke anusAra hotA hai| kiMtu karma ke navIna baMdha ke samaya usa sthiti tathA anubhAga ko bar3hA lenA udvartana kahalAtA hai / 4 apavartana athavA apakarSaraNa - karma ke navIna baMdha ke samaya prathama baddha karma kI sthiti aura usake anubhAga ko kama kara lenA apavartana kahalAtA hai / udvartana tathA apavartana kI mAnyatA se siddha hotA ki karma kI sthiti aura usakA bhoga niyata nahIM haiN| usameM parivartana ho sakatA hai| kisI samaya hamane burA kAma kiyA, kiMtu bAda meM yadi acchA kAma kareM to usa samava pUrvabaddha karma kI sthiti aura usake rasa meM kamI ho sakatI hai| isI prakAra sat kArya karake bAMdhe gae sat karma kI sthiti ko bhI asat kArya dvArA kama kiyA jA sakatA hai / arthAt saMsAra kI vRddhi hAni kA dhAra pUrvakRta karma kI apekSA vidyamAna adhyavasAya para vizeSataH nirbhara hai / 5. saMkramaNa - isa viSaya meM vizeSAvazyaka meM vistAra pUrvaka ' gAthA 1938 se

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( 130 ) varNana hai| karma prakRti ke pudgaloM kA pariNamana anya sajAtIya prakRti meM ho jAnA saMkramaNa kahalAtA hai| sAmAnyataH uttara prakRtiyoM meM paraspara saMkramaNa hotA hai, mUla prakRtiyoM meM nhiiN| isa niyama ke apavAdoM kA ullekha prastuta graMtha meM hai| 6. udaya-karma kA apanA phala pradAna karanA udaya kahalAtA hai| kucha karma kevala pradezodayayukta hote haiN| udaya meM Ane para unake pudgaloM kI nirjarA ho jAtI hai| unakA kucha bhI phala nahIM hotaa| kucha karmoM kA pradezodaya ke sAtha 2 vipAkodaya bhI hotA hai| ve apanI prakRti ke anusAra phala dekara naSTa ho jAte haiN| 7. udIraNA-niyata kAla se pahale karma kA udaya meM AnA udIraNA kahalAtA hai| jisa prakAra prayatnapUrvaka niyata kAla se pahale hI phaloM ko pakAyA jA sakatA hai, usI prakAra niyata kAla se pUrva hI baddha karmoM kA bhoga kiyA jA sakatA hai| sAmAnyataH jisa karma kA udaya jArI ho, usake sajatIya karma kI hI udIraNA saMbhava hai| 8. upazamana-karma kI jisa avasthA meM udaya athavA udIraNA saMbhava nahIM parantu uni, apavartana aura saMkramaNa kI saMbhAvanA ho, use upazamana kahate haiN| tAtparya yaha hai ki karma DhakI huI agni ke samAna banA diyA jAe jisase vaha usa agni kI taraha phala na de ske| kintu jisa prakAra agni se AvaraNa ke dUra ho jAne para vaha punaH prajvalita hone meM samartha hai, usI prakAra karma kI isa avasthA ke samApta hone para vaha punaH udaya meM Akara phala detA hai| 6 nidhatti-karma kI usa avasthA ko nidhatti kahate haiM jisameM

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( 131 ) vaha udIraNA aura saMkramaNa meM asamartha hotA hai| kiMtu isa avasthA meM udvartana aura apavartana saMbhava haiN| 10 nikAcanA-karma kI vaha avasthA nikAcanA kahalAtI hai jisameM udvartana, apavartana, saMkramaNa aura udIraNA saMbhava hI na hoN| jisa rUpa meM isa karma kA baMdhana huA ho, usI rUpa meM use anivArya rUpeNa bhoganA hI par3atA hai| ___ anya graMthoM meM karma kI ina avasthAoM kA varNana zabdazaH dRSTigocara nahIM hotA, kiMtu inameM se kucha avasthAoM se milate julate vivaraNa avazya milate haiN| yogadarzana sammata niyatavipAkI karma jaina sammata nikAcita karma ke sadRza samajhanA caahie| usakI AvApagamana prakriyA jaina sammata saMkramaNa hai| yogadarzana meM aniyatavipAkI kucha aise bhI karma haiM jo binA phala die hI naSTa ho jAte haiN| inakI tulanA jainoM ke pradezodaya se ho sakatI hai| yogadarzana meM kleza kI cAra avasthAe~ mAnya haiM-prasupta, tanu, vicchinna, udArA / upAdhyAya yazovijaya jI ne unakI tulanA jaina sammata mohanIya karma kI sattA, upazama-kSayopazama, virodhI prakRti ke udaya se vyavadhAna aura udaya se kramazaH3 kI hai| karmaphala kA saMvibhAga __ aba isa viSaya para vicAra karane kA avasara hai ki eka vyakti apane kie hue karma kA phala dUsare vyakti ko de sakatA hai athavA nhiiN| vaidikoM meM zrAddhAdi kriyA kA jo pracAra hai, use dekhate 1 yogadarzana bhASya 2. 13 / 2 yogadarzata 2.4 / 3 yogadarzana (paM0 sukhalAla jI) prastAvanA pR0 54.

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( 132 ) hue yaha niSkarSaM nikalatA hai ki smArta dharmAnusAra eka ke karma kA phala dUsare ko mila sakatA hai / bauddha bhI isa mAnyatA se sahamata haiN| hinduoM ke samAna bauddha bhI pretayoni ko mAnate haiM / arthAt preta ke nimitta jo dAna puNyAdi kiyA jAtA hai, preta ko usakA phala milatA hai / manuSya mara kara tiryaMca, naraka athavA devayoni meM utpanna huA ho to usake uddezya se kie gae puNya karma kA phala use nahIM milatA, kiMtu cAra prakAra ke pretoM meM kevala paradattopajIvI pretoM ko hI phala milatA hai| yadi jIva paradattopajIvI pretAvasthA meM na ho to puNyakarma ke karane vAle ko hI usakA phala milatA hai, anya kisI ko bhI nahIM milatA / punazca koI pApa karma karake yadi yaha abhilASA kare ki usakA phala preta ko mila jAe, to aisA kabhI nahIM hotA / bauddhoM kA siddhAnta hai ki kuzala karma kA hI saMvibhAga ho sakatA hai, akuzala kA nhiiN| rAjA milinda ne zrAcArya nAgasena se pUchA ki kyA kAraNa hai ki kuzala kA hI saMvibhAga ho sakatA hai, kuzala kA nahIM ? AcArya ne pahale to yaha uttara diyA ki Apako aisA prazna nahIM pUchanA cAhie / phira yaha batAyA ki pApa karma meM preta kI anumati nahIM, ataH use usakA phala nahIM miltaa| isa uttara se bhI rAjA santuSTa na huA / taba nAgasena ne 'kahA ki kuzala parimita hotA hai ataH usakA saMvibhAga saMbhava nahIM kintu kuzala vipula hotA hai ataH usakA saMvibhAga ho sakatA hai / " mahAyAna bauddha bodhisattva kA yaha Adarza mAnate haiM ki ve sadA aisI kAmanA karate haiM ki unake kuzala karma kA phala vizva ke samasta jIvoM ko prApta ho / ataH mahAyAna mata ke pracAra milinda prazna 4. 8. 30 - 35, pR0 288; kathAvatthu 7. 6. 3. pR0 348 pretoM kI kathAo ke saMgraha ke lie petavatthu tathA vimalA caraNa lAkRta Buddhist Conception of spirits dekhe / 5

