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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI zodha-patrikA akTUbara, 1999-2000 11-12 prANajjokhojIra mavipAyalyAna 71MAHEMENTS zrImArI apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI rAjasthAna
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI vArSika zodha-patrikA akTUbara, 1999-2000 sampAdaka maNDala zrI navInakumAra baja zrI mahendrakumAra pATanI DaoN. kailAzacanda jaina zrI jJAnacanda bilTIvAlA DaoN. jinezvaradAsa jaina sampAdaka DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI zrI jJAnacandra khindUkA DaoN. gopInAtha pATanI prabandha sampAdaka / zrI prakAzacandra jaina maMtrI, prabandhakAriNI kameTI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI sahAyaka sampAdaka suzrI prIti jaina prakAzaka apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI jainavidyA saMsthAna prabandhakAriNI kameTI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI (rAjasthAna)
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________________ vArSika mUlya 30.00 ru. sAmAnyataH 60.00 ru. pustakAlaya hetu mudraka jayapura prinTarsa prA. li. jayapura
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________________ kra.saM. viSaya prakAzakIya sampAdakIya 1. apabhraMza sAhitya kA pRSThAdhAra 2. apabhraMza kA cariu kAvya aura usakI paramparA viSaya-sUcI 3. uvavaNAi~ suramaNakayaharisai~ 4. paumacariu tathA rAmacaritamAnasa ke vastuvidhAna kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana 5. aNamaMthiyauahi va apayakhohu 6. NAyakumAracariu kA sAhityika saundarya 7. rayaNAyaru NAvara sAyaru tAha campApuru chajjai 8. yogasAra kA sAra : yogoM se nivRtti 9. maNirayaNAiyahu~ Na saMkha jetthu 10. apabhraMza ke karakaNDacariu meM abhivyakta dhArmika abhivyaJjanA 11. karakaNDacariu meM saundarya-citraNa 12. NaM dharaNieN dhariyau divvavesu 13. kavi addahamANa kRta 'saMdeza- rAsaka' 14. jahiM savvai~ divvai~ mANusAi~ 15. saMdeza - rAsaka meM aprastutavidhAna 16. bauddha siddha : sarahapAda 17. jahiM caupayAi~ tosiyamaNAi~ i~ caraMti 18. AcArya jinadatta sUri aura unakI apabhraMza racanAe~ 19. NiccoramAri Nilluttadukkhu 20. roDA - kRta 'rAulavela' kA kAvya-saundarya lekhaka kA nAma DaoN. renU upAdhyAya DaoN. mahendrasAgara pracaNDiyA muni nayanandi DaoN. maMju zukla muni nayanandi DaoN. zrIraMjana sUrideva muni nayanandi DaoN. (ku.) ArAdhanA jaina muni nayanandi DaoN. rAjIva pracaNDiyA DaoN. trilokInAtha 'premI' kavi puSpadanta zrI vedaprakAza garga 'svataMtra ' kavi puSpadanta DaoN. bahAdura mizra DaoN. rAmamUrti tripAThI kavi puSpadanta DaoN. (zrImatI) sUrajamukhI jaina kavi puSpadanta DaoN. mahAvIraprasAda zarmA pR. saM. 1 11 18 19 26 27 34 3233 35 42 43 51 62 63 68 69 81 88 89 94 3556 95
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI ( zodha-patrikA) sUcanAe~ 1. patrikA sAmAnyataH varSa meM eka bAra, mahAvIra nirvANa divasa para prakAzita hogI / 2. patrikA meM zodha-khoja, adhyayana-anusaMdhAna sambandhI maulika aprakAzita racanAoM ko hI sthAna milegA / 3. racanAe~ jisa rUpa meM prApta hoMgI unheM prAyaH usI rUpa meM prakAzita kiyA jaaegaa| svabhAvataH tathyoM kI prAmANikatA Adi kA uttaradAyitva racanAkAra kA hogaa| 4. yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki prakAzaka, sampAdaka lekhakoM ke abhimata se sahamata hoM / 5. racanAe~ kAgaja ke eka ora kama se kama 3 se.mI. kA hAziyA chor3akara suvAcya akSaroM meM likhI athavA TAipa kI huI honI caahie| 6. asvIkRta/aprakAzita racanAe~ lauTAI nahIM jAyeMgI / 7. racanAe~ bhejane evaM anya saba prakAra ke patra-vyavahAra ke lie patA sampAdaka apabhraMza bhAratI apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI digambara jaina nasiyA~ bhaTTArakajI savAI rAmasiMha roDa, jayapura 302004
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________________ prakAzakIya apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya ke adhyetAoM ke samakSa apabhraMza bhAratI' kA gyArahavA~-bArahavA~ aMka saharSa prastuta hai| "bhASA vijJAna ke AcAryoM ne apabhraMza bhASA kA kAla 500 I. se 1000 I. taka batAyA hai|" isa samaya apabhraMza bhASA bhAratavarSa ke adhikAMza pradezoM meM pracalita thii| gaurIzaMkara ojhA ke anusAra apabhraMza kA pracAra gujarAta, surASTra, mAravAr3a (travaNa), dakSiNa paMjAba, rAjapUtAnA avanti aura mAlavA (mandasaura) meM vizeSa rUpa se thaa| "chaThI se bArahavIM-terahavIM zatAbdI taka apabhraMza bhASA ne rAjanaitika aura sAMskRtika saMbala pAkara sAhitya-racanA kI pramukha bhASA ke rUpa meM jo gaurava prApta kiyA vaha kaI kSetrIya bhASAoM ke pRthak vikAsa kA bhI kAraNa bnaa|" - apabhraMza sAhitya ke bahuAyAmI mahatva ko samajhate hue hI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI dvArA 1988 meM apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI kI sthApanA kI gii| apabhraMza bhASA ke adhyayana-adhyApana ke lakSya ko samIcIna dizA pradAna karane ke lie 'apabhraMza racanA saurabha', 'apabhraMza abhyAsa saurabha', 'apabhraMza kAvya saurabha', 'praur3ha apabhraMza racanA saurabha', 'prAkRta racanA saurabha', 'prAkRta abhyAsa saurabha', 'praur3ha prAkRta racanA saurabha', 'pAhuDa dohA cayanikA', 'apabhraMza : eka paricaya' Adi pustakoM kA prakAzana kiyA jA cukA hai| patrAcAra ke mAdhyama se akhila bhAratIya stara para 'apabhraMza sarTiphikeTa pAThyakrama' va 'apabhraMza DiplomA pAThyakrama' vidhivata saMcAlita haiN| apabhraMza ke maulika lekhana ke protsAhana ke lie 'svayaMbhU puraskAra' bhI pradAna kiyA jAtA hai| jina vidvAna lekhakoM ne apanI lekhanI dvArA vicAra prastuta kara isa aMka ke prakAzana meM sahayoga pradAna kiyA hama unake AbhArI haiN| patrikA ke sampAdaka, sahayogI sampAdaka evaM sampAdaka maNDala dhanyavAdAha haiN| aMka ke mudraNa ke lie jayapura prinTarsa prAiveTa limiTeDa, jayapura bhI dhanyavAdAha hai| prakAzacandra jaina mAnada maMtrI narezakumAra seThI adhyakSa prabandhakAriNI kameTI, digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI
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________________ svayaMbhU puraskAra digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI (rAjasthAna) dvArA saMcAlita apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura dvArA apabhraMza sAhitya se sambandhita viSaya para hindI athavA aMgrejI meM racita racanAoM para 'svayaMbhU puraskAra' diyA jAtA hai| isa puraskAra meM 11,001/- (gyAraha hajAra eka) rupaye evaM prazasti-patra pradAna kiyA jAtA hai| puraskAra hetu niyamAvalI tathA Avedana-patra prApta karane ke lie akAdamI kAryAlaya (digambara jaina nasiyA~ bhaTTArakajI, savAI rAmasiMha roDa, jayapura - 4) se patra-vyavahAra kreN|
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________________ sampAdakIya "hindI kA pUrva aura apUrva rUpa apabhraMza hai| isameM praNIta sAhitya Aja pracura parimANa meM upalabdha hai| apabhraMza meM mahAkAvya, prabandhakAvya, khaNDakAvya, muktakakAvya, rUpakakAvya, kathA aura kathAnaka ke vividha rUpa tathA anya ananya loka aura laukika kAvya rUpoM meM kAvya kI sarjanA huI hai| kAvya ke atirikta apabhraMza meM gadya sAhitya bhI racA gayA hai|" __ "apabhraMza sAhitya ke adhyayana evam anuzIlana kA AdhAra sAmAnya lokacetanA ke udaya aura vikAsa ke itihAsa kA mahatvapUrNa adhyayana hai| hamArI rASTrIya cetanA evam bhAvanAe~ jaisejaise lokonmukha hotI gaIM, hamArA dhyAna prAcIna tathA arvAcIna lokabhASAoM aura loka-sAhityoM kI ora agrasara hotA gyaa| jaise saMskRta bhASA tathA sAhitya sambandhI anuzIlana kA abhinava utsAha Adhunika sAMskRtika punarutthAna kA maMgalAcaraNa hai, vaise hI prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM kramaza: bar3hatI huI ruci usa punarutthAna kI lokonmukhatA kA sAkSya hai| isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai ki apabhraMza meM aba taka jitanA sAhitya prApta huA hai usameM se adhikAMza kevala digambara jaina dharma se prerita evam prabhAvita hai| athavA yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki apabhraMza sAhitya meM mAnavajIvana aura jagat kI aneka bhAvanAoM aura vicAroM ko vANI milI hai / yadi eka ora isameM jaina muniyoM ke cintana kA cintAmaNi hai, to dUsarI ora bauddha siddhoM kI sahaja sAdhanA kI siddhi bhI hai, yadi eka ora dhArmika AdarzoM kA vyAkhyAna hai to dUsarI ora lokajIvana se utpanna honevAle aihika rasa kA rAgaraMjita anukathana hai| yadi yaha sAhitya nAnA zalAkA-puruSoM ke udAtta jIvana-carita se sampanna hai, to sAmAnya vaNika-putroM ke duHkha-sukha kI kahAnI se bhI paripUrNa hai|" __"bhASA-vijJAna ke AcAryoM ne apabhraMza bhASA kA kAla 500 I. se 1000 I. taka batAyA hai, parantu isake sAhitya kI prApti lagabhaga AThavIM sadI se prArambha hotI hai|" "apabhraMza bhASA kA sAhitya IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt Arambha hotA hai| isa samaya apabhraMza bhASA bhAratavarSa ke adhikAMza pradezoM meM pracalita thii| gaurIzaMkara ojhA ke matAnusAra apabhraMza kA pracAra gujarAta, surASTra, mAravAr3a (travaNa), dakSiNa paMjAba, rAjapUtAnA, avanti aura mAlavA (mandasaura) meM vizeSa rUpa se thaa|" "chaThI se bArahavIM-terahavIM zatAbdI taka apabhraMza bhASA ne rAjanaitika aura sAMskRtika saMbala pAkara sAhitya-racanA kI pramukha bhASA ke rUpa meM jo gaurava prApta kiyA vaha kaI kSetrIya bhASAoM ke pRthak vikAsa kA bhI kAraNa bnaa| samasta apabhraMza kSetra meM sAhitya kI pariniSThita bhASA ke samAnAntara sthAnIya boliyoM kA mahatva bhI bar3hatA jA rahA thaa|" "baMgAla meM 84 siddhoM ne apabhraMza meM racanAe~ likhakara apabhraMza sAhitya ko pallavita evam puSpita kiyA tathA pAlavaMzI bauddhoM ne lokabhASA ko protsAhana diyaa| rASTrakUTa rAjAoM ke Azraya meM svayaMbhU evam puSpadanta jaise apabhraMza bhASA ke krAntidarzI kaviyoM ne prasiddha granthoM kI racanA (vii)
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________________ karake apabhraMza sAhitya kI zrIvRddhi kI tathA use paryApta samRddha bhI kiyaa| muMja aura bhoja ko prAkRta bhASA se hI nahIM apabhraMza ke prati bhI viziSTa anurAga thaa|" "apabhraMza vAGmaya kI vikAsonmukha kAvya-dhArA AThavIM zatI se Arambha hokara 16vIM zatI taka nirbAdharUpa se pravAhita hotI rahI hai| cariu-kAvyarUpa kA prayoga pratyeka zatI meM kiyA gayA hai| itane lokapriya kAvyarUpa meM apabhraMza ke kaviyoM ne madhyakAlIna loka saMskRti aura sabhyatA, sAhitya, upAsanA-paddhati tathA usa samaya meM pracalita AcAra-zAstra para paryApta prakAza DAlA hai|" "cariu eka sazakta kAvya rUpa hai / cariu kA mUla udgama apabhraMza ke Arambha se huA hai| kisI paurANika puruSa tathA dhArmika mahApuruSa kA jIvanavRtta aura vRtti vaiziSTya kA kathAtmaka zailI meM racA gayA carita vastuta: caritakAvya hai| carita athavA caritra kA apabhraMzarUpa 'cariu' kahalAtA hai / carita zabda kA sAmAnya artha aura abhiprAya hai - rahana-sahana, AcaraNa, kisI jIvana kI vizeSa ghaTanAoM aura kAryoM Adi kA varNana krnaa| cariu-kAvya meM prabaMdha aura purANa kAvyarUpoM kA saMkara rUpa sammilita hai| carita kAvya-rUpa ke nirdhAraNa meM apabhraMza vAGmaya ke dhArmika cariu kAvyoM kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai|'' "upalabhya apabhraMza-kAvyoM meM do prabandha-kAvyoM kA aitihAsika tathA krozazilAtmaka mahattva hai / mahAkavi svayambhU-kRta ye donoM kAvya haiM - 'paumacariu' aura 'riTThaNemicariu' / pahalA kAvya apabhraMza kA rAmAyaNa hai, to dUsarA apabhraMza kA mhaabhaart| ina donoM mahAkAvyoM kI aitihAsika bhUmikA isa artha meM hai ki ina donoM ne apabhraMza-bhASA ko sAdhAraNa janasamAja se - vidvatsamAja meM pratiSThita kiyA. jahA~ vaha heya dRSTi se dekhI jAtI thii| isI apabhraMza-bhASA ne mahAkavi puSpadanta ke kAla meM TakasAlI sAhitya kA rUpa grahaNa kiyA aura apekSita rUpa meM parimArjita aura parizodhita hokara vaha samasta sAhityika gaNoM se paripUrNa prabandhakAvyoM kA sazakta bhASA-mAdhyama bana gii| paSpadanta ne apanI prajJAprauDha kAvya-racanAoM dvArA use tato'dhika samaddhi pradAna kii| phalataH apabhraMza ke prabandhakAvya saMskRta aura prAkata ke utkRSTa koTi ke mahAkAvyoM ke samakakSa samAdRta hue|" jAyasI ke 'padmAvata' aura tulasI ke 'mAnasa' kI racanA-vidhi meM dohA-caupAI kA jo vidhAna hai vaha apabhraMza-kAvya meM prApya ghattA-kaDavaka kI racanA-paddhati kI hI dena hai| saMskRtaprAkRta kI kAvyadhArA meM, sarvaprathama apabhraMza meM hI antyAnuprAsa kI praNAlI kA anivArya rUpa se prayoga pAyA jAtA hai, jise hindI-kAvya meM tukAntatA athavA tukabandI kahate haiM / racanA-prakalpa meM chAndasa vaividhya aura vaicitrya kA viniyoga apabhraMza-kAvya kI apanI pahacAna hai|'' "paumacariu' tathA 'rAmacaritamAnasa' meM varNita rAmakathA mUlata: to samAna hai parantu kaI ghaTanAoM tathA pAtroM ke nAmoM prabhRti meM vaiSamya ke kAraNa donoM meM bhinnatA bhI dRSTigocara hotI hai| 'paumacariu' meM jisa rAmakathA ko svayaMbhU ne pA~ca kANDoM meM varNita kiyA 'mAnasa' meM usI kathA ko tulasI ne 'saptasopAna' meM nibaddha kiyA hai|" (viii)
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________________ "vastutaH dekhA jAe to kiSkiMdhAkANDa aura araNyakANDa kI ghaTanAe~ eka-dUsare se jur3I huI haiM aura unheM eka kANDa meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| svayaMbhU ne donoM kA ekIkaraNa na karate hue eka ko usake pUrva ke kANDa meM jor3a diyA hai aura dUsare ko usake bAda ke / isa prakAra do kANDoM kI saMkhyA kama ho gii| lekina rAma ke pravRttimUlaka aura udyamazIla caritra ko donoM pradhAnatA dete haiN|" "kAvyAMzoM ke udAharaNoM meM kAvyakAra puSpadanta kI rIti-ramaNIya racanA-pratibhA kI praur3hatA kA puSTa pramANa upalabdha hotA hai| bimbavidhAna ke sandarbha meM mahAkavi puSpadanta kI bhASA ne mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA kA nirvAha kiyA hai| kAvyakAra kI kAvya-sAdhanA mUlataH bhASA kI sAdhanA kA hI udAtta rUpa hai| koI bhI kRti apanI bhASika sabalatA ke kAraNa hI cirAyuSI hotI hai| 'NAyakumAracariu' bhI apanI bhASika praur3hatA ke sAtha hI kAvyazAstropayogI sAhityika tattvoM ke sucAru aura samyak viniyojana ke kAraNa hI kAlajayI kAvya ke rUpa meM cirapratiSTha banA huA hai|" - "kavivara joindu ne apabhraMza bhASA meM paramAtmaprakAza aura yogasAra grantha kI racanAkara rUr3hiyoM aura bAhyADambaroM ke viruddha jana-sAmAnya ke lie sahaja-saralarUpa se jIvana-mukti kA saMdeza diyA aura AdhyAtmika gaMgA ko pravAhita kiyA hai|" "AtmA se paramAtmA banane kI sAdhanA hI yathArtha meM yogI/muni banakara yogoM se pare hone kI sAdhanA hai| yahI ayoga sAdhanA hai|" "yogasAra meM kavivara joindu ne sarala bodhagamya bhASA meM AtmasAdhanA dvArA pravRtti se nivRtti kI ora gamana kA upAya batalAyA hai jo yogadazA se ayogI banane kA hI patha hai|" "caritakAvya' sAhitya kI eka sazakta vidhA hai| jaina caritakAvyoM meM muni kanakAmara dvArA apabhraMza bhASA meM racita 'karakaNDacariu' eka utkRSTa koTi kA kAvya hai jo sAMsArika duHkhoM meM ulajhe hue patita jIvana ko AdhyAtmika unnati/AtmotthAna kI ora le jAne meM preraNAsrota rahA hai| yaha 'cariukAvya' vyakti ko usake dvArA kie gae zubha-azubha karmoM ke lekhe-jokhe kA ahasAsa dilAtA hai tAki bhautika-abhautika saMgharSoM-vivAdoM se Upara uThakara manuSya samadarzIsamabhAvI ho sake arthAt sukha-duHkha se use sadA-sadA ke lie chuTakArA mila ske|" "citta kI nirmalatA vyakti ke bhojana-AhAra para nirbhara karatI hai| aparimita, asevanIya, asAtvika, amaryAdita, asantulita AhAra jIvana meM Alasya, tandrA-nindrA, moha-vAsanA Adi kuprabhAvoM kutsitavRttiyoM ko utpanna kara sAdhanA meM vyavadhAna utpanna karatA hai, astu AhAra kA tyAga zaktyAnusAra kiyA jAtA hai|" _ "AhAra tyAgane kA mUloddezya zarIra se upekSA, apanI cetanavRttiyoM ko bhojanAdi ke bandhanoM se mukta karanA, kSudhAdi meM sAmyarasa se cyuta na honA arthAt saba prakAra icchA-Asakti ke tyAgane se rahA hai|" (ix)
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________________ "saundarya citraNa ko hama do rUpoM meM dekhate haiM - eka vastu-saundarya aura dUsarA bhaav-saundry| mahAkAvyoM aura kathA-kAvyoM meM donoM ke nirUpaNa kI purAtana paramparA rahI hai| vastu-saundarya se una sthaloM yA vastuoM ke varNana kA tAtparya hai jahA~ kathAnaka yA itivRtta kI vividha ghaTanAe~ ghaTita hotI huI Age bar3hatI haiM aura kathA-nAyaka ke caritra ko ujAgara karatI haiN| inake antargata nagara, prAsAda, puSpavATikA, upavana, sarovara, citrazAlA, kusumazayyA, hATa, senA, yuddha-varNana Adi kA citrAtmaka nirUpaNa hotA hai|" "karakaMDacariu' meM saundarya-citraNa ke lie usake kavi ne aneka bindu khoje haiN| jahA~ vastu-yojanA kI hai, vahA~ bhAvAtmaka udbhAvanAe~ bhI kI haiM / lekina kahIM bhI mAnava-jIvana kI upekSA nahIM kI hai|" "saMdeza-rAsaka kI kahAnI bahuta sarala, kintu marmasparzI hai| yaha mahatvapUrNa viraha-kAvya hai| viraha-pakSa ko sAkAra karane ke lie hRdaya kI marmavedanA ke dvArA vAtAvaraNa taiyAra kiyA gayA hai| isameM vipralambha zRMgAra kI pradhAnatA hai|" __ "kavi kI kAvya-kuzalatA kA varNana karate hue AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI kahate haiM ki kavi prAkRtika dRzyoM ko citra dvArA kuzalatA se aMkita karatA hai ki isase virahiNI ke virahAkula hRdaya kI marmavedanA mukharita ho uThatI hai / varNana cAhe jisa dRzya kA ho vyaMjanA hRdaya kI komalatA aura marma-vedanA kI hI hotI hai|" "isa racanA kA SaDRtu-varNana rItikAlIna RtuvarNana ke samAna hai|" "saMdeza-rAsaka kI bhASA apabhraMza hai, jise zaurasenI apabhraMza kA paravartI rUpa nAgara apabhraMza kaha sakate haiN| svayaM kavi ne apanI isa racanA kI bhASA ko na adhika paMDitoM aura na moM kI balki madhyama zreNI ke logoM ke lie likhI bhASA batAyA hai| arthAt vaha bola-cAla kI bhASA meM hai| ise hI avahaTTa nAma diyA gayA hai, jo grAmyApabhraMza kA hI jana-pracalita rUpa hai| vAstava meM kRti meM isakA vaha paravartI rUpa vidyamAna hai jo apabhraMza aura hindI ke bIca kI kar3I hai| ataH avahaTTa bhASA kA yaha prAyaH sabase prAcIna upalabdha dharmetara-kAvya hai| saMskRta kAvyoM meM jo sthAna meghadUta kA hai vahI apabhraMza-kAvyoM meM isa racanA ko pradAna kara sakate haiN|" __ "rAsaka-kAvya-rUpa kI vizeSatAoM se saMkalita yaha 'saMdeza-rAsaka' eka choTA-sA sundara viraha-kAvya hai, jisameM kathAvastu kA koI vizeSa mahatva nahIM hai, kyoMki isameM kathAtattva to atyalpa hai| isalie isa rAsaka kI vizeSatA usake kathAnaka meM nahIM, apitu usakI abhivyakti evaM kathana-zailI meM hai|" ___ "saMdeza-rAsaka' kA aprastutavidhAna mukhyataH AlaMkArika hai| isakI AlaMkArikatA kI rakSA ke lie kavi ne adhikAMzataH paramparAmukta aprastuoM (upamAnoM) kA avalambana liyA kahIM-kahIM addahamANa ne svacchaMda paddhati virala prayukta yA naye upamAnoM kA prayoga karake apanI maulikatA kA bhI paricaya diyA hai| saMdeza-rAsaka meM kevala bAhya rUpa-varNana hI nahIM (x)
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________________ hai; apitu gahare jAkara hRdaya para par3anevAle rUpa prabhAva ko bhI upamAnoM ke mAdhyama se vyakta kiyA hai| samAsataH, saMdeza-rAsaka kA aprastutavidhAna jahA~ sadiyoM se calI A rahI sAhityika paramparA kA anusaraNa karatA hai, vahA~ bIca-bIca meM usakI savinaya avajJA karatA huA naI paramparA kA sUtrapAta bhI karatA hai / jahA~ vaha paramparA kA anugamana karatA pratIta hotA hai, vahA~ rasanIyatA kA srota banakara bakhUbI pAThakoM ko rasa-nimagna karatA bhI hai|" "bauddha prasthAna meM hInayAna AcaraNa-pradhAna sAdhanA thI, jahA~ vAsanA kA damana hotA thaa| zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA jaise triratna kI sAdhanA se vAsanA kA tela sUkha AtA aura citta-dIpa kI bAtI bujha jAtI hai - nirvANa ho jAtA hai| mahAyAna meM vAsanA kA damana nahIM, zodhana hotA thaa|" __ "nairAtmyavAdI isa bauddha mArga meM citta hI sarvasva hai jisake do rUpa haiM - saMvRtacitta aura bodhicitta / bodhicitta hI paramArtha citta hai / usI kI prApti vajra-siddhi hai / saMvRtacitta caMcala zukra hai, paramArtha meM vahI viziSTa sAdhanA se vajropama ho jAtA hai / gaganopama ho jAne se vaha uSNIya cakra meM pratiSThita ho jAtA hai phira nirmANa-cakra (nimnatama) ho yA uSNIya cakra - sarvatra samabhAva se sthira ho jAtA hai - zUnyatAkaruNAbhinnaM bodhicittaM taducyate yaha dvandvAtIta samarasa 'mahAsuha' dazA hai / yaha siddha sarahapAda hI haiM jinhoMne trizaraNa meM 'guruM zaraNaM gacchAmi' kA cauthA caraNa jodd'aa| kSaraNazIla zukra hI saMvRta citta hai jise mahAmudrA ke saMsarga se kSubdha kara avadhUtI mArga meM saMcarita kiyA jAtA hai aura zodhita hokara uSNIya cakra meM pratiSThita ho jAtA hai|" "AcArya jinadatta sUri uccakoTi ke dharmAcArya, lekhaka evaM sukavi the| Apane sampUrNa marudeza kA bhramaNa kara jainadharma kA pracAra kiyA, isaliye Apako marusthalI kalpataru bhI kahA jAtA hai| ajamera nareza aNaurAja aura tribhuvanagiri ke rAjA kumArapAla Adi tatkAlIna zAsaka evaM sAmanta Apake bhakta the|" "kavi jinadattasUri kI abataka upalabdha racanAe~ haiM - 1. upadeza rAsarasAyana, 2. kAlasvarUpakulakam, 3. crcrii|" "mahAkavi roDA-kRta 'rAulavela' (rAjakula vilAsa) eka bhASA-kAvya hai| 11vIM zatAbdI ke isa zilAMkita bhASA-kAvya kI bhASA tatkAlIna samAja meM pracalita purAnI kosalI kA eka sundara udAharaNa kahIM jA sakatI hai|" ___ "roDA-kRta 'rAulavela' apabhraMzottara kAla kI atyadhika sundara, kalAtmaka evaM zRMgAraparaka kAvya kRti hai| isakI sabhI nAyikAe~ vibhinna alaMkaraNoM se nakha se zikhA taka susajjita haiN| unake nakha-zikha saundarya kI bhAvAtmaka abhivyakti hetu kavi ne upamA, rUpaka aura utprekSAoM (xi)
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________________ kI jhar3I-sI lagA dI hai| aneka prAkRta upamAnoM dvArA kavi ne saundaryatattva kI vyApakatA ko ujAgara kiyA hai| kAvya-kalA evaM bhAva-saundarya kI dRSTi se yaha kAvya kisI bhI samakAlIna zRMgAra-kAvya se kama nahIM hai|" "nArI-saundarya kI virATatA ko kavi ne aneka upamAnoM se suzobhita kiyA hai|" "maryAdita evaM sAtvika zRMgAra-citraNa ke dvArA kavi roDA ne apanI pariSkRta abhiruci kA hI paricaya diyA hai| kAvya-kalA kI dRSTi se yaha bhASAkAvya atulanIya hai| isameM kavi ne tatkAlIna loka-abhiruci ko bhI atyanta pariSkRta DhaMga se prastuta kiyA hai|" "apabhraMza sAhitya kA sampUrNa bhAratIya sAhitya meM bahuta aitihAsika mahattva hai|" "apabhraMza-sAhitya na kevala apane paravartI sAhitya ko aneka vidhi prabhAvita karane ke kAraNa hI mUlyavAn hai, apitu apanI maulika udbhAvanA, saundarya-cetanA, kalpanA ke mUrta Akalana, nava-nava aprastuta-vidhAna, chandonuzAsana, manohArI bimba, vidhAyinI kuzalatA, kathAnaka-rUr3hiyoM ke prayoga tathA nItiparaka madhuratA kI dRSTi se bhI prabhUta samRddhazAlI hai| isake racayitA jaina-muni aura AcArya yadyapi vItarAgI mahAtmA the, tathApi unakI kArayitrI pratibhA ne apanI urvara kalpanA-zakti ke sahAre jo bimba ubhAre haiM, jo saundarya-sRSTi kI hai, vaha bejor3a hai| loka meM rahakara bhI ve alaukika bhAvanA se saMpRkta bane rahe aura vItarAgI hone para bhI lokAcAroM, loka-vyavahAra tathA lokAnubhUtiyoM se achUte nahIM rahe / loka-jIvana aura jagat ke isI prasaMga-saMga ne inakI kAvya-sarjanA ko anUThA banA diyA hai, mahimAmaMDita kara diyA hai / jahA~ usameM sahajatA-saralatA hai vahA~ vakratA kA bhI saundarya hai| jahA~ loka-jIvana kI madhura abhivyakti huI hai vahA~ AdhyAtmikatA kA bhI sarasa pravAha hai| jahA~ vastu-citraNa meM eka AkarSaNa hai vahA~ nUtana udbhAvanAoM meM bhI saundarya kI sRSTi huI hai| jahA~ aprastuta-yojanA meM upamAnoM ke prayoga, se inake saTIka saundarya-bodha kA paricaya milatA hai vahA~ Antarika bhAvoM kA bhI sahaja saundarya mana ko lubhAtA hai| kahIM nakha-zikha zRMgAra kA sajIva gatyAtmaka saundarya hai, to kahIM mAnavIkaraNa ke prayoga se prakRti caitanya ho uThI hai| isa prakAra apabhraMza ke ina kaviyoM kA saundarya-citraNa advitIya aura kalAtmaka aizvarya se paripUrNa hai| ___ "apabhraMza sAhitya kA pRSThAdhAra bahuAyAmI hai| isake adhyayana evam vizleSaNa se nayenaye tathyoM ke udghATana ke sAtha-sAtha sAhitya tathA saMskRti kI kaI parateM bhI khulatI jAtI haiN|'' "samagra rUpa meM yaha sAhitya usa yuga ke jAtIya navonmeza kA pratinidhi hokara Upara utthaa|" jina vidvAna lekhakoM ne apane mahattvaparNa lekhoM se isa aMka kA kalevara banAne meM sahayoga diyA hai una sabhI ke hama AbhArI haiN| saMsthAna samiti, sampAdaka maNDala evaM sahayogI kAryakartAoM ke bhI AbhArI haiM / mudraNa hetu jayapura prinTarsa prA. li. jayapura dhanyavAdAha hai| DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI (xii)
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI 11-12 akTUbara akTUbara - - 1999, 2000 apabhraMza sAhitya kA pRSThAdhAra DaoN. renU upAdhyAya - apabhraMza sAhitya ke adhyayana evam anuzIlana kA AdhAra sAmAnya lokacetanA ke udaya aura vikAsa ke itihAsa kA mahatvapUrNa adhyayana haiN| hamArI rASTrIya cetanA evam bhAvanAe~ jaise-jaise lokonmukha hotI gaIM, hamArA dhyAna prAcIna tathA arvAcIna lokabhASAoM aura loka-sAhityoM kI ora agrasara hotA gyaa| jaise saMskRta bhASA tathA sAhitya sambandhI anuzIlana kA abhinava utsAha Adhunika sAMskRtika punarutthAna kA maMgalAcaraNa hai, vaise hI prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM kramazaH bar3hatI huI ruci usa punarutthAna kI lokonmukhatA kA sAkSya hai| isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai ki apabhraMza meM aba taka jitanA sAhitya prApta huA hai usameM se adhikAMza kevala digambara jaina dharma se prerita evam prabhAvita hai| athavA yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki apabhraMza sAhitya meM " mAnavajIvana aura jagat kI aneka bhAvanAoM aura vicAroM ko vANI milI hai| yadi eka ora isameM jaina muniyoM ke cintana kA cintAmaNi hai, to dUsarI ora bauddha siddhoM kI sahaja sAdhanA kI siddhi bhI hai, yadi eka ora dhArmika AdarzoM kA vyAkhyAna hai to dUsarI ora lokajIvana se utpanna honevAle aihika rasa kA rAgaraMjita anukathana hai / yadi yaha sAhitya nAnA zalAkA-puruSoM ke udAtta jIvana-carita se sampanna hai, to sAmAnya vaNika-putroM ke duHkha-sukha kI kahAnI se bhI paripUrNa hai / " bhASA-vijJAna ke AcAryoM ne apabhraMza bhASA kA kAla 500 I. se 1000 I. taka batAyA hai, parantu isake sAhitya kI prApti lagabhaga AThavIM sadI se prArambha hotI hai / yadyapi udyotana sUri 1
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 ne 'kubalayamAlA kahA' meM apabhraMza ke AkarSaNa kA varNana karate hue batAyA hai ki "yaha zuddha aura mizrita saMskRta aura prAkRta zabdoM kA samAnupAtika aura AnandadAyaka mizraNa hai| cUMki apabhraMza sAhitya ke nirmANa meM jainoM aura bauddhoM kA viziSTa yogadAna hai, yahI kAraNa hai ki isameM dhArmika sAhitya pracura mAtrA meM milatA hai| sAhitya racanAkAroM meM dhArmika vicAroM kA bAhalya hone ke kAraNa sAhityika pRSThAdhAra dhArmikatA meM racA-basA dikhAI detA hai| yadyapi apabhraMza sAhitya meM rAjanItika cetanA kA abhAva-sA dikhAI detA hai, phira bhI apabhraMzakAlIna yaha paristhiti upekSaNIya nahIM hai, kyoMki apabhraMza sAhitya ke sarvAMgINa adhyayana meM isakA bhI vizeSa mahatva hai| ataH sarvaprathama rAjanItika cetanA kA saMkSipta vivaraNa hI draSTavya hai - rAjanItika AdhAra - IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI meM gupta sAmrAjya ke patana ke uparAnta magadha guptoM ke Adhipatya meM thA aura madhya deza meM makhauriyoM ne apanA sAmrAjya sthApita kara liyA thaa| isI samaya gujarAta-kAThiyAvAr3a taka gurjarajAti ne alaga Adhipatya sthApita kara liyA thaa| isa prakAra paMjAba meM gujarAta aura gujarAMvAlA prAMta, dakSiNa mAravAr3a meM bhinnamAla aura bharuca meM gurjaratrA inake gar3ha the| ataH uttara bhArata meM yahI tIna bar3I zaktiyA~ prabala thiiN| thAnasera meM prabhAkaravardhana ne sAtavIM zatAbdI ke Arambha meM uttarApatha kI ora apanI zakti kA pradarzana kiyA tathA isI samaya usake putra harSa ne uttara bhArata kI bikharatI huI sattA ko niyantrita kiyaa| harSa ne cIna meM bhI apane dUtoM ko bhejA tathA cIna ke dUta bhI kannauja meM aaye| harSavardhana kI hI taraha dakSiNa meM pulakezina dvitIya balavAna rAjA thA jisake darabAra meM IrAnI rAjA khusaro ne apane dUtoM ko bhejA thaa| cUMki chaThI zatAbdI meM hUNoM ko parAsta karane ke bAda bhArata kucha samaya ke lie nizcita ho gayA thA parantu jaba 710 I. meM araboM ne sindha para vijaya prApta kI to bhArata ko phira se caukannA honA pdd'aa| araboM ne sindha se Age bar3hane kA bhI bharasaka prayAsa kiyA kintu saphala nahIM ho sake, phira bhI AThavIM zatAbdI ke madhya taka ve bhinnamAla rAjya aura saurASTra para hamale karate rhe| ___ "araboM ke bhArata meM praveza karane se hindU aura araba saMskRtiyoM kA mela huaa| bhArata ke aneka hindU vidvAn bagadAda gaye aura aneka araba vidyArthI par3hane ke lie bhArata aaye| saMskRta ke darzana, vaidyaka, jyotiSa, itihAsa, kAvya Adi ke aneka granthoM kA arabI meM anuvAda huaa| bhArata se gaNita Adi kA jJAna araba loga hI yUropa meM le gye| paMcatantra Adi kI kahAniyA~ bhI unhIM ke dvArA videzoM meM phuNcii| dhIre-dhIre harSavardhana kA rAjya bhI chinna-bhinna hone lagA aura uttara bhArata aneka rAjya-khaNDoM meM vibhAjita ho gayA tathA paraspara yuddha Arambha ho gaye, jinameM pUrva meM bihAra-baMgAla ke pAla, pazcima meM gujarAta-mAlavA ke pratihAra tathA dakSiNa meM mAnyakheTa ke rASTrakUTa pramukha the| ye tInoM hI kannauja para apanA adhikAra karanA cAhate the, para saphalatA prApta nahIM huI, kyoMki navIM zatAbdI meM bhoja aura usake vaMzajoM ne kannauja ko apane adhikAra meM le liyaa| ___ dasavIM zatAbdI meM bhI choTe-choTe rAjyoM kA ApasI saMgharSa vidyamAna thaa| ina rAjAoM meM vyaktigata svArtha paryApta mAtrA meM dikhAI detA thA jisakI rakSA ke lie ve videziyoM kI sahAyatA
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI 1 lene se nahIM cUkate the / inameM kSatriyocita vIratA tathA parAkrama kI bhAvanA to sadaiva hotI dikhAI detI thI, parantu rASTrIyatA kI bhAvanA kA sarvathA abhAva thA / gyArahavIM tathA bArahavIM zatAbdI meM uttarI bhArata kI zakti aura bhI adhika asta-vyasta ho gayI thI / yadyapi mAlavA kA rAjA bhoja apanI vIratA ke lie bhArata meM bahuta prasiddha hai tathA cedi rAjA karNa bhI usa samaya kA bahuta pratApI rAjA thA, tathApi gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke zurU meM mahamUda gajanavI kA AkramaNa huaa| usa samaya taka pratihAroM kI zakti bahuta kSINa ho cukI thI / ata: unake Adhipatya meM rahanevAle candela (kAlinjara), kalacurI (tripurI) aura cauhAna ( sAMbhara, ajamera ) svatantra ho gaye / ye svatantra to avazya ho gaye the, parantu inameM itanI bhI sAmarthya nahIM thI ki kisI bhI bAhya AkramaNa ko roka skeN| isI samaya uttara bhArata meM pAloM, gahar3avAroM, cAlukyoM, candeloM aura cauhAnoM ke atirikta gurjara, solaMkI tathA mAlavA ke paramAroM ne bhI apane-apane svatantra rAjya sthApita kara liye tathA isa bAta kA bharasaka prayatna karane lage ki ve cakravartI rAjA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita hoM aura anya sabhI rAjA unake cakravartitva ko svIkAra kara leN| yahI kAraNa thA ki usa samaya bhinnabhinna rAjyoM meM paraspara saMgharSa evam pratispardhA kA daura calatA rahatA thA / ye sabhI rAjA evam rAjya vyaktigata stara para paryApta zaktizAlI evam sudRr3ha the aura yadi inameM saMgaThana hotA to bhAratIya svatantratA akSuNNa hotI tathA anta meM unheM turkoM aura paThAnoM ke sAmane jhukanA nahIM par3atA / hAlAMki isI samaya ajamera ke cauhAnoM meM se bIsaladeva aura pRthvIrAja ne turkoM ko jhukAne kA bharapUra prayAsa karate hue bhAratIya asmitA ko banAye rakhane hetu adamya sAhasa kA paricaya diyA thaa| - 3 11-12 1 terahavIM zatAbdI taka pahu~cate-pahu~cate bhAratIya pratiSThA aura bhI malina ho gayI kyoMki taba taka hindU jAti, jAtigata saMkIrNatA ke kSetra meM vibhakta ho gaI thI / yahI bhArata kA durbhAgya thA ki itane parAkramI evam sAhasI rAjAoM ke hote hue bhI use samaya-samaya para durdinoM kA sAmanA karanA par3A aura yadi isa samaya bhAratIya rAjAoM meM rAjanItika cetanA vidyamAna hotI tathA ve sabhI apane Apako eka rASTra aura eka hI Arya dharma kA sadasya mAnate to ve saMgaThita rUpa se videzI prabhAvoM evam AkramaNoM kA mu~hator3a javAba de sakate the / isa samaya taka bhAratIya sabhyatA meM bhI pahale jaisI sajIvatA evam saprANatA kA abhAva-sA ho gayA thA anyathA zakoM aura hUNoM kI taraha turkoM ko bhI apanA banA letI / dhArmika AdhAra - rAjanItika sthiti ke Akalana ke uparAnta jJAta hotA hai ki apabhraMza kAla meM brAhmaNa, jaina aura bauddha dharma ke sAtha hI islAma dharma kA bhI pracAra ho gyaa| phalata: bauddha, jaina tathA brAhmaNa dharmAvalambiyoM kI bhA~ti islAma dharma ke racanAkAroM ne bhI apabhraMza meM racanA kii| ullekhanIya hai ki bauddha dharma harSavardhana ke rAjyakAla meM hI aisI avanatAvasthA ko prApta ho gayA thA ki usa samaya ke eka cInI yAtrI yuvAnacvAG ne sindha prAnta ke bauddhoM kI sthiti spaSTa karate hue kahA ki vahA~ ke bhikkhu bhikkhunI niThalle, karttavyavimukha aura patita ho gaye the| bauddha dharma sarvaprathama do vibhAgoM meM vibhakta huA - hInayAna aura mahAyAna / kucha samaya
