Sramana 2006 01

Author(s): Shreeprakash Pandey
Publisher: Parshvanath Vidhyashram Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/525057/1

Page #1
zramaNa SRAMANA A Quarterly Research Journal of Parshwanath Vidyapeeth IIVol. LVII No.I January-March 2006 - 01 Pars wanatha Vidyapitha, Varanasi pArzva nA tha vidyA pI Tha, vArANasI JainRRETTE

Page #2
STATUT SRAMANA A Quarterly Research Journal of Parshwanath Vidyapeeth Vol. LVII EXOTIS No. I January-March 2006 Editor-in-Chief Prof. Sagarmal Jain Editor Dr. Shriprakash Pandey Publisher pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI Parshwanath Vidyapeeth, Varanasi

Page #3
zramaNaH pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI traimAsika zodha-patrikA Sramana: A Quarterly Research Journal of Parshwanath Vidyapeeth Vol. LVII No. I January-March 2006 ISSN-0972-1002 Subscription Annual membership For Institutions: Rs. 250.00 For Individuals: Rs. 200.00 Per Issue Price: Rs. 25.00 ** Life Membership For Institutions: Rs. 1500.00 For Individuals: Rs. 500.00 Membership fee can be sent in the form of cheque or draft only in the name of Parshwanath Vidyapeeth Cover Page : Sheer elegance and purity of a Jaina nun as captured in a painting of a European artist. Courtesy : M.K. Singhi (Jain Journal April 1979) Published by : Parshwanath Vidyapeeth I. T. I. Road, Karaundi, Varanasi-221005 Ph. 911-0542-2575521, 2575890 Email : parshwanathvidyapeeth@rediffmail.com pvri@sify.com Type Setting at : Add Vision Karaundi, Varanasi-221005 Printed at : Vardhaman Mudranalaya Bhelupur, Varanasi-221010 Note : The Editor may not be agreed with the views or the facts stated in this Journal by the respected authors.

Page #4
zramaNa janavarI-mArca 2006 sampAdakIya viSayasUcI hindI khaNDa 1. prAkRta kathA-sAhitya meM sAMskRtika cetanA -DaoN0 zrIraMjana sUrideva 1-10 2. karpUramaJjarI meM bhAratIya samAja -DaoN0 harizaMkara pANDeya 11-18 3. tattvArthasUtra kA pUraka grantha : jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA -DaoN0dharmacanda jaina 19-32 4. bhAratIya vyAkaraNa zAstra kI paramparA -DaoN0 atula kumAra prasAda siMha 33-44 5. padma purANa meM rAma kA kathAnaka aura usakA sAMskRtika pakSa -DaoN0 zvetAjaina 45-53 6. dhamma cakra pravartana sUtra : mAnavIya duHkha vimukti kA nidAna patra -pro0 a~gane lAla 54-59 7. pratItyasamutpAda aura nimittopAdAnavAda -ku0 alpanA jaina 60-65 8. mahAvIra kAlIna mata-matAntara : punarnirIkSaNa -DaoN. vibhA upAdhyAya 66-84 9. jaina dharma ke jIvana mUlyoM kI prAsaGgikatA -dulIcanda jaina 85-96 10. vaidika RSiyoM kA jaina paramparA meM AtmasAtIkaraNa -DaoN0 aruNa pratApa siMha 97-105 11. 'dayA-mRtyu' evaM 'saMthArA-prathA' kA vaijJAnika AdhAra -DA0 rAmakumAra gupta 106-111 12. jaina zramaNa saMgha meM vidhi zAstra kA vikAsa -DA0 zAradA siMha 112-120 13. devAnandA-abhinandana -kumAra priyadarzI 121-123 ENGLISH SECTION 14. The Conception of Death in Buddhism and Jainism -Dr. Pramod Kumar Singh 126-138 15. Jaina Sasanadevatas : . - Dr. Nandini Verma Source and Iconography Dr. Ratnesh Verma 139-141 16. vidyApITha ke prAGgaNa meM 142-147 17. jaina jagat 148-156 18. sAhitya satkAra 157-161 ba

Page #5
sampAdakIya zramaNa janavarI-mArca 2006 kA aMka sammAnanIya pAThakoM ke samakSa prastuta hai | zramaNa ke pUrva aMka (julAI-disambara 2005 ) meM hamaneM jaina dharma ke mUrdhanya manISI pro0 sAgaramala jaina dvArA likhita kucha mahattvapUrNa lekhoM ko sthAna diyA thaa| prastuta aMka meM hamane jaina sAhitya, darzana, AcAra, itihAsa evaM kalA se sambaddha AlekhoM ko sthAna diyA hai| isa aMka ke hindI khaNDa meM jaina sAhitya, darzana, AcAra, itihAsa evaM saMskRti para AdhArita katipaya mahattvapUrNa Alekha prakAzita kiye gaye haiN| aMgrejI khaNDa meM jaina evaM bauddha darzana (tulanAtmaka) evaM kalA - itihAsa se sambaddha Alekha prastuta haiN| sabhI Alekha viSayavastu, prastuti evaM bhASA kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiM| hamArA prayAsa yahI rahatA hai ki zramaNa kA pratyeka aMka pichale aMkoM kI tulanA meM hara dRSTi se behatara ho aura usameM prakAzita sabhI Alekha zuddha rUpa meM mudrita hoN| isa aMka ke sAtha hama apane sammAnanIya pAThakoM ke liye jaina kathA sAhitya meM viziSTa sthAna rakhane vAlI prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha zrImaddhanezvara sUri viracita surasuMdarIcariaM (saMskRta cchAyA sahita gujarAtI evaM hindI anuvAda) kA caturtha pariccheda katipaya kAraNoM se prakAzita nahI kara pA rahe haiM, AzA hai agale aMka meM hama apane pAThakoM ko isa advitIya kathArasa meM nimajjita kara skeNge| sudhI pAThakoM se nivedana hai ki ApakI AlocanAyeM hI hameM pUrNatA pradAna karatI haiN| etadartha Apa apane amUlya vicAroM/ AlocanAoM se hameM vaMcita na kareM, unase hameM sadA avagata karAte raheM tAki AgAmI aMkoM meM hama apanI kamiyAM sudhAra skeN| sampAdaka

Page #6
'zramaNa' pAThakoM kI naz2ara meM samAdaraNIya sampAdaka jI, ApakI sampAdana manISA se maNDita 'zramaNa' kA julAI - disambara, 2005 aMka prApta huaa| isameM sammilita sabhI Alekha vicAra - praur3hi se paripUrNa evaM prajJApUta lekhanI se prasUta haiM, jinameM na kevala jaina darzana apitu jainetara darzanoM vizeSataH bauddha aura cArvAka darzana kI bahuAyAmI dRSTiyoM kA bhI samekita Akalana huA hai| isameM bhAratIya nirIzvaravAdI darzanoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA apUrva avasara 'zramaNa' ke prabuddha pAThakoM ko upalabdha hogA / yathAsamAvezita sabhI Alekha jaina zAstra ke stambhapuruSa pro0 0 sAgaramala jaina kI usa samRddha AnvIkSikI ko saMketita karate haiM, jo eka prakANDa dArzanika evaM zAstrasikta gaveSaka kI bauddhika pAragAmitA kI saMvAhikA haiN| pro0 jaina eka sulajhe hue cintana ke dhIradhI akSara puruSoM meM agraNI haiN| sAdhuvAda zrIraMjanasUrideva, paTanA mAnyavara sampAdaka jI, 'zramaNa' julAI - disambara, 2005 kA aMka prApta huaa| prastuta aMka meM sammAnIya bahuzruta vidvAna pro0 sAgaramala jaina ke cayanita viziSTa lekhoM ke AdhAra para vizeSAMka prakAzita kara Apane mahanIya sAhityika kArya sampAdita kiyA hai| kRpayA hArdika badhAI svIkAra kreN| pro0 jaina ke ukta lekha nizcaya hI jaina dharmadarzana ke vividha AyAmoM ko rekhAMkita karate haiM jo bhrAMtiyoM kA nirAkaraNa kara puSTa pramANoM dvArA vAstavika sthApanAoM ko sthApita karate haiM, jinameM eka vaicArika navIna dizA prApta hotI hai| pro0 jaina isI prakAra mArgadarzana karate raheM, yahI kAmanA hai| kavara pRSTha para bhI hindI meM nAma honA caahie| isa navIna sAja sajjA ke lie sAdhuvAda ! veda prakAza garga, mujaphphara nagara - 251002