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( 133 ) ke bAda bhArata ke samasta dhamoM meM isa bhAvanA ko samarthana prApta huzrA ki kuzala karmoM kA phala samasta jIvoM ko mile| . kiMtu jainAgama meM isa vicAra athavA bhAvanA ko sthAna nahIM milaa| jaina dharma meM pretayoni nahIM mAnI gaI hai, saMbhava hai ki karmaphala ke asaMvibhAga kI jaina mAnyatA kA yaha bhI eka AdhAra ho| jaina zAstrIya dRSTi to yahI hai ki jo jIva karma kare, use hI usakA phala bhoganA par3atA hai| koI dUsarA usameM bhAgIdAra nahIM bana sakatA / kiMtu laukika dRSTi kA anusaraNa karate hue AcArya haribhadra Adi ne yaha bhAvanA avazya vyakta kI hai ki maiMne jo kuzala karma kiyA ho to usakA lAbha anya jIvoM ko bhI mile aura ve sukhI ho| -- 1 saMsAramAvanna parassa aTThA sAhAraNaM jaM ca karei kmm| kammarasa te tassa u veyakAle Na baMdhavA baMdhavayaM urvti|| uttarA04.4 mAyA piyA NusA bhAtA bhajjA puttA ya orsaa| nAlaM te mama tANAya luppaMtassa sakammuNA // uttarA0 6. 3., uttarA0 14. 12, 20. 23-37.

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3--paraloka vicAra paraloka kA artha hai mRtyu ke bAda kA loka / mRtyUparAnta jIva kI jo vividha gatiyA~ hotI haiM, unameM deva, preta, aura nAraka ye tInoM apratyakSa haiN| ataH sAmAnyataH paraloka kI carcA meM ina para hI vizeSa vicAra kiyA jaaegaa| vaidikoM, jainoM aura bauddhoM kI deva, preta evaM nArakiyoM saMbaMdhI kalpanAoM kA yahA~ ullekha kiyA jaaegaa| aura tiryaMca yoniyAM to saba ko pratyakSa haiM, ataH inake viSaya meM vizeSa vicAra karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM rhtii| bhinna bhinna paraMparAoM meM isa saMbaMdha meM jo vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai, vaha bhI jJAtavya to haiM, kintu yahA~ usakI carcA aprAsaMgika hone ke kAraNa nahIM kI gii| karma aura paraloka-vicAra ye donoM paraspara isa prakAra saMbaddha haiM ki eka ke abhAva meM dUsare kI saMbhAvanA nhiiN| jaba taka karma kA artha kevala pratyakSa kriyA hI kiyA jAtA thA, taba taka usakA phala bhI pratyakSa hI samajhA jAtA thaa| kisI ne kapar3e sIne kA kArya kiyA aura use usake phalasvarUpa silA huA kapar3A mila gyaa| kisI ne bhojana banAne kA kAma kiyA aura use rasoI tayyAra milii| isa prakAra yaha svAbhAvika hai ki pratyakSa kriyA kA phala sAkSAt aura tatkAla mAnA jaae| kiMtu eka samaya aisA AyA ki manuSya ne dekhA ki usakI sabhI kriyAoM kA phala sAkSAt nahIM milatA aura nahIM tatkAla prApta hotA hai| kisAna khetI karatA hai, parizrama bhI karatA hai, kintu yadi ThIka samaya para

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( 135 ) varSA na ho to usakA sArA zrama dhUla meM mila jAtA hai| phira yaha bhI dekhA jAtA hai ki naitika niyamoM kA pAlana karane para bhI saMsAra meM vyakti duHkhI rahatA hai aura dUsarA durAcArI hone para bhI sukhI / yadi sadAcAra se sukha kI prApti hotI ho to sadAcArI ko sadAcAra ke phalasvarUpa sukha tathA durAcArI ko durAcAra kA phala duHkha sAkSAt aura tatkAla kyoM nahIM milatA ? navajAta zizu ne aisA kyA kAma kiyA hai ki vaha janma lete hI sukhI yA duHkhI ho jAtA hai ? ityAdi praznoM para vicAra karate hue jaba manuSya ne karma ke saMbaMdha meM gahana vicAra kiyA taba isa kalpanA ne janma liyA ki karma kevala sAkSAt kriyA nahIM apitu adRSTa saMskAra rUpa bhI hai| isake sAtha hI paraloka-cintA saMbaddha ho gii| yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki manuSya ke sukha duHkha kA AdhAra kevala usakI pratyakSa kriyA nahIM, parantu isameM paraloka yA pUrvajanma kI kriyA-jo saMskAra athavA adRSTarUpeNa usakI AtmA se baddha hai kA bhI eka mahattvapUrNa bhAga hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki pratyakSa sadAcAra ke astitva meM bhI manuSya pUrvajanma ke durAcAra kA phala duHkharUpeNa bhogatA hai aura pratyakSa durAcArI hone para bhI pUrvajanma ke sadAcAra kA phala sukharUpeNa bhogatA hai| bAlaka pUrvajanma ke saMskAra athavA karma apane sAtha lekara AtA hai, ataH isa janma meM koI karma na karane para bhI vaha sukha-duHkha kA bhAgI banatA hai| isa kalpanA ke bala para prAcIna kAla se lekara Aja taka ke dhArmika gine jAne vAle puruSoM ne apane sadAcAra meM niSThA aura durAcAra kI heyatA svIkAra kI hai| unhoMne mRtyu ke sAtha jIvana kA anta nahIM mAnA, kintu, janma janmAntara kI kalpanA kara isa AzA se sadAcAra meM niSThA sthira rakhI hai ki kRta karma kA phala kabhI to milegA hI, aura unhoMne paraloka ke viSaya meM bhinna bhinna kalpanAe~ kI haiN|