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 bAda mahAyAna ke bhI aneka vibhAga ho gaye / mahAyAna AdhArita zUnyavAda tathA vijJAnavAda logoM ko adhika samaya taka prabhAvita nahIM kara ske| isameM mahAsukhavAda ke sammizraNa se vajrayAna kA AvirbhAva huaa| isameM alaga-alaga pravRtti ke logoM ke lie yoga, devapUjA, mantrasiddhi, viSayabhoga ityAdi sAdhana bhI alaga-alaga the| vajrayAna se hI sahajayAna kI utpatti huI jisane vajrayAna vibhinna pratIkoM kI apane DhaMga se vyAkhyA karate hue mahAmudrA, mantra sAdhanAdi bAhya sAdhanAoM kI apekSA yaugika tathA mAnasika zaktiyoM ke vikAsa para vizeSa jora diyaa| " yadyapi vajrayAna aura sahajayAna donoM kA lakSya eka hI thA - mahAsukha yA pUrNa Ananda kI prApti aura samarasa kI dazA kA hI dUsarA nAma sahaja thA' 14 tathApi donoM yAnoM meM se sahajayAna meM jIvana kA pariSkAra evam sudhAra kara mAnava ko sahaja svAbhAvika jIvana meM lAne kI bhAvanA thI, parantu zIghra hI yaha saba kAma svAbhAvika rUpa meM na hokara asvAbhavika rUpa meM hone lagA / pariNAmasvarUpa sahaja mArga zIghra hI tantra-mantra, bhUta-preta, jAdU-TonA, andhavizvAsa, DhoMga evam pAkhaNDa mArga kA Azrita ho gayA / ataH bauddha dharma kA prAbalya adhika samaya taka na raha skaa| nAlandA evam vikrama zilA ke vidhvaMsa ke sAtha hI prAya: vaha bhI dhvastAvasthA taka pahu~ca gayA tathA kucha samaya uparAnta bauddha dharma bhArata meM nAmamAtra ke lie hI zeSa raha gayA / 4 I jaina dharma meM bauddha dharma kI apekSA adhika saMyama thA / yahI kAraNa thA ki jaina dharma utanA patita kabhI nahIM huA jitanA bauddha dharma / jabaki jaina dharma kA prasAra bhI unhIM paristhitiyoM meM huA thA jinameM bauddha dharma kA udaya huA thA / tatkAlIna rASTrakUTa tathA gurjara solaMkI rAjAoM meM se kucha kA jaina dharma ke prati viziSTa anurAga thA / vizeSa zraddhA hone para bhI jaina dharma kI ahiMsAtmaka pravRtti unheM adhika prabhAvita na kara skii| bauddhoM kI taraha Arambha meM to jaina bhI jAtigata vidveSa se dUra the, parantu dhIre-dhIre paristhitivaza isa mahAmArI kI capeTa meM A gye| jaina vyApArI varga Arambha meM ahiMsA kA pujArI bhI rahA tathA saMkaTa kI ghar3iyoM meM zakoM aura yavanoM se yuddha karate hue unake dA~ta khaTTe kara apane kSatriya hone kA paricaya bhI diyA, parantu dhIredhIre apane kSatriyocita parAkrama aura sAhasa ko bhUla gyaa| yU~ to " apabhraMza sAhitya adhikAMza dhArmika AvaraNa se AvRta hai| mAlA ke tantu ke samAna saba prakAra kI racanAe~ dharmasUtra se grathita haiM / ' 115 'kAraNa bhI spaSTa hai ki apabhraMza sAhitya kI racanA evam surakSA jaise mahat kArya meM sabase adhika sahayoga bauddhoM aura jainoM kA rahA hai| "jainoM ne kevala saMskRta meM hI nahIM likhA, prAkRta meM bhI unake aneka grantha upalabdha hote haiN| jainoM meM vyApArI varga bhI thA, jinake lie paMDitoM kI bhASA kA jJAna na sarala thA na sambhava / unake lie aneka grantha deza bhASA meM apabhraMza meM likhe gye| jainAcAryoM ne apane dArzanika siddhAntoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie aneka grantha likhe / kintu dArzanika granthoM ke atirikta kAvya, nATaka, jyotiSa, Ayurveda, vyAkaraNa, koSa, alaMkAra, gaNita aura rAjanIti Adi viSayoM para bhI ina AcAryoM ne likhA / bauddhoM kI apekSA ve isa kSetra meM adhika udAra haiN| saMskRta - prAkRta ke atirikta apabhraMza, gujarAtI, hindI, rAjasthAnI, telagU, tamila aura vizeSarUpa se kannar3I sAhitya meM bhI unakA yoga adhika hai|" jainAcAryoM ne mahAkAvya,
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 5 khaNDakAvya, muktaka, nATaka, campU, gadyakAvya, kathAkoza ityAdi sabhI sAhityika aMgoM para AdhArita racanAe~ kiiN| isake atirikta hindU tathA bauddhAcAryoM kI taraha vizAla stotra-sAhitya bhI unhoMne likhaa| jainoM ne apane sAhitya meM rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata tathA prAcIna purANoM kI kathAoM ko viziSTa sthAna pradAna kiyA parantu inake sAhitya meM ukta granthoM kA rUpa parivartita ho gyaa| - dhIre-dhIre jaina dharma kA bhI vibhAjana ho gayA, jisake anusAra dakSiNa meM digambara aura gujarAta-rAjapUtAnA meM zvetAmbara sampradAya ko pradhAnatA milii| dakSiNa meM tamila cera, pAMDya aura cola rAjAoM ne jainoM se prabhAvita hokara unheM Azraya pradAna karate hue jaina guruoM ko dAna diyA tathA unake lie mandiroM, maThoM ityAdi kA bhI nirmANa karAyA, parantu dakSiNa meM zaiva dharma kA atyadhika prAbalya hone ke kAraNa jaina dharma ko Ahata hokara palAyana karanA pdd'aa| rAjapUta kSatriyoM kI talavAroM tathA vidyA ke lie prasiddha gujarAta aura rAjapUtAnA meM jaina dharma kA pracAraprasAra honA apane Apa meM Azcarya kI bAta hai / jJAtavya hai ki bhAratavarSa ko hiMsA aura ahiMsA samaya-samaya para prabhAvita karatI rahI hai| apabhraMza kAla meM puna: ahiMsA kI lahara AI aura sampUrNa bhAratavarSa ko prabhAvita kiyaa| isIlie gujarAta, mAlavA aura rAjapUtAnA meM usa samaya jaina dharma kA sitArA camakA, jisameM jainAcArya hemacandra jaise aneka AcAryoM kA viziSTa yogadAna thA / yadyapi uttara bhArata meM usa samaya vaiSNava dharma kA prabhAva thA aura jaina dharma uttara bhArata ke anya dezoM tathA baMgAla meM apanA prabhutva sthApita nahIM kara sakA, phira bhI aneka jaina vyApAriyoM ke ina pradezoM meM jAkara vyApAra karane ke kAraNa ahiMsA kA pracAra vaiSNava dharma ke sAtha sindhu nadI se lekara brahmaputra taka pahu~cAyA gayA / ahiMsA ke pracAra ke pariNAmasvarUpa pazu-pakSI - hatyA tathA mAMsa-bhakSaNa para bhI niyantraNa ho gyaa| cU~ki vaiSNava dharma meM jaina dharma kI bhA~ti japa-tapa-tyAga `kI kaThoratA nahIM thI, isalie janasAmAnya ne ise zIghra hI sahajatA ke sAtha grahaNa kara liyaa| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki gyArahavIM evam bArahavIM zatAbdI meM jaina dharma kI pazcimI bhArata meM, zaiva dharma kI dakSiNa meM tathA vaiSNava dharma kI vizeSarUpa se uttara aura pUrvI bhArata meM pradhAnatAM thii| jaina evam bauddha dharma kI hI taraha zaiva aura vaiSNava bhI alaga-alaga sampradAyoM meM vibhakta hokara bhinna-bhinna vyaktigata siddhAntoM, vicAroM evam dhAraNAoM meM vibhakta ho gaye / ataeva pArasparika bhedabhAva kI jar3eM bhI majabUta hone lagIM tathA sAmAjika ekatA naSTa-bhraSTa ho gaI aura "prAcIna vaidika dharma meM dhIre-dhIre parivartana hotA rahA / paramAtmA ke bhinna-bhinna nAmoM ko devatA mAnakara unakI pRthak pRthak upAsanA Arambha ho gaI thii| Izvara kI bhinna-bhinna zaktiyoM aura devatAoM kI patniyoM kI bhI pUjA hone lagI / brAhmI, mAhezvarI, kaumArI, vaiSNavI, bArAhI nArasiMhI aura aindrI ina sAta zaktiyoM ko mAtRkA kA nAma diyA gayA hai| kAlI, karAlI, cAmuNDA aura caNDI nAmaka bhayaMkara aura rudra zaktiyoM kI bhI kalpanA kI gii| AnandabhairavI, tripurasundarI aura lalitA Adi viSaya-vilAsa-paraka zaktiyoM kI bhI kalpanA kI gii| inake upAsaka zAkta, ziva aura tripurasundarI ke yoga se hI saMsAra kI utpatti mAnate the / ' 17
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 dhIre-dhIre vaidika jJAna kSINa hone lagA tathA yajJAdi kArya bhI manda par3a gaye aura zrAddha-tarpaNa ityAdi meM vRddhi huii| phalataH purANoM, paurANika devatAoM kI pUjA-arcanA, maTha-mandira nirmANa, vratoM-prAyazcittoM kA vidhAna Adi paurANika saMskAroM kA pracAra-prasAra hone lgaa| sAtavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM kumArila bhaTTa ne eka bAra phira se vaidika dharma kI pratiSThA meM vRddhi kA prayAsa kiyaa| itanA hI nahIM unhoMne bauddhoM ke dvArA pracArita-prasArita vairAgya-saMnyAsa kA virodha karate hue yajJAdi kriyAoM kA khulA samarthana kiyaa| AThavIM zatAbdI meM zaMkarAcAryajI ne inakI nAstikatA ko dUra karane kA prayAsa kiyA parantu apane vizvAsa kA AdhAra ahiMsA, jJAna-kANDa aura saMnyAsa dharma ko bnaayaa| unake isa siddhAnta se janatA adhika prabhAvita hii| ___ inakI avAntara zAkhAe~ bhI ho gaI thiiN| brAhmaNa, bauddha aura jaina meM yadyapi kabhI-kabhI saMgharSa bhI ho jAte the tathApi dhArmika asahiSNutA kA bhAva nahIM thaa| brAhmaNa dharma kI vibhinna zAkhAoM meM paraspara vibhinnatA hote hue bhI unameM ekatA thii| paMcAyatana pUjA isI ekatA kA pariNAma thaa| pratyeka vyakti apanI icchAnusAra kisI devatA kI pUjA kara sakatA thaa| sabhI devatA Izvara kI bhinna-bhinna zaktiyoM ke pratinidhi the| kannauja ke pratihAra rAjAoM meM yadi eka vaiSNava thA, to dUsarA parama zaiva, tIsarA bhagavatI kA upAsaka, cauthA parama aadity-bhkt| 18 bArahavIM zatAbdI taka devI-devatAoM kI mUrtiyoM kI pUjA-arcanA alaga-alaga bhAvanAoM para AdhArita mUrta pratIkoM ke rUpa meM kI jAtI thI, parantu kucha samaya uparAnta isa mUrti pUjA ne janasAmAnya ke bIca rUpa dhAraNa karanA zurU kara diyaa| terahavIM zatAbdI meM musalamAnoM kI dharmAndhatA evama kaTaTarapana itanA baDhA ki unhoMne martiyoM evama mandiroM ko toDanA Arambha kara diyaa| phalataH mUrti pUjA evam mUrtiyoM kI surakSA kI bhAvanA majabUta hotI gaI tathA zatI ke anta taka loga mUrti aura mUrti-pUjA ko hI sarvasva mAnane lge| mUrti-pUjA kA mahattva bar3hate-bar3hate isameM ADambara, kutsA, adharma evam karmakANDoM ke jaMjAla ne apanA sthAna banA liyaa| pariNAmasvarUpa dharma kA Antarika rUpa lupta ho gayA aura mAtra bAhya rUpa kI pradhAnatA ho gii| paurANika dharma ke isa arthahIna svarUpa ko svIkAra karanA sabake lie sambhava na thaa| isa pravRtti ke viruddha deza meM eka nayI lahara AI jisake pravartaka mukhyataH santa loga the|"apbhrNsh ne usa saMkrAnti yuga meM loka-jIvana ko apanAkara jo yugAntakArI kArya kiyA, hindI ne usI ko apane DhaMga se bahuta bar3e paimAne para saMta bhakti kAvya ke dvArA Age bddh'aayaa| usa yuga meM loka-jIvana ne apabhraMza ke mAdhyama se apanI jina bhAvanAoM ko vyakta kiyA ve kAlAntara meM aura bhI prabala huIM tathA gauravazAlI prAcIna bhAva-saMpadA kA sahArA pAkara saMta bhakti Andolana ke rUpa meM prakaTa hiiN|" saMta kaviyoM ne punaH dharma ke isa karmakANDaparaka bAhya rUpa ke sthAna para bhakti-bhAva-sampanna Antarika rUpa ko pratiSThita kiyaa| isa prakAra ina saMta kaviyoM ne bhakti ke mArga meM AnevA jAti-sampradAyagata saMkIrNa mAnasikatA ko samAptakara dharma-mArga ko prazasta kiyaa| sAmAjika AdhAra - usa samaya samAja meM jAti evam sampradAya ke AdhAra para bhedabhAva kI bhAvanA sarvatra dikhAI detI thii| pratyeka varga aneka jAtiyoM evam upajAtiyoM meM ba~Ta gayA thA aura
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 dhIre-dhIre isa bhedabhAva meM itanI vRddhi huI ki sabhI jAtiyA~ nitAnta akelI tathA zithila par3ane lgiiN| isI kA pariNAma thA ki muslima AkrAntAoM kA mukAbalA saphalatApUrvaka nahIM kara skiiN| yadyapi pratyeka varNa mukhyarUpa se smRti pratipAdita dharma kA hI anuSThAna karatA thA, tathApi eka varNa dUsare varNa ke peze meM bhI pravRtta ho rahA thaa| jaise brAhmaNa apane pANDityapUrNa kAryoM ke atirikta anya vargoM ke pezoM ko bhI svIkAra karane lage the| kSatriya apane kSAtra karttavya ke sAthasAtha zAstra-cintana evam vyApAra ityAdi meM bhI saMlagna the| ata: aneka rAjapUta zAsakoM ne apane bala-parAkrama ke atirikta vidyA tathA pANDitya meM bhI pUrNa pratiSThA prApta kii| itanA hI nahIM apabhraMzakAlIna aneka rAjAoM ne zastra evam zAstra ina donoM hI vidyAoM meM samAna pratibhA kA pradarzana karate hue apanI siddhahastatA ko svarNAkSaroM meM aMkita karA diyaa| bhoja ko paNDitoM ke AzrayadAtA ke rUpa meM hI nahIM jAnA jAtA hai, apitu eka vidvAna evam paNDita ke rUpa meM unakI amiTa pahacAna hai| pramANa ke lie unakA 'sarasvatI-kaSThAbharaNa' alaMkArazAstra ke lie, 'rAjamArtaNDa' yoga ke lie tathA rAjamagAMkakaraNa' jyotiSa ke lie prasiddha grantha haiM / govindacandra, ballAlasena, lakSmaNasena, vigraharAja caturtha tathA rAjendra cola ityAdi rAjAoM ne bhI mahArAja bhoja kI hI taraha apanI pratibhA evam pANDitya hetu prasiddhi prApta kii| tatkAlIna samAja ke rUpa ko aura adhika spaSTa karate hue sI.vI. vaidya ne likhA hai ki "kRSikarma prArambha meM vaizyoM kA hI kArya thA, kintu anake vaizya bauddha aura jaina dharma ke prabhAva ke kAraNa isa karma ko hiMsA-yukta aura pApamaya samajhakara chor3a baiThe the| yaha karma bhI zUdroM ko karanA pdd'aa| kintu 9vIM-10vIM zatAbdI meM kRSi-karma kA vidhAna brAhmaNoM aura kSatriyoM ke lie bhI hone laga gayA thaa| kintu khAna-pAna, chuAchUta, antarajAtIya vivAha Adi kI prathAoM meM dhIre-dhIre kaTTaratA Ane lagI aura bhedabhAva bar3hatA gayA, bAla-vivAha vizeSakara kanyAoM kA bAlyAvasthA meM vivAha bhI prArambha ho gyaa|10 niSkarSataH sadAcAra kI dRSTi se samAja unnata na thaa| rAjAoM kA jIvana vilAsamaya thaa| bahapatnI vivAha kI prathA pracalita thii| aneka apabhraMza grantha siddha karate haiM ki aizvaryAbhibhata rAjAoM kA adhikAMza samaya aneka rAniyoM, upapatniyoM ke sAtha antaHpura meM yA krIr3odyAna meM vyatIta hotA thaa| strI ke viSaya meM samAja kI dhAraNA acchI na thI, use bhoga-vilAsa kA sAdhana samajhA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta rUr3hiyA~ aura andhavizvAsa bhI paryApta mAtrA meM vidyamAna the| svapna-jJAna aura zakuna-jJAna meM bhI loga vizvAsa karate the tathA tantra-mantra meM bhI logoM meM AsthA dikhAI detI thii| alaukika evam divya ghaTanAoM meM bhI loga vizvAsa karate the| caudahavIM-pandrahavIM zatAbdI taka tatkAlIna rAjanItika jIvana ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIyoM kA sAmAjika jIvana bhI jIrNa-zIrNa evam zithila-sA ho gayA thaa| sAmAjika DhA~ce meM zithilatA avazya A gaI thI, para bAhya prabhAvoM ke prati nirbhIkatA kA bhAva tathA sattA ko surakSita evam sthira banAye rakhane kI kSamatA aba bhI vidyamAna thii| ullekhanIya hai ki apabhraMza kAla meM hindU samAja ne AkrAntAoM kA barAbara mukAbalA kiyA aura videzI sabhyatA evam saMskRti kA bhI
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 sAmanA kiyaa| ataH bhAratIya samAja Akasmika paristhitiyoM ke vazIbhUta hokara samaya-samaya para kamajora-sA avazya dikhAI diyA hai, para hara bAra usane apanI asmitA ko surakSita rakhane kA bharapUra prayAsa bhI kiyA hai| sAhityika AdhAra - "apabhraMza bhASA kA sAhitya IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt Arambha hotA hai| isa samaya apabhraMza bhASA bhAratavarSa ke adhikAMza pradezoM meM pracalita thii| gaurIzaMkara ojhA ke matAnusAra apabhraMza kA pracAra gujarAta, surASTra, mAravAr3a (travaNa) dakSiNa paMjAba, rAjapUtAnA, avanti aura mAlavA (mandasaura) meM vizeSa rUpa se thaa|"11 guptakAla meM kalA sAhitya evam jJAna unnati ke zikhara para ArUr3ha the arthAt isa samaya kalA evam sAhitya ne paryApta pragati kii| jyotiSa, gaNita, darzana tathA kAvya sAhitya Adi sabhI kSetroM meM bhAratIyoM ne unnati karate hue gupta-yuga kI pratiSThA meM vRddhi kI aura unnati kA yaha krama agalI eka-do zatAbdiyoM taka prabhAva meM rhaa| guptakAla meM nAlandA aura vikramazilA ke vihAra jJAnavijJAna ke prasiddha evam utkRSTa kendra the| vaidika evam paurANika zikSA kA prasiddha aura pramukha kendra kannauja thaa| kAlAntara meM jJAna-vijJAna ke mArga para satata pravAhita isa jJAna-gaMgA kA pravAha manda par3a gayA arthAt jJAna kI rAha meM rukAvaTeM utpanna hone lgiiN| alaMkAroM kI adhikatA ne pUrva kAvyagata svAbhAvikatA evam oja kI dhArA ko dhuMdhalA kara diyA tathA bhASyoM evam TIkATippaNiyoM ke bojha se kAvyoM meM maulikatA kA abhAva-sA dikhAI dene lgaa| "chaThI se bArahavIMterahavIM zatAbdI taka apabhraMza bhASA ne rAjanaitika aura sAMskRtika saMbala pAkara sAhitya-racanA kI pramukha bhASA ke rUpa meM jo gaurava prApta kiyA vaha kaI kSetrIya bhASAoM ke pRthak vikAsa kA bhI kAraNa bnaa| samasta apabhraMza kSetra meM sAhitya kI pariniSThita bhASA ke samAnAntara sthAnIya boliyoM kA mahattva bhI baDhatA jA rahA thaa| apabhraMza ne saMskRta se vidroha karake pariniSThita hone kA jo vyAkaraNika mArga apanAyA thA usase usakA prayoga janasamparka meM adhika upayogI nahIM raha gayA thaa| phalata: baMgalA, gujarAtI, marAThI aura madhya deza meM 'bhASA' nAma se aneka jana-bhASArUpa ubharate cale ge| 12 ___ gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatAbdI meM kAzmIra aura kAzI hI nahIM baMgAla meM nadiyA, dakSiNa bhArata meM taMjora tathA mahArASTa meM kalyANa bhI jJAna ke kendroM ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho gae the| kannauja tathA ujjaina bhI pUrvavat vidyA-kendra bane rahe / jJAna ke kSetra meM jyotiSa, vaidyaka, saMgIta, alaMkArazAstra, darzana, dharmazAstra, nyAya tathA vyAkaraNa Adi viSayoM kI pradhAnatA thii| ata: guptakAla kI taraha isa samayAvadhi meM bhI kAvya prakAza, siddhAntaziromaNi, naiSadhIyacarita, gItagovinda tathA rAjataraMgiNI jaise mahAna evam prasiddha grantha bhAratIyoM ke mastiSka evam pratibhA ke jvalanta udAharaNa banakara prastuta hue| ina granthoM kI jJAnagaMgA meM avagAhana karane ke uparAnta sahaja hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhAratIya pratibhA ne isa yuga ko bhI kuNThita nahIM hone diyaa|
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 "apabhraMza sAhitya kA sampUrNa bhAratIya sAhitya meM bahuta aitihAsika mahattva hai / yadyapi jisa vyApakatA aura vizAlatA ke sAtha isakA Arambha huA vaha anta taka na rahI; balki paravartI sAhitya ke viSaya aura zailI meM eka prakAra kI jar3atA dikhAI par3atI hai| phira bhI samagra rUpa meM yaha sAhitya usa yuga ke jAtIya navonmeza kA pratinidhi hokara Upara utthaa| apabhraMza kI pratyagratA kA ThIka-ThIka anubhava paravartI saMskRta sAhitya kI hrAsonmukha pravRttiyoM ke paripArzva meM hI ho sakatA hai| apabhraMzakAlIna saMskRta sAhitya, usa nAgara samAja kI saiMdhI huI vicAradhArA ko pratibiMbita karatA hai jo apanA aitihAsika kArya samApta kara cukane para sAmAjika vikAsa meM bAdhaka ho rahA thaa| isa jar3atA se tatkAlIna saMskRta sAhitya bhI grasta dikhAI par3atA hai| 13 ataH bhASA kI dRSTi se yadyapi saMskRta taba taka utanI pracalana meM na rahI thI, tathApi janasAmAnya ke sane apane gaurava evam mAna ko pUrvavat banAye rakhA thaa| lambe samaya taka saMskRta bhASA meM granthoM kA praNayana isa bAta kA sAkSI hai| brAhmaNoM ke atirikta jainAcAryoM ne bhI apane matoM evam siddhAntoM ke pracAra-prasAra tathA apane tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti hetu saMskRta bhASA ko bhI mAdhyama bnaayaa| saMskRta ke sAtha-sAtha usa samaya prAkRta bhASA bhI vyavahAra meM thI tathA apabhraMza granthoM kI bhI racanA pragati para thii| baMgAla meM 84 siddhoM ne apabhraMza meM racanAe~ likhakara apabhraMza sAhitya ko pallavita evama paSpita kiyA tathA pAlavaMzI bauddhoM ne lokabhASA ko protsAhana diyaa| rASTrakUTa rAjAoM ke Azraya meM svayaMbhU evam puSpadanta jaise apabhraMza bhASA ke krAntidarzI kaviyoM ne prasiddha granthoM kI racanA karake apabhraMza sAhitya kI zrIvaddhi kI tathA use paryApta samaddha bhI kiyaa| maMja aura bhoja ko prAkRta bhASA se hI nahIM apabhraMza ke prati bhI viziSTa anurAga thaa| ina sabhI kaviyoM ne saMskRta kaviyoM evam unake sAhitya kA gahana adhyayana kiyA thaa| sAkSya ke lie puSpadanta meM bANa kI zleSa zailI ko spaSTa rUpa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| apabhraMza ke prasiddha kavi svayaMbhU ne bhI saMskRta ke prAcIna kaviyoM evam sAhitya ke prati apanA hArdika AbhAra vyakta kiyA hai, tathApi ina apabhraMza kaviyoM ko tatkAlIna rAjavarga se vaisA protsAhana kadApi na mila sakA jaisA saMskRta kaviyoM ko prApta haA thaa| rAjA logoM kA abhI taka saMskRta aura prAkata kI ora hI jhukAva banA huA thA athavA yoM kaheM ki aba bhI unheM saMskRta-prAkRta sAhitya hI adhika AkRSTa kara rahA thaa| caudahavIM zatAbdI meM bhI bhAnudatta jaise prasiddha AlaMkArika hue jinhoMne 'gItagaurIpati' nAmaka prasiddha grantha kI racanA kii| tatpazcAt 'nalAbhyudaya' kArtavIryavijaya jaise prasiddha saMskRta kAvyagrantha solahavIM-satrahavIM zatAbdI taka likhe jAte rahe / apabhraMza sAhitya kI racanA-paramparA bhI satrahavIM zatAbdI taka calatI rhii| ullekhanIya hai ki caudahavIM-pandrahavIM zatAbdI meM hI sAhityaka racanAe~ prAdezika bhASA-sAhitya se prabhAvita hone lagI thIM. kyoMki isa samaya taka prAdezika bhASAe~ bhI sAhityika kSetra meM avatarita ho cukI thIM tathA sAhitya meM apanA prabhutva sthApita karane kA prayatna karane lagI thiiN|
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________________ 10 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 niSkarSataH uparyukta vivecana evam vizleSaNa se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki apabhraMza sAhitya kA pRSThAdhAra bahuAyAmI hai| isake adhyayana evam vizleSaNa se naye-naye tathyoM ke udghATana ke sAtha-sAtha sAhitya tathA saMskRti kI kaI parateM bhI khulatI jAtI haiM / gaharAI meM baiThakara dekhane para A~kha khola denevAlI chaviyA~ aura amUlya nidhiyA~ bhI upalabdha hoNgii| 1. DaoN. nAmavara siMha, hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yoga, pR. 179, loka bhAratI prakAzana, ilaahaabaad| 2. apabhraMza kAvyatrayI kI saMskRta bhUmikA se uddhRt| 3. jayacaMda vidyAlaMkAra, itihAsa praveza, pR. 178, sarasvatI prakAzana mandira, ilaahaabaad| 4. DaoN. rameza majUmadAra, hisTrI oNpha beMgAla, bhAga-1, pR. 420-421 / 5. harivaMza kochar3a, apabhraMza sAhitya, pR. 46, bhAratI sAhitya mandira, phvvaaraa-dillii| 6. hajArIprasAda dvivedI, hindI sAhitya kI bhUmikA, pR. 224 / . 7. gaurIzaMkara ojhA, madhyakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti, pR. 27, hindustAnI ekeDemI, prayAga san 19281 8. vahI, pR. 371 9. DaoN. nAmavara siMha, hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yoga, pR. 289, loka bhAratI prakAzana ilaahaabaad| 10. sI.vI. vaidya, hisTrI oNpha miDIvala hindU iNDiyA, bhAga-2, pR.183, oriyanTala buka saplAiMga ejensI, pUnA, san 1924 / 11. DaoN. rAmagopAla zarmA 'dineza', apabhraMza bhASA kA vyAkaraNa aura sAhitya, pR. 71, rAjasthAna hindI grantha akAdamI, jypur| 12. vahI, pR. 211 13. DaoN. nAmavara siMha, hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yoga, pR. 240, lokabhAratI prakAzana, ilaahaabaad| pravaktA-hindI vibhAga khannA bilDiMga ke pIche, zugara phaikTrI galI, ma. na. 333, subhASa nagara, barelI (yU. pI.)
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 1999, akTUbara akTUbara - 2000 11 apabhraMza kA cariu kAvya aura usakI paramparA * vidyAvAridhi DaoN. mahendrasAgara pracaMDiyA hindI kA pUrva aura apUrva rUpa apabhraMza hai / isameM praNIta sAhitya Aja pracura parimANa meM upalabdha hai| apabhraMza meM mahAkAvya, prabandhakAvya, khaNDakAvya, muktakakAvya, rUpakakAvya, kathA aura kathAnaka ke vividha rUpa tathA anya ananya loka aura laikika kAvya rUpoM meM kAvya kI sarjanA huI hai| kAvya ke atirikta apabhraMza meM gadya sAhitya bhI racA gayA hai|' apabhraMza ke khaNDa kAvyoM meM 'cariu' kAvyarUpa kA prayoga aura pracalana pracura parimANa meM huA hai| yahA~ 'apabhraMza kA cariu kAvya aura usakI paramparA' viSayaka saMkSipta carcA karanA vastutaH hamArA mUla abhipreta hai| rasAtmaka vAkya ko kAvya kahA gayA hai| zreSTha kAvya usake pAThaka tathA zrotA ke mana aura mAnasa ko chUtA hai / use par3ha tathA sunakara AhlAdita honA hotA hai| kAvyAbhivyakti pahale-pahala phUTakara jo rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai vahI rUpa kAlAntara meM kAvya rUpa bana jAtA hai| kAvya kI abhivyakti ke aneka rUpa banate aura vikAsa ko prApta hote haiM / cariu eka sazakta kAvya rUpa hai| cariu kA mUla udgama apabhraMza ke Arambha se huA hai| kisI paurANika puruSa tathA dhArmika mahApuruSa kA jIvanavRtta aura vRtti vaiziSTya kA kathAtmaka zailI meM racA gayA carita vastutaH caritakAvya hai / carita athavA caritra kA apabhraMzarUpa 'cariu ,
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________________ 12 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 kahalAtA hai| carita zabda kA sAmAnya artha aura abhiprAya hai - rahana-sahana, AcaraNa, kisI jIvana kI vizeSa ghaTanAoM aura kAryoM Adi kA varNana krnaa| cariu-kAvya meM prabaMdha aura purANa kAvya- rUpoM kA saMkara rUpa sammilita hai| carita kAvya-rUpa ke nirdhAraNa meM apabhraMza vAGmaya ke dhArmika cariu kAvyoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| bhAva-pakSa aura kalA-pakSa milakara kisI bhI kAvya ke rUpa ko svarUpa pradAna karate haiN| kAvya ke bhAvapakSa meM kathA aura kathAnaka, prakRti-citraNa kA vaividhya tathA rasa-nirUpaNa kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai| cariu-kAvya meM bhAvapakSa kI dRSTi se eka suvyavasthita kathA aura kathAnaka hotA hai jisameM kisI mahApuruSa athavA tIrthaMkara ke jIvana-caritra ko vyakta kiyA jAtA hai| kathAvarNana meM nAyaka-nAyikA se sambandhita nAnA prasaMgoM meM prakRti ke vividha rUpa aura raMga citrita hue haiM, jinameM prakRti kA AlambanakArI citraNa, vizeSakara parigaNana kI zailI ke mAdhyama se prakRti kA prayoga huA hai| nAyaka aura nAyikA kI viraha-vyathA ko uddIpta karane ke lie prakRti kA uddIpanakArI varNana bhI cariu-kAvyoM meM yatra-tatra bana par3A hai| bhAva aura bhAvAbhivyakti ko prabhAvaka banAne tathA abhivyakti meM sarasatA kA saMcAra karane ke lie prakRti kA AlaMkArika prakRti citraNa bhI cariu-kAvyoM kI apanI vizeSatA hai| carita-kAvyoM kI racanA mUlataH paurANika rahI hai| ye kAvya romAMTika zailI meM race gaye haiN| purANa nAmaka saMjJA meM kucheka carita-kAvya upalabdha haiN| rUpa aura svarUpa kI dRSTi se ina purANa aura cariu kAvyoM meM koI bheda nahIM hai| purANa aura paurANika kAvyoM meM kathA kA vistAra vyApaka hotA hai, isIliye ina kAvyoM meM saMdhi-saMkhyA pacAsa se lekara savA sau taka ho sakatI hai kintu carita tathA cariu kAvyoM meM viSaya-vistAra apekSAkRta maryAdita hotA hai, isIliye ina kAvyoM meM saMdhi-saMkhyA prAyaH adhika nahIM hotii| carita-kAvyoM kI vizeSatAoM kA mukhya AdhAra unake kathAvRtta para nirbhara karatA hai / cariu kAvyoM meM nAyaka ke caritra kA varNana aitihAsika aura paurANika DhaMga se kiyA jAtA hai| aise kathAvRttoM ke prArambha usake pUrvaja mAtA-pitA tathA vaMza Adi ke ullekha ke sAtha hotA hai| jabaki paurANika paddhati meM usake pUrvaja mAtA-pitA tathA vaMza Adi ke pUrva bhava-bhavAntaroM ke vRttAnta para nirbhara karatA hai| aise cariu kAvyoM ke nAyakoM ke janma se lekara mRtyu-paryanta aneka bhavoM kI kathA kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai| __ nAyaka aura nAyikA ke prema kA prArambha citra aura svapna-darzana tathA unake guNoM kI prazaMsA aura anuzaMsA sunakara hotA hai| nAyaka-nAyikA ke vaivAhika saMskAra meM dIkSita hone meM aneka vighna-bAdhAoM kA utpanna honA ina kAvyoM kA pramukha lakSaNa hai| ullekhanIya bAta yaha hai ki nAyaka aura nAyikA ke saMkaTa aura saMgharSakAla meM vidyAdhara, yakSa, gaMdharva tathA anya aneka devazaktiyA~ sahAyatA karatI haiN| ina jIvaMta kintu pratikUla ghAta-pratighAtoM se jUjhane ke uparAnta nAyaka aura nAyikA kA madhura milana karA diyA jAtA hai| aise prasaMgoM meM nAyakagata prema, vairAgya,
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________________ 13 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 dhArmika tathA vIratA Adi guNoM kA samanvaya mukhara ho uThA hai| cariu-kAvyoM kA samApana nAyaka athavA nAyikA kA kisI muni, AcArya kI preraNA pAkara vairAgyamukhI hotA hai, jisameM kalyANakArI upadezoM tathA saMsAra kI nissAratA ko ujAgarakara AtmamukhI hone kI preraNA prApta hotI hai| isa prakAra carita kAvyoM kA Arambha jAgatika jIvana se prArambha hotA hai| jaga-jIvana ke nAnA prasaMgoM ko lekara kavi jIvaMta ghAta-pratighAtoM ko AkarSaka zailI meM prastuta karatA hai / nAyaka ke uddezya pUrti meM AnevAle vividha vighna-bAdhAoM kA prasaMga kathA meM rocakatA aura kautUhala ko janma detA hai / aise saMdarbho meM kAvyAbhivyakti meM zRMgAra, karuNa, vIra Adi nAnA rasoM ke AsvAda anubhUta hote haiM kintu kAvya kA samApana jAgatika jIvana kI nissAratA ko siddha kara detA hai aura kAvya ke nAyaka antatogatvA jina-dIkSA grahaNakara apanA zeSa jIvana puruSArtha catuSTaya kA antima puruSArtha arthAt mokSa prAptyartha tapa aura saMyama-sAdhanA meM pravRtta hotA hai / isa prakAra cariu kAvyoM kA avasAna zAntarasa pradhAna hotA hai| . bhAvapakSa ke anarUpa ina kAvyoM kA kalApakSa utkRSTatA ko prApta hai| bhAvAnarUpa bhASA, saTIka prayoga sarvathA statya rahA hai| apabhraMza bhASA ke vyAkaraNika lakSaNoM aura gaNoM ke sAtha cariu kAvyoM meM sUktiyoM ke prayoga se abhivyaJjanAparaka prabhAvanA mukhara ho uThI hai| bhASA kA abhinna aMga hai - lokokti aura muhAvarA / lokokti aura muhAvare loka-jIvana meM pracalita ve sikke haiM jinakA mUlya kabhI kama nahIM hotaa| kahAvata aura lokokti meM prakArabheda to nahIM hotA hai, parantu stara-bheda avazya pAyA jAtA hai| kahAvata vastutaH ukti hai, para loka se sambandhita hone ke kAraNa vaha lokokti kahI jAtI hai|' 'muhAvarA' bhASA ke prANa hote haiM / cariu-kAvyoM meM lokokti aura kahAvatoM kA sajIva aura svAbhAvika prayoga huA hai| isI prakAra ina kAvyoM meM muhAvarAgata bhAvoM, vicAroM, dazAoM, kriyAoM tathA ceSTAoM Adi ke camatkArika lakSaNoM kA prayoga pratipAdita hai| muhAvare kAvya meM utkarSa utpanna karane meM apanA mahattva rakhate haiN| chanda kAvya-kalA kA pramukha aMga hai| chanda kAvya kI naisargika AvazyakatA hai| chanda aura bhAva kA pragADha sambandha hai| bhAvoM ke vyavahAra-vinimaya meM chanda-zakti kA yogadAna ullekhanIya hai| cariu-kAvya meM chandoM kA prayoga prabhAvanApUrvaka huA hai / yadyapi varNika aura mAtrika donoM prakAra ke chanda cariu kAvya meM vyavahata haiM tathApi mAtrika chandoM kI pradhAnatA hai| kar3avaka zailI kA prayoga cariu-kAvya kI anyatama vizeSatA hai| kAvyakalA meM alaMkAroM kI bhUmikA atyanta mahattvamayI hai / zabda tathA artha meM sauSThava tathA zobhAvarddhana kI dRSTi meM zabdAlaMkAra aura arthAlaMkAra do mukhya bheda kiye gaye haiM / jahA~ kAvya meM zAbdika saundarya aura artha vaiziSTya eka sAtha utpanna huA ho, vahA~ ubhayAlaMkAra kA rUpa sthira hotA hai| cariu kAvyoM meM zabdAlaMkAroM aura arthAlaMkAroM ke kAvyAbhivyakti meM lAlitya utpanna karane ke byAja se sahaja prayoga bana par3e haiN|
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________________ 14 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 uparyaMkita vAGmaya meM cariu-kAvya kA kAvyazAstrIya vaiziSTya aura lokapriyatA kI dRSTi se ullekhanIya avadAna hai| apabhraMza meM AThavIM zatAbdI se yaha kAvya rUpa kaviyoM ke kaNTha kA hAra banA rhaa| yahA~ isa 'kAvya rUpa' kI paramparA viSayaka saMkSipta carcA karanA asaMgata na hogaa| ___ apabhraMza cariu-kAvyoM kI eka sudIrgha paramparA rahI hai / apabhraMza ke caturbhuja AThavIM zatI ke kavi mAne jAte haiN| inake dvArA racita do kAvya-kRtiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| eka kati kA nAma hai - 'paMcamI criu'| yaha kRti anupalabdha hai| apabhraMza ke sazakta aura rasasiddha kaviyoM meM mahAkavi svayaMbhU kA sthAna mahattvapUrNa hai| svayaMbhUkRta 'paumacariu' upalabdha cariu-kAvyoM kI paramparA meM pahala karatA hai| yaha vastutaH mahAkAvya zailI meM praNIta eka bRhad kAvya kRti hai jo 90 saMdhiyoM meM vibhakta bAraha hajAra chandoM meM pUrNa huA hai| isa mahAkAvyAtmaka cariu kAvya meM padma arthAt rAma kA jIvanavRtta zabdAyita hai / yaha vastuta: jaina rAmAyaNa hai / kavi ne isake atirikta riTThanemicariu ko bhI racA hai jisameM jaina dharma ke 22veM tIrthaMkara neminAtha, zrIkRSNa aura yAdavoM kI kathA vyakta hai| kavi kA paMcamIcariu kAvya paddar3iyA chanda meM praNIta hai jisameM nAgakumAra kI kathA abhivyakta hai| puSpadanta dazavIM zatI ke pratibhAsampanna mahAkavi the| Apake dvArA praNIta 'NAyakumAracariu', tathA 'jasaharacariu' kAvya ullekhanIya haiN| NAyakumAracariu kAvya meM nAgakumAra kA jIvana abhivyakta hai| yaha kAvya 1 saMdhiyoM meM vibhakta hai| kavi kA jasaharacariu eka utkRSTa khaNDa kAvya hai jisameM yazodhara kA caritra cAra saMdhiyoM meM carcita hai|" gyArahavIM zatI ke sazakta kavivara vIra dvArA praNIta 'jaMbusAmicariu' meM jambU svAmI kA vRttAnta gyAraha saMdhiyoM meM zabdAyita hai| isa kAvya meM kAvya zAstrIya lakSaNoM kA samAveza huA hai|18 bArahavIM zatAbdI ke yazasvI kavi zrIdhara prathama dvArA praNIta do cariu kAvya graMtha - 'pAsaNAha' tathA 'baDDhamANa cariu' upalabdha haiN| ina kAvyoM meM paurANika kathA ke sabhI tattva vidyamAna haiN| zrIdhara dvitIya dvArA racita bhavisayatta cariu chaha paricchedoM meM 1530 chandoM meM gumphita sazakta racanA hai / yaha kAvya kRti kar3avaka zailI meM paddhar3iyA chanda-baddha hai| isI zreNI meM zrIdhara tRtIya dvArA racita sukumAla cariu ke 224 kar3avakoM meM sukumAla ke pUrvabhavoM ke sAtha vartamAna jIvana kA sundara citraNa kiyA gayA hai| bArahavIM zatI ke kavivara devasena dvArA praNIta 'suloyaNAcariu' eka vRhad 28 saMdhiyoM meM gumphita kAvya hai| isa cariukAvya meM bharata cakravartI ke pradhAna senApati jayakumAra kI patnI salocanA kA jIvanavatta vividha chandoM meM varNita hai| mAdharya, prasAda aura oja gaNoM se sampanna yaha kAvya apabhraMza kA mahAkAvya-sarIkhA hai| munivara kanakAmara praNIta karakaMDacariu apabhraMza ke sAhitya zAstra se anumodita eka sarasa cariukAvya hai, jisameM mahArAjA karakaNDu kI kathA daza saMdhiyoM meM vyaJjita hai| kavi ne vibhinna prakAra ke chanda aura alaMkAroM kI yojanA dvArA isa kAvya ko sarasa aura prabhAvaka banAyA hai| kavivara devacandra kI ekamAtra racanA 'pAsaNAhacariu'
