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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana vividha AyAma Do. niraMjanA zvetaketu vorA
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma (saMzodhana -lekhoM kA saMkalana) Do. niraMjanA zvetaketu vorA
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma ( saMzodhana - lekhoM kA saMkalana) Do. niraMjanA zvetaketu vorA
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________________ Bauddha Aur Jaindarshan Ke Vividh Aayam by Niranjana Vora (c) niraMjanA vorA prakAzaka :. niraMjanA vorA 69-bI, svastika sosAyaTI, navaraMgapurA, ahamadAbAda-380009 prathama AvRtti : mArca 2010 nakala : 500 . mUlya : 120 mudraka : - kriSnA grAphiksa nAraNapurA jUnA gA~va, nAraNapurA, ahamadAbAda-380013 dUrabhASa : 079-27494393 hindI sAhitya akAdamI, gAMdhInagara kI Arthika sahAya se prakAzita
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________________ nivedana 1 asIma zakti prApta karake bhI Aja manuSya azAnta hai, duHkhI hai aura bhayAkrAnta hai / usake AsapAsa kA vizva sone-cA~dI se maThA huA hai / bhautika vijJAnane bhI asIma suvidhAyeM pradAna kI hai / bhautika vidyA ke kSetra meM vaijJAnikoM ne aNukA vikhaNDana karake adbhuta siddhiyA~ hA~sila kI hai / phira bhI mana kI durbhAvanAyeM, bhaya, AzaMkA, lAlasA, tanAva, cintA ina sabase manuSya Aja pIr3ita hai / isa lie zakti kI khoja choDakara vaha zAnti kI khoja karanA cAhatA hai / vijJAna zakti kI khoja karatA hai, dharma-darzana aura AdhyAtma zAnti kI aura agresara karate haiM 1 ataH Aja manuSya* dhyAna-ciMtana aura darzana ke kSetra meM Age baDhane ke liye maMthana kara rahA hai / satya, ahiMsA, prema, maitrI, karuNA, anAsakti Adi kA upadeza dene vAle prAyaH sabhI dharma-darzana manuSya ke jIvana meM jJAna, samatA aura samanvaya kI razmiyA~ se Aloka phailAte haiM / lekina bauddha aura jaina darzana ke viSaya meM mujhe vizeSa abhyAsa karane kA maukA milA - isake pariNAma svarUpa, jo saMzodhana-lekha 'samaya samaya para likhe gaye hai, unakA saMkalana yahA~ kiyA hai / bauddha aura jaina darzana kI AcAra aura vicAra kI paddhati svastha jIvana jIne kI paddhati haiM / usakA aMzata: paricaya bhI vidyArthiyoM aura abhyAsiyoM ke liye upayogI siddha ho sakatA hai, aise vicAra se prerita hokara unake prakAzana ke liye pravRtta huI hU~ / niraMjanA vorA
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________________ anukramaNikA bauddha dharmazAsana aura paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa bauddhadharma meM pratipAdita karmasiddhAnta bauddha tattvadarzana aura pratItyasamutpAda kA siddhAMta . bauddha tattvamImAMsA : hInayAna saMpradAya ke anulakSya meM vizuddhimagga : bauddha dharma kA vizvakoza gujarAtI sAhitya meM bauddhadarzana kA prabhAva nArIvAdI AMdolana aura bhArata meM mahilAoM kI sthiti dharma aura vijJAna kA samanvaya jaina AcArasaMhitA aura paryAvaraNazuddhi jaina aura bauddha dharma meM ahiMsA kA nirUpaNaH . tulanAtmaka dRSTi se bhagavAna mahAvIra aura samAjavAda prAkRta bhASAsAhitya meM manovaijJAnika nirUpaNa prAkRta bhASA sAhitya meM . nirupita zAMtimaya sahajIvana kI saMkalpanA zrI vAdirAjasUrikRta pArzvanAthacarita kA sAhityika mUlyAMkana mokSa cintana kA saiddhAMtika pakSa saMdarbha graMthasUci
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________________ bauddha dharmazAsana aura paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa (prakRti aura mAnavIya mUlyoM kA parasparAvalaMbana) paryAvaraNa kA pradUSaNa Aja kI vaizvika samasyA hai / sAMprata samaya kI upabhoktAvAdI saMskRti meM prakRti ke tattvoM kA svacchaMda rUpa se upayoga ho rahA hai| manuSya apanI kSullaka vRttiyoM - vAsanAoM kI tRpti ke lie prAkRtika tattvoM kA manacAhe DhaMga se upabhoga aura vinAza kara rahA hai| isase pRthvI, jala, vAyu, vanaspati, teja (agnitattva)meM eka prakAra kI riktatA aura vikRti bhI utpanna hotI jA rahI hai| vizAla pariprekSyameM paryAvaraNa samagra sajIva sRSTi aura mAnavajAti ke astitva kA prazna hai| Aja hameM cakAcauMdha karanevAle Arthika aura bhautika vikAsa ke mArga meM sabase bar3A praznArthacihna hai paryAvaraNa kA / vijJAna kI zakti ke sahAre upabhoga kI amaryAdita sAmagrI utpanna hotI jA rahI hai| manuSya sukha hI sukha ke svapnoM meM viharatA hai| lekina isa sAdhanasAmagrI ke amaryAdita aura asaMyata upabhogane hameM paryAvaraNa ke bahuta baDe praznArtha cihna ke sAmane khar3A kara diye haiN| hamAre RSimuni-prabodhita AcArasaMhitA kI dRSTi se bhI paryAvaraNa kI samatulA .. kI samasyA AsAnI se hala ho sakatI hai / bauddha dharma meM paryAvaraNa - saMrakSA aura zuddhi kI samasyA kA nirUpaNa do prakAra se huA hai : (1) jIvana jIne ke tarIke aise ho ki jisase prAkRtika tattvoM kA vinAza na ho tathA dUSita bhI na ho / (2) krodhAdi kaSAyoM se mukti tathA ahiMsA, maitrI, karuNA jaisI bhAvanAoM kI paripUrNatA / ahiMsaka AcAra-vicAra aura prakRti ke tattvoM kI surakSA : .. gautama buddha ke vacanoM meM prAkRtika pariveza kA bAra bAra paricaya milatA rahatA
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma hai, balke prakRti kA vaividhyapUrNa pariveza hI baddhavacanoM ko samajhane ke lie eka koza samAna hai| apane siddhAMto kI abhivyakti ke liye prakRti ke sanivezoM se koI na koI ghaTanA yA tattva-padArtha ko ve dRSTAMta ke tarIke se prastuta karate haiN| prakRti ke pratyeka tattvoM ke prati unakA mana samabhAvapUrNa aura saMvedanazIla hai| apanI tapazcaryA kA varNana karate hue ve kahate haiM ki 'sAriputra, aisI merI karuNA thI, maiM prANiyoM aura choTe choTe jIva-jaMtuoM kA dhyAna rakhakara AtA-jAtA thA / jalabiMdu ke prati bhI merI anukaMpA thii| viSama sthAnoM meM rahate hue kSudra jIvoM kI hiMsA na ho jAya, isake liye bhI satarka rahatA thA / ' . "so kho ahaM sAriputta, sato va abhikkamAmi, sato va paTikkamAmi, yAva udaka bindumhi pi meM dayA paccupaThThitA hoti - mA khuddaka pANe visamagaMte saGghAtaM ApAdesi'ti / " vinayapiTaka meM bhikkha pAtimokkha meM bhikSuoM ke lie jo niyama batAye gaye / haiM usameM bhI prAkRtika tattvoM kI surakSA kI bhAvanA pragaTa hotI hai| pAcittiya ke dasaveM niyama meM kahA hai : "yo pana bhikkha pathavi khaNeyya vA khaNApeyya vA, pAcittiyanti / " yahAM bhami khodane kA niSedha kiyA hai, isase bahuta choTe choTe jIvoM kI hAni hotI hai| jaMtuyukta pAnI pIne kA aura prANi ko mArane ke lie bhI manA kiyA hai| jaise ki, yo pana bhikkhu saJcicca pANaM jIvitA vAropepya pAcittiyanti / . yo pana bhikkhu jInaM sappANakaM udakaM paribhuJjeyya pAcittiyanti / yahA~ pratyakSa hiMsA kA spaSTa niSedha haiN| tRNa-vRkSa Adi kATane meM bhI doSa lagatA hai / tathAgata ne spaSTa kahA hai, bhUtagAmapAtavyatAya pAcittiyanti / itanA hI nahIM, kuTi ke nirmANa samaya usake dvAra kholane yA baMdha karate samaya, jaMgale ghumAne samaya yA lIMpane ke samaya meM bhI hariyAlI - yA vanaspati ko nukazAna na pahuMce, usake lie dhyAna rakhane kA spaSTa upadeza giyA hai| kuTi nirmANa ke lie sthala para ke athavA AsapAsa ke vRkSoM kA kATanA bhI niSedha haiM / . paga ke pAdatrANa yA jUte banAne ke lie bhI vRkSoM kI chAla kA upayoga nahi karane ke Adeza meM bhI vRkSoM kI surakSA kA khayAla nihita hai| gautama buddhane bhikSuoM se kahA thA - "bhikSuo ko tAla ke patra kI.... bAMsa ke paudho kI.... tRNaM kI...
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________________ bauddha dharmazAsana aura paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa muMja kI.... kamala kI pAdukA nahIM dhAraNa karanI cAhie / " yahAM unhoMne spaSTa kahA hai ki, 1. "jIvasaJino hi, bhikkhave, manussA rukkhasmi / " "manuSya vRkSo meM jIva kA khayAla rakhate haiM / " - ataH vRkSoM kA kATanA bhI hiMsA kA hI eka prakAra hai / / gautama buddha kI dRSTi se prANiyoM kI hiMsA bhI varjita thii| abhakSya mAMsa ke saMdarbha meM "manuSya hAthI... ghoDe... kutte.... sAMpa.... bAgha.... cIte.... bhAlU.... taLaka.... AdikA mAMsa nahIM khAnA cAhie / ".... aisA unakA vidhAna thA / usI samaya gautama buddha ne bhikSuoM ke lie mahArdha zayyA kA niSedha kiyA thA / taba bhikSuoM siMha-carma, vyAghra-carma, cIte kA carma dhAraNa bhI karate the aura unheM cArapAI ke pramANa se kATakara, cArapAI ke bhItara bichA rakhate the| bhagavAna buddhane yaha bAta jAnI aura usakA niSedha karake batAyA ki "maiMne to aneka prakAra se prANahiMsA kI niMdA kI hai aura prANa-hiMsA ke tyAga kI prazaMsA kI hai| " . na bhikkhave, mahAcammAni dhAretabbani, siMhacammaM, vyagghacamma, dIpi-cammaM / Age bhI kahate haiM.... "bhikkhave... nanu bhagavatA anekapariyAyena pANatipAto garahito, pANAtipAtA veramaNI pasatthA.... ... na bhikkhave, gocammaM dhAretabbaM / " / -- . gautama buddhane manuSya-hatyA kI bhI gahA~ kI hai / aura manuSya hatyA karanevAle ko pArAjika kA doSa lagAyA hai / / yo pana bhikkhu saJi manussaviggahaM jIvitA voropeyya, satthahArakaM vAssa pariyeseyya, maraNavaNNaM vA saMvaNNeyya, maraNAya vA samAdapeyya... ayaM pi pArAjiko hoti asaMvAso / ... "jo bhikSu jAnakara manuSya ko prANa se mAre, yA (AtmahatyA ke lie) zastra ko khoja lAye, athavA mRtyu kI prazaMsA karake marane ke lie prerita kare... to yaha bhikSu pArAjika hotA hai... (saMghameM) sahavAsa ke lie ayogya hotA hai|" - isa taraha bhikSuoM ke niyamoM ke saMdarbha meM ahiMsA kA aura tRNa, vRkSa, pAnI, choTe jIvajaMtuoM Adi kI surakSA ke bAre meM gautama buddha ne preraka upadeza diyA hai| - atyaMta anukaMpAzIla aura karuNApUrNa isa mahAmAnava ne ahiMsA ke mAhAtmya ke bAre meM bAra bAra upadeza diyA hai / "attAnaM upamaM katvA na haneyya na ghAtaye" kaha kara prANa-hiMsA se virata hone kA bodha diyA hai /
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma na tena ariyo hoti yena pANAni hiMsati / ahiMsA sabbapANAnaM ariyo ti vuccati / jo prANiyoM kI hiMsA karatA hai, vaha Arya nahIM hai| sarva prati ahiMsaka bhAvanA rakhanevAlA hI Arya hai| pANaM na hAneyya na ca ghAtayeyya, na cAnujaJA hananaM paresaM / . .... sabbesu bhUteSu nidhAya daNDaM, ye thAvarA ye ca tasanti loke / / . saMsArameM jo sthAvara aura jaMgama prANI haiM, na unake prANa kI hatyA kare, na maravAye aura na to unheM mArane kI AjJA de / daMDavRtti kA tyAga kareM / yahA~ gautama buddha ne prANiyoM ke sAtha sAtha 'ye thAvarA' - kaha kara anya prAkRtika tattvoM kI bhI hAni na karane kA spaSTa Adeza diyA hai / 12 / hiMsaka paraMparA kA pratirodha karane ke lie a-vaira kA mArga bhI dyotita kiyA. - 'nahi verena varaM sammati idha kudAcana, * averena hI sammato veraM, eso dhammo snNtno""| isake saMdarbha meM dIrghAyu kI kathA bhI itanI hI mananIya hai| manako vizuddhi : naitika paryAvaraNa : .. lekina gautama buddha ke upadezavacanoM meM prAkRtika paryAvaraNa kI apekSA naitika paryAvaraNa ko hI bahuta jyAdA mahattva diyA gayA hai / donoM paraspara avalaMbita haiM / ahiMsA, karuNA, maitrI jaisI bhAvanAoM ke vikAsa se hI prAkRtika tattvoM ke prati bhI hRdaya saMvedanazIla bana sakegA / tathA.... duHkhanirodha aura duHkhanirodhagAminI pratipada aura amRtagAmI nirvANa ke lie unhoMne naitika zuddhi - mana aura vRttiyoM kI parizuddhi kA hI mahattva kIyA hai| isase naitika paryAvaraNa kI surakSA hotI hai| isakA saMbaMdha kuzala-akuzala karmoM ke sAtha vyakti ke saMskAra, naitika evaM sAmAjika niyamoM evaM Adarzo se hai, jo eka naitika paryAvaraNa kA nirmANa karate haiN| aura ise banAye rakhane kA dAyitva vyakti aura samAja donoM para hai| naitikatA kI kasoTI hai - saMyama, tyAga, pavitratA, satya ke prati AsthA, prAmANikatA tathA prANimAtra ke prati sadbhAvanA / vartamAna samaya meM naitika mUlyoM evaM unnata AdarzoM meM se AsthA naSTa ho gaI hai| Aja sabakA dhyAna apane hita kI saMrakSA kI aura hI kendrita ho gayA hai / sevA, tyAga, paropakAra Adi bhAvanAyeM - jo parivAra aura samAja kI nIMva ke samAna haiM - ve lupta ho gaI haiM, nIMva hI hIla gaI hai| isalie Aja AvazyakatA hai buddha
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________________ bauddha dharmazAsana aura paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa dvArA kathita 'sacitta pariyodapana' - citta kI zuddhi - manahRdaya kI pavitra premabhAvanA kA punaHprAgaTya ho, jisase sarvatra vyApta anaitikatA kA dUSita vAtAvaraNa dUra ho ske| mAnavIya mUlyoM kA hAsa naitikatA kI kamI ke kAraNa hai / - sthala rUpa se honevAlI hiMsA kA tyAga to anivArya rUpa se karanA cAhiye - lekina unhoMne kisIke hRdaya ko bhI Thesa na pahu~ce, aise AcAravicAra kA sadupadeza diyaa| "mA voca pharusaM koci" kisIko kaThora vacana na kheN| aura 'anupavAdo anupapAto'.... bananA arthAt kisIse vivAda yA kalaha na karanA aura kisIkA ghAta na karanA / AjIvikA ke liye bhI samyaktva kA anurodha kiyA / mana-vANI-kAyA se saba akuzala karma-hiMsA, corI, mithyAcAra, mRSAvAda, paraniMdA, kaThora vacana yA lobha-dveSa-moha presti karma - kA tyAga karake kuzala dharma kA saMcaya karanA aura citta kI vizuddhi - yahI unakA dharmazAsana hai| sabba pApassa akaraNaM kusalassa upasaMpadA / sacitta pariyodapanaM etaM buddhAnusAsanaM // 16 yahI eka gAthA meM bauddhadarzana kA sArA rahasya gopita hai / isake pAlana se ' manuSya ke bAhya aura bhItara donoM prakAra kA paryAvaraNa zuddha-parizuddha rahatA hai / saMyuktanikAya ke brAhmaNasuttameM kahA hai - yo ca kAyena vAcA ca, manasA ca na hiMsati / sarva ahiMsako hoti, yo paraM na vihaMsatIti // aura dhammapada kI isa gAthA bhI rAgadveSa se rahita hone kA bodha detI hai : .. nattha rAga samo aggi natthi dosasamo kalIM / ___ natthi khandhAdisA dukkhA natthi santiparaM sukhaM // manakI zAMti ke pare koI sukha nahIM hai / isake liye AvazyakatA hai - citta ke sAre kaSAyoM kA kSaya karanA / sarpa jaise apanI kaMcUlI kA tyAga karatA hai, isa taraha hameM rAga-dveSa-lobha-moha-matsara Adi kA tyAga karanA cAhie / tabhI saMyamapUrNa, anAsakta, rAgarahita saMvAdI jIvana saMbhava hogaa| taba hama svArtha aura lobhavaza hokara na to prAkRtika padArthoM kA vyartha
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma vinAza kareMge ki jisase bAhya paryAvaraNa duSita ho, aura na to hama mana-vacana-vANI se aise kArya kareMge ki jisase apane yA dUsaroM ke hRdaya meM duHkha zoka kI udbhAvanA ho / maitrIbhAvanA aura AMtarika-bAhya paryAvaraNa kI vizuddhi : . gautama buddhane cAra brahmavihAroM kI bAta kI haiM / maitrI, karuNA, muditA aura upekSA / ina bhAvanAoM se apane aura kramazaH sAre vizva ko AplAvita - pariplAvita karanekA upadeza unhoMne diyA hai / mAtA apane ikalaute putra ke prati jaisA snehabhAva rakhatI hai, aisA bhAva hameM sabakI aura rakhanA cAhiye / aura bhI kahA hai...... mettaM ca sabba lokasmi mAnasaM pAvaye aparimANaM / :.. uddhaM adho ca tiriyaMca, asaMbAdhaM averaM asaktaM // 9. aisI maitrIbhAvanA caritArtha karane ke bAda hI manuSya 'akodhena jine kodha. asAdhuM sAdhunA jine' krodhI ko akrodha se aura asAdhu ko sAdhutA se parAjita karatA hai| isakA pratyakSa dRSTAMta gautama buddha ke jIvana se hI prApta hote haiM / madonmatta hAthI ko ve kSaNabhara meM hI vaza kara lete haiM aura aMgulimAla kA hRdayaparivartana unakI mahAna siddhi hai| manuSya kI duSita rugNa, vikRta, hiMsA kI manovRtti se AsapAsa ke vAtAvaraNa meM aura prANiyoM ke citta meM kaise AtaMka phailatA hai, usakA dRSTAMta aMgulimAla kI kathA se prApta hotA hai / aMgulimAla jaisA DAkU-jisakA bhItarI paryAvaraNa krodhAdi kaSAyoM se dUSita hai - aura kaSAyoM kriyAnvita hone se lUTa, hatyA Adi ghaTanAyeM ghaTatI haiN| jo anya logoM ke jIvana meM bhaya, azAnti aura asalAmatI prAdurbhUta karatI hai / araNya ke suMdara, manobhAvana prAkRtika pariveza meM bhI AtaMka chA gayA hai / vRkSoM aura puSpoM kA sauMdarya kisI ko sAMtvanA nahIM de sakatA hai / isa taraha donoM rUpoM se - AMtarika aura bAhya - vAtAvaraNa kaluSita aura bhayaprada banatA hai| ___ yahA~ paryAvaraNa ko surakSita rakhane ke lie ahiMsA aura maitrI bhAvanA kaise saphala hotI hai - vaha hama gautama buddha aura aMgulimAla ke milana kI ghaTanA se jAna sakate haiN| gautama buddha nirbhayatA, maitrI aura karuNApUrNa bhAvanA se aMgulimAla ko sahaja hI meM vaza kara lete haiM aura aMgulimAla apane zastra-astroM ke sAtha hiMsA-krodha Adi malina vRttiyoM ko bhI jala meM bahA detA hai| use Azcarya hotA hai ki kaise tathAgata buddhane usakA parivartana kiyaa| vaha kahatA hai :
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________________ *bauddha dharmazAsana aura paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa "koI daMDa se damana karatA hai, koI zastra aura cAbuka se, tathAgata ke dvArA * maiM binA daMDa aura binA zastra se damita karAyA huuN| pahale maiM hiMsaka thA, Aja ahiMsaka rAjA prasenajita bhI vahA~ AtA hai, jo baDI bhArI senA ke sAtha DAkU aMgulimAla ko pakaDane ke liye jA rahe the, ve tathAgata ke sAnidhya meM kezarahita mastakavAle kASAyavatroM dhAraNa kiye hue aMgulimAla ko bhikSu ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM aura baDe vismaya kA anubhava karate kahate haiM - "bhagavAna, jise hama daMDa aura zastra se bhI vaza nahi kara pAye, usako Apane binA zastra se parAjita kiyA hai|" yahA~ ahiMsA aura maitrIbhAvanA kA vijaya hai / isase AMtarika aura bAhya pariveza-vyakti aura samudAya donoM ke hita kI dRSTi se aura prAkRtika vAtAvaraNa meM bhI vizuddhi, prasannatA aura zAMti kA anubhava sahaja banatA hai| * paryAvaraNa aura parasparAvalaMbana : . vana-jaMgala Adi kevala vRkSa kA samUha vanaspati kA udbhavasthAna hI nahIM hai, lekina pRthvI para ke aneka jIvoM ke janma, jIvana aura mRtyu ke paraspara avalaMbanarUpa ekama haiM / vAstavika dRSTi se pRthvI ke sarva jIvoM ke liye vRkSa-vanaspati sahita paraspara avalaMbanarUpa, eka Ayojanabaddha vyavasthA hai| manuSya ne apane svArthavaza kudarata kI yaha parasparAMvalaMbana kI prakriyA meM vikSepa DAlA hai| niSNAta logoM kA mata hai ki pratyeka sajIva kA pRthvI ke saMcAlana meM apanA yogadAna hai| lekina Aja pRthvI para kA jaivika vaividhya kama hotA jA rahA hai / vana aura vanarAji - 'jIvajaMtu, pazupakSI Adi kA baDA AzrayasthAna hai| lekina jaMgala ke jaMgala hI jaba kATe jA rahe haiM, taba usameM rahanevAle pazupakSiyoM kI salAmatI kaise rahegI / sauMdarya prasAdhanoM ke utpAdana ke lie hAthI, vAgha, magara, sarpa Adi kI aneka saMkhyA meM nirmama hatyA kI jAtI hai / kITakanAzaka davAoM se bhI asaMkhya jIva-jaMtuoM kA nAza hotA hai / vanasRSTi ke vinAza se upajAu jamIna bhI baMjara bana jAtI hai, raNapradezoM kA vistAra baDhatA haiN| isa dRSTi se gautama buddhane samyak AjIvikA ke liye bhI prazasta niyama diye haiM / jamIna ko khodane se usameM rahanevAle jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI hai isa liye suraMga Adi banAnA aura khanIja saMpatti kA vyApAra karane kA bhI niSedha haiM / isa niyama kA pAlana karanese jIvoM kI rakSA ke sAtha khanIjasaMpatti kA anAvazyaka upayoga bhI
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma nahi hogA / madirA jaisI nazIlI vastu vyakti aura samaSTi kA ahita karatI hai / viSayukta padArtha kA vyApAra niSiddha hai aura corI se bhI AjIvikA nahIM karane kA Adeza haiN| paryAvaraNa, mAnava saMsAdhana aura vikAsa kI pArasparika nirbharatA sarvavidita hai| inakA santulana jahA~ vikAsa ko prazasta karatA hai, vahA~ inakA asantulana sthApati vyavasthA ko kAlakavalita kara detA hai / aMdhAdhuMdha vRkSokI kaTAI, bhUmigata jala kA bhArI dauhana, khanana hetu parvata zRMkhalAoM kA kSaraNa, kArakhAnoM ke zoragula va vAhanoM ke dhueM ke kAraNa phailatA dhvani va vAyupradUSaNa sArI mAnavajAti ke sanmukha astitva, kI cunauti prastuta kara rahe haiN| yaha kaisA bhrAmaka vikAsa haiM ki AnevAle pIDhI ke pAsa Tyubavela to hoMge magara pAnI nahIM hogA, Adhunikatama vAhanaM to hoMge magara Idhana nahIM hogA, vAtAnukUlina yaMtra to hoMge magara oNksijana nahIM hogii| ___ isa samasyA kA nirAkaraNa saMyamapUrNa jIvana se ho sakatA hai| sAdhaka vaiyaktika rUpa se bhI apane jIvana kI dainika kriyAoM - jaise AhAra-vihAra athavA bhogopabhoga kA parimANa bhI nizcita karatA hai| jaina paramparA isa sandarbha meM atyadhika satarka hai| vratI gRhastha snAna ke lie kitane jala kA upayoga karegA kisa vastra se aMga poMchegA yaha bhI nizcita karanA paDatA hai / dainika jIvana ke vyavahAra kI upabhogaparibhoga kI hareka prakAra kI cIjoM kI mAtrA aura prakAra nizcita kiye jAte haiM / isa taraha bAhya cIja-vastuoM ke saMyamita aura niyaMtrita upayoga se paryAvaraNa kA saMtulana ho sakatA hai| lekina yaha niyaMtraNa vyakti ko apane Apa siddha karanA hogaa| isake lie use krodhAdi kaSAyoM se mukta honA paDegA / rAga, ahaMtA, krodha, garva Adi kaSAyoM para vijaya pAne ke bAda hI vyakti kI cetanA apane aura parAye ke bheda se upara uTha jAtI hai / aura AyAtula pAyesu .... anya meM bhI AtmabhAva kI anubhUti karatI haiM / ahiMsaka AcaraNa ke lie manuSya ke manameM sarva ke prati maitrIbhAvanA, Atmavat sarvabhUteSu kI bhAvanA sadA jAgRta honI cAhie, anyathA usakA vyavahAra sva-artha ko siddha karanevAlA hI hogA, jo sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA utpanna kara sakatA hai| vyaktigata aura sAmAjika jIvana meM saMgharSa aura rAga-dveSAdi kaSAyoM : .. hamAre vyaktigata jIvana meM kleSAdi bhAvarUpa vRttiyA~ aura vicAradhArAyeM haiM jinake kAraNa vyakti ke aMgata aura sAmAjika jIvana meM azAMti aura viSamatA utpanna
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________________ bauddha dharmazAsana aura paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa hotI hai| manuSya ke manameM rahe hae mamatva, IrSyA krodha Adi saba aniSToM ke mUla meM haiM / viSayabhoga kI vAsanA sAre saMgharSoM kI jananI hai / viSayoM ke upabhoga ke prati rAga-tRSNA yA moha vyakti kA sarvanAza kara sakatI haiM / aura vyakti para hI samAja nirbhara hai| isa taraha sAmAjika jIvana meM visaMvAditA utpanna karanevAlI cAra mUlabhUta asad vRttiyA~ haiM - 1. saMgraha (lobha) 2. Aveza (krodha) 3. garva (abhimAna) aura 4. mAyA (chipAnA) / ye cAroM alaga alaga rUpa meM sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA, saMgharSa evaM azAnti ke kAraNa banate haiM / 1. saMgraha kI manovRtti ke kAraNa zoSaNa, aprAmANikatA, svArthapUrNa vyavahAra, krUra vyavahAra, vizvAsaghAta Adi baDhate haiM / 2. Aveza kI manovRtti ke kAraNa saMgharSa aura yuddha kA janma hotA hai| 3. garva - abhimAna se, mAlikIkI bhAvanA jAgRta hotI hai aura damana baDhatA hai / isa prakAra kaSAyoM - asavRttioM ke kAraNa sAmAjika jIvana dRSita hotA hai| sAmAjika viSamatAoM ko miTAne ke lie naitika sadguNoM kA vikAsa anivArya hai| ... sAmajika jIvana meM vyakti kA ahaMkAra bhI nijI lekina mahattva kA sthAna rakhatA hai / zAsana kI icchA yA Adhipatya kI bhAvanA isake kendriya tattva hai| isake kAraNa sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA utpanna hotI hai| zAsaka aura zAsita * athavA jAtibheda evaM raMgabheda Adi kI zreSThatA - nimnatA ke mUla meM yahI kAraNa hai| vartamAna samaya meM ati avikasita aura samRddha rASTromeM ahaM kI puSTi kA prayatna hai / svataMtratA ke apahAra kA prazna isI sthiti meM hotA hai| jaba vyakti ke manameM Adhipatya kI vRtti yA zAsana kI bhAvanA ubuddha hotI hai to vaha dUsare ke adhikAroM kA hanana karatA hai, use apane prabhAva meM rakhane kA prayAsa karatA hai| jaina aura bauddha donoM darzanoM ne ahaMkAra, mAna, mamatva ke prahANa kA upadeza diyA hai, jisameM sAmAjika parataMtratA kA lopa bhI nihita hai| - aura ahiMsA kA siddhAMta bhI sabhI prANiyoM ke samAna adhikAroM ko svIkAra karatA hai / adhikAroM kA hanana bhI eka prakAra kI hiMsA hai / ataH ahiMsA kA siddhAMta svataMtratA ke siddhAMta ke sAtha jur3A huA hai / jaina evaM bauddha darzana eka aura ahiMsA-siddhAMta ke AdhAra para vyaktigata svataMtratA kA pUrNa samarthana karate haiM, vahIM dUsarI aura samatA ke AdhAra para vargabheda, jAtibheda evaM u~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA ko . samApta karate haiN| zAMtimaya samAja kI sthApanA ke lie vyakti kA nItidharma se prerita ahiMsApUrNa
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________________ 10 bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma AcAra hI mahattva kA paribala hai / mUlyaniSThA ke kAraNa vyakti aura samaSTi kA paryAvaraNa bhI surakSita rahatA hai| ___ vyakti kI AMtarika vizuddhi hI prAkRtika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM saMvAditA kI sthApanA kara sakatI haiM / yaha saMvAditA hI paryAvaraNa vizuddhi kA paryAya bhI bana sakatI haiN| Ecology zabda kA gRhitArtha : __Ecology zabda mUlata: grIka 'oikos' para se banA haiM / isakA artha hai 'parivAra kA saMbaMdha' - 'pArivArika saMbaMdha' / yaha grIka zabda bhI saMskRta zabda 'aukasa' se banA hai, isakA artha hai gRha (ghara) / ikolojI ko isase vyApaka artha meM samajhane se hama 'vasudhaiva kuTuMbakam' ke satya kA sAkSAtkAra kara pAyeMge / jaiseM gautama buddhane kahA hai : sukhino vA khemino hontu, sabbe sattA bhavantu sukhitattA / isa sRSTi meM saba paraspara saMlagna hai, aisI mAnyatA ikolojI kA vaijJAnika AdhAra hai| ikolojI (saMtulanazAstra-jIvavijJAna) kA pratyakSa saMbaMdha jIvaMta vyavasthA (order) ke sAtha hai| sRSTi meM pRthak padArtha kI ghaTanA kA astitva nahIM hai, saba parasparAvalaMbita hai| tRNa, vRkSa, kITANu se lekara bRhadkAya prANiyoM-pakSiyoM Adi kA astitva anyonya AdhArita hai / zRMkhalA kI eka kaDI ko nikAla lene se usakA sAtatya naSTa ho jAtA hai / isa taraha prAkRtika pariveza aura mAnavajIvana kA sUkSma aura sthUla stara para jo avinAbhAvI saMbaMdha hai vaha pragADha rUpa se paraspara avalaMbita hai| ikolojI zabda ke mUlabhUta artha saMdeza pArivArika saMbaMdha hai| manuSya Aja vaijJAnika siddhiyoM meM madahoza hokara jisa taraha prakRti ke niyamoM kI avagaNanA karake prAkRtika pariveza ko ujADa rahA hai, isase paryAvaraNa meM asamatulA hotI jA rahI haiM / yahI madahozI ke mAhola (sthiti) meM manuSya-manuSya ke bIca hotI jA rahI hai / jIvana meM sanApana baDhatA jA rahA hai| mAno saba taraha se paryAvaraNa - AMtarika aura bAhya dRSTi se bhI dUSita ho rahA hai| ___sAMprata samaya kI aisI paristhiti meM gautama buddhane prAkRtika pariveza ke jyAdA se jyAdA saMdarbha dekara ahiMsA, karuNA aura maitrIbhAvanA kA jo mAhAtmya hameM samajhAyA hai, jIne kA tarIkA dikhAyA hai, bahuta mahattvapUrNa haiM, nigUDha aMdhakAra meM prajvalita dIpaka ke samAna hai| vaha prAkRtika paryAvaraNa ke sAtha hamAre AMtarika (caitasika) aura sAmAjika paryAvaraNa ko bhI parizuddha rakhane meM sakSama haiM, vaha usakA sahaja hI pariNAma haiN|
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________________ bauddha dharmazAsana aura paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa pAdaTIpa 1. mahAsiMhanAda sutta, majjhimanikAya 12 2. pAcittiya, 61-62 3. ejana, 61, 62 4. ejana, 11 5. saMghAdizeSa, 2 mahAvagga, carmaskaMdhaka 7. ejana . 8. mahAvagga, bhaiSajyaskaMdhaka 9. mahAvagga, carmaskaMdhaka 10. pAtimokkha, pArAjika-3 11. dhammapada, 270 / 12. suttanipAtta, 394 13.. dhammapada, 5 14. ejana, 132 15.. ejana, 185 .: 16. ejana, 16 / 17. ejana, 202 18.. suttanipAta, 149 19. suttanipAta, 88 20.. dhammapada, 223 . ____21. majjhimanikAya, sutta 86
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________________ bauddhadharma meM pratipAdita karmasiddhAnta Aja 2600 sAla ke bAda bhI bauddha dharma meM aisI to saMjIvanI hai, zakti hai ki sAMprata samaya ke saMgharSamaya jIvana kI aneka samasyAoM ke nisaMkaraNa ke liye hama usake siddhAMto meM se mArgadarzana pA sakate haiM / buddha ke apane samaya meM bhI vyakti aura samaSTi ke jIvana meM aneka prakAra kI arAjakatA; avyavasthA aura visaMvAditA thii| Izvara, mokSa aura svarga prApti kI bhramaNA meM vipathagAmI loga aMdhazraddhA prerita karmakAMDa meM apane samaya-saMpatti aura zakti kA vyaya karate the| jJAtiprathA aura uccanIca ke bhedabhAva vikAsa meM bAdhArUpa the| AtmavAda, IzvaravAda aura prArabdhavAda ke vAdavivAda meM ulajhe hue sAmAnya jana-jIvana ko buddhane sahI vAstavikatA kA paricaya diyA / unhoMne AtmavAda, IzvaravAda aura prArabdhavAda kA khaMDana karake anAtmavAda, anizvaravAda aura kSaNabhaMguravAda ke pratipAdana ke sAtha karma siddhAMta kI mahattA bhI prastuta kI aura sadAcArarUpa Arya aSTAMgika mArga kA upadeza diyaa| bauddha dharma kA lakSya nirvANaprApti : . . buddha ke samaya meM loga sRSTi ke sarjaka ke rUpa meM Izvara ko hI mAnate the| logoM ke jIvana kA sAdhya yA sarva pravRttioM kA kendra yaha Izvara prApti, svarga prAsi yA mokSa prApti thaa| lekina buddha kI buddhivAdI pratibhA ko yaha svIkArya nahIM thaa| unakI dRSTi se 'nibbAnaM paramaM sukham' - nirvANa hI parama sukha evaM sAdhya thaa| rAdveSAdi se rahita mana kI zAMta-svastha sthiti-jo AtyaMtika duHkha nivRtti ko utpanna karatI hai, vahI unakI sAdhanA kA lakSya thaa| isI janma meM nirvANa prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| nirvANa roga ke abhAva kI taraha parama zAMta avasthA hai / isa amRtarUpa nirvANa ko prApta karane ke liye unakI dRSTi se AtmavAda, IzvaravAda aura prArabdhavAda nirarthaka the| usake vikalpa meM unhoMne paMca upAdAna skaMdha, pratItya samutpAda aura karma ke siddhAMta kA pratipAdana kiyA /
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________________ bauddhadharma meM pratipAdita karmasiddhAnta IzvaravAda, niyativAda aura AtmavAda kA khaMDana : * gautama buddha kI dRSTi se brAhmaNoM dvArA sthApita IzvaravAda aMdhaveNI paraMparA jaisA hai| jaise eka hI paMkti meM anyonya ke Azraya se sthita aMdhajanoM apane Apa kucha dekha nahIM sakate / isa tarapha IzvaravAdI loga bhI adRSTa Izvara kA sAkSAtkAra kIyA binA hI usakA svIkAra karate haiM, aura usake svarUpavarNana karane meM bhI asamartha rahate haiN| aise Izvara kA astitva pramANita nahIM ho sakatA hai| sarva paristhiti aura saMjogoM ko Izvara yA to bhAgyanirmita mAnane se manuSya akarmaNya ho jAyegA aura sadkarmoM ke prati usakI zraddhA kSINa ho jAyegI aura asad yA pApakRtyo dvArA bhI sukha prApti karane ke liye pravRtta ho jAyegA / hiMsA, corI, asatya, bhASaNa Adi aneka duSkRtyaM Izvaraprerita hI hone kI saMbhAvanA dRDha bnegii| lekina Izvara ke bAre meM hamArI jo avadhAraNA hai, isake sAtha yaha susaMgata nahIM hai / gautama buddhane kahA ki sukhaduHkha Adi sarvathA IzvarakRta yA bhAgyAdhIna nahIM hai| sabhI prANI yA sattva vivaza, nirbala, sAmarthyarahita athavA avaza banakara nahIM, lekina apane karmAnusAra, janmajanmAMtara kI paraMparA kI zRMkhalA se baddha hote haiM aura sukhaduHkha kA anubhava karate haiN| usI taraha unhoMne AtmA ke saMdarbha meM zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda-donoM mAnyatAoM kA asvIkAra kiyA thA / bauddha dharma meM AtmA ke viSaya meM jo pracalita . mAnyatA haiM, usakA pratiSedha kiyA hai / sattva kI upalabdhi paMca-vijJAnakAya aura manovijJAna dvArA svIkRta kI gaI hai| bauddha dharma meM use citta, citta kA pravAha aura vijJAna ke nAma se prastuta karate haiM aura vaha pratItyasamutpanna hai| citta hI parama tattva hai. aura skaMdhoM ke suyojita saMyojana se usakI utpatti hotI hai / bAhya rUpoM kI taraha vaha bhI pratikSaNa utpanna aura vilIna hotI hai| citta kA pratikSaNa utpanna aura vilIna hone ke sAtha citta kA pravAha zarIra kI cetanAvasthA meM aura mRtyu bAda bhI pravAhita rahatA hai| - jahA~ taka tRSNA kA saMpUrNa nirodha nahIM hotA hai, taba taka citta kA pravAha akSuNNa rUpa se bahatA rahatA hai - yAne janma-punarjanma kI paraMparA jArI rahatI hai| punarjanma kI ghaTanA ko pratisandhi bhI kahate haiN| __.. isa bhavacakra kI paraMparA ko buddha ne kArya-kAraNa ke siddhAnta ke anurUpa hI pratItyasamutpAda ke siddhAnta ke dvArA samajhAyA hai / - isakA tAtparya hai 'asmin sati idaM bhavati / ' - arthAt isa kAraNa ke hone se isa ghaTanA ghaTatI hai| kAraNa se hI kArya
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma hotA hai / pratItyasamutpAda kI zRMkhalAoM meM aise bAraha nidAna unhoMne batAyeM haiM - jaise ki avidyA, saMskAra, vijJAna, nAmarUpa, SaDAyatana, sparza, vedanA, tRSNA, upAdAna, bhava, jAti, jarA-maraNa, zoka, parivedanA..... / avidyA aura tRSNA hI sArI karmaparaMparA aura janmaparaMparA ke Adi meM hai| __ sRSTi ke sarjana aura paraMparA kA niyAmaka paribala yaha kAryakAraNa kA siddhAMta hone kA nirdeza karake gautama buddhane isa saMdarbha meM karmasiddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| karmasiddhAnta : saMsAramImAMsA meM karma kA prAdhAnya sarvasaMmatarUpa se svIkRta hai| mAnavajIvana meM pravartita aneka prakAra kI viSamatAyeM aura visaMmavAditAoMke mUla meM karma kA hI prAdhAnya hone kI bAta gautama buddhane bAra bAra kahI hai / karma hI sattvoM ko hIna aura praNIta banAte haiM - 'kammaM satte vibhAjati yadidaM hInapaNItatAyAM'ti' / manuSya jaisA botA hai vaisA hI phala prApta karatA hai - yaha karmasiddhAnta sabake liye samAna hai / saMsArarUpI agAdha samudra meM paribhramaNa karAnevAlA pratItyasamutpAda bhI karmacakra hI hai / karma se vipAka utpanna hotA hai, isI kAraNa se phira karma kA udbhava hotA hai / karma aura karmaphala ke parasparika saMbaMdha kI vajaha se bhavacakra ghUmatA rahatA hai| pratyeka prApta paristhiti aura punarjanma kA kAraNa karma hai / vizva meM pravartita sAnukUla yA viparita sthiti bhI IzvarakRta nahIM hai, karmakRta hI hai| hamaloga jo kucha bhI pravRtti karate haiM, ve saba karma hai / pravRtti ke pariNAma se citta para saMskAra athavA vAsanA ke rUpa meM usakA prabhAva par3atA hai| yaha vAsanArUpa karma punarjanma ke kAraNarUpa banatA hai| isa liye buddha kahate haiM ki yaha zarIra na to ApakA hai, na anyoM kA, kevala pahale kiye gaye karma kA pariNAma hI hai| hamArA sArA astitva - hamAre atItakAlIna karmoM kA hI pratirUpa hai / karma hI usakI virAsata hai, karma hI prabhava hai, karma hI usakA bandhu aura karma hI usakA sahArA hai| karma zabda kA sAmAnya artha : 'karma' zabda ke aneka artha haiM / sAdhAraNataH 'karma' zabda kA artha 'kriyA' hai, pratyeka prakAra kI halacala, cAhe vaha mAnasika ho athavA zArIrika,kriyA kahI jAtI hai| manuSya jo kucha bhI karatA hai, jo bhI kucha nahIM karane kA mAnasika saMkalpa
