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(i) Causals are formed by adding to the roots that end in आ • g. ठा ' to stand '; ठाइ ' he stands, aag he causes to stand ', हा ' to bathe ' हाइ ' he bathes ', राहावेद ' he bathe. '.
causes to
(ii) If a root ends in short, the short is lengthened and a added to it eg. कर ' to do '; करेइ ' he does', करावेइ ' he causes to do '; कप्प ' to cut' कप्पइ ' ho cuts', कप्पाचेद्द he causes to cut'.
(iii) In some roots the medial short is lengthened without adding च eg. मर ' to die ', मरइ ' ho dies' मारेछ ' ho kills ', पड to fall, to lie, q3g he lies', qr he lays'.
C
(iv) In Demonstratives, the nouns themselves are used as verbs. Sometimes a is inserted. rug he bathes' ('bath') उच्चारेहू 'he eases himself' ( उच्चार ' stools '), पासवणेह ' he makes water' (a 'urine'), aga he calls' ('sound').
Passive Voice.
As a general rule, the Passive is formed by inserting g between the root and the termination e. g. ug he hears' gज्जइ he is heard'; geag he asks' gegnghe is asked;' 'he says', 'he is said.'
Irregular.
( i ) लब्भइ ( Skt. लभ्यते ) he is found', मुश्चह ( Skt. मुच्यते ) he is released', भिज्जइ ( Skt. भिद्यते ) he is separated,' नज्जइ ( Skt. ज्ञायते ) 'it is known' etc.
(ii) कोर is sometimes used instead of करिज्ज eg. कीरइ 'it is done.'
Participles.
(i) Present Active Participle is formed by adding a or माण to the root, eg. पासंत, पासमाण 'seeing'; चिड़ंत, चिट्ठमाण ‘staying’; चरंत, चरमाण 'moving'.
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