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________________ 15 apabhraMza bhAratI 11-12 upalabdha hai jisameM bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke pUrva aura vartamAna bhava kI kathA prabhAvapUrNa zailI meM prastuta kI gaI hai| 23 1 terahavIM zatI ke apabhraMza ke siddha kavi amarakIrti gaNi kA nAma mahattvapUrNa hai| Apake dvArA praNIta 'miNAhacariu' arthAt neminAthacarita, 'mahAvIracariu' arthAt mahAvIracarita tathA 'jasaharacariu' arthAt yazodharacarita sAhityika kAvya kRtiyA~ haiN| isI zatI ke kavivara dAmodara dvArA praNIta 'miNAhacariu ' ullekhanIya racanA hai| isa cariu - kAvya meM 22veM tIrthaMkara neminAtha kI kathA abhivyakta hai| yaha eka artha pradhAna khaNDakAvya hai / 24 caudahavIM zatI ke lakSmaNadeva kRta 'NemiNAhacariu' cAra saMdhiyoM/paricchedoM meM 83 kaDavaka zailI meM nibaddha kAvya kRti hai / isa cariu - kAvya meM zrAvaka aura zramaNa AcAra-vicAra kA sundara pratipAdana huA hai 25 isa zatI ke sazakta kavi raidhU apabhraMza ke mahAkavi haiN| Apane choTIbar3I saiMtIsa kAvya kRtiyoM kI sarjanA kI hai jinameM 'mehesaracariu', 'NemiNAhacariu', 'pAsaNAhacariu', 'sammaijiNacariu', tisaTThi mahApurisacariu, balahaddacariu, jasaharacariu, sukkosalacariu, suMdasaNacariu ullekhanIya cariu - kAvya haiN|26 ina sabhI cariu - kAvyoM meM pUrva carcita kathAvRtta haiM jo kavi ne apanI kAvya-pratibhA se anUThI abhivyaJjanA kI hai| kavivara dhanapAla dvitIya viracita 'kAmacariu' eka abhinava cariu - kAvya hai / isa meM prathama kAmadeva bAhubalI kI kathA 18 saMdhiyoM meM nibaddha hai / isIliye isa racanA ko 'bAhubalIcariu' bhI kahA jAtA hai / yaha kAvya sAhitya zAstra tathA kAvya saundarya se samalaMkRta hai| isI dhArA ke anyatama kavi haricanda dvArA racita 'baDDhamANacariu' kAvya kA ullekha milatA hai| isI kAvya kA apara nAma 'seNiyacariu' bhI milatA hai| isa kAvya meM bhagavAna varddhamAna aura zreNika kI jIvana-gAthA aMkita hai| zreNika tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke prathama zrotA the| kavivara harideva kI ekamAtra carcita racanA 'mayaNaparAjayacariu' do paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai jisameM kramaza: 37 aura 81 arthAt kula 118 kar3avaka haiN| yaha racanA vastuta: eka rUpaka khaNDakAvya hai jisameM kavi ne saiddhAntika viSayoM kI carcA kI hai| 27 solahavIM zatI ke apabhraMza bhASA ke sazakta kavi haiM - tejapAla ! Apane saMbhavaNAha aura varaMga nAmaka cariu - kAvyoM kA bhI praNayana kiyaa| isameM sambhavanAtha kA jIvana-caritra paurANika paddhati para abhivyakta hai / dUsare cariu - kAvya meM varAMga kA jIvana vyaJjita hai / kavivara mahIndu isa kAla ke sazakta cariu - kAvya ke praNetA haiN| 'saMtiNAhacariu' kAvya meM tIrthaMkara zAntinAtha kA jIvanavRtta vyaJjita / kavi mANikyarAja viracita NAyakumAracariu meM munivara amarasena kA jIvanavRtta sapta saMdhiyoM meM vyaJjita hai / 28 isa prakAra apabhraMza vAGmaya kI vikAsonmukha kAvya-dhArA AThavIM zatI se Arambha hokara 16vIM zatI taka nirbAdharUpa se pravAhita hotI rahI hai / cariu - kAvya rUpa kA prayoga pratyeka zatI meM kiyA gayA hai / itane lokapriya kAvyarUpa meM apabhraMza ke kaviyoM ne madhyakAlIna loka saMskRti
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI 11-12 aura sabhyatA, sAhitya, upAsanA paddhati tathA usa samaya meM pracalita AcAra - zAstra para paryApta prakAza DAlA hai| apabhraMza kaviyoM ne tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI uttarakAlIna paramparA kA nirantara nirbAdha nirvAha kiyA hai / vividha tIrthaMkaroM, kevalI bhagavaMtoM tathA paurANika tathA rAjakIya puruSoM ke jIvana-caritra, AcAra - zAstra tathA vrata - vidhAna Adi aneka lokapriya viSayoM para AdhArita aneka cariu - kAvyoM kI sarjanA huI hai / 16 itanI sudIrgha paramparA meM nitya aura nirantara nirbAdha rUpa se race gaye cariu - kAvya para gaveSaNAtmaka tathA kAvyazAstrIya adhyayana aura anuzIlana kI AvazyakatA / ityalam / 1. apabhraMza sAhitya, DaoN. harivaMza kochar3a, pRSTha 129-30 / 2. hindI kA bArahamAsA sAhitya, usakA itihAsa tathA adhyayana, prathama adhyAya, DaoN. mahendrasAgara pracaMDiyA | 3. jaina hindI kaviyoM ke kAvya kA kAvyazAstrIya adhyayana, prathama adhyAya, DaoN. mahendrasAgara pracaMDiyA / 4. saMkSipta hindI zabda sAgara, nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, kAzI, pRSTha 311 / 5. hindI kAvya rUpoM kA adhyayana, DaoN. rAmabAbU zarmA, pRSTha 46 6. paumacariu kI bhUmikA, lekhaka, DaoN. harivallabha bhayANI, pRSTha 151 7. hindI sAhitya koza, prathama bhAga, sampAdaka DaoN. dhIrendra varmA, pRSTha 44-45 / 8. hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yoga, DaoN. nAmavara siMha, pRSTha 170 se 1761 9. muhAvarA mImAMsA - DaoN. ouma prakAza gupta, pRSTha 18-19 / 10. apabhraMza kAvya meM lokoktiyA~ aura muhAvare aura hindI para unakA prabhAva, DaoN. (zrImatI) alakA pracaMDiyA / 11. jaina hindI kAvya meM chando yojanA, DaoN. Aditya pracaMDiyA, pRSTha 10 / 12. kAvyAlaMkAra, rAmabahorI zuklaH vAmana, pRSTha 111/2 / 13. tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA, khaNDa 4, DaoN. nemIcandra zAstrI, pRSTha 94-951 14. vahI, pRSTha 951 15. paumacariu, sabhI bhAga, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI / 16. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, paM. nAthUrAma 'premI', pRSTha 387 17. tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA, khaNDa 4, DaoN. nemIcandra zAstrI, pRSTha 112 / 18. jaMbUsAmicariu, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI /
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 19. apabhraMza sAhitya, DaoN. harivaMza kochar3a, pRSTha 210-11 / 20. tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA, khaNDa 4, DaoN. nemIcandra zAstrI, pRSTha 150 / 21. vahI, pRSTha 151 se 154 / 22. karakaNDacariu, DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillii| 23. tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA, bhAga 4, DaoN. nemIcandra zAstrI, pRSTha 152 1541 24. vahI, pRSTha 154-158 / 25. vahI, pRSTha 207-209 / 26. mahAkavi raidhU ke sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana, DaoN. rAjArAma jaina, pRSTha 120 / 27. tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA, DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI, pRSTha 211-2201 28. vahI, pRSTha 235-237 / maMgala kalaza ... 394, sarvodaya nagara, AgarA roDa alIgar3ha
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 uvavaNAi~ suramaNakayaharisai~ jahi~ paMDucchuvaNai~ kayaharisai~ kAmiNivayaNA' va aisrsiN| daliyai~ pIliyAi~ payamaliyai~ dhuttaulAi~ NAi~ muhgliy| jahi~ vesa va kalaravamuha rattiya Nittu sukarai dhaNNa suypNtiy| jahi~ chettai~ NaM pahiyakalattai~ ghaNasAsa. mi Na merae~ cttiN| uvavaNAi~ suramaNakayaharisai~ bhaddasAla nnNdnnvnnsrisiN| kamalakose bhamarahi~ mahu pijjai mahuyarAha~ aha eu ji chjji| jahi~ susarAsaNa sohiyaviggaha kysmraaliikelipriggh| rAyahaMsa varakamalukkaMThiya vilasai~ bhuvihpttpritttthiy| ghattA- tahi~ paTTaNu NAma rAyagihu asthi suraha~ NAvai nnilu| mahi-mahilae~ Niyamuhi Nimmaviu NAi~ kavolapattu tilu||3|| sudaMsaNacariu 1.3 isa magadha deza meM jaise pAMDu ikSu vana ati sarasa dikhAI dete the, vaise hI harSa se yukta kAminiyoM ke mukha bhii| ikSu daMDa usI prakAra dale, pIDe va pairoM se male jAne para rasa pradAna karate the, jaise dhUrtoM ke kula dalana, pIDana aura mardana se daMDita hokara mukha se lAra bahAte haiM / jahA~ vezyA mukha se rAga AlApatI huI anurAgapUrvaka nRtya karatI thI, dhanyA (gRhiNI) bhI gAna karatI huI sundara nRtya karatI thI va madhuragIta gAtI huI (dhAnya ko kUTa-kUTa kara) cAvala se tuSa alaga karatI thI; tathA zukapaMkti kalarava karatI huI (khetoM meM yA A~gana meM sUkhate hue) dhAna ko nistuSa karate the (dhAna ko phukala kara cAvala khA jAte the)| jahA~ kheta saghana zasya se yukta hote hue apanI maryAdA kA ullaMghana nahIM karate, jisa prakAra ki pathikoM kI viyoginI striyA~ ghanI sA~seM letI huI bhI apanI kula-maryAdA kA tyAga nahIM krtiiN| vahA~ ke upavana ramaNa karanevAloM ko harSa utpanna karate hue usa bhadrazAla yukta nandanavana kA anukaraNa karate the, jo devoM ke mana ko AnandadAyI hai| kamaloM ke kozoM para baiThakara bhramara madhu pIte the, madhukaroM ko yahI zobhA detA hai| jahA~ sundara sarovaroM meM apane zobhAyamAna zarIroM sahita haMsinI se krIr3A karate hue zreSTha kamaloM ke lie utkaMThita aura nAnA prakAra ke patroM para sthita rAjahaMsa usI prakAra vilAsa kara rahe the jisa prakAra ki uttama dhanuSa se susajjita zarIra, samarapaMkti kI krIr3A kA saMkalpa kiye hue, zreS rAjyazrI ke lie utkaMThita va nAnA bhAMti ke subhaTa pAtroM sahita uttama rAjA zobhAyamAna hote haiN| aise usa magadha deza meM rAjagRha nAma kA nagara hai, jaise mAno devoM kA nilaya ho va jo mAno pRthvIrUpI mahilA ne apane mukha para kapolapatra va tilaka rUpa nirmANa kiyA ho anu. - DaoN. hIrAlAla jai
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 akTUbara - 1999, akTUbara - 2000 19 paumacariu tathA rAmacaritamAnasa ke vastuvidhAna kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana - DaoN. maMju zukla zabdakoSa meM prAyaH vastu' kA artha isa prakAra prApta hotA hai - vAstavika yA kalpita sattA, ve sAdhana yA sAmagrI jisase koI cIja banI ho, itivRtta ityAdi / pramukhata: vAstavika yA kalpita sattA artha hI vyavahAra meM AtA hai| yaha bAta hamezA dhyAna meM rakhe jAne yogya hai ki vastujagat saiddhAMtika rUpa meM manuSya-nirapekSa hotA hai kintu vyavahAra aura nire saiddhAMtika rUpa meM aMtara karanA Avazyaka hai| vaha vastujagat jo mAnava-nirapekSa hotA hai mAnava-ciMtana hetu agrAhya hogaa| vastujagat virATa hai aura mAnava sImita hai / astitva saMgharSa ke daurAna indriya vikAsa ke anupAta meM hI yaha virAT vastujagata ko apane anusAra yathArtha athavA vAstavika banAtA hai| usa vastujagat kI carcA nirarthaka hogI jo aba taka kisI bhI rUpa meM mAnavIya bodha ke dAyare meM sameTA nahIM jA sktaa| vastu ke saMbaMdha meM vicAra karate samaya yaha spaSTa honA cAhie ki use aMgrejI ke Thing artha meM liyA jA rahA hai yA Matter ke artha meN| vasturUpa athavA vastuvidhAna jaise padoM kA yadi prayoga kareM to prayogakartA ko yaha spaSTa honA cAhie ki vaha 'vastu' se kyA artha saMpreSita karanA cAhatA hai|
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 yadi bhAratIya sAhityazAstra kI AdhArabhUmi banAyeM to bhAratIya sAhityazAstra koza meM yaha anAdhikArika yA mukhya kathA evaM prAsaMgika kathA hai ise itivRtta bhI kahate haiM / 20 dhvani siddhAMta meM dhvani kA eka bheda vastudhvani hai / isameM alaMkArazUnya vastu kI dhvani hotI hai / vastudhvani meM kisI tathyakathana kI abhivyaMjanA hotI hai / yahA~ para kathAnaka aura tathyakathana ko vastu kahA gayA hai| DaoN. nageMdra ne 'bhAratIya sAhityakoza' meM vastu ko isa prakAra varNita kiyA hai - " . 'vastu bhAratIya nATyazAstra meM nirUpita rUpaka ke tIna tattvoM meM se prathama hai| anya do tattva haiM- netA aura rasa / vastutaH vastu nATaka kA merUdaNDa hai / " vastu- -viSayaka uparyukta vivecana atizAstrIya evaM atiyAMtrika hone ke kAraNa kevala itihAsa kI vastu hokara raha gayA hai| Adhunika nATakakAroM kI sarjanAtmaka pratibhA yuga aura viSaya ke anurUpa navInatama vastutaMtra kA AviSkAra karane lagI hai| sAhityazAstra meM vastu saMbaMdhI carcA se pUrNa vastu kA sIdhA saMbaMdha mAnava jIvana se hI thA / DaoN. gaNapaticaMda gupta ne vaijJAnika tarka paddhati kA nirvAha karate hue vastu tattva ko spaSTa kiyA hai| unhoMne aneka arthoM meM se 'upAdAna sAmagrI' kA artha lenA hI ucita samajhA hai aura ise aMgrejI ke maiTara kA samAnArthaka batalAyA hai| unhoMne zabdakoSa ke anusAra maiTara ke vibhinna artha diye haiM, yathA- (1) vaha sthUla padArtha jise jJAneMdriyoM ke mAdhyama se grahaNa kiyA jA sake, (2) jisase kisI vastu kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA hai, (3) jo kisI nizcita rUpa ko prApta kara lene para kisI padArtha vizeSa meM pariNata ho jAtA / pahale artha ko sAhitya ke lie anupayogI batAte hue ve zeSa do arthoM kI hI carcA karate haiN| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki pahale artha meM hI zeSa sAre arthoM kA AdhAra huA hai| yahA~ vastu kI vAstavikatA spaSTa karatI hai aura indriyabodha ke mAdhyama se hI mAnava vastu kI vAstavikatA se jur3atA hai| jisase mAnava indriyabodha ke mAdhyama se na jur3a sake vaha saiddhAMtika rUpa meM upasthita hokara bhI kalA sAhityAdi kI carcA meM vastu kA pada nahIM prApta kara skegii| 'paumacariu' tathA 'rAmacaritamAnasa' ke vastuvidhAna ko tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke atirikta bhI usake pUrva meM kaI bindu haiM jo kucha sAmyatA tathA kucha vaiSamyatA liye hue haiM / ata: yaha tulanAtmaka adhyayana prArambhika pRSThabhUmi ko dRSTi meM rakhakara aMta taka kiyA gayA hai| kramabaddha rUpa meM AdyopAMta yaha adhyayana aneka biMduoM para AdhArita hai jisakA kramabaddha vivecana prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai - 11 kAvyasRjana hetu mUla preraNA svayaMbhU " puNu appaNauM pAyaDami rAmAyaNa kAve (1.1.19) kI bhAvanA se prerita hokara 'paumacariu' kI racanA hetu pravRtta hote haiN| isa paMkti se yaha udbhAsita hotA hai ki kavi svayaM ko isa rAmakathA ke mAdhyama se prakaTa kara rahe haiM / isa sambandha meM DaoN. sAThe kA mata draSTavya hai, vastutaH kavi kI kRti hI usake vyaktitva kI paricAyikA --
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI hotI hai| yadi " kRti AtmanivedanAtmaka yA Atma-kathAtmaka ho tathA yadi vaha AtmaniSTha zailI meM prastuta kI gaI ho to usameM usake kartA ke vyaktitva kA spaSTa citra aMkita pAyA jAtA hai|" yadi vaha paramparAgata kathAtmaka ho, kathanAtmaka yA varNanAtmaka ho, to eka dRSTi se kartA ke vyaktitva ke pratibiMbita ho jAne kI guMjAiza usameM kama hotI hai, phira bhI koI bhI kalAkRti paramparAgata sUtroM ke AdhAra para viracita prabaMdhakAvyAtmaka kRti bhI apane nirmAtA ke vyaktitva prabhAva se pUrNata: mukta raha hI nahIM sktii| svayaMbhU racita "puNu appaNauM........' " vAlI ukti ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki unake 'paumacariu' ke aMdara unakI AtmAbhivyakti huI hai| 2 11-12 tulasIdAsa 'svAMtaH sukhAya' kI bhAvanA se abhibhUta hokara 'rAmacaritamAnasa' kI racanA hetu pravRtta hote haiM / svayaMbhU tathA tulasI donoM hI Atmasukha ko dRSTi meM rakhakara kAvyasRjana hetu prerita hote haiM / donoM hI kaviyoM kA yaha Atmasukha kAlAMtara meM lokasukha meM parivartita ho gayA / 21 sahAyaka AdhArabhUmi - svayaMbhU ne pUrvavartI kaviyoM meM mAtra caturmukha ke prati AbhAra prakaTa kiyA hai parantu caturmukha kA sAhitya anupalabdha hone ke kAraNa yaha niSkarSa nikAlanA asaMbhava hai ki svayaMbhU ne 'paumacariu' ke sRjana meM caturmukha se kisa prakAra preraNA tathA sahAyatA grahaNa kI ? spaSTarUpa se svayaMbhUkRta 'paumacariu' para vimalasUrikRta 'paumacariyaM' kA prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| svayaMbhU apane zabdoM meM rAmakathA ke udbhava tathA vikAsa ko zabdAMkita karate hue kahate haiM ki paramparApoSita tathA dIrghagAmI rAmakathA ko unhoMne 'buddhie~ avagAhiya' grahaNa kiyA / spaSTa hai ki svayaMbhU ne pAramparika rAmakathA kA anusaraNa avazya kiyA hai paraMtu apanI buddhi se / arthAt pAramparikatA ke sAtha hI navInatA evaM maulikatA ko bhI samAyojita kiyA hai| svayaMbhU ne prAkRta meM racita vimalasUrikRta 'paumacariya' tathA saMskRta meM racita 'padmapurANa' ko hI mukhyarUpa se AdhAragraMtha banAyA / rAmacaritamAnasa ke prArambha meM hI tulasIdAsa ne mAnasa kI sahAyaka AdhArabhUmi kA ullekha karate hue kahA hai "nAnApurANanigamAgamasammataM yad rAmAyaNe nigaditaM kvcidnyto'pi|'' tulasIdAsa ne spaSTa rUpa se una samasta srotoM ke prati AbhAra pradarzita kiyA hai jinase 'mAnasa ke sRjana hetu sahAyaka dizA prApta huii| vaise mAnasa ke sahAyaka AdhAragraMthoM meM vAlmIki rAmAyaNa, adhyAtmarAmAyaNa, zrImadbhAgavata, hanumannATaka tathA prasannarAghava ityAdi mukhya 1 'paumacariu' tathA 'rAmacaritamAnasa' kI kathA kA kramabaddha tulanAtmaka vivecana 'paumacariu' kI rAmakathA pA~ca kANDoM yA sargoM meM vibhakta hai, ye sarga haiM - - 1. vidyAdharakANDa 3. suMdarakANDa 5. uttarakANDa 2. ayodhyAkANDa 4. yuddhakANDa
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________________ 22 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 'rAmacaritamAnasa' kI rAmakathA sAta kANDoM meM vibhakta hai, ye kANDa isa prakAra haiM - 1. bAlakANDa 2. ayodhyAkANDa 3. araNyakANDa 4. kiSkiMdhAkANDa 5. suMdarakANDa 6. laMkAkANDa 7. uttarakANDa kathAvastu kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana - 'paumacariu' tathA 'rAmacaritamAnasa' meM varNita rAmakathA mUlataH to samAna hai parantu kaI ghaTanAoM tathA pAtroM ke nAmoM prabhRti meM vaiSamya ke kAraNa donoM meM bhinnatA bhI dRSTigocara hotI hai / 'paumacariu' meM jisa rAmakathA ko svayaMbhU ne pA~ca kANDoM meM varNita kiyA 'mAnasa' meM usI kathA ko tulasI ne 'saptasopAna' meM nibaddha kiyA hai / isa sambandha meM DaoN. devendrakumAra jaina kA mata draSTavya hai - 'paumacariu' aura 'rAmacaritamAnasa' ke kathAnakoM kI talanA se yaha bAta sAmane AtI hai ki eka meM kula pA~ca kANDa haiM tathA dUsare meM sAta kaanndd| 'mAnasa' kI mUlakathA kA vibhAjana 'Adi rAmAyaNa' ke anusAra sAta sopAnoM meM hai| cariu meM sAta kANDa kI kathA ko pA~ca bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| 'cariu' kA vidyAdharakANDa 'mAnasa' ke bAlakANDa kI kathA ko sameTa letA hai| donoM meM apanI-apanI paurANika rUr3hiyoM aura kAvya sambandhI mAnyatAoM ke nirvAha ke sAtha pRSThabhUmi aura paraMparA kA ullekha hai| thor3e se parivartana ke sAtha ayodhyAkANDa aura sundarakANDa bhI donoM meM lagabhaga samAna haiM lekina 'cariu' meM araNya aura kiSkiMdhA kANDa alaga se nahIM haiM, inakI ghaTanAe~ usake ayodhyAkANDa aura suMdarakANDa meM A jAtI haiN| mAnasa ke araNyakANDa kI ghaTanAe~ (caMdranakhA ke apamAna se lekara jaTAya-yaddha taka) cariu ke ayodhyAkANDa meM haiM tathA kiSkiMdhAkANDa kI ghaTanAe~ (rAma-sugrIva milana, sItA kI khoja ityAdi) cariu ke suMdarakANDa meM haiM / vastutaH dekhA jAye to kiSkiMdhAkANDa aura araNyakANDa kI ghaTanAe~ eka-dUsare se jur3I huI haiM aura unheM eka kANDa meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| svayaMbhU ne donoM kA ekIkaraNa na karate hue eka ko usake pUrva ke kANDa meM jor3a diyA hai aura dUsare ko usake bAda ke| isa prakAra do kANDoM kI saMkhyA kama ho gii| lekina rAma ke pravRttimUlaka aura udyamazIla caritra ko donoM pradhAnatA dete haiN|' 'paumacariu' kI kathA kA prArambha RSabhajina kI vaMdanA se hotA hai tathA isake prathama kANDa arthAt vidyAdharakANDa meM kramaza: RSabhajina kI vaMdanA ke uparAMta munijanoM kI, AcAryoM kI tathA caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI vaMdanA kI gaI hai| isake uparAMta katipaya pAramparika nirvahana ke uparAMta rAmakathA prathama saMdhi meM hI tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke samavazaraNa se prArambha hotI hai| prathama kANDa arthAt vidyAdharakANDa kA prArambha tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke samavazaraNa se prArambha hotA hai| isa kANDa meM mukhyataH RSabhajina kA janma, rAvaNa kA janma, 'dazAnana' nAma kA AdhAra, rAvaNa-vivAha, rAvaNa kI cAritrika vizeSatAe~, pavanaMjaya-aMjanA prakaraNa, hanumAna kA janma prabhRti prasaMga ullikhita haiM / 'rAmacaritamAnasa' meM prArambha meM 'paumacariu' kI hI bhA~ti vibhinna ArAdhyoM tathA laukika
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 23 puruSoM hetu vaMdanAe~ varNita kI gaI haiM / svayaMbhU ne bhI prArambha meM jaina paramparA anusAra RSabhajina, munijana, AcAryajana tathA caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI abhyarthanA kI hai| dhyAtavya hai ki tulasI ne abhyarthanA ke pUrva maMgalAcaraNa bhI lipibaddha kiyA hai| yahA~ para eka anya tathya ullekhanIya hai ki tulasI ne na kevala 'rAmacaritamAnasa' ke prArambha meM maMgalAcaraNa likhA hai varan pratyeka sopAna arthAt 'saptasopAna' kA prAraMbha maMgalAcaraNa se kiyA hai| mAnasa' ke bAlakANDa (prathama sopAna) meM maMgalAcaraNa ke uparAMta 'yAjJavalkya-bharadvAja saMvAda, ziva-satI prasaMga, ziva-pArvatI vivAha, rAma tathA rAvaNa kA janma, ahalyAuddhAra, rAma-sItA vivAha prabhRti varNita haiN| 'paumacariu' ke dvitIya kANDa ayodhyakANDa meM bAIsa saMdhiyA~ haiM / isa kANDa kA prAraMbha vibhISaNa ke prazna se hotA hai jo vaha sAgarabuddhi se dazAnana ke bAre meM pUchatA hai| isa kANDa meM mukhyataH dazaratha-kaikeyI vivAha, dazaratha ko putrotpatti, janaka ke ghara putrI sItA tathA putra bhAmaNDala kA janma, rAma-sItA vivAha, rAma-vana-gamana, zambUka-vadha, caMdranakhA-prasaMga, sItAharaNa prasaMga, rAvaNa-sItA-saMvAda tathA sItA-vibhISaNa saMvAda prabhRti haiM / dhyAtavya hai ki 'mAnasa' ke prathama sopAna meM hI rAma-janma tathA rAma-sItA vivAha kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai jabaki 'paumacariu' meM ye donoM hI prasaMga dvitIya kANDa - ayodhyAkANDa meM ullikhita haiN| 'mAnasa' ke dvitIya kANDa - ayodhyAkANDa meM mukhyataH rAma-vana-gamana, dazaratha-maraNa, rAma -niSAdamilana, bharata dvArA rAma ko manAne heta vana jAnA. rAma-bharata kA vana meM milana, rAma-bharata kA bhAvanAtmaka vArtAlApa, rAma dvArA bharata ko apanI pAdukA pradAna karanA, bharata kA ayodhyA vApasa lauTanA, bharata dvArA pAdukA kI sthApanA, bharata kA naMdigrAma meM nivAsa karanA, prabhRti ullikhita haiN| dhyAtavya hai ki 'mAnasa' meM rAma-vana-gamana ke uparAMta dazaratha mRtyugati ko prApta ho jAte haiM jabaki 'paumacariu' meM dazaratha rAma-vana-gamana ke pazcAt dIkSA grahaNa kara lete haiN| mAnasa' ke dvitIya kANDa meM rAma-bharata milana tathA bharata ke ayodhyA taka lauTane kI kathAvastu varNita kI gaI hai| paumacariu' ke dvitIya kANDa meM sItA-haraNa, sItA-rAvaNa saMvAda tathA sItA-vibhISaNa saMvAda taka kI kathAvastu varNita kI gaI hai| ___ 'paumacariu' ke tIsare kANDa - suMdarakANDa meM rAma tathA nakalI sugrIva ke madhya yuddha, hanumAna kA laMkA pahu~cakara sItA ko rAma kI aMgUThI pradAna karanA, sItA dvArA AtmatuSTi hetu hanumAna kI parIkSA, hanumAna kI maMdodarI se jhar3apa, hanumAna dvArA laMkA meM utpAta, hanumAna tathA akSayakumAra meM yuddha, meghanAda tathA hanumAna meM saMgharSa, hanumAna tathA rAvaNa meM vArtAlApa, hanumAna kI rAma ke pAsa vApasI tathA rAma dvArA yuddha hetu prasthAna va haMsadvIpa meM par3Ava prabhRti ghaTanAe~ varNita kI gaI haiN| 'mAnasa' ke tRtIya sopAna (araNyakANDa) meM jayaMta kI kuTilatA, atri-milana, sItA tathA anasUyA milana, rAma kA daNDaka vana meM praveza, rAma-jaTAyu milana, paMcavaTI nivAsa, zUrpanakhA prasaMga, mArIca prasaMga, sItA-haraNa, jaTAyu-rAvaNa yuddha, kabaMdha-uddhAra, zabarI prasaMga tathA pampAsara sarovara kI ora rAma kA prasthAna prabhRti ghaTanAoM kA ullekha milatA hai|
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________________ 24 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 'paumacariu ' ke caturtha kANDa - yuddhakANDa meM haMsadvIpa meM rAma kI senA ko dekhakara nizAcara senA meM khalabalI, vibhISaNa dvArA rAvaNa ko samajhAnA tathA rAvaNa dvArA vibhISaNa ko apamAnita karanA, vibhISaNa dvArA rAma se saMdhi, rAma ke dUta ke rUpa meM aMgada kA rAvaNa ke darabAra meM jAnA, rAma tathA rAvaNa pakSa meM yuddha prAraMbha, rAvaNa dvArA prayukta zakti se lakSmaNa kA Ahata honA, rAma kA vilApa, vizalyA dvArA lakSmaNa kA cetana honA tathA lakSmaNa-vizalyA-vivAha, lakSmaNa ke cetana hone ke samAcAra ko sunakara rAvaNa kA kruddha honA, rAvaNa dvArA bahurUpiNI vidyA kI ArAdhanA, hanumAna tathA sugrIva dvArA rAvaNa kI pUjA-ArAdhanA meM vighna, rAvaNa kA vighna ke uparAMta bhI aDiga rahanA, aMgada kA laMkA meM praveza, rAvaNa kI pUjA-ArAdhanA meM aMgada dvArA vighna DAlanA paraMtu rAvaNa kA aDiga rahakara bahurUpiNI vidyA ko siddha kara lenA, maMdodarI dvArA rAvaNa ko samajhAnA paraMtu rAvaNa kA yuddha hetu tatpara rahanA ityAdi ghaTanAe~ varNita haiM / 'mAnasa' ke caturtha kANDa - kiSkiMdhA kANDa meM rAma se hanumAna kA milanA tathA rAma evaM sugrIva kI mitratA, bAli-sugrIva yuddha, bAli-uddhAra, tArA-vilApa, rAma dvArA tArA ko upadeza, sugrIva kA rAjyAbhiSeka, aMgada kA yuvarAjapada, sItA kI khoja hetu baMdaroM kA prasthAna, vAnaroM kA samudra taTa para AnA, sampAtI se bheMTa, samudra lA~ghane kA parAmarza, jAmbavaMta dvArA hanumAnajI ko bala kI yAda dilAkara utsAhita karanA ityAdi ghaTanAoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| _ 'paumacariu' ke pA~caveM kANDa meM yuddha kI vibhISikA kA varNana, lakSmaNa ke cakra se rAvaNa kI mRtyu honA, maMdodarI va aMta:pura kI samasta rAniyoM, vibhISaNa tathA nizAcaroM kA karuNa kraMdana, nArI ke prati lokamAnasa kI dhAraNA, rAma tathA lakSmaNa kA sItA se milana, zAMtinAtha ke jinAlaya meM jAkara rAma dvArA jineMdra bhagavAna kI stuti, vibhISaNa kA rAjyAbhiSeka, rAma-sItA tathA lakSmaNa kA puSpaka vimAna dvArA ayodhyA Agamana, rAma ke ayodhyA-Agamana para bharata, prajAjana tathA mAtAoM dvArA svAgata-satkAra, rAma kA rAjyAbhiSeka, rAma kI sItA ke prati virakti, lokApavAda, rAma kA sItA-nirvAsana kA prastAva, lakSmaNa kA virodha, sItA ko vana meM nirvAsita karanA, sItA kA vana meM AtmaciMtana, rAjA vajrajaMgha dvArA sItA ko Azraya denA, lavaNa-aMkuza kA janma, rAjA pRthu kI kanyAoM se lavaNa-aMkuza kA vivAha, nArada dvArA lavaNa-aMkuza ko rAma tathA lakSmaNa ke bAre meM batAnA, kuddha hokara unake dvArA rAma tathA lakSmaNa para car3hAI, rAma-lakSmaNa tathA lavaNaaMkuza meM yuddha, nArada dvArA rAma-lakSmaNa ko sUcita karanA ki lavaNa-aMkuza rAma ke putra haiM, isake pazcAt yuddha kI samApti, lavaNa-aMkuza kA ayodhyA meM praveza, sItA hetu rAma kA vana jAna sItA kA rAma ke sAtha AnA tathA svayaM agni-parIkSA kA prastAva rakhanA, agni kA sarovara ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAnA, kamala para AsIna sItA kA sarovara ke madhya se prakaTa honA, sItA dvArA tatpazcAt dIkSA grahaNa kara lenA, sItA ko iMdratva kI upalabdhi, rAjA zreNika ke pUchane para gautama gaNadhara dvArA rAma, lakSmaNa, sItA, lavaNa, aMkuza ke pUrvabhavoM kA varNana, hanumAna dvArA dIkSA grahaNa karanA, iMdra dvArA rAma kI virakti hetu yojanA banAnA tathA isI yojanAntargata lakSmaNa kI mRtyu, rAma kA bhrAtR-prema tathA moha, devoM dvArA rAma ko samajhAnA, rAma ko Atmabodha honA, rAma
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 25 dvArA dIkSA grahaNa karanA, svarga meM sIteMdra dvArA rAma kI parIkSA paraMtu rAma kA aDiga rahanA, ityAdi ghaTanAe~ varNita kI gaI haiN| 'mAnasa' ke pA~caveM kANDa - sundarakANDa meM varNita pramukha ghaTanAe~ isa prakAra haiM - hanumAna kA laMkA ko prasthAna, surasA se bheMTa, hanumAna kI sItA se bheMTa, hanumAna dvArA azoka vATikA vidhvaMsa, laMkAdahana, sItAjI se vidA lenA tathA unakA cUr3AmaNi prApta karanA, maMdodarI -rAvaNa saMvAda, vibhISaNa dvArA rAvaNa ko samajhAnA tathA rAvaNa dvArA vibhISaNa kA apamAna, vibhISaNa dvArA rAma ke pAsa zaraNa lenA ityaadi| 'mAnasa' ke chaThe kANDa - laMkA kANDa meM nala va nIla dvArA pula bA~dhanA, rAma dvArA rAmezvara kI sthApanA, rAmacaMdra kA senAsahita samudra pAra utaranA, maMdodarI dvArA rAvaNa ko samajhAnA, aMgada kA rAvaNa kI sabhA meM jAnA, aMgada-rAvaNa saMvAda, yuddhArambha, lakSmaNa-meghanAda yuddha, lakSmaNa ko zakti laganA, hanumAna kA saMjIvanI lAnA, trijaTA-sItA saMvAda, rAma-rAvaNa yuddha, rAvaNa-vadha, vibhISaNa kA rAjyAbhiSeka, sItA kI agniparIkSA, puSpaka vimAna para sItA tathA rAma kA ayodhyA Agamana, prabhRti ullikhita haiN| _ 'mAnasa' ke sAtaveM tathA aMtima kANDa - uttarakANDa meM rAma kA ayodhyA meM svAgata, rAmarAjyAbhiSeka, vAnaroM tathA niSAda kI vidAI, rAmarAjya kA varNana, ziva-pArvatI saMvAda, garur3a kA kAkabhuzuNDi se rAma-kathA sunanA, jJAna tathA bhakti kI mahimA kA varNana, rAmAyaNa mAhAtmya varNita karanA prabhRti ko mukhya pratipAdya banAyA gayA hai| 1. DaoN. iMdu vaziSTha, 'dinakara ke kAvya meM vastu vidhAna', pR. 87, DI. liTa. zodha prabaMdha 1986, lakhanaU vizvavidyAlaya, lkhnuu| 2. DaoN. gajAnana narasiMha sAThe, jainavidyA-1 (zodha patrikA) svayaMbhU vizeSAMka, apraila 1984, __pR. 9, jainavidyA saMsthAna, zrI mahAvIrajI, jypur| 3. DaoN. devendrakumAra jaina, svayaMbhU kRta 'paumacariu' vidyAdhara kANDa (prathama bhAga), pR. 18, cauthA saMskaraNa 1989, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillii| 20, gopAlanagara po. A. AlamabAga, lakhanaU-226023
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________________ 26 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 aNamaMthiyauahi va apayakhohu ujjANavaNu va uttuMgasAlu ullsiysonnpeslpvaalulu| tiyasiMda va vibahayaNaho maNi raMbhApariraMbhiu sai~ gritttth| vammahu jiha raipIIsamiddha Nahayala prigholirmyrciNdhu| vammahu jiha Nimmaladhammasajju upphulliyakusumasarU mnnojju| aNamaMthiyauahi va rayaNaThANu maNaharaNasurAlau sirinnihaannu| aNamaMthiyauahi va apayakhohu taha divvturykrivrssohu| aNamaMthiyauahi va amayajuttu prmhihridukkNpcttu| aNamaMthiyauahi va surahivAsu asamacchara jnnviriyvilaasu| ghattA- tahiM asthi kitti dhavaliyabhuvaNu riddhie~ hsiysuresru| cellaNamahaevI pariyariu seNiu NAma Naresaru // 4 // sudaMsaNacariu 1.4 vaha nagara U~ce zAlavRkSoM tathA ullasita lAla sundara kopaloMvAle udyAnavana ke sadRza U~ce koTasahita, raktamaNi va sundara pravAloM se camakatA thaa| vaha buddhimAnoM ke lie usI prakAra pyArA thA, kadalI vRkSoM se bharA thA, va gariSTa thA, jaisA ki devendra devoM ko pyArA hai, rambhA apsarA se AliMgita hai, tathA svayaM garimA ko prApta hai| vahA~ rati aura prIti kI khUba samRddhi thI; tathA AkAza meM vahA~ kI makarAkRti dhvajAe~ phaharA rahI thIM; ataeva jo kAmadeva ke samAna dikhAI detA thA, jo rati aura prIti nAmaka deviyoM se yukta hai, aura jisakI dhvajA makarAkAra hai / vaha nagara nirmala dharma se susajjita tathA praphullita puSyoM vAle manojJa sarovaroM ke dvArA usa manmatha ke samAna thA jo nirmala dhanuSa se sajjita tathA puSpavANoM se manojJa hai / vaha ratnoM kA sthAna, manohara devAlaya yukta va sampatti kA nidhAna hone se usa amathita udadhi ke samAna thA jo ratnoM kA AgAra, manohara surA kA Alaya tathA zrI kA nidhAna thaa| vahA~ kI prajA meM kabhI kSobha nahIM hotA thA aura vaha divya taraGgoM tathA zreSTha hAthiyoM se zobhAyamAna thA, jisase vaha nagara manthana se pUrvakAlIna udadhi ke samAna thA, jisake jala meM maMthana kA kSobha nahIM huA thA; aura jo divya azva aura uttama hAthI rUpI ratnoM se zobhAyamAna thaa| amRtayukta va merUparvata dvArA utpanna kaMpa se rahita manthana se pUrva udadhi ke samAna vaha nagara mada-mAna se rahita tathA sarpo va vAnaroM ke vizeSa upadrava se sarakSita thaa| sarA ke nivAsa tathA asAdhAraNa apsarA janoM ke vilAsa se yakta amarmA udadhi ke samAna vaha nagara sugandhita dravyoM se yukta evaM IrSyA se mukta logoM kA krIr3Asthala thaa| aise usa rAjagRha nagara meM apanI kIrti se bhuvanamAtra ko dhavalita karanevAlA evaM Rddhi se surendra kA bhI upahAsa karanevAlA rAjA zreNika apanI celanA nAmaka mahAdevI sahita rAjya karatA thaa| anu. - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina
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________________ N apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 akTUbara - 1999, akTUbara - 2000 'NAyakumAracariu' kA sAhityika saundarya - DaoN. zrIraMjana sUrideva apabhraMza ke zreSTha kAvyoM meM 'NAyakumAracariu' kA ullekhanIya vaiziSTya hai| isake praNetA mahAkavi puSpadanta (IsA kI dasavIM zatI : 972 I.) apabhraMza ke pAragAmI vidvAn the| inake dvArA viracita tIna apabhraMza-kAvya - 'mahApurANa','jasaharacariu' aura 'NAyakumAracariu', 'mahattrayI' ke rUpa meM pratiSThita haiN| 'NAyakumAracariu' (< saM. 'nAgakumAracaritam') kA nAyaka nAgakumAra hai jo eka rAjakumAra hai| kintu, usakI niyati hai ki vaha apane sautele bhAI zrIdhara (> apa. 'sirihara') kI durabhisandhivaza apane hI pitA dvArA prApta nirvAsana-daNDa kI dAruNa yantraNA jhelatA hai jisase ki use deza-dezAntara meM bhaTakane ko vivaza honA par3atA hai| nAgakumAra kalAvanta aura vIra yuvA thaa| paribhramaNakAla meM vaha apane adamya zaurya aura vismayakArI kalA-cAturya se aneka rAjAoM aura rAjapuruSoM ko prabhAvita karane meM saphala hotA hai| bar3e-bar3e yoddhA usakI sevA meM A juTate haiM / vaha aneka rAjakumAriyoM se vivAha karatA hai| antataH vaha pitA dvArA Amantrita hokara apanI rAjadhAnI lauTa AtA hai aura rAjyAbhiSikta hotA hai| jIvana ke antima caraNa meM vaha saMsAra se virakta hokara mokSamArga kA anusaraNa karatA hai| . isa kAvya kI kathAvastu kI saMracanA vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke samAnAntara hai / usa rAmAyaNa meM bhI caritanAyaka rAjakumAra rAma apane vaimAtreya bhAI bharata kI mAtA kaikeyI kI durabhisandhivaza,