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________________ bauddhadharma meM pratipAdita karmasiddhAnta yA Agraha rakhatA hai ve sabhI kAyika evaM mAnasika pravRttiyA~ bhagavadgItA ke anusAra karme hI hai| bauddha vicArakoM ne bhI karma zabda kA prayoga kriyA ke artha meM kiyA hai| vahA~ bhI zArIrika, vAcika aura mAnasika kriyAoM ko karma kahA gayA hai, jo apanI naitika zubhAzubha prakRti ke anusAra kuzala karma athavA akuzala karma kahe jAte haiN| bauddhadarzana meM yadyapi zArIrika, vAcika aura mAnasika ina tInoM prakAra kI kriyAoM ke artha meM karma zabda kA prayoga huA hai, phira bhI vahA~ kevala cetanA kI pramukhatA dI gayI hai aura cetanA ko hI karma kahA gayA hai / buddha ne kahA hai, 'cetanA hI bhikSuoM karma hai aisA maiM kahatA hU~, manuSya cetanA ke dvArA hI karma ko karatA hai - kAyA se, vANI se mana se|' yahA~ para cetanA ko karma kahane kA Azaya kevala yahI hai ki cetanA ke hone para hI ye samasta kriyAe sambhava haiM / bauddhadarzana meM cetanA ko hI karma kahA gayA hai, lekina isakA artha nahIM hai, ki dUsare karmoM para nirasana kiyA gayA hai| bauddha dharma anusAra karma kA prakAra : yadi samutthAna (Arambha) kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to manakarma hI pradhAna hai, kyoMki sabhI karmo kA Arambha mana se hai / sAtha hI isI AdhAra para karmoM kA 'eka dvividha vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai - 1. cetanA karma aura 2. cetayitvA karma / cetanA mAnasa-karma hai aura cetanA se utpanna hone ke kAraNa zeSa donoM vAcika aura kAyika karma cetayitvA karma kahe gaye haiM / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki yadyapi karma zabda kriyA ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai, lekina karmasiddhAnta meM karma zabda kA artha kriyA se adhika vistRta hai / sAdhAraNa rUpa se karma zabda se kriyA, kriyA kA uddezya aura usakA phalavipAka tInoM hI artha liye jAte haiM / ... bauddha karma-vicAraNA meM janaka, upasthambhaka, upapIlaka aura upaghAtaka aise cAra karma mAne gaye haiM / janaka karma dUsarA janma grahaNa karavAte haiM, ina rUpa meM ve sattA kI avasthA se tulanIya haiM / upasthambhaka karma dUsare karma kA phala dene meM sahAyaka hote haiM, ye utkarSaNa kI prakriyA ke sahAyaka mAne jA sakate haiM / upapIlaka karma dUsare karmoM kI zakti ko kSINa karate haiM, ye apavartana kI avasthA se tulanIya haiN| upaghAtaka karma dUsare karma kA vipAka rokakara apanA phala dete haiM, ye karma upazamana kI prakriyA ke nikaTa haiM / bauddhadarzana meM karma-phala ke saMkramaNa kI dhAraNA svIkAra kI gayI hai / bauddhadarzana yaha mAnatA hai ki yadyapi karma (phala) kA vipraNAza nahIM
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma hai, tathApi karma-phala kA sAtikrama ho sakatA hai / vipacyamAna karmoM kA saMkramaNa ho sakatA hai| vipacyamAna karma ve haiM jinako badalA jA sakatA hai, arthAt jisakA sAtikramaNa (saMkramaNa) ho sakatA hai, yadyapi phala-yoga anivArya hai| unheM aniyatavedanIya kintu niyatavipAkakarma bhI kahA jAtA hai / bauddhadarzana kA niyatavedanIya niyatavipAka karma jainadarzana ke nikAcanA se tulanIya hai| . karmoM kI sattA, udaya, udIraNA aura upazamana ina cAra avasthAoM kA vivecana hindU AcAradarzana meM bhI milatA hai / vahA~ karmoM kI saMcita, prArabdha aura kriyAmANa aisI tIna avasthAe~ mAnI gayI haiN| vartamAna kSaNa ke pUrva taka kiye gaye samasta karma saMcita karma kahe jAte hai, inheM hI apUrva aura adRSTa bhI kahA gayA hai| saMcita karma ke jisa bhAga kA phalabhoga zurU ho jAtA hai use hI prArabdha karma kahate hai| isa prakAra pUrvabaddha karma ke do bhAga hote haiM / jo bhAga apanA phala denA Arabdha kara detA hai vaha prArabdha (Arabdha) karma kahalAtA hai, zeSa bhAga jisakA phalabhoga prArambha nahIM huA hai anArabdha (saMcita) kahalAtA hai| . bauddha dRSTikoNa - bauddhadarzana meM kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika AdhAroM para nimna 10 prakAra ke pApoM yA akuzala karmoM kA varNana milatA hai| (a) kAyika pApa - 1. prANAtipAta (hiMsA); (2) adattAdAna (corI). (3) kAmesumicchAcAra (kAmabhoga sambandhI durAcAra) (ba) vAcika pApa - 4. musAvAda (asatya bhASaNa), 5. pisunAvAcA (pizuna vacana), 6. pharUsAvAcA (kaThora vacana), 7. samphalApa (vyartha AlApa) (ka) mAnasika pApa - 8. abhijjA (lobha), 9. vyApAda (mAnasika hiMsA yA ahita cintana), 10. micchadaTThI (mithyA dRSTikoNa) abhidhammatyasaMgraho meM nimna 14 akuzala caitasika batAye gaye hai 1. moha (citta kA andhApana), mUDhatA, 2. ahirika (nirlajjatA), 3. anottappaM-a-bhIrUtA (pApa karma meM bhaya na mAnanA), 4. uddhaccaM-uddhatapana (caMcalatA), 5. lobho (tRSNA), 6. diThThI-mithyAdRSTi, 7. mAno-ahaMkAra, 8. doso-dveSa, 9. issAIrSyA (dUsare kI sampatti ko na saha sakanA), 10. macchariyaM-mAtsaryya (apanI sampatti ko chipAne kI pravRtti), 11. kukkucca-kaukRtya (kRta-akRta ke bAre meM pazcAtApa), 12. thInaM, 13. middhaM, 14. vicikicchA-vicikitsA (saMzaya) /
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________________ bauddhadharma meM pratipAdita karmasiddhAnta karmasiddhAnta aura punarjanma : bauddha dharma meM nitya AtmA kA svIkAra nahIM hai| phira bhI karma ke sandarbha meM punarjanma kA pratipAdana hai| manuSya kA citta zubha yA azubha saMkalpa karane ke liye svataMtra hai| hama jo bhI kuzala aura akuzala kAyika, vAcika athavA mAnasika karma karate haiM, una sarva kA udgama hamArA mana hai / ataH dveSayukta athavA rAgayukta karmoM karane se hamArA mana bhI rAgayukta aura dveSayukta banatA hai / manobhAvoM kI yaha paraMparA zaizava se mRtyu paryaMta calatI rahatI hai| gautama buddha batAte haiM ki yaha paramparA janma ke pahale bhI thI aura mRtyu ke bAda bhI rahatI hai / mRtyu se usakA upaccheda nahIM hogA / mRtyu se kevala. vahI kSaNa sUcita hotI hai ki jaba navIna paristhiti meM, naye skaMdhasamUha yAne zarIra dvArA karmasamUha kA vipAka hotA hai / jaba taka tRSNA ke kSaya se cittapravAha yA citta-saMtati vizRMkhalita hokara nirvANa ko prApta nahIM karegI taba taka yaha krama cAlu rhegaa| kisI bhI vastu kI astitva kI paraMparA meM eka eka avasthA utpanna hotI hai aura vichinna hotI hai| lekina pravAha niraMtara bahatA rahatA hai / isa taraha karma kA pravAha bhI satata jArI rahatA hai / pratikSaNa meM karmoM kA nAza hotA hai, lekina usakI vAsanA agalI. kSaNa meM anusyUta rUpa se pravAhita hotI hai| pratyeka anuvartI . skaMdha apane pUrvavartI skaMdha para Azrita hai / manuSya abhI jaisA bhI hai, usakA pUrNa uttaradAyitva usakA apanA hai, koI Izvara yA niyati kA nahIM / karmavipAka: .:. manuSya kuzala athavA satkarma karane se sadgati ko prApta hotA hai aura akuzala yA asad karma karane se asadgati ko prApta karatA hai / mUrkha yA paMDita sabhI ko AvAgamana meM paDakara apane duHkhoM kA anta karanA paDatA hai| Asrava kuzala karma kA phala sukha, abhyudaya aura sugati hai / nirAsrava kuzala karma vipAkarahita hote haiM, ve duHkha kI AtyaMtika nivRtti yAne nirvANa kI prApti meM sahAyakArI hote haiN| . karma vipAka durvijJeya hai / jaba kAla nizcita hotA hai aura kAraNasAmagrI upasthita hotI hai, taba karma kA vipAka hotA hai| karma apane svarUpa ke anusAra tvarita yA to dera se, alpa yA mahAna phala avazya detA hai / tRSNA hI karma ko vipAka pradAna kA sAmarthya detI hai / tRSNArahita banakara karma karane se karma phala se manuSya lipta nahIM hogaa| vyavahArika jagata meM hama pravartamAna karmoM kI dRSTi se kahIM kahIM visaMgati
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma dekhate haiM / lekina yaha karmavipAka kI durvijJeyatA ke kAraNa hai / hiMsaka durAcArI manuSya pUrvakRt satkarmo ke udaya se sukha-sampatti prApta karatA hai aura sadAcArI manuSya pUrvakRta duSkarmoM ke vipAka ke kAraNa duHkha sahana karatA hai / yaha visaMgati nahIM, karma vipAka hI hai| veda aura bhagavadgItA kI samAna vicAradhArA : . ati prAcIna kAla meM hamAre vedoM meM udghoSita kiyA gayA thA ki kurvanneveha karmANi jijiviSet zataM samAH // so varSa taka jIye - lekina karma karate karate Ayu nirgamana kareM / yahA~ nirAmaya jiMdagI ke sAtha karma kA bhI mAhAtmya darzAyA gayA hai| karma hama saba kara sakate haiM, jaba ki hamArI taMdurastI acchI ho / ___ manuSya ko karma to karanA hI par3atA hai| karma ke binA raha nahIM sktaa| . lekina zrImad bhagavad gItAne jo niSkAma karma kI bAta kahI hai vaha bhItarI zAMti ke liye vicAraNIya hai / vaidika vicAradhArA kA jIvana ke prati tyAgapUrvaka bhoga kA dRSTikoNa hai| - 'tena tyaktena bhuMjithAH' / - hama samRddhi kA upayoga kareM lekina nirlipta hokara, nissaMga hokara, niSkAma bhAva se| zrImad gItA meM yaha niSkAma karmayoga ko bahuta mahattva diyA gayA hai| karma phala kA tyAga karate hue karma karane se karma baMdhana nahIM hogaa| karmaNyevAdhikAraste mA phaleSu kadAcana... 2/47 yogasthaH kuru karmANi saMgaM tyaktvA dhanaMjaya / / siddhayasiddhayoH samo bhUtvA samatvaM yoga ucyate // 2/48 vihAya kAmAn yaH sarvAn pumAMscarati niHspRha / nirmamo nirahaMkAraH sa zAntimadhigacchati // karma kA vyakti se phala kA sampatti se saMbaMdha hai / karma kA vartamAna se, phala kA bhaviSya se saMbaMdha hai| niSkAma-karma duHkharahita hai, sakAma-karma duHkhasahita hai| manuSya karma karane meM svataMtra aura phala bhogane meM parataMtra hai| azAMta jIvana kI ulajhana meM phaMse hue Aja ke mAnava ke liye niSkAma karma kI vicAradhArA veda aura gItA kI ora se milA huA amara saMdeza hai / bauddha dharma meM isI saMdarbha meM nirAsrava kuzala karma kA mAhAtmya batAyA hai|
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________________ bauddha tattvadarzana aura pratItyasamutpAda kA siddhAMta bhAratIya darzana ke kSetra meM pAMcavIM chaThI zatAbdI pUrva kA kAla vastutaH vaicArika krAnti kA kAla thaa| kyoMki isa kAla meM aneka mahApuruSoM aura manISiyoM ke cintana aura upadeza ke sAtha hI mahattvapUrNa Arthika aura sAmAjika parivartana bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai| bauddhadarzana kI bhUmikA : ___isa samaya meM aneka saMpradAyaka pracalita the| unameM jyAdAtara vaidika dharmadarzana ke viparIta avaidika darzana kI hI paraMparA thI, jise zramaNa paraMparA ke nAma se abhihita kI jAtI hai| isa paramparAoM kA sAmUhika svara purohitoM, karmakANDoM, Izvara, AtmA, veda Adi ke viruddha thA aura viparIta rUpa se duHkhavAdI, nivRttivAdI, nirIzvaravAdI, prArabdhavAdI jaise vicAroM kA poSaka thA / inake kAraNa samAja meM aMdhazraddhA, bhUtapreta Adi kI pUjA, sahetuka honevAle kriyAkANDa Adi kA mahattva bar3ha gayA thaa| yAne dhArmika dRSTi se samAja meM eka prakAra kI arAjaka sthiti pravartita huI thii| usa vakta zramaNa vicAradhArA meM bauddha, jaina, AjIvaka, cArvAka Adi kA ullekha hotA hai, lekina usake sAtha maMkhalI gozAla kA niyativAda, pUrNakazyapa kA akriyAvAde, ajita kezakambala kA ucchedavAda, prakrUdha kAtyAyana kA anyonyavAda evaM saMjaya valaTThiputta kA vikSepavAda bhI pracalita thA / .. inake sAtha cArvAka kA sukhavAda yA dehAtmavAda - bhI pracalita thA / yahA~ hama eka bAta spaSTa rUpa se aura Logically bhI samajha sakate haiM ki jisa samAja meM aisI vicAradhArAoM kA bAhulya haiM, hiMsA, corI, jUTha, parastrIgamana jaise duSkRtyoM para koI niyaMtraNa na ho, aise samAja meM na to loga sukha, zAMti aura surakSA se raha sakate haiM aura na to samAja meM bhI suvyavasthA aura susaMvAditA kI sthApanA saMbhava
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma banegI / sukha kI AkAMkSA se kiye gaye apakRtyoM se vyakti ko aMta meM duHkha hI prApta hogA / aisI sAmAjika aura dhArmika paristhiti se prerita pratikriyA ke rUpa meM bauddhadharma kA AvirbhAva huA thA / gautamabuddha ne dekhA ki jagata meM prANImAtra kA jIvana duHkha se paritapta hai, ataH duHkha vimukti ke liye apane vyApaka aura gahana ciMtana se prerita cAra Arya satya, aSTAMgika mArga aura pratItyasamutpAda jaise siddhAMta kA upadeza diyA / unake siddhAMta tatkAlIna dhArmika dhAraNAoM meM krAntikArI parivartana, sAmAjika saMracanA kA punaH nirmANa aura nUtana jIvanamUlyoM kI pratiSThA ke liye mahattvapUrNa aura upayogI siddha hue / bauddhadarzana aura tattvaciMtana : 20 gautama buddhane AtmA, paramAtmA tathA sRSTi kI saMracanA - Adi praznoM kI sAmAnya janasamudAya kI duHkhamukti ke saMdarbha meM anAvazyaka samajhakara, samIkSA usake prati mauna dhAraNa kiyA / aura vAstavika jIvana ke saMdarbha meM anitya, duHkha aura anAtma ina trilakSaNa kA pratipAdana kiyA / bauddha dharma kI dRSTi se sabhI vastue~ saMskRta haiM, aura jo saMskRta hai vaha anitya hai / jo nitya tathA sthAyI pratIta hotA hai vaha bhI vipariNAmadharmI tathA vinAzazIla hai / ataH koI bhI vastu nitya nahIM hai / saMsAra kA pratyeka padArtha kSaNika hai, kSaNa kSaNa parivartanazIla hai / tattva kA vibhAjana : dhAtu / - - buddha ne tattvoM kA vibhAjana tIna bhAgoM meM kiyA hai- skandha, Ayatana aura skaMdha pA~ca hai - rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna / rUpa do prakAra kA hai - eka bhUtarUpa aura dUsarA upAdAya rUpa / pRthvI, jala, teja aura vAyu * ye cAra bhUta haiM / ina cAra mahAbhUtoM se jo nAnA rUpa banate haiM ve upAdAya rUpa haiM / vedanA sukhaduHkhAnubhUta hotI hai / saMjJA nimittodgrahaNAtmikA hai / saMskAra karma hai aura vijJAna cetanA yA mana hai / saMjJA, saMskAra, vedanA aura rUpa ke saMsarga se vijJAna kI vibhinna sthitiyA~ hotI hai / isIse inheM anitya batalAyA gayA hai / Ayatana bAraha haiM - chaha indriyA~ (cakSu se mana taka) aura rUpa, zabda, gaMdha, rasa, sparza aura dharma- ye chaha unake viSaya / isa taraha bAraha Ayatana hote haiM / dhAtu aThAraha haiM / uparyukta 12 AyatanoM meM aneka chaha vijJAna milAne para 18 dhAtuoM hotI haiM / ina skaMdhoM, Ayatano aura dhAtuo meM sAre saMsAra kI vastuoM I
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________________ bauddha tattvadarzana aura pratItyasamutpAda kA siddhAnta antarbhUta ho jAtI hai / zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA bauddha dharma kI AdhArabhUmi hai / bauddhadarzana kI mUla bhitti ye paMca skaMdha aura pratItya samutpAda (kAryakAraNa) kA niyama hai / pA~ca skaMdha meM rUpa sthUla aura citta-caitasika sUkSma hai / ye pA~ca skaMdha kSaNika aura nitya parivartanazIla hai| inameM nitya aura kUTastha koI nahIM hai| pratItya samutpAda ke niyama anusAra ye utpanna hote haiM, nAza pAmate haiM aura punaH apanI bhavazakti se janma lete haiM / inhIM pA~ca upAdAnoM kA ekatra saMghaTana zarIra rUpa meM pragaTa hotA hai / isake bAre meM vasubandhu kA spaSTa kathana hai - . .. nAtmAsti skandhamAtraM tu kleza karmAbhisaMskRtam / antarAbhavasantavyA kukSimeti pradIpavat // koza 3/18 . paMcaskandhAtmaka AtmA kSaNika hai, yaha saMsaraNa meM asamartha hai| hamArA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki kisI AtmA ke abhAva meM, kisI nitya dravya ke abhAva meM, kleza aura karma se abhisaMskRta skandhoM kA santAna (pravAha) mAkI kukSi meM praveza karatA hai, aura vahI skandha-santAna maraNa-bhava se upapatibhava paryanta vistRta hotA hai aura isakA sthAna antarAbhava-santati letI hai / paMca skandhoM ke sAtha pratItya samutpAda kA niyama avinAbhUta hai / yaha .: hetupratyayatA kA vAda hI karma-kleza-pratyayavaza utpatti, utpattivaza karma-kleza, punaH anya karma-kleza-pratyayavaza utpatti, isa prakAra bhava-cakra kA anAditva siddha hotA hai| isa bhava-cakra ke tIna adhva yA mArga haiM jinameM yaha punaH punaH ghUmatA hai, eka atIta yA pUrva-bhava, dUsarA anAgata yA apara-bhava aura ina donoM ke bIca meM tIsarA . vartamAna yA pratyutpanna-bhava / pratItya-samutpAda ke bAraha aMga hai, ataH yaha dvAdazAra cakra bhI kahA jAtA hai| pratItya samutpAda kA siddhAMta : . paMca skaMdhoM ke sAtha pratItya samutpAda kA siddhAMta avinAbhAva saMbaMdhita hai| gautama buddhane pratItya samutpAda ke siddhAnta dvArA yaha samajhAyA ki duHkha - Izvaranirmita yA bhAgyaprerita nahIM hai isake liye kAraNa hai / pratItya samutpAda avicala kAryakAraNabhAva ke AdhAra para duHkhanirodha kI zakyatA kA nirdeza karatA hai / . kAraNa ke sadbhAva meM utpatti aura kAraNa ke asadbhAva meM utpatti kA bhI abhAva hotA hai / isa kAryakAraNa zRMkhalA ke bAra aMga haiM - nidAna hai, ataH use dvAdaza nidAna aura bhavacakra bhI kahate haiM /
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________________ 22 . bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma . yaha bAraha nidAna isa taraha hai : avidyA, saMskAra, vijJAna, nAmarUpa, SaDAyatana, sparza, vedanA, tRSNA, upAdAna, bhava, jAti, jarA-maraNa-zoka, duHkha aura daurmanasya / isameM avidyA se saMskAra, saMskAra se vijJAna, vijJAna se nAmarUpa.... isa prakAra se samasta duHkhaskandha kA samudaya hotA hai, yahI pratItya samutpAda hai| asmin sati idam hoti - arthAt isake hone para yaha hotA hai / pratItya samutpAda kA artha .... prAyaH sApekSa kAraNatAvAda hai| pratItya samutpAda kA artha : vyutpatti kI dRSTi se artha isa taraha hotA hai - 'iNa' dhAtu gatyarthaka hai, kintu upasarga lagAne se dhAtu kA artha badala jAtA hai / isa lie prati i kA artha prApti hai aura pratItya kA artha hai 'prApti karake / pada dhAtu sattArthaka hai / sam+ut upasargapUrvaka isakA artha prAdurbhAva hai| ataH pratItya samutpAda kA artha hai pratyaya (hetu) prApta kara prAdurbhAva - kAraNa hone se kArya kA udbhava; upasargapUrvaka isakA artha prAdurbhAva hai / ataH pratItya samutpAda kA artha hai pratyaya (hetu). prApta kara prAdurbhAva, kAraNa hone se kArya kA udbhava / 'asmi sati idaM hoti' arthAt isake hone para yaha hotA hai - aisA sUtrAtmaka artha diyA jAtA hai| pratItya samutpAda anuloma - pratiloma do prakAra kA hai| yaha hetupratyayatA kA vAda hai / ataH jisa taraha eka pratyaya se dUsare pratyaya kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai, isa taraha eka pratyaya ke nirodha se anya pratyayoM kA bhI kramazaH nirodha hotA hai| avidyA ke nirodha se saMskAra kA nirodha hotA hai... aura kramazaH jAti, janma kA nirodha hone se jarA, maraNa, zoka.... Adi kA nirodha hotA hai| isa taraha samasta duHkha skandha kA nAza hotA hai| pratItya samutpAda meM isa taraha anuloma aura pratiloma ke mAdhyama se duHkha samudaya aura duHkha nirodha kA pratipAdana huA hai / isa liye isa siddhAnta kA mahattva samajhAte hue gautama buddhane kahA hai ki jo pratItya samutpAda ko jAnatA hai vaha dharma ko jAnatA hai aura jo dharma ko jAnatA hai vaha pratItya samutpAda ko jAnatA hai| pratItya samutpAda ke dvAdaza aMgo kA paricaya isa prakAra hai : 1. avidyA : avidyA kA artha hai ajJAna / prAya: cAra Arya saMtyoM kA ajJAna hI avidyA hai| anitya, duHkharUpa aura anAtma jagata meM AtmA ko khojanA avidyA hai / vasubandhu pUrvajanma kI kleSAvasthA ko avidyA kahate haiN|
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________________ bauddha tattvadarzana aura pratItyasamutpAda kA siddhAnta 4. 5. 23 saMskAra : saMskAra kA kaI artha hai, lekina yahA~ saMskAra kA artha 'karma' kiyA gayA hai, yaha pUrvajanma kI karmAvasthA hai / avidyAvaza sattva jo bhI kuzala- akuzala karma karatA hai, vahI 'saMskAra' kahalAtA hai / saMskAra tIna prakAra ke hai kAya saMskAra, manaH saMskAra aura vAk saMskAra / vijJAna : vijJAna pratyutpanna jIvana kI vaha avasthA hai, jaba prANI mAtA ke garbha meM praveza karatA hai aura cetanA prApta karatA hai| yaha garbha athavA pratisandhi kA kSaNa hai / ise upapatti - kSaNa bhI kahate haiM / vijJAna vijAnana ko bhI kahate haiM / 1 - I nAmarUpa : nAmarUpa meM do zabda haiM - nAma aura rUpa / 'rUpa' meM cAra mahAbhUta pRthvI, jala, teja aura vAyu tathA 'nAma' meM saMjJA, vedanA, saMskAra aura vijJAna ye cAra skandha Ate haiN| donoM ko milAkara hI paMcaskandha nAmarUpa kahalAte haiN| rUpa audArika, sthUla hotA hai aura pratyakSa hai, nAma kramazaH sUkSma se sUkSmatara hote haiM / nAma ko mAnasika dharma bhI kahate haiM / vijJAna mAtA kI kukSi meM pratisandhi grahaNa karatA hai tabhI se nAmarUpa kI utpatti zurU hotI hai| SaDAyatana : chaha Ayatana arthAt pA~ca indriyoM aura mana SaDAyatana kahalAte haiN| ye SaDAyaMtana hI jJAnotpatti meM sahAyaka hote haiM / SaDAyatana usa avasthA kA sUcaka hai, jaba sattva mAtA ke udara se bAhara jAtA hai, aura usakI chaha indriyoM pUrNataH yA taiyAra ho jAtI hai, paraMtu vaha abhI taka unheM prayukti nahIM kara sakatA / se sparza : indriya aura viSaya ke saMnikarSa ko sparza kahate haiM / jaise cakSu rUpa kA saMnikarSa honA cakSusaMsparza hai / pA~ca indriyoM aura mana ke bheda se sparza bhI chaha prakAra kA hai / vedanA : vedanA kA artha hai anubhava karanA / indriya aura viSaya ke saMyoga se mana para jo prathama prabhAva hotA hai, use vedanA kahate haiM / vaha tIna prakAra kI hai - sukhA vedanA, duHkhA vedanA aura na sukhA na duHkhA vedanA / tRSNA : rUpAdi kAmaguNa ke prati rAga kA samudAcAra athavA anubhUta sukha ko punaH punaH prApta karane kI tIvra prabala icchA yA vRtti hI tRSNA hai, vahI mUlaka bhI hai| tRSNA tIna prakAra kI hotI hai : kAma, bhava aura vibhava / yaha trividha tRSNA hI sattva ko bhavacakra meM ghumAnevAlI hotI hai| tRSNA hI duHkha kA mUla kAraNa hai / yaha viSaya - bheda se chaha prakAra kI hotI hai|
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________________ 24 9. 10. bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma upAdAna : viSayoM ko dRDhatApUrvaka grahaNa karanA upAdAna hai| yaha cAra prakAra kA hotA hai : kAmaupAdAna, dRSTyupAdAna, zIlavrata upAdAna aura AtmavAda upAdAna / bhava : honA 'to be' hI bhava hai / punarjanma karAnevAle karma bhava kahalAtA hai / yaha do prakAra kA hai : upapatti bhava aura karma bhava / jisa jisa upAdAna ke kAraNa sattva jisa jisa loka meM janma letA hai, vaha upapatti -bhava hai aura jo karma vizeSa punarjanma karAnevAle hote haiM use karmabhava kahate haiM / karma se phala kI utpatti hotI hai, ataH karma ko hI bhava kahate haiM / pUrvajanma. ke saMskAra ke anurUpa, anAgata kAla meM jo janma honevAlA hai, use upapatti kahate haiM / 11. jAti : jAti arthAt janma / utpanna honA jAti hai / sattva pUrvabhava ke kAraNa utpanna hotA hai | jAti pA~ca skandhoM ke sphUraNa kI avasthA hai / 12. jarA-maraNa : jarA aura maraNa do avasthAeM haiM. / jIrNa honA jarA 1 / aura mRtyu honA maraNa hai / bhagavAna kahate haiM ki una una sattvoM kA una una sattvanikAya meM jarA, jIrNatA, dAMtoM kA tUTanA (khAnDinyaM), bAloM kA pakanA(pAlicvaM), tvayA yA kAya meM jhurriyA~ paDa jAnA, Ayu kI hAni aura indriyoM kA paka jAnA jarA hai / aura sattvoM kA apane nikAya yAne zarIra cyUta honA, cyavanatA, bheda, aMtardhAna, zarIra kA giranA, maraNa, kAla karanA, skandhoM kA viccheda honA yaha mRtyu hai / isa prakAra jAti se jarA-maraNa hai| aura maraNa se zoka, parideva, duHkha, daurmanasya, paresAnI, upAyAsa Adi utpanna hote haiM / svajanoM aura saMpatti ke nAza se utpanna anutApa zoka hai / zoka se utpanna vilApa parideva hai / zArIrika pIr3A athavA pa~cavijJAnakAya ke arucikara anuzaya duHkha hai / mAnasika vedanA daurmanasya hai aura tIvravedanA upAyAsa hai / 1 I isa taraha yaha kAryakAraNa kI zRMkhalA hI duHkha kI utpatti ke liye kAraNarUpa hai / duHkha na to Izvaranirmita hai, na to bhAgyaprerita / pratItya samutpAda dvArA AMtarika aura bAhya jIvana ke samasta kAryakalApoM ke samudaya aura nirodha kA krama, kAraNa aura kArya kA anyonya AzritabhAva ke AdhAra se nidarzana kiyA gayA hai / yahA~ kArya-kAraNa kI carcA ati sUkSma tarIke se huI hai, ataH pratItyasamutpAda meM tathatA, vitathatA, ananyatA aura indriyapratyatA kA varNana bhI hai| kisI eka vastu ko utpatti ke liye, jitane pratyaya Avazyaka hai, usase na jyAdA aura na kamaM pratyaya hone
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________________ bauddha tattvadarzana aura pratItyasamutpAda kA siddhAnta 25 se hI vastu kI utpatti hotI hai| use avitathA kahate haiN| kisI eka vastu kI pratyaya sAmagrI se dUsarI vastu kI utpatti saMbhava nahIM hai| jaise gehU~ kI pratyaya sAmagrI se cAvala prApta nahIM ho skte| yaha pratItya samutpAda kI ananyatA hai / aura kAraNasAmagrI aura unake kArya ke bIca - isake hone se yaha hotA hai, aisA jo saMbaMdha hai, vaha usakI idaM - pratyayatA hai| isase uparAMta pratItyasamutpAda tInoM kAla, pA~ca saMdhi aura aSTAMgika mArga ke ATha aMga ke sAtha bhI saMbaMdhita hai / bauddha saMpradAyoM kI tattvamImAMsA : gautama buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke bAda bauddha dharma aneka saMpradAyoM meM vibhAjita huaa| prAyaH cAra Arya satya aura pratItya samutpAda ke siddhAnta kA sabane svIkAra kiyA / anya saMpradAyoM ke bajAya hInayAna aura mahAyAna saMpradAya kA jyAdA prabhAva rhaa| inake cAra bhi-bhinna sampradAya ho gaye aura ina saboMne vizva ke padArthoM kI 'sattA' ke sambandha meM* apane vicAra prakaTa kiye / 'hInayAna' kI do zAkhAe~ huI - 'vaibhASika' tathA 'sautrAMtika' / buddha ke mahAnirvANa ke pazcAt tIsarI sadI meM 'vaibhASika' mata kI tathA cauthI sadI meM 'sautrAntika' mata kI siddhi huI / 'mahAyAna' kI bhI do zAkhAe~ huI - 'yogAcAra' yA 'mAdhyamika' yA 'zUnyavAda' / vaibhASika - maMta meM jisa jagat kA indriyo ke dvArA hameM anubhava hotA hai| vaha usakI 'bAhya-sattA' hai / isakA hameM pratyakSa aura kabhI-kabhI anumAna se bhI jJAna prApta hotA hai| isa jagata kI sattA cittanirapekSa hai, sAtha hI sAtha hamAre andara citta tathA usakI santati kI bhI svatantra 'sattA' hai / arthAt jagat evaM cittasantati "donoM kI sattA pRthak-pRthak svatantra rUpa se vaibhASika mata meM mAnI jAtI hai / yaha sattA pratikSaNa meM badalatI rahatI hai, arthAt ye loga 'kSaNabhaMgavAda' kA svIkAra karate haiM / vastutaH 'kSaNabhaMgavAda' ko to sabhI bauddha mAnate haiM / 1 sautrAntikoM kA kathana hai ki 'bAhya sattA' to hai avazya, kintu isakA * jJAna hameM jJAnendriyoM ke dvArA, arthAt pratyakSa pramANa ke dvArA, nahIM hotA / 'citta' meM svabhAvataH koI AkAra bauddha nahIM mAnate / yaha zuddha aura nirAkAra hai / kintu isa ''citta' meM AkAroM kI utpatti tathA nAza hotA hI rahatA hai| ye 'AkAra' citta ke apane dharma to hai nahIM / ye haiM bAhya jagat kI vastuoM ke 'AkAra' / isa prakAra citta ke AkAroM ke dvArA 'bAhya - sattA' kA jJAna hameM anumAna ke dvArA prApta hotA 'hai, yaha 'sautrAntikoM' kA mantavya hai / 'vaibhASiko' kI taraha 'kSaNabhaMgavAda' ko ye bhI mAnate haiM / sautrAntika-mata meM sattA kI sthiti bAhya se antarmukhI ho gayI /
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma yogAcAra ke mata meM 'bAhya - sattA' kA sarvathA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai / inake mata meM 'citta' meM ananta vijJAnoM kA udaya hotA rahatA hai| ye 'vijJAna' paraspara bhinna hote hue bhI vAsana - saMkramaNa ke kAraNa eka dUsare se sambaddha haiM, parantu phira bhI sabhI svatantra hai| ye 'vijJAna' svaprakAza hai| inameM avidyA ke kAraNa jJAtAjJAna tathA jJeya ke bheda kI kalpanA hama kara lete haiN| isa mata meM bAhya jagata kI sattA nahIM hai / ye loga kevala citta kI santati kI sattA ko mAnate haiM aura sabhI vastuoM ko jJAna ke rUpa kahate haiN| ina ke mata meM yaha 'vijJAna' yA 'citta - santati' kSaNabhaMginI hai / 26 isa prakAra kramaza: bAhya jagat kI 'svatantra - sattAM', pazcAt 'anumeya-sattA', tatpazcAt bAhya jagat kA nirAkaraNa aura sabhI vastu ko vijJAna - svarUpa mAnanA, isa prakAra kramika antarjagat kI tarapha tattva ke yathArtha anveSaNa meM bauddha loga lage the| anta meM 'vijJAna' kA bhI nirAkaraNa zUnyavAda - mata meM kiyA gayA / isa prakAra bAhya aura anta:sattA donoM kA 'zUnya maiM vilayana kara diyA gayA / yaha 'zUnya' eka prakAra se anirvacanIya hai / yaha sat aura asat donoM se vilakSaNa hai tathA sat aura asat donoM svarUpa zUnya ke garbha meM nirvANa ko prApta kiye hue haiN| yaha abhAvAtmaka nahIM hai evaM alakSaNa hai / isa prakAra 'pratyakSa bAhya sattA' se 'anumeya bAhya sattA', use 'antaHvijJAnamAtra sattA' aura punaH 'zUnya' meM nirvANa kI sattA ko dekhakara yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha-darzana meM niHsvabhAva, anirvacanIya, alakSaNa, Adi zabdoM ke dvArA nirUpita kiyA gayA 'zUnya' hI 'parama tattva' hai| yahI mahAnirvANapada hai / yahIM pahu~cakara sAdhaka 'parama pada' kI prApti karate haiM / isake pare koI gantavya pada nahIM hai / isa 'zUnya' meM vilayana hone ke uddezya se Arambha meM hI kSaNabhaMgavAda ko bauddho ne svIkAra kiyA / isa taraha bauddha saMpradAyoM ne jagat ke svarUpa ke bAre meM tArkika dRSTi se buddhane apane Apa kArya-kAraNa ke saMdarbha meM tattva kI dRSTi se bhI pratipAdita kiyA hai| sArarahasya rUpa hai / gahana ciMtana kiyA hai, lekina gautama pratItyasamutpAda ke siddhAnta ko hI yaha siddhAnta hI bauddha tattvadarzana ke - bauddhadarzana - ema. ke. bhaTTa bhAratIya darzana - umeza mizra saMdarbha graMtha 1. bhAratIya darzana - le. na. ki. devarAja 2. bauddha dharmadarzana - AcArya narendradeva 3. 4.
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________________ bauddha tattvamImAMsA : hInayAna saMpradAya ke anulakSya meM .. gautama buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke bAda bauddha dharma aneka saMpradAyoM meM vibhAjita huA / anya saMpradAyoM ke bajAya hInayAna aura mahAyAna saMpradAya kA jyAdA prabhAva rahA / inake cAra bhinna bhinna saMpradAya ho gaye aura ina sabhI ne vizva ke padArthoM kI 'sattA' ke saMbaMdha meM apane vicAra prakaTa kiye / hInayAna kI do zAkhAeM hui - vaibhASika' tathA 'sautrAMntika' / buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke pazcAt tIsarI sadI meM vaibhASika mata tathA cauthIsaMdI meM sautrAMntika mata jyAdA pracalita hue / mahAyAna kI bhI do zAkhAeM huIM - yogAcAra yA vijJAnavAda aura mAdhyamika yA zUnyavAda / . gautama buddhane AtmA, paramAtmA tathA sRSTi kI saMracanA - Adi praznoM kI samIkSA - sAmAnya janasamudAya kI duHkhamukti ke saMdarbha meM anAvazyaka samajhakara, . usake prati mauna dhAraNa kiyaa| unhoMne cAra Arya satya aura pratItya samutpAda kA pratipAdana kiyA / anIzvaravAda aura AnAtmavAda ke sAtha kSaNabhaMgavAda kA bhI pratibodha diyaa| unakI dRSTi se koI bhI vastu nitya nahIM hai, saMsAra kA pratyeka padArtha kSaNika hai, kSaNa kSaNa parivartanazIla hai| . . . bauddha saMpradAya meM aneka rUpa se matoM kI vibhinnatA hai, lekina cAra Aryasatya aura pratItya samutpAda ke siddhAMto kA sabane svIkAra kiyA hai / gautama buddhane AdhyAtmika praznoM ko avyAkRta kaha kara unakI samIkSA nahi kI, paraMtu bAda meM jitane bauddha saMpradAya hue, unake vidvAna AcAryoM ne jIva, jagata, izvara, sRSTi, AtmA-paramAtmA ke saMbaMdha meM apane apane vicAra prakaTa kiye / hInayAna athavA sthaviravAda : usake do saMpradAya vaibhASika tathA sautrAMntika hue / gautama buddha ke upadeza ke anusAra, tattvavicAra kI dRSTi se usakI mUla bhittI paMca skaMdha aura pratItyasamutpAda . (kArya-kAraNa) kA niyama hai / paMca skaMdha meM rUpa sthUla aura citta-caitasika sUkSma hai| ye pA~ca skaMdha kSaNika aura nitya parivartanazIla hai| inameM nitya aura phUTastha
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma koI nahIM hai / pratItya samutpAda ke niyama anusAra ye utpana hote haiM, naSTa hote hai aura punaH apanI bhavazakti se janma lete hai| inhIM pA~ca upAdAnoM kA ekatra saMghaTana zarIra-rUpa meM pragaTa hotA hai| pratItya samutpAda kA siddhAMta : paMca skaMdhoM ke sAtha pratItya samutpAda kA siddhAMta avinAbhAva saMbaMdhita hai| gautama buddhane pratItya samutpAda ke siddhAnta dvArA yaha samajhAyA hai ki duHkha Izvaranirmita yA bhAgyaprerita nahIM hai / pratItya samutpAda avicala kAryakAraNabhAva ke AdhAra para duHkhanirodha kI zakyatA kA nirdeza karatA hai| ___ kAraNa ke sadbhAva meM utpatti aura kAraNa ke asadbhAva meM utpatti kA bhI abhAva hotA hai, isa kAryakAraNa zRMkhalA ke bAra aMga haiM - nidAna hai, ataH use dvAdaza nidAna aura bhavacakra bhI kahate hai| __yaha bAraha nidAna isa taraha haiM : avidyA, saMskAra, vijJAna, nAmarUpa, SaDAyatana, sparza, vedanA, tRSNA, upAdAna, bhava, jAti, jarA-maraNa-zoka, duHkha aura daurmanasya / isameM avidyA ke saMskAra, saMskAra se vijJAna, se nAmarUpa.... isa prakAra se samasta duHkhaskandha kA samudaya hotA hai, yahI pratItya samutpAda hai| 'asmi sati idam hoti' - arthAt isake hone para yaha hotA hai / pratItya samutpAda kA artha prAyaH sApekSa kAraNatAvAda hai| ___ ataH pratItya samutpAda kA artha hai pratyaya (hetu) prApta kara prAdurbhAva - kAraNa hone se kArya kA udbhava - upasargapUrvaka isakA artha prAdurbhAva hai| ataH pratItya samutpAda kA artha hai pratyaya (hetu) prApta kara prAdurbhAva, kAraNa hone se kArya kA udbhava / 'asmi sati idam hoti' arthAt isake hone para yaha hotA hai - aisA sUtrAtmaka artha diyA jAtA hai| __ pratItya samutpAda anuloma - pratiloma do prakAra kA hai| yaha hetu pratyayatA kA vAda hai / ataH jisa taraha eka pratyaya se dUsare pratyaya kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai, isa taraha eka pratyaya ke nirodha se anya pratyayoM kA bhI kramazaH nirodha hotA hai| avidyA ke nirodha se saMskAra kA nirodha hotA hai .... aura kramazaH jAti, janma, kA nirodha hone se jarA, maraNa, zoka... Adi kA nirodha hotA hai| isa taraha samasta duHkhaskandha kA nAza hotA hai / pratItya samutpAda meM isa taraha anuloma aura pratiloma ke mAdhyama se duHkha samudaya aura duHkha nirodha kA pratipAdana huA hai / isa liye isa siddhAnta kA mahattva samajhAte hue gautama buddhane kahA hai ki jo pratItya samutpAda
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________________ bauddha tattvamImAMsA : hInayAna saMpradAya ke anulakSya meM ko jAnatA hai, vaha dharma ko jAnatA hai aura jo dharma ko jAnatA hai vaha pratItya samutpAda ko jAnatA hai / yo paTiccasamuppAdaM passati so dhammaM passati / yo dhamma passati so pariccasamuppAdaM parassati // isa taraha yaha kAryakAraNa kI zaMkhalA hI duHkha kI utpatti ke liye kAraNarUpa hai| duHkha na to Izvaranirmita hai, na to bhAgyaprerita / pratItya samutpAda dvArA AMtarika aura bAhya jIvana ke samasta kAryakalApoM ke samudaya aura nirodha kA krama, kAraNa aura kArya kA anyonya AzritabhAva ke AdhAra se nidarzana kiyA gayA hai| - tattvavicAra kI dRSTi se kArya-kAraNa para AdhArita yaha pratItyasamutpAda kA siddhAMta bauddhadarzana kI hInayAna zAkhA aura usakI prazAkhAoM meM bhI vizeSa mahattva rakhatA hai| hInayAna kI do prazAkhAeM haiM : vaibhASika aura sautrAntika : vaibhASika saMpradAya kA kendra kAzmIra thA / isa saMpradAya ke siddhAntoM ko graMthabaddha karane kA prathama prayatna buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke tIna sau varSa pazcAt kAtyAyanI-putrane kiyaa| unake 'jJAnaprasthAnazAstra' aura vasubandhu ke 'abhidharmakoza' meM tattvoM kA bahuta sUkSma aura vistRta rUpa se vicAra kiyA hai| .: vaibhASika saMpradAya meM tattvoM kA vicAra do dRSTiyoM se kiyA jAtA hai : viSayagata' aura 'viSayigata' : . viSayigata dRSTi se samasta jagata ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai : skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtu / skandha rAzi ko kahate haiM / Ayatana kA artha Aya..dvAra, utpattidvAra hai / dhAtu se Azaya srota kA hai| skaMdha pA~ca hai - rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna / rUpa do prakAra kA hai - eka bhUtarUpa aura dUsarA upAdAya rUpa / pRthvI, jala, teja aura vAyu - * ye cAra bhUta haiM / ina cAra mahAbhUtoM se jo vividha rUpa banate haiM ve upAdAya rUpa haiN| vedanA sukhaduHkhAnubhUta hotI hai| saMjJA nimittodagrahaNAtmaka hotI hai / saMsAra karma hai aura vijJAna cetanA yA mana hai / saMjJA, saMskAra, vedanA aura rUpa ke saMsarga se vijJAna kI vibhinna sthitiyA~ hotI haiM / isIse inheM anitya batalAyA gayA hai / Ayatana: ... bastuoM kA jJAna svataMtra rUpa se nahIM hotA, usake liye kisI AdhAra * ki apekSA rahatI haiM / indriyoM dvArA viSayoM kA jJAna hotA hai / ataeva, indriyoM tathA ... .
