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प्रवचनसार
substances (dravya) exhibit the ürdhvapracaya since these undergo transformation in time (kāla) – the past, the present and the future. All substances (dravya), except the substance of time (kāla dravya), exhibit the tiryakpracaya. The substance of space (ākāśa dravya) has inactive (niścala), infinite (ananta) spacepoints (pradeśa). The substances of medium-of-motion (dharma dravya) and medium-of-rest (adharma dravya) have inactive (niścala), innumerable (asamkhyāta) space-points (pradeśa). The substance of soul (jīva) too has innumerable (asamkhyāta) spacepoints (pradeśa) but these are active since the soul (jīva) undergoes expansion and contraction. The substance of matter (pudgala dravya) has single space-point (pradeśa) with respect to its substance (dravya), however, due to its modes (paryāya) arising out of union with other atoms, it has two, numerable, innumerable, and infinite space-points (pradeśa). The substance of time (kāla dravya) has single space-point (pradeśa) since the atoms of time (kālāņu) do not unite. The five substances (dravya) - the space (ākāśa dravya), the medium-of-motion (dharma dravya), the medium-of-rest (adharma dravya), the soul (jīva) and the matter (pudgala dravya) - exhibit the oblique-collection (tiryakpracaya); the substance of time (kāla dravya), being a substance of single space-point (pradeśa), does not exhibit the tiryakpracaya. All substances (dravya) exhibit the upwardcollection (ürdhvapracaya). The upward-collection (ūrdhuapracaya) that the five substances (dravya) - the space (ākāśa dravya), the medium-of-motion (dharma dravya), the medium-ofrest (adharma dravya), the soul (jīva) and the matter (pudgala dravya) - exhibit is due to the instrumentality of the substance of time (kāla dravya); these undergo transformation due to the substance of time (kāla dravya). The mode 'samaya' of the time (kāla) causes transformation in the five substances. The upwardcollection (ūrdhvapracaya) of time (kāla) causes the ürdhvapracaya of the five substances (dravya). The upward-collection (ūrdhvapracaya) of time (kāla) is by the time (kāla) itself; its
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