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( 136 ) vaidika paraMparA meM devaloka aura devoM kI kalpanA prAcIna hai| kintu vedoM meM isa kalpanA ko vahuta samaya bAda sthAna milA ki devaloka manuSya kI mRtyu ke bAda kA paraloka hai| naraka aura nArakoM saMbaMdhI kalpanA to veda meM sarvathA aspaSTa hai| vidvAnoM ne yaha bAta svIkAra kI hai ki vaidikoM ne paraloka evaM punarjanma kI jo kalpanA kI hai, usakA kAraNa veda-bAhya prabhAva hai| jainoM ne jisa prakAra karma vidyA ko eka zAstra kA rUpa diyA, usI prakAra isa vidyA se avicchinna rUpeNa saMbaddha paraloka vidyA ko bhI zAstra kA hI rUpa pradAna kiyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainoM kI deva evaM nAraka saMbaMdhI kalpanA meM vvavasthA aura ekasUtratA hai| Agama se lekara Aja taka ke racita jaina sAhitya meM devoM aura nArakoM ke varNana viSayaka mahattvahIna apavAdoM kI upekSA karane para mAlUma hogA ki usameM lezamAtra bhI vivAda dRggocara nahIM hotaa| bauddha sAhitya ke par3hane vAle paga paga para yaha anubhava karate haiM ki bauddhoM meM yaha vidyA bAhara se AI hai| bauddhoM ke prAcIna sUtra graMthoM meM devoM athavA naroMka kI saMkhyA meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai| yahI nahIM devoM ke aneka prakAra ke nAmoM meM vargIkaraNa tathA vyavasthA kA bhI abhAva hai| parantu abhidhamma kAla meM bauddhadharma meM devoM aura narakoM kI suvyavasthA huI thii| yaha bAta bhI spaSTa hai ki pretayoni jaisI yoni kI kalpanA bauddha dharma athavA siddhAntoM ke anukUla nahIM, phira bhI laukika vyavahAra ke kAraNa use mAnyatA prApta huii| 1 Ranade & Belvelkar-Creative Period p. 375. : Dr. Law: Heaven & Hell (Introduction); Buddhist Conception of Spirits,

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( 137 ) vaidika deva aura deviyAM vedoM meM varNita adhikatara devoM kI kalpanA prAkRtika vastuoM ke AdhAra para kI gaI hai| prAraMbha meM agni jaise prAkRtika padArthoM ko hI deva mAnA gayA thaa| kintu dhIre dhIre agni Adi tattva se pRthak agni Adi devoM kI kalpanA kI gii| kucha aise bhI deva haiM jinakA prakRtigata kisI vastu se saralatApUrvaka saMbaMdha nahIM joDA jA sakatA jaise varuNa Adi / kucha devatAoM kA saMbaMdha kriyA se hai jaise ki tvaSTA, dhAtA, vidhAtA Adi / devoM ke vizeSaNa rUpa meM jo zabda likhe gae, unake AdhAra para una nAmoM ke svataMtra devoM kI bhI kalpanA kI gii| vizvakarmA indra kA vizeSaNa thA, kiMtu isa nAma kA svataMtra deva bhI mAnA gayA / yahI bAta prajApati ke viSaya meM huii| isake atirikta manuSya ke bhAvoM para devatva kA Aropa karake bhI kucha devoM kI kalpanA kI gaI hai jaise ki manyu, zraddhA aadi| isa loka ke kucha manuSya, pazu aura jar3a padArtha bhI deva mAne gae haiM jaise ki manuSyoM meM prAcIna RSiyoM meM se manu, atharvA, dadhyaMca, atri, kaNva, katsa aura kAvya ussnaa| pazuoM meM dadhikA sadRza ghor3e meM devI bhAva mAnA gayA hai| jar3a padArthoM meM parvata, nadI jaise padArthoM ko deva kahA gayA hai| devoM kI patniyoM kI bhI kalpanA kI gaI hai jaise ki indrANI Adi / kucha svataMtra devIyAM bhI mAnI gaI haiM jaise ki uSA, pRthvI, sarasvatI, rAtrI, vAk , aditi Adi / vedoM meM isa viSaya meM ekamatya nahIM ki bhinna bhinna deva anAdi 1 isa prakaraNa ko likhane meM DA0 dezamukha kI pustaka Religion in Vedic Literature ke adhyAya 9-13 se sahAyatA lI gaI hai| maiM unakA AbhAra mAnatA huuN|

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( 138 ) kAla se haiM yA ve kisI samaya utpanna hue haiM / prAcIna kalpanA yaha thI ki ve dyu aura pRthvI kI saMtAna haiN| uSA ko devoM kI mAtA' kahA gayA hai, kiMtu vaha bAda meM svayaM dyu kI putrI mAnI gaI / aditi aura dakSa ko bhI devatAoM ke mAtA pitA mAnA gayA hai / anyatra soma ko agni, sUrya, indra, viSNu, ghuM aura pRthvI kA janaka kahA gayA hai| kaI devatAoM ke paraspara pitA putra ke saMbaMdha kA bhI varNana hai| isa prakAra Rgveda meM devatAoM kI utpatti ke saMbaMdha meM eka nizcita mata upalabdha nahIM hotA / sAmAnyataH sabhI devoM ke viSaya meM ye ullekha milate haiM ki ve kabhI utpanna hue haiM, ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki ve na to anAdi haiM aura na svataH siddha | Rgveda meM bAra bAra ullekha kiyA gayA hai ki devatA amara haiM, parantu sabhI devatA amara haiM athavA amaratA unakA svAbhAvika dharma hai, yaha bAta svIkAra nahIM kI gii| vahAM yaha kathana upalabdha hotA hai ki somakA pAna kara devatA amara banate haiM / yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki mi aura savitA devatAoM ko amaratva arpita karate haiM / eka ora devatAoM kI utpatti meM pUrvApara bhAva kA varNana kiyA gayA hai aura dUsarI ora yaha likhA hai ki devoM meM koI bAlaka athavA kumAra nahIM, sabhI samAna haiN| yadi zakti kI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAe to devoM meM dRSTigocara hone vAle vaiSamya Rgveda 1. 113. 19. Rgveda 1.30.22. 3 Rgveda 2.26. 3. 5 2 4. Rgveda 10.109. 4; 7. 21. 7. 5 Rgveda 8. 30.1.