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________________ 28 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 pitA kI AjJA se, pravAsI yA vanavAsI banane ko vivaza hote haiN| anta meM mahAbalazAlI laMkAdhipati ko jItakara apanI rAjadhAnI ayodhyA lauTate haiM aura rAjyAbhiSikta hote haiN| aura phira, jIvana ke antima caraNa meM vaha brahmA ke Adeza se AtmasvarUpa meM avasthita hokara sazarIra bhAiyoM ke sAtha vaiSNava teja se maNDita paramadhAma meM praviSTa ho jAte haiN| pitAmahavacaH zrutvA vinizcitya mhaamtiH| viveza vaiSNavaM tejaH sazarIraH shaanujH|| (vAlmIki rAmAyaNa, uttarakANDa, 117.12) muni vAlmIki-racita saMskRta rAmAyaNa kI saMracanA ne paravartI saMskRta, prAkRta evaM apabhraMzakathA sAhitya ko gaharAI se prabhAvita kiyA hai| mahAbhArata meM pANDavoM ke vanavAsa aura ajJAtavAsa kI bhI yahI saMracanA hai| 'bRhatkathAzlokasaMgraha' (budhasvAmI), 'kathAsaritsAgara' (somadeva) aura 'bRhatkathAmaMjarI' (kSemendra) ke anusAra, guNADhya kI 'bRhatkathA' (> prA. 'baDDakahA') kI bhI yahI saMracanA pAI jAtI hai| 'vasudevahiNDI' (AcArya saMghadAsagaNI : IsavI tRtIya-caturtha zatI) kI bhI yahI kathA-saMracanA hai| isameM bhI vasudeva ke, jo kRSNa ke pitA the, ajJAtavAsa aura pravAsa kI hI kathA hai| itanA hI nahIM, isa prakAra kI tamAma carita-racanAoM kI nirmiti isI saMracanA (paiTarna) ke AdhAra para huI hai| isa prakAra kI saMracanA meM kathAnAyaka ko saMkIrNa pariveza se mukta hokara aneka kaThina saMgharSapUrNa paristhitiyoM meM parIkSA ke taura para saMkaTa kI A~ca meM tapakara kundana banane aura apane sAhasa, zaurya, kalA-naipaNya Adi asAdhAraNa mAnavIya gaNoM ko prakaTa karane kA anakala avasara prApta hotA hai aura isase usake cAritrika vikAsa kA spRhaNIya aura anukaraNIya Adarza bhI prastuta hotA hai| isa prakAra ke pravAsa-prasaMga kI sthiti meM kathAkAra ko kathAvastu ke vikAsa aura ghaTanAoM ke vaividhya-citraNa kA bhI upayukta avasara prApta hotA hai, sAtha hI use vyApaka prakRti-citraNa, manorama Rtu-varNana aura strI-puruSoM ke bhAva-vaicitrya ke maulika viniyoga evaM rasapezala saundarya ke vibhAvana kA vistRta phalaka upalabdha hotA hai| 'NAyakumAracariu' meM isa prakAra kI saMracanAmUlaka samasta suvidhAe~ mahAkavi puSpadanta ko sulabha huI haiN| isase isa kAvya kI racanA meM una sabhI guNoM kA samAveza huA hai, jinakI mahAkAvya meM vidyamAnatA ko kAvyazAstriyoM ne Avazyaka batAyA hai| isa prakAra kula nau sandhiyoM (paricchedoM) meM pallavita kathAvastu se samanvita 'NAyakumAracariu' kAvya apabhraMza kA mahanIya kAvya bana gayA hai| upalabhya apabhraMza-kAvyoM meM do prabandha-kAvyoM kA aitihAsika tathA krozazilAtmaka mahattva hai| mahAkavi svayambhU-kRta ye donoM kAvya haiM - 'paumacariu' aura 'ritttthnnemicriu'| pahalA kAvya apabhraMza kA rAmAyaNa hai, to dUsarA apabhraMza kA mahAbhArata / ina donoM mahAkAvyoM kI aitihAsika bhUmikA isa artha meM hai ki ina donoM ne apabhraMza-bhASA ko sAdhAraNa janasamAja se vidvatsamAja
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________________ 29 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 meM pratiSThita kiyA, jahA~ vaha heya dRSTi se dekhI jAtI thii| isI apabhraMza-bhASA ne mahAkavi puSpadanta ke kAla meM TakasAlI sAhitya kA rUpa grahaNa kiyA aura apekSita rUpa meM parimArjita aura parizodhita hokara vaha samasta sAhityika guNoM se paripUrNa prabandhakAvyoM kA sazakta bhASAmAdhyama bana gii| puSpadanta ne apanI prajJApraur3ha kAvya-racanAoM dvArA use tato'dhika samRddhi pradAna kii| phalataH, apabhraMza ke prabandhakAvya saMskRta aura prAkRta ke utkRSTa koTi ke mahAkAvyoM ke samakakSa samAdRta hue| ___ jo vyakti jAyasI-kRta 'padmAvata' aura tulasIdAsakRta rAmAyaNa - 'rAmacaritamAnasa' ke racanA-prakalpa se paricita haiM unheM apabhraMza-kAvyoM kI racanA-zailI ko AtmasAt karane meM koI asuvidhA nahIM hogii| jAyasI ke 'padmAvata' aura tulasI ke 'mAnasa' kI racanA-vidhi meM dohAcaupAI kA jo vidhAna hai vaha apabhraMza-kAvya meM prApya pattA-kaDavaka kI racanA-paddhati kI hI dena hai| saMskRta-prAkRta kI kAvyadhArA meM, sarvaprathama apabhraMza meM hI antyAnuprAsa kI praNAlI kA anivArya rUpa se prayoga pAyA jAtA hai, jise hindI-kAvya meM tukAntatA athavA tukabandI kahate haiN| apabhraMza-kAvya kA yaha racanA-vaiziSTya 'NAyakumAracariu' meM bhI upalabdha hai| racanA-prakalpa meM chAndasa vaividhya aura vaicitrya kA viniyoga apabhraMza-kAvya kI apanI pahacAna hai| 'NAyakumAracariu' kI chandoyojanA kA vivecana svatantra Alekha kA viSaya hai| nAgakumAra kA jIvanacarita jainakaviyoM meM priya rahA hai| isameM varNita mithaka, kalpanA aura itihAsa-mizrita ghaTanAe~ svabhAvataH atiraMjita aura nandatika ('romANTika') haiN| mahAkavi puSpadanta pahale zaiva the, bAda meM jaina hue| isalie inhoMne 'NAyakumAracariu' meM pUrva-saMskAravaza viraktimUlaka jainadharma ke prastavana ke krama meM, romANTika kathAkAvyoM ke samAna, dharma ke anuSThAna kA phala pracura aihika bhogoM kI upalabdhi dikhAyA hai| kintu, anta meM jainadharma ke anukUla kAvya kA nAyaka sabakucha bhogane ke bAda dIkSA grahaNa kara mokSamArgI ho jAtA hai| ___NAyakumAracariu' kI kathA meM samAhita kalAtattva kI vareNyatA ke kAraNa hI isake sAhityika saundarya kA apanA viziSTa mUlya hai| vikasita kalA-tattva se saMvalita 'NAyakumAracariu' kI kathA na kevala sAhityazAstra, apitu saundaryazAstra ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se bhI prabhUta sAmagrI prastuta karatI hai| sAhityika saundarya ke vidhAyaka tattvoM meM padazayyA kI cArutA, abhivyakti kI vakratA, vacobhaMgI kA camatkAra, bhAvoM kI vicchitti, alaMkAroM kI zobhA, rasa kA paripAka, ramaNIya kalpanA, hRdayAvarjaka bimba, ramya-rucira pratIka Adi pramukha haiN| 'NAyakumAracariu' meM ina samasta tattvoM kA yathAyatha viniyoga huA hai| 'NAyakumAracariu' rUpa, zailI aura abhivyakti - kalAcetanA kI ina tInoM vyAvarttaka vizeSatAoM se vimaNDita hai| mahAkavi puSpadanta ne 'NAyakumAracariu' ke pAtra-pAtriyoM aura unake kArya-vyApAroM ko citrAtmaka rUpa dene meM zlAghanIya prayatna kiyA hai / kAlacetA kavi puSpadanta ne loka-maryAdA, vezabhUSA, AbhUSaNa-paricchada, saMgIta-vAdya, astra-zastra, khAna-pAna Adi kalAtmaka evaM sAMskRtika
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________________ 30 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 upakaraNoM tathA zabdazakti, rasa, rIti, guNa, alaMkAra Adi sAhityika sAdhanoM kA apane isa kAvya meM yathAprasaMga bar3I samIcInatA se viniveza kiyA hai| prAcIna saMskRta-kaviyoM kI bhA~ti puSpadanta kI saundaryamUlaka mAnyatA pAzcAtya saundaryazAstriyoM ke mata se sAmya rakhatI hai| vastuniSTha saundaryavAdI pAzcAtya manISiyoM kA kathana hai ki saundarya vastu meM hotA hai, draSTA ke mana meM nhiiN| ata: jo vastu sundara hai vaha sarvadA aura sarvatra sundara hai / puSpadanta ne bhI 'NAyakumAracariu' meM rAjA zrIvarma kI kanyA, jo kevala kaNThahAra pahane hue thI, adhika alaMkRta na hokara bhI apane zarIra kI naisargika zobhA, jaise nakha kI camaka, motiyoM kI chaTA ko mAta karanevAlI dantapaMktiyoM aura dhanuSAkAra vimohaka bhauMhoM se hI atizaya rUpavatI lagatI thI (draSTavya :1.17) / saundarya-vivecana meM, vizeSataH nakha-zikha ke saundaryodbhAvana meM mahAkavi ne udAttatA (sablAimezana) kI bharapUra viniyukti kI hai| ukta rAjakanyA ke saundaryAMkana meM bhI mahAkavi ne udAttatA se kAma liyA hai| isI krama meM vadhU se vara kI zobhA kA eka prasaMga draSTavya hai, jisameM dRSTAnta ke mAdhyama se zobhA kI atizayatA ko darasAyA gayA hai - sohai jalaharu suradhaNuchAyae, sohai Naravaru saccae vaaye| sohai kaiyaNu kahae subaddhae, sohai sAhau vijjae siddhe| sohai muNivariMdu maNasuddhie, sohai mahivai nnimmlbuddhie| sohai maMti maMtavihidiTThie, sohai kiMkaru asivrltttthie| sohai pAusu sAsasamiddhie, sohai vihau spriynnriddhie| sohai mANusu guNasaMpattie, sohai kajjAraMbha smttie| sohai mahiruhu kusumiyasAhae, sohai suhaDu suporisraahe| sohai mAhau urayalalacchie, sohai varu vahuyae dhvlcchie| 9.3 / arthAt, jisa prakAra megha indradhanuSa kI kAnti se, zreSTha manuSya satyavANI se, kavi apanI ramaNIya kathA se, sAdhu apanI siddha vidyA se, muni mana kI zuddhi se, rAjA nirmala buddhi se, mantrI mantraNA-yukti se, sevaka uttama khaDgadaNDa se, varSA sasya kI samRddhi se, vaibhava parijanoM kI sampannatA se, manuSya apane guNa-vaibhava se, kArya kA Arambha nirvighna samApti se, vRkSa puSpita zAkhAoM se, subhaTa apane pauruSa ke teja se aura viSNu apane vakSaHsthala para virAjita lakSmI se zobhita hote haiM usI prakAra vara kI zobhA usakI prazasta A~khoMvAlI vadhU se hotI hai| bimba sAhityika saundarya ke pramukha aMgoM meM eka hai| bimbavidhAna kalA kA kriyApakSa hai aura bimboM ke kalpanA se udbhUta hone ke kAraNa unake vidhAna ke samaya kalpanA satata kAryazIla rahatI hai| bimba-vidhAna vibhinna indriyoM, jaise - cakSu, ghrANa, zravaNa, sparza, AsvAda Adi ke mAdhyama se hotA hai| bimba eka prakAra kA rUpa-vidhAna hai aura aindriya AkarSaNa hI kalAkAra ko bimba-vidhAna kI ora prerita karatA hai| rUpa-vidhAna hone ke kAraNa hI adhikAMza bimba dRzya
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 31 athavA cAkSuSa hote haiM / yahA~ magadhadeza ke rAjagRha kI zobhA ke mAnavIkaraNa se nirmita rUpaka aura utprekSAmUlaka cAkSuSa bimba draSTavya hai - ghattA - tahiM puravaru NAmeM rAyagihu kaNayarayaNakoDihiM ghddiu| balivaMDa dharaMtaha sukhaihiM NaM suraNayaru gynnpddih|| kaDavaka - joyai va kamalasaraloyaNehiM, Naccai va pvnnhlliyvnnehiN| lhikkai va laliyavallIharehi, ullasai va bhujinnvrhrehi| vaNiyau va visamavammahasarehi, kaNai va rypaaraavysrehiN| parihai va saparihAdhariyaNIru, paMgurai va siypaayaarciiru| NaM dharasiharaggahiM saggu chivai, NaM caMdaamiyadhArAu piyi| kuMkumachaDaeM NaM raihi raMgu, NAvai dkkhaaliy-suhpsNgu| viraiyamottiyaraMgAvalIhiM, jaM bhUsiuNaM haaraavliihiN| ciMdhehiM dhariya NaM paMcavaNNu, cauvaNNajaNeNa vi aikhnnnnu| ( 1.6-7) __ arthAt rAjagRha nagara mAno kamalasara-rUpa netroM se dekhatA thA; pavana-kampita vanoM se vaha jaise nAcatA-sA pratIta hotA thA tathA lalita latAgRhoM meM mAno lukAchipI khelatA thA; aneka jinamandira usake ullAsa jaise lagate the; pArAvata pakSiyoM ke svara se vaha kAmabANa se Ahata hokara cIkhatAsA lagatA thA; apanI cAroM ora kI parikhA ke jala se vaha vastrAvRta jaisA laga rahA thA; apane sapheda parakoToM se vaha cAdara or3hA huA-sA laga rahA thA; vaha apane gaganacumbI gRhazikharoM se candramA kI amRtadhArA kA pAna karatA-sA dikhAI par3atA thA, kuMkuma kI chaTA se vaha rati kI raMgabhUmi jaisA bana gayA thA; motiyoM se banI raMgAvaliyoM se vaha mAno hAra se vibhUSita ho rahA thA aura apanI raMgabiraMgI U~cI dhvajAoM se vaha jaise pa~caraMgA bana gayA thaa| isa prakAra, cAra varNoM ke samadAya se samanvita rAjagaha atizaya ramaNIka pratIta hotA thaa| vaha uttama nagara rAjagaha svarNa aura ratnoM se gar3hA gayA thaa| vaha aisA lagatA thA jaise devendra dvArA dRr3hatA se dhAraNa kiye jAne ke bAvajUda devanagara unase chUTakara AkAza se dharatI para A girA ho| isa kAvyAMza meM cAkSuSa bimba ke atirikta nagara ke nAcane ke dRzya ke kAraNa cAkSuSa bimba meM gatvaratA bhI hai, sAtha hI nagara ke pArAvata-svara ke vyAja se cIkhane ke dRzya meM zrAvya bimba kA bhI viniyoga huA hai| kula milAkara, prastuta avataraNa meM cAkSuSa bimba (oNpTika imeja) kA hRdayahArI vidhAna huA hai| prastuta aindriya bimba meM dRzya ke sAdRzya para rUpa-vidhAna to huA hI hai, utprekSA aura rUpaka ke dvArA bhI saMvedanA yA tIvrAnubhUti kI pratikRti ke mAdhyama se sthApatyabimba kA cintAhlAdaka vidhAna huA hai| 'NAyakumAracariu' kI kathAbaddha bhASA sAtizaya vilakSaNa hai| isakI kAvyabhASA AsvAdaramaNIya hai| isakI bhASA kI saMracanA-zailI alaMkRta hai| saundaryamUlaka prasaMgoM ke upasthApana meM mahAkavi puSpadanta ne atizaya alaMkRta bhASA ke prayoga meM bhI cUDAnta dakSatA kA
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________________ 32 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 pradarzana kiyA hai| inake kAvya-nibandhana meM prAMjalatA aura pravAhazIlatA, donoM hI udAtta guNoM kA sahaja samAveza huA hai / phalataH, isa kAvya meM zabda, artha aura bhAva - tInoM kA Anukramika sAhacarya milatA hai / mahAkavi ne nAgakumAra ke carita ke mAdhyama se kevala utkRSTa bhAratIya jIvana kA hI citraNa nahIM kiyA hai, apitu kathA ko zAzvatatA pradAna karanevAlI Adarza kAvyabhASA kA bhI bhavyatama pratimAna prastuta kiyA hai| ___ sahajatA aura sarasatA 'NAyakumAracariu' kI bhASA kI tato'dhika ullekhanIya vizeSatA hai| yahA~ taka ki samAsabahula gauDI zailI meM nibaddha kAvyabhASA kI alaMkRta padazayyA apanI taralatA kI mohakatA se sahRdaya kI bhAvacetanA ko sahasA AviSTa kara lenevAlI hai| isa sandarbha meM rAjagRha ke vipulAcala para avasthita mahAvIra jinendra kI stuti kI katipaya kAvyapaMktiyA~ udAharaNIya haiM - suraNaravisaharavarakhayarasaraNu, kusumsrphrhrsmvsrnnu| paisarai Nivai pahu saraithuNai, bahubhavabhavakayarayapaDalu dhunni| jaya thiyaparimiyaNahakuDilacihura, jaya pynnyjnnvynniddyvihur| jaya samaya samayamayatimiramihira, jaya suragirithira myrhrghir| jaya tiyasamauDamaNilihiyacalaNa, jaya vismvisyvisviddvijlnn| jaya NarayavivaraguruvaDaNa dharaNa, jaya samiyakalusa jrmrnnhrnn| jaya dasadisigayajasapasaradhavala, nniynnyblvinnihykunnyyvl| jaya khamadamasamajamaNivahaNilaya, gayaNayalagaruya muannyltily| jaya guNamaNiNihi paripaliyaharisa, jaya jaya jiNavara jaya prmpurisaa| (1.11) mahAkavi puSpadanta prasaMgAnusAra komala ke sAtha hI paruSa bimboM ke vidhAna meM bhI atizaya nipuNa haiM / isa sandarbha meM, pravAhazIla kAvyabhASA ke mAdhyama se nirmita saMgrAma ke dRzya kA paruSa bimba draSTavya hai - tA NiThurakara, bhiuddibhyNkr| vairikhayaMkara, nniyvisNkr| jhasamuggarakara, dhAiya nnrvr| parajayasirihara, mayaNaha kiNkr|.... jAyau bhaMDaNu, krsirkhNddnnu| DayaraviyAraNu, phrnnvaarnnu| asi khaNakhaNara va, hnnrvrurv| mayagalapellaNu, lohiyrellnnu| rahavarakhaMcaNu, kesaaluNcnnu| pADiyadhayavaDu, suuddiyhythddu| churiyAyaDDaNu, mcchrghnnghnnu| Niru NibbhiccihiM, jujjhvibhiccihiN| (5.4)
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________________ 33 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 arthAt, nAgakumAra ke kahane para usake niSThura karoMvAle aura bhRkuTI se bhayaMkara dikhAI par3anevAle kiMkara vairiyoM kA kSaya karane, svAmI kA hita sAdhane tathA zatruoM kI jayazrI kA apaharaNa karane ke lie bhAle aura mudgara lekara daur3a pdd'e|.... donoM pakSoM ke sainika eka dUsare kA peTa cIrane aura prahAroM ko rokane lge| talavAroM kI khana-khana dhvani ke sAtha 'mAro-mAro' kA bhayAnaka kolAhala hone lgaa| hAthI rauMde jAne lge| lohU kA relA bahane lgaa| bar3e-bar3e ratha khiMcane lage aura keza noce jAne lge| dhvajA aura patAkAe~ dharAzAyI hone lgiiN| ghor3e bhAgane lge| churiyA~ calane lgiiN| krodha kI AvAja ghanaghanAne lgii| isa prakAra nAgakumAra ke bhRtya jUjhane lge| isa prakAra ke kAvyAMzoM ke udAharaNoM meM kAvyakAra puSpadanta kI rIti-ramaNIya racanA-pratibhA kI praur3hatA kA puSTa pramANa upalabdha hotA hai| bimbavidhAna ke sandarbha meM mahAkavi puSpadanta kI bhASA ne mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA kA nirvAha kiyA hai| kAvyakAra kI kAvya-sAdhanA mUlataH bhASA kI sAdhanA kA hI udAtta rUpa hai| koI bhI kRti apanI bhASika sabalatA ke kAraNa hI cirAyuSI hotI hai| NAyakumAracariu' bhI apanI bhASika praur3hatA ke sAtha hI kAvyazAstropayogI sAhityika tattvoM ke sucAru aura samyak viniyojana ke kAraNa hI kAlajayI kAvya ke rUpa meM cirapratiSTha banA huA hai| pI.ena. sinhA kaoNlonI, bhikhanA pahAr3I paTanA - 800006
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________________ 34 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 rayaNAyaru NAvai sAyaru tAha campApuru chajjai tahi~ maNojju riddhIe~ samiddhau atthi desu aMgau supsiddh| niviDaNNoNNu bhiDiya guruajjuNa dujjohnnsubhiimgykyrnn| sarahabhIsavANavalichAiya bhArahasarisa jetthu vnnraaiy| suvisAlAi~ sisirasAhAlai~ avirlsurhipsvsohaal| taruNikAyalaggirapomarayai~ jahi~ uvavaNa' va goulnniyr| khattasAraparisAhiya khettai~ bahu karisaNai~ lliykrjuttiN| NiyavairakkhiyAi~ diDhakacchai~ jahi~ gAmai~ saamNtsricchiN| surayaNapariyaMciyakallANa jahi~ jiNavarasarisai~ purtthaanniN| ghattA - rayaNAyaru NAvai sAyaru tahi~ caMpApuru chjji|| bahusuraharu vibuha - maNoharu aha suravaipuru Najjai // 2 // sudaMsaNacariu 2.2 aise usa bharatakSetra meM manojJa, Rddhi se samRddha va suprasiddha aMgadeza hai| vahA~ ke vanoM meM bar3e-bar3e vizAla arjuna vRkSa paraspara aisI saghanatA se bhir3e hue haiM jaise mAno guru droNAcArya aura arjuna paraspara yuddha meM bhir3e hoN| duryodhana aura bar3e bhImakAya gaja raNa meM aise guthe hue dikhAI dete haiM jaise duryodhana aura bhIma gadAyuddha kara rahe hoN| zarabha aura bhISaNa vANoM ke jhuNDa aise chAye hue haiM jaise rathoM para car3he hue yoddhAoM kI bhISaNa vANAvali se AcchAdita ho| isa prakAra aMgadeza kI vanarAji mahAbhArata sadRza dikhAI detI thii| vahA~ gokuloM ke samUha suvizAla aura zItala dadhizAlAoM se yukta, nirantara gauoM dvArA prasUta bacchar3oM kI zobhA sahita tathA taruNI gopikAoM kA AliMgana karate hue grAma yuvakoM sahita vahA~ ke upavanoM ke sadRza hI dikhAI dete the, jahA~ suvizAla, zItala zAkhAlaya the, nirantara sugandhI puSpoM kI zobhA thI, tathA vRkSoM ke samUhoM para puSpoM kI raja lagI huI thii| vahA~ gA~voM ke kheta uttama khAda se khUba urvara banAe gae the| bahuta se kRSakoM se base hue the, unapara kara bhI svalpa lagAyA jAtA thaa| apane-apane bhUmipati dvArA rakSita sudRr3ha kachAroM sahita the| ataeva ve grAma una sAmantoM ke samAna the jinhoMne zreSTha kSatriyatva dvArA apane kSetra ko vazIbhUta kara liyA thA, jo khUba khIMcakara bANa calAte the, jo lalita karoM se yukta the, apane-apane bhUpatiyoM dvArA surakSita the aura dRr3hatA se baddha-kakSa rahate the| vahA~ ke nagarasthAna khUba ratnoM se yukta evaM saba prakAra kalyANapUrNa the| ataeva ve una jinavaroM ke samAna the jinake garbhAdi kalyANaka devoM dvArA kiye gaye the| aise usa aMgadeza meM campApura nAma kA nagara ratnoM kA nidhAna hone se ratnAkara (sAgara) ke samAna zobhAyamAna thaa| vahA~ aneka devAlaya the aura vaha paNDitoM se manohara hotA huA aisA pratIta hotA thA jaise vaha bahuta se vimAnoM se yukta tathA devoM se manohara devendrapurI hI ho|| anu. - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 35 akTUbara - 1999, akTUbara - 2000 yogasAra kA sAra : yogoM se nivRtti - DaoN. (ku.) ArAdhanA jaina 'svataMtra' saMsAra kA pratyeka prANI sukhAkAMkSI hai| vaha icchAoM kI pUrti meM hI sukha mAnatA hai aura usI ke lie nirantara pratyanazIla rahatA hai| vaha bhogopabhoga kI sAmagriyoM ko juTAtA hai, unakA upayoga/upabhoga karatA hai para kSaNika tRpti ke bAda usakI vyagratA, AkulatA punaH bar3ha jAtI hai, use pUrNata: zAzvata zAnti - santuSTi nahIM mila paatii| isase yaha to nizcita hai ki sukhaprApti ke mUla kAraNa ko nahIM jaanaa| binA kAraNa ke kArya kI siddhi asaMbhava hai aura isIlie kiyA gayA prayAsa nirarthaka calA jAtA hai| du:kha aura usake kAraNa tathA usase nivRtti ke upAya/sukha kI upalabdhi ke sAdhana hamAre deza ke dArzanika AdhyAtmika cintaka/vicArakoM ne pratipAdita kiye haiN| jaina darzana meM caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM, unake gaNadharoM, kundakundAcArya, svAmI samantabhadrAcArya, umAsvAmI Adi aneka AcAryoM ne apane upadeza dvArA tathA grantha-racanA dvArA duHkhoM kI Atyantika nivRtti kA mArga prazasta kiyA hai / ina AcAryoM ke grantha prAkRta evaM saMskRta bhASA meM haiM / kavivara joindu ne apabhraMza bhASA meM paramAtmaprakAza aura yogasAra grantha kI racanAkara rUr3hiyoM aura bAhyADambaroM ke viruddha janasAmAnya ke lie sahaja-saralarUpa se jIvana-mukti kA saMdeza diyA aura AdhyAtmika gaMgA ko pravAhita kiyA hai| yahA~ yogasAra kI ayoga-sAdhanA para vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai|
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________________ 36 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 yogasAra 108 padyoM kA muktaka kAvya grantha hai| isameM paramAtmaprakAza ke hI viSaya kA punarAvartana hai| viSaya-vivecanA meM kramabaddhatA kA abhAva hai| kavi ne AtmA kI tIna avasthAe~, unake svarUpa, bhavabhramaNa ke kAraNoM tathA unase nivRtti ke upAyoM kA nidarzana kiyA hai| ADambaraparaka bAhyAcAra kA khaNDana kara Atmazuddhi kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| isameM unhoMne dharma-sAdhanA ke sAtha rahasyavAdI pravRttiyoM ko bhI batalAyA hai| sAmarasya bhAva inakI mahattvapUrNa sAdhanA hai| isI sAdhanA dvArA AtmA paramAtmapada ko prApta karatA hai| AtmA se paramAtmA banane kI sAdhanA hI yathArtha meM yogI/muni banakara yogoM se pare hone kI sAdhanA hai| yahI ayoga sAdhanA hai| ise jAnane ke pUrva yoga ke viSaya meM jAnanA Avazyaka hai| ___ yoga zabda kI vyutpatti 'yuj' dhAtu se mAnI gaI hai| isake aneka artha haiM, unameM 'jor3anA' aura 'samAdhi' pramukha haiN| bauddha paramparA meM 'yuj' kA prayoga 'samAdhi' artha meM huA hai| vaidika paramparA meM maharSi pAtaJjali ne cittavRtti ke nirodha ko yoga kahA hai|' athavA samatva aura udAsIna bhAva se karma karane kI kuzalatA ko yoga kahA hai| jaina darzana meM yoga kA artha inase bhinna hai| kAya, vacana aura mana kI pravRtti se AtmA ke pradezoM meM halana-calana/parispandana honA yoga hai - kAyavAGamanaH krmyogH| yoga karmoM ke Ane kA kAraNa hai, ise jainAgama meM Asrava kahA hai - sa aasrvH| ____ halana-calana Adi kriyAoM aura indriya-viSayoM ke grahaNa karane kI pravRtti meM kAyA kI caMcalatA dikhAI detI hai / antarvAk aura bahirvAk dvArA vANI kA cAncalya prakaTa hotA hai / smaraNa, vicAra, kalpanAe~ mana ko asthira kara detI haiM / kAyA kI pravRttiyA~ atyanta sthUla, vacana kI usase sUkSma aura mana kI pravRtti atyanta sUkSma haiN| ina pravRttiyoM kI sUkSmatA meM kramazaH vRddhi hone para bhI inakI caMcalatA ananta gunI bar3hatI jAtI hai| isI kAraNa kAyA kI apekSA vacana tathA vacana kI apekSA mana ke cAJcalya se honevAle karma-bandha meM anantagunI tIvratA hotI hai| haribhadrasUri ne mokSa se jor3anevAle samasta vizuddha vyApAra ko yoga kahA hai| 'AtmasAkSAtkAra kA patha' kRti meM tIna viSaya ke sAtha jor3ane ko yoga kahA hai - (1) rAgAdi ke parihAra meM AtmA ko lagAnA arthAt rAga-dveSa bhAva chor3akara AtmA ko AtmA se jodd'naa| (2) sampUrNa saMkalpa-vikalpoM ke abhAva meM AtmA ko jodd'naa| (3) viparItAbhiniveza kA tyAgakara sat-cit-Ananda tattva meM AtmA ko jodd'naa| upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ne samasta vyApAra dharma se pA~ca samiti aura tIna gupti rUpa aSTa pravacana mAtA kI pravRtti ko yoga kahA hai| jaina darzana meM yoga Asrava tathA karmabandha kA kAraNa hai| jahA~ karmabandha hai vahA~ vikRti hai, vibhAva hai, caMcalatA hai, anityatA hai, asthiratA hai, bhava-bhramaNa hai| inako dUra karane ke lie
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________________ 37 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 sAdhanA kI jAtI hai| vikRti se prakRti kI ora, vibhAva se svabhAva kI ora, anityatA se nityatA kI ora, asthiratA se sthiratA kI ora, pravRtti se nivRtti kI ora, bhava-bhramaNa se mukta hone ke lie mokSa kI ora, yoga se ayoga kI ora Ane ke lie jo prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai vaha sAdhanA hai| jahA~ yaha sAdhanA paripUrNa hotI hai vahIM sAdhya kI upalabdhi hotI hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra pratyeka AtmA ananta jJAna, darzana, zakti evaM Anandamaya hote hue bhI karmAvaraNa ke kAraNa svabhAva ko prApta nahIM kara paataa| vaha svayaM ke puruSArtha dvArA karmAvaraNa ko haTAkara/kSayakara nijarUpa ko pA sakatA hai| sarvaprathama AtmA aura zarIrAdi para-padArthoM kI bhinnatA/sva-para-bhedavijJAna se samyakdarzana-jJAna-cAritrarUpa ratnatraya dvArA mana-vacana-kAya ko azubha pravRtti se haTAnA aura inakI zubha meM pravRtti karanA, 'No harise NI kujje' arthAt na harSita honA aura na kapita honA kI sAdhanA dvArA mana aura paMcendriya ko niyantrita krnaa| inake viSayoM ko anAsakta bhAva se bhoganA, dezavirati aura sarvavirati rUpa-sAdhanA dvArA guNasthAnoM kA ArohaNa karate hue vItarAga dazA ayoga-kevalI-guNasthAna taka ko prApta karanA hI ayoga sAdhanA hai| yahI yogoM se nivRtti kA upAya hai| - yogasAra meM kavivara joindu ne sarala bodhagamya bhASA meM AtmasAdhanA dvArA pravRtti se nivRtti kI ora gamana kA upAya batalAyA hai jo yogadazA se ayogI banane kA hI patha hai / unake anusAra isa dazA kI prApti hetu prathama AvazyakatA hai - sva-para-bhedavijJAna / yaha tabhI saMbhava hai jaba nijasvarUpa kA jJAna ho sAtha hI apane se bhinna para ke svarUpa/svabhAva ko bhI jAne jisase donoM kI pRthakatA kA yathArtha bodha ho| kavivara joindu ne AtmA tathA usase bhinna dehAdi para-padArthoM ke svarUpa se avagata karAyA hai jo isa prakAra hai - AtmA zuddha, sacetana, buddha, kevalajJAna svabhAvamaya hai| yaha ekAkI indriyAdi se rahita hai| yaha nizcayanaya se lokapramANa tathA vyavahAranaya se zarIrapramANa hai| zarIra aura usase sambandhita sabhI padArtha para/anya haiM / ve AtmA nahIM hote, AtmA se bhinna haiM aisA samajhakara AtmA ko AtmA phcaan| isa sva-para bhedavijJAna kA prayojana para-bhAvoM ko apane se bhinna jAnanA, mAnanA aura unheM chor3anA tathA AtmA ko AtmA ke dvArA jaannaa| aisA karane para samyagdarzana kI prApti hotI hai| vahI AtmajJAtA hotA hai aura mokSa prApta karatA hai| samyagdarzana kI prApti ke lie Avazyaka hai ki sAdhaka/mAnava jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla ina chaha dravyoM tathA jIva, ajIva, Asrava, baMdha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa - ina sAta tattvoM tathA nau padArthoM kA jJAna kare, AtmasvarUpa ko smjhe|' yahI samyagdarzana kI prApti/ sva-para bhedavijJAna meM kAraNa hai| . sva-para bhedavijJAna jahA~ nija AtmasvarUpa kA bodhaka hai vahIM cittazuddhi kA bhI kAraNa hai| parama zuddha pavitra bhAva ke jJAna ke binA, cittazuddhi ke abhAva meM mUr3ha logoM ke vrata, saMyama, tapa aura mUlaguNoM ko mokSa (kA kAraNa) nahIM kahA jA sakatA -
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________________ 38 apabhraMza bhAratI vaya -tava-saMjama - mUlaguNa mUDhaha~ mokkha Na vuttu / jAva Na jANai ikka para suddhau bhAu pavittu // 29 // jaba taka jIva apane svarUpa ko nahIM samajhatA taba taka vaha kutIrthoM meM bhramaNa karatA hai| 12 vaha deharUpI devAlaya meM virAjamAna jinadeva ke darzana na kara IMTa-pattharoM ke devAlaya meM unake darzana karatA hai| 13 para yaha nahIM jAnatA ki deva kisI devAlaya, kisI patthara, lepa yA citra meM virAjamAna nahIM haiN| 14 ve to mere deha - devAlaya meM hI haiN| 15 isI taraha (maMtrAdi) par3ha lene se dharma nahIM hotA / pustaka aura picchI se bhI dharma nahIM hotaa| kisI maTha meM rahane se bhI dharma nahIM hotA aura na kezaluMcana karane se dharma hotA hai dhammu Na paDhiyai~ hoi dhammu Na potthA picchiyai~ / dhammu Na maDhiya pasi dhammu Na matthA luMciyai~ // 47 // - 11-12 sva-para bhedavijJAna isa prakAra kI bhrAnti-nivAraNa kA sazakta sAdhana hai aura dharma ke svarUpa se avagata karAtA hai| bhrAnti - nivAraNa se citta zuddhi hotI hai / citta-zuddhi aura zAzvata sukhopalabdhi meM sadguru kA upadeza, satsaMgati, narabhava kI durlabhatA Adi kA cintana, sva kA Atma-sambodhana sahAyaka hai| yaha asad vRttiyoM ko manda karatA hai| isase sAdhaka kI sAdhya kI ora ekAgratA bar3hatI hai| ekAgratA bar3hAne/nijasvarUpa meM sthiratA tathA vairAgya kI vRddhi hetu saMsAra zarIra aura bhogoM kI kSaNabhaMguratA, bAraha bhAvanAoM kA cintana sazakta upAya hai| bAraha bhAvanAoM ko to vairAgya-utpAdaka mAtA kahA gayA hai|" ina bhAvanAoM meM kuTumba - parivAra Adi para-padArthoM kI anityatA, azaraNatA Adi kA cintana kiyA jAtA hai / kavivara joindu ne kuTumba Adi kI sva se bhinnatA kA bodha nimna zabdoM meM karAyA hai| ihu pariyaNa Na hu mahutaNau ihu suhu dukkhaha~ heu / iya ciMtataha~ kiM karai lahu saMsAraha~ cheu // 67 // yaha kuTumba - parivAra nizcaya se merA nahIM hai| yaha mAtra sukha-duHkha kA hetu hai / isa prakAra vicAra karane se zIghra hI saMsAra kA nAza kiyA jA sakatA hai / isI prakAra kavi ne jIva ko para-padArthoM kI azaraNatA se avagata karAyA hai| - iMda phaNiMda - NariMdaya vi jIvaha~ saraNu Na hoMti / asara jANiva muNi dhavalA appA appa muNaMti // 68 // - indra phaNIndra, narendra bhI jIvoM kI zaraNabhUta nahIM ho skte| isa taraha apane ko zaraNarahita jAnakara uttama muni apane AtmA se nija AtmA ko jAnate haiM / 'jIva ko indra Adi koI zaraNa nahIM hai' isa kathana dvArA kavi ne vastu ke azaraNa svabhAva ACT bodha karAyA hai| azaraNa svabhAva ke kAraNa kisI vastu ko apane pariNamana ke lie para meM
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 39 jAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| para kI zaraNa kI AvazyakatA paratantratA kI sUcaka hai jaba ki pratyeka vastu pUrNataH svatantra hai, use anya/para kI sahAyatA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| azaraNa ahastakSepa kA sUcaka hai| koI bhI vyakti kitanA hI zaktizAlI kyoM na ho vaha anya dravya ke pariNamana meM hastakSepa nahIM kara sktaa| isakA prayojana saMyogoM aura paryAyoM se dRSTi haTAkara svabhAva-sanmukha karanA hai| ekatva bhAvanA dvArA jIva ke eka akele hone ke bhAva ko yogasArakAra ne isa prakAra hRdayaMgama karAyA hai - ikka uppajjai~ marai ku vi duhu suhu bhuMjai ikku| Naraya] jAi vi ikka jiu tahu~ NibbANaha~ ikku / / 69 // - jIva akelA hI janma letA hai, akelA hI maratA hai aura vaha akelA hI sukha-duHkha kA upabhoga karatA hai| vaha naraka meM bhI akelA hI jAtA hai aura nirvANa ko bhI akelA hI prApta karatA hai| ' janma-maraNa, sukha-duHkhAdi pratyeka sthiti ko jIva akelA hI bhogatA hai aura pratyeka paristhiti meM vaha akelA hI hai| aisI ekala bhAvanA ke dvArA jIva ko akelepana kI anubhUti karAyI hai| yaha akelApana usakA svabhAva hai| isa ekatva svabhAva ko svIkAra karanA hI isakA prayojana hai| ekatva svabhAvI AtmA kA kuTumba, parivAra, zarIrAdi meM pRthakatA kA jJAna karanA aura inheM mAtra saMyoga mAnanA tathA para se bhinna nija-svarUpa meM sthira honA hI isake cintana kA lakSya hai| yogasAra meM AtmA ke ekatva svabhAva ke sAtha zarIra kI azucitA ko bhI batalAyA gayA hai - jehau jajjaru Naraya gharu tehau bujjhi sriiru| appA bhAvahi Nimmalau lahu pAvahi bhavatIru // 51 // he jIva ! jaise narakavAsa saikar3oM chidroM se jarjarita hai usI taraha zarIra ko bhI (mala-mUtra Adi se) jarjarita samajha / nirmala AtmA kI bhAvanA kara (jisase) zIghra hI saMsAra se pAra hogaa| ___yahA~ para zarIra kI apavitratA kA bodha karAyA gayA hai| zarIra kI yathArtha sthiti ko samajhakara usase Asakti haTAnA, zarIra ke pariNamana meM sukhI-duHkhI na honA aura Atma-svarUpa meM sthira honA hI isa azuci bhAvanA kA lakSya hai| saMsAra-zarIra aura bhogoM kI kSaNabhaMguratA evaM azaraNatA kA bodha svayaM ke ekatva tathA parapadArthoM se bhinnatva kA jJAna. zarIra kI azacitAparaka jAnakArI evaM anabhati nija se bhinna para-padArthoM se ekatva va mamatva ko tor3ane ke saphala upAya haiM / ye anukUlatA/pratikUlatA meM anya para Aropa-vRtti kA/kartRtva buddhi kA nAzaka hai / ye samatA bhAva kI janaka haiM / rAgAdi vikArI bhAvoM kI nivRtti kA kAragara upAya hai / rAgAdi bhAvoM ke pUrNa kSaya hone para ayogI dazA kI prApti hotI hai| isake lie joindudeva ne saMdeza diyA hai vaha isa prakAra hai -
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________________ 40 apabhraMza bhAratI jaha lohammiya Niyau buha taha suNNammiya jANi / 'suhu asuha pariccayahi te vi havaMti hu NANi // 72 // je - - he paNDita ! jaise lohe kI sA~kala ko tU sA~kala samajhatA hai| usI taraha tU sone kI sA~kala ko bhI sA~kala samajha / jo zubha-azubha donoM bhAvoM kA parityAga kara dete haiM ve nizcaya se jJAnI hote haiM / 11-12 - zubhAzubha donoM hI bhAvoM kA parityAga zAzvata sukhopalabdhi kA kAraNa hai| isI bhAva kI anya gAthAe~ bhI milatI haiN| jaise jo rAga-dveSa-moha se rahita hokara samyagdarzana jJAna- cAritrayukta hotA huA nija AtmA meM nivAsa karatA hai vaha zAzvata sukha kA pAtra hotA hai| 17 parabhAva ke tyAga kI preraNA bhI kavi ne dI hai tUpara kA bhAva tyAgakara aura AtmA kA dhyAnakara jisase tU zIghra hI jJAnamaya mokSa - sukha ko prApta kara ske| 18 AtmadhyAna samabhAva hone para hI hotA hai| rAga-dveSa donoM se pare hone para hI samabhAva / samatA AtI hai| ise hI sAmAyika kahate haiM / " sAmAyika meM sthiratA paMcavidha cAritra - sAmAyika, chedopasthApanA, parihAra vizuddhi, sUkSma aura yathAkhyAta cAritra se hI karmakSaya, vikalpAtIta zAzvata sukha/mokSa sukha kI upalabdhi hotI hai| 4. vahI, 6.21 5. AtmasAkSAtkAra kA patha : jaina ayoga sAdhanA, pRSTha 6 / 6. vahI, pRSTha 7 / 7. yogasAra, joindu, 26 / niSkarSa rUpa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki joindudeva AdhyAtmika gaMgA pravAhita karanevAle AcAryoM kI paramparA ke eka AcArya haiM jinhoMne apabhraMza bhASA meM paramAtmaprakAza aura yogasAra Adi granthoM kA sRjana kiyaa| isameM prANI ke bhava-bhramaNa ke kAraNa karmAsrava aura yoga kA nirUpaNa kara usase nivRtti ke upAyoM kA nidarzana kiyA hai| kavivara joindu ne bAhyADambaroM ko mahattva na dekara jIva kI bhAva-zuddhi para jora diyA hai| sva aura para ke svarUpa ko pahacAnakara rAga-dveSa se pare nija svarUpa meM/ sAmAyika meM sthira honA karmayoga se pare honA hai| yahI yogoM se nivRtti ayoga / siddhAvasthA kI prApti kA mArga hai aura yahI yogasAra kA sAra hai| | - 1. AtmasAkSAtkAra kA patha : jaina ayoga sAdhanA, bI. rameza jaina, mAruthI sevA nagara, baMgalaura, pRSTha 61 2. vahI, pRSTha 61 3. tatvArtha sUtra, umAsvAmI, 6.11
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 8. vahI, 861 9. vahI, 24 / 10. vahI, 34 / 11. vahI, 351 12. vahI, 411 13. vahI, 43 / 14. vahI, 44 / 15. vahI, 42, 45 / 16. chahaDhAlA, paM. daulatarAmajI, 5.1 / 17. yogasAra, 78 / 18. vahI, 70 / 19. vahI, 100 / mIla roDa gaMjabAsaudA (vidizA) ma.pra.
