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________________ JAINA BHASA DARSANA jaina bhASA darzana 1 PROF. SAGAR MAL JAIN * loyammi // saccaM le BHOGILAL LEHERCHAND sArabhUyaM // A90700NI INSTITUTE OF BHOGILAL LEHERCHAND INSTITUTE OF INDOLOGY DELHI (Extension Centre Patan)
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________________ B. L. Series No. 3 JAINA BHASA-DARSANA [ JAINA PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE ] by Prof. Sagar Mal Jain Director P. V. Research Institute, Varanasi-5 nisArabhUyaM satyalAyasi ** BH00 AL LEHERO ITUTE OF VAND INST BHOGILAL LEHERCHAND INSTITUTE OF INDOLOGY DELHI (Extension Centre Patan)
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________________ Published by Pratapbhai Bhogilal B. L. Institute of Indology 22th Km., G, T. Karnal Road Delhi First Edition : 1986 Price Rs, 50.00 Printed by Babulal Jain Phagulla Mahavir Press Bhelupur, Varanasi-10
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________________ bI0 ela0 sirIja naM0 3 jaina bhASAbhASA - darzana lekhaka pro0 sAgaramala jaina nidezaka pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI-5 bhogIlAla leharacanda bhAratIya saMskRti saMsthAna dillI - pATaNa
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________________ prakAzaka pratApabhAI bhogIlAla bho0 le0 bhAratIya saMskRti saMsthAna , 22 vA~ kimI0 jI0 TI0 karanAla roDa, dillo prathama saMskaraNa : 1986 mUlya ru0 50.00 mudraka bAbUlAla jaina phAgulla mahAvIra presa, bhelUpura, vArANasI - 10 ( u0 pra0 )
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________________ jaina-vidyA kI ananya upAsikA mahattarA sAdhvI zrI mRgAvatozrIjI evaM jainadarzana ke mUrdhanya vidvAn paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ko sAvara samarpita
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________________ bhogIlAla leharacanda bhAratIya saMskRti saMsthAna ne apanI vyAkhyAnamAlA yojanA ke antargata DA0 sAgaramala jaina, nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI-5 ko AmaMtrita kiyA thA / DA. jaina ne sarvathA navIna aura asparzita viSaya "jaina bhASA-darzana" para 27, 28 evaM 29 sitambara, 1983 ko saMsthAna meM vidvattApUrNa evaM bodhagamya tIna vyAkhyAna diye / unake vyAkhyAnoM ko eka grantha ke rUpa meM pAThakoM ke hAthoM meM samarpita karate hue Aja hameM atyanta prasannatA kA anubhava ho rahA hai| isa maMgala-velA para hama saMsthAna ke mArgadarzaka paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke bhI AbhArI haiM jinake kAraNa saMsthAna kI vividha yojanAe~ mUrtarUpa le rahI haiM / hama DA0 sAgaramala jaina tathA pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna ke saMcAlaka evaM adhikArI varga ke bhI AbhArI haiM kyoMki prastuta kRti ke mudraNa Adi kArya unake sahayoga se hI vArANasI meM pUrNa hue haiM / isa avasara para saMsthAna ke bhU0 pU0 nidezaka DA0 vI0 ema0 kulakarNI ke bhI hama AbhArI haiM jinhoMne ina vyAkhyAnoM kA Ayojana kiyA thaa| aMta meM hama mahAvIra presa ke bhI AbhArI haiM jinhoMne isa grantha ko sundara DhaMga se mudrita kiyaa| pratApa bhogIlAla
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________________ SETH BHOGILAL LEHERCHAND Born: 9th April, 1883 Died: 7th December, 1979 MOTTO IN LIFE 'Simple living - High thinking'
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________________
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________________ lekhakIya paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke nirdeza para bhogIlAla leharacanda bhAratIya saMskRti saMsthAna, pATaNa ne mujhe san 1983 meM tIna vyAkhyAna dene hetu AmaMtrita kiyA tathA vyAkhyAna ke viSaya kA nirNaya bhI svayaM mujha para hI chor3a diyaa| yadyapi ina vyAkhyAnoM ke hetu jaina tattvajJAna, jaina tarkazAstra aura jaina AcArazAstra ke kisI bhI pakSa kA cayana kiyA jA sakatA thA kintu maiMne socA ki ina saba viSayoM para kAphI kucha kahA jA cukA hai| ataH kisI aise viSaya kA ho cayana kiyA jAye jo samakAlIna darzana kI samasyAoM se sambandhita hokara jaina dArzanikoM ke cintana kI mahattA ko spaSTa kara ske| bhASA-vizleSaNa samakAlIna darzana-jagat ko eka pramukha vidhA hai| ataH maiMne jaina bhASA-darzana para hI apane vyAkhyAna taiyAra karane kA nirNaya liyaa| prastuta grantha inhIM vyAkhyAnoM kA kucha parivardhita rUpa hai| apane isa adhyayana meM mujhe jo sarvAdhika saMtoSa milA vaha yaha ki samakAlIna bhASA-vizleSaNa ke aneka mUlabhUta praznoM para Aja se lagabhaga 2000 varSa pUrva bhI jaina ciMtaka vicAra kara cuke haiN| Aja jise hama samakAlIna darzana kI navIna vidhA kahakara prastuta kara rahe haiM vaha do sahasra varSa pUrva bhI bhAratIya dArzanika ciMtana kA eka suvicArita viSaya thii| prastuta grantha jaina bhASA-darzana para prathama grantha hai| merI mAnyatA hai ki abhI isa kSetra meM tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se gambhIra ciMtana aura lekhana kI apekSA hai| prastuta grantha meM maiMne mAtra tulanA ke saMketasUtra hI diye haiM aura maiM AzA karatA hU~ ki bhaviSya meM ise AdhAra banAkara adhika gaMbhIra aura tulanAtmaka vivecana prastuta hoNge| vyAkhyAna kI apanI sImA aura kAla-maryAdA hotI hai| ataH viSaya se sambandhita aneka pakSoM ko yA to sparza hI nahIM kara pAyA hU~ yA unheM sUtrarUpa meM hI prastuta kara pAyA huuN| jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhagavatI, prajJApanA aura anuyogadvAra sUtra se lekara upAdhyAya yazovijaya ( 17 vIM zatAbdI ) ke 'bhASArahasyaprakaraNa' taka isa viSaya para jainAcAryoM ne paryApta cintana kiyA hai aura likhA hai| yaha grantha to mAtra dizA saMketaka hai| punaH maiM apane jJAna aura adhyayana kI apanI sImAoM ko jAnatA hU~ ataH yaha dAvA nahIM karatA hU~ ki jaina bhASA-darzana ke sambandha meM yahA~ jo kucha kahA gayA hai vahI eka mAtra evaM antima vyAkhyA hai| vidvat varga ke sujhAva evaM mArgadarzana kA sadaiva svAgata hai| pAzcAtya bhASA-vizleSaNa kA bhI maiM koI adhikArI vidvAna nahIM hai, ataH isa sambandha meM mere TippaNa bhI agnima carcA ke viSaya banAye jA sakate haiM aura banAye jAne caahie| prastuta kRti ke prathama adhyAya meM bhASA-darzana ke vikAsa aura jaina bhASA-darzana kI samasyA ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai, sAtha hI isa adhyAya meM bhASA-darzana ke pUrvarUpa vibhajyavAda kI carcA kI gayI hai| grantha kA dUsarA adhyAya mukhyarUpa se bhASA kI utpatti, vicAra aura bhASA ke sambandha, bhASA ke prakAra aura bhASA ke mUla upAdAnoM para vicAra karatA hai / sAtha hI isa adhyAya meM lipi ke sambandha meM bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| tIsarA adhyAya zabda ke svarUpa, zabda kI paudgalikatA, zabda kI anityatA, zabda aura usake vAcyArtha ke sambandha, nAmakaraNa kI paddhati, zabda kA
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________________ - 8 vAcya jAti yA vyakti Adi para vicAra karatA hai| isI adhyAya meM sphoTavAda aura apohavAda kI avadhAraNA aura usakI samIkSA bhI prastuta kI gayI hai| sAtha hI AkRtivAda aura jena-darzana ke sambandha ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| adhyAya cAra mukhyarUpa se vAkya ke svarUpa se sambandhita hai / isameM vAkya ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vibhinna dArzanika matoM aura unakI samIkSA prastuta kI gayI hai| isI adhyAya meM abhihitAnvayavAda aura anvitAbhidhAnavAda ke svarUpa kI carcA kI gayI hai| adhyAya pAMca meM vAcyArtha- nirdhAraNa ke sambandha meM jaina darzana ke naya aura nikSepa ke siddhAntoM kI carcA kI gayI hai| adhyAya chaH meM bhASA kI vAcyatA-sAmarthya tathA avaktavya ke svarUpa para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| adhyAya sAta bhASA aura satya ke sambandha ko spaSTa karatA hai| isa adhyAya meM isa prazna para bhI vistAra se carcA kI gayI hai ki kisa prakAra ke bhASAyI kathana satyatA aura asatyatA kI koTi meM Ate haiM aura kisa prakAra ke bhASAyI kathana satyatA aura asatyatA kI koTi se pare haiM / isa prakAra prastuta kRti meM jaina bhASA-darzana ke vibhinna pakSoM ko prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| isa kRti ke prakAzana kI isa velA meM sarvaprathama maiM bhogIlAla leharacanda bhAratIya saMskRti saMsthAna ke saMsthApaka zrI pratApabhAI evaM tatkAlIna nidezaka DA0 vI0 ema0 kulakarNI kA AbhArI hU~, jinhoMne na kevala ina vyAkhyAnoM kA Ayojana kiyA apitu inheM grantharUpa meM prakAzita karane kA bhI nirNaya liyaa| isa saba ke mUla meM paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA kI preraNA hI mukhya hai, ataH isa avasara para unake prati hArdika kRtajJatA jJApana karanA merA prathama kartavya hai / prastuta grantha meM parAmarza aura dArzanika patroM meM chape mere lekhoM "sattA kitanI vAcya, kitanI avAcya", "vibhajyavAda : Adhunika bhASA-vizleSaNa kA pUrvarUpa", "jaina darzana meM jJAna aura kathana kI satyatA kA prazna" ke aMza bhI yathAvat rUpa meM yA kucha parivartana ke sAtha liye gaye haiM isakI anumati ke lie maiM donoM patroM ke sampAdakoM ke prati apanA AbhAra vyakta karatA huuN| isa avasara para svAmI zrI yogIndrAnanda jI ke prati zraddhA evaM kRtajJatA jJApita karanA bhI merA punIta kartavya hai, jinhoMne grantha kI bhUmikA likhane kI mahatI kRpA kii| yaha pUjya pitA zrI rAjamala jI mAtu zrI gaMgAvAI ke AzIrvAda evaM patnI kamalA ke sahayoga kA pariNAma hai ki yaha grantha nirvighna rUpa se pUrNa ho skaa| sAtha hI pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna kA nIrava vAtAvaraNa evaM samRddha granthAgAra bhI grantha-praNayana ke mahattvapUrNa aMga rahe haiM, ataH usake maMtrI zrI bhUpendranAthajI evaM anya sabhI karmacArI bhI dhanyavAda ke pAtra haiN| . prastuta grantha kI presa kApI taiyAra karane evaM prUpha-saMzodhana meM mujhe apane sahayogI evaM zodhachAtroM DA0 bhikhArIrAma yAdava, DA. aruNa pratApa siMha, DA. ravizaMkara mizra Adi kA bhI sahayoga prApta huA hai, zrI maheza kumAra jI ne isakI zabda-sUcI evaM viSayasUcI taiyAra kI, ataH ina sabakA AbhArI huuN| maiM una jJAta-ajJAta mitroM kA bhI smaraNa karanA cAhU~gA jinhoMne mere vyAkhyAnoM ke avasara para paricarcA meM bhAga liyA aura apane vicAroM se lAbhAnvita kiyA tathA anya kisI rUpa meM isa kRti ke praNayana meM sahayoga diyaa| sAgaramala jaina
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________________ anukramaNikA adhyAya 1 viSaya - praveza 1-11 AtmAbhivyakti prANIya prakRti 1; AtmAbhivyakti kA sAdhana : bhASA 1; bhASA aura bhASA - darzana 2; pAzcAtya cintana meM bhASA darzana kA vikAsa 2; bhAratoya cintana meM bhASA darzana kA vikAsa 4; jaina bhASA darzana kI samasyAe~ 5; jaina paramparA meM bhASA-vizleSaNa kA eka prAcIna sandarbha 5; vibhajyavAda : samakAlIna bhASAdarzana kA pUrvarUpa 9. adhyAya 2 bhASA aura lipi 12-27 bhASA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM jaina dRSTikoNa 12; bhASA kI utpatti ke anya siddhAnta aura jenadarzana 13; vicAra aura bhASA 15; bhASA ke prakAra 17; akSarAtmaka bhASA ke prakAra 19; anakSarAtmaka bhASA 20; bhASA ke mUla upAdAna 21; akSara / varNa kI paribhASA 21; akSara ke bheda 22; svara aura vyaMjana 23; mAtRkAkSara 24; lipi 24. adhyAya 3 jaina zabda - darzana -28-58 bhASA aura zabda 28; zabda kI paribhASA 30; bhASAyIjJAna meM arthabodha kI prakriyA 30; kyA bhASA rUpa meM pariNata zabda paudgalika hI hai ? 33; zabda kI ANvika saMracanA kA siddhAnta 34; zabda kI anityatA 36; zabda artha kaise pAtA hai 37; zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa ( nAmakaraNa ) 38; varNa saMkhyA ke AdhAra para 38; cetanA lakSaNa ke AdhAra para 38; jAtivAcaka athavA vyaktivAcaka hone ke AdhAra para 38; trividhanAma 39; dravya, guNa aura paryAya ke AdhAra para 39; liGga ke AdhAra para 39; caturvidhanAma 39; paJcavidhanAma 39; SaDvidhanAma 40; saptavidhanAma 40 ; aSTavidhanAma 40; navavidhanAma 41 ; dazavidhanAma 41; anekArthaka zabdoM ke vAcyArtha nirdhAraNa kI samasyA 42 ; zabda kA vAcya sAmAnya (jAti) yA vizeSa (vyakti) 44; zabda aura usake vAcyArtha kA sambandha 47; zabda aura artha ke sambandha kI anityatA 48; sphoTavAda pUrvapakSa 50; sphoTavAda kA khaNDana 51; apohavAda : bauddhoM kA pUrvapakSa 52; apohavAda kI samAlocanA 53; AkRti - vAda aura jainadarzana 55; pada kA svarUpa 57; zabda, pada aura vAkya kA antara 58. adhyAya 4 jaina vAkyadarzana 59-72 jainadarzana meM vAkya kA svarUpa 59; vAkya ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vibhinna mata aura unakI samAlocanA 60; AkhyAta pada hI vAkya hai 60; padoM kA saMghAta vAkya hai 61; sAmAnya tattva (jAti) hI vAkya hai 62; vAkya akhaNDa ikAI hai 63; krama
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________________ vAda evaM usakI samIkSA 63; buddhigRhIta tAtparya ho vAkya hai-isa mata kA svarUpa evaM samIkSA 64; Adya pada (prathama pada ) hI vAkya hai-isa mata kA svarUpa evaM samIkSA 64; sAkAMkSa pada hI vAkya hai 65; vAkya ke sambandha meM jaina dRSTikoNa 65; vAkyArtha bodha sambandhI siddhAnta 66; abhihitAnvayavAda pUrvapakSa 66; vAkyArtha ke Avazyaka tattva-AkAMkSA 67; yogyatA 67; sannidhi 67; tAtparya 67; abhihitAnvayavAda kI samIkSA 68; anvitAbhidhAnavAda pUrvapakSa 69; anvitAbhidhAnavAda kI samIkSA 70. adhyAya 5 vAcyArtha nirdhAraNa ke siddhAnta : naya aura nikSepa 73-79 zabda kA vAcyArtha aura naya 73; saptanaya-naigamanaya 74; saMgrahanaya 74; vyavahAranaya 75; RjusUtranaya 75; zabdanaya 75; samabhirUDhanaya 76; evaMbhUtanaya 76; nikSepa siddhAnta 77; nAmanikSepa 77; sthApanAnikSepa 78; dravyanikSepa 78; bhAva nikSepa 78. adhyAya 6 bhASA kI vAcyatA sAmarthya 80-86 bhASA kI vAcyatA sAmarthya sImita aura sApekSa 80; sattA kI vAcyatA kA prazna 82; avaktavyatA kA artha 83. adhyAya 7 bhASA aura satya 87-100 jJAna kI satyatA kA prazna 87; kathana ko satyatA kA prazna 88; jaina darzana meM kathana kI satyatA kA prazna 90; satya bhASA 91; asatya bhASA 93, satya-mRSA kathana 94; asatya-amRSA kathana 96; asatya-amRSA bhASA ke prakAra-AmantraNI 96; AjJApanIya 96; yAcanIya 96, pRcchanIya 97; prajJApanIya arthAt upadezAtmaka bhASA 97; pratyAkhyAnIya 97; icchAnukUlikA 97; anabhigrahItA 97; abhigrahItA 97; saMdehakAriNI 97; vyAkRtA 98; avyAkRtA 98; bhASAyI abhivyakti ko sApekSika satyatA 98.
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________________ adhyAya 1 viSayapraveza AtmAbhivyakti prANIya prakRti pratyeka prANI kI yaha sahaja evaM svAbhAvika pravRtti hai ki vaha apanI anubhUtiyoM aura bhAvanAoM ko dUsare prANiyoM ke sammukha prakaTa karatA hai aura isa prakAra dUsaroM ko bhI apane jJAna, anubhUti aura bhAvanA kA sahabhAgI banAtA 1 prANI kI isI pArasparika sahabhAgitA kI svAbhAvika pravRtti ko jainAcArya umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra meM 'parasparopagraho jIvAnAm" nAmaka sUtra ke dvArA spaSTa kiyA hai / vastutaH yaha pArasparika sahabhAgitA kI pravRtti hI sAmAjika jIvana kI AdhArabhUmi hai / hama sAmAjika haiM, kyoMki hama apanI anubhUtiyoM evaM bhAvanAoM meM dUsaroM ko sahabhAgI banAe binA athavA dUsaroM kI bhAvanAoM evaM anubhUtiyoM meM sahabhAgI bane binA nahIM raha sakate / yadi kisI vyakti ko aise sthAna para bandI banA diyA jAe, jahA~ use jIvana jIne kI sArI sukha-suvidhAe~ to upalabdha hoM, kintu vaha apanI anubhUtiyoM aura bhAvanAoM ko abhivyakti na de sake, to nizcaya hI aise vyakti ko jIvana nissAra lagane lagegA aura sambhava hai ki vaha kucha samaya pazcAt pAgala hokara AtmahatyA kara le| kevala manuSya hI nahIM, apitu pazupakSI bhI binA AtmAbhivyakti ke jI nahIM sakate haiN| saMkSepa meM - jainadarzana ke anusAra AtmAbhivyakti ke mAdhyama se dUsaroM ko apanI anubhUti aura bhAvanAoM kA sahabhAgI banAnA aura dUsaroM kI abhivyaktiyoM ke artha ko samajhakara unakI anubhUti aura bhAvanAoM meM sahabhAgI bananA -- yaha prANIya prakRti hai / aba prazna yaha uThatA hai ki anubhUtiyoM aura bhAvanAoM kA yaha sampreSaNa kaise hotA hai ? AtmAbhivyakti kA sAdhana bhASA vizva ke samasta prANI apanI bhAvanAoM evaM anubhUtiyoM kI abhivyakti do prakAra se karate haiM - 1. zArIrika saMketoM ke mAdhyama se aura 2. dhvani saMketoM ke mAdhyama se / inhIM dhvani saMketoM ke AdhAra para hI boliyoM evaM bhASAoM kA vikAsa huA hai| vizva ke samasta prANiyoM meM 'manuSya isIliye sabase adhika saubhAgyazAlI hai ki use abhivyakti yA vicAra sampreSaNa ke liye eka vikasita bhASA milI huI hai / zabda pratIkoM - jo ki sArthaka dhvani saMketoM ke suvyavasthita rUpa haiM- ke mAdhyama se apane vicAroM evaM bhAvoM ko abhivyakti de pAnA, yahI manuSya kI apanI viziSTatA hai / kyoMki zabdapradhAna bhASA ke mAdhyama se manuSya jitanI spaSTatA ke sAtha apane vicAroM evaM bhAvoM kA sampreSaNa kara sakatA hai, utanI spaSTatA se vizva kA koI dUsarA prANI nahIM / udAharaNa ke lie koI bhI vyakti mAtra dhvani saMketa yA aMga-saMketa se kisI vastu kI svAdAnubhUti kI abhivyakti utanI spaSTatA se nahIM kara sakatA hai, jitanI zabdapradhAna bhASA ke mAdhyama se kara sakatA hai / yadyapi bhASA yA zabda- pratIkoM ke mAdhyama se kI gaI yaha abhivyakti apUrNa, AMzika evaM mAtra saMketa rUpa hI hotI hai, phira bhI abhivyakti kA isase adhika spaSTa koI anya mAdhyama khojA nahIM jA sakA hai| 1. tattvArthasUtra, 5 / 21 /
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________________ 2: jaina bhASA-darzana bhASA aura bhASA-darzana hamane vyaktiyoM, vastuoM, tathyoM, ghaTanAoM, kriyAoM evaM bhAvanAoM ke kucha zabda-pratoka banA liye haiM aura bhASA hamAre ina zabda-pratIkoM kA hI eka suniyojita khela hai| saMkSepa meM kaheM to hamane unheM 'nAma' de diye haiM aura inhIM nAmoM ke mAdhyama se hama apane bhAvoM, vicAroM evaM tathyasambandhI jAnakAriyoM kA sampreSaNa dUsaroM taka karate haiN| udAharaNa ke lie hama kursI zabda se eka viziSTa vastu ko athavA 'prema' zabda se eka viziSTa bhAvanA ko saMketita karate haiM / mAtra yahI nahIM, vyaktiyoM, vastuoM, guNoM, tathyoM, ghaTanAoM, kriyAoM evaM bhAvanAoM ke lie evaM unake pArasparika vibhinna prakAra ke sambandhoM ke lie athavA una sambandhoM ke abhAva ke lie bhI hamane zabda-pratIka banA liye haiM aura bhASA kI racanA inhIM sArthaka zabdapratIkoM ke tAne-bAne se huI hai| bhASA zabda-pratIkoM kI vaha niyamabaddha vyavasthA hai, jo vaktA ke dvArA sampreSaNIya bhAvoM kA jJAna zrotA ko karAtI hai| bhASA ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vicAra karane vAlI jJAna kI do zAkhAe~ haiM-1. bhASAvijJAna aura 2. bhASA-darzana / yadyapi bhASA-vijJAna aura bhASA-darzana donoM hI bhASA ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vicAra karate haiM, donoM ke adhyayana kI viSayavastu 'bhASA' hI hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki donoM kisI bhASA vizeSa ko apane adhyayana kA viSaya na banAkara bhASA ke sAmAnya tattvoM kA hI adhyayana karate haiN| phira bhI donoM kI mUlabhUta samasyAe~ aura adhyayana kI dRSTiyA~ bhinna-bhinna haiN| bhASAvijJAna mukhyataH bhASA kI saMracanA tathA bhASA evaM lipi ke vikAsa kA adhyayana karatA hai, jabaki bhASA-darzana mukhya rUpa se bhASA kI vAcyatA-sAmarthya, zabda aura usake vAcyArtha kA sambandha evaM kathana kI satyatA kI samIkSA karatA hai / isa prakAra bhASA-darzana bhASA-vijJAna se bhinna hai kyoMki vaha bhASA ke sambandha meM dArzanika samasyAoM para hI vicAra karatA hai, jabaki bhASA-vijJAna mukhyataH bhASA kI saMracanA evaM svarUpa para vicAra karatA hai| pAzcAtya cintana meM bhASA-darzana kA vikAsa bhASA-darzana aura bhASA-vizleSaNa vartamAna yuga meM darzana kI pramukha aura mahattvapUrNa vicArapraNAlI hai| yadi hama pAzcAtya dezoM meM darzana ke vikAsa kA adhyayana karate haiM, to yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki pazcima meM prAcIna, madhyakAlIna, Adhunika evaM samakAlIna darzana-dhArAoM kI apanI-apanI viziSTa pravRtti rahI hai| prAcInakAla meM darzana kA vivecya-viSaya tattvamImAMsA rahA hai| jIvana aura jagat ke malabhata upAdAnoM kI khoja hI prAcIna grIka-darzana kI mulabhata pravatti tho / usa yuga me dArzanika carcA ke mUlabhUta prazna the--paramatattva kyA hai ? kaisA hai ? isa jagat kI utpatti kaise huI ? jagat ke mUlabhUta upAdAna kauna-kauna se haiM ? Adi-Adi / pAzcAtya darzana ke kSetra meM dUsarA mor3a IsAI dharma kI sthApanA ke pazcAt aayaa| isakA kAla IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI se lekara pandrahavIM zatAbdI taka hai| isa yuga meM darzana dharma ke adhIna ho gayA aura usakA mukhya pratipAdya viSaya Izvara aura zAstra kA prAmANya siddha karanA ho gayA / Izvara ke svarUpa aura astitva ko siddha karanA hI isa yuga kI mukhya dArzanika pravRtti thii| isa yuga meM zraddhA pradhAna aura tarka gauNa bana gayA thaa| pazcimI dArzanika cintana ke kSetra meM tosarA mor3a dekArta aura spInoz2A se mAnA jA sakatA hai, jaba darzana ko dharma kI adhInatA se makta kara vaijJAnika tarka-paddhati para adhiSThita kiyA gayA / yadyapi ye dArzanika bhI mUlataH tattvamImAMsA pradhAna hI rahe / isa yuga meM darzana kA vAstavika dizA-parivartana to laoNka aura barkale ke cintana se hI prArambha
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________________ viSayapraveza : 3 hotA hai / ina dArzanikoM ke sAmane mUlabhUta prazna thA ki paramatattva Adi kI carcA karane ke pUrva hama isa bAta para vicAra kareM ki hamAre jJAna kI sAmarthya kyA hai ? hamAre jAnane kI prakriyA kyA hai ? hama kise jAnate haiM arthAt hamAre jJAna kA viSaya kyA hai ? isa prakAra isa yuga meM dArzanika vivecana tattvamImAMsA aura IzvaramImAMsA se haTakara jJAnamImAMsA para kendrita ho gayA / mAnavIya jJAna ke sAdhana, mAnavIya jJAna kA sImA kSetra aura mAnavIya jJAna ke viSaya kI carcA hI pramukha att | yadyapi yaha durbhAgyapUrNa hI rahA ki ina sArI carcAoM kI antima pariNati ajJeyavAda aura sandehavAda ke rUpa meM huI / pAzcAtya darzana ke kSetra meM cauthA mor3a vartamAna bIsavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvAddha meM prArambha hotA hai| isa yuga ke darzana kI mukhya pravRtti bhASA - vizleSaNa hai / ina dArzanikoM ne yaha mAnA ki dArzanika cintana, vimarza aura vivecana kA AdhAra bhASA hai / jaba taka hama bhASA ke svarUpa aura zabdoM ke artha (meaning) kA samyak nirdhAraNa nahIM kara lete, taba taka dArzanika vivecanAe~ nirarthaka banI rahatI haiN| kyoMki hama jo kucha socate haiM, jo kucha bolate haiM aura apane vicAroM ko jisa rUpa meM abhivyakta karate haiM athavA dUsaroM ke vicAroM ko jisa rUpa meM samajhate haiM, ina sabakA AdhAra bhASA hai / isalie sarvaprathama hameM bhASA ke svarUpa kA tathA usase hone vAle artha-bodha kA vizleSaNa karanA hogA / bhASA - vizleSaNa ke pramukha dArzanika viTgensTIna kA kathana hai ki hamAre bahuta se dArzanika prazna aura tarkavAkya isalie khar3e hote haiM ki hama apanI bhASA kI prakRti ko nahIM jAnate / aneka dArzanika samasyAe~ kevala isalie banI huI haiM ki hama bhASA ke tArkika svarUpa ko samyak rUpa se nahIM samajha pAye haiN'| yadi hama apanI bhASA kI tArkika prakriyA ko samajha leM, to aneka dArzanika samasyAe~ svataH samApta ho jAyeMgI / viT gensTIna balapUrvaka yaha bhI kahate haiM ki dArzanika samasyAe~ tabhI uThatI haiM, jabaki bhASA avakAza grahaNa kara letI hai / " samakAlIna pAzcAtya darzana meM Aja bhASA - vizleSaNa dArzanika cintana kI eka pramukha vidhA banA huA hai / yadyapi uparyukta vargIkaraNa kA yaha artha nahIM ki una una yugoM meM dArzanika cintana kI anya vidhAe~ pUrNatayA anupasthiti thIM / grIka aura madhyayugIna pAzcAtya darzana meM bhI jJAnamImAMsA ke sAtha-sAtha bhASA darzana sambandhI praznoM para kucha carcA avazya hotI rahI hai / sukarAta, pleTo aura arastU ne bhASA-sambandhI dArzanika praznoM kI carcA kI hai / mAtra yahI nahIM, unhoMne aneka dArzanika pratyayoM (zabdoM) kA artha - vizleSaNa bhI kiyA / udAharaNArthaM jaba sukarAta - nyAya kyA hai ? jJAna kyA hai ? zubha kyA hai ? ina praznoM ko upasthita karatA hai to usakA mukhya uddezya ina dArzanika pratyayoM ke artha kA vizleSaNa karanA hI hai / isIprakAra pleTo jaba yaha kahatA hai "aneka vizeSa vastuoM kA eka sAmAnya nAma hotA hai, to hama mAnate haiM ki unameM nAma ke anurUpa eka 1. I believe, that the reason why problems are posed is that the logic of our language is misunderstood. -Tractatus Logico Philosophicus.-Preface P. 3 2. For philosophical problems arise when language goes on holiday. -Philosophical Investigation, 38.
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________________ 4: jaina bhASA-darzana AkAra (Idea) nihita rahatA hai (ripablika, buka 10, 496) / arastU yaha mAnatA hai ki kriyA kA prayoga binA kartA ke nahIM hotA / hama yaha nahIM kahate 'baiThatA hai 'calatA hai balki, kahate haiM 'vaha baiThatA hai' 'vaha calatA haiM / isa bhASika vizeSatA se vaha yaha niSkarSa nikAlatA hai ki kartA (dravyoM) kA svataMtra astitva hotA hai,kriyA kA nhiiN| (meTAphijiksa baka jeTA, adhyAya 1) isI prakAra barkale yaha mAnatA hai ki-sAmAnya dhAraNA ke viparIta bhASA kA mukhya uddezya kevala vicAroM kA sampreSaNa hI nahIM apitu anya uddezya bhI haiM, jaise bhAvanA ko ubhAranA, kisI kriyA ke lie prerita karanA yA avaruddha karanA, mana meM kisI pravRtti ko utpanna karanA Adi (uddhata-Introduction to logic-Copy p. 33) / ' hamAre uparyukta vargIkaraNa kA abhiprAya itanA hI hai ki kisa yuga meM dArzanika cintana kI kauna-sI vidhA pramukha rahI hai| bhASA kA dArzanika vizleSaNa pahale bhI hotA rahA hai kintu taba vaha kevala eka sAdhana mAnA gayA thaa| Aja bhASA-vizleSaNa darzana kA eka mAtra kArya bana gayA hai| Aja darzana mAtra bhASA-vizleSaNa hai / yadyapi hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki darzana ke kSetra meM jaba eka vidhA pramukha bana jAtI hai, to anya vidhAe~ mAtra usakA anusaraNa karatI haiM aura unake niSkarSa usI pramukha vidhA ke AdhAra para nikAle jAte haiM / udAharaNa ke lie madhyayuga meM tattvamImAMsA aura jJAnamImAMsA dharmazAstra kA anusaraNa karatI pratIta hotI haiM to samakAlIna cintana meM tattvamImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA aura AcAra-darzana sabhI bhASA-vizleSaNa para AdhArita ho gaye haiM aura bhASA-vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para nikAle gaye niSkarSoM ke dvArA unakI vyAkhyA hone lagI hai| bhAratIya cintana meM bhASA-darzana kA vikAsa - jahA~ taka bhAratIya darzana kA prazna hai, yaha satya hai ki yahA~ bhI darzana kA prArambha tattvamImAMsIya praznoM se hI huA hai / paramasattA, jIvana aura jagat prArambhika bhAratIya cintana ke kendrabindu rahe haiM / phira IsA pUrva chaThI zatI se bandhana yA duHkha, bandhana yA duHkha kA kAraNa, mukti aura mukti ke upAya bhAratIya dArzanika cintana ke AdhAra bane aura tattvamImAMsA ke sthAna para AcAradarzana pradhAna kendra bnaa| kintu dArzanika cintana ke vikAsa ke sAtha hI IsA kI prathama zatAbdI se hI yahA~ jJAnamImAMsA aura bhASA-darzana kI vividha samasyAoM para gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra-vimarza prArambha ho gayA thaa| yadyapi prAcIna bhAratIya cintana meM bhI tattvamImAMsIya aura jJAnamImAMsIya samasyAoM ke sAtha-sAtha sattA kI vAcyatA ko lekara bhASA-darzana ke kSetra meM bhI kisI sImA taka darzana kA praveza ho gayA thA / bhASAdarzana kI aneka samasyAe~ bhArata ke dArzanika sAhitya meM prAcInakAla se hI upalabdha hotI haiN| paramatattva kI anirvacanIyatA ke rUpa meM bhASA kI sAmarthya evaM saM kI carcA hameM aupaniSadika cintana meM bhI upalabdha ho jAtI hai| pANini aura pataMjali ne bhASAdarzana sambandhI aneka samasyAoM ko udghATita kiyA hai aura jinake AdhAra para Age calakara bhartRhari ne pUrA vaiyAkaraNa-darzana hI khar3A kara diyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, nyAya tathA mImAMsA jaise Astika darzanoM meM aura bauddha tathA jaina jaise nAstika kahe jAnevAle darzanoM meM zabda aura usake vAcyArtha kI samasyA. zabda-prAmANya kI samasyA tathA bhASAyI kathanoM kI satyatA va a samasyA para kAphI gambhIratA se carcA huI hai| bhAratIya darzana ke kSetra meM vaiyAkaraNikoM kA pUrA 1. draSTavya--samakAlIna pAzcAtya darzana (sampAdaka-DaoN0 lakSmI saksenA), pR0 153-54 / 2. All philosophy is critique of language. -Tractatus Logico Philosophicus 4.003.
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________________ viSayapraveza : 5 sampradAya hI bhASA kI samasyA ko pramukha banAkara calatA hai| yaha bAta alaga hai ki zabda-brahma kI sthApanA kara usane apane cintana kI dizA tattvamImAMsA kI ora mor3a dI ho| bauddhoM ne apane 'apohavAda' meM zabda ke vAcyArtha ke prazna para kAphI gambhIratA se carcA kI hai| isIprakAra vedoM ke prAmANya ko siddha karane hetu mImAMsakoM ne bhASA-darzana ke aneka praznoM ko gambhIratA se uThAyA hai| jahA~ taka jainoM ke bhASA-darzana kA prazna hai. cAhe unhoMne zabda kI nityatA evaM zabda kA artha se sambandha Adi ke sandarbha meM mImAMsakoM, vaiyAkaraNikoM aura bauddhoM ke bAda praveza kiyA ho, kintu vastutattva ko anirvacanI yatA, kathana kI satyatA Adi bhASA-darzana ke kucha aise prazna haiM, jina para prAcInatama jaina AgamoM meM bhI prakAza DAlA gayA hai| zabda kI vAcyatA-sAmarthya kA prazna AcArAMga meM upalabdha hai| sthAnAMga ke 10 veM sthAna meM satya-bhASA, asatya-bhASA kI carcA hai, prajJApanA kA 'bhASA-pada', anuyAgadvAra kA nAma-pada bhASA-darzana se sambandhita hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM bhI bhASA sambandhI kucha vivecanAeM upalabdha haiN| mahAvIra ke jIvanahI jAmAtR jamAlI dvArA uThAyA gayA vivAda, jisake kAraNa saMgha-bheda bhI huA-bhASA-darzana se hI sambandhita thaa| bhagavatIsUtra ke prArambha meM evaM pUnaH jamAlI vAle prasaMga meM isa carcA ko vistAra se uThAyA gayA hai| ina sabhI ko jainoM ke bhASA-darzana kA eka pramukha AdhAra mAnA jA sakatA hai| punaH nikSepa aura naya kI avadhAraNAe~ bhI AgamoM meM upalabdha haiM, ina avadhAraNAoM kA mUlabhUta uddezya bhI vaktA ke kathana kI vivakSA arthAt vaktA ke Azaya ko samajhanA hai| ataH ye avadhAraNAe~ bhI mUlataH arthavijJAna (Scienee of meaning) aura bhASA-darzana se sambandhita haiN| pUjyapAda, mANikyanandI, prabhAcandra Adi jaina dArzanikoM ne kramazaH tattvArthavArtika, prameyakamalamArtaNDa, nyAyakumudacandra Adi granthoM meM zabda aura artha ke sambandha ke prazna ko lekara kAphI gambhIratA se carcA kI hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bhASA-vizleSaNa kI pravRtti, jo jaina AgamoM meM upalabdha hai, Age calakara jaina nyAya ke granthoM meM to kAphI vikasita ho gaI hai| prastuta nibandha meM hamane inheM suniyojita rUpa meM prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| jaina bhASA-darzana kI samasyAeM jaina bhASA-darzana kI bhASA-vizleSaNa ke sAtha-sAtha nimna mUlabhUta samasyAe~ rahI haiMbhASA kI utpatti kaise hotI hai ? bhASA kI prakRti evaM saMracanA kyA hai ? bhASA apane artha kA bodha kaise karAtI hai ? kyA zabda aura usake vAcyArtha meM koI sambandha hai ? aura yadi hai, to vaha kisa prakAra kA sambandha hai ? zabda kA vAcyArtha jAti hai yA vyakti athavA sAmAnya hai yA vizeSa? bhASA ko vAcyatA kI sImA kyA hai? kyA sattA (vastutattva) anirvacanIya yA avAcya hai? bhASA kA satyatA se kyA sambandha hai ? vAkyoM, kathanoM athavA nirNayoM kI satyatA aura asatyatA kA AdhAra kyA hai ? vAkya (kathana) kaba satya hotA hai aura kaba asatya hotA hai ? vAkyoM ke ve kauna se prakAra yA prArUpa haiM, jo satyatA aura asatyatA kI koTi meM nahIM Ate haiM ? Adi / prastuta nibandha meM hama jaina darzana ke pariprekSya meM inhIM samasyAoM ko samajhane kA prayatna kreNge| jaina paramparA meM bhASA-vizleSaNa kA eka prAcIna sandarbha jaina dArzanikoM ke lie bhASA-vizleSaNa (Linguistic analysis) kA prazna kitanA mahattvapUrNa rahA hai, isa tathya kA sabase bar3A pramANa yahI hai ki jaina dharma meM mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM hI prathama
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________________ 6 : jaina bhASA darzana saMghabheda bhASA-vizleSaNa ko lekara huA / isa prathama saMghabheda ke kartA bhI anya koI nahIM, svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke bhAgineya evaM jAmAtA jamAlI the / vivAda kA mUla viSaya thA- kriyamAna (Presento-cntinuous ) kA kyA atha hai ? use kRta kahA jA sakatA hai yA nahIM ? mahAvIra kI mAnyatA yaha thI ki kriyamAna ko kRta kahA jA sakatA hai, jabaki jamAlI kriyamAna ko akRta kahate the / vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra ke prathama zataka ke prathama uddezaka meM gautama mahAvIra ke sammukha yahI prazna upasthita karate haiM he bhagavan ! kyA calamAna ( calate hue) ko calita ( calA), udIryamAna ko udIrita, vedyamAna ko vedita, prahoNamAna ko prahINa, chidyamAna ko chinna bhidyamAna ko bhinna, dahyamAna ( jala rahe) ko dagdha (jalA), mriyamAna ko mRta, nirjIryamAna ko nijIrNa kahA jA sakatA hai ? hA~ gotama ! jo cala rahA hai, use calA, jo udIryamAna hai, use udIrNa; jo vedyamAna hai, use vedya, jo prahINamAna hai, use prahINa; jo chidyamAna hai, use chinna; jo bhidyamAna hai, use bhinna; jo dagdhamAna hai, use dagdha; jo mriyamAna hai, use mRta aura jo nirjIryamAna hai, use nirjIrNa kahA sakatA hai / " isake viparIta jamAlI kI mAnyatA yaha thI ki koI bhI kriyA jaba taka pUrNa nahIM ho jAtI, taba taka use 'kRta' (huI ) nahIM kahA jA sakatA / dUsare zabdoM meM jo cala rahA hai, use calA aura jo jala rahA hai, use jalA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / jamAlI ke dvArA isa mAnyatA ko svIkRti dene ke pIche bhI eka ghaTanA rahI huI hai-- ghaTanA ne jamAlI ko mahAvIra kisI samaya jamAlI apane pA~ca sau ziSyoM ke sAtha grAmAnugrAma vicaraNa karate hue zrAvastI nagara meM Aye / usa samaya rukSa evaM prAnta AhAra ke kAraNa unakA zarIra rogagrasta ho gayA aura unheM asahya pIr3A hone lgii| unhoMne apane ziSyoM ko Adeza diyA ki mere lie saMstAraka ( bichaunA) bichA do / ziSya unake Adeza ko mAnya karake bistara bichAne lage, idhara prabala vedanA se pIDita ho ve bAra-bAra pUchane lage ki kyA bistara bichA diyA gayA hai ? ziSyoM kA uttara thA - bistara abhI bichA nahIM hai, bichAyA jA rahA hai (No kaDe, kajjati ) / basa isI ke 'kriyamAna kRta' ke siddhAnta kA virodhI banA diyA / unake mana meM vicAra utpanna huA ki zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra jo isa prakAra AkhyAta karate haiM, prarUpita karate haiM ki calamAna calita, udIryamAna udIrita, vedyamAna vedita, prahINamAna prahINa, chidyamAna chinna, bhidyamAna bhinna, dagdhamAna dagdha, mriyamAna mRta aura nirjIrNamAna nirjIrNa hai - vaha mithyA hai, kyoMki yaha pratyakSa dikhAI detA hai ki jaba taka zayyAsaMstAraka bichAyA jA rahA hai, taba taka vaha bichAyA gayA nahIM hai arthAt jo kriyamAna hai, vaha akRta hai (kajjamANe akaDe ) / ataH calamAna calita nahIM, apitu acalita hai; udIryamAna udIrita nahIM, 1. se nUNaM bhaMte ! calamANe calie ? ? udIrijjamANe udIrie 2 ? vedijjamANe vedie 3 ? pahijjamANe pahINe 4 ? chijjamANe chiNNe 5 ? bhijjamANe bhiNNe 6 ? dajjhamANe daDDhe 7 ? mijjamANe mae 8 ? nijjarijjamANe nijjipaNe 9 ? haMtA goyamA ! calamANe calie jAva nijjarijja bhANe nijjiNNe / - bhagavatIsUtra 1/1/11 /
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________________ viSayapraveza : 7 apitu anudIrita hai; vedyamAna vedita nahIM, apitu avedita hai; prahINamAna prahINa nahIM, apitu aprahINa hai; chidyamAna chinna nahIM, apitu achinna hai; bhidyamAna bhinna nahIM, apitu abhinna hai; dagdhamAna dagdha nahIM, apitu adagdha hai; mriyamAna mRta nahIM, apitu amRta hai; nirjIrNamAna nirjIrNa nahIM, apitu anirjIrNa hai / ' vastutaH mahAvIra aura jamAlI ke madhya jo yaha vivAda calA, usakA mukhya AdhAra bhASAvizleSaNa hai / mahAvIra kI mAnyatA yaha thI ki cAhe vyavahAra ke kSetra meM kriyamAna, dagdhamAna, bhidyamAna Adi kriyA-vizeSaNoM kA prayoga karate hoM, kintu saiddhAntika dRSTi se ye bhASAyI prayoga asaMgata haiM / aMgrejI bhASA meM jise hama Continuous Present kahate haiM aura saMskRta bhASA meM jise vartamAnakAlika kRdanta ke dvArA abhivyakta karate haiM athavA hindI bhASA meM - vaha khA rahA hai, jA rahA hai, likha rahA hai Adi ke rUpa meM jo kriyA-pada prayoga karate haiM - ve vastutaH vartamAnakAlika na hokara tInoM kAloM meM usa kriyA kA honA sUcita karate haiN| 'maiM likha rahA hU~' isa vAkya kA tAtparya hai, maiMne bhUtakAla meM kucha likhA, vartamAna meM likhatA hU~ aura merI yaha likhane kI kriyA bhaviSya meM bhI hogI / vastutaH mahAvIra ne upayukta vyAkhyA meM kriyA ke bhUtakAlika pakSa ko adhika mahattvapUrNa mAnA aura yaha siddhAnta sthApita kiyA ki kriyamAna ko kRta kahA jA sakatA hai; jabaki jamAlI ne usake bhaviSya -kAlika pakSa ko adhika mahattvapUrNa mAnA aura kriyamAna ko akRta kahA / mahAvIra ne jamAlI kI mAnyatA - ki jaba taka koI kriyA pUrNataH samApta na ho jAye, taba taka use kRta nahIM kahanA -- meM yaha doSa dekhA ki kriyamAna- kriyA ke pUrva samayoM meM kucha kArya to avazya huA hai, ataH use akRta kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? udAharaNArtha - yadi koI vyakti cala rahA hai, to kathana-kAla ke pUrva vaha kucha to cala cukA hai athavA koI vastu jala rahI hai to kathana - kAla taka vaha kucha to jala cukI hai / ataH unhoMne mAnA ki vAcyatA ke pUrva ke kriyA ke bhUtakAlika pakSa kI dRSTi se kriyamAna ko kRta aura dahyamAna ko dagdha kahA jA sakatA hai / vyAvahArika bhASA meM bhI hama aise prayoga karate haiM, jaise yadi koI vyakti kalakattA ke liye ghara se ravAnA ho gayA hai, to usake 1. tae NaM tassa jamAlissa aNagArassa ayameyArUve ajjhatthie citie patthie maNogae saMkappe samuppajjitthA - jaNaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre evamAikkhai jAva evaM parUvei -- evaM khalu calamANe calie, udIrijjamANe udIrie, vedijjamANe vedie, pahijjamANe pahINe, chijjamANe chiNNe, bhijjamANe bhiNNe, dajjhamANe daDDhe, mijjamANe mae, nijjarijjamANe nijiNe, taNNaM micchA / imaM ca NaM paccakkhameva dosai sejjA - saMthArae kajjamANe' akaDe, saMtharijjamANe asaMtharie / jamhA NaM sejjA- saMthArae kajjamANe akaDe, saMtharijjamANe asaMtharie | tumhA calamANe vi acalie jAva nijjarijjamANe vi anijjiNe - evaM saMpehei, saMpehettA samaNe niggaMthe saddAvei, saddAvettA evaM vayAsI -- jaNNaM devANuppiyA ! samaje bhagavaM mahAvIre eva mAikkhai jAva parUvei -- evaM khalu calamANe calie jAva nijjarijjamANe nijjiNNe, taNNaM micchA / imaM caNaM pacca kkhameva dIsai sejjo - saMthArae kajjamANe akaDe, saMtharijjamANe asaMtharie / jamhA NaM sejjA- saMthArae kajjamANe akaDe, saMtharijjamANe asaMtharie / tamhA calamANe vi acalie jAva nijjarijjamANe vi anijjiNe || - bhagavai ( jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM), 9 / 33/228 /
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________________ 8: jaina bhASA-darzana sambandha meM pUchane para hama kahate haiM ki vaha kalakattA gayA, cAhe vaha abhI kalakattA pahu~cA nahIM ho| isI prakAra penTa yA zarTa ke eka bhAga ke jalane para hama yaha kahate haiM ki merA penTa yA zarTa jala gyaa| mahAvIra ke upAsaka DhaMka nAmaka kumbhakAra ne bhASA ke isa vyAvahArika prayoga ke AdhAra para jamAlI kI mAnyatA ko asaMgata batAyA thaa| kisI samaya mahAvIra kI putrI evaM jamAlo kI sAMsArika patnI priyadarzanA apane zramaNIsamUha ke sAtha DhaMka kumbhakAra kI kumbhakArazAlA meM ThaharI huI thii| DhaMka kumbhakAra ne usake sAr3I ke pallU para eka jalatA haA aMgArA DAla diyA, phalataH usakI sAr3I kA eka komA jala gyaa| yaha dekhakara usane kahA 'merI sAr3I jala gaI / ' DhaMka ne avasara kA lAbha uThAte hue kahA-Apake siddhAnta ke anusAra jaba taka koI kriyA pUrI nahIM ho jAto, taba taka vaha akRta hotI haidahyamAna dagdha nahIM, apitu adagdha hai, ataH jaba taka pUrI sAr3I jala nahIM jAtI, taba taka ApakA yaha vacana-vyavahAra ki 'sAr3o jala gaI' mithyA evaM Apake siddhAnta kA virodhI hogaa| DhaMka kumbhakAra kI yaha yukti saphala rahI aura priyadarzanA ko mahAvIra ke siddhAnta kI yathArthatA kA bodha ho gyaa| vastutaH kriyamAna, dahyamAna Adi pada kArya yA kriyA ke sampanna yA pUrNa hone ke sUcaka to nahIM haiM, kintu ve usake bilakula nahIM hone ke sUcaka bhI nahIM haiM / ve yahI sUcita karate haiM ki kArya yA kriyA kA kucha bhAga avazya sampanna ho gayA hai / dahyamAna-yaha kRdanta pada itanA avazya sUcita karatA hai ki jalAne kA kucha kArya avazya huA hai / punaH dahyamAna ko hama vartamAnakAlika ghaTanA mAnate haiM, kintu vartamAna to kSaNa mAtra hotA hai / ataH kSaNika vartamAna meM kriyA kA satata cAlU rahanA sambhava nahIM hai| kSaNa mAtra kI avasthiti vAle vartamAna kI apekSA se to koI kriyA yA to kRta hogI yA akRta / cU~ki kathana kiye jAne ke pUrva samayoM meM usa kriyA kA kucha aMza avazya hI ho cukA hai, ataH usa dRSTi se vaha kRta kahI jA sakatI hai| jaba bhI use kahane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai, vaha bhUta kA aMga bana jAtI hai arthAt kRta ho jAtI hai / vastutaH kriyamAna yaha pada svayaM hI vadatovyAghAta hai| kriyamAna, dahyamAna Adi kRdanta padoM kA zabdazaH 'ho rahA hai 'jala rahA hai'-aisA artha svIkAra karane kA tAtparya hai, vartamAna ko eka kSaNa se adhika mAnanA / kintu yaha mAnyatA svayaM hI AtmavirodhI hai| yadyapi 'kriyamAna' meM kriyA kA jo aMza sampanna nahIM huA hai, usakI apekSA se arthAt bhaviSya meM sampanna hone vAle kriyA ke aMza kI dRSTi se akRtatA hai, kintu vaha akRtatA bhatakAlika kRtatA kI ekAnta niSedhaka bhI nahIM hai / sampanna kArya aMza kI apekSA se kriyamAnatA meM kRtatA bhI hai, ataH kriyamAna ko kRta kahA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH "kriyamAna' zabda AMzika rUpa se kRtatA aura akRtatA donoM kA sUcaka hai, ataH ekAnta rUpa meM use akRta kahanA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| mahAvIra ne jamAlI kI 'kriyamAna akRta hai (kajjamANe akaDe)-isa dhAraNA kA jo virodha kiyA, vaha kriyamAna kI akRtatA ko ekAnta rUpa se svIkAra karane kA virodha hai| isa samagra carcA kA sAra yahI hai ki zabda ke artha kA nizcaya sandarbha aura prayoga ke AdhAra para kiyA jAnA cAhie, ekAntika rUpa se nahIM / 1. Avazyaka niyukti haribhadrIya vRti (mU0 bhA0 gAthA 126), pR0 208-209 /
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________________ viSayapraveza : vibhajyavAda, samakAlIna bhASA-darzana kA pUrvarUpa mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya aneka dArzanika vicAradhArAyeM pracalita thiiN| usa samaya jainoM ke anusAra 180 kriyAvAdI, 84 akriyAvAdI, 32 vinayavAdo aura 67 ajJAnavAdI-isa prakAra 363 aura bauddhoM ke anusAra 62 dArzanika sampradAya' pracalita the| buddha aura mahAvIra ne ina sabake dArzanika virodhoM ko dekhA aura pAyA ki ye sabhI dArzanika matavAda dArzanika jijJAsAoM ke ekapakSIya samAdhAnoM para khar3e hue haiM aura isalie paraspara eka dUsare ke virodhI bana gaye haiN| unakI dRSTi meM tattvamImAMsIya praznoM ke ekapakSIya evaM nirapekSa uttara hI mithyA dhAraNAoM ko janma dete haiM / AtmA nitya hai yA anitya hai ? zarIra aura AtmA bhinna haiM yA abhinna ? Adi praznoM kA uttara jaba aikAntika yA nirapekSa rUpa meM diyA jAtA hai, to vastu-svarUpa kA yathArtha pratipAdana nahIM ho paataa| vizva kI samasta sattAe~ aura samagra ghaTanAeM apane Apa meM eka jaTila tathya haiM aura jaTila tathyoM kA samyak pratipAdana to vizleSaNa kI paddhati ke dvArA hI sambhava hai| isalie mahAvIra aura buddha ne eka NAlI vikasita kI, jisameM dArzanika evaM vyAvahArika jaTila praznoM ke uttara unheM vividha pahaluoM meM vizleSita kara diye jAte the| praznoM ko vizleSita kara uttara dene kI yaha paddhati jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM vibhajyavAda ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| vibhajyavAda eka vizleSaNavAda (Analytic method) hai / praznoM kA yaha vizleSaNa hI hameM tAttvika samasyAoM kI sahI samajha de sakatA hai, yahI kAraNa thA ki aneka sandarbho meM buddha ne samakAlIna bhASA-vizleSakoM ke samAna hI tattva-mImAMsA kA pratyAkhyAna kara tAttvika praznoM ko Anubhavika stara para hI vyAkhyA karanA ucita samajhA aura yaha kahA ki jahA~ Anubhavika stara para vyAkhyA karanA sambhava nahIM ho, vahA~ mauna rahanA hI adhika zreyaskara hai| mahAvIra ne bhI apane bhikSuoM ko spaSTa nirdeza diyA thA ki ve tAtvika carcA yA vyAvahArika praznoM ke samAdhAna meM vibhajyavAdI yA vizleSaNAtmaka paddhati hI apanAyeM aura nirapekSa rUpa se koI bhI kathana na kreN| buddha bhI apane ko vibhajyavAdI kahate the| bauddha-grantha aMguttaranikAya meM kisI prazna kA uttara dene kI cAra paddhatiyA~ prastuta kI gaI haiM-1) ekAMzavAda-prazna kA ekapakSIya yA nirapekSa uttara denA, (2) vibhajyavAda-prazna ko vibhAjita yA vizleSita karake usake pratyeka pakSa kA sApekSa uttara denA, (3) pratiprazna-prazna kA sIdhA uttara na dekara usa para pratiprazna kara denA aura (4) avyAkRtavAda-prazna ko avyAkaraNIya arthAt uttara ke ayogya kaha denA / " buddha ne tattvamImAMsIya praznoM ke sandarbha meM mukhyataH avyAkRta1. sUyagaDeNa asIyassa kiriyAvAisayassa, caurAsIIe akiriyA vAieNaM, sattaTThIe aNNAnivAINaM, battIsAe veNaiyavAINaM, tiNNa tisaThThINaM pAsaMDiyatayANaM vUhaM kiccA sasamae tthaavijji| -nandisUtra, 84 2. dvaastthiditttthigtaani"| -dekheM, dIghanikAya, brahmajAlasutta -Pali-English Dictionary, P. 156 3. bhikkhU vibhajjavAyaM ca viyaagrejjaa| -sUtrakRtAMga, 1114 / 22. 4. vibhajjavAdo kho ahamettha mANava; nAhamettha ekaMsavAdo |-mjjhimnikaay, Vol. II pR0 469 (subhasatta) 5. cattArimAni, bhikkhave, paJcabyAkaraNAni / katamAni cattAri? atthi, bhikkhave, paJho ekasa byAkaraNIyo; atthi, bhikkhave, paJho vibhajjabyAkaraNIyo; atthi, bhikkhave, patrho paTipucchA vyAkaraNIyo; atthi, bhikkhave, paJho ThapanIyo / imAni kho, bhikkhave, cattAri paJhabyAkaraNAnI ti /
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________________ 10 : jaina bhASA-darzana vAda aura vibhajyavAda kI paddhati ko apnaayaa| mahAvIra ne bhI kisI sImA taka ina donoM paddhatiyoM ko svIkAra kiyaa| phira bhI paravartI bauddha dArzanikoM kI dRSTi meM avyAkRtavAda sAdhya aura vibhajyavAda (vizleSaNavAda) sAdhana bana gayA, jisase anta meM zUnyavAda kA vikAsa haa| jabaki paravartI jaina dArzanikoM ne isI vibhajyavAda (vizleSaNavAda) ke AdhAra para syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI kA vikAsa kiyA, jisameM avyAkRtavAda avaktavya-bhaMga ke rUpa meM saptabhaMgI kA eka bhaMga mAtra raha gyaa| sAtha hI usa avaktavyatA ko bhI sApekSa rUpa meM hI svIkAra kiyA gyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, jaina AcAryoM ne ekAMzavAdI paddhati ko apane naya siddhAnta ke sAtha samAyojita kara use bhI syAdvAda ke adhIna kara liyaa| jainoM ke syAdvAda aura nayavAda meM kisa prakAra samakAlIna bhASA-vizleSaNavAda ke tattva upasthita haiM, isakI carcA to yathAprasaMga hama kareMge hI, yahA~ isa prAstAvika kathana meM to mAtra itanA hI batAnA cAhate haiM ki samakAlIna bhASA vizleSaNa kI dArzanika paddhati ke bIja vibhajyavAda ke rUpa meM kisa prakAra IsA kI 6 Tho zatAbdI pUrva bhI jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM upasthita the| vibhajyavAda kA zAbdika artha bhI vizleSaNavAda (Analytic-Method) hI hai / vastutaH jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM svIkRta vibhajyavAda jisakA paravartI vikAsa kramazaH syAdvAda aura zanyavAda meM huA, mUlataH vizleSaNa kI paddhati hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha samakAlIna pAzcAtya bhASA-vizleSaNa kA hI pUrvarUpa yA agraja hai| vibhajyavAda ko spaSTa karane ke lie yahA~ hama kucha dArzanika aura vyAvahArika praznoM ko leMge aura dekheMge ki vibhajyavAdI usakA vizleSaNa kisa prakAra karatA hai| mAna lIjiye-kisI ne prazna kiyA ki zarIra aura cetanA (jIva) bhinna-bhinna haiM yA abhinna haiM ? vibhajyavAdI isakA sIdhA uttara na dekara pahale to yaha jAnanA cAhegA ki bhinnatA athavA abhinnatA se praznakato kA kyA tAtpaya hai ? dUsare yaha ki yaha bhinnatA aura abhinnatA bhI kisa sandarbha meM pUchI jA rahI hai| punaH bhinnatA se usakA tAtparya tathyAtmaka bhinnatA se hai athavA vaicArika yA pratyayAtmaka bhinnatA se hai ? aura yaha bhinnatA bhI Anubhavika jagata ke sandarbha meM yA tAttvika sandarbha meM pUchI jA rahI hai| kyoMki bhinnatA zabda ke pratyeka tAtparya ke AdhAra para aura pratyeka sandarbha meM isa prazna ke uttara alaga-alaga ho sakate haiM / jaise zarIra aura cetanA (AtmA) ko vicAra ke kSetra meM pRthak-pRthak kiyA jA sakatA hai kintu tathyAtmaka kSetra meM hama unheM eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM kara sakate / ve cintana ke kSetra meM bhinna mAne jA sakate haiM, lekina jAgatika anubhava ke kSetra meM to abhinna haiM, kyoMki jagat meM zarIra se pRthak cetanA kahIM upalabdha nahIM hotI hai / punaH mRta vyakti ke sandarbha meM zarIra ko cetanA se pRthak mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu jIvita vyakti ke sandarbha meM unheM eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / ataH mahAvIra aura paravartI jaina AcAryoM ne kahA thA ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna bhinna bhI haiM aura abhinna bhI haiN| isI prakAra vyAvahArika jIvana ke kSetra meM jaba yaha pUchA jAye ki sonA ekaMsavacanaM ekaM, vibhajjavacanAparaM / tatiyaM paTipuccheyya, catutthaM pana ThApaye / / -aGgattaranikAya, Vol. II pR0 48 (catukkanipAtI rohitassa vaggo paJha byAkaraNasuttaM) 1. AyA, bhante ! kAye, anne kAye ? goyamA ! AyA vi kAye anne vi kaaye| -bhagavatI, 13.7 tulanIya-majjhimanikAya, Vol. II pR0 175-157
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________________ viSayapraveza : 11 acchA hai yA jAganA acchA hai, to isa prazna kA koI bhI nirapekSa uttara taba taka nahIM diyA jA sakatA, jaba taka ki yaha spaSTa na ho ki sone aura jAgane se praznakartA kA kyA tAtparya hai, punaH yaha bAta kisa prasaMga meM aura kisa vyakti ke sambandha meM pUchI jA rahI hai / udAharaNa ke lie, sonA kaI uddezyoM se ho sakatA hai - zarIra kI thakAvaTa miTAkara sphUrti prApta karane ke lie sonA athavA Alasyavaza sonA, isI prakAra sonA kaI sthitiyoM meM bhI ho sakatA hai-rAtri meM sonA, dina meM sonA, kakSA meM sonA; punaH sonevAle vyakti kaI prakAra ke ho sakate haiM - hiMsaka, atyAcArI aura duSTa athavA sajjana, sadAcArI aura sevAbhAvI / yahA~ kisalie, kaba aura kisakA- ye sabhI tathya sone yA jAgane ke tAtparya ke sAtha jur3e hue haiM, inakA vizleSaNa kiye binA hama nirapekSa rUpase yaha nahIM kaha sakate hai ki sonA acchA hai yA burA hai| zArIrika sphUrti ke lie, rAtri meM sonA acchA ho sakatA hai, jabaki Alasyavaza dina meM sonA burA ho sakatA hai / bhagavatI sUtra meM jayanti ne jaba mahAvIra se yaha prazna pUchA ki sonA acchA hai yA jAganA acchA hai ? to unhoMne kahA thA ki kucha jIvoM kA sonA acchA hai aura kucha jIvoM kA jAganA acchA hai, durAcArI kA sonA acchA hai aura sadAcArI kA jAganA acchA hai / vibhajyavAda anya kucha nahIM apitu praznoM yA pratyayoM ke artha (Meaning) kA vizleSaNa karake unheM sApekSa rUpa se spaSTa karanA hai / aMguttaranikAya meM bhagavAn buddha kahate haiM ki vidvAn (zabdoM, kathanoM aura pratyaya ke ) artha (Right-meaning ) aura anartha (False meaning) donoM kA jJAtA hotA hai, jo anartha kA parityAga karake artha kA grahaNa karatA hai, vahI artha ke siddhAnta (artha- abhisamaya) kA jAnakAra paNDita (dArzanika ) kahA jAtA hai / buddha ke uparyukta kathana meM samakAlIna bhASA darzana kA utsa nihita hai| jaina paramparA bhI zabda para nahIM, unake artha (meaning) para bala detI hai / tIrthaMkara artha kA vaktA hotA hai / Aja kA bhASAvizleSaNa bhI pratyayoM yA zabdoM ke artha kA vizleSaNa karake unheM spaSTa karatA hai tathA Anubhavika sandarbha meM unakI vyAkhyA karatA hai / dArzanika AdhAroM meM AMzika bhinnatA ke hote hue bho paddhati kI dRSTi se vibhajyavAda aura bhASA vizleSaNa meM samAnatA hai aura isI AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki Aja se 2500 varSa pUrva prastuta mahAvIra aura buddha kA vibhajyavAda samakAlIna bhASAvizleSaNavAda kA pUrvaja hai / 1. suttattaM, bhante ! sAhU, jAgariyataM sAhU ? jayaMti ! attha egaiyANaM jIvANaM suttataM sAhU, attha egaiyANaM jIvANaM jAgariyattaM sAhU | .....ahammiyA jIvANaM suttattaM sAhU / dhammiyA jIvANaM jAgariyattaM sAhU | 2. atho atthe anatthe ca ubhamassa hoti kovido / anatthaM parivajjeti atthaM gaNhAti paNDito / atthAbhisamayA dhIro paNDito ti pavuccatIti // 3. atthaM bhAsai arahA / --Avazyaka niryukti, 192 -bhagavatIsUtra, 12 / 2 - aGguttaranikAya, Vol. II pR0 48 (catukkanipAta, rohitassa vaggo, paJhabyAkaraNasutta)
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________________ adhyAya 2 bhASA aura lipi bhASA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM jaina dRSTikoNa jahA~ taka bhASA kI utpatti kA prazna hai, yaha kahanA atyanta kaThina hai ki bhASA kA prArambha kaba huA aura kisane kiyA / jaina sAhitya meM bhI bhagavAn RSabhadeva ko lipi kA AviSkartA batAyA gayA hai, bhASA kA nhiiN| ___ jahA~ taka bhASA kI utpatti kA prazna hai, hameM jaina sAhitya meM kahIM bhI aisA ullekha dekhane meM nahIM AyA, jisameM yaha batAyA gayA ho ki bhASA kA prArambha amuka vyakti yA amuka samaya meM huA / jaina Agama prajJApanAsUtra meM bhASA kI utpatti kA prazna uThAyA gayA hai, usameM gautama ne mahAvIra ke sammukha bhASA kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM nimna cAra prazna upasthita kiye haiM-(1) he bhagavan ! bhASA kA prArambha kaba se hai (2) bhASA kI utpatti kisase hotI hai (3) bhASA kI saMracanA (saMsthAna) kyA hai aura (4) usakA paryavasAna kahA~ hai ? ___ina praznoM meM prathama prazna kA uttara dete hue mahAvIra ne kahA- 'bhASA kA prArambha jIva (prANI jagat) se hai|' mahAvIra kA yaha uttara vartamAna yuga kI bhASA vaijJAnika khojoM se pramANita ho jAtA hai| bhASA prANI jagat meM hI sambhava hai| yaha bAta alaga hai ki vibhinna prANiyoM meM athavA mAnava itihAsa kI vibhinna avasthAoM meM bhASA kA svarUpa bhinna-bhinna rahA ho, parantu itanA nizcita satya hai ki prANo jagat ke astitva ke sAtha bhASA kA bhI astitva jur3A huA hai / bhASA AtmAbhivyakti kA sAdhana hai aura yaha AtmAbhivyakti kI pravRtti sabhI prANiyoM meM pAI jAtI hai| sabhI prANI AtmAbhivyakti ke lie viziSTa prakAra ke dhvani saMketoM athavA zArIrika saMketoM kA prayoga karate haiN| jaina cintakoM ne bhASA ko mukhyataH do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai-(1) akSarAtmaka bhASA aura (2) anakSarAtmaka bhASA / jaina darzana meM manuSyoM kI bhASA ko akSarAtmaka aura manuSyetara prANiyoM tathA atyalpavaya ke bAlakoM evaM mUka manuSyoM kI bhASA ko anakSarAtmaka bhASA ke rUpa meM nya kiyA gayA hai| Adhunika bhASA vaijJAnikoM ne bhI isa bAta ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki paza-pakSIjagat meM apanI AtmAbhivyakti ke lie dhvani evaM zArIrika saMketoM kA upayoga hotA hai, ataH 1 bhAsA NaM bhaMte ! kimAdiyA, kiMpavahA, kiMsaMThiyA, kiMpajjavasiyA? goyamA ! bhASA NaM jIvAdiyA, sarIrappabhavA, vajjasaMThiyA logataM paMjjavasiyA pnnnnttaa| -prajJApanA, bhASApada 2. bhASA lakSaNo dvividhaH sAkSaro'nakSa razceti / -sarvArthasiddhi (tattvArtha-TIkA), 5 / 24 / 294 / 12. 3. akkharagayA aNuvadhAdidiya saNNipaMcidiya pajjatta bhAsA / tattha aNakkharagayA bIiMdiyappahuDi jAva asaNNipaMcidiyANaM muhasamuSmadA bAla muasaNNipaMcidiya bhASA ca / -dhavalA, 1315-5-26 / 221110.