Page #7
hindI khaNDa prAkRta kathA-sAhitya meM sAMskRtika cetanA karpUramaJjarI meM bhAratIya samAja tattvArthasUtra kA pUraka grantha : jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA * bhAratIya vyAkaraNa zAstra kI paramparA padma purANa meM rAma kA kathAnaka aura usakA sAMskRtika pakSa dhamma cakra pravartana sUtra : mAnavIya duHkha vimukti kA nidAna patra pratItyasamutpAda aura nimittopAdAnavAda mahAvIra kAlIna mata-matAntara : punarnirIkSaNa jaina dharma ke jIvana mUlyoM kI prAsaGgikatA vaidika RSiyoM kA jaina paramparA meM AtmasAtIkaraNa 'dayA-mRtyu' evaM 'saMthArA-prathA' kA vaijJAnika AdhAra jaina zramaNa saMgha meM vidhi zAstra kA vikAsa devAnandA-abhinandana

Page #8
zramaNa, varSa 57, aka 1 janavarI-mArca 2006 prAkRta kathA-sAhitya meM sAMskRtika cetanA DaoN0 zrIraMjana sUrideva* - prAcIna saMskRti-kathAoM kI AdhArazilA bahulAMzata: divyabhUmi para pratiSThApita kI gaI hai| kintu, ThIka isakI pratibhAvanA-svarUpa prAkRta-kathAoM kI racanAprakriyA meM divyAdivya zaktiyoM kI samanviti ko pramukhatA dI gaI hai| kAraNa, saMskRta ke kathAkAra vedoM aura upaniSadoM meM pratipAdita IzvarIya zakti kI sarvoparitA kI avadhAraNA se AkrAnta the; parantu isake viparIta prAkRta-kathAkAroM ne mAnavazakti kI sarvoparitA ko lakSya kiyA thaa| isIlie, Izvaratva ke viniyoga athavA Izvara ke kartRtva kI apekSA usake vyaktitva meM vipula vizvAsa ke prati prAkRtakathAkAroM kA Agraha adhika sajaga rhaa| saMskRta-kathAkAra jahA~ kevala atilaukika bhAvabhUmi ke pakSadhara bane, vahIM prAkRta-kathAkAroM ne laukika bhAvadhArA ko atilaukika pRSThabhUmi se jor3akara apane mAnavatAvAdI dRSTikoNa kA saMketa kiyaa| ___ prAkRta aura saMskRta ke kathAkAroM kI saiddhAntika mAnyatAoM ke uparyukta vaicArika svAtantrya ke mUla meM na kevala sAmpradAyika, apitu apane-apane yuga kA, arthAt samasAmayika, dhArmika, sAMskRtika aura rAjanItika pariveza kA prabhAva bhI sakriya rahA hai, phalataH unhoMne apanI-apanI sAMskRtika cetanA aura cintana yA mAnasika avadhAraNA ke anukUla bhAva-jagat meM saMcaraNa karate hue yathAsvIkRta paddhati se kathA-sAhitya ko nUtana abhiniveza diyA, naI-naI dizAe~ dI aura usake naye-naye AyAma nirdhArita kiye| kintu sAmAnya janajIvana se sambaddha prAkRtakathAkAroM ne tato'dhika vikAsavAdI dRSTi kA paricaya diyA, arthAt unhoMne mAnavaniyati ko daivI-niyati se sambaddha na mAnakara, lokabhAvanA ko karmavAda para AdhRta sAmAjika gatizIlatA kI ora prerita kiyA; adivya ko divya se milAkara use divyAdivyatva pradAna kiyaa| cirAcarita sArvabhaumatAvAdI yugadharma ko vikasita kara usameM lokajIvana kI lokAttaravAdI cetanA kI vyApaka viniyukti prAkRta-kathAoM kI maulika vizeSatA hai, jo apane sAtha, sAMskRtika aura sAhityika samRddhi kI dRSTi se, sArasvata kSetra ke lie apUrva upalabdhi kI garimA kA saMvahana karatI hai| *37, sTeTa baiMka oNphisarsa kaoNlonI, kAlI mandira mArga, hanumAnanagara, kaMkar3abAga, paTanA-800020

Page #9
: zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2006 vaidika yA brAhmaNa-paramparA ke saMskRta - kathA - sAhitya kI vividhatA aura vipulatA ne jisa prakAra apane yuga kA nirmANa kiyA hai, usI prakAra zramaNaparamparA meM prAkRta-kathAvAGmaya kI vizAlatA se eka yuga kI sthApanA huI hai| zramaNa paramparA aura brAhmaNa- paramparA- donoM samAntara gati se pravAhita hotI A rahI haiN| donoM ke bIca spaSTa vibhAjaka rekhA nahIM hai| yaha bAta dUsarI hai ki koI paramparA kAla- dharma ke kAraNa kSINaprabha aura tejodIpta hotI rhii| koI bhI paramparA apane sArasvata aura sAMskRtika vaibhava se hI dIrghAyu hotI hai| brAhmaNa- paramparA apane sAhityika utkarSa, sAMskRtika samRddhi, dArzanika dIpti aura bhASika Rddhi se zAzvata banI huI hai, usI prakAra zramaNa paramparA kI jaina aura bauddha- ye donoM zAkhAe~ bhI apanI mahAmahima sAhityika-sAMskRtika- dArzanika- bhASika vibhUti se hI yuga-yuga kA jIvanakalpa ho gaI haiN| koI bhI paramparA yA sampradAya yadi sAmAjika gati ko kevala tathAkathita dhArmika niyati se saMyojita karane kI ceSTA karatA hai, to vaha pallavita hone kI apekSA saMkIrNa aura sthAyI hone kI apekSA asthAyI ho jAtA hai | zramaNa paramparA kI sthAyitA kA mUlakAraNa dharma, darzana, sAhitya aura saMskRti ke kSetra meM usakI krAntikArI vaicArika udAratA hai| zramaNa paramparA kI prAkRta-kathAoM meM udAradRSTivAdI saMskRti, dharma aura darzana kI samanvita triveNI pravAhita huI hai, ataeva isI pariprekSya meM prAkRta-kathAoM kA mUlyAMkana nyAyocita hogaa| Agama-paravartI prAkRta - kathAsAhitya kI sabase bar3I upalabdha yahI nahIM hai ki prAkRta kathAkAroM ne loka- pracalita kathAoM ko dhArmika pariveza pradAna kiyA yA zreSTha kathAoM kI sarjanA kevala dharma pracAra ke nimitta kI hai| prAkRta-kathAoM kA pradhAna uddezya kevala siddhAnta - vizeSa kI sthApanA karanA bhI nahIM hai / varaMca, siddhAnta- vizeSa kI sthApanA aura dhArmika aura sAMskRtika pariveza ke prastavana ke sAtha hI apane samaya ke sampUrNa rASTradharma yA yugadharma kA pratibimbana bhI prAkRta-kathA kA pramukha pratipAdya hai, jisameM bhAvoM kI rasapezalatA, saundarya cetanA, sAMskRtika Agraha aura nirduSTa manoraMjana ke tathya bhI svabhAvataH samAhata ho gaye haiM / kahanA yaha cAhie ki prAkRta-kathAkAroM ne apanI kathAoM meM dharma-sAdhanA yA dArzanika siddhAntoM kI vivecanA ko sAmpradAyika Aveza se AvRtta karane ke AgrahI hote hue bhI saMracanA - zilpa, bhAva- saundarya, padazayyA, bhaNiti - bhaMgI, bimbavidhAna, pratIka - ramaNIyatA, sAMskRtika viniyoga Adi kI dRSTi se apane kathAkAra ke vyaktitva ko khaNDita nahIM hone diyA / yadyapi isa tathya se inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai ki kisI kathAkAra yA racanAkAra ke