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( 136 ) kI koI sImA nhii| kintu eka bAta kI sabhI meM samAnatA hai aura vaha hai unakI paropakAra vRtti / magara yaha vRtti AryoM ke lie hI svIkAra kI gaI hai, dAsa yA dasyuoM ke viSaya meM nhiiN| devatA yajJa karane vAle ko sabhI prakAra kI bhautika saMpatti dene meM samartha haiM, ve samasta vizva ke niyAmaka haiM aura acche va bure kAmoM para dRSTi rakhane vAle haiN| kisI bhI manuSya meM yaha zakti nahIM ki vaha devatAoM kI AjJA kA ullaMghana kara ske| jaba unake nAma se yajJa kiyA jAtA hai, taba ve dhuloka se ratha para car3a kara calate haiM aura yajJa bhUmi meM Akara baiThate haiN| adhikAMza devoM kA nivAsa sthAna dyuloka hai aura ve vahAM sAmAnyataH mila jula kara rahate haiM / ve somarasa pIte haiM aura manuSyoM jaisA AhAra karate haiM / jo yajJa karate haiM, ve unakI sahAnubhUti prApta karate haiN| jo vyakti yajJa nahIM karate, ve unake tiraskAra ke pAtra banate haiN| devatA nIti saMpanna haiM, satyazIla haiM, ve dhokA nahIM dete| ve pramANika aura caritravAn manuSyoM kI rakSA karate haiN| udAra aura puNya zIla vyakti aura unake kRtyoM kA badalA cukAte haiM aura pApI ko daMDa dete haiN| deva jisa vyakti ke mitra bana jAeM, use koI bhI hAni nahIM pahuMcA sktaa| devatA apane bhaktoM ke zatruoM kA nAza kara unakI saMpatti apane bhaktoM ko sauMpa dete hai| sabhI devoM meM saundarya, teja aura zakti hai| sAmAnyataH deva svayaM hI apane adhipati haiM arthAt ve ahamindra haiN| ___ yadyapi RSiyoM ne devoM ke varNana meM atizayokti se kAma lete hue varNita deva ko sarvAdhipati kahA hai, tathApi sAmAnyataH usakA artha yaha nahIM ki vaha deva, rAjA ke samAna anya devoM kA adhipati hai| RSiyoM ne jisa deva kI stuti kI hai, vaha use prasanna karane ke lie hai| ataH yaha svAbhAvika hai ki usake adhika se adhika guNoM kA varNana kiyA jaae| ataH pratyeka deva meM sarvasAmarthya

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( 140 ) svIkAra kiyA gyaa| isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki bAda meM yajJa ke lie saba devoM kI mahattA samAna rUpa se svIkAra kI gaI aura anta meM 'ekaM sad viprA bahudhA vadanti'' vidvAn eka hI tattva kA nAnA prakAra se kathana karate haiM-yaha mAnyatA rUr3ha ho gii| phira bhI yajJaprasaMga meM vyaktigata devoM ke prati niSThA kabhI bhI kama nahIM huii| bhinna bhinna devoM ke nAma se yajJa hote rhe| isa lie hameM yaha bAta mAnanI par3atI hai ki Rgveda kAla meM kisI eka hI deva kA anya devoM kI apekSA adhika mahattva nahIM thaa| ataH RgvedakAla meM eka deva ke sthAna para dUsare deva ko pratiSThita kara dene kI kalpanA karanA asaMgata hai| - sabhI deva dyuloka nivAsI nahIM haiN| vaidikoM ne loka ke jo tIna vibhAga kie haiM, unameM unakA nivAsa hai| dhuloka vAsI devoM meM dyau, varuNa, sUrya, mitra, viSNu, dakSa, azvina Adi kA samAveza hai| antarikSa meM nivAsa karane vAle deva ye haiM-indra, marut, rudra, parjanya, ApaH Adi / pRthvI para agni, soma, bRhaspati Adi devoM kA nivAsa hai| vaidika svarga-naraka isa loka meM jo manuSya zubha karma karate haiM, ve mara kara svarga meM yamaloka pahuMcate haiN| yaha yamaloka prakAza puja se vyApta hai| vahAM una logoM ko anna aura soma paryApta mAtrA meM milatA hai aura unakI sabhI kAmanAe~ pUrNa hotI haiN| kucha vyakti viSNu athavA 1 Rgveda 1. 164. 46. 2 dezamukha kI pUrvokta pustaka pR0 317-322 kA sAra / 3 Rgveda 9. 113. 7 se / . 4 Rgveda 1. 154.

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( 141 ) varuNaloka meM jAte haiN| varuNaloka sarvocca svarga hai| varuNa loka meM jAne vAle manuSya kI sabhI truTiyA~ dUra ho jAtI haiM aura vaha vahAM devoM ke sAtha madhu, soma athavA ghRta kA pAna karatA hai| vahAM rahate hue use apane putrAdi dvArA zrAddhatarpaNa meM arpita padArtha. bhI mila jAte haiM / yadi usane svayaM iSTApUrta (bAvar3I, kuA~, tAlAba Adi jalasthAna kA nirmANa) kiyA ho, to usakA phala bhI svarga meM mila jAtA hai| vaidika Arya zrAzAvAdI, utsAhI aura Anandapriya loga the| unhoM ne jisa prakAra ke svarga kI kalpanA kI hai, vaha unakI vicAradhArA ke anukUla hI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne prAcIna Rgveda meM pApI AdamiyoM ke lie naraka jaise sthAna kI kalpanA nahIM kii| dAsa tathA dasyu jaise logoM ko Arya loga apanA zatru samajhate the, unake lie bhI unhoMne naraka kI kalpanA nahIM kii| kiMtu devoM se yaha prArthanA kI hai ki ve unakA sarvathA nAza kara deN| mRtyu ke bAda unakI kyA dazA hotI hai, isa viSaya meM unhoMne kucha bhI vicAra nahIM kiyaa| ___ jo puNyazAlI vyakti, mara kara svarga meM jAte haiM, ve sadA ke lie vahIM rahate haiN| vaidika kAla meM yaha kalpanA nahIM kI gaI thI ki puNya kA kSaya hone para ve punaH martyaloka meM vApisa A jAte haiN| hAM, brAhmaNa kAla meM isa mAnyatA kA astitva thA / 1 Rgaveda 7. 88. 5 / / 2 Rgveda 10. 1.4 8; 10. 15. 7 / 3 Rgveda 10.154. 1 / 4 Creative Period p. 26. 5 Creative Period P. 27, 76.