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________________ viSayapraveza : 13 jaina dArzanikoM kI yaha mAnyatA ki pazu jagat meM bhI avyakta rUpa meM bhASA kI pravRtti pAI jAtI hai, samucita siddha hotI hai| bhASA kA tAtparya saMketoM ke mAdhyama se bhAvoM kA sampreSaNa hai| cAhe kitane hI aspaSTa rUpa meM hI kyoM na ho, pazuoM meM bhI yaha pravRtti pAI jAtI hai| ataH jaina vicArakoM kI yaha mAnyatA samucita hai ki vizva meM jaba se prANI kA astitva hai, tabhI se bhA / kA astitva hai| prajJApanA ke uparyukta kathana kA tAtparya hI yaha hai ki bhASA ke Adi kA prazna prANI jagata ke 'Adi' ke prazna ke sAtha jaDA haA hai aura usase pathaka karake ise nahIM dekhA jA sakatA hai| cUMki jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra prANI jagat kA astitva anAdikAla se hai, ataH bhASA kA pravAha bhI anAdikAla se calA A rahA hai / yadyapi kAlakrama evaM dezAdi ke bheda se usameM bhinnatA kA honA bhI svAbhAvika hai| jainoM ke anusAra rAta ke svarUpa ke samAna bhASA ke svarUpa ko bhI pariNAmI-nitya hI mAnanA hogaa| bhASA parivartanoM ke madhya jIvita rahatI hai| unake anusAra bhASA kA koI sRSTA nahIM hai| vaha jIvana ke astittva ke sAtha hI calI A rahI hai, phira bhI deza evaM kAla-krama meM usameM parivartana hote rahate haiN| bhASA sAdi hai yA anAdi hai ? isa prazna kA samAdhAna jaina dArzanikoM ne zruta ke sAdizruta aura anAdizruta--aise do bheda karake bhI kiyA hai| zruta bhASA para AdhArita hai, ataH usake sAdi yA anAdi hone kA prazna bhASA ke sAdi yA anAdi hone ke prazna se jur3A huA hai| yadi jaina darzana meM apekSA bheda se zruta ko sAdi aura anAdi yA donoM mAnA jA sakatA hai, to phira apekSA bheda se bhASA ko bhI sAdi aura anAdi donoM kahA jA sakatA hai| kisI vizeSa vyakti ke dvArA yA kisI deza yA kAla meM vikasita hone kI apekSA se athavA kisI prayatna-vizeSa dvArA bolI jAne kI dRSTi se bhASA sAdi hai, kintu bhASA-paramparA yA bhASA-pravAha anAdi hai| yadyapi bhASA ko anAdi mAnane kA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki jaba se prANI jagata kA astitva hai. bhASA kA astitva hai arthAta saMketoM ke mAdhyama se bhAvoM evaM vicAroM ke sampreSaNa kA kArya hotA rahA hai| yaha bAta alaga hai ki Adhunika vaijJAnikoM kI dRSTi se isa pRthvI para kisI kAla vizeSa meM jIvana kA prArambha mAnA jAtA hai, kintu vizva meM jIvana ke astitva ko anAdi mAnakara hama bhASA ko anAdi mAna sakate haiM, yadyapi deza aura kAlagata parivartana bhASA ke svarUpa ko parivartita karate haiN| bhAratIya darzana meM mImAMsaka veda ko nitya aura vaiyAkaraNika varNa dhvani ko kSaNika mAnakara bhI sphoTa (arthabodhaka-sAmarthya) ko nitya mAnate haiM aura usa AdhAra para bhASA ko anAdi mAnate haiN| dUsarI ora naiyAyika zabda ko prayatnajanya aura jagat ko sRSTa mAnate haiM aura isa AdhAra para bhASA ko bhI sAdi yA Izvara-saSTa mAnate haiN| jabaki jaina sAmAnya bhASA arthAta saMketoM kI arthabodha sAmarthya ko nitya mAnakara bhI bhASA vizeSa ko sAdi yA anitya mAnate haiN| bhASA kI utpatti ke anya siddhAnta aura jainadarzana : bhASA kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM vibhinna siddhAnta pracalita haiN| kintu inameM prAcInatama siddhAnta bhASA kI devI utpatti kA siddhAnta hai, jo yaha mAnatA hai ki bhASA kI racanA Izvara ke dvArA kI gaI hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM nyAya-darzana bhASA ko Izvara ke dvArA sRSTa mAnatA hai| IsAI evaM islAma dharmoM meM bhI bhASA ko Izvara dvArA sRSTa batAyA gayA hai| yadyapi mImAMsaka dArzanika zabda ko anAdi mAnane ke kAraNa bhASA ko bhI anAdi batAte haiN| zabdAdvaitavAdiyoM ne zabda ko
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________________ 14 : jaina bhASA-darzana hI brahma mAnakara bhASA ko anAdi mAnA hai| phira bhI unakI anAdi kI kalpanA jainoM kI anAdi kI kalpanA se bhinna hai / jainoM kA anAdi se Azaya mAtra itanA hI hai ki bhASA kA prArambha kaba se haA, yaha batA pAnA kaThina hai| unhoMne bhASA ko Izvara-sRSTa nahIM mAnA hai| jainoM ke anusAra bhASA kI utpatti Izvara se nahIM apitu jIva-jagat yA prANI-jagat se hai| jaina cintakoM ke anusAra bhASA kI bahuvidhatA hI isa bAta kA sabase bar3A pramANa hai ki bhASA Izvara-sRSTa na hokara jIva-sRSTa hai| jIva-jagata kI vividhatA hI bhASA kI vividhatA kA AdhAra hai| yadyapi yaha Azcaryajanaka hai ki DA. bholAnAtha tivArI ne apanI pustaka 'bhASA-vijJAna' meM jainoM ko bhI bhASA kI dev| utpatti ke siddhAnta ko mAnanevAlA batA diyA hai| isake lie unhoMne jo udAharaNa prastuta kiyA hai vahI unake kathana ko asaMgata siddha kara detA hai / ve likhate haiM-jaina loga to saMskRta paMDitoM aura bauddhoM se cAra kadama Age haiM / unake anusAra to ardhamAgadhI kevala manuSyoM kI hI mUla bhASA nahIM, apitu sabhI jIvoM kI mUlabhASA hai / "aura jaba mahAvIra svAmI isa bhASA meM upadeza dete haiM to kyA daivI yoni ke loga aura kyA pazupakSI-sabhI usa upadeza kA rasAsvAdana karate the| DaoN0 bholAnAtha tivArI kI avadhAraNA vastutaH jaina paramparA ko samyakrUpa se nahIM samajha pAne ke kAraNa hai| jainoM ne yaha kabhI nahIM mAnA hai ki addhamAgadhI sabhI jIvoM kI mUla bhASA hai / jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra sabhI prANiyoM kI apanI-apanI bhASA hotI hai aura tIrthaMkaroM ke upadeza ko ve apanI-apanI bhASA meM hI samajhate haiM, na ki ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM / samavAyAMgasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki "bhagavAn ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM upadeza dete haiN| unake dvArA bolI gaI vaha ardhamAgadhI bhASA Arya, anArya Adi dvipada (manuSya), mRga, pazu Adi catuSpada, sarisRpa aura pakSI sabhI kI apanI-apanI hitakara, kalyANakara aura sukhakara bhASA meM pariNata ho jAtI hai''2 arthAt ve sabhI use samajhakara arthabodha prApta kara lete haiN| isase itanA spaSTa hai ki una sabakI apanI-apanI alaga bhASA hai, yadyapi yaha eka bhinna prazna hai ki ve use apanI bhASA meM kisa prakAra samajhate haiM ? isakA sambhAvya uttara yahI ho sakatA hai ki tIrthaMkara kucha aise dhvani saMketoM aura zArIrika saMketoM aura mudrAoM kA prayoga karate the, jisase ve unake kathana ke Azaya ko samajha lete the| Aja bhI mAnava vyavahAra meM aise aneka dhvani saMketa aura zarIra saMketa haiM, jinakA artha anya bhASA-bhASI hI nahIM, pazu-pakSI bhI samajha lete haiN| punaH digambara paramparA to tIrthaMkara kI divya dhvani ko akSarAtmaka na mAnakara anakSarAtmaka hI mAnatI hai| ataH jainoM ke anusAra na to koI Izvara jaisI sattA hai, jo bhASA kI sRSTi karatI hai, na tIrthaMkara hI bhASA ke sRSTA haiM / bhASA Izvara-sRSTa na hokara prANI-sRSTa hai tathA pravAha rUpa se anAdi hai / isa prakAra bhASA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM jainamata naiyAyikoM se bhinna hai| bhASA kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM bhASA-vaijJAnikoM meM dUsare siddhAnta-dhAtu-siddhAnta, nirNayasiddhAnta, dhvani-anukaraNa-siddhAnta, manobhAva-abhivyakti-siddhAnta, iMgita-siddhAnta Adi pracalita haiM / yadyapi inameM se koI bhI siddhAnta bhASA kI utpatti kI nirvivAda vyAkhyA de pAne meM samartha nahIM hai / vastutaH bhASA eka vikAsamAna evaM gatyAtmaka prakriyA hai| usa para aneka bAtoM kA prabhAva par3ata / isalie kevala kisI eka siddhAnta ke AdhAra para usakI utpatti ko siddha nahIM kiyA jA 1. bhASA vijJAna (bholAnAtha tivArI), pR0 28 / 2. samavAyAMga, 34 / 1 3. anakSarAtmako dvIndriyAdizabdarUpo divyadhvanirUpazca / -paMcAstikAya, tAtparyavRtti, 79 / 13517
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________________ viSayapraveza : 15 sakatA / jainiyoM ke anusAra bhASA-arthasaMketa aura arthabodha-jIva ke prayatnoM kA hI pariNAma hai aura ye prayatna deza, kAla aura paristhiti ke aneka tathyoM se prabhAvita hote haiN| jaina-darzana anekAntavAda kA samarthaka hai aura isalie ekAntarUpa se kisI eka avadhAraNA ko antima mAnakara nahIM cltaa| niSkarSa rUpa meM bhASA Izvara-saSTa na hokara abhisamaya yA paramparA se nirmita hotI hai| usake anusAra bhASA koI aisA tathya nahIM hai, jo banA banAyA (reDImeDa) manuSya ko mila gayA ho| bhASA banatI rahatI hai, vaha sthita nahIM, apitu satata rUpa se gatyAtmaka (DAyanamika) hai / vaha kisI eka vyakti kI, cAhe vaha Izvara ho yA tIrthaMkara ho, racanA nahIM hai, apitu kAlakrama meM paramparA se vikasita hotI hai| bhASA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM yahI eka aisA siddhAnta hai, jo jainoM ko mAnya ho sakatA hai| vicAra aura bhASA: yaha prazna mahattvapUrNa hai ki kyA bhASA ke binA vicAra yA cintana sambhava hai| sAmAnyatayA yahI mAnA gayA hai ki cintana ke lie bhASA yA zabda kA vyavahAra Avazyaka hai| koI bhI cintana binA bhASA yA zabda vyavahAra ke sambhava nahIM hai| jaina darzana meM, bhASA aura vicAra ke pArasparika sambandha ke isa prazna ko, matijJAna aura zrutajJAna ke pArasparika sambandha ke rUpa meM uThAyA gayA hai| yadyapi sabhI jaina AcAryoM ne isa bAta ko eka mata se svIkAra kiyA hai ki zrutajJAna (bhASAyI jJAna) matijJAna (arthAt indriya bodha) ke binA sambhava nahIM hai / zruta matipUrvaka hai, isa bAta ko tattvArtha evaM anya granthoM meM spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH cintana yA vimarza ke pUrva indriya samvedana Avazyaka hai| indriya-bodha hI vaha sAmagrI prastuta karatA hai, jisa para cintana yA manana hotA hai aura jisakA sampreSaNa dUsaroM ke prati kiyA jAtA hai / ataH jainoM kI yaha avadhAraNA samucita hI hai ki matijJAna (indriya bodha) pUrvaka hI zrutajJAna (bhASA-jJAna) hotA hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki matijJAna hI zrutajJAna kA poSaNa karatA hai, use pUrNatA pradAna karatA hai / kyoMki matijJAna se zrata kA panarAvartana hotA hai| matijJAna se (sanakara yA paDhakara) hI zratajJAna (bhASAyI jJAna prApta kiyA jAtA hai aura mati (vicAra yA cintana) pUrvaka hI zrutajJAna dUsaroM ko pradAna kiyA jAtA hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM matijJAna (anubhavajanya jJAna) aura zrutajJAna (bhASAjanya jJAna) ke sambandha ko lekara gambhIra carcA upasthita kI gaI hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASyakAra bhI isa bAta ko svIkAra karatA hai ki matijJAna pUrvaka hI zrutajJAna hotA hai, kintu matijJAna zrutajJAna pUrvaka nahIM hotA hai| yadyapi malladhArI AcArya hemacandra ne apanI vizeSAvazyaka vRtti meM itanA avazya svIkAra kara liyA hai ki matijJAna bhI dravyazruta pUrvaka hotA hai / vastutaH isa carcA meM utarane ke pUrva hameM yaha samajha lenA hogA ki zrutajJAna meM matijJAna kA aura matijJAna meM zrutajJAna kA avadAna kisa prakAra se hotA hai| jaina AcAryoM ne matijJAna ke antargata indriya saMvedana aura mAnasika saMvedanoM ke sAtha cintana, vicAra aura tarka ko bhI samAhita kiyA hai| yahIM yaha prazna hotA hai ki cintana, mananAdi kyA binA bhASAyI vyavahAra ke sambhava haiM ? aura yadi ve binA bhASA ke sambhava nahIM haiM to phira matijJAna ke jo 1. zrutaM mtipuurv...."| tattvArtha, 1120 / 2. maipuvvaM suya muttaM na maI suyapubviyA viseso'yaM / puvaM pUraNa-pAlaNa bhAvA o jaM maI tassa // -vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 105 /
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________________ 16 : jaina bhASA-darzana avagraha, IhA, apAya aura dhAraNA-aise cAra bheda kie gae haiM, unameM avagraha ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI prakAroM meM cintana aura vimarza hotA hai, jo bhASA ke binA nahIM hotA; ataH hameM yaha mAnanA par3egA ki avagraha ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI prakAra kA matijJAna zrutajJAna kA anusArI hai, kyoMki yaha spaSTa hai ki jahA~ bhASA vyavahAra hai vahA~ zrutajJAna hai aura avagraha ke bAda IhA aura apAya meM nizcita rUpa se bhASA vyavahAra hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya evaM jainatarkabhASA meM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki avagraha hI matijJAna hai, IhAdi bhASA zabdollekha sahita hone se matijJAna nahIM hoMge, ataH unheM zrutajJAna mAnanA pdd'egaa| isake pratyuttara meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki yadyapi IhAdi zabdollekha sahita haiM, phira bhI ve zabdarUpa nahI pa nahIM hai, kyoki abhilApya jJAna jaba zruta anusArI hotA hai tabhI vaha zruta kahalAtA hai, anyathA nhiiN| matijJAna aura zrutajJAna kA aMtara vyakta vacana-vyavahAra evaM akSara-prayoga ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH matijJAna meM avyaktarUpa se hI bhASA-vyavahAra dekhA jAtA hai, vyakta rUpa se nahIM / mati aura zruta meM bheda mUka aura amUka ke AdhAra para hI hai| yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki IhAdi zruta nizrita hI haiM, kyoMki saMketa kAla meM sune hue zabda kA anusaraNa kie binA ve ghaTita nahIM hote / yaha ThIka hai ki zruta se saMskAra prApta mati vAle vyakti ko IhAdi utpanna hote haiM isIlie unheM zrata nizrita kahA gayA, kintu unameM vyavahAra kAla ma unheM zruta jJAnarUpa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / ' vastutaH cintana aura manana meM avyakta rUpa meM bhASA vyavahAra hote hue bhI bAhyarUpa se vacana pravRtti kA abhAva hotA hai aura isI bAhya vacana pravRtti ke AdhAra para yA vyakta saMketAtmakatA ke AdhAra para matijJAna aura zrutajJAna kA bheda kiyA jA sakatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM matijJAna ke IhAdi bhedoM meM avyakta rUpa se bhASA-vyavahAra hai aura zrutajJAna meM vyakta rUpa se bhASA vyavahAra hai / paM0 sukhalAlajI tattvArthasUtra kI vivecanA meM matijJAna aura zrutajJAna kA antara spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM ki matijJAna meM zabdollekha nahIM hotA hai aura zrutajJAna meM hotA hai / ataeva donoM kA phalita lakSaNa yaha hai ki jo jJAna indriyajanya aura manojanya hone para bhI zabdollekha (vyakta bhASA prayoga) sahita hai, vaha zrutajJAna hai aura jo zabdollekha rahita hai, vaha matijJAna hai| zabdollekha ke tAtparya ko spaSTa karate hue Age ve likhate haiM ki zabdollekha kA matalaba vyavahArakAla meM zabdazaktigraha janyatva se hai arthAt jaise zrutajJAna kI utpatti ke samaya saMketa, smaraNa aura zrutagrantha kA anusaraNa apekSita hai, vaise IhA Adi matijJAna kI utpatti meM apekSita nahIM hai| ataH yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki jo jJAna bhASA meM utArA jA sake, vaha zrutajJAna aura jo jJAna bhASA meM utArane lAyaka paripAka ko prApta na ho, vaha matijJAna hai / zrutajJAna khIra hai to matijJAna dUdha / 2 zrutajJAna ko bhI jainAcAryoM ne do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai-(1) akSara zruta aura (2) anakSara zruta / yadyapi yahA~ yaha prazna uThatA hai ki yadi zrutajJAna bhASA se sambandhita hai to phira anakSara zruta kA kyA artha hogA? 1. draSTavya-(a) jaina tarka bhASA ,pR0 5 'mati zrutayoviveka'-zrI triloka ratna dhArmika parIkSA borDa, pAtharDI se prakAzita / ____ (ba) vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 950-104 para hemacandrAcArya kI vRtti (gujarAtI anuvAda, pR0 58-61) 2. tattvArtha sUtra, pR0 25 /
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________________ viSayapraveza : 17 vaha to matijJAna kA hI rUpa hogA / isa sambandha meM jaina mAnyatA yahI hai ki jaba jJAtA svayaM jAnatA hai to anakSara zruta hai aura jaba dUsaroM ko jJAna karAtA hai, athavA dUsaroM se jJAna prApta karatA hai, to vaha akSara zruta hai / svayaM jJAna karane meM bhASA kA prayoga hotA hai, kintu akSaroM kA uccAraNa nahIM hotA hai, ataH vaha anakSara zruta hai / anakSara kA artha bhASA rahita nahIM, zabdoccAraNa se rahita honA hai / anakSara zruta kA dUsarA artha yaha hotA hai ki usameM zabdoM (bhASAyI dhvani-saMketoM) ke atirikta anya saMketoM se arthabodha karAyA jAtA hai / kyoMki isameM zabdoM kA prayoga nahIM hai phira bhI arthabodha hai, ataH yaha anakSara zruta hai / ataH saMketa kI vyaktatA aura avyaktatA hI zrutajJAna aura matijJAna ke bheda kA AdhAra hai / matijJAna meM bhASA kA koI sthAna hI nahIM hai, yaha mAnyatA bhI ucita nahIM hai| merI dRSTi meM avagraha ko chor3akara IhA Adi matijJAna ke anya sabhI rUpa bhI bhASA se sambandhita haiM, kyoMki jJAna ke kSetra meM jahA~ cintana yA vicAra kA prArambha hotA hai vahA~ svAbhAvika rUpa se bhASA A hI jAtI hai| isa prakAra zrutajJAna ke sAtha hI matijJAna meM bhI avagraha ke pazcAt kI samasta prakriyA bhASA se sambandhita hai, kyoMki vaha cintana evaM vimarza se yukta hai| yaha eka anubhUta satya hai ki manuSya meM jo bhI socane-vicArane kI prakriyA ghaTita hotI hai, vaha bhASA meM ghaTita hotI hai, umase anyathA nahIM / bhASA ke binA cintana aura manana sambhava hI nahIM hai / ataH nivizeSa evaM nirvikalpa indriyAnubhUti aura AtmAnubhUti ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI jJAnAtmaka vyavahAra bhASA para AdhArita haiM / isa prakAra jainoM kA matijJAna bhI kisI sImA taka bhASA se sambandhita hai| uparyukta vivecana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina darzana ke mati, zruta, avadhi, manaHparyava aura kevala-ina pA~ca jJAnoM meM AMzika rUpa se matijJAna aura pUrNarUpa se zrutajJAna bhASA se sambandhita haiN| mAtra avadhi, manaHparyava aura kevala-ye tIna jJAna aparokSa AtmAnubhUti ke rUpa meM bhASA se sambandhita nahIM haiN| matijJAna meM mAtra vyaJjanAvagraha aura arthAvagraha hI aise haiM, jo bhASA se sambandhita nahIM haiN| zeSa IhA, apAya aura dhAraNA-sabhI avyaktarUpa se bhASA se sambandhita haiM, kyoMki inameM saMzaya, cintana aura vimarza hote haiM aura ye sabhI binA bhASA ke sambhava nahIM haiM / Adhunika manovaijJAnikoM ke anusAra bhI cintana avyakta bhASA vyavahAra hI hai| ataH hama kaha saka vyavahAra hI hai| ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki jaina darzana meM vicAra aura bhASA aparihArya se eka dUsare se jur3e hue haiN| binA bhASA ke vicAra evaM cintana sambhava nahIM hai| bhASA ke prakAra __sAmAnyatayA ve sabhI dhvani saMketa, zArIrika saMketa evaM anya prakAra se kiye gaye saMketa, jo vaktA yA saMketakartA kI bhAvAbhivyakti ko zrotA yA draSTA taka pahu~cAte haiM aura zrotA yA dRSTA unase arthabodha prApta karatA hai, bhASA kahalAte haiN| jaina paramparA meM bhASAtmaka jJAna ko zruta kahA gayA hai, kyoMki jainAcAryoM ne zrutajJAna kI paribhASA dete hue kahA hai ki eka prakAra ke jJAna (indriyabodha) se jo dUsarA jJAna (artha-bodha) hotA hai, vaha zrutajJAna hai|' jaise gAya zabda sunakara gAya nAmaka prANI kA jJAna / bhASA kA bhI yahI lakSaNa hai| bhASA/zruta ke do bheda kiye gaye hai-1 akSarazruta aura 2 1. atthAo atyaMtara uvalaMbhe taM bhaNaMti suyaNANa-paMcasaMgraha 11122 /
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________________ 18 : bhASAdarzana anakSarazruta / ' svara, vyaMjana Adi varNoM se yukta dhvani-saMketa evaM lipi-saMketa akSarazruta ke antargata Ate haiM, jabaki svara, vyaMjana Adi vargoM se rahita zrayamAna aspaSTa dhvaniyA~ tathA dRzya sAMketika ceSTAe~ anakSarazruta ke antargata AtI haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki jainAcAryoM ne zabda-bodha ko bhI do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai-1 bhASAtmaka aura 2 abhASAtmaka / ve akSarAtmaka/varNAtmaka zabda-dhvaniyA~, jo zrotA ko arthabodha karAne meM samartha hoM, anivAryataH bhASAtmaka hokara akSarazruta ke antargata AtI haiN| kintu akSarazruta isase vyApaka bhI hai, kyoMki isameM lipi saMketa se honevAlA jJAna bhI samAhita hai| isa prakAra akSarazruta dRzya aura zravya donoM prakAra kA hai aura ye donoM hI prakAra bhASAtmaka haiN|' jahA~taka svara-vyaMjanAdi se rahita zabda-dhvani kA prazna hai, vaha anakSarazrata rUpa bhI ho sakatI hai aura usase bhinna bhI ho sakatI hai| abhASAtmaka arthAt svaravyaMjanAdi vargoM se rahita dhvani, yadi bhAvAbhivyakti meM samartha hai to anakSarazruta rUpa hai aura yadi bhAvAbhivyakti meM samartha nahIM hai, to zratarUpa/bhASAtmaka nahIM hai| ataH anakSarAtmaka zabda dhvani anakSara zrutarUpa bhI ho sakatI hai aura azrRtarUpa (arthAt matijJAnarUpa) bhI ho sakatI hai| kyoMki samasta zrutajJAna (bhASAyI jJAna) anivAryatayA matijJAna (indriya-samvedana) rUpa hotA hai, kintu samasta matijJAna (indriyasamvedana) zrutajJAna rUpa (bhASAtmaka) ho yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| ___ akSarazruta aura anakSarazruta donoM hI bhASA ke prakAra haiN| svara-vyaMjana Adi se yukta uccarita yA likhita bhASA to akSarazruta hai hI, svara-vyaMjana Adi se rahita dhvani saMketa aura anya prakAra ke saMketa bhI, jo bhAvAbhivyakti meM samartha hote haiM, anakSara zruta ke antargata A jAte haiN| Adhunika bhASAvaijJAnikoM ne bhI bhASA ke ina donoM rUpoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai| bhASA kI ma paribhASA kI dRSTi se anakSarazrata bhI bhASA kA hI eka rUpa hai tathA vaha bhI zravya aura zravyetara donoM hI prakAra kA hai / jainoM ke anusAra sAMketika dhvani, sAMketika ceSTAe~ aura sAMketika cihna (lipi) aura unake AdhAra para honevAlA arthabodha donoM hI kramazaH dravyazruta ora bhAvazruta ke rUpa meM bhASA ke hI aMga haiN| isa prakAra bhASA/zruta eka vyApaka avadhAraNA hai / yadyapi zve0 paramparA ke AcArya jinabhadra kSamAzramaNa, haribhadra evaM malayagiri azrUyamAna zArIrika ceSTAoM ko anakSarazruta meM samAviSTa nahIM karate haiN| unake anusAra jo sunane yogya hai vahI zruta hai, anya nahIM; arthAt jo ceSTAyeM sunAI nahIM detIM, ve zrata nahIM haiN| kintu isake viparIta digambara paramparA ke yaha mAnA hai ki sabhI prakAra kA matijJAna zrutajJAna kA kAraNa hai, ataH zrUyamAna aura dRzyamAna donoM hI prakAra ke saMketoM se hone vAlA jJAna zrutajJAna ke antargata AtA hai / " mujhe bhI yh| dUsarA 1. (a) zrutajJAnasya anakSarAtmakAkSarAtmako dvau bhedau-jainendrasiddhAntakoza bhAga 4 pR0 59 / (ba) suttaM puNa ubhayaM pi aNakkharakkharao-vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 170 / 2. zabdo dvividho bhASAlakSaNo viparItazceti / bhASAlakSaNo dvividhaH sAkSaro'nakSarazceti / -sarvArthasiddhi 5 / 24 / 294 / 12 uddhRta jainendrasiddhAntakoza bhAga 3 pR0 237 / 3. bhaNao suNao va suyaM taM jamiha suyANusAri viNNANaM-vizeSAvazyakabhASya 120 / 4. dekheM-(a) jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa bhAga 1 pR0 14 / (ba) vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 116 se 153 taka / 5. jainendrasiddhAntakoza bhAga 4 pR0 61 / /
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________________ viSayapraveza : 19 mata hI adhika yuktisaMgata lagatA hai. kyoMki likhita bhASA zravya na hokara dRzya hotI hai, use dekhakara (par3hakara) arthabodha (jJAna) hotA hai / paM0 becaradAsajI ne bhI isI mata kI puSTi kI hai| ve likhate haiM-merI dRSTi se 'zruta' zabda kA vyApaka artha meM prayoga karate hue zrUyamANa aura dRzyamAna donoM prakAra ke saMketoM aura ceSTAoM ko zrutajJAna meM samAviSTa karane meM koI Apatti nahIM honI caahie| yadi hamArI bhAvAbhivyakti ke sAdhana dhvani saMketa, zArIrika ceSTAyeM aura anya prakAra ke saMketa-ye sabhI haiM aura hama yaha mAnate haiM ki saMketoM ke mAdhyama se bhAvAbhivyakti karanA aura arthabodha prApta karanA hI bhASA hai, to hameM sAMketika abhivyaktiyoM ke ina sabhI rUpoM ko bhASA ke antargata samAviSTa karanA hogA aura inheM bhASAyI abhivyakti ke hI vividha prakAra mAnane hoNge| isa AdhAra para jaina darzana meM bhASA ko nimna prakAra se vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai ___ bhASA (zruta) akSarAtmaka anakSarAtmaka zravya (uccarita) dRzya (likhita) zravya zravyetara akSarAtmaka bhASA ke prakAra-svara, vyaJjanAdi se yukta bhASA akSarAtmaka bhASA hai| yaha maukhika (zravya) aura likhita (dRzya) bheda se do prakAra kI hai| saMsAra ko lagabhaga sabhI bhASAe~ evaM boliyA~ isake antargata A jAtI haiN| sAmAnyatayA manuSyoM kI sabhI vikasita bhASAe~ akSarAtmaka haiM / akSarAtmaka bhASA vaha bhASA hai jo svara-vyaJjanAdi vargoM se bananevAle sArthaka zabdoM, padoM evaM vAkyoM se nirmita hotI hai| jainAcAryoM ke anusAra aisI bhASA zakti kevala saMjJI (vivekazIla = Rational) paJcendriya prANiyoM arthAt manuSyoM aura anya vikasita prANiyoM meM hI hotI hai / akSarAtmaka bhASA ko jainAcAryoM ne Arya bhASA (bhASA) aura anAryabhASA (kubhASA) ke AdhAra para do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| punaH Arya bhASA meM nimna aThAraha bhAratIya bhASAoM kA samAveza kiyA hai - tIna karNATa bhASAe~ tIna marahaTTa bhASAe~ tIna lADha bhASAe~ tIna mAlava bhASAe~ 1. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa bhAga 1 pR0 14 / / 2. akSarIkRtaH zAstrAbhivyaJjakaH sNskRtvipriitbhedaadaarymlecchvyvhaarhetuH|-srvaarthsiddhi 5 / 24 / 295 / 1 / 3. akkharagayA aNuvaghAdidiyasaNNipaMcidiyapajjatabhAsA / sA duvihA-bhAsA kubhAsA / -dhavalA 1315, 5, 26 / 221111 / 4. bhAsAo puNa aTThArasa havaMti-tikuruka, tilADha, timarahaTTha, timAlava, tigauDa, timAgadha bhAsabhedeNa |-bhii|
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________________ 20 : bhASAdarzana tIna mAgadha bhASAe~ tIna gauDa bhASAe~ ___Aja bhI bhArata meM pracalita vividha bhASAe~ inhIM bhASAoM ke kAlakrama meM saMskArita evaM mizrita rUpoM se nirmita huI haiN| anArya bhASAoM ke antargata abhAratIya bhASAoM ko samAhita kiyA gayA hai| jainAcAryoM ke anusAra isake kAzmIrI (kirI), pArasI, siMhalI, barbarika Adi sAta sau bheda haiM / aisA lagatA hai ki jainAcArya sabhI abhAratIya bhASAoM se paricita nahIM the| ataH ve kucha paricita abhAratIya bhASAoM ke nAma hI ginA paaye| abhAratIya bhASAoM kI unake dvArA kalpita sAta sau kI yaha saMkhyA kitanI prAmANika hai, yaha kahanA to kaThina hai, phira bhI vartamAna meM pracalita bhASAoM aura boliyoM ko dekhate hue yaha saMkhyA pUrNataH kAlpanika evaM atizayokti parNa bhI nahIM lagatI hai| jaina granthoM meM jina bhAratIya aura abhAratIya bhASAoM kA ullekha milatA hai, usa para bhASAvaijJAnikoM dvArA zodhakArya kI apekSA hai / cU~ki yahA~ merA pratipAdya viSaya bhASA-vijJAna na hokara bhASA-darzana hai, ataH isa grantha meM ina sabakA gaharAI se vivecana karanA sambhava nahIM hai| anakSarAtmaka bhASA-svara, vyaJjanAdi vargoM ke prayoga se rahita dhvani saMketoM, zArIrika ceSTAoM aura anya prakAra ke mAdhyama se kI jAne vAlI bhAvAbhivyakti aura honevAle arthabodha ko jainAcAryoM ne anakSarAtmaka bhASA kahA hai| unake anusAra dvIndriya se lekara asaMjJI paJcendriya jIvoM, mUka, bAlakAdi ke dhvani saMketa aura sAMketika ceSTAe~ aura tIrthakaroM kI divyadhvani--ye sabhI anakSarAtmaka bhASA ke rUpa haiM / dvIndriya Adi prANiyoM meM zruta arthAt bhASAjJAna kA astitva mAnanA isalie Avazyaka hai ki ye sabhI prANI dhvani Adi saMketoM ke mAdhyama se bhAvAbhivyakti evaM arthabodha prApta karate haiM / vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM spaSTarUpa se kahA gayA hai ki ucchvAsa lenA, niHzvAsa DAlanA, thUkanA, khA~sanA, chIMkanA, tAlI bajAnA, sItkAra karanA Adi anakSara zruta (anakSarAtmaka bhASA) haiM | kyoMki kisI kI niHzvAsa (Aha) ko sunakara usake zokAkula hone kA arthabodha hotA hai, isI prakAra anya zArIrika ceSTAe~ bhI jo akSara rahita hokara bhI zrotA yA draSTA ko arthabodha karAtI haiM, anakSara zruta/anakSarAtmaka bhASA ke hI rUpa haiM / bhASAoM aura lipiyoM kI koI saMkhyA yA sImA ho sakatI hai, kintu sAMketika ceSTAoM se honevAle arthabodha kI sImA nizcita karanA kaThina hai| prANiyoM ke jAtibheda, dhvanibheda, ceSTAbheda evaM arthabheda ke AdhAra para anakSara zrata/anakSarAtmaka bhASA ke aneka prakAra ho sakate haiN| tIrthaMkaroM ko divyadhvani akSarAtmaka hotI hai yA anakSarAtmaka hotI hai-isa prazna para jainadharma ke zvetAmbara aura digambara AcAryoM meM 1. tattha kubhAsAo kIra, pArasiya, siMghala vavariyAdINa viNiggayAo sttsybhedbhinnnnaao| -dhavalA 13 / 5, 5, 26 / 221111 / 2. (a) tattha aNakkharagayA bIiMdiyappahuDi jAva asaNNipaMciMdiyANaM muhasamunbhudA bAlamUasaNNipaMciMdiya bhAsA ca / -vahI 135, 5, 26 / 221310 / (ba) anakSarAtmako dvIndriyAdizabdarUpo divyadhvanirUpazca |-pNcaastikaay tAtparyavRtti 79 / 13517 / 3. UsasiyaM nIsasiyaM nicchUDhaM khAsi ca chIyaM ca / nissiMghiyamaNusAraM aNakkharaM cheliyAIyaM // -vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 501 /
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________________ viSayapraveza : 21 matabheda hai, kintu donoM hI isa sambandha meM ekamata haiM ki vaha bhASAyI abhivyakti hai, kyoMki usase vividha prANI arthabodha prApta karate haiM / isa samagra vivecana se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki bhASA ke svarUpa evaM prakAroM ke sambandha meM jainAcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa vyApaka hai / ve rUr3hivAdI brAhmaNa dArzanikoM ke samAna yaha nahIM mAnate haiM ki saMskRta zabda aura saMskRta bhASA meM hI ekamAtra samyak arthabodha kI sAmarthya hai / unake anusAra bhASA eka vyApaka avadhAraNA hai, usameM saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza Adi bhAratIya bhASAe~ hI nahIM, apitu vizva kI sabhI bhASAe~ aura boliyA~ samAhita haiM / mAtra yahI nahIM, ve anakSara zruta kI avadhAraNA ko strIkRta karake bhASA ko itanA vyApaka banA dete haiM ki usameM mAtra dRzya aura zravya hI nahIM, apitu sabhI prakAra kA sAMketika arthabodha samAhita ho jAtA hai / yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki saMketa kI anubhUti aura usase honevAlA arthabodha donoM alaga-alaga haiM / jainoM ke anusAra saMketa kA indriya samvedana matijJAna hai aura usa saMketa ke indriya samvedana se honevAlA arthabodha zrutajJAna yA bhASAyIjJAna hai / kisI ko lAla jhaNDI hilAte hue dekhanA matijJAna hai aura usase yaha artha lagAnA ki gAr3I roko, Age mArga avaruddha hai - - zruta yA bhASAyI jJAna hai / isa prakAra bhASAyIjJAna / zrutajJAna kA tAtparya hai - saMketoM / cihnoM ke mAdhyama se bhAvAbhivyakti karanA aura aisI bhAvAbhivyakti ko samajhanA / 1 bhASA ke mUla upAdAna bhASA kA mukhya prayojana hai-- pratIkoM / saMketoM ke mAdhyama se anubhUtiyoM, bhAvanAoM aura vicAroM kA sampreSaNa kara dUsaroM ko arthabodha (jJAna) karAnA, jise jaina pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM 'paropadeza' kahA jAtA hai, yahI paropadeza bhASA kA mukhya kArya hai / bhASA isa uddezya kI pUrti hetu pratIkoM/saMketoM kA sahArA letI hai / jaba ye pratoka varNoM/akSaroM se nirmita zabda / pada hote haiM, to vaha akSarAtmaka bhASA kahalAtI hai / yadyapi jainAcAryoM ne aisI bhASA kA astitva svIkAra kiyA hai, ' jisake pratIka /saMketa varNAtmaka nahIM hote haiN| isa anakSarAtmaka bhASA kI carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| prastuta prasaMga meM bhASA se hamArA tAtparya varNAtmaka yA akSarAtmaka bhASA se hI hai, kyoMki janasAdhAraNa bhASA se akSarAtmaka evaM zabdAtmaka bhASA ko grahaNa karatA hai / sAmAnyatayA mAnavajAti meM vicAra sampreSaNa kA kArya vAkyoM ke dvArA hotA hai / ye vAkya zabdoM / padoM se nirmita hote haiM aura zabda evaM pada varNoM yA akSaroM se nirmita hote haiM / isa prakAra bhASA kA mUla yA antima upAdAna varNa yA akSara hote haiM / ' akSara/varNa kI paribhASA - sAmAnyatayA kisI bhI bhASA meM prayukta honevAle svara-vyaMjanoM ko varNa / akSara kahA jAtA hai| AcArya jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa kA kahanA hai ki jisase artha kA pratipAdana ( kSaraNa) hotA hai, kintu svayaM kSINa (kSarita) nahIM hotA hai, vaha 'akSara' hai (atthe ya kharai na ya jeNa khijjaI akkhara teNa - vizeSAvazyaka 461) / unakA kahanA hai ki svara - vyaJjanoM ko akSara kahanA yaha to mAtra unakA rUr3hArtha hai ( rUr3hivazAdakSara varNa ityukta) / vastutaH to akSara vaha 1. varNapadavAkyAtmakaM vacanam /
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________________ 22 : bhASAdarzana hai jo artha (meaning) kA kSaraNa karake bhI kSarita nahIM hotA hai arthAt apane svabhAva kA parityAga nahIM karatA hai / isa dRSTi se 'jJAna' ko hI akSara kahA gayA hai / " vastutaH AtmA kA jo cetanA - bhAva hai, bodha zakti yA jJAnazakti hai, vahI akSara hai / jainoM kI pAramparika zabdAvalI meM nizcaya dRSTi se to AtmA kI jJAnazakti yA arthabodha sAmarthya hI 'akSara' hai, kintu vyavahAra dRSTi se yA dravyadRSTi se varNAtmaka dhvaniyoM ko yA varNoM kI lipigata AkRtiyoM ko bhI akSara kahA gayA hai / akSara ke bheda- jainAcAryoM ne akSara / varNa kI AkRtirUpa, dhvanirUpa aura jJAnarUpa - aisI tIna avasthAe~ mAnI haiM aura ina tIna avasthAoM ke AdhAra para usake nimna tIna vibhAga kiye haiM-1 saMjJA akSara, 2 vyaJjanAkSara aura 3 labdhyakSara / akSaroM yA varNoM kA saMsthAna (AkRti) saMjJA- akSara hai arthAt vividha prakAra kI lipiyoM meM vividha varNoM kI jo AkRtiyA~ banAyI jAtI haiM yA jo AkAra nirdhArita haiM, una AkRtiyoM yA AkAroM ko saMjJAkSara kahate haiM, saMjJAkSara lipyakSara haiM / dUsare zabdoM meM lipi saMjJAkSara hai / vibhinna bhASAoM evaM boliyoM meM abhISTa artha ko saMketita karane ke lie jo svaroM evaM vyaJjanoM kA uccAraNa yA dhvani hotI hai, use vyaJjanAkSara kahate haiN| isa prakAra bhASA meM prayukta varNoM (akSaroM) ke uccarita yA ghoSa rUpa vyaJjanAkSara | saMjJAkSara aura vyaJjanAkSara arthAt likhitabhASA aura uccarita bhASA -- donoM ko jainoM ne upacAra se hI zrutajJAna mAnA hai, ye donoM dravya -akSara haiM / vastutaH ye jar3a haiM aura jJAna yA arthabodha ke nimitta yA sAdhana mAtra haiM / ina donoM ke AdhAra para honevAlA jo arthabodha hai, vaho labdhyakSara hai labdhi sAmarthya yA zakti ko kahate haiM / pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM AtmA ke upayoga (jJAna) ko labdhi kahA gayA hai / varNoM yA akSaroM kI artha saMketasAmarthya yA artha saMketita karane kI zakti ho labdhyakSara hai / " labdhyakSara bhASA kA cetanAgata pakSa / 1. ( a ) nakkharai aNuvaoge' vi akkharaM so ya veyaNAbhAvo / (ba) jai vihu savvaM ciya nANamakkharaM taha vi rUDhio vanno / - vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 455 evaM 459 / 2. ( a ) ta saNNA vaMjaNa laddhisaNNiyaM tivihamakkharaM - vizeSAvazyakabhASya 464 / (ba) se kiM taM akkharasuyaM ? akkharasuyaM tivihaM pannataM / taM jahA - sannakkhara, vaMjanakkhara, laddhikkhara // 3. ( a ) se ki taM sannakkhara ? sannakkhara saMThANagii se taM sannakkhara / (ba) subahulivibheyaniyayaM saNNakkhara makkharAgAro / - vizeSAvazyakabhASya 464 / 4. (a) se kiM taM vaNNakkhara ? vaMjaNakhara akkharassa vaMjaNA bhilAo se taM vaMjaNakkhara / (ba) vaMjijjai jeNattho ghar3o vva dIveNa vaMjaNaM to taM / bhaNNai bhAsijjataM savvamakArAi takkAla || -- vizeSAvazyakabhASya 465 / 5. (a) se kiM taM laddhi-akkhara ? laddhi akkhara / akkhara laddhiyassa laddhi akkhara samuppajjaI // (ba) jo akharovalaMbho sA laddhI taM ca hoi viSNANaM iMdiya maNonimittaM jo AvaraNakkhaovasamo // - vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 466 /
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________________ viSayapraveza : 23 yA prANa hai| ise bhAva akSara bhI kahate haiN| yadi jJAtA kI apekSA se kaheM, to likhita yA uccarita varNoM (akSaroM) ke nimittase honevAlA arthabodha labdhyakSara hai| jainAcAryoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki saMjJAkSara aura vyaJjanAkSara--vicAra-sampreSaNa ke hetu haiM-ve dravya zruta haiM / unhoM meM bhASA ko paropadezajanyatA nihita hai, kyoMki hama likhita yA maukhika rUpa se ho apane vicAroM kA sampreSaNa dUsaroM ke prati kara sakate haiN| labdhyakSara vyakti ko arthabodha yA jJAna sAmarthya hai, vaha bhAva zrana hai| ataH vaha paropadezapUrvaka arthAt dUsaroM ko sahAyatA se bhI ho sakatA hai aura paropadeza ke binA bhI ho sakatA hai / yadyapi labdhyakSararUpa arthabAdha-dUsare zabdoM meM likhita athavA uccarita svara aura vyaJjanoM se honevAlA arthabodha--bhI binA bhASA ko sIkhe nahIM hotaa| ataH isa apekSA se use paramparAgata zabdAvalI meM paropadezapUrvaka aura Adhunika zabdAvalI meM ajitaguNa ho mAnanA cAhie / kintu jainAcAryoM kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki jaba taka vyakti meM svataH arthabodhasAmarthya yA pratIkoM ke mAdhyama se arthabodha grahaNa karane kI zakti nahIM hogI, vaha arthabodha nahIM kara sakegA aura isa dRSTi se use svAbhAvika yA ajita guNa bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| Adhunika bhASAzAstra kI dRSTi se nizcaya hI yaha bAta satya hai ki bhASA sIkhI huI yA arjita hotI hai kintu isake sAtha-sAtha manovijJAna hameM yaha bhI batAtA hai ki sIkhane kI zakti (buddhilabdhi) eka anarjita guNa hai / svara, vyaJjana athavA zabdoM ke mAdhyama se honevAlI arthabodhasAmarthya sabhI prANiyoM meM aura sabhI vyaktiyoM meM samAna nahIM hotii| vastutaH buddhilabdhi hI labdhyakSara hai aura Adhunika manovijJAna ne use eka ajita yA anasIkhA haA guNa mAnA hai| isI bAta ko jainoM ne isa rUpa meM prakaTa kiyA hai ki labdhyakSara zrata jJAnAvaraNa ke kSayopazama se hotA hai, ataHvaha AtmaniSTha (Subjective) hai, jabaki saMjJA-akSara evaM vyaJjanAkSara bAhya evaM vastuniSTha (Objective) hai, yaha bhASA kA ajita pakSa hai / yadyapi labdhyakSara arthabodha sAmarthya ke rUpa meM arjita hai, kintu yaha arthabodha saMjJA-akSara evaM vyaJjanAkSara para bhI AdhArita hai aura yU~ki ye ajitaguNa haiM, sIkhe jAte haiM -ataH labdhyakSara bhI kisI sImA taka ajita yA sokhA huA mAnA jA sakatA hai| svara aura vyaJjana-jainAcAryoM ne akSaroM ko svara aura vyaJjana-ina do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNa ne svara ko nimna prakAra se paribhASita kiyA hai-akSaroM kA jo anusaraNa karatA hai vaha 'svara' hai|' vRttikAra ne akSara ko sattA tathA jJAna kA vAcaka-paryAya mAnA hai| unhIM kA anusaraNa karane athavA unheM prakaTa karane ke kAraNa use svara kahate haiM / bhASyakAra Age kahate haiM ki jo akele bhI vastu/jJAna kA bodhaka hotA hai tathA vyaJjanoM ko uccAraNa ke yogya banAtA hai, vahI svara hai| kyoMki svaroM ke binA vyaJjana uccAraNa yogya nahIM banate haiN| jainAcArya vyaJjana ko paribhASita karate hue kahate haiM ki jisa prakAra dIpaka ghaTa ko prakAzita karatA hai, usI prakAra jo artha (padArtha) ko abhivyakta (prakaTa) karatA hai, arthAt unakA 1. akkharasareNaNa sarA-vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 461 / 2. suddhA'vi saraMti sayaM sAreMti vaMjaNAI jaM teNaM / hoti sarA na kayAivi tehiM viNA vaMjaNaM sarai ||--vhii 462 /
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________________ 24 : bhASAdarzana vAcaka hotA hai, vaha vyaJjana hai| vastutaH samasta padArtha svara, vyaJjana aura unake vividha saMyogoM se nirmita zabdoM se abhivyaJjita yA vAcya banate haiN| isa prakAra samasta akSarAtmaka bhASAoM ke mUla utsa svara-vyaJjana haiM, kyoMki unhIM ke AdhAra para bhASA nirmita hotI hai| __ mAtRkAkSara-jainAcAryoM ne dhvanivijJAna evaM lipivijJAna kI dRSTi se mUla vargoM ke prazna para gambhIra rUpa se koI carcA kI ho, yaha mujhe jJAta nahIM hai| mere samakSa samavAyAMga kA eka hI sandarbha hai, jahA~ chiyAlIsa mAtRkAkSaroM kA ullekha hai| yadyapi vahA~ bhI ve mAtRkAkSara kauna se haiM yaha spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai / TIkAkAra abhayadeva ne R, R, la, lu ina cAra svaroM evaM La kA varjana karake nimna 46 varNa mAne haiM svara-a, A, i, I, u, U, e, ai, o, au, aM aH=12 vya Jjana-ka, kha, ga, gha, Ga ca, cha, ja, jha, Ja Ta, Tha, Da, Dha, Na ta, tha, da, dha, na pa, pha, ba, bha, ma antastha-ya, ra, la, va uSmavarNa-za, sa, Sa, ha TIkAkAra ne 46 kI saMkhyA pUrNa karane ke lie isameM 'kSa' ko aura jor3A hai, kintu 'kSa' saMyuktAkSara hai, ataH use lene para 'tra' aura 'jJa' ko bhI lenA hogaa| merI dRSTi meM 'kSa' ke sthAna 'La' ko lenA cAhie, kyoMki uccAraNa bheda aura prAkRta-pAli bhASA kI dRSTi se yaha svatantra akSara hai / Aja bho marAThI, gujarAtI Adi meM La mAnya akSara hai / lipi akSara ke svarUpa para vicAra karate hue hamane dekhA hai ki jaina paramparA meM akSaroM ke tIna vibhAga kiye gaye haiM (1) saMjJA-akSara, (2) vyaJjana-akSara aura (3) lbdhykssr| inameM saMjJA-akSara kA sambandha lipi se hai / jaina paramparA ke anusAra lipi kA vikAsa Adi tIrthaMkara bhagavAn RSabhadeva se mAnA jAtA hai| jainoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne sarvaprathama apanI putrI brAhmI ko lipi sikhAI aura usI ke nAma para vaha lipi 'brAhmI lipi' kahalAyI / jaina Agama sAhitya meM hameM nimna aThAraha lipiyoM ke ullekha milate haiM jijjai jeNa'tyo ghaDo bva dIveNa vaMjaNaM to taM / atthaM pAeNa sarA vajeMti na kevalA jeNaM ||--vishessaavshyk bhASya 463 / 2. chayAlIsa mAuyA payA-samavAyAMga 46 / 3. dekheM-samavAyAMga 46 TIkA--abhayadeva, pRSTha 65 !