Page #10
prAkRta kathA - sAhitya meM sAMskRtika cetanA lie jisa antarnigUDha nirvaiyaktikatA yA anAgrahazIlatA yA dharmanirapekSatA yA sAMskRtika anurAga kI apekSA hotI hai, usase prAkRta - kathAkAra apane ko pratibaddha nahIM rakha ske| ve anekAnta, aparigraha evaM ahiMsA kA akhaNDa vaicArika samarthana karate rahe aura apane dharma kI zreSThatA kA DiNDimaghoSa bhI / : aisA isalie sambhava huA ki vaidika dharma ke yajJIya ADambaroM aura anAcAroM se vimukti ke lie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne lokajIvana ko ahiMsA aura aparigraha se sampuTita jisa anekAntavAdI abhinava dharma kA sandeza diyA thA, vaha rAjadharma ke rUpa meM svIkRta thA, isalie usake pracAra-prasAra kA kArya rAjyAzrita buddhivAdiyoM yA darzana, jJAna aura cAritra ke samyaktva dvArA mokSa ke AkAMkSI zrutajJa tathA zramaNa kathAkAroM kA naitika evaM dhArmika itikarttavya thaa| isake atirikta, kathA-kahAnI pracAra-prasAra kA adhika prabhAvakArI mAdhyama siddha hotI hai, isalie kathA ke vyAja se dharma aura nIti kI bAteM bar3I saralatA se janasAmAnya ko hRdayaMgama karAI jA sakatI haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainAgamokta dharma ke AcArika aura vaicArika pakSa kI vivecanA aura usake vyApaka pracAra ke nimitta prAkRtakathAe~ anukUla mAdhyama mAnI gaI hoN| ataeva, tatkAlIna lokatantrIya rAjadharma ke prati kisI bhI lokacintaka kalAkAra kI pUjya bhAvanA sahaja sambhAvya hai, jo usake rASTrIya dAyitva ke pAlana ke prati sajagatA kA saMketaka bhI hai| spaSTa hai ki prAkRta - kathAkAroM kI racanA - pratibhA dharma, darzana aura sAhitya ke kSetra meM samamati thii| dhArmika aura sAMskRtika cetanA, dArzanika pramA tathA sAhityika vidagdhatA ke zAstrIya samanvaya kI pratimUrti prAkRta ke kathAkAroM kI kathAbhUmi eka sAtha dharmodghoSa se mukhara, dArzanika unmeSa se prakhara, sAhityika suSamA se madhura tathA sAMskRtika cetanA se jIvanta hai / isIlie, prAkRta-kathAoM ke mUlya nirdhAraNa ke nimitta abhinava dRSTi aura svatantra mAnasikatA kI apekSA hai / prAkRta-kathA na kevala dharmakathA hai, na hI kAmakathA aura na arthakathA / isake atirikta, prAkRta-kathA ko kevala mokSakathA bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| vastutaH prAkRta-kathA mizrakathA hai, jisameM puruSArtha-catuSTaya (dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa) kI siddhi kA upAya nirdezita huA hai| anubhUtiyoM kI sAMgopAMga abhivyakti mizrakathA meM hI sabhbhava hai / jIvana kI samasta sambhAvanAoM ke vinyAsa kI dRSTi se prAkRta - kathA kI dvitIyatA nahIM hai| sAmAnyatayA, prAkRta-kathAoM kI saMracanA - zailI kA pAli-kathAoM se bahuzaH sAmya parilakSita hotA hai| phira bhI, donoM meM ullekhanIya antara yaha hai ki pAli

Page #11
4 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 kathAoM meM pAtroM ke pUrvabhava-kathA ke mukhya bhAga ke rUpa meM upanyasta hue haiM; parantu prAkRta-kathAoM meM pAtroM ke pUrvabhava upasaMhAra ke rUpa meM vinyasta hue haiN| pAlikathAoM yA jAtaka-kathAoM meM bodhisattva mukhya kendrabindu haiM, aura unake kAryakalApa kI pariNati prAya: upadeza-kathA ke rUpa meM hotI hai| isa krama meM kisI eka gAthA ko sUtrarUpa meM upasthApita karake gadyAMza meM use pallavita kara diyA gayA hai, jisase kathA kI puSTi meM samarasatA yA ekarasatA kA anubhava hotA hai| kinta, prAkRtakathAoM meM jAtaka-kathAoM jaisI ekarasatA nahIM hai, apitu ghaTanAkrama kI vividhatA aura usake pravAha kA samanvayAtmaka Ayojana huA hai| gaharAI aura vistAra prAkRtakathAoM kI zailI kI apanI viziSTatA hai| prAkRta-kathA kI mahattA isa bAta meM nihita hai ki isake racayitAoM ne hRdya aura lokapriya kissA-kahAnI evaM sAhityika tathA sAMskRtika kalApUrNa galpa ke bIca mithyA pratIti ke vyavadhAna ko nirasta kara diyA hai| prAkRta-kathAkAroM ne ucca aura nimna varga ke vaiSamya ko bhI apanI kRtiyoM se dUra kara diyA hai| phalata: inakI racanAoM meM donoM vargoM kI viziSTatAoM kA saphala samanvaya huA hai| dUsarI ora, jo loga sAhityika abhiniveza, sAMskRtika cetanA aura manovaijJAnika sUkSmatAoM kI apekSA rakhate haiM, unheM bhI prAkRta-kathAoM se koI nirAzA nahIM ho sktii| yaha eka bahuta bar3I bAta hai, jo bahuta kama kathA-sAhitya ke bAre meM kahI jA sakatI hai| vyApaka aura gambhIra sUkSmekSikA se sampanna bhAratIyetara vidvAnoM ne bhI apane saMracanA-zilpa meM sampUrNa bhAratIya paramparA ko samAhata karane vAlI prAkRta-kathAvAGmaya kI vizAlatA para vipula Azcarya vyakta kiyA hai| bhAratIya sAhitya ke pAragAmI adhItI tathA 'e hisTrI oNva iNDiyana liTarecara' ke prathitayazA lekhaka viNTaranitsa kevala isI bAta se cakita nahIM haiM ki prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya meM janasAdhAraNa ke vAstavika jIvana kI jhA~kiyA~ milatI haiM, vaha to isalie prazaMsAmukhara haiM ki prAkRta-kathAoM kI bhASA meM eka ora yadi janabhASA kI zarIrAtmA pratinihita hai, to dUsarI ora varNya viSaya meM vibhinna vargoM ke vAstavika sAMskRtika jIvana kA hRdayAvarjaka citra samagratA ke sAtha, mAMsala rekhAoM meM aMkita hai| isake atirikta, prAkRta-kathAkAroM kI vizvajanIna anubhUti kA pramANa yaha bhI hai ki unake dvArA prastuta abhivyakti kI vilakSaNatA, kalpanA kI pravaNatA, bhAvanAoM aura AvegoM kA vizleSaNa tathA mAnava-niyati kA bhrAjamAna citraNa-ye tamAma tattva vizva ke kathA-sAhitya kI vizeSatAoM kA mUlya-mAna rakhate haiN| sabase adhika ullekhanIya tathya yaha hai ki prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya meM surakSita sthApatya

Page #12
prAkRta kathA - sAhitya meM sAMskRtika cetanA aura zilpa vibhinna paravartI bhAratIya kathA - sAhitya ke AdhArAdarza bne| jJAtavya hai ki prAkRta-kathA ke zilpa - vidhAna meM na kevala bAhya vailakSaNya hai, apitu usameM pratiSThita Antarika zilpa kI saundarya - cetanA aura sAMskRtika udbhAvanA meM pAThakoM se AtmIyatva sthApita karane kI apUrva kSamatA bhI hai| : prAkRta-kathAoM kI asAdhAraNatA ne 'oNna da liTarecara oNva da zvetAmbarAz2a oNva gujarAta' ke manISI lekhaka pro0 harTela kA dhyAna bhI Avarjita kiyA hai| vaha prAkRta-kathAkAroM ke kathAkauzala kI kalAtmaka viziSTatA aura aupanyAsika sthApatya para vismaya-vimugdha haiN| lokajIvana kI vividhatA kI pUrNa satyatA ke sAtha abhivyakti meM prAkRta- - kathAkAroM kI sAtizaya vicakSaNatA ne unheM barabasa AkRSTa kiyA hai| isalie, vaha prAkRta-kathAoM ko janasAdhAraNa kI naitika zikSA kA mUlasrota hI nahIM, apitu bhAratIya sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA lalita itihAsa bhI mAnate haiN| yaha tathya hai ki saMskRti aura sabhyatA kA yathArtha aura utkRSTa jJAna prApta karane ke lie prAkRta kathA - sAhitya kI upayogitA asandigdha hai| ucca, madhya aura nimna vargoM ke cAritrika vikAsa aura usake sahaja vistAra ko jitanI prabhAvotpAdaka sUkSmatA se prAkRta-kathAkAroM ne rUpAyita kiyA hai, utanI talasparzitA kA pradarzana anya bhASAoM ke kathAkAra kadAcit hI kara pAye haiM / mAntrika vAgmitA ke sAtha apanI sthApanA yA pratijJA ( ' thIsisa') ko, maulikatA aura navInatA kI prabhAvAnviti se AveSTita kara, upasthApita karanA prAkRta-kathAkAroM kI racanA - prakriyA kI anyatra durlabha sArasvata aura sAMskRtika upalabdhi hai| jIvana kI jaTilatA aura bhavayAtrA kI vibhISikA meM mAnava ke manobala ko satata dRr3hatara aura usakI AdhyAtmika aura sAMskRtika cetanA ko nirantara unnidra evaM padakrama ko avirata gatizIla banAye rakhane ke lie kAladraSTA tapodhana RSiyoM tathA darzana - jJAna - cAritra - sampanna AcAryoM ne mitrasammita yA kAntAsammita upadezoM ko kathA ke mAdhyama se prastuta kiyA, tAki bhavayAtriyoM kA jIvana-mArga duHkha kI dAruNa anubhUti se bojhila na hokara sugama ho jAya aura unheM apanI AtmA meM nihita lokottara zakti ko Urdhvamukha karane kI preraNA bhI milatI rhe| isa prakAra, jIvana aura jagat, dik aura kAla kI sArthakatA hI kathA kA mUla uddezya hai| cAhe pUrI bhavayAtrA ho, sAmAnya dainandina jIvana kI khaNDayAtrA, donoM kI sukhasAdhyatA aura tato'dhika maMgalamayatA yA saphalatA ke lie kathA anivArya hai| 'zrImadbhAgavata' ( 10. 31. 1 ) ke anusAra, tapta jIvana ke lie kathA aisA amRta hai, jo na