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________________ 42 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 maNirayaNAiyahu~ Na saMkha jetthu jalaparihasAlagouramahallu ] samavasaraNu dhysNkddillu| rAmAyaNu vva kaiyaNapagAmu lakkhaNasameya raamaahiraamu| aha bhArahu vva gurukaNNamANu vAvariyapatthu knnbhriydonnu| aha sahai jAivittehi~ ruMdu jaigaNahi~ alaMkiu NAi~ chNdu| mahaNatthiya maMdaratullasohu caudisu annNtpyjnniykhohu| ahavA gayaNayalu va bhamiyamittu tamaharamaMgala buhgurupvittu| ahavA pAyAlu va NAyavaMtu maNahara pomAvaisoha diNtu| ahavA vaNijjai kAi~ tetthu maNirayaNAiyahu~ Na saMkha jetthu| ghattA - tahi~ rANau atthi sayANau dhAIvAhaNu nnaam| maNaharaNau jaNavasiyaraNau NaM saru sajiu kAmeM // 3 // sudaMsaNacariu 2.3 vaha campApura jala se bharI huI parikhA, koTa tathA gopuroM se aisA mahAn evaM dhvajAoM se aisA saMkIrNa thA jaise mAno bhagavAn kA samosaraNa hI ho| vaha kavijanoM se pUrNa evaM lakSaNoM se yukta ramaNiyoM se aisA ramaNIka thA jaise ki rAmAyaNa kapiyoM se yukta evaM lakSmaNa sahita rAma ke caritra se ramaNIka hai| vahA~ ke nivAsI gurujanoM kI kAna (vinaya) mAnate the; vahA~ ke patha logoM ke gamanAgamana se vyApta the; aura vahA~ anna se bhare droNa dikhAI dete the; isa prakAra vaha mahAbhArata ke samAna thA, jisameM guru (bhISma pitAmaha) aura karNa kA sammAna, pArtha kA vyApAra evaM kaNabhariya (?) droNAcArya pAye jAte haiN| vaha jAtiyoM aura unakI pravRttiyoM ke sambandha meM aisA vizAla tathA sAdhujanoM se aisA zobhAyamAna thA jaise jAti vatta dvArA vistRta racanA, evaM yati aura gaNoM se alaMkRta chanda ho| vaha arthI brAhmaNoM ke dvArA evaM cAroM dizAoM meM ananta prajA dvArA utpanna kolAhala se usa mandara parvata ke samAna zobhA ko dhAraNa karatA thA, jo samudra-maMthana ke lie sthApita kiyA gayA thA, aura jisake dvArA cAroM dizAoM meM ananta jalarAzi meM kSobha utpanna huA thaa| vahA~ mitrajana bhramaNa karate the; aura vaha ajJAna ko dUra karanevAle kalyANakArI vidvAn gurujanoM se pavitra thA; jisase vaha usa gaganatala ke samAna thA jahA~ sUrya kA paribhramaNa hotA hai, evaM jahA~ andhakAra kA apaharaNa karanevAle maMgala, budha va guru nAmaka grahoM kA saMcAra hotA hai| athavA usa nagarI meM nyAya vartA jAtA thA, aura manohara lakSmI kI zobhA dikhAI de thI; ataeva vaha usa pAtAla ke samAna thA, jahA~ nAgoM kA nivAsa hai, aura jahA~ manohara padmAvatI kI zobhA pAI jAtI hai / athavA usa nagarI kA kyA varNana kiyA jAe, jahA~ maNiyoM aura ratnoM Adi kI saMkhyA hI nahIM thii| usa purI meM dhAIvAhana nAma kA jJAnI rAjA thA jo aisA manohara aura logoM ko vaza meM karanevAlA thA jaise mAnoM kAmadeva ne use apanA bANarUpa hI sajAyA ho| anu. - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 akTUbara - 1999, akTUbara - 2000 43 apabhraMza ke karakaNDacariu meM abhivyakta dhArmika abhivyaJjanA DaoN. rAjIva pracaNDiyA 'caritakAvya' sAhitya kI eka sazakta vidhA hai| jaina caritakAvyoM meM muni kanakAmara dvArA apabhraMza bhASA meM racita 'karakaNDacariu' eka utkRSTa koTi kA kAvya hai jo sAMsArika duHkhoM meM ulajhe hue patita jIvana ko AdhyAtmika unnati/AtmotthAna kI ora le jAne meM preraNAsrota rahA hai| yaha 'cariukAvya' vyakti ko usake dvArA kie gae zubha-azubha karmoM ke lekhe-jokhe kA ahasAsa dilAtA hai tAki bhautika-abhautika saMgharSoM-vivAdoM se Upara uThakara manuSya samadarzI-samabhAvI ho sake arthAt sukha-duHkha se use sadA-sadA ke lie chuTakArA mila ske| vaha zAzvata Ananda-tRpti kI paridhi ko sparza kara ske| nizcaya hI dasa paricchedoM/saMdhiyoM meM racA, choTI-bar3I nau avAntara-kathAoM se susajjita yaha cariu AtmakalyANa tathA lokakalyANa kA sundara samanvaya hai| yaha bhaTake hue prANI ko sahI dizA darzAtA hai| isameM nAyaka karakaNDa rAjakIya paramparA se sambandhita hai| usameM asAdhAraNa mAnavIya gaNoM kA sAmaJjasya hai| janma se lekara mRtyuparyanta usane eka Adarza jIvana kA udAharaNa prastuta kiyA hai| apane prArambhika jIvana se lekara praur3hAvasthA taka nAnA prakAra ke saMkaTa, antarAya aura vyavadhAnoM se jUjhatA huA tathA sabhI prakAra kI paristhitiyoM kA sAmanA karate hue kavi muni kanakAmara ne use abhUtapUrva
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI 11-12 saphalatA prApta karAyI hai / anta meM use apane rAjya vaibhava ke bhoga bhogate yathArtha bhava-bhramaNa kA abhijJAna ho jAtA hai| usake isa abhijJAna meM kavi ne dhArmika abhivyaJjanA kI mUlabhUta bhUmikA ko AdhAra banAyA hai| isa hetu isa kAvya meM sthAna-sthAna para dhArmika tattvoM se udbodhana diyA gayA hai / yahA~ vivecya kAvya meM abhivyakta dhArmika abhivyaJjanA ko saMkSipta karanA hameM abhISTa hai| 44 pratyeka racanA ke prArambha meM kavi / lekhaka apane ArAdhyadeva kI vaMdanA karatA hai tAki usake samasta kArya nirvighnatApUrvaka sampanna ho skeN| munijI ne bhI isa paramparA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara apane isa kAvya kA sRjana karate samaya jinendradeva kI vandanA kI hai| vaMdanA meM ve kahate haiM ki maiM una zrI jinendradeva ke caraNoM kA smaraNa karatA hU~ jinhoMne apane samasta rAga miTA die haiM, jo paramAtmapada meM lIna haiM aura janma-mRtyu se rahita haiN| aise vItarAgI deva ke smaraNa mAtra se manovAMchita phala kI prApti hotI hai| yathA - maNamAraviNAsaho sivapurivAsaho pAvatimiraharadiNayaraho / paramappayalINaho vilayavihINaho sarami caraNusiri jiNavaraho / (1.1) ratnatraya svarUpa zuddha caitanya guNoM ke dhAraka aura samasta karmajanita upAdhiyoM se rahita AtmA arthAt jinendradeva kI stuti kA vidhAna jainAgama meM spaSTataH parilakSita hai| vivecya kAvya meM jinendra kI stuti mAtra do sthaloM para kI gaI hai| eka sthala para jaba mUlanAyaka rAjA karakaNDa draviNadeza ko jItane ke lie senAsahita prayANa karate haiM to mArga meM par3anevAle sarovara meM jinendra-bimba ke abhidarzana kara uttama bhakti se unake guNoM kA ciMtana karate hue stuti karate haiM, yathA - jaya jaya deva jiNiMda pahu pai~ jhAyai~ aNudiNu NiyamaNiNa | tava daMsaNe NayaNaiM ajju puNu saMjAyai~ Niddhai~ maho khaNiNa // ( 410 ) dUsarI bAra layaNa / guphA meM pratiSThita jinabimba ke siMhAsana para vidyamAna gA~Tha ke rahasya ke bAre meM jaba nRpati deva se pUchatA hai to deva usa layaNa kI kathA ko vistAra se batAte hue kahatA hai ki amitavega aura suvega nAmaka vidyAdharoM ne jainadharma grahaNakara, sirapUchI parvata para caturviMzati jinAlaya ke darzanakara jinendra kI stuti bhaktipUrvaka tInoM guptiyoM - manasA vAcA karmaNA se kI thI / yathA - jaya jiNa kevalaNANaravimicchattatimiraNiNNAsayara / te divi pUjivi saMdhuNivi ekkekka NihAlahiM puNu khayara // (5.6) sAMsArika viSayoM se virakti vastutaH virAga kahalAtI hai| jainadharma meM anitya, azaraNa, saMsAra, ekatva, anyatva, azuci, Asrava, saMvara, nirjarA, loka, bodhidurlabha tathA dharmabhAvanA nAmaka bAraha bhAvanAoM ko anuprekSAoM ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai jinake bAra-bAra ciMtavana se kaSAya-kalApoM meM lIna cittavRttiyA~ vItarAga kI ora prerita hotI haiN| vAstava meM ina bhAvanAoM
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________________ 45 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 ke bhAne se vyakti zarIra va bhogoM se nirviNNa hokara sAmyabhAva meM sthiti pA sakatA hai| anitya bhAvanA meM saMsAra kI pratyeka vastu parivartanazIla hai, aisA vicAra, azaraNa bhAvanA meM kaSTa-maraNa meM tathA Apatti-vipattiyoM meM apanI AtmA ke atirikta koI bhI rakSA nahIM karatA, aisA vicAra; saMsAra bhAvanA meM yaha saMsAra mahAduHkhoM kA bhaNDAra hai, aisA ciMtavana; ekatva bhAvanA meM jIva saMsAra meM akelA AyA aisA hai zraddhAna; anyatva bhAvanA meM cetana-acetana samasta padArtha apane se alaga haiM, aisA bhAva; azucibhAvanA meM yaha zarIra mala-mUtra se veSThita hai, usameM moha karanA nissAra hai, aisA bhAva; AsravabhAvanA meM karmoM kA Atmapradeza se kisa prakAra se ba~dhanA hotA hai, aisA cintavana; saMvara bhAvanA meM karma aura usakI baMdha-prakriyA ko kaise rokA jAe, aisA bhAva; nirjarAbhAvanA meM ba~dhe hae karmoM kI nirjarA/chuTakArA kaise ho? aisA vicAra; loka meM kisa prakAra se ThaharA hai? svarga, madhyaloka kahA~ para avasthita hai? aisA vicAra; bodhidurlabha bhAvanA meM samyagdarzanAdi rUpa ratnatraya kI upalabdhi kitanI kaThina hai, use kaise prApta kiyA jAe, aisA bhAva; tathA dharmabhAvanA meM dharma kyA hai aisA cintavana dhArmika prANiyoM dvArA bAra-bAra kiyA jAtA hai| ___ prastuta kAvya meM kavivara ne isa caritakAvya ke mAdhyama se mUlanAyaka rAjA karakaMDa ko dvAdaza anuprekSAoM ke svarUpa aura usake mahattva ko vistAra se samajhAyA hai jisase prabhAvita hokara nRpavara kI chipI huI vairAgya bhAvanA balavatI hotI hai aura antatogatvA ve samasta vaibhava tyAgakara jinendramArga kA anusaraNa kara apane jIvana ko saphala banAte haiM / yathA - hA mANau dukkhai~ daDr3hataNu virasu rasaMtau jahiM mri| bhaNu NigghiNu visayAsattamaNu so chaMDivi ko tahiM rai kri|| (9.4) - hAya, jahA~ mAnava duHkha se dagdha-zarIra hokara burI taraha karAhatA huA maratA hai, aise saMsAra meM nirlajja va viSayAsakta manuSya ko chor3a, kaho aura kauna prIti kara sakatA hai? anitya bhAvanA NijjhAyai jo aNuvekkha 'cala viraaybhaavsNpttu| so suraharamaMDaNu hoi Naru sulliymnnhrgtt|| (9.6) - jo vairAgyabhAva ko prApta hokara isa anitya anuprekSA kA dhyAna karatA hai vaha nara sulalita aura manohara gAtra hokara devoM ke vimAna kA AbhUSaNa banatA hai| azaraNa bhAvanA asaraNaaNuvekkhau jo vi puNu aNudiNu bhAvai NiyayamaNe (9.7) - jo koI usa azaraNa anuprekSA kI pratidina apane mana meM bhAvanA karatA hai (vaha svargasukhoM ko pAtA hai)|
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________________ 46 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 saMsAra bhAvanA saMsAraha~ uvari NihAlaNau kiu jeNa NareNa kyaayrenn| bhaNu kAi~ Na laddhau teNa jai pvrrynnrynnaayrenn|| (9.8) -- jisa manuSya ne bhale prakAra saMsAra ke Upara avalokana kiyA aura mahAna ratnatrayarUpI ratna prApta kara liye use kaho, isa jaga meM kyA nahIM milA? ekatva bhAvanA iha aNuvekkhA jo aNusarai sIlaiM maMDivi nniyytnnu| sAsayapae so suhaNilae ekkallau sohai mukktnnu|| (9.9) - jo koI apane zarIra ko zIla se maNDita kara isa ekatva anuprekSA kA anusaraNa karatA hai vaha zarIra se mukta hokara sukha ke nilaya zAzvata pada meM advitIya rUpa se zobhAyamAna hotA hai| anyatva bhAvanA eha aNuvekkhA thira karivi NiyamaNi jhAyai jo ji nneru| so paramappau Nimmalau deha vivajjiu hoi vru|| (9.10) - jo manuSya isa anuprekSA ko sthira karake apane mana meM dhyAtA hai vaha deha se vivarjita, nirmala aura uttama paramAtmA ho jAtA hai| azuci bhAvanA uppaNNau sukkai~ soNiyai~ asuisahAvau jo jaNu jhaayi| eha aNuvekkhA Nittuliya taM puNu siddhihe maggae~ laayi|| (9.11) - yaha zarIra zukra va zoNita se utpanna huA svabhAvataH azuci hai - aisA jo manuSya dhyAna karatA hai use yaha anupama anuprekSA siddhi ke mArga para lagA detI hai| Astrava bhAvanA ba~dhahokAraNu karevi taNu aNuvekkha jo jhAyaipuNu hiye| so dhaNNau sAsayasokkharasu avirAmae~ so Naru tahiM piye|| (9.12) - jo isa zarIra ko bandha kA kAraNa mAnakara hRdaya se isa anuprekSA kA dhyAna karatA hai vaha manuSya dhanya hai| vaha zAzvata sukharUpI rasa kA avirAma bhAva se pAna kregaa| saMvara bhAvanA khamadamasahiyau guNaNilau eyau jo payaDiu sNvri| aNuiMjivi sokkhai~ sagge puNu so siddhihe sammuhu~ sNcri|| (9.13) -- jo koI kSamA va damana (indriya-nigraha) se sahita, guNoM kA dhArI hotA huA ina karmaprakRtiyoM ko saMvara kara letA hai vaha svarga meM sukha bhogakara phira siddhi (mokSa) kI ora gamana karatA hai|
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI 11-12 nirjarA bhAvanA Nijjarai kammu saMsuddhamaNu maNavayakAe~ jo vi Naru / devANa majjhe bhuMjevi suhu so Nicchai~ sivapaelahai gharu // (9.14) * jo nara zuddha mana hokara mana-vacana-kAya se karma kI nirjarA karatA hai vaha devoM ke bIca sukha bhogakara nizcaya hI zivapada meM ghara (sthAna) pAtA hai / loka bhAvanA pAlivi pa~ca mahavvayai~ loyaNuvekkhahe jo maNu juMjai / so ru dhaNu salakkhaNau amaraha~ suhai~ aNeyai~ bhuMjai // 47 (9.15) jo koI pA~ca mahAvratoM kA pAlanakara isa lokAnuprekSA meM apane mana ko lagAtA hai vaha nara dhanya hai, sulakSaNa hai aura vaha devoM ke aneka sukha bhogatA hai| bodha durlabha aNuvekkhAbohie~ aNusarivi puNi hiyae~ caDAviya jeNa lahu / sivakAmiNivayaNaho maMDaNau kiyau khaNarddhaM teNa bahu // dAmoyara jiNavara dhamma~ phuDu paDikesava saMkara saggisura / kallANai~ sayalai~ te havahiM dhammeNa vi halahara cakkahara // ( 9.16 ) isa prakAra bodhipUrvaka anusmaraNa karake jisameM isa anuprekSA ko zIghra hI apane hRdaya para car3hA liyA usane kSaNArddha meM apane ko bahuta kucha zivarUpI kAminI ke mukha kA maNDana banA liyA ( vaha mokSamArga para laga gayA ) / dharma bhAvanA (9.17) dharma se hI spaSTataH dAmodara (nArAyaNa), jinavara, pratinArAyaNa, zaMkara aura svarga meM deva hote haiM / usI se sakala kalyANa prApta hote haiN| dharma se hI baladeva aura cakravartI hote haiM / zrAvaka ke SaDAvazyaka karmoM meM dAna bhI eka hai jise zrAvaka nitya pAlatA hai| yaha dAna do prakAra se vibhAjita hai - eka alaukika va dUsarA laukika / alaukika dAna sAdhuoM ko tathA laukika dAna sAdhAraNa prANiyoM ko diyA jAtA hai| auSadhi, jJAna aura abhayadAna kI bhA~ti AhAradAna bhI laukika dAna ke antargata AtA hai| vivecya kAvya meM sAdhuoM ko die jAne vAle AhAradAna kI vidhi Adi kA varNana spaSTataH parilakSita hai / kavi dvArA AhAradAna kI vidhi ko isa kAvya ke mUlanAyaka rAjA karakaMDu ko kAmavijayI zIlagupta muni ke pravacana ke mAdhyama se samajhAyA gayA hai / yathA - chahi~ kamahi~ jo Naru saMcarai chabbAsayachAyau jAsu taNu / asuhattara lesau pariharivi jiNibimbaho juMjar3a NiyamamaNu // ( 9.20 )
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________________ 11-12 T karmamukti arthAt mokSa prAptyartha jainadarzana kA lakSya rahA hai- vItarAga vijJAnatA kI prApti / yaha vItarAgatA samyagdarzana - jJAna - cAritrarUpI ratnatraya kI samanvita sAdhanA se upalabdha hotI hai| jainadarzana meM ratnatraya ke viSaya meM vistAra se tarkasaMgata carcA huI hai| isake anusAra jIva-ajIva Adi navavidha tattvoM kA yathArtha bodha samyagjJAna, tattvoM ke yathArthasvarUpa para kiyA gayA zraddhAna/ dRr3ha pratIti arthAt svAtmapratyakSapUrvaka sva- para bheda yA karttavya-akarttavya kA viveka samyagdarzana tathA AcaraNa dvArA anta:karaNa kI zuddhatA arthAt karmabandha ke vAstavika kAraNoM ko avagata kara saMvara (navIna karmoM ko rokanA) tathA nirjarA ( pUrvasaJcita karmoM ko hapa dvArA kSaya karanA) meM lIna rahanA samyakcAritra kahalAtA hai| jainadarzana meM samyagdarzana kI mahattA para bala diyA gayA hai / use mokSa kA prathama sopAna mAnA gayA hai| binA samyagdarzana ke sUkSma se sUkSma jJAna-anubhUti tathA jIvana paddhati mithyAdarzI hotI hai / vAstava meM samyagdarzana ke abhAva meM jJAna, cAritra, vrata tathA tapAdi saba nissAra haiN| yaha nizcita hai ki samyagdarzana se jIva sarvaprakAra kI mUr3hatAoM se Upara uThatA calA jAtA hai arthAt use bhautika sukha kI apekSA zAzvata - AdhyAtmika sukha kA anubhava hone lagatA 1 48 apabhraMza bhAratI - prastuta kAvya meM samyagdarzana kA vyavahAra usa samaya huA hai jaba campA ke upavana meM padhAre muni zIlagupta ne isa kAvya ke mUlanAyaka rAjA karakaNDu ko upadeza diyA / yathA saddaMsaNu jiNavaraNicchaeNa, saddaMsaNu phiTTai micchaeNa | saddaMsaNu taccaha~ saddaheNa, saMkAiya dosaha~ NiggaheNa // (9.21) - mokSamArga meM vratoM kA apanA mahattva hai| yAvajjIvana hiMsAdi pApoM kI ekadeza yA sarvadeza nivRtti kA honA vrata kahalAtA hai arthAt sarvanivRtti ke pariNAma ko vrata kahate haiN| jainAgama meM. isake do bheda kie gae haiM aNuvrata / dezavrata aura mahAvrata / gRhasthoM / zrAvakoM ke lie pA~ca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata tathA cAra zikSAvrata aura sAdhuoM ke lie mahAvratoM ke paripAlana kA vidhividhAna hai / aNuvratoM evaM mahAvratoM ke phaloM ke bAre meM jainAgama meM ullekha hai ki aNuvrata - yukta samyagdarzana svarga kA aura mahAvrata- yukta samyagdarzana mokSa kA kAraNa hai| vivecya kAvya meM aNuvrata, guNavrata, zikSAvrata tathA mahAvratoM ke svarUpa kI carcA bar3e mArmika DhaMga se huI hai| muni zIlagupta rAjA karakaMDa ko dharma aura darzana kI zikSA de rahe haiM, ve apane upadeza meM tattvajJAna ke antargata vratoM ke svarUpa aura mAhAtmya kA pratipAdana karate / yathA - aNui~ suthUlai~ akkhiyAi~, aisahumai~ tAi~ mahavvayAi~ / tasajIvaha~ rakkhA jo karei, so mANau paDhamau vau dharei // rs bolla thUli aliyavANi, so vIyaDa aNuvaDa dharai NANi / rs corie~ gives davvu jo vi, so pAlai aNuvau taiyao vi / joNAra parAI gaNai mAya, so aNuvau turiyau dharai rAya / parimANu pariggahe jo karei, so Nakharai paMcamu vau dhare / ( 9.22)
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 samabhAvai~ jIvai~ jo Niei, paribhAvai saMjuma jo hiei~ / ( 9.23) kaNayAmarasivamANiNi varai so havai Niruttau tAhe varu // ( 9.24 ) rAga kI pracuratA ko samApta karane ke lie arthAt karma-nirjarA hetu pA~ca (arihanta, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya, sAdhu) kA smaraNa - cintavana vastutaH pUjA kahalAtI hai| yaha do prakAra se hotI hai - eka bhAvapUjA jisameM mana se arhantAdi ke guNoM kA cintavana hotA hai tathA dUsarI dravyapUjA, jisameM jala, candanAdi aSTadravyoM se jo vibhinna saMkalpoM ke pratIka haiM, jinendra pratimAdi ke samakSa jinendra ke guNoM kA stavana- namana kiyA jAtA hai / vAstava meM bhaktipUrvaka kI gaI jinendrapUjA se saMsArI prANI samasta duHkhoM se mukta ho apane karmoM kI nirjarA kara mokSagAmI hotA hai| 49 prastuta cariukAvya meM kavi ne isa kAvya ke pramukha rAjA karakaMDa ke pUrvabhava ke jIva dhanadatta gopa ke mAdhyama se bhaktipUrvaka jinendra- pUjA karAkara yaha darzAyA hai ki saMsArI prANI yadi apane ArAdhyadeva (jinendra prabhu) kA stavana - smaraNa karatA hai to vaha isa bhava yA agale bhava meM nizcaya hI sukha-vaibhava-samRddhi kA bhoga-upabhoga karatA hai / yathA - kaddamai~ vilittahiM payakarahiM jaM aMciu jiNavaru jayatilau / teM kaMDU tuha pae kare huyau iu akkhi mai~ tuha suhaNilau // ( 10.5) aisI koI bhI kriyAe~ jo tInoM guptiyoM - manasA vAcA karmaNA se bhojana lene meM nimitta kA kArya karatI haiM, una samasta kriyAoM ko tyAganA-chor3anA upavAsa kahalAtA hai / upavAsa kA artha hai - AhAra kA tyAga / citta kI nirmalatA vyakti ke bhojana - AhAra para nirbhara karatI hai / aparimita, asevanIya, asAtvika, amaryAdita, asantulita AhAra jIvana meM Alasya, tandrAnindrA, moha-vAsanA Adi kuprabhAvoM kutsitavRttiyoM ko utpanna kara sAdhanA meM vyavadhAna utpanna karatA hai, astu AhAra kA tyAga zaktyAnusAra sAvadhi athavA jIvanaparyanta kiyA jAtA hai| se AhAra tyAgane kA mUloddezya zarIra se upekSA, apanI cetanavRttiyoM ko bhojanAdi ke bandhanoM mukta karanA, kSudhAdi meM sAmyarasa se cyuta na honA arthAt saba prakAra icchA-Asakti ke tyAgane se rahA hai| zarIra evaM prANiyoM ke prati mamatva bhAvoM kA visarjana arthAt samasta tRSNAoM kA samApana tathA antaraMga meM viSaya/vikAroM/karmakaSAyoM se vimukti / nirjarA evaM Atmabala kI vRddhi hetu AhAra kA tyAga paramApekSita hai| nizcaya hI upavAsa se prANI - mana- indriya saMyama kI siddhi hotI hai jisase saMsArI prANI samasta pApa-kriyAoM se vimukta hokara sampUrNa ahiMsAdi vrata kA pAlana karatA huA mahAvratI banatA hai / vivecya kAvya meM cariukAra ne mUlanAyaka rAjA karakaMDa kI patnI padmAvatI ko upavAsa vrata, usake udyApana kA vidhi-vidhAna tathA usake phala- pariNAmAdi ko dRSTAnta ke mAdhyama se batAkara upavAsa kI mahattA kA guNagAna kiyA hai / yathA - paDivai~ Ai karevi tahiM uvavAsai~ putti sayA karahi / hiya icchiya so suhu aNuhavai surasejjahiM lIlae rai karai // ( 10.15)
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________________ 50 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 caMdovA solaha jiNabhavaNe dhaya deviNu kiMkiNiravamuhala / eho vayaho uvAsai~ maNaharaho pAvesahi vaMchiya suha sayala // ( 10.16 ) jainAgama meM tIrthaGkara ke jIvanakAla ke pA~ca prasiddha ghaTanAoM kA ullekha milatA hai jinheM paMca kalyANaka kahA jAtA hai kyoMki ve avasara/ghaTanAe~ jagata ke lie atyanta kalyANa va maMgalakArI hotI haiM / jo janma se hI tIrthaGkara prakRti lekara utpanna hue haiM unake garbha, janma, tapa, jJAna aura nirvANa ina pA~ca kalyANakoM kA vidhAna hai parantu jisa tIrthaGkara ne antimabhava meM hI tIrthaGkara prakRti kA baMdha kiyA hai usako yathAsambhava cAra, tIna tathA do kA bhI vidhAna jainAgama meM spaSTataH parilakSita hai| vartamAna meM navanirmita jinabimba kI zuddhi hetu jo pratiSThApATha kie jAte haiM ve isI paMcakalyANaka kI kalpanA haiM jisake Aropa dvArA pratimA meM tIrthaGkara kI sthApanA hotI hai| kalyANakoM ke mAhAtmya ko dekhate hue dhArmika prANI kalyANaka vrata karate haiM / karakaMDacariukAra ne paMcakalyANa vrata kA mAhAtmya tathA kriyA-vidhAna ko apane isa cariukAvya ke pradhAna nAyaka karakaMDa ke mAdhyama se abhivyakta kiyA hai| yathA - NAmeNa pasiddha bhuvaNayale paNa kallANa vihANu Niruttau / kevalaNANihiM maharisihi~ savvavihANaha~ tilau pauttau // ( 10.25 ) X X X puNu diNNau kAosaggu cAru, vihi~ sayahi~ phAru // ( 10.26) X X isa prakAra kavi muni kanakAmarajI ne apane isa karakaNDacariu meM mUlanAyaka rAjA karakaMDa ko saMsAra meM vyApta vibhinna paristhitiyoM se sAmanA karAkara usameM dharma ke bIja ko boyA hai, saMsAra kI nissAratA kA jJAna karAyA hai, dhArmika tattvoM ke mAdhyama se mUlanAyaka ke antaraMga ko kuredA hai / phalasvarUpa vaha bhoga se yoga kI bhUmi para, rAga se virAga ke dharAtala para tathA saMsAra se mokSa ke dvAra para pratiSThita huA hai| kavi ne pAThaka ko yaha batalAne kI ceSTA kI hai ki yadi vyakti ko samyak upAdAna va nimitta mila jAte haiM to nizcaya hI apane lakSya taka pahu~ca sakatA hai / isa kAvya meM bhI mUlanAyaka meM dharma ke saMskAra to haiM kintu ve supta - prasupta haiM; unheM jaba uparyaGkita upayogI evaM kalyANakArI dhArmika tattvoM kA nimitta milA to bhItara par3I suptacetanA jAgrata huI aura dizA ekadama badala gaI / 'maMgalakalaza', 394, sarvodayanagara, AgarA roDa, alIgar3ha (u.pra.) 202001
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 akTUbara - 1999, akTUbara - 2000 karakaMDacariu meM saundarya-citraNa - DaoN. trilokInAtha 'premI' apabhraMza-sAhitya na kevala apane paravartI sAhitya ko aneka vidhi prabhAvita karane ke kAraNa hI mUlyavAn hai, apitu apanI maulika udbhAvanA, saundarya-cetanA, kalpanA ke mUrta Akalana, nava-nava aprastuta-vidhAna, chandonuzAsana, manohArI bimba, vidhAyinI kuzalatA, kathAnakarUr3hiyoM ke prayoga tathA nItiparaka madhuratA kI dRSTi se bhI prabhUta samRddhazAlI hai| isake racayitA jaina-muni aura AcArya yadyapi vItarAgI mahAtmA the, tathApi unakI kArayitrI pratibhA ne apanI urvara kalpanA-zakti ke sahAre jo bimba ubhAre haiM, jo saundarya-sRSTi kI hai, vaha bejor3a hai| loka meM rahakara bhI ve alaukika bhAvanA se saMpRkta bane rahe aura vItarAgI hone para bhI lokAcAroM, lokavyavahAra tathA lokAnubhUtiyoM se achUte nahIM rahe / loka-jIvana aura jagat ke isI prasaMga-saMga ne inakI kAvya-sarjanA ko anUThA banA diyA hai, mahimAmaMDita kara diyA hai / jahA~ usameM sahajatAsaralatA hai vahA~ vakratA kA bhI saundarya hai| jahA~ loka-jIvana kI madhura abhivyakti huI hai vahA~ AdhyAtmikatA kA bhI sarasa pravAha hai| jahA~ vastu-citraNa meM eka AkarSaNa hai vahA~ nUtana udbhAvanAoM meM bhI saundarya kI sRSTi huI hai| jahA~ aprastuta-yojanA meM upamAnoM ke prayoga se inake saTIka saundarya-bodha kA paricaya milatA hai vahA~ Antarika bhAvoM kA bhI sahaja saundarya mana ko lubhAtA hai| kahIM nakha-zikha zRMgAra kA sajIva gatyAtmaka saundarya hai, to kahIM mAnavIkaraNa
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________________ 52 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 ke prayoga se prakRti caitanya ho uThI hai| isa prakAra apabhraMza ke ina kaviyoM kA saundarya-citraNa advitIya aura kalAtmaka aizvarya se paripUrNa hai| svayaMbhU kA 'paumacariu', puSpadaMta kA 'jasaharacariu', zrIdhara kA 'bhavisayattacariu', addahamANa kA 'saMdeza rAsaka', puSpadaMta kA 'mahApurANa', dhavalakavi-kRta 'harivaMzapurANa' Adi isa dRSTi se ullekhya haiN| kintu, muni kanakAmara ke 'karakaMDacariu" meM to aise sthaloM kI bharamAra hai| unake saundarya-bodha aura nirUpaNa meM adbhuta sAmaMjasya hai| 'karakaMDacariu' meM saundarya citraNa ko hama do rUpoM meM dekhate haiM - eka vastu-saundarya aura dUsarA bhAva-saundarya / mahAkAvyoM aura kathA-kAvyoM meM donoM ke nirUpaNa kI purAtana paramparA rahI hai| vastu-saundarya se una sthaloM yA vastuoM ke varNana kA tAtparya hai jahA~ kathAnaka yA itivRtta kI vividha ghaTanAe~ ghaTita hotI huI Age bar3hatI haiM aura kathA-nAyaka ke caritra ko ujAgara karatI haiN| inake antargata nagara, prAsAda, puSpavATikA, upavana, sarovara, citrazAlA, kusumazayyA, hATa, senA, yuddha-varNana Adi kA citrAtmaka nirUpaNa hotA hai| yathA - prathama saMdhi ke tIsare kar3avaka . meM aMga deza aura cauthe kar3avaka meM campA nagarI kA citraNa bar3A bhavya bana par3A hai - etthatthi khaNNau aMgadesu, mahimahilai~ NaM kiu divvvesu| jahiM saravari uggaya paMkayAi~ NaM dharaNivayaNi nnynnullyaa| jahiM hAliNiruvaNivaddhaNeha, saMcallahiM jakkhaNa divvdeh| jahiM bAlahiM rakkhiya sAlikhetta, moheviNu gIyae~ hrinnkhNt| jahiM dakkhai~ bhuMjivi duha muyaMti, thalakamalahiM paMthiya suha suyNti| jahiM sAraNisalili saroyapaMti, airehai meiNi NaM hsNti|| (1.3.5) arthAt aise isa bharata kSetra meM ramaNIka aMga deza hai, mAno pRthvI-mahilA ne divya veSa dhAraNa kiyA ho| jahA~ ke sarovaroM meM kamala uga rahe haiM, mAno dharaNI ke mukha para sundara nayana hI hoN| jahA~ kRSaka bAlAoM ke saundarya se AkRSTa hokara divya dehadhArI yakSa bhI staMbhita tathA gatizUnya ho jAte haiN| jahA~ bAlikAe~ carate hue hariNoM ke jhuNDoM ko apane gIta se mohita karake dhAna ke khetoM kI rakSA kara letI haiN| jahA~ pathika drAkSAphaloM kA bhojana kara apanI yAtrA ke zramajanya duHkha se mukta hote aura sthala kamaloM para sukha se so jAte haiM / jahA~ naharoM ke pAnI meM kamaloM kI paMktiyA~ aisI zobhAyamAna ho rahI haiM, mAno pRthvI ha~sa rahI ho / yahA~ prakRti kA to bhavya citraNa hai hI, kintu aMga deza se jor3akara jo utprekSAe~ kI gaI haiM, ve anUThI evaM manohArI haiN| isase aMga deza kI harI-bharI, zasya-syAmalA bhUmi kA to paricaya milatA hI hai; vahA~ ke jIvana kI khuzahAlI aura praphullatA kA bhI saMketa sahaja hI mila jAtA hai / isI prakAra campAnagarI kA varNana atIva mohaka aura kalApUrNa hai - jA veDhiya parihAjalabhareNa, NaM meiNi rehai saayrenn| uttuMgadhavalakausIsaehiM, NaM saggu chivai baahuusehiN| jiNamaMdira rehahiM jAhiM tuMga, NaM puNNapuMja Nimmala ahNg| koseyapaDAyau ghari lulaMti, NaM seyasappa Nahi slvlNti|
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI jA paMcavaNNamaNikiraNaditta, kusumaMjali NaM mayaNeNa ghitta / cittaliyahiM jA sohai gharehiM NaM amaravimANahiM maNaharehiM / NavakuMkumachaDayahiM jA sahei, samaraMgaNu mayaNaho NaM kahei / rattuppalAi~ bhUmihiM gayAi~, NaM kahai dharatI phalasayAi~ / jiNavAsapujjamAhappaeNa, Na vi kAmuya jittA kAmaeNa | (1.4.1) arthAt vaha campA nagarI jala se bharI khAI se ghirI hone ke kAraNa sAgara se veSTita pRthvI samAna suzobhita ho rahI hai| vaha apane U~ce prAsAda-zikharoM se aisI pratIta hotI hai mAno apanI saikar3oM bhujAoM dvArA svarga ko chU rahI ho / vahA~ vizAla jinamandira aise lagate haiM mAno nirmala abhaMga puNya ke puMja hoN| ghara-ghara rezama kI patAkAe~ ur3a rahI haiM, mAno AkAza meM zveta sarpa laharA rahe hoN| ve pacaraMgI maNiyoM kI kiraNoM se aisI dedIpyamAna ho rahI haiM, mAno madana ne apanI kusumAMjali car3hAI ho / ve citramaya gharoM se aise suzobhita haiM mAno devatAoM ke manahara vimAna hoM / naI kezara kI chaTA aisI laga rahI hai mAno kaha rahI ho ki madana kA samarAMgaNa yahI to hai / vahA~ sthAna-sthAna para rakta - kamala khile hue aise suzobhita ho rahe haiM mAno dharatI kaha rahI ho ki maiM hI saba prakAra ke phaloM ko dhAraNa karatI huuN| vahA~ bhagavAn vAsupUjya ke mAhAtmya se puruSa kAmI hokara bhI kAmadeva dvArA jIte nahIM jaate| yahA~ bhI utprekSAoM kI vibhUti sacamuca bar3I divya hai / kavi jaise inakI parikalpanA meM pratipAdya ke anurUpa sAmAnya loka- bhUmi se Upara uTha jAtA hai| yahI usake saundarya-bodha aura nirUpaNa kA sAmaMjasya hai| saundaryAnubhUti kI yaha divyatA yahA~ anUThI hai / 1 11-12 53 isI prakAra puSpadaMta ne 'jasaharacariu' meM yaudheya deza kA varNana kiyA hai| yahA~ bhI kahIM mAnavajIvana kI upekSA nahIM kI gaI hai| usakI dRSTi meM prAsAdoM kA Anandamaya jIvana hI nahIM hai, balki grAmINoM ke sahaja, svAbhAvika, sarala, madhura jIvana ko bhI usane citrita kiyA hai| gAyabhaiMsa, gvAla-bAloM ke gItoM kI madhuratA, Ikha ke kheta, totoM kI paMktiyA~ Adi dRzya isI tathya kI ora saMketa karate haiM, yathA - joyau NAmi atthi desu, NaM dharaNie dhariyau divvavesu / jahiM calaI jalAI savibbhamAI, NaM kAmiNi kulaI savibbhamAI | kusumiya phaliyAM jahiM uvavaNAI, NaM mahi kAmiNiNava jovvaNAI / maMthara romaMthaNa caliya gaMDa, jahiM suhi NisaNNa gomahisi saMDa / jahiM ucchuvAI rasa daMsirAI, NaM pavaNa vaseNa paNaccirAI / hiM kaNabhara paNaviya pikka sAli, jahiM dIsa sayadalu sadalu sAli / jahiM kaNisu kIra riMcholi cuNai, gaha vai suyAhi paDivayaNu bhaNai / jahiM diNNu kaNNu vaNi mayauleNa, govAla geya raMjiya maNeNa / rAnI padmAvatI kI garbhAvasthA kA citraNa karate hue kavi kanakAmara ne lokAnubhUti ko jaise sAkAra kara diyA hai - usake zarIra meM apUrva chAyA utpanna huii| usake ujjvala kapola pIle par3a gye| usake ura meM aba motiyoM kA hAra suzobhita nahIM hotA, kyoMki payodharoM ke teja ne
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI -11-12 usakA saundarya haraNa kara liyA thaa| usa hAra ne bhI Dola-Dolakara stanoM ke mukhoM ko kAjala ke samAna kAlA kara DAlA thA / khala kA bhI jaba lar3a-lar3akara sira jhukA diyA jAtA hai tabhI vaha guNIjanoM ke prati matsarahIna hotA hai| rAnI ke udara kI tribalI mAno bAlaka ke bhaya se lajjAyukta hokara naSTa ho gii| peTa ke bar3e bhAra se usakI gati manda par3a gaI tathA Alasa, jamhAI aura taMdrA kI vRddhi ho gii| isa prakAra bAlaka garbha ke sArabhUta lakSaNoM ko prakaTa karatA huA mAtA ke vizAla aMga meM rahane lagA - 54 viyaMbhiya aMge auvviya chAya, kavola samujjala paMDura jAya / paoharateyaviDaMbiyasAru, urammi Na chajjai mottiyahAru / ghulaMtai~ teNa thaNAha~ muhAi~, sakajjalavaNNai~ tAi~ kayAi~ / khalo vi raNehiM viNAmiyasIsu, Nimaccharu hoi guNINa guNIsu / valittau lajjae juttu khaNeNa, paNaTThau bAlaho NAi~ bhaena / supoTTabhareNa huA gai maMda, samAlasajiMbha pavaDDhiya tNd| (1.9.2) zmazAna kA citra to jaise vIbhatsa rasa kI avatAraNA meM apanA sAnI nahIM rakhatA - vahA~ kI bhUmi vidIrNa hue jIvoM kI sthiti aura rudhira se bhara rahI thI / mAMsa ke lobhI gIdha va anya prANI vahA~ nAca rahe the| lapalapAtI jIbhoMvAle bhAlU mRta zarIroM kA peTa phAr3a rahe the| mAMsAhArI rAkSasa phe-phe karate hue vahA~ phira rahe the / ur3ate aura reMgate lAkhoM pakSiyoM kI vahA~ bhIr3a lagI thii| Aga kI jvAlA meM jalate hue jIvoM se sArI bhUmi bharI thI / mRta zarIroM ke keza vAyu ke jhokoM se laharA rahe the aura sthAna-sthAna para ba~dhI jhaMDiyA~ phaharA rahI thiiN| jIvoM ke mRta zarIroM kI sar3I gaMdha se vahA~ manuSyoM ko jvara A jAtA thA / bhagna hue khapparoM ke vahA~ kahIM-kahIM Dhera lage the - dAriyAha~ jIvayAha~ lohieNa thippiraM, amisANa giddhaehiM bhUyaehiM NacciraM / lolajIha bhalluehiM phADiyaM mayovaraM, maMsarattaphekkaraMtarakkhasANa goyaraM / uDDirANa riMgirANa pakkhilakkhasaMkulaM, ciccijAlajIvavaggaDajjhamANaAulaM / vAyaeNa sIsabhUyakesabhAraloliraM, thAmi thAmi baddhiyAhiM ciMdhiyAhiM gholiraM / dehidehagaMdhapaNa mANusehiM jUriyaM, kahiM mi thAme bhaggaehiM khapparehiM pUriyaM / ( 1.17 ) rAja- prAsAda ke citraNa meM bhI kavi kI kuzalatA aura upamAnoM kI bhavyatA darzanIya hai vaha rAjaniketa himavaMta ke zikhara ke samAna ati manohara thA / vaha muktAphaloM kI mAlA ke toraNoM se mAno apane saghana zveta dA~toM se ha~sa rahA thA / kiMkiNiyoM kI dhvanisahita apanI dhvajA aura patAkAoM kI mAlAsahita aisA pratIta hotA thA mAno koI praNayinI tAla de-dekara nAca rahI ho / suvarNa aura maNiratnoM se jar3A huA vaha aisA dIkha par3a rahA thA mAno svarga se devoM kA vimAna A par3A ho -
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________________ 55 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 teM diTThau rAyaNikeu tuMga, aimaNaharu NaM himvNtsiNgu| muktAhalamAlAtoraNehiM, NaM vihasai siyadaMtahiM ghnnehiN| kiMkiNiraNaMtu dhayavaDavamAlu, NaM Naccai paNayiNi vihiytaalu| cAmIyaramaNirayaNehiM ghaDiNu, NaM saggaho amaravimANu pddiu| (3.3.3) sarovara meM pUjA ke lie kamala lene Aye hAthI kA citraNa bar3A naisargika bana par3A hai aura kriyAoM se to mAnava-sadRza cetanA kA sahaja paricaya milatA hai - sarovara meM se kamala lene ke lie AtA huA vaha karIndra aisA pratIta hotA thA mAno eka parvata samudra ke pAsa AyA ho| vaha kAnoM se jhalajhala svara utpanna kara rahA thA aura kapoloM se mada bahA rahA thaa| usake locana khUba lAla the| dA~toM se vaha prazaMsanIya thaa| usakI rIr3ha car3hAe hue cApa ke samAna uThI huI thii| vaha bhauMroM ke puMjoM ko dUra haTAtA jA rahA thA aura sUMDa ke jala se dizAmukhoM ko bhara rahA thaa| vaha saiMDa se saikar3oM kamaloM ko tor3a rahA thA aura sira para motiyoM kI mAlA dhAraNa kiye thaa| sacamuca yaha citra bar3A hI bhavya hai - sarovare pomai~ levi kariMdu, samAyau pavvau pAi~ smuhu| jhalAjhala kaNNaraeNa saraMtu, kavolacueNa maeNa jhrNtu| supiMgalaloyaNu daMtahiM saMsu, cddaaviycaavsmunnnnyvNsu| durehakulAi~ sudUre karaMtu, disAmuha suMDajaleNa bhrNtu| kareNa saroyasayAi~ haraMtu, sumottiyadAma sireNa dhrNtu| (4.6.4) zilpI ke dvArA TA~kI calAne para nikalI jalavAhinI ke saundarya kA citraNa to kavi ne aneka utprekSAoM dvArA kiyA hai, jaise usakI saMpUrNa zraddhA isa prakAra prakaTa ho gaI hai - bhArI coTeM par3ane se cinagAriyA~ nikalane lagIM, mAno zeSanAga ke krodhavaza jala uThane ke cihna hoN| phira usa gA~Tha ke mukha se zIghra hI eka bar3I bhArI jala kI dhArA nikala pdd'ii| pahale bhuka-bhuka karatI huI nikalI, mAno medinI bhaya se vamana karane lagI ho| bAhara nikalatI huI vaha aisI pratIta huI mAno pathvI ko bhedakara nAgendra kI gahiNI nikala paDI ho| bhami meM milakara vaha aisI sazobhita haI mAno gaMgA nadI khala-khalA rahI ho| usane kSaNabhara meM hI sAre layaNa ko jala se bhara diyA, mAno rasoM se bharA amRta kuNDa ho athavA jala ke bahAne se dharma-sAra bharA ho / aneka dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM ke prayoga se yahA~ citra apekSAkRta sajIva-sAkAra ho uThA hai tathA upamAnoM ke ucita prayoga se pavitratA pUrita ho gaI hai jo sarvathA pratipAdya ke anurUpa hai - gurughAyavaDaNeM Niggaya phuliMga, NaM kohavasai~ ahijlnnliNg| tahe gaMThihe vayaNaho bahalaphAra, tA Niggaya takkhaNi slildhaar| paDhamau bhuMbhukkai. Niggamei, NaM meiNi bhIe~ uvvmei| NiggaMtI vAhiri sA vihAi, mahi bhiMdivi phaNivaighariNi nnaaiN| parisahai sA vi bhUmihiM milaMti, gaMgANai NaM khalabala khlNti| pasaraMtie tAe~ khaNeNa bhavvu, taM bhariyau layaNu jaleNa svvu| NaM amiya kuMDu bahurasajaleNa, NaM dhammasAru thiu jlchlenn| (4.14.2)
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________________ 56 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 ___ yuddha-varNana meM kaisI adbhuta gatyAtmakatA hai - yuddha kA jItA-jAgatA citra hI upasthita ho gayA hai - nagAr3oM para coTa par3I jisase bhuvana-tala bhara gyaa| bAje baja rahe haiM, sainyadala saja rahe haiM / vyUha racita hone para senAe~ zatrubala se bhir3a giiN| bhAle bhagna ho rahe haiM, kuMjara garaja rahe haiM, yoddhA vega se bar3ha rahe haiM, hAthI ke dA~toM se bhir3a rahe haiN| gAtra TUTa rahe haiM, sira phaTa rahe haiM / ruNDa daur3a rahe haiM, zatru sthAna prApta kara rahe haiM / A~teM nikala rahI haiM, rudhira meM lathapatha ho rahI haiM / haDDiyA~ mur3a rahI haiM, grIvAe~ TUTa rahI haiM - tA hayai~ tUrAi~, bhuvnnylpuuraaiN| vajaMti vajjAi~, sajjaMti sennnnaaiN| ANAe~ ghar3iyAi~, parabalai~ bhiddiyaaiN| kuMtAi~ bhanjaMti, kuMjarai~ gjNti| rahaseNa vaggaMti, karidasaNe lggNti| gattAi~ tuTuMti, muMDAi~ phuttRti| ruMDAi~ dhAvaMti, arithANu paavNti| atAMI guppaMti, ruhireNa thippNti| haDDAi~ moDaMti, gIvAi~ toddNti| (3.15) jaba vAmI kI bhakti-sahita pUjA karake hAthI calA jAtA hai taba karakaMDa sarovara ke nikaTa jAtA hai| usa samaya kavi sarovara kA citraNa mAnavIkaraNa alaMkAra ke mAdhyama se karatA huA kahatA hai - rAjA ko apane nikaTa AtA huA dekhakara mAno sarovara pakSiyoM ke kolAhala ke byAja se kaha rahA hai ki yaha jala hastiyoM ke kaMbhasthaloM dvArA kalaza dhAraNa kiye thA aura tRSNAtura jIvoM ko sukhI karatA thaa| vaha ucca daNDoM ke kamaloM dvArA unnati vahana kara rahA thA aura uchalatI machaliyoM ke mAdhyama se mana ke utsAha ko prakaTa kara rahA thaa| phena-piNDarUpI dA~toM se ha~sa rahA thA evaM nirmala tathA pracura guNoM sahita cala rahA thaa| vikasita kamaloM dvArA vaha apanI prasannatA vyakta kara rahA thA aura vividha vihaMgoM ke rUpa meM nAca rahA thaa| bhramarAvalI kI guMjAra dvArA vaha gA rahA thA aura pavana se prerita jala ke dvArA daur3a rahA thA - AvaMtaho taho aidihi jaNaMtu, khagarAvaI Avahu NaM bhnnNtu| jalakuMbhikuMbhakuMbhai~ dharaMtu, taNhAurajIvahu~ suhu krNtu| uiMDaNaliNiuNNaha vahaMtu, aiNimmalapauraguNehiM jNtu| pacchaNNau viyasiyapaMkaehiM, NaccaMtau vivihvihNgehiN| gAyataMu bhamarAvaliraveNa, dhAvaMtau pvnnaahyjlenn| (4.7.2) isI prakAra bhISaNa vana aura layaNa-varNana (4-4.5-52), jala-vAhinI kA varNana (4-24-58), rativegA kA vilApa-varNana (7-11-99), hAthI dvArA rAjA ke cayana kA varNana (2-1-16) Adi aneka sthala saundarya kI dRSTi se anUThe haiN|