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________________ bhASA aura lipi : 25 mi ). kramAGka samavAyAGga 'prajJApanA vizeSAvazyaka bhASya (18 vAM samavAya) (jIvaprajJApanA 71) (hemacandra TIkA gAthA 464) baMbhI (brAhmI) baMbhI (brAhmI) javaNi (yavanI) javaNAliyA (yAvano) javaNANiyA (yavanAnI) haMsa (haMsa) dosa UriyA (doSa uparikA) dosApuriyA (dosApurIyA) bhUya (bhUta) kharoTThiyA (kharoSTrikA) kharoTThI (kharoSTrI) jakkhI (yakSa) bhogavaiyA (bhogavatikA) bhogavaiyA (bhogavatI) rakkhasI (rAkSasI) pahArAiyA (prahArAtikA) paharAiyA uDDI (uDiyA) kharasAviyA (kharazrAvikA) aMtakkhariyA turukkI (turkI) uccatariyA (uccattarikA) pukkharasAriyA kIrI (krITa) akkharapuTTiyA (akSarapRSThikA) akkharapuTTiyA davir3I (drAviDI) veNatiyA (veNakiyA) veNaiyA (vainayikI) siMdhavo (sindhI) NiNhaiyA (nihnavikA) niNhaiyA (nihnavikI) mAlaviNI (mAlavI) 12. aMka (aGka) aMka (aGka) naDi 13. gaNia (gaNita) gaNiya (gaNita) nAgari (nAgarI) gaMdhavva (gaandhrv)| gaMdhavva (gandharva) lADalivI (lATa) bhUta (bhUta) pArasI (pArasI) 15. AdaMza (Adarza) AyaMsa (Adarza) animittI mAhesarI (mAhezvarI) mAhesarI (mAhezvarI) cANakkI (cANakyI) dAmi (dAmi) (domi) (dromi) mUladevI (mUladevI) 18. volinda (polindI) poliMdI (polindI) uparyakta lipiyoM ke nAmoM para talanAtmaka daSTi se vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki prajJApanA aura samavAyAja kI sacI lagabhaga samAna hai| mAtra do nAmoM meM kiJcita antara daSTigata hotA hai| jahA~ samavAyAGga meM kharasAviyA lipi kA ullekha milatA hai vahA~ prajJApanA meM aMtakkhariyA kA ullekha hai / aura, isI prakAra samavAyAGga meM ullikhita uccatariyA ke sthAna para prajJApanA meM pukkharasAriyA kA ullekha milatA hai| jahA~ taka samavAyAGga aura prajJApanA kI sUciyoM kA vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kI TIkA meM ullikhita lipiyoM se tulanA kA prazna hai isa sUcI kA samavAyAGga aura prajJApanA meM prApta sUciyoM se koI bhI sAmaJjasya nahIM hai, kevala javaNI (yavanI) ko chor3akara zeSa sUcI bhinna ho hai| isa sambandha meM eka aura vicAraNIya prazna yaha bhI hai ki prajJApanAsUtra ke mUlapATha meM ina sabhI lipiyoM ko brAhmIlipi ke ho lekhavidhAna arthAt prakAra kahA gayA hai / usameM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki brAhmIlipi ke nimna aThAraha lekha-vidhAna haiN| ataH yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kyA samavAyAGga aura prajJApanA meM ullikhita ye lipiyA~ svatantra lipiyA~ thIM yA brAhmIlipi ke hI upaprakAra the kyoMki vartamAna meM adhikAMza vidvAn kharoSThIlipi ko eka svatantra lipi ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| ataH isa sambandha meM gambhIra cintana kI AvazyakatA hai| yadyapi vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kI TIkA meM jina lipiyoM kA varNana huA hai unameM se adhikAMza ko brAhmIlipi kA hI vikasita rUpa kahA jA sakatA hai| 17.
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________________ 26 : jaina bhASAdarzana lipiyoM ke sambandha meM eka sUcI hameM bauddha grantha lalitavistara meM bhI milatI hai| usameM nimna 64 lipiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai-1. brAhmIlipi, 2. kharoSThIlipi, 3. puSkarasArI, 4. aMgalipi, 5. vaMgalipi, 6. magadhalipi, 7. maMgalyalipi, 8. aMgulIyalipi, 9. zakAralipi, 10. brahmavalIlipi, 11. pAruSyalipi. 12. drAvir3alipi, 13. kirAtalipi. 14. dAkSiNyalipi, 15. ugralipi, 16. saMkhyAlipi, 17. anulomalipi, 18. avamardhalipi, 19. daradalipi, 20. khASyalipi, 21. cInalipi, 22. lUnalipi, 23. hUnalipi, 24. madhyAkSaravistaralipi, 25. puSpalipi, 26. devalipi, 27. nAgalipi, 28. yakSalipi, 29. gandharvalipi, 30. kinnaralipi, 31. mahoragalipi, 32. asuralipi, 33. garur3alipi, 34. magacakralipi, 35. vAyasarutalipi, 36. bhaumadevalipi, 37. antarikSadevalipi, 38. uttarakurudvIpalipi, 39. aparagodAnIyalipi, 40. pUrNavidehalipi, 41. utkSepalipi, 42. nikSepalipi, 43. vikSepalipi, 44. prakSepalipi, 45. sAgaralipi, 46. vajralipi, 47. lekhapratilekhalipi, 48. anupadrutalipi, 49, zAstrAvartalipi, 50. gaNanAvartalipi, 51. utkSepAvartalipi, 52. nikSepAvartalipi, 53. pAdAvartalipi, 54. dviruttarapadasaMdhilipi, 55: adhyAhAriNIlipi, 56. sarvarutasaMgrahaNIlipi, 57. vidyunAlomAvimizritalipi, 58. RSitapastaptAlipi, 59. rocamAnAlipi, 60. dharaNIprekSaNIlipi, 61. gaganaprekSaNIlipi, 62. sarvAMSadhiniSyandAlipi, 63. sarvasArasaMgrahaNIlipi, 64. sarvabhUtarutagrahaNIlipi (parivavarta 10) / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki lalitavistara meM ullikhita nimna lipiyA~ uparyukta jaina paramparA kI tInoM sUciyoM meM kahIM na kahIM upalabdha ho jAtI haiM-1. brAhmI, 2 kharoSThI, 3. puSkarasArI, 4. drAviDa, 5. saMkhyAlipi (aMkalipi), 6. yakSalipi 7. gandharvalipi, 8. antarikSalipi, 9. asuralipi (rAkSasalipi) Adi / yahA~ yaha bAta bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai ki jaina sUciyoM meM ullikhita aneka lipiyA~ aisI haiM jitakA samAveza lalitavistara kI sUcI meM nahIM huA hai| bauddha grantha 'suttanta' meM akkharikAkhe kA ullekha huA hai / sambhavataH yaha samavAyAGga meM sUcita antarikkhiyA ho| uparyukta lipiyoM meM aneka lipiyA~ aisI haiM jinakA cAhe kisI samaya astitva rahA ho kintu Aja unake astitva ke hameM koI pramANa upalabdha nahIM hote haiN| samavAyAGga aura prajJApanA kI prApta lipisUciyoM meM ullikhita lipiyoM meM kevala brAhmI, kharoSThI aura javaNI hI aisI lipiyA~ haiM jinake abhilekha Aja bhI prApta haiN| zeSa lipiyoM ke sambandha meM Aja nizcayAtmaka rUpa se kucha kaha pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| yadyapi nihnavikA ko gupta yA sAMketika lipi ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha koI guptalipi rahI hogI, kyoMki jaina paramparA meM nihnava zabda chipAne ke artha meM pracalita rahA hai| aMkalipi aura gaNitalipi ke astitva ko bhI asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai kyoMki dakSiNa meM vizvezvara ke nivAsI yalappA zAstrI ke pAsa isa lipi meM likhA huA eka karor3a zlokoM kA eka mahattvapUrNa graMtha thA jise tatkAlIna rASTrapati rAjendraprasAda Adi kaI logoM ne dekhA / isa grantha ko saMkhyAoM meM likhA gayA thaa| saMkhyAtmaka saMketoM ke AdhAra para usameM vibhinna viSayoM ke aneka grantha samAhita the| isI prakAra gAndharvalipi gandhAra deza kI aura bhUtalipi bhUTAna deza kI lipi mAnI jA sakatI hai| mAhezvarIlipi mAhezvarI jAti-jo ki vaizyoM ko eka jAti hai-ko lipi mAnI jA sakatI hai| vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM ullikhita yavanI, kIro (krITalipi)
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________________ bhASA aura lipi : 27 turkI, uDiyA, mAlavI, lATalipi, sindhavolipi, pArasIlipi, nAgarIlipi Adi aisI lipiyA~ haiM, jinakA svatantra lipi ke rUpa meM hameM ullekha upalabdha ho jAtA hai aura jinameM se aneka Aja bhI pracalita haiM / yadyapi lipiyoM kI isa carcA kA jaina bhASA darzana se koI sIdhA sambandha nahIM hai, kintu itanA to avazya ho hai ki lipi bhASA ko sAMketika abhivyakti sAmarthya kI hI sUcaka hai / jainoM jina tIna prakAra ke akSaroM kA ullekha kiyA hai unameM saMjJA - akSara kA sambandha lipi se hai to vyaJjana akSara kA sambandha dhvani se hai jabaki labdhi- akSara kA sambandha inhIM likhita yA uccarita saMketoM ke AdhAra para hone vAle arthabodha -sAmarthya se hai / bhASA kA mUla utsa to arthabodha hI hai| bhASA lekhavidhAna yA dhvanisaMketoM ke mAdhyama se apanA arthabodha detI hai / lipi-saMketa aura dhvani saMketa vastutaH arthabodha karAne ke sAdhana haiM aura sAdhana ke rUpa meM hI inakA mahattva hai / ina lipi saMketoM yA dhvani saMketoM ke mAdhyama se zabda, pada aura vAkya banate haiM jo ki zrotA yA pAThaka ko vaktA yA lekhaka kI bhAvAbhivyakti ke samajhane meM sahAyaka hote haiM / 1. vizeSarUpa se draSTavya -- (a) samavAyAMga 18 vAM samavAya (ba) prajJApanA prathamapada 71 (sa) vizeSAvazyaka bhASya (malladhAragacchIya hemacandra kI TIkA) gAthA 464
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________________ adhyAya 3 jaina zabda-darzana bhASA aura zabda - prajJApanAsUtra kA prathama prazna bhASA ke prAdurbhAva se sambandhita hai, to dUsarA prazna bhASA kI abhivyakti se sambandhita hai / bhASA ko abhivyakti ke sandarbha meM mahAvIra kA pratyuttara yaha thA ki bhASA zarIra se arthAt zArIrika prayatnoM se utpanna yA abhivyakta hotI hai / " jaina dArzanikoM ne zabdoM ko do vibhAgoM meM bA~TA hai - (1) prAyogika aura (2) vainasika / sAtha yaha bhI mAnA hai ki bhASA prAyogika zabdoM se hI banatI hai, vaisrasika zabdoM se nahIM / bhASA jIva ke zArIrika prayatnoM kA pariNAma hai / ataH prajJApanA kA yaha kathana samucita hI hai ki bhASA zarIra se utpanna hotI hai / bhASA ke lie na kevala indriya-yukta zarIra Avazyaka hai apitu vaktA aura zrotA meM buddhi yA vicAra - sAmarthya kA honA bhI Avazyaka hai / bhASA zrutajJAna hai aura zrutajJAna anivArya rUpa se matijJAna pUrvaka hI sambhava hai, punaH matijJAna ke lie indriya aura mana kA honA Avazyaka hai / ataH bhASA cAhe vaha dhvani-saMketa ke rUpa meM ho yA anya zArIrika saMketoM ke rUpa meM vaha indriyoM aura bauddhika mana ke mAdhyama se hI sambhava hotI hai / jIva ke, apane zarIra ke mAdhyama se, bhAvanAoM evaM vicAroM kI abhivyakti ke jo prayatna hote haiM, ve hI bhASA kA rUpa grahaNa karate haiM aura yahI bhASA kI utpatti / abhivyakti kA AdhAra hai / isa dRSTi se prajJApanA kA yaha kathana ki bhASA kI utpatti zarIra / zArIrika prayatnoM se hotI hai, samucita hI hai / yadyapi sabhI prakAra ke zArIrika saMketoM se hone vAle artha-bodha ko bhASA kaha sakate haiM, kintu sAmAnyatayA jaba hama mAnavIya sandarbhoM meM bhASA kI bAta karate haiM to hama usameM sabhI prakAra ke zArIrika saMketoM kA samAveza na karake kevala dhvani saMketoM kA samAveza karate haiM isa dRSTi se mAnavIya bhASA akSarAtmaka yA zabdAtmaka kahI jA sakatI hai / yadyapi yaha satya hai ki bhASA zabdAtmaka hotI hai, kintu sabhI zabda bhASAtmaka nahIM hote haiM / jaina cintakoM ne zabdoM ko nimna prakAra se vargIkRta kiyA hai prAyogika bhASAtmaka akSarAtmaka anakSarAtmaka zabda vaisrasika 1 abhASAtmaka (rUpa meM parivartita kiye jA sakate haiM / ke) !. abhASAtmaka (bhASAtmaka rUpa se parivartana nahIM) yadyapi prAyogika hone ke kAraNa bhASA ke saMgharSa tata vitata ghana suSira saMgharSa 1. bhAsAM NaM bhaMte ! kiM pavahA ? goyamA / sarIrappabhavA bhAsA / - prajJApanA, bhASApada 11 / 15 / 2. tattvArtha sUtra, vivecaka - paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, pR0 129 /
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________________ jaina zabdadarzana : 29 prathamataH prayatnajanyatA kI dRSTi se zabdoM ke prAyogika aura vainasika aise do vibhAga bhI kiye haiM / prAyogika zabda ve haiM, jinakI dhvani jIva ke prayatnoM se utpanna hotI haiM jabaki vainasika zabda ve haiM, jinakI dhvani jar3a vastuoM ke pArasparika saMgharSa se utpanna hotI haiN| vaisrasika zabda anivAryataH abhASAtmaka hote haiM jabaki prAyogika zabda bhASAtmaka evaM abhASAtmaka donoM hI prakAra ke ho sakate haiN| bhASAtmaka prAyogika zabda bhI akSarAtmaka evaM anakSarAtmaka ke bheda se do prakAra ke mAne gaye haiN| inameM jo dhvani varNoM yA akSaroM se yukta hotI hai vaha akSarAtmaka kahI jAtI haiM aura jo dhvani varNoM yA akSaroM se rahita hotI hai vaha anakSarAtmaka kahI jAtI hai| jar3a vastuoM se jo dhvani niHsata kI jAtI hai vaha abhASAtmaka prAyogika zabda hai| yaha abhASAtmaka prAyogika zabda pA~ca prakAra ke mAne gaye haiM 1. tata-camar3e se lapeTe hue vAdyoM se niHsRta zabda tata kahe jAte haiN| 2. vitata-sAraMgI, vINA Adi tAra vAle vAdyoM se niHsRta hone vAle zabda vitata kahe jAte haiN| 3. ghana jhAlara, ghaNTa Adi para AghAta karane se jo zabda hotA hai vaha ghana kahA jAtA hai| 4. suSira-phUMka kara bajAye jAne vAle zaMkha Adi ke zabda ko suSira kahate haiN| 5. saMgharSa-do vastuoM kA gharSaNa karake unase jo zabda utpanna kiyA jAtA hai use saMgharSa kahate haiM / jaise-jhaaNjh|| ___ yadyapi svarUpataH ye sabhI abhASAtmaka kahe gaye haiM, kintu prAyogika (prayatnajanya) hone ke kAraNa inase hone vAlI zabda dhvaniyoM ko bhASAtmaka rUpa meM parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai| saMgIta ke svara inhIM vAdyoM se hI to nikAle jAte haiN| ataH merI dRSTi meM inameM bhASAtmaka rUpa meM pariNata hone kI kSamatA to mAnanA hI hogA / dhavalA meM kahA gayA hai ki nagAre Adi ke zabdoM ko upacAra se bhASAtmaka kahA jAtA hai| ataH tata, vitata Adi vAdyoM se nikalI zabdadhvani meM bhI kisI sImA taka akSarAtmaka dhvani ho sakatI hai| phira bhI vaha spaSTa nahIM hai, ataH unheM bhASAtmaka zabdadhvani meM antarabhAvita nahIM kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki jaba jIva ke prayatnoM ke dvArA saMgharSa karake jo dhvani nikAlI jAtI hai to vaha prAyogika hotI hai kintu svAbhAvika rUpa se hI jaba padArthoM ke saMgharSa se dhvani nikalatI hai to vaha vainasika kahI jAtI hai-jaise bAdaloM kI garjanA se honevAlA zabda / yaha pUrNataH abhASAtmaka hai| tattha tado NAma vINA-tisariAlAvaNivavvIsa khukkhunnaadijnnido| vitado NAma bheriimdiNgpttaahaadismunbhdo| ghaNo NAma jayaghaMTAdighaNadavvANaM sNghaadutthaavido| susiro NAma vaMsa-saMkha kaahlaadijnnido| ghoso NAma ghassamANadavvajaNido / -dhavalA, 93/4, 5, 26/201/7 (uddhRta-jainendra siddhAnta koza bhAga 4, pRSTha 3) 2. draSTavya-dhavalA 14/5-6, 83/61/12-uddhRta jainendra siddhAnta koza bhAga 4, pR03|
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________________ 30 : jaina bhASAdarzana zabda kI paribhASA zabda dhvani-saMketa hai, phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki sabhI prakAra kI dhvaniyA~ zabda nahIM kahI jA sakatI haiN| bhASA ke sandarbha meM 'zabda' kA tAtparya varNAtmaka ( akSarAtmaka) sArthaka dhvani-saMketa se hai| abhidhAnarAjendrakoza meM zabda ko jainAcAryoM dvArA dI gaI katipaya paribhASAoM kA ullekha huA hai| sAmAnyatayA zrotrendriya ke dvArA grAhya vargoM kI niyata krama meM honevAlI dhvani ko 'zabda' kahA jAtA hai| yadyapi zabda kI yaha paribhASA usake samagra svarUpa kA pratipAdana nahIM karatI hai kyoMki zabda mAtra varNoM kI niyata krama meM honevAlo dhvani nahIM hai kintu arthabodha bhI usakA aparihArya tattva hai / varNoM kI niyata krama meM honevAlI dhvani se arthabodha hotA hai / inameM nimna tIna bAteM Avazyaka haiM-(1) dhvani kA varNAtmaka yA akSarAtmaka honA, (2) usakA niyata krama meM honA aura (3) usake dvArA arthabodha kA honA / zabda ke vAstavika svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki 'zabdyatepratipAdyate vastvaneneti zabdaH' arthAt jisake dvAsa artha yA vastu kA pratipAdana hotA hai yahI zabda hai / zabda kI isa paribhASA ko puSTi paMtajali ke mahAbhASya kI vRtti se bhI hotI hai, usameM kahA gayA hai--'atha gaurityatra kaH zabdaH ? gakAraukAravisarjanIyAH iti bhagavAnupavarSaH / zrotragrahaNe hyarthaM zabdazabdaH prasiddhaH / yadyevamarthapratyayo nopapadyate / ato gakArAdivyatirikto'nyo gozabdo'sti, yato'rthapratipattiH syAt' / arthAt, 'zabda usa dhvanisamUha ko nahIM kahate, jinake saMyoga se tathAkathita zabda-rUpa banatA hai, balki zabda vaha hai jisase kiso artha kA vinizcaya yA prApti hotI hai| vastutaH zabda artha (vastu) kA pratipAdaka hotA hai| vAcyArtha kA pratipAdana hI zabda kI zakti hai| yadi usase vastutattva (vAcya-viSaya yA artha) kA pratipAdana nahIM hotA hai to vaha nirarthaka dhvani hI hogo / sArthaka dhvani hI zabda kahI jAtI hai| bhartRhari ne zabda ko artha se aviyojya mAnA hai|" jainAcAryoM ne bhI zabda aura artha meM aviyojya sambandha to mAnA hai phira bhI ve unameM tadrUpatA yA tAdAtmya sambandha nahIM mAnate haiM, mAtra vAcyavAcaka sambandha mAnate haiN| zabda aura artha ke sambandha ko lekara hamane Age carcA kI hai| yahA~ hamArA pratipAdya yahI hai ki vastu vAcyatva hI zabda kA vAstavika dharma hai / jaina ke anusAra zabda vaha hai jisameM vAcyArtha kI sAMketika zakti hai / vAcyatva kA guNa zabda meM hai kintu usakA vAcya usase bhinna hai / zabda vAcaka hai aura vastu vAcya hai / bhASAyojJAna meM arthabodha ko prakriyA __ jenoM ke anusAra bhASAjanya jJAna zrutajJAna hai| zabda ko sunakara usake vAkyArtha ko jAnanA tathA usake jJAta artha ko punaH zabdoM ke mAdhyama se pratipAdita karanA zrutajJAna kA kArya hai / zrutajJAna kA mUla AdhAra zabda kA uccAraNa aura zravaNa hai| zabdoM ko sunakara artha kA bodha kisa prakAra hotA hai yaha eka vicAraNIya prazna hai / bhASA 1. zrotrendriyagrAhyaniyatakramavarNAtmani dhvnau| -abhiSAnarAjendra bhAga 7 pR. 338 / 2. pratipAdyate vastvaneneti zabdaH / -vhii|| 3. bhASAtattva aura vAkyapadIya, pRSTha 117 / / 4. nityAH zabdArthasambandhAstatrAmnAtA maharSibhiH |-vaakypdiiy 1123 /
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________________ jena zabdadarzana : 31 meM prayukta zabdoM ke do rUpa haiM-likhita aura uccarita / likhita zabda se artha-bodha cakSu-indriya ke mAdhyama se hotA hai, jabaki uccarita evaM zravya bhASA meM artha-bodha zrotrendriya ke mAdhyama se hotA hai / vaise yadi hama bhASA ko vyApaka artha meM grahaNa kareM aura usameM anakSarAtmaka saMketoM ko bhI svIkAra kareM to kucha sthitiyoM meM hamArI sparzendriya se bhI arthabodha hotA hai| isa prakAra arthabodha kA sAdhana tIna indriyA~ hotI haiM-sparzendriya, cakSuindriya aura karNendriya / sAtha hI vicArazIla mana arthAta baddhi ke abhAva meM bhI mAtra indriyoM se arthabodha saMbhava nahIM hai| dhvanyAtmaka saMketoM ko hama karNendriya ke dvArA grahaNa karake artha grahaNa karate haiM, jabaki likhita saMketoM ko hama cakSuindriya se dekhakara dUsare zabdoM meM par3hakara arthabodha grahaNa karate haiN| jaba saMketa isa prakAra ke hoM ki unakA bodha sparza ke dvArA sambhava ho sake to hama sparzendriya ke mAdhyama se bhI artha-bodha karate haiM / andhe vyakti brelalipi ko sparzendriya se hI paDhakara arthabodha karate haiN| jaina AcAryoM ne artha-bodha meM ina tInoM hI indriyoM aura mana ko upayogI mAnA hai| acchA hogA ki hama ina tInoM indriyoM evaM mana kI isa jJAnAtmaka prakriyA para vicAra kreN| jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi se vaktA meM jaba apane vicAroM jora bhAvanAoM ko dUsaroM ke prati abhivyakta karane kI icchA hotI hai to sarvaprathama manas (manoyoga) sakriya hotA hai / manas ke sakriya hone se vAk (vacanayoga) sakriya hotA hai| vAk ke sakriya hone se zarIra (kAyayoga) sakriya hotA hai / zarIra ke sakriya hone para vaktA kA svarayantra bhASA vargaNA ke paramANuoM arthAt dhvanirUpa meM parivartita hone yogya pudgaloM paramANuoM kA grahaNa karatA hai| phira unakA bhASArUpa meM pariNamana karatA hai arthAt unheM viziSTa zabdadhvaniyoM ke rUpa meM parivartita karatA hai aura anta meM una dhvani rUpoM kA utsarjana karatA hai arthAt unheM bAhara nikAlatA hai| dhvanirUpa meM nikale ye bhASAyI pudgala AkAza meM dhvanitaraMga ke rUpa meM prasArita hote haiN| jaina dArzanikoM ne ina dhvanitaraMgoM ko prasaraNazIla batAyA bho hai / prajJApanA sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki bhASAvargaNA kI dhvanitaraMgeM lokAnta taka jAtI haiN| zabda-dhvani ke prasaraNa kI yaha prakriyA nimnarUpa meM ghaTita hotI hai| sarvaprathama dhvani rUpa meM niHsata pudagala apane samIpastha pudgala skandhoM ko prakampita kara apanI zakti ke anurUpa unheM zabdAyamAna karate haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM una dhvanirUpa pudgaloM ke nimitta se bhASAvargaNA ke dUsare pudgaloM meM bhI zabda-paryAya utpanna ho jAtI hai, ve zabdAyamAna dUsare pudgala punaH apane samIpastha pudgaloM ko zabdAyamAna karate haiM aura isa prakAra kramazaH utpanna hotI huI ye dhvani-taraMgeM bhASAvargaNA ke pudgaloM ke mAdhyama se vIcitaraMganyAya kI bhA~ti lokAnta taka pahu~ca jAtI haiM / jisa prakAra jalAzaya meM pheMke gaye eka patthara se prakampita jala meM utpanna taraMgeM apane samIpastha jala ko kramazaH prakampita karate hae jalAzaya ke taTa taka pahu~ca jAto haiM, usI prakAra zabda-dhvaniyA~ bhI lokAnta taka apanI yAtrA karatI haiN| phira bhI dhvani kI prasaraNakSamatA vaktA kI zakti para nirbhara karatI hai, kucha dhvani-taraMgeM vaktA ke svarayantra se nikalakara dUra taka zravyarUpa meM jAtI haiM jabaki kucha thor3I dUra jAkara azravya bana jAtI haiN| ataH yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki sabhI zabda lokAnta 1. bhAsAlogaMtapajjavasiyA paNNattA / -prajJApanAsUtra bhASApada, 15 / 2. draSTavya-jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 4 pR. 3 /
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________________ 32 : jana bhASAdarzana taka zravyarUpa meM hI pahu~ceM / yaha zravyamAna dhvani tIna prakAra kI ho sakatI hai - uccarita, vAsita, uccarita - vAsita (mizra) / isameM vaktA dvArA bolA gayA mUla zabda uccarita hai| vaktA dvArA bolA gayA yaha zabda jaba apane anurUpa dUsarI dhvanitaraMgoM ko utpanna karatA hai aura ve dUsarI dhvanitaraMgeM jaba zrotA taka pahu~catI haiM taba vaha zabda vAsita hotA hai arthAt una uccarita zabdoM se prakampita yA zabdAyamAna hokara jo anya zabda dhvani nikalatI hai. vaha vAsita hotI hai jaise dhvanivistAraka yantra se nikale zabda tathA jisa dhvani meM uccarita aura vAsita donoM prakAra kI zabda- dhvaniyA~ rahatI haiM vaha uccarita -vAsita (mizra) zabdadhvani hotI hai| isI prakAra vaktA kI dRSTi se bhI dhvani yA dravyabhASA tIna prakAra kI mAnI gayI hai-grahaNa, niHsaraNa aura parAdhAta / ' vacanayoga vAlI AtmA arthAt vaktA dvArA gRhota bhASAvargaNA ke pudgala - grahaNa, usake dvArA uccarita bhASAvargaNA ke pudagala - niHsaraNa aura uccarita bhASAvargaNA ke pudgala dvArA saMskArita ( vAsita) anya bhASAvargaNA ke pudgala - parAdhAta / dArzanika dRSTi se yahA~ prathama mahatvapUrNa prazna yaha bhI hai ki zrotrendriya zabda kA grahaNa kisa prakAra se karatI hai / bauddhoM ne cakSuindriya ke sAtha-sAtha zrotrendriya ko bhI aprApyakArI mAnA hai arthAt unake anusAra cakSu ke samAna zrotrendriya bhI apane viSaya kA grahaNa dUra se binA unakA saMsparza kiye hI karatI hai / bauddhoM kI isa dhAraNA ke viparIta jaina dArzanikoM kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki zrotrendriya prApyakArI hai| jaba dhvani kA zrotrendriya se saMsparza hotA hai tabhI zabda - jJAna hotA hai / phira dhvani cAhe dUra deza meM hI utpanna kyoM na ho| unake anusAra dhvani apane prasaraNazIla svabhAva ke kAraNa karNendriya taka pahu~catI hai aura vahA~ pahu~cakara zrotA ko zabdabodha karAtI hai / jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra dhvani taraMgeM paudgalika evaM prasaraNazIla svabhAvavAlI haiM / yadyapi mImAMsakoM ne bhI zabda ko lokavyApI mAnA thA kintu unakI yaha avadhAraNA jainoM kI avadhAraNA se bilkula bhinna hai / unake anusAra zabda utpanna nahIM hotA hai, vaha svarUpataH hI lokavyApI hai / jabaki jainoM ke anusAra zabda utpanna hotA hai aura utpanna hokara apane prasaraNazIla svabhAva ke kAraNa loka meM vyApta hotA huA lokAnta taka jAkara paryavasita ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaMnoM ne sarvaprathama zabda ko paudgalika ( Material) aura taraMgarUpa prasthApita kara use eka vaijJAnika AdhAra diyA hai / Aja vaijJAnika bhI zabda ko isI rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM / jahA~ taka bhASA ke zrAvya hone kA prazna hai unakA kathana hai ki bhASA vargaNA ke pudgala (vizeSa prakAra ke bhautika paramANu - jinameM dhvani rUpa meM parivartita hone kI yogyatA hai) jIva ke prayatnoM ke dvArA zabda dhvani ke rUpa meM uccarita hote haiM arthAt jIva apane zArIrika prayatnoM ke dvArA vizva meM vyApta dhvani yogya padArtha (maiTara) ko taraMgita karatA hai aura ye dhvani taraMgeM zrotA taka pahu~cakara zrAvya bana jAtI haiM / yahA~ zabda-zravaNa ke mAdhyama se honevAle arthabodha ke sambandha meM yaha bhI samajha lenA Avazyaka hai ki vaktA aura zrotA donoM ke manas meM bAhya jagat ko vastuoM aura unake sambandhoM ke lie nirdhArita samAna zabdapratIka yA dhvanisaMketa hote haiM / jaba vaktA dvArA zabdAyamAna una dhvani saMketoM ko zrotA sunatA hai, to unake zravaNa se usake manas meM vastu yA vastu sambandhoM ke bimba ubharate haiM aura una bimboM ke AdhAra para zrotA arthabodha prApta karatA hai / 1. davve tivihA gahaNaM, tahaya nisiraNaM parAghAo / - bhASA rahasyaprakaraNa ( yazovijaya ) 2 /
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________________ jaina zabdadarzana : 33 jahA~ taka likhita bhASA ko cakSu-indriya se par3hakara honevAle arthabodha kA prazna hai, jaina naiyAyikoM ke viparIta bauddhoM ke samAna yaha mAnate haiM ki cakSu-indriya aprApyakArI hai arthAt apane viSaya kA sAkSAt samparka kiye binA dUra se hI usase arthabodha prApta karatI hai| jainoM ke anusAra lekhana aura paThana kI prakriyA meM arthabodha kI prakriyA isa prakAra ghaTita hotI hai--sarvaprathama lekhaka ke mana meM apane bhAvoM kI abhivyakti kI preraNA hotI hai ataH vaha una bhAvoM ke zabda pratIkoM ko kAgaja yA anya kisI vastu para likha detA hai, arthabodha karanevAlA vyakti prathama to una zabdapratIkoM ko dekhatA hai, phira pUrva anubhava ke AdhAra para ve pratIka kisa padArtha yA vastu ke lie prayoga kiye jAte haiM, yaha jAnatA hai phira jAnane ke pazcAt prayukta zabdoM se arthabodha karatA hai| jainoM ke anusAra arthabodha kI prakriyA meM mana bhI eka mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA adA karatA hai, unhoMne mana ko bhI aprApyakArI mAnA hai arthAt vaha bhI apane viSaya ko sAkSAt samparka kiye binA hI grahaNa karatA hai| vaha indriyoM se jo kucha sUcanA milatI hai usase bimba banAtA hai aura una bimboM ke mAdhyama se ho arthabodha karAtA hai| bhASA sambandhI arthabodha meM mana avyavahita (Direct) aura indriyA~ vyavahita (Indirect) kAraNa haiN| vastutaH jo jIva AdhyAtmika dRSTi se jitanA vikasita kSamatA vAlA hotA hai usameM bhASAvargaNA ke pudgaloM ko bhASA ke rUpa meM pariNita karane kI tathA uccarita evaM likhita zabdoM se arthabodha karane kI zakti bhI utanI hI adhika hotI hai / hamArI bhASAyI sampreSaNIyatA hamAre daihika aura bauddhika vikAsa para hI nirbhara karatI hai jise jainoM ne apanI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM nAmakarma ke kSayopazama kA pariNAma mAnA hai / jisa prANI ke nAmakarma kA kSayopazama jitanA adhika hogA usakI bhASAyI sampreSaNIyatA aura grahaNazIlatA bhI utanI hI samartha hogii| kyA bhASA rUpa meM pariNata zabda paudgalika hI hai ? sAmAnyatayA jaina dArzanikoM ne zabda ko padgala kI paryAya mAnA hai| uttarAdhyayana, tattvArthasUtra Adi sabhI granthoM meM use paudgalika mAnA gayA hai| yaha nizcita satya hai ki zabda dhvani pudgala ko paryAya hai / kintu bhASA rUpa meM pariNata arthabodha karAnevAle zabda ko ekAnta rUpa se paudgalika yA jar3a mAnanA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| kyoMki svayaM jainoM ke anusAra bhI bhASA kI utpatti jIva arthAt cetana sattA se mAnI gayI hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI mAnA gayA hai ki akSarAtmaka bhASA prAyogika zabdoM se banato hai, cU~ki prAyogika zabda ve haiM jinheM jIva jar3a ke sahayoga se utpanna karatA hai, ataH ekAnta rUpa se unheM jar3a nahIM kahA jA sakatA / zabda dhvani cAhe jar3a yA pudgala kI paryAya ho kintu zabda ko utpatti jIva ke prayatna ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI hotI hai| pUnaH zabda ke artha-bodha ke lie aura bhASA kI abhivyakti ke lie eka buddhiyukta cetana sattA ko AvazyakatA hotI hai, ataH bhASA kevala jar3a kA pariNAma nahIM hai| vaha jar3a aura cetana ke sahayoga kA hI pariNAma hai / bhASA prayatnajanya hai aura prayatna ke lie cetana sattA kA honA Avazyaka hai| ataH jainoM ke anusAra bhI bhASA ko ekAnta rUpa se jar3a athavA ekAnta rUpa se cetana nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, vaha ubhaya ke saMyoga kA pariNAma hai| dUsare zabdoM meM vaha eka buddhiyukta cetana zarIra ke prayatnoM kA pariNAma hai| bhASA jar3a aura cetana kA saMyukta pariNAma hai ataH vaha ekAntataH jar3a yA cetana nahIM hai / zabda dhvani evaM akSara-cihna nizcaya hI bhautika saMracanAyeM haiM, kintu unake dvArA kiyA gayA artha-saMketa aura artha-bodha buddhiyukta cetana sattA ke binA sambhava nahIM hai|
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________________ 34 : bhASAdarzana jainoM ke anusAra bhI eka ora zuddha Atma tattva ke rUpa meM siddha ko abhASaka kahA gayA hai, to dUsarI ora zuddha jar3atattva bhI abhASaka hai| bhASA jIva ke prayatnoM kA pariNAma hai kintu yaha prayatna sazarIrI jIva ke dvArA hI sambhava hai / jaba taka zrotA aura vaktA donoM hI buddhiyukta na hoM, dhvani saMketoM aura anya saMketoM se koI artha-bodha nahIM hotaa| bhASA kA kArya hai arthabodha karAnA tathA arthabodha karanA aura yaha sAmarthya kevala buddhiyukta cetana prANiyoM meM hI sambhava hai| bhASAyI saMketa cAhe ve dhvanisaMketa hoM, lipisaMketa hoM yA anya kisI prakAra ke saMketa hoM, saMketa rUpa meM jar3a ho sakate haiM, kintu unase hone vAlA arthabodha sadaiva cetana hai aura yahI artha-bodha bhASA kA mUla prANa hai| ataH bhASA cetana jagat kA eka vyavahAra hai jisake upakaraNa jar3a haiM kintu unakA prayoga cetana sattA ke dvArA hI hotA hai| zabda kI ANvika saMracanA kA siddhAnta bhartRhari ne vAkyapadIya meM zabda kI ANvika saMracanA ke siddhAnta kA saMketa kiyA hai, kintu usake TIkAkAroM ne isa sambandha meM adhika kucha prakAza nahIM DAlA ki yaha siddhAnta kina vicArakoM kA hai / spaSTa hai ki yaha jainamata hai kyoMki jainavicAraka hI zabdoM ko bhautika saMracanA evaM pudgala paryAya mAnate haiN| jainoM ne bhASA arthAt zabdadhvani ko eka vizeSa prakAra ke pudgaloM se utpanna mAnA hai| zabda ko pudgala kA paryAya batalAyA gayA hai| pudgala kI vividha paryAyoM (avasthAoM) meM eka paryAya zabda bhI hai| ___ nyAya dArzanikoM ne jainiyoM ke isa siddhAnta kA khaNDana kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki yadi zabda bhautika hai, to unameM sparza guNa honA caahie| naiyAyikoM kI dUsarI Apatti yaha hai ki yadi zabda pudgala rUpa hai to use kinhIM avarodhoM se bAdhita honA caahie| unakI tIsarI Apatti yaha bhI hai ki yadi zabda bhautika hote to unake avayava hote kintu zabdoM ke koI avayava nahIM pAye jAte haiM, isI prakAra unakI cauthI Apatti yaha hai ki yadi zabda eka bhautika saMracanA hai to dUsare aNuoM yA skandhoM se unakI TakarAhaTa honA cAhie / lekina ye saba guNa zabdoM meM nahIM pAe jAte haiM, ataH naiyAyikoM ke anusAra zabdoM ko pudgala kA paryAya mAnanA yA bhautika saMracanA mAnanA eka asaMgata kalpanA hai| naiyAyikoM kI ina ApattiyoM ke viruddha jainiyoM kA kahanA hai ki ye ApattiyA~ unake siddhAntoM para lAgU nahIM hotii| 1. zabdoM meM sparza guNa hote hue bhI vaha avyakta raha sakatA hai aura hamArI sparza-indriya se AgrAhya banA raha sakatA hai| saMsAra meM aneka aisI sUkSma bhautika saMracanAe~ haiM, jinheM hamArI sparzendriya grahaNa nahIM kara pAtI haiN| yaha bahuta hI spaSTa hai ki zabdoM kI saMvedanA vAyu ke AdhAra para nirbhara karatI hai / aneka sthitiyoM meM anukUla dizA kI vAyu hone para dUra ke zabda bhI sune jA sakate haiN| kintu pratikUla vAyu hone para pAsa ke zabda bhI sunAI nahIM dete| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki zabdoM meM vAyu yA dUsare bhautika padArthoM ke samAna hI sparza guNa hai| .. . 2. dUsarI Apatti ke sambandha meM jainiyoM kA kahanA hai ki prathama to podgalika zabdoM kA avarodhoM se bAdhita honA bhI Avazyaka nahIM hai| jisa prakAra gandha ke paramANu kucha bAdhAoM ke
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________________ jaina zabdadarzana : 35 hote hue bhI jaise daravAje banda hone para bhI kamare meM praveza kara jAte haiM usI prakAra zabda bhI praveza kara jAte haiM / punaH Adhunika vaijJAnika upakaraNoM ke AdhAra para yaha bhI siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai ki gahana avarodha ke hone para athavA vAyu zUnyatA kI sthiti meM zabdoM kA zravaNa yA zabdagati bAdhita ho jAtI hai / ataH jainiyoM kA zabda ko paudgalikatA kA siddhAnta vaijJAnika dRSTi se adhika saMgatipUrNa hai|' 3. tIsare sAvayava honA bhI zabdoM ke bhautika hone kI Avazyaka zarta nahIM mAnI jA sakato hai| prakAza aura aNu bhautika saMracanAe~ haiM, phira bhI ve niravayava haiN| jo bhI bhautika hogA vaha sabhI sAvayava hogA-aisA siddhAnta nahIM banAyA jA sakatA hai| ataH zabdoM kA bhautika honA unake sAvayava hone kI anivArya zarta nahIM hai| 4 cauthI Apatti ke sambandha meM jaina dArzanikoM kA pratyuttara yaha hai ki gandha ke paramANuoM kI taraha zabda ke paramANu bhI dUsaroM se binA TakarAe abAdhita rUpa se praveza karane kI sAmarthya rakhate haiN| jisa prakAra nAsikA ke bAloM se binA TakarAye hI gandha ke paramANu nAsikA meM praveza kara jAte haiM usI prakAra zabda ke paramANu zrotrendriya meM praveza kara jAte haiN| punaH jaina dArzanika to zabda (dhvani) kI utpatti bhASA-vargaNA ke pudgala paramANuoM ke prayatnajanya pArasparika saMgharSa se hI mAnate haiM / punaH unakI mAnyatA hai ki bhASA-vargaNA ke pudgala paramANu eka-dUsare ko zabdAyamAna karate hue yA vAsita karate hue Age gati karate haiM aura isase unakI paudgalikatA svataH hI siddha ho jAtI hai / vaiyAkaraNikoM ne bhI naiyAyikoM ke samAna ho jainoM ke zabdasvarUpa kI AlocanA kI hai| unhoMne bhI zabda ko paudgalika mAnane ke sambandha meM ve hI ApattiyA~ prastuta kI haiM jo naiyAyikoM ne prastuta kI haiM / ataH unakI AlocanAoM kA pRthak se pratyuttara denA Avazyaka nahIM hai / Aja hama vijJAna ke yuga meM jI rahe haiM aura vijJAna ne zabda ke paudgalika svarUpa ko siddha kara diyA hai| ataH zabdadhvani ko paudgalika mAnane ke sambandha meM kisI ko bhI bAdhA nahIM honI caahie| yadyapi yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jainoM ne zabda ke bhautika svarUpa kI jo sthApanA kI hai vaha zabda-dhvani ke sambandha meM hai, usake buddhayartha ke sambandha meM nahIM hai| yadi hama zabda ko vaktA aura zrotA ke Azaya yA buddhayartha se sambandhita karate haiM athavA usakA tAtparya arthabodha karAnA yA athabodha karanA mAnate haiM to nizcaya ho vaha bhautika nahIM hai| vastutaH yaha vivAda zabda ke bhASAyI artha kI aspaSTatA ke kAraNa hI hai / merI dRSTi meM zabda-dhvani ko paudgalika mAnane meM kisI ko koI Apatti nahIM honI caahie| isI prakAra yadi hama vaktA kI icchA aura zrotA ke arthabodha ko hI zabda kA svarUpa mAneM to use caitasika mAnane meM jainoM ko bhI koI Apatti nahIM ho sakatI hai| bhAratIya darzana kA durbhAgya yahI rahA hai ki dArzanikoM ne zabdoM ko bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM prayukta kiyA kintu jaba AlocanA kA prazna upasthita huA to isa bAta kA dhyAna nahIM rakhA gayA ki kisa darzana meM zabda ko kisa artha meM prayukta kiyA gayA hai / jena zabda kA jo Azaya samajhate haiM vaha mImAMsakoM ke 1. The Philosophy of Word and Meaning, p. 52. 2. (a) pramANanayatattvAlokAlaMkAra, TokA syAdvAdaratnAkara sutra 4 / 9, pR0 639-40 / (a) The Philosophy of Word and Meaning, p. 53-54.