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________________ 30 bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma unake viSaya jJAna ke AdhAra haiN| inhIM AdhAro ko Ayatana kahate haiM cakSu se mana taka chaha indriyA~ hai aura rUpa, zabda, gaMdha, rasa, sparza aura dharma inake viSaya haiM / isa taraha. bAraha Ayatana hote haiM / inake dvArA jJAna utpanna hotA hai / mana-Ayatana kA viSaya dharma hai / bauddhadarzana meM dharma zabda kA prayoga bahuta vyApaka hai / bhUta aura citta ke una sUkSma tattvoM ko 'dharma' kahate haiM, jina ke AghAta tathA pratighAta se samasta jagata kI sthiti hotI hai, arthAt yaha jagata dharmoM kA eka saMghAta mAtra hai| ye sabhI dharma sattAtmaka hai aura 'hetu' se utpanna hotI haiM / sabhI svataMtra haiM aura kSaNa, kSaNa parivartita hote rahate haiM / prathama gyAraha AyatanoM meM pratyeka meM eka eka dharma hai aura mana Ayatana meM causaTha dharma hone ke kAraNa use 'dharmAyatana' bhI kahate haiN| dhAtu - yahA~ 'dhAtu' zabda kA artha 'svalakSaNa' arthAt svataMtra sattA : rakhanevAlA, aisA kiyA jAtA hai| vasubandhune dhAtuoM ko jJAna ke 'avayava' arthAt ve sUkSma tattva-jina ke samUha se jJAna kI santati kI utpatti hotI hai aisA kahA hai| inakI saMkhyA aThAraha hai : cha: indriyA~, chaH indriyoM ke viSaya tathA cha indriyoM ke viSayoM se utpanna vijJAna / jaise indriya viSaya vijJAna (1) cakSurdhAtu . (2) zrautradhAtu (3) ghrANadhAtu (7) rUpadhAtu . (13) cakSurvijJAna (cAkSuSa jJAna) (8) zabdadhAtu . (14) kSotravijJAna (zrAvaNa jJAna) (9) gandhadhAtu (15) ghrANavijJAna (ghrANaja jJAna) (10) rasadhAtu (16) rAsanavijJAna (rAsana jJAna) (11) spraSTavyadhAtu (17) kAyavijJAna . ___ (spArzana jJAna) (12) dharmadhAtu (18) manovijJAna / (antarhRdaya ke bhAvoM kA jJAna) (4) rasanAdhAtu (5) kAyadhAtu (6) manodhAtu
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________________ bauddha tasvamImAMsA : hInayAna saMpradAya ke anulakSya meM - yahA~ prathama bAraha to Ayatana haiM / indriya aura apane apane viSayoM ke saMparka se cha: vizeSa vijJAna utpanna hote haiM / isa taraha dhAtuoM kI saMkhyA aThAraha hotI jagata kA viSayagata vibhAga : . viSayagata dRSTi se jagata ke dharmoM ke do bhAga kiye jAte haiM : asaMskRta dharma tathA saMskRta dharma / asaMskRta dharma kA artha hai - jo nitya, sthAyI tathA zuddha hai tathA kisI hetu yA kAraNa kI sahAyatA se utpanna na ho / asaMskRta dharma aparivartita hai tathA kisI vastu kI utpatti ke liye saMghaTitaM nahIM hote / saMskRta dharma anitya, asthAyI tathA azuddha hote haiM / ve hetu-pratyaya ke dvArA vastuoM ke saMghaTana se utpanna hote haiM / asaMskRta dharma ke. bheda - sarvAstivAda ke anusAra 'asaMskRta dharma' tIna haiM - 'pratisaMkhyAnirodha', 'apratisaMkhyAnirodha' tathA 'AkAza' / - dharma kA eka tAtparya hai - bhAva, sat athavA vastu / vaibhASikoM kI dRSTi se sabhI dharmoM kI sattA yadyapi pRthak hai, paraMtu unake .saMghAta se jagat ke nirmANa kI kalpanA kI gaI hai / dharma kI sUkSmatama vyAkhyA nimnalikhita prasiddha padya meM hai : ye dharmA hetuprabhavA hetu teSAM tathAgato hyavadat / avadacca yo nirodho evaMvAdI mahAzramaNaH // .. ... arthAt pratyeka dharma pratItyasamutpanna hotA hai aura usakA nirodha bhI hotA - hai|6 DaoN. zekhAtsakIne dharmatA ke vizleSaNa meM usakI pramukha vizeSatAoM kA Akalana kiyA hai - dharmatA - nairAtmya - kSaNikatva, saMskRtatva, Azraya - anAzravatva, saMkleza -- vyavadAnatva, duHkhanirodha aura nirvANa / (1) pratisaMkhyAnirodha - 'pratisaMkhyA' zabda kA artha hai, 'prajJA' aura usake dvArA jo niruddha hotA hai use 'pratisaMkhyAnirodha' kahA jAtA hai| arthAt 'prajJA' ke dvArA sabhI 'sAsrava', arthAt rAga, dveSa, Adi dharmoM kA jo pRthak-pRthak visaMyoga hai, vahI 'pratisaMkhyAnirodha' hai / isake udaya hone se rAga tathA dveSa kA nirodha ho jAtA hai aura isa krama se pRthak-pRthak anya sabhI sAsrava dharmoM kA bhI nirodha ho jAtA hai / (2) apratisaMkhyAnirodha - 'prajJA' ke binA hI jo nirodha hotA hai, use
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma 'apratisaMkhyAnirodha' kahate haiM / arthAt 'apratisaMkhyAnirodha' vaha avasthAM hai 'jaba binA 'prajJA' ke, 'svabhAva' se hI, sAsravadharmoM kA kA nirodha ho jAya / sAsravadharma hetu-pratyaya se utpanna hote hai / yadi una hetuoM kA nAza ho jAya to ye sabhI dharma svayaM, artAt 'prajJA' ke binA hI, niruddha ho jaayeNge| isa prakAra jo dharma niruddha hoMge ve punaH utpanna nahIM hoMge / 'pratisaMkhyAnirodha' meM nirodha kA jJAnamAtra rahatA hai, vAstavika nirodhaM to 'apratisaMkhyAnirodha' meM hI hotA hai / 32 (3) 'AkAza' AvaraNa ke abhAva ko 'AkAza' kahate haiM / kahA gayA hai| 'AkAzam anAvRtti / ' arthAt 'AkAza' na kisI kA virodha karatA hai aura na svayaM kisI se avaruddha hotA hai / yaha nitya aura aparivartanazIla hai / yaha bhAva - rUpa hai / - saMskRta dharma ke bheda - saMskRta dharma ke cAra bheda haiM- 'rUpa', 'citta', 'caitasika' tathA 'cittaviprayukta' / punaH 'rUpa' ke gyAraha, 'citta' ke eka, 'caitasika' ke chiyAlIsa tathA 'cittaviprayukta' ke caudaha prabheda hai / 1 (1) rUpa - jagat ke bhUta aura bhautika padArthoM ke lie bauddha darzana meM 'rUpa' zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / arthAt 'rUpa' vaha padArtha hai jo avarodha utpanna kare / bAhyendriya pA~ca (cakSu, zrota, ghrANa, rasanA tathA kAya), inake pA~ca viSaya (rUpa, zabda, gandha, rasa tathA spraSTavya) tathA 'avijJapti', ye gyAraha 'rUpa' ke prabheda hai / inake bhI aneka avAntara bheda haiM jo abhidharmakoza meM diye gaye 1 (2) citta bauddha darzana meM 'citta', 'mana', 'vijJAna' Adi zabda eka hI artha meM 'prayoga' kiye jAte haiM / zAstra meM citta aura caita ke aneka nAma haiN| citta (Mind), mana (Reason), vijJAna (Counseness) - ye nAma eka artha ke vAcaka haiN| nyAya-vaizeSika meM kevala mana zabda kA prayoga hai| jo saMcaya karatA hai / (cinoti ) vaha citta hai, yaha kuzala - akuzala Adi kA saMcaya karatA hai / yahI mana hai, kyoMki manana karatA hai (manute) / yahI vijJAna hai, kyoMkI vaha apane AlaMbana ko jAnatA hai / aisA kahA gayA hai ki citta nAma isa liye hai ki yaha zubhaazubha dhAtuoM se citrita hai / yaha mana hai kyoMki yaha apara - citta kA AzrayabhUta hai, yaha vijJAna hai, kyoMki vaha indriya aura AlaMbana para
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________________ bauddha tattvamImAMsA : hanayAna saMpradAya ke anulakSya meM hai| ata: ina tInoM nAmoM ke nirvacana meM bheda hai, lekina eka hI artha prajJAta karate haiN| indriya tathA indriya ke viSaya, ina donoM ke AghAta tathA pratighAta se 'citta' utpanna hotA hai / jisa samaya isa AghAta tathA pratighAta kA nAza hotA hai usI samaya 'citta' kA bhI nAza hotA hai / vaibhASika-mata meM 'citta' hI eka mukhya tattva hai / isI meM sabhI saMskAra rahate haiN| yahI 'citta' isa loka tathA paraloka meM AtA-jAtA rahatA hai / yaha hetu-pratyaya se utpanna hotA hai| ataeva isakI sattA svatantra nahIM hai / yaha pratikSaNa badalatA rahatA hai / vastutaH yaha eka hai, kintu upAdhiyoM ke kAraNa isake bhI aneka prabheda haiM / (3) caitasika - "citta' se ghaniSTha sambandha rakhanevAle mAnasika vyApAra ko caitasika - yA 'cittasaMprayukadharma' kahate haiM / isake chiyAlIsa prabheda haiN| (4) cittaviprayukta - jo dharma na to rUpa-dharmoM meM aura na citta ke dharmoM meM parigaNita ho, unheM 'cittaviprayukta dharma' kahate haiM / inakI saMkhyA caudaha hai / (5) nirvANa - abhidharmakoza meM ise 'sopadhizeSanirvANadhAtu' kI prApti kahA gayA hai| yaha jJAna kA AdhAra hai / yaha eka hai / sabhI bheda isameM vilIna ho jAte haiM / ataeva kahA gayA hai - 'nirvANaM zAntam / ' klezazUnyA .:. cittasantatirmuktiriti baibhASikAH / / ___ 'nirvANa' jIvana kI eka vaha sthiti hai jise arhat loga satya mArga ke anusaraNa se prApta karate haiM / yaha svatantra, sat aura nitya hai| .... yaha AkAza kI taraha ananta, aparimita tathA anirvacanIya hai| yaha bhAvarUpa hai| 'magga' ke anusaraNa karane se sAstravadharmoM kA nAza hone para isakI prApti hotI hai| sthaviravAdiyoM ne ise eka prakAra se asaMskRta dharma meM hI antarbhUta kara liyA sautrAntika saMpradAya : _ pUrva meM sautrAntika loga vaibhASikoM ke sAtha-sAtha sthaviravAda sampradAya ke antargata the, kintu dRSTikoNa ke bheda ke kAraNa pazcAt ye loga eka dUsare se pRthak ho gaye / kahA jAtA hai ki sautrAntikoM ko vizvAsa ho gayA ki buddha ke sAkSAt upadeza 'suttapiTaka' meM hai / ataeva ye loga suttapiTaka ke anugAmI ho gaye aura tadanukUla apanA nAma bhI rakha liyaa| 'abhidhammapiTaka' tathA 'vibhASA' meM ina logoM ko zraddhA nahIM rahI /
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________________ 34 bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma isa mata kA sAhitya bahuta hI alpa milatA hai| 'sarvasiddhAntasaMgraha' Adi anya graMthoM meM 'vAhyArtha kI anumeyatA' ke sambandha meM inake mata kA ullekha hai| usake AdhAra para nimnalikhita siddhAntoM kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai| tattvavicAra : sautrAntikoM kA kahanA hai ki nirvANa asaMskRta dharma nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki yaha magga ke dvArA utpanna hotA hai aura yaha asat hai, arthAt yaha klezoM kA abhAva svarUpa tathA kaSAyoM kA bhASAsvarUpa hai / dIpaka ke nirvANa ke samAna hI yaha bhI 'nirvANa' hai / isa avasthA meM dharmoM kA dhanyavAda rahatA hai / isa pada para pahuMca kara sAdhaka usa Azraya kI prApti karatA hai jisameM na koI kleza ho aura na koI navIna dharma kI prApti hI ho / yathA - agni kA nirvANa hai, tathA cetovimukti hai| agni kA nirvANa agni kA atyayamAtra hai / yaha dravya nahIM hai / lekina saMdarbha se mAluma hotA hai ki agni kA nirvANa agni kA abhAva nahIM hai| yaha nirupadhizeSa nirvANa hI nirdiSTa hai| inakA kahanA hai ki utpanna hone ke pUrva tathA vinAza hone ke pazcAt 'zabda' . kI sthiti nahIM pAtA isalie yaha anitya hai| ... svabhAvataH sattA ko rakhane vAle do vastuoM meM 'kArya-kAraNabhAva' ye loga nahIM mAnate / 'vartamAna' kAla ke atirikta 'bhUta' aura 'bhaviSyat kAla ko ye loga nahIM mAnate / ___ inakA kahanA hai ki dIpaka ke samAna 'jJAna' apane ko Apa hI prakAzita karatA hai / yaha apane prAmANya ke lie kisI anya kI apekSA nahIM rakhatA / ye 'svataHprAmANyavAdI' haiN| ____ inake mata meM 'paramANu' niravayava hote hai / ataeva inake ekatra saMghaTita hone para bhI ye paraspara saMyukta nahIM hote aura na inakA pariNAma hI bar3hatA hai, pratyuta inameM 'aNutva' hI rahatA hai| - sautrAntiko kA kahanA hai ki jo kucha hai, vaha hetu-pratyayajanita hai; arthAt vaha saMskRta, pratItyasamutpanna, hetu-prabhava hai / saMskRta saMskAra bhI hai| yaha anya saMskRtoM kA utpAda karatA hai / - hetu phala - paraMparA ke bAhara kucha bhI nahIM hai / yaha paraMparA pravRtti, saMsAra hai / nirvANa kevala kleza - janma kA abhAva hai| vaibhASikoM kI taraha ye 'pratisaMkhyAnirodha' tathA 'apratisaMkhyAnirodha' meM vizeSa antara.nahIM mAnate / inakA kahanA hai ki 'pratisaMkhyAnirodha' meM prajJA ke udaya
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________________ bauddha tattvamImAMsA : hInayAna saMpradAya ke anulakSya meM hone se bhaviSya meM usa sAdhaka ko koI bhI kleza nahIM hogA / klezoM kA nAza ho jAyegA / 'apratisaMkhyAnirodha' kA abhiprAya hai ki klezoM kA nAza hone para punaH duHkha kI Atyantika nivRtti ho jAyegI aura bhavacakra se vaha sAdhaka mukta ho jaayegaa| vaibhASika-mata meM jisa jagat kA indriyoM ke dvArA hameM anubhava hotA hai vaha usakI 'bAhyasattA' hai / isakA hameM pratyakSa aura kabhI-kabhI anumAna se bhI jJAna prAsa hotA hai| isa jagat kI sattA cittanirapekSa hai; sAtha hI sAtha hamAre andara citta tathA usakI santati kI bhI svatantra 'sattA' hai / arthAt jagat evaM cittasantati donoM kI sattA pRthak-pRthak svatantra rUpa se vaibhASika-mata meM mAnI jAtI hai| yaha sattA pratikSaNa meM badalatI rahatI hai, arthAt ye loga 'kSaNabhaMgavAda' kA svIkAra karate haiM / vastutaH 'kSaNabhaMgavAda' ko to sabhI boddha mAnate haiN| sautrAntiko kA kathana hai ki 'bAhya-sattA' to hai avazya, kintu isakA jJAna hameM jJAnendriyoM ke dvArA, arthAt pratyakSa pramANa ke dvArA, nahIM hotA / 'citta' meM svabhAvataH koI AkAra bauddha nahIM mAnate / yaha zuddha aura nirAkAra hai / kintu yaha 'citta' meM AkAroM kI utpatti tathA nAza hotA hI rahatA hai| ye 'AkAra' citta ke apane dharma to haiM nhiiN| ye haiM bAhya jagat kI vastuoM ke 'AkAra' / isa prakAra .citta ke AkAroM ke dvArA 'bAhya-sattA' kA jJAna hameM anumAna ke dvArA prApta hotA hai, yaha 'sautrAntikoM' kA mantavya hai / vaibhASiko kI taraha kSaNabhaMgavAda' ko ye bhI mAnate haiN| - sautrAntika-mata meM sattA kI sthiti bAhya se antarmukhI ho gyii| .. yogAcAra ke mata meM 'bAhya-sattA' kA sarvathA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| inake mata meM 'citta' meM ananta vijJAnoM kA udaya hotA rahatA hai| ye 'vijJAna' paraspara bhinna hote hue bhI saMkramaNa ke kAraNa eka dUsare se sambaddha haiM, parantu phira bhI sabhI svatantra haiM / ye 'vijJAna' svaprakAza haiM / inameM avidyA ke kAraNa jJAtA, jJAna tathA jJeya ke bheda kI kalpanA hama kara lete haiM / isa mata meM bAhya jagat kI sattA nahIM hai / ye loga kevala citta kI santati kI sattA ko mAnate haiM aura sabhI vastuoM ko jJAna ke rUpa kahate haiM / ina ke mata meM yaha vijJAna yA 'citta-santati' kSaNabhaMginI isa prakAra kramazaH bAhya jagat kI svatantra-sattA, pazcAt anumeya-sattA, tatpazcAt bAhya jagat kA nirAkaraNa aura sabhI vastu ko vijJAna-svarUpa mAnanA, isa prakAra kramika antarjagat kI tarapha tattva ke yathArtha anveSaNa meM bauddha loga lage the|
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma anta meM vijJAna kA bhI nirAkaraNa zUnyavAda - mata meM kiyA gayA / isa prakAra bAhya aura anta:sattA donoM kA zUnya meM vilayana kara diyA gayA / 'yaha zUnya eka prakAra se anirvacanIya hai / yaha sat aura asat donoM se vilakSaNa hai tathA sat aura asat donoM svarUpa zUnya ke garbha meM nirvANa ko prApta kiye hue haiN| yaha abhAvAtmaka nahIM hai evaM alakSaNa hai / 36 isa taraha bauddha saMpradAyoMne jagat ke svarUpa ke bAre meM gahana ciMtana kiyA hai, lekina gautama buddhane apane Apa kArya-kAraNa ke saMdarbha meM pratItyasamutpAda ke siddhAnta ko hI tattva kI dRSTi se pratipAdita kiyA hai aura hInayAna saMpradAya meM ise hI jyAdA mahattva diyA gayA hai / yahA~ kArya-kAraNa kI carcA ati sUkSma tarIke se huI hai, ata: pratItya samutpAda meM tathatA, vitathatA, ananyatA aura indriya- pratyatA kA varNana bhI haiN| kisI eka vastu kI utpatti ke liye, jitane pratyaya Avazyaka hai, usase na jyAdA aura na kama pratyaya hone se hI vastu kI utpatti hotI hai| use avitathA kahate haiM / kisI eka vastu kI pratyaya sAmagrI se dUsarI vastu kI saMbhava nahIM hai| jaise gehU~ kI pratyaya sAmagrI se cAvala prApta nahIM ho skte| yaha pratItya samutpAda kI ananyatA hai| aura kAraNasAmagrI aura unake kArya ke bIca isake hone se yaha hotA hai, aisA jo saMbaMdha hai, vaha isakI idaM pratyayatA hai| isase uparAMta pratItya samutpAda tInoM kAla, pAMca saMdhi aura aSTAMgika mArga ke ATha aMga ke sAtha bhI saMbaMdhita haiM 1 yaha siddhAnta hI bauddha tattvadarzana ke sArarahasyarUpa 1 saMdarbha graMtha 1. bhAratIya darzana - le. na. ki. devarAja 2. bauddha dharmadarzana - AcArya narendradeva 3. bauddhadarzana - ema. ke. bhaTTa 4. bhAratIya darzana - umeza mizra
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________________ vizuddhimagga : bauddha dharma kA vizvakoza AcArya buddhaghoSa viracita 'vizuddhimagga' - 'vizuddhi mArga' pAli sAhitya kA amUlya graMtharatna hai / bhAratIya dArzanika sAhitya meM bhI usakA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / bauddha dharma ke vividha siddhAMto ke bAre meM gahana cintana karake unakA suSTha DhaMga se vizada paricaya diyA hai| unhoMne vizuddhimagga meM gautama buddha ke upadeza vacanoM kI vizada rUpa se vyAkhyA kI hai / isa graMtha meM bauddha darzana kA itanA sAMgopAMga aura samagralakSI nidarzana huA hai ki use 'bauddha dharma kA vizvakoza' kahA jAtA hai| graMtha kartA: .. . jaise hama jAnate haiM vizuddhimagga ke racayitA AcArya buddhaghoSa hai| unake jIvana viSayaka jAnakArI cUlavaMsa, buddhaghosuppatti, gaMdhavaMsa, sAsanavaMsa aura saddhammasaMgaha se prApta hotI. hai / unakA janma brAhmaNa kuTuMba meM huA thA aura bAlyAvasthA se hI zilpa aura tInoM vedoM meM pAraMgata hokara aneka vidvAno se zAstrArtha karate rahate the| bauddha AcArya revata ke sAtha carcA meM parAjita hone ke bAda ve bauddha dharma meM pravajita hue| unakI AvAja tathAgata ke jaisI dhIra-gambhIra hone se unheM buddhaghoSa kahate the| unakA samaya I.sa. kI cauthI-pAcavI zatAbdI kA mAnA jAtA hai| - buddhaghoSa pAli sAhitya ke yugavidhAyaka hai / guru-AjJA se silona jA kara unhoMne siMhalI aTThakathA aura anya sAhitya kA pAli meM anuvAda kiyA / 'vizuddhimagga' ke uparAMta tripiTaka ke sabhI graMthoM ke viSaya meM unhoMne aTThakathA - arthakathAo kI racanA kii| isase yahA arthakathA-sAhitya kI paraMparA kA prAraMbha huaa| unake sAhitya meM buddha ke upadeza vacanoM kA gahana, sUkSma ciMtana se yukta, sadRSTAMta nirUpaNa huA hai| inake graMthoM meM buddhakAlIna samAja aura jIvana kA tathA apane yuga kA jIvaMta citraNa hai, ataH saMskRti ke abhyAsa kI dRSTi se bhI usakA nIz2I mahattva hai|
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________________ - 38 - bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma vizuddhimaggaH graMthaparicaya : vizuddhimagga ke kartA, jaise hama jAnate haiM - AcArya buddhaghoSa hai / aura usakA racanA samaya bhI buddhaghoSa ke samaya ke anurUpa - I.sa. kI cauthI-pA~cavI sadI ke AsapAsa hai| racanApaddhati aura viSaya vastu : vizuddhimagga meM mukhya tIna bhAga hai aura teIsa pariccheda hai / pahalA bhAga zIla skandha hai| isameM do pariccheda hai| isameM zIla, guNa, prakAra, prApti ke upAya aura zIla ke mahattva kA varNana kiyA hai / teraha dhutAGgokA yahA~ vizada nirUpaNa hai / dvitIya bhAga samAdhi skandha kahalAtA hai| isame ise 3 se 13.taphake pariccheda meM karmasthAnoM kI grahaNavidhi, pRthvIkasiNa, zeSakasiNa, azubha karmasthAna, chaha anusmRti, anusmRti karmasthAna, brahmavihAra, ArUpya, samAdhi, Rddhividhi tathA abhijJAo kA varNana hai| tIsarA bhAga prajJAsakaMdha hai / isameM 14 se 23 pariccheda taka kramazaH skaMdha, Ayatana, dhAtu, indriya-satya, pratItyasamutpAda, dRSTivizuddhi, kAMkSAvitaraNavizuddhi, mArgAmArgajJAnadarzanavizuddhi, pratipadA jJAnadarzanavizuddhi, jJAnadarzana vizuddhi tatA prajJAbhAvanA kA ati sUkSma rUpa se nidarzana kiyA hai| saMkSepa meM hama kaha sakate hai ki zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA vizuddhimagga kA varNya viSaya hai| citta ke rAga-dveSAdi samagra kaSAyoM kA nirasana aura zAMtipada nirvANa kI prApti kA upAya - buddhizAsana meM ina tIna zikSAyeM - zIla - samAdhi aura prajJA dvArA nirdezita kiyA gayA hai| 'vizuddhimagga' kI racanA ke saMdarbha meM yaha kathA pracalita hai / buddhaghoSa kI yogyatA kI parIkSA karane ke liye siMhala ke bauddha bhikSuone unako 'anto jaTAbahi jaTA..' gAthA ke bAremeM prazna pUchA ataH buddhaghoSane jo pratyuttara diyA, isake phalasvarUpa vizuddhimagga kI racanA huI - anyathA yaha bhI vidita hai ki vizuddhimagga saMyuttanikAya meM AyI do gAthAoM ke AdhAra para racita, bauddha yogazAstra kA svatantra maulika prakaraNa-grantha hai| ina donoM meM pahalI gAthA prazna ke rUpa meM tathA dUsarI gAthA kA hI AcArya ne visuddhimagga ke rUpa meM vistRta vyAkhyAna kiyA hai| pahalI gAthA hai
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________________ vizuddhimagga : bauddha dharma kA vizvakoza anto jaTA bahi jaTA jaTAya jaTitA pajA / taM taM gotama pucchAmi ko imaM vijaTaye jaTaM ? 'ti // eka bAra bhagavAn buddha zrAvastI meM vihAra kara rahe the, usa samaya kisI devatA ne AkAra bhagavAn se pUchA - andara bhI jaJjAla (ulajhana) hai, bAhara bhI jaJjAla hai, yaha sArA saMsAra jaJjAla se kaise chuTakArA pA sakatA hai ? arthAt yaha samagra saMsAra bhavabandhana meM jakar3A huA hai, kauna kisa upAya se isase mukta ho sakatA hai ? pratyuttara ke rUpa meM dUsarI gAthA hai - 39 sIle patiTThAya naro sapaJJa cittaM paJcaM ca bhAvayaM / AtApI nipako bhikkhu so imaM vijaTaye jaTaM ti // isake uttara meM bhagavAna kahate hai- zIla (sadAcAra) meM pratiSThita ho kara jo prajJAvAn puruSa jaba samAdhi aura prajJA kI bhAvanA karatA hai, taba vaha udyogI tathA jJAnavAn puruSa bhikSu (tyAgI) ho kara isa jaJjAla ( bhavabandhana) ko sulajhA letA hai / AcArya ne bhagavAn ke isa uttara ke sahAre samagra bauddha siddhAnta aura darzana ko eka nizcita uddezya meM grathita kara visuddhimagga kI avatAraNA kI hai| vaha nizcita uddezya hai - sAdhanA mArga ke uttarottara vikAsa kA spaSTatama nirdeza / dUsare zabdoM meM hama yoM bhI kaha sakate haiM ki visuddhimagga bauddhayoga ko eka atyanta kramabaddha paddhati se upasthita karane kA buddhimattApUrNa prayAsa hai / vizuddhimagga kI vizeSatA : yaha grantha pradhAnataH yogazAstra kA vizada vyAkhyAna hai, ataH isameM yogAbhyAsa .meM. pravRtta honevAle jijJAsu ke liye, prArambha se lekara siddhi taka kI samagra vidhiyA~ to kramabaddha paddhati se varNita kI hI gayI haiM, sAtha hI prasaGga - prasaGga para bauddhadarzana kI' anya vivecanAtmaka gaveSaNAe~ tathA brAhmaNadarzanoM kI vizeSataH vyAkaraNa, nyAya, sAMkhya, yoga, Ayurveda tathA mImAMsA zAstroM kI granthiyA~ bhI atIva sarala bhASA meM samajhA dI gayI haiM / ataH yadi vidvAn loga isa grantha ko 'bauddhadharma kA vizvakoSa ' kahate haiM to isameM koI atizayokti nahIM hai / yaha kahakara una vidvAnoM ne isa grantha kI tathA isake racayitA AcArya buddhaghoSa kI vAstavika prazaMsA kI hai / AcArya buddhaghoSa bhI apane isa visuddhimagga ko apanI sampUrNa racanAoM kA kendrabindu mAnate the, ataH ve apanI aTThakathAoM ke manana- cintana karane vAle pAThaka se yaha upekSA rakhate the ki vaha sarvaprathama 'visuddhimagga' pddh'e| isaliye unhoMne
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________________ 40 bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma . apanI Age kI aTThakathAoM ke prArambha meM hI bAra-bAra kahA hai - 'cAroM nikAyoM (dIgha, majjhima, saMyukta tathA aMguttara) ke madhya sthita yaha visuddhimagga una nikAyoM ke buddha sammata artha ko prakAzita karane meM sahAyaka hogaa|' . isase yaha spaSTa hI siddha hai ki AcArya ne pahale visuddhimAga kI racanA kI, bAda meM ukta cAroM nikAyoM kI aTTakathAoM kI / isIliye visuddhimagga meM jisa viSaya kA vistRta nirUpaNa kara diyA hai use punaH una aTThakathAoM meM nahIM duhraayaa.| AcArya buddhaghoSane sAdhakoM ke kalyANa ke liye hI yogazAstra ke mArgadarzana ke rUpa meM isa graMtha kI racanA kI hai / viSaya samajhane meM durbodha lagatA hai, lekina , zailI sUtrAtmaka aura bhASA sarala hai / bauddhadarzana ke siddhAntoM kA vizad paricaya prApta karane ke liye yaha graMtha aneka dRSTi se upayogI hai / saMdarbha graMtha 1. pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa - zrI bharatasiMha upAdhyAya 2. pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa - zrI rAhula sAMkRtyAyana 3. visuddhimaggo - saMpA. svAmI dvArikAdAsa zAstrI
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________________ gujarAtI sAhitya meM bauddhadarzana kA prabhAva tathAgata buddha kI karuNA, ahiMsA aura jagata ke duHkhoM ke zamanake liye kiye gaye mahAbhiniSkramaNase arvAcIna kavikI cetanA niHsaMzaya prabhAvita huA bInA nahi raha sakatI - aura jaba ki Aja vizva ke saba loga yaMtrasaMskRti kI yaMtraNA aura hiMsA-pratihiMsA kI Aga meM daumanasya kA niraMtara anubhava karate haiM / . arvAcIna gujarAtI kAvya-sAhitya meM gautama buddha viSayaka aura unakI vicAradhArA se prabhAvita aneka kAvya upalabdha haiM / zrI narasiMharAva diveTiyAne 'buddhacarita' kAvya meM gautama buddha kA jIvana nirupita kiyA hai| anya kAvyoM kI tulanA meM suMdaram ke buddhaviSayaka kAvya bhASA aura kAvyatattva kI dRSTi se saphala aura savizeSa ullekhanIya rahe haiM / 'buddhanA cakSu' kAvya meM unakA premapUrNa kAruNyasabhara vyaktitva tAdRzarUpa se pragaTa huA hai - bhale ugyAM vizve nayana namaNAM o prabhu taNAM, UgyAM ne khilyAM tyAM kiraNakaNI AcherI pragaTI, prabhA tyAM phelAI jagata para divyA muda taNI, hasI sRSTi hAse dala kamalanAM phulla baniyAM. bhagavAna buddha ke nayana isa vizva meM dhIre dhIre khula rahe haiM / netra meM se pragaTatI huI jyoti divya AnaMda kI anubhUti karatI hai / kavi unheM hRdaya se AvakAra dete haiM / unake Ane se sArI sRSTi prasanna ho UThI hai| . Age kavi kahate haiM ki aura sabhI avatAra meM prabhuneM adharma-nAza ke liye koI na koI zastra kA upayoga kiyA hai| jaise ki kodaNDa, parazu, cakra Adi - aMtataH nakha aura daMta kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai| lekina buddhAvatAra meM unake karuNApUrNa netra hI apane Apa zAMti sthApanAke liye paripUrNa aura avatAra ke hetu ko saphala
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________________ 42 karane meM svataH hI samartha rahe haiM / bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma. 'prabho janme janme kara dharI kaI zastra UtaryA, nakhAgre daMtAgre damana kariyuM zabda chalathI, sajyuM ke kodaNDa, grahI parazu cakre citta dharyu, tame A janme to nayanarasa leI avataryA. ' 'trimUrti' kAvya meM buddha ke jIvanadarzana kA aura lokasaMgrahArtha samarpita jIvana kA ahobhAva pUrNa nirUpaNa hai : dharI A janmethI praNayarasadIkSA, taDaphatuM . hatuM je saMtApe jagata dukhiyuM, klinna rahetuM laI gode bhAyuM hRdayarasanI hUMpha mahIMne vadyA 'zAMti' vhAlAM, rudana nahi buddhI duHkha taNI. prabodyA dhairye te virala sukhamaMtro, jaga nivAryuM hiMsAthI, kuTila vyavahAre saraLatA pracArI........ prabho tArA maMtro pragaTa banatA je yuge yuge, ahiMsA kero A prathama pragaTayo maMtra jagate / sammantIdha" - verase vera kA zamana kabhI nahi ho sakatA Aja jaba cAroM aura yuddha kA AtaMka chA gayA hai taba "nahi verena verAni "averena ca sammantI" averase hI verakA zamana hotA hai - yaha buddha kA upadeza sabako yathArtha anubhUta hone lagA hai / pratyeka yugane unake ahiMsA aura maitrIbhAvanA ke maMtrako yAda kiyA hai / mAnavajIvana ke duHkha ke nAza ke liye bhI unhoMne mArga batAyA tRSNA kA nAza aura mana kI zAMti ! - zrI suMdarajI beTAi ne 'siddhArthanuM svapna', 'zastrasaMnyAsa' Adi kAvya diye haiM / harizcaMdra bhaTTa ke kAvya - 'buddhanuM citra dorato ajaMtAno kalAkAra' meM buddha ke karuNAsabhara netra mUrtimaMta ho uThe 1 - zAkya rAjaputra siddhArtha se tathAgata buddha banakara unhoMne jagata ke kalyANa ke liye jIvana samarpita kiyA / kavi jazabhAI paTelane unake prema aura ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko 'bhagavAna buddha' kAvya meM nirupata kiyA hai| Aja bAra bAra jaba cAroM
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________________ gujarAtI sAhitya meM bauddhadarzana kA prabhAva 43 aura hiMsA ke dalabAdala ghire huo dikhAI par3ate haiM taba kavi bhagavAna buddha ko punarjanma ke liye aura ahiMsA ke maMtrakA punaH prabodhana karane ke liye prArthanA karake aMta meM kahate haiM - . raho sadA zAnti, na ko dI yuddha, siddhArtha he, he bhagavAna buddha ! unhIM ke aeka kAvya meM bhagavAna buddha aura oka kisAna ke bIca meM jo saMvAda huA thA- usI kathA kA Alekhana kiyA gayA hai| kisAna ko apane kArya kA paricaya bhagavAna buddha-kisAna kI hI bhASAmeM - isa taraha dete haiM- . * zraddhA taNAM bI, varasAda anA pare sadAcAra taNo thatAM to prajJAphaLo mAnasakSetre phUTe. kukarmalajjA haLadaMDa mAro je bAMdhiyo che manodorathI meM. smRti cAbuka mAro ne smRti che haLanuM phaLa, vizrAnni zAnti che mArI, satya o mukha nIMdaNa. utsAharUpI. baLado vaDe huM mAruM calAvU. haLa nitya prIte, nirvANa kerI dizA kheDato hu~, * kheDUta huM, kheDUta sarva rIte. - . buddha kahate haiM - "mere mAnasakSetrameM zraddhA ke bIja maiM botA hUM, usa para 'sadAcAra kI bAriza hone se prajJArUpI phala utpanna hote haiM / kukarmalajjA merA haLadaMDa hai, jise maiMne manodorase bAMdhA hai / smRti hI cAbUka hai aura smRti hI halakA phalA hai| vizrAnti zAnti hI mere liye vizrAnti hai aura satya nIMdaNa hai, arthAt satyarUpI anna maiM pAtA hUM / utsAharUpI bailoM se maiM haLa jotatA hUM / nirvANa kI dizA meM kheDatA hUM / maiM sarva prakAra se kheDUta - kheDUta hI huuN|" kavi nAthAlAla dave ne 'yazodharA' kAvya meM mAtA-pitA, patnI-putra aura rAjya kI sarva samRddhi ko cheDakara vizva ke kalyANArtha mahAbhiniSkramaNa karanevAle bhagavAna buddha ke hRdayatala meM bahatI huI mAnava prema kI akSata dhArA ko isa taraha tAdRza kI hai -
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________________ 44 bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma roke ane kyama parijano ? mAtanAM azrubiMdu ? haiye jene jagatabharanI vedanAno hutAza ? bAMdhe ne kyama tanaya ke patnIno snehapAza ? ratne rAjye vibhava mahI zeM anuM rokAya dhyAna vhAluM jene janahRdayanA rAjavI keruM sthAna ? hai jene punita pragaTayuM vizvakAruNyagAna ? yuddha ke AtaMka se trasta samAjameM zAMti kI punasthApanAke liye umAzaMkara joSI 'bAraNe bAraNe buddha' ke darzana ke liye utsuka banate haiM / to ati Adhunika samaya meM nija yuddha kI vRtti ke prati virala upekSA kA bhAvane yazavaMta trivedI ke kAvya meM abhivyakti pAI hai / Aja sAre vizva ke loga jaba raudra svArthameM nimagna hai taba zrI ramaNalAla desAIne tathA kathita ahiMsA aura vizvavyApI mAnavaprema kI ora isa taraha aMgulInirdeza kiyA hai - 'mAnavIne yuddha na zobhe-', 'jagatamAMthI vera, jhera, krodha ke khUna adRzya thavAM ja joIo, sarjanamAM saMhAra na hoya - ' tathA 'AkhuM jaMgata mitra bane-' .... ! 'kSitija' navalakathA meM 'sAre jagata ko bauddha dharma kA svIkAra karanA cAhiye- ausA spaSTa sUcana unhoMne kiyA hai; bauddha dharma kA mArga arthAt akameva ahiMsAmaya dharma, arthAt parama zAnti, nirvANa ke mArga para sahajabhAvase prayANa - ' ! bauddha dharma kI isa maMgalamayatA ko paricaya dene ke sAtha navalakathAkArane mahA samartha bauddha tAntrika vizvaghoSa ke Alekhana dvArA isa dharma kI avanatikI ora bhI IzArA kiyA hai / rASTravyApI ahiMsaka svAtaMtryalaData dvArA gAMdhIjIne sAre mAnavasamAja ko jAgRta kIyA / zAMti evaM, premabhAva kA mUlya sAhitya dvArA bhI samAja meM vyApaka hone lagA / zrI ramaNalAla desAIne 'pralaya' navalakathA meM yuddha kI bhayaMkara vinAzakatAkA tAdRza nirUpaNa kara ke yuddhavirAma kI anivAryatA prati nirdeza kiyaa| 'gramalakSmI' meM kathAnAyaka azvina prema aura vizvAsa se maherU jaise nimanA bahAravaTiyA kA hRdayaparivartana karatA hai / 'bharilo agni' navalakathAse kathA ke mukhya pAtra rudradatta kI oka hI AkAMkSA hai - "duniyAne zastrarahita karavI, athavA duniyAmAMthI cAlyA javuM" - unakA eka mitra hI una para golI calAtA hai / mRtyu unake sAmane A jAnI hai tava ve apane zastrAstra ke upayoga meM nipuNa sazakta yuvAna ziSya se kahate haiM- "dIkarA, paNa tera ke koI divasa hathiyAra na jhAlabuM" - 'avera ro hI varekA
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________________ gujarAtI sAhitya meM bauddhadarzana kA prabhAva zalana hotA hai- ' isa satya kA pratipAdana karatA huA / * bauddhamata anusAra pAramitA Atmazakti kI parama cetanA hai / yazavaMta trivedI kA kAvya - 'pAramitA' meM kalpana, purAkalpana aura pratIkoM kI saMkulatA hai / taba bhI parama artha prApta karane ke liye tatpara kavi hRdaya kA bhItarI bhAva bhI usa meM mukharita ho uThA hai, jisa meM bauddhadarzana kA spaSTa prabhAva hai / bodhivRkSa ke nIce sthita bhagavAna buddha ke tattvadarzana kA zUnyavAda aura kSaNikavAda kA ataH usake saMdarbha meM prati janma kI vAstavikatA kA marma "cInI rezamI pANInA parapoTAmAMthI nIkaLI" - arthAt saba taraha kI sAMpradAyikatA meM se mukta hone ke bAda hI hama pA sakate haiM / inakI kaI paMktiyA~ isa saMdarbha meM dhyAnArha haiM - * 'mAre koI duzmano nathI-' (avaira) 0 'je koI paNa mAnavIne tiraskAre, __ te AjathI kavitA na lakhe....' (maitrI aura karuNA) 'paNa rAghava aTaluM jojo ke . azvamegha yajJa kAle dhaDadhaDATacI tamArA azvonI kharIo have vAge nahiM A raMka dharatIne ke nakSatrone-' - (yajJa meM hiMsA kA pratibaMdha) unakI kavitA kA sthAyI bhAva karuNAmUlaka zAzvatI vedanA hai| zAstra ke zAsana se kitanA prabhAvita hai yaha kavi-isakA paricaya ina paMktiyoM milatI haiM - ... 'bodhi gayAnA vRkSanI ghera ghaTA laI lakSa lakSa yojana lagI phATa phATa vistarI jaiza tyAre-' ... bodhivRkSa kI DAlI le kara punaH lakSa lakSa yojana taka bauddha dharma kA pracAra karane kI mahad AkAMkSA yahAM vyakta kI hai| . ruMdradatta ke darzaka kI navalakathA dIpanirmANa meM mRtyu samaya kA yaha saMvAda baDA mArmika hai - tryaMbaka-rudradattakA ziSya unheM pratyuttara detA hai. ... mArA guru para... hAtha upADanArano saMhAra karIne... huM zastra vegaLu mUkI daiza...' 'jA ghelA, rudradattanuM tarpaNa vera laIne thAya ?'