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________________ 57 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 bhAva-saundarya ke vicAra se bhI vibhinna sthaloM para kavi ne sundara avatAraNA kI hai| isameM bAhya-rUpa evaM AbhyaMtara-bhAva kI manohArI chaTA kavi ne ukerI hai| kahIM-kahIM to aprastuta yojanA ke sahAre bhAva kI sajIvatA aura pavitratA hRdaya ko chU jAtI hai aura isakI kalpanAcAturI ke samakSa nata-mastaka ho jAnA par3atA hai| bhAvoM kI mUrta-saMyojanA aura citraNa meM muni kanakAmara kI kalA-pravINatA dekhate hI banatI hai| zmazAna meM putra-janma lete hI eka mAtaMga A jAtA hai| usakA rUpa-citraNa karatA huA kavi kahatA hai - usakA raMga kAlA aura netra lAla the| vaha usa navajAta zizu ke pAsa AyA aura apane hAthoM meM bAlaka ko aise uThA liyA mAno vizAla hAthI ne svarNa-kalaza ko uThA liyA ho| usake hAtha meM bAlaka isa prakAra zobhA de rahA thA mAno kAle nAga ke phaNa para maNi camaka rahI ho| yahA~ bAlaka kI sukumAratA, saundarya tathA divyatA kI vibhUti kA to citraNa huA hai, mAtaMga kI bhayaMkaratA se mAM ke zaMkita hRdaya kI bhI mauna jhA~kI prastuta ho gaI hai - kasaNacchavi loyaNa ratta jAsu, so Ayau tahiM NaMdaNaho paasu| uccAyiu teM so NiyakaraNa, NaM hemakalasu kuNjrvrenn| tahiM karayali thakkau soha dei, NaM phaNivaimatthai~ maNi shei| (2.1.6) nagara-Agamana ke samaya karakaMDa ke darzana ke lie nAriyoM kI vihvalatA kA dRzya bar3A bhavya, bhAvAtmaka aura AkarSaka hai - koI ramaNI utkaMThita hokara vega se cala par3I, koI vihvala hokara dvAra para hI khar3I raha gii| koI nae rAjA ke sneha se lubdha hokara daur3a par3I, usa mugdhA ko apane galita hue paridhAna kI bhI sudha na rhii| koI apane adhara meM khUba kAjala dene lagI aura netroM meM lAkSArasa karane lgii| koI nirgrantha-vRtti kA anusaraNa kara rahI thI, to koI apane bAlaka ko viparIta kaTi para le rahI thii| koI bAla napura ko karatala meM pahana rahI thI aura mAlA ko sira chor3akara kaTitala para dhAraNa kara rahI thii| koI becArI anurAga meM itanI DUba gaI ki bilauTe ko apanA putra samajhakara use chor3atI hI nahIM thii| koI naye rAjA ko mana meM dhAraNa kara daur3a rahI thI aura vihvala huI bhUmi para calatI-calatI mUrcchita ho rahI thI - ka vi rahasai~ taraliya caliya NAri, vihaDaphphaDa saMThiya kA vi vaari| ka vi dhAvai NavaNivaNehaluddha, parihANu Na galiyau gaNai muddh| ka vi kajjalu bahalau ahare dei, NayaNullae~ lakkhArasu krei| NiggaMthavitti ka vi aNusarei, vivarIu DiMbhu ka vi kaDihiM lei| ka vi Neuru karayali karai bAla, siru chaMDivi kaDiyale dharai maal| NiyaNaMdaNu maNNivi ka vi varAya, majjAru Na mellai saannuraay| ka vi dhAvai NavaNiu maNe dharaMti, vihalaMghala mohai dhara srNti| (3.2.2)
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________________ 58 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 bhAva-zabalatA kI yaha mana:sthiti bar3I svAbhAvika evaM manovaijJAnika hai / premAnubhUti meM prAyaH aisA hotA hI hai| zrImadbhAgavata meM rAsa ke samaya muralI-dhvani sunane para parama premamayI gopAMganAoM kI bhI aisI avasthA kA citraNa darzanIya hai - baMzI-dhvani sunakara jo gopiyA~ dUdha duha rahI thIM, ve atyanta utsukatAvaza dUdha duhanA chor3akara cala pdd'iiN| jo cUlhe para dUdha auTA rahI thIM, ve uphanatA huA dUdha chor3akara, aura jo lapasI pakA rahI thIM, ve pakI huI lapasI binA utAre hI jyoM-kI-tyoM chor3akara cala dii| jo bhojana parasa rahI thIM ve parasanA chor3akara, jo choTe-choTe baccoM ko dUdha pilA rahI thIM ve dUdha pilAnA chor3akara, jo patiyoM kI sevA-suzrUSA kara rahI thIM ve sevA chor3akara aura jo svayaM bhojana kara rahI thIM ve bhojana karanA chor3akara apane kRSNa pyAre ke pAsa cala pdd'ii| koI-koI gopI apane zarIra meM aMgarAga, candana aura ubaTana lagA rahI thIM aura kucha A~khoM meM aMjana lagA rahI thiiN| ve unheM chor3akara tathA ulTe-palTe vastra dhAraNakara cala pdd'ii| 9vIM saMdhi meM bhI muni-darzana ke lie nara-nAriyoM meM aise hI utsAha-bhAva kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| usameM pUjya aura zraddhA kA pavitra samAveza hai|' karakaNDa ke campAnareza ke sAtha yuddha meM padmAvatI ke upasthita hone aura pitA-putra kA paricaya karAne para, jaba vaha apane pati ke pAsa khar3I huI suzobhita huI tathA campA-nareza usakI ora dekhane lage - barasoM ke viyoga ke bAda hue isa milana meM kitanI pavitratA aura bhAvAtmakatA hai, ise pati-patnI hI hRdayaMgama kara sakate haiM - campA-nareza ne use dekhA jaise ratnAkara gaMgAnadI ko dekhatA hai - yahA~ upamA kI sArthakatA aura prAMjalatA darzanIya hai - 'sA diTThiya caMvaNaresareNa, gaMgANai NaM rynnaayrenn'| isI prakAra pitA-patra ke AliMgana ko zrIkRSNa aura pradyumnakumAra ke samAna kahakara vyakta kiyA hai - yaha dRSTAnta alaMkAra bar3A saTIka hai - 'jaha saMgare jAivi teyaNihi pajjuNNu kumaru daamoyrinn|' layaNa meM le jAne ke lie jaba karakaMDa ne jinabimba ko uThAyA, to kavi kahatA hai jaise laMkezvara ne kailAza ko uThAyA ho - 'kailAlu NAi~ laMkesareNa / ' donoM hAthoM se sira ke Upara rakhA huA vaha biMba aisA pratIta huA jaise hari ne govarddhana ko uThA liyA ho - 'vihiM karahiM dhariu sirauvari bhAi, govaddhaNu hariNA kaliu nnaaiN'| sarovara meM praveza karake gvAle ne jaba kamala tor3a liyA, to kavi kalpanA karatA hai mAno sarovara kA sira kATa liyA gayA ho - 'NaM khuDimu sarovarasiru khaNeNa' - jaise sarovara rUpa-vihIna ho gayA, kyoMki rUpa to sira se hI suzobhita hotA hai, isa bhAva kI vyaMjanA bar3I saTIka bana par3I hai| muni se prabhAvita hone para karakaMDa ke vairAgya-bhAva kI nirUpaNA kitanI karuNApUrita aura hRdayavidAraka hai - uppADiya kuMtala kuDilavaMta, NaM kammabhuvaMgama slvlNt| tiNasamau gaNivi aMteurAi~, parihariyai~ aMgato abraaiN| (10.23) senA kI gaMdha pAne para hAthI ke krodhita rUpa kA citraNa dekhie - usake anubhAvoM ne jaise krodhabhAva ko sAkAra kara diyA hai - apanI sUMDa uThAkara va sira hilAkara hAthI ne mukha mor3akara usa ora avalokana kiyaa| usa senA ko dekhakara vaha bhaDaka uThA aura mada kI gaMdha kA lobhI
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 vaha hAthI sU~Da ko dA~ta para rakhakara gulagulAtA huA, pairoM ke bhAra se pRthvI ko rauMdatA huA daur3a par3A - uccAivi karayalu siru dhuNevi, avaloiya kariNA muhu valevi / sA pekkhivi so karivaru viruddha, udbhAviu kari mayagaMdhaludhu / karu dasaNe karaMtau gulugulaMtu, payabhAreM meiNi NiddalaMtu / (5.14) isa prakAra AMtarika bhAvoM aura anubhAvoM ke citraNa meM kavi ne jisa saundarya kI sRSTi kI hai usameM usakI kalA-paTutA evaM saundarya-bodha kA paricaya milatA hai| usake lie jina alaMkAroM tathA aprastutoM kA prayoga kiyA hai ve bar3e sArthaka aura saTIka haiM / kahIM-kahIM to unake dvArA bhAvoM kI pavitratA isa kathA kAvya ke uddezya ko bhI iMgita karatI hai / aura kahIM rUpa-citraNa meM saundarya kI dRSTi se cAra cA~da laga gaye haiN| pahalI saMdhi meM hI padmAvatI kA nakha-zikhanirUpaNa pratIpa tathA utprekSA ke mAdhyama se atIva saundarya kA kendra bana gayA hai - nakhoM ke rUpa meM mAno sUrya-candra isakA anusaraNa karate haiN| isake zarIra kI icchA karatI huI kadalI isakI jaMghAoM kA anusaraNa karane lagI hai| airAvata hAthI ne unake samakSa apanI sU~Da ko bhalA na jAna, mAno meru ke ucca zikhara kA sevana kiyA hai| suragiri ne apane se bhI kaThina mAnakara isa lalitadeha ramaNI ke nitaMba kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| nAbhi kI gaharAI to itanI hai ki jaise samudra ne use hI apanI kanyA mAnakara upahAra meM dI ho| usake rekhAMkita pIna aura unnata stana to aise haiM mAno naye ghAvoM se yukta hAthI ke kumbha hI hoM / karapallavoM kI zobhA se yukta usakI bhujAlatAoM kI suDaulatA kA kyA varNana karU~? daMtAvali aisI camakadAra hai mAno anAra ke dAnoM kA hI anusaraNa kara rahI ho| nAsikA kI unnati ko sahana na karane se hI usake adharoM ne lAlimA dhAraNa kara lI hai| usake zveta aura kRSNa nayana-tAre aise sohate haiM mAno ketakI ke patra para do bar3e-bar3e bhauMre A baiThe hoM / usakI kuTila bhRkuTiyA~ aisI bhAtI haiM mAno madana ne apanI dhanuryaSTi dhAraNa kI ho| bhAla-tala aisA hai mAno ardhacandra hI zobhA de rahA ho| bhauMroM ke samAna kAle keza sira para lahalahAte aise pratIta hote haiM mAno usake mukha-candra ke bhaya se andhakAra vahA~ milakara kA~pa rahA ho, yahI gatyAtmaka saundarya hai - 59 taNuruvariddhi eha aivihAi, NaharUvai~ ravisasi sariya NAi~ / sArau sarIru icchaMtiyAe, iha sAriu jaMghau kayaliyAe / karirAe~ maNNevi karu Na caMgu, NaM seviu meruhi Ahi tuMgu / suragiriNA gaNiyau kaThiNa eha, aNusariya NiyaMbaho laliyadeha | pilattaNu maNaharu soNiyAhi, gharu maNNivi mayaNeM vihiu tAhi / mayaraharai~ gahirima NAhiyAhe, NaM dhIya bhaNeviNu diNNa Ahe / tahi lihiyaI pINuNNayathaNAi~, NaM kuMbhihe kuMbhai~, NavavaNAi~ / kiM vaNNami saralima bhuvalayAhiM, karapallava sohA saMjuAhiM / daMtAvali sohai vipphuraMti, NaM dADimavIyaha~ aNuharati /
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________________ 60 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 NAsahe uNNai asahaMtaeNa, rattattaNu dhariyau ahrenn| siyakasaNa nayaNa sohaMti vAra, NaM keyayadeli gaya bhamara taar| aikuDilI bhauhAvali vihAi, dhaNulaTThi va mayaNe dhariya nnaa| sohAmahagghu bhAlayalu bhAi, addhiMdu va laggau sahai nnaa| aliNIlakesa siraruha ghulaMti, muhaiMdubhayai~ NaM tama milNti| (1.16) yahI nahIM, kavi ne yahA~ saundarya-citraNa ke nava-nava AyAma udghATita kiye haiN| amUrta ke mUrtikaraNa ke dvArA jaise saundarya sajIva ho uThA hai| jinendra kI stuti karatA huA vaha nRpavara kahatA hai - yahA~ rUpaka alaMkAra kA bar3A sundara prayoga huA hai| Apa karmarUpI vRkSa ko kATanevAle kuThAra haiM - 'jaya kammaviDavichiMdaNa kutthaar'| Apa pApAndhakAra ko nAza karanevAle dineza haiM, ApakI jaya ho - 'jaya paavtimirpheddnndinnes'| Apa rAgarUpI bhujaMga ko damana karane ke lie maMtra tathA madanarUpI ikSu ko perane ke lie uttama yaMtra ho - 'jaya rAyabhuvaMgamadamaNamaMta, jaya mynnikkhupiilnnsujNt'| Apa jayazrIrUpI vadhU ke karNAvataMsa evaM bhavyajanoM ke manarUpI sarovara ke rAjahaMsa ho - 'jaya jaya siribahakaNNAvataMsa, jaya bhviynnmnnsrraayhNs'| isI prakAra karakaMDa ke punarmilana se rativegA kI AMtarika prasannatA ko upamA alaMkAra ke sahAre jaise mUrta kara diyA gayA hai - apane pati ko dekhakara harSa se usakI A~khoM meM aJjula bhara aayaa| vaha kRzAMgI aisI camaka uThI jaise kRSNavarNa sajala megha bijalI se camaka uThatA hai athavA mayUrI sajala megha ko dekhakara nAca uThatI hai - raiveyai~ diTThau NiyaramaNu tahiM harisai~ vaDDhiu aNsujlu| tA vijju camakkiya kasaNataNu sihikaMtae~ NaM jalaharu sjlu|| (8.17) astu, niSkarSataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'karakaMDacariu' meM saundarya-citraNa ke lie usake kavi ne aneka bindu khoje haiN| jahA~ vastu-yojanA kI hai, vahA~ bhAvAtmaka udbhAvanAe~ bhI kI haiN| lekina kahIM bhI mAnava-jIvana kI upekSA nahIM kI hai| isa prakAra kathA-saMgaThana meM to cAra cA~da laga hI gaye haiM, usakI kalpanA-kuzalatA kA bhI sahaja paricaya mila jAtA hai jo saphala aura siddhahasta kavi ke lie apekSita hai| yaha saundarya bhautika aura laukika dRSTi se to AkarSaka hai hI, alaukika sRSTi aura udbhAvanAoM ke kAraNa bar3A bhavya evaM advitIya ho gayA hai| isI se isakI aprastuta yojanA meM divyatA kA samAveza ho gayA hai| isameM jahA~ bahuta-se itivRttAtmakavRttoM aura ghaTanAoM ko sa~joyA gayA hai, unake rUpa ko sAkAra tathA darzanIya banAyA gayA hai ; vahA~ rUpa-citraNa meM aMga-pratyaMga ke saundarya ko bhI ubhArA gayA hai evaM alaMkAroM-aprastutoM ke sahAre AMtarika bhAvoM ko bhI mUrta karake saundarya ke nae AyAma talAza liye gaye haiN| aprastuta-yojanA meM kavi kI sarvopari vizeSatA yaha rahI hai ki usameM navInatA aura maulikatA hai, ghise-piTe purAtana aprastutoM ko usane bahuta kama prayoga kiyA hai| puna: usake uddezya kI pavitratA aura dhArmikatA ko bhI inase bar3A bala milA hai| isa prakAra yaha saundarya-citraNa, kAvya-kalA ke vicAra se
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI kalAtmaka, madhura aura AkarSaka bana gayA hai, vahA~ AdhyAtmika upalabdhi kA bhI AdhAra bana gayA hai / usameM jahA~ ujjvalatA aura udAttatA hai vahA~ navyatA, divyatA aura pAvanatA bhI hai, para kahIM mA~salatA aura aihikatA nahIM hai / -11-12 61 1. karakaMDacariu - saMpA. DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, prakAzaka bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana / 2. jasaharacariu - saMpA. DaoN. parazurAma lakSmaNa vaidya, 1.3.14, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana / 3. duhantyo'bhiyayuH kazcid dohaM hitvA samutsukAH / payo'dhizrityasaMyAvamanudvAsyAparA yayuH // pariveSayantyastaddhitvA pApayantyaH zizUn payaH / zuzrUSantyaH patIn kAzcid zrantyo'pAsya bhojanam // limpantyaH pramRjantyo'nyA aMjaMtyaH kAzcaH locane / vyatyastavastrAbharaNAH kAzcit kRSNAMtikaM yayuH // * zrImadbhAgavata, 10vA~ skaMdha, adhyAya 29, 5.6.7 4. kavi mANiNi calliya laliyadeha, muNicaraNasaroyaha~ baddhaNeha | kavi NeurasacheM raNajhaNaMti, saMcalliya muNiguNa NaM thuNaMti / kavi ramaNu Na jaMtau parigaNei, muNidaMsaNu hiyavae~ sai~ muNei / kavi parimalu bahalu vahaMti jAi, vijjAhari NaM mahiyali vihAi / (9.2.3) 49 bI, Aloka nagara AgarA - 282010
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________________ 62 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 NaM dharaNie~ dhariyau divvavesu puNu pabhaNami jasaharaNivacarittu vaiyaravicittu jaM jema vittu| bahudIvamahaNNavamaMDalilli iha tiriyaloi mysNkddilli| vitthiNNae~ jaMbUdIvi bharaheM khrkirnnkraavlibhuuribhrheN| joheyau NAmi atthi desu NaM dharaNie~ dhariyau divvvesu| jahi~ calai~ jalAi~ savibbhamAi~ NaM kAmiNikulai~ svibbhmaaiiN| bhaMgAlai~ NaM kukaittaNAi~ jahi~ NIlaNettaNiddhai~ tnnaaiN| kusumiyaphaliyai~ jahi~ uvavaNAi~ NaM mhikaaminninnvjovvnnaaiN| govAlamuhAluMkhiyaphalAi~ jahi~ mahurai~NaM sukayahA~ phlaaiN| maMthararomaMthaNacaliyagaMDa jahi~ suhi NisaNNa gomhisisNdd| jahi~ ucchuvaNai~ rasadaMsirAi~ NaM pavaNavaseNa pnncciraaiN| . jahi~ kaNabharapaNaviya pikka sAli jahiM dIsai sayadalu sadalu saali| jahi~ kaNisu kIraricholi cuNai gahavaisuyAhi paDivayaNu bhnni| chokkaraNarAvaraMjiyamaNeNa pahi pau Na diNNu pNthiyjnnenn| jahi~ diNNu kaNNu vaNi mayauleNa govaalgeyrNjiymnnenn| jahi~ jaNadhaNakaNaparipuNNa gAma pura Nayara susImArAma saam| ghattA - rAyauru maNoharU rayaNaMciyagharu tahi~ puravaru pvnnuddhyhiN| calaciMdhahi~ miliyahi~ Nahayali ghuliyahi~ chivai va saggu sayaM muahiN| jasaharacariu 1.3 aba maiM vicitra vRttAnta se yukta jo jaisA ghaTA vaisA yazodhara nareza ke caritra kA varNana karatA huuN| aneka dvIpoM aura mahAsamudroM se maNDita tathA prANiyoM se bharapUra isa tiryagloka meM vistIrNa jambUdvIpa hai, usameM sUrya kI uSNa kiraNa-puMja se pUrita bharata kSetra hai aura usameM yaudheya nAma kA deza hai mAno dharA ne divya veSa dhAraNa kiyA ho| vahA~ nadiyoM meM bhauMreM par3atA huA jala aisA pravAhita hotA thA jaise kAminiyoM ke samUha hAva-bhAva-vibhrama dikhAte hue cala rahe hoN| vahA~ nIle bandhanoM se yukta ghAsa ke pUle bhaMgoM-sahita aise the jaise nIla netroM se prema kI sUcanA denevAlI kAmuka striyoM ke varNana se yukta kukaviyoM kI kavitAe~ hoM / vahA~ ke upavana puSpoM aura phaloM se paripUrNa the mAno mahIrUpI kAminI kA nayA yauvana hI ho| gvAloM ke mukhoM se cUse gaye phala aise madhura the jaise satkarmoM ke phl| vahA~ gAyoM aura bhaiMsoM ke jhuNDa sukha se baiThe dhIre-dhIre romanthaNa meM gAla calAte hue dikhAI dete the| vahA~ ganne ke kheta apanA rasa dikhalAte hue mAno pavana ke vega se nAca rahe the| vahA~ kI pakI dhAna kaNoM ke bhAra se jhuka rahI thI, tathA zatadala kamala bhauMroM se yukta dikhAI dete the| vahA~ zukoM ke jhuNDa dhAna ke kaNa cunate evaM khetoM ko rakhAnevAlI gRhasthoM kI kanyAoM ko pratyuttara de rahe the| chuchakArane kI dhvani se manoraMjana karanevAle pathikajana mArga meM paira Age bar3hA hI nahIM pAte the| vahA~ gvAloM ke gItoM se manomugdha hokara vana meM mRgasamUha kAna dekara sunane meM magna ho jAte the| vahA~ ke grAma, pura aura nagara, jana, dhana aura dhAnya se paripUrNa the, evaM udyAna apanI-apanI sImAoM meM hare-bhare the| aise usa yaudheya deza meM rAjapura nAmaka manohara nagara thA jahA~ ke ghara ratnoM ke saMcaya se pUrNa the tathA jo apane pavana ke vega se calAyamAna tathA AkAzatala meM milate-ghulate dhvajoM se mAnoM apanI bhujAoM dvArA svarga ko chUtA huA dikhAI detA thaa| anu. - DaoN.hIrAlAla jaina
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 akTUbara 1999, akTUbara - 2000 - 63 kavi addahamANa kRta 'saMdeza - rAsaka' zrI vedaprakAza garga - kavi addahamANa' dvArA racita 'saMdeza rAsaka' tIna prakramoM meM vibhakta 223 chaMdoM kA prabandhAtmaka rUpa meM eka sundara jainetara khaNDa-kAvya hai| chaMda-yojanA kI dRSTi se ukta chaMda .22 prakAra ke haiM / isa kAvya kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki isake chaMda eka ora to muktaka ke guNoM se yukta haiM aura dUsarI ora ve kathA - sUtra meM bhI grathita haiN| rAsaka yA rAso zailI kI yaha racanA eka dUta kAvya hai / isameM 'saMdeza' zabda se viSaya kA bodha hotA hai aura 'rAsaka' kAvya-rUpa kA paricAyaka hai / 'rAsaka" eka chaMda kA bhI nAma hai aura yaha isa racanA kA mukhya chaMda hai / isa kRti kA lagabhaga eka tihAI bhAga rAsaka chaMda meM hI likhA gayA hai| vaise isameM chaMda-vaividhya hai aura aDilla, dohA, raDDA, paddhar3iyA Adi vibhinna chaMdoM kA prayoga huA hai| saMbhavataH isakI racanA paThana-pAThana hetu huI thI, kintu isakI geyatA se bhI iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| AcArya hajArIprasAdajI dvivedI ne ise masRNoddhata DhaMga kA jJeya rUpaka mAnA hai'| rAsaka meM geya tatva kI pradhAnatA ho jAne para kathA tatva kA A jAnA svAbhAvika hI thA / ataH gItAtmaka kalevara meM yaha eka suMdara racanA hai| isameM eka kalpita kathA kA AdhAra liyA gayA hai| viSaya kI dRSTi se 'saMdeza-kAvya' meM pravAsa-janita viraha kA varNana hai, kintu kathA sukhAnta hai aura Adi - aMta meM AziSa - kathana hai| isameM svakIyA ke prema kA vikAsa kiyA gayA hai| vijaya nagara kI eka sundarI apane pravAsI pati ke viraha meM vyAkula hokara eka pathika se saMdeza bhejatI hai| 'saMdezarAsaka' kI kathA saMkSepa meM isa prakAra hai
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________________ 64 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 'vijaya nagara (rAjasthAna) meM eka virahiNI hai jisakA pati pravAsa meM khambhAta gayA huA hai| bahuta dinoM ke anantara bhI vaha lauTA nahIM hai| isalie vaha eka pathika se, jo mUla-sthAna (mulatAna) se apane svAmI kA gopanIya lekha lekara khambhAta jA rahA hai, apanA prema-saMdeza bhejanA cAhatI hai| pathika jyoM hI usakA saMdeza lekara calane ko prastuta hotA hai vaha kucha aura kahane lagatI hai| aisA kaI bAra hotA hai| yahA~ taka ki jaba pathika calane ko udyata hotA hai aura usase pUchatA hai ki aura kucha to nahIM kahanA hai, to vaha ro par3atI hai| pathika usako sAMtvanA detA hai aura saMyogavaza pUcha baiThatA hai ki usakA pati kisa Rtu meM pravAsa ke lie gayA thA? vaha kahatI hai ki grISma meM aura isake anantara vaha chahoM RtuoM evaM bArahoM mahInoM ke apane viraha-janita kaSTa kA varNana karatI hai| isake anantara pathika usase vidA lekara jaise hI prasthAna ke lie prastuta hotA hai aura nAyikA bhI pathika ko maMgala-yAtrA hetu vidA karake jyoM hI dakSiNa dizA kI ora mur3atI hai, to use pravAsa se lauTatA huA pati dikhAyI par3atA hai aura nAyaka-nAyikA kA punaH milana hotA hai| yahIM kAvya kI sukhamaya samApti hotI hai|' isa prakAra isameM proSita patikA kA viraha-nivedana aura anta meM usakA saMyoga varNita hai| ataH ise saMyogAMta viraha-kAvya kahA jA sakatA hai / yaha nAyikA-pradhAna racanA hai kyoMki isameM usI ke manobhAvoM kI abhivyakti hai| isakA aMtima aMza bar3A mArmika hai| nAyikA kahatI hai - jai aNakkharu kahiu mai phiy| ghaNa dakkhA unniyaha mayaNa aggi virahiNi palittihi. taM pharasau milhi tuhu vinniymggipbhnnijjmttihi| arthAt he pathika, yadi viraha-pIr3itA, kAmAkulA maiMne kucha akathya kahA ho to use sudhAra kara khnaa| aMta meM nAyaka ke Agamana kI sUcanAmAtra hai aura kavi ne nAyaka-nAyikA ke sukhamilana kA varNana na kara yahIM kathA samApta kara dI hai| saMdeza-rAsaka kI kahAnI bahuta sarala, kintu marmasparzI hai / yaha mahatvapUrNa viraha-kAvya hai| viraha-pakSa ko sAkAra karane ke lie hRdaya kI marmavedanA ke dvArA vAtAvaraNa taiyAra kiyA gayA hai| isameM vipralambha zRMgAra kI pradhAnatA hai| isake dUsare prakrama meM nAyikA aura tIsare meM prakRti kA varNana hai, kintu donoM kA varNana isa taraha prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki virahiNI nAyikA ko hama kSaNabhara bhI nahIM bhulA skte| kavi kI kAvya-kuzalatA kA varNana karate hue AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI kahate haiM ki kavi prAkRtika dRzyoM kA citra isa kuzalatA se aMkita karatA hai ki isase virahiNI ke virahAkula hRdaya kI marmavedanA mukharita ho uThatI hai| varNana cAhe jisa dRzya kA ho vyaMjanA hRdaya kI komalatA aura marma-vedanA kI hI hotI hai| ___ isa racanA kA SaDRtu-varNana rItikAlIna RtuvarNana ke samAna hai| isameM nakha-zikha varNana bhI milatA hai, jo vizuddha prema-zRMgAra kI bhAvanA se otaprota hai / prakRti ke samasta padArtha virahiNI ke hRdaya meM viyoga-vyathA ko dviguNita karate haiM / kavi kA pratyeka varNana vipralambha-zRMgAra rasa
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 65 kI paripuSTi karatA hai| yaha Rtu-varNana milana-janya Ananda meM uddIpana kA saMcAra karatA hai| viraha-kAvya kI daSTi se saMdeza-rAsaka kA apabhraMza-sAhitya meM hI nahIM, apita sAre hindIsAhitya meM bhI apanA vizeSa mahatva hai| atyanta kSINa kathAnaka para kavi ne viraha kA jo vitAna khar3A kiyA, vaha adbhuta hai / ukta kathAvastu se sAmAnya rUpa meM hama saMdeza-rAsaka kI ramaNIyatA kA AbhAsa prApta kara sakate haiN| kavi ne paramparA-pracalita upamAnoM ke mAdhyama se saundarya kI abhivyaMjanA meM saphalatA prApta kI hai| kavi kA chaMda, alaMkAra evaM bhASA para hI nahIM, manobhAvoM para bhI pUrNa adhikAra hai| isa racanA meM tatkAlIna jIvana kI acchI jhA~kI hai| saMdeza-rAsaka kI bhASA apabhraMza hai, jise zaurasenI apabhraMza kA paravartI rUpa nAgara apabhraMza kaha sakate haiN| svayaM kavi ne apanI isa racanA kI bhASA ko na adhika paMDitoM aura na mUryo kI balki madhyama zreNI ke logoM ke lie likhI bhASA batAyA hai|' arthAt vaha bola-cAla kI bhASA meM hai| ise hI avahaTTa nAma diyA gayA hai, jo grAmyApabhraMza kA hI jana-pracalita rUpa hai| vAstava meM kRti meM isakA vaha paravartI rUpa vidyamAna hai jo apabhraMza aura hindI ke bIca .kI kar3I hai / ata: avahaTTa bhASA kA yaha prAyaH sabase prAcIna upalabdha dharmetara-kAvya hai / saMskRta kAvyoM meM jo sthAna meghadUta kA hai vahI apabhraMza-kAvyoM meM isa racanA ko pradAna kara sakate haiN| prema-bhAvanAjanita kathAnaka ke AdhAra para racita laghu-dIrghakAya prabaMdhoM meM 'saMdeza-rAsaka' kA nAma sarvaprathama AtA hai / yaha eka viraha-pradhAna kAvya hai jisameM laukika prema kI bar3I sahaja evaM sundara abhivyaMjanA huI hai| isameM prema kA bar3A mArmika evaM saMvedya svarUpa kA citraNa hai| prasaMgAnusAra isameM viraha varNana ke alAvA basaMta-Rtu aura nArI-zobhA tathA mAnavIya saMvedanazIlatA kA bhI bhAvuka citraNa huA hai| isameM pathika virahiNI ko aneka prakAra se AzvAsana detA hai aura jaba vaha virahiNI ko samajhA rahA hotA hai, usI samaya usakA pati AtA dIkha gayA aura kAvya kA camatkArika DhaMga se upasaMhAra ho gyaa| aMta meM sabhI ke kalyANa kI kAmanA kI gaI hai| sabake jIvana ko sukhI banAne kA saMdeza nihita hai| vastutaH 'rAsaka' kI mUla saMvedanA prema evaM zRMgAraparaka hai / viraha-varNana, vastu-varNana, bhASA-prayoga, prakRti-varNana evaM rasodreka kI dRSTi se isakI bahuzaH prazaMsA kI jA sakatI hai| rAsaka-kAvya-rUpa kI vizeSatAoM se saMkalita yaha 'saMdeza-rAsaka' eka choTA-sA sundara viraha-kAvya hai, jisameM kathAvastu kA koI vizeSa mahatva nahIM hai, kyoMki isameM kathAtattva to atyalpa hai| isalie isa rAsaka kI vizeSatA usake kathAnaka meM nahIM, apitu usakI abhivyakti evaM kathana-zailI meM hai| kavi ne loka-jIvana se udbhUta svachaMda evaM akRtrima kathA ke AdhAra para apane laukika prema-gAthAtmaka isa kAvya kI racanA kI hai| yadyapi bar3A kAvya na hone ke kAraNa kavi ko choTI-choTI bAtoM kA vizada varNana karane kA avasara nahIM thA, phira bhI jisa mArmikatA, saMyama aura sahRdayatA kA paricaya kavi ne diyA hai, vaha usakI kavitva-zakti, pAMDitya, paramparA-jJAna aura lokavAditA ko spaSTatayA batAne meM samartha hai| kAvya meM sAdhAraNataH zliSTa zabdoM kI yojanA hI isakA kauzala hai|
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 kavi addahamANa pratibhAsampanna, bahujJa evaM sahRdaya kavi thaa| vaha saMskRta, prAkRta, paizAcI, apabhraMza Adi bhASAoM kA jJAtA thaa| sAtha hI vaha vinayI evaM mAnI kavi thaa| kavi ne svayaM grantha kI vizeSatAoM ke mAdhyama se racanA ke mUla viSaya evaM rasa ko batAte hue spaSTa kara diyA hai ki graMtha zRMgAraparaka kAvya hai| aMta meM kavi ke zabdoM meM hI saMdeza-rAsaka - "anurAgiyoM kA ratigRha, kAmiyoM kA mana haranevAlA, kAma meM pravRttajanoM ke patha kA prakAzaka, virahiNiyoM ke lie makaradhvaja aura rasikoM ke lie zuddha rasa saMjIvanakArI hai" (1.22) / __ ataH yaha ni:saMdeha kahA jA sakatA hai ki saMdeza-rAsaka laukika premabhAvanA ko vyakta karanevAlA zRMgAra-pradhAna rAsaka-kAvyoM kA pratinidhi grantha hai aura apabhraMza ke zreSTha kAvyagrantha-ratnoM meM usakA mahattvapUrNa evaM viziSTa sthAna hai| 1. addahamANa (abdurrahamAna) ke saMbaMdha meM dekhie - 'apabhraMza bhAratI' aMka 9-10 meM prakAzita merA 'saMdeza-rAsaka ke racayitA abdurrahamAna' zIrSaka lekha, jisameM kavi ke jIvana-tathyoM ke saMbaMdha meM aneka navIna udbhAvanAe~ kI gaI haiN| kavi kA samaya vikrama kI 11vIM zatI kA pUrvArddha hone se yahI samaya 'saMdezarAsaka' ke race jAne kA hai| 2. dUta-kAvya yA saMdeza-kAvya kI paramparA bhI ati prAcIna hai| isameM meghadUta agragaNya hai| isa vidyA kI nemidatta, pavanadUta, zaka-saMdeza Adi kaI jaina racanAe~ bhI prApta hotI haiN| dUta kAvya vAstava meM 'virahaNA vipralaMbha zRMgAra' kI pRSThabhUmi lekara likhe gae haiN| 3. 'rAsaka' vastutaH eka vizeSa prakAra kA manoraMjana yA khela hai| yaha 21 mAtrAoM kA chaMda hai| isakI antima mAtrA laghu hotI hai| ise AbhANaka (AhANau) bhI kahate haiM / vastutaH ye donoM eka hI haiN| 4. chaMdoM ke vivecana ke lie draSTavya hai - 'saMdeza-rAsaka' (tripAThI saMskaraNa) pR. 102-113 / 5. hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla, AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI, pR. 60, bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad, paTanA, 1952 / 6. kavi ne 'rAsaka' ke viSaya meM mUlasthAna (mulatAna) kA varNana karate hue svayaM saMketa kiyA __ hai - 'kaha bahu ruvi Nivaddhau rAsau bhAsiyai' arthAt kahIM para vahA~ vividha rUpoM se nibaddha rAsaka par3he jAte haiN| (2.43) / 7. isa saMdeza-kathana ke bIca racanA meM nAyikA kI eka ukti AtI hai, jo kezava jaise mahAkavi kI racanAoM se milatI hai - 'saMdezaDau savittharau, para mai kahaNu na jaai| jo kAlaMguli mUMdaDau se bA~haDI samAi // ' (2.81) chaMda saM. 80 bhI draSTavya hai|
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 67 8. hindI-sAhitya kA AdikAla, pR. 84 / 9. 'jiNa mukkhaNa paMDiya majjhapAra, tihapurau pddhivvusvvpaar| 10. bhASA ke saMbaMdha meM dekhie - hindI-sAhitya kA AdikAla, pR. 45, AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedii| 11. 'jema acintiu UjjA tasu, siddha khnnddhimhntu| teya paDhanta suNanta yaha, jayau aNai aNantu // ' arthAt 'usa virahiNI kI kAmanA jisa prakAra apratyAzita rUpa se chinabhara meM hI siddha ho gii| usI prakAra isa kAvya ke par3hanevAloM kI bhI pUrI ho - anAdi-ananta devatA kI jaya ho|' saMdeza-rAsaka kI phalazruti ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kucha vidvAnoM ne ise bhI jaina-pathAnugAmI batAyA hai, kintu yaha ucita nahIM hai| yaha kAvya to zuddha zRMgArika hai, jo atyanta sarasa evaM mArmika hai| 14, khaTIkAna, mujaphpharanagara, u.pra. 251002
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________________ 68 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 jahiM savvai~ divvai~ mANusAi~ jaM chaNNau sarasahi~ uvavaNehi~ NaM viddhau vmmhmggnnehiN| kayasaddahi~ kaNNasuhAvaehi~ kaNai va surhrpaaraavehiN| gayavaradANolliya vAhiyAli jahi~ sohai NaM pvsiypiyaali| sarahaMsai~ jahi~ NeuraraveNa mau cikkamati juviiphenn| jaM NivabhuyAsivaraNimmaleNa aNNu vi duggau prihaajlenn| paDikhaliyavairitomarajhaseNa paMDurapAyAriM NaM jsenn| NaM veDhiu vahasohaggabhAru NaM puNjiikysNsaarsaaru| jahiM viluliyamaragayatoraNAi~ caudAra NaM puraannnnaaiN| . jahi~ dhavalamaMgalucchavasarAi~ dutipaMcasattabhomai~ ghraaii| NavakuMkumarasachaDayAruNAI vikkhittdittmottiyknnaaiiN| gurudevapAyapaMkayavasAi~ jahi~ savvai~ divvai~ maannusaaiN| sirimaMtai~ saMtai~ sutthiyAi~ jahi~ kahi~ mi Na dIsahi~ dutthiyaaiN| jahi~ Nicca vijayaduMduhiNiNAu tahi~ mAridattu NAmeNa raau| jasaharacariu 1.4 vaha rAjapura nagara sarasa upavanoM se AcchAdita hotA huA mAno kAmadeva ke sarasa bANoM se viddha thaa| devAlayoM meM vAsa karanevAle pArAvatoM kI karNa-manohara dhvaniyoM ke bahAne mAno vaha pura gA rahA thaa| nagara kA bAharI maidAna zreSTha hAthiyoM ke mada se gIlA huA aisA zobhAyamAna thA jaise mAno pravAsI premiyoM kI priyAoM kI paMkti / vahA~ ke sarovaroM ke haMsa yuvatI striyoM ke nUpuroM kI dhvani se AkRSTa hokara unhIM ke mArga kA dhIre-dhIre anugamana kara rahe the| vaha pura yathArthataH to vahA~ ke nareza ke bhujArUpI khaDga se surakSita thA, tathA gauNarUpa se durga kI parikhA dvArA / AkramaNakArI vairiyoM ke mudgaroM aura bhAloM ko kuNThita karanevAle zveta koTa se ghirA huA durga mAno apane svAmI ke yaza se veSTita thaa| saubhAgya kI samasta sAmagrI se bharapUra vaha nagara mAno saMsArabhara kI sAra vastuoM kA puMja hI thaa| koTa ke cAroM dvAra Dolate hue marakata maNiyoM ke toraNoM se aise zobhAyamAna the, jaise maNimaya hAroM se yukta puravAsiyoM ke mukh| vahA~ do, tIna, pA~ca va sAta maMjiloM ke ghara dhavala maMgala va utsavoM ke svaroM se gUMja rahe the| vahA~ naye kesara rasa ke lepa se lAla, dhAraNa kI huI motiyoM kI mAlAoM se dedIpyamAna, guru aura deva ke caraNa-kamaloM ke bhakta, zrImanta, zAnta aura svastha sabhI manuSya devoM ke samAna the| vahA~ kahIM bhI du:khI manuSya dikhAI nahIM dete the| vahA~ mAridatta nAma kA rAjA thA jisakI vijaya dundubhI kA nAda nitya sunAI par3atA thaa| anu. - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 69 akTUbara - 1999, akTUbara - 2000 'saMdeza-rAsaka' meM aprastutavidhAna - DaoN. bahAdura mizra abdula rahamAna-kRta 'saMdeza-rAsaka' meM prayukta aprastutavidhAna kI vicikitsA karane ke pUrva aprastutavidhAna ke pracalita kAvya-rUpoM para vihaMgama dRSTi DAlanA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogaa| hindI kAvya meM aprastutavidhAna ke tIna rUpa pracalita haiM - (1) mUrta vidhAna, (2) amUrta vidhAna tathA (3) mUrtAmUrta vidhaan| 1. mUrta vidhAna mUrta athavA amUrta prastuta (upameya) ko adhikAdhika spaSTa karane evaM kAvyAnubhUti ko saMvedya banAne ke uddezya se jaba koI kavi mUrta aprastuta (upamAna) kA vidhAna karatA hai taba use mUrta vidhAna kahate haiN| ise mUrtIkaraNa, sthUla vidhAna aura vastu vidhAna bhI kahate haiN| cU~ki, aprastutavidhAna kA yaha rUpa vastuvAdI dRSTikoNa para AdhArita hai; phalasvarUpa, isameM itivRttAtmakatA A jAtI hai| yadyapi isase bimba-grahaNa karAne meM sahAyatA milatI hai, tathApi yaha aprastutavidhAna kA sthUlatama prakAra mAnA gayA hai| pracalana ke AdhAra para mUrta vidhAna ke do bheda kiye jA sakate haiM - (ka) mUrta prastuta ke lie mUrta aprastutavidhAna tathA (kha) amUrta prastuta ke lie mUrta aprstutvidhaan|
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________________ 70 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 2. amUrta vidhAna ___mUrta athavA amUrta prastuta ke lie amUrta aprastuta kA prayoga hone para amUrta vidhAna hotA hai use amUrtIkaraNa, sUkSma-vidhAna aura bhAva-vidhAna bhI kahate haiN| aprastutavidhAna kA yaha rUpa bhAvavAdI dRSTikoNa para AdhArita hai| isa prakAra kI aprastuta yojanA kA pramukha prayojana pratipAdya vastu ko rUpAyita karanA athavA isake svarUpa ko saMvedya karanA itanA mahatvapUrNa nahIM hotA jitanA ki usake sAmUhika prabhAva ke Antarika sUkSma saundaryabodha kA unnayana karake saMvedya bnaanaa|' pravacana ke AdhAra para isake bhI do bheda haiM - (ka) mUrta prastuta ke lie amUrta aprastuta tathA (kha) amUrta prastuta ke lie amUrta aprstut| 3. mUrtAmUrta vidhAna ___jahA~ mUrta yA amUrta prastuta ke lie mUrta aura amUrta - donoM prakAra ke aprastutoM kA prayoga ho, vahA~ mUrttAmUrta vidhAna hotA hai| ise mUrtAmUrtIkaraNa, sthUla-sUkSma-vidhAna aura vastu-bhAvavidhAna bhI kahate haiN| aprastutavidhAna kA yaha rUpa apekSAkRta viziSTa aura jaTila hotA hai, kyoMki yaha vastu evaM bhAva ke mIlita dRSTikoNa para AdhArita hai| etadartha, prayoktA (kavi) ko aise aprastutavidhAna karate samaya apekSAkRta adhika nipuNatA dikhAnI par3atI hai, anyathA dUrArur3hatA kA khatarA sadaiva banA rahatA hai| __mUrtAmUrta vidhAna ke bhI do bheda kiye jA sakate haiM - (ka) mUrta prastuta ke lie mUrta aura amUrta aprastuta tathA (kha) amUrta prastuta ke lie mUrta aura amUrta aprstut| ___ evaMvidha, aprastutavidhAna ke kula chaha rUpa hindI kAvya meM pracalita haiN| magara, koI-koI vidvAna isake cAra hI rUpa mAnate haiM / unhIM ke zabdoM meM - "alaMkAra meM vastu-vidhAna aura bhAvavidhAna se abhiprAya vastu ke itivRttAtmaka varNana aura guNa yA dharma kI bhAva-yojanA se hai / jahA~ sthUla kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai, vahA~ bhAva-vidhAna samajhanA caahie| isI kA nAma mUrta vidhAna aura sUkSma vidhAna hai / vastu-vidhAna meM sAdRzya kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai| isalie, aprastuta yojanA meM bimba-grahaNa karAnA hotA hai aura bhAva-vidhAna meM sAdharmya pradhAna hotA hai, isalie bhAva kI tIvratA hI abhISTa hotI hai| mukha kA kamala ke sAtha sAdRzya sthira karane meM hama vastu-vidhAna dvArA aprastuta kI yojanA karate haiM, kintu kisI bAlikA ke sarala zaizava kI sthiti ke samAna kahane meM bhAva-vidhAna dvArA aprastuta kI yojanA kI jAtI hai| isataraha, vastu kA vastu dvArA, bhAva kA bhAva dvArA, bhAva kA vastu dvArA aura vastu kA bhAva dvArA - ina cAra prakAroM se aprastutayojanA kI jAtI hai| saMdeza-rAsakakAra ne aprastutavidhAna ke kula chaha rUpoM meM se ye hI cAra rUpa prayukta kiye haiN|
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 71 (1) mUrta ke lie mUrtta-vidhAna/vastu kA vastu dvArA isake antargata kavi ne mukhyataH alaMkAramUlaka, usameM bhI sAmyamUlaka aprastutoM kI yojanA kI hai| sAmyamUlaka aprastutayojanA ke tIna rUpa pracalita haiM; yathA - (ka) sAdRzyamUlaka, (kha) sAdharmyamUlaka, (ga) prbhaav-saamymuulk|sNdesh-raaskkaar abdula rahamAna ne uparilikhita tInoM sAmyamUlaka aprastutoM kA vidhAna kiyA haiN| inakA kramika vivaraNa nimnA (ka) sAdRzyamUlaka adhyayana kI suvidhA ke lie isake do bheda kiye jA sakate haiM - (a) AkRtisAmyAzrita tathA (A) varNa-sAmyAzrita / (a) AkRti-sAmyAzrita saMdeza-rAsakakAra ne ramaNI ke zarIra ke vividha aMgoM se AkRti-sAmya (rUpasAmya) dikhAne ke lie bahuvidha paraMparita aura aparaMparita aprastutoM kI yojanA kI hai| ye aprastuta mukhyataH prakRti-jagat se Agata haiM aura sabhI mUrta haiN| udAharaNArtha - nAyikA ke amRta-srAvI mukha ke lie pUrNa candra' - supuNNa somo ya/akalaMka mAiM, vayaNaM; laharadAra alakoM ke lie salila-kallola' - vivihataraMgiNisu salilakallolA ....alayA; rAgayukta locana-dvaya ke lie aravinda-dala' - locanajuyaM ca Najjai raviMdala dIharaM ca rAillaM; bAhu-yugala ke lie mAnasarovara meM utpanna mRNAla (nAla) tathA bAhuoM ke aMtima choroM para lage hAthoM ke lie dvidhAbhUta kamala - komala muNAlaNalayaM amarasarUpanna bAhujuyalaM se| tANate karakamalaMNajjaiM dohAiyaM paumaM; kaTi ke lie bhir3a (ba) - virUDalavika; nAbhimaMDala ke lie parvatIya nadI kA Avarta - giriNaI sama AvattaM joijjaiM NAhimaMDalaM guhiraM; urU-yugala ke lie kadalIstaMbha' - jAlaMdhari thaMbha jiyA urU rehaMti tAsu airammA; pairoM kI u~galiyoM ke lie padmarAji tathA romAvalI ke lie kusuma-nAla - rehaMti paumarAI va calaNaMguli phalihakuTTi nnhpNtii| tucchaM romataraMgaM ubinnaM kusumanalaesu; bhU-yugala ke lie anaMga-dhanu' - bhamahajuyala sannaddhau kassava bhAiyai NAI koi koyaMDU aNaMgi caDAiyai, ityaadi|