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________________ 36 : bhASAdarzana dvArA samajhe gaye zabda ke Azaya se pUrNatayA bhinna hai| yadi hama paraspara eka dUsare ke una AzayoM ko samajha leM to sambhavataH vivAda ke adhika kAraNa zeSa nahIM rahate / jainoM ke anusAra zabda dhvanirUpa hai isalie vaha bhautika hai jabaki mImAMsakoM aura vaiyAkaraNikoM ke anusAra vaha buddhirUpa hai jo ki dhvani kA kAraNa hai, ataH vaha abhautika hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne zabda ko dhvanirUpa mAnakara hI use pudgala kI paryAya mAnA hai aura isa dRSTi se unake anusAra zabda vivarta na hokara vAstavika hai| zabda kI anityatA bhASA zabdoM se banI huI hai| zabda bhASA ke mUlabhUta ghaTaka haiN| zabda ke sambandha meM sabase pramukha dArzanika samasyA isa prazna ko lekara hai ki zabda nitya hai athavA anitya hai ? isa sambandha meM bhAratIya darzana meM do mukhya vicAradhArAe~ dekhI jAtI haiN| eka ora mImAMsA darzana aura vaiyAkaraNa darzana zabda ko nitya mAnate haiM to dUsarI ora nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya, bauddha aura jaina darzana zabda ko anitya mAnate haiM / jainoM kA spaSTa vicAra hai ki zabda anitya hai kyoMki vaha utpanna hotA hai| yadyapi jahA~ taka manuSya ke dvArA bole gae zabdoM arthAt dhvani kA prazna hai usakI anityatA ke sambandha meM mImAMsakoM aura vaiyAkaraNikoM ko bhI koI Apatti nahIM hai kintu manuSya dvArA uccarita zabdoM arthAt dhvaniyoM kA AdhAra ve anAdi zabda ko mAnate haiM / unake anusAra yahI dhvani kA kAraNa rUpa zabda hI nitya mAnA gayA hai| unhoMne zabda ko isaliye bhI nitya mAnA hai ki zabdoM kI nityatA ke AdhAra para hI vedoM kI nityatA aura apauruSeyatA nirbhara karatI hai| vaiyAkaraNika ne zabda ko hI parama tattva (zabda-brahma) mAnakara usakI nityatA ko siddhi kI hai| zabdoM kI nityatA aura anityatA ke prazna ko lekara jaina dArzanikoM ne paryApta rUpa se vicAra kiyA hai / yadyapi ve zabda aura dhvani meM antara nahIM karate haiN| zabda se unakA tAtparya zabda dhvani se hI hai| ve zabda ko utpanna mAnate haiN| prajJApanA sUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki bhASA kI utpatti zarIra se hotI hai aura usakA paryavasAna lokAnta meM hotA hai| jo utpanna hotA hai usakA vinAza anivArya hai / yadi zabda utpanna hai to vaha nitya nahIM hai| punaH jaina dArzanikoM ne zabda ko pudgala kA paryAya mAnA hai aura cUMki koI bhI paryAya nitya nahIM hotI ataH zabda nitya nahIM ho sktaa| vastutaH zabda-nityavAda aura zabda-anityavAda kA yaha vivAda svayaM bhASA kI aspaSTatA ke kAraNa hai / zabda nityavAdiyoM ke anusAra zabda 'zabda-dhvani' se bhinna hai aura zabdadhvani kA kAraNa hai, jabaki zabda anityavAdiyoM ke lie zabda aura zabdadhvani eka hI hai| punaH prathama varga ke anusAra zabda zabdadhvani kA kAraNa hai ataH apauruSeya hai| jabaki dUsare varga ke anusAra zabda dhvani rUpa meM puruSa ke prayatnoM kA kArya hai / jahA~ taka jaina dArzanikoM kA prazna hai, unhoMne zabda ko zabda-dhvani ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra kiyA hai aura isalie use anitya hI mAnA hai| 1. vistRta vivecana ke lie dekheM (a) nyAyakumudacandra, pR0703 se 720 / (ba) prameyakamalamArtaNDa, pR. 406 se 427 / (sa) jaina nyAya (paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI), pR0 354 se 360 /
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________________ jaina zabdadarzana : 37 jaina dArzanikoM ne zabda kI anityatA ke sAtha-sAtha zabda aura artha ke sambandha ko bhI anitya mAnA hai / isakI carcA hama agrima pRSThoM meM kreNge| bhASAdarzana kI dRSTi se zabda kI nityatA athavA anityatA kA prazna isalie mahattvapUrNa mAnA jA sakatA hai ki jahA~ eka ora mImAMsaka dArzanika yaha mAnate haiM ki yadi zabda anitya hai to vaha artha kA pratipAdaka nahIM ho skegaa| unakA kahanA hai ki yadi zabda ko Anatya mAnA jAyegA to vaha utpanna hote hI naSTa ho jAyegA punaH jisa zabda meM saMketa kA grahaNa kiyA gayA hai vaha zabda vyavahArakAla meM nahIM hogA aura aisI sthiti meM vaha apane vAcyArtha kA pratipAdaka bhI nahIM ho skegaa| kevala nitya zabda ho apane saMketakAla aura vyavahArakAla meM eka ho sakatA hai / vAcaka zabda ko nitya mAnanA isalie Avazyaka hai ki usameM hI vAcya-vAcaka rUpa traika sambandha ke AdhAra para artha kA jJAna karAne kI sAmarthya hotI hai| mImAMsakoM kI isa mAnyatA ke virodha meM jainoM kA kahanA yaha hai ki zabda meM arthabodha kI sAmarthya usakI nityatA ke kAraNa nahIM apitu sadRzatA ke kAraNa hai| bhUtakAla kA uccarita 'go' zabda vartamAnakAla ke uccarita 'go' zabda se bhinna hai| phira bhI donoM meM sAdRzya hai aura isI bala para ve apane dvArA saMketika vastu kA bodha karAte haiN| bhUtakAla kA 'go' zabda aura usakA vAcya 'go' vartamAna kAla ke 'go' zabda aura usake vAcya 'go' se kisI artha meM bhinna bhI hai| ataH zabda kI nityatA kA arthabodha se koI aparihArya sambandha siddha nahIM hotA hai|' punaH eka hI zabda ke vAcya vibhinna kAloM meM bhinna-bhinna ho jAte haiM / zabdoM ke artha badalate rahate haiM, isa bAta ko Aja bhASA vaijJAnikoM ne spaSTa rUpa se siddha kara diyA hai| yadi zabda ke vAcyArtha badalate rahate haiM to phira arthabodha ke lie zabda kI nityatA ko mAnane kA koI aucitya nahIM raha jaataa| zabda artha kaise pAtA hai : zabda ko apane vAcyArtha ko saMketita karane kI zakti kisa rUpa meM upalabdha hai--yaha prazna bhI bhASA darzana kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| isa sambandha meM mukhyataH do prakAra kI avadhAraNAe~ pracalita haiN| prathama avadhAraNA yaha mAnatI hai ki zabda meM apane vAcyArtha athavA vAcyaviSaya ko saMketita karane kI svAbhAvika zakti hotI hai| svAbhAvika zakti se yahA~ yaha tAtparya lagAyA jAtA hai ki pratyeka zabda apane vAcya viSaya se anAdi rUpa se sambandhita hai aura usa zabda ke uccAraNa se vaha vAcya-viSaya saMketita ho jAtA hai| - kintu isake viparIta dUsarA siddhAnta yaha mAnatA hai ki zabda meM apane vAcyArtha yA vAcyaviSaya ko saMketita karane kI zakti svAbhAvika nahIM hotii| zabda meM artha kA AropaNa kiyA jAtA hai| zabda rUDhi. paramparA yA prayoga se apane vAcyAtha ko prApta hotA hai| isa avadhAraNA kA sIdhA aura spaSTa artha yaha hai ki zabda meM apane vAcya viSaya ko spaSTa karane kI koI svAbhAvika zakti nahIM hotii| vaha use samAja, rUr3hi yA paramparA se prApta huI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM zabda prayoga se apanA artha pAte haiM / zabda meM artha nihita nahIM hotA, apitu zabda ko artha diyA jAtA hai| 1. vistRta vivecana ke lie dekheM-jaina nyAya, pu0 254-260 /
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________________ 38: bhASAdarzana jaina dArzanikoM ne ina donoM hI prakAra ke siddhAntoM ko ekAMgIrUpa se grahaNa nahIM kiyA apitu yaha spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA ki zabda aura unake vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa kisI bhI ekAntika avadhAraNA para nirbhara nahIM hai| aneka zabdoM kA artha unake 'dhAtvArtha se phalita hotA hai to dUsarI ora aneka zabdoM ko unake artha samAja yA paramparA yA prayoga se prApta hote haiM / kucha zabda vyutpattiparaka haiM aura kucha zabda rUDhArtha / janoM ke anusAra zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa tIna siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para hotA hai-1. sahaja yogyatA (svAbhAvika zakti) 2. saMketa 3. samaya (paramparA yA pryog)| zabda meM apane vAcyArtha ko saMketita karane kI zakti hai jo abhisamaya arthAt paramparA yA prayoga se use upalabdha hotI hai aura jisake dvArA vaha apane vAcyArtha ko saMketita karatA hai| zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa (nAmakaraNa) bhASAyI abhivyakti kA mAdhyama vAkya hai| vAkyoM kI racanA sAkAMkSa padoM/zabdoM se hotI hai| pada/zabda akSaroM yA vargoM se nirmita hote haiM, kintu unake vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa nAmakaraNa kI prakriyA ke dvArA hotA hai| jaina dArzanika na to mImAMsakoM ke samAna yaha mAnate haiM ki zabda kA vAcyArtha anAdikAla se pUrva-nirdhArita hai aura na naiyAyikoM ke samAna yaha mAnate haiM ki zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa Izvara ne kiyA hai, apitu ve yaha mAnate haiM ki zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa abhisamaya yA paramparA se hotA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM samAja hI zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai| vAcyArtha ke nirdhAraNa kI isa prakriyA (Method of naming) kA ullekha hameM jainAgama anuyogadvArasUtra ke nAmadvAra se milanA hai| usameM nAmakaraNa kI prakriyA ko nAmoM ke dasa prakAra ke vargIkaraNoM dvArA samajhAyA gayA hai ekavidhanAma-dravya, guNa aura paryAya yukta samagra astitva yA sattA 'abhidheya' yA vAcya hai| sabhI zabda mUlataH 'nAma' (Names) haiM arthAt kisI ke vAcaka haiN| samagra astisva ko usake sarva-sAmAnya vAcyatva lakSaNa ke AdhAra para 'sat' nAma se hI abhihita kiyA jA sakatA hai| dvividhanAma-anuyogadvAra sUtra meM nAmoM kA dvividha vargIkaraNa tIna AdhAroM para kiyA gayA hai-(1) vargoM kI saMkhyA ke AdhAra para (2) sattA ke jaDa yA cetana lakSaNa ke AdhAra para (3) jAti (avizeSa) aura vyakti (vizeSa) ke vAcaka hone ke AdhAra para / varNasaMkhyA ke AdhAra para (a) eka varNAtmaka (ekAkSarika)-jaise : hI, zrI, ghI Adi / (ba) aneka varNAtmaka (anekAkSarika)-jaise : vINA, latA, mAlA Adi / cetanA lakSaNa ke AdhAra para (a) jIvavAcaka nAma-jaise : devadatta, yajJadatta, somadatta Adi / (ba) ajIvavAcaka nAma-jaise : ghaTa, paTa, ratha aadi| jAtivAcaka athavA vyaktivAcaka hone ke AdhAra para....... (a) vyaktivAcaka nAma (vizeSa vAcaka/savizeSaka) jaise-devadatta / (ba) jAtivAcaka nAma (sAmAnya vAcaka/avizeSaka) jaise-manuSya / 1. svAbhAvikasAmarthyasamayAbhyAmarthabodhanibandhanaM zabda iti |-prmaannnytttvaalokaalchaar 411 / 2. anuyogadvArasUtram-nAmapada sUtra 121-137 /
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________________ jaina zabdadarzana 39 smaraNIya hai ki jo 'nAma' eka dRSTi se jAtivAcaka hai vahI dUsarI dRSTi se vyaktivAcaka (vizeSa) ho jAtA hai / 'bhAratIya' yaha nAma bhAratIyoM kI dRSTi se sAmAnya yA jAtivAcaka hai jabaki manuSyoM kI dRSTi se vizeSa yA vyaktivAcaka hai| anuyogadvArasUtra meM isa tathya ko aneka udAharaNoM se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai aura yaha batAyA gayA hai ki sAmAnya aura vizeSa yA jAti aura vyakti kI avadhAraNA sApekSa hai| nAmoM kA eka dvividha vargIkaraNa hameM vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM bhI milatA hai, jahA~ padoM ko vAcakapada evaM dyotakapada ke rUpa meM do bhAgoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai| 'vRkSa khar3A haiM-yaha vAcaka pada kA udAharaNa hai, jabaki pra0 ca0 Adi dyotaka pada kahe gaye haiN| trividhanAma-nAmoM kA trividha vargIkaraNa nimna do AdhAroM para kiyA gayA hai(1) dravya, guNa aura paryAya ke AdhAra para (a) dravyavAcaka nAma-jaise : jIva, pudgala, AkAza Adi / (ba) guNavAcaka nAma-jaise : ThaNDA, garama, kAlA, nIlA, khaTTA, mIThA Adi / guNavAcaka nAmoM meM varNa, gandha, rasa, sparza, AkRti Adi ke AdhAra para vividha bheda haiN|| - (sa) paryAyavAcaka nAma (avasthAscaka nAma)-paryAyavAcaka nAma vastu/sattA kI avasthA vizeSa ko sUcita karate haiN| jaise : strI, puruSa, bAla, vRddha, yuvA Adi / (2) liGga ke AdhAra para (a) puMliGga nAma-jaise : rAjA, giri, viSNu / (ba) strIliGga nAma--jaise : mAlA, zrI, lakSmI, vAyu / (sa) napuMsakaliGga nAma-jaise : vana, madhu / caturvidhanAma-nAmoM kA caturvidha vargIkaraNa saMdhiprakriyA meM vargoM ke Agama-lopa Adi ke AdhAra para zabda-nirmANa kI prakriyA ko samajhAtA hai / isake nimna cAra bheda haiM (a) Agama-kinhIM zabdoM kI racanA sandhiprakriyA meM kisI naye varNa ke Agama ke dvArA hotI hai / jaise : padmANi / (ba) lopa-kinhIM zabdoM kI racanA sandhiprakriyA meM kisI varNa ke lopa ke dvArA hotI hai| jaise : ghtto'tr| (sa) prakRti-kinhIM zabdoM kI racanA sandhiprakriyA meM binA kisI parivartana ke yathAvat hotI hai / sandhi kA avasara hone para bhI sandhi nahIM honA hI 'prakRti' hai| yathA : mAle + ime = maaleime| (da) vikRti-kinhIM padoM kI racanA sandhiprakriyA meM yathAvat na hokara vikRta rUpa se hotI hai| jaise : sA + AgatA = saagtaa| paJcaviSanAma-padoM ko unake svarUpa ke AdhAra para pAMca bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai (1) nAmapada/saMjJApada (nAmika)-jo pada kisI vAkya meM svatantra rUpa meM uddezya yA vidheya banane ke yogya hote haiM ve nAmikapada haiN| vAkya meM prayukta nAmikapada vibhakti yukta hote haiM aura kisI vastu ke vAcaka hote haiM / jaise : azva, gaja /
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________________ 40 : bhASAdarzana (2) naipAtika -- jo zabda sAtoM vibhaktiyoM, tInoM liGgoM aura tInoM vacanoM meM eka hI rUpa raheM, ve naipAtika kahalAte haiM / avyaya bhI isI ke antargata Ate haiM / jaise : khalu / (3) AkhyAtika - kriyApada (dhAtue~ ) AkhyAtika kahalAte haiM / jaise daur3anA (dhAvati) Adi / ( 4 ) aupasargika - jinake saMyoga se zabda ke artha meM parivartana hotA hai, ve upasarga kahalAte haiM / jaise : pra, sama, ni, vi, adhi Adi / inase nirmita pada aupasargika hote haiN| yathA-vijJAna, adhivaktA Adi / (5) mizra - upasarga, dhAtu, kRdanta Adi se milakara jo zabda banatA vaha mizra kahalAtA hai / jaise : saMyata 1 anuyogadvArasUtra ke atirikta padoM kA yaho paJcavidha vargIkaraNa hameM vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM bhI milatA hai / SaDvidhanAma - AtmA aura karma ke saMyoga ke kAraNa AtmA kI jo chaH vibhinna avasthAe~ banatI haiM unheM anuyogadvArasUtra meM SaDvidhanAma kahA gayA hai / ye avasthAe~ nimna haiM audayika - karma vizeSa kA udaya hone para jo avasthA prApta hotI hai, vaha audayika nAma hai / jaise : manuSya, deva / aupazamika - karma vizeSa kA upazamana hone para jo avasthA prApta hotI hai, vaha aupazamika hai / yathA - upazAnta moha | kSAyika - karma vizeSa ke kSINa ho jAne para jo avasthA prApta hotI hai, vaha kSAyika hai / jaise : kSINamoha | kSayopazamika -- karma vizeSa kA AMzika kSaya aura AMzika upazama hone para jo avasthA prApta hotI hai, vaha kSayopazamika hai / pAriNAmika - pAriNAmika nAma parivartana ke sUcaka haiN| ye do prakAra ke haiM- sAdi aura anAdi / vastu vizeSa meM kAla Adi ke kAraNa jo parivartana hote haiM, ve sAdi pAriNAmika haiM / isa AdhAra para hama kahate haiM - purAnA gur3a, jIrNa vastra Adi / pudgalAstikAya Adi dravyoM meM jo satata parivartana kI dhArA cala rahI hai vaha anAdi pAriNAmika dazA hai / sannipAtika -- uparyukta pA~coM avasthAoM ke vibhinna saMyogoM se jo avasthAe~ utpanna hotI haiM, ve sannipAtika haiM ! saptavidhanAma - anuyogadvArasUtra meM nAmoM kA jo saptavidha vargIkaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai, usameM SaDja, RSabha, gAMdhAra, madhyama, paMcama, dhaivata evaM niSAda -- ina saptasvaroM kA ullekha hai / saMgIta ke ye svara bhAvAbhivyakti ke mAdhyama haiM aura isa rUpa meM ve bhASA se bhI saMbaMdhita haiM / graMthakAra ne ina svaroM ke saMdarbha meM inake uccAraNa sthAna, phala, grAma Adi kI bhI vistRta carcA kI hai| kintu bhASA darzana kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa nahIM hone ke kAraNa hama yahA~ isakI carcA nahIM kara rahe haiM / aSTaviSanAma - anuyogadvArasUtra meM aSTavidha nAma kI carcA vastutaH ATha vibhaktiyoM ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai / saMskRta evaM prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM AThoM vibhaktiyoM kI vistRta carcA hai /
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________________ jaina zabdadarzana : 41 vastutaH kisI bhI pada kA vAkya meM usakA kyA sthAna hai isakA nirdhAraNa vibhakti karatI hai| ataH bhASA kI dRSTi se vibhaktiyoM ko upayogitA nirvivAda hai| navavidhanAma-anuyogadvArasUtra meM navavidha nAma kI carcA karate hue mukhyataH nava rasoM kI carcA kI gayI hai / sAhitya ko dRSTi se rasa eka mahatvapUrNa tattva hai| anuyogadvArasUtra meM vIra, zRMgAra, adbhuta, rodra, brIDanaka, bIbhatsa, hAsya, karuNa aura prazAnta-ina nava rasoM kA varNana hai| yadyapi nava rasoM kA nAmakaraNa kI prakriyA se kyA sambandha hai yaha kaha pAnA kaThina hai|| bhASAdarzana kI dRSTi se hameM SaDvidhanAma saptavidhanAma aura navavidhanAma mahattvapUrNa nahIM lagate haiM / yadyapi karmasiddhAnta kI dRSTi se SaDvidhanAma, saMgItazAstra kI dRSTi se saptavidhanAma aura sAhityazAstra ko dRSTi se navavidhanAma mahattvapUrNa haiM kintu inakA sIdhA sambandha bhASAdarzana se nahIM hai / aSTavidhanAma meM ATha vibhaktiyoM kA jo vivecana upalabdha hai vaha nizcaya hI bhASAdarzana se sambandhita hai / anuyogadvArasUtra meM varNita dazavidhanAma nizcaya hI bhASAdarzana aura nAmakaraNa kI prakriyA se mahattvapUrNa sambandha rakhate haiN| ataH yahA~ unakI thor3I vistArapUrvaka carcA karanA apekSita hai| vazavidhanAma-anuyogadvArasUtra' evaM dhavalA' meM nimna dasa prakAra ke padoM (nAmoM) kA ullekha milatA hai / krama ko chor3akara donoM meM koI antara nahIM hai| vastutaH yaha vargIkaraNa padoM ke nAmakaraNa (Naming) kI prakriyA ko samajhane ke lie hai jisase unake samyak artha ko samajhA jA ske| 1. goNyapada nAma-gauNya guNoM ke bhAva ko kahate haiN| vastu ke yA vAcyaviSaya ke guNoM ke AdhAra para jo unheM gaNaniSpanna nAma diyA jAtA hai use gauNyapadanAma kahate haiN| jaise-bhAsvaratA ke guNa kI apekSA sUrya ko bhAskara kahanA, kisI dhanADhya vyakti ko lakSmIpati kahanA athavA zrama karane vAle ko zramika khnaa| 2. nogauNyapada nAma-jina padoM yA nAmoM meM guNa kI apekSA na hoM arthAt jo nAma guNaniSpanna na hoM, aise nAmoM (padoM) ko nogauNyapada kahate haiM / jaise--kisI kurUpa strI kA sundarI nAma ho athavA kisI nirdhana kA lakSmIpati nAma ho / nogoNyapada guNaviruddha nAma hai| 3. AdAnapada nAma-vizeSaNoM se yukta nAma AdAnapada nAma kahe jAte haiN| jaise--pUrNakalaza / AdAnapada nAma meM vastu ko apane arthabodha ke lie anyapada kI apekSA rahatI hai| 4. pratipakSapada nAma-jahA~ anya dravya (vastu) yA guNa ke abhAva ko grahaNakara koI nAmakaraNa diyA jAtA hai use pratipakSapada nAma kahate haiM / jaise-vandhyA, yaha nAma putra ke abhAva ke kAraNa diyA jAtA hai athavA asatI, yaha nAma satItvaguNa ke abhAva ke kAraNa hotA hai| 5. anAdisiddhAntapada nAma-paramparAgata rUpa se cale Aye viziSTa artha meM rUr3ha padoM ko anAdisiddhAntapada nAma kahate haiN| jaise-brahma, syAdvAda, dharmAstikAya Adi / aneka sandarbho meM ye apane nirutArtha se bhinna artha bhI rakhate haiN| 1. anuyogadvArasUtra-nAmapada / 2. (a)jainendrasiddhAntakoza, bhAga 3 pR0 4 / (ba) dhavalA 9 / 4, 1,45 / 1354 /
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________________ 42 : bhASAdarzana 6. prAdhAnyapada nAma-kisI eka padArtha kI bahalatA hone para usakI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa jo nAma diyA jAtA hai vaha prAdhAnyapada nAma hai / jaise-Amravana / Amravana meM Amra ke atirikta anya vRkSa bhI ho sakate haiM, parantu AmoM kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa use Amravana nAma diyA jAtA hai| 7. nAmapada-jo bhASA-bheda se bole jAte haiM, unheM nAmapada kahate haiM / jaise-Andhra, dravir3a Adi / merI apanI daSTi meM nAmapada ve haiM jisakA binA kisI AdhAra ke nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA ho| 8. pramANapada-gaNanA athavA mApa kI apekSA se jo saMjJAe~ pracalita haiM unheM pramANapada kahate haiN| jaise-hajAra, karoDa athavA vartamAna meM mITara, loTara aadi| 9. avayavapada-yaha do prakAra ke hote haiM-1. upacita avayavapada aura 2. apacita avayavapada / (a) upacita avayavapada-kisI kAraNa se kisI avayava ke bar3ha jAne se jo nAma diye jAte haiM, unheM upacita avayavapada nAma diyA jAtA hai| jaise-zilIpada, lambakarNa Adi / (ba) apacita avayavapada-kisI avayava ke chinna ho jAne para jo nAma diye jAte haiM unheM apacita avayavapada kahA jAtA hai| jaise-nakaTA (chinnanAsika), kANA Adi / 10. saMyogapada-kisI saMyoga vizeSa ke AdhAra para jo nAma diye jAte haiM, ve saMyogapada nAma kahe jAte haiN| saMyogapada nAma cAra prakAra ke haiM-1. dravyasaMyogapada, 2. kSetrasaMyogapada, 3. kAlasaMyogapada aura 4. bhAvasaMyogapada / (a) dravyasaMyogapada-anya dravyoM arthAt vastuoM ke saMyoga ke kAraNa jo nAma diye jAte haiM ve dravyasaMyogapada kahe jAte haiM / jaise-daNDI, garbhiNI Adi / daNDa yA garbha ke saMyoga ke kAraNa hI inheM ye nAma diye jAte haiN| ghI kA ghar3A bhI isI prakAra kA nAma hai| (ba) kSetrasaMyogapada-kisI kSetra vizeSa ke kAraNa jo nAma diye jAte haiM, ve kSetra saMyogapada kahalAte haiN| jaise-mAthura, kAnyakubja, dAkSiNAtya Adi / _ (sa) kAlasaMyogapada-kAla-vizeSa ke kAraNa athavA Rtu-vizeSa ke kAraNa jo nAma diye jAte haiM, ve kAlasaMyogapada haiN| jaise-vAsantI, zAradIya aadi| (da) bhAvasaMyogapada-viziSTa bhAvoM kI upasthiti ke kAraNa jo nAma diyA jAtA hai, use bhAvasaMyogapada kahate haiN| jaise-krodhI, mAyAvI, lobhI aadi| anuyogadvAra sUtra kA nAmakaraNa kI prakriyA kA yaha vivaraNa yadyapi bhASAzAstra kI dRSTi se pUrNa samIcIna vivaraNa to nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, phira bhI nAmakaraNa kI prakriyA para kucha prakAza avazya DAlatA hai| anekArthaka zabdoM ke vAcyArtha-nirdhAraNa kI samasyA ___bhASA darzana kA eka mahattvapUrNa prazna yaha bhI hai ki anekArthaka zabdoM ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa kisa prakAra hotA hai ? yaha anubhava siddha hai ki sabhI bhASAoM meM anekArthaka zabda pAye jAte haiM / ataH prazna yaha hai ki anekArthaka zabdoM ke aneka vAcyArthoM meM se kaise eka artha pramukha ho jAtA hai aura dUsarA artha gauNa ho jAtA hai ? jaina-AcAryoM ne apane naya siddhAnta meM isa samasyA ko uThAyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki anekArthaka zabdoM meM vaktA ke abhiprAya evaM saMdarbha ke AdhAra para hI zabda ke vivakSita vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai| yadi hama vaktA ke abhiprAya ke AdhAra para
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________________ jaina zabdadarzana : 43 zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirNaya na karake unheM sadA eka hI artha meM grahaNa kareMge to hamAre vyavahAra meM bar3I avyavasthA ho jaayegii| udAharaNa ke lie 'saindhava' zabda ghor3A aura namaka donoM kA vAcaka hai| yadi koI vyakti bhojana ke samaya 'saindhava lAo' zabda kA uccAraNa karatA hai aura zrotA vahA~ ghor3A lAkara khar3A kara detA hai to vaha haMsI kA pAtra banatA hai| isI prakAra koI vyakti yAtrA kI taiyArI karate samaya 'saindhava lAo' zabda kA uccAraNa karatA hai aura zrotA yadi namaka lAkara rakha detA hai to bhI vaha upahAsa kA viSaya banatA hai| ataH anekArthI zabdoM ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa vaktA ke abhiprAya evaM paristhiti (saMdarbha) ke AdhAra para hotA hai / vaktA kA abhiprAya bhI vastutaH usa samagra pariveza para hI nirbhara karatA hai jisameM usa zabda athavA vAcya kA uccAraNa kiyA gayA hai| samakAlIna pAzcAtya dArzanikoM ne bhI isa bAta ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki zabda kA vAcyArtha nizcaya kevala zabda dhvani ke AdhAra para nahIM, apitu usa samagra pariveza ke AdhAra para nirdhArita hotA hai, jisameM vaha kahA gayA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne bhI isa bAta ko svIkAra kiyA hai / vAkyapadIya meM bhartRhari ne bhI isI siddhAnta ko svIkAra kiyA hai / ve kahate haiM ki zabda anekArthaka bhI hote haiM aura samAnArthaka bhii| parantu unameM zabda kA kauna sA artha vAcya banakara sAmane AtA hai isakA nirNaya vaktA kI prayogabhAvanA ke viniyoga para AdhArita hotA hai aura vaktA kA yaha viniyoga jisa artha ko sAmane lAtA hai use sAmane lAne meM do niyama kAma karate haiM-(1) upacAra aura (2) praticAra / upacAra vaha hai jisake kAraNa anya arthoM kI apekSA vAcyArtha hI pramukhatA grahaNa karake sAmane A jAtA hai| upacAra vaktA ke abhipreta artha ko sAmane lAtA hai aura praticAra avAMchita artha ko apahita kara detA hai|' vastutaH zabda yA kathana ke vAcyArtha ke nirdhAraNa karane meM vaktA ke abhiprAya para dhyAna denA Avazyaka hotA hai / yahA~ abhiprAya kA tAtparya yaha hai ki usa zabda athavA kathana ke vividha arthoM meM vaktA ko kauna sA artha abhipreta hai| isa abhipreta artha kI sUcanA usa sandarbha se milatI hai jisameM zabda yA vAkya kahA jAtA hai| zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa sandarbha ke AdhAra para hI hotA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne isa sandarbha ko hI naya kahA hai| koI bhI kathana nirapekSarUpa se sAmane nahIM AtA hai| jo kucha bhI bolA yA kahA jAtA hai vaha kisI apekSA yA dRSTi ke AdhAra para yA kisI sandarbha meM hI kahA jAtA hai| yadi hama usa apekSA yA dRSTi kI upekSA karake kathanoM yA zabdoM ke artha kA nizcaya kareMge to hama zabda yA kathana ke sahI vAcyArtha ko nahIM samajha pAyeMge / zabda yA vAkya kA vAcyArtha samajhane ke lie hameM usa apekSA yA dRSTi athavA sandarbha ko sAmane rakhanA hogA jisameM koI zabda yA kathana kahA jAtA hai| bhASA nirapekSa nahIM hai aura isalie bhASA abhivyaktiyoM ko nirapekSa rUpa se samajhane kA prayatna samyak nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ___ na kevala anekArthaka zabdoM apitu anya zabdoM aura vAkyoM kA artha bhI usa paristhiti ke AdhAra para hI nirdhArita hotA hai jinameM unheM bolA jAtA hai| jaba eka rAjagIra dIvAra cunate samaya 'iMTa' yA 'patthara' zabda kA uccAraNa karatA hai to usameM vaha akelA zabda apanA artha-bodha vAkya ke rUpa meM detA hai| usa samaya usakA artha hotA hai-'IMTa lAo' yA 'patthara laao'| 1. dekheM (a) bhASAtattva aura vAkyapadIya, 10 184-185 / (ba) vAkyapadIya, 3.3.39 se 42 /
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________________ 44 : bhASAdarzana kintu yahI 'patthara' zabda jaba pulisa aura chAtroM kI muThabher3a ke samaya uccarita kiyA jAtA hai to usakA artha hogA 'patthara cala gaye' yA 'patthara mAro' / ataH zabdoM yA kathanoM kA vAcyArtha usa samagra sandarbha meM nirdhArita hotA hai jisameM vaha bolA yA likhA jAtA hai / vaktA ke abhiprAya kA zrotA aura lekhaka ke abhiprAya kA pAThaka sahI artha grahaNa kareM isalie jaina AcAryoM ne nikSepasiddhAMta aura nayasiddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai jina para hama yathAprasaMga carcA kareMge / inhIM donoM siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para anekArthaka zabdoM evaM vAkyoM ke artha kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai / zabda kA vAcya sAmAnya (jAti) yA vizeSa (vyakti) - zabda kA vAcyArtha ke sambandha meM eka vivAda sAmAnya aura vizeSa ko lekara hai / mUlabhUta prazna yaha hai ki zabda se jAti kA grahaNa hotA hai yA vyakti kA / mImAMsakoM ke anusAra zabda kA viSaya sAmAnya arthAt jAti hI hai / " zabda sAmAnya ke sUcaka evaM grAhaka haiM / vizeSa (vyakti) zabda kA viSaya nahIM ho sakate kyoMki vyakti aneka hote haiM kintu unakA saMketaka zabda eka hotA hai - jaise go, mahiSa, manuSya Adi / manuSya zabda ko hI leN| manuSya aneka haiM, kintu manuSya zabda eka hai aura usake dvArA sabhI manuSyoM kA grahaNa ho jAtA hai / ataH zabda se jAti yA sAmAnya kA grahaNa hotA hai / prazna yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki ve zabda jo svarUpataH vyaktivAcaka haiM unakA vAcyArthaM sAmAnyI kaise ho sakatA hai ? sAmAnyatayA yahA~ bhI sAmAnyavAdI yahI kahegA ki vyaktivAcaka zabda bha sAmAnya ke hI vAcaka haiM kyoMki ve jisako vAcya banAte haiM vaha vizeSa nahIM hokara sAmAnya hI hotA hai / jaise - sAgaramala zabda kA vAcya vaha vyakti nahIM hai jo kSaNa-kSaNa badalatA hai, apitu vaha hai jo ina badalatI huI vyaSTiyoM meM bhI anusyUta hai / mImAMsakoM ke isa mata ke ThIka viparIta bauddha sAmAnya ke astitva ko hI asvIkara kara dete haiN| unake anusAra zabda kA kArya anyApoha yA anya - vyAvRtti hai / jaba zabda anya kI vyAvRtti yA niSedha kara detA hai to usakA vAcya vizeSa hI hogA / ina donoM matoM kA samanvaya karate hue nyAya darzana aura jena darzana ne jAti - viziSTa vyakti athavA sAmAnya-viziSTa vizeSa ko zabda kA vAcyArtha mAnA hai / vastutaH yadi hama zabda ko kevala jAti yA sAmAnya kA saMketaka yA grAhaka mAneMge to phira usase vyavahAra kI siddhi nahIM ho sakegI kyoMki jAti to amUrta hai / vAstavikatA yaha hai ki zabdoM bhI grahaNa karate haiM / isa sambandha meM jainoM kA mata yaha hai arthAt jAti kA saMketaka hai aura na vaha ekAnta rUpa se sAmAnyavAn -vizeSa / jAtyAnvita vyakti kA saMketaka hai| vastutaH jaina darzana ke anusAra zabda sAmAnya kA saMketaka yA grAhaka hai yA vizeSa kA - yaha prazna hI galata hai / yaha prazna taba hI sambhava ho sakatA hai jaba sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM eka dUsare se vivikta arthAt svatantra sattAe~ hoM aura eka dUsare se svatantra hokara hamAre anubhava kA viSaya banate hoM / sAmAnya aura vizeSa athavA jAti aura vyakti cAhe vicAra kI dRSTi se pRthak-pRthak hoM, kintu Anubhavika jagat meM ve pRthaka-pRthaka nahIM pAye jAte haiM / vyaktiyoM se bhinna na to jAti yA sAmAnya kI sattA hai aura na sAmAnya se rahita se hama jAti ke sAtha-sAtha vyakti kA ki zabda na to ekAntarUpa se sAmAnya vyakti yA vizeSa kA saMketaka hai apitu 1. jAtirityucyate tasyAM sarve zabdA vyavasthitAH / - vAkyapadIya 3|1|33 2. ( a ) samayazca sAmAnya vizeSAtmake'rthe'bhighIyate na jAtyAdi mAtrai / -- prameyakamalamArtaNDa adhyAya 3 / (ba) dekheM - The Problem of Meaning in Indian Philosophy p. 220-223..
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________________ jaina zabdadarzana : 45 kisI vyakti kI sattA / manaSyatva manuSyoM se pathaka nahIM dekhA jA sakatA aura na koI aisA manuSya hI hotA hai jo manuSyatva se rahita ho / sattA yA astitva sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hai aura yadi zabda kA vAcyArtha Anubhavika tathya hai, to hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki zabda ekAntarUpa se na to sAmAnya kA bodhaka hai aura na vizeSa kA apitu sAmAnya-viziSTa-vizeSa kA / jaina AcAryoM ne mImAMsakoM ke isa siddhAnta kA ki 'zabda kevala sAmAnya kA saMketaka evaM grAhaka hai', khaNDana karate hue kahA hai ki saMketa ke anusAra hI zabda vAcaka hotA hai aura saMketa sAmAnya-viziSTa-vizeSa meM hI sambhava hai| kevala sAmAnya athavA jAti artha kriyA meM upayogI nahIM hai apitu sAmAnya viziSTa ghaTa Adi vastueM hI kAryakArI hotI haiN| gotvanAmaka sAmAnya se na to dugdha kI upalabdhi hotI hai aura na ghaTatva se jala-dhAraNa kA kArya siddha hotA hai| zabda jisakA saMketa karatA hai vaha sAmAnyavAn yA jAtyAnvita vizeSa hI hai| yadyapi jaina dArzanika aura naiyAyika donoM hI zabda kA vAcya sAmAnya-viziSTa-vizeSa ko mAnate haiM phira bhI jaina dArzanika naiyAyikoM kI isa bAta ko svIkAra nahIM karate ki zabda pahale jAti ko grahaNa kara phira vyakti ko grahaNa karatA hai| naiyAyikoM ko yaha avadhAraNA tabhI satya ho sakatI hai jabaki jAti aura vyakti kI vivikta yA bhinna-bhinna sattAe~ hotI yA unameM kArya-kAraNa sambandha hotaa| jaba sAmAnya aura vizeSa eka hI vastu meM anvita hai to zabda pahale jAti kA grahaNa kara phira vyakti ko grahaNa karatA hai-yaha mAnanA samucita nhiiN| kyoMki anubhava meM aisA koI krama nahIM dekhA jAtA / yadi hama jAti ko vizeSaNa aura vyakti ke vizeSya mAneM to donoM abhinna yA avivikta hI siddha hote haiM aura zabda isa avivikta vAcyArtha kA bodha eka hI sAtha karAtA hai, alaga-alaga nhiiN| 'gAya ko lAo' isa zabda prayoga ko sunakara zrotA gotvAnvita gAya vizeSa ko hI khojatA hai, vaha gotva ko nahIM khojtaa| zabda-saMketa se eka hI sAtha vizeSya aura vizeSaNa kA grahaNa hotA hai| momAMsakoM kA yaha kahanA bhI yukti saMgata nahIM hai ki 'go' zabda ke sunane se kAlI, sapheda Adi vizeSaNoM se yukta vizeSa kI pratIti nahIM hotI hai, ataH zabda kA vAcyArtha vizeSa nahIM hai| cAhe 'go' zabda sunakara kAlI, sapheda Adi 'gAya' kA arthabodha na ho, kintu galakambala tathA kukuda vAle prANI vizeSa kI pratIti to hotI hI hai| __mImAMsakoM kA yaha mAnanA bhI ucita nahIM hai ki vizeSa (vyakti) ke sAtha sAmAnya kA kArya-kAraNa sambandha (prabhAkara) athavA svAbhAvika (bhATTa) sambandha hai, ataH zabda ke vAcya sAmAnya (jAti) se lakSaNA ke dvArA vizeSa (vyakti) kI pratIti ho jAtI hai| cAhe jAti au kArya-kAraNa mAnA jAye yA unameM svAbhAvika sambandha mAnA jAye zabda saMketa kAla meM to jAti aura vyakti meM tAdAtmya hI pratIta hotA hai| ataH zabda kA vAcyArtha sAmAnya-viziSTa-vizeSa hI mAnanA caahie|' . vastutaH zabda sAmAnya kA grAhaka hai yA vizeSa kA athavA sAmAnya-viziSTa-vizeSa kA grAhaka hai-yaha vivAda vibhinna dArzanikoM kI apanI tatvamImAMsIya avadhAraNAoM ke AdhAra para AyA hai / anubhava ke kSetra meM to hameM sadaiva hI sAmAnya-viziSTa-vizeSa kI hI anubhUti hotI hai aura isa1. (a) nyAyakamadacandra, pa0 568 / (ba) jainanyAya, pR0 240 /
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________________ 46 : bhASAdarzana lie Anubhavika stara para yahI bAta adhika saMgatipUrNa siddha hotI hai ki zabda kA vAcyArtha ekAntarUpa se na to sAmAnya hai aura na vizeSa, apitu sAmAnyavAn vizeSa hI hai| zabda kA vAcyArtha jAtyAnvita vyakti yA sAmAnyavAn vizeSa hai-isa bAta kA samarthana pAzcAtya tArkika bhAvavAdiyoM ne bhI kiyA hai| tAkika bhAvavAdiyoM ke anusAra vahI bhASA sArthaka mAnI jAtI hai jisakA pratipAdya koI Anubhavika tathya ho| dUsare zabdoM meM ve unhIM zabdoM, arthoM aura prAkkathanoM ko arthavAn mAnate haiM jinake vAcyArtha satyApanIya hoN| yadi isa dRSTi se hama vicAra kareM to hameM jainoM kI aura kisI sImA taka naiyAyikoM ko yaha avadhAraNA samucita lagatI hai ki zabda ke vAcyArtha anubhava ke ve vizeSa tathya haiM jinameM sAmAnya yA jAti anusyUta hai| bhASA darzana ke kSetra meM zabda kA vAcyArtha sAmAnya hai yA vizeSa--yaha samasyA taba hI mahatvapUrNa ho sakatI thI jabaki sAmAnya yA vizeSa athavA vyakti aura jAti do pRthak-pRthak tathya hote| vastutaH yaha vivAda isalie khar3A ho gayA ki hamane vicAra ke stara para pRthakbhUta (Distinguishable) aura anubhava ke stara para pRthabhUta (Separable) ke vibheda ko bhulA diyA hai| kucha aisI bAteM avazya haiM jinheM hama vicAra ke kSetra meM vizleSita karake samajha sakate haiM kintu anubhava ke kSetra meM unheM alaga-alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / sAmAnya aura vizeSa athavA vyakti aura jAti aise hI tathya haiM jinheM hama vaicArika stara para eka-dUsare se pRthak kara sakate haiM kintu anubhava ke stara para unheM eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jAti yA sAmAnya eka amUrta tathya hai jisakA astitva kucha samAnatAoM ke AdhAra para vyaktiyoM meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai kintu use hama vyaktiyoM se pRthaka kara nahIM dekha sakate haiM / ataH zabda kA vAcya sAmAnyavAn vizeSa ho sakatA hai kyoMki usI kI Anubhavika sattA hai / ___ isa carcA ke sandarbha meM hameM eka bAta aura dhyAna rakhanA cAhie, vaha yaha ki bhASA kA sambandha tathyAtmaka jagat se hai / anubhavAtIta aura amUrta sattA ko bhASA ke dvArA arthAt zabdoM ke dvArA vAcya nahIM banAyA jA sakatA hai| anubhava kA atikramaNa karane vAle tathyoM ke sandarbha meM bhASA 'netineti' kA udghoSa kara mauna dhAraNa kara letI hai| ataH zabdoM ke vAcya viSayoM ke sandarbha meM athavA bhASA kI sImA kI carcA karate hue hameM isa bAta ko svIkAra karanA hogA ki unakA pratipAdya Anubhavika tathya hI ho sakate haiM, anubhavAtIta tathya nahIM aura ye Anubhavika tathya hI jAtyAnvita vizeSa yA vyakti haiN| inase pare zabda aura bhASA ko koI gati nahIM hai| samakAlIna tAkika-vizleSaNavAdiyoM ne isalie tattvamImAMsIya anubhavAtIta amUrta pratyayoM ko nirarthaka (Meaningless) kahA hai| kyoMki ve asatyApanIya haiN| bhAratIya dArzanikoM ko dRSTi se ve 'avAcya' haiN| zabdoM kA vAcyArtha to Anubhavika tathya arthAt jAtyAnvita vyakti hai| kyoMki vyakti nirapekSa sAmAnya (jAti) aura sAmAnya (jAti) nirapekSa vyakti kI sattA hI nahIM hai, ve anubhava ke viSaya nahIM haiM / anubhava kA viSaya to jAtyAnvita vyakti hai, ataH jainoM ke anusAra vahI zabda kA vAcyArtha hai / ' jainoM ke anusAra sAmAnya sAdRzya bodha hai| 1. vistRta carcA ke lie dekheM-- (a) nyAyakumudacanda, pR0 568 / (ba) jaina nyAya (paM0 kailAza canda jI), pR0 249 se 153 /
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________________ jaina zabdadarzana : 47 vastutaH zabda kA vAcyArtha sAmAnya hai yA vizeSa - yaha vivAda isalie bhI nirarthaka hai ki svayaM zabdoM kI apanI prakRti hai jisake AdhAra para ve jAti (sAmAnya) yA vyakti (vizeSa) ke vAcaka banate haiM / kucha zabda jAti vAcaka hote haiM, yathA - manuSya aura kucha zabda vyaktivAcaka hote haiM, yathAsAgaramala / sAtha hI zabda jAti kA saMketaka hogA yA vyakti kA - yaha bAta kevala zabda ke svarUpa para hI nirbhara nahIM karatI hai, apitu usa saMdarbha para bhI nirbhara karatI hai, jisameM usakA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / ataH isa sambandha meM jaina dArzanika kisI aikAntika dRSTikoNa ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM / zabda aura usake vAcyArtha kA sambandha' zabda ke sambandha meM eka mahatvapUrNa prazna yaha hai ki zabda kA apane vAcyArtha se aura apane vAcya viSaya se kyA sambandha hai ? yaha satya hai ki zabda vyaktiyoM, vastuoM, tathyoM, ghaTanAoM, kriyAoM evaM bhAvanAoM ke saMketaka haiM / sAmAnyatayA zabda (Word), usakA vAcyArtha (Meaning) aura usakA vAcya viSaya (Object) tInoM kA apanA-apanA svatantra astitva hai / jainoM ke anusAra zabda apane vAcyArtha aura vAcya viSaya se bhinna hai / zabda aura artha (vAcya viSaya) meM vAcya vAcaka bhAva hai aura vAcya vAcaka sambandha hone kA artha yaha hai ki na to ve eka dUsare se pUrNatayA abhinna haiM aura na pUrNatayA asambandhita haiM / jaina dArzanika yaha mAnate haiM ki do tathya apanI svatantra sattA rakhate hue bhI ve eka dUsare se sambandhita ho sakate haiN| unake anusAra zabda na to vasturUpa hai aura na vastu zabda rUpa hai / ve na to yaha mAnate haiM ki vastu jagat nAda (zabda) se utpanna hai aura na yaha ki vastu jagat aura zabda meM tAdAtmya hai / zabda aura artha meM na tadutpatti sambandha hai aura na tAdAtmya sambandha hai / phira bhI donoM meM vAcya vAcaka sambandha to unheM bhI mAnya hai, yadi unameM koI sambandha nahIM hotA to zabda apane vAcyArtha ko kabhI bhI spaSTa nahIM kara sakate / zabda aura unake vAcyArtha ke bIca sambandha hone kA yaha artha kadApi nahIM hai ki zabda apane vAcyArtha kA svarUpa grahaNa kara letA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra zabda aura usake dvArA saMketita arthaM yA viSaya meM eka sambandha to hai lekina sambandha aisA nahIM ki zabda apane artha kA sthAna le le / zabda aura usake vAcyArtha meM pArasparika sambandha kI samasyA ko lekara yaha prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki zabda aura usake vAcyArtha meM kisa prakAra kA sambandha hai ? zabda aura usake vAcyArtha ke bIca tIna prakAra ke sambandha mAne gaye haiM: - 1 tadrUpatA yA tAdAtmya sambandha 2. tadutpatti sambandha 3. vAcya vAcaka sambandha / tadrUpatA sambandha ko tAdAtmya sambandha bhI kahA gayA hai / vaiyAkariNakoM kI avadhAraNA ke anusAra yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki zabda aura usake vAcyArtha meM tAdAtmya yA ekarUpatA hai kintu jaina vicArakoM kA kahanA hai ki zabda aura usake vAcyArtha meM tAdAtmya sambandha nahIM ho sakatA hai / yadi zabda aura usake vAcyArtha meM tAdAtmya sambandha hai to phira hameM zabda ke uccAraNa se usake vAcya 1. ( a ) nyAyakumudacandra pR0 543 / (ba) jaina nyAya pR0 237 se 242 / (sa) The Philosophy of Word and Meaning, P. 137-171. (4) The Problem of Meaning in Indian Philosophy, P. 200- 223,
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________________ 48 : bhASAdarzana viSaya kI vAstavika anubhUti honI caahie| nyAyakumudacandra meM isa prazna ko uThAkara spaSTa rUpa se batAyA gayA hai ki modaka zabda ke uccAraNa se mukha meM mIThe svAda kI anubhUti nahIM hotI / ataH modaka zabda aura usake vAcyArtha modaka nAmaka vastu meM tAdAtmya nahIM hai| isI prakAra se zabda aura usake vAcyArtha meM tadutpatti sambandha bhI nahIM hai| na to zabda se apane vAcya-viSaya kI utpatti hotI hai aura na vAcya-viSaya se zabda kI ho / zabda aura usake vAcya-viSaya donoM eka dUsare se vivikta astitva rakhate haiM / ataH zabda aura usake vAcya-viSaya meM tadutpatti sambandha svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra zabda aura usake vAcyArtha meM yadyapi tadrUpatA aura tadutpatti kA sambandha nahIM hai phira bhI unhoMne donoM meM vAcyavAcaka sambandha svIkAra kiyA hai| jabaki bauddhoM ke anusAra zabda kA usake vAcya-viSaya se kisI bhI prakAra kA sambandha nahIM hai| unakA kahanA hai ki zabda artha (vAcya-viSaya) kA sparza nahIM karatA hai| bauddha dArzanikoM kI isa mAnyatA para jainoM kI Apatti yaha hai ki yadi zabda aura artha meM svAbhAvika sambandha nahIM hai to phira artha (vastu) ko dekhane para zabda kA smaraNa aura zabda ko sunane para artha (vastu) kA smaraNa kisa prakAra ho jAtA hai / zabda aura artha meM koI sambandha na mAnane para hameM yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki zabda ko sunakara artha kA smaraNa nahIM hogA aura artha (vAcya-vastu) ko dekhakara zabda kA smaraNa nahIM hogaa| kintu vyAvahArika anubhava isase bhinna bAta hI kahatA hai, hameM artha (vastu) ko dekhakara usake vAcaka-zabda kA smaraNa ho jAtA hai aura vAcaka-zabda ko sunane para usase vastu kA smaraNa ho jAtA hai| bauddhoM ne isa Anubhavika kaThinAI ko sulajhAne ke lie yaha mAnA ki zabda kA sAmAnya ke sAtha tadutpatti lakSaNa sambandha hai aura sAmAnya kA vizeSa ke sAtha ekattva adhyavasAya ho jAtA hai / ataH zabda kA vizeSa ke sAtha sAkSAt sambandha na hone para bhI zabda ko sunakara vastu vizeSa kA bodha aura vastu vizeSa ko dekhakara zabda kA bodha ho jAtA hai| kintu bauddhoM kI dArzanika mAnyatA ke anusAra zabda kA sambandha na to pratyakSIkaraNa ke sAtha ho sakatA hai aura na svalakSaNa (vastu) ke sAtha, kyoMki unake anusAra sAmAnya bhI mAtra nAma hai usakI koI vAstavika sattA nahIM hai| punaH ve pratyakSa ko nirvikalpa-bodha mAnate haiM aura nirvikalpa bodha zabda-saMsarga se rahita hotA hai| ataH unake darzana meM zabda kA sAmAnya aura vastu-svalakSaNa ke sAtha koI sambandha nahIM bana skegaa| punaH yadi hama zabda aura artha meM koI sambandha hI nahoM svIkAra kareMge aura bauddhoM ke samAna yaha mAneMge ki zabda apane vAkyArtha kA sparza hI nahIM karatA hai to hameM bhASA kI artha-saMketaka zakti ko bhI asvIkAra karanA hogA aura isa sthiti meM bhASA nirarthaka ho jAyegI / ataH zabda aura artha ke sambandha ke prazna ko lekara hameM itanA avazya svIkAra karanA hogA ki zabda aura usake artha meM na to tAdAtmya sambandha hai aura na ve eka dUsare se pUrNatayA asambandhita haiM, apitu unameM vAcya-vAcaka sambandha hai| zabda vAcaka hai aura vastu vAcya hai| zabda aura artha ke sambandha kI anityatA mImAMsaka na kevala zabda ko nitya mAnate haiM apitu ve zabda aura usake vAcyArtha ke sambandha ko bhI nitya mAnate haiN| zabda aura unake vAcyArtha ke sambandha ko nityatA kI avadhAraNA eka naI samasyA ko utpanna karatI hai| yadi zabda aura unake vAcyArtha ke bIca kA sambandha nitya hai to zabdoM meM artha-parivartana nahIM honA caahie| lekina bhASA-vijJAna kA
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________________ jaina zabdadarzana : 49 adhyayana isa bAta ko suspaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai ki zabdoM ke vAcyArthoM meM parivartana hotA rahatA hai / prAkRta sAhitya meM 'Isara' (Izvara) zabda sampanna vyakti kA sUcaka hai / vahI Izvara zabda kAlAntara meM jagat ke niyantA evaM sRSTA tattva ke rUpa meM prayukta hone lagA / 'brahma' zabda jo mUla meM 'yajJa' (Sacrifice) yA balidAna kA sUcaka thA, vahI kAlAntara meM paramatattva kA vAcaka bana gyaa| 'buddha' zabda jo 'prajJAvAn' vyakti kA vAcaka thA vahI kAlAntara meM 'buddha' hokara gaMvAra yA mUrkha kA vAcaka ho gayA / nagna aura luMcita zabda jo kisI samaya jaina muniyoM ke lie Adara ke sAtha prayukta hote the, unake ho tadbhava rUpa 'naMgA' aura 'luccA' hokara badamAzoM ke paryAyavAcI ho gye| yaha to hamane kucha aise artha-parivartanoM ke udAharaNa diye jinakA artha ekadama hI bhinna ho gayA hai| isake atirikta bhI artha-parivartana hote rahate haiN| artha-parivartana kI aneka dizAe~ haiM-artha-vistAra (Extention of meaning) jaise-syAhI, pahale kAle raMga ko syAhI hI syAhI thI aba sabhI raMgoM kI / artha-saMkoca jaise-vAsa, pahale vaha sugandha aura durgandha donoM kA vAcaka thA, aba kevala durgandha kA / artha-Adeza (Transfer of meaning) jaise-asura, jo prArambha meM devatAoM kA vAcaka thA bAda meM rAkSasoM kA vAcaka ho gyaa| isa prakAra zabdoM ke arthApakarSa aura arthotkarSa bhI hote rahate haiM / isase yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki zabdoM ke vAcyArtha kAla ko parivartanazIla dhArA meM apanA artha khote aura pAte rahate haiN| eka hI mUla zabda se nirmita 'gADa' aura 'guru' zabda do dezoM meM do bhinna arthoM meM prayukta hone lagate haiN| dArzanika dRSTi se isa artha-parivartana kI prakriyA kA niSkarSa yahI nikalatA hai ki zabda aura unake vAcyArthoM meM koI niyata sambandha nahIM hai| zabda kA vAcyArtha kevala mAtra usake dhAtvartha se nizcita nahIM hotA hai, apitu prayoga ke AdhAra para usakA vAcyArtha badalatA bhI rahatA hai / pAzcAtya bhASA-dArzanika luDaviga vigainsTina ne zabda ke vAcyArtha ke nizcaya ke sambandha meM prayoga siddhAnta (Use theory) kA pratipAdana kiyA / vaha batAtA hai ki zabda kA vAcyArtha usake prayoga se hI nizcita hotA hai| kabhI-kabhI to eka hI prakAra kI zabdAvalI yA vAkya kevala apane kahane ke DhaMga ke AdhAra para bilkula bhinna artha ke vAcaka ho jAte haiM / 'Apa bahuta hI bhale AdamI haiM' isI vAkya ko yadi vaktA thor3A jora dekara kaha detA hai to usakA artha ekadama bhinna ho jAtA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne isIlie apane bhASA darzana meM do siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyaa| prathama to ve arthAntaraNa (Transfer of meaning) ko svIkAra karane ke lie isa bAta ko svIkAra karate haiM ki zabda aura usake vAcyArtha kA sambandha ekAntarUpa se nitya nhiiN| dUsare ve isa tathya ko bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki zabda ke artha kA nirdhAraNa usake prayoga ke AdhAra para hI hotA hai / isa AdhAra se unake anusAra zabda aura usake vAcyArtha kA sambandha nitya yA aparivartanazIla na hokara anitya yA parivartanazola hai|