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( 142 ) upaniSado ke devaloka bRhadAraNyaka meM Ananda kI taratamatA kA varNana hai| usake AdhAra para manuSya loka se Upara ke loka ke viSaya meM vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki svastha honA, dhanavAna honA, dUsaroM kI apekSA uccapada prApta karanA, adhika se adhika sAMsArika vaibhava honA ye aise Ananda haiM jo isa saMsAra meM manuSya ke lie mahAn se mahAna haiN| pitRloka meM jAne vAle pitaroM ko isa saMsAra ke Ananda kI apekSA saugunA adhika Ananda milatA hai| gaMdharva loka meM usase bhI saugunA adhika Ananda hai| puNya karma dvArA devatA bane hue logoM kA Ananda gaMdharvaloka se saugunA jyAdA hai| sRSTi kI Adi meM janma lene vAle devoM kA Ananda ina devoM kI apekSA saugunA adhika hai| prajApati loka meM isa Ananda se bhI saugunA aura brahmaloka meM usase bhI saugunA Ananda hotA hai| brahmaloka kA Ananda sarvAdhika hai-bRhadA0 4. 3. 33 / devayAna-pitRyAna - Rgveda meM ina donoM zabdoM kA prayoga hai parantu ina mArgoM kA varNana vahAM upalabdha nahIM hotaa| upaniSadoM meM donoM mArgoM kA vizada vivaraNa hai| kiMtu hama usake vistAra meM na jAkara vidvAnoM dvArA mAnya ucita varNana kA yahAM ullekha kreNge| kauSItakI upaniSad meM devayAna kA varNana isa prakAra hai-mRtyu ke bAda devayAna mArga se jAne vAlA vyakti kramazaH agniloka, vAyuloka, varuNaloka, indraloka aura prajApati loka se hokara brahmaloka meM 1 Rgveda 10. 19. 1 tathA 10. 2. 7 2 bRhadA0 5.10. 1; chAndogya 4.15. 5-6; 5. 10. 1-6; kauSItakI 1. 2-4.

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( 143 ) jAtA hai| vahAM vaha manake dvArA Ara nAmaka sarovara ko pAra karatA hai aura yeSTihA (upAsanA meM vighna DAlane vAle ) devoM ke pAsa pahuMcatA hai| ve deva use dekhate hI bhAga jAte haiN| tatpazcAt vaha manake dvArA hI virajA nadI pAra karatA hai| yahAM vaha puNya aura pApa ko chor3a detA hai| usake bAda vaha ilya nAmaka vRkSa ke nikaTa jAtA hai aura vahAM use brahmA kI gaMdha AtI hai| phira vaha sAlajya nagara ke pAsa pahuMcatA hai| vahAM usameM brahmateja praviSTa hotaa| tadanantara vaha indra aura bRhaspati nAmaka caukIdAroM ke pAsa AtA hai| ve bhI use dekha kara bhaga jAte haiN| vahAM se cala kara vibhunAmaka sabhA sthAna meM AtA hai| yahAM usakI kIrti itanI bar3ha jAtI hai jitanI ki brahmA kii| phira vaha vicakSaNA nAma ke jJAnarUpa siMhAsana ke samIpa AtA hai| aura apanI buddhi dvArA samasta vizva ko dekhatA hai| anta meM vaha amitaujA nAmaka brahma ke palaMga ke nikaTa AtA hai| jaba vaha usa palaMga para ArUDha hotA hai, taba vahAM AsIna brahmA usase pUchatA hai, "tuma kauna ho ?" vaha uttara detA hai, "jo Apa haiM, vahI maiM huuN|" brahmA punaH pUchatA hai, 'maiM kauna hU~ ?" vaha vyakti uttara detA hai, 'Apa satya svarUpa haiN| isa prakAra anya aneka prazna pUcha kara jaba brahmA kI pUrNataH tuSTi ho jAtI hai, taba vaha use apane samAna samajhatA hai| . isI upaniSad meM pitRyAna ke varNana kA sAra yaha haicandraloka hI pitRloka hai| sabhI marane vAle yahAM pahuMcate haiM / kintu jinakI icchA pitRloka meM nivAsa karane kI na ho, unheM candra Upara ke loka meM bheja detA hai aura jinakI abhilASA candraloka kI ho, unheM candra varSA ke rUpameM isa pRthvI para janma 1 kauSItakI prathama adhyAya dekheN|

Page #153
( 144 ) lene ke lie bheja detA hai / aise jIva apane karmoM aura jJAna ke anusAra kITa, pataMga, pakSI, siMha, vyAghra, machalI, rIcha, manuSya athavA anya kisI rUpa meM bhinna bhinna sthAnoM meM janma lete haiN| isa prakAra pitRyAna ke mArga meM jAne vAloM ko punaH isa loka meM AnA par3atA hai| - sArAMza yaha hai ki brahmIbhAva ko prApta kara lene vAle jIva jisa mArga se brahmaloka meM jAte haiM, use devayAna kahate haiM, kiMtu apane karmoM ke anusAra jinakI mRtyu punaH hone vAlI hai ve candraloka meM jAkara lauTa Ate haiN| unake mArga kA nAma pitRyAna hai aura unakI yonI pretayonI kahalAtI hai| ... isa uparyukta varNana se hameM yaha jJAta ho jAtA hai ki vizeSAvazyaka grantha meM paraloka ke sAdRzya-vaisadRzya ke saMbaMdha meM jo carcA hai, usake viSaya meM upaniSadoM kA kyA mata hai| yaha bhI patA lagatA hai ki upaniSad ke anusAra jIva karmAnusAra visadRza avasthA ko prApta hote haiN| yahI mata jainoM kA bhI hai| paurANika devaloka - yaha bAta likhI jA cukI hai ki vaidika mAnyatAnusAra tInoM loka meM devoM kA nivAsa hai| paurANika kAla meM bhI isI mata kA samarthana kiyA gayA / yogadarzana ke vyAsabhASya' meM batAyA gayA hai ki pAtAla, jaladhi--samudra tathA parvatoM meM asura, gaMdharva, kinnara, kiMpuruSa, yakSa, rAkSasa, bhUta, preta, pizAca, apasmAraka, apsaras , brahmarAkSasa, kuSmAMDa, vinAyaka nAma ke devanikAya 1 kauSItakI 1.2. 2 vibhUtipAda 26. pAekavaloka