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 uparilikhita udAharaNoM meM prayukta prAya: sAre aprastuta paraMparAgata haiN| ramaNI kI kaTi ke lie bhir3a (ba) aprastuta kA prayoga kiMcit navInatA kI pratIti karAtA hai| kamara kI kSINatA ko rekhAMkita karane ke lie 'siMha' kA aprastuta rUpa meM prayoga jitanA paraMparita hai, merI jAnakArI meM, 'barre' kA prayoga utanA paraMparita pratIta nahIM hotA / 72 jo ho, AkRti - sAmyAzrita sAdRzyamUlaka mUrtta-vidhAna kA jo ThATha yahA~ khar3A kiyA gayA hai vaha upamA, utprekSA Adi sAmyamUlaka alaMkAroM ke sahAre hI / (A) varNa - sAmyAzrita 'saMdeza - rAsaka' meM AkRti - sAmyAzrita aprastutavidhAna kI tulanA meM varNa sAmyAzrita aprastuta vidhAna alpa hai| kintu, saMtoSa kI bAta yaha hai ki ye prayoga paraMparita hote hue bhI samIcIna aura AhlAdakArI haiN| udAharaNa draSTavya haiM saMdeza - rAsakakAra ne sAmbapura kI kAminI (strI) kI daMta-paMkti ( mUrtta prastuta ) kI ujjvalatA dikhAne ke lie jahA~ hIra - paMkti (mUrta aprastuta) kA prayoga kiyA hai; yathA - hIrapaMti sAriccha DasaNa 12 vahA~ mUrtta prastuta 'kapoloM' kI lAlimA dikhAne ke lie mUrta aprastuta 'dADima kusuma-puMja' kA prayoga kiyA hai; jaise - avara kavola kalijjahi dADimakusumadala | 3 eka ora kavi ne nAyikA ke kAle bAloM (mUrtta prastuta) ke lie alikula- mAtA (mUrtta aprastuta ) 14 - kisaNattaNaMmi alayA aliulamAlavva rehaMti kA prayoga kiyA hai to dUsarI ora ujjvala pada-nakha-paMkti (mUrtta prastuta ) ke lie sphaTika khaMDa ( mUrtta aprastuta) kA prayoga kiyA hai; yathA - phalihakuTTi NahapaMtI 115 tRtIya prakrama ke 'zarada varNana' meM kavi ne raMga sAmya dikhAne ke lie 'sapheda bAloMvAle sarovara-taTa' (mUrtta prastuta) hetu 'sapheda zaMkha' (mUrtta aprastuta) kA prayoga kiyA hai; yathA - dhavalaya dhavala saMkha saMkAsihi, NimmalanIra sarihiM pavahaMtihi~ / " 'zarada-varNana' meM hI eka sthala para kavi ne 'striyoM ke zIza bhAga' (mUrtta prastuta) ke lie 'ghane kAle raMgavAle gopura' (mUrtta aprastuta) tathA 'zIza para sthita kusuma' kA prayoga karate hue varNa-sAmyAzrita aprastutavidhAna kA sundara nidarzana prastuta kiyA hai / (i) AkRti - varNa - sAmyAzrita eka sthala para kavi ne AkRti aura varNa ke yugapad sAmya para AdhArita mUrtta vidhAna kiyA hai; yathA - chAyaMtI kaha kahava salajjira Niyakarihi, kaNayakalasa jhaMpaMtI NaM iMdIvarihiM // 7 arthAt jaba viyoginI nAyikA pathika ko apanA saMdeza sunAne ke lie utAvalI hokara bar3hI hI thI ki usakI rezamI colI masaka gyii| phalasvarUpa, usake stana kucha-kucha dikhAyI par3ane
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________________ 13 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 lge| usa lajjAvatI ne jaise-jaise apane stanoM ko hAthoM se AvRtta kara liyA, mAno do kamaloM ne svarNa-kalaza-yugala ko DhaMka liyA ho| svarNAbhA liye gore stanoM (mUrta prastuta) ke lie 'svarNa kalaza' (mUrta aprastuta) tathA 'gore hAthoM' (mUrta prastuta) ke lie 'kamala' (mUrta aprastuta) ke prayoga meM jahA~ AkRti-sAmya (stana tathA kalaza donoM golAkAra hote haiM) hai, vahA~ raMga-sAmya (gurAI) bhii| isataraha, sAdRzyamUlaka aprastutavidhAna meM na kevala vaividhya hai balki saTIkatA bhii| (kha) sAdharmyamUlaka ___ isase bhI do bheda kiye jA sakate haiM - (a) guNa-sAmyamUlaka tathA (A) kriyaa/vyaapaarsaamymuulk| (a) guNa-sAmyamUlaka saMdeza-rAsakakAra ne nAyikA ke kuTila alakoM (mUrta prastuta) ke lie 'pizunajana' arthAt cugalakhora (mUrta aprastuta) kA prayoga kiyA hai; jaise - ajhakuDila mAI pihuNA...... alyaa|| prastuta tathA aprastuta ke bIca sAmya kA AdhAra kuTilatA hai| jisa taraha cugalakhora vyakti kA sAmAnya dharma usakI kuTilatA hai, usItaraha nAyikA ke mastaka ke bAla kuTilatA ke kAraNa hI zobhA aura prazaMsA pAte haiN| alakoM ke lie 'pizuna' kA prayoga anyatra durlabha hai| yaha kavi kI maulika kalpanA-kSamatA kA pramANa hai| isItaraha nAyikA ke stana-dvaya (mUrta prastuta) ke lie kramazaH 'sujana' aura 'khala' (mUrta aprastuta) kA aupamya-vidhAna huA hai| udAharaNa draSTavya hai - __sihaNA suyaNa-khalA iva thaDDhA niccunnayA ya muhrhiyaa|" ___ saMyoga-belA meM ye stana 'sujana' (sajjana) kI taraha sukhada pratIta hote haiM, jabaki viyogakAla meM 'khala' (duSTa) kI taraha duHkhd| sukhadatA tathA dukhadatA - ye donoM guNa yahA~ aprastutavidhAna ke AdhAra bane haiN| ramaNI kI A~khoM (mUrta prastuta) ke lie 'mRga' (amUrta aprastuta) kA prayogakara kavi ne prastuta tathA aprastuta - donoM ke dharma vizeSa 'caMcalatA' kI ora pAThakoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA hai| punaH use rAjamarAlagAminI tathA haMsagAminI21 batAkara kavi ne donoM ke dharma - 'maMthara gati' ko sAmya kA AdhAra banAyA hai| (A) kriyA-sAmyamUlaka dvitIya prakrama ke 83veM chanda meM kavi ne kAma-viddha nAyikA kI tulanA zikArI ke bANoM se viddha 'hiraNI' se kI hai; yathA - / vayaNa NisuNevi maNamatthasaravaddhiyA, mayausaramukka NaM hariNi utttttthiyaa|
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________________ 74 apabhraMza bhAratI maI dinnu hiu hu piu huI uvama ihu kahu kavaNa / siMgatthi gaiya vADavvaNI pikkha harAviya Nia savaNa 3 yahA~ sAmya kA AdhAra vyApAra - vizeSa tar3apanA yA chaTapaTAnA hai| isI taraha eka anya chanda meM kavi ne nAyikA kI tulanA aisI khaccarI (pazu vizeSa ) se kI hai, jo gayI to thI sIMgoM ke lie, parantu khokara AyI apane kAna bhI; yathA - - 11-12 kusumasarAuha rUvaNihi vihi Nimmaviya gariTThA taM pikkheviNu pahiya Nihi gAhA bhaNiyA aTTha // 24 viyoginI ne priya ko bulAne ke lie manodUta bhejA thaa| priya to nahIM hI AyA, dUta bhI vahA~ raha gyaa| priya kI vApasI sIMga-prApti ke samAna hai, jabaki dUta kA vahIM rahajAnA kAna khone ke samAna, kyoMki, vaha jo saMdeza lAnevAlA thA use sunakara kAnoM ko sukha miltaa| vyApArasAmya ko yahA~ tulanA kA AdhAra banAyA gayA hai| ata: yaha vyApAra-sAmyAprita sAdharmyamUlaka aprastutavidhAna (mUrttavidhAna) kA udAharaNa 1 (ga) prabhAva - sAmyAzrita prabhAva-sAmyAzrita mUrtta aprastutavidhAna kA prayoga apekSAkRta klezakara hotA hai| phira bhI, saMdeza - rAsakakAra ne do prayoga kiye haiM * pahalA, dvitIya prakrama ke 31veM chanda meM aura dUsarA, tRtIya prakrama ke grISma-varNana meN| udAharaNa nimnAMkita haiN| - - (i) arthAt kAmadeva ke sAkSAt bANa kI taraha, rUpa-nidhi tathA vidhAtA kI uttama kRti usa sundarI ko dekhakara pathika ne ATha gAthAe~ pddh'iiN| isa udAharaNa meM kavi ne nAyikA kI tulanA kAmadeva ke astra se kI hai| yahA~ sAmya kA AdhAra na to AkRti hai, na sAmya aura na hI guNa vizeSa, balki prabhAva hai| jisataraha kAmadeva ke puSpa bANa se Aja taka koI nahIM baca sakA hai (devAdhideva mahAdeva bhI nahIM), usItaraha nAyikA ke saundarya-bANa se koI nahIM baca sktaa| donoM hI prabhAva meM samAnarUpa se acUka haiM / jama jIhaha jima caMcalu Nahayalu lahalahaI / " (ii) arthAt nabha-tala yamarAja kI caMcala jIbha ke samAna lahalahAtA thA / AkAza-tala (mUrtta prastuta) aura yamarAja kI jIbha ( mUrtta aprastuta) ke bIca na to sAdRzyamUlakatA hai aura na hI sAdharmyamUlakatA / yahA~ to prabhAva-sAmyamUlakatA hai| prabhAva-sAmya ko AdhAra mArakatA (dAhakatA) meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| grISmakAla meM nabha - tala usI taraha sUrya kI mAraka uSNatA barasAtA hai jisataraha yamarAja kI lapalapAtI jIbha mauta kA tANDava prastuta karatI hai / isataraha, kavi ne mUrtta-vidhAna ke antargata sAdRzya, sAdharmya aura prabhAva - sAmya - tInoM prakAra ke sAmyamUlaka aprastutoM kI yojanA kI hai /
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 (2) amUrtta ke lie mUrtta vidhAna / bhAva kA vastu dvArA 'saMdeza-rAsaka' meM amUrtta prastuta ke lie mUrtta aprastuta kA vidhAna pramukhatA se huA hai| isa antargata kahIM sAdRzya ke lie to kahIM sAmarthya ke lie aura kahIM-kahIM prabhAva-sAmya ke lie mUrta-vidhAna huA hai| 75 (ka) sAdRzyamUlaka kavi ne amUrtta prastuta 'deha kI kAMti' ke lie do mUrta aprastutoM- 'kuMkuma' tathA 'svarNa' kA prayoga varNa-sAmya dikhAne ke lie kiyA hai / draSTavya hai - kuMkumakaNaya sariccha kaMti // yahA~ kavi kA uddezya varNa-sAmya ke mAdhyama bimbodbhAvanA hai| dvitIya prakrama meM 48veM chanda meM kavi ne amUrtta prastuta nAyikA kI ha~sI ke lie mUrta aprastuta sUrya kA prayoga kiyA hai; yathA avara kAvi suviyakkhiNa hivasaMtiya vimali, NaM sasi sUra Nivesiyara i Dayali // 7 yahA~ bhI raMga- sAmya (ha~sI tathA sUrya donoM kA raMga zubha-kanakAbha mAnA gayA hai) ke mAdhyama bambadbhAvanA huI hai| 1 'saMdeza - rAsaka meM sAdRzyamUlaka amUrta mUrtta vidhAna ke aura prayoga lakSita nahIM haiM (kha) sAdharmyamUlaka sAdRzyamUlaka kI tulanA meM isake prayoga saMdeza rAsaka' meM adhika milate haiM; yathA nAyikA ke virahAkula 'hRdaya' (amUrtta prastuta) ke lie dIpaka kI lau meM jalane vAle 'pataMga' ( mUrtta aprastuta ) ( hiyau... paDiu pataMgu NAu dIvaMtari // 28 ) ke prayoga ke mAdhyama se kavi ne vyApAra-sAmya se bimbodbhAvana kiyA hai| isItaraha, amUrtta prastuta 'viraha' ke lie mUrtta aprastuta 'cora' (maha sAmiya vakkharu hari gau takkhara) 29 hRdaya (amUrta prastuta ) ke lie 'ratnanidhi sAgara' (mUrtta aprastuta); (maha hiyayaM rayaNanihI) 30 tathA pravAsI pati ke 'prema' ( amUrta prastuta ) ke lie 'gurU maMdara' parvata (mUrta aprastuta) (mahiyaM gurU maMdareNa taM NiccaM ) 31, nAyikA kI 'becainI' ( amUrta prastuta) ke lie mUrtta aprastuta ' kSAra' koyalA (aNaraichArU chittu) 32, usake viraha ke lie kramaza: 'agni' (mUrtta aprastuta) tathA 'karapatra - ArA (virahANala) 3 (dusahu viraha karavattihi ) 34, usakI 'gati' (amUrtta prastuta ) ke lie haMsa (mUrtta aprastuta) (haMsa sarisa saralAi gayahi lIlaMti yaha) 35, 'gaMdhavaha' - vAyu (amUrta prastuta) ke lie mUrta aprastuta 'hAthI ke kAna' (kuMjara-sa :-savaNa sariccha pahallira gaMdhavahi ) 36 ityAdi prayoga sAdharmyamUlaka amUrta mUrtta vidhAna ke sundara udAharaNa haiM / -
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________________ 76 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 (ga) prabhAva-sAmyamUlaka 'saMdeza-rAsaka' meM prabhAva-sAmyAzrita amUrta-mUrta vidhAna kA prayoga nagaNya hai| jo do-cAra prayoga milate haiM, unameM dvitIya prakrama kA 108vA~ chanda isakA sarvottama udAharaNa kahA jA sakatA hai; yathA - sunnaraha jima gaha hiyau piya ukkikha kareI, viraha huyAsi dahevi kari AsAjala siNceii||37 arthAt nAyikA kahatI hai ki sunAra kI bhA~ti merA hRdaya pahale to paradezI priya se milane kI utkaNThA utpanna karatA hai; phira, virahAnala meM jalAkara AzArUpI jala se sIMcatA hai| isa udAharaNa meM 'hRdaya', 'viraha' aura 'AzA' - tInoM amUrta prastuta haiM, jinake lie kramaza: 'sunAra', 'anala' tathA 'jala' mUrta aprastuta prayukta hue haiM / vyApAra-sAmya ke mAdhyama se prabhAva utpanna kara bimbodbhAvana karanA kavi kA abhISTa rahA hai| prabhAva-sAmyAzrita amUrta-mUrta vidhAna kA dUsarA bar3hiyA udAharaNa prathama prakrama ke aMtargata chanda saMkhyA chaha se solaha ke bIca kula gyAraha chandoM meM dekhane ko milatA hai| yahA~ kavi ne 'sukavitA' tathA 'kukavitA' - ina do amUrta prastutoM ke lie kramaza: candramA aura dIpaka, koyala aura kauvA, vINA aura karaTa (Dhola), madamatta gaja aura sAdhAraNa gaja, pArijAta aura sAdhAraNa vRkSa, gaMgA aura sAdhAraNa nadI, nalinI aura tUMbI (laukI), viziSTa zAstrIya nartakI aura sAmAnya nartakI, khIra aura rabbar3I (kana-bhUsI vAlI)38 kula nau jor3e mUrta aprastutoM kA vidhAna kiyA hai| jisaprakAra sukavitA pAThakoM yA zrotAoM para acchA prabhAva DAlatI hai, usI prakAra candramA koyala, vINA ityAdi kA bhI prabhAva logoM para par3atA hai| dUsarI tarapha kukavitA jisataraha loge ko yA to prabhAvita nahIM kara pAtI yA burA prabhAva chor3atI hai, usItaraha dIpaka, kauvA, karaTa sAmAnya gA~va kI nartakI ityaadi| yA to prabhAva nahIM chor3a pAte yA galata prabhAva chor3ate haiN| yaha prastutoM aura aprastutoM meM sAmya kA AdhAra prabhAva hai| isa varga ke antargata 'saMdeza-rAsaka' meM aise udAharaNa dRSTigata nahIM hote| (3) mUrta ke lie amUrta/vastu kA bhAva dvArA saMdeza-rAsakakAra ne isa koTi ke antargata mAtra do prayoga kiye haiN| pahalA prayoga dvitIya prakrama meM nAyikA ke rUpa-varNana krama meM dekhane ko milatA hai, jahA~ usakI 'kaTi' (mUrta prakrama) kI tulanA 'martya sukha' (a. apra.) se kI gayI hai| draSTavya hai - majjhaM maccasahaM bhiva tucchaM saralaggaI hrnnN|" martya (maraNazIla, arthAt nazvara) sukha se ramaNI kI kaTi kI tulanA ke pIche kavi kA prayojana kaTi kI sUkSmatA dikhAnA hai| isI sUkSmatA ke kAraNa vaha tejI se nahIM cala paatii| usakI kaTi ke Upara yauvana kA durvaha bhAra jo hai|
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 77 dUsarA prayoga tRtIya prakrama ke aMtargata 'zarada-varNana' ke 178veM chanda meM milatA hai, jahA~ kavi ne striyoM ke aMga-aMga meM lage 'kapUra ke sAMdra lepa' (mUrta prastuta) para amUrta aprastuta kaMdarpa ke bANajanya mAraka 'viSa', arthAt kAma-bhAva kI utprekSA kI hai| chanda dekhie - aMgi-aMgi ghaNu ghusiNu vilattau, NaM kaMdappa sarihi visu khittu| 40 ___ saMkhyA kI dRSTi se bhale hI mUrta-amUrta vidhAna nagaNya ho, parantu prayoga kI sahajatA tathA samIcInatA kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai / aise aprastutavidhAna meM kavi ko jaTila sthiti kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai| isake lie urvara kalpanA kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai| (4) amUrta ke lie amUrta/bhAva kA bhAva dvArA ___Alocya kAvya-pustaka meM prayukta mUrta-amUrta-rUpa kI apekSA amUrta-amUrtarUpa parimANavattA tathA guNavattA - donoM dRSTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa hai| saMdeza-rAsakakAra ne katipaya sthaloM para isake acche prayoga kiye haiN| unameM eka prayoga 53veM chanda meM lakSita hai, jahA~ lIlApUrvaka calatI huI ramaNI ke camar3e ke jUtoM se nikalanevAlI madhura dhvaniyoM (amUrta prastuta) ke lie navazaradAgama para sunAI par3anevAlI sArasa pakSiyoM kI dhvaniyA~ (amUrta aprastuta) prayukta huI haiM; yathA - cikkaNarau caMbAihi~ lIlaMtiya pAvaru, Navasara Agami Najjai sArasirasiu sruu| dUsarA prayoga 120veM chanda meM madana-kAma bhAva (amUrta prastuta) ke lie samIra-havA (amUrta aprastuta) kA prayoga huA hai; yathA - mayaNa-samIra / jisa taraha havA amUrta rUpa meM saMcaraNa karatI hai, usItaraha kAma-bhAvanA ramaNI ke zarIra meM saMcaraNa kara rahI hai| tIsarA prayoga 171veM chanda meM zaradAgama para nava kamala-nAla khAkara kaSAyita zuddha gale se zabda karanevAle haMsa aura cakravAka kI dhvaniyoM (amUrta aprastuta) ke lie zaradazrI ke nUpura kI kSINa dhvani (amUrta aprastuta) kA prayoga huA hai; jaise - sakasAya Navabbhisa suddha gale/ dhayaraTTha rahaMga rasaMti jle| gai daMti camakkariNaM pavaraM/sarayAsiri Nevara jhINa srN|13 kavi ne eka sthala para (53vA~ chanda) pikavathanI ramaNI kI paMcama dhvani (amUrta aprastuta) ke lie devatAoM kI stuti meM bajanevAlI tumbI-dhvani (a.apra.) kA prayoga kiyA hai| uddharaNa dekhie - paMcamu kahaba jhaNaMtiya jhINau mahurayaru, NAyaM tuMbari sajjira, surapikkhaNai sarU / isItaraha, 191veM chanda meM amUrta prastuta 'hemaMta' ke lie amUrta aprastuta 'ghAma' (dhUpa) kA prayoga kiyA hai; yathA - saMsosiu taNu himiNa haam|45
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________________ 78 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 ___208veM chanda meM virahina jina kI zIghra jvAlA (amUrta aprastuta) ke lie 'vaDavAgni kI jvAlA' (amUrta aprastuta) kA prayoga huA hai| dekhie - pajjalaMta virahAgni tivva jhAlAulaM, mayaraddhavi gajjaMtu lahari ghaNa bhaaulN|" evaMvidh, amUrta-amUrta-vidhAna meM kavi ne vividhatA ke sAtha-sAtha sAMdarbhikatA kA pUrApUrA dhyAna rakhA hai| ___ 'saMdeza-rAsaka' kA aprastutavidhAna mukhyata: AlaMkArika hai / isakI AlaMkArikatA kI rakSA ke lie kavi ne adhikAMzata: paramparAmukta aprastuoM (upamAnoM) kA avalambana liyA hai / isakA artha yaha nahIM ki unakA aprastutavidhAna nIrasa, phalasvarUpa vikarSaka hai / kavi ne use jahA~ apanI svacchanda, magara, prabhAvI kalpanA-zakti se tAjagI dI hai, vahA~ use apanI sahRdayatA kA saMsparza dekara sahaja saMvedya aura marmasparzI bhI banA diyA hai| udAharaNa ke lie - ramaNI ke alakoM ke lie pizuna yA phira usake sarvAMga ke lie kadalI-staMbha kA prayoga / bAloM kI kuTilatA ke lie 'pizuna', arthAt cugalakhora kA prayoga hindI sAhitya meM zAyada nahIM miltaa| isItaraha 'urUoM' ke lie 'kadalI-stambha' kA prayoga to milatA hai, parantu sampUrNa zarIra ke lie yaha prayoga paramparA se haTakara hai| 'kaTi' kI tulanA 'martya sukha' se karake kavi ne apanI maulikatA kA paricaya diyA hai| ye aprastuta na kevala zArIrika sauSThava ko ubhArate haiM, balki hRdaya para anukUla prabhAva bhI DAlate haiN| isa daurAna kavi kA dhyAna jahA~ sAdRzya para rahA hai, vahA~ sAdharmya aura prabhAvasAmya para bhii| DaoN. vizvanAtha tripAThI ne ThIka hI likhA hai - "saMdeza-rAsakakAra ne yadyapi adhikAMzataH paraMparAgRhIta upamAnoM kA hI prayoga kiyA hai, phira bhI apanI kAvyocita sahRdayatA se unheM prANavaMta banA diyA hai| kahIM-kahIM addahamANa ne svacchaMda paddhati virala prayukta yA naye upamAnoM kA prayoga karake apanI maulikatA kA bhI paricaya diyA hai| saMdeza-rAsaka meM kevala bAhya rUpa-varNana hI nahIM hai, apitu gahare jAkara hRdaya para par3anevAle rUpa prabhAva ko bhI upamAnoM ke mAdhyama se vyakta kiyA hai| ___samAsataH, saMdeza-rAsaka kA aprastutavidhAna jahA~ sadiyoM se calI A rahI sAhityika paramparA kA anusaraNa karatA hai, vahA~ bIca-bIca meM usakI savinaya avajJA karatA huA naI paramparA kA sUtrapAta bhI karatA hai| jahA~ vaha paramparA kA anugamana karatA pratIta hotA hai, vahA~ rasanIyatA kA srota banakara bakhUbI pAThakoM ko rasa-nimagna karatA bhI hai| isataraha 'saMdeza-rAsaka' kA aprastutavidhAna paramparAbhukti aura paramparAmukti, zAstrIyatA aura laukikatA, AlaMkArikatA aura bimbadharmitA kA samanvita rUpa upasthita karatA hai| 1. manoharalAla : ghanAnaMda ke kAvya meM aprastuta yojanA; nezanala pabliziMga hAusa, 23-dariyAgaMja, dillI -6; pra. saM. - 1974 I.; pR. - 61
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI 2. buddhinAtha kA 'kairava': sAhitya sAdhanA kI pRSThabhUmi; jJAnapITha prA. li., paTanA-4, dvi.saM. - 1964 I.; pR. 124 - 11-12 3. saMdeza - rAsaka: saM. - AcArya hajArI prasAda dvivedI tathA vizvanAtha tripAThI; rAjakamala prakAzana, dillI-2; pra. bA. 1975; pR. - 150 4. uparivat, pR. - 150 5. uparivat; pR. - 151 6. uparivat; pR. 151 7. uparivat; pR. 149 8. uparivat; pR. - 151 9. uparivat; pR. - 151 10. uparivat; pR. 151 11. uparivat, pR. - 154 * 12. uparivat, pR. - 154 13. uparivat; pR. - 154 14. uparivat; pR. - 150 15. uparivat; pR. - 151 16. uparivat; pR. - 181 17. uparivat; pR. - 149 18. uparivat, pR. - 152 19. uparivat; pR. - 151 20. uparivat; pR. -161 21. uparivat; pR. - 171 22. uparivat; pR.-161 23. uparivat; pR. - 190 24. uparivat, pR. - 150 25. uparivat, pR. - 173 26. uparivat; pR. - 162 27. uparivat, pR. - 153 28. uparivat; pR. - 168 29. uparivat; pR. - 164 79 30. uparivat; pR. - 170 31. uparivat; pR. - 170
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________________ 80 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 32. uparivat pR.-170 33. uparivat pR.-170 34. uparivat pR.-171 35. uparivat; pR.-171 36. uparivat pR.-174 37. uparivat pR.-167 38. uparivat pR.-144-45 39. uparivat pR.-151 40. uparivat pR.-184 41. uparivat pR.-155 42. uparivat pR.-170 43. uparivat pR.-183 44. uparivat pR.-155 45. uparivat; pR.-187 46. uparivat pR.-192 47. saMdeza-rAsaka kI bhUmikA se; pR.-117 prophesara : hindI vibhAga ti. mA~. bhAgalapura vizvavidyAlaya, bhAgalapura (bihAra) - 812007
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 1999, akTUbara akTUbara - 2000 81 bauddha siddha : sarahapAda DaoN. rAmamUrti tripAThI bauddha prasthAna meM hInayAna AcaraNa-pradhAna sAdhanA thI, jahA~ vAsanA kA damana hotA thA / zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA jaise triratna kI sAdhanA se vAsanA kA tela sUkha AtA aura citta dIpa kI bAtI bujha jAtI hai - nirvANa ho jAtA hai| mahAyAna meM vAsanA kA damana nahIM, zodhana hotA thA / mahAyAna pAramitAnaya kI sAdhanA karatA thA, yadyapi usameM bhAvIyAna ke maMtranaya kA bIja bhI vidyamAna thA / yahI maMtranaya kA bIja vajrayAna meM apanI samasta sambhAvanAoM ke sAtha vikasita huaa| maMtranaya kA lakSya hai - vajrayAMga kI siddhi / isakI sAdhanA bindu-sAdhanA hai| nairAtmyavAdI isa bauddha mArga meM citta hI sarvasva hai jisake do rUpa haiM- saMvRta citta aura bodhi citta / bodhicitta hI paramArtha citta hai / usI kI prApti vajra - siddhi hai / saMvRta citta caMcala zukra hai, paramArtha meM vahI viziSTa sAdhanA se vajropama ho jAtA hai| gaganopama ho jAne se vaha uSNIya cakra meM pratiSThita ho jAtA hai phira nirmANa - cakra (nimnatama) ho yA uSNISa cakra - sarvatra samabhAva se sthira ho jAtA hai - zUnyatAkaruNAbhinnaM bodhicittaM taducyate yaha dvandvAtIta samarasa 'mahAsuha' dazA hai| yaha siddha sarahapAda haiM jinhoMne trizaraNa meM 'guruM zaraNaM gacchAmi' kA cauthA caraNa jodd'aa| kSaraNazIla zukra hI saMvRta citta hai jise mahAmudrA ke saMsarga sekSubdha kara avadhUtI mArga meM saMcarita kiyA jAtA hai aura zodhita hokara uSNISa cakra meM pratiSThita
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________________ 82 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 ho jAtA hai| mala kA pUrNa zodhana to zaktimArga meM hI hotA hai aura zakti-mArga taMtra-mArga hai| kahA gayA hai - jayati sukharAja ekaH kAraNarahitaH sadoditaH jgtaam| yasya ca nigadana samaye vacanadaridro babhUva srvjnyH|| yaha sukharAja (mahAsuha) advaita hai, usakA koI kAraNa nahIM hai, vaha sadA udita hai| vaha sarvotkRSTa rUpa se vartamAna hai| usake viSaya meM kucha kahate hue sarvajJa kI bhI vANI virata ho jAtI hai| isa Azaya ko vyakta karate hue sarahapAda ke katipaya dohe die jA rahe haiM - mUla dohA - alio! dhamma mahAsuha pisi| . lavaNo jimi pANIhi vilijjai // 2 // isa dhArA ke anusAra paramArthata: na AtmA jaisI koI vastu hai aura na hI dharma jaisii| jJAnagocara (AtmA aura dharma) sabhI vaise hI alIka haiM jaise svapna-dRSTa jJeya padArtha / svapna meM jisa prakAra cetanA hI AkAra dhAraNakara pratItigocara hotI hai usI prakAra jAgRta meM bhI cetanA hI nAnA rUpAkAroM meM pratIta hotI hai| paramArthata: citta hI sat hai - jJeya AtmA (jIva, jantu, prANI, manuSya) tathA dharma (rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA tathA saMskAra Adi) viSaya mAtra aloka haiM / mahAyAna darzana meM aisA hI mAnA gayA hai| uttarArddha kI upamA abhijAta sAhitya se lI gaI hai| upaniSad meM paramArtha sat brahma aura vyAvahArika jJeya padArthoM ke bIca yahI upamA dI gaI hai| chAndogya upaniSad meM uddAlaka AruNi zvetaketu se kahatA hai ki namaka ko pAnI meM DAla do aura kala phira use mere pAsa laanaa| zvetaketu dUsare dina pAnI lAtA hai para namaka kA vahA~ atA-patA nahIM rhtaa| AruNi kahatA hai pAnI ko cakhakara dekho aura phira btaao| zvetaketu kahatA hai - sArA pAnI namakIna ho gayA hai, parantu namaka alaga se kahIM dikhAI nahIM pdd'taa| zvetaketu kahatA hai ki paramArtha sat aisA hI hai| yaha sarvatra vidyamAna hai para dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| vRhadAraNyaka meM bhI paramArtha sat ke lie yahI upamA dI gaI hai| vyavahAra meM jJAnagocara samasta padArtha paramArtha mahAsukha meM usI prakAra vilIna ho jAtA hai jisa prakAra namaka pAnI meM vilIna ho jAtA hai| saraha bhaNai jiNa guNagaNa ettvi| patthA ehuso ehu . prmtthvi|| 2.1 // ina paMktiyoM meM rahasyamayI gutthiyA~ bharI par3I haiN| ina paMktiyoM kA sAmAnya artha isa prakAra hai - 'saraha kahatA hai ki jina (jayI) ke amita guNagaNa haiM / mArga isa prakAra kA hai aura vAstava meM antima satya isa prakAra hai|' citta ke do rUpa haiM - nimna athavA saMvRta tathA ucca athavA pAramArthika (bodhi-citta) sAMvRtika yA apAramArthika baddhadazA meM yaha mana pavana yA mano pavana
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 83 ke vazIbhUta hokara nirantara gatizIla rahatA hai, cakkara kATatA rahatA hai parantu jaba yogI apanI pAramArthika yAtrA meM gatizIla rahatA hai taba yaha vAtyA-cakra TUTa jAtA hai, taba citta isa maNDala cakkara se chuTakArA pA jAtA hai aura 'zUnyatA' kI carama sthiti A. jAtI hai| isa dohe kA yahI Azaya jAna par3atA hai| pro. zahIdullA ne isakI vyAkhyA anyathA kI hai parantu zrI prabodhacanda bAgacI kI abhimata vyAkhyA yahI hai| citta vigai acitta ueshi| sadguru vaaNe phuDa paDihAsahi // 3 // yahA~ taka ki antata: citta bhI ni:zeSa ho jAtA hai aura acit astitva meM A jAtA hai| zrI sadguru ke vacanopadeza se vAstavika sthiti samullasita ho uThatI hai| jAvaNa appA jANijjai tAvaNa sissa krei| andhaM aMdha kahAva timi veNa vi kUva pddei||4|| jaba taka svayaM pAramArthika sthiti ko na jAna le taba taka ziSya na banAe / aMdhA yadi aMdhe kA netRtva karegA to donoM kUpa meM cale jaaeNge| javveM maNa atthamaNa jAi taNu tuTTai bndhnn| tavve samarasa sahaje vajjai u suddaNa bmhnn|| jisa kSaNa meM mana astamita ho jAtA hai usa kSaNa meM sAre bandhana niHzeSa ho jAte haiM taba 'samarasa sahaja' kI sthiti A jAtI hai| taba sAdhaka meM zUdra aura brAhmaNa kA bheda nahIM raha jaataa| usake lie sArA loka eka jAtika ho jAtA hai| yahI 'sahaja' bhAva meM sthiti hai| are putto bojjhu rasarasaNa susaSThia avejj| vakkhANa paDhantehi jagahi Na jANiu sojjh|| are putra rasa-rasAyana sAdhana kAla meM sphuTatara zuddhi ko na jAnate hue jaise sAdhaka naSTa ho jAtA hai vaise hI rAgAdi kI zuddhi ko ThIka se na jAnane para naSTa ho jAtA hai| rAga ke kAraNa abhISTa dharmAdi meM jo pravRtti hotI hai vaha atatvAtmaka hone se avidyA hI hai| ata: yaha loka isa manodazA meM jo vyAkhyAna detA yA anuzIlana karatA hai - vaha saba niSphala hotA hai / kAraNa, vaha saMsAra ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM ThIka-ThIka kucha jAnatA nhiiN| para jo jAnatA hai usake viSaya meM isa taraha se kahA gayA hai - are putto tatto vicittarasa kahaNa Na sakkai vtthu| kapparahia suha-ThANu vara jagu uajjai ttthu|| he putra jisane usa tatva kA cintana ThIka-ThIka kara liyA hai vaha usake AsvAda ko vANI kA viSaya nahIM banA sktaa| ye saMsAra kI vastue~ jaisI nIla-pIta Adi AkAra kI haiM kyA vaha sva-saMvedya 'sahaja' vaisA hai? vaha satya vikalparahita hai - sukha-sthAna hai - zreSTha bhavatattva hai - vahA~ bhava-nirvANa maMdarahita hai| ise svabhAva-siddha hone ke kAraNa dhyAna Adi kisI sAdhana se /
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________________ 84 apabhraMza bhAratI nahIM pAyA jaataa| yaha abhimAna se nahIM, zrI guru parijJAna mAtra se upalabdha hotA hai / vahI bAta nimnalikhita dohe se bhI kahI jA rahI hai 10 buddhi biNAsai maNa marai jahi tuTTai ahimANa / so mAAa paramaphalu tahiM kiM bajjhai jhANa // guru upase amia-rasu dhAva Na pIau jehi / bahu satthattha marutthalihiM tisie mariyau tehi // isa 'sahaja' kI upalabdhi ho jAne para zrI sadguru dvArA usake vyakta ho jAne para buddhi vinaSTa ho jAtI hai, ni:zeSa ho jAtI hai, mana mara jAtA hai, mithyAbhimAna - pudgala aura dharma-viSayaka samApta ho jAtA hai / usa samaya mAyAmaya parama kalA bhI akiJcitkara ho jAtI hai / manaH parikalpanA kI gati banda ho jAtI hai phira dhyAna- bandhana se kyA lenA-denA? na jina kApuruSoM ne mahAvega se daur3akara guru-upadeza- amRta kA pAna nahIM kiyA- ve marusthala meM bhaTakate hue tRSArta sArthavAha kI taraha vinaSTa ho jAte haiM, kAlacakra meM pisa jAte haiM / paNDia saala satya dehahiM buddha vasanta Na teNa vakkhANai / jANai // vikhnnddia| paNDia // avaNAamaNa to vi Nilajja bhaNai ha paNDita loga nAnA prakAra ke zAstroM para vyAkhyAna dete rahate haiN| unakA lakSya satya-bodha nahIM, apitu jaya-parAjaya rahatA hai, dravyArjana rahatA hai| dehastha buddha ko sadguru-upadeza se vimukha ye paNDita nahIM jaante| jisane guru- pradatta AmnAya ko, rahasyamaya paramparA ko nahIM jAnA ve svayaM. naSTa hote haiM aura dUsaroM ko bhI naSTa karate haiN| aise loga saMsAra ke AvAgamana ko nirasta nahIM kara pAte, phira bhI ye nirlajja apane ko paNDita hI samajhate haiM / ye paNDita nahIM, mUrkha haiM / visaa - visudheM u ramai kevala suNNa carei / uDDI bohia kAu jima paluTTia tahavi paDe // - 11-12 visaAsatti ma bandha kuru are bar3ha saraha~ vRtta / mINa paagama kari bhamara pekkhaha hariNaha~ jutta // jo sadguru kI AjJA se vizuddha bandhanakArI viSayoM meM nahIM ramatA, apitu nirarthaka zUnya meM bhaTakatA rahatA hai, usakI vahI sthiti hotI hai jo usa kaue kI hotI hai jo jahAja se haTakara nirAlamba samudra meM bhaTakatA rahatA hai aura antataH phira vahIM lauTa AtA hai| punaH isI abhiprAya ko vyakta karate hue kahate haiM - - saraha kahate haiM ki pA~coM jJAnendriyoM ko khIMcakara mRtyu ke gAla meM jhoMkanevAle viSayoM ke prati Asakti na kro| dekho, mIna, pataGga, hAthI, bhramara aura hariNa ye prANI eka-eka viSaya - rasa, rUpa, sparza, gandha tathA zabda ke cakkara meM par3akara apanA nAza kara lete haiM /
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________________ 85 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 kAsu kahijjai ko suNai etthu kajjasu liinn| duTuThasuraGgama dhUli jima hia-jAa hiahiM liinn| vajra-mArga bar3A durUha mArga hai, kisase kahA jAya - kauna supAtra hai jo ise sune? kauna hai jo ise sune? kauna hai jo ise ThIka se grahaNakara sahaja pada ko pA sake? isa kArya meM lIna koI nipuNa dikhAI nahIM pdd'taa| aise puruSapuGgava virala hI haiN| jaise kisI durga kA bhaMjana karane ke lie suraGga banAI jAe - to usa suraGga ke pAsa sabakoI nahIM jA sakate - suruGki-suraGga marmajJa hI jA sakatA hai, vahI usakI dhUla aura miTTI kA sAmanA kara sakatA hai / apAtra svalpahRdaya hote haiM, supAtra dRr3hatara-hRdayavAle hote haiM / suraGga kI dhUli svalpa hRdaya ko bardAzta nahIM ho sakatI para dRr3hatara hRdayavAle use pacA lete haiM / yahI sthiti isa vajra-mArga kI hai jo saMsAradurga ke nAza ke lie taiyAra kiyA gayA hai| usa para sarva-sAmAnya nahIM cala sktaa| jatta vi paisai jalahi jalu tatttai samarasa hoi| doSa guNAara citta tahA bar3ha parivakkhaNa koi|| - jisa prakAra samudra ke jala meM dUsarA jala praviSTa ho to vaha samarasa ho jAtA hai usI prakAra jo sAdhaka siddha ho cuke haiM, parijJAnI aura maharddhika haiM unake lie saMsAra ke doSa-samUha pratipakSa nahIM banate - ve unheM nahIM bA~dha paate| zabda, sparza, rUpa, rasa tathA gandha - inakA AkarSaNa doSa hai| parantu zrI sadguru ke upadeza se jinako zuddhi prApta ho cukI hai unake lie ye viSaya, viSaya (bandhanakArI) raha hI nahIM jaate| mukkai cittagayanda karu, ettha viappa Na pucch| gaaNa-giri-Nai-jala piau, tahi taDa basai sicch|| pahale citta-gajendra ko mukta kiyA jaae| isameM kisI prakAra kA saMzaya mata utthaanaa| phira vaha gagana, giri, nadI kA jalapAna kare aura vahA~ svecchApUrvaka vAsa kre| yaha citta gajendra paMcaskaMdha svarUpa hai| paMca-skaMdha haiM - rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra tathA vijnyaan| yaha citta gajendrasA viSaya rUpAkAra hai para vahI jaba zUnya meM pratiSThita ho jAtA hai taba vahA~ klezAdi rUpAvaraNa kA koI cihna lakSita nahIM hotaa| citta karuNA kI sAdhanA se zUnya meM pratiSThita ho jAtA hai| sarahapAda ke dohoM meM zUnya taruvara meM karuNArUpI phUloM kA khilanA dikhAyA gayA hai| jaba sAdhaka ke mana meM paramArthavRtti jagatI hai tabhI karuNA ke phUla khilate haiM - suNNA taruvara phulliau, karuNA vihi vicitt| aNNA mokSa paratta phalu, ehu sokkha paru citt|| vividha vicitra karuNA ke phUloM se 'zUnya' taruvara praphullita huA hai| yaha lokottara phala hai| yaha citta hI parama mahAsukha sthala bana jAtA hai| . advaya citta taruvaraha gau tihu vaNe vitthaar| karuNA phullI phala dharai NAu paratta uaar||
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________________ 86 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 __ zUnyatA aura karuNA, prajJA aura upAya, kamala aura kuliza jaba advaya bhAva meM pratiSThita ho jAte haiM - jahA~ bhava aura nirvANa kA bheda jAtA rahatA hai, taba usI kA sarvatra vistAra ho jAtA hai / yahI advaya citta taruvara hai usameM karuNA ke phUla khilate haiM aura anuttara phala lagatA hai| yahI 'tathatA' hai / bauddha cintAdhArA jisa amUrta darzana para hAvI rahI usameM 'tathatA' ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna milaa| 'tathatA' apane mUlarUpa meM zUnyatA ke samakakSa rahI hai| azvaghoSa kahatA hai ki 'tathatA' na to bhAva hai, na abhAva aura na hI bhAvAbhAva kA nissedh| matalaba, kisI ekAnta zabda se ise nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isI ko sarahapA isa prakAra kahate haiM - bhavahi ekkhai khehinnivjji| bhAvarahia puNu khiuvjji|| vei vivajjai jo uajji| acchahi siriguru NAhiM khijji|| isa bhAvAbhAva se jo vilaga ho jAtA hai usI meM samasta saMsAra vilIna ho jAtA hai / 'tathatA' prApti kA yaha eka Avazyaka niyama-sA hai ki citta isako prApta karane ke lie nizcala-sA ho jaae| bhAvAbhAve jo pchinnnnu| tahi jaga tia sahAva viliinnu| javve nahiM maNa Niccala thaakki| tavveM bhavanirvANahiM mukkdd'| aura bhI saraha kahatA hai - jhANahINa pavaje rhiau| gahI vasatteM bhAjje sahi au|| (jai) miDi visaa ramatte Na mucc| saraha bhaNai pariANa ki rucca|| jai paccakkha ki jhANe kI ai| ahava jhANa andhAra saadhia|| saraha bhaNai mai kaDDhiya raav| sahaja sahAu Nau bhaavaabhaav|| jAllai upajjar3a tAllai vaajjdd'| tAllar3a parama mahAsaha sijjhi|| saraha maNai mahu (ki) kkrmi| pasu loaNa bujhAi kI krmi| rUkSa dhyAna yA jAgatika AnandopAdAna kA nyAsa yA tyAga karanevAle saMnyAsa ko pare rakhakara, ghara meM hI svakIyA ke saMga jIvana-nirvAha karane aura samasta viSayAdika kA upabhoga yA sevana pUrI taraha (mir3i - dRr3hatApUrvaka evaM pUrNarUpeNa) karate hue hI sAdhaka mukta hotA hai / isake samakSa usa parijJAna-jJAna ke rUkSa kSetra kA bhalA kyA bisAta? arthAt jaba yaha sahaja upalabdha sugama aura sarala mArga hI pAra nahIM kiyA jA sakA, to vaha kaSTapUrNa sAdhanA hone se rhii| ise dhyAnadhAraNA meM Abaddha pazu (mAyA-lipta loga) nahIM jAna paaeNge| vastutaH jina pravRttiyoM aura saMskAroM ko lekara tumhArA janma huA hai usI ko lekara maraNa bhI nizcita hai / nAza aura nirmANa meM anya, anyathA aura atirikta tattvoM kI koI sattA nhiiN| jo pratyakSa hai - sahaja hai - usameM dhyAnAdi se kyA lenA-denA? yadi dhyAna kA koI samucita viSaya hai hI nahIM, to yaha dhyAna andhakAra kI sAdhanA-mAtra hai| sahaja meM na bhAva hai na abhAva - para ise paza-prakRti ke loga samajha hI nahIM pAte - kyA kiyA jAya? (sahaja siddha sAdhanA evaM srjnaa)|
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 87 jahi maNa pavana na saMcarai ravi sasi nAhiM pves| tahi bar3ha citta visAma karu saraheM kahia uesu|| isa avAGmanogocara, catuSkoTi vinirmukta, bhAvAbhAva vivarjita 'sahaja' meM mana evaM pavana kA saMcAra nahIM hotaa| vahA~ ravi evaM zazi kA praveza yA dvandva asambhava hai| isI sahaja sthiti meM citta ko vizrAma dene kA upadeza sarahapAda ne diyA hai| sarahapAda ke katipaya dohoM meM 'sahaja' kI vyAkhyA ko gItokta 'AtmA' kI vyAkhyA ke Aloka meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| saMkapAsa tokhau guru vanneN| na sugai soNau dIsai na anneN| pavana bahatte Nahu so hllii| malana jalatte na so ujjhi| ghaNi varasatte Nahu sommi| nau vajjai Nau khaahi pissi|| saraha mAnate haiM ki sahajonmukhI sAdhanA ke lie guru kI anivAryatA hai, vahI zaMkA-pAza ko naSTa kara sakatA hai| yaha sahaja zravaNa se azravya, dRSTi se adRzya, pavana se aspRzya aura akamya, agni se adAhya, ghanavarSaNa se na bhIganevAlA aura samarasa tathA Anandamaya batAyA gayA hai| apane raci raci bhvnirvaannaa| mircha loa bandhAvae aannaa|| aheM NajANahuM acitta joi| jaemaraNa bhava kaisaNa hoii|| jaiso jAmamaraNavi tiso| jIvatte maileM sAhiM vishesso|| jA ethu jAmamaraNe viskaa| so karau rasa rasanirakA // je sacarAcara tiasa memtti| te ajarAmara kimpi na hosti| Ame kAma ki kAme aam| sarabhaNati acinta so dhaam|| saMsAra se bandhana aura mukti - ina do vikalpoM ko raca-racakara kapola-kalpanA kara loga vyartha hI apane ko cakkara meM DAlate haiN| maiM to paramAtmalIna-acintya yoga-siddha ho cukA hU~, hamArI to samajha meM hI nahIM AtA ki janma-maraNa lakSita saMsAra kA svarUpa kaisA aura kisa taraha kA hai? mere lie to jaisA janma vaisA hI maraNa; kAraNa, maiM to jIvita rahate hI mukta hU~, aba jIvana kyA aura mRtyu kyA? mujhe to donoM meM kucha vizeSa pratIta nahIM ho rahA hai| jisako janma-maraNa meM vikalpa rahatA hai vahI rasa-rasAyanAdi ke dvArA yoga-sAdhana kI icchA karatA hai| jo loga carAcara loka meM, mRtyu bhuvana yA svarga loka meM bhramaNa karate rahane kI bAta karate haiM unheM ajara-amara nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| mukta to vahI hai jisakI AtmA nitya avinAzI Ananda meM lIna ho / saraha kahatA hai ki vaha isa vivAda meM nahIM par3egA - usako to eka hI dhAma hai - anuttara / 2, sTeTa baiMka kaoNlonI, devAsa roDa, ujjaina - 456010 (ma.pra.)