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________________ 50 : jaina bhASAdarzana sphoTavAda aura usakI samAlocanA' sphoTavAda pUrvapakSa bhASA darzana ke kSetra meM sphoTavAda vaiyAkaraNikoM kI eka pramukha avadhAraNA hai / vyutpatti ke anusAra jisase artha-pratIti ho use sphoTa kahate haiM (sphuTati arthoyasmAt sa sphoTaH) / vastutaH pada yA vAkya ko sunakara pada yA vAkya ke vAcyArtha kA jo eka samanvita samagra citra hamAre sAmane prastuta hotA hai vahI sphoTa hai / sphoTa pada yA vAkya ke vAcyArtha ko prakaTa karanevAlA tattva hai / vaiyAkaraNikoM ke anusAra pada yA vAkya ke vAcyArtha kA bodha varNa-dhvaniyoM se nahIM hotA apitu varNoM kI una dhvaniyoM ke pUrNa hone para svataH hI prakaTa hotA hai / 'go' zabda kA vAcyArthaM gakAra, okAra aura visarjanIya ke yoga se banI huI vaha dhvani nahIM hai, jo zrotR se sunAI detI hai, apitu ina dhvaniyoM ke zravaNa ke sAtha janmA eka mAnasabodha hai| ise hama buddhayartha bhI kaha sakate haiM / pataMjali ne isa bAta ko eka udAharaNa se bhI spaSTa kiyA hai / ve kahate haiM ki pada yA vAkya ke antima varNa kA uccAraNa hote hI vastu kA jo akhaNDa citra sAmane A jAtA hai vahI sphoTa hai / unake anusAra dhvani anitya hai, vaha utpanna hokara nahIM rahatI hai, ataH vaha arthabodha karAne meM asamartha hai, kyoMki vaha vAcyArtha ke saMketakAla meM naSTa ho jAtI hai / vastutaH dhvani ko sunakara jo arthabodha hotA hai vahI sphoTa hai / dUsare zabdoM meM jisase artha kA prakaTana hotA haiM vahI sphoTa hai aura yaha sphoTa zabda dhvani se bhinna hai / zabda ke do pakSa haiM- (1) dhvani aura (2) sphoTa / dhvani kramazaH hotI hai, pratyeka varNa kI dhvani se eka prakAra kA saMskAra utpanna hotA hai / usa saMskAra ke sahakRta antya varNa ke zravaNa se eka mAnasika pada kI pratIti utpanna hotI hai, isI kA nAma pada-sphoTa hai / isI prakAra vAkya ke sandarbha meM bhI antima pada ke zravaNa se eka mAnasika vAkya kI pratIti hotI hai, yahI vAkyasphoTa hai / sphoTa vAcyArtha kA Antarika yA bauddhika pakSa hai / nyAyakumudacandra meM AcArya prabhAcandra bhI vaiyAkaraNikoM kA pUrvapakSa prastuta karate hue kahate haiM ki varNa, pada aura vAkya artha ke pratipAdaka nahIM haiM kyoMki ve dhvanirUpa haiM kintu sphoTa hI artha kA pratipAdaka hai| artha kI pratIti meM hetu varNa dhvani nahIM, apitu sphoTa nAmaka tattva hI hai / dhvani to anitya hai jabaki sphoTa nitya hai / sphoTako yadi anitya mAnA jAyegA to usase kAlAntara aura dezAntara meM go zabda ko sunakara usake vAcyArtha kI pratIti nahIM hogI, kyoMki saMketarahita zabda se artha kI pratIti honA asaMbhava hai / 1. vistRta vivecana ke lie dekheM (a) nyAyakumudacandra ( prabhAcandra ) - saM0 mahendrakumAra, pR0 745-756 / (ba) prameyakamalamArtaNDa --saM0 mahendrakumAra, pR0 451-45 7 / (sa) jaina nyAya, paM0 kailAzacandajI, pR0 267-273 / (da) bhASAtattva aura vAkyapadIya, pR0 149. (I) The Problem of Meaning in Indian Philosophy ( RC Pandeya ), Chapter x,
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________________ jaina zabdadarzana : 51 ataH jo eka nitya akhaNDa sphoTa artha kI pratipatti meM hetu hai, varNadhvani usako vyakta karake naSTa ho jAtI hai / sphoTavAda kA khaNDana (1) sphoTavAda ke khaNDana meM jaina AcArya prabhAcandra kA kahanA hai ki yadi pUrva varNoM ke saMskAroM se sahakRta antima varNa padake vAcyArtha kA jJAna karAtA hai to phira sphoTa kI kalpanA vyartha hai kyoMki sphoTa ke abhAva meM bhI artha kI pratipatti ho sakatI hai| isake lie sphoTa kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM lagatI / jaba dRSTa kAraNa se hI arthAt pUrva varNoM ke saMskAra kI smRti tathA antima varNa ke zravaNa se kArya arthAt arthabodha ho sakatA hai to phira adRSTa kAraNAntara ke rUpa meM sphoTa kI kalpanA karanA buddhiyukta nahIM hai / (2) punaH yadi samaSTi yA vyaSTi rUpa meM varNa artha kA jJAna karAne meM asamartha hai to phira ve sphoTa ko bhI abhivyakta karane meM samartha nahIM mAne jA sakate / punaH yaha prazna bhI upasthita hotA hai ki varNoM ke dvArA utpanna honevAlA yaha saMskAra svayaM sphoTa hai yA sphoTa kA eka dharma hai / yadi varNoM ke saMskAroM kA hI nAma sphoTa hai to phira sphoTa ko varNoM se utpanna huA mAnanA hogA aura aisI sthiti meM vaha nitya nahIM hogA / yadi yaha saMskAra svayaM sphoTa rUpa na hokara sphoTa kA hI dharma hai to phira prazna yaha uThatA ki vaha sphoTa se bhinna hai athavA abhinna / yadi hama saMskAroM ko sphoTa kA dharma mAnakara sphoTa se abhinna mAnate haiM to varNoM ke dvArA usa dharma kI utpatti ko sphoTa kI hI utpatti mAnanI hogI aura aisI sthiti meM sphoTa anitya ho jAyegA / yadi saMskAroM se utpanna vaha dharma sphoTa se bhinna hai to unakA pArasparika sambandha nahIM bana sakegA aura aisI sthiti meM varNa dhvani se sphoTa kI abhivyakti mAnanA saMbhava nahIM hogA / punaH abhinna hone kI dazA meM yadi varNa dhvani arthaM kA jJAna utpanna nahIM kara sakatI to phira sphoTa bhI artha kA jJAna utpanna nahIM kara sakatA hai| punaH sphoTa kA sadbhAva bhI kisI AdhAra para siddha nahIM hotA hai / cetana sattA ke sivAya anya kisI tatva meM vAcyArtha ke prakAzana kI sAmarthya nahIM hai / yadi cidAtmA ko hI sphoTa kaheM to usameM jainoM ko bhI koI Apatti nahIM kyoMki jisameM artha sphuTa arthAt prakaTita hotA hai use sphoTa kahate haiM / punaH cidAtmA ke sivAya sphoTa nAma ke kisI svatantra tattva kA astitva siddha nahIM hotA hai; ataH zabda meM hI vAcyArtha ko spaSTa karane kI sAmarthya mAna lenA caahie| vAcyArtha ke spaSTIkaraNa ke lie anya kisI sphoTa nAmaka svatantra tattva ko mAnanA Avazyaka nahIM hai / na kevala jaina apitu mImAMsaka aura naiyAyika bhI sphoTavAda ke siddhAnta kI AlocanA karate haiM / kumArila ne sphoTavAda kA khaNDana karake varNavAda kI sthApanA kI hai| zabda varNoM kI saMhati hai aura ve hI arthAkAra ko prakaTa karate haiM / zabdadhvani meM pUrva - pUrva varNoM kI dhvani ko nirarthaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH varNoM ke saMskAra ho samaSTi rUpa se zabda ke vAcyArtha kA jJAna karAte haiM / ataH svatantra rUpa se zabdAkAra arthAt sphoTa ko mAnanA Avazyaka nahIM hai| jainoM kI bhI yaha mAnyatA hai ki sApekSa varNoM kI saMhati se pada aura sApekSa padoM kI saMhati se vAkya banatA hai jo svataH hI apane vAcyArtha ko spaSTa kara detA hai| ataH sphoTa varNa yA pada saMskAroM ke atirikta anya kucha bhI nahIM hai /
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________________ 52 : jaina bhASAdarzana apohavAda aura usakA khaNDana' bauddhoM kA pUrvapakSa . zabda kA vAcyArtha kyA hai-yaha prazna bhAratIya dArzanikoM ke lie vivAdAspada rahA hai / bauddha dArzanikoM ne isa sambandha meM apohavAda ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / apoha kA tAtparya atad-vyAvRtti yA anya-vyAvRtti hai ! zabda ke vAcyArtha ko anya zabdoM ke vAcyArtha se pRthaka karanA arthAt anyApoha hI apoha hai / apane vAcyArtha kA anya vAcyArthoM se pRthakIkaraNa hI zabda kI apohAtmakatA hai, udAharaNa ke lie 'gAya' zabda yaha batAtA hai ki usakA vAcyArtha mahiSa, azva, puruSa Adi nahIM haiM / isa prakAra zabda kA kArya apane artha se bhinna anya-arthoM kA niSedha karanA hai| bauddhoM ke anusAra zabda kA vAcyArtha na to vyakti hai aura na jAti; kyoMki unake anusAra aisI koI yathArtha (Real) vastu hI nahIM hai, jisameM zabda kA saMketa grahaNa ho ske| svalakSaNa vastu mAtra kSaNajIvI haiM aura dravya. nAma. jAti Adi kevala bhASAgata vyavahAra haiM, yathArtha vastue~ nahIM haiM / zabda aura zabda kA vAcyArtha kevala vikalpa yA kalpanA hai| unakI mAnyatA hai ki zabda se vikalpa aura vikalpa se zabda janma lete haiN| unake anusAra vyAvahArika jagat ko yathArtha mAnane kA mukhya AdhAra bhASA hI hai; kyoMki bhASAyo vyavahAra meM zabda ko bAhyavastu jagat kA saMketaka mAnA jAtA hai / zabda vikalpa ke sahacArI hone ke kAraNa vyavahAra meM upayogI hote haiM kintu unakA artha vAstavika na hokara kAlpanika hI hotA hai| yadi vastu kSaNika aura svalakSaNa arthAt advitIya svabhAva se yakta hai to zabda unakA saMketaka nahIM ho sakatA; kyoMki saMketa grahaNa karane ke kAla meM vaha hI nahIM rhegii| ataH zabda kA vAcyArtha kSaNajIvI vizeSa nahIM ho sakatA / yadyapi zabda kA vAcyArtha sAmAnya ho sakatA hai kintu sAmAnya kI koI vAstavika sattA hI nahIM hai / zabda se pratipAdya artha na to vizeSAtmaka ho sakatA hai aura na saamaanyaatmk| kSaNajIvI vizeSa meM saMketa grahaNa saMbhava nahIM haiM aura sAmAnya abhilApya hokara bhI vAstavika nahIM hotaa| sAmAnya ko vAstavika mAnane meM aneka kaThinAiyA~ haiN| prathamataH to vaha khara-viSANa (kharagoza ke sIMga) ke samAna asat hai aura asat hone se usameM arthakriyAkArI zakti bhI nahIM hai| bauddhoM ke anusAra aneka gAyoM meM anusyUta eka nitya aura niraMza gotva ayathArtha hai; kyoMki vibhinna dezoM (sthAnoM) aura vibhinna kAloM meM sthita vyaktiyoM arthAt gAyoM meM eka sAtha eka hI gotva kA pAyA jAnA anubhava se viruddha hai / jisa prakAra chAtrasaMgha kA chAtroM se pRthak koI astitva nahIM hai, vaha eka prakAra kI kalpanA hai aura sambandhita vyaktiyoM kI buddhi kA vikalpa hai usI taraha gotva, manuSyatva Adi bhI buddhi vikalpa yA kalpanA prasUta haiM, bAhya sat vastue~ nahIM haiM / bauddhoM ke anusAra yaha vikalpita sAmAnya hI zabda kA vAcya hai aura yaha anyApohAtmaka yA atad-vyAvRtti rUpa hai| ataH zabda artha (bAhya vastu) kA 1. vistRta vivecana ke lie dekheM--(a) apoha siddhi (ratnakIti)-anuvAda govinda candra pANDeya / (ba) prameyakamalamArtaNDa-(mahendra kumAra), pR0 431-451 / (sa) nyAyakumudacandra-(mahendra kumAra), bhAga 2 pR0 561-566 / (da) jainadarzana-mahendra kumAra, pR0 274-281 / / (i) jaina nyAya-50 kailAza candra jI, pR0 243-249 /
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________________ jaina zabdadarzana : 53 vAcaka nahIM hai, kyoMki indriyagrAhya artha (bAhyavastu) bhinna hai aura zabda gocara artha (tAtparya - meaning) bhinna hai| kyoMki andhA vyakti bAhya artha (vastu) ko dekha nahIM pAtA hai kintu vaha zabda se usake artha (tAtparya = meaning) ko jAna letA hai / punaH agni kA sparza hone se jisa taraha ke dAha, kA anubhava hotA hai vaha dAha, aura dAha zabda ko sunakara jisa taraha kA arthabodha hotA hai vaha dAha, alaga-alaga hai| ataH zabda kA vAcya indriyagrAhya artha (bAhyavastu nahIM hai| punaH yaha zabda isa artha yA vastu vizeSa kA vAcaka hai-isa prakAra kA kathana bhI kSaNa-jIvI svalakSaNa yukta vizeSa meM saMbhava nahIM hai, kyoMki saMketa grahaNa kAla taka to vaha naSTa ho jAtI hai| jisa prakAra 'go' zabda kA 'azva' artha ke sAtha koI sambandha nahIM hai aura isalie 'go' zabda 'azva' artha (vastu) kA jJAna karAne meM asamartha hai| usI prakAra svalakSaNa yukta bAhya artha (vastu) ke sAtha bhI zabda kA koI sambandha nahIM hai| ataH kSaNajIvI svalakSaNa yukta vizeSa artha zabda kA viSaya nahIM ho sktaa| ataH bauddhoM ke anusAra zabda na sAmAnya ke vAcaka haiM aura na vizeSa ke; ve kevala atad-vyAvRtti ke dvArA vikalpita viSaya ko hI sUcita karate haiM; bAhya vastu ko nahIM; yahI unakA apohavAda hai| ___ apohavAda kI samAlocanA prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM jainoM ne bauddhoM ke isa apoha siddhAnta kA khaNDana vividha AdhAroM para kiyA hai : (1) bauddhoM ke apohavAda ke sandarbha meM jainoM kA prathama AkSepa yaha hai ki zabda kA viSaya kevala vikalpita sAmAnya nahIM apita yathArtha sAmAnya hai| yaha satya hai ki vyaktiyoM se sAmAnya ko sattA nahIM hai, sAmAnya vyaktiniSTha hai kintu phira bhI vaha yathArtha hai, kAlpanika nhiiN| jainoM ke anusAra vastu anantadharmAtmaka hai| pratyeka vastu ke kucha dharma anya vastuoM ke sadRza hote haiM aura kucha vidRza / ina sadRza dharmoM ko hI jainoM ne sAmAnya mAnA hai / ve yaha mAnate haiM ki sAmAnya anekAnugata na hokara pratyeka vyaktiniSTha hai| dUsare zabdoM meM sAmAnya nAma kA koI eka tatva nahIM hai jo ki sabhI vyaktiyoM meM anusyUta hai, apitu vyaktiyoM ke alaga-alaga sadRza guNa dharma hI sAmAnya haiM jo ki pratyeka vyakti meM upasthita rahakara use eka varga yA jAti ko sadasya banAte haiN| sAdazyatA vyakti kA dharma hai aura vyakti ke dharma ke rUpa meM vaha yathArtha hai| jisa taraha pratyakSa Adi pramANa kA viSaya jAtyanvita vyakti yA sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka vastu hotI hai usI taraha zabda kA viSaya bhI sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka yathArtha vastu hI hai, vikalpita vastu nahIM / mImAMsakoM ke anusAra yadi zabda se kevala sAmAnya meM aura bauddhoM ke anusAra vikalpita sAmAnya meM hI saMketa grahaNa mAnA jAye to zabda ko sunakara vizeSa vyaktiyoM meM pravRtti nahIM ho skegii| 'gAya' zabda sunakara hama 'gAya' vizeSa ko hI khojate haiM kisI sAmAnya arthAt gotva ko nahIM khojate haiN| ataH zabda jAtyanvita yathArtha vastu kA saMketaka hai, vikalpita sAmAnya kA nahIM / (2) yadi zabda kA vAcyArtha vikalpita vastu hai to aisI sthiti meM kathana kI satyatA aura asatyatA kA nirdhAraNa saMbhava hI na hogA kyoMki kathana kI satyatA aura asatyatA kA AdhAra usake. vAcyArtha kI yathArtha Anubhavika jagat meM prApti aura aprApti ho hai| jisa kathana ke anurUpa bAhya jagat meM vastu upalabdha ho vaha satya mAnA jAtA haiM aura jisa kathana ke anurUpa bAhyArtha prApta na ho vaha mithyA mAnA jAtA hai| bauddhoM ke anusAra jJAna kI prAmANikatA kA AdhAra usakI
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________________ 54 : jaina bhASAdarzana avisaMvAditA hai aura isa avisaMvAditA ke nirNaya kA AdhAra bAhyArtha ko chor3akara anya koI dUsarA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki jisa kathana ke anurUpa bAhyArtha (vastu) prApta nahIM hote haiM unheM hI hama visaMvAdI yA mithyA kahate haiM / ataH zabda kA vAcyArtha yathArthaM vastu ho ho sakatI hai, vikalpita vastu nahIM / (3) bauddhoM ke isa apohavAda ke khaNDana meM jainoM kA eka tarka yaha bhI hai ki yadi Apa savikalpa buddhi meM jo arthAkAra pratibimba utpanna hotA hai use hI anyApoha mAnate haiM to phira yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki yaha pratibimba kisakA hai - svalakSaNa kA hai yA sAmAnya kA hai ? vaha svalakSaNa kA pratibimba nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki svalakSaNa to vyAvRttAkAra arthAt niSedha rUpa hai aura pratibimba anugata, ekarUpa yA vidhirUpa hai / punaH yadi yaha svalakSaNa kA pratibimba hai to isakA svalakSaNa ke sAtha tAdAtmya bhI hogA kintu Apa svalakSaNa ke sAtha zabda kA tAdAtmya nahIM mAnate haiM / yadi yaha pratibimba sAmAnya kA hai to sAmAnya kI bhI to Apake matAnusAra sattA nahIM hai aura jisakI sattA hI nahIM hai usakA pratibimba kaise ho sakatA hai| yadi bauddha dArzanika isake pratyuttara meM yaha mAneM ki anartha meM artha kA adhyavasAya karane se bAhya meM pravRtti hotI hai to unakI yaha mAnyatA samucita nahIM hai / yadi isake viparIta bAhyArtha ko grahaNa karane ko hI arthAdhyavasAya kahate haiM to isase jaina mata ko hI puSTi hotI hai / (4) yadi zabda kA kArya anya yA atad kI vyAvRtti hI hai to vaha kevala niSedha rUpa hogA jabaki pratyeka vastu meM astitvamUlaka aura nAstitvamUlaka donoM prakAra ke dharma pAye jAte haiM / jainoM ke anusAra svacatuSTaya ke vidhAna aura paracatuSTaya ke niSedha se hI vastu ke svarUpa kA nizcaya hotA hai / yadi zabda kA vAcya vastu hai to hameM zabda ke vAcyArtha ke nirdhAraNa kI prakriyA ko vidhimukha aura niSedhamukha donoM hI mAnanA hogA, kyoMki pratyeka vidhAna niSedha kI apekSA karatA hai aura pratyeka niSedha vidhAna kI apekSA karatA hai / niSedha binA vidhAna ke, vidhAna binA niSedha ke pUrNa nahIM hai / ataH bauddhoM ko apoha meM vidhimUlaka pakSa ko svIkAra karanA hogA arthAt yaha mAnanA hogA ki zabda kA kArya na kevala atad yA anya kI vyAvRtti hai apitu vastu ke tadrUpa kA prastutIkaraNa bhI hai arthAt zabda vastu ke sva-svarUpa kA pratipAdaka hai| (5) apoha vastutaH niSedha mUlaka nahIM ho sakatA hai / vyavahAra ke kSetra meM bhI hama dekhate haiM ki 'gAya' zabda ko sunakara hama sIdhe 'gAya' nAmaka vastu kA bodha karate haiN| aisA nahIM hotA ki hama yaha mahiSa nahIM hai, azva nahIM hai Adi kA niSedha karate hue 'gAya' zabda ke vAcyArtha taka pahu~cate haiM | yadyapi 'gAya' meM ago nivRtti pAyI jAtI hai, kintu isakA artha yaha bhI hai ki saba gAyoM meM eka samAna dharma haiM aura isa sAdRzyamUlaka dharmaM ko vidhimUlaka prakriyA se hI jAnA jA sakatA hai / (6) puna: zabda aura artha ke sambandha mAnane kA tAtparya yaha bhI nahIM hai ki donoM eka hI haiN| jainoM ne una donoM kI bhinnatA ko bhI svIkAra kiyaa| lekina yaha bhinnatA pUrNa bhinnatA nahIM hai / kathaMcit bhinnatA hI hai / jaina bhI gAya nAmaka vastu aura gAya zabda meM tAdAtmya nahIM mAnate haiM, ve donoM meM bhinnatA mAnakara bhI donoM meM vAcya vAcaka sambandha mAnate haiM / do bhinna evaM svatantra vastue~ bhI eka dUsare se sambandhita ho sakatI haiM jaise - pati - patnI / ataH zabda aura artha meM kathaMcit abheda aura kathaMcit bheda mAnanA hI ucita hai aura isI se unakA vAcya vAcaka sambandha siddha hotA hai /
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________________ jena zabdadarzana: 55 (7) punaH anyApoha yA ata-vyAvRtti ke bauddhoM ke isa siddhAnta meM anyonyAzraya doSa bhI AtA hai kyoMki 'ago' ke vyavaccheda (niSedha) se 'go' kI pratipatti hotI hai aura 'go' ke vyavaccheda (niSedha) se 'ago' kI pratipatti hotI hai aura yaha doharA niSedha vidhi rUpa hI siddha hotA hai / atad ke niSedha se jisakI upalabdhi hotI hai vaha to vidhi rUpa hI hogA / (8) punaH jise 'go' zabda kA artha jJAta na ho vaha 'ago' zabda kA artha bhI nahIM jAna pAyegA arthAt vyavaccheda (niSedha) ke lie bhI vidhi rUpa jJAna Avazyaka hai / (9) punaH, aneka sthitiyoM meM zabdoM ke paraspara eka dUsare kA pUrNa niSedha karane vAle aise do vyAvartaka varga bhI nahIM bana pAte haiM / udAharaNa ke lie sarva zabda se parihRta asarva zabda nirarthaka hotA hai / (10) yadi sabhI zabdoM kA vAcyArtha atadvyAvRtti yA niSedha hI hai to aisI sthiti meM sabhI zabda niSedha yA vyAvRtti ke vAcaka hone se paryAyavAcI ho jAyeMge, kyoMki unake vAcyabhUta viSaya ke tuccha svabhAva hone ke kAraNa unameM koI bhI bheda nahIM rahegA / svarUpataH eka hI svabhAva ke arthAt niSedha-mUlaka hone ke kAraNa unameM koI bheda nahIM hai aura unake vAcya viSaya ke vikalpita hone ke kAraNa bhI unameM koI bheda nahIM hogA aura aisA hone para vizeSaNa vizeSya bheda, atIta anAgata Adi kAla-bheda, strI puruSAdi liMga-bheda, go, mahiSa Adi jAti-bheda, ekavacana, dvivacana Adi vacana-bheda' bhI nahIM raha jAyeMge / puna yadi bauddha apoha meM bheda svIkAra kareMge to phira vaha apoha bhI vikalpa rUpa na raha kara vastu rUpa ho jAyegA aura isa prakAra prakArAntara se jaina mata kA hI samarthana hogA / DaoN0 govindacandra pANDeya kA abhimata hai ki apoha kevala niSedha mUlaka nahIM hai / ve likhate haiM kiapoha meM pratyakSa aura kalpanA, vastu aura avastu, vidhi aura niSedha, inakA eka jaTila mizraNa hai / AkRtivAda aura jainadarzana zabda kA vAcyArtha sAmAnya hai athavA vizeSa- isa carcA ke prasaMga meM hamane dekhA thA ki jaina dArzanika zabda ke vAcyArtha ko jAtyanvita vyakti / sAmAnyAnvita -vizeSa mAnate haiM / yadyapi yaha prazna phira bhI samAdhAna kI pratIkSA karatA hai ki yaha sAmAnyAnvita -vizeSa kyA hai ? yaha vastu hai yA buddhadharthaM / buddhadharthaM se tAtparya mAnasika bimba yA citta - vikalpa se hai / jahA~ nyAyavaizeSika use vastu mAnate haiM vahA~ vaiyAkaraNika aura kisI sImA taka bauddha use buddhayartha yA buddhi-AkAra mAnate haiM / jaina ina donoM ke madhya eka samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa apanAte haiM, unake anusAra zabda kA vAcyArthaM na to buddhayAkAra yA jJAnAkAra yA citta vikalpa hai aura na bAhyavastu; apitu zabda zravaNa se vastu kI cetanA meM udbhUta AkRti hai / sAkAra jJAnavAda ke AdhAra para yaha siddhAnta AkRtivAda kahA jAtA hai| " zabdoM ke zravaNa yA cintana ke mAdhyama se hamArI cetanA meM zabda dvArA vAcya vastu kI eka AkRti ubharatI yA pratibimbita hotI hai aura yahI AkRti hamAre saMvedana yA bodha kA viSaya hotI hai / jaba hama 'gAya' zabda sunate haiM to hamArI cetanA meM gAya kI AkRti kA samvedana yA bodha hotA hai jo ki azva kI AkRti se bhinna hotA hai / isI AkRti ke sahAre tadrUpa vastu meM hamArI pravRti hotI hai / ataH zabda kA vAcyArtha anubhavagamya vastu kI eka AkRti hai / gAya zabda ke zravaNa se galakambala 1. apoha siddhi ( ratnakIrti) -- anu0 govindacandra pANDe, pR0 40 / 2. vistRta vivecana ke lie dekheM - Indian Logic - B. N. Singh, P, 222
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________________ 56 : jaina bhASAdarzana yukta pazu kI AkRti cetanA meM ubharatI hai aura usake pazcAt tadrUpa gAya vastu meM pravRtti hotI hai / isa prakAra jainoM ke anusAra yadyapi zabda se saMketa grahaNa yathArthavastu (Real object) meM hotA hai, kintu zabda jisakA paryAya hai vaha AkRti hai, kintu yaha vizeSAnvita hI hai| jaina isake sAtha yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa yA cetanA meM zabda ke viSaya kI AkRti kA nirmANa jJAna aura pravacana ke dvArA hotA hai| jaba mAtA-pitA, guru Adi gAya zabda kA uccAraNa karake gAya nAmaka vastu dikhAte haiM to hama jAna jAte haiM ki gAya zabda kA vAcyArtha vaha pazu hai jo galakambalayukta hai| punaH gAya zabda kA vAcya-viSaya eka yathArtha vastu hai kintu usakA vAcyArtha gAya kI AkRti hai / jaina vAcya-viSaya aura vAcyArtha meM bheda karate haiM / zabda kA vAcya-viSaya bAhya vastu hai kintu usakA vAcyArtha yA tAtparya AkRti hai| AkRti ho aisA tattva hai jo eka ora bAhyArtha (Object) se tathA dUsarI ora vAcyArtha (Meaning) se sambandhita hotA hai| nyAyadArzanikoM ne isa AkRtivAda ke siddhAnta kI nimna AlocanA kI hai| prathamataH cu ki vyakti aneka haiM isalie AkRti aneka hoNgii| pUnaH eka vyakti kI AkRti dUsare vyakti kI AkRti se bhinna hotI hai| eka zabda paraspara bhinna aneka AkRtiyoM kA vAcaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| pUnaH kisI bhI vyakti ke lie yaha asambhava hai ki vaha usa jAti kI sabhI vyaktiyoM kI AkRti ko jAna leM kyoMki vizeSa yA vyakti aneka aura alaga-alaga haiM isalie unakI koI eka AkRti nahIM ho sktii| eka sapheda gAya kI AkRti kAlI gAya kI AkRti se avazya bhinna hogii| ataH AkativAda ko mAnane para zabda ke aneka vAcyArtha mAnane hoNge| pUnaH vyakti meM ho kriyAkAritva ho sakatA hai, AkRti meM arthakriyAkAritva sambhava nhiiN| udAharaNa ke lie jaba eka vyakti dUsare vyakti ko gAya lAne yA haTAne ke lie kahatA hai to dUsarA vyakti gAya ke citra yA usakI mUrti ko nahIM lAtA hai / ataH naiyAyikoM kA kathana hai ki AkRtivAda ko yaha avadhAraNA samucita nahIM hai / jainoM ne bhI aikAntika AkRtivAda kI AlocanA kI hai|' vastutaH AkRtivAda kA yaha siddhAnta bhAratIya paramparA kI dRSTi se naiyAyikoM aura vaiyAkaraNikoM kI vicAradhArA ke samanvaya kA prayatna hai| neyAyika zabda kA vAcyArtha vastu mAnate haiM aura vaiyAkaraNika tathA kisI sImA taka bauddha use baddhayAkAra mAnate haiN| jaina apane AkRtivAda meM ina donoM kA samanvaya isa prakAra karate haiM ki eka ora usameM vAcyArtha ke cetasika pakSa yA buddhyAkAra kA grahaNa ho jAtA hai to dUsarI ora vaha buddhayAkAra kAlpanika na hokara ke yathArtha hotA hai kyoMki AkRti sadaiva hI kiso anubhUta yathArtha vastu kI hI hotI hai / AkRtivAda ke sambandha meM nAmavAda aura vastuvAda ke bIca kI sthiti hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki sAmAnya jise momAMsaka zabda kA vAcya mAnate haiM vaha na to kevala nAma (mAnasika kalpanA) hai aura na vizeSa yA vyakti se pRthak usakI koI svataMtra yathArtha sattA hI hai / vaha eka aisA mAnasika bimba yA AkRti hai jo vibhinna vizeSoM/vyaktiyoM kI sAdRzyatA ke AdhAra para banatI hai| vaha mAnasika hote hue bhI kAlpanika yA ayathArtha nahIM hai| jaina ise hI zabda kA vAcyArtha mAnate haiM sAtha hI yaha mAnate haiM ki isa AkRti ke AdhAra para jisameM saMketa grahaNa hotA hai vaha vAstavika vastu vizeSa hai| zabda se jisa vastu vizeSa kA grahaNa hotA hai vaha apanI varga kI vastuoM se kathaMcit sAdRzya 1, tattvArthazlokavArtika 1 / 5 / 32-41 /
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________________ jaina zabdadarzana : 57 rakhatI hai aura isI sAdRzyatA ke AdhAra para hama una sabhI sAdRzya rakhanevAlI vastuoM ko eka hI zabda kA vAcyArtha mAnate haiM / jainoM kA yaha AkRtivAda kA siddhAnta viTagensTAina ke citra siddhAnta ( Picture theory) se kisI sImA taka samAnatA rakhatA hai / viTagensTAina Arambha meM yahI mAnate the ki zabda yA kathana yathArthaM jagat ke citra haiM aura bhASA hameM ina citroM ke mAdhyama se yathArtha jagat sambandhita karatI hai' / yadyapi Age cala kara usane isa citra siddhAnta ke sthAna para upayoga siddhAnta (Use theory) ko adhika upayukta mAnA aura yaha batAyA ki zabdoM kA vAcyArtha unake zravaNa se udbhASita hone vAlI AkRti ke sthAna para unake prayoga saMdarbha para nirbhara karatA hai / zabda kA vAcyArtha kyA hai yaha isa bAta para nirbhara hai ki use kisa sandarbha meM aura kisa prakAra prayukta kiyA gayA hai / viTagensTAina ne apane paravartI grantha Philosophical Investigation meM isa upayoga siddhAnta para adhika bala diyA hai / jahA~ taka jaina dArzanika avadhAraNAoM kA prazna hai hameM viTagensTAina ke ina donoM hI siddhAntoM ke pUrva bIja unameM upasthita milate haiM / eka ora ve zabda kA vAcyArtha AkRti mAnakara, viTagensTAina ke citra - siddhAnta kA samarthana karate haiM to dUsarI ora zabda ke vAcyArtha ke nirdhAraNa abhisamaya-paramparA yA prayoga sandarbha ko sthAna dekara viTagensTAina ke upayoga siddhAnta kA bhI samarthana karate haiM / vastutaH merI dRSTi meM ye donoM avadhAraNAyeM eka dUsare kI virodhI nahIM haiM / zabda ko sunakara hamArI cetanA meM eka AkRti ubharatI hai kintu kisa zabda ke kisa prakAra ke prayoga se kisa prakAra kI AkRti ubharegI isakA nirdhAraNa abhisamaya / paramparA yA prayoga- sandarbha hI nizcita karegA / vastutaH zabda ke vAcyArtha ke saMdarbha meM jainoM kA AkRtivAda kA yaha siddhAnta isa sambandha pracalita vibhinna matavAdoM ke samanvaya kA eka prayAsa hai| jainoM ne apane anekAntika dRSTi ke AdhAra para zabda ke vAcyArtha ko lekara tatkAlIna paraspara virodhI siddhAntoM meM samanvaya sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai yahI unake zabda darzana kI vizeSatA hai / pada kA svarUpa - akele akSaroM/varNoM se athavA unake vibhinna saMyogoM se zabdoM evaM padoM kI racanA hotI hai / yadyapi yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki varNoM kA aisA samUha jo kisI kA vAcaka yA dyotaka hotA hai zabda / pada kahalAtA hai, isake viparIta varNoM kA aisA samUha jo kisI kA vAcaka saMketaka nahIM hotA hai, zabda pada kI koTi meM nahIM AtA hai / udAharaNa ke lie 'kalama' zabda sArthaka hai kyoMki vaha vastu / artha kA vAcaka yA saMketaka hai ataH zabda / pada hai jabaki 'makala' nirarthaka hai kyoMki kisI vastu kA vAcaka nahIM hai ataH zabda / pada nahIM hai / jainAcAryoM ke anusAra jisake dvArA artha (vAcya - viSaya) ko jAnA jAtA hai athavA jisake dvArA artha kA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA hai vaha pada 1. (a) The proposition is a picture of reality. 4'01 (b) The waves of sound, all stand to one another is that pictorial internal relation which holds between language and the world, 4,014 --Tractatus logico-philosophicus ( ludwig Wittgens tien) 2. See -- Philosophical investigation 139 Page 54, 8
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________________ 58 : jena bhASAdarzana pada hai / ' yadyapi pramANanayatatvAlokAlaMkAra meM vAdidevasUrI ne sApekSa varNoM ke nirapekSa samUha ko pada kahA hai kintu merI dRSTi meM yaha paribhASA cAhe 'zabda' ke sambandha meM samucita ho pada ke sambandha meM samucita nahIM mAnI jA sakatI hai kyoMki pada vAkya-sApekSa hI hogA / nyAya darzana meM zabda aura meM antara karate hue kahA gayA hai varNoM ke anta meM yathAzAstrAnusAra vibhakti hone se pada saMjJA hotI hai / vastutaH zabda aura pada meM antara yaha hai ki vibhakti rahita hone se zabda kA artha (vAcya ) vAkya nirapekSa hotA hai jabaki vibhakti yukta hone se pada kA artha ( vAcya) vAkya sApekSa hotA hai / vibhakti yukta zabda yA zabda-samUha hI pada hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM vAkya ke aMga ke rUpa meM prayukta zabda pada hotA hai | zabda, pada aura vAkya kA antara zabda aura pada meM antara yahI hai ki zabda ko apane artha ke lie vAkya kI apekSA nahIM rahatI hai jabaki pada ko rahatI hai, kyoMki vaha vAkyAMza hotA hai / udAharaNa ke lie 'gAya' zabda ko apane artha ( vAkya viSaya) kA avabodha karAne ke lie vAkya kI apekSA nahIM hotI, kintu 'gAya ko ' --- isa pada kA artha taba taka spaSTa nahIM hogA- - jaba taka ki hamAre samakSa pUrA vAkya'gAyako lAo yA gAyako ho' na ho / yahI zabda aura pada meM antara hai / vAkya meM prayukta vibhaktiyukta zabda hI pada kahalAtA hai / pada vAkyAMza hotA hai, usakA artha vAkya sApekSa hotA hai, jabaki zabda vAkya nirapekSa hotA hai / vAkya meM prayukta vibhaktiyukta zabda hI pada bana jAtA | pada vAkya - sApekSa hokara hI vAcyArtha kA pratipAdana karatA hai yahI unakI zabda se bhinnatA hai / punaH pada Satta kA eka vibhAga hai, vAkya hI eka aisI ikAI hai jo padoM evaM prakArAntara se zabdoM ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa karatI hai / ataH agrima adhyAya meM hama vAkya ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM carcA kareMge / 1. ( a ) padyate jJAyate'rtho'neneti padam / (ba) atthAlAvo atthAvagamassa padaM / 2. varNAnAmanyonyApekSANAM nirapekSA saMhatiH pada / 3, te vibhattayantAH padam / - abhidhAnarAjendra khaNDa 5 pR0 502 - dhavalA 104, 2, 4, 11186 ---pramANanayatatvAlokAlaMkAra 4 / 10 -nyAyasUtra 212/55
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________________ adhyAya 4 jaina vAkyadarzana vAkya bhASAyI abhivyakti kI eka mahatvapUrNa ikAI hai| vAkya kI paribhASA ko lekara vibhinna dArzanikoM ke vicAroM meM matabheda pAyA jAtA hai / prastuta vivecana meM hama sarvaprathama jaina AcAryoM dvArA pratipAdita vAkya ke svarUpa ko spaSTa kareMge aura usake bAda vAkya ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM anya dArzanika avadhAraNAoM ko aura unakI jaina dArzanikoM dvArA kI gaI samIkSA ko prastuta 'kareMge tathA yaha dekhane kA prayAsa kareMge ki jaina dArzanikoM ne vAkya kA jo svarUpa nizcita kiyA hai, vaha kisa sImA taka tarkasaMgata hai | jainadarzana meM vAkya kA svarUpa - prabhAcandra prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM vAkya ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM ki "apane vAcyArtha ko spaSTa karane ke lie eka dUsare kI paraspara apekSA rakhanevAle padoM kA nirapekSa samUha vAkya hai / " vAkya kI isa paribhASA se hamAre sAmane do bAteM spaSTa hotI haiM / prathama to yaha ki vAkya kI racanA karanevAle pada apane vAcyArtha kA avabodha karAne ke lie paraspara eka dUsare kI apekSA rakhate haiM kintu unase nirmita vaha vAkya apane vAkyArthaM kA avabodha karAne ke lie anya kisI kI apekSA nahIM rakhatA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM apanA arthabodha karAne meM vAkya svayaM samartha hotA hai kintu pada svayaM samartha nahIM hote haiM / jaba sApekSa yA sAkAMkSapada jise apanA arthabodha karAne ke lie anya saMkSepa meM sAkAMkSa / sApekSa padoM kA nirapekSa/ nirmita samUha kI nirapekSatA hI vAkya kA paraspara milakara eka aise samUha kA nirmANa kara lete haiM kisI kI apekSA nahIM rahatI hai, taba vAkya banatA hai / niHkAMkSa samUha vAkya hai| padoM kI sApekSatA aura unase mUlatattva hai / vAkya kA pratyeka pada dUsare pada kI apekSA rakhatA hai / vaha dUsare ke binA apUrNa sA pratIta hotA hai / apane arthabodha ke lie dUsare kI AkAMkSA yA apekSA rakhane vAlA pada sAkAMkSa pada kahalAtA hai aura jitane sAkAMkSa padoM ko milAkara yaha AkAMkSA pUrI ho jAtI hai, vaha ikAI vAkya kahI jAtI / isa prakAra jena dArzanikoM ke anusAra jahA~ vAkya meM prayukta pada sApekSa yA sAkAMkSa hote haiM vahA~ una padoM se nirmita vAkya apanA arthabodha karAne kI dRSTi se nirapekSa yA nirAkAMkSa hotA hai / vastutaH paraspara eka dUsare kI apekSA rakhanevAle sApekSa yA sAkAMkSa padoM ko milAkara jaba eka aise samUha kI racanA kara dI jAtI hai jise apane arthabodha karAne ke lie anya kisI kI apekSA nahIM rahatI hai, taba vAkya bana jAtA hai| isa prakAra jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra vAkya meM padoM kI dRSTi se sApekSatA aura pada-samUha kI dRSTi se nirapekSatA hotI hai / isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki vAkya eka aisI ikAI hai jo sApekSa yA sAkAMkSa padoM se nirmita hokara bhI apane Apa meM nirapekSa 1. (a) padAnAM tu tadapekSANAM nirapekSaH samudAyo vAkyamiti / - prameyakamalamArtaNDa pR0 458 / (ba) padAnAM punavAkyarthaM pratyAyane vidheye'nyonya nirmitopakAramanusaratAM vAkyAntarastha padApekSA rahitA saMhatirvAkyamabhidhIyate / - syAdvAdaratnAkara 10 941 /
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________________ 60: jaina bhASAdarzana hotI hai| pada vAkya ke Avazyaka aMga haiM aura vAkya inase nirmita eka nirapekSa ikAI hai / vAkya khaNDAtmaka ikAIyoM se nirmita eka akhaMDa racanA hai| vAkya ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vibhinna mata aura unakI samAlocanA' vAkya ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vibhinna bhAratIya dArzanikoM ke dRSTikoNoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie jaina dArzanika prabhAcandra ne apane grantha prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM vAkyapadIya se do zloka uddhRta kiye haiM jinameM usa kAla meM pracalita vAkya kI paribhASA evaM svarUpa sambandhI vibhinna avadhAraNAoM kA eka saMkSipta paricaya mila jAtA hai-2 AkhyAtazabdaH, saMghAto jAtisaMghAtavartinI / eko'navayava zabdaH kramo buddhayanusaMhRtiH / / padamAdyaM, pRthaksarvapadaM, saakaaNkssmitypi| vAkyaM prati matibhinnA bahudhA nyAyavAdinAm // -vAkyapadIya 2 / 1-2 2. bhAratIya dArzanikoM meM vAkya ke svarUpa ko lekara do mahatvapUrNa dRSTikoNa upalabdha hote haiM / vaiyAkaraNikoM kA mata hai ki vAkya eka akhaMDa ikAI hai| ve vAkya meM pada ko mahatvapUrNa nahIM mAnate haiM, unake anusAra vAkya se pathaka pada kA koI astitva hI nahIM hai jabaki dasarA daSTiko samarthana nyAya, sAMkhya, mImAMsA Adi darzana karate haiM, vAkya ko khaNDAtmaka ikAIyoM arthAt zabdoM aura padoM se nirmita mAnatA hai| ina vicArakoM ke anusAra pada vAkya kA eka mahatvapUrNa aMga hai aura apane Apa meM eka svatantra ikAI hai| yadyapi isa prazna ko lekara ki kriyApada (AkhyAta pada) athavA uddezya pada Adi meM kauna sA pada vAkya kA prANa hai-ina vicArakoM meM bhI matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| vAkyapadIya ke AdhAra para prabhAcandra ne vAkya kI paribhASA evaM svarUpa ke sambandha meM nimna matoM kA ullekha kara unakI samIkSA kI hai| (1) AkhyAta pada hI vAkya hai kucha dArzanikoM ke anusAra AkhyAta pada yA kriyApada hI vAkya kA prANa hai| vahI vAkya kA artha vahana karane meM samartha hai| kriyA pada ke abhAva meM vAkyArtha spaSTa nahIM hotA ataH vAkyArtha ke avabodha meM kriyA pada athavA AkhyAta pada ho pradhAna hai, anya pada gauNa hai| __ isa mata kI samAlocanA karate hue prabhAcandra likhate haiM ki AkhyAtapada arthAt kriyApada anya padoM se nirapekSa hokara vAkya hai yA sApekSa hokara vAkya hai ? yadi prathama vikalpa ke AdhAra para yaha mAnA jAye ki AkhyAta pada anya padoM se nirapekSa hokara vAkya hai to yaha mAnyatA do dRSTikoNoM se yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| kyoMki prathama to anya padoM se nirapekSa hone para AkhyAta pada na to "pada" hI rahegA aura na "vAkya" ke svarUpa ko prApta hogaa| dUsare yadi anya padoM se nirape AkhyAta pada 1. vistRta vivecana evaM mUla sandarbha ke lie dekheM (a) prameyakamalamArtaNDa pu0 458 se 465 / (ba) syAdvAdaralAkara pR0 641 se 647 / (sa) bhASAtattva evaM vAkyapadIya 1085 se 96 / / 2. prameyakamalamArtaNDa ke 459 para uddhRta vAkyapadIya ke ye do zloka azuddha hai-hamane unheM zuddha karake diyA hai| usameM dUsare zloka ke prathama caraNa meM 'padamAdyaM padaM cAntyaM' aisA pATha hai jabaki anyatra 'padamAdya pRthaksarvapadaM' aisA pATha milatA hai jo ki adhika zuddha hai|
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________________ jaina vAkyadarzana : 61 arthAt kriyApada ko hI vAkya mAnA jAye to phira AkhyAta pada kA hI abhAva hogA kyoMki AkhyAta pada arthAt kriyApada, vaha hai jo uddezya aura vidheya ke athavA apane aura uddezya ke pArasparika sambandha ko sUcita karatA hai| uddezya yA vidheya pada se nirapekSa hokara to vaha apanA arthAt AkhyAtapada kA svarUpa hI kho cukegA kyoMki nirapekSa hone se vaha na to uddezyapada aura vidheyapada ke sambandha ko aura na uddezya pada aura apane sambandha ko sUcita kregaa| punaH yadi AkhyAtapada anya padoM se sApekSa hokara vAkya hai to vaha kathaMcit sApekSa hokara vAkya hai yA pUrNatayA sApekSa hokara vAkya hai| isameM bhI prathama mata ke anusAra yadi yaha mAnA jAye ki vaha kathaMcit sApekSa hokara vAkya hai to isase to jaina mata kA hI samarthana hogA / punaH yadi dUsare vikalpa ke anusAra yaha mAnA jAye ki vaha pUrNa sApekSa hokara vAkya hai to pUrNa sApekSatA ke kAraNa usameM vAkyatva kA hI abhAva hogA aura vAkyatva kA abhAva hone se usake prakRta artha arthAt AkhyAta svabhAva kA hI abhAva hogA, vaha arddhavAkyavat hogA kyoMki pUrNa sApekSa hone ke kAraNa use apanA arthabodha karAne ke lie anya kisI kI apekSA banI rhegii| anya kisI kI apekSA rahane se vaha vAkya ke svarUpa ko prApta nahIM hogA kyoMki vAkya to sApekSa padoM kI nirapekSa saMhati arthAt ikAI hai / ataH jainoM ke anusAra kathaMcit sApekSa aura kathaMcit nirapekSa hokara ho AkhyAta pada vAkya ho sakatA hai / isakA tAtparya hai ki vaha anya padoM se milakara hI vAkya svarUpa ko prApta hotA hai / AkhyAtapada vAkya kA cAhe eka mahatvapUrNa aMga ho, kintu vaha akelA vAkya nahIM hai| yaha satya hai ki aneka sthitiyoM meM kevala kriyApada ke uccAraNa se sandarbha ke AdhAra para kA bodha ho jAtA hai, kintu vahA~ bhI gauNarUpa se anya padoM kI upasthiti to hai / 'khAo' kahane se na kevala khAne ko kriyA kI sUcanA milatI hai, apitu khAne vAle vyakti aura khAdya vastu kA bhI avyakta rUpa se nirdeza hotA hai kyoMki binA khAne vAle aura khAdya vastu ke usakA koI matalaba nahIM hai| hindI bhASA meM 'lIjie' 'pAie' Adi aise AkhyAta pada haiM jo eka eka hokara bhI vAkyArtha kA bodha karAte haiM, kintu inameM anya padoM kA gauNarUpa se saMketa to ho hI jAtA hai| saMskRta bhASA meM "gacchAmi" isa kriyApada ke prayoga meM "ahaM" aura 'gacchati" isa kriyApada ke prayoga meM "saH" kA gauNa rUpa se nirdeza to rahA hI hai| kriyApada ko sadaiva vyakta yA avyakta rUpa meM kartApada kI apekSA to hotI hI hai ataH AkhyAta pada anya padoM se kathaMcit sApekSa hokara hI vAkyArtha kA avabodha karatA hai-yaha mAnanA hI samucita hai aura isa rUpa meM yaha mata jaina dArzanikoM ko bhI svIkArya hai| (2) padoM kA saMghAta vAkya hai bauddha dArzanikoM kA yaha kahanA hai ki padoM kA saMghAta hI vAkya hai| yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki vAkya mAtra padoM kA samUha nahIM hai / mAtra padoM ko eka sAtha rakhane se vAkya nahIM banatA hai| vAkya banane ke lie "kucha aura" cAhie aura yaha "kucha aura" padoM ke eka vizeSa prakAra ke ekIkaraNa se prakaTa hotA hai| yaha padoM ke artha se adhika evaM bAharI tattva hotA hai| padoM ke samaveta hone para Aye hue isa "arthAdhikya' ko hI saMghAtavAdI vAkyArtha mAnate haiN| isa prakAra saMghAtavAda meM vAkya ko pada ke samanvita samUha ke rUpa meM aura vAkyArtha ko padoM ke artha ke samanvita samUha ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai kintu yahA~ saMghAta hI mahattvapUrNa tattva hai kyoMki vaha padoM ke artha meM kucha nayI bAta ko bhI jor3atA hai| isa mata ke anusAra padoM ke saMghAta meM kucha
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________________ 62 : jaina bhASAdarzana eka aisA nayA tattva hotA hai jo padoM ke alaga-alaga hone para nahIM hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM "ghor3A" "ghAsa" "khAtA hai"-ye tona pada alaga-alaga rUpa meM jisa artha ke sUcaka haiM, inakA saMghAta yA saMhati arthAt "ghor3A ghAsa khAtA hai" usase bhinna artha kA sUcaka hai| isa prakAra saMghAtavAdo padoM ke saMghAta ko hI vAkyAtha ke avabodha kA mukhya AdhAra mAnate haiN| saMghAtavAda kI isa mAnyatA kI samAlocanA karate hue prabhAcandra prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM likhate haiM ki padoM kA yaha saMghAta yA saMgaThana dezakRta hai yA kAlakRta / yadi padoM ke saMghAta ko dezakRta athavA kAlakRta mAnA jAye to yaha vikalpa yuktisaMgata nahIM hai kyoMki "vAkya ke sunane meM kramazaH utpanna evaM dhvaMsa hone vAle padoM kA eka hI deza meM yA eka hI kAla meM avasthita hokara saMghAta banAnA sambhava nahIM hai / punaH yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki vAkyarUpatA ko prApta pada vAkya se bhinna hai yA abhinna hai| ve bhinna nahIM ho sakate kyoMki bhinna rahane para ve vAkyAMza nahIM raha jAyeMge aura vAkya ke aMza ke rUpa meM unakI pratIti nahIM hogii| punaH jisa prakAra eka varNa kA dUsare varNa se saMghAta nahIM hotA usI prakAra eka pada kA bhI dUsare pada ke sAtha saMghAta nahIM hotA hai / punaH yadi saMghAta abhinna rUpa meM hai to yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai to vaha sarvathA abhinna hai yA kathaMcit abhinna hai| yadi sarvathA abhinna mAnA jAyegA to saMghAta saMghAtI ke svarUpa vAlA ho jAyegA, dUsare zabdoM meM pada hI vAkyarUpa ho jAyegA aura aisI sthiti meM saMghAta kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAyegA / yadi yaha saMghAta kathaMcit abhinna aura kathaMcit bhinna hai to aisI sthiti meM jaina mata kA hI samarthana hogA kyoMki jaina AcAryoM ke anusAra bhI pada vAkya se kathaMcit bhinna aura kathaMcit abhinna hote haiN| isa rUpa meM to yaha mata jainoM ko bhI mAnya hogA arthAt jaina mata kA hI prasaMga hogaa| (3) sAmAnya tattva (jAti) hI vAkya hai kacha vicArakoM kI mAnyatA hai ki vAkya mAtra padoM kA saMghAta nahIM hai| vAkya ke samasta padoM ke saMghAta se hone vAlI eka sAmAnya pratIti hI vAkya hai| ina vicArakoM ke anusAra padoM ke saMghAta se eka sAmAnya tattva jise ve "jAti" kahate haiM, utpanna hotA hai aura yaha saMghAta meM anusyUta sAmAnya tattva hI vAkya hai| vAkya meM padoM kI pRthak-pRthak sattA nahIM rahatI hai, apitu ve saba milakara eka sAmAnya tattva kA arthabodha dete haiM aura yahI vAkyArtha hotA hai| isa mata ke anusAra yadyapi padoM ke saMghAta se ho vAkya banatA hai phira bhI yaha mata vAkya se pRthak hokara una padoM kI arthabodha-sAmarthya ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| yadyapi vAkya meM pratyeka pada apanI sattA rakhatA hai vAkyArtha eka alaga ikAI hai aura padoM kA koI artha ho sakatA hai to vAkya meM rahakara hI ho sakatA hai; jaise zarIra kA koI aMga apanI kriyAzIlatA zarIra meM rahakara hI banAye rakhatA hai, svatantra hokara nahIM / pada vAkya ke aMga ke rUpa meM hI apanA artha pAte haiN| jaina dArzanika prabhAcandra isa mata kI samIkSA karate hue kahate haiM ki yadi jAti yA sAmAnya tattva kA tAtparya paraspara sApekSa padoM kA nirapekSa samUha hai to hameM koI Apatti nahIM hai kyoMki vaha dRSTikoNa to svayaM jainoM ko bhI svIkArya hai| kintu yadi jAti ko padoM se bhinna mAnA gA to aisI sthiti meM isa mata meM bhI ve sabhI doSa upasthita ho jAyeMge jo saMghAtavAda meM dikhAye gaye haiM kyoMki jisa prakAra padasaMghAta padoM se kathaMcit bhinna aura kathaMcit abhinna hokara hI arthabodha pradAna karatA hai usI prakAra yaha jAti yA sAmAnya tatva bhI padoM se kathaMcit bhinna