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma 'tyAre zI rIte thAya ?' 'hAthamAMthI zastra tyajIne ane manamAMthI jhera tyajIne. a paNa le le, te mArA dehane agnidAha kare; o paNa lenAra koI na maLe to mArA dehane amano ama choDI dejo...' rudratta kA kahanA hai ki ahiMsA kA pUrNa rUpase pAlana karanevAlA hI unake deha kA agnidAha kara sakatA hai / bauddhadarzana ke saMdarbha meM bhI unake zabda mananIya manubhAI paMcoLI - 'darzaka' kI navalakathAoM jhera to pIdhAM che jANI jANI' ke bAre meM zrI DolararAya mAMkaDane batAyA hai ki bauddha dharma ke mahAyAna paMtha meM varNita cAra brahmavihAra - maitrI, karuNA, muditA aura upekSA kI bhAvanA ke AdhAra para hI yaha navalakathA kA racanAsaMvidhAna huA hai| vyakti aura samaSTi ke vikAsa ke liye ye cAra sopAna haiM / maitrI, karuNA aura muditA ke aneka dRSTAnta yahA~ milate haiM lekina upekSA kA yaha bhAva jo satyakAma ke zabdoM meM pragaTa huA hai, vaha baDA mArmika hai| zArIrika roga kA darda vaha saha nahIM pAtA hai aura nadI meM DUbane ke liye jA rahA hai taba vaha kahatA hai- "motanI najIka to hu~ avAranavAra gayo chu, paNa te divase te nirbhayatA hatI te tALe virala hatI. huM khALe koI bIjAne DUbato joI rahyo hato. temAM tALe jovAno AnaMda Avato hato-" vaha kisI aura ko DUbatA dekha rahA thA - apane prati saMpUrNa anAsakta ho gayA thA / upekSAvRtti kA yaha spaSTa dRSTAnta hai / bhagavAna vRddha ke jIvana aura vicAradhArA se prabhAvita rethanyu kahatA hai : "buddha ! ahoho ! zuM mahAprajJa puruSa ! vistIrNa mahAvRkSa ! amanI viralatA e che ke teo jagatano svIkAra paNa kare che ne asvIkAra paNa kare che ! huM dhAeM chu ke buddha e pahelA mahApuruSa che jemaNe duniyAnAM sukhono samULago nakAra karyo nathI. chatAM dunyavI sukhonI pAchaLa paDIne tene duHkhamAM palaTI nAkhavA sAme paNa temaNe cetavaNI ApI che.... madhyama mArganI vAta sAcI che... lokone saMpUrNa virodha paNa samajAya che ane saMpUrNa zaraNAgati paNa svIkArya bane che... paraMtu AMzika svIkAra ane AMzika asvIkAra temane samajAtAM nathI. gautama buddha ke madhyama mArga kA mahattva yahAM samajhAyA gayA hai| . gujarAtI sAhitya meM tathAgata buddha kI vicAradhArA kA prabhAva anyatra bhI dekha sakate haiM / yahA~ to katipaya dRSTAntoM dvArA bauddha darzana ke prabhAva kI thoDI sI jhalaka batAnekI koziza hI kI hai| .
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________________ . nArIvAdI AMdolana aura bhArata meM mahilAoM kI sthiti (buddha-gAMdhI ke vicAra ke saMdarbha meM) - nArIvAda kI koI esI paribhASA nahIM hai jo hara samaya aura hara sthAna para lAgU kI jA ske| nArIvAda kI paribhASA aura isakA rUpa samAja va samaya ke anusAra badalatA rahatA hai / isakA matalaba aura isakA rUpa samAja kI saMskRti, vahA~ kI Arthika, sAmAjika saccAiyoM va logoM kI samajha aura cetanA para nirbhara karatA hai / jisa prakAra pAnI usI bartana kA AkAra le letA hai, jisameM use DAlA jAtA hai, usI taraha nArIvAda bhI sthAnIya hAlAtoM aura muddoM ke anusAra khuda ko DhAla letA hai / isakA artha hai ki satrahavIM zatAbdI meM "nArIvAda" kA (jaba phaiminijma kA sarvaprathama prayoga kiyA gayA) .eka vizeSa artha thA to san 2000 meM isakA kucha bilkula hI bhinna artha hai| .. lekina phira bhI Aja ke samaya meM nArIvAda kI do paribhASAeM haiM jinheM do dakSiNa eziyAI stara kI kAryazAlAoM meM, baMgalAdeza, bhArata, nepAla, pAkistAna va zrIlaMkA kI auratoM ne mAnA / pahalI paribhASA haiM - "samAja meM, kAma ke sthAna aura 'parivAra meM honevAle striyoM ke damana va zoSaNa ke prati virodha kA bhAva tathA striyoM va puruSoM dvArA ina paristhitiyoM ko badalane kI dizA meM jAgarUka skriytaa|" dUsarI paribhASA, jo ki jyAdA sunizcita hai, ke anusAra - "pitRsattAtmaka niyaMtraNa va parivAra, kAma kI jagaha va samAja meM, bhautika va vaicArika stara para auratoM ke kAma, prajanana aura yaunikatA ke damana va zoSaNa ke prati jAgarUkatA, tathA striyoM va puruSoM kI ina maujudA paristhitiyoM ko badalane kI dizA meM sabhAna sakriyatA hI nArIvAda hai|"
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________________ 48 bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma nArIvAda kI mukhya dhArAeM haiM - udAravAdI nArIvAda (Liberal Feminism), ativAdI nArIvAda (Radical Feminism), mArksavAdI nArIvAda (Marxist Feminism), samAjavAdI nArIvAda (Socialist Feminism), paryAvaraNa se juDA nArIvAda (Eco Feminism), isake alAvA sAMskRtika nArIvAda (Cultural Feminism), islAmI nArIvAda (Islamic Feminism), va gAMdhIvAdI nArIvAda (Gandhian Feminism) bhI sunane ko milate hai / ye sabhI nArIvAda 'auratoM kI behatarI kI bAta karate haiM, sAtha hI yaha maujUdA sthiti kA vizleSaNa karake, usake kAraNoM ko samajhakara, use sudhArane ke lie vacanabaddha haiN| .. . ____ bhArata meM nArIvAda kA prabhAva pazcimI dezo kI dena mAnA jAtA haiM lekIna hamAre deza va samAja meM striyAM zoSaNa va damana kI zikAra haiM to phira isa zoSaNa va damana ke khilApha uThAI jAnevAlI AvAja ko hama kaise "pazcimI" yA "videzI" kaha kara nakAra yA dabA sakate haiM ? jahAM para aurata ko barAbarI kA darjA hAsila nahIM hai vahAM para nArIvAda ke bIja jarUra maujUda hoNge| maukA pAte hI ye bIja panapane lagate haiN| zabda ke rUpa meM nArIvAda cAhe videzI ho parantu prakriyA ke rUpa meM isakI dhAraNA videzI nahIM haiN| striyoM se sambandhita bahasa hamAre dezoM meM bahuta purAnI hai / udAharaNa ke lie IsA se uThI zatAbdI pUrva gautama buddha aura unake anuyAyiyoM ke bIca striyoM kA bhikSuNI banane yA na banane dene se sambandhita bahasa calI thii| buddha ne yaha kaha kara iMkAra kara diyA kI abhI saMgha meM auratoM ko zAmila karane kA vakta nahIM AyA hai / gautamI, buddha ke sAthI AnaMda ke pAsa gii| unase tarka kiyA ki jaba puruSoM ko dIkSA dI jA sakatI hai to auratoM ko kyoM nahIM ? AnaMda ke samajhAne para buddha ne apane variSTha bhikSuoM se vicAra-vimarza karane ke bAda auratoM ko dIkSA denA maMjUra kiyA, magara unheM puruSa bhikSuoM se nicalA darjA diyA gayA / Aja 2500 varSoM bAda bhI kucha dharmoM meM striyoM ko samAnAdhikAra nahIM haiM / isa hakIkata ke anusAra gautamI kA yaha saMgharSa eka sakriya nArIvAdI kadama thA jisase dharma meM auratoM ke darje meM buniyAdI badalAva AyA / taba se aba taka kAphI puruSoM aura striyoM (jaise - mIrA bAI, rAnI lakSmIbAI, rajiyA sultAna, rUkaiyA begama, rAjA rAmamohanarAya, sAvitrI phule va jyotibA phule) ne pitRsattAtmaka mApadaNDoM ko cunautI dI hai| hamArI rAya meM nArIvAda ko bAharI vicAradhArA kahanA hamArI ajJAnatA darzAtA hai aura hamArI usa saMskRti ko apamAnita karatA hai, jo sadiyoM se pitRsattAtmaka soca aura DhAMcoM
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________________ nArIvAdI AMdolana aura bhArata meM mahilAoM kI sthiti 49 ko cunautI detI rahI hai / lekina gautama buddha ke bAre meM yaha bAta bhI sahI hai ki samAja meM striyoM ke sammAnIya darajjA kA unhoMne svikAra kiyA / rAjA prasenajita ko putrI janma se khinna hote hue dekha kara unhoMne kahA thA ki 'he rAjA, putrI bhI zreya karanevAlI hotI hai, isa liye tuma putrI kA pAlana bhI putra kI taraha karo' aura 'striyoM hI puruSo kI sarvazreSTha mitra banatI hai / ' - (saMyukta nikAya) / Adhunika samayameM mahAtmA gAMdhIjIne strI svataMtratA aura samAnatA kI joradAra himAyata kI, alabatta jaivika saMracanA kI asamAnatA ke kAraNa unhoMne donoM ke alaga kAryakSetroM kA bhI svIkAra kiyA / unhoMne kahA kI striyoM ke liye yaha jarUrI nahi hai ki kaMdhe para baMdhUka rakhakara yuddhabhUmi meM jAye / strI puruSa donoM apane sthAna para zreSTha haiM, donoM meM spardhA kI AvazyakatA nahIM 1 rASTrIya AMdolana meM mahilAoM kI kAphI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA thI / rASTrIya AMdolana ke vibhinna caraNoM meM mahilAoM ne bhArI saMkhyA meM bhAga liyA, apanI AzAoM aura AkAMkSAo ke sAtha saMkhyAtmaka dRSTi se to use majabUta banAyA hI, ve AMdolana meM apane mudde aura masavide bhI sAtha lekara aaiiN| san 1920-22 meM jaba asahayoga AMdolana zurU huA to pahalI bAra mahilAeM bhArI saMkhyA meM AMdolana se juDI / muMbaI meM mahilAoM ne rASTrIya strI sabhA kA gaThana kiyA aura vaha pUrI taraha rASTrIya ekTIvijma ke prati samarpita thA / yaha pahalA mahilA saMgaThana thA jo binA puruSoM kI madada se calAyA jAtA thA / isake do uddezya theM- svarAja aura mahilAoM kA uddhAra evaM utthAna / isa avadhi meM anya mahilA saMgaThana bhI baneM- jaise dezasevikA saMgha, nArI saMtyAgraha samiti, mahilA rASTrIya saMgha, leDIja pekeTiMga borDa, strI svarAja saMgha aura svayaMsevikA saMgha Adi / hama rASTrIya AMdolana meM mahilAoM kI bhAgIdArI ko dekhate haiM to vaha unakI gharelU bhUmikA kA vistAramAtra hI dikhatI haiM / isa bhAgIdArI meM unheM rAjanItika kSetra meM puruSoM ke samAna koI cunAva yA svataMtra kArya karane kI guMjAIza nahIM thii| AMdolana meM unakI bhAgIdArI se na to unake gharelU jIvana yA pArivArika samIkaraNoM meM koI aMtara AyA, na unakI jIvana zailI meM koI parivartana AyA aura na hI unakI rAjanItika bhUmikA meM koI badalAva AyA / hiMdU koDa bila ke pAsa hone se hiMdU mahilAoM kI parivAra, vivAha tathA saMpati ke kSetra meM sthiti kucha behatara huii| hAlAMki zrama kAnUnoM meM bhI kucha sudhAra kie ge| lekina ye sabhI kAnUna bhI aparyApta the /
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________________ 50 . bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma . 1970 ke dazaka meM deza ke kaI bhAgoM meM mahilAoM ne zarAbakhorI ke khilApha laDAI cheDI, yaha muddA 80 aura 90 ke dazakoM meM bhI mahattvapUrNa rahA / hariyANA, AMdhra pradeza, tAmilanADu, uttara pradeza, himAcala, madhya pradeza aura mahArASTra meM yaha vizeSa rUpa se calA / mahilAoM kA kahanA thA kI isase parivAroM meM vittIya saMkaTa to baDhatA hI hai, gharelU hiMsA bhI behada baDhatI hai| mahArASTra ke dhUliyA jile meM mahilAoM ko samarthana milA eka vAmapaMthI saMsthA 'kAztakArI saMgaThana se, to uttarAkhaMDa meM netRtva meM thI gAMdhIvAdI vicAradhArA kI kucha mahilAeM / AMdhra pradeza meM AMdolana kI Aga 'saMpUrNa sAkSaratA abhiyAna' (1990) ke daurAna bhaDakI. / 1970 ke dazaka ke prAraMbha meM bar3hatI mahaMgAI ke khilApha AMdolana chiddaa| isameM sabase joradAra AvAja mahArASTra se uThI / isameM bhAga lene vAlI agraNI mahilAeM thIM samAjavAdI pArTI kI mRNAla gore, mArksavAdI. pArTI kI ahalyA rAMgekara tathA kaI aura rAjanItika pArTiyoM se juDI mahilAeM / yaha AMdolana gujarAta meM bhI joroM se calA, yahAM ise 'navanirmANa AMdolana kA nAma diyA gyaa| bhArI saMkhyA meM chAtroM aura gharelU mahilAoM ne isameM bhAga liyA / ekTIvisTa bhUkha haDatAla para baiThe / 1974 meM haidarAbAda meM eka nayA mahilA saMgaThana 'pragatizIla mahilA saMgaThana' banA / ise kucha kamyunisTa mahilAoM ne milakara banAyA thA / mahArASTra meM 1975 meM 'purogAmI mahilA saMgaThana' banA jisakI prAthamikatA dalita mahilAeM aura devadAsiyAM thIM / mahArASTra meM 'strI mukti saMgaThana' aura 'mahilA samatA sainika dala' bane jinhoMne dalita mahilAoM ke mudde uThAe / __ isa taraha bhArata meM svAyata. mahilA saMgaThanoM kI zurUAta huI / san 1970 aura 2000 ke bIca aneka svAyatta mahilA samUha evaM saMgaThana bane / kucha ullekhanIya saMgaThana haiM - muMbaI meM 'phorama agesTa repa', 'phorama agesTa aprezana opha vimena', dillI meM 'sahelI' : haidarAbAda meM 'asmitA', baMgalaura meM 'vimocanA' tAmilanADu meM 'penurammA iyAkkama', uttarapradeza meM mahilA maMca' / uttarAkhaMDa ke sudUrapUrva gAMvoM meM grAmINa mahilAoM ne eka paryAvaraNIya nArIvAdI AMdolana calAyA jo 'cipako' AMdolana ke nAma se prasiddha huA / ise sArI duniyA ne pahacAnA aura sarAhA / _ 'sevA' TreDa yUniyana gAMdhIvAdI vicAradhArA se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa alaga taraha se vikasita huA hai| gujarAta meM asaMgaThita zrama ke kSetra kI mahilAoM ko saMgaThita karane kA prayAsa inhoMne kiyA haiM / inase lagabhaga 50 vyAvasAyika samUha
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________________ nArIvAdI AMdolana aura bhArata meM mahilAoM kI sthiti jur3e hai| sabjI bejane vAlI, bojhA Dhone vAlI, bIDI kAmagAra, hastakalA udyogoM meM lagI mahilAeM Adi kI behatara Arthika aura sAmAjika sthitiyoM ke lie inhoMne prayAsa kiyA hai / tamAma choTe-moTe kAmoM meM lagI mahilAeM sevA se juddiiN| ... mahilA AMdolana ke prabhAvoM va dabAvoM ke kAraNa rASTrIya stara para mahilAoM ke vikAsa aura mahilAoM ke sazaktIkaraNa ke muddoM ko mukhyadhArA meM lAne kI koziza cala rahI hai| rASTrIya mahilA Ayoga kI sthApanA mahilAoM ke sAtha bhedabhAva dUra karane aura nyAya dilAne ke lie huI / gaira sarakArI saMgaThanoM ne apane sabhI kAryakramoM meM mahilAoM va liMga ke muddoM ke mahattva ko svIkAra kiyA hai| parantu kyA yaha saMgharSa Aja ke yuga meM bhI saMgata hai ? Akhira Aja striyoM ko aneka lokatAMtrika adhikAra mila cuke haiM - zikSA, rojagAra, matAdhikAra aadi| kyA aba bhI nArIvAda kI jarUrata hai ? __hAM yaha saca hai ki pichale do sau varSoM meM striyoM ne bahuta se kSetroM meM kAphI tarakkI kI haiN| kucha auratoM ke liye kucha sAmAjika bandhana bhI kama hue haiN| kaI kAnUna bhI badaleM haiN| hamAre saMvidhAna ne kAphi hada taka auratoM ko barAbara kA darjA diyA hai, parantu isa saba ke bAvajUda Aja bhI lagabhaga hara deza aura samAja meM striyoM ko na samAnAdhikAra haiM, na pUrI AjAdI / Aja bhI lagabhaga hara jagaha puruSa sattA kA hI bolabAlA hai / isake kucha udAharaNa dekheM / jyoM kI kArakhAnoM kA mazInIkaraNa aura AdhunikIkaraNa hotA hai striyoM ko naukarI se nikAla kara mazIneM yA puruSa unakI jagaha le lete haiM / isakA sabase kharAba udAharaNa hameM bhArata ke kapaDA udyoga meM dekhane ko milatA hai jahAM hajAroM aurateM kAma se haTA dI gaI / kRSi meM striyoM ne hamezA eka pramukha bhUmikA nibhAI hai lekina phira bhI Amataura para unheM kisAna bhI nahIM mAnA jAtA / kRSi vikAsa ke nAma para puruSa kisAnoM kA hI prazikSaNa huA, ke hI sarakArI samitiyoM ke sadasya bane, jamIna bhI unheM hI milI / aurateM kAma karane ko to raha gaI haiM lekina unake adhikAra, unakI AvAja kama se kama hotI - yaha bhI saca hai ki kArakhAne, kheta, bAgAna Adi meM ghaNToM mahenata karane ke atirikta striyoM ko gharelU kAma bhI karanA par3atA hai jaise khAnA pakAnA, saphAI karanA, pAnI-iMdhana lAnA, bacce pAlanA Adi / isa prakAra se striyAM jIvana bhara doharA kArya, doharA bojha aura doharI pAlI kA kAma jhelatI rahatI haiM arthAt ve savaitanika kAma ke (kAryazakti ke bhAga ke rUpa meM) bojha ke sAtha-sAtha avaitanika kAma (gharelU
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma kAma) kA bojha bhI uThAtI haiM / isI dohare bojha ke kAraNa unake liye behatara naukariyAM, behatara prazikSaNa hAsila karanA athavA vyAvasAyika sIDhI para dUsaroM se Age baDhanA kaThina ho jAtA hai| zikSA ke kama mauke milane kI vajaha se prAyaH kama tanakhvAha aura kama dakSatA vAle kAma hI striyoM ke hisse AteM haiM / isa saMba ke bAvajUda isakA koI pramANa nahIM hai ki striyAM puruSoM se kama utpAdana karatI haiN| kucha logoM kA to yaha mAnanA hai ki striyAM puruSoM se adhika kAma karatI haiM, kyoMki ve kAma lagana se karatI haiM, cAya aura sigareTabAjI kama karatI haiM, yUniyana Adi ke cakkara meM nahIM paDatI haiM... Adi / 52. isa prakAra ke vikAsa aura AdhunikIkaraNa ne striyoM para honevAlI hiMsA ko baDhAyA hai| gharoM meM striyoM kI mArapITa, balAtkAra, bahuoM ko jalAnA Adi Adi Aja pahale se jyAdA hue lagate haiM / isI kAraNa yaha Avazyaka ho jAtA hai ki jahAM kahIM vikAsa striyoM keM viruddha jA rahA hai, nArIvAdI use ora dhyAna dilAeM tathA behatara nItiyoM aura kAryakramoM kI mAMga kareM / deza meM aurata agara beAbaru nAzAda hai dila pe rakhakara hAtha kahie deza kyA AjAda hai ? "auratoM kI jindagI kokha ke andhere se kabra ke aMdhere kA saphara hai / " ( kamalA bhasIna ) - (amRtA prItama
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________________ dharma aura vijJAna kA samanvaya hamAre mahA maniSiyoMne dharma kI paribhASA dete hue use isa taraha ujAgara kiyA hai : 'dharmo jJeyaH sadAcAraH / ' sadAcAra ko hI dharma jAno / hamAre RSisamuniyoM, aura kRSNa - buddha - mahAvIra jaise mahAmAnavoMne AcAra kI eka sudRDha bhUmikAnaitika mUlyoM kI mahAmUlyavAna dharohara hamAre liye prastuta kI thI - jisa ke AdhAra se hamAre jIvana zAMtipUrNa, pragatizIla aura susaMvAdI bana ske| vicAra aura AcAra ye mAnavajIvana ke do pakSa haiM / AcAra jaba vicAra se samanvita hotA hai, taba jIvana meM viveka pragaTa hotA hai / vivekapUrNa AcAraNa meM hI mAnavajIvana kA zreya hai| ye mahAmAnavoM ne rAga, dveSa, vairabhAva, hiMsA, steya, kAmAcAra Adi kaSAyoM kA prahANa karane ke liye aura samatvayoga kI sAdhanA ke liye kaI AcAra viSayaka nIti-niyamoM kA upadeza diyA hai| isa se prerita hokara hama vrata karate haiM, tapa karate haiM;. upavAsa karate haiM, dAna bhI dete haiM lekina hameM mAlUma nahIM hai ki hama vAstava maiM ina saba AcAroM kA pAlana kyoM karate haiM ? isase hameM kyA milatA hai ? dharma kI vyApaka jIvana dRSTi ko hama nahIM samajha pAye lekina taba vijJAna kI sahAya hameM mila rahI hai aura vaha batAtA hai ki ahiMsA, Akrodha, brahmacarya, satya, aparigraha Adi se kaise hamArA zarIra taMdurasta rahatA hai, mana zAMta aura prasanna rahatA hai aura hama sukha kA anubhava karate haiM- jo hamAre jIvana kA eka lakSya hai / - dharmadarzana hI aucitya - anaucitya kA bodha karAtA hai aura zubhAzubha ke pratimAna ko bhI nizcita karatA hai| jainadarzana meM AcaraNa ko jIva kA lakSaNa aura karma ko saMsAra kA mUla mAnA hai / bhagavadgItA meM kahA hai ki jagata ke prANI kisI bhI kSaNa kriyA-karma se virata nahIM hote haiM / bauddha vicAradhArA ke anusAra to kriyA se bhinna kartA kA astitva hI nahIM hai / hamAre kAyika- vAcika-mAnasika, AcAroM athavA karmoM ko niyaMtrita karanA, aucitya ke mArga para Age baDhAnA yahI -
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma AcAradarzana kA - sadAcAra preraka dharma kA uddezya hai| dharmazAstra praNIta hamAre sAre AcAra kI nIMva hai zarIravijJAna, jIvavijJAna aura manovijJAna / hama dharma ke marma taka pahuMcane kI koziza kareMge to yaha jJAna hogA ki hamAre sAre naitika mUlyoM vaijJAnika satya se hI prakAzita haiN| bhAratIya RSi-maharSiyoM ke naitika upadezoM kI pavitra dharohara jise unhoMne apanI bauddhika pratibhA evaM satata sAdhanA ke anubhavoM se prApta kiyA thA, jo mAnavajAti ke liye cira saukhya evaM zAzvata zAMti kA saMdeza lekara avatarita huI thI, usakA hama sahI mUlyAMkana nahIM kara ske| saMpradAya aura dharma kA sahI svarUpa : . vijJAna ke vikAsa ke sAtha sAtha Aja vizva ke dezoM kA aMtara ghaTatAM jA . rahA hai / manuSya kI dRSTi bhI vyApaka hone lagI hai / Aja kisI bhI dharmAnuyAyI apane Apako hI sarvazreSTha mAnane kI bhUla nahIM kara sakegA, nahIM karanI cAhiye / alabatta vartamAna ke pariprekSya meM Aja dharma saMpradAyoM ke rUpa meM vibhAjita ho gayA hai aura manuSya manuSya ke bIca meM saMbaMdha joDane kI bajAya alagatA prasthApita kara rahA hai, anyonya meM zreSThatA kI spardhA, tiraskAra aura vairabhAva bar3hAtA hai / tathApi dharma kA tyAga karanA athavA vizva meM dharma mAtra kA astittva hI samApta kara denA - yaha na to saMbhavita hai, na icchanIya / dharmoM kA anyonya virodha karane ke bajAya, sAtha meM raha kara jo adharma hai, sarvathA ahitakArI hai usakA virodha aura tyAga karanA cAhie / dharma kA jo zubha tattva hai, AdhyAtmikatA ke prati Age bar3hAnevAlA tattva hai, pratyeka dharma meM aise jo sAmAnya aura svIkRta siddhAMta hai - jaise ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, aparigraha, brahmacarya Adi - usake AdhAra para mAnavadharma kA nirmANa karanA cAhie / Adhunika samaya meM mahAtmA gAMdhIjI, vinobAjI aura AcArya mahAprajJajI jaise mahAmanISiyoM ke jIvanadarzana dvArA eka nayA mAnavadharma nirmita ho rahA hai| saMnyAsa aura karmayoga donoM kA saMmilana isameM hotA hai / ahiMsA ke sAdhana se jIvana kI sarva samasyAoM kA nirAkaraNa zodhane kI preraNA isa yuga kI sarvotkRSTa dharmapreraNA hai| saMpradAya to parama tattva ko prApta karane ke aneka mArgoM meM se eka mArga hI hotA hai, dharma meM pUrNatA kA bhAva saMnihita hai / dharma aura vijJAna kA saMbaMdha : vinobAjIne vijJAna aura dharma donoM ke samanvaya kI AvazyakatA kA suMdara nirdezana kiyA hai| gahana aMhakAra meM prakAza karanA vijJAnaniSThA hai aura dveSa tathA vaimanasyapUrNa vyakti ke sAtha premapUrNa vyavahAra karanA dharmaniSThA hai| sarvadharma kA samanvaya
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________________ 55 dharma aura vijJAna kA samanvaya karake unhoMne dharma ke mukhya cAra caraNa batAye haiM - zraddhA, prema, satya aura tyAga / inase manuSya samatva-yoga kI ora Age bar3hatA hai| tRSNAoM aura rAgAtmaka saMbaMdhoM ke kAraNa prANI meM asaMkhya icchAoM, vAsanAoM, kAmanAoM evaM udvegoM kA janma hotA hai / indriyoM ke viSayoM se vazIbhUta ho kara inakI pUrti va tRpti ke lie sadaiva Akula aura duHkhI rahatA hai| yaha Asakti yA rAga na kevala use samatva ke svakendra se cyuta karatA hai, varana use bAhya padArthoM ke AkarSaNa kSetra meM khIMca kara usameM eka tanAva bhI utpanna karatA hai / isase cetanA do kendroM meM baMTa jAtI hai aura doharA saMgharSa utpanna ho jAtA hai / (1) cetanA ke AdarzAtmaka aura vAsanAtmaka pakSoM meM (ise manovijJAna meM 'iDa' aura 'supara igo' kA saMgharSa kahA hai) tathA (2) hamAre vAsanAtmaka pakSa kA usa bAhya pariveza ke sAtha, jisameM vaha apanI vAsanAoM kI pUrti cAhatA hai / isa vikendrIkaraNa aura tajjanita saMgharSa meM hamArI sAra zaktiyAM bikhara jAtI haiM, kuNThita ho jAtI haiM / naitika sAdhanA kA kArya isa saMgharSa ko miTAkara caitasika aura sAtha meM snAyavika jIvana meM bhI samatva sthApana karane kA aura Antarika uddIpakoM ke tanAva ko samAsa karane kA hai| ... dharma aura adhyAtma kA AdhAra kevala ciMtana nahIM hai, lekina anubhava hai| saMsAra ke prati jo rAga hai, usa rAga kA kSaya hotA hai, vi-rAga utpanna hotA hai isake bIca meM anubhUti kI zRMkhalA hai, vahA~ se dharmajijJAsA kA AraMbha hotA hai / dharma mana se pAra kA vijJAna hai / aura vijJAna bhI zAMta-sukhI-nirAmaya jIvana ke liye mana aura zarIra kI samatulA kA Agraha rakhatA hai| .. zAyada isa liye hamAre krAntadRSTA RSimuniyoM dvArA prerita bhAratIya sAdhanA kA kendrIya tattva samatvayoga hai / jaina, bauddha evaM gItA ke AcAradarzanoM meM samatva kI upalabdhi ke liye trividha sAdhanApatha kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / cetanA ke jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpapakSa ko samyak darzana, samyakjJAna aura samyak cAritra kA pratipAdana karatA hai, bauddhadarzana zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA kA tathA zrImad bhagavad gItA jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura bhaktiyoga kA mahattva pratipAdita karate haiN| hamAre nItamUlaka sadAcArajaise dhuti, mArdava, karuNA, kSamA... Adi kA eka hI lakSya hai mana kI zAMti aura zarIra kI - mana kI taMdurasta - prasanna avasthA / ... manuSya ke manameM rahe hue mamatva, IrSyA, krodha Adi kaSAyo, tRSNA-moha Adi bhI saba aniSToM ke mUla meM haiM / viSayabhoga kI vAsanA sAre saMgharSoM kI jananI
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________________ 56 bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma gItA meM zrIkRSNa kahate haiM : dhyAyato viSayAnpusahaH saMgasteSUpajAyate saMgAnsaJjAyate kAmaH kAmotkrodho'bhijAyate / . krodhAd bhavati saMmohaH saMmohAtsmRtivibhramaH / smRtibhraMzAbuddhinAzo, buddhinAzAtpraNazyati / isa taraha viSayo ke upabhoga ke prati rAga-taSNA yA moha vyakti kA sarvanAza kara sakatI hai aura vyakti para hI samAja nirbhara hai / sAmAjika jIvana meM vyakti kA ahaMkAra bhI nijI lekina mahattva kA sthAna rakhatA hai| zAsana kI icchA yA Adhipatya kI bhAvanA isake kendriya tattva haiN| isake kAraNa sAmAjika jIvana meM bhI viSamatA utpanna hotI hai| hamAre dharma saMsthApako ne vyakti ke saMdarbha meM sAmAjika zAMti-saMvAditA aura suvyavasthA ke bAre meM bhI socA hai| vastutaH manuSya na kevala AdhyAtmika sattA hai aura na kevala bhautika sattA hai| usameM zarIra ke rUpa meM bhautikatA hai aura cetanA ke rUpa meM AdhyAtmikatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki mAnavI cetanA ko do staroM para samAyojana karanA hotA hai - (1) caitasika (AdhyAtmika) aura (2) bhautika / lekina sAmAnya paristhiti meM ina donoM ke bIca saMgharSa jyAdA calatA hai| jaba Asakti, lobha yA rAga ke rUpa meM pakSa upasthita hotA hai to dveSa yA ghRNA ke rUpa meM pratipakSa bhI upasthita hotA hai| pakSa aura pratipakSa kI yaha AMtarika upasthiti saMgharSa kA kAraNa banatI hai| hamAre vyAvahArika jIvana kI viSamatAeM tIna hai : Asakti, Agraha aura adhikArabhAvanA / yahI vaiyaktika jIvana kI viSamatAeM sAmAjika jIvana meM vargavidveSa, zoSakavRtti aura dhArmika evaM rAjanaitika matAndhatA ko janma detI hai| pariNArUpa hiMsA, yuddha aura vargasaMgharSa panapate haiN| sArI viSamatAoM karma-janita hai aura karma rAga-dveSa janita hai| rAga-dveSa se rahita manovRtti hI AtmA kI sva-bhAva dazA hai - vahI samatvayoga hai| athavA zam arthAt krodhAdi kaSAyoM ko zamita (zAMta) karanA bhI samatvayoga hai / rAga-dveSa se yukta honA AtmA kI vi-bhAva dazA hai / samatvayoga rAga-dveSa ke dvaMdva se upara uThAkara AtmA ko svabhAvameM sthApita karatA hai| yaha AMtarika saMtulana hai| AMtarika saMtulana kI upasthiti meM bAhya jAgatika vikSobha vicalita nahIM kara sakate haiM / sAdhanA ke AcArapakSa kA zarIravijJAna aura manovijJAna ke sAtha aura sAmAjika vijJAna ke sAtha bhI - isa taraha atUTa saMbaMdha hai / zArIrika aura mAnasika yA bhautika aura caitasika stara para saMtulana sAdhanA aura tanAvamukta bananA - yaha
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________________ dharma aura vijJAna kA samanvaya 57 samatvayoga kA lakSya hai / Adhunika zarIrazAstra aura ArogyaviSayaka saMzodhanoMne bhI zarIra aura mana kI taMdurastI ke liye tanAvamukti evaM samatA kA mahattva svIkAra kiyA hai / blaDaprezara, madhuprameha, peTa ke darda, mAnasika bimAriyA Adi ke mUla meM yaha tanAva hI hai| hamAre dharmapraNetAoM zAyada ina zarIravijJAna - manovijJAna Adi ko bhI jAnate the| isa liye dharma aura vijJAna anyonya pUraka banakara yahA~ pragaTa hue / hamAre krAntadRSTA RSine kahA hai : 'manaH evaM manuSyANAM kAraNaM baMdhamokSayoH / ' mana hI sabameM pramukha hai| hama baMdha aura mokSa kI bAta bAda meM soceM, taba bhI zarIra-mana kI taMdurastI aura zAMti ke liye manakA niyaMtraNa anivArya hai| aura isa dRSTi se hI hamArI dhArmika AcAraparaMparA kA nidarzana huA hai / dharma aura zarIravijJAna tathA manovijJAna : ... AcArya mahAprajJajIne batAyA hai ki zarIra kA roga eka bar3I samasyA hai to mAnasika roga to isase bhI bar3I samasyA hai / krodha, ahaMkAra, mAyA, lobha - sArI bhAvanAtmaka bImArIyA haiM / hama ina sabase itane paricita ho gae haiM ki inheM bImArI hI nahIM samajhane / hakIkata meM krodha Adi kaSAya eka bImArI hI nahIM bImArIyoM ko paidA karanevAlI bImArI hai| Aja vijJAna bhI manokAyika bImArI ko svIkAra karatA hai| roga kevala zarIraM se nahIM, mana se bhI paidA hotA hai / mAnasika bImAriyoM se bhAvanAtmaka bImAriyA~ jyAdA ahitakAraka hai / Aja taka hama loga yahI samajhate the ki hiMsA, corI, mithyAcAra, krodha, ahaMkAra prerita vartana Adi se karma kA baMdhana hotA hai aura AtmA kA adhaHpatana hotA hai| lekina Aja vaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI yaha mAnA jAtA hai kiM kaSAyoM ke kAraNa svAsthya ko bar3A nukazAna hotA hai / mana meM dhRNA kA bhAva jAgatA hai aura AMtoM meM ale paDa jAte haiN| krodha irSyA, dveSabhAva, blaDaprezara, DAyAbITIsa aura hRdaya ke aneka rogoM ke nimitta. bana jAte haiN| isIseM mAnasika tanAva bhI bahuta bar3ha jAtA hai| Aja vijJAnane bhI svIkAra kiyA hai ki AdamI meM aneka prakAra ke tanAva rahate haiM aura zArIrika rogoM ke nimitta banate haiN| isa liye. tanAva kA visarjana hamAre liye bahuta mahattva kA hai| kaSAyoM ke kSaya se hI yaha ho sakatA hai / .. Aja mastiSka vidyA kA bahuta vikAsa huA hai / Aja taraMgoM ke dvArA mastiSka kI racanA kA abhyAsa hotA hai / isake dvArA mahattvapUrNa bAteM prakAza meM A rahI hai / mukhyataH cAra prakAra kI taraMge mAnI jAtI haiM - alphA, bITA, DeTA,
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma theTA / vyakti - cetanA ke stara inhIM ke AdhAra para jAne jA sakate haiM / alphA tanAva kA visarjana karanevAlI mAnasika kriyAoM se jur3I huI taraMga hai| sArI bITA bAhya cetanA se jur3I huI taraMga haiM ! sArI pravRttiyA ina vidyutIya taraMgoM ke AdhAra para hotI hai| vicAroM ko bhI eka bhautika padArtha mAnA gayA hai| hamAre vicAroM se katipaya paramANuoM prabhAvita hote haiM, phira ve avakAza meM phailAte haiM / vAtAvaraNa meM isa taraha paramANuM dvArA vicAra kA prabhAva utpanna hotA hai / lezyA kA siddhAnta bhI isI bAta kA samarthana karatA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki hamArI cetanA kA vikAsa prANazakti yA prANaUrjA se ho sakatA hai| lekima hamArI sArI prANazakti kA vyaya hararoja ke saMgharSa aura samasyAoM ko sulajhAne meM hI ho rahA hai / prANazakti ko bacAnA aura cetanA ke vikAsa meM usakA upayoga karanA bahuta jarUrI hai / dhyAna ke dvArA isa apavyaya ko rokA jA sakatA hai, bhAvanAtmaka saMtulana sAdhA jA sakatA hai| dhyAna ke dvArA kaSAya, vAsanAeM, uttejanAeM zAMta ho jAtI hai, yaha anubhavasiddha hakIkata hai / dhyAna eka mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi hai, isase Antarika rasAyanoM meM parivartana karake zarIra aura mana kI svasthatA - taMdurastI prApta ho sakatI hai| __ maharSi zrI araviMda batAte haiM ki bImArI eka Process hai, Event nahIM hai / AjakA maiDikala sAyansa 'sAyako someTika ilanesa' kI bAta karatA hai - jisameM zarIra aura mana kA gAr3ha saMbaMdha hotA hai / Somatic arthAt zarIra viSayaka aura Psycho arthAt mana viSayaka / hamArI bahuta sI bImArIyA PsychoSomatic hai| kevala bAhya davAoM se usakA upacAra nahIM ho sakegA / manakA bhI niyaMtraNa karanA hogaa| maiDikala sAyaMsane yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA hai ki jaba bhAvanAtmaka dRSTi se vyakti uttejita hotA hai - yA DisaoNrDara oNpha imozana - hotA hai taba bhAvanAtmaka asaMtulana se prANa UrjA, nADItaMtra aura graMthitaMtra bhI prabhAvita hote haiM aura zarIra kI sArI avyavasthAyeM eka sAtha Age bar3hatI haiM / hama prANazakti kI bhI upekSA nahIM kara sakate, sabakucha usa para hI nirbhara hai| yogasAdhanA kA upadeza yahI prANazakti aura zvAsa ke niyaMtraNa ke liye hI hai / zAyada isa dRSTi se hamArA dhArmika AcAra-vicAra aura yogazAstra kA vyApa vijJAna ke vyApa se vistRta hai| yogI zrI svAmI rAma kA mata hai ki Adhunika vijJAnane asAdhAraNa pragati kI hai, phira bhI Aja kA manuSya aneka nae nae rogoM
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________________ dharma aura vijJAna kA samanvaya se saMtrasta tathA Antarika rUpa se azAnta, asaMtulita aura avyavasthita rahatA hai| Adhunika cikitsAvijJAna manuSya ke paripUrNa svAsthya kI avadhAraNA ko samucita rUpa se vikasita nahIM kara pAyA hai| yaha zArIrika aura mAnasika pakSoM ke udghATana meM avazya saphala huA hai, lekina isane Atmika pakSa kI pUrNa upekSA kI hai| isake viparita bhAratIya yogavijJAna mAnava-vyaktitva ke tInoM AyAmoM - zArIrika, mAnasika aura Atmika - kA samanvaya aura samAhAra karatA hai / Asana aura prANAyAma kI upayogitA Aja vaijJAnika parIkSaNoM se bhI siddha huI hai| adhyAtma aura vijJAna ke samanvita dRSTikoNa kI AvazyakatA : vijJAna kI do mahattvapUrNa vizeSatAyeM haiM : prayoga aura parIkSaNa / hama dharmazAstra-prerita athavA dharmaguru dvArA kathita dhArmika AcAra kA pAlana (prayoga) to karate haiM lekina parIkSaNa karane kI Adata nahIM hai / hama dharma ko vaijJAnika dRSTi se dekheM ki vaha AMtarika aura bAhya jIvana meM saMtulana evaM zAMti kI sthApanA karane meM saphala huA hai yA nhiiN| AdhyAtmika AcAryoM ne AtmA aura AdhyAtma donoM ke astitva aura sArvabhauma niyamoM kA adhyayana kiyA hai| jaba vaijJAnikoM ne bhautika jagata kA adhyayana kiyA hai| adhyAtma kA kendriya tattva hai AtmA aura vijJAna kA kendriya tattva hai bhautika jagat / / :: sAmAjika dharma kI dRSTi se vijJAnane aNu-paramANu ke kSetra meM bahata mahattvapUrNa saMzodhana kiyaa| lekina manuSyoMne aura rASTroMne isakA upayoga apanI lobhavaira-vaimanasya aura dveSa kI ghRNita vRttiyoM kI - tRSNAoM kI tRpti ke liyA kiyA - phalasvarUpa vaira aura dveSa kI Agane jyAdA bhISaNa rUpa liyA hai / yadi ahiMsA Adi dhArmika nIti ke anusAra manuSyamAtra ke zubha-maMgala aura hita ke liye vaijJAnika sAdhanoM kA upayoga ho sake to vaha sabase zreSTha varadAnarUpa hai, anyathA mahAvinAzakArI abhizApa / AIMsTAInane kahA thA : 'adhyAtma ke binA vijJAna aura vijJAna ke binA adhyAtma kramazaH laMgaDA aura aMdhA hai|' ve mahAvijJAnI kA yaha kathana pUrNataH satya hai| vaijJAnika yuga meM suvidhA ke sAdhana bahuta vikasita hue haiM, sAtha meM aparAdha bar3e haiM, AtmahatyA, AtaMkavAda, mAdaka vastuoM ke sevana kI pravRtti aura tanAva - ye saba bar3he haiN| kyA yaha bhogavAdI dRSTikoNa kI niyati hai yA aura koI kAraNa hai ? isa paristhiti ne mAnavIya cintana ko kucha naye DhaMga se socane ke liye vivaza kiyA hai aura vaha cintana hI punaH muDakara dekhane kA bindu bana gayA hai / . .. rAga, dveSa, moha, lobha Adi kaSAyoM se vimukta cetanA AdhyAtmikatA kA