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________________ 88 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 jahiM caupayAi~ tosiyamaNAi~ dhaNNai~ caraMti jahi~ cumucumaMti keyArakIra vrklmsaalisurhiysmiir| jahi~ goulAi~ pau vikkiraMti puMDucchudaMDakhaMDaI crNti| jahi~ vasaha mukkaDhekkAra dhIra jiihaavilihiynnNdinnisriir| jahi~ maMtharagamaNai~ mAhisAi~ dhrmnnuddddaaviysaarsaaiiN| kAhaliyavaMsaravarattiyAu vahuau gharakammi guttiyaau| saMkeyakuDuMgaNapattiyAu jahi~ jhINau virahiM tttiyaau| jahi~ hAliNirUvaNivaddhacakkhu sImAvaDu Na muai ko vi jkchu| jimmai jahi~ evahi pavasiehi~ dahi kUru khIru ghiu desiehiN| . pavapAliyAi jahi~ bAliyAi pANiu bhiNgaarpnnaaliyaai| ditie~ mohiu Niru pahiyaviMdu caMgau dakkhAlivi vynncNdu| jahiM caupayAi~ tosiyamaNAi~ dhaNNai~ caraMti Na hu puNu tinnaaiN| ujjeNi NAma tahi~ Nayari asthi jahi~ pANi pasArai mattu htthi| ghattA - maragayakarakaliyahi~ mahiyali ghuliyahi~ phuriyahi~ hariyahi~ muuddhmi| viNaDiu duvvAsahi~ rasaviNNAsahi~ NINiu miTuiM mNdgi||21|| jasaharacariu 1.21 usa pradeza ke khetoM meM zuka cuna-cunakara dhAnya khAte haiM / vahA~ kalama aura zAli jAti ke dhAnyoM se sugandhita pavana bahatI hai / gokula khUba dUdha bakherate haiM aura moTe ikSudaNDa ke khaNDa carate haiM / vahA~ bar3e-bar3e baila DakAra chor3ate hue tathA apanI jIbha se gAyoM ke zarIra ko cATate dikhAI dete haiM / vahA~ kahIM dhImI cAla calate hue athavA pAnI ke DabaroM se sArasoM ko ur3Ate hue mahiSa dikhAI dete haiM / kAhalI aura bA~surI kI madhura dhvani meM anurakta bahue~ apane ghara ke kAma-kAja meM lagI haiN| apane gupta saMketa-sthala meM pahu~cakara viraha se taptAyamAna premikAe~ udAsa huIM apane premiyoM kI pratIkSA kara rahI haiM / vahA~ kRSakoM kI striyoM ke saundarya para apanI A~kheM gar3Aye hue koI eka yakSa sImAvartI vaTa vRkSa ko nahIM chodd'taa| vahA~ ke dezIya jana pravAsiyoM ko yoM hI dahI, bhAta aura khIra kA bhojana karAte haiN| vahA~ bAlikAe~ pAla (prapAlikA arthAt pyAU calAnevAlI bAlikAe~) bhaMgAra va nAlikA dvArA jala pilAtI huIM apanA sundara mukhacandra dikhAkara pathika-vRnda ko atyanta mohita kara letI haiN| vahA~ caupAye santuSTa mana se dhAnya carate haiM, na ki tRNa / vahA~ ujjayinI nAmakI nagarI hai| vahA~ mahAbala dvArA hastizAlA se bAhara nikAlA gayA matta hAthI manda gati se calatA huA bhramavaza mUDhatA ko prApta hokara bhUmipara bikharI huI usa durgandhayukta aura rasa-vihIna sar3I ghAsa kI ora bhI apanI la~Da phailAne lagatA hai kyoMki vaha AsapAsa jar3I huI marakata maNiyoM kI kiraNoM se milakara harI ghAsa ke samAna camaka uThatI hai| anu. - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 1999, akTUbara akTUbara - 2000 89 AcArya jinadatta sUri aura unakI apabhraMza racanAe~ DaoN. (zrImatI) sUrajamukhI jaina AcArya jinadatta sUri uccakoTi ke dharmAcArya, lekhaka evaM sukavi the / Apane sampUrNa marudeza kA bhramaNa kara jainadharma kA pracAra kiyA, isaliye Apako marusthalI kalpataru bhI kahA jAtA I ajamera nareza aNaurAja aura tribhuvanagiri ke rAjA kumArapAla Adi tatkAlIna zAsaka evaM sAmanta Apake bhakta the| jaina saMskRti aura sAhitya ke punarutthAna kI dRSTi se ApakA mahattvapUrNa sthAna / Apane apane samaya meM sAdhuoM ke zithilAcAra ko dUra karane kA apUrva zrama kiyA thaa| Apa saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza tInoM bhASAoM ke vizeSajJa vidvAna the / paricaya tathA racanAkAla AcArya jinadatta sUri ke ziSya sumatigaNi ne 'gaNadharasArddhazataka' meM ApakA paricaya dete hue likhA hai ki Apa vi.saM. 1132 meM vAcchiga nAmaka zrAvaka kI patnI bAhar3adevI ke garbha se utpanna hue the / vi.saM. 1141 meM dharmadevopAdhyAya se dIkSA grahaNa kI aura jinavallabha sUri ke dehAvasAna ke bAda vi. saM. 1169 meM devabhadrAcArya se sUripada prApta kiyA / ' vi.saM. 1285 meM pUrNabhadragaNi ne AcArya jinadatta kI stuti karate hue likhA hai
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________________ 90 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 bhAsvAMstataH samudagAjjinadattasUri - bhvyaarvindcybodhvidhaandkssH| gAvaH sphuranti vidhimArgavikAsaneka - tAnAstamovidatAnapravaNA ydiiyaa| vi.saM. 1293 meM jinapAlagaNi ne ApakI stuti nimna prakAra kI hai - jinadatta iti zrImAn sUristatpadabhUSaNaH jajJesa jJAna mANikyarohaNo vidhipossnnH|' kharataragacchapaTTAvalI meM kavi ke svargavAsa kA varNana bhI nimna prakAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai - 'athaivaMvidhAH kSatriyabrAhmaNAdikulInalakSa zrAddha pratibodhakAH jalabhUmopari kambalAstaraNAdi prakAreNa paJcanadIsAdhakAH saMdehadohAvatasAdhaneka granthavidhAyakAH parakAyaSvezinyAdi vividhavidhAsampannA paropakArakariNaH paramayazaH saubhAgyadhAriNaH zrIkharataragacchanAyakAH mahAprabhAvakAH zrIjinadattasUrAyaH saMvat 1211 aSAr3ha sudi ekAdazyAM ajamerunagare'nazanaM kRtvA svargaM gatAH / / 48 / spaSTa hai ki AcArya jinadattasUri vidyA aura tantra-mantra Adi ke jJAtA the aura unhoMne vi.saM. 1211 meM samAdhimaraNa dvArA ajamera meM prANa tyAga diyaa| racanAe~ kavi kI abataka upalabdha racanAe~ haiM - 1. upadeza rAsarasAyana, 2. kAlasvarUpakulakam, 3. crcrii| ___ 1. upadeza rAsarasAyana - upadeza rAsarasAyana meM 80 padya haiM / kavi ne ina padyoM meM AtmasAdhanA kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| Arambha meM hI batAyA hai ki yaha manuSya janma bar3e saubhAgya se prApta huA hai aura rAga-dveSa tathA moha hI bhavabhramaNa kA kAraNa hai| AtmasAdhanA ke lie guru kA avalambana lekara rAga-dveSa tathA moha se mukta honA Avazyaka hai| guru hI aisA pota hai jo svayaM to saMsArasamudra se taratA hai, dUsaroM ko bhI tAra detA hai| saMsAra-taraNa ke lie kavi ne guru ko pramukha sAdhana mAnA hai| ve kahate haiM - gurupavahaNu nippuNNi na labbhai liNi pavahi jaNu paDiyau kubbhi| sA saMsAra samuddi paiTThI jahi sukkhaha vattA vi pnntttthii|| mana tathA indriyoM kI caMcalatA hI saMsAra-bhramaNa kA kAraNa hai, jo mana tathA indriyoM ko vaza meM nahIM kara sakatA use kabhI mukti nahIM mila sktii| tasu kiva hoi sunivvau saMgama athiru ji jiva kikkANa turNgmu| kuppahi paDada na pagi vilaggar3a, vAyaha mariu jahicchai vggi|
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 91 bAhyADambaroM kA tiraskAra karate hue kavi kahate haiM ki bhAvazuddhi ke binA bAhyaveSa dhAraNa karane mAtra se chuTakArA nahIM mila sktaa|" cittazuddhi ke lie deva-zAstra-guru kI ArAdhanA karanI caahie| dhana ko yathAzakti dhArmika kAryoM meM lagAnA caahie| bhagavAna kI stuti karanI caahie| mahApuruSoM kA jIvanacarita par3hanAsunanA caahie| unhIM kA abhinaya karanA caahie| dharmasthAna para laukika kArya nahIM karanA caahie| jo zuddha bhAva se krodhAdi kaSAyoM se rahita ho bhagavAna kI bhakti karatA hai usakI manuSya to kyA deva, devendra bhI stuti karate haiM / Atmazuddhi ke lie Avazyaka hai ki manuSya apane mahAn guNoM kI ora bhI dhyAna na dekara doSoM kI ora dhyAna de tathA dUsaroM ke alpa guNoM kA bhI prakAzana kre|10 kavi kA mata hai ki mithyAdarzana ke kAraNa hI jIva vastu ke yathArthasvarUpa ko nahIM jAna pAtA aura isI kAraNa vaha bhavabhramaNa karatA hai, samyakdarzana hone para hI vaha mokSa-sukha ko prApta kara sakatA hai - tivadesaNarAyaMdha nirikkhahi jaM Na asthi taM vatthu vivakkhahi te vivarIyadiTThi sikhasukkhai pAvahihi sumiNi vikhpcckkhi|' samyaktva kI prApti ke lie citta kI nirmalatA Avazyaka hai| jo mana kI malinatA ke kAraNa dUsaroM ke doSoM ko DhU~r3hatA hai, vyartha kalaha karatA hai, apanI asatya bAta ko bhI satya aura dUsaroM kI satya bAta ko bhI asatya siddha karatA hai, vikRta vacana bolatA hai, mada karatA hai, parastrI va paradhana meM Asakti rakhatA hai, adhika parigraha kA saMcaya karatA hai, use kabhI samyaktva kI prApti nahIM ho sktii| 2. kAlasvarUpa kulakam - isameM 32 padya haiM / kavi ne prAraMbha meM hI duHkhapUrNa saMsAra meM manuSya-janma kI durlabhatA aura usakI asaphalatA kA kAraNa batAyA hai / vaha kahate haiM ki manuSya moharUpI nIMda meM so rahA hai, uThakara mokSamArga meM nahIM lagatA, yadi sadguru use jagAnA cAhatA hai to usake vacana use acche nahIM lgte| mohanidda jaNu suttu na jaggai, tiNa uditi sivamaggi na lggi| jai suhatthu ku vi guru jaggAvai tu vi tavvayaNu tAsu navi bhAvai / ' guru ke vacanoM para vizvAsa kara rAga-dveSa tathA moha kA tyAga karanevAle ko hI siddha-sukha kI prApti hotI hai|
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________________ 92 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 paramatthi Na te sutta vi jaggahi suguru vayaNu je uThevi lgghi| rAgadveSa moha vi je gaMjahi siddhipurandhite nicchai bhuNjhi||4 guru kA mahattva pratipAdita karate hue kavi kahate haiM ki jisa para sadguru kI kRpA ho gayI aura jisake mana meM paMcaparameSThI kA vAsa hai, usakA yamarAja bhI kucha nahIM bigAr3a sakatA hai| jo jaNu suhaguru diTThihi diTThau, tasu kira kAi kArai jamu rutttthu| jasu parameTThi maMtu maNi nivasai, so duhumajjhi kayAvi na pisi| kavi ne kuguru-suguru kA antara batAte hue sadguru kI pahacAna bhI batAyI hai / kuguru kaSTa kA kAraNa hai, jo buddhimAna sadguru ke svarUpa ko jAnatA hai vahI paramapada kA adhikArI hai| kuguru suguru sama dIsahi baahiri| yadi jo kuguru su aMtaru baahiri| jo tasu aMtaru karai viykkhnnu| so paramappau lahai slkkhnnu|" saccA guru lobha se rahita hotA hai / lauhayukta pota ke samAna lobhI guru bhI ziSya ko saMsArasAgara se pAra nahIM kara sakatA apitu vaha Apatti kA hI kAraNa hotA hai| yathA - lauhiu jaDiu pou su phuTTai cuMbakujahi pahANu kiva vtttti| neya samuddaha pAru su pAvai aMtazIla tasu Avaya aavi||7 sadguru kI prApti ho jAne para jo usake vacanoM para zraddhAna kara usakA jJAna prApta kara usake anusAra AcaraNa karatA hai, vaha avazya hI zivaramaNI se ramaNa karane lagatA hai, punaH saMsAra meM lauTakara nahIM aataa| saMsAra ke kAraNa rAga-dveSa aura moha kA tyAga kiye binA bAhya veSa dhAraNa karane tathA kezaluMca karane para bhI mukti kI prApti nahIM ho sktii| ataH sadguru ke vacanoM para zraddhAna kara rAga-dveSAdi Antarika mala ko dUra karane kA hI prayAsa karanA caahie| vahu ya loya luMciya sira dIsahiM / para rAgaddosahi sahu~ vilasahiM / paDhahi, guNahiM satthai vakkhANahi pariparamatthu kitthu suNa jaannhi|
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 93 3. carcarI - kavi ne apane guru jinavallabhasUri kI stuti meM carcarI likhI hai| yaha eka prakAra kI laukika gAthA hai, para isameM bhI kavi ne bAhyADambaroM kA nirasana nirbhIkatApUrvaka kiyA hai| maThAdhIzoM, pAkhaNDI sAdhuoM evaM pradarzana ke hetu granthoM kA ambAra lagAnevAle sAdhuoM kI khalakara bhartsanA kI hai aura cittazaddhi ko hI AtmakalyANa ke lie upAdeya batAyA hai| jinadatta sUri kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai ki unhoMne sarasa zailI meM dharmopadeza kI racanA kI hai| unhoMne apane upadeza rasAyana meM zRMgArika vibhAva anubhAvoM kA bhI citraNa kiyA hai / ataH inake kAvyoM meM sarasatA adhika pAyI jAtI hai| 1. gaNadharasArddha zataka gAthA 78, 148 2. dhanyazAlibhadra caritra (neje.sA. sUcI) aprasiddha, pR. 59 3. dvAdazakulAkativaraNaprAnte 4. apabhraMzakAvya trayI, lAlacanda bhagavAnadAsa gAMdhI, oriyanTala iMsTITyUTa bar3audA, bhUmikA pR. 601 5. upadezarAsa rasAyana, pR. 30, dohA 2 6. vahI, dohA 48 7. vahI, dohA 13 8. vahI, dohA 16 9. vahI, dohA 35, 36, 37 . 10. vahI, dohA 39, 43, 49 11. vahI, dohA 60 12. vahI, dohA 72, 73, 74 13. apabhraMzakAvyatrayI ke antargata kAlasvarUpa kulakam, 5 14. vahI, 6 15. vahI, dohA 31 16. vahI, dohA, 11 17. vahI, dohA 29 18. vahI, dohA.32 alakA, 35, imAmabAr3A mujaphpharanagara - 257002
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________________ 94 apabhraMza bhAratI NiccoramAri Nilluttadukkhu - 11-12 jahi~ caMdakaMti mANikkaditti jahi~ pomarAyarAeNa litta jahi~ iMdaNIlaghari kasaNakaMti supahAyakAli joyaMtiyAhi~ amaliyamaMDa muhu diTTha jetthu appANau jUriu tiyahi~ jetthu jahi~ chaDayaghittakusumAvalIu jahi~ dai jaNu jaNajaNiyasokkhu jahi~ gayamayasittaDa rAyamaggu muhacuataMbolaraseNa rattu kappUradhUlidhUsariyacamaru ghattA - jahi~ Naravai NAe~ maMti uvAe~ vavahAru vi sacceM vahai / kulu kulavahuttheM purisu vi attheM atthu vi jahi~ dANiM sahai // ullalai gayaNi NaM dhavalakitti / u lAi kuMkumu hariNaNetta / va jjaisiyadaMtahi~ hasati / maNibhittihi ciru pavasiyapiyAhi~ / hApi viNu maMDaNa huu Niratthu / DiMbhappaDibiMvaho dei hatthu / motiyaraiyau raMgAvalIu / NiccoramAri Nilluttadukkhu / hayalAlAjalapaMkeNa duggu / NivaDiyabhUsaNamaNiyaravicittu / mayaNAhiparimalubbhamiyabhamaru / jasaharacariu 1.22 ' usa ujjayinI nagarI meM candrakAnta aura mANikya ratnoM kI prabhA AkAza meM phaila rahI hai, jaise mAno vaha usa nagara kI dhavala kIrti ho / vahA~ kI mRganayanI striyA~ padmarAgamaNi kAnti se lipta hone ke kAraNa kuMkuma lagAnA Avazyaka nahIM smjhtiiN| vahA~ indranIla maNimaya gharoM meM kRSNavarNa bahue~ tabhI dikhAI detI haiM jaba ha~sane se unake dA~ta dikhAI par3ate / jinake pati dIrghakAla se pravAsa meM gaye haiM, ve jaba prabhAtakAla meM maNimaya bhittiyoM meM apane amlAna- bhUSaNamaya mukha ko dekhatI haiM taba ve kaha uThatI haiM - hAya, priyatama ke binA yaha maNDana nirarthaka gayA / apane meM jhUratI huI strI bAlaka kA pratibimba dekhakara usako hAtha lagAne kA prayatna karatI hai / vahA~ puSpAvaliyoM se yukta raMgAvaliyA~ motiyoM se viracita dikhAI detI thIM / vahA~ coroM yA mArIkA bhaya nahIM thA / duHkha kA abhAva thA aura loga paraspara sukha bar3hAte hue Ananda se rahate the / vahA~ kA rAjamArga hAthiyoM ke mada se sIMcA huA thA tathA ghor3oM kI lAra se utpanna kIcar3a ke kAraNa durgama ho gayA thaa| vaha logoM ke mukha se gire hue tAmbUla - rasa se lAla tathA gire hue AbhUSaNoM ke maNiyoM se vicitra dikhAI detA thaa| vahA~ kI cavariyA~ karpUra kI dhUli se dhUsarita thIM tathA kastUrI kI sugandha se AkarSita hokara unapara bhauMre ma~DarA rahe the / vahA~ rAjA nyAya se tathA maMtrI upAya se, satyatA ke sAtha rAja-vyavahAra calAte the tathA vahA~ kA pratyeka parivAra kula-vadhuoM ke samUha se, pratyeka puruSa dhana se, aura dhana bhI dAna se alaMkRta thA / anu. - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI 11-12 akTUbara 1999, akTUbara 2000 - 95 roDA- kRta 'rAulavela' kA kAvya-saundarya DaoN. mahAvIraprasAda zarmA 44 mahAkavi roDA - kRta 'rAulavela' (rAjakula vilAsa ) eka bhASA - kAvya hai / 11vIM zatAbdI ke isa zilAMkita bhASA - kAvya kI bhASA tatkAlIna samAja meM pracalita purAnI kosalI kA eka sundara udAharaNa kahI jA sakatI hai / 'ukti-vyakti prakaraNa' kI bhUmikA meM DaoN. sunItikumAra caTarjI kahate haiM ki 'ukti-vyakti-prakaraNa' ke mAdhyama se jisa prakAra navya- bhAratIya AryabhASAe~ madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM se vikasita huI haiM usake adhyayana ke lie hameM kucha mUlyavAna sAmagrI prApta huI hai| isameM hameM mukhyata: kosalI (yA pUrvI hindI) aura sAdhAraNata: Upara aura nIce kI gaMgA kI ghATI kI Arya boliyoM ke itihAsa kA adhyayana karane ke lie eka atyanta mahatvapUrNa sAkSya milA hai| ...... jisa bhASA kA vivaraNa isameM diyA gayA hai vaha nissaMdeha eka vAstavika bolacAla kI bhASA kA udAharaNa hai vaha pazcimI apabhraMza kI bhA~ti kI koI kama yA adhika kRtrima sAhityika bhASA mAtra nahIM hai, aura isalie 'ukti-vyaktiprakaraNa' kA mUlya navya bhAratIya AryabhASA zAstra ke adhyayana ke lie aura bhI adhika hai / " / " 1' rAulavela' bhI ' ukti-vyakti prakaraNa' ke samAna dUsarI mUlyavAna sAmagrI hai| isa saMdarbha - DaoN. mAtAprasAda gupta kA yaha kathana nitAnta vicAraNIya hai, jaba ve kahate haiM ki - "yaha ' uktivyakti-prakaraNa' se bhI pUrva kI racanA hai, jo kisI paNDita dvArA kevala bhASA-paricaya ke lie nahIM prastuta kI gaI hai, jisa prakAra 'ukti-vyakti prakaraNa' kI gaI hai, balki eka kavi kI
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________________ 96 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 kalApUrNa abhivyakti hai, jisameM padya hI nahIM gadya kA bhI prayoga usake dvArA adhikArapUrvaka kiyA gayA hai aura jisake sambandha meM eka bar3I bhArI bAta yaha hai ki usakA pATha zilAMkita hone ke kAraNa apane mUla rUpa meM surakSita hai| 12 roDA-kRta 'rAulavela' kI prathama bAra jAnakArI DaoN. harivallabha cUnIlAla bhAyANI ne dI thii| isake bAda san 1960 I. meM DaoN. mAtAprasAda gupta ne isakA mUla pATha prakAzita kiyaa| priMsa oNpha velsa myUjiyama, bambaI meM sthita 45"x33" AkAra kA yaha zilAMkita bhASA-kAvya hai| yadyapi yaha zilAlekha apane Apa meM pUrNa hai; kintu bIca-bIca meM isakA kucha aMza truTita bhI hai| vastutaH yaha 11vIM zatI kI lokabhASA meM racita eka zRMgAra-kAvya hai, jisameM cha: nAyikAoM kA nakha-zikha varNana hai| rAulavela' (rAjakula-vilAsa) kA racanAkAra roDA hai| zilAMkita bhASA-kAvya ke anta meM kahA gayA hai ki - roDe rAulavela vkhaannii| (puNu) tahaM bhAsahaM jaisI jaannii||pNkti saM. 46 arthAt roDA ke dvArA 'rAulavela' kahI gaI hai aura phira vahA~ bhI bhASA meM, jaisI usakI jAnI thii| yaha kavi kisI sAmanta kA vandI yA cAraNa rahA hogA, kyoMki kAvya meM vaha apane Apako 'vaMDirA' kahatA hai - buddhi re vaMDiro ApaNI hAra sii||pNkti 22 jo dekhi vaMDiro ko na (mU) jhai jnnu||pNkti 24 'rAulavela' ke racanAkAla kA koI spaSTa saMketa nahIM diyA gayA hai| isa bhASA-kAvya kA nAyaka 'Tella' (trikaliMga) kA nivAsI thaa| 11vIM 12vIM zatI meM trikaliMga kalacUri zAsakoM ke adhIna thA, jo gaur3a nahIM the| ata: yaha lekha kisI sAmanta se sambaddha honA caahie| yaha trikaliMga madhyapradeza ke dakSiNa kosala kA eka gA~va ratanapurA batAyA jAtA hai| ata: yahI isa zilAlekha kA lekhana sthAna honA caahie| ___ 'rAulavela' ke racanAkAla ke saMbaMdha meM koI spaSTa saMketa nahIM hai, kintu lipi-vinyAsa ke AdhAra para isakI lipi bhojadeva kRta 'kUrma zataka' vAle dhAra ke zilAlekha se milatI hai| donoM meM kisI bhI mAtrA meM antara nahIM hai| ata: isa lekha kA utkIrNa-kAla bhI 'kUrmazataka' ke AsapAsa hI, arthAt 11vIM zatI IsvI honA caahie|' __isa zilAMkita bhASA-kAvya kI viSaya-vastu Tella-nivAsI kisI sAmanta kI kucha nAyikAoM kA nakha-zikha varNana hai / prathama nAyikA ajJAta hai| dUsarI hUNi hai, tIsarI rAula nAmaka kSatriya kanyA hai, jisakA hAtha samasta kSatriya cAhate haiM - 'yu khatA jaNu sailai cAhahiM / ' cauthI TakkiNI, pA~cavIM gaur3I aura chaThI mAlavIyA hai / yaha sampUrNa kAvya inhIM nAyikAoM ke saundarya ko prazastiparaka DhaMga se prastuta karatA hai| yaha zRMgAra-kAvya hai|
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 97 'rAulavela' kI bhASA purAnI dakSiNa kosalI hai| jisa prakAra 'ukti vyakti-prakaraNa' kI purAnI kosalI hai| usa para samIpavartI tatkAlIna bhASAoM kA kucha prabhAva avazya rahA hogaa| 'siddhahemacandra' kI bhASA se tulanA karane para 'rAulavela' kI bhASA 11vIM zatI kI apabhraMzottara bhASA kA eka zreSTha udAharaNa kahI jA sakatI hai| apabhraMza ke vidvAnoM ko isakI bhASA meM aneka cunautiyA~ mileNgii| DaoN. bhAyANI isakI bhASA meM apabhraMzottara 6 vibhinna kSetriya boliyoM kA pratinidhi dekhate haiM, jo ucita nahIM lgtaa| vastuta: 46 paMktiyoM ke isa zilAMkita kAvya kI bhASA eka hI bolI meM lipibaddha kI gaI thI, jisameM sImAvartI boliyoM ke tattva bhI dekhe jA sakate haiN| ___kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki roDA-kRta 'rAulavela' apabhraMzottara kAla kI atyadhika sundara, kalAtmaka evaM zrRMgAraparaka kAvya kRti hai / isakI sabhI nAyikAe~ vibhinna alaMkaraNoM se nakha se zikhA taka susajjita haiM / unake nakha-zikha saundarya kI bhAvAtmaka abhivyakti hetu kavi ne upamA, rUpaka aura utprekSAoM kI jhar3I-sI lagA dI hai| aneka prAkRta upamAnoM dvArA kavi ne saundaryatattva kI vyApakatA ko ujAgara kiyA hai| kAvya-kalA evaM bhAva-saundarya kI dRSTi se yaha kAvya kisI bhI samakAlIna zRMgAra-kAvya se kama nahIM hai / nAyikAoM dvArA vyavahata vibhinna AbhUSaNoM ke varNana se tatkAlIna nArI kI AbhUSaNapriyatA kI ora bhI kavi ne izArA kiyA hai| AbhUSaNoM kI eka lambI sUcI isa bAta kI dyotaka hai / ghaDivana (jhumake), kaMThI, pAda-haMsikA (pairoM kA dhuMgharUdAra AbhUSaNa), karaDima (karapatrikA - Are ke samAna dA~tadAra karNAbhUSaNa), kAMcar3I (kAnoM kA AbhUSaNa), nUpura, kappaDi (karNAbharaNa), jalArI (jallAra deza kI kaMThI), ameala (zekharaka - jUr3e ke Upara bA~dhI jAnevAlI mAlA), vanavAro (pAna ke AkAra kA zirobhUSaNa jo mastaka para laTakatA rahatA hai), tADara (patte ke AkAra kA eka karNAbharaNa), candrahAI (hAtha kA AbhUSaNa), motIhAra, sone ke cUr3e, javAgha (javAgha - jau ke AkAra kI svarNa guriyoM kI mAlA) Adi aneka AbhUSaNa una nAyikAoM ke nakha-zikha kI zobhA bar3hAte haiN| nArI-saundarya kI virATatA ko kavi ne aneka upamAnoM se suzobhita kiyA hai / candramA, mukha saundarya ke samakSa tuccha lagatA hai| khoMpa ke Upara ba~dhA ameala (zekharaka) aisA lagatA hai mAno sUrya ko rAhu ne grasita kiyA ho| kaMTha meM pahanA maMDana aisA lagatA hai mAno madana ke hRdaya meM 'baMbhoala' (brahmotpala) lagA ho| gale meM tArikAoM kA hAra aisA lagatA hai mAno navagraha hI hAra meM jar3a diye gaye hoN| nAyikA ke pAraDI (parArdra - eka prakAra kA malamala) se Dhake pIna payodhara aise lagate haiM mAno zarad-jalada ke madhya candramA ho, usakA lalATa aSTamI ke cA~da jaisA hai, usake donoM kapola candramA se lagate haiN| usake kAnoM ke jhumake pUrNimA ke do cA~da jaise lagate haiM, gale kI ekAvalI aisI lagatI hai mAno candramA kI sevA meM 27 nakSatra bAlAe~ namaskAra karatI hoM, usake pIna payodhara svarNa-nirmita maMgalakalaza jaise athavA kAmadeva ke ghaTa-se lagate haiM aura usake raktotpala jaise caraNoM ne to sAkSAt lakSmI ke saundarya kA hI haraNa kara liyA hai| isa prakAra ukta kAvya meM alaMkAroM kA atyadhika prayoga huA hai|
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________________ 98 apabhraMza bhAratI 'rAulavela' mahAkavi roDA dvArA racita nitAnta sArthaka nAmavAlI racanA hai, jisameM kisI sAmanta ke rAvala (rAjakula) kI ramaNiyoM kA 46 paMktiyoM meM manabhAvana saundarya-citraNa huA hai / pratyeka nAyikA kA saundarya usake nAma aura pariveza ke anusAra bhinna rUpa prastuta kiyA gayA hai / zRMgAra-citraNa kI samasta maryAdAoM kA kavi ne sadaiva dhyAna rakhA haiM / sAtvika zrRMgAracitraNa ke isase sundara citra anyatra durlabha haiN| nakha-zikha varNanoM ke dvArA kavi ne apanI citrAtmaka zailI kA bhI pUrA prayoga kiyA hai| 'hUNi' nAyikA ke tAmbUla-sevita adharoM kI lAlimA se mana bhI rakta (anurakta) ho gayA hai| dekhie - AkhihiM kAjalu taralau dAjai / (A) chau tuchau phUla .....i / aha (ra) taMboleM maNumaNu rAtau / soi dei kavi A na .... / / ... - usa nAyikA ke kAnoM ke ghaDivana (jhumake ) bar3e-bar3e cittakoM ke citta ko bhI vicalita kara dete haiM aura usake gale kI kaMThI kA to kahanA hI kyA ! 11-12 haM ghaDivana haM cije rekha / te citavaMtahaM Anika okha / kaci kAMThI kAMThihi sohai / lokahaM cIdihi mAMDaci khohai // dUsarI ramaNI 'rAula', jo kSatriya ramaNI hai, ke nakha-zikha-varNana meM kavi kA mana atyadhika ramA hai| vahI kAvya kI nAyikA bhI hai| kavi roDA kahate haiM ehu kAnoDAuM kA isau jhAMkhA / vesu amhANauM nA jau dekhA | AuMDara jo rAu (luso ) hai / thai nau so ethu kokku na mohai // Daharau AMkhihiM kAjalu dInau / jo jANai so thai na uvAvau // karaDimba anu kAMcaDi au kAnahiM / kAI karevau sohahiM AvahiM // galai pulukI bha (vii) kAMThI / kAmbataNI sA harai na ... // lAMva jhalAMvara kAMcUrAta ( u ) / ko kuna dekhatu karai umAtau // hiM so UMca ki aurAula / taruNA jovanta karai so bAula // vAhaDi Au sombAlau dIhau / uAthina tahuM jaNu cAhau // hAthahiM mAhiau suThu sohahiM / thu khatA jaNu sayalai cAhahiM // arthAt usa apUrva sundarI rAula kA saundarya dekhakara aisA kauna hogA jo mohita na ho jAye ! usakI A~khoM kA Dahara (kama yA thor3A) kAjala, usake kAnoM ke karaDima aura kA~car3I nAmaka AbhUSaNa, gale kI kaMThI, rakta varNa kA kaMcuka, unmatta kara denevAle unnata uroja, sundara paridhAna, nUpuroM kI madhura dhvani aura haMsagatikA usa rAula ko dekhakara samasta kSatriyajana use pAne ko lAlAyita ho uThate haiM / saca to yaha hai ki usake mukha- saundarya kI chavi ko dekha svayaM candramA bhI lajjita ho uThatA hai /
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________________ apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 99 tIsarI ramaNI TakkiNI hai| usake nakha-zikha saundarya kA to kahanA hI kyA? kavi roDA kahate haiM ki usa apUrva sundarI ko A~khabharakara dekhane ke lie loga bAra-bAra apanI A~kheM malane lagate haiM - ehI TakkiNI paisati sohi| sA nihAli jaNu malamala caahi|| cauthI ramaNI gaur3I ke saundarya-citraNa meM kavi ne kamAla hI kara diyaa| ve nAyikA ke bAhya saundarya ke sAtha-sAtha anta:saundarya kI jhalaka prastuta karane meM bhI saphala rahe haiM - khopahi UparaM amve alkise| ravi jaNi rAhUM ghetale jise|| x pAraDIAM tare thaNaharu kisu| saraya jalayaM vica cAMdA jisu|| sUtera hAru romAvali kalia (u)| jaNi gAMgahi jalu jauNahi miliau|| x X dhavala kAyau oDhiala kise| muha sasi jonha pasarila jise|| aisI gaur3I nAyikA jaba rAula (rAjakula-rAjabhavana) meM praveza karatI hai to vaha 'rAula' mAno lakSmI ke dvArA maMDita dikhatA hai| __ antima ramaNI mAlavIyA kA nakha-zikha varNana kavi ne sazakta gadya meM prastuta kiyA hai / usa nAyikA-mAlavIyA kA unnata lalATa aSTamI ke candramA kI zobhA kA bhI haraNa karatA hai| usakI bhauMheM aisI haiM mAno kAmadeva ne dhanuSa car3hAyA ho| isa apUrva sundarI mAlavIyA ko pAne ke lie pratyeka yuvaka lAlAyita hai| usake kAnoM ke ghaDivana (jhumake) aise lagate haiM mAno pUrNimA ke do cA~da usakI kroDa meM suhAte hoN| usa pIna-payodharA ke vakSasthala aise lagate haiM mAno do svarNakalaza hoM aura usake raktotpala pairoM kI zobhAzrI ne to jaise lakSmI kI sundaratA kA hI apaharaNa kara liyA hai| isa prakAra maryAdita evaM sAtvika zRMgAra-citraNa ke dvArA kavi roDA ne apanI pariSkRta abhiruci kA hI paricaya diyA hai| kAvya-kalA kI dRSTi se yaha bhASAkAvya atulanIya hai / isameM kavi ne tatkAlIna loka-abhiruci ko bhI atyanta pariSkRta DhaMga se prastuta kiyA hai| 1. uktivyakti-prakaraNa, dAmodara paMDita, bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, caupATI, bambaI, 1945 I. 2. hindI anuzIlana (DaoN. dhIrendra varmA vizeSAMka), bhAratIya hindI-pariSad, prayAga, varSa 13, ___ aMka 1-2 (jana.-jUna), 1960, pRSTha 21 3. bhAratIya vidyA, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI, jUna-julAI, bhAga-17, aMka 3-4, pRSTha 130-1461
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________________ 100 apabhraMza bhAratI - 11-12 4. hindI anuzIlana, varSa 13, aMka 1-2 (jana.-jUna), 1960 I. prayAga, pRSTha 21-38 / 5. hindI anuzIlana, bhAratIya hindI pariSada, prayAga, varSa 13, aMka 1-2 (jana.jUna) 1960, pRSTha 23 / 6. epigrAphikA iNDikA, jilda 8, pRSTha 241 / 7. hindI anuzIlana, (roDA kRta rAulavela : DaoN. mAtA prasAda gupta) prayAga, varSa 13, aMka 1-2, 1960, pRSTha 22 / 8. vahI, pRSTha 23 / 9. bhAratIya vidyA, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI, jUna-julAI, bhAga-17, aMka 3-4, pRSTha 130, 131 (bhuumikaa)| indauriyA niketana, choTA bAjAra, koTapUtalI jayapura
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