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________________ jaina vAkyadarzana: 63 aura kathaMcit abhinna rahakara hI vAkyArtha kA avabodha karA sakatA hai kyoMki sAmAnya tattva yA jAti ko vyakti (aMza) se na to pUrNataH bhinna mAnA jA sakatA hai aura na pUrNataH abhinna hI / pada bhI vAkya se na to sarvathA bhinna hote haiM aura na sarvathA abhinna ho / unakI sApekSika bhinnAbhinnatA hI vAkyArtha kI bodhaka banatI hai / (4) vAkya akhaNDa ikAI hai vaiyAkaraNika vAkya ko eka akhaNDa sattA mAnate haiM / unake anusAra vAkya apane Apa meM eka ikAI hai aura vAkya se pRthak pada kA koI astitva hI nahIM hai / jisa prakAra pada ke banAne - vAle varNoM meM padArtha ko khojanA vyartha hai usI prakAra vAkya ko banAne vAle padoM meM vAkyArthaM kA khojanA vyartha hai / vastutaH ekatva meM hI vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai / isa mata ke anusAra vAkya meM pada aura varNa kA vibhAjana samIcIna nahIM hai / vAkya jisa arthaM kA dyotaka hai, vaha artha pada yA pada- samUha meM nahIM hai / vAkya ko eka ikAI mAnane meM jaina AcAryoM ko bhI koI virodha nahIM hai kyoMki ve svayaM vAkya ko sApekSa padoM kI eka nirapekSa ikAI mAnate haiM / unakA kahanA kevala itanA hI hai ki vAkya ko eka akhaNDa sattA yA nirapekSa ikAI mAnate hue bhI hameM yaha nahIM bhUla jAnA cAhie ki usakI racanA meM padoM kA eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / aMza se pUrNatayA pRthak aMzI kI kalpanA jisa prakAra samucita nahIM - usI prakAra padoM ko pUrNa upekSA karake vAkyArtha kA bodha sambhava nahIM hai / vAkya nirapekSa ikAI hote hue bhI sApekSa pada samUha se hI nirmita hai / ataH ve bhI vAkya ke mahatvapUrNa ghaTaka haiM, ataH arthabodha meM unheM upekSita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / prabhAcandra vAkya ke isa akhaNDatA siddhAnta ko samAlocanA karate hue kahate haiM ki vAkya eka avibhAjya evaM apada ikAI hai, yaha mAnyatA eka prakAra kI kapola kalpanA hI hai kyoMki pada ke binA vAkya nahIM hotA hai, vAkya meM sAkAMkSa padoM kA honA nitAnta Avazyaka hai / vAkya meM padoM kI pUrNa avahelanA karanA yA yaha mAnanA ki pada aura padArtha kA vAkya meM koI sthAna hI nahIM hai, eka prakAra se Anubhavika satya se vimukha honA hI hai / prabhAcandra ne isa mata ke sambandha meM ve sabhI ApattiyA~ uThAI haiM jo ki sphoTavAda ke sambandha meM uThAyI jA sakatI haiM / yaha mata vastuta: sphoTavAda kA hI eka rUpa hai jo vAkyArtha ke sambandha meM yaha pratipAdita karatA hai ki pada yA unase nirmita vAkya artha ke pratipAdaka nahIM haiM, kintu sphoTa ( artha kA prAkATya) hI artha kA pratipAdaka hai / zabdArtha ke bodha ke sambandha meM sphoTavAda eka mAtra aura antima siddhAnta nahIM hai kyoMki yaha isakA uttara nahIM de pAtA hai ki padAbhAva meM artha kA sphoTa kyoM nahIM ho jAtA ? ataH vAkya ko akhaNDa aura anavayava nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| kyoMki pada vAkya ke aparihArya ghaTaka haiM aura ve zabda rUpa meM vAkya se svatantra hokara bhI apanA artha rakhate haiM, punaH padoM ke abhAva meM vAkya nahIM hotA hai| ataH vAkya ko anavayava nahIM kahA jA sakatA / (5) kramavAda evaM usakI samIkSA kramavAda bhI saMghAtavAda kA hI eka vizeSa rUpa hai / usa mata ke anusAra pada ko vAkya kA aparihArya aMza to mAnA gayA hai kintu padoM kI sahasthiti kI apekSA padoM ke krama ko vAkyArtha ke lie adhika mahatvapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| krama hI vAstavika vAkya hai| jisa prakAra varNa yadi eka sunizcita krama meM nahIM hoM to unase pada nahIM banatA hai, usI prakAra yadi pada bhI nizcita krama meM
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________________ 64 : jana bhASAdarzana na hoM to unase vAkya nahIM bnegaa| sArthaka vAkya ke lie padoM kA kramAtmaka vinyAsa Avazyaka hai / pada krama hI vastutaH vAkya kI racanA karatA hai aura usI se vAkyArthaM kA bodha hotA hai / padoM kA eka apanA artha hotA hai aura eka viziSTArtha / padoM kA eka viziSTa artha unameM krama pUrvaka vinyAsa - dazA meM hI vyakta hotA hai| padoM kA yaha kramapUrvaka vinyAsa hI vAkya kA svarUpa grahaNa karatA hai / sAtha hI kramavAda kAla kI nirantaratA para bala detA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki kAla kA vyavadhAna hone se pada krama TUTa jAtA hai aura padakrama TUTane se vAkya naSTa ho jAtA hai / kramavAda meM eka pada ke bAda AnevAle dUsare pada ko prathama pada kA upakAraka svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| padoM kA yaha niyata krama hI upacIyamAna arthAt prakaTa hone vAle artha kA dyotaka hotA hai / jaina dArzanika prabhAcandra isa mata ko saMghAtavAda se adhika bhinna nahIM mAnate haiM mAtra antara yaha hai ki jahA~ saMghAtavAda padoM kI sahavartitA para bala detA hai, vahA~ kramavAda unake krama para / unake anusAra isa mata meM bhI ve sabhI doSa haiM jo saMghAtavAda meM haiM, kyoMki yahA~ bhI deza aura kAla kI vibhinnatA kA prazna uThatA hai--eka deza aura kAla meM krama sambhava nahIM aura kAla meM padoM kI sthiti mAnane para arthabodha meM kaThinAI AtI hai / padoM kA krama eka mahattvapUrNa tathya hai kintu yaha krama sAkAMkSa padoM meM kathaMcit abhinna rUpa se vAkya meM sthita haiM, hI sambhava hai / aura alaga-alaga deza yadyapi vAkya - vinyAsa meM jo kathaMcit bhinna aura (6) buddhigRhIta tAtparya hI vAkya hai isa mata kA svarUpa evaM samIkSA kucha dArzanikoM kI mAnyatA hai ki zabda yA zabda-samUha bAhyAkAra mAtra haiM, vAkyArthaM unameM nihita nahIM hai / ataH vAkya vaha hai jo buddhi ke dvArA grahIta hai / buddhi kI viSayagata ekAgratA se hI vAkya bolA jAtA hai aura usI se vAkya ke artha kA grahaNa hotA hai| vAkya kA janaka evaM kAraNa buddhi tattva hai / vaktA dvArA bolane kI kriyA tabhI sambhava hai, jaba usameM suvicArita rUpa meM kucha kahane kI icchA hotI hai / ataH buddhi yA buddhitattva hI vAkya kA janaka hotA hai / buddhi ke abhAva meM na to vAkya kA uccAraNa sambhava hai aura na zrotA ke dvArA usakA artha grahaNa hI sambhava hai / ataH vAkya kA AdhAra buddhi - anusaMhati hai / jainAcArya prabhAcandra isa dRSTikoNa kI samIkSA karate hue prazna karate haiM ki yadi buddhi tatva hI vAkya kA AdhAra hai to vaha dravya vAkya hai yA bhAva vAkya / buddhi ko dravya vAkya kahanA tarka saMgata nahIM hai, kyoMki dravya vAkya to zabda dhvanirUpa hai, acetana hai aura buddhitattva cetana hai ataH donoM meM virodha hai / ataH buddhi ko dravyavAkya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / punaH yadi yaha mAneM ki buddhitattva bhAvavAkya hai to phira siddhasAdhyatA kA doSa hogaa| kyoMki buddhi kI bhAvavAkyatA to siddha hI hai / buddhitatva ko bhAvavAkya ke rUpa meM grahaNa karanA jainoM ko bhI iSTa hai / isa sambandha meM buddhivAda aura jena dArzanika eka mata hI haiN| vAkya ke bhAvapakSa yA cetanapakSa ko bauddhika mAnanA jainadarzana ko bhI svIkArya hai aura isa dRSTi se yaha mata jainamata kA virodhI nahIM hai / (7) Adya pada (prathamapada) hI vAkya hai - isa mata kA svarUpa evaM samIkSA kucha vicArakoM kI mAnyatA hai ki vAkya ke prathamapada kA uccAraNa hI sampUrNa vAkyArthaM ko abhivyakta karane kI sAmarthya rakhatA hai / isa mata ke anusAra vaktA kA abhiprAya prathama pada ke
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________________ jaina vAkyadarzana : 65 uccAraNa mAtra se hI spaSTa ho jAtA hai, kyoMki anya pada to vivakSA ko vahana karane vAle hote haiN| vAkyapadIya meM kahA gayA hai ki kriyA se yadi kAraka kA vinizcaya sambhava hai to phira kAraka ke kathana se bhI kriyA kA nizcaya sambhava hai| yaha siddhAnta yadyapi vAkya meM kAraka pada ke mahattva ko spaSTa karatA hai phira bhI pUrNataH satya nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jainAcArya prabhAcandra kA kahanA hai ki cAhe vAkya kA prathamapada arthAt kAraka pada ho athavA aMtima pada arthAt kriyApada ho ve anya padoM kI apekSA se ho vAkyArtha ke bodhaka hote haiM, yadi eka hI pada vAkyArtha ke bodha meM samartha ho to phira vAkya meM anya padoM kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM raha jaavegii| dUsare zabdoM meM vAkya meM unake abhAva kA prasaMga hogA / yaha sahI hai ki aneka prasaMgoM meM prathama pada (kAraka pada) ke uccAraNa se hI vAkyArtha kA bodha ho jAtA hai| udAharaNa rUpa meM jaba rAja dIvAra kI cunAI karate samaya IMTa yA patthara zabda kA uccAraNa karatA hai to zrotA yaha samajha jAtA hai ki use IMTa yA patthara Dhone kA Adeza diyA gayA hai| yahA~ prathama pada kA uccAraNa sampUrNa vAkya ke artha kA vahana karatA hai kintu hameM yaha samajha lenA cAhie ki ve "iMTa" yA "patthara" zabda prathama pada ke rUpa meM kevala usa sandarbha vizeSa meM hI vAkya kA svarUpa grahaNa karate haiM usase pRthak ho karake nhiiN| rAja ke dvArA uccarita patthara zabda patthara lAo kA sUcaka hogA jabaki chAtra-pulisa saMgharSa meM prayukta patthara zabda anya artha kA sUcaka hogaa| ataH kAraka pada kevala kisI sandarbha vizeSa meM hI vAkyArtha bodhaka hotA hai, sarvatra nhiiN| usameM bhI avyaktarUpa se AkhyAta pada yA kriyA pada nihita hI rahatA hai| ataH ekAntarUpa se kArakapada ko vAkya mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai| rAma zabda kA uccAraNa kisI sandarbha meM vAkyArtha kA bodhaka ho sakatA hai, sadaiva nhiiN| isalie kevala Adipada yA kAraka ko vAkya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| kevala 'pada' vizeSa ko hI vAkya mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai, anyathA vAkya meM nihita anya pada anAvazyaka aura nirapekSa hoMge, isa sthiti meM unase vAkya banegA hI nahIM, pada sadaiva sAvAMkSa hote haiM aura una sAkAMkSa padoM se nirmita vAkya nirAkAMkSa hotA hai / ataH vAkya meM padoM kA sthAna mahattvapUrNa hote hue bhI ve svatantra rUpa se vAkya nahIM kahe jA sakate haiN| sAkAMkSa pava hI vAkya hai kucha vicArakoM ke anusAra vAkya kA pratyeka pada vAkya ke aMga ke rUpa meM sAkAMkSa hote hue bhI apanA svatantra astitva rakhatA hai| isa mata meM pratyeka pada kA vyaktitva svatantra rUpa se svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| isa mata ke anusAra padoM kA apanA nijI artha unakI sahabhUta/samaveta sthiti meM bhI rahatA hai| yaha mata vAkya meM padoM kI svatantra sattA aura unake mahattva ko spaSTa karatA hai / saMghAtavAda se isa mata kI bhinnatA isa artha meM hai ki jahA~ saMghAtavAda aura kramavAda meM pada ko pramukha sthAna aura vAkya ko gauNa sthAna prApta hotA hai, vahA~ isa mata meM padoM ko sAkAMkSa mAnakara vAkya ko pramukhatA dI jAtI hai| yaha mata mAnatA hai ki pada vAkya ke antargata ho apanA artha pAte haiM usase bAhara nhiiN| vastutaH yaha avadhAraNA jaina darzana ke atyanta nikaTa hai, kyoMki jainadArzanika bhI sAkAMkSa padoM kI nirapekSa mahati ko hI vAkya kahate haiM / vAkya ke sambandha meM jaina dRSTikoNa __ jaina mata sAkAMkSa padoM ke nirapekSa samUha ko vAkya kahatA hai, kintu vaha pada aura vAkya
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________________ 66 : jaina bhASAdarzana donoM para hI samAna bala detA hai / jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra na padoM ke abhAva meM vAkya sambhava haiM aura na vAkya ke abhAva meM pada hI apane viziSTa artha kA prakAzana karane meM sakSama hote haiN| pada vAkya meM rahakara hI apanA artha pAte haiM, usase svatantra hokara nhiiN| dUsarI ora padoM ke abhAva meM vAkya kI sattA bhI nahI hai| ataH pada aura vAkya donoM kA sApekSika astitva evaM sApekSika mahattva hai| donoM meM koI bhI eka dUsare ke abhAva meM apanA arthabodha nahIM karA sakatA hai| arthabodha karAne lie pada ko vAkya sApekSa aura vAkya ko pada sApekSa honA hogA / jaina mata meM Upara vaNita sabhI matoM kI sApekSika satyatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, kintu kisI eka pakSa para anAvazyaka bala nahIM diyA jAtA hai, unakA kahanA yaha hai ki pada aura vAkya eka dUsare se pUrNatayA nirapekSa hokara arthabodha karAne meM samartha nahIM hai / unakI arthabodha sAmarthya unakI pArasparika sApekSatA meM nihita hai / vibhinna padoM kI sApekSatA (sAkAMkSatA) aura pada evaM vAkya kI pArasparika sApekSatA meM hI vAkyArtha kI abhivyakti hotI hai, paraspara nirapekSa-pada tathA vAkya-nirapekSa-pada aura pada-nirapekSa vAkya kI na to sattA hI hotI hai aura na unameM arthabodha karAne ko sAmarthya hI hotI hai| ataH vAkya ko paraspara sApekSa padoM ko nirapekSa saMhati mAnanA hI adhika tarkasaMgata hai| vAkyArtha bodha sambandhI siddhAnta vAkyArtha (vAcya-viSaya) kA bodha kisa prakAra hotA hai isa prazna ko lekara bhAratIya cintakoM meM vibhinna mata pAye jAte haiN| naiyAyika tathA bhATTa-mImAMsaka isa sambandha meM abhihitAnvayavAda kI sthApanA karate haiN| inake virodha meM mImAMsaka prabhAkara kA sampradAya anvitAbhidhAnavAda kI sthApanA karatA hai| ina siddhAntoM kA vivecana aura jaina dArzanikoM ke dvArA ko gaI inakI samIkSA prastuta karate hue hama yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki vAkyArtha-bodha ke sambandha meM samucita dRSTikoNa kyA ho sakatA hai ? abhihitAnvayavAda pUrvapakSa kumArilabhaTa kI mAnyatA hai ki vAkyArtha ke bodha meM hameM sarva prathama padoM ke zravaNa se una padoM ke vAcya-viSayoM arthAt padArthoM kA bodha hotA hai| usake pazcAt unake pUrva meM ajJAta pArasparika sambandha kA bodha hotA hai aura isa sambaddhatA ke bodha se vAkyArtha kI pratIti hotI hai / isa prakAra abhihitAnvayavAda ke anusAra vAkyArtha ke prati padArthoM kA jJAna hI kAraNabhUta hai, dUsare zabdoM meM padoM ke artha pUrvaka hI vAkyArtha avasthita hai| saMkSepa meM padoM se abhidhAzakti ke dvArA padArtha kA bodha hotA hai, phira vaktA ke tAtparya arthAt vaktA dvArA kiye gaye vibhakti prayoga ke AdhAra para una padoM ke pArasparika-sambandha/anvaya kA jJAna hotA hai aura isa anvaya-bodha arthAt padoM kI pArasparika sambaddhatA ke jJAna se vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai| yahI abhihitAnvayavAda hai| kyoMki isameM abhihita arthAt pada dvArA vAcya padArtha ke anvaya arthAt pArasparika sambandha ke jJAna se vAkyArtha kA jJAna hotA hai| isa siddhAnta meM vAkyArtha kA jJAna tIna caraNoM meM hotA hai-prathama caraNa meM padoM ko sunakara unake vAcya arthAt padArthoM kA bodha hotA hai, usake pazcAt dUsare caraNa meM una 1 (a) padArthAnAM tuM mUlatvamiSTaM tadbhAvanAvataH ||-miimaaNsaashlokvaartik vAkyA0 111 (ba) padArthapUrvakastasmAdvAkyArthoyamavasthita / / -vaho 336
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________________ jaina vAkyadarzana : 67 padArthoM ke pArasparika sambandha (anvaya) kA jJAna hotA hai| taba tIsare caraNa meM isa anvaya se vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra vAkya se svatantra padoM/zabdoM kA apanA eka alaga artha hotA hai aura padoM ke isa artha ke jJAna ke AdhAra para hI vAkyArtha kA nizcaya hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM vAkyArtha kA bodha padoM ke artha-bodha para hI nirbhara karatA hai; padoM ke artha se svatantra hokara vAkya kA koI artha nahIM hotA hai| abhihitAnvayavAda ke anusAra padoM kA vAkya se evaM dUsare padoM se nirapekSa yA svatantra artha bhI hotA, kintu vAkya kA padoM ke artha se nirapekSa apanA koI artha nahIM hotA hai| vAkyArtha padoM ke vAcyArthoM ke pArasparika sambandha yA anvaya para nirbhara karatA hai| jaba taka padoM ke arthoM arthAt padArthoM ke pArasparika sambandha kA jJAna nahIM hotA hai taba taka vAkyArtha-bodha nahIM hotA hai| vAkyArtha ke bodha ke lie do bAteM Avazyaka haiM-prathama padoM thaM kA jJAna aura dUsare padoM ke pArasparika sambandha kA jJAna | pUnaH padoM ke pArasparika sambandha ke bho cAra AdhAra haiM-(1) AkAMkSA, (2) yogyatA, (3) sannidhi aura (4) tAtparya / 1. AkAMkSA-prathama pada ko sunakara jo dUsare pada ko sunane kI jijJAsA mana meM utpanna hotI hai-use hI AkAMkSA kahA jAtA hai / eka pada ko dUsare pada kI jo apekSA rahatI hai vahI AkAMkSA hai| AkAMkSA rahita arthAta paraspara nirapekSa gAya, azva, puruSa, strI Adi aneka padoM ke uccAraNa se vAkya nahIM banatA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra bhI sAkAMkSa arthAt paraspara sApekSa pada hI vAkya kI racanA karane meM samartha hote haiM 2. yogyatA-yogyatA kA tAtparya hai ki pada se abhihita padArthoM ke pArasparika sambandha meM koI virodha yA bAdhA nahIM honA cAhie arthAt unameM pArasparika sambandha kI sambhAvanA honA cAhie / udAharaNArtha Aga se sIMco isa pada samudAya meM vAkyArtha bodha kI yogyatA nahIM hai, kyoMki Aga kA sIMcane se koI sambandha nahIM hai / yathArthataH asambandhita yA sambandha kI yogyatA se rahita padoM se vAkya nahIM banatA hai| 3. sannidhi-sannidhi kA tAtparya hai eka hI vyakti dvArA binA lambe antarAla ke padoM kA uccAraNa honaa|n to aneka vyaktiyoM dvArA vinA antarAla arthAta eka sAtha bole gaye padoM se vAkya banate haiM aura na eka hI vyakti dvArA lambe antarAla arthAta ghaNTe-ghaNTe bhara bAda bole gaye padoM ke uccAraNa se vAkya banatA hai| 4. tAtparya vaktA ke abhiprAya ko tAtparya kahate haiN| naiyAyikoM ke anusAra yaha bhI vAkyArtha ke bodha kI Avazyaka zarta hai| binA vaktA ke abhiprAya ko samajhe vAkyArtha kA samyaka nirNaya sambhava nahIM hotA hai / vizeSa rUpa se taba jaba ki vAkya meM prayukta koI zabda dvayArthaka ho, jaise saindhava / saindhava lAo-isa vAkya kA samyak artha vaktA ke abhiprAyake abhAva meM nahIM jAnA jA sakatA hai| isI prakAra jaba koI zabda kisI viziSTa artha yA vyaMga ke rUpa meM prayukta kiyA gayA ho yA phira vAkya meM koI pada avyakta raha gayA ho to vibhakti-prayoga yA vaktA kA tAtparya hI samajhane kA eka AdhAra hotA hai / saMkSepa meM, padoM ko sunane se prathama ananvita (asambandhita) padArtha upasthita hote haiM phira kAMkSA, yogyatA, sannidhi aura tAtparya arthAt vibhakti prayoga ke AdhAra para unake paraspara sambandha kA bodha hokara vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai| yahI abhihitAnvayavAda hai|
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________________ 68 : jena bhASAdarzana abhihitAnvayavAda kI samIkSA' jaina tArkika prabhAcandra apane grantha prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM kumArila bhaTTa ke abhihatAnvayavAda kI samIkSA karate hue likhate haiM ki yadi vAkya ko sunakara prathama paraspara asambandhita yA ananvita padArthoM kA bodha hotA hai aura phira unakA pArasparika sambandha yA anvaya jJAta hotA hai to prazna yaha upasthita hotA hai ki unakA yaha anvaya (sambaddhIkaraNa) kisa AdhAra para hotA hai ? kyA vAkya se bAhya kinhIM anya zabdoM / padoM ke dvArA inakA anvaya yA pArasparika sambandha jJAta hotA hai yA buddhi (jJAna) ke dvArA inakA anvaya jJAta hotA hai ? prathama vikalpa mAnya nahIM hai, kyoMki sampUrNa padoM ke arthoM ko viSaya karane vAlA aisA koI anvaya kA nimittabhUta anya zabda ho nahIM hai / punaH jo zabda / pada vAkya meM anupasthita unake dvArA vAkyastha padoM kA anvaya nahIM ho sakatA hai / yadi dUsare vikalpa ke AdhAra para yaha mAnA jAye ki ye buddhi ke dvArA anvita hote haiM yA buddhitattva inameM anvaya / sambandha dekhatA hai to isase kumArila kA abhihitAnvayavAda kA siddha na hokara usakA virodhI siddhAnta - anvitAbhidhAnavAda - hI siddha hotA hai / kyoMki padoM ko paraspara anvitarUpa meM dekhane vAlI buddhi to svayaM hI bhAva-vAkya rUpa hai / yadyapi kumArila kI ora se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki cAhe vAkya paraspara anvita padoM se bhinna nahIM ho, kyoMki vaha unhIM se nirmita hotA hai, kintu usake artha kA bodha to una ananvita padoM ke artha ke bodha para hI nirbhara karatA hai, jo sApekSa buddhi meM paraspara sambandhita yA anvita pratIta hote haiN| isake pratyuttara meM jaina dArzanika prabhAcandra kA tarka yaha hai ki pada apane dhAtu, liMga, vibhakti, pratyaya Adi se bhinna nahIM hai, kyoMki jaba bhI ve kahe jAte haiM taba apane avayavoM sahita kahe jAte haiM aura unake artha kA bodha unake paraspara anvita avayavoM ke bodha se hotA hai, arthAt cAhe vAkya kA ho yA pada kA ho, hameM jo bhI bodha hotA hai, vaha anvitoM kA hI hotA hai, ananvitoM kA nahIM hotA hai / yadyapi apane abhihitAnvayavAda ke samarthana hetu kumArila yaha tarka bhI de sakate haiM ki loka vyavahAra evaM vedoM meM vAkyArtha kI pratipatti ke lie niraMza zabda / pada kA prayoga hotA hai, dhAtu, liMga, vibhakti yA pratyaya kA pRthaka prayoga nahIM hotA hai, dhAtu, liMga, vibhakti, pratyaya Adi to unakI vyutpatti samajhAne ke lie unase pRthak kiye jAte haiM / eka zabda eka varNa ke samAna anavayava (niraMza) hotA hai, usake artha ko samajhane ke lie kalpanA ke dvArA usake avayavoM ko eka dUsare se pRthak kiyA jAtA hai| vaha to apane meM niraMza hone ke kAraNa ananvita hI hotA hai, anvaya to kiyA jAtA hai / kumArila ke isa tarka ke viruddha prabhAcandra kA kahanA hai ki jisa AdhAra para zabda ko apane arthabodha ke lie eka niraMza / akhaNDa ikAI mAnA jA sakatA hai usI AdhAra para vAkya ko bhI eka niraMza akhaNDa ikAI mAnA jA sakatA hai aura yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vAkya kI saMracanA ko spaSTa karane ke lie zabdoM ko ( kalpanA meM) pRthaka kiyA jAtA hai vastutaH vAkya akhaNDa ikAI hai ataH usameM anvitoM kA hI abhidhAna hotA hai / loka vyavahAra meM evaM vedoM meM vAkyoM kA prayoga isalie kiyA jAtA hai ki padArthoM kI prApti yA aprApti ke lie kriyA kI jA sake / vAkyArtha hI kriyA kA preraka hotA hai, padArtha nahIM / ataH vAkya ko eka ikAI mAnanA hogA aura isa rUpa meM vaha anvita padoM kA hI abhidhAna karegA / isa prakAra prabhAcandra isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki jisa prakAra zabda / pada se dhAtu, liMga, 1. prameyakamalamArtaNDa ( prabhAcandra ) pR0 464-65 /
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________________ jaina vAkyadarzana : 69 pratyaya Adi AMzika rUpa se bhinna aura AMzika rUpa se abhinna hote haiM, usI prakAra vAkya se pada bhI AMzika rUpa se bhinna aura AMzika rUpa se abhinna hotA hai / prathama to pada apane vAkya ke ghaTaka padoM se anvita yA sambaddha hotA hai aura anya vAkya ke ghaTaka padoM se ananvita yA asambaddha hotA hai / sAtha hI vaha anvita hokara bhI apanA svatantra astitva rakhatA hai dUsare dravya - vAkya meM zabda alaga-alaga hote haiM kintu bhAva- vAkya (buddhi) meM ve paraspara sambandhita yA anvita hote haiM / merI dRSTi meM yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki cAhe vAkyoM se pRthak zabdoM kA apanA artha hotA ho, kintu jaba ve vAkya meM prayukta kiye gaye hoM, taba unakA vAkya se svatantra koI nahIM raha jAtA hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM zataraMja khelate samaya uccarita vAkya yathA - 'rAjA mara gayA' yA 'maiM tumhAre rAjA ko mAra dUMgA' - meM padoM ke vAkya se svatantra apane nijI arthoM se vAkyArtha bodha meM koI sahAyatA nahIM milatI hai / yahA~ sampUrNa vAkya kA eka viziSTa artha hotA hai jo prayukta zabdoM/padoM ke pRthak-pRthak arthoM para bilakula hI nirbhara nahIM karatA hai / ataH yaha mAnanA ki vAkyArtha prati ananvita padoM ke artha hI kAraNabhUta haiM, nyAyasaMgata nahIM hai / aneka bAra vAkya rUpI ikAI hI pada rUpI apane ghaTakoM kA artha nirdhArita karatI hai / anvitAbhidhAnavAda pUrvapakSa mImAMsA darzana ke dUsare pramukha AcArya prabhAkara ke mata ko anvitAbhidhAnavAda kahA gayA hai / jahA~ kumArila bhaTTa apane abhihitAnvayavAda meM yaha mAnate haiM ki vAkyArtha ke bodha meM pahale padArtha abhihita hotA ho aura usake bAda una padArthoM ke anvaya se vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai, vahA~ prabhAkara apane anvitAbhidhAnavAda meM yaha mAnate haiM ki anvita padArthoM kA hI abhidhA zakti se bodha hotA hai / vAkya meM pada paraspara sambandhita hokara hI vAkyArthaM kA bodha karAte haiN| inake pArasparika sambandha ke jJAna (anvaya) se hI vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai / vAkya meM prayukta padoM kA sAmUhika yA samagra arthaM hotA hai aura vAkya se pRthaka unakA koI artha nahIM hotA hai / anusAra padoM ko sunakara saMketa grahaNa kevala isa siddhAnta meM pada se padArtha-bodha ke pazcAt unake anvaya ko na mAnakara vAkya ko sunakara sodhA anvita padArthoM kA hI bodha mAnA gayA hai| isalie isa siddhAnta meM tAtparya- AkhyA-zakti kI bhI AvazyakatA nahIM mAnI gaI hai / isa mata ke ananvita padArtha meM nahIM hotA hai, apitu kisI ke sAtha anvita yA sambandhita padArtha meM ho hotA hai / ataeva abhihita kA anvaya na mAnakara anvita kA abhidhAna mAnanA cAhie - yahI isa mata kA sAra hai / yaha mata mAnatA hai ki vAkyArtha vAcya hI hotA hai, tAtparya-zakti se bAda ko pratIta nahIM hotA hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM tAza khelate samaya uccarita vAkya 'iMTa calo' ke arthabodha meM prathama padoM ke artha kA bodha, phira unake anvaya se vAkyArtha kA bodha nahIM hotA hai apitu sIdhA hI vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai| kyoMki yahA~ IMTa zabda IMTa nAmaka vastu kA vAcaka na hokara IMTa kI AkRti se yukta tAza ke patte kA vAcaka hai aura 'calanA' zabda gamana kriyA kA vAcaka na hokara pattA DAlane kA vAcaka hai / isI AdhAra para anvitAbhidhAna kI mAnyatA hai ki vAkyArtha ke bodha meM 1. dekheM - kAvyaprakAza ( AcArya vizvezvara ) pR0 37 /
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________________ 70 : jaina bhASAdarzana pada paraspara anvita hI pratIta hote haiM / pratyeka pUrvavartI pada apane paravartI pada se anvita hokara hI vAkyArtha kA bodha karAtA hai ataH vAkya ko sunakara anvitoM kA hI abhidhAna (jJAna) hotA hai / yadyapi yaha siddhAnta yaha mAnatA hai ki pada apane artha kA smAraka ( smaraNa karAnevAlA) avazya hotA hai kintu vAkyArtha ke bodha meM vaha anya padoM se anvita ( sambaddha) hokara hI arthabodha detA hai, apanA svatantra arthabodha nahIM detA hai / anvitAbhidhAnavAda kI samIkSA ' prabhAcandra apane grantha prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM anvitAbhidhAnavAda ke viruddha nimna AkSepa prastuta karate haiM-- prathamataH yadi yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vAkya ke pada paraspara anvita yA eka dUsare se sambandhita hokara hI anubhUta hote haiM arthAt anvita rUpa meM hI unakA abhidhAna hotA hai to phira prathama pada ke zravaNa se vAkyArthaM kA bodha ho jAnA caahie| kintu aisI sthiti meM anya padoM kA uccAraNa hI vyartha ho jAyegA / sAtha hI prathama pada ko vAkyatva prApta ho jAyegA athavA vAkya kA pratyeka pada svatantra rUpa se vAkyatva ko prApta kara legA / pUrvottara padoM ke paraspara anvita hone ke kAraNa eka pada ke zravaNa se hI sampUrNa vAkyArtha kA bodha ho jAyegA / prabhAcandra ke isa tarka ke virodha meM yadi anvitAbhidhAnavAda kI ora se yaha kahA jAye ki avivakSita (avAMchita ) padoM ke vyavaccheda (niSedha) ke lie anya padoM kA uccAraNa vyartha nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai to jainadarzana kA pratyuttara yaha hogA ki aisI sthiti meM anvita prathama pada ke dvArA jo pratipatti (arthabodha ) ho cukI hai, vAkya ke anya padoM ke dvArA mAtra usakI punarukti hogI, ataH punarokti kA doSa to hogA hI / yadyapi yahA~ apane bacAva ke lie anvitAbhidhAnavAdI yaha kaha sakate haiM ki prathama pada ke dvArA jisa vAkyArthaM kA pradhAnarUpa se pratipAdana huA hai anya pada usake sahAyaka ke rUpa meM usI artha kA pratipAdana karate haiM, ataH yahA~ punarokti kA doSa nahIM kintu jainoM ko unakI yaha dalIla mAnya nahIM hai / gauNa rUpa se hotA hai / anvitAbhidhAnavAdI prabhAkara kI yaha mAnyatA bhI samucita nahIM hai ki pUrvapadoM ke abhidheya arthoM se anvita antimapada ke uccAraNa se ho vAkyArtha kA bodha hotA hai / isa sambandha meM jainatArkika prabhAcandra kA kahanA hai ki jaba sabhI pada paraspara anvita hai to phira yaha mAnane kA kyA AdhAra hai ki kevala antima pada ke anvita artha kI pratipatti se ho vAkyArthaM kA bodha hotA hai aura anya padoM ke artha kI pratipatti se vAkyArtha kA bodha nahIM hotA hai prabhAkara apane anvitAbhidhAnavAda ke pakSa meM yaha tarka bhI de sakate haiM ki uccAryamAna pada kA arthaM abhidhIyamAna pada (jAne gaye pUrvavartI pada) se anvita na hokara gamyamAna arthAt padAntaroM se gocarIkRta pada (jJAta honevAle uttara vartI pada) se anvita hotA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM pratyeka pUrva-pada apane uttarapada se anvita hotA hai| ataH kisI eka pada se hI vAkyArthaM kA bodha honA sambhava nahIM hogA / unakI isa avadhAraNA kI samAlocanA meM jainoM kA kahanA hai ki pratyeka pUrvapada kA artha kevala apane uttarapada se hI anvita hotA hai, aisA mAnanA ucita nahIM hai; kyoMki anvaya / sambaddhatA 1. prameyakamalamArtaNDa 3 / 101 pR0 459-464 /
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________________ jaina vAkyadarzana : 71 sApekSa hotI hai ataH uttarapada bhI pUrvapada se anvita hogaa| isalie kevala antima pada se hI vAkyArtha kA bodha mAnanA svayaM anvitAbhidhAnavAda ko dRSTi se bho tarkasaMgata nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| isa sambandha meM mImAMsaka prabhAkara kaha sakate hai ki padoM ke do kArya hote haiM prathama-apane artha kA kathana karanA aura dUsarA-padAntara ke artha meM gamaka vyApAra arthAt unakA smaraNa karAnA / ataH anvitAbhidhAnavAda mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM honA caahie| kintu jainoM kI dRSTi meM unakA yaha mAnanA bhI tarka saMgata nahIM hai, kyoMki pada-vyApAra se samAna artha-bodha hone para bhI kisI ko abhidhIyamAna aura kisI ko gamyamAna mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| punaH prabhAkara kI ora se yaha prazna uThAyA kA sakatA hai ki buddhimAna vyakti pada kA prayoga pada ke artha-bodha ke lie karate haiM yA vAkyArtha bodha ke lie ? pada ke artha-bodha ke lie to kara nahIM sakate kyoMki pada pravRtti kA hetu nahIM hai| yadi dUsarA vikalpa mAnA jAye ki 'pada kA prayoga vAkya ke arthabodha ke liye karate haiM to isase unakA anvitAbhidhAnavAda hI siddha hogaa| isake pratyuttara meM jainacArya prabhAcandra kahate haiM ki prathama to 'vRkSa' pada ke prayoga se zAkhA, pallava Adi se yukta artha kA bodha hotA hai usa artha-bodha se 'tiSThati' ityAdi pada sthAna Adi viSaya kA sAmarthya se bodha karAte haiM / sthAna Adi ke artha bodha meM 'vRkSa' pada ko sAkSAt pravRtti nahIM hone se use usa artha-bodha kA kAraNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| yadi yaha mAnA jAye ki vRkSa pada 'tiSThati' pada ke artha-bodha meM paramparA se arthAt parokSarUpa se kAraNa hotA hai, to yaha mAnanA isalie samucita nahIM hai ki aisA mAnane para to yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki hetu-vacana kI sAdhya kI pratipatti meM pravRtti hone ke kAraNa anumAna-jJAna zAbdika-jJAna hai, jo ki tarkasaMgata nahIM hai| punaH mImAMsaka prabhAkara isake pratyuttara meM yadi yaha kaheM ki hetu-vAcaka zabda se hone vAlI hetu kI pratIti hI zabda-jJAna hai, zabda se jJAta hetu ke dvArA sAdhya kA jo jJAna hotA hai use zAbdika jJAna na mAnakara anumAna hI mAnanA hogA anyathA atiprasaMga doSa hogA, to phira jaina dArzanika kaheMge ki vRkSa zabda se sthAnAdi kI pratIti meM bhI atiprasaMga doSa to mAnanA hogA / kyoMki jisa prakAra hetu zabda kA vyApAra apane artha (viSaya) kI pratIti karAne taka hI sImita hai, usI prakAra vRkSa zabda kA vyApAra bhI apane artha kI tIti karAne taka hI sImita hogaa| jainadArzanikoM kI anvitAbhidhAnavAda ke viruddha dUsarI Apatti yaha hai ki vizeSyapada vizeSya ko vizeSaNa-sAmAnya se yA vizeSaNa-viziSTa se yA vizeSaNa-ubhaya arthAt sAmAnya vizeSa donoM se anvita karake kahegA? prathama vikalpa arthAt vizeSya vizeSaNa-sAmAnya se anvita hotA hai yaha mAnane para viziSTa vAkyArtha kI pratipatti sambhava nahIM hogI, kyoMki vizeSya pada sAmAnya-vizeSaNa se anvita hone para vizeSa vAkyArtha kA bodha nahIM karA paavegaa| dUsarA vikalpa mAnane para nizcayAsmakajJAna sambhava nahIM hogA; kyoMki (mImAMsakoM ke anusAra) zabda se jisakA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai, aise pratiniyata vizeSaNa se apane ukta vizeSya kA anvaya karane meM saMzaya utpanna hogA / kyoMki vizeSya meM dUsare aneka vizeSaNa bho sambhava hai, ataH yaha vizeSya amuka vizeSaNa se hI anvita hai, aisA nizcaya nahIM ho sakegA / yadi pUrvapakSa arthAt mImAMsaka prabhAkara kI ora se yaha kahA jAye ki vaktA ke abhiprAya se pratiniyata vizeSaNa kA usa vizeSya meM anvaya ho jAtA hai to yaha kathana bhI samocona nahIM hai, kyoMki jisa puruSa ke prati zabda kA uccAraNa kiyA gayA hai use to vaktA kA
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________________ 72 : jaina bhASAdarzana abhiprAya jJAta nahIM hotA hai, ataH vizeSya ke bAre meM vizeSaNa kA nirNaya sambhava nahIM hogA / yadi yaha kahA jAye ki vaktA ko to apane abhiprAya kA bodha hotA hI hai ataH vaha to pratiniyata vizeSaNa kA nizcaya kara hI legaa| kintu aisA mAnane para zAbdika-kathana karanA anAvazyaka hogA kyoMki zabda kA kathana dUsaroM ko artha ko pratipatti karAne ke lie hotA hai, svayaM apane liye nhiiN| tIsarA vikalpa arthAt vizeSyapada vizeSya ko ubhaya arthAt vizeSaNa-sAmAnya aura vizeSaNa-vizeSa donoM se anvita kahatA hai, mAnane para ubhayapakSa ke doSa AveMge arthAt na to viziSTa vAkyArtha kA bodha hogA aura na nizcayAtmaka jJAna hogA / isI prakAra kI ApattiyA~ vizeSya ko kriyApada (AkhyAta-pada) aura kriyA-vizeSaNa pada se anvita mAnane ke sambandha meM bhI upasthita hogI / punaH pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM mImAMsaka prabhAkara yadi yaha kaheM ki pada se padAntara ke artha kA nizcaya hotA hai aura phira vaha vAkyArtha kA nizcaya karatA hai kintu aisA mAnane para to rUpAdi ke jJAna se gaMdhAdi kA nizcaya bhI mAnanA hogA, jo ki tarka saMgata nahIM hai / ataH anvitAbhidhAnavAda arthAt padoM se padAntAroM ke arthoM se anvita artha kA hI kathana hotA hai aura anvita padoM ke artha kI pratIti se vAkya ke artha kI pratIti hotI hai-aisA prabhAkara kA mata zreyaskara nahIM haiN| / vastutaH abhihitAnvayavAda aura anvitAbhidhAnavAda donoM hI ekAMgI dRSTikoNa haiM / jaina dArzanika abhihitAnvayavAda kI isa avadhAraNA se sahamata haiM ki padoM (zabdoM) kA vAkya se svatantra apanA nijI artha bhI hotA hai kintu sAtha hI ve anvitAbhidhAnavAda se sahamata hokara yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki vAkya meM prayukta pratyeka pada apanA artha bodha karAne ke liye anyapadoM para Azrita hotA hai arthAt vAkya meM prayukta pada paraspara anvita yA sambandhita hote haiN| sampUrNa vAkya ke zravaNa ke pazcAt kyArtha kA bodha hotA hai, usameM pada paraspara anvita yA sApekSa ho hote haiM, nirapekSa nahIM hai; kyoMki nirapekSa padoM se vAkya kI racanA hI sambhava nahIM hotI hai| jisa prakAra zabda apane arthabodha ke lie varNa-sApekSa hote haiM, usI prakAra pada apane arthabodha ke liye vAkya sApekSa hote haiN| jainAcAryoM ke anusAra paraspara sApekSa padoM kA nirapekSa samUha vAkya hai| ataH vAkyArtha kA bodha pada-sApekSa aura pada ke artha kA bodha vAkya-sApekSa hai| yadyapi isa samagra vivAda ke mUla meM do bhinna-bhinna dRSTiyA~ kArya kara rahI haiM / abhihitAnvayavAda ke anusAra vAkya pada sApekSa hotA hai, ve vAkya meM padoM kI sattA ko adhika mahattvapUrNa mAnate haiM 1 pada hI vaha ikAI hai, jisa para vAkyArtha nirbhara karatA hai| jabaki anvitAbhidhAnavAda meM padoM kA artha vAkya sApekSa hai, vAkya se svatantra ve na to padoM kI koI sattA hI mAnate haiM aura na unakA koI artha hI hai / ve vAkya ko hI eka ikAI mAnate haiN| abhihitAnvayavAda meM pada mukhya aura vAkya gauNa hai jabaki anvitAbhidhAnavAda meM vAkya mukhya aura pada gauNa hai, yahI donoM kA mukhya antara hai jabaki jaina dArzanika pada aura vAkya donoM ko paraspara sApekSa aura vAkyArtha ke bodha meM samAna rUpa se balazAlI evaM Avazyaka mAnate haiN| isa prakAra ve ina donoM matoM meM samanvaya sthApita karate hue kahate haiM ki vAkyArtha ke bodha meM pada aura vAkya donoM kI hI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hai| ataH kiso eka para adhika bala denA samocIna nahIM hai| pada aura vAkya na to eka dUsare se pUrNataH bhinna haiM aura na pUrNataH abhinna haiM ataH vAkyArtha-bodha meM kisI kI bhI upekSA sambhava nahIM hai /
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________________ adhyAya 5 vAcyArtha-nirdhAraNa ke siddhAnta; naya aura nikSepa zabda kA vAcyArtha aura naya zabda athavA kathana ke sahI artha ko samajhane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki zrotA na kevala vaktA ke zabdoM kI ora jAye, apitu usake abhiprAya ko bhI samajhane kA prayatna kre| aneka bAra samAna padAvalI ke vAkya bhI vaktA ke abhiprAya, vaktA kI kathanazailI aura tAtkAlika sandarbha ke AdhAra para bhinna artha ke sUcaka ho jAte haiN| vaktA ke abhiprAya ko samajhane ke lie jaina AcAryoM ne naya aura nikSepa aise do siddhAnta prastuta kiye haiN| naya aura nikSepa ke siddhAntoM kA mUlabhUta uddezya yahI hai ki zrotA vaktA ke dvArA kahe gaye zabdoM athavA kathanoM kA sahI artha jAna sake / naya kI paribhASA karate hae jaina AcAryoM ne kahA hai ki 'vaktA kA abhiprAya' hI naya kahA jAtA hai|' kathana ke samyaka artha nirdhAraNa ke lie vaktA ke abhiprAya ko evaM tAtkAlika sandarbha ko dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai| naya siddhAnta hameM vaha paddhati batAtA hai jisake AdhAra para vaktA ke Azaya evaM kathana ke tAtkAlika sandarbha (Context) ko samyaka prakAra se samajhA jA sakatA hai| jaina darzana meM naya aura nikSepa kI avadhAraNAe~ syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI ke vikAsa ke bhI pUrva kI hai| tattvArthasUtra ke prathama adhyAya meM hameM naya evaM nikSepa hI avadhAraNAe~ spaSTa rUpa meM upalabdha ho jAtI haiM, sUtra jabaki vahA~ syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI kI spaSTa avadhAraNA anupasthita hai / tattvArtha ke pA~caveM adhyAya kA 'arpitAnArpite siddhe' sUtra bhI mUlataH naya arthAt sAmAnya evaM vizeSa dRSTi kA hI sUcaka hai / Agamika vibhajyavAda evaM dArzanika nayavAda kI avadhAraNA ke AdhAra para hI Age syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI kA vikAsa huA hai| yadi hama gambhIratApUrvaka dekheM to jainoM ke naya, nikSepa, syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI-ina sabhI siddhAntoM kA sambandha bhASA-darzana evaM artha-vijJAna (Science of meaning) se hai| nayoM ko avadhAraNA ko lekara jainAcAryoM ne yaha prazna uThAyA hai ki yadi vaktA kA abhiprAya athavA vaktA kI abhivyakti zailI hI naya hai to phira nayoM ke kitane prakAra hoMge? isa prazna kA uttara dete hae kahA gayA hai ki jitane vacana-patha (kathana karane kI zailiyA~) ho sakatI haiM, utane hI nayavAda ho sakate haiN| vastutaH nayavAda bhASA ke artha-vizleSaNa kA siddhAnta hai| bhASAyI abhivyakti ke jitane prArUpa ho sakate haiM utane hI naya ho sakate haiM, phira bhI moTe rUpa se jaina darzana meM sapta nayoM kI avadhAraNA milatI hai / yadyapi ina sAta nayoM ke atirikta nizcaya naya aura vyavahAranaya tathA dravyAthika naya aura paryAyArthika naya kA bhI ullekha jaina granthoM meM haiM kintu ye naya mUlataH 1. (a) vakturabhiprAyaH nayaH / syAdvAdamaJjarI pR0 243 / (ba) nayojJAturabhiprAyaH |-lghiiystryii zloka 55 / 2. jAvaiyA vayaNapahA / tAvaiyA hoMti nayavAyA-sanmatitarka 3 / 47 / 10
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________________ 74 : jaina bhASAdarzana tattvamImAMsA yA adhyAtmazAstra se sambandhita hai| jabaki naigama Adi sapta naya mUlataH bhASA-darzana se sambandhita hai / naya evaM nikSepa donoM hI siddhAnta yadyapi zabda ke vAcyArtha (Meaning) nirNaya karane se sambandhita hai, phira bhI donoM meM antara hai / nikSepa mUlataH zabda ke artha kA nizcaya karatA hai, jabaki naya vAkya ke artha kA nizcaya karatA hai / saptanayoM meM naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra aura RjusUtra - ina cAra nayoM ko artha naya aura zabda, samabhirUr3ha aura evaMbhUta- ina tIna nayoM ko zabdanaya kahA gayA hai / ' arthanaya kA sambandha vAcya viSaya (vastu) se aura zabdanaya kA sambandha vAcyArtha (Meaning) se mAnA jA sakatA hai / naigamanaya -- ina sapta nayoM meM sarvaprathama naigamanaya AtA hai / naigamanaya mAtra vaktA ke saMkalpa ko grahaNa karatA hai / naMgamanaya kI dRSTi se kisI kathana ke artha kA nizcaya usa saMkalpa athavA sAdhya ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai jisase vaha kathana kiyA gayA hai / naigamanaya sambandhI prakathanoM meM vaktA kI dRSTi sampAdita kI jAnevAlI kriyA ke antima sAdhya kI ora hotI hai / vaha karma ke tAtkAlika pakSa kI ora dhyAna na dekara karma ke prayojana kI ora dhyAna detI hai / prAcIna AcAryoM ne naigamanaya kA udAharaNa dete hue batAyA hai ki jaba koI vyakti stambha ke lie kisI jaMgala se lakar3I lene jAtA hai aura usase pUchA jAtA hai ki bhAI tuma kisalie jaMgala jA rahe ho ? to vaha kahatA hai maiM stambha lene jA rahA hU~ / vastutaH vaha jaMgala se stambha nahIM apitu lakar3I hI lAtA hai / lekina usakA saMkalpa yA prayojana stambha banAnA hI hai / ataH vaha apane prayojana ko sAmane rakhakara hI kathana karatA hai / hamArI vyAvahArika bhASA meM aise aneka kathana hote haiM jaba hama apane bhAvI saMkalpa ke AdhAra para hI vartamAna vyavahAra kA pratipAdana karate haiM / DAkTarI meM par3hane vAle vidyArthI ko usake bhAvI lakSya kI dRSTi se DAkTara kahA jAtA hai / naigamanaya ke kathanoM kA vAcyArtha bhaviSyakAlIna sAdhya yA saMkalpa ke AdhAra para nizcita hotA hai / aupacArika kathanoM kA artha- nizcaya bhI naigamanaya ke AdhAra para hotA hai / jaise- pratyeka bhAdrakRSNA aSTamI ko kRSNajanmASTamI kahanA / yahA~ vartamAna meM bhUtakAlIna ghaTanA kA upacAra hai / saMgraha - bhASA ke kSetra meM aneka bAra hamAre kathana vyaSTi ko gauNa kara samaSTi ke AdhAra para hote haiM / jaina AcAryoM ke anusAra jaba vizeSa yA bhedoM kI upekSA karake mAtra sAmAnya lakSaNoM yA abheda ke AdhAra para jaba koI kathana kiyA jAtA hai to vaha saMgrahanaya kA kathana mAnA jAtA hai / udAharaNa ke lie jaba koI vyakti yaha kahe ki 'bhAratIya garIba haiM, to usakA yaha kathana vyaktiyoM para lAgU na hokara sAmAnyarUpa se bhAratIya janasamAja kA vAcaka hotA hai / prajJApanAsUtra meM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki jAti prajJApanIya bhASA satya mAnI jAya athavA asatya | jAti prajJApanIya bhASA meM samagra jAti ke sambandha meM guNa, svabhAva Adi kA pratipAdana hotA hai, kintu aise kathanoM meM apavAda kI sambhAvanA se iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / ataH yaha prazna bhI uTha sakatA hai ki yadi usa kathana ke apavAda upasthita haiM to use satya kisa AdhAra para kahA jAya / udAharaNa 1. catvAro'rthAzrayAH zeSAstrayaM zabdataH |-siddhivinishcy 72 / 2. saMkalpamAtra grAhI naigama / - sarvArthasiddhi 1133 / 3. sAmAnyamAtragrAhI parAmarzaH saMgraha / --jainatarkabhASA nayapariccheda pR0 60 /
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________________ vAcyArtha nirdhAraNa ke siddhAnta naya aura nikSepa : 75 ke lie yadi koI kahe ki striyA~ bhIru hotI haiM to yaha kathana sAmAnya strI jAti ke sambandha meM to satya mAnA jA sakatA hai kintu kisI strI vizeSa ke sambandha meM yaha satya ho, Avazyaka nhiiN| ataH saMgraha naya ke AdhAra para kiye gae kathana jaise-bhAratIya garIba haiM athavA striyA~ bhIru hotI haiM samaSTi ke sambandha meM hI satya ho sakate haiM, unheM usa jAti ke pratyeka sadasya ke bAre meM satya nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| yadi koI ina AdhAra vAkyoM se ki sabhI bhAratIya garIba haiM aura bir3alA bhAratIya hai; yaha niSkarSa nikAle ki isalie bir3alA garIba hai, to usakA yaha niSkarSa satya nahIM hogA / ataH sAmAnya yA samaSTigata kathanoM kA artha samudAya rUpa se hI satya hotA hai / vaha samaSTi yA jAti ke pRthak-pRthak vyaktiyoM ke sambandha meM satya bhI ho sakatA hai aura asatya bhI ho sakatA hai| saMgrahanaya hameM yahI saMketa karatA hai ki samaSTigata kathanoM ke tAtparya ko samaSTi ke sandarbha meM hI samajhane kA hI prayatna karanA cAhie aura usake AdhAra para usa samaSTi ke pratyeka sadasya ke bAre meM koI niSkarSa nahIM nikAlanA caahie| vyavahAranaya-vyavahAranaya ko hama upayogitAvAdI daSTi kaha sakate haiN| vaise jaina AcAryoM ne ise vyakti pradhAna dRSTikoNa bhI kahA hai|' artha prakriyA ke sambandha meM yaha naya hameM yaha batAtA hai ki kucha vyaktiyoM ke sandarbha meM nikAle gae niSkarSoM evaM kathanoM ko samaSTi ke artha meM satya nahIM mAnA jAnA caahie| sAtha hI vyavahAra naya kathana ke zabdArthaM para na jAkara vaktA kI bhAvanA yA lokaparamparA (abhisamaya) ko pramakhatA detA hai|2 vyavahAra bhASA ke aneka udAharaNa pUrva meM diye jA cuke haiM / hama kahate haiM ki ghI ke ghar3e meM laDDU rakhe haiM yahA~ gho ke ghar3e kA artha ThIka vaisA nahIM hai jaisA ki miTTI ke ghar3e kA artha hai / yahA~ ghI ke ghar3e kA tAtparya vaha ghar3A hai jisameM pahale ghI rakhA jAtA thaa| RjusUtranaya-RjusUtranaya ko mukhyataH paryAyArthika dRSTikoNa kA pratipAdaka kahA jAtA hai aura use bauddha darzana kA samarthaka batAyA jAtA hai / RjusUtranaya vartamAna sthitiyoM ko dRSTi meM rakha kara koI prakathana karatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie 'bhAratIya vyApArI prAmANika nahIM haiM'-yaha kathana kevala vartamAna sandarbha meM hI satya ho sakatA hai| isa kathana ke AdhAra para hama bhUtakAlona aura bhaviSyakAlIna bhAratIya vyApAriyoM ke caritra kA nirdhAraNa nahIM kara skte| RjusUtranaya hameM yaha batAtA hai ki usake AdhAra para kathita koI bhI vAkya apane tAtkAlika sandarbha meM satya hotA hai. anya kAlika sandarbho meM nhiiN| jo vAkya jisa kAlika sandarbha meM kahA gayA hai, usake vAkyArtha kA nizcaya usI kAlika sandarbha meM honA kaahie| zabda naya-naya siddhAnta ke upayukta cAra naya mukhyataH zabda ke vAcya-viSaya (artha) se sambandhita hai, jaba ki zeSa tIna nayoM kA sambandha zabda ke vAcyArtha (Meaning) se hai| zabdanaya yaha batAtA hai zabdoM kA vAcyArtha unakI kriyA yA vibhakti ke AdhAra para bhinna-bhinna ho sakatA hai| 1. saMgraheNa gocarIkRtAnAmarthAnAM vidhipUrvakamavaharaNaM yenAbhisandhinA kriyate sa vyavahAraH / / -jainatarkabhASA nayapariccheda pR0 61 / 2. laukikasama upacAraprAyo vistRtArtho vyavahAra-tattvArtha bhASya 1135 / 3. vartamAnakSaNasthAyiparyAyamAtra prAdhAnyataH sUcayannabhiprAya RjusuutrH|-jaintrkbhaassaa, nayapariccheda pR061| 4. kAlAdibhedena dhvanerartha bhedaM pratipAdyamAnaH zabdaH / kAlakArakaliMga saGkhyApuruSopasargAH kaalaadyH| -jainatarkabhASA nayapariccheda pR0 61.