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________________ 60 bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma lakSya hai / lekina vijJAna kA phalita hai upabhoktAvAdI-rAgapreraka bhautika jIvana / vijJAna kI isa pravRtti se mAnavatA ke samakSa saMkaTapUrNa sthiti kA nirmANa huA hai| aNuzastroM kA nirmANa, vinAzaka zastroM kA vicArahIna ucchRkhala prayoga, paryAvaraNa kA pradUSaNa - ye saba samasyAe~ bhautikavAda aura vijJAna dvArA saMzodhita sAdhanoM ke aniyaMtrita upayoga kI vajaha se utpanna huI hai / yadi sAmAjika manuSya ke liye rAga Avazyaka hai to virAga bhI Avazyaka hai| rAga aura virAga kI, sukhopabhoga aura saMyamita jIvana kI sImA kA nirdhAraNa karane ke lie Avazyaka hai adhyAtma aura vijJAna kA samanvita dRSTikoNa / jaise AcArya mahAprajJajIne kahA hai ki Aja kA prabuddha vyakti naI dizA ke khoja meM hai| vaha naI dizA hai adhyAtma aura vijJAna kA samanvaya / samanvaya kA artha hai - satya kI khoja kA dRSTikoNa vaijJAnika rahe, kevala mAnakara hI nahIM caleM, vizvAsa ko prayoga kI bhUmikA kA virecana kara usake vizuddha rUpa ko prakaTa kiyA jAe / adhyAtma ke kSetra meM kAma karanevAle loga satya kI khoja para adhika bala deM, maitrI bhAvanA ko puSTa banAe rakheM | vijJAna ke kSetra meM, kAma karanevAle loga maitrIbhAvanA para adhika bala deM, satya kI khoja ko ahiMsA athavA maitrI bhAvanA se vicchinna na kreN| AvazyakatA hai ki vijJAna ke pariNAmoM para aMkuza rakhA jAe aura vaha aMkuza hai dharma yA adhyAtma / hamArA jIvana na kevala Atmika hai aura na kevala bhautika / vaha AtmA aura padArtha-bhUta donoM kA yoga hai / ataH hamAre vyavahArika jIvana meM adhyAtma aura vijJAna donoM kA yoga-saMyoga ho tabhI vaha sArthaka, caritArtha bana sakatA hai| saMdarbha graMtha 1. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAga-1,2, le. sAgaramala jaina / 2. Adhunika manovijJAna aura zrI araviMda, le. rohita mahetA 3. yoga aura samagra svAstha, le. yogIzrI svAmI rAma 4. ApaNA gharamAM, AcArya mahAprajJa 5. mahAprajJa darzana, DaoN. dayAnanda bhArgava AcArya mahAprajJajI ke lekha - dharma aura vijJAna - adhyAtma aura vijJAna - svAsthya : adhyAtma aura vijJAna ke saMdarbha meM. ur
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________________ jaina AcArasaMhitA aura paryAvaraNazuddhi paryAvaraNa kA pradUSaNa Aja kI vaizvika samasyA haiM / sAMprata samaya kI upabhoktAvAdI saMskRti meM prakRti ke tattvoM kA svacchaMda rUpa se upayoga ho rahA hai| manuSya apanI zrullaka vRttiyoM - vAsanAoM kI tRpti ke lie prAkRtika tattvoM kA manacAhe DhaMga se, upabhoga aura vinAza kara rahA hai| isase pRthvI, jala, vAyu, vanaspati, teja (agnitattva) meM eka prakAra kI riktatA aura vikRti bhI utpanna hotI jA rahI hai| vizAla pariprekSya meM paryAvaraNa samagra sajIva sRSTi aura mAnavajAti ke astitva kA prazna hai| Aja hameM cakAcauMdha karanevAle Arthika aura bhautika vikAsa ke mArgameM sabase bar3A praznArthacihna hai paryAvaraNa kA / vijJAnanakI zakti ke sahAre upabhoga kI amaryAdita sAmagrI utpanna hotI jA rahI hai| manuSya sukha hI sukha ke svapnoM meM * viharatA hai / lekina isa sAdhanasAmagrI ke amaryAdita aura asaMyata upabhogane hameM paryAvaraNa ke bahuta bar3e praznArtha cihna ke sAmane khar3e kara diye haiN| - vAyu aura jalapradUSaNa, ojhona vAyake starakA naSTa honA, pakSI aura prANiyoM kI kaI jAtiyoM kA aMta honA, ina sabake bAremeM gaMbhIratA se soca-vicAra kara nakkara rUpa se kArya karanA par3egA / paryAvaraNa kA prazna jIvanazailIkA prazna bana gayA hai| Arthika aura bhautika vikAsa ke kSetrameM manuSyane prakRtise na kevala sahAya lI hai, Avazyaka mAtrAmeM prakRti ke tattvoM kA upayoga karane ke bajAya usakA zoSaNa kiyA hai, jaise mahAtmA gAMdhIjIne batAyA hai ki manuSyane bhaviSya ke liye surakSita rakhanI cAhiye-jaisI kudaratI saMpattikA sukha-suvidhA ke liye vartamAna meM hI kharca kara diyA prakRti nAnAvidha svarUpa dvArA apane Apa ko abhivyakta karatI hai| gAMdhIjI ke dRSTi se prakRti jIvaMta hai aura jala, vAyu tathA AhAra kI AvazyakatAoM ko
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma pUrNa karanevAlA jIvanaprada srotarUpa haiM / mAnavajIvana aura saMskRti prakRti para nirbhara hamAre RSimuni krAnta-draSTA the| unhoMne prakRtike tattvoM ke sAtha samanvita rUpa se manuSya-jIvana kI eka Adarza vyavasthA kA Ayojana kIyA thA, jisameM anya prANiyoM ke jIvana kI surakSA bhI nihita thI / ahiMsaka aura maitrIpUrNa jIvanavyavahAra meM saba surakSita vikAsazIla aura pragati ke paMtha para Age bar3hate jA rahe the - prakRti kA bhI usameM sAtha sahakAra thA / jaina AcArasaMhitA kI dRSTi se paryAvaraNa kI samatulA kI samasyA AsAnI se hala kI jA sakatI hai| jaina AcAra meM nirdezita vrata kevala siddhAMta ke viSaya nahIM hai| usameM AcAra hI kA mahattva hai| paryAvaraNa kI dRSTise jainadarzana kA 1. ahiMsA, 2. aparigraha aura bhogopabhogaparimANa tathA 3. maitrIpUrNa jIvanavyavahAra ke AcAra viSayaka niyama jyAdA upoyagI siddha ho sakate haiN| jaina sAdhanAmeM dharma ke do rUpa mAne gaye haiM / eka zrutadharma aura dusarA cAritradharma / zrutadharma kA artha hai jIvAdi nava tattvoM ke svarUpa kA jJAna aura unameM zraddhA aura cAritradharmakA artha hai saMyama aura tapa / jaina sAdhu aura gRhastha zrAvaka donoM dharmoM kA pAlana karate haiM, taphAvata itanA hI hai ki sAdhuoM ise mahAvratAdi rupa se samagratayA usakA pAlana karate haiM, jaba zrAvaka aNuvratAdi rUpa se AMzika pramANa meM pAlana karate haiN| AcArAMga meM ahiMsA ke siddhAMta ko manovaijJAnika AdhAra para sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| usameM ahiMsA ko Ahata pravacana kA sAraM aura zuddha evaM zAzvata dharma batAyA gayA hai / sarvaprathama hameM yaha vicAra karanA hai ki ahiMsA ko hI dharma kyoM mAnA jAya ? sUtrakAra isakA bar3A manovaijJAnika uttara prastuta karatA hai; vaha kahatA hai ki sabhI prANiyoM meM jijIviSA pradhAna hai, punaH sabhI ko sukha anukUla aura duHkha pratikUla hai| ahiMsA kA adhiSThAna yahI manovaijJAnika satya hai| astitva aura sukha kI cAha prANIya svabhAva hai| ___ mahAvIra svAmIne kahA hai 'sabve sattA na haMtavvA' - kisI bhI prANI kA vadha nahi karanA cAhiye / sAdhu aura zrAvakoM ke AcAra ke adhikAMza niyama isa dRSTi se hI taya kIye gaye haiN| jaise ki vanaspati ke jIva aura usake AzritaM jIvoM kI hiMsA ke doSa meM se mukta rahane ke liye sAdhuoM ke liye to kaMdamUla, zAkasabjI jaise AhAra varNya mAnA gayA hai / gRhastha zrAvakoM ke liye parvadinoM para usakA
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________________ jaina AcArasaMhitA aura paryAvaraNazuddhi niSedha hai| ___ rAtribhojana sAmAnya taraha se anucita to hai hI taba bhI rAtri ke samaya sUryaprakAza nahi hone ke kAraNa vAtAvaraNa meM jIvajaMtukI utpatti-upadrava bar3ha jAte hai| (sUryaprakAza meM aisI zakti hai to vAtAvaraNa kA pradUSaNa aura kSudra jIvajaMtuoM kA nAza karatI hai|) ina jaMtuoM kI hiMsA ke bhayase rAtribhojana varNya mAnA gayA sAdhuoM ke liye varSAkI RtumeM eka hI jagaha nivAsa karane kA Adeza hai, tAki mArga meM calanese choTe jIva-jaMtu kucala na jAya / __ jainadarzanameM yaha ahiMsA aura sarva jIvoM prati AtmabhAva kA vizeSarUpase upadeza diyA gayA / vanaspati, bhI sajIva hone ke nAte jIva-jantuoM ke sAtha, usake prati bhI ahiMsaka AcAra-vicAra kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA / eka choTe se puSpa ko zAkhAse cUMTane ke liye niSedha thA - phira jaMgaloM kATane kI to bAta hI kahA~ ? jala meM bhI bahata choTe choTe jIva hote haiM - ataH jalakA upayoga bhI sAvadhAnIse aura anivArya hone para hI karane kA Adeza diyA gayA / rAtri ke samaya dIpa jalA kara kArya karanekA bhI vahA niSedha hai / dIpaka kI AsapAsa aneka choTe choTe jaMtu .: ur3ane lagate haiM aura unakA nAza hobA hai, ataH jIvahiMsA kI dRSTise dIpaka ke prakAzameM kArya karanA niMdanIya mAnA gayA / . jainadarzana kI AcArasaMhitA ke niSedhoM ke kAraNa svAbhAvika DhaMga se hI vanaspati, jala, agni Adi tattvoM kA upayoga maryAdita ho gyaa| . . . . ina AcAragata niyamoM ke kAraNa vanaspati aura jIva-jaMtu tathA anya prANiyoM kI rakSA hotI hai| ''. jaina darzana meM hiMsA ke cAra rUpa mAne gaye haiM - 1.. saMkalpanA (saMkalpI hiMsA) - saMkalpa yA vicArapUrvaka hiMsA karanA / yaha AkramaNAtmaka hiMsA hai| 2. , virodhajA - svayaM aura dUsare logoM ke jIvana evaM satvoM (adhikAroM) ke rakSaNa ke lie vivazatAvaza hiMsA karanA / yaha surakSAtmaka hiMsA 3. udyogajA - AjIvikA upArjana arthAt udyoga evaM vyavasAya ke nimitta honevAlI hiMsA / yaha upArjanAtmaka hiMsA hai|
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________________ 64 . bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma . 4. ArambhajA - jIvana-nirvAha ke nimitta hone vAlI hiMsA - jaise bhojana ___ kA pakAnA / yaha nirvAhAtmaka hiMsA hai| jahA~ taka udyogajA aura ArambhajA hiMsA kI bAta hai, eka gRhastha usase nahIM baca sakatA, kyoMki jaba taka zarIra kA moha hai, taba taka AjIvikA kA sarjana aura zArIrika AvazyakatA kI pUrti honA hI Avazyaka haiM / yadyapi isa stara para manuSya apane ko trasa prANiyoM kI hiMsA se bacA sakatA hai| jaina dharma meM udyogavyavasAya evaM bharaNa-poSaNa ke lie bhI trasa jIvoM kI hiMsA karane kA niSedha hai| cAhe vedoM meM 'pumAn pumAMsaM paripAtu vizvataH' (Rgveda - 6,65,14) ke rUpa meM eka dUsare kI surakSA kI bAta kahI gaI ho athavA 'mitrAsyAhaM cakSuSA sarvANi bhUtAni samIkSe' (yajurveda, 36, 18) ke rUpa meM sarvaprANiyoM ke prati mitra-bhAva kI kAmanA kI gaI ho kiMtu vedoM kI yaha ahiMsaka cetanA bhI mAnavajAti taka hI sImita rahI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, vedoM meM aneka aise prasaMga hai jinameM zatru-varga ke vinAza ke lie prArthanAe~ bhI kI gaI haiM / yajJoM meM pazubali svIkRta rahI / 'mA hiMsyAt sarvabhUtAni' kA udghoSa to huA, lekina vyAvahArika jIvana meM yaha mAnava-prANI se adhika upara nahIM uTha sakA / zramaNa paramparAeM isa dizA meM aura Age AyIM aura unhoMne ahiMsA kI vyAvahArikatA kA vikAsa samagra prANI-jagat taka karane kA prayAsa kiyA / kintu vAnaspatika aura sUkSma prANiyoM kI hiMsA ko bhI hiMsA mAnA jAne lagA thaa| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, manasA, vAcA, karmaNA aura kRta, kArita aura anumodita ke prakArabhedoM se navakoTika ahiMsA kA vicAra praviSTa huA, arthAt mana, vacana aura zarIra se hiMsA karanA nahIM, karavAnA nahIM aura karanevAle kA anumodana bhI nahIM karanA / upAsakadazAMga sUtrameM AnaMdAdi dhanADhya upAsakoM kaisI anAsaktise saMpattikA tyAga aura parimANa karate haiM unake suMdara anukaraNIya dRSTAMta milate haiN| gRhastha zrAvaka apanI upalabdha saMpatti ke upabhoga ke liye apane Apa niyaMtraNa rakhatA hai| . gRhastha jIvana meM kabhI kabhI hiMsA aparihArya IryApathika bhI ho jAtI hai| taba bhI saMyama aura icchAoM ke niyaMtraNa se usase virata ho sakate haiM / AjIvikA ke bAre meM paMdraha karmadAna ke aticAra batAye gaye haiM jo paryAvaraNa kI samatulAM ke lie bhI upayogI siddha hote haiM / upAsakadazAMga sUtra meM bhI usakA ullekha milatA
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________________ jaina AcArasaMhitA aura paryAvaraNazuddhi karmAdAna : 1. aMgAra karma - lakar3I se koyale banAkara becane kA vyavasAya, 2. vana karma - jaMgaloM ko Theke para lekara vRkSoM ko kATane kA vyavasAya, zakaTa karma - aneka prakAra ke gAr3I, gAr3e, moTara, Traka, relave ke injana Adi vAhana banAkara becanA, 4. 7. 15. bhATaka karma pazu tathA vAhana Adi kirAye para denA tathA bar3e bar3e makAna Adi banavAkara kirAye para denA, - sphoTakarma - suraMga Adi kA nirmANa karane kA vyavasAya, dantavANijya - hAthI dA~ta, pazuoM ke nakha, roma, sIMga, Adi kA vyApAra, lAkSA vANijya - lAkha kA vyApAra (lAkha aneka trasa jIvokI utpatti kA kAraNa hai, ata: isa vyavasAya meM ananta trasa jIvoM kA ghAta hotA hai), 8. 9. rasa vANijya - madirA, sirakA Adi nazIlI vastue~ banAnA aura becanA, viSa vANijya - viSa, viSailI vastue~, zastrAstra kA nirmANa aura vikraya, 10. keza vANijyaM bAla va bAla vAle prANIyoM kA vyApAra, N 11. N yantra-pIr3ana karma bar3e-bar3e yantroM - mazInoM ko calAne kA dhandhA, - 12. nirlAcchana karma - prANiyoM ke avayavoM ko chedane aura kATane kA kArya, 13. dAvAgnidAna karma - vanoM meM Aga lagAne kA dhandhA, 14. sarohyadatar3AgazoSaNatA karma sarovara, jhIla, tAlAba Adi ko sukhAne kA kArya, - 65 - - asatIjanapoSaNatA karma kulaTA striyoM-puruSoM kA poSaNa, hiMsaka prANiyoM (billI, kuttA Adi ) kA pAlana aura samAja virodhI tattvoM ko saMrakSaNa denA Adi kArya / Aja jaba hama paryAvaraNa ke saMdarbha meM jaMgaloM kA ujar3anA, khanIja saMpatti aura jala Adi kI riktatAke bAre meM socate haiM, taba AjIvikA ke ye paMdraha aticArakI mahattA hama samaja sakate haiN| una karmoM kA niSedha aneka taraha se paryAvaraNa
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________________ 66. bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma kI surakSAke lie upakAraka hai| . lakar3I Adi kATakara koyale Adi banAne se vanaspatikA bhI nAza hotA hai aura use jalane se vAyu bhI pradUSita hotA hai / pazuoM ko kirAye para denA yA becanA bhI adharmya mAnA gayA hai / yahA ahiMsA ke sAtha anukaMpA aura sahiSNutAkA bhAva bhI nihita hai| pazuoM ke dAMta, bAla, carma, haDDI, nakha, roma; sIMga aura kisI bhI avayavakA kATanA aura isase cIjavastuoMkA nirmANa karake vyApAra karanA niSiddha Aja hama hAthIdAMta aura anya prANIyoM ke carma, haDDI Adise sauMdarya prasAdhanoM ke nirmANa ke liye aniyaMtrita DhaMga se prANiyoMkI hatyA karate haiN| . vana-jaMgala Adi kevala vRkSakA samUha vanaspatikA udbhavasthAna hI nahIM hai, lekina pRthvI para ke aneka jIvoM ke janma, jIvana aura mRtyu ke paraspara avalaMbanarUpa ekama hai / vAstavika dRSTi se pRthvI ke sarva jIvoM ke vRkSa-vanaspati sahita paraspara avalaMbanarUpa, eka Ayojanabaddha vyavasthA manuSyane apane svArthavaza kudaratakI yaha parasparAvalaMbana kI prakriyA meM vikSepa DAlA hai.| niSNAta logoM kA mata hai ki pratyeka sajIva kA pRthvI ke saMcAlanameM apanA yogadAna hai| lekina Aja pRthvI para kA jaivika vaividhya kama hotA jA rahA hai / vana aura vanarAji - jIvajaMtu, pazupakSI AdikA bar3A AzrayasthAna hai / lekina jaMgalaM ke jaMgala hI jaba kATe jA rahe haiM, taba usameM rahanevAle pazu-pakSiyoMkI salAmatI kaise rahegI? sauMdarya prasAdhanoM ke utpAdana ke lie hAthI, vAgha, magara, sarpa Adi kI aneka saMkhyAmeM nirmama hatyA kI jAtI hai| kITakanAzaka davAoM se bhI asaMkhya jIva-jaMtuoM kA nAza hotA hai| vanasRSTi ke vinAza se upajAu jamIna bhI baMjara bana jAtI hai, raNapradezoM kA vistAra bar3hatA hai| jamIna ko khodane se usameM rahanevAle jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI hai isa liye suraMga Adi banAnA aura khanIja saMpattikA vyApAra karanekA bhI niSedha hai| isa niyamakA pAlana karanese jIvoM kI rakSAke sAtha khanIjasaMpattikA anAvazyaka upayoga bhI nahi hogA / madirA jaisI nazIlI vastu vyakti aura samaSTi kA ahita karatI hai / aura tAlAba sarovara AdikA jala sUkhAne ke liye jo niSedha kiyA gayA hai vaha jalakAya jIvoM kI virodhanAse mukta rakhatA hai sAthameM jala kI achata bhI mahasUsa nahI hogii| bar3e bar3e yaMtra calAnekA vyavasAya bhI AvakArya nahIM hai| Aja hama dekhate hai kI audyogikaraNa se hameM aneka prakArakI suvidhA upalabdha hotI hai, lekina isI ke
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________________ jaina AcArasaMhitA aura paryAvaraNazuddhi kAraNa zAyada, paryAvaraNa ko sabase bar3I hAni pahuMcI hai| kemikala udyoga aura kudaratI tela AdhArita - jise peTrokemikala saMkulana kahA jAtA hai, - aise udyogoMmeM pradUSaNa kI samasyA anivAryarUpa se hotI hai / jala, vAyu aura paryAvaraNIya pradUSaNako dUra rakhane ke lie audyogika ekamo Adi para sarakAra dvArA aMkuza rakhane kA AraMbha to huA hai, lekina jaba taka vaiyaktika rUpase icchAoM para aMkuza nahi hogA, ahiMsA aura aparigraha kA pAlana nahIM hogA, taba taka apanA prayojana siddha nahIM hogA / vyakti ke lie jIvananirvAha ke lie kitanI cIjeM Avazyaka hai, use kitanI. prApta ho sakatI hai, utpAdana prakriyA meM jIvasRSTi ke lie AdhArarupa haMvA, pAnI, jamIna aura vanaspatiko kitanI hAni hotI hai, usakA pariprekSaNa karanA cAhie / yaMtra-sAmagrI, vAhana-vyavahAra ke sAdhanoM ke aparimita upayoga se dhvani-pradUSaNa kI samasyA bhI hamAre sAmane huI hai| jainadarzana meM agnikAya aura agni ko sajIva mAnA gayA hai| AcArAMga niyuktikArake agni sajIva hone ke lakSaNarUpa se khadyotakA dRSTAMta diyA hai| khadyota (jUgana) apanI sajIva avasthAmeM hI prakAza de sakatA hai / mRtyu ke bAda vaha prakAzarahita ho jAtA hai / prakAzita honA, vaha usake caitanya kA lakSaNa hai / isa taraha agnikA uSNa sparza bhI unake sajIva hone kA lakSaNa hai| zrIdazavaikAlika sUtrameM 'dazapUrvadhara sUtrakAra. zrI zayyaMbhavasUrijI'ne batAyA hai ki kisI bhI sAdhusAdhvI ke lie agni, aMgAra, murmura, arci, jvAlA, zuddha agni, vidyuta, ulkA Adiko pradIpta karanA niSiddha hai / usameM ghI aura IMdhanakA utsiMcana nahIM karanA caahie| vAyuse jyAdA prajvalita karanekA prayAsa aura use bujhAnekA prayAsa bhI nahIM karanA caahie| ise karane se teukAyako virodhanA-hiMsA kA doSa hotA hai / Aja hama jaMgaloM ko kATakara koyale banAnekA vyavasAya karate haiM, jalameM utpanna vidyuta kA aura gaisakA aniyaMtrita upayoga ho rahA hai / isase vanaspati aura jala saMbaMdhita pradUSaNa ke sAtha sAtha vAyu kA pradUSaNa bhI bar3ha gayA hai| . isa samayameM vaijJAnikoM ne vikasita aura vikAsazIla dezoM dvArA AkAzameM bAra bAra upagrahoM rakhane ke bAre meM aura avakAza meM honevAle prayogoM ke prati gaharI cintA vyakta kI hai| upagrahoM aura avakAzI prayogoM dvArA spesa zaTala ke jyAdAtara upayogase, sUrya ke pArajAMbalI kiraNo (Ultraviolate), jo manuSya aura samagra * * prANIsRSTi ke lie hAnikAraka hai, use rokanevAlA ojhona vAyukA stara naSTa ho jAyegA aura sUrya ke pArajAMbalI kiraNa se sajIva sRSTi kA nAza hogA / sUryameM se mAno
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________________ 68 agnikI varSA hogI / munizrI naMdIghoSa vijayajIne apanI 'jainadarzana : vaijJAnika dRSTise' pustakameM (pR. 199) meM isa taraha likhA hai - bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma " jaina dRSTise nirdezita kAlavibhAjana ke anusAra chaThThA ArA varNana meM batAyA gayA hai ki usI samayameM agni kI varSA hogI, namaka Adi kSAroMkI varSA hogI, jo viSAkta hogI / usase pRthvImeM hAhAkAra hogA / isa taraha se pRthvI kA pralaya hogA / manuSya Adi loga dinameM vaitADhyaparvatakI guphAmeM raheMge aura rAtrike samaya hI bahAra nikaleMge / saba mAMsAhArI hoMge / ' Aja ke paryAvaraNavAdiyoMne ojhona vAyuke naSTa hote jAte starake bAre meM jo ciMtA vyakta kI hai, usIkA saMdarbha to yahA~ nahi mila rahA hai ? brahmAMDa kI kisI bhI kriyA usake apane niyamoM se viruddha kabhI nahIM: hotI hai / brahmAMDa kI saMracanA aura vibhinna kriyA-pratikriyA ke avalokana karane 1 ke bAda hI hamAre pUrvAcAryoMne sahI jIvana ke lie eka Adarza prastuta kiyA thA / prakRti ke sAtha mela-jola se jIvanayApana karanekI vyavasthA hI manuSya ke vartamAna aura bhAvi ke lie upayogI siddha ho sakatI hai / jainadarzanameM upadezita aparigraha, parigrahaparimANavrata athavA icchAparimANa vrata bhI mahattva kA hai / - 1 gRhastha sAdhaka ko apane rojabarojake jIvanameM upayogI cIjoM ke parigraha kI maryAdA nizcita karanI hotI hai jaise sAdhanA kI dRSTi se icchA kA parisImana ati Avazyaka hai / jaina vicAraNA meM gRhastha sAdhaka ko nauM prakAra ke parigraha kI maryAdA nizcita karanI hotI hai - 1. kSetra - kRSi bhUmi athavA anya khulA huA bhUmi bhAga, 2. vAstu - makAna Adi acala sampatti, 3. hiraNya - cAMdI athavA cAMdI kI mudrAe~, 4. svarNa - svarNa athavA svarNa mudrAe~, 5. dvipada - dAsa dAsI - naukara, karmacArI ityAdi, 6. catuSpada - pazudhana, 7. dhana cala sampatti, 8. anAjAdi 9. kupya ghara gRhasthI kA anya sAmAna / dhAnya - - - sAdhaka vaiyaktika rUpa se bhI apane jIvana kI dainika kriyAoM jaise AhAravihAra athavA bhogopabhoga kA parimANa bhI nizcita karatA hai| jaina paramparA isa saMdarbha meM atyAdhika satarka hai| vratI gRhastha snAna ke lie kitane jalakA upayoga karegA, kisa vastrase aMga poMchegA yaha bhI nizcita karanA hotA hai| dainika jIvana ke vyavahAra kI
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________________ jaina AcArasaMhitA aura paryAvaraNazuddhi upabhoga-paribhoga hI hareka prakAra kI cIjoM kI mAtrA aura prakAra nizcita kiye jAte ___isa taraha bAhya cIja-vastuoM ke saMyamita aura niyaMtrita upayoga se paryAvaraNa kA saMtulana ho sakatA hai| lekina yaha niyaMtraNa vyaktiko apane Apa siddha karanA hogA / isake lie use krodhAdi kaSAyoMse mukta honA par3egA / rAga, ahaMtA, krodha, garva Adi kaSAyoM para vijaya pAne ke bAda hI vyaktikI cetanA apane aura parAye se bhedase upara uTha jAtI hai| aura 'Ayatula pAyAsu' - anya meM bhI AtmabhAvakI anubhUti karatI hai| ahiMsaka AcaraNa ke lie manuSya ke manameM sarva ke prati maitrIbhAvanA, 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' kI bhAvanA sadA jAgRta honI cAhiye, anyathA usakA vyavahAra sva-arthako siddha karanevAlA hI. hogA, jo sAmAjika jIvanameM viSamatA utpanna kara sakatA hai| . . vyaktikI AMtarika vizuddhi hI prAkRtika aura sAmAjika jIvanameM saMvAditA kI sthApanA kara sakatI hai| yaha saMvAditA hI paryAvaraNa vizuddhikA paryAya bhI bana sakatI hai|
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________________ jaina aura bauddha dharma meM ahiMsA kA nirupaNaH .. tulanAtmaka dRSTi se ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA bIjarUpa meM sabhI dharmoMmeM pAyI jAtI hai / yajJayAga evaM pazubali ke samarthaka vaidika aura yahUdI dharmagraMthoM meM bhI ahiMsA ke svara mukharita hue haiM / lekina jaina aura bauddha dharma meM ahiMsA ke bAre meM vizeSa-sUkSma rUpa se vicAraNA huI hai / jaina dharma meM paMca mahAvratoM meM aura bauddha dharma meM paMcazIla ke rUpa meM ahiMsA ko sarva prathama sthAna diyA gayA hai| ahiMsA lakSaNo dharmastitiAlakSaNastathA / yasya kaSTe dhRti sti, nAhiMsA tatra sambhavet // dharma kA pAlana pahalA lakSaNa hai ahiMsA aura dUsarA lakSaNa hai titikSA / jo kaSTa meM dhairya nahIM rakha pAtA, usake liye ahiMsA kI sAdhanA sambhava nahIM / isase bhI Age bar3hakara ahiMsA ko hI paramo dharma - ahiMsA paramo dharma - kahA gayA hai| aura kahA gayA hai - savvAovi naIo kameNa jaha sAyarammi nivaDaMti / . taha bhagavAI ahiMsA savve dhammA sammilaMti // jaise saba nadIyA~ sAgara meM mila kara ekarUpa ho jAtI haiM, isa taraha saba dharma ahiMsA meM hI paryavasita hote haiM / ahiMsA kA svarUpa : ____ ahiMsA kA zabdArtha hai hiMsA kA niSedha / yaha usakA niSedharUpa hai / usake vidheyAtmaka rUpa meM prANIpAtra ke prati maitrIbhAva, rAga-dveSa-moha Adi kaSAyoM ke abhAva ko hama batA sakate haiM / vastutaH ahiMsA kA mUlAdhAraM jIvana ke prati sammAna,
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________________ jaina aura bauddha dharma meM ahiMsA kA nirupaNaH tulanAtmaka dRSTi se 71 samatvabhAvanA evaM advaitabhAvanA hai / samatvabhAva se sahAnubhUti tathA advaitabhAva se AtmIyatA utpanna hotI hai aura inhIM se ahiMsA kA vikAsa hotA hai| ahiMsA jIvana ke prati bhaya se nahIM jIvana ke prati sammAna ke bhAva se vikasita hotI hai| jaina aura bauddha dharma meM ahiMsA kA vyApaka rIta se paricaya diyA gayA hai / isase ahiMsA kA svarUpa bhalI-bhA~ti samajha sakate haiN| jaina dharmaparaMparA hiMsA kA do pakSoM se vicAra karatI hai| eka hiMsA kA bAhya pakSa hai, jise jaina pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM dravyahiMsA kahA gayA hai| dravyahiMsA sthUla evaM bAhya ghaTanA hai| yaha eka kriyA hai, jise prANAtipAta, prANavadha, prANahaNana, mAranA-tADanA Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai| bhAva-hiMsA kA vicAra hai, yaha mAnasika avasthA hai jo pramAdajanya hai| rAgAdi kaSAya kA abhAva ahiMsA hai aura unakA utpanna honA hI hiMsA hai| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra rAga, dveSa Adi kaSAyoM aura pramAdavaza kiyA jAnevAlA prANa-vadha hiMsA hai| __jaina-darzana meM isI AdhAra para sUkSma rUpa se hiMsA ke cAra rUpa mAne gaye in . 1. saMkalpanA (saMkalpika hiMsA - arthAt saMkalpa yA vicArapUrvaka hiMsA karanA / yaha. AkramaNAtmaka hiMsA hai / 2. . virodhajA hiMsA - svayaM aura dUsare logoM ke jIvana evaM sattvoM (adhikAroM) ke rakSaNa ke lie vivazatAvaza hiMsA karanA / yaha surakSAtmaka hiMsA hai| 3. udyogajA hiMsA - AjIvikA upArjana arthAta udyoga evaM vyavasAya ke nimitta honevAlI hiMsA / yaha upArjanAtmaka hiMsA hai| 4. . ArambhajA hiMsA - jIvananirvAha ke nimitta honevAlI hiMsA - jaise bhojana kA pakAnA / yaha nirvAhAtmaka hiMsA hai| jahA~ taka udyogajA aura AraMbhajA hiMsA kI bAta hai - eka gRhastha usase nahIM baca sakatA / kyoMkI jaba taka zarIra kA moha hai, taba taka AjIvikA kA arjana aura zArIrika AvazyakatA kI pUrti - donoM hI Avazyaka haiM / yadyapi isa .. stara para manuSya apane ko trasa prANi kI hiMsA se bacA sakate hai / jaina dharma meM udyoga-vyavahAra evaM bharaNa-poSaNa ke lie bhI trasa jIvoM kI hiMsA karane kA niSedha
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________________ 72 bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma prathama stara para hama Asakti, tRSNA Adi ke vazIbhUta ho kara kI jAnevAlI anAvazyaka AkramaNAtmaka hiMsA se baceM, phira dUsare stara para jIvanayApana evaM AjIvikopArjana ke nimitta honevAlI trasa hiMsA se virata hoN| tIsare stara para virodha ke ahiMsaka tarIke ko apanAkara pratyAkramaNAtmaka hiMsA se virata hoM / isa taraha jIvana ke lie Avazyaka jaisI hiMsA se bhI kramazaH upara UThate hue cauthe stara para zarIra aura parigraha kI Asakti kA parityAga kara sarvatobhAvana. pUrNa ahiMsA kI dizA meM Age bddh'e| __ jaina darzana meM ahiMsA aura sarva jIvoM prati AtmabhAvanA kA vizeSa rUpa. se upadeza diyA gayA / vanaspati bhI sajIva hone ke nAte jIva-jantuoM ke sAtha, usake prati bhI ahiMsaka AdhAra vicAra kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA / eka choTe se. puSpa ko zAkhA se cUMTane ke lie niSedha thA - phira jaMgaloM kATane kI bAta hI kahAM? jala meM bahuta choTe choTe jIva hote haiM - ataH jala kA upayoga bhI sAvadhAnI. se aura anivArya hone para hI karane kA Adeza diyA gayA / rAtri ke samaya dIpa jalAkara kArya karane kA bhI vahA~ niSedha hai| dIpaka kI AsapAsa aneka choTe choTe jIva-jaMtuM ur3ane lagate haiM aura usakA nAza hotA hai, ataH jIvahiMsA kI dRSTi se dIpaka ke prakAza meM kArya karanA niMdanIya mAnA gayA / jaina darzana kI AcArasaMhitA ke niSedhoM ke kAraNa svAbhAvika DhaMga se hI vanaspati, jala, agni, Adi tattvoM kA upayoga maryAdita ho, gayA / jisa se choTe choTe jIva-jaMtu aura prANiyoM kI aura vanaspati kI rakSA hotI hai tathA paryAvaraNa kI bhI surakSA hotI hai| paMdraha karmAdAna ke saMdarbha meM lakaDI Adi kATakara koyale Adi banAne se vanaspati kA bhI nAza hotA hai aura jalane se vAyu bhI pradUSita hotA hai| pazuoM ko kirAye para denA yA becanA bhI adharmya mAnA gayA hai / yahA~ ahiMsA meM anukaMpA aura sahiSNutA kA bhAva bhI nihita hai / pazuoM ke dAMta, bAla, carma, haDDI, nakha, roM, sIMga aura kisI bhI avayava kA kATanA aura isase cIja-vastuoM kA nirmANa karake vyApAra karanA niSiddha hai| bauddha dharma meM ahiMsA : gautama buddha ne bhI duHkhakSaya aura zAMti sthApanA ke liye ahiMsA kI AvazyakatA batAI hai|
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________________ 73 jaina aura bauddha dharma meM ahiMsA kA nirupaNaH tulanAtmaka dRSTi se sukhakAmAni bhUtAni, yo daNDena vihiMsati / attano sukhamesAno, pecca sA na labhate sukham // __(dhammapada - 10/2) apanI tapazcaryA ke saMdarbha meM ve kahate haiM ki koI choTe jIva-jaMtu kI hatyA na ho jAye - isake liye maiM sAvadhAna rahatA thA / sabhI prANI sukha cAhate haiM / jo apane sukha kI icchA se dUsare prANiyoM kI hiMsA karatA hai, use na yahA~ sukha milatA hai, na paraloka meM / / apratyakSa hiMsA ko bhI varNya mAnate haiM - jaise kahate haiM - 'mA voca pharusaM kiMci' kisI ko kaThora vacana mata kahoM - jisase vaha vyathita ho / mana-vacana aura kAyA se kisI kI ghAta na karane kA spaSTa upadeza unhoMne diyA hai| ... bauddha dharma meM jaina dharma kI taraha vyavahArapakSa meM ahiMsA kA spaSTa rUpa se nirdeza nahIM kiyA gayA hai taba bhI sukhopabhoga aura AjIvikA kI dRSTi se sarvatobhAvena hiMsA ko varNya mAnA hai| vRkSa meM bhI prANa hone kI bAta buddhane kahI hai| AjIvikA kI dRSTi se bhI prANiyoM ke nakha, data, carma - Adi se banAI gaI vastuoM kA vyApAra yahA~ niSiddha hai / nirvANa prApti ke lie rAga-dveSa-moharahita manaHsthiti aura ahiMsA kA mana-vacana-kAyA se paripAlana aparihArya mAnA gayA hai| donoM dharmoM ke sAhitya meM aisI aneka gAthAyeM milatI haiM, jinameM ahiMsA kA samAna rUpa se nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| jaise : saMdhi logassa jANittA Ayao bahiyA pAsa / tamhA Na haMtA Na vighAtae // (AcArAMga sUtra - 1,3,3,1) '' : yaha loka - yaha jIvana - dharmAnuSThAna kI apUrva sandhi-velA hai| ise jAna kara sAdhaka bAhyajagata ko anya AtmAoM ko - prANImAtra ko - AtmasadRzya - apane samAna samajhe / kisI kA hanana na kare / pIDotpAdana na kareM / isI taraha bhagavAna buddha kahate haiM - yathA ahaM tathA ete, yathA ete tathA ahaM / attAnaM upamaM katvA, na haneyya na ghAtaye // (suttanipAta - 3, 37, 27) jaisA maiM hUM, vaise hI ye anya prANI haiN| jaise ve anya prANI haiM vaisA hI maiM huuN| yoM socatA huA apane samAna mAnakara na unakI hatyA kare, na karavAe /
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________________ 74 jaM icchasi appaNato, jaM ca Na icchasi appaNato / taM icchA parassa vimA, ettiyegaM jiNasAsaNaM // (bRhatkalpabhASya 45-4) tuma apane liye jaisA cAhate ho, vaisA tuma auroM ke liye bhI cAho / apane liye jo nahIM cAhate, use auroM ke liye bhI mata cAho / AcArAMga meM batAyA hai - savvesiM jIvitaM payaM / ( AcArAMga aura bhI kahA gayA hai - bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma tathAgata ne bhI yahI kahA hai - savve jIvA vi icchaMti, jIvauM Na marijjiuM / tamhA pANivahaM ghoraM, niggaMthA vAjjayaMti NaM // ( dazavaikAlika - 6) - sabhI prANI jInA cAhate haiM, koI bhI maranA nahIM cAhatA / aMtaH nirgrantha ghora prANIvadha ko varjya mAnate I - 1-2-3-4) sabbe tassanti daNDassa, sabbasaM jIvitaM piyaM attAnaM upamaM katvA, na haneyya na ghAtaye // ( dhammapada - 10.2 ) daNDa se hiMsA se saba trasta hote haiN| sabako apanA jIvana priya lagatA - hai / auroM ko apane hI samAna samajhakara unakI hiMsA nahIM karanI cAhie / buddha aura mahAvIra ke samaya meM brAhmaNa zabda jJAtivAcaka bana gayA thA, usakI yathArtha vyAkhyA mahAvIra aura buddha ne bahuta samAna rUpa se dI | mAnava janma se nahi, karma se zreSTha hotA hai / janma se nahIM karma se brAhmaNa banatA hai / se zramaNa hotA hai aura ahiMsAdi vrata aura paMcazIloM ke pAlana se hI brAhmaNa banatA hai / jaise mahAvIra svAmIne kahA hai 1 samabhAva I tasapANe viyANettA, saMgaheNa ya thApare / jo na hiMsai tiviheNaM, taM vayaM bUmi mAhaNaM // buddhane dhammapada meM yahI bAta kahI haiM - jo trasta aura sthAvara jIvoM ko samyak prakAra se jAnakara usakI mana, vacana aura kAya se hiMsA nahIM karatA, use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiM / (uttarA. a. 25, gAthA- 23)
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________________ jaina aura bauddha dharma meM ahiMsA kA nirupaNaH tulanAtmaka dRSTi se 75 nidhAya daMDabhUtesu, tusesu thAvaresu ca / yo na hanti na ghAteti, tamahaM bUmi brAhmaNaM // (dhammapada - 26/23) trasa evaM sthAvara prANiyoM kI hiMsA se nivRtta hone kA jisa prakAra jainavAGmaya meM pratipAdana hai, vaise hI bauddha vAGmaya meM bhI hai| vahA~ na kevala bhAvasAmya hai, varana zabda sAmya bhI hai| isase ahiMsA kI vyApakatA aura mAhAtmya phalita hotA hai| ahiMsaka samAja kI sthApanA : .. hamAre vyaktigata jIvana meM kleSAdi bhAvarUpa vRttiyA~ aura vicAradhArAyeM haiM jinake kAraNa samAja meM hiMsA utpanna hotI hai| jaba taka manuSya ke mana meM ahaMkAra, rAga-dveSAdi raheMge taba taka ahiMsA kA pAlana aura zAMtipUrNa jIvana kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hai| hamAre vyAvahArika jIvana kI tIna prakAra kI viSamatAeM hai - (1) Asakati-rAga, (2) Agraha aura (3) adhikAra bhAvanA / yahI vaiyaktika jIvana kI viSamatAyeM sAmAjika jIvana meM varga-vidveSa, zoSakavRtti aura dhArmika evaM rAjanaitika matAndhatA ko janma detI hai / aura pariNAmasvarUpa hiMsA, yuddha aura varga saMgharSa hote rahate haiN| ina viSamatAoM ke kAraNa udbhUta saMgharSoM ko hama cAra vibhAga meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiN| . (1) vyakti kA AMtarika gharSaNa : jo Adarza aura vAsanA ke madhya hai, yaha - icchAoM kA saMgharSa hai / ise caitasika viSamatA kahA jAtA hai / . (2) vyakti aura vAtAvaraNa kA saMgharSa : vyakti apanI zArIrika AvazyakatAoM . aura anya icchAoM kI pUrti bAhya jagata meM karatA hai / ananta icchA .. aura pUrti ke sImita sAdhana isa saMgharSa ko janma dete haiM / yaha Arthika saMgharSa athavA manobhautika saMgharSa hai / (3) vyakti aura samAja kA saMgharSa : vyakti apane ahaMkAra kI tRSTi samAja . meM hI karatA hai| usa ahaMkAra ko poSaNa dene ke liye aneka mithyA vizvAsoM kA samAja meM sRjana karatA hai| yahIM vaicArika saMgharSa kA janma hotA hai| UMca-nIca kA bhAva, dhArmika matAndhatA aura vibhinna vAda usI ke pariNAma hai|