Page #13
: zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2006 kevala zravaNa- sukhada hai, apitu kalmaSApaha bhI hai| saca pUchie, to mAnava kA jIvana hI eka kathA hai| kathA apane jIvana kI ho, yA kisI dUsare ke jIvana kI, mAnava-mana kI samAna bhAvAnubhUti kI dRSTi se pratyeka kathA tadAtmatA yA samabhAvadazA se AviSTa kara letI hai aura phira usase jo jIvana kI sahI dizA kA nirdeza milatA hai, vaha sahaja grAhya bhI hotA hai| isIlie, bhagavAn ke dvArA kahI gaI veda yA purANa kI saMskRti - kathAe~ yA jainAgama kI prAkRta-kathAe~ yA phira bauddha tripiTaka kI pAli-kathAe~ atizaya lokapriya haiN| isa prakAra, pratyeka paramparA kA Agama-sAhitya hI kathA kI AdibhUmi hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa jainAgamoM kA saMkalana arddhamAgadhI prAkRta meM huA hai| ataeva, prAkRta-kathAoM kI bIjabhUmi yA udgama-bhUmi Agama grantha hI haiN| niryukti, bhASya, cUrNa Adi Agamika TIkA- granthoM meM bhI laghu aura bRhat sahastroM kathAe~ haiN| Agamika sAhitya meM dhArmika AcAra, AdhyAtmika tattvacintana, nIti aura karttavya kA nirdhAraNa Adi jIvanAbhyudayamUlaka AyAmoM kA pratipAdana kathAoM ke mAdhyama se kiyA gayA hai| itanA hI nahIM, saiddhAntika tathyoM kA nirUpaNa, tAttvika nirNaya, dArzanika gUr3ha samasyAoM ke samAdhAna, sAMskRtika cetanA kA unnayana tathA aneka granthila- gambhIra viSayoM ke spaSTIkaraNa ke lie kathAoM ko mAdhyama banAyA gayA hai| tIrthakaroM, gaNadharoM aura anyAnya AcAryoM ne kathA kI zakti ko pahacAnA thA, isalie unhoMne apane vicAroM ke lie kathA ko sarvAdhika mahattva diyaa| prAkRta - nibaddha aMga aura upAMga- sAhitya meM prApta, Arhat siddhAntoM ko abhivyakti denevAle AkhyAna preraka aura prAMjala to haiM hI, antarnigUDha saMvedanazIla bhAvanAoM aura sAMskRtika antarbhAvoM ke samudbhAvaka aura sampoSaka bhI haiN| AgamakAlIna ina AkhyAnoM kA uddezya hai- mithyAtva se upahata adhogAminI mAnavatA ko naitika aura AdhyAtmika udAttatA kI UrdhvabhUmi para pratiSThApita krnaa| AgamakAla prAkRta kathA-sAhitya kA AdikAla yA saMkramaNa kAla thA / isa avadhi meM nIti aura siddhAntaparaka prAkRta-kathAe~ kramazaH sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika kathAoM ke rUpa meM saMkramita ho rahI thIM, arthAt unameM sapATabayAnI ke atirikta sAhitya-bodha aura sAMskRtika parijJAna kI antaraMga sajagatA aura rasAtmaka abhivyakti kI AkulatA kA saMkramaNa ho rahA thaa| arhatoM kI upadezavANI kI tIkSNatA aura rUkSatA ko yA usakI kar3avAhaTa ko prapAnaka rasa ke rUpa meM pariNata kara abhivyakta karane kI cintA prathamAnuyoga ke yuga meM rUpAyita huI

Page #14
prAkRta kathA - sAhitya meM sAMskRtika cetanA : aura saMskRtisikta sAhitya kI sarasatA se sikta hone kA avasara mila jAne se gurusammita vANI jaisI prAkRta-kathAe~ kAntAsammita vANI meM parivarttita hokara tato'dhika vyApaka aura prabhAvaka bana gaIM aura isa prakAra, saMkalana kI pravRtti sarjanA - vRtti meM pariNata huI / viSaya nirUpaNa kI sazaktatA ke lie sapATa kathAoM meM aneka ghaTanAoM aura vRttAntoM kA saMyojana kiyA gayA, unameM mAnava kI jijIviSA aura saMgharSa ke AghAta - pratyAghAta evaM pragati kI adamya Antarika AkAMkSAoM ke utthAna - patana kA samAveza kiyA gayA; isake atirikta unameM sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika jIvana meM vikRtiyA~ utpanna karanevAlI paristhitiyA~ citrita huIM aura unapara vijaya prApti ke upAya bhI nirdiSTa hue / pANDitya ke sAthasAtha saundaryonmeSa, rasocchala bhAvAvega, premavihvalatA, sAMskRtika cetanA aura lAlitya kI bhI prANapratiSThA kI gii| isa prakAra, prAkRta-kathAe~ punarmUlyAMkita hokara AkhyAna-sAhitya ke samArambha kA mUla kalpa banIM aura unakA lakSya huAkamala se mAnava kI mukti aura jIvana kI udAttatA ke bala para Izvaratva meM unakI carama pariNati yA mokSa kI upalabdhi | 7 isa prakAra, spaSTa hai ki prAkRta - kathAsAhitya kI mUladhArA Agamika kathAoM ke udgata hokara samakAlIna vibhinna prAkRtetara kathAoM ko saMcita- samekita karatI huI pandrahavIM - solahavIM zatI taka akhaNDa rUpa se pravAhita hotI rhiiN| DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI ne ucita hI likhA hai ki Agama-sAhitya prAkRta kathA - sAhitya kI gaMgottarI hai| jJAtAdharmakathA, upAsakadazA, anuttaraupapAtikadazA Adi aMga tathA rAjapraznIya, kalpikA, kalpAvataMsikA Adi upAMga prAkRta-kathA - sAhitya ke sumeruzikhara haiN| uparyukta UhApoha se yaha niSkarSa sthApita hotA hai ki prAkRta - sAhitya kI vibhinna vidhAoM meM kathA - sAhitya kA Urjasvala mahattva hai| yaha kahanA atizayokti nahIM ki prAkRta kathA - sAhitya ne prAkRta kAvyoM ko apadastha kiyA hai| isalie ki kathA - sAhitya meM yathArthatA kA jo sAtatya hai, unakA nirvAha kAvya - sAhitya meM prAyaH kama pAyA jAtA hai / yadyapi, asvAbhAvika AkasmikatA aura atinATakIyatA se prAcIna prAkRta kathA - sAhitya bhI mukta nahIM hai| yugInatA ke anukUla kathA - sAhitya ke zilpa aura pravRtti meM antara asvAbhAvika nhiiN| ghaTanAoM aura caritroM ke samAnAntara vikAsa kA viniyoga prAkRta-kathAkAra acchI taraha jAnate the| sAMskRtika cetanA kI samarasatA aura dhArmika sUtra kI ekatAnatA tathA upamA aura dRSTAntoM kI ekarasa paramparA ke bAvajUda prAkRta-kathAoM kI rocakatA aura ruciratA se inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| sAMskRtika cetanA ke pravAha ke sAtha zreSTha caritra