Page #154
( 145 ) nivAsa karate haiN| bhUloka ke samasta dvIpoM meM bhI puNyAtmA devoM kA nivAsa hai / sumeru parvata para devoM kI udyAna bhUmiyAM haiM, sudharmA nAmaka deva sabhA hai, sudarzananAmA nagarI hai aura usameM vaijayanta prAsAda hai / antarikSaloka ke devoM meM graha, nakSatra aura tAroM kA samAveza hai / svargaloka meM mahendra meM che deva nikAyoM kA nivAsa hai - tridaza, abhiSvAttA, yAmyA, tuSita, aparinirmitavazavartI, parinirmita vazavartI / isase Upara mahatiloka athavA prajApatiloka meM pA~ca deva nikAya haiM--kumuda, Rbhu, pratardana, aMjanAbha, pracitAbha / brahmA ke prathama janaloka meM cAra devanikAya haiM - brahmapurohita, brahmakAyika, brahmamahAkAyika, amara brahmA ke dvitIya tapoloka meM tIna deva nikAya haiM- AbhAsvara, mahAbhAsvara, satyamahAbhAsvara / brahmA ke tRtIya satyaloka meM cAra devanikAya haiMacyuta, zuddhanivAsa, satyAbha, saMjJAsaMjJI / / ina saba devalokoM meM basane vAloM kI Ayu dIrgha hote hue bhI parimita hai / karmakSaya hone para unheM nayA janma dhAraNa karanA par3atA hai / vaidika asurAdi sAmAnyataH devoM aura manuSyoM ke zatruoM ko veda meM asura, rAkSasa, pizAca Adi nAma se pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai / pariNa aura vRtra indra ke zatru the, dAsa aura dasyu Arya prajA ke zatru the / kiMtu dasyu zabda kA prayoga antarIkSa ke daityoM athavA asuroM ke artha meM bhI kiyA gayA hai| dasyuoM ko vRtra ke nAma se bhI varNita kiyA gayA hai / sArAMza yaha hai ki vRtra, paNi, asura, dasyu, dAsa nAma kI kaI jAtiyAM thIM / unheM hI kAlAntara meM rAkSasa, daitya, asura pizAca kA rUpa diyA gyaa| vaidika kAla ke loga unake nAza ke nimitta devoM se prArthanA kiyA karate the / 10

Page #155
( 146 ) upaniSadoM meM naraka kA varNana .yaha bAta pahale kahI jA cukI hai ki Rgveda kAla ke AryoM ne pApI puruSoM ke lie naraka sthala kI kalpanA nahIM kI thI, kiMtu upaniSadoM meM yaha kalpanA vidyamAna hai| naraka kahAM hai, isa viSaya meM upaniSad mauna haiN| kintu upaniSadoM ke anusAra naraka loka aMdhakAra se AvRta haiM, unameM Ananda kA nAma bhI nahIM hai| isa saMsAra meM avidyA ke upAsaka naraka ko prApta hote haiN| AtmaghAtI puruSoM ke lie bhI yahI sthAna hai aura avidvAn kI bhI mRtyUparAMta yahI dazA hai| bUr3hI gAya kA dAna dene vAloM kI bhI yahI gati hotI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki naciketA jaise putra ko apane usa pitA ke bhaviSya ke vicAra ne atyaMta duHkhI kiyA jo bUr3hI gAyoM kA dAna kara rahA thaa| usane socA ki mere pitA inake badale mujhe hI dAna meM kyoM nahIM de dete| - upaniSadoM meM isa viSaya meM koI spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai ki aise aMdhakAramaya loka meM jAne vAle jIva sadA ke lie vahIM rahate haiM athavA vahAM se unakA chuTakArA bhI ho jAtA hai| paurANika naraka naraka ke viSaya meM purANa kAlIna vaidika paraMparA meM kucha vizeSa vivaraNa milate haiN| bauddha aura jainamata ke sAtha unakI tulanA karane para jJAta hotA hai ki yaha vicAraNA tInoM paraMparAoM meM samAna hI thii| yogadarzana vyAsa bhASya meM sAta narakoM ke ye nAma batAe gae haiM-mahAkAla, ambarISa, raurava, mahAraurava, kAlasUtra, andhatAmisra, aviici| ina narakoM meM jIvoM ko apane apane kie hue kamoM ke 1 kaTha 1.1.3; bRhadA0 4.4.10-11; Iza 3.9. .

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( 147 ) kaTu phala milate haiM aura vahAM jIvoM kI Ayu bhI lambI hotI hai| dIrgha kAla taka karma kA phala bhogane ke bAda hI vahAM se jIva kA chuTakArA hotA hai| ye naraka hamArI bhUmi aura pAtAla loka ke nIce avasthita haiN| bhASya kI TIkA meM narakoM ke atirikta kumbhIpAkAdi upanarakoM kI kalpanA ko bhI sthAna prApta huA hai| vAcaspati ne inakI saMkhyA aneka batAI hai kiMtu bhASyavArtikakAra ne ise ananta kahA hai| ____bhAgavata meM narakoM kI saMkhyA sAta ke sthAna para 28 batAI hai aura unameM prathama 21 ke nAma ye haiM tAmisra, aMdhatAmisra, raurava, mahAraurava, kuMbhIpAka, kAlasUtra, asipatravana, sUkaramukha, aMdhakUpa, kRmibhojana, saMdaMza, taptasUmi, vajrakaNTaka zAlmalI, vaitaraNI, pUyoda, prANarodha, vizasana, lAlAbhakSa, sArameyAdana, avIci tathA ayaHpAna / isake atirikta kucha logoM ke matAnusAra anya sAta naraka bhI haiM-kSArakardama, rakSogaNabhojana, zUlaprota, daMdazUka, avaTanirodhana, payovartana, aura sUcImukha / inameM adhikatara nAma aise haiM jina se yaha jJAta ho jAtA hai ki una narakoM meM jIvoM ko kisa prakAra ke kaSTa hai| bauddhasammata paraloka ____ hama yaha kaha sakate hai ki bhagavAna buddha ne apane dharma ko isI loka meM phala dene vAlA mAnA thA aura unake upalabdha prAcIna 5 yogadarzanavyAsa bhASya, vibhUtipAda 26. 2 bhASyavArtikakAra ne kahA hai ki pAtAla avIci naraka ke nIce hai, kiMtu yaha bhrama pratIta hotA hai / 3 zrImadbhAgavata (chAyAnuvAda) pR0 164, paMcamaskaMdha 26.5-36.