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________________ 76 bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma (4) samAja aura samAja kA saMgharSa : jaba vyakti sAmAnya hitoM aura sAmAnya vizvAsoM ke AdhAra para samUha yA jUtha banAtA hai to sAmAjika saMgharSoM kA udaya hotA hai / isakA AdhAra Arthika aura vaicArika donoM hI ho sakatA hai| ye viSamatAyeM dUra karane ke liye hameM rAga-dveSAdi kaSAyoM ko bhI kSINa karanA hogA / isa kaSAyoM ke hI kAraNa vyakti aura samaSTi kA jIvana azAMtimaya banatA hai / jaise - mamatvaM rAgasambhUtaM, vastumAtreSu yadi bhavet / sAhiMsADaktireSeva, jIvoDaso badhyateDanayA / vastu mAtra ke prati rAga se jo mamatva utpanna hotA hai, vaha hiMsA hai aura vahI Asakti hai / usIse yaha Atma Abaddha hotA hai / isake sAtha manuSya ke manameM rahe hue mamatva, IrSyA, krodha Adi kaSAyoM, : tRSNA-moha Adi bhI saba aniSToM ke mUla meM haiN| viSayabhoMga kI vAsanA sAre saMgharSoM kI jananI haiN| pratizodha kI jo bhAvanA hai, vaira se vaira kA badalA lene kI jo vRtti hai, isase kitanA AtaMka phailatA hai, isakA hama khuda Aja anubhava kara rahe haiM / ahaMkAra aura svArthavaza sAmrAjyavAdI dezoM kA yuddha kA jo mAhola. Aja hama dekhate haiM, vaha atyaMta AghAtapreraka hai / hama TI.vI. meM dekhate haiM kitane mAsuma baccoM apane mAtApitA ke sAtha apanA pyArA vatana aura bacapana chor3akara kahIM anajAna sthaloM para jA rahe haiM - kitanA AtaMka hai unake manameM, ve bar3e hokara kyA baneMge? AtaMkavAdI hI to bneNge| aura yuddha se prApta honevAlA vijaya, jaise yudhiSThira kurakSetra ke yuddha meM vijaya pAne ke bAda zrIkRSNa se kahate haiM - jayoDayam ajayakAro kezavaM pratibhAti me / he kezava ! yaha vijaya mujhe parAjaya se jyAdA duHkhadAyaka lagatA hai| kaliMga ke yuddha kI vibhiSikA ke kAraNa azoka ke hRdaya ne vijaya ke AnaMda ke atirikta dAruNa vedanA kA hI anubhava kIyA thaa| hirozImA aura nAgAsAkI kI ghaTanA hamAre sAmane haiM / aisi vijaya hiMsA kI paraMparA ko janma dete haiN| aura amarikA ke varlDa TreDa senTara se jo khUna bahAyA gayA - kahA~ taka bahatA rahegA... mAlUma nahIM /
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________________ jaina aura bauddha dharma meM ahiMsA kA nirupaNaH tulanAtmaka dRSTi se hiMsA ke bajAya ahiMsA se bhI nyAya prApta ho sakatA hai / hameM bAra bAra kahA gayA hai ki prema-samabhAva - sahiSNutA - saba se jyAdA zaktizAlI sAdhana hai jisase satya vijayI siddha hotA hai| mahAvIra svAmIne caMDakozika nAga ko aura buddhane zAMta sadbhAva se aMgulimAla ko vaza kiyA thA, jise rAjA prasenajita bar3e se bar3e sainya kI sahAya se bhI vaza nahIM kara sakA thA / Aja ke samaya meM gAMdhIjI ke satyAgraha tathA vinobAjI aura ravizaMkara mahArAja ke dRSTAMta hamAre sAmane haiM, jinhoMne ahiMsA kI zakti se nyAya pAyA thA / aura 'dUritoM' para bhI vijaya pAyA thA / alabatta yaha anivArya hai ki ahiMsA ke zastra se lar3anevAle vyakti ko apane Apa saMpUrNarUpa se ahiMsA aura premabhAva se otaprota honA caahie| lekina ahiMsA kAyaroM kA zastra nahIM hai / mahAbhArata zAMtiparva (140 - 67) meM kahA haiM - 77 nA'sAdhyaM mRdunA kiMcit tasmAt tIkSNataro mRduH // - mRdu - premayukta upAyase kucha bhI asAdhya nahIM hai ataH mRdu sabase adhika kSINa - dhAradAra mAnA gayA hai / isa liye gAMdhIjIne kahA ki ahiMsA kAyaroM kA zastra nahIM haiM nirbala kA zastra nahIM hai / ahiMsA AdhyAtma kI sarvocca bhUmikA hai usIke AdhAra se vyakti aura samaSTi ke jIvana meM zAMti aura saMvAditA susthApita ho sakatI hai / ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA bIjarUpa se sarva dharmoM meM pAyI jAtI hai / ahiMsA kA mUlAdhAra jIvana ke prati sammAna, samatvabhAvanA evaM advaitabhAvanA hai / samatvabhAva se sahAnubhUti tathA advaitabhAva se AtmIyatA utpanna hotI hai aura inhIM se zAMtimaya sahaastitva saMbhava banegA |
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________________ bhagavAna mahAvIra aura samAjavAda bhagavAna mahAvIrane AyAtule pAyAsu - sabako Atmavat-mAnane kA upadeza de kara mAno Aja hama jise samAjavAda-sAmyavAda.yA to samAnatAvAda kahate haiM - unake mUlabhUta prayojanakA hI udbodhana kiyA thaa| svataH siddha samAjavAda : - sAmAjika viSamatAke nirAkaraNa ke hetuse arthapradhAna dRSTise prerita samAjavAdakA AdhAra bhautika hai / isake anusAra Arthika kriyAyeM hI samagra mAnavIya cintana aura pragati ke kendra meM hai / samAnarUpase saMpattikA vitaraNa karane se, aura kAyadA-kAnUna dvArA use dRDhIbhUta karane se zoSaNavihIna samAjakI racanA karanekA usakA dhyeya hai| samAja meM bAhya rItise samAnatA sthApita karane kI yaha koziza samAja se vyakti kI aura jAtI hai| jaba kI Atmavat sarvabhUteSu-kI bhAvanA caritArtha karanekA bhagavAna mahAvIra kA upadeza tapa aura saMyamapAlana kA mahattva samajhAkara vyakti kI aMtarcetanAko vyApaka aura vizuddha banAtA hai / rAjakIya sAdhanoM se damana dvArA nahi lekina vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa dvArA sahajarupase siddha honevAlI samAnatA ke ve AgrahI the| sAmAjika samAnatA aura nyAya unake AcAradarzana kA svAbhAvika pariNAma hai| yahA~ saMyamI aura maitrIbhAvanA se yukta vyakti samAjavAdake hetuko anAyAsa hI siddha karatA hai| vaha kabhI zoSaNa, utpIr3ana yA krUratAyukta AcaraNa nahIM karegA ki jisase samAja meM viSamatA kA vAtAvaraNa utpanna ho / samAjavAda aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezameM mAnavamAtra kI samAnatAmeM AsthA, lobha aura saMgrahavRtti kA virodha aura isake dvArA zoSaNavihIna samAjavyavasthA kI sthApanA ke bAre meM aneka rUpase vicArasAmya hai lekina unakI nIti-rItimeM kAphI taphAvata hai| ahiMsA, aparigraha aura bhogopabhoga parimANavrata dvArA samAjavAda
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________________ bhAvAna mahAvIra aura samAjavAda ke siddhAMta svataH sArthaka hote haiM / vyaktigata aura sAmAjika jIvanameM saMgharSa aura rAga-dveSAdi kaSAyoM : hamAre vyaktigata jIvana meM kleSAdi bhAvarupa vRttiyA~ aura vicAradhArAyeM haiM jinake kAraNa vyakti ke aMgata aura sAmAjika jIvana meM azAMti aura viSamatA utpanna hotI hai| manuSya ke manameM rahe hue mamatva, IrSyA, krodha Adi saba aniSToM ke mUlameM hai| viSayabhoga kI vAsanA sAre saMgharSoM kI jananI hai| viSayoM ke upabhoga ke prati rAga-tRSNA yA moha vyakti kA sarvanAza kara sakatI hai| aura vyakti para hI samAja nirbhara hai| __isa taraha samAjika jIvana meM visaMvAditA utpanna karanevAlI cAra mUlabhUta asada vRttiyA~ haiM - 1. saMgraha (lobha), 2. Aveza (kro), 3. garva (abhimAna) aura 4. mAyA (chipAnA) / ye cAroM alaga alaga rUpameM sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA, saMgharSa evaM azAntike kAraNa banate haiM / 1. saMgraha ke manovRtti ke kAraNa zoSaNa, aprAmANikatA, svArthapUrNa vyavahAra, krUra vyavahAra, vizvAsaghAta Adi bar3hate haiM / 2. Aveza kI manovRtti ke kAraNa saMgharSa aura yuddha kA janma hotA hai| 3. garva - abhimAna se mAlikIkI bhAvanA jAgRta hotI hai aura damana bar3hatA hai| isa prakAra kaSAyoM - asavRttioM ke kAraNa sAmAjika jIvana dUSita hotA hai / sAmAjika viSamatAoM 'ko miTAne ke liye naitika sadguNoM kA vikAsa anivArya hai| sAmAjika jIvana meM vyakti kA ahaMkAra bhI nijI lekina mahattva kA sthAna rakhatA hai| zAsana kI icchA yA Adhipatya kI bhAvanA isake kendriya tattva hai / isake kAraNa sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA utpanna hotI hai / zAsaka aura zAsita athavA jAtibheda evaM raMgabheda Adi kI zreSThatA - nimnatA ke mUla meM yahI kAraNa hai| vartamAna samaya meM ati vikasita aura samRddha rASToM meM jo apane prabhAvaka kSetra banAne kI pravRtti hai - sAmrAjyavRddhi kI vRtti hai, usake mUla meM bhI apane rASTrIya ahaMkI puSTi kA prayatna hai / svataMtratA ke apahAra kA prazna isI sthitimeM hotA hai| jaba vyakti ke manameM Adhipatya kI vRtti yA zAsana kI bhAvanA ubuddha hotI hai to vaha dUsare ke adhikAroM kA hanana karatA hai, use apane prabhAva meM rakhane kA prayAsa karatA hai / jaina aura bauddha donoM darzanoMne ahaMkAra, mAna, mamatva ke prahANa kA upadeza diyA hai, jisameM sAmAjika parataMtratAkA lopa bhI nihita hai| .. aura ahiMsA kA siddhAMta bhI sabhI prANiyoM ke samAna adhikAroM kA svIkAra karatA hai| adhikAroM kA hanana bhI eka prakAra kI hiMsA hai / ataH ahiMsA kA
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma siddhAMta svataMtratA ke siddhAnta ke sAtha jur3A huA hai / jaina evaM bauddha darzana eka aura ahiMsA-siddhAMta ke AdhAra para vyaktigata svataMtratA kA pUrNa samarthana karate haiM, vahIM dUsare ora samatA ke AdhAra para vargabheda, jAtibheda evaM u~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA ko samApta karate haiN| . zAMtimaya samAja kI sthApanA ke liye vyakti kA nItidharma se prerita ahiMsApUrNa AcAra hI mahattva kA parIbaLa hai| ahiMsA : AhiMsA kA zabdArtha hai hiMsA kA niSedha / yaha usakA niSedharUpa hai| usake vidheyAtmaka rUpa meM prANImAtra ke prati maitrIbhAva, rAga-dveSa-moha Adi kaSAyoM ke abhAva ko hama batA sakate haiM / vastutaH ahiMsA kA mUla hetu jIvana ke prati sammAna, samatvabhAvanA evaM advaitabhAvanA hai / samatvabhAva se sahAnubhUti tathA advaitabhAva se. AtmIyatA utpanna hotI hai aura inhIMse ahiMsA kA vikAsa hotA hai| ahiMsA jIvana ke prati bhaya se nahIM jIvana ke prati sammAna ke bhAva se vikasita hotI hai| aparigraha H jainadarzana meM upadezita aparigraha, parigrahaparimANavata athavA icchaparimANa vrata bhI mahattva kA hai| gRhastha sAdhaka ko apane rojabaroja ke jIvana meM upayogI cIjoM ke parigraha kI maryAdA nizcita karanI hotI hai - jaise sAdhanA kI dRSTi se iccha kA parisImana ati Avazyaka hai| jaina vicAraNA meM gRhastha sAdhaka ko nau prakAra ke parigraha kI maryAdA nizcita karanI hotI hai - 1. kSetra - kRSi bhUmi athavA anya khulA huA bhUmi bhAga, 2. vAstu - makAna Adi acala sampatti, 3. hiraNya - cAMdI athavA cAMdI kI mudrAe~, 4. svarNa - svarNa athavA svarNa mudrAe~, 5. dvipada - dAsa dAsI-naukara, karmacArI ityAdi, 6. catuSpada - pazudhana, 7. dhana - cala sampatti, 8. dhAnya -anAjAdi, 9. kupya - ghara gRhasthI kA anya sAmAna / sAdhaka vaiyaktika rUpa se bhI apane jIvana kI dainika kriyAoM jaise AhAravihAra athavA bhogopabhoga kA parimANa bhI nizcita karatA hai| jaina paramparA isa saMdarbha meM atyAdhika satarka hai / vratI gRhastha snAna ke lie kitane jalakA upayoga karegA kisa vastrase aMga poMchegA yaha bhI nizcita karanA hotA hai / dainika jIvana ke vyavahAra
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________________ bhagavAna mahAvIra aura samAjavAda kI upabhoga-paribhoga kI hareka prakAra kI cIjoM kI mAtrA aura prakAra nizcita kiye jAte haiM / isa taraha bAhya cIja-vastuoM ke saMyamita upayoga se saMpatti kA samatulana hogaa| samatvabhAva : samAnatA aura samatvabhAva kA bhI jainadarzana meM itanA hI mahattva hai| cetanA ke jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpapakSa ko samatvase yukta yA samyak banAne ke hetu jainadarzanane samyak jJAna, darzana aura cAritrya kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, bauddhadarzanane zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA kA tathA gItAne jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura bhaktiyoga kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| ___ yaha samatva kI sAdhanA sadAcArarUpa dharma dvArA siddha hotI hai / sAmAnya dharma ke aMtargata manune una dasa dharmo kA parigaNana karAyA haiM - dhRti, kSamA, dama, asteya, zauca, indriyanigraha, ghI, vidyA, satya aura akrodha) / jainadharma meM mahAvrataaNuvrata aura bauddhadharma meM zIla ke dvArA isa AcArasaMhitA kA hI udbodhana kIyA gayA hai / ina AcArarupa dharmameM vyakti kA svataHpUrNa vikAsa lakSita hai sAtha meM sAmAjika rUpa meM zAMtimaya saha astitva bhI / ataH rAgAdi kaSAyoM para vijaya pAne ke bAda hI vyakti kI cetanA apane-parAye ke bheda se upara UThatI hai aura vaha svaarthI se sarvArthI banatA hai / vaiyaktika AcAra kI vizuddhi sAre saMsAra kI AdhArazIlArUpa hai| kyoMki vyakti hI samAja kA kendra hai| aura zAMtiyama samAja kI sthApanA ke liye vyakti kA nItidharma se prerita ahiMsApUrNa AcAra hI mahattva kA paribaLa hai|
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________________ ... prAkRta bhASAsAhitya meM manovaijJAnika nirUpaNa ... prAkRta bhASAsAhitya meM darzana - siddhAMta, AdhAra aura kathA-kAvya tathA anya prakIrNa viSayoM kA Alekhana huA hai| saMskRti, samAja, itihAsa, arthazAstra, nItizAstra aura anya zAstra tathA vijJAnoM ke sAtha manovijJAna ke sAtha bhI usakA atUTa nAtA rahA hai| prAkRta sAhitya kA prAyaH Agama aura Agametara paramparAmeM hama vibhAjana kara sakate haiN| AgamoMmeM jaina darzana ke siddhAMta aura AcAra paraMparA kA jinendra kathita nirUpaNa hai / Agametara sAhitya meM kAvya-kathA tathA anya prakIrNa viSayoM kA samAveza ho sakatA hai| - Agama sAhitya meM nirUpita-viSaya-vicAra kA manovijJAna ke sAtha kisa taraha se saMbaMdha jur3A huA hai / isa bAre meM hama prathama soceNge| . jaise hama jAnate haiM ki Agama meM mahAvIra svAmI prabodhita jainadarzana ke siddhAMta aura AcAra kA varNana hai / prazna, yaha ho sakatA hai ki manovijJAna ko bhalA dharma-darzana se kyA tAlUka ? manaH evaM manuSyANAM kAraNaM baMdha-mokSayo : maitrANi-yogasUtra kI isa paMkti meM nirUpita tathya kA samagratayA - yA aMzataH pratyeka darzanaparamparAne svIkAra kiyA hai| mana kI saba gati-vidhi kI nIMva para hI jainadarzana bhI AdhArita hai| saba darzanaparaMparAoM kA pradhAna uddeza manuSya kA AdhyAtmika utkarSa hai / aura manuSya yA mAnava yaha hai, jo mana se prerita hotA hai / isa liye anya darzana - paraMparAoM kI taraha jainadarzana meM bhI mana kI sUkSmAti sUkSma gati - vidhi ke bAre meM gahana dRSTi
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________________ prAkRta bhASAsAhitya meM manovaijJAnika nirUpaNa se adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| mana kA svarUpa, sthAna aura kArya ke bAre meM anekavidha maMtavya hai, lekina mAnava astitva aura utkarSa ke saMdarbha meM mana kA mahattva aparihArya hai / jisa taraha manovijJAna ke adhyayana meM mana hI kendravartI viSaya hai| isa taraha prAkRta sAhitya ke yaha ati mUlyavAna kozarUpa AgamaparaMparAmeM mana ko madhyavartI bindu rakha kara manuSya kI Atmika unnati bAre meM socA gayA hai / isa dRSTi se manovijJAna ke sAthe usakA atUTa saMbaMdha hai| mana ke prakAra : - svarUpa - vizleSaNa ke saMdarbha meM jaina vicAra meM mana ke mukhya do prakAra batAye gaye haiM :: dravya-mana aura bhAva-mana / mana ke bhautika-rupa ko dravya mana aura cetana rupa ko bhAvamana kahA gayA hai / dravyamana aura bhAvamana anyonya eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita karate haiM / jaina darzanane mana aura zarIra kA anyonya prabhAvaka saMbaMdha bhI svIkRta kiyA hai / mana naitika jIvana kI AdhArabhUmi hai / isa dRSTi se AcArya hemacaMdra ne mana kI cAra avasthAe~ mAnI haiN| vikSipta mana, yAtAyAta mana, zliSTa. mana aura sulIna mana / _ vikSapta mana caMcala, bahirmukhI aura aneka saMkalpa - vikalpa se yukta hotA hai| mana kI zAnti yahA~ saMbhavita nahIM hai / yAtAyAta mana yogAbhyAsa kI prAraMbha kI avasthA sUcita karatA hai / kabhI bAhya viSayoM ke prati AkarSita ho kara saMkalpa .- vikalpa karatA hai, to kabhI bhItara meM sthira hotA hai / yAtAyAta citta kabhI aMtamukhIM aura kabhI bahimukhI hotA hai / zliSTa mana sthiratA kI avasthA ko sUcita karatA haiN| vicAra yA dhyAna kA AlaMbana prazasta viSaya hotA hai aura zAnti kI anubhUti bhI hotI hai| vAsanAoM athavA IcchAoM kA sarvathA lopa honA yaha mana kI sulIna avasthA kA dyotaka hai / yaha mana kI niruddhAvasthA hai aura saba saMkalpa vikalpa ko lopa ho jAtA hai| .... isa taraha ye mana kI cAra kramika avasthAe~ hai, jinameM citta apanI svAbhAvika, sthira, zAMta, AnaMdamaya avasthA kramazaH prApta karatA hai / - jainadarzana meM rAga aura dveSa ye do karma-bIja aura karma-maya jIvana ke prerakasUtra mAne gaye haiM / indriyoM kA anukUla yA sukhada viSayoM se samparka hotA hai, taba una viSayoM meM Asakti tathA tRSNA kA bhAva jAgRta hotA hai jo rAgaprerita hai| aura jaba indriyoM kA pratikUla yA duHkhada viSayoM se saMyoga hotA hai to dhRNA yA vidveSa kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai / rAga-dveSa kI ye vRttiyA~ hI vyakti ke naitika
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________________ 84 bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma adhaHpatana ke kAraNarUpa banatI haiN| AtmA ko kaluSita karatA hai, vaha kaSAya hai| cAra kaSAyameM se mAyA aura lobha rAgAtmaka hai| krodha aura ahaMkAra dveSAtmaka hai| mahAvIra svAmIne kahA hai - chiMdAhi dosaM viNayejja rAga. evaM sahI hohisi saMparAye / - sukha hone ke liye rAga ko dUra karanA aura dveSakA chedana krnaa| rAgadveSAdi bhAvanAoM kA na honA hI ahiMsA hai / jaina darzana meM pAMca mahAvratoM meM ahiMsA ko sarva prathama sthAna diyA gayA hai - aura ahiMsA kI paribhASA zrI amRtacaMdrAcAryane isa taraha dI hai : aprAdurbhAvaH khalu rAgAdInAma bhavatsahiMseti / teSAmevotpati hiMseti jinAgamasya saMkSepaH // . . rAgadveSAdi bhAvanAoM kA na honA hI ahiMsA hai| vyakti ke jIvana meM aura samASTimeM zAMti kI sthApanA ke liye ahiMsA hI saba se baDA preraka bala hai| isa liye mokSamArga ke saMdarbha meM jaina AdhAra. zAstra kI nIMva rAgadveSAdi kaSAyoM kA kSayopakSama hI hai| rAgadveSAdi kaSAyoM ko nirmUla karanA hI usakA nirdiSTa dhyeya hai| krodha, moha, mAyA, mAna, lobha, ahaMkAra Adi aprazasta bhAvanAoM kI sIdhI asara zarIra ke koSoM para hotI hai aura zarIra kaise vyAdhigrasta banatA hai, usakA gahana abhyAsa bhI yahAM kiyA gayA hai / zarIra aura manakI taMdurastI ke liye mana kA zAMta-svastha aura prasanna rahanA anivArya hai| isa tathya kA Adhunika vijJAna ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai / jisakA nidarzana hameM Agama aura Agametara sAhitya meM bhI milatA hai / ___ indriyoM ke viSaya niyata haiM - ve apane-apane niyata viSayoM ko grahaNa karatI haiN| AMkheM dekha sakatI haiM, suna nahIM sakatIM / kAna suna sakate haiM, dekha nahIM sakate / mana bhI indriya hai, kintu isakA viSaya niyata nahIM hai / vaha pAMcoM indriyo kA pravartaka hai| isIlie yaha zaktizAlI indriya hai| jaina AgamoM meM sthAna-sthAna para manovijaya para adhika bala diyA gayA hai / vaha isIlie ki eka mana ko jIta lene para pAMcoM indriyoM para vijaya prApta kI jA sakatI hai| brAhmaNa ke veza meM Ae hue indra ne nami rAjarSi se kahA - 'Apa apane zatruoM ko jItakara pravajita hoM to acchA rhegaa|' nami ne kahA - 'bAhya zatruoM ko jItane se kyA ? jo eka mana ko jIta letA hai, vaha pAMcoM indriyoM ko jIta letA hai| jo indriyoM ko jIta letA hai, vaha samuce vizva para vijaya pA letA hai|' zaMkarAcArya se pUchA gayA - 'vijitaM jagat kena' - saMsAra ko jItanevAlA kauna hai ? unhoMne kahA - 'mano hi yena' jisane mana ko jIta liyA, usane sAre saMsAra ko jIta liyA /
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________________ prAkRta bhASAsAhitya meM manovaijJAnika nirUpaNa kabIra ne kahA hai - "mana sAgara manasA laharI, bur3e bahuta aceta / kahahi kabIra te bAMdhi hai, jinake hRdaya viveka // mana gorakha mana govindo, mana hI auccaDa hoi / jo mana rAkhe jatana kari, to Ape karatA hoI // " -- caMcala citta sAgara kI UrmiyAM haiM to zAnta-mana ananta sAgara hai / mana para vijaya pAne kA ekamAtra sUtra hai - jAgarukatA, vivekI honA / mana jaba jAgarUka - sAvadhAna hotA hai, taba vaha apanI caMcalatA para niyantraNa kara letA hai| mana para vijaya pAnA kaThina avazya hai kintu asaMbhava nhiiN| abhyAsa se yaha siddha ho sakatA hai / mana ko itanA khulA bhI mata chor3o ki vaha niyantraNa ke bAhara ho jAe aura usakA itanA damana bhI mata karo ki vaha aura adhika caMcala bana jAe / usakA ThIka - ThIka niyantraNa honA Avazyaka hai| jo mana asat cintana yA kriyA meM pravRtta hotA hai, use sAdhanA dvArA sat cintana yA kriyA meM pravRtta kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina dArzanika sAhitya meM mana ke svarUpa kA aura bhI adhika sUkSma dRSTise ciMtana huA hai| isake sAtha AdhyAtmika unnati meM mana kA sahayoga prApta karane ke liye jo tapomArga kA nidarzana huA hai, yaha bhI manovaijJAnika tathya para AdhArita hai| Agama sAhitya meM - AcArAMga upAsakadazAMga, uttarAdhyayanasUtra Adi meM sAdhu aura zrAvakoM ke liye tapomArga kA jo nidarzana huA hai - yaha ThIka manovaijJAnika siddhAnta para AdhArita hai| jaina, bauddha, hindu Adi dharmo meM AdhyAtmika unnati ke liye mana kI zAMta, svastha, prasanna avasthA ko apratihArya DhaMga se Avazyaka mAnI hai| samagra AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA lakSya citta kI vAsanA, saMskAra evaM saMkalpa -vikalpa se rahita avasthA ko prApta karanA hai / jainadarzana meM sAdhu aura zrAvakoM ke liye mahAvrata, aNuvrata, zikSAvrata, guNavrata, samiti, gupti, SaDAvazyaka Adi aura AhAra-vihAra viSayaka jina niyamoM kA Adeza diyA gayA hai ye cittanirodha ke liye bahuta sahAyaka hai| Agama meM tapa ke do prakAra batAye haiM : bAhya aura AbhyaMtara / ye bheda kevala aupacArika nahIM haiM / zarIra ke sAtha saMlagna kaThina tapazcaryA athavA bAhya tapa, aura mAnasika kriyAoM ko saMyamita karanevAlA AbhyaMtara tapa - donoM zarIra-mana para apanA prabhAva rakhate haiN.| bAhya tapa bhI aMtataH mana kI zuddhi ke liye haiM, aura Abhyantara
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________________ 86 bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma ke binA bAhya tapa kI saphalatA - sArthakatA saMbhavita nahIM hai| anazana - unodarI, vRttisaMkSepa, rasa-parityAga, kAyakleza aura pratisaMlInatA - ye bAhya tapa haiM - isase indriyoM kI svacchaMdatA dara hotI hai, saMyama kA jAgaraNa hotA hai, doSoM kA prazamana hotA hai, aura saMtoSa kI vRddhi hone se mana jyAdAtara zAnta banane lagatA hai / citta aMtarmukha banatA hai| tapa se zarIra svAsthya bar3hatA hai, sAtha sAtha manovRtti aura manovalaNa meM bhI samucita parivartana hote haiN| anazana se vyAdhivimukti, saMyama, dRDhatA, saddhyAnaprApti aura zAstrAbhyAsa meM ruci utpanna hotI hai| uNodarI kA prayojana vAta-pita-kaphajanita doSoMkA upazamana, jJAna-dhyAnAdi kI prApti hai / vRtti-saMkSepa se bhojya padArthoM kI icchAoM kA nirodha, bhojanaviSayaka ciMtA kA niyaMtraNa hotA hai, manakA boja kama hotA hai aura bhogalipsA bhI kSINa hotI hai / rasaparityAga se indriyanigraha hotA hai, svAdhyAya aura dhyAna prati ruci utpanna hotI hai / kAyakleza se zarIrasukha kI eSaNA meM se mukti aura kaSTa hone para bhI mana ko samatvabhAva meM sthira karane kI zakti milatI hai / pratisaMlInatA se dhyAnasiddhi kI ora sAdhaka Age bar3ha sakatA hai / . . AbhyaMtara tapa manovaijJAnika satya para hI AdhArita hai / usakA mukhya uddeza manake udhvikaraNa kA hai / kaSAyoM se yukta, vikSipta, caMcala mana ko AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke mArga para Age bar3hAne meM AbhyaMkara tapa sahAyarUpa banatA hai| donoM prakAra ke tapa sAtha sAtha hote haiM, eka dUsare ke lie sahAyaka hai / vaha sAdhaka ke citta ko svastha, zAMta, kaSAyarahita aura ekAgra banAtA hai, jo AdhyAtmika dRSTi kI sAtha sAtha vyavahAra jIvana meM bhI ati Avazyaka hai / jIvana ke sarva kSetra meM saphalatA prApta karane ke lie mana kA niyaMtraNa anivArya hai| manaH zuddhayeva zuddhiH syAda, dehinAM nAtra saMzayaH / vRthA tad vyatirekeNa, kAyasyeva kadarthanam // isameM koI saMzaya nahIM kI manuSyoM kI zuddhi, pavitratA mAnasika zuddhi se hotI hai, mAnasika pavitratA ke binA kevala zarIra ko kadarthita karanA yogya nahIM prAyazcita, vinaya, vaiyAvRtya, svAdhyAya aura dhyAna AbhyaMtara tapa hai| prAyazcita meM svayaM ko dekhanA aura rUpAntarita karanA hai| sva-doSoM kA zuddhikaraNa manaH zuddhi kI aura le jAtA hai / vinaya kA artha hai, apane Apako ahaMkAra se mukta krnaa| ahaMkAra ko jIte binA vyakti mRdu-vinamra nahIM bana sakatA / vaiyAvRtya arthAt sevA
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________________ prAkRta bhASAsAhitya meM manovaijJAnika nirUpaNa 87 zuzruSA meM namratA kA bhAva aura karuNApUrNa samabhAva nihita hai / svAdhyAya se vRttiyA~ zAnta ho jAtI hai, citta kA bhaTakanA kama ho jAtA hai / sAdhaka apane antastala meM uThanevAlI taraMgoM se samyak rIta se paricita ho jAtA hai, taba cittakA nirodha sahaja hotA hai / aura parizuddha citta se kiyA gayA dhyAna sAdhaka ko nirvANasukha kA anubhava karAtA hai| . samaNasutta meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki - saddha nagaraM kiccA, tavasaMvaramaggalaM / khanti niuNapAgAraM, tigutaM duppaghaMsayaM // tavanArAjutteNa, bhittUNaM kammakaMcuyaM / / muNI vigayasaMgAmo, bhavAo parimuccae / - zraddhA kA nagara, tapa aura saMvara kA argala, kSamA kA buraja banAkara, aura trigupti (mana, vacana, kAyA) se surakSita. ajeya, sudRDha prAkAra kI racanA karake taparupI bANoM se yukta dhanuSya se karma ke kavacakoM cheda kara (AMtarika) saMgrAma kA vijetA muni saMsAra se mukta banatA hai / manonigraha kA artha sirpha indriyadamana yA vRttiyoM kA nirodha mAtra nahIM hai| Adhunika manovijJAna ne kevala damana, nirodha yA nigraha ko citta vikSomakA kAraNa mAnA hai| isase vRttiyA~ phira kabhI vikRta banakara jAgRta hone kI pUrI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai / jainadarzana meM varNita 14 guNasthAnoM meM se 11veM guNasthAna taka pahuMca kara sAdhaka kI punaH patita banakara mithyAtva guNasthAna meM A jAne kI zakyatA kA spaSTa ' nirdeza isI tathya ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai / yahA~ sirpha indriya nirodha kI bAta nahIM hai, lekina vAsanAoM kA kramika kSaya karake vAsanAzunyatA aura vRttiyoM kA uddAttikaraNa bhI abhipreta hai / vRttiyoM kA uddhAttikaraNa hI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM '. 'sahAyarUpa bana sakatA hai| dharmazikSaNa kA artha hai mana ko sadpravRttiyoM meM jor3a denaa| dasaveyAliyameM spaSTa kahA hai| ___ uyasameNa haNe kohaM, mANaM madadvayA jiNe / * mAyaM ajjava - bhAveNaM, lobhaM saMtosao jiNe // " - krodha ko upazama se, mAna ko mRdutA se mAyA ko Arjava se aura lobha ko saMtoSa se jIteM / isa samagra sAdhanApaddhati kA lakSya citta kI isa vAsanA saMskAra evaM saMkalpa - vikalpa se rahita avasthA ko prApta karatA hai| . jainadarzana meM lezyA kA nirUpaNa bhI eka manovaijJAnika satya hai, jo
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma Adhunika manovijJAna se bahuta milatA-julatA hai / lezyA kA siddhAMta jainadarzana kA abhinava manovaijJAnika pradAna hai| lezyA jaina pAribhASika zabda hai| usakA sambandha mAnasika vicAroM yA bhAvoM se hai / yaha paudgalika hai / mana, zarIra aura indriyA~ paudgalika haiM / manuSya bAhara se pudgaloM ko grahaNa karatA hai aura tadanurUpa usakI sthiti bana jAtI hai / Aja kI bhASA meM ise 'orA' yA 'AbhA maMDala' kahA jAtA hai| Apake vicAroM yA bhAvoM kA pratinidhitva zarIra se nikalane vAlI AbhA pratikSaNa kara rahI hai / vaha raMgoM ke mAdhyama se abhivyakti hotI hai / lezyA ke nAmoM se yaha abhivyakta hotA hai ki ye nAma antara se nikalane vAlI AbhA ke AdhAra para rakhe gae haiM / unakA jaisA raMga hai, vyakti kA mAnasa bhI vaisA hI hai| prazasta aura aprazasta meM raMgoM kA prAdhAnya hai / kRSNa, nIla aura kapota - aprazasta haiM, tejasa, padma aura zukla - prazasta hai / vaijJAnikoM ne 'orA' ke prAyaH ye hI raMga nirdhArita kie haiN| vaijJAnika parIkSaNoM se yaha siddha huA hai ki bAhara ke raMga bhI vyakti ko prabhAvita karate haiN| bAharI raMgo kA dhyAna - cintana kara hama Antarika raMgoM ko bhI parivartita kara sakate haiN| mana eka aisA karmasthala hai jahA~ se zubha aura azubha, samyak athavA mithyA sabhI prakAra ke kArya prasphuTita hote haiN| mRga - marIcikA tRSNA kA udbhavasthAna vahI hai aura nirvANa kI zAMtimaya anubhUti bhI isIke mAdhyama se hotI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki prAyaH pratyeka darzana praNAlI meM mana para paryApta vicAra-vimarza kiyA gayA hai / bauddhaparaMparA meM bhI mana ke saMdarbha meM gahana cintana kiyA gayA hai / 'manupubbaMgamAdhammA' aura 'phandanaM capalaM cittaM' jaise vAkya mana ke svarUpa ko bhalIbhAti spaSTa karate haiN| Agama sAhitya kA yaha jo dArzanika bhAga hai, usakA to manovijJAna ke sAtha gaharA nAtA hai hI, lekina usakI eka vizeSatA yaha rahI hai ki AgamoM meM vibhinna udAharaNoM, dRSTAntoM, upamAoM aura lokapracalita kathAoM dvArA bar3e prabhAvazAlI aura rocaka DhaMga se saMyama, tapa aura tyAga kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| ina kathAoM meM bhI pAtra paristhiti Adi kA varNana manovijJAna ke tathyoM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai / Agamika kathAoM kA sAhitya bhI vistRta hai, ataH yahA~ kevala thoDe hI dRSTAnta hama dekheMge / nAyAdhammakahAoM meM se 'aNDaka' kI kathA meM jinadattaputra aura sAgaradattaputra kI saMzayarahita aura saMzayayukta mAnasika paristhiti aura isakI pratikriyArUpa
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________________ prAkRta bhASAsAhitya meM manovaijJAnika nirUpaNa zArIrika kriyAoM kA aura isake pariNAma kA yathAtatha nirUpaNa kiyA hai| rohiNIjJAta adhyayana meM dhanya sArthavAhane cAroM putravadhUoM ko gehU~ ke pA~ca pA~ca dAne diye aura unakA pratibhAva dekha liyA / putravadhUoM kI kAryakSamatAoM pahacAna kara unakI yogyatAnusAra prathama bahu ko ghara kI rasoI banAne kA, rakSitA ko ghara kI sArI vastuoM kI dekhabhAla karane kA kAma diyA aura rohiNI ko ghara kA sArA kAryabhAra soMpa diyA / yahA~ putravadhUoM kI kAryakSamatA pahacAnane kA sArA tarIkA manovaijJAnika DhaMga kA hI hai / Avazyaka niyukti meM kevala, zuSka jJAna aura jJAnarahita kriyA - karma kaise nirarthaka hai, yaha batAne ke liye marmasparzI dRSTAnta kA Alekhana kiyA hai / jahA kharo vaMdaNabhAravAhI, bhArassa bhAgI na hu vaMdaNassa / evaM khu nANI caraNeNa hINo, nANassa bhAgI na hu soggaINa / / hayaM nANaM kiyAhINaM, hayA annANao kiyA / pAsaMto paMgulo daDDo, dhAyamANo a aMdhao // saMjogasiddhii phalaM vayaMti, na hu egacakkeNa raho payAi / aMdho ya paMgU vaNe samiccA, te saMpauttA nagaraM paviTThA / - jaise caMdana kA bhAra DhonevAlA gadhA bhAra kA hI bhAgI hotA hai, candana kA nahIM, usI prakAra cAritra se vihIna jJAnI kevala jJAna kA hI bhAgI hotA hai, sadgati kA nahIM / kriyArahita jJAna aura ajJAnI kI kriyA naSTa huI samajhanI caahie| (jaMgala meM Aga laga jAne para) cupacApa khar3A dekhatA huA paMgu aura bhAgatA huA aMdhA. donoM hI Aga meM jala marate haiM / donoM ke saMyoga se siddhi hotI hai : eka pahiye .se ratha nahIM cala sakatA / aMdhA ora laMgar3A donoM ekatrita hokara nagara meM praviSTa hue / anya AgamoM meM bhI aisI bahuta kathAyeM milatI haiM / yahA~ gadhe kI jar3atA, paMgukI nirAdhAra avasthA aura bhAgatA huA nisahAya aMdhA-ina tInoM kI manaHsthiti kA yathAtatha citraNa huA hai| . AgamoM ke atirikta bhI ardhamAgadhI, mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, paizAcI Adi prAkRta bhASAoM meM kathA aura kAvyasAhityakA vipula nirmANa huA hai| ina sAhitya meM mAnavajIvana hI pratibiMbita huA hai| ataH mAnavamana ke saMkula rahasyoM kA udghATana usameM sahajarupa se hI huA hai / mAnavamana kI sUkSmAti sUkSma gati-vidhi, vRttivicAra aura unase prerita zArIrika kriyAyeM - una sabakA sacoTa, prabhAvaka aura mAnasazAstrIya Alekhana hameM jagaha jagaha para milatA hai| udyotanasUrikRta kulavayamAlA kI saphala kathA meM isa taraha ke dRSTAnta bArabAra milate haiN| kathA ke AraMbha meM hI
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma sajjanoM se prIti aura durjanoM se bhIti kI bAta karate huo kavine durjana ke saMdarbha meM zvAna, kauvA, aura gardabha ke svabhAvavizeSakA varNana diyA hai aura ina kI tulanA meM durjanoM kI nimnatara koTikA nidarzana diyA hai / durjanoM kI manovRtti ke sAtha yahAM zvAna, kauvA aura gardabha kI varNita lAkSaNikatAoM unakI sahaja prakRti kA vAstavika DhaMga se paricaya detI hai| rAjakumAra kuvalayacandra kuvalayamAlAko prApta karane ke liye vijayApurI nagara ke prati prayANa karatA hai / vahA~ nagara kI samIpaM meM pahuMcane ke bAda, striyoM kA eka vRMda - jo kulavayamAlA ke sauMdarya ke bAre meM bAteM kara rahA thA - vaha sunatA haiM / ina striyoM ne apane manobhAvoM ko yahAM jisa taraha abhivyakta kiye haiM - isa se strIsvabhAva kA yathAtatha paricaya milatA hai / maTha ke chAtroM ke saMvAdoM meM bhI isI taraha unakI manovRtti pragaTa hotI hai / kuvalayamAlA aura kuvalayacandra kI kAmapreraka manovasthA kA ati sUkSma rUpa se Alekhana huA hai| lagatA hai kathAkAra mAnavamana ke nAnavidha rahasyoM ke abhyAsI aura bar3e jAnakAra the| mahezvarasUri racita NANapaMcamIkahAmeM sUtrarUpa gAthAe~ haiM - jinameM mAnavajIvana ke rahasyoM kA udghATana huA hai / jayaseNakahA meM striyoM ke prati sahAnubhUtisUcaka subhASita kahe gaye haiM : vari halio vi hu bhattA anannabhajjo guNehi rahio vi / mA saguNo bahubhajjo jairAyA cakkavaTTI vi // - - aneka patnIvAle sarvaguNasaMpanna cakravartI rAjAkI apekSA guNavihIna eka patnIvAlA kisAna kahI zreSTha haiN| daridratA kI viDaMbanA dekhiye - goTThI vi suTu miTTI dAliddaviDaMbiyANa loehi / vajjijjai dureNaM susalilacaMDAlakUvaM va // (guNAnurAgakahA) - jisakI bAta bahu madhura ho lekina jo daridratA kI viDaMbanA se grasta hai, aise puruSa kA loga dUra se hI tyAga karate haiM; jaise miSTa jalavAlA cAMDAla kA kUAM bhI dUra se hI varjanIya hotA hai| yahA~ vyaktiyoM kI manovRttiyoM kA samaSTi ke saMdarbha meM aucityapUrNa Alekhana huA hai| - devendragaNisUri racita AkhyAnamaNikoSa ke prabhAkara-AkhyAna meM janasAmAnya kI vedanA-saMvedanAoM ko sAmAjika saMdarbha meM citrita karate hue ghana-upArjana kA