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________________ 76 : jaina bhASAdarzana udAharaNa ke lie 'banArasa bhArata kA prasiddha nagara thA' aura 'banArasa bhArata kA prasiddha nagara hai' ina donoM vAkyoM meM banArasa zabda kA vAcyArtha bhinna-bhinna hai| eka bhUtakAlIna banArasa kI bAta kahatA hai to dUsarA vartamAna kAlona / isI prakAra 'kRSNa ne mArA' aura 'kRSNa ko mArA' ina donoM zabdoM meM kRSNa kA vAcyArtha eka nahIM hai| kRSNa ne mArA'-isameM kRSNa kA vAcyArtha kRSNa nAmaka vaha vyakti hai jisane kisI ko mArane kI kriyA sampanna kI hai| jabaki 'kRSNa ko mArA'-isameM kRSNa kA vAcyArtha vaha vyakti hai jo kisI ke dvArA mArA gayA hai| zabdanaya hameM yaha batAtA hai ki zabda kA vAcyArtha kAraka, liMga, upasarga, vibhakti, kriyA-pada Adi ke AdhAra para badala jAtA hai| samabhirUr3hanaya-bhASA kI dRSTi se samabhirUr3hanaya yaha spaSTa karatA hai ki abhisamaya yA rUr3hi ke AdhAra para eka hI vastu ke paryAyavAcI zabda yathA-nRpa, bhUpati, bhUpAla, rAjA Adi apane vyutpatyArtha kI dRSTi se bhinna-bhinna artha ke sUcaka haiM / jo manuSyoM kA pAlana karatA hai, vaha nRpa kahA jAtA hai / jo bhUmi kA svAmI hotA hai, vaha bhUpati hotA hai| jo zobhAyamAna hotA hai vaha rAjA kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra paryAyavAcI zabda apanA alaga-alaga vAcyArtha rakhate hae bho abhisamaya yA rUr3hi ke AdhAra para eka hI vastu ke vAcaka mAna liye jAte haiM, kintu yaha naya paryAyavAcI zabdoM yathA-indra, zakra , purandara meM vyutpatti kI dRSTi se artha-bheda mAnatA hai| evaMbhUtanaya-evaMbhUtanaya zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa mAtra usake vyutpattiparaka artha ke AdhAra para karatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie koI rAjA jisa samaya zobhAyamAna ho rahA hai usI samaya rAjA kahA jA sktaa| eka adhyApaka usI samaya adhyApaka kahA jA sakatA hai jaba vaha adhyApana kA kArya karatA hai| yadyapi vyavahAra jagat meM isase bhinna prakAra ke hI zabda prayoga kiye jAte haiN| jo vyakti kisI samaya adhyApana karatA thA apane bAda ke jIvana meM vaha cAhe koI bhI pezA apanA le 'mAsTara jI' ke hI nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| isa naya ke anusAra jAtivAcaka, vyaktivAcaka guNavAcaka, saMyogI-dravya-zabda Adi sabhI zabda mUlataH kriyAvAcaka haiN| zabda kA vAcyArtha kriyA zakti kA sUcaka hai| ataH zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa usakI kriyA ke AdhAra para karanA caahie| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina AcAryoM kA naya-siddhAnta yaha prayAsa karatA hai ki para vAkya prArUpoM ke AdhAra kathanoM kA zrotA ke dvArA samyak artha grahaNa kiyA jAya / vaha yaha batAtA hai ki kisI zabda athavA vAkya kA abhipreta artha kyA hogaa| yaha bAta usa kathana ke prArUpa para nirbhara karatI hai jisake AdhAra para vaha kathana kiyA gayA hai| naya-siddhAnta yaha bhI batalAtA hai ki kathana ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa bhASAyI saMracanA evaM vaktA ko abhivyakti zailI para AdhArita hai aura isIlie yaha kahA gayA hai ki jitane vacana patha haiM utane hI nayavAda haiM / naya-siddhAnta zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa aikAntika dRSTi se na karake usa samagra pariprekSya meM karatA hai jisameM vaha kahA gayA hai / 1. paryAyazabdeSu niruktibhedena bhinnamartha samabhirohana smbhiruuddh'H| -jainatarkabhASA, nayapariccheda pR0 62 2. zabdAnAM svapravRttinimittabhUtakriyAviSTamartha vAcyatvenAbhyupagacchannevambhUtaH / -jainatarkabhASA nayapariccheda pR062 3. vahI
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________________ vAcyArtha ke nirdhAraNa ke siddhAnta naya aura nikSepa : 77 nikSepa siddhAnta jaina darzana meM zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa karane ke lie do pramukha siddhAnta prastuta kiye gaye haiM - 1. naya-siddhAnta aura 2 nikSepa-siddhAnta / naya kI carcA hama kara cuke haiM, aba nikSepa kI carcA kareMge / nikSepa ke artha ko spaSTa karate hue upAdhyAya yazovijaya jI kahate haiM ki jisase prakaraNa (sandarbha) Adi ke anusAra apratipatti Adi kA nirAkaraNa hokara zabda ke vAcyArtha kA yathAsthAna viniyoga hotA hai, aisI racanA vizeSa ko nikSepa kahate haiM / " laghIyastrayI meM bhI nikSepa kI sArthakatA ko spaSTa karate hue yaha kahA gayA hai ki nikSepa ke dvArA aprastuta artha kA niSedha aura prastuta arthaM kA nirUpaNa hotA hai / vastutaH zabda kA prayoga vaktA ne kisa artha meM kiyA hai isakA nirdhAraNa karanA ho nikSepa kA kArya hai / hama rAjA' nAmadhArI vyakti, nATaka meM rAjA kA abhinaya karane vAle vyakti, bhUtapUrvaM zAsaka aura vartamAna meM rAjya ke svAmI sabhI ko 'rAjA' kahate haiM / isI prakAra gAya nAmaka prANI bhI gAya kahate haiM aura usakI AkRti ke bane hue khilaune ko bhI gAya kahate haiM / ataH kisa prasaMga meM zabda kisa artha meM prayukta kiyA gayA hai isakA nirdhAraNa karanA Avazyaka hai / nikSepa hameM isa artha nirdhAraNa kA prakriyA ko samajhAtA hai / paM0 sukhalAla jI saMghavI apane tattvArtha sUtra ke vivecana meM likhate haiM ki "samasta vyavahAra yA jJAna ke lena-dena kA mukhya sAdhana bhASA hai / bhASA zabdoM se banatI hai| eka hI zabda prayojana yA prasaMga ke anusAra aneka arthoM meM prayukta hotA hai / pratyeka zabda ke kama se kama cAra artha milate haiM / ve hI cAra arthaM usa zabda ke artha - sAmAnya ke cAra vibhAga haiM / ye vibhAga ho nikSepa yA nyAsa kahalAte haiM / inako jAna lene se vaktA kA tAtparya samajhane meM saralatA hotI hai" / 3 jaina AcAryoM ne cAra prakAra ke nikSepoM kA ullekha kiyA hai-: 1. nAma 2. sthApanA 3. dravya aura 4. bhAva / nAmanikSepa - vyutpattisiddha evaM prakRta artha kI apekSA na rakhane vAlA jo artha mAtA-pitA yA anya vyaktiyoM ke dvArA kisI vastu ko de diyA jAtA vaha nAmanikSepa haiM / nAmanikSepa meM na to zabda ke vyutpattiparaka artha kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai, na usake loka pracalita artha kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai, aura na usa nAma ke anurUpa guNoM kA hI vicAra kiyA jAtA hai, apitu mAtra kisI vyakti yA vastu ko saMketita karane ke lie usakA eka nAma rakha diyA jAtA hai / " udAharaNa ke rUpa meM kurUpa vyakti kA nAma sundaralAla rakha diyA jAtA / nAma dete samaya anya arthoM meM pracalita zabdoM, jaise sarasvatI, nArAyaNa, viSNu, indra, ravi Adi athavA anya arthoM meM apracalita zabdoM jaise - Dittha, riMkU, piMkU, monu, Tonu Adi se kisI vyakti kA nAmakaraNa kara dete haiM aura 1. prakaraNAdidizenApratipattyAdi vyavacchedakayathAsthAna viniyogAya zabdArtha racanA vizeSA nikSepA: / -- jainatarkabhASA, nikSepa pariccheda pR0 63 - laghIyastrayI 7 / 2 2. aprastutArthApakaraNAt prastutArthavyAkaraNAcca niHkSepa phalavAn 3. tattvArtha sUtra (vivecana paM0 sukhalAla jI saMghavI ) pR0 6. 4. nAmasthApanAdravyabhAvatantyAsaH / 5. tatra prakRtArthaMnirapekSA nAmarthAnyatara pariNatirnAma niHkSepaH / --tattvArthasUtra 15 -- jainatarkabhASA, nikSepa pariccheda pR0 68
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________________ 78 : jaina bhASAdarzana ko diyA gayA vaha zabda saMketa hai - jisakA apane niSpanna artha se koI sIdhA sambandha nahIM hotA hai / koI bhI zabda paryAyavAcI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai grahaNa hotA hai / usa zabda ko sunakara usa vyakti yA vastu meM saMketa grahaNa hotA hai| nAma kisI vastu yA vyakti pracalita artha, vyutpattiparaka artha aura guNa yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki nAmanikSepa meM kyoMki usameM eka zabda se eka hI artha kA sthApanAnikSepa - kisI vastu kI pratikRti, mUrti yA citra meM usa mUlabhUta vastu kA AropaNa kara use usa nAma se abhihita karanA sthApanA nikSepa hai / jaise jina pratimA ko jina, buddha-pratimA at buddha aura kRSNa kI pratimA ko kRSNa kahanA / nATaka ke pAtra, pratikRtiyA~, mUrtiyA~, citra - ye saba sthApanAnikSepa ke udAharaNa haiM / jaina AcAryoM ne isa sthApanAnikSepa ke do prakAra mAne haiM 1. tadAkAra sthApanAnikSepa aura 2. atadAkAra sthApanAnikSepa / vastu kI AkRti ke anurUpa AkRti meM usa mUla vastu kA AropaNa karanA yaha tadAkAra sthApanAnikSepa hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM gAya kI AkRti ke khilaune ko gAya kahanA / jo vastu apanI mUlabhUta vastu kI pratikRti to nahIM hai kintu usameM usakA AropaNa kara use jaba usa nAma se pukArA jAtA hai to vaha atadAkAra sthApanAnikSepa hai / jaise hama kisI anagar3ha prastara khaNDa ko kisI devatA kA pratIka mAnakara athavA zataraMja kI moharoM ko rAjA, vajIra Adi ke rUpa meM parikalpita kara unheM usa nAma se pukArate haiM / ' dravyanikSepa - jo artha yA vastu pUrva meM kisI paryAya avasthA yA sthiti meM raha cukI ho athavA bhaviSya meM kisI paryAya avasthA yA sthiti meM rahane vAlI ho use vartamAna meM bhI usI nAma se saMketita karanA - yaha dravya nikSepa hai / jaise koI vyakti pahale kabhI adhyApaka thA, kintu vartamAna meM sevAnivRtta ho cukA hai use vartamAna meM bhI 'adhyApaka' kahanA athavA usa vidyArthI ko jo abhI DAkTarI kA adhyayana kara rahA hai- 'DAkTara' kahanA athavA kisI bhUtapUrva vidhAyaka ko tathA vartamAna meM vidhAyaka kA cunAva lar3a rahe vyakti ko vidhAyaka kahanA - ye sabhI dravya nikSepa ke udAharaNa haiM / lokavyavahAra meM hama isa prakAra kI bhASA ke anekazaH prayoga karate haiM, yathA - vaha ghar3A jisameM kabhI ghI rakhA jAtA thA vartamAna kAla meM cAhe vaha ghI rakhane ke upayoga meM na AtA ho phira bhI ghI kA ghar3A kahA jAtA hai / " bhAvanikSepa - jisa artha meM zabda kA vyutpatti yA pravRtti nimitta samyak prakAra se ghaTita hotA ho vaha bhAvanikSepa hai, jaise- kisI dhanADhya vyakti ko lakSmIpati kahanA, sevAkArya kara rahe vyakti ko sevaka kahanA Adi / 1. yattu vastu tadartha viyuktaM tadabhiprAyeNa sthApyate citrAdau tAdRzAkAram / akSAdau ca nirAkAram / 2. bhUtasya bhAvino vA bhAvasya kAraNaM yannikSipyate sa - jainatarkabhASA, nikSepa pariccheda pR0 63 dravyaniHkSepaH; yathA'nubhUtendra paryAyo'nubhaviSyamANendra paryAyo vA indraH, anubhUtAghRtAdhAratvaparyAye'nubhaviSyamANaghRtAghAratvaryAye ca ghRta ghaTavyapadezavata tendrazabda vyapadezopapatteH / -- jainatarkabhASA, nikSepa pariccheda 10 64 3. tattvArtha sUtra - vivecaka paM0 sukhalAla jI pR0 7 /
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________________ vAcyArtha ke nirdhAraNa ke siddhAnta naya aura nikSepa : 79 vaktA ke abhiprAya athavA prasaMga ke anurUpa zabda ke vAcyArtha ko grahaNa karane ke lie nikSepoM kI avadhAraNA kA bodha honA Avazyaka hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM kisI chAtra ko kakSA meM praveza karate samaya kahA gayA 'rAjA AyA' isa kathana kA vAcyArtha kisI nATaka meM maJca para kisI pAtra ko Ate hae dekhakara kahA gayA 'rAjA AyA' isa kathana ke vAcyArtha se bhinna hai| prathama prasaMga meM "rAjA" zabda kA vAcyArtha hai-rAjA nAmadhArI chAtra hai; jabaki dUsare prasaMga meM rAjA zabda kA vAcyArtha hai-rAjA kA abhinaya karane vAlA pAtra / Aja bhI hama 'mahArAjAbanArasa' aura 'mahArAjA gvAliyara' zabdoM kA prayoga karate haiM kintu Aja ina zabdoM kA vAcyArtha vaha nahIM hai jo san 1947 ke pUrva thaa| vartamAna meM ina zabdoM kA vAcyArtha dravya nikSepa ke AdhAra para nirdhArita hogA, jabaki san 1947 ke pUrva vaha bhAvanikSepa ke AdhAra para nirdhArita hotA thA / 'rAjA' zabda kabhI rAjA nAmadhArI vyakti kA vAcaka hotA hai to kabhI rAjA kA abhinaya karane vAle pAtra kA vAcaka hotA hai / kabhI vaha bhatakAlIna rAjA kA vAcaka hotA hai to kabhI vaha vartamAna meM zAsana karane vAle vyakti kA vAcaka hotA hai| nikSepa kA siddhAnta hameM yaha batAtA hai ki hameM kisI zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa usake kathana-prasaMga ke anurUpa hI karanA cAhie anyathA arthabodha meM anartha hone kI saMbhAvanA banI rhegii| nikSepa kA siddhAnta zabda ke vAcyArtha ke samyaka nirdhAraNa kA siddhAnta hai, jo ki jaina dArzanikoM kI apanI eka vizeSatA hai|
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________________ adhyAya 6 bhASA kI vAcyatA sAmarthya bhASA ko vAcyatA sAmarthya sImita aura sApekSa yahA~ dArzanika prazna yaha hai ki kyA zabda-pratIkoM yA bhASA meM apane viSaya yA artha ko abhivyakti karane kI sAmarthya hai ? kyA kursI zabda kursI nAmaka vastu ko aura prema zabda prema nAmaka bhAvanA ko apanI samagratA ke sAtha prastuta kara sakatA hai ? yaha ThIka hai ki zabda apane artha (viSaya) kA vAcaka athavA saMketaka hai kintu kyA koI bhI zabda apane vAcya viSaya kI pUrNatayA abhivyakti karane meM sakSama hai ? kyA zabda apane viSaya ke samasta guNa-dharmoM aura paryAyoM (avasthAoM) eka samagra citra prastuta kara sakatA hai ? vastutaH isa prazna kA uttara kaThina hai| yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki zabda apane artha yA viSaya kA vAcaka nahIM hai to phira bhASAjanya jJAna kI prAmANikatA aura bhASA kI upayogitA saMdehAtmaka bana jAtI haiN| kintu isake viparIta yaha mAnanA bhI pUrNatayA sahI nahIM hai ki zabda apane artha yA viSaya kA sampUrNatA ke sAtha nirvacana karane meM samartha hai aura vaha apane vAcya kA yathArtha citra zrotA ke sammukha prastuta kara detA hai / jaisA ki hamane dekhA hai, jaina AcAryoM ne zabda aura usake artha (viSaya) ke sambandha ko lekara eka madhyamamArgIya dRSTikoNa apanAyA hai / na to ve bauddhoM ke samAna yaha mAnane ke lie sahamata haiM ki zabda apane artha yA viSaya kA hI nahIM karatA hai aura na mImAMsakoM evaM vaiyAkaraNikoM ke samAna yaha mAnate haiM ki zabda apane viSaya kA samagna citra prastuta kara sakatA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra zabda aura usake dvArA saMketita artha yA viSaya meM eka sambandha to hai, kintu vaha sambandha aisA nahIM hai ki zabda apane viSaya yA artha kA sthAna hI le le| zabda artha yA viSaya kA saMketaka to hai, kintu usakA sthAna nahIM le sakatA hai / arthabodha kI prakriyA meM zabda ko apane artha yA viSaya kA pratinidhi (riprejenTeTiva) to kahA jA sakatA hai, phira bhI zabda apane viSaya yA artha kA hUbahU citra nahIM hai / jaise nakze meM pradarzita nadI vAstavika nadI kI saMketaka to hai kintu na to vaha vAstavika nadI hai aura na usakA habaha pratibimba hI hai, vaise hI zabda aura unase nirmita bhASA bhI apane artha yA viSaya kI saMketaka to hai kintu usakA hUbahU pratibimba nahIM hai| phira bhI zabda apanI sahaja yogyatA aura saMketaka zakti se viSaya kA eka citra zrotA yA pAThaka ke sammukha avazya upasthita kara detA hai| jisa prakAra jJAna aura jJeya meM jJApaka aura jJApya sambandha hai usI prakAra zabda aura artha (viSaya) meM pratipAdaka aura pratipAdya yA vAcaka aura vAcya sambandha hai| yadyapi jaina dArzanika zabda aura usake artha meM sambandha svIkAra karate haiM kintu yaha sambandha momAMsakoM ke samAna nitya sambandha nahIM hai, kyoMki bhASA ke pracalana meM aneka bAra zabdoM ke artha (viSaya) badalate rahe haiM aura eka samAna uccAraNa ke zabda bhI do bhinna bhASAoM meM bhinna artha rakhate haiN| zabda apane artha kA saMketaka avazya hai kintu apane artha ke sAtha usakA na tadutpatti sambandha hai aura na tadrUpatA sambandha hai| jaina dArzanika mImAMsakoM ke samAna zabda aura artha meM nitya tathA tadrUpa sambandha svIkAra nahIM karate
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________________ bhASA kI vAcyatA sAmarthya: 81 haiN| unakI mAnyatA hai ki jisa prakAra hasta-saMketa Adi apane abhivyaMjanIya artha ke sAtha anitya rUpa se sambandhita hokara iSTa artha kI abhivyakti kara dete haiM usI prakAra zabda-saMketa bhI apane artha se anitya rUpa se sambandhita hokara bhI arthabodha karA dete haiN|' jainoM ke anusAra zabda aura artha (viSaya) donoM kI vivikta sattAe~ haiN| artha meM zabda nahIM hai aura na artha zabdAtmaka hI hai / phira bhI donoM meM eka sambandha avazya hai| zabdoM meM apane artha ke vAcaka hone kI sImita sAmarthya hai| jaina AcAryoM ko bauddhoM kA yaha siddhAnta bhI mAnya nahIM hai ki zabda aura artha meM koI sambandha hI nahIM hai| unakA kathana hai ki yadi zabda kA apane artha se koI sambandha hI nahIM mAnA jAyegA to samasta bhASA-vyavahAra kI prAmANikatA hI samApta ho jAvegI aura pArasparika abhivyakti kA koI sAdhana hI nahIM rhegaa| isIlie jaina dArzanikoM ne vAcya-vAcaka sambandha mAnA hai / zabda apane viSaya kA vAcaka to hotA hai kintu usakI samasta vizeSatAoM kA sampUrNatA ke sAtha nirvacana karane meM samartha nahIM hai| zabdoM meM artha (viSaya) kI abhivyakti kA sAmarthya to hai kintu vaha sAmarthya sImita aura sApekSa hI hai, asImita yA pUrNa aura nirapekSa nahIM / 'prema' zabda prema nAmaka bhAvanA ko abhivyakta to karatA hai kintu usameM prema kI anubhUti kI sabhI gaharAIyA~ samAviSTa nahIM haiM / prema ke vividha rUpa haiN| prema-anubhUti kI pragAr3hatA ke aneka stara haiM / akelA prema zabda una sabakA vAcaka to nahIM ho sakatA / eka premI apanI preyasI se, eka putra apanI mAtA se, eka bhAI apane bhAI se aura eka mitra apane mitra se-'maiM tumase ratA hU-isa padAvalI kA kathana karatA hai kintu kyA una sabhI vyaktiyoM ke sandarbha meM isa padAvalI kA eka hI artha hogA? vastataH ve saba samAna padAvalI kA upayoga karate hae bhI jisa bhAvapravaNatA ko abhivyakta kara rahe haiM vaha bhinna-bhinna ho hai| do bhinna sandarbho meM aura do bhinna vyaktiyoM ke lie eka hI sandarbha meM eka zabda kA eka hI artha nahIM ho sakatA hai / mAtra yahI nahIM, eka hI padAvalI ke sandarbha meM vaktA aura zrotA donoM kI bhAvapravaNatA aura artha grAhakatA bhinnabhinna bhI ho sakatI hai| hama aneka sandarbho meM dUsaroM ke kathanoM ko anyathA grahaNa kara lete haiM / arthabodha na kevala zabda sAmarthya para nirbhara hai, apitu zrotA kI yogyatA para bhI nirbhara hai / vastutaH arthabodha ke lie pahale zabda aura usake artha (viSaya) meM eka sambandha jor3a liyA jAtA hai| bAlaka ko jaba bhASA sikhAI jAtI hai to zabda ke uccAraNa ke sAtha use vastu bhI dikhAte haiM / dhIre-dhIre bAlaka unameM sambandha jor3a letA hai aura jaba bhI usa zabda ko sunatA hai yA par3hatA hai to use usa artha (vAcya-viSaya) kA bodha ho jAtA hai, ataH apane viSaya kA arthabodha karA dene kI zakti bhI mAtra zabda meM nahIM hai, apitu zrotA yA pAThaka ke pUrva saMskAroM meM rahI huI hai| vaha zrotA yA pAThaka kI yogyatA para bhI nirbhara hotI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki anasIkhI bhASA ke zabda hameM koI arthabodha nahIM de pAte haiN| isIliye jaina dArzanika mImAMsA-darzana ke zabda meM svataH arthabodha kI sAmarthya kA khaNDana karate haiM / aneka prasaMgoM meM vaktA kA Azaya kucha aura hotA hai aura zrotA use samajha letA hai. ataH yaha mAnanA hogA ki zabda aura artha meM vAcaka vAcya' sambandha hote hue bhI vaha sambandha zrotA yA pAThaka sApekSa hai, nirapekSa nhiiN| anyathA do vyaktiyoM ke dvArA eka hI padAvalI kA bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM grahaNa karanA kabhI sambhava ho nahIM hotaa| 1. jainadarzana, DaoN mahendra kumAra nyAyAcArya-(1974) pR0 273 /
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________________ 82 : jena bhASAdarzana dUsare zabda kI apane viSaya kI vAcyatA - sAmarthya bhI sImita hI hai / zabda-zakti kI isa sImitatA kA kAraNa yaha hai ki anubhUtiyoM kI evaM bhAvanAoM kI jitanI vividhatAe~ haiM utane zabda nahIM haiM / apane varNya viSayoM kI apekSA zabda saMkhyA aura zabda-zakti donoM hI sImita haiM / " udAharaNa ke liye 'mIThA' zabda ko lIjiye / hama kahate haiM ki gannA moThA hai, gur3a mIThA hai, Ama mIThA rasagullA mIThA hai, tarabUja mIThA hai aadi-aadi| yahA~ hama sabhI ke mIThepana kI anubhUti ke liye eka hI zabda 'mIThA' prayoga kara rahe haiM kintu hama yaha bahuta hI spaSTa rUpa se jAnate haiM ki sabake mIThepana kA svAda eka samAna nahIM hai| tarabUja mIThA hai aura Ama mIThA hai ina donoM kathanoM meM 'mIThA' nAmaka zabda eka hI prakAra kI anubhUti kA dyotaka nahIM hai / yadyapi pazuoM ke dhvani saMketoM aura zArIrika saMketoM kI apekSA manuSya ke zabda saMketoM meM bhAvAbhivyakti evaM viSayAbhivyakti kI sAmarthya kAphI vyApaka hai. kintu usakI bhI apanI sImAyeM haiM / bhASA kI aura zabda-saMketa kI ina sImAoM para dRSTipAta karanA ati Avazyaka hai / kyoMki vizva meM vastuoM, tathyoM aura bhAvanAoM kI jo anantatA hai usakI apekSA hamArA zabda bhaNDAra atyanta sImita hai / eka 'lAla' zabda ko hI lIjie | vaha lAla nAmaka raMga kA vAcaka hai kintu lAlimA ko aneka koTiyA~ haiM, aneka aMza (DigrIja) haiM, aneka saMyoga (kAmbinezansa) haiM / kyA eka hI 'lAla' zabda bhinna prakAra kI lAlimAoM kA vAcaka ho sakatA hai| eka aura udAharaNa lIjie-- eka vyakti jisane gur3a ke svAda kA anubhava kiyA hai, usa vyakti se jisane kabhI gur3a ke svAda kA anubhava nahIM kiyA hai, jaba yaha kahatA hai ki gur3a mIThA hotA hai, to kyA zrotA usase mIThepana ko usI anubhUti ko grahaNa karegA jise vaktA ne abhivyakta kiyA hai| gur3a ko mIThAsa kI eka apanI viziSTatA hai / usa viziSTatA kA grahaNa kisI dUsare vyakti ko taba taka ThIka vaisA hI nahIM ho sakatA hai jaba taka ki usane svayaM gur3a ke svAda kI anubhUti nahIM kI ho| kyoMki zabda sAmAnya hotA hai sattA vizeSa hotI hai / sAmAnyazabda vizeSa-vastu kA saMketaka ho sakatA hai, lekina usakA samagra nirvacana nahIM kara sakatA hai / zabda apane artha (viSaya) ko mAtra sUcita karatA hai / zabda aura usake viSaya meM tadrUpatA nahIM hai, jainoM ke anusAra zabda ko abhisamaya yA paramparA ke dvArA artha (miniMga) diyA jAtA hai / bauddhoM ne zabda ko vikalpayoni (vikalpayonayaH zabdAH ) kahA hai / zabda apane artha yA viSaya kA vAcaka hote hue bhI usameM aura usake viSaya meM koI samAnatA nahIM hai / yahA~ taka ki use apane viSaya kA sampUrNa evaM yathArtha citra bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA / yadyapi zabda meM pUrva nirdhArita vAcya vAcaka sambandha ke AdhAra para, apane arthaM (viSaya) kA citra upasthita karane kI sAmarthya to hotI hai, kintu yaha sAmathyaM sImita eva sApekSa hI hai / sattA kI vAcyatA kA prazna isa prakAra bhASA yA zabda-saMketa apane viSayoM yA apane arthoM ke saMketaka to avazya haiM kintu unakI apanI sImAyeM bhI haiM / isIlie sattA yA vastu-tattva kisI sImA taka vAcya hote hue bhI avAcya banA rahatA hai| vastutaH jaba jIvana kI sAmAnya anubhUtiyoM aura bhAvanAoM ko hI zabdoM evaM bhASA ke dvArA pUrI taraha se abhivyakta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai to phira parama sattA ke nirvAcana 1. zabdAdaca sarve saMkhyeyA eva, dravyaparyAyAH punaH saMkhyeyA'saMkhyeyAnantabhedAH na te sarve vizeSAkAreNa tairviSayI kriyante / -rAjavArtika 1 / 26 /
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________________ bhASA kI vAcyatA sAmarthya : 83 kA prazna to aura bhI jaTila ho jAtA hai| bhAratIya cintana meM prArambha se lekara Aja taka sattA kI vAcyatA aura avAcyatA kA yaha prazna mAnava-mastiSka ko jhakajhoratA rahatA hai| vastutaH sattA kI avAcyatA kA kAraNa zabda-bhaNDAra tathA zabda-zakti kI sImitatA aura bhASA kA asti aura nAsti kI sImAoM se ghirA honA hai| isIliye prAcIna kAla se hI sattA kI avAcyatA kA svara mukhara hotA rahA hai| taittirIya upaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki vANI vahA~ se lauTa AtI hai arthAt use vANI kA viSaya nahIM banAyA jA sktaa|' isI bAta ko puSTi kenopaniSad meM bhI kI gaI hai| kaThopaniSad meM use vANI aura mana se aprApya kahA gayA hai| paramasattA kA grahaNa vANI aura mana ke dvArA sambhava nahIM hai / mANDUkyopaniSad meM sattA ko adRSTa, avyavahArya, agrAhya, alakSaNa, acintya aura avAcya kahA gayA hai| jaina Agama AcArAMga kA bhI kathana hai ki vaha (sattA) dhvanyAtmaka kisI bhI zabda kI pravRtti kA viSaya nahIM hai, vANI usakA nirvacana karane meM kathamapi samartha nahIM hai / vahA~ vANI mUka ho jAtI hai / tarka kI vahA~ taka pahu~ca nahIM hai, buddhi (mati) bhI use grahaNa karane meM samartha nahIM hai, ataH vaha vANI, vicAra aura buddhi kA viSaya nahIM hai| kisI bhI upamA ke dvArA use samajhAyA nahIM jA sakatA arthAt usako koI upamA nahIM dI jA sktii| vaha anupama, arUpI sattAvAn hai / usa apada kA koI pada nahIM hai arthAt aisA koI zabda nahIM hai jisake dvArA usakA nirUpaNa kiyA jA ske| uparyukta sabhI kathana bhASA kI sImitatA aura aparyAptatA ko tathA sattA kI avAcyatA yA avaktavyatA hI sUcita karate haiN| kintu prazna yaha hai ki kyA tattva yA sattA ko kisI bhI prakAra vANI kA viSaya nahIM banAyA jA sakatA hai / yadi aisA hogA to sArA vAk vyavahAra nirarthaka hogaa| zrutajJAna, zAstra, Agama Adi vyartha ho jaayeNge| yahI kAraNa thA ki jaina cintakoM ne sattA yA tattva ko samagrataH avAcya yA avaktavya mAnate hue bhI aMzataH yA sApekSataH vAcya mAnA / kyoMki use avaktavya yA avAcya kahanA bhI to eka prakAra kA vacana yA vAka vyavahAra hI hai, yahA~ hamArA vAcya yaha hai ki vaha avAcya hai / ataH hameM vyavahAra ke stara para utara kara sattA kI vaktavyatA yA vAcyatA ko bhI svIkAra karanA hogaa| kyoMki isI AdhAra para zratajJAna evaM AgamoM kI prAmANikatA svIkAra kI jA sakatI hai| avaktavyatA kA artha jaina AcAryoM ne dUsaroM ke dvArA kiye gaye saMketoM ke AdhAra para honevAle jJAna ko zruta jJAna kahA hai| samasta sAMketika jJAna zrutajJAna hai| sabhI sAMketika sUcanAeM jo kisI vyakti ke jJAna, 1. yato vAco nivartante-taittirIyopaniSad 2 / 4 / 2. kenopaniSad 114 / 3. kaThopaniSad 1 / 2 / 20 / 4. mANDUkyopaniSat, 7 / 5. AcArAMga 1 / 5 / 6 /
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________________ 84 : jena bhASAdarzanaM bhAva yA vicAra ko sArthaka rUpa se prakaTa kara detI hai aura jisake dvArA dUsarA vyakti unake lakSita artha ko grahaNa kara letA hai-zrutajJAna hai| cUMki zrutajJAna pramANa hai, ataH mAnanA hogA ki zabda saMketa yA bhASA apane viSaya yA artha kA prAmANika jJAna dene meM samartha hai| dUsare zabdoM meM sat yA vastu vAcya bhI hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM sattA yA vastu-tattva ko aMzataH vAcya yA vaktavya aura samagrataH avAcya yA avaktavya kahA gayA hai| yahA~ yaha vicAra kara lenA bhI Avazyaka hai ki isa avaktavyatA kA kyA artha hai| ___ DA0 padmarAje ne avaktavya ke artha ke vikAsa ko dRSTi se cAra avasthAoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai (1) pahalA vedakAlIna niSedhAtmaka dRSTikoNa-jisameM vizvakAraNa kI khoja karate hue RSi isa kAraNa tattva ko na sat aura na asat kahakara vivecita karatA hai. yahA~ donoM pakSoM kA niSedha hai| yahA~ sattA kI asti (sat) aura nAsti (asat) rUpa se vAcyatA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| (2) dUsarA aupaniSadika dRSTikoNa-jisameM sat-asata Adi virodhI tattvoM meM samanvaya dekhA jAtA hai / jaise-'tadejati tannejati', 'aNoraNIyAn mahato mahIyAn', 'sadasadvareNyam' Adi / yahA~ donoM pakSoM ko svIkRti hai / yahA~ use do viruddha dharmoM se yukta mAnakara usako bhASA ke dvArA avAcya kahA gayA hai| (3) tIsarA dRSTikoNa-jisameM tattva ko svarUpataH avyapadezya yA anirvacanIya mAnA gayA hai, yaha dRSTikoNa bhI upaniSadoM meM hI milatA hai / jaise--'yato vAco nivartante' (taittirIya 2 / 4), naiva vAcA na manasa prAptuM zakyaH (kaTha0 2 / 6 / 12) ? Adi / buddha ke avyAkRtavAda evaM zUnyavAda ke catuSkoTi vinimukta tatva kI avadhAraNA meM bhI bahuta kucha isI dRSTikoNa kA prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| (4) cauthA dRSTikoNa jaina nyAya meM sApekSika avaktavyatA yA sApekSika anirvacanIyatA ke rUpa meM vikasita huA hai / jisameM sattA ko aMzataH vAcya aura samagrataH avAcya kahA gayA hai / isa prakAra sAmAnyatayA sattA kI avaktavyatA ke nimna artha ho sakate haiM(1) sat va asat donoM rUpa se sattA kI vAcyatA kA niSedha krnaa| (2) sat, asat aura sadasat tInoM rUpoM se sattA kI vAcyatA kA niSedha krnaa| (3) sat, asat sat-asat, (ubhaya) aura na sat na asat (anubhaya) cAroM rUpoM se sattA kI vAcyatA kA niSedha krnaa| (4) vastutattva ko svabhAva se ho avaktavya mAnanA arthAt yaha ki vastutattva anubhavagamya hai, zabdagamya nahIM / vaha anubhava meM to A sakatA hai kintu kahA nahIM jA sktaa| (5) sat aura asat donoM ko yugapat rUpa se svIkAra karanA, kintu usake kathana ke liye koI zabda na hone ke kAraNa sattA ko avaktavya khnaa| (6) vastutva ananta dharmAtmaka hai arthAt vastutattva ke dharmoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai, kintu zabdoM kI saMkhyA sImita hai aura isalie usameM jitane dharma haiM utane vAcaka zabda nahIM haiM / ataH vAcaka zabdoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa use aMzataH vAcya aura aMzataH avAcya mAnanA / Jaina Theories of Reality and Knowledge. p. 347-351.
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________________ bhASA kI vAcyatA sAmarthya : 85 yahA~ yaha prazna vicAraNIya ho sakatA hai ki jaina paramparA meM isa avaktavyatA ke kauna se artha mAnya rahe haiM / sAmAnyatayA jaina paramparA meM avaktavyatA ke prathama tInoM niSedhAtmaka artha mAnya nahIM rahe haiN| usakA mAnya artha yahI hai ki asti aura nAsti donoM kA yugapat vivecana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, isIlie vastutattva avaktavya hai| kintu yadi hama prAcIna jaina AgamoM ko dekheM to avaktavyatA kA yaho artha ekamAtra nahIM kahA sakatA hai / kyoMki AcArAMgasUtra meM AtmA ko svarUpataH vacanAgocara kahA gayA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai-usa apada kA koI pada nahIM hai arthAt aisA koI zabda nahIM hai jisake dvArA usakA nirUpaNa kiyA jA sake / ' ise dekhate hue yaha mAnanA par3egA ki vastusvarUpa hI kucha aisA hai ki use samagrataH vANI kA viSaya nahIM banAyA jA sakatA hai| punaH vastutattvakI anantadharmAtmakatA aura zabda saMkhyA kI sImitatA ke AdhAra para bhI vastUtatva ko avaktavya mAnA gayA hai / AcArya nemicandra ne gommaTasAra meM anabhilApyabhAva kA ullekha kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki anubhava meM Aye vaktavya bhAvoM kA anantaveM bhAga ho kathana kiyA jA sakatA hai| ataH yaha mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai ki jaina paramparA meM avaktavyatA kA kevala eka hI artha mAnya hai| sAmAnyataH jaina darzana meM avaktavyatA ke cauthe, pA~caveM aura chaThe artha mAnya rahe haiN| hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki sApekSa avaktavyatA aura nirapekSa avaktavyatA meM jaina dRSTi sApekSa avaktavyatA ko svIkAra karatI hai, nirapekSa ko nhiiN| vaha yaha mAnatI hai ki vastutattva pUrNatayA vaktavya to nahIM hai kintu vaha pUrNatayA avaktavya bhI nahIM hai| yadi hama vastutattva ko pUrNatayA avaktavya arthAt anivarcanIya mAna leMge to phira bhASA evaM vicAroM ke AdAna-pradAna kA koI rAstA hI nahIM raha jAyegA / ataH jaina dRSTikoNa vastutattva kI anirvacanIyatA yA avAcyatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki sApekSa rUpa se vaha nirvacanIya yA vAcya bhI hai / sattA aMzataH nirvacanIya hai aura aMzataH anirvacanIya hai / kyoMki yahI bAta usake sApekSavAdI dRSTikoNa aura syAdvAda siddhAnta ke anukUla hai| isa prakAra pUrva nirdiSTa chaha arthoM meM se pahale tIna ko chor3akara antima tInoM ko mAnane meM use koI bAdhA nahIM AtI hai| jaina darzana meM saptabhaMgI kI yojanA meM eka bhaMga avaktavya bhI hai / saptabhaMgI meM do prakAra ke bhaMga haiM-eka maulika aura dUsare sAMyogika / maulika bhaMga tIna haiM-syAdasti, syAnnAsti aura syAt-avaktavya / zeSa cAra bhaMga sAMyogika haiM, jo ina tIna maulika bhaMgoM ke saMyoga se bane huye haiN| yahA~ hamArA uddezya jaina darzana meM avaktavya yA avAcya ke artha ko spaSTa karanA thA / hamane dekhA hai ki sAmAnyatayA jaina dArzanikoM kI avadhAraNA yaha hai ki vastu meM eka hI samaya meM rahe hue satasat, nitya-anitya, eka-aneka Adi viruddha dharmoM kA yugapat rUpa se arthAt eka hI sAtha pratipAdana karanA bhASAyI sImAoM ke kAraNa asaMbhava hai, kyoMki aisA koI bhI kriyA pada nahIM, jo eka hI kathana meM eka sAtha vidhAna aura niSedha donoM kara sake / ataH paraspara viruddha aura bhAvAtmaka evaM abhAvAtmaka dharmoM kI ekahI kathana meM abhivyakti kI bhASAyI asamarthatA ko spaSTa karane ke lie hI avaktavya bhaMga kI yojanA kI gaI hai| 1. apayassa payaM natthi-AcArAMga 115 / 6 / 2. paNNavaNijjA bhAvA aNaMtabhAgo du aNabhilappANaM |-(a) gommaTasAra jIvakANDa 3335 -(ba) vizeSAvazyakabhASya 141
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________________ 86 : jaina bhASAdarzana merI dRSTi meM avaktavyatA yA avAcyatA ke aneka rUpa jaina paramparA meM mAnya rahe haiM / prathama to 'hai aura nahIM hai' - aise vidhi pratiSedha kA yugapat ( eka hI sAtha) pratipAdana sambhava nahIM hai ataH vastutattva avaktavya hai / dUsare apekSAe~ ananta ho sakatI haiM kintu ananta apekSAoM se yugapad rUpa meM vastutattva kA pratipAdana sambhava nahIM hai, isalie bhI use avaktavya yA avAcya kahA gayA / tIsara pratyeka vastu meM ananta viziSTa guNa dharma hai, kintu bhASA meM pratyeka viziSTa guNa-dharma kA vAcaka zabda nahIM hai, isalie vastutattva ko avAcya kahA gayA / cauthe sAmAnya zabda pratyeka vastu guNadharma - vizeSa kI viziSTatA kA samagrataH vAcaka nahIM ho sktaa| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM sattA nirapekSataH evaM samagrataH rUpa se avAcya hote hue bhI sApekSataH evaM aMzataH rUpa se vAcya bhI haiM / ke
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________________ adhyAya 7 bhASA aura satya sAmAnyatayA kathana ke prAmANya yA satyatA kA tAtparya kathana kI vAcya-viSaya ke sAtha anurUpatA yA saMvAditA se hai / yadyapi kathana kI satyatA ke sambandha meM eka dUsarA dRSTikoNa svayaM kathana kA saMgatipUrNa honA bhI hai, kyoMki jo kathana Antarika virodha se yukta hai, vaha asatya mAnA jAtA hai, udAharaNa ke lie yaha kahanA hai ki jo dikhAI detA hai vaha adRzya hai, mohana bandhyA putra hai Adi, svayaM hI kathana kI asatyatA sUcita karatA hai / ina kathanoM meM Antarika virodha hai ataH ye asatya haiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra vastU svarUpa kA apane yathArtha rUpa meM arthAt jaisA vaha hai usa rUpa meM kathana karanA arthAt kathana kA apane vAcya se avyabhicArI honA hI kathana kI prAmANikatA hai| yahA~ yaha prazna bhI mahatvapUrNa hai ki kathana kI prAmANikatA yA satyatA kA nirNaya kaise hotA hai ? kyA kathana svayaM hI apanI satyatA kA bodha karA detA hai yA usake lie kisI anya AdhAra kI apekSA hotI hai ? athavA kathana kI prAmANikatA ke lie kathana aura kathya kI saMvAditA (anurUpatA) ko dekhanA hotA hai| jJAna ko satyatA kA prazna vastutaH kathana kI satyatA kA yaha prazna antatogatvA jJAna kI satyatA kA prazna bana jAtA hai, kyoMki kathana kI satyatA kA AdhAra kathana ko zravaNa karane para zrotA kI cetanA meM banane vAlA mAnasa pratibimba hai jo ki svayaM jJAna rUpa hai, ataH kathana kI satyatA mUlataH jJAna kI satyatA hai / bhASAjanya-jJAna arthAt zrutajJAna jJAna kA hI eka bheda hai| ataH usakI satyatA kA nizcaya bho usI AdhAra para hogaa| pAzcAtya paramparA meM jJAna kI satyatA ke prazna ko lekara tIna prakAra kI avadhAraNAe~ haiM-(1) saMvAditA siddhAnta (2) saMgati siddhAnta aura (3) upayogitAvAdI (arthakriyAkArI) siddhAnta / bhAratIya darzana meM yaha saMvAditA kA siddhAnta parataH prAmANyavAda ke rUpa meM aura saMgatisiddhAnta svataH prAmANyavAda ke rUpa meM svIkRta hai| arthakriyAkArI-siddhAnta ko parataH prAmANyavAda kI ho eka vizeSa vidhA kahA jA sakatA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne isa sambandha meM kisI aikAntika dRSTikoNa ko na apanAkara yaha mAnA ki jJAna ke prAmANya yA satyatA kA nizcaya svataH aura parataH donoM prakAra se hotA hai| yadyapi, jaina dArzanika yaha mAnate haiM ki jJAna ke prAmANya aura aprAmANya kI utpatti kA AdhAra (kasauTI) jJAna svayaM na hokara jJeya hai| pramANanayatattvAloka meM vAdidevasUri ne kahA hai ki prAmANya aura aprAmANya donoM kI utpatti to parataH hI hotI hai kintu jJapti svataH aura parataH donoM prakAra se hotA hai| kyoMki jJAna kI prAmANyatA aura aprAmANyatA kA AdhAra jJAna na 1. jJAnasya prameyAvyabhicAritvaM prAmANyam / " tadubhayamutpattI parataH eva, jJaptau tu svata: paratazca-pramANanaya tatvAloka 1618-19 /
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________________ 88 : jaina bhASAdarzana hokara jJeya hai aura jJeya jJAna se bhinna hai ataH para hai, isaliye prAmANya aura aprAmANya kI utpatti parataH hotI hai, tathApi abhyAsa-dazA meM jJAna kI satyatA kA nizcaya arthAt jJapti to svataHsvayaM usI jJAna ke dvArA hI ho jAtI hai aura anabhyAsadazA meM parataH arthAt se jJAnAntara jJAna hotI hai / merI dRSTi meM vAdidevasUri ke dvArA jJAna kI satyatA kI kasauTI (utpatti) ko ekAntataH jJAna viSaya ke dvArA yA parataH mAna lenA samucita pratIta nahIM hotA hai| gaNitIya jJAna aura paribhASAoM ke saMdarbha meM satyatA kI kasauTI jJAna kI Antarika saMgati hI hotI haiM / ve sabhI jJAna jinakA jJeya jJAna se bhinna nahIM hai, unake prAmANya kI utpatti bhI svataH hI hogI / usa jJAna ke sandarbha meM jisameM jJAtA aura jJeya kA dvaita nahIM hai jaise sarvajJa kA Atmabodha, hameM utpatti aura jJapti donoM ko svataH mAnanA hogA / jJAna kathaMcit rUpa se jJeya se abhinna bhI hotA hai jaise svasaMvedana aura usa abhinnatA kI sthiti meM usake prAmANya kI utpatti aura jJapti donoM hI svataH hogI / merI dRSTi meM vastugata jJAna meM bhI satyatA kI kasauTI (utpatti) aura jJapti ( nizcaya ) ko svataH aura parataH donoM mAnA jAnA cAhiye / jaba koI yaha pratipAdana kare ki "Aja amuka prasUtigRha meM eka bandhyA ne putra kA prasava kiyA" to hama isa jJAna ke mithyAtva ke nirNaya ke lie kisI bAharI kasauTI kA AdhAra na lekara isako Antarika asaMgati ke AdhAra para hI isake mithyApana ko jAna lete haiM / isI prakAra "tribhuja tIna bhujAoM se yukta AkRti hai" isa kathana kI satyatA isakI Antarika saMgati para hI nirbhara karatI hai / ataH jJAna yA kathana ke prAmANya evaM aprAmANya kI utpatti (kasoTI) aura jJapti (nizcaya) donoM hI jJAna yA kathana ke svarUpa yA prakRti ke AdhAra para svataH athavA parataH donoM prakAra se ho sakatI hai| sakala jJAna, pUrNa jJAna aura Atmagata jJAna meM jJAna kI prAmANyatA kA nizcaya svataH hogA, jabaki vikala jJAna, apUrNa (AMzika) jJAna yA nayajJAna aura vastugata jJAna meM usakA nizcaya parataH hogA / pAramArthika pratyakSa ke dvArA honevAle jJAna meM usake prAmANya kA bodha svataH hogA jabaki vyAvahArika pratyakSa aura anumAnAdi meM prAmANya kA bodha svataH aura parataH donoM prakAra se sambhava hai / punaH sApekSa jJAna meM satyatA kA nizcaya parataH aura svataH donoM prakAra se aura nirapekSa jJAna arthAt Atma-bodha meM svataH hogA / isI prakAra sarvajJa ke jJAna kI satyatA kI utpatti aura jJapti ( nizcaya) donoM hI svataH aura parataH donoM rUpoM meM ho sakatI hai / ataH vAdidevasUri kA yaha kathana sAmAnya vyakti ke jJAna ko lekara hI hai, sarvajJa ke jJAna ke sambandha meM nahIM hai / sAmAnya vyaktiyoM ke jJAna ko satyatA kA mUlyAMkana pUrva anubhava dazA meM svataH aura pUrva anubhava ke abhAva meM parata: arthAt jJAnAntara jJAna se hotA hai, yadyapi pUrva anubhava bhI jJAna kA hI rUpa hai / ataH use bhI apekSAvizeSa se hI parataH kahA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ taka jJAna kI utpatti kA prazna hai svAnubhava ko chor3akara vaha parataH hI hotI hai kyoMki vaha jJeya arthAt 'para' para nirbhara hai yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina darzana meM jJAna kI satyatA kI utpatti (kasauTI) ko parataH hI mAnA gayA hai / yadyapi jahA~ taka kathana kI satyatA kA prazna hai usameM paribhASAoM ko chor3akara sabhI kI satyatA parataH hI hotI hai / kyoMki bhASA kA sambandha zrotA evaM vAcya viSaya arthAt 'para' se 1 1 kathana kI satyatA kA prazna yaha eka suspaSTa tathya hai ki mAnava apanI anubhUtiyoM aura bhAvanAoM ko bhASA ke mAdhyama se abhivyakta karatA hai| bhASA zabda pratIkoM aura sArthaka dhvani saMketoM kA eka suvyavasthita rUpa
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________________ bhASA aura satya : 89 hai / vastutaH hamane vyaktiyoM, vastuoM, tathyoM, ghaTanAoM, kriyAoM evaM bhAvanAoM ke lie zabda-pratIka banA lie haiN| inhIM zabda pratIkoM evaM dhvani saMketoM ke mAdhyama se hama apane vicAroM, anubhUtiyoM aura bhAvanAoM kA sampreSaNa karate haiN| yahA~ mUla prazna hai ki hamArI isa bhASAyI abhivyakti ko hama kisa sImA taka satyatA kA AnuSaMgika mAna sakate haiN| Adhunika pAzcAtya darzana meM bhASA aura usakI satyatA ke prazna ko lekara eka pUrA dArzanika sampradAya hI bana gayA hai| bhASA aura satya kA sambandha Aja ke yuga kA eka mahattvapUrNa dArzanika prazna hai| kisI kathana kI satyatA yA asatyatA ko nirdhArita karane kA AdhAra Aja satyApana kA siddhAnta hai| samakAlIna dArzanikoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki jina kathanoM kA satyApana yA mithyApana sambhava hai ve hI kathana satya yA asatya ho sakate haiN| zeSa kathanoM kA satyatA se koI sambandha nahIM hai / e0 je0 eyara ne apanI pustaka 'laiMgveja, Tra,tha aiMDa lAjika' meM isa samasyA ko uThAyA hai| isa sandarbha meM sabase pahale hameM isa bAta para vicAra kara lenA hogA ki kathana ke satyApana se hamArA kyA tAtparya hai| samakAlIna bhASA-vizleSaNavAdiyoM ke anusAra koI bhI kathana jaba indriyAnubhava ke AdhAra para puSTa yA apuSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai taba hI vaha satyApanIya kahalAtA hai| jina kathanoM ko hama indriyAnubhava ke AdhAra para puSTa yA khaNDita nahIM kara sakate, ve asatyApanIya hote haiN| kintu ina donoM prakAra ke kathanoM ke bIca kucha aise bhI kathana hote haiM jo na satyApanIya hote haiM aura na asatyApanIya / udAharaNa ke lie-maMgala graha meM jIva ke pAye jAne kI saMbhAvanA hai| yadyapi yaha kathana vartamAna meM satyApanIya nahIM hai, kintu yaha sambhava hai ki ise bhaviSya meM puSTa yA khaNDita kiyA jA sakatA hai| ataH vartamAna meM yaha na to satyApanoya hai aura na to asatyApanIya / kintu, sambhAvanA kI dRSTi se ise satyApanIya mAnA jA sakatA hai| jaina grantha bhagavatI-ArAdhanA meM satya kA eka rUpa sambhAvanA-satya mAnA gayA hai|' vastataHkauna-sA kathana satya hai isakA nirNaya isI bAta para nirbhara karatA hai ki usakA satyApana (Verification) sambhava hai yA nahIM hai / vastutaH jise hama satyApana yA mithyApana kahate haiM vaha bhI usa abhikathana aura usameM varNita tathya kI saMvAditA yA anurUpatA para nirbhara karatA hai, jise jena paramparA meM parataH prAmANya kahA jAtA hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki koI bhI kathana tathya kA saMvAdI (anurUpa) hogA to vaha satya hogA aura visaMvAdI (viparIta) hogA to vaha asatya hogaa| yadyapi yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki koI bhI kathana kisI tathya ko samagra abhivyakti nahIM de pAto hai / jaina dArzanikoM ne spaSTa rUpa se yaha mAnA thA ki pratyeka kathana vastu-tattva ke sambandha meM hameM AMzika jAnakArI hI prastuta karatA hai, ataH koI bhI kathana vastu ke sandarbha meM AMzika satya kA hI pratipAdaka hogA / yahA~ bhASA kI abhivyakti-sAmarthya kI sImitatA ko bhI hameM dhyAna meM rakhanA hogaa| sAtha hI hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki bhASA tathya nhiiN| vaha tathya kI saMketaka mAtra hai| usako isa sAMketikatA ke sandarbha meM hI usakI satyatA yA asatyatA kA vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / jo bhASA apane tathya ko jitanA adhika spaSTa rUpa se saMketita kara sakatI hai vaha utanI hI 1. saMbhAvaNa vavahAre bhAvaNopammasacceNa |-bhgvtii ArAdhanA 1187 /
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________________ 90 : jaina bhASAdarzana adhika satya ke nikaTa pahu~catI hai| bhASA kI satyatA aura asatyatA usakI saMketa-zakti ke sAtha jur3I huI hai| zabda artha (vastu yA tathya) ke saMketaka haiN| ve usake hU-ba-hU (yathArtha) pratibimba nahIM zabda meM mAtra yaha sAmarthya rahI haI hai ki ve zrotA ke manasa meM vastu kA mAnasa-pratibimba (Image) upasthita kara dete haiM / ataH zabda ke dvArA pratyutpanna mAnasa-pratibimba yadi tathya kA saMvAdI hai, arthAt usase anurUpatA rakhatA hai to vaha kathana satya mAnA jAtA hai aura isake viparIta kathana asatya mAnA jAtA hai / yadyapi yahA~ bhI anurUpatA vartamAna mAnasa-pratibimba aura pUrvavartI yA paravartI mAnasa-pratibimba meM hI hotI hai, jaba kisI mAnasa-pratibimba kA satyApana paravartI mAnasapratibimba arthAt jJAnAntara-jJAna se hotA hai to use parataH prAmANya kahA jAtA hai aura jaba usakA satyApana pUrvavartI mAnasa-pratibimba se hotA hai to svataH prAmANya kahA jAtA hai; kyoMki anurUpatA yA viparItatA mAnasa-pratibimboM meM hI ho sakatI hai| yadyapi donoM hI prakAra ke mAnasa-pratibimboM kA AdhAra yA unakI utpatti jJeya (prameya) se hotI hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki vAdidevasUri ne prAmANya (satyatA) aura aprAmANya donoM kI utpatti ko parataH mAnA / prAmANya aura aprAmANya kI utpatti ko parataH kahane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki ina mAnasa-pratibimboM kA utpAdaka tattva inase bhinna hai| kucha vicAraka yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki kathana ke satyApana yA satyatA ke nizcaya meM zabda dvArA utpanna mAnasa-pratibimba aura anubhava ke dvArA utpanna mAnasa pratibimba meM tulanA hotI hai| yadyapi vastuvAdI dRSTikoNa yaha mAnegA ki jJAna aura kathana kI satyatA kA nirdhAraNa mAnasa-pratibimba kI tathya yA vastu se anurUpatA ke AdhAra para hotA hai| yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki yaha anurUpatA bhI vastutaH mAnasa-pratibimba aura vastu ke bIca na hokara zabda nirmita mAnasa-pratibimba aura paravartI indriya-anubhava ke dvArA utpanna mAnasa-pratibimba ke bIca hotI hai| yaha talanA do mAnasika pratibimboM ke bIca hai na ki tathya aura kathana ke bIca / tathya aura kathana do bhinna sthitiyA~ haiN| unameM koI tulanA yA satyApana sambhava nahIM hai / zabda vastu ke samagra pratinidhi nahIM, saMketaka haiM aura unakI yaha saMketa-sAmarthya bhI vastutaH unake bhASAyI prayoga para nirbhara karatI hai| hama vastu ko koI nAma dete haiM aura prayoga ke dvArA usa "nAma" meM eka aisI sAmarthya vikasita ho jAtI hai ki usa "nAma" ke zravaNa yA paThana se hamAre mAnasa meM eka pratibimba khar3A ho jAtA hai| yadi usa zabda ke dvArA pratyutpanna vaha pratibimba hamAre paravartI indriyAnubhava se anurUpatA rakhatA hai to hama usa kathana ko "satya" kahate haiN| bhASA meM artha-bodha kI sAmarthya prayogoM ke AdhAra para vikasita hotI hai| vastutaH koI zabda yA kathana apane Apa meM na to satya hotA hai aura na asatya / aMgrejI bhASA kA koI kathana aMgrejI bhASA ke jAnakAra ke lie satya yA asatya ho sakatA hai, kintu kevala hindI bhASA ke jAnakAra ke lie vaha na to satya hai aura na asatya / kathana kI satyatA aura asatyatA tabhI sambhava hotI hai, jabaki zrotA ko koI artha-bodha (vastu kA mAnasa-pratibimba) hotA hai| ataH punaruktiyoM evaM paribhASAoM ko chor3akara koI bhI bhASAyI kathana nirapekSa rUpa se na to satya hotA hai, aura na asatya / punaH kisI bhI kathana satyatA yA asatyatA kisI sandarbha-vizeSa meM hI sambhava hotI hai| jaina darzana meM kathana ko satyatA kA prazna jaina dArzanikoM ne kathana kI satyatA aura asatyatA ke prazna para gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA hai| prajJApanA sUtra (pannavanA) meM sarvaprathama bhASA ko paryApta bhASA aura aparyApta bhASA aise do bhAgoM