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( 148 ) upadeza meM svarga, naraka athavA pretayoni saMbaMdhI vicAroM kA sthAna hI nahIM hai| yadi kabhI koI jijJAsu brahmaloka jaise parokSa viSaya ke saMbaMdha meM prazna karatA, bhagavAn buddha sAmAnyataH use samajhAte ki parokSa padArthoM ke viSaya meM cintA nahIM karanI caahie| ve pratyakSa duHkha, usake kAraNa aura duHkha nivAraka mArga kA upadeza krte| parantu jaise jaise unake upadeza eka dharma aura darzana ke rUpa meM pariNata hue, vaise vaise AcAryoM ko svarga naraka, preta Adi samasta parokSa padArthoM kA bhI vicAra karanA par3A aura unheM bauddha dharma meM sthAna denA pdd'aa| bauddha paMDitoM ne kathAoM kI racanA meM jo kauzala dikhAyA hai, vaha anupama hai| unakA lakSya sadAcAra aura nIti kI zikSA pradAna karanA thaa| unhoMne anubhava kiyA ki svarga ke sukhoM aura naraka ke duHkhoM ke kalAtmaka varNana ke samAna anya koI aisA sAdhana nahIM jo sadAcAra meM niSThA utpanna kara ske| ataH unhoMne isa dhyeya ko sanmukha rakhate hue kathAoM kI racanA kii| unheM isa viSaya meM atyaMta mahattvapUrNa saphalatA prApta huii| isa AdhAra para dhIre dhIre bauddha darzana meM bhI svarga, naraka, preta saMbaMdhI vicAra vyavasthita hone lge| nidAna abhidhambha kAla meM hInayAna saMpradAya meM unakA rUpa sthira ho gyaa| kiMtu mahAyAna saMpradAya meM unakI vyavasthA kucha bhinna rUpa se huii| bauddha abhidhamma meM sattvoM kA vibhAjana ina tIna bhUmiyoM meM kiyA gayA hai-kAmAvacara, rUpAvacara, arUpAvacara / unameM nAraka, tiryaMca, preta, asura ye cAra kAmAvacara bhUmiyAM apAya bhUmi haiMarthAt unameM duHkha kI pradhAnatA hai| manuSyoM tathA cAtummahA 1 dIghanikAya ke tevijjasutta meM brahmasAlokatA viSayaka bhagavAn buddha kA kathana dekheN| . 2 abhidhammattha saMgaha pari. 5.

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( 146 ) rAjika, tAvatiMsa, yAma, tusita, nimmAnarati, paranimmitavasavatti nAma ke devanikAyoM kA samAveza kAma-sugati nAma kI kAmAvacara bhUmi meM hai| unameM kAmabhoga kI prApti hotI hai, ataH citta caMcala rahatA hai| rUpAvacara bhUmi meM uttarottara adhika sukha vAle 16 devanikAyoM kA samAveza hai jisakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai:__ prathama dhyAnabhUmi meM-1 brahmapArisanja, 2 brahmapurohita, 3 mahAbrahma dvitIya dhyAnabhUmi meM-4 parittAbha, 5 appamANAbha, 6 Abhassara tRtIya dhyAnabhUmi meM-7 parittasubhA, 8 appamANasubhA, 6 subhakiNhA caturtha dhyAnabhUmi meM-10 vehapphalA, 11 asabasattA, 12-16 pAMca prakAra ke suddhAvAsa suddhAvAsa ke ye pAMca bheda haiM-12 avihA, 13 atappA, 14 sudassA, 15 sudassI, 16 akaniThA / arUpAvacara bhUmi meM uttarottara adhika sukhavAlI cAra bhUmi haiM1--AkAsAnaMcAyatana bhUmi 2-vijJaANaJcAyatana bhUmi 3-akiMcaMbAyatana bhUmi 4-nevasajhAnAsAyatana bhUmi abhidhammatthasaMgaha meM narakoM kI saMkhyA nahIM batAI gaI hai kiMtu majjhimanikAya meM una vividha kaSToM kA varNana hai jo nArakoM ko bhogane par3ate haiN| (bAlapaMDitasuttaMta-126 dekheM) jAtaka (530) meM ye ATha naraka batAe gae haiM-saMjIva, kAlasutta, saMghAta, jAlaroruva, dhUma roruva, tapana, pratApana, avIci /

Page #159
( 150 ) mahAvastu (1.4) meM ukta pratyeka naraka ke 16 ussada (upanaraka) svIkAra kie gae haiN| isa taraha saba mila kara 128 naraka ho jAte haiN| kiMtu paMcagatidIpanI nAmaka graMtha meM pratyeka naraka ke cAra ussada batAe haiM-mAlhakUpa, kukkula, asipattavana, nadI' (vetrnnii)| bauddhoM ne devaloka ke atirikta pretayoni bhI svIkAra kI hai| ina pretoM kI rocaka kathAe~ pretavatthu nAma ke graMtha meM dI gaI haiN| sAmAnyataH preta kisI vizeSa prakAra ke duSkarmoM ko bhogane ke lie usa yoni meM utpanna hote haiN| ina doSoM meM isa prakAra ke doSa bhI haiM-dAna dene meM DhIla karanA, yogyarIti se zraddhApUrvaka na denA / dIghanikAya ke ATAnATiyasutta meM nimnalikhita vizeSaNoM dvArA pretoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai-cugalakhora, khUnI, lubdha, cora, dagAbAz2a aadi| arthAt aise loga pretayoni meM janma grahaNa karate haiN| petavatthu graMtha se bhI isa bAta kA samarthana hotA hai| petavatthu ke prAraMbha meM hI yaha bAta kahI gaI hai ki dAna karane se dAtA apane isa loka kA sudhAra karane ke sAtha sAtha pretayoni ko prApta apane saMbaMdhiyoM ke bhava kA bhI uddhAra karatA hai| preta pUrvajanma ke ghara kI dIvAra ke pIche Akara khar3e rahate haiM, cauka meM athavA mArga ke kinAre Akara bhI khar3e ho jAte haiN| jahAM bar3e bhoja kI vyavasthA ho, vahAM ve vizeSa rUpa se pahuMcate haiN| loga unakA smaraNa kara unheM kucha nahIM dete, to ve duHkhI hote haiM / jo unheM yAda kara unheM dete haiM, ve unake AzIrvAda prApta karate haiN| preta loka meM vyApAra athavA kRSi kI vyavasthA nahIM hai jisase unheM bhojana mila ske| unake nimitta isa loka meM 1 ERE-Cosmogomy & Cosmalogy-zabda dekheM / mahAyAnamAnya varNana abhidharmakoSa caturtha sthAna meM dekheM /