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________________ prAkRta bhASAsAhitya meM manovaijJAnika nirUpaNa mahattva sUtrAtmaka gAthA ke rUpa meM pragaTa kiyA hai| bubhukSitaiyyakiraNaM na bhujyate pipAsiteH kAvyaraso na pIyate / na cchandasA kenaciduddhRtaM kulaM hiraNyamevAjaMyaniSkalAH kalAH // bhUkhe logoM ke dvArA vyAkaraNa kA bhakSaNa nahIM kiyA jAtA, pyAsoM ke dvArA kAvyarasa kA pAna nahIM kiyA jAtA / chanda se kula kA uddhAra nahIM kiyA jAtA, ata eva hiraNya kA hI upArjana karo, kyoMki usake binA samasta kalAyeM niSphala hai| mAnavamana kI urmi, AzA, AkAMkSA, vedanA, saMvedanA sabhI kA mArmika nirUpaNa prAkRta kAvya sAhitya meM bhI milatA hai| gAthAsaptazati ke adhikAMza zrRMgArarasa se pUrNa mukta ko meM priyamilana kA ullAsa aura virahIjanoM kI virahadazA kI mArmika abhivyakti ke sAtha mana aura zarIra ke bhAva-vibhAva kA bhI AMlekhana hai| anyatra bhI adhikAMza rUpa meM manovaijJAnika tathyoM para AdhArita pAtra paristhitiyoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai / bhAsa, azvaghoSa Adi ke nATakoM ke prAkRtabhASA ke saMvAdo meM bhI mAnavamana ke bhItara kI cahala-pahala kA sacoTa Alekhana huA haiN| .. jaise hamane pahale hI dekhA ki mAnavajIvana ke vividha pahalUoM kA hI pratibiMba sAhitya meM dRSTigocara hotA hai| aura mana hI manuSya jIvana kA sabase bar3A preraka bala hai| cAhe vahAM vaijJAnika tarIke se mana kA parIkSaNa nahIM kiyA gayA hai * - alabatta dArzanika sAhitya meM to isa dRSTi se bhI mana kA abhyAsa huA hai - tathApi sAhityameM mana kendravartI ghaTanA ke rUpa meM rahA hai, aura manovaijJAnika tathyoM ke. anveSaNa meM bhI yaha sAhitya apanA pradAna kara sakatA haiM / pAdaTIpa . 1. uttarAdhyayana - 22 2. niyamasAra, vyavahAracaritra, gAchA 56 se 65 uttarAdhyayana - 24/1-2 4. uttarAdhyayana - 29/7 5.. uttarAdhyayana - 34/3, 56, 57 6. kuvalayamAlA - pariccheda - 243 saMdarbha graMtha prAkRtika sAhitya kA itihAsa - DaoN. jagadIzacaMdra jaina ..2. sambodhi - yuvAcArya mahAprajJa 3. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana - bhA. 1-2, Do. sAgaramala jaina niyamasAra 5. samaNasuttaM 6. uttarAdhyayana
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________________ prAkRta bhASA sAhitya meM nirupita zAMtimaya sahajIvana kI saMkalpanA sukha aura zAnti eka vizeSa anubhUti hai, jisake liye manuSya ko satata . cAhanA rahatI hai| sukha zarIra ke bhautika kSetra kA viSaya hai, jaba kI zAMti AMtarika hai / sukha kA artha hai - su = acchI taraha se, kha = indriyoM kA rahanA / pAMca karmendriya tathA pA~ca jJAnendriya jisa avasthA meM acchI taraha raha sake, tRpti kA anubhava kara sakeM, vaha avasthA sukha kI avasthA hai / zAnti mAnasika hai / mana vRttiyoM ke saMgharSa se rahita, udvego se rahita aura susthira hotA. hai, taba vaha zAnta hotA hai aura zAnti kI anubhUti hotI hai| zAnti vyaktigata tathA sAmUhika - do prakAra kI hotI hai| yadyapi aura samUha anyonyAzrita hai / eka vyakti atyanta AMdolita evaM azAnta samAja ke aMdara rahate hue bhI zAMtipUrvaka apanI jIvanacaryA vyatIta karatA rahatA hai - jaise udAharaNa kabhI kabhI hameM milate haiM, lekina yaha apavAda hai| .. sAmAnyataH Antarika zAnti ke saMbaMdha meM vyakti aura samUha eka dUsare para avalaMbita rahate hI haiN| apanI dainika zAnti prArthanAoM meM hama apanI vyaktigata zAMti kA saMbaMdha isI AdhAra para dyAvA-pRthvI se lekara jar3a evaM cetana vizvadevoM ke sAtha saMyukta karate haiM / merA mana zAnta tabhI raha sakatA hai jaba mere cAroM aura kA vAtAvaraNa azAnti rahita ho / yadi bAhara azAnti hai to aMdara zAMti nahIM raha skegii| vaidika saMskRti meM vyaktigata evaM sAmUhika yajJa-bhAvanA isa zAnti kA mUla AdhAra mAnI gaI hai / vAstava meM zAnti mana kI eka dazA hai / zAnti bhItara se AtI hai, bAhara se nahIM / yadi citta udvigna hai to bAhara zAnti hone para bhI vaha zAnti kA anubhava nahIM kregaa|
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________________ prAkRta bhASA sAhitya meM nirupita zAMtimaya sahajIvana kI saMkalpanA . svasti arthAt kalyANa sabhI kI cAhanA hai / saMhitAoM meM yatra-tatra-sarvatra kalyANa viSayaka RcAyeM bikharI par3I haiN| vaidika mAnava kI pratijJA thI kI 'yaha merA mana kalyANakArI vicAroMvAlA ho|' cAroM ora se hameM zubha vicAra prApta ho| A no bhadrAH kratavo yantu vizvaH / (Rgveda - 1-8-86) vaidika Arya ke manameM apane, dUsaroM tathA samasta samAja ke prati kalyANa kI vyApaka udAra bhAvanA vidyamAna thI / vaha devoM se apane kalyANakArI kAmanA to karatA hI thA, sAtha meM aise mana, vANI aura buddhi kI yAcanA karatA thA ki jisase anya kA kalyANa bhI kara sake / pratyakSa aura apratyakSa rUpa se usakA lakSya kevala sukha zAMtipUrvaka jIvana vyatIta karane kA hI thA / saMhitAo meM 'zam' zabda sukha athavA kalyANa ke liye hI prayukta huA hai / isI prakAra svasti zabda bhI sukha evaM kalyANa ke artha meM prayukta huA hai / prAkRtika zaktiyoM se bhI RSi sukhakara hone kI prArthanA karatA hai / vedo meM zAMtimaMtra bar3A suprasiddha hai / jisameM saba ora se zAMti kI kAmanA kI gaI hai|- . . OM svasti no indro vRddhazravAH svastinaH pUSA vizvavedAH / svasti ntAryo ariSTanemiH svastino bRhaspatirdadhAtu... // .... 'dyau hamAre lie zAMtikara ho', 'aMtarikSa zAMtikara ho', 'pRthvI zAMtikara ho'..: vanaspatiyA~ zAMtikara ho... sabhI kucha zAMtikara ho, sarvatra zAMti hI zAMti ho| vaha zAMti mujhe bhI prApta ho / ' .. yaha zAMti kI prArthanA vyakti aura samaSTi sabake liye thii| - sarvetra sukhinaH santu, sarve santu nirAmayAH / sarve bhadrANi pazyantu, mA kazcid duHkhamApnuyAt / 'prAkRta bhASA sAhitya meM mahad rUpa se jaina darzana evaM tattvaciMtana kA nirUpaNa hai| Agama jaise ciMtanAtmaka graMthoM ke atirikta mahAkAvya, AkhyAna, kathA Adi sAhityaprakAroM meM bhI pradhAnarUpa se dharmasaMsthApanA aura usakA pracAra-prasAra hI uddiSTa hai| prazna vyAkaraNasUtra nAmaka jaina Agama meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki 'tIrthaMkara kA yaha sukathita pravacana sabhI prANiyoM ke rakSaNa evaM karuNA ke lie haiM / pA~coM
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma mahAvrata sarva prakAra se lokahita ke lie hI hai| jaina dharmakathAoM aura kAvyoM meM jisakA bAra bAra mAhAtmya batAyA gayA hai vaha ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha kI bhAvanA hamAre sAmAjika saMbaMdho kI zuddhi, saMvAditA aura zAMtimaya sahajIvana ke liye hI jyAdA upakAraka hai| loka-maMgala kI bhAvanA usameM sarvopari hai / 94 jaina dharma kI paribhASA aura svarUpa kA ucita rUpa se prAgaTya isa zloka meM huA hai : syAdvAdo vartate'smin pakSapAto na vidyate / nAstyanyaM pIDanaM kiMcit jainadharmaH sa ucyate // yahA~ varNita ahiMsA, anAgraha anekAnta aura aparigraha sAmAjika samatA kI sthApanA ke lie anivArya hai / jaba pArasparika vyavahAra ina para adhiSThita hogA, tabhI sAmAjika jIvana meM zAMti aura samabhAva saMbhava hoNge| ahiMsA kA mUla AdhAra Atmavata dRSTi hai | maitrI aura karuNA usakA vidhAyaka bhAga hai / vaiyaktika jIvana I aparigraha aura anekAnta dRSTi tathA sAmAjika jIvana meM ahiMsA, yahI samatvayoga kI sAdhanA kA vyavahArika pakSa hai aura vahI vizvazAMti kI prasthApanA meM sahAyaka bana sakatA hai / yaha samatva kI sAdhanA sadAcArarUpa dharma dvArA siddha hotI hai, dharmadarzana aura AcAra atyAdhika saMlagna hai / naitika niyamoM jo dharma kI vajaha se nirdiSTa kiye gaye haiM ve mUlataH vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika zAMti ke bhI AdhArarUpa hai / vaiyaktika AcAra kI vizuddhi sAre saMsAra kI AdhArazIlArUpa hai, kyoMki vyakti hI samAja kA kendra hai / isalie zAMtimaya samAja kI sthApanA ke liye vyakti kA nItidharma se prerita ahiMsApUrNa AcAra kA hI prAkRta bhASA meM racita aneka sAhityika kRtiyoM mahad aMza se nirUpaNa huA hai, evaM mAhAtmya bAtAyA gayA hai / jainadharma meM ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ke sAtha sabake prati Atmavat dRSTi aura maitrIbhAvanA kA bhI mahattva batAyA gayA hai - jaise / saMdhi logassa jANittA Ayao bahiyA pAsa / tamhA haMtA Na vidhAtae // ( AcArAMga sUtra - 1,3,3,1) yaha loka - yaha jIvana - dharmAnuSThAna kI apUrva sandhi-velA hai / ise jAnakara sAdhaka bAhya jagata ko anya AtmAoM ko, prANImAtra ko AtmasadRzya apane samAna samajhe / kisI kA hanana na kre| pIDotpAdana na kareM / -
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________________ prAkRta bhASA sAhitya meM nirupita zAMtimaya sahajIvana kI saMkalpanA 95 jaM icchasi appaNato, jaM caNa icchasi appaNato / taM icchA parassa vi mA, ettiyegaM jiNasAsaNaM // (bRhatkalpabhASya - 45-4) tuma apane lie jaisA cAhate ho, vaisA tuma auroM ke lie bhI cAho / apane lie jo nahIM cAhate, use auroM ke lie bhI mata cAho / AcArAMga meM batAyA hai - savvesi jIvitaM piyaM / (AcArAMga - 1-2-3-4) aura bhI kahA gayA hai - savve jIvA vi icchati, jIviuM Na marijiuM / tamhA pANivahaM ghoraM, niggaMthA vAjjayaMti NaM // (dazavaikAlika - tra) . sabhI prANI jInA cAhate haiM, koI bhI maranA nahIM cAhatA / ataH nigraMtha ghora prANIvadha ko varNya mAnate haiM / buddha aura mahAvIra ke samaya meM brAhmaNa zabda jJAtivAcaka bana gayA thA, usakI yathArtha vyAkhyA mahAvIra aura buddhane bahuta samAnarUpa se dI hai| mAnava janma se nahi, karma se zreSTha hotA hai / janma se nahIM karma se brAhmaNa banatA hai / samabhAva se zramaNa hotA hai aura ahiMsAdi vrata aura paMcazIloM ke pAlana se hI brAhmaNa banatA hai| jaise mahAvIra svAmIne kahA hai - tasapANe viyANettA, saMgaheNa ya thApare / / jo na hiMsai tiviheNaM, taM vayaM bUmi mAhaNaM // (uttarA. a. 25, gAthA-23) jo basa aura sthAvara jIvoM ko samyak prakAra se jAnakara unakI mana, vacana aura kAya se. hiMsA nahIM karatA, use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiN| ....maitrI bhAvanA ke bAre meM bhI kahA gayA hai 'metti bhUasU kappo / ' - saba ke sAtha maitrIpUrNa vyavahAra rakho / aura khammAmi savvajIvANaM savve jIvA khamaMtu me / mitti me savva bhUasu, veraM majhaM Na keNa vi // isI artha meM yahA~ ahiMsA paramo dharmaH - ahiMsA ko hI parama dharma kahA gayA hai|
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma hamAre vyaktigata jIvana meM viSayabhoga ke prati tRSNA rAga-dveSa-moha-Adi kleSAdi bhAvarUpa vRttiyA~ aura vicAradhArAyeM hai, jinake kAraNa samAja meM hiMsA utpanna hotI hai / verabhAva, ghRNA, AkramakatA, vidveSa Adi vRttiyA~ sAmAjikatA kI virodhI haiM / prAkRta sAhitya meM isake bAre meM aneka pratIkAtmaka varNana milate haiM / jaise 'kuvalayamAlA kI kathA meM mAna, moha, mada, lobha aura krodha kI vRttiyoM kI virUpatA kA varNana bar3e mArmika DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai, aura zAMti evaM saMvAditA kI sthApanA ke lie prema, maitrI, mArdava aura ahiMsA Adi kA mahattva bhI sUcita kiyA hai / sAmAjika jIvana meM vyakti kA ahaMkAra bhI nijI lekina mahattva kA sthAna rakhatA hai| zAsana kI icchA yA adhipatya kI bhAvanA isake kendrita tattva haiM / isake kAraNa sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA utpanna hotI hai| zAsaka aura zAsita athavA jAtibheda evaM raMgabheda Adi kI zreSThatA - nimnatA ke mUla meM yahI kAraNa hai| vartamAna samaya meM ati vikasita aura samRddha rASTroMmeM jo apane prabhAvaka kSetra banAne kI pravRtti hai - sAmrAjyavRddhi kI vRtti hai, usake mUla meM bhI apane rASTrIya ahaM kI puSTikA prayatna hai| svataMtratA ke apahAra kA prazna isI sthiti meM hotA haiN| jaba vyakti - ke mana meM Adhipatya kI vRtti yA zAsana kI bhAvanA udbuddha hotI hai to vaha dUsare ke adhikAroM kA hanana karatA hai, use apane prabhAva meM rakhane kA prayAsa karatA hai / jaina aura bauddha donoM darzanoM ne ahaMkAra, mAna, mamatva ke prahANa kA upadeza diyA hai, jisameM sAmAjika parataMtratA kA lopa bhI nihita hai / aura ahiMsA kA siddhAMta bhI sabhI prANiyoM ke samAna adhikAroM ko svIkAra karatA hai / adhikAroM kA hanana bhI eka prakAra kI hiMsA hai / ata: ahiMsA kA siddhAMta svataMtratA ke siddhAMta ke sAtha jur3A huA hai| jaina evaM bauddha darzana eka ora ahiMsA - siddhAMta ke AdhAra para vyaktigata svataMtratA kA pUrNa samarthana karate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora samatA ke AdhAra para vargabheda, jAtibheda evaM U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA ko samApta karate haiM / zAMtimaya samAja kI sthApanA ke lie vyakti kA nItidharma se prerita ahiMsApUrNa AcAra hI mahattva kA paribala hai / ahiMsA AdhyAtma kI sarvocca bhUmikA hai usI ke AdhAra se vyakti aura samaSTi ke jIvana meM zAMti aura saMvAditA susthApita ho sakatI hai / ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA bIjarUpa meM sarva dharmoM meM pAyI jAtI hai / ahiMsA kA mUlAdhAra jIvana ke prati sammAna, samatvabhAvanA evaM advaitabhAvanA hai / samatvabhAva se sahAnubhUti tathA advaitabhAva se AtmIyatA utpanna hotI hai aura inhIM se zAMtimaya sahaastitva saMbhava banegA | 96
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________________ zrI vAdirAjasUrikRta pArzvanAthacarita kA sAhityika mUlyAMkana bhagavAna pArzvanAtha svAmI 23 veM tIrthaMkara haiN| unakA samagra jIvana hI samatA hai aura karuNA kA mUrtimaMta rupa thA / apane prati kiye gaye atyAcAra aura nirmama vyavahAra ko vismRta kara apane sAtha vaimanasya kA tIvra bhAva rakhane vAloM ke prati bhI sahRdayatA, sadbhAvanA aura maMgala kA bhAva rakhane ke Adarza kA anupama citra bhagavAna kA carita prastuta karatA hai| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke viSaya meM saMskRta-prAkRta bhASA meM aneka cAritrakAvya aura anya sAhitya kI racanA huI hai / saMskRta bhASA meM kavi vAdirAjakRta sargabaddha kAvya 'pArzvanAthacarita' isa viSaya meM eka mahattvapUrNa kRti hai| vItarAga sarvajJa pArzvanAtha ke anupama caritra kA, unake pUrvabhavoM ke sAtha kavine AlaMkArika bhASAmeM caritracitraNa kIyA hai| kavi aura racanA samaya : ... 'pArzvanAthacarita' kAvya ke aMta meM graMthaprazasti meM kavine apanI AcArya paraMparA aura racanA samaya ke bAre meM ullekha kIyA hai : / 'pArzvanAthacarita' kAvya ke aMta meM graMthaprazasti meM kavine apanI AcArya paraMparA aura racanA samaya ke bAre meM ullekha kIyA hai : * zakAbde nagavAdhiraghragaNane saMvatsare krodhane mAse kArtikanAmni buddhimahite zuddhe tRtIyAdine / . siMhe pAti jayAdike vasumatI jainIkatheyaM mayA niSpattiM gamitA satI bhavatu vaH kalyANaniSpattaye //
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________________ 98. bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma : zaka saMvat 147 krodhana saMvatsara kI kArtikI sudI tRtIyA dina jaba ki jayasiMha nAmakA rAjA pRthvI kA zAsana karatA thA usa samaya ukta vAdirAjasUrIne yaha bhagavAna jinendra kA caritra pUrNa kiyA thaa| ve Apa logoM ko kalyANa pradAna kre| . isa kAvya ke racayitA vAdirAjasari draviDasaMgha ke antargata nandisaMgha (gaccha) aura asaMgala anvaya (zAkhA) ke AcArya the / inakI upAdhiyA~ SaTtarkaSaNmukha, syAdvAdavidyApati aura jagadekamallavAdI thiiN| ye zrIpAladeva ke praziSya, matisAgara ke ziSya aura rUpasiddhi (zAkadAyana vyAkaraNa kI TIkA) ke kartA dayApAla. muni ke satIrtha yA gurubhAI the / lagatA hai vAdirAja inakI eka taraha kI padavI yA upAdhi thI, vAstavika nAma kucha aura rahA hogA para upAdhi ke vizeSa pracalanaM se vaha nAma hI bana gyaa| zravaNavelA se prApta malliSeNaprazasti meM vAdirAja kI bar3I hI prazaMsA kI gaI hai| vAdirAja kA yuga jaina sAhitya ke vaibhava kA yuga, thaa| unake samaya meM siddhAntacakravartI nemicandra, indranandi, kanakanandi, abhayanandi tathA candraprabhacarita kAvya ke racayitA vIranandi, karnATakadezIya kavi ranna, abhinavapampa evaM nayasena Adi hue the / gadyacintAmaNi aura kSatracUDAmaNi ke racayitA oDayadeva vAdIbhasiMha aura unake guru puSpasena, gaMgarAja rAcamalla ke guru vijayabhaTTAraka tathA malliSeNaprazasti ke racayitA mahAkavi malliSeNa aura rupasiddhi ke kartA dayApAla muni inake samakAlIna viSayavastu : kAvya ke AraMbha meM kavi bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ko namaskAra karate haiM : zrI vdhuunvsNbhogbhvyaanNdaikhetve| namaH zrIpArzvanAtha dAnaveMdrArcitAGdhaye // yajeMdra dvArA pUjanIya caraNa kamala vAle, aura mokSa lakSmIrupI vadhU ke navIna saMbhoga se utpanna huye apUrva AnaMda ko bhavyoM ke liye pradAna karane vAle zrI pArzvanAtha haiM, unheM hamArA bAraMbAra namaskAra hai| bAda meM kavine zrI pArzvanAtha ke pUrva bhavoM kA kramazaH AlaMkArika zailI meM varNana kIyA hai, aura aMtima sargo meM bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke janma - bodhi Adi kalyANakAM kA bhI vizada nirupaNa kIyA hai /
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________________ zrI vAdirAjasUrikRta pArzvanAthacarita kA sAhityika mUlyAMkana - isa kAvya meM 23 veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke jIvana kA kAvyAtmaka zailI meM varNana kiyA gayA hai| kAvya 12 sargoM meM vibhakta hai| pratyeka sarga kA nAma varNyavastu ke AdhAra para diyA gayA hai| pahale sarga kA nAma aravindamahArAjasaMgrAmavijaya, dUsare kA nAma svayaMprabhAgamana, tIsare kA nAma vajraghoSasvargagamana, caturtha kA nAma vajranAbhacakravartiprAdurbhAva, pAMcave sarga kA nAma vajranAbhacakravartI cakrapAdurbhAva, chaThe kA vajranAbhacakravartiprabodha, sAtaveM kA vajranAbhacakravartidigvijaya, AThaveM kA AnandarAjyabhinandana, navama kA digdeviparicaraNa, dazama kA kumAracarita, gyAharaveM kA kevalajJAnaprAdurbhAva aura bArahaveM kA bhagavannirvANagamana hai / kAvya ke sarga ke nAmAbhidhAna anusAra AraMbha ke sargoM meM bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke pUrvabhavakA vizada nirupaNa kIyA gayA hai / aMtima tIna sargomeM bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI bAlyAvasthA aura kizorAvasthA, kevalajJAna kI prApti aura nirvANagamanakA Alekhana kavine pArzvanAtha svAmI ke pUrvabhavoM kA vistArase paricaya kAvya ke AraMbha meM diyA hai / suramya deza ke mahArAjA, unake maMtrI vizvabhUti kA vairAgya aura putra marubhUti kA maMtrI bananA - Adi ghaTanAoM kA Alekhana hai| pArzvanAtha svAmI apane pUrvabhava meM marubhUti the / usake pazcAt kramazaH vajraghoSa hasti razmiveza, vajranAbhi, aura vajrabAhuke putra AnaMda ke rupa meM unakA janma hotA hai| AnaMda ke rUpameM janma dhAraNa karake tIvra vairAgya aura tapase tIrthaMkara phala bAMdhakara aMta meM vizvasena rAjA kI rAnI brahAdattA ke putra ke rUpa meM avatAra dhAraNa karate haiM / .... kavine prathama, dvitIya aura tRtIya sarga meM kramazaH marubhUmi aura vajraghoSa hasti ke pUrvabhavoM kI nAnAvidha ghaTanAoM kA vistAra se varNana kiyA hai| yahA~ suramya deza, podanapuranagara, araviMdarAjA - marubhUti aura rAjA kA sneha aura vizvAsamaya saMbaMdha, kaMmaThake atyAcAra, marubhUti kA bandhuprema, araviMda rAjA kA svayaMbhUmunise dIkSA lenA, marubhUmi kA vajraghoSa hasti ke rUpa meM janma aura araviMdamuni se upadeza prApta kara vratoM kA pAlana karanA aura kRkavAkuse kATane se svarga meM jAnA - svarga meM usakI sthiti - Adi prasaMgo kA sucAru DhaMga se paricaya dIyA gayA hai| .... caturtha se navama sarga taka zrI pArzvanAtha svAmI ke razmivega, vajranAbhi aura AnaMda ke rUpa meM vyatIta kIye gaye pUrvabhavoM kA AkarSaka zailImeM Alekhana hai, cothe sarga ke AraMbha meM hI sumeru parvata aura jaMbUdvIpa ke videhakSetra ke vijayArdhakI manohara pArtha bhUmi meM vidyudvega aura vidyunmAlA ke putra razmivega kA rAga, krodha mAnA mAyA
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma 1 aura lobha se vimukta tathA jJAna se yukta caritra kA nirupaNa kiyA gayA hai / razmivega munivrata dhAraNa karate haiM aura pUrvabhava ke verI kamaTha, jisane ajagara kA deha dhAraNa kIyA thA - vaha use nigala jAtA hai| svargagamana ke bAda ve azvapura ke rAjA vajrakIrya ke putra vajranAbhi ke rUpa meM utpanna hote haiM / vajranAbhi ke liye cakrarala kA prAdurbhAva, digvijaya karake cakravartI rAjA bananA, cakravartI kA aizvarya aura bAda meM vajranAbhikA vairAgya - ina saba ghaTanAoM ke sAtha SaDRtuoM, yuddha, nagara, vana-upavana, jalAzaya, strI-puruSoM kA kAmayoga Adi kA AlaMkArika zailImeM suMdara varNana prastuta kIyA gayA hai / 100 isa ke bAda ayodhyAmeM vajrabAhu ke AnaMda nAmaka putra ke rupa meM utpanna ho kara marubhUti kA jIva, jinayajJa aura tapasyA dvArA tIrthaMkara ke sarva guNoM se yukta banatA hai / kavine yahA~ jaina dharma jinendra kI bar3I prazasti aura stuti kI hai / dasa - gyAraha aura bArahaveM sargameM pArzvanAtha svAmI kA garbha meM AnA, unakA janmakalyANaka, indrAdi devo dvArA meru parvata para bhagavAna kA abhiSeka aura pUjA, bAlyakAla, bhagavAna kA paMcAgnitapa ko kuttapa siddha karane ke liye jAnA, lakaDI meM se jalate nAga yugala ko bAhara nikAlanA aura paMca namaskAra maMtra dvArA unako mukta karanA - tapasvI kA asura honA, vivAha ke liye pitA kA Agraha, pArzvanAtha svAmI dvArA vairAgya ke lie icchA pragaTa karanA, laukrAMtika devoM kA pratibodha denA, bhagavAna kA tapakalyANaka aura pAraNA, asura ke rupa meM kAmaTha ke jIva kA bhagavAna ko upasarga karanA, padmAvatI ke sAtha dharaNendra kA Agamana aura bhagavAna kI sevA karanA, bhagavAna kA jJAnakalyANaka, asura kA namra honA, samavazaraNa kI racanA, bhagavAna kI stuti, bhagavAna kA dharmopadeza, bhagavAna kA vihAra, mokSakalyANaMka, indra dvArA stuti aura aMta meM graMthakartA kI prazasti ke sAtha isa kAvyakRti samApta hotI hai / kAvya prakAra : zrI pArzvanAthacarita kRti meM mahAkAvya ke aneka lakSaNa prApta hote haiM / usake nAmAbhidhAnakI dRSTi se yaha caritra kAvya hI hai| jaina tIrthaMkara zrI pArzvanAtha kA pUrvabhavoM ke sahita - carita aMkita hone se caritra mahAkAvya hai, aisA vidvAnoM kA bhI abhiprAya hai / kAvya sargabaddha hai, aura bAra sargo meM vibhakta hai / mahAkAvya ke lakSaNoM kI apekSA anusAra graMtha kA AraMbha bhI bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI stuti se hotA hai / vAdirAjasUrine isa kRti ko pArzvanAtha jinezvara carita mahAkAvya kahA hai| aneka alaMkAro se yukta zailI meM nagara, yuddha, strI, vana - upavana, prakRti, zItakAla,
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________________ zrI vAdirAjasUrikRta pArthanAthacarita kA sAhityika mUlyAMkana 101 grISmakAla, varSAkAla Adi ke citrAtmaka varNana yahA~ milate haiM / upamA-upameya aura upamAna athavA virodhI sAddazyamUlaka alaMkAro - dRSTAMto ke Ayojana meM kavi kI kuzalatA niHzaMka prazaMsanIya hai / kAvya ke AraMbha ke bAda 2, 3, aura 4 the zloka meM zrI pArzvanAtha kI prazasti karate hue ve kahate haiM : hiMsAdoSakSayAteta puSpavarSazriyaM dadhuH agnivarSoM ruSA yasya pUrvadevena nirmitaH / tapasA sahasA ninye hRdyakuMkumapaMkatAm / garuvor3api trilokasya guroohAdivAdayaH lAghavaM tUlavad yasya dAnavapreritA yayuH / kupita huye kamaThake jIva asara ne pUrva vairake kAraNa jo bANa choDe the ve jinake caraNoM kA AzrayaM pAte hI mAno hiMsAse utpanna haye doSoM ko naSTa karane ke liye hI puSpamAlA ho gaye, to agni varSA kI thI vaha tapa ke prabhAva se sahasA manohArI kumakuma kA lepa ho gayA, baDe bhArI jo patthara pheMke the ve tIna loka ke guru bhagavAna ke drohI ho jAne ke bhayase hI mAno ruI ke samAna halake aura komala ho gye| bhAvArtha apane vairI dvArA upara choDe gaye vANoM ko jinhone phUloM kI mAlA ke samAna priya samajhA, Aga kI varSA ko kesara kA lepa mAna svAgata kiyA aura varSAye gaye pattharoM ko ruI ke samAna komala evaM halake mAna kucha bhI parvA na krii| ... bAda meM kavine gRddhapiccha munimahArAja ratnakaraNDaka ke racayitA svAmI samaMtabhadra, naiyAyikoM ke adhIzvara aphalakadeva, anekAMta kA pratipAdana karanevAle siMha AcArya, sanmati prakaraNa ke racayitA sanmati, munirAja, tresaTha zalAkA puruSoM kA caritra likhanevAle zrI jinasenasvAmI, jIvasiddhi ke racayitA anaMtakIrti muni, mahAtejasvI vaiyAkaraNa zrI pAleyakIrti muni kavi dhanaMjaya, tarkazAstra ke jJAtA anaMtavIrya muni, zlokavatikAlaMkAra ke racayitA zrI vidyAnaMda svAmI caMdraprabhacarita ke kartA vIranaMdisvAmI Adi vidvaddajanoM kA baDe Adara se aura ahobhAva se smaraNa kIyA hai / isa ke bAda aneka alaMkAroM se yukta zailI meM nagara, yuddha, strI, vana-upavana-prakRti, zItakAla, grISmakAla, varSAkAla Adi ke citrAtmaka varNano ke sAtha zrI pArzvanAtha svAmI ke caritra kA nirupaNa kiyA hai| mahAkAvyocita lakSaNa : ..... kRti ke pratyeka sarga ke aMta meM kavine "zrI pArzvanAtha jinezvacarite
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________________ 102. bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma mahAkAvye.... nAma... sarga ...." isa taraha ullekha karake zrI pArzvanAtha caritra ko mahAkAvya kahA hai / bhAmaha, daMDI, vizvanAtha, rudraTa, hemacaMdrAcArya Adi vidvAnoMne alaga alaga tarIke se mahAkAvya kI vibhAvanA aura svarupa prastuta kIyA hai / aneka kaviyoM ke prayogoM aura aneka AcAryoM ke mata-matAntaroM tathA siddhAnta nirUpaNa ke phalasvarUpa saMskRta mahAkAvya kA rUpa uttarottara vikasita hotA gayA aura vaha naye prabhAvoM ko grahaNa karatA gayA / isa samaya 'saMskRta mahAkAvya' kahane se usake varNya viSaya aura prabandhAtmaka rUpa-vidhAna kA jau citra sAmane AtA hai usakA varNana kucha isa prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / mahAkAvya sargabaddha honA cAhie aura usakA kathAnaka bahuta lambA aura na bahuta choTA honA cAhie / kathAnaka nATaka kI saMdhiyoM kI yojanA ke anusAra isa prakAra saMyamita ho ki vaha samanvita prabhAva utpanna kara sake / usameM eka pradhAna ghaTanA AdyopAnta pravAhita hotI rahe jisake cAroM ora se anya upapradhAna paryavasita hotI raheM / kathAnaka utpAdya-anutpAdya aura mizra tInoM prakAra kA ho sakatA hai / mahAkAvya kA nAyaka dhIrodatta sadvaMzotpanna ho / vaha kSatriya yA devatA ho to adhika acchA hogA / nAyaka kA pratinAyaka bhI bala- guNa sampanna honA cAhie: tabhI to use parAjaya dene meM nAyaka kI mahattA hai / anya aneka pAtroM kA honA bhI jarUrI hai / nAyikAoM kI carcA zAstrakAroM ne mahAkAvya ke lakSaNa ginAne meM nahIM kI hai para koI mahAkAvya aisA nahIM hai jisameM nAyikA kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA na ho / mahAkAvya meM kathAnaka ke irda-girda anekAneka vastu - vyApAroM kA varNana nitAnta Avazyaka hai / lakSaNAkAroM ne inakI pUrI sUci ginA dI hai| saMskRta ke alaMkRta mahAkAvya kA pradhAna lakSaNa hai ki usameM ghaTanA- pravAha cAhe kSINa ho para alaMkRta varNanoM kI pradhAnatA hogI / nATaka ke samAna saMskRta ke mahAkAvyoM meM bhI bhAva-vyaMjanA pradhAna tattva hai / bhAvoM ko paripakva banAkara rasa kI yojanA avazya karanI hotI hai| rasa kI utpatti pAtroM aura paristhitiyoM ke samparka, saMgharSa aura kriyA-pratikriyA se dikhAI jAtI hai| zrRMgAra, vIra aura zAMta rasoM meM se koI eka rasa pradhAna hotA hai / anya sabhI rasa sthAna-sthAna para gauNa rUpa meM prakaTa hote rahate haiM / mAnavIya ghaTanAoM aura vyApAroM ke atirikta mahAkAvya meM amAnavIya aura
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________________ zrI vAdirAjasUrikRta. pArzvanAthacarita kA sAhityika mUlyAMkana 103 alaukika tattvoM kA samAveza bhI avazya karAyA jAtA haiM / atiprAkRta ghaTanAoM aura kriyAkalApa kA pradarzana kahIM devatAoM ke dvArA karAyA jAtA hai to kahIM dAnavoM ke dvArA aura kahIM ina donoM se bhinna yoni ke jIvoM dvArA, jaise kinnara, gandharva, yakSa, vidyAdhara, apsarA Adi / - mahAkAvya meM vividha alaMkAro kI yojanA hotI hai, usakI zailI garimApUrNa aura kalAtmaka hotI hai / usameM vividha chaMdo ke prayoga kA vidhAna hotA hai aura usakI bhASA usakI garimAmayI udAtta zailI ke anurUpa tathA grAmya zabda-prayoga doSa se mukta hotI hai / saMskRta mahAkAvya kA uddezya dharma, artha, kAma, mokSa ina cAroM phaloM kI prApti haiM / zrI pArzvanAtha carita meM mahAkAvya ke kaI lakSaNa vidyamAna haiM / vaha sargabaddha racanA haiM, kathAvastu sarvAdhika khyAtiprApta hai; kAvyanAyaka bhAratIya saMskRti ke mUlAdhArarUpa yuga puruSa hai; bhASA sAhityika, grAmyatvadoSarahita, pAMDityapUrNa, prAMjala aura praur3ha hai; jIvana kI vividha avasthAoM aura anubhUtiyoM kA citraNa yahA~ prApta hai; prakRti ke aneka dRzyoM aura vastu varNanoM se alaMkRta hai; alaMkAroM kI yojanA hai aura jIvana ke carama uddezya kI mahAna siddhi kI ucca bhUmi para zAntarasa meM usakA paryAvasana hotA hai / isa taraha mahAkAvya ke lakSaNoM se saMpanna hone ke sAtha 'zrI pArzvanAtha ke aneka pUrvabhavarUpa avAntara kathAoM ke sahita unake caritra kA varNana kIyA gayA hai / ' anya mahAkAvyoM meM samAnarUpa se jo kucha vizeSatAeM pAyI jAtI hai, ye 'saba zrI pArzvanAtha carita meM bhI hai| jaise tIrthaMkaro kI stuti se kAvya kA prAraMbha honA, pUrva kaviyoM aura vidvAnoM kA smaraNa, sajjana- prazaMsA, durjana- nindA, kAvyaracanAmeM preraNA aura sahAyatA karanevAloM kI stuti, vinamratA- pradarzana, kAvya-viSayaka ke mahattva kA varNana, caritra - nAyaka aura unase sambandhita vyaktiyoM ke vibhinna bhavAntaroM kA varNana kathA ke Avazyaka aMga ke rUpa meM yahA~ bhI prApta hotA hai / bhavAntara varNana kA mukhya kAraNa jainoM kI karma-phala prApti meM acala AsthA hai / pariNAma svarUpa yaha kAvya romAMcaka zailI se yukta hone para bhI vairAgyamUlaka aura zAntarasa paryavasAyI hai / + isa mahAkAvya kA uddezya jaina tIrthaMkara ke caritra varNana se jainadharma kA pracAra karane kA hai tathApi unameM prema aura yuddha kA varNana paryApta se adhika mAtrA meM milatA
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________________ 104 bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma hai| prAkRtika vastuoM - prabhAta, saMdhyA, rajanI, candramA, nadI, sAgara, parvata Adi se lekara striyoM ke aMga-pratyaMga - mukha, keza, nAka, A~kha, adhara, uroja, bAhu, trivalI, uru, pAda Adi ke rasapUrNa varNana meM kavi kI ruci pragaTa hotI hai| avasara milane para rati-krIDA varNana se bhI mukha nahIM moDA hai / isI taraha yuddha-varNana meM bhI unhoMne raNa-prayANa se lekara usake samasta kauzaloM kA varNana AyudhoM ke nAma ginAte huo kiyA hai| apane dharma ke pracAra ke prati atyadhika sajAMga hote hue bhI jaina kaviyoMne jIvana kI vAstavikatAoM kI upekSA nahIM kI hai| caritra nAyaka ke jIvana ke Alekhana meM parivartana karanA saMbhava nahIM thA, isa liye zAyada apanI. kalpanAoM se pracura varNanoM karake apanI kavitvazakti kA paricaya diyA hai| prema aura yuddha ke varNanoM meM kalpanAcitra aura atizayoktipUrNa Alekhana bhI milate haiN| ___ kavine dhArmika aura sAhityika AdarzoM kI pRSThabhUmi kI sImAoM meM rahakara, apane pAtroM aura caritranAyaka kI paraMparAgata vizeSatAoM ko citrita karane meM kAphI . saphalatA pAyI hai| vAgvidagdhatA aura mArmika Alekhana se pAtroM kA nirupaNa hRdayagrAhI aura prabhAvaka banA hai / jaise eka citrakAra do-tIna bAra ke tulikA - saMcAlana se eka sajIva citra prastuta karatA hai, isI taraha kavi ke caritrAMkana se caritra kA e ha citra ubharatA hai / apanI urvara kalpanA ke sahAre kavi aisI upamAeM yA utprekSAoM kI sahAya lete haiM ki pAtra sajIva ho uThate haiM - mAnoM cakSu-gocara se hI lagate haiN| ___ caritroM ke aise rUpAMkana meM kavi kI pratibhA nikharatI hai / kabhI kabhI viziSTa pAtroM ke pracalita AdarzoM ko pAtra meM Aropita karate haiN| jaise azvapura ke rAjA vajravIrya kA sarvaguNa saMpannatA isa taraha pragaTa kI gaI hai -. pravartite yatra guNodayAvahe yAgasi maanvehitaa| navahitA krAntA mado na vaibhavA navaibhavAti prathapaMti jaMtavaH // vizeSa vAdI viduSAM manISito nirasya doSanaSit purottamam / tadaSa yaM saMjJadi vajravIrya inyudAharaMti zrutavartmavAdinaH // (sarga 4-67, 68) .... isa prakAra nAnA guNoM se zobhita usa azvapura kA svAmI, vidvAnoM meM zreSTha rAjA vajravIrya thA, jisane ki apane zAsanabala se usa pura ke samasta doSa. dUra kara diye the| jisa samaya guNoM kA bhaMDAra, dayA kA AgAra, puNyazAlI vaha rAjA rAjya kara rahA thA usa samaya logoM kI icchAyeM navIna navIna abhISTa padArthoM ke A jAne se pUrNa ho gaI thii| unakA vaibhava-pravAha bar3ha gayA thaa| isalie usake rAjya