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________________ bhASA aura satya : 99 meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| paryApta bhASA vaha hai jisake kathana ko satyatA yA asatyatA kA nizcaya kiyA jA sakatA hai aura aparyApta bhASA vaha hai jisake kathana kI satyatA aura asatyatA kA nizcaya nahIM kiyA jA sktaa|2 sambhAvita aura satyApana ke ayogya kathana aparyApta bhASA kA lakSaNa hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se pAzcAtya paraMparA kI satyApanIya bhASA, gaNitIya bhASA, evaM paribhASAe~ paryApta bhASA ke samatulya mAnI jA sakatI haiM jabaki zeSa bhASA-vyavahAra aparyApta yA apUrNa bhASA kA hI sUcaka hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sarvaprathama unhoMne paryApta bhASA kI satya aura asatya aisI do koTiyA~ sthApita kii| isI prakAra aparyApta bhASA kI bhI do koTiyA~ sthApita kI-(1) satya-mRSA (mizra) aura (2) asatya-amRSA / satya bhASA-ve kathana jo vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ke pratipAdaka haiM, satya kahalAte haiM / kathana aura tathya (vAcyArtha) ko saMvAditA yA anurUpatA hI satya kI mUlabhUta kasauTI hai / jaina dArzanikoM ne pAzcAtya anubhavavAdiyoM ke samAna hI yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki jo kathana tathya kA jitanA adhika saMvAdI hogA vaha utanA hI adhika satya mAnA jaayegaa| yadyapi jaina dArzanika kathana kI satyatA ko usako vastugata satyApanIyatA taka hI sImita nahIM karate haiN| ve yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki Anubhavika satyApanIyatA ke atirikta bhI kathanoM meM satyatA ho sakato hai / jo kathana aindrika anubhavoM para nirbhara na hokara aparokSAnubhUti ke viSaya hote haiM unakI satyatA kA nizcaya to svayaM aparokSAnubhUti para hI nirbhara hotA hai / aparokSAnubhava ke aise aneka stara haiM jinakI tathyAtmaka saMgati khoja pAnA kaThina hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne satya ko aneka rUpoM meM dekhA hai / sthAnAMga', praznavyAkaraNa, prajJApanA" aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM satya ke dasa bheda batAye gaye haiM :-1. janapada-satya, 2 sammata-satya, 3, sthApanA-satya, 4. nAma-satya, 5. rUpa-satya, 6. pratIti-satya, 7. vyavahAra-satya, 8. 1, yoga-satya, 10. upamA-satya / akalaMka ne sammata-satya, bhAva-satya aura upamA-satya 1. kativihA NaM bhaMte ! bhAsA pannattA ? goyamA ! duvihA bhAsA pannattA, taMjahA-pajjattiyA ya apajjattiyA y| -prajJApanAsUtra; bhASApada, 15 / 2. pajjattiyA NaM bhaMte ! bhAsA kativihA pannattA ? goyamA ! vihA pannattA, taMjahA-saccA mosA ya / apajjattiyA NaM bhaMte ! kativihA bhAsA pannattA ? goyamA ! duvihA pannattA, taMjahA-saccAmosA asaccAmosA ya / -vahI, 16-19 / 3. jaNavaya sammaya ThavaNA, NAme rUve paDuccasacce y| vavahAra bhAva joge dasame ovammasacce ya / / -sthAnAMgasUtra, dazama sthAna, 89 4. taM saccaM bhagavaM titthakarasubhAsiyaM dasavihaM / -praznavyAkaraNasUtra, sAtavAM adhyAya, 24 5. saccA NaM bhaMte / bhAsA pajjattiyA kativihA pannattA? goyamA ! dasavihA pnnttaa| taM jahA-jaNavaya saccA 1. samsayasaccA 2. ThavaNasaccA 3. nAmasaccA 4. svasaccA 5. paDuccasaccA 6. vavahArasaccA 7. bhAvasaccA 8. jogasaccA 9. ovammasaccA 10. -prajJApanAsUtra; bhASApada, 17 6. jaNavadasamadiThavaNA NAme rUve paDuccavavahAre / sambhAvaNavavahAre bhAveNopammasacceNa / / -bhagavatIyArAdhanA, 1187
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________________ 22 : jaina bhASAdarzana ke sthAna para saMyojanA-satya aura kAla-satya kA ullekha kiyA hai / bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM yogasatya ke sthAna para saMbhAvanA satya kA ullekha huA hai| 1. janapada-satya-jisa deza meM jo bhASA yA zabda-vyavahAra pracalita ho, usI ke dvArA vastutattva kA saMketa karanA janapada-satya hai / eka janapada yA deza meM prayukta hone vAlA vahI zabda dUsare deza meM asatya ho jAyegA / bAIjI zabda mAlave meM mAtA ke lie prayukta hotA hai, jabaki uttara pradeza meM vezyA ke lie / ataH bAIjI se mAtA kA arthabodha mAlave ke vyakti ke lie satya hogA, kintu uttara pradeza ke vyakti ke lie asatya / ___2. sammata-satya-vastu ke vibhinna paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA eka hI artha meM prayoga karanA sammata-satya hai, jaise-rAjA, nRpa, bhUpati Adi / yadyapi ye vyutpatti kI dRSTi se alaga-alaga arthoM ke sUcaka haiM / janapada-satya evaM sammata-satya prayoga-siddhAnta (Use Theory) se AdhArita arthabodha ke sUcaka haiN| 3. sthApanA-satya-zataraMja ke khela meM prayukta vibhinna AkRtiyoM ko rAjA, vajIra Adi nAmoM se saMbodhita karanA sthApanA-satya hai, isameM vastu ke pratibimba yA sthAnApanna ko bhI usI nAma se saMbodhita kiyA jAtA hai, jaise mahAvIra kI pratimA ko mahAvIra khnaa| 4. nAma-satya-guNa-nirapekSa mAtra diye gaye nAma ke AdhAra para vastu ko sambodhita karanA yaha nAma-satya hai / eka garIba vyakti ko bhI "lakSmIpati" nAma diyA jA sakatA hai, use isa nAma se pukAranA nAma-satya hai| 5. rUpa-satya-veza ke AdhAra para vyakti ko usa nAma se pukAranA rUpa-satya hai, cAhe vastutaH vaha vaisA na ho, jaise-nATaka meM rAma abhinaya karane vAle vyakti ko "rAma" kahanA yA sAdhuvezadhArI ko sAdhu khnaa| 6. pratIti-satya-sApekSika kathana athavA pratIti ko satya mAnakara calanA pratItya-satya hai| jaise anAmikA bar3I hai, mohana choTA hai Adi / isI prakAra Adhunika khagola-vijJAna kI dRSTi se "pRthvI sthira hai" yaha kathana bhI pratItya satya hai vastutaH satya nhiiN| 7 vyavahAra satya-vyavahAra meM pracalita bhASAyI prayoga vyavahAra satya kahe jAte haiM yadyapi vastutaH ve asatya hote haiM / jaise-ghar3A jharatA hai, banArasa A gayA, yaha sar3aka baMbaI jAtI hai| vastutaH ghar3A nahIM pAnI jharatA hai, banArasa nahIM AtA hama banArasa pahu~cate haiN| sar3aka sthira hai vaha nahIM jAtI hai, usa para calane vAlA jAtA hai| 8. bhAva-satya-kisI eka guNa kI pramukhatA ke AdhAra para vastu ko vaisA kahanA bhAvasatya hai| jaise aMgUra moThe haiM yadyapi unameM khaTTApana bhI rahA huA hai| 9. yoga-satya-vastu ke saMyoga ke AdhAra para use usa nAma se pukAranA yoga-satya hai / jaise daNDa dhAraNa karane vAle ko daNDI kahanA yA jisa ghar3e meM ghI rakhA jAtA hai use ghI kA ghar3A khnaa| -rAjavArtika 1120 1. nAmarUpasthApanApratItya saMvRti saMyojanA janapada dezabhAva samayasatyabhedena / 2. dekheM, bhagavatI ArAdhanA 1187 /
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________________ bhASA aura satya : 93 10. upamA-satya-yadyapi caMdramA aura mukha do bhinna tathya haiM aura unameM samAnatA bhI nahIM hai phira bhI upamA meM aise prayoga hote haiN| jaise caMdramukhI, mRganayanI Adi / loka bhASA meM ise satya mAnA jAtA hai| vastutaH satya ke ina dasa rUpoM kA saMbaMdha tathyagata satyatA ke sthAna para bhASAgata satyatA se hai| bhASA-vyavahAra meM inheM satya mAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi kathana kI satyatA mUlataH to usakI tathya se saMvAditA para nirbhara karatI hai| phira bhI apanI vyAvahArika upAdeyatA ke kAraNa hI inheM satya kI koTi meM parigaNita kiyA gayA hai| asatya bhASA jaina dArzanikoM ne satya ke sAtha-sAtha asatya ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra kiyA hai| asatya kA artha hai kathana kA tathya se visaMvAdI honA yA viparIta honaa| praznavyAkaraNa meM asatya kI kAphI vistAra se carcA hai / usameM asatya ke 30 paryAyavAcI nAma diye gaye haiN| mukhyataH asatya-vacana ke cAra prakAra haiM alIka-jisakA astitva nahIM hai usako asti-rUpa kahanA alIka vacana hai / avalopa-sadvastu ko nAsti rUpa kahanA avalopa hai| viparIta-vastu ke svarUpa kA bhinna prakAra se pratipAdana karanA viparIta kathana hai| ekAnta-aisA kathana, jo tathya ke sambandha meM apane pakSa kA pratipAdana karane ke sAtha anya pakSoM yA pahaluoM kA apalApa karatA hai, vaha bhI asatya mAnA gayA hai / ise durnaya bhI kahA gayA hai| ___ inake atirikta jainoM ke anusAra hiMsAkArI vacana, kaTu-vacana, vizvAsaghAta, doSAropaNa Adi bhI asatya ke hI rUpa haiN| bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM asatya ke nimna cAra bheda batalAye haiM-1. sadbhUta vastu kA niSedha karanA, 2. asadbhUta (anistitvavAna) kA vidhAna karanA, 3. anyathA kathana (viparIta kathana) arthAt vastu ko apane svarUpa se bhinnarUpa meM kahanA, 4. gahita, sAvadya aura apriya vacana / / prajJApanAsatra meM asatya yA maSA bhASA ke nimna dasa bheda batAye gaye haiM-(1) krodha-ni:sata (2) mAna-niHsRta, (3) mAyA-niHsRta, (4) lobha-niHsRta, (5) prema-niHsRta, (6) dveSa-niHsRta, (7) hAsya-niHsRta, (8) bhaya-niHsRta, (9) AkhyAyikA-niHsRta aura (10) upaghAta-niHsRta / vastutaH yahA~ dArzanika dRSTi se yaha prazna mahattvapUrNa hai ki krodha, ahaMkAra, kapaTavRtti, lobha, rAga, dveSa aura hAsya aura bhaya ke vazIbhUta hokara bolI gaI bhASA ko asatya kyoM kahA gayA ? yadyapi krodha, bhaya Adi kI sthiti meM bolA gayA vacana adhikAMza rUpa meM tathya kA visaMvAdI bhI hotA hai lekina kabhI-kabhI vaha satya bhI hotA hai, phira bhI jaina AcAryoM ne ise satya kI koTi meM 1. praznavyAkaraNasUtra 112 / 6 / / 2. bhagavatIArAdhanA gAthA 818 se 823 / 3. mosA NaM bhNte| bhAsA pajjattiyA kativihA pannattA? goyamA / dasavihA pannattA, taM jahA--kohanissiyA 1, mAnanissiyA 2, mAyAnissiyA 3, lohanissiyA 4, pejjaNinissiyA 5, dosanissiyA 6, hAsaNissiyA 7, bhayanissiyA 8, akkhAiyAnissiyA 9, uvaghAiyanissiyA 10 / / -prajJApanAsUtra, bhASApada, 18
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________________ 94 : jaina bhASAdarzana svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai / ve use asatya hI mAnate haiN| hamArI dRSTi meM isakA AdhAra yaha hai ki duSTa Azaya ke dvArA bolI gaI bhASA cAhe vaha tathya kI saMvAdI kyoM na ho satya nahIM mAnI jA sktii| vastutaH upayukta asatya bhASA ke jo dasa prakAra batAye gaye haiM ve bhASA kI satyatA yA asatyatA kA pratipAdana karane ke sthAna para una sthitiyoM ko batAte haiM jinake kAraNa asatya bhASaNa hotA hai| ye ve sthitiyA~ haiM jo asatya ko janma detI haiN| jaba bhI vyakti asatya sambhASaNa karatA hai inameM se kisI eka kAraNa ke AdhAra para karatA hai| upayukta vargIkaraNa meM do prakAra aise haiM jina para aura adhika vicAra apekSita hai / inameM AkhyAyikA bhASA ko asatya kahA gayA hai| AkhyAyikA kA matalaba kathA hotA hai| jaba vyakti kisI AkhyAna yA kathA kA citraNa karatA hai to usameM aneka asambhAvita kalpanAoM ko bhI sthAna de detA hai aura isa prakAra kA kathana prAmANikatA ko kho detA hai| upanyAsa Adi kathA sAhitya meM isa prakAra kI pravatti pAI jAtI hai| isI prakAra upaghAta niHsRtA bhASA bhI asatya kahI gaI hai, kyoMki isameM dUsaroM para mithyAdoSAropaNa kI pravRtti kArya karatI hai-isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jainoM ne bhASA kI satyatA-asatyatA kA vicAra mAtra tathyagata samvAditA ke AdhAra para hI nahIM kiyA apitu una mulabhata kAraNoM ke AdhAra para bhI kiyA jisase kathana kI prAmANikatA yA satyatA khaNDita ho jAtI hai| satya-mRSA kathana ve kathana jinakA artha ubhaya koTika ho sakatA hai, satya-mRSA kathana hai| 'azvatthAmA mArA gayA' yaha mahAbhArata kA prasiddha kathana satya-mRSA bhASA kA udAharaNa hai| vaktA aura zrotA isake bhinna-bhinna artha grahaNa kara sakate haiN| ataH jo kathana doharA artha rakhate haiM ve satya-mRSA-bhASA kA udAharaNa haiM / isI prakAra anizcayAtmaka kathana bhI isI koTi meM Ate haiM / sambhAvanAtmaka kathanoM ko kucha jainAcAryoM ne satya kA eka bheda mAnA hai kintu merI dRSTi meM unheM satya-mRSA bhASA kI koTi meM parigaNita karanA caahie| prajJApanAsUtra meM mizra bhASA athavA satya-maSA bhASA ke bhI nimna dasa bheda batAye gaye haiM--(1) utpanna-mizritA, (2) vigata-mizritA, (3) utpanna-vigata mizritA, (4) jIva mizritA, (5) ajIva mizritA, (6) jIva-ajova mizritA, (7) ananta mizritA, (8) parimita (sImita) mizritA, (9) kAla mizritA aura (10) akAla mishritaa|' (1) utpanna mizritA-prajJApanA ke TIkAkAroM ne utpanna mizritA bhASA kA udAharaNa dete hue kahA hai ki pUrNatayA nizcita saMkhyA kA jJAna na hone para kabhI AnumAnika rUpa se utpatti saMbaMdhI kathana karanA utpanna mizritA bhASA hai| jaise-Aja isa grAma meM dasoM bAlakoM kA janma huaa| vartamAna sandarbha meM ise hama AnumAnika Akar3oM kA prastutIkaraNa kaha sakate haiM / AnumAnika saMkhyA sambandhI kathana na to pUrNataH asatya hI kahe jA sakate haiM aura na pUrNataH satya hI / ataH unheM mizra 1. sakcAmosA NaM bhaMte / bhAsA apajjattiyA kativihA pannattA? goyamA ! dasavihA pannattA, taMjahA uppaNNamissiyA 1, vigatamissiyA 2, uppaNavigatamissiyA 3, jIvamissiyA 4, ajIvamissiyA 5, jIvAjIvamissiyA 6, aNaMtamissiyA 7, parittamissiyA 8, addhAmissiyA 9, addhAmissiyA 10 / -prajJApanAsUtra, bhASApada, 19
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________________ bhASA aura satya : 95 bhASA kI koTi meM mAnanA hogA / udAharaNa ke lie yadi hama kaheM ki vArANasI kI janasaMkhyA 10 lAkha hai to hamArA yaha kathana na to asatya ho kahA jA sakatA hai aura na satya ho / sAmAnyatayA 'lagabhaga' kA prayoga karake jo kathana kiye jAte haiM ve isa koTi meM Ate haiM / ise hama utpatti sambandhI A~kar3oM kA AnamAnika prastutIkaraNa kaha sakate haiN| isameM saMkhyA nizcita na hokara AnumAnika hotI hai| (2) vigata mizritA-TIkAkAroM ko dRSTi meM isakA artha maraNa sambandhI anizcita saMkhyA kA pratipAdana mAnA gayA hai jaise-Aja nagara meM dasoM logoM kI matya ho gaI athavA yaddha meM lAkhoM vyakti mAre gaye / vigata mizritA kA eka artha bhUtakAlika ghaTanAoM ke anumAnita A~kar3e prastuta karanA bhI ho sakatA hai / pUrvokta utpanna nizritA ke samAna yaha bhASA bhI na ekAnta rUpa se satya kahI jA sakatI hai aura na asatya / ataH mizra bhASA kI koTi meM AtI hai / TIkAkAroM ne isameM dasa Adi nizcita saMkhyA kA jo ullekha kiyA hai vaha samucita nahIM jAna par3atA hai| vastutaH donoM prakAroM meM kathaMcit anizcita saMkhyA kA prayoga honA cAhie / jaise saikar3oM, hajAroM yA lAkhoM / (3) utpanna-vigata mizritA-jaise bhArata meM hajAroM bAlaka pratidina janma lete haiM aura marate haiM / yahA~ bhI pUrNatayA nizcita saMkhyA ke abhAva meM ise bhI mizra bhASA kI koTi meM mAnA gayA hai| (4-6) jIva mizritA, ajIva mizritA aura jIva-ajIva mizritA-TIkAkAroM ne jIvamizritA bhASA kA udAharaNa dete hue kahA hai ki aneka jIvita aura aneka mRta zuktikAoM ke samUha ko dekhakara yaha kahanA ki yaha jIvoM kA samUha hai| jIvita zuktikAoM kI apekSA se yaha bhASA satya hai kintu mRta zuktikAoM kI apekSA se yaha asatya hai| ataH ise mizra bhASA kahA gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM isakA eka anya artha bhI ho sakatA hai| jIva mizrita, ajIva mizrita aura jIvaajIva mizrita-ye tInoM prakAra kI SAe~ vastutaH sajova evaM nirjIva donoM prakAra ke lakSaNoM se yukta vastu ke sandarbha meM aikAntika rUpa se jIvita yA mRta hone kA kathana karanA hai / udAharaNa ke lie hama zarIra ko na jar3a kaha sakate haiM na cetana, apekSAbheda se vaha jar3a bhI ho sakatA hai aura cetana bhI ho sakatA hai aura ubhaya bhii| una apekSAoM kI avahelanA karake use aikAntika rUpa se jar3a, cetana yA ubhaya kahA jAyegA to vaha mizra bhASA kA hI udAharaNa hogA, kyoMki usa bhASA ko aikAntika rUpa se satya yA asatya nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| (7-8) ananta mizrita aura parimita mizrita-TIkAkAroM ne yahA~ ananta mizrita ko vyAkhyA anantakAyika vanaspati ke sandarbha ko lekara ko hai kintu merI dRSTi se ananta mizrita aura sImita mizrita kA tAtparya vanaspatikAyika jIvoM se na hokara saMkhyA sambandhI kathanoM se hI hai| bhASAyo prayogoM meM hama aneka bAra asIma aura sasIma kA anizcita artha meM prayoga karate haiM / udAharaNa ke lie hama kahate haiM ki samudra kI jalarAzi apAra (ananta) hai, usakI prajJA kA koI anta nahIM Adi / yadyapi upayukta donoM kathana meM na samudra kI jalarAzi ananta hai aura na prajJA hI / vastutaH ve sImita haiM kintu bhASAyI prayoga meM unheM asoma yA ananta kaha diyA jAtA hai yadyapi yahA~ vaktA kA prayojana mAtra usakI vizAlatA ko batAnA hai| isI prakAra kabhI-kabhI alpatA ko batAne ke lie niSedhAtmaka bhASA kA prayoga kara diyA jAtA hai| jaise-Aja usane kucha nahIM kiyA / yahA~ kucha nahIM kiyA kA tAtparya pUrNa niSedhAtmaka nahIM hai / ataH bhASAyI prayogoM meM sasIma ko asIma aura
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________________ 96 : jaina bhASAdarzana 'na kucha' kahakara abhivyakta karane kI jo pravRttiyA~ haiM ve ekAnta rUpa se satya yA asatya nahIM kahI jA sakatI aura isalie mizra bhASA kI koTi meM AtI haiN| (9-10) kAla mizrita aura akAla mizrita-kAla aura akAla mizrita kathanoM ke udAharaNa nimna ho sakate haiM jaise-saberA hone ke pahale hI kisI vyakti ko jagAne ke lie kahA jAye ki bhAI uTho dina nikala AyA hai| athavA kisI jaldI kI sthiti meM 10 yA 11 baje bhI yaha kaha denA ki are ! dopahara ho gii| vastutaH uparyukta sabhI kathana vyAvahArika bhASA meM pracalita hote haiM, kintu unakI satyatA aura asatyatA kA ekAnta rUpa se nirdhAraNa nahIM hotA hai| ataH use mizra bhASA kahA jAtA hai / jaba kathanoM ko nizcita rUpa se satya yA asatya kI koTi meM rakhanA sambhava nahIM hotA hai to unheM satya-mRSA kahA jAtA hai / asatya-amRSA kathana prajJApanA sUtra meM kathanoM ke kucha prArUpoM ko asatya-amRSA kahA gayA hai| vastutaH ve kathana jinheM satya yA asatya kI koTi meM nahIM rakhA jA sakatA asatya-amRSA kahe jAte haiN| jo kathana kisI vidheya kA vidhAna yA niSedha nahIM karate unakA satyApana sambhava nahIM hotA hai aura jaina AcAryoM ne aise kathanoM ko asatya-amRSA kahA hai jaise AdezAtmaka kathana / prajJApanA meM nimna 12 prakAra ke kathanoM ko asatya-amRSA kahA gayA hai|' 1. AmantraNI _ 'Apa hamAre yahA~ padhAreM', 'Apa hamAre vivAhotsava meM sammilita hoveM-isa prakAra AmantraNa dene vAle kathanoM kI bhASA AmantraNI kahI jAtI hai| aise kathana satyApanIya nahIM hote| isalie ye satya yA asatya kI koTi se pare hote haiN| 2. AjJApanIya 'daravAjA banda kara do', 'bijalI jalA do', Adi AjJAvAcaka kathana bhI satya yA asatya kI koTi meM nahIM aate| e0 je0 eyara prabhRti Adhunika tArkikabhAvavAdI vicAraka bhI AdezAtmaka bhASA ko satyApanIya nahIM mAnate haiM, itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne samagra naitika kathanoM ke bhASAyI vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para yaha siddha kiyA hai ki ve vidhi yA niSedha rUpa meM AjJA-sUcaka yA bhAvanA-sUcaka hI haiM, isalie ve na to satya haiM aura na asatya haiN| 3. yAcanIya ___ 'yaha do' isa prakAra kI yAcanA karane vAlI bhASA bhI satya aura asatya kI koTi se pare hotI hai| 1. asaccAmosA gaM bhaMte ! bhAsA apajjattiyA kativihA pannattA ? goyamA! duvAlasavihA pannattA / taMjahA AmaMtaNi 1, ANamaNI 2, jAyaNi 3, taha pucchaNI ya 4, paNNavaNI 5 / paccakkhANI 6 bhAsA bhAsA icchANulomA 7 ya // aNabhiggahiyA bhAsA 8 bhAsA ya abhiggahami boddhabvA 9 / saMsayakaraNI bhAsA 10 vogar3a 11 abdogaDA ceva 12 ||-prjnyaapnaasuutr, bhASApada, 20
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________________ bhASA aura satya : 97 4. pacchanIya yaha rAstA kahA~ jAtA hai ? Apa mujhe isa padya kA artha batAyeMge ? isa prakAra ke kathanoM kI bhASA pRcchanIya kahI jAtI hai| cUMki yaha bhASA bhI kisI tathya kA vidhi-niSedha nahIM karatI hai, ataH isakA satyApana sambhava nahIM hai| 5. prajJApanIya arthAt upadezAtmaka bhASA jaise corI nahIM karanA cAhie, jhUTha nahIM bolanA cAhie Adi / cU~ki isa prakAra ke kathana bhI tathyAtmaka vivaraNa na hokara upadezAtmaka hote haiM, ataH ye satya-asatya kI koTi meM nahIM Ate / Adhunika bhASA-vizleSaNavAdI dArzanika naitika kathanoM kA antima vizleSaNa prajJApanIya bhASA ke rUpa meM hI karate haiM aura isalie ise satyApanIya nahIM mAnate haiN| unake anusAra ve naitika prakathana jo bAhya rUpa se to tathyAtmaka pratIta hote haiM, lekina vastutaH tathyAtmaka nahIM hote jaisecorI karanA burA hai, satyApanIya nahIM hai| unake anusAra isa prakAra ke kathanoM kA artha kevala itanA hI hai ki tumheM corI nahIM karanA cAhie yA corI ke kArya ko hama pasanda nahIM karate haiN| yaha kitanA sukhada Azcarya hai ki jo bAta Aja ke bhASA-vizleSaNadArzanika prastuta kara rahe haiM use do sahasra varSa pUrva jena vicAraka sUtra rUpa meM prastuta kara cuke haiN| AjJApanIya aura prajJApanIya bhASA ko asatya-amRSA kahakara unhoMne Adhunika bhASA-vizleSaNa kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| 6. pratyAkhyAnIya kisI prArthI kI mA~ga ko asvIkAra karanA pratyAkhyAnIya bhASA hai| jaise tumheM yahAM naukarI nahIM milegI athavA tumheM bhikSA nahIM dI jA sakatI / yaha bhASA bhI satyApanIya nahIM hai| 7. icchAnukUlikA kisI kArya meM apanI anumati denA athavA kisI kArya ke prati apanI pasandagI spaSTa karanA icchAnukUlikA bhASA hai / tumheM yaha kArya karanA hI cAhie; isa prakAra ke kArya ko maiM pasaMda karatA huuN| mujhe jhUTha bolanA pasanda nahIM hai Adi / Adhunika nItizAstra kA saMvegavAdI siddhAnta bhI naitika kathanoM ko abhiruci yA pasandagI kA hI eka rUpa batAtA hai aura use satyApanIya nahIM mAnatA hai| 8. anabhigrahItA ___ aisA kathana, jisameM vaktA apano na to sahamati pradAna karatA hai aura na asahamati, anabhigrahIta kahalAtA hai| jaise 'jo pasanda ho vaha kArya karo', 'jo tumheM sukhaprada ho vaisA karo' Adi / aise kathana bhI satyApanIya nahIM hote / isalie inheM bhI asatya-amRSA kahA gayA hai| 9. abhigrahItA kisI dUsare vyakti ke kathana ko anumodita karanA abhigrahIta kathana hai| jaise-hA~, tumheM aisA hI karanA cAhie / aise kathana bhI satya-asatya kI koTi meM nahIM Ate haiN| 10. saMdehakAriNI jo kathana dvayarthaka ho yA jinakA artha spaSTa na ho saMdehAtmaka kahe jAte haiN| jaise-saindhava acchA hotA hai-yahA~ vaktA kA tAtparya spaSTa nahIM hai ki saindhava se use namaka abhipreta hai yA sindhu deza kA ghor3A / ataH aise kathanoM ko bhI na satya kahA jA sakatA hai aura na asatya / /
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________________ 98 : jaina bhASAdarzana 11. vyAkRtA vyAkRtA se jaina vicArakoM ko kyA abhipreta hai yaha spaSTa nahIM hotA hai / hamArI dRSTi meM vyAkRta IT artha paribhASita karanA aisA ho sakatA hai| ve kathana jo kisI tathya kI paribhASAyeM haiM, isa koTi meM Ate haiM / Adhunika bhASA vizleSaka dArzanikoM kI dRSTi kaheM to ve punaruktiyA~ haiM / na vicArakoM ne inheM bhI satya yA asatya kI koTi meM nahIM rakhA hai, kyoMki inakA koI apanA vidheya nahIM hotA hai yA ye koI navIna kathana nahIM karate haiM / 12. avyAkRtA vaha bhASA jo spaSTa rUpa se koI vidhi niSedha nahIM karatI hai avyAkRta kahI jAtI hai| jaise-- yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki loka zAzvata hai yA azAzvata / avyAkRta bhASA tathya kA spaSTa rUpa se vidhAna yA niSedha nahIM karatI hai, isalie vaha bhI satya-asatya kI koTi meM nahIM AtI hai / Aja samakAlIna dArzanikoM ne bhI AmaMtraNI, AjJApanIya, yAcanIya, pracchanIya aura prajJApanIya Adi kathanoM ko asatya - amRSA (asatyApanIya) mAnA hai| eyara Adi ne naitika prakathanoM ko AjJApanIya mAnakara unheM asatyApanIya kahA hai, jo jaina-darzana kI uparyukta vyAkhyA ke sAtha saMgatipUrNa hai / bhASAyI abhivyakti kI sApekSika satyatA kathana kI satyatA aura asatyatA ke vivecana ke prasaMga meM hameM yaha bAta spaSTa rUpa se samajha lenI cAhie ki jaina darzana ke anusAra kathanoM kI satyatA aura asatyatA sApekSa hI hotI hai, nirapekSa nahIM / sampUrNa satya ko cAhe jAnA jA sakatA ho kintu kahA nahIM jA sakatA / jaba bhI hama usakI abhivyakti kA koI prayAsa karate haiM to vaha sImita va sApekSika bana jAtA hai / jaina AcAryoM kA kahanA hai ki cAhe vaha jina ke hI vacana kyoM na hoM, ve bhI sApekSa satya hI hote haiM, nirapekSa satya nahIM / cAhe sarvajJa kA jAnanA pUrNa ho lekina abhivyakti to sImita hI hotI hai / cAhe tathyoM ko unakI pUrNatA meM jAnA jA sakatA ho kintu kahA nahIM jA sakatA / isIlie kahA gayA hai ki jinavacana bhI naya se rahita nahIM hote' / kyoMki sarvajJa ko bhI apanI abhivyakti ke lie usI bhASA kA sahArA lenA hotA hai jo sImita evaM sApekSa hotI hai tathA "hai" aura "nahIM hai" kI sImA se ghirI huI hai / ataH bhASA ke mAdhyama se jo bhI kahA jAtA hai vaha sApekSa hI hotA hai aura jo sApekSa hotA hai usakI satyatA apane sImita sandarbha meM hI hotI hai / ataH bhASAyI abhivyaktiyA~ apanI satyatA kI dRSTi se sApekSa aura sImita hotI haiM / sabhI apanI satyatA aura asatyatA hI unheM satya yA asatya kahA jA adhika hai to yaha kathana cIna ke jo kathana satya yA asatya kI koTi meM rakhe jAte haiM ve ko kisI sandarbha vizeSa meM hI rakhate haiM / usa sandarbha vizeSa meM sakatA hai / yadi kahA jAye ki hindustAna kI janasaMkhyA bahuta atirikta anya dezoM kI apekSA se satya hogA kintu cIna kI apekSA se asatya ho jAyegA / ataH bhASAyI kathanoM kI satyatA -asatyatA nirapekSa nahIM hotI hai / vaha sApekSa hI hotI hai| jaina dArzanikoM kI mAnyatA hai ki jana-sAdhAraNa kA jJAna evaM kathana sImita aura sApekSa hI hotA hai / vaijJAnika 1. Natthi gaye hi vihUNaM suttaM attho ya jiNamae kici / vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 2277 /
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________________ bhASA aura satya : 99 albarTa AinsTIna ne bhI kahA thA ki "hama kevala sApekSika satya ko jAna sakate haiM, nirapekSa satya ko to koI pUrNa draSTA hI jAna skegaa"| (We can only know the relative truth, the real truth is known only to the universal observer--Cosmology Old and New, Page-13). yadi hamArA samasta jJAna AMzika apUrNa, evaM sApekSika hai to hameM yaha dAvA karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai ki merA kathana hI eka mAtra satya hai / sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki kisI anya dRSTi se athavA kisI anya sandarbha meM usa kathana kA virodho kathana hI satya ho / cAhe kevalajJAna kI nirapekSa satyatA ko svIkAra kara bhI liyA jAye, kintu kathana kI nirapekSa satyatA to kathamapi sambhava nahIM hai| jo kucha bhI kahA jAtA hai vaha kiso sandarbha vizeSa meM hI kahA jAtA hai| ataH usakI satyatA aura asatyatA bhI uso sandarbha vizeSa meM nihita hotI hai| kisI bhI kathana kI satyatA aura asatyatA usa sandarbha se bAhara nahIM dekhI jA sakatI, jisameM ki vaha kahA gayA hai| ataH satyatA yA asatyatA kA vicAra kisI sandarbha vizeSa meM satyatA yA asatyatA kA vicAra hai| dUsaro mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki yadi hamArI bhASA sApekSa hai aura usakI satyatA kisI dRSTi vizeSa, apekSA vizeSa yA sandarbha vizeSa meM nirbhara karatI hai to hameM kathana kI koI aisI paddhati khojano hogo jo apanI bAta ko kahakara bhI apane virodho kathanoM kI satyatA kI sambhAvanA kA niSedha na kre| jaina AcAryoM ne isa prakAra kI kathana paddhati kA vikAsa kiyA hai aura use syAdavAda evaM saptabhaMgo ke nAma se vivecita kiyA hai| syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI kyA hai, isa sandarbha meM to yahA~ koI vistRta carcA nahIM karanA cAhate, kintu maiM itanA avazya hI kahanA cAhU~gA ki hamArA kathana satya rahe aura hamAre vacana vyavahAra se zrotA ko koI bhrAnti na ho, isalie kathana paddhati meM hameM apane vidhi-niSedhoM ko sApekSa rUpa se hI rakhanA caahie| yaha sApekSika kathana-paddhati hI syAdvAda hai / jaina AcAryoM ne syAt ko satya kA cihna' isIlie kahA hai ki apekSApUrvaka kathana karake jahA~ eka ora vaha hamAre kathana ko avirodhI aura satya banA detA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora zrotA ko koI bhrAnti nahIM hone detaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne isIlie apane bhikSuoM ko spaSTa nirdeza diyA thA ki ve aisI bhASA kA prayoga kareM jo vibhajyavAdI ho / vibhajyavAda bhASAyI abhivyaktiyoM kI vaha praNAlI hai jo praznoM ko vibhAjita karake uttara detI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra aura bhagavAn buddha donoM ne hI isa bAta para sarvAdhika bala diyA thA ki hameM apanI bhASA ko spaSTa banAnA caahie| vibhajyavAda ke sandarbha meM pUrva meM kahA jA cukA hai| vibhajyavAda kathana kI vaha praNAlI hai jo kisI prazna ke sandarbha meM aikAntika nirNaya nahIM dekara prazna kA samyaka vizleSaNa karatI hai| jaba buddha se yaha pUchA gayA ki gRhastha ArAdhaka hotA hai yA pravajita ? to unhoMne kahA ki yadi gRhastha aura pravajita donoM hI mithyAvAdI haiM to ve ArAdhaka nahIM haiN| kintu yadi ve mithyAvAdI nahIM haiM to ve ArAdhaka ho sakate haiN| isI prakAra jaba jayantI ne mahAvIra se pUchA ki ki sonA acchA hai yA jAganA ? to unhoMne kahA kucha jIvoM kA sonA acchA hai kucha kA jaagnaa| 1. dekheM-jainadarzana ( DaoN. mahendrakumAra ) pR0 362 /
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________________ pApo kA sonA acchA hai aura dharmI kA jAganA' / upayukta udAharaNoM se yaha bAta spaSTa hotI hai ki vaktA ko usake prazna kA vizleSaNa pUrvaka uttara denA hI vibhajyavAda hai| prazna ke uttaroM kI yaha vizleSaNAtmaka zailI vicAroM ko sulajhAne vAlI tathA satya ke aneka AyAmoM ko spaSTa karane vAlI hai| Adhunika bhASA-vizleSaNavAda kisI somA taka kathana ko vizleSita karane vAlI isa paddhati ko svIkAra karake calatA hai| bhASA-vizleSaNavAda kA mUlabhUta uddezya kathana ke una antima ghaTakoM ke artha spaSTa karanA hai jinheM unhoMne tArkika aNu (Logical Atom) kahA hai| kisI kathana ke vAstavika pratipAdya kA patA lagAne ke lie yaha paddhati usa kathana ko vizleSita karake yaha spaSTa karatI hai ki usa kathana kA vAstavika tAtparya kyA hai / yaha satya hai ki Aja bhASA vizleSaNavAda eka vikasita darzana ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane AyA hai kintu isake mUla bIja buddha aura mahAvIra ke vibhajyavAda meM upasthita haiM / na kevala itanA hI apitu jaina, bauddha aura vaiyAkaraNa darzana ke AcAryoM ne bhASA darzana ke jo vividha AyAma prastuta kiye haiM ve abhI gambhIra vivecana kI apekSA rakhate haiN| zabda ke vAcyArtha ke prazna ko lekara bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne jitanI gambhIratA se cintana kiyA hai vaha atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai aura koI bhI bhASA darzana usakI upekSA karake Age nahIM bar3ha sakatA hai| Aja AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki pazcima meM vikasika ho rahe isa bhASA darzana ko bhAratIya bhASA darzana ke sandarbha meM dekhA va parakhA jaaye| AzA hai ki bhASA darzana kI ina prAcIna aura arvAcIna paddhatiyoM ke mAdhyama se mAnava satya ke dvAra ko udghATita kara ske| 1. (a) bhagavatIsUtra 1212 / (ba) vibhajyavAda : samakAlIna bhASAvizleSaNadarzana kA pUrvarUpa-DaoN. sAgaramala jaina-parAmarza khaNDa 6 aMka 4 pR0 356 /
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________________ pariziSTa 'ka' prAkRta aura apabhraMza zabdoM ko artha vAcakatA mImAMsakoM aura vaiyAkaraNikoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki kevala saMskRta zabda hI samyak zabda haiM aura unhIM meM apane artha kI vAcaka-zakti hai / prAkRta, apabhraMza Adi anya loka bhASAoM ke zabdoM meM artha ke pratipAdana kI sAmarthya nahIM hai| ina vicArakoM kI yaha bhI mAnyatA hai ki prAkRta, apabhraMza Adi lokabhASAoM ke zabdoM ko sunakara prathama saMskRta zabdoM kA smaraNa hotA hai aura phira unase arthabodha hotA hai| isa prakAra ye vicAraka kevala saMskRta ko chor3akara anya sabhI bhASAoM aura boliyoM meM arthapratipAdana kI zakti ko nahIM mAnate haiN| isake virodha meM jaina dArza kahanA hai ki sabhI lokabhASAoM aura boliyoM ke zabdoM meM vAcaka-zakti hotI hai| jaina dArzanika prabhAcaMdra ne apane grantha nyAyakumudacandra tathA prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM aneka tarkoM ke AdhAra para isa bAta ko siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki jisa prakAra saMskRta granthoM meM vAcakazakti hai usI prakAra prAkRta, apabhraMza Adi lokabhASAoM ke zabdoM meM bhI vAcakazakti hai| yaha mAnanA bhI samucita pratIta nahIM hotA hai ki lokabhASA ke zabdoM ko sunakara prathamataH hameM unake saMskRta paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA bodha hotA hai yA smaraNa hotA hai aura phira una saMskRta zabdoM ke smaraNa ke mAdhyama se artha kA bodha hotA hai| yadi isa avadhAraNA ko svIkAra kiyA jAyegA to phira ve loga jo saMskRta bhASA ko nahIM jAnate haiM arthabodha kara hI nahIM paayeNge| jaba ki vyavahAra ke kSetra meM hama spaSTarUpa se isa bAta ko jAnate haiM ki saMskRta bhASA se anabhijJa loga bhI lokabhASAoM ke zabdoM ke mAdhyama se arthabodha karate haiM aura apanA vyavahAra calAte haiN| vastutaH zabda ko sunakara usameM arthabodha prApta karane ke lie saMketa hI mukhya tatva hai| jisa zabda kA jisa artha meM jina logoM ne saMketa grahaNa kara liyA hai unheM una zabdoM se usa artha kA bodha ho jAtA hai-yaha bhASA kA sAdhAraNa niyama hai| yadi kevala saMskRta zabdoM meM hI vAcaka-zakti hotI to phira saMsAra meM anekoM bhASAeM na to janma letI aura na to unase loka-vyavahAra hI cltaa| isa saMbaMdha meM jaina dArzanikoM ne jo vyApaka dRSTikoNa apanAyA vaha nizcita hI sarAhanIya hai aura hameM eka saMkucita manovRtti se Upara uThAtA hai / jaina AcAryoM ne sadaiva isa bAta para bala diyA hai ki arthabodha kI jitanI sAmarthya lokabhASAoM meM hotI hai utanI saMskArita bhASAoM meM bhI nahIM hotii| yahI kAraNa thA ki jainadharma meM tIrthaMkaroM aura AcAryoM ne lokabhASA ko hI apane pravacana kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| kevala saMskRta ke zabdoM meM hI vAcakazakti mAnanA tathA unhIM ke uccAraNa se puNya kI prApti mAnanA yaha vargasvArtha aura pakSavyAmoha kI bhAvanA se grasita hai aura Aja isase upara uThakara udAratA kA paricaya denA Avazyaka hai / vistRta vivecana hetu dekheM-(a) nyAyakumudacandra, pR0 762, (ba) prameyakamalamArtaNDa, pR. 668, (sa) jaina darzana, pR0 281-286, (da) jaina nyAya, pR0 273-277 .
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________________ pariziSTa 'kha' vacana ke paiMtIsa viziSTa guNa yA atizaya kahe gaye haiM (samavAyAMga 35 ) - 1. saMskAratattva - vacanoM kA vyAkaraNa se saMskArita honA / 2. udAttatva -- vacanoM kA uccasvara vAlA honA / 3. upacAropetatva -- vacanoM kA agrAmya honA / 4. gambhIrazabdatva - vacanoM kA megha ke samAna gambhIra honA / 5. anunAditva - vacanoM kA anunAda se yukta honA / 6. dAkSiNatva - vacanoM kA sarala honA / 7. upanItarAgatva - vacanoM kA yathocita rAga-rAgiNI se yukta honA / 8. mahArthatva - vacanoM kA mahAn arthavAlA honA / 9. avyAhatapaurvAparyatva - vacanoM kA pUrvApara - avirodhI honA / 10. ziSTatva - vacanoM kA ziSTa honA / 11. asandigdhatva - vacanoM kA sandeha-rati nizcita artha kA pratipAdaka honA / 12. apahRtAnyottaratva - vacanoM kA anya puruSa ke dvArA nikAle jAne vAle doSoM se mukta honA / 13. hRdayagrAhitva - vacanoM kA hRdaya-grAhI honA / 14. deza-kAlAvyatItva - vacanoM kA deza-kAla ke anukUla / avasarocita honA / 15. tattvAnurUpatva - vacanoM kA vivakSita vastu-svarUpa ke anurUpa honA / 16. aprakIrNa prasRtatva - vacanoM kA nirarthaka vistAra se rahita susambaddha honA / 17. anyonyapragrahIta - vacanoM kA paraspara sApekSa padoM se yukta honA / 18. abhijAtatva - vacanoM kA vaktA kI kulInatA aura zAlInatA kA sUcaka honA / 19. atisnigdha madhuratva - vacanoM kA sneha aura madhuratA yukta honA / 20. aparamarmabheditva - vacanoM kA para marma-bhedI na honA / 21. arthadharmAmyAsAnapetatva - vacanoM kA artha aura dharma ke abhyAsa se pratibaddha honA | 22. udAratva - vacanoM kA tucchatA rahita aura udAratA yukta honA / 24. 23. paranindAtmotkarSaviprayuktatva - vacanoM kA para-nindA aura Atma prazaMsA se rahita honA / upagatazlAghatva -- vacanoM kA zlAghanIya ( jinheM sunakara loga prazaMsA kareM ) honA / anapanItatva - vacanoM kA kAla, kAraka, liGga, Adi ke vyAkaraNa-doSoM se rahita honA / 26. utvAditAcchinnakautUhalatva -- vacanoM kA zrotAjanoM meM kautuhala utpanna karane vAlA honA / 27. adbhutatva - vacanoM kA AzcaryakAraka honA / 25. 28. anativilambitatva - vacanoM kA dhArA pravAhI honA / 29. vibhramAdivimuktatva - vacanoM kA mana kI bhrAnti, vikSepa aura roSa, bhayAdi se rahita honA / 30. anekajAtisaMzrayAdvivitratva - vacanoM kA aneka prakAra se varNana karane vAlA honA / 31. AhitavizeSatva - vacanoM kA sAmAnya vacanoM kI apekSA kucha vizeSatA yukta honA / sAkAratva-vacanoM kA pRthak-pRthak varNa, pada, vAkya ke AkAra se yukta honA / 32. 33. satvaparigrahatva -- vacanoM kA sAhasa se paripUrNa honA / 34. aparikheditatva - vacanoM kA kheda - khinnatA se rahita honA / 35. avyucchevatva - vacanoM kA vivakSita artha kA samyaka siddhi karane vAlA honA /
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________________ sandarbha grantha sUcI aGguttara nikAya sampA0 bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, pAli pablikezana borDa (bihAra sarakAra), 1960 anuyogadvArasUtram-zrI maNilAla karamacanda, zrI kesarabAI jJAnamandira, nagInabhAI hAla, pATaNa (uttara gujarAja), 1939 apohasiddhi (ratnakIti)-anuvAdaka : govindacandra pANDeya, darzana pratiSThAna, jayapura, rAjasthAna abhidhAna rAjendra-zrI abhidhAna rAjendra kAryAlaya, zrI jaina prabhAkara priMTiMga presa, ratalAma, prathama saMskaraNa; 1913 AcArAMga-vyAkhyAkAra-zrI AtmArAmajI mahArAja; AcArya zrI AtmArAmajI jainAgama prakAzana samiti, jaina sthAnaka ludhiyAnA; prathama praveza; 1964 Avazyaka niyukti-haribhadrIya vRtti / / kaThopaniSad-upaniSatsaMgraha : (bhAgadvayopetaH) motIlAla banArasodAsa, baMgalo roDa, javAharanagara, dillI-7; prathama saMskaraNa; 1970 kenopaniSad-upaniSatsaMgrahaH (bhAgadvayopetaH) motIlAla banArasIdAsa, baMgalo roDa, javAharanagara, dillI-7, prathama saMskaraNa; 1970 kAvya prakAza-vyAkhyAkAraH AcArya vizvezvara; prathama saMskaraNa, 1960 jJAnamaNDala limiTeDa, vArANasI jaina tarka bhASA-upAdhyAya yazovijaya, zrI triloka ratna dhArmika parIkSA borDa, pAtharDI jainadarzana-DA. mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya, tRtIya saMskaraNa 1974 zrI gaNezaprasAda varNI jaina granthamAlA, vArANasI-5 jaina nyAya-paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, durgAkuNDa, vArANasI-5 jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa-bhAga 1, paM0 becaradAsa, prathama saMskaraNa, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, AI0TI0 AI0 roDa, vArANasI-5 jainendra siddhAnta koza-jinendravarNI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, durgAkuNDa, vArANasI-5 tattvArthazlokavArtika-sampAdaka : paM0 manoharalAla, nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI; prathama saMskaraNa; 1918 tattvArthasUtra-umAsvAti, vivecaka paM0 sukhalAla jI saMghavI (tRtIya saMskaraNa) pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI-5 taittirIyopaniSad-upaniSatsaMgrahaH (bhAgadvayopetaH) motIlAla banArasIdAsa, baMgalo roDa, javAhara nagara dillI-7; prathama saMskaraNa; 1970 dIghanikAya-sampA0 bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, pAli pablikezana borDa (bihAra sarakAra) 1958 dhavalA-vIrasena amarAvatI, prathama saMskaraNa / nandisUtra-sampAdaka : muni zrI phUlacandrajI zramaNa, AcArya zrI AtmArAma jena prakAzana samiti ludhiyAnA (1966)
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________________ 104 : jaina bhASAdarzana nyAyakumudacandra-sampAdaka : paM0 mahendrakumAra jaina, mANikacandra di0 jaina granthamAlA, horAbAga, giragAMva, bambaI; prathama AvRtti; 1941 paMcasaMgraha-bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, prathama saMskaraNa; 1960 paMcAstikAya, tAtparyavRtti-saMzodhaka-paM0 manoharalAla; zrImadrarAjacandra Azrama, agAsa (gujarAta), tRtIya AvRtti; vi0 saM0 2025 prajJApanA-(zyAmAcArya viracita) anu0-50 bhagavAnadAsa harSacandra, zAradA bhavana jaina sosAiTI ahamadAbAda saM0 1991 pramANanayatattvAlokAlaMkAra (vAdidevasUrikRta)-vivecaka-paM0 zobhAcandra bhArilla, AtmajAgRti kAryAlaya, zrI jaina gurukula zikSaNa saMgha, vyAvara (rAja.) prathama saMskaraNa 1942 prameyakamalamArtaNDa-sampA. paM. mahendra kumAra zAstrI, (dvitIya saMskaraNa) nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI 1941 praznavyAkaraNasUtra-(hindI-vyAkhyA-paM0 hemacandra jI ma0) sanmati jJAnapITha, lohAmaNDI AgarA-2 bhagavai-saM0 AcArya tulasI evaM muni nathamala; jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM (rAjasthAna) bhagavatI ArAdhanA-sampAdaka-paM0 kailAzacandra siddhAntazAstrI, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura / bhagavatI sUtra--akhila bhAratIya sAdhamAgI jaina saMskRti rakSaka saMgha, selAnA bhASAtattva aura vAkyapadIya-DA0 satyakAma varmA, bhAratIya prakAzana-naI dillI 18 bhASArahasyaprakaraNa (yazovijaya) zrI jaina grantha prakAzaka sabhA, rAjanagara (ahamadAbAda), vi0 saM0 1997 bhASA vijJAna-bholAnAtha tivArI, kitAba mahala, 56-e jIroroDa, ilAhAbAda 1961 mANDUkyopaniSad-upaniSatsaMgrahaH (bhAgadvayopetaH) motIlAla banArasIdAsa, baMgalo roDa, javAharanagara, dillI-7; saMskaraNa prathama; 1970 majjhimanikAya-sampA.-pI0 vI0 bApaTa, bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, pAli pablikezana borDa (bihAra sarakAra) 1958 mImAMsAzlokavArtika-vyAkhyAkAra-paM0 durgAdhara jhA, kAmezvarasiMha darabhaMgA saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, darabhaMgA (bihAra); prathama AvRtti; 1979 / rAjavArtika (tattvArthavArtika)-sampAdaka-pro0 mahendrakumAra jaina; bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, prathama AvRtti; 1953 vAkyapadIya-bhartRhari, (gujarAtI anuvAda-jayadeva bhAI mo0 zukla) lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira, ahamadAbAda 1984 vibhajyavAdaH samakAlIna bhASA vizleSaNadarzana kA pUrva rUpa-lekhaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, parAmarza, darzana vibhAga, pUnA vizvavidyAlaya, pUnA vizeSAvazyakabhASya-hemacandAcArya vRti sahita, Agamodaya samiti 426, jhAverI bAjAra, bambaI 1924 sanmatitarka-paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, paM0 becaradAsa dosI-viTThaladAsa maganalAla koThArI, gujarAta vidyApITha, ahamadAbAda
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________________ sandarbha grantha sUcI : 105 samakAlIna pAzcAtya darzana-sampAdaka DA. lakSmI saksenA, u0 pra0 hindI saMsthAna, lakhanaU, dvitIya saMskaraNa; 1983 samavAyAMga (samavAo)-sampAdaka-yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM (rAjasthAna), prathama saMskaraNa, 1984 sarvArthasiddhi-bhAratIya jJAnapITha. kAzI. prathama saMskaraNaH 1955 siddhivinizcaya-bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, prathama saMskaraNa; 1951 sthAnAMgasUtra-sampA0 zrI mizrImalajI mahArAja (madhukara) Agama prakAzana samiti, jaina sthAnaka, popaliyA bAjAra, vyAvara (rAja.) 1981 syAdvAdamaJjarI-sampAdaka DA. jagadIzacandra jaina (tRtIya AvRtti), parama zrutaprabhAvakamaNDala, zrImadarAjacandra Azrama, agAsa syAdvAdaratnAkara-(vAdidevasUriviracita) sampA0 motIlAla lAghAjI 196 bhavAnI peTha, pUnA vora0 saM0 2454 Indian Logic-By Dr. B. N. Singh, Asha Prakashan, D 43/20 Sadanand Bazar, Varanasi, First Edition, 1982. Jaina Theory of Reality and Knowledge-Y.J. Padmarajiah, Jain Sahitya Vikas Mandal, 112, Ghodbunder Road, Vile Parle, Bombay-56%3; 1963 A. D. Pali-English Dictionary -Edited by T. W. Rhy. Davids, The Pali Text Society, London 1921 Philosophical Investigation-Ludwig Wittgenstein. Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1972 (The) Problem of Meaning in Indian Philosophy-R. C. Pandeya, Motilal Banarasidass, Bungalow Road, Jawahar Nagar, Delhi-6 (First Edition) 1963 (The) Philosophy of Word and Meaning-Gaurinath Sastri Ist. Edition 1959 Sanskrit College, 1 Bankim Chatterge, Street, Calcutta 6. Tractatis Logico Philosophicus Ludwig Wittgenstein.
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________________ zabda-sUcI aMguttaranikAya 9, 10, 11 AkAMkSA akSara zruta 17, 18 AkRtivAda akSarAtmaka bhASA 12 AkhyAtapada anakSara sUtra 17 -hI vAkya hai anakSarAtmaka bhASA 12, 20 AkhyAtika nAma anuyogadvArasUtra 5, 39, 40, 41, 42 AcArAMga aparyApta bhASA AtmAbhivyakti apohavAda -kA sAdhana bhASA kI samAlocanA 53 AdAnapada nAma apohasiddhi 52 Avazyakaniyukti aprApyakArI islAma abhayadeva 24 IsAI abhidhAnarAjendra uccarita-zabda abhisamaya uccarita-vasita-zabda abhihitAnvayavAda 66, 69, 71 uttarAdhyayana -kI samIkSA 68-70 upacita-avayavapada arastU upayogitAvAdI siddhAnta artha-Adeza umAsvAti arthakriyAkArI siddhAnta RjusUtranaya artha-parivartana RSabhadeva arthavijJAna eara, e0 je0, artha-vistAra ekAMzavAda arthasaMkoca evaMbhUtanaya ardhamAgadhI aupasargikanAma avayavapada kaThopaniSad aviyojya sambandha kathana kI satyatA avyAkRtavAda kAvyaprakAza asatya-amRSA bhASA (kathana) 96 kumArila bhaTTa -ke prakAra kenopaniSad asatya bhASA paM0 kailAzacandra jI -ke prakAra 93 kramavAda AinsTIna 9 gommaTasAra 14
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________________ 40 57 4, 13 111 1 zabda-sUcI : 107 govindacandra pANDeya 52 naigamanaya naya 74 gauNyapada nAma 41 naipAtika gautama naiyAyika 13, 14,33, 34, 35, 45, 51 citra-siddhAnta nogauNyapada nAma jamAlI 5, 6, 7,8 nyAya-darzana jayanti 11,99 nyAyasUtra 58 jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa 18, 21 nyAyakumudacandra 5, 36, 45, 46, 47, 48, jainatarkabhASA 16, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78 jaina darzana (DaoN. mahendra kumAra) 52, 59, 81 paJcasaMgraha jainanyAya (paM0 kailAzacandra jI) 36, 37, 45 pataMjali 4, 30, 50 ___46, 47, 50, 52 pada kA svarUpa jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa 18, 19 padmarAje (DaoN) jainendra siddhAnta koza 18, 29, 31, 41 parataH prAmANyavAda DhaMka kumbhakAra parAghAta tattvArthavArtika 5 prajJApanAsUtra 12, 13, 25, 27, 28, 31, tattvArthazlokavArtika 93,94,96 tattvArthasUtra 1, 15, 16, 28, 33, 73, paryApta-bhASA 77, 78 paryAyAthikanaya tadutpatti sambandha pANini tadrUpatA sambandha pAramArthika pratyakSa tAtparya 67 pUjyapAda tAdAtmya-sambandha pratipakSapada nAma tAkika-aNu 100 prabhAkara 69, 71 sAkika-vizleSaNavAdI 46 prabhAcandra 5, 50, 59,60, 63, 64, 65, 68 taittirIyopaniSad pramANanayatattvAlokAlaMkAra 35, 5888 dravya-nikSeya pramANapada dravyAthikanaya prameyakamalamArtaNDa 5, 36, 44, 50, 52, 59, dhavalA 12, 19, 20, 29, 41, 58 60, 62, 68, 70 dhvanitaraMga prayoga-siddhAnta 73 praznavyAkaraNa satra nava-rasa prAdhAnyapada nAma nAma-nikSepa 77 prAyogika nAmapada 39, 42 priyadarzanA nikSepa nizcayanaya 76 barkale nemicandra 9, 11, 99, 100 47 41 pleTo
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________________ 108 : jaina bhASAdarzana buddhathAkAra becaradAsa ( paM0 ) bauddha brAhmI lipi bhagavatIsUtra bhagavatI ArAdhanA bhartRhari bhAva - nikSepa bhASA kI utpatti - Izvara sRSTa nahIM -sAdi yA anAdi - ko sApekSatA bhASAtattva aura vAkyapadIya bhASA rahasya prakaraNa bhASA-vijJAna, bhASA - vizleSaNa -vAda bholAnAtha tivArI majjhimanikAya malayagiri mahAvIra (DaoN) mahendra kumAra mANikyanandI mANDUkyopaniSad mAtRkAkSara mImAMsaka yalappA zAstrI yazovijaya yogyatA rAjavArtika mImAMsA darzana mImAMsA zlokavArtika 56 19 5, 33, 36, 52, 53 24 10, 11 89, 92, 93 30, 34, 43, 78 (DaoN) rAjendra prasAda laghIyastrayI labdhyakSara 5, 6, 7, 13 14 14 98 43, 5060 32 2, 14 2, 3, 5 100 9, 18 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 100 81 14 10 5 83 24 13, 44, 45, 48, 51, 56 4, 36, 69, 81 66 26 32, 77 67 82, 92 26 73, 77 22 lalitavistara lipi -aThAraha - causaTha luDviga viTgainsTina vAkya vAkya ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vibhinnamata 59, 60 30, 34, 43, 44, 60 47 58, 87, 88 32 9, 99 15, 1618, 20, 22, 23, 25, 2785, 98 31 36 35, 63 vAkyapadIya vAcya vAcaka sambandha vAdideva sUrI vAsita - zabda vibhajyavAda vizeSAvazyakabhASya vIcita raMganyAya vaiyAkaraNa-darzana vaiyAkaraNika vaisrasika- zabda vyaJjanAkSara vyavahAra naya vyAvahArika pratyakSa zabda --kI paribhASA --ke prakAra --kI ANavika saMracanA --kI paudgalikatA -kI anityatA -ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa -kI saMketaka zakti --kI sahajayogyatA --kA vAcyArtha se sambandha -aura usake vAcyArtha sambandha kI anityatA --kA vAcya sAmAnya yA vizeSa - kA pada aura vAkya se antara 26 24 24 26 3, 49, 57 28 22 73,75 88 x m w v~ ~ % 30 29 34 33 36 38 38 38 47 48 44 58
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________________ zabda-sUcI : 109 B 99 74 3 22 78 78 13, 50 zabda brahma zabda naya zabdAdvaitavAdI zrutajJAna saMgati-siddhAnta saMgrahanaya saMjJA-akSara saMvAditA-siddhAnta sattA kI vAcyatA satya bhASA -ke bheda satya-mRSA bhASA (kathana) sannidhi sanmatitarka saptabhaMgI samakAlIna bhASA-darzana samabhirUr3ha naya samaya (paramparA) samavAyAMga sarvArthasiddhi sAMkhya 74, 75 sApekSika satya 13 siddhivinizcaya sukarAta (10) sukhalAla jI sthAnAMga sthApanAnikSepa -tadAkAra -atadAkAra sphoTa sphoTavAda -kA khaNDana syAdvAd syAdvAdamaJjarI 85, 99 syAdvAdaratnAkara svataHprAmANyavAda haribhadra 14, 25, 27 haribhadrIya vRtti 18, 19, 74 hemacandra malladhAragacchIya 73, 99 73 76
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