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( 151 ) jo kucha diyA jAtA hai, usI ke AdhAra para unakA jIvana nirvAha hotA hai| isa prakAra ke vivaraNa petavatthu meM upalabdha hote haiN| lokAntarika naraka meM bhI pretoM kA nivAsa hai| vahAM ke preta che kosa UMce haiN| manuSya loka meM nijhAmataNha jAti ke preta rahate haiN| inake zarIra meM sadA Aga jalatI hai / ve sadA bhramaNazIla hote haiN| inake atirikta pAli graMthoM meM khuppipAsa, kAlaMkajaka, utUpajIvI nAma kI preta jAtiyoM kA bhI ullekha hai| jaina sammata paraloka jainoM ne samasta saMsArI jIvoM kA samAveza cAra gatiyoM meM kiyA hai, manuSya, tiryaMca, nAraka tathA deva / marane ke bAda manuSya apane karmAnusAra ina cAra gatiyoM meM se kisI eka gati meM bhramaNa karatA hai / jaina sammata deva tathA naraka loka ke viSaya meM jJAtanya bAteM ye haiM jainamata meM devoM ke cAra nikAya haiM-bhavanapati, vyantara, jyotiSka, tathA vaimaanik| bhavanapati nikAya ke devoM kA nivAsa jaMbUdvIpa meM sthita meru parvata ke nIce uttara tathA dakSiNa dizA meM hai| vyaMtara nikAya ke deva tInoM lokoM meM rahate haiN| jyotiSka nikAya ke deva meru parvata ke samatala bhUmi bhAga se sAta sau navve yojana kI UMcAI se zurU hone vAle jyotizcakra meM haiN| yaha jyotizcakra vahAM se lekara eka sau dasa yojana parimANa taka hai| isa cakra se bhI Upara asaMkhyAta yojana kI UMcAI ke anantara uttarottara eka dUsare ke Upara avasthita vimAnoM meM vaimAnika deva rahate haiN| bhavanavAsI nikAya ke devoM ke dasa bheda haiM-asura kumAra, 1 petavatthu 1.5. 2 Buddhist Conception of Spirits p. 42.

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( 152 ) nAga kumAra, vidyut kumAra, suparNa kumAra, agni kumAra, vAta kumAra, stanita kumAra, udadhi kumAra, dvIpa kumAra aura dika kumAra / vyaMtaranikAya ke devoM ke ATha prakAra haiM-kinnara, kiMpuruSa, mahoraga, gaMdharva, yakSa, rAkSasa, bhUta, pizAca / / ___ jyotiSka devoM ke pAMca prakAra haiM-sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra, prakIrNatArA / vaimAnika devanikAya ke do bheda haiM-kalpopapanna, kalpAtIta / kalpopapanna ke 12 bheda haiM-saudharma, aizAna, sAnatkumAra, mAhendra, brahmaloka, lAntaka, mahAzukra, sahasrAra, Anata, prANata, AraNa tathA acyuta / eka mata 16 bheda' svIkAra karatA hai| kalpAtIta vaimAnikoM meM nava graiveyaka aura pAMca anuttara vimAnoM kA samAveza hai| nava praiveyaka ke nAma ye haiM-sudarzana, supratibaddha, manorama, sarvabhadra, suvizAla, sumanasa, saumanasa, priyaMkara, Aditya / pAMca anuttara vimAnoM ke nAma ye haiM-vijaya, vaijayanta, jayanta, aparAjita, sarvArthasiddha / ___ ina saba devoM kI sthiti, bhoga, saMpatti Adi ke saMbaMdha meM vistRta varNana jijJAsuoM ko tattvArthasUtra ke caturtha adhyAya tathA bRhatsaMgrahaNI Adi graMthoM meM dekha lenA caahie| jaina mata meM sAta naraka mAne haiM-ratnaprabhA, zarkarAprabhA, vAlukAprabhA, paMkaprabhA, dhUmaprabhA, tamaH prabhA, mahAtamaH prabhA / ye sAtoM naraka uttarottara nIce nIce haiM aura vistAra meM bhI adhika haiN| unameM duHkha hI duHkha hai| nAraka paraspara to duHkha utpanna karate hI haiN| isake atirikta saMkliSTa asura bhI prathama tIna naraka bhUmiyoM meM duHkha dete haiN| naraka kA vizada varNana tattvArthasUtra ke tIsare adhyAya meM hai| jijJAsu vahAM dekha sakate haiN| 1 brahmottara, kApiSTha, zukra, zatAra-ye cAra nAma adhika haiN|

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hamAre prakAzana Studies in Jaina Philosophy -Dr. Nathmal Tatia, M.A., D. Litt. Rs. 16/Lord Mahavira -Dr. Bool Chand, M.A., Ph.D. Rs. 4/8/Jainism-The oldest Living Religion. -J. P. Jain, M.A., LL.B. Rs. 1/8/Hastinapura ---Shri Amar Chand, M.A. Rs. 2/4/prAcIna jaina tIrtha -DaoN0 jagadIzacandra jaina, Ph.D. jainagrantha aura granthakAra-zrI phatahacanda belAnI Rs. 1/8/tattvArtha sUtra -paM0 zrI sukhalAla jI Rs. 5/8/dharma aura samAja Rs. 1/8/cAra tIrthakara Rs. 2/ vistRta sUcI-patra ke lie likheMzrI jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maMDala banArasa-5 Education International