Page #15
: zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2006 ke vikAsa kA pradarzana prAkRta-kathAoM kA eka aisA mUlyavAn pakSa hai ki jisase samagra kathA-sAhitya kA nirmANa-kauzala vikasita huA hai| 8 upasamAhAra prAkRta- sAhitya kI tAttvika upalabdhiyA~ tattvataH prAkRta-sAhitya, sahastrAdhika varSoM taka, dhArmika, sAMskRtika dRSTi se bhAratIya jana-jIvana kA pratinidhi - sAhitya rahA hai| isameM tatkAlIna sAmAjika jIvana ke aneka Aroha-avaroha pratibimbita hue haiN| jahA~ taka bhAratIyetihAsa aura saMskRti kA prazna hai, prAkRta - sAhitya ina donoM kA nirmAtA rahA hai / yadyapi prAkRta kA adhikAMza sAhitya abhI taka adhyayana-anucintana kI pratIkSA meM hai aura usake tathyoM kA tAttvika upayoga itihAsa racanA meM nahIM kiyA jA sakA hai, tathApi vartamAna meM prAkRta kA jo sAhitya upalabdha ho pAyA hai, usakA phalaka saMskRta-sAhitya ke samAnAntara hI bar3A vizAla hai| rUpaka kA sahArA lekara hama aisA kaheM ki prAkRta aura saMskRta, sAhitya donoM aise sadAnIra nada haiM, jinakI anAvila dhArAe~ anavarata eka-dUsare meM milatI rahI haiN| donoM paraspara avicchinna bhAva se sambaddha haiN| vidhA aura viSaya kI dRSTi se prAkRta - sAhitya kI mahattA sarva svIkRta hai| bhAratIya lokasaMskRti ke sAMgopAMga adhyayana yA usake utkRSTa ramaNIya rUpa-darzana kA advitIya mAdhyama prAkRta-sAhitya hI hai| isameM una samasta lokabhASAoM kA tuMga taraMga pravAhita ho rahA hai, jinhoMne bhASA ke AdikAla se deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM kI vaicArika jIvanabhUmi ko siMcita kara urvara kiyA hai evaM apanI zabda - saMjIvanI se sAhitya ke vividha kSetroM ko rasojjvala aura jJAnadIpta banAyA hai| - - zAstrIya dRSTi se prAkRta kA udbhava - kAla IsavI pUrva chaThIM zatI svIkRta hai aura vikAsa-kAla san 1200 I0 taka mAnA jAtA hai| parantu, yaha bhI sahI hai ki prAkRta-bhASA meM grantha-racanA IsavI pUrva chaThIM zatI se prAyaH vartamAna kAla taka nyUnAdhika rUpa se nirantara hotI calI A rahI hai / yadyapi, prAkRtottara kAla meM hindI evaM tatsahavarttinI vibhinna Adhunika bhASAoM aura upabhASAoM kA yuga Arambha ho jAne se saMskRta tathA prAkRta meM grantha - racanA kI paripATI svabhAvataH mandapravAha parilakSita hotI hai| kintu, saMskRta aura prAkRta meM racanA kI paramparA adyAvadhi avikRta aura akSuNNa hai| aura, yaha prakaTa tathya hai ki saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM eka-dUsare ke astitva ko saMketita karatI haiN| isalie, donoM meM avinAbhAvI sambandha kI spaSTa sUcanA milatI hai|

Page #16
prAkRta kathA-sAhitya meM sAMskRtika cetanA : 9 / prAkRta-sAhityaH bhAratIya vicAradhArA kA pratinidhi prAkRta-sAhitya pichale DhAI hajAra varSoM kA bhAratIya vicAradhArA kA saMvahana karatA hai| isameM na kevala uccatara sAhitya aura saMskRti kA itihAsa surakSita hai, apitu magadha se pazcimottara (darada-pradeza) evaM himAcala se zrIlaMkA (siMhaladvIpa) taka ke vizAla bhU-pRSTha para phailI tatkAlIna lokabhASA kA bhAsvara rUpa bhI saMrakSita hai| prAkRta-sAhitya kA bahulAMza yadyapi jaina kaviyoM aura lekhakoM dvArA racA gayA hai, tathApi isameM tayugIna jana-jIvana kA jaisA vyApaka evaM prANavAn pratibimbana huA hai, vaisA anyatra durlabha hai| na kevala bhAratIya purAtattvetihAsa evaM bhASAvijJAna (apitu samasta saMskRta-vAGmaya) kA adhyayana evaM mUlyAMkana tabataka zeSa hI mAnA jAegA, jabataka prAkRta-sAhitya meM sannihita aitihAsika, rAjanItika, Arthika, sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika praticchaviyoM kA, deza aura kAla ke AdhAra para, samAnAntara anuzIlana nahIM kiyA jaaegaa| sahaja jana-jIvana aura sarala janabhASAoM kI vibhinna vicchittipUrNa jhalakiyoM ke atirikta prAkRta-sAhitya meM bhAratIya darzana, AcAra, nIti, dharma aura saMskRti kI sudRr3ha evaM pUrNa vikasita paramparA ke darzana hote haiN| itanA hI nahIM, agara DhU~r3hie to, isameM jaTila-granthila AdhyAtmika aura bhautika samasyAoM ke sukhAvaha samAdhAna bhI mila jaayeNge| prAkRta meM saMskRta ke samAnAntara adhyayana ke tattva prAkRta-sAhitya meM sAhitya kI vibhinna vidhAe~- jaise kAvya, kathA, nATaka, caritakAvya, campUkAvya, dUtakAvya, chanda, alaMkAra, vArtA, AkhyAna, dRSTAnta, udAharaNa, saMvAda, subhASita, praznottara, samasyApUrti, prahelikA prabhRti-pAI jAtI haiN| isa sAhitya meM prApya karmasiddhAnta, khaNDana-maNDana, vividha sampradAyoM kI mAnyatAe~ Adi hajAroM varSoM kA itihAsa apane meM upasaMhRta kiye hue haiN| janajIvana kI vibhinna dhAraNAe~, jIvana-maraNa, rahana-sahana, AcAra-vicAra Adi ke sambandha meM aneka purAtana bAtoM kI jAnakArI ke lie prAkRta-sAhitya kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana anivArya hai| AcArya kundakunda ke adhyAtma-sAhitya kA adhyayana vaidika upaniSadoM ke adhyayana meM paryApta sahAyaka hai| kundakundAcArya ke prasiddhatara grantha 'samayasAra' ke adhyayana ke binA adhyAtma aura vedAntazAstra kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana apUrNa hI mAnA jaaegaa| kahanA to yaha cAhie ki bhAratIya cintana kA sarvAMgapUrNa jJAna, jo saMskRta-vAGmaya meM nihita hai, prAkRta-sAhitya ke jJAna ke binA ekapakSIya hI raha jaayegaa| niSkarSa yaha ki anveSaNa aura gaveSaNa ke kSetra meM prAkRta-sAhitya eka virAT sArasvata koSa hI prastuta kara detA hai|

Page #17
10 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 prAkRta-sAhityaH bhAratIya saMskRti kA mAnacitra prAkRta-sAhitya ke adhItI vidvAn DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI ke abhimata ke anusAra, prAkRta-sAhitya meM jahA~ eka ora aihika samasyAoM kA samRddha cintana pAyA jAtA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora pAralaukika rahasyapUrNa samasyAoM ke vizvasanIya samAdhAna bhI milate haiN| dhArmika-sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke citraNa meM prAkRtasAhitya kI dvitIyatA nahIM hai, to arthanIti-rAjanIti ke vizleSaNa meM isa sAhitya kI ekamevatA hI siddha hotI hai| vyApArika kauzala ke udAharaNa evaM zilpakalA ke manomohaka nikhAra kI dRSTi se bhI prAkRta-sAhitya kI zreSThatA akSuNNa hai| prAkRta-sAhitya loka-saundarya ke mUlyAMkana ke prati vizeSAgraha rakhatA hai, ataeva isameM mAnavatA ke poSaka tattva- dAna, tapa, zIla, sadAcAra, sadbhAva Adi kA nideza bar3e manorama aura maulika DhaMga se Akalita huA hai| isa vivecanA ke AdhAra para, agara prAkRta-sAhitya ko samagra bhArata ke sAMskRtika itihAsa ke sarvAMgINa mAnacitra kA prastotA kahA jAe, to atizayokti na hogii|