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________________ zrI vAdirAjasUrikRta pArzvanAthacarita kA sAhityika mUlyAMkana 'dhana hai meM nivAsa karanevAle logoM ne vaibhava kI pIr3A kabhI bhI na sahI thI isa prakAra kA avasara unhoMne kabhI na pAyA thaa| aura, abhISTa padArtha nahIM milate' - varNanakalA : - 105 pAtra kA caritra - vikAsa : 1 unake pAtra jo vIra hai, vaha janma se hI vIra hai, jo dhArmika prakRti kA hai, vaha janma se hI dhArmika hai| jo duSTa hai, vaha janma se hI duSTa hai / unake caritra kI rUpa rekhA pahale se nirdiSTa hotI hai, unakI hara kriyAoM se unakI vahI nizcita vizeSatA hI nikhara kara sAmane AtI hai / taba bhI AraMbha meM marubhUti aura kamaTha ke pAtroM kA caritra - vikAsa alabatta nizcita dizA meM hI pratIta hotA / kamaTha ke pAtra kI duSTatA janmAMtara meM bhI vahI rUpa se pratIta hotI hai, java marubhUti ke pAtra meM kahIM caDhAva - utAra dIkhate haiN| usake pAtrAlekhana meM vIratva aura dhArmikatA ke viSaya meM hrAsa, vikAsa aura vRddhi ke liye avakAza diyA gayA hai| kavi hara pAtra ko vyaktigata vaiziSTyase samanvita karane kA prayatna karate haiM / prApta paristhiti aura ghaTanAoM meM pAtroM kI vividha manodazAoM kA citraNa bhI kIyA haiN| jaise marubhUmi hAthI kA janma letA hai taba munivacana ke upadeza sunane ke pahale kA usakA rudrarUpa, prakRti kI kaThoratA aura munivacana sunane ke bAda parivartita svabhAva kI komalatA kA hRdayasparzI nirUpaNa huA hai / kavine pAtra, paristhiti, prakRti Adi kA kalpanAmaMDita Alekhana kIyA hai nArI-sauMdarya kA varNana : prAcIna mahAkAvyoM kI taraha yahAM bhI kavine nArIsauMdarya kA varNana kIyA hai| nArI - sauMdarya puruSa ke premodrekakA kAraNa banatA hai, jisase aneka ghaTanAyeM aura kArya - vyApAra prasUta hote haiM / prAyaH paraMparita upamAnoM kA hI sauMdaryavarNana meM upayoga hotA hai / pratyeka nArI caMdramukhI aura pIna - payodharovAlI hai| unake netra kamaladala jaise aura cAla matta gajakI bhA~ti hai, strI- aMgoM kA phuTakara varNana karane ke atirikta kavine nakha - zikha varNana bhI kiyA hai / vaha eka prakAra se rUDhibaddha sauMdarya - varNana hai| zarIra ke aMga-pratyaMga kA kramika varNana paraMparAyukta sAdRzyamUlaka aprastutoM ke mAdhyama se kiyA jAtA hai / devAMganAoM dvArA tIrthaMkara ko janma denevAlI vizvasena * rAjA kI rAnI sagarbhA brahmadattA ke sauMdarya aura aMga-pratyaMga kA varNana isa taraha huA hai - 1
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________________ bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma yannamasyati satImimAM vRSAt kiyacca saddazaM mRgIdRzaH / saMhatiH svayamiva hi tAvatAmekazastava padaM hi ye guNAH // 68 // naizameva nayanAbhirAmayA badhyate navasudhAruce rucA / vidyayeva niravadyavRttayA cetasaM ca suddazA jagattamaH // 69 // subhruvo nu vadanena baMdhunA padmasAravijayI nizAkaraH / saMvibhAgavidhineva yattayoH kAMtisaMpadubhayoH pravartate // 70 // mukhyasaurabhasamIrasaMgataspaMditAdharasarAgapallavA / nirmalAsmitasudhAnavodramA sparddhate madhuvanazriyA vadhUH // 71 // nayanoM ko manohara laganevAlI caMdramA kI cAMdanI se to kevala rAtri kA hI aMdhakAra naSTa hotA hai paraMtu isa mahArAnI ke darzana to jisaprakAra nirdoSa cAritra se bhUSita vidyA se citta aura saMsAra - saba jagaha kA aMdhakAra naSTa ho jAtA hai usI prakAra saba aMdhakAra naSTa ho gayA // 68- 69 // 106 suMdara bhrukuTIvAlI mahArAnI ke mukha ke sAtha sAtha hI caMdramAne kamalavana ko jItA thA isI liye mAnoM ina (caMdramA aura isa rAnI ke mukha) kI kAMtirUpI sampatti barAbara hai / jisa prakAra caMdramA kI kAMti hai usI prakAra isa mahArAnI ke mukha kI bhI hai // 70 // isa rAnI ke lAla adharapallava, mukha kI sugaMdhita pavana se kaMpa rahe haiM / nirmala muskarAhaTa rUpI sudhA kA prasava kara rahe haiM isaliye madhuvana kI lakSmI ke sAtha yaha sparddhA hI mAno kara rahI hai aisA mAlUma paDatA hai // 71 // isake bAda rAnI ke stana, uruyugala, nakha Adi kA varNana kramazaH milatA hai, jo paraMparAgata hai / prakRti varNana : mahAkAvya meM prakRti varNana ke liye bhI jyAdA avakAza rahatA hai / mahAkAvya meM prAkRtika dRzyoM aura vastuoM kA varNana prAya: AlaMbanarUpa meM, uddIpanarUpa meM, alaMkArarUpa meM, vastugaNanA ke rUpa meM aura pratIka yA saMketa ke rUpa meM kIyA jAtA hai / isa mahAkAvya meM prakRti kA adhikatara varNana AlaMkArika yojanA ke aMgarUpa meM yA pUrvasthita bhAva kI uddIpti ke sahAyaka ke rUpa meM huA hai /
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________________ zrI vAdirAjasUrikRta pArzvanAthacarita kA sAhityika mUlyAMkana 107 prastuta ke varNana meM kavine jina aprastutoM kA sahArA liyA hai, unameM prAkRtika upAdAnoM kI mAtrA bahuta adhika hai / mukha, alaka, nayana, nAsika, daMta, adhara, stana Adi kA varNana karate samaya kavi paraMparA anusAra candramA, kamala, sUrya, bhramara, nAga, mRga, mIna, bimbaphala, pallava, vela Adi se upamita karate haiM / kavine vyakti yA aMga - vizeSa, ghaTanAvizeSa yA prasaMga vizeSa ko prabhAvasamanvita banAne ke liye prakRti ke upamAnoM se sahAyatA lI hai / kahIM kahIM kavine isa se varNya viSaya ko citrAtmaka yA tAddaza banAne meM saphalatA bhI milI hai / prakRti-varNana meM prAkRtika padArthoM ke nAmoM kI lambI sUci dene se kavi kI bahujJatA prakaTa hotI hai, lekina yaha kavikarma kI saphalatA nahIM hai / kabhI kabhI prakRti varNana uddIpana ke rUpa meM aura kabhI ghaTanAoM kI pRSThabhUmi ke rUpa meM bhI kiyA hai| vasaMta aura varSARtu meM prakRti uddIpanavibhAva kisa taraha banatI hai isakA varNana prAyaH milatA hai / kabhI kabhI prakRti meM mAnavIya bhAvoM kA AropaNa bhI kiyA gayA hai, vahA~ prakRti sajIva sI ho uThatI hai / Rtu parivartana ke saMdhikAla ko bhI kavine cAturI se Alekhita kIyA hai / zizira kI vidAya aura vasaMta kA Agamana ke samaya kA varNana bar3A hI mArmika aura cAturIpUrNa hai / (pR. 176, zloka 27, pR. 177, zloka 30 ) 1 vasaMta, grISma Adi RtuoM kA bhI vistRta varNana yahA~ upalabdha hai / yahA~ kavi upamA, rUpaka yA utprekSA kI sahAya se varNya viSaya ko prabhAvaka banAne kI koziza karate haiM / pA~cave sarga meM saba RtuoM kA AlaMkArika varNana hai / kAmadeva lokavijaya ke utsvarUpa vasaMta Rtu kA varNana karate hue kavi kahate haiM - bhuvanaikajayotsavAya kaMtoriva bhRMgIjanamaMgalasvanaudhaiH / madhunA vidhinArpitAkura zrIrajaniSTa drumayaSTipAlikAsu // (sarga - 5, 45) // vasaMta Rtu ke prabhAva se jo vRkSarUpI yaSTipAlikAoM (dhvajA daMDako thAmane vAlI auratoM) para nAnA aMkura rUpI lakSmI dIkhane lagI aura bhramarIrUpI striyoM ke samUha apane zabdoM se maMgala rUpI gIta gAne lage to unase mahArAja kAmadeva ke * lokavijaya kA utsava sarIkhA mUlama hone lagA / RtuoM ke atirikta kavine prakRti ke anya svarUpa jaise sarovara, nadI, pahADa, vana, sAgara, sUryodaya, caMdrodaya, saMdhyA, rAtri Adi kA bhI varNana kiyA hai|
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________________ 108 bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma ina saba meM adhikAMza varNana paripATI anusAra hai, taba bhI kahIM kahIM kavi kI sUkSma nirIkSaNazakti aura urvara kavi-kalpanA kA bhI paricaya milatA hai / .... pratyeka RtukAla meM prakRti meM sRSTi meM honevAle parivartana kA varNana to prAyaH milatA hai / lekina yahA~ kavine prakRti ke uparAMta manuSya prANiyoM aura vAtAvaraNa bhI alaga alaga RtuoM ke Agamana se kaise prabhAvita hote haiM, usakA varNana bhI kIyA hai, jo kavi kI sUkSma dRSTi kA paricayaka hai| jaise zizira Rtu kA prabhAva isa prakAra varNita hai - maNidIdhitadIpikAprakAze nizi kAlAgurupiMDadhUpagarne / . vinivezitahaMsatUlazayyApuline garbhagRhe sahemabhittau // 40 // ... avataMsitamAlatIsugaMdhibilasatkuMkumapaMkAdigdhagAtraH / - vanitabhajapaMjaropagUDho yuvarAjaziziraM sa nirviveza // 41 // ... aise ramaNIya samaya meM mAlatI kI sugaMdhise sugaMdhita, kuMkumakI paMkase lipta, yuvarAja vajranAbha apanI pyArI kaMtAoM ke bhujapaMjaroM se baddha huye maNikiraNoM ke prakAza se prakAzita, kAlAgaru ke dhUpa se dhUpita, hema kI bhittiyoM se viziSTa bhItare gharameM haMsa ke samAna zveta rUI kI zayyA para Rtu kA AnaMda lene lage // 40-41 // jaise varSARtu kA prabhAva isa prakAra varNita hai - abhimAnamudasya mastake kAmadizaM na dadhau savastuke kaa| ... vanitAM mumucunizamya ke kAmapi meghAgamajAM mayUrakekAm // 16 // usa samaya aisI koI strI na thI jo apane abhimAna ko tilAMjali de kAma kI AjJA kA na pAlana karane lagI ho aura aisA koI puruSa na thA jo varSARta kI sUcanA denevAle mayUroM kI hRdayAhAriNI vANI ko zravaNa kara apanI strI ke pAsa na AyA ho| _ Rtu parivartana ke saMdhikAla ko bhI cAturI se Alokita kiyA hai - RtunA samayena tena tIvrAdiva padmAdhipanaMdanaprabhAvAt / bijahe valayaM dizAmazeSaM kRtapadmAlayavaibhavakSayeNa // 42 // zizirastaruSaMDaviplavAnAM sa vidhAtA kka nu vartate durAtmA / paTukokilakUjitairbasaMto vanamityAvhayatIva saMpraviSTaH // 43 / / padyAlayoM (sarovara) ke vaibhava ko naSTa karane vAle usa zizira Rtune jyoMhI
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________________ zrI vAdirAjasUrikRta pArzvanAthacarita kA sAhityika mUlyAMkana padmAdhipanaMdana (basaMta) ko Ate huye dekhA to bhaya se zIghra hI samasta dizA vidizAoM ko choDakara vaha bhAga gayA, aura usake bAda hI "are ! vRkSakhaMDoM kA toDanevAlA vaha durAtmA hiMsaka zizira kahAM gayA ?" isa prakAra ke vacanoM ko kokiloM ke zabdoM se kahate huye ke samAna vasaMta zIghra hI vana meM praviSTa ho gayA / nagaravarNana : isake atirikta vastu-varNana - arthAt deza, nagara, krIDA, durga, senA, yuddha kI taiyArI aura yuddha Adi kA citropama aura prabhAvazAlI nirUpaNa kavine kiyA hai / kRti ke AraMbha meM araviMdarAjA ke podanapuranagara kA varNana isa taraha diyA hai'vedIratnaprabhotkIrNAH prAsAdAH yatra pAMDurAH / seMdra cApazaranmeghavibhramaM sAdhu vibhrate // gRhogronnataratnAnAM sphUraMtyo razmisUcayaH / divA'pi yatra kurvati zaMkAmulkAsu pazyatAm // AstIparNA vipaNiyatra krayyamANikyarociSA / prAptAbAlAtapeneva vyomapAtheyalipsathA // yatreMdranIlanirmANagRhabhittIrupAsthitAH / hemavarNAH striyo bhAMti kAlAbdAniva vidyutaH // bhavanottaMbhitA yatra patAkAH pItabhAsurAH / bhAvayaMtyadhane vyomni kSaNadIdhitivibhramam // harinmaNimayAraMbhAmunmayUkhAM jidhitsayA / dUrvokarUdhiyA yatra vatsA dhAvaMti dehalIm // 109 (sarga - 1, 58 se 63) gRha ke ratnoM kI prabhA se vyApta jahAM ke prAsAda apanI kAMti se indradhanuSa se sahita zaratkAlIna megha kI zobhA ko dhAraNa karate haiM / gharoM ke unnata agrabhAga meM lage huye ratnoM kI camakatI huI kiraNeM dina meM bhI dekhanevAloM ko apane meM bijalI kI zaMkA karAtI haiM / vikrIke liye rakkhe huye mANikyoM kI lAla lAla kiraNoM se vyApta vahA~ kA jauharI bAjAra aisA mAlUma paDatA hai mAnoM AkAza mArga meM gamana karane se pahile pAtheya (rAste meM khAne kA sAmAna) ko grahaNa karane kI icchA se lohita navIna sUraja
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________________ 110 bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma hI vahAM AyA ho / suvarNa ke samAna pIta varNa vAlI striyAM jaba kabhI kahAM kI indranIla maNiyoMse nirmita gRhabhittiyoM para Akara upasthita hotI haiM to unakI nIle meghoM ke pAsa camakanevAlI bijalIyoMkI sI zobhA hotI hai| - usa nagara ke gharoM para dhvajAyeM jagamagAte huye pIle varNa kI sI haiM so jisa samaya ve pavana ke pratApa se idhara udhara phaharAtI haiM to binA megha ke hI AkAza meM bijalI ke camakanekA saMdeha karA detI haiM arthAt bijalI kA aura unakA raMga eka samAna hone se loga megha rahita AkAza meM unheM bijalI samajha sazaMka ho jAte usa nagara ke gharoM kI dehaliyAM cama camAte huye maNiyoM kI banI huI haiM isaliye vahA ke bachare (gAyoM ke beTe bacce) unheM hare hare dUrvAke aMkura samajha khAneke liye dauDate haiN| .. .. . yuddha ke varNana meM kavine amita utsAha batAyA hai / ahiMsA-mUlaka jaina dharma ke unnayana aura prasAra ke uddezyavAle aura zrI pArzvanAtha tIrthaMkara ke caritracitraNa karate hue kAvya meM yuddha kA varNana kvacita aprastuta lagatA hai| lekina yuddha kI vibhiSikAkA pratyakSa paricaya de kara ahiMsA kA mahattva nirdezita kIyA hai, aisA hama mAna sakate haiM / yuddha ke varNanoM meM ekarUpatA aura punarAvRtti bhI hai hii| astrazatra ke nAma, senAkA yuddha ke liye prayANa, yuddha ke prasaMga Adi meM ekarUpatA hone para bhI vIrarasa kA utsAhapreraka Alekhana huA hai / kavi kI zabdayojanA aura varNAnuprAsa kA kauzalya bhI isameM sahAyaka hotA hai / vajranAbha rAjA kI vijayayAtrA kA suMdara varNana chaThe sarga ke AraMbha meM milatA hai| dharma-ciMtana : nIti upadeza aura jainadharma ke siddhAMto kA mAhAtmya batAnevAlI kaI sUktiyA~ bIca bIca meM bikharI par3I haiN| hatavartipadhAyi mAnasaM timiraM tatparimArjanaM bacaH / . . . gurubaMdhujanopadarzitaM kathamulaMdhyamato hitaiSiNAM // (sarga - 7, 84) mAnasika aMdhakAra-ajJAna (moha) baDA hI prabala hotA hai vaha acche bure kA vicAra nahIM karane detA / usako dUra karane meM taila aura vattIkA dIpaka kAma nahI detA / usako dUra karane vAle to guru ke hitakArI vacana hI hote haiM, isa liye
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________________ zrI vAdirAjasUrikRta pArzvanAthacarita kA sAhityika mUlyAMkana jo apane hita ko cAhane vAle haiM - sukha se rahanA cAhate haiM unheM apane bar3e logoM ke vacana kabhI na TAlane cAhiye unakA kabhI bhI ullaMghana karanA ucita nahIM / jahi kopamapAyakAraNaM jahi prauDhAMgadamaM madoddhatim / . gajarAja ! jahIhi mastaraM tvamamaitrI ca jahAhi dehibhiH // 11 // isake sivAya tumheM yaha bhI ucita hai ki jIva kA sarvathA nAza-ahita karane vAle kopa ko choDo, proDha aMgoM kI damana karane vAlI madonmattatA ko tilAMjali dedo, dUsaroM se IrSyA karanA choDa do aura samasta prANiyoM ke sAtha zatrutA karane se bhI bAja A jAo, sabake sAtha mitratA kA vyavahAra karanA prAraMbha kara do / yadi priyAsAdyadi nAzi yadyalaM guNacchide yApatApasaMghaye / anAtmanInaM tata eva tarhi tad vRthaiva dhigdhige viSayonmukhaM sukham // 76 // viSayajanya sukha naSTa ho jAnevAlA hai guNoM kA nAza kara detA hai, pazcAtApa karAtA hai aura ata eva AtmAkA vairI hai isaliye use vAra vAra dhikkAra hai / . avivicya kriyA naiva zreyase balinAmapi / gajo'pi nipatet garte vRttastamasi caryayA // 84 // binA soce samajhe kAma karane se balazAlI puruSoM kA bhI kalyANa nahIM hotA, dekhiye ! aMdhakAra meM calane se hAthI gaDDhe meM gira paDatA hai| __azakyavastuviSayaH pratyavAyakRdudyamaH / * aMghriNA kramato'pyagnimaMghrisphoTaH sphuTAyate // 85|| ___ azakya padArtha ke viSaya meM kiyA gayA parizrama avazya matihana ho jAtA hai jaise ki agni ko paira se kuTanevAle puruSa kA paira hI jalatA hai, agni kA kucha nahI bigar3atA / . svairamanyadatikramya pravartetAkhilaM balI / ... kAlakramopapannA tu niyatiH kena laMdhyate // 86 // . balavAn puruSa dUsare padArtho para icchAnusAra vijaya pA sakatA hai lekina kAlakrama se prApta hue bhAgya ko kauna TAla sakatA hai| .. kavi kI bhASA-zailI, abhivyakti-kauzalya, alaMkArayojanA Adi noMdhapAtra hai| isa se bhI kavi-kauzalya kA paricaya milatA hai / bhASA meM sahaja pravAha aura bhAvAnurUpa parivartita hone kI kSamatA hai| oja, prasAda aura mAdhurya tInoM guNoM kA
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________________ 112 bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma nidarzana usameM milatA hai / kAvya racanA ke upakrama meM kucha alaMkAra to apane Apa A jAte haiN| rasanirupaNa : zRMgAra, vIra aura zAntarasa kA Alekhana yahA~ mukhyatayA huA hai| ___ sarga meM vIra aura zRMgAra kA sAtha sAtha hI varNana hai / yuddha kAla ke vIrocita prasaMgo ke Alekhana ke bAda kavine yoddhAoM ke sAtha AyI. huI unakI patniyoM ke sAtha jo zRMgAra kriDAyeM kI thIM unakA mAdaka varNana yahA~ huA hai| kavine pratyeka krIDAoM kA aura isa samaya ke strIyoM ke manobhAvoM kA sUkSma aura. alaMkAro se tAdRza nirupaNa kIyA hai aura prAkRtika sAdRzyoM kI bhI sahAya lI hai| striyoM ke aMgopAMgoke citraNa meM bhI zaMgAra kI jhalaka milatI hai| zAMtarasa ko Alekhana atyAdhika prasaMgo meM hai| phira bhI dUsare aura bArahaveM sargoM meM pArzvanAtha bhagavAna ke caritra citraNa ke prasaMga meM sahaja rIti se zAMta rasa kA prAgaTya hotA hai aura tIrthaMkara bhagavAna ke prati bhaktibhAva, prAgaTya karane meM preraNAdAyI banatA hai / chanda kA Ayojana : . mahAkAvya kI zailI ke anurupa pratyeka sarga kI racanA alaga-alaga chanda meM kI hai aura sargAnta meM vividha chandoM kI yojanA kI hai / pahale, sAtaveM aura gyArahaveM sargoM meM anuSTupa chanda, zeSa meM dUsare chandoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| saptama sarga meM vyUharacanA ke prasaMga meM mAtrAcyutaka, vinducyutaka, gUDhacaturthaka, akSaracyutaka, akSaravyatyaya, niroSThaya Adi kA anuSTupa chandoM meM hI pradarzana kiyA gayA hai / chaThe sarga meM vividha zabdoM kI chaTA draSTavya hai|| isa kAvya kI bhASA mAdhuryapUrNa hai| kavi kA bhASA para asAdhAraNa adhikAra hai / vaha manorama kalpanAoM ko sAkAra karane meM pUrNatayA samartha hai / kavine bhAva aura bhASA ko sajAne ke liye alaMkAroM kA prayoga kiyA hai| zabdAlaMkAroM meM anuprAsa kA prayoga adhika huA hai| arthAlaMkAroM meM upamA, utprekSA, arthAntaranyAsAdi kA prayoga svAbhAvika rUpa se kiyA gayA hai| ___ ataH mahAkAvya ke anurupa zailI meM racita yaha kRti pArzvanAtha ke jIvanacaritra aura kAvyakalA kI dRSTi se noMdhapAtra hai|
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________________ mokSa cintana kA saiddhAMtika pakSa dharma ke do pakSa hai - vicAra aura AcAra; siddhAnta aura kriyA-karma / AcAra-darzanoM meM naitika jIvana kA parama sAdhya yA parama zreya nirvANa yA AtmA kI upalabdhi hI mAnA gayA hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM mokSa, nirvANa, paramAtmA kI prApti Adi jIvana ke carama lakSya yA parama zreya ke hI paryAyavAcI haiN| lekina hameM yaha spaSTa jAna lenA cAhie ki bhAratIya-paramparA meM mokSa yA nirvANa kA tAtparya kyA hai ? sAmAnyatayA mokSa yA nirvANa se hama kisI maraNottara avasthA kI kalpanA karate haiM / lekina vAstavika sthiti isase bhinna hai| jise sAmAnyatayA mokSa yA nirvANa kahA jAtA hai, vaha to usakA maraNottara pariNAma mAtra hai jo ki hameM jIvanamukti ke rUpa meM isI jIvana meM upalabdha ho jAtA hai / vastutaH naitika jIvana kA sAdhya yahI.jIvana-mukti hai, jise vyakti ko yahIM aura isI jagat meM prApta karanA hai / lokottara mukti to isakA anivArya pariNAma hai jo ki zarIra ke chUTa jAne para prApta ho jAtI hai| nirvANa yo mokSa bhAratIya naitikatA kA parama zreya hai / duHkha se vimukti ko hI naitika jIvana kA sAdhya batAyA gayA hai aura duHkhoM se pUrNa vimukti ko hI nirvANa yAM mokSa kahA gayA hai| bhAratIya AcAradarzanoM kI dRSTi meM bhautika evaM vastugata sukha vAstavika sukha nahIM haiM / saccA sukha vastugata nahIM, apitu Atmagata hai| usakI upalabdhi tRSNA yA Asakti ke prahANa dvArA sambhava hai| vItarAga, anAsakta aura vItatRSNa honA unakI dRSTi vAstavika sukha hai - nirvANa hai aura deha-kSaya hai| isa taraha mokSa yA mukti ke do svarUpa hai - isa jIvana meM hI prApta honevAlI mukti - yA nirvANa - jisakA sAdhaka apane Apa anubhava karatA hai aura dUsarI maraNottara - jo janma-mRtyu kI paraMparA kA kSaya sUcita karatI hai /
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________________ 114 . bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma isa dRSTi se jaina paraMparA meM mukti ke do rUpoM ko bhAvamokSa aura dravyamokSa kahA hai| rAgadveSAdi kaSAyoM se mukta honA - yaha bhAvamokSa hai aura dravyamokSa kA artha nirvANa yA maraNottara mukti kI prApti hai| . bauddha paramparA meM ise sopAdhizeSa nirvANadhAtu aura anupAdhizeSa nirvANadhAtu kahate hai / sopAdhizeSa nirvANa arthAt jo tRSNA ke kSaya se prApta hotI hai aura anupAdhizeSa nirvANa dehanAza ke bAda prApta hotA hai / gItA meM usakA jIvanmukta aura videhamukta rUpa meM varNana kiyA hai / mokSa ke viSaya meM jaba hama socate haiM - taba hame AtmavAda aura karmasiddhAMta ke bAre meM socanA par3egA / kyoMki kaSAyoM ke AvaraNa aura zarIra ke bandhanoM se jo mukta hotA hai vaha AtmA hai aura AtmA kA zarIra dhAraNa karanA - vaha karmasiddhAMta para AdhArita hai| AtmavAda : jaina darzana kI dRSTi se dravya kI apekSA se AtmA nitya hai aura bhAvapakSa kI dRSTi se anitya hai| . . jamAlI ke sAtha hue praznottara meM mahAvIra ne apane isa dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa kara diyA hai ki ve kisa apekSA se jIva ko nitya mAnate haiM aura kisa apekSA se anitya / mahAvIra kahate haiM, 'he jamAlI, jIva zAzvata hai ! tInoM kAloM meM aisA koI samaya nahIM hai jaba yaha jIva (AtmA) nahIM thA, nahIM hai, athavA nahIM hogaa| isI apekSA se yaha jIvAtmA nitya, dhruva, zAzvata, akSaya aura avyaya hai / he jamAlI, jIva azAzvata hai, kyoMki nAraka marakara tiryaMca hotA hai, tiryaMca marakara manuSya hotA hai, manuSya marakara deva hotA hai| isa prakAra ina nAnAvasthAoM ko prApta karane ke kAraNa use anitya kahA jAtA / ' bauddha darzana AtmA anitya yA parivartanazIla pakSa para adhika bala detA hai / buddha ne avicchinna, parivartanazIlacetanApravAha ke rUpa meM AtmA kA svIkAra kiyA hai / vaidika paraMparA meM bhI AtmA kI nityatA kA pratipAdana huA hai| ___ isake sAtha karmasiddhAMta aura punarjanma kA siddhAMta bhI juDA huA hai| prAyaH sabhI darzana mAnate haiM ki prANiyoM meM kSamatA evaM dhanasaMpatti Adi kI suvidhAoM kA jo janmagata vaiSamya hai usakA kAraNa prANI ke apane hI pUrvajanmoM ke kRtya hai / saMkSepa meM vaMzAnugata aura naisargika pUrvajanmoM ke zubhAzubha kRtyoM kA hI phala hai / aura ina karmoM kA pratyaya manuSya mana kI rAgadveSAdi vRttiyA~ haiM / ina sabake mUla meM mithyAtva,
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________________ mokSa cintana kA saiddhAMtika pakSa / 115 avidyA yA mithyA dRSTikoNa hai jo manuSyoM ko karma ke liye prerita karate haiN| karma bandha aura usake pariNAmarUpa Asrava se prANI janma-mRtyu kI paraMparA ko prApta hotA hai| AtmavAda saMbaMdhI dArzanika bheda ke hote hue bhI jaina, buddha aura vaidika paraMparA kA sAdhanAmArga AsravakSaya ke nimitta hI hai| sabakI dRSTi meM AsravakSaya hI nirvANa prApti kA prathama sopAna hai / jaise 'milinda prazna' meM rAjA milinda ke pUchane para kI punarjanma hogA yA nahi hogA? - AcArya nAgasena batAte haiM ki - 'sace mahArAja sa'pAdAno bhavissAmi, paTisandahissAmi, sace anupAdAno bhavissAmi, na paTisanda hissAmi / ' - tRSNA ke pratyaya se rAga-dveSa mohAdi kA jo upAdAna hotA hai - Asrava hotA hai, usake kSaya hone para hI punarjanma kI saMbhAvanA bhI naSTa hogI / jaise uttarAdhyayana meM kahA gayA hai - chaMdaM nirAhaNa uvai mokkhaM / IcchAoM ko rokane se hI mokSa prApta hotA hai| jaise jaina paraMparA meM rAga, dveSa aura moha bandhana ke mUlabhUta kAraNa mAne gaye haiM, vaise hI bauddha paraMparA meM lobha (rAga), dveSa aura moha ko bandhana (karmoM kI utpatti) kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai / jo mUrkha lobha, dveSa aura moha se prerita hokara choTA yA bar3A jo bhI karma karatA hai, use usI ko bhoganA par3atA hai, na ki dUsare kA kiyA huaa| isalie buddhimAn bhikSu ko cAhie ki lobha, dveSa aura moha kA tyAga kara evaM vidyA kA lAbha kara sArI durgatiyoM se mukta ho / . - jaina darzana meM mokSa mArga kA ati sUkSma rUpa se prarUpaNa huA hai / jaina dRSTi ke anusAra - aura anya darzana bhI - abhivyakti kI bhinnatA se atirikta - mAnate haiM ki bhava kA kAraNa puNya, pApa, Asrava aura bandha hai / jaba ki saMvara aura nirjarA mokSaM ke pratyaya hai / kuMdakuMdAcAryane paMcAstikAya (128-130) meM isakA varNana kiyA hai| saMsArI jIva nAnA vidha karma karane ke pariNAma svarUpa deva-manuSyatiryaMca-nAraka Adi gati meM gamana karatA rahatA hai| isakI vajaha se deha dhAraNa karatA hai| deha se indriya, indriya se viSayagrahaNa, viSayagrahaNa se rAgadveSa, rAgadveSa se punaHsnigdha pariNAma - arthAt karmaraja kA AvaraNa, kramazaH karma paraMparA aura janma-mRtyu kA AvAgamana hotA rahatA hai / gautama buddhane bhI pratItya-samutpAda ke rUpa meM hetu-phala paraMparA kA varNana kramazaH - avidyA, saMskAra, vijJAna, nAmarUpa, aura SaDAyatana, sparza, vedanA, tRSNA, upAdAna, bhava aura jAti-jarA-maraNa-zoka-ke rUpa meM kiyA hai / tattvataH donoM kA iMgita samAna hI hai| aura vaha hetu-phala paraMparA kI zRMkhalA ko
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________________ 116 bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma samApta karane se - nirodha karane se nirvANa lAbha hotA hai| ____ kuMdakuMdAcAryane mokSamArga meM bAdhaka bananevAlA pApAsrava kA vizad nirUpaNa kiyA hai| (131-141) kArya meM pramAda, citta kI kaluSita avasthA, viSayoM ke prati tIvra Asakti, anya ko pIr3ita karanA yA doSa denA - ye saba pApAsrava ke . heturUpa hai / tIvra moha se utpanna honevAlI AhAra, bhaya, maithuna aura parigraha - ye cAra saMjJAyeM, kaSAya se utpanna kRSNa, nIla, kapota - ye azubha lezyAoM kI rAgadveSajanita indriyapazatA; AI aura raudra dhyAna, azubha kAryoM se yukta jJAna-darzana aura cAritra; mohanIya se utpanna moha - yaha bhAva pApAsrava hai / paudgalika karmoM kI vajaha se honevAle dravya pApAsrava meM yaha bhAva-pApAsrava nimitta banatA hai| indriyo, kaSAyo aura saMjJAoM kA yathAzakya nigraha pApAstrava kA nigraha karatA hai| puNyAsrava ke bAre meM bhI socanA hogA / puNyopArjana kI kriyAyeM aba anAsakta bhAva se kI jAtI hai, to ve zubha bandha kA kAraNa na hokara karmakSaya (saMvara. aura nirjarA) kA kAraNa bana sakatI hai / puNya kArya bhI Asaktirahita hokara, nirlepa bhAva se karanA cAhiye, tabhI vaha mokSa yA nirvANa meM sahAyaka bana sakatA hai / . yahIM gItA kA anAsakta yoga bhI ciMtanIya hai aura buddha ne bhI dRSTAMta dvArA yahI.bAta kahI hai - "jisa prakAra sundara puNDarika kamala pAnI se lipta nahIM hotA usI prakAra puNya aura pApa donoM se nirlepa honA cAhiye, donoM se upara uThanA caahiye|' isa taraha Asrava, saMvara, nirjarA Adi se karmoM kA pUrNataH kSaya hotA hai, taba karmoM ke abhAva se AtmA apane vizuddha svarUpa meM pariNata hotA hai| bhAvakarma kA sarvathA kSaya honA bhAvamokSa hai aura paudgalika karmoM kA kSaya honA -- dravya mokSa hai / mokSa kI isa avasthA meM jIva indriyarahita, avyAbAdha aura anaMta sukha ko prApta karatA hai aura bhavatyAga karatA hai| dravyasaMgraha meM bhI nizcaya aura vyavahAra mArga kI dRSTi se mokSamArga kI vyAkhyA isa taraha dI gaI hai - sammaiMsaNaNANaM caraNaM mukkhassa kAraNaM jANe / vavahArA Nicchayado tattiyamaio Nio appA // 39 // rayaNatayaM Na vaTTai appANaM muittu aNNadaviyamhi / tamhA tattiyamaiu hodi hu mukkhassa kAraNaM AdA // 40 // samyagadarzana, samyagajJAna, aura samyakcAritra ina tInoM ke samudAya ko vyavahAra se mokSa kA kAraNa jAno / tathA nizcaya se samyagadarzana, samyagajJAna aura
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________________ mokSa cintana kA saiddhAMtika pakSa / 117 cAritra svarUpa jo nija AtmA hai usako mokSa kA kAraNa jAno // 39 // - AtmA ko chor3akara anya dravya meM ratnatraya nahIM rahatA isa kAraNa usa ratnatrayamayI jo AtmA hai vahI nizcaya se mokSa kA kAraNa hai // 40 // .. samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArgaH / - yahA~ nizcaya naya aura vyavahAra naya se mokSa kI vyAkhyA dI gaI hai / zrI vItarAga sarvajJa se kahe hue SaDdravya, pA~ca astikAya, sAta tattva aura nava padArtha haiN| inameM zraddhA rakhanA aura vratAdi kA AcaraNa karanA- ityAdi jo hai so to vyavahAra mokSamArga hai aura nizcaya naya se ratnatrayamaya nijazuddha AtmA hI mokSarUpa hai| isake liye dhyAnamArga kA anusaraNa bhI Avazyaka hai| dravyasaMgrahakAra kahate hai - 'mA mujjhaha mA rajjaha mA dUsaha' - samasta moha, rAga aura dveSoM se rahita hokara sthira citta se dhyAna meM sthita hokara AtmA ke svarUpa kA sAkSAtkAra rUpa anubhava kara sakatA hai| mokSa zabda muJca dhAtu se banatA hai| mokSa kA artha hai mukta honA / jIva kA karmabandha se mukta honA mokSa hai / zuddhopayoga lakSaNa jo bhAvamokSa kA svarUpa hai aura karma ke pradezoM ko judA karane rUpa dravyamokSa kA svarUpa hai vaha vAstava meM jIva kA svabhAva nahIM hai| kintu una bhAvamokSa aura dravyamokSa se bhinna jo phalabhUta jJAna Adi guNarUpa svabhAva hai, vahI zuddha jIva kA svarUpa hai / aura AtmA kA yaha nija zuddha svarUpa karmabandha ke Asrava kA saMvara aura nirjarA dvArA kSaya karane para, mokSarUpa meM pragaTa hotA hai / karmabandhana chUTa jAtA hai / vastutaH mokSa to bandhana kA abhAva hI hai / .. bandhana aura mukti kI yaha samagra vyAkhyA paryAyadRSTi kA viSaya hai| AtmA kA virUpa paryAya hI. bandhana hai aura svarUpa paryAya mokSa hai| para-padArtha yA pudgala paramANuoM ke nimitta se AtmA meM jo paryAyeM utpanna hotI haiM aura jisake kAraNa 'para' meM AtmabhAva (merApana) utpanna hotA hai, vahI virUpaparyAya hai, parapariNati hai, "sva' kI 'para' meM avasthiti hai, yahI bandhana hai aura isakA abhAva hI mukti hai| bandhana aura mukti donoM AtmA-dravya yA cetanA kI hI do avasthAeM haiN| jaina tattva-mImAMsA ke anusAra saMvara ke dvArA karmoM ke Agamana kA nirodha ho jAne para aura nirjarA ke dvArA samasta purAtana karmoM kA kSaya ho jAne para AtmA kI jo niSkarSa zuddhAvasthA hotI hai, vaha mokSa hai / karmamaloM ke abhAva meM karma bandhana bhI nahIM rahatA aura bandhana kA abhAva hI mukti hai / mokSa AtmA kI zuddha svarUpAvasthA hai / anAtmA meM mamatva, AsaktirUpa AtmAbhimAna kA dUra ho jAnA hI mukti hai|
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________________ akuzala 17 akriyAvAda 20 acaurya 57 aNuvrata 66 adhyAtma 58 anaMtakorti muni 106. anazana 90 anAtma 122 anAsakta 5 anupAdhizeSa 119 anuloma 30 anyonyavAda 20 aparigraha 57 apratisaMkhyAnirodha 33 abhimAna 9 avidyA 14 avera 4 avaidika 20 asaMyata 1 asaMskRta 33 asada 13 asteya 13 ahaM 9 ahiMsA 1, 3, 6 AkhyAnamaNikoSa 95 AcArasaMhitA 1 AcArAMga 66 zabdasUci AcArya mahAprajJajI 63 AtmabhAva 8 AtmavAda 13 AtmA 22 AnaMda 51 AbhyaMtara tapa 89 Ayatana 21 Arya 4 Arya aSTAMgika mArga 21 * Asakti 122 Asrava 121 Asrava 17 irSyA 9 Izvara 12 IzvaravAda 13 ucchedavAda 13 ucchedavAda 20 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 89 unodarI 90 upaghAtaka 15 upapIlaka 15 upasthambhaka 15 upAdAna 14 upAsakadazAMgasUtra 68 upekSA 49 karuNA 1,49 karma 12
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________________ 119 karmavipAka 17 "karmasiddhAnta 12 karmAdAna 68 kavi dhanaMjaya 106 kaSAya 6 kaSAyoM 1 kAyakleza 90 kAryakAraNa 31 kuMdakuMdAcArya 120 kuzala 17 kRSNa 56 kriyamANa 16 krodha 9 cAritradharma 66, cArvAka 20 cittaviprayukta 34 cittasantati 27 cetanA - 15 . cetayitvA 15 caitasika 16 janaka 15 jarA 23... jAti 23 jinasena svAmI 106 jaina : 20 1 jainadarzana 67 paMcamIkahA 94 tattvaciMtana 21 tattvadarzana 20 tattvamImAMsA 29 tapazcaryA 2 titikSA 74 tRSNA 9 daMDI 107 dazavaikAlikasUtra 71 duHkha 23 duHkhanirodha 4 dravya 122 dravyamana 87 dravyasaMgraha 121 dhammapada 5 dharmazAsana 1 dhAtu 21 dhyAna 90 nAgasena 120 nAmarUpa 14 nAyAdhammakA 93 niyativAda 13, 20 nirAsrava 17 nirjarA 121 nirvANa 12 nirvANaprApti 12 niSkAma 18 paMcAstikAya 120 parigraha 72 paryAvaraNa 1, 6 pAcittiya 2 pAramitA 48 zabdasUci
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________________ 120 bauddha aura jainadarzana ke vividha AyAma . pArAjika 3 pArzvanAthacarita 102 punarjanma 13 prajJA 41 pratiloma 30 pratisaMkhyAnirodha 33 pratisaMlInatA 90 pratItya samutpAda 14 pratItyasamutpanna 13 prArabdha 16 buddha 56 . buddhaghoSa 40 bauddha 1 bauddhadarzana 20 bauddhadharma 12 brahmacarya 57 brAhmaNa 13 bhava 23 bhAbamana 87 bhAmaha 107 mana 86 manovijJAna 60 manovaijJAnika 86 maraNa 23 mahAprajApati gautamI 51 mahAbhArata-zAMtiparva 81 mahAbhiniSkramaNa 46 mahAyAna 26 mahAvIra svAmI 78 mahAvrata 66 mAdhyamika 26 mithyAcAra 5 milindrapazna 120 mukti 122 muditA 49 . mRSAvAda 5 maitrI 1, 49 . mokSa 118 mokSamArga 122 yazodharA 46 . yogavijJAna -62 yogAcAra 26 , ratnatraya 122 . . rasa-parityAga 90 rudraTa 107 rUpa 21 lezyA 92 lobha 9 . vAdirAjasUri 102 vijJAna 23 / vijJAnakAya 13 vidyAnaMda svAmI 106 vizuddhimagga 40 vizvanAtha 107 viSayagata 31 viSayabhoga 9 viSayigata 31 vIranaMdi svAmI 106
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________________ 121 . zabdasUci vRttisaMkSepa 90 vaidika 20 vaibhASika 26 vaizvika 1, zarIravijJAna 60 zAzvatavAda 13 zIla 41 zUnya 27 . zUnyavAda 26 zoka 23 zraddhA 13 . zrAvastI 42 zrIkRSNa 80 zrImad bhagavad gItA 18 zrutidharma 66 .. SaDAyatana 14 saMcita 16 saMpradAya 26 saMyuktanikAya 5 saMvara 121 saMskAra 21 saMskRta 33 . sattA 26, 27 satya 26 sadAcAra 56 sad 13 santati 22 sanmati 106 samaMtabhadra 106 samAdhi 41 samutpAda 30 'samyakatva 5 samyag cAritra 121 samyag jJAna 121 samyag darzana 121 sarvasiddhAntasaMgraha 36 sAkSatkAra 13 sAmAjika 20 siddhArtha 46 sopAdhizeSa 119 sautrAntika 26 skaMdhasamUha 17 sparza 23 hInayAna 26 hemacaMdrAcArya 107 kSaNabhaMgavAda 27
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________________ lekhakanA anya prakAzana 1. arvAcIna kavitAmAM vyakta thato bhaktino unmeSa (vivecana) I.sa. 1984 2. kavi sahajasuMdaranI rAsakRtio (prAcIna mULa hastapratone AdhAre saMpAdana ane samIkSA) I.sa. 1989 DaoN. harivallabha bhAyANInA mArgadarzanamAM saMpAdita pustako 3. padasUci, I.sa. 1990 4. dezIsUci, I.sa. 1991 5. pAMDavalA, I.sa. 1991 6. kRSNacaritra, I.sa. 1992 | saMskArapreraka bALasAhitya 7. aDavo re aDavo (bALanATaka), I.sa. 1989 8. paheluM koNa? (bALanATako), I.sa. 1990 9. mahAbhAratanAM pAtro (bALavArtA rUpe), I.sa. 1990 . pAli ane prAkRta bhASAmAMthI anuvAdita (samIkSA sAthe) pustako 10. zrI paMcAstikAya saMgraha, I.sa. 1999 11. dravyasaMgraha, I.sa. 1998 12. bhiSmapatimokakha (DaoN.madhubenasena sAthe) 13. majijhamanikAyaH samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, I.sa. 2001 14. bauddhadarzana ane saMskRtinI paraMparA, I.sa. 2004 15. bhavismayatta kahA, I.sa. 2003 16 , therIgAthA, I.sa. 2007 17. merusuMdarakRta SaDAvazyaka bAlAvabodha, 2006 18. hastapratavidyA ane AgamasAhitya: saMzodhana ane saMpAdana, I.sa. 2001 anya 19, (vizvanAtha jAnIkRta) premapacIsI: saMpAdana ane samIkSA, I.sa. 2002 20. jaina zabdAvalI (anya sAthe), I.sa. 2000 21. gujarAtI sAhityakoza (madhyakAlIna), sahAyaka saMpA., gujarAta sAhitya pariSada dvArA prakAzita 22. gujarAtI sAhityakoza (arvAcIna), sahAyaka saMpA., gujarAta sAhitya pariSada dvArA prakAzita.