Page #18
- zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 // janavarI-mArca 2006 karpUramaJjarI meM bhAratIya samAja DaoN0 harizaMkara pANDeya* karpUramaJjarI mahAkavi rAjazekhara kI mahattvapUrNa racanA hai| kAvyabhASA ke ramaNIya paridhAna meM jisa taraha loka-samAja kA lokabhASA (prAkRta) meM citraNa isa saTTaka graMtha meM milatA hai, vaisA anyatra aprApyaprAya hai| yaha graMtha jIvana kI sarasatA aura mAdhurya kA, dAmpatya kI madhurimA evaM subhagatA kA, abhinava prema kI anirvacanIyatA kA aisA lAvaNyamaya citraNa prastuta karatA hai ki bhagnAvaraNacidviziSTa sAmAjika kA citta isameM ramaNa kie binA nahIM mAnatA hai| isa saTTaka meM rUpa aura kamanIyatA kI ramaNIya zrotAsvinI 'bhadaM bhoda'1 se prArambha hokara anta taka upacita hotI huI sAhitya ke viziSTa rUpa parama AnaMda, parama-moda rUpa mahAsAgara meM vilIna ho jAtI hai, jahAM na to daridratA kA duHkha hai, na riktatA kA vissaad| vahAM para kevala bhagavatI vilAsavatI mahAlakSmI ke kaTAkSa se amRtavarSaNa hI zeSa rahatA hai - rittattaNadAvaggI viramaU vimalakaDamkhavariseNAre karpUramaJjarI kA samAja Ananda se paripUrita samAja hai| vilAsa evaM vaibhava ke sAtha AhlAda evaM ramaNIyatA kA subhaga rUpa vidyamAna hai to daihika sundaratA ke sAtha caitasika anAvilatA kA sahaja mizraNa bhI upalabdha hai| nijaramaNIyatA, komalatA aura Izvarapradatta caMgattraNa se sAmAjika jIvana otaprota hai| vahAM bAlyasulabha sahajatA ke sAtha navayauvanasampannA mugdhA kI romAMcakatA bhI lasita hai| zrRMgAra ke sAtha hAsya kA vAtAvaraNa sone meM suMgadhI kA kAma karatA hai| kahIM-kahIM bhakti kA udreka sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ko aura caMga banA detA hai| 'samAja' zabda kA vimarza ___ sam upasarga pUrvaka 'bhvAdigaNIya ajagatikSepaNayoH' dhAtu se 'akartarica kArake saMjJAyAm sUtra se ghaJ pratyaya karane para samAja zabda banatA hai| amarakozakAra ne manuSyoM ke samUha ko samAja kahA hai - pazUnAM samajaH anyeSAM samAjaH / AcArya * adhyakSa evaM upAcArya, prAkRta evaM jainAgama vibhAga, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI

Page #19
12 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 hemacandra ne spaSTatA ke sAtha 'samAja' zabda ko paribhASita kiyA hai - samajastu pazUnAM syAt samAjastvanyadehinAm / unhoMne sabhA ke 12 nAmoM meM se eka samAja ko mAnA hai - sabhA saMsatsamAja: prisstsdH| parSatsamajyA goSThayAsthA AsthAnAM samitighaMTA / / samAja ke antargata vyakti, vyaktiyoM ke samUha, parivAra, saMskAra, jIvana paddhati, Amoda-pramoda, dhArmika paridRzya kA adhyayana vAMkSya hai| vyaktiH vyaktigata vikAsa evaM sundaratA karpUramaJjarI ke samAja kA prathama . Adarza hai| vahAM kA hara pAtra AbhyaMtarika komalatA ke sAtha brAhya rUpa saundarya se paripUrNa hai| kalA aura kavitA kA premI nAyaka 'caNDapAla' guNI to hai hI guNajJa bhI hai| bhItarI ramaNIyatA ke sAtha bAhya AkarSaNa bhI usake vyaktitva meM sahajatayA vidyamAna hai| tabhI to rUpa kI rAnI karpUramaJjarI usake prathama darzana meM hI apanA sarvasva nyauchAvara kara detI hai, saMsAra ke sampUrNa jIvita-yuvakoM ko vihvala banA dene vAle kaTAkSa-pAta se hI apane hRdaya kI sampUrNa sabhagatA ko samarpita kara usI kI ho jAtI hai| rAjA kI gambhIratA evaM madhuratA rUpa alabhya guNoM para vaha dila de baiThatI hai esA maharAo ko vi imiNA gNbhiirmhurenn| sohAsamudAeNa jaanniiadi| tA kiM ti edassa mahilAsahidassa vi diTThI me bhumnnnneti| tRtIyA javanikA meM rAjA ko dekhakara virahavyathitA karpUramaJjarI ke Azcaryarasa se paripUrita svara rAjA ke vyaktitva ko rekhAMkita karate haiM nAyikA kahatI haiammo kiM eso sahasA gannNgnnaado| avaiNNo puNNimAhariNako ? rUpavatI kumArI karpUramaJjarI to saundarya kI gur3iyA hai| kAlidAsa kI yakSiNI vidhAtA kI AdyA sRSTi hai, pArvatI vidhAtA ke sampUrNa zrama kA phala hai, to kumArI karpUramaJjarI ke nirmANa meM do vidhAtAoM kA zrama lagA hai| kavi kahatA hai gUMNa duve iha paAvaiNo jaammi, je dehaNimmavaNajovvaNa daanndkkhaa| ekko ghaDei paDhamaM kumarINamaMgaM kaMDAriUNa puNo duIo

Page #20
karpUramaJjarI meM bhAratIya samAja : 13 aise hI anya pAtra haiN| devI gambhIrA hai| vidUSaka bhI vidvAn hai| parivAraH karpUramaJjarI ke samAja meM parivAra kI dazA sudRr3ha thii| pati-patnI, putrAdi ke atirikta dAsa-dAsI bhI parivAra ke antargata hI mAne jAte the| pUre parivAra meM prema kA vAtAvaraNa vidyamAna thaa| hAsya, prasannatA, saralatA tathA sahajatA pArivArika jIvana meM roma-roma meM bharA thaa| mAtA-pitA ke atirikta mausI, bhaginI Adi pArivArika sambandhoM ke dyotaka padoM kA prayoga milatA hai| karpUramaJjarI devI kI mausI kI beTI arthAt usakI bahana hai| karpUramaJjarI ke dvArA apanI mAtA ke nAma zaziprabhA batAye jAne para vaha devI mana hI mana kahatI hai sA vi meM maaucchiaa| karpUramaJjarI ko bahana jAnakara donoM paraspara AliMgana karatI hairAnI kahatI hai- ehi bahiNie AliMgasu mN11| apanI bar3I bahana ko bar3e prema se karpUramaJjarI prathama praNAma karatI hai - ammhe| kappUramaMjarIe eso paDhamo pnnaamo12| khAnapAnaH usa samaya kI bhojana vyavasthA bahuta samRddha thii| prAya: loga zAkAhAra kA prayoga karate the| cAvala, dAla, gAya-bhaiMsa ke dUdha, dahI Adi kA prayoga hotA thaa| zreSTha kalamI cAvala kA bhAta dahI ke sAtha atyadhika priya bhojya padArthoM meM se eka thaa| brAhmaNa kapiMjala (vidUSaka) kA yaha priya khAdya padArtha thaa| vidUSaka ko siMduvAra ke vRkSa isalie priya haiM ki ve kalamI cAvala ke samAna gucchoM ko dhAraNa karate haiN| usI taraha velI ke puSpa bhI isIlie priya lagate haiM kyoMki ve bhaiMsa ke mathe hue dahI ke samAna dikhate haiM - phulukaraM kalamakUrasamaM vahati je siduMvAraviDavA mahavallahA te| je gAliyassa mahisIdahiNo sricchaa| te kiM ca muddhviaillpsuunnpuNjaa||13 madirApAna kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| vAruNImadirA usa samaya ke samAja meM priya thii| kaula matAnuyAyI mAMsa khAte the - majjaM maMsaM pijjae khjje||14 / / veSabhUSAH tatkAlIna samAja meM loga sundara paridhAnoM ko dhAraNa karate the| uttarIya vastra, pagar3I, snAnavastra, kaTivastra, colI ke atirikta aneka prakAra ke rezamI vastroM kA ullekha milatA hai| bhairavAnanda ke dhyAna vimAna ke dvArA lAyI gaI

Page #21
14 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2006 eka snAnazArI meM vidyamAna karpUramaJjarI sAmAjikoM ke citta ko barabasa apaharaNa kara letI hai, vaha citta para adhikAra kara letI hai - ekkeNa pANiNaliNeNa NivesaaMtI vatthaMcalaM ghaNathaNatthalasaMsamANaM / citte lihijjadi Na kassa vi saMjamaMtI aNNeNa caMkamaNao caliaM kaDillaM 5 || AbhUSaNaH tatkAlIna samAja meM AbhUSaNoM kA bAhulya thA / yadyapi sAmAjika chaillajanoM ko nisarga ramaNIyatA kAmya thI phira bhI bhUSaNoM dvArA zobhA samunmIlana kI bAta svIkRta thI / nisarga saundarya sampanna vyakti ke zarIra meM hI AbhUSaNoM se zobhA kA saMvarddhana hotA thA nissaggacaMgassa vi mANusassa sohA samummilai bhUsaNehiM / 16 AbhUSaNoM meM ekkAvalI ( pR0 44), nupUra ( pR0 49), kaMcIlatA, karNotpala (1.34, 2.37) Adi kA aneka bAra varNana milatA hai| snAnAvasthA meM dhyAnavimAna se Agata karpUramaJjarI kA devI prabhUta zRMgAra karatI hai / aneka AbhUSaNoM evaM bahumUlya vastroM se sajAtI hai| rAjA ke dvArA pUche jAne para ki aMta:pura meM le jAkara devI ne karpUramaJjarI kA kyA kiyA, jaba vicakSaNA kahatI hai deva / maMDitA TikkidA bhUsidA tosidA a ka0maM0 103 arthAt devI ne karpUramaJjarI ko snAnavilepanAdi se maNDita kiyA, TIkA lagAyA, vastra evaM alaMkAroM se vibhUSita kiyA tathA bhojana Adi ke dvArA saMtuSTa kiyaa| SANNamAsika motI ke zreSThahAra se karpUramaJjarI kA mukha rUpI candramA vaisA suzobhita ho rahA hai mAno tArAgaNa paMktibaddha hokara usakI sevA kara rahe haiM - kaMThamma tIa Thavido chammAsiamottiANavarahAro / sevaitA paMtIhiM muhacaMdaM tariANiaro // vilepana: saundarya prasAdhanoM meM vilepanAdi kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| tatkAlIna samAja caMdanarasa, karpUrarasa, uvaTana Adi aneka prakAra ke vilepana dravyoM se paricita thaa| vibhinna RtuoM meM aneka prakAra ke vilepana dravyoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| zizira meM lagAye jAne vAle vilepana dravyoM se yuvatiyAM aba basaMtAraMbha meM vimukha ho rahI haiM - biMboTThe bahalaM Na deMti maaNaM No gaMdhatellAvilA, veNIo viraaMti leti Na tahA aMgammi kuppAsaaM /

Page #22
karpUramaJjarI meM bhAratIya samAja : 15 jaM bAlA muhakuMkumammi vi ya vaTuMti DhillAarA taM maNNe sisIraM viNijjia balA patto vsNtuusvo||18 yahAM para oSTha para prayoga kiye jAne vAle maaNaM (vizeSa prakAra ke vilepana dravya) tathA muha (gAloM para lagAe jAne vAle kuMkuma-vilepana dravya) kA ullekha hai| anyatra bhI kuMkuma kA ullekha milatA hai - jAaM kuMkumapaMkalIDhamaraDhI19... auSadha prayogaH cikitsakIya jJAna prabhUta mAtrA meM vidyamAna thaa| aneka prakAra kI jar3I-bUTiyoM kA prayoga auSadha ke rUpa meM kiyA jAtA thaa| haldI, caMdana, ziziropacAra sAmagrI, caMdana rasa Adi kA prayoga hotA thaa| caMdana ko mahoSadhi ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA gayA hai| caMdanarasa rUpa mahoSadhi jvaratapa ko dUra karane meM samartha hotA hai lekina viraha janya tApa ko vaha dUra nahIM kara pAtA - Na caMdaNamahosahaM harai dehadAhaM ca me20| do sthaloM para ziziropacAra sAmagrI kA varNana bhI milatA hai| nimnalikhita zloka meM aneka prakAra kI auSadhiyoM kA varNana hai - dUre kijjau caMpaassa ka liA kajja haliddIa kiM utatteNa a kaMcaNeNa gaNaNA kA NAma jacceNa vi|| lAvaNNassa NavuggadiMdumahuracchAassa tissApuro paccaggehi vi kesarassa kusumakkerehi kiM kaarnnN||21 arthAt navodita candramA kI taraha madhura kAntivAle usake lAvaNya ke samakSa campA kI kalI ko dUra karo, haldI kA bhI kyA prayojana? zuddha aura tapAye hue sone kI bhI kyA ginatI? tAje kezara ke phUloM ke Dhera se bhI kyA prayojana? manoraJjana ke sAdhanaH tatkAlIna sAmAjika jIvana meM aneka prakAra ke manoraJjana ke saMsAdhanoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| vividha-prakAra ke utsava manAye jAte the| vaMsatotsava yA caitramahotsava yuvA hRdaya ko atyadhika priya thaa| caitra mahotsava kAma kA mahotsava hai| kAma ke bANa itane tIkSNa hote haiM ki unase ghAyala mAninI yuvatiyoM kA mAna patiyoM ke sAmane Thahara nahIM pAtA hai - mANaM muMcadha deha vallahajaNe dihi~ taraMguttaraM tAruNNaM diahAi paMca daha vA piinntthnnutthmnnN| itthaM koilamaMjusiMNAmasA devassa paMcesuNo dijjA cettamahAveNa bhuaNaM ANavva svvNksaa22||

Page #23
16 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 arthAt he yuvatiyoM! praNayamAna ko chor3o, tathA apane premiyoM meM prema bharIutsukatApUrNa dRSTi ko lagAo, kyoMki unnata stanoM se yukta javAnI pAMca athavA dasa dina kI hI hai| isa prakAra koyala ke madhura tAna ke bahAne kAmadeva kI sarvavyApI AjJA mAno jo caitra mahotsava ke dvArA saMsAra meM prasArita kI jA rahI hai| sabhya samAja meM sabhA kA Ayojana manoraMjana kA utkRSTa saMsAdhana thaa| kAvyapAThAdi kA prayoga hotA thaa| rAjA kI sabhA meM vidUSaka, vicakSaNA, sulakSaNA Adi apanI pratibhA vaiziSTya ke anusAra kAvya pATha karate haiN| rAjA ke manoraMjana ke lie vaitAlika stutigAna karate the| krIDodyAna meM krIr3A karanA, dolA athavA jhUlA jhUlanA, zuka Adi pakSiyoM kA pAlanAdi manoraMjana ke pramukha saMsAdhana the| vivAha - usa samaya vivAha eka pavitra saMskAra ke rUpa meM pratiSThita thaa| eka vivAha ke sAtha bahuvivAha kI bhI prathA pracalita thii| nAyaka caNDapAla devI ke hote hue bhI yauvana sundarI karpUramaJjarI se cAmuNDA ke maMdira meM vivAha karatA hai| antarjAtIya vivAha prathA bhI pracalita thii| kavi rAjazekhara svayameva brAhmaNa the lekina unakA vivAha avantI sundarI nAmaka eka kSatriya kanyA ke sAtha huA thaa| vaha cauhAnavaMza kI kamArI thI aura rAjazekhara yAyAvaravaMzIya brAhmaNa the| avantI sundarI sarvAMgalAvaNyavatI yuvatI to thI hI kalA premI bhI thii| usI ke Adeza se karpUramaJjarI kA prathama abhinaya kiyA gayA thaa| pAripArzvika kahatA hai - cAhuANakulamaulimAliA rAaseharakaiMda gehinnii| bhattuNo kiimavaMtisuMdarI sA puNjiumeamicchtii23|| __ anya prathAeM: tatkAlIna samAja meM aneka prakAra kI lokarItiyAM evaM sAmAjika prathAeM pracalita thiiN| vivAha prathA ke atirikta dAsa prathA bhI thii| aneka dAsa-dAsI saMpanna loga sevA ke lie rakhate the| vicakSaNA aura sulakSaNA donoM bahaneM rAjA kI dAsiyAM haiM, jo na kevala sevA-pArAyaNa hai apitu zAstramarmajJa bhI haiN| dAsI ko sairandhrI (1/36) bhI kahate the| eka viziSTa prathA kA bhI ullekha milatA hai - 'khlkhNdd| nAyikA karpUramaJjarI apanI mAM zaziprabhA kI khalakhaMDa se kharIdI gaI putrI hai| vaha svayaM kahatI hai - 'tehiM ahaM khalakhaMDehiM kINidA duhida tti buccAmi24 jina mAtAoM ke santAna jIvita nahIM rahatI thIM ve mAtAeM apane sadyaHjAtaputra ko kisI ko de detI thIM aura usake badale meM dhana dekara puna: vApasa santAna ko kharIda letI thIM - yaha prathA hI khalakhaMDa prathA hai| mRtyuparAnta mRtaka ke nAma para tilAMjali yA jalAMjali dene kI prathA kA ullekha bhI milatA hai|

Page #24
karpUramaJjarI meM bhAratIya samAja : 17 vaMti te tiljlNjjlidaannjoggaa25| sisirovayArasAmaggIe jalaMjalI dijji26| / zikSA aura kalAH tatkAlIna samAja meM zikSA evaM kalA unnatAvasthA meM thii| cAroM vedoM ke sAtha anya vidyAoM kA bhI adhyayana kiyA jAtA thaa| maMtra-taMtra vidyA kI sAdhanA bhI hotI thii| paMcamakAra sAdhanA kA tAMtrika mArga bhI pracalita thaa| bhairavAnaMda nAmaka pAtra kaula mata kA sAdhaka thaa| kalAeM utkarSa ko prApta thiiN| kAvyakalA, nATyakalA, nRtyakalA, gItakalA, citrakalA, vAdyakalA, bhUSaNakalA, vAstukalA, mAlA-nirmANakalA Adi kalAoM kA ullekha karpUramaJjarI meM milatA hai| vAdyakalA meM vaMzI, vINA, mRdaMga, kAMsyatAla Adi vAdyoM kA varNana prApta hai| lekhanakalA kA unnata rUpa milatA hai| ketakI ke dala para bhI kastUrI mizrita syAhI se lekha likhe jAte the| karpUramaJjarI apanA saMdeza rAjA ke pAsa ketakI dalalekha ke dvArA bhejatI hai|27 eka sthala para tAr3apatra lekha kA bhI varNana milatA hai| viraha-vidagdha nAyaka bAra-bAra tAr3apatra ko hI dekhatA hai, yadyapi pratihArI usake hRdaya ko anyatra lagAnA cAhatA hai| pratihArI mana hI mana kahatA hai - kahaM ajja vi so jjeva siritAlIpattasaMcao tAo jjeva akkharapaMtIo285 nRtyakalA ke antargata carcarI29, daMDarAsaka30, callI31 evaM yoginIvalaya Adi loka nRtyoM kA varNana milatA hai| abhinaya kalA bhI varNita hai| vAdyAdi ke mukhauTA pahanakara yuvatiyAM abhinaya karatI thiiN|22 nArI kI dazAH nArI kI dazA acchI thii| nAriyAM zikSA aura kalA meM bhI puruSoM se Age thiiN| sulakSaNA aura vicakSaNA ke kavitva ke sAmane vidUSaka kI kavitA virasa ho jAtI hai| dhArmika pUjA paddhatiH tatkAlIna samAja meM sarasvatI, ziva, pArvatI, cAmuNDA, kAmadeva Adi devoM kI pUjA-paddhati pracalita thii| vivAha ke samaya cAmuNDA kI pUjA hotI thii| hiMdolana caturthI ke avasara para akhaNDa saubhAgya kI prApti ke lie yuvatiyAM ardhanArIzvara kI pUjA karatI thiiN| cAmuNDA ke maMdira kA bhI varNana milatA hai33| karpUramaJjarI kA vivAha cAmuNDA maMdira meM hI sampanna huA thaa| karmavAda kA pracalana thaa24| kaulamata kA pracalana thA35 isa prakAra karpUramaJjarI meM unnata samAja kA varNana milatA hai| pArivArika sukha-zAMti ke sAtha-sAtha zikSA kalA meM bhI tatkAlIna samAja sampanna thaa| nAriyoM kI dazA unnata thii| dhArmika sampradAyoM meM kaulamata kA bolabAlA thaa|

Page #25
18 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 saMdarbha : 1. karpUramaJjarI - 1.1 (sampAdaka DA0 sudarzana lAla jaina) 2. tatraiva 4.5. 3. pANini sUtra 3.3.19. 4. amarakoza 2.5.42. 5. abhidhAna cintAmaNi 6.50. 6. tatraiva 3.145. 7. karpUramaJjarI, pR0 63. 8. tatraiva 3.20 ke bAda kA gadyAMza, pR0 191. 9. karpUramaJjarI 3.17. 10. tatraiva pR0 74. 11. tatraiva pR0 76. 12. tatraiva pR0 76. 13. tatraiva 1.1.19. 14. tatraiva 1.22. 15. tatraiva 1.27. 16. tatraiva 1.30. 17. tatraiva 2.17. 18. tatraiva 1.13. 19. tatraiva 7.16. 20. tatraiva 3.20. 21. tatraiva 3.1. 22. tatraiva 1.17. 23. tatraiva 1.10. 24. tatraiva pR0 75. 25. tatraiva 3.5. 26. tatraiva pR0 143. 27. tatraiva pR0 93. 28. tatraiva pR0 84. 29. tatraiva pR0 101. 30. tatraiva 4.11. 31. tatraiva 4.12. 32. tatraiva 4.15. 33. tatraiva 4.19 34. tatraiva 2.8. 35. tatraiva 1.21-24.

Page #26
zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1] janavarI-mArca 2006 tattvArthasUtra kA pUraka grantha : jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA DaoN0 dharmacanda jaina* - __ jaina dharma-darzana ko saMskRta-sUtroM meM prastuta karane kA prathama zreya vAcaka umAsvAti ko jAtA hai, jinhoMne IsA kI dvitIya-tRtIya zatI meM daza adhyAyoM meM tattvArthasUtra kI racanA kii| katipaya sUtroM para matabheda ko chor3akara yaha tatvArthasUtra jainadharma ke samasta sampradAyoM meM samAna rUpa se AdRta hai| isakA spaSTa nidarzana hai ki pUjyapAda devanandI, akalaGka, vidyAnanda, zrutasAgara Adi digambara AcAryoM ke dvArA tathA siddhasenagaNi, haribhadrasUri, yazovijaya Adi zvetAmbara AcAryoM ke dvArA tattvArthasUtra para TIkAe~ likhI giiN| bIsavIM zatI meM terApaMtha saMgha ke AcArya zrI tulasI jI ne tattvArthasUtra kI zailI meM jaina siddhAnta ko saMskRta-sUtroM meM nibaddha karane kA saphala prayatna kiyA hai| unake dvArA racita kRti kA nAma hai- 'jaina siddhaant-diipikaa'| tattvArthasUtra ke pazcAt prAkRta evaM saMskRta bhASA meM aneka tAttvika evaM dArzanika granthoM tathA TIkAoM kA nirmANa huA, kintu jaina siddhAnta ko tattvArthasUtra kI bhA~ti saMskRtasUtroM meM upanibaddha karane ke vyavasthita prayatna kA zreya AcArya zrI tulasI jI ko jAtA hai| jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA AcArya zrI mahAprajJa dvArA sampAdita hai tathA tattvArthasUtra kI bhA~ti daza adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai, jinheM 'prakAza' nAma diyA gayA hai| umAsvAtikRta tattvArthasUtra meM jahAM 344. sUtra haiM (digambara-paramparAnusAra 357 sUtra haiM) vahAM jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM 308 sUtra haiN| tattvArthasUtra kA prArambha jahA~ mokSa mArga ke kathana se huA hai vahA~ jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA kA prArambha dravya-vivecana se huA hai| 'jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA' nAma se yaha vidita hotA hai ki isakI racanA kA lakSya jaina siddhAntoM ko saMkSepa meM prakAzita karanA hai| tattvArthasUtra aura jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA kI viSayavastu meM paryApta sAmya honA svAbhAvika hai, kyoMki donoM grantha jaina tattvajJAna kA hI prakAzana karate haiM, tathApi isa navagrantha ke nirmANa kA apanA uddezya hai| navInatA ke binA naI kRti kA nirmANa koI mahattva nahIM rkhtaa| tattvArthasUtra evaM jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA kA adhyayana karane para vidita hotA hai ki dIpikA meM anekavidha navInatAe~ haiN| *esozieTa prophesara, saMskRta vibhAga, jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlaya, jodhapura (rAja.)

Page #27
: zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2006 tattvArthasUtra se tulanA karane para vidita hotA hai ki jaina siddhAnta - dIpikA usakA eka pUraka grantha hai / tattvArthasUtra meM jina aneka pAribhASika zabdoM ke lakSaNa upalabdha nahIM haiM, unake lakSaNa jaina siddhAnta - dIpikA meM samprApta haiN| udAharaNa ke lie loka, aloka, paramANu, skandha, deza-pradeza, guNa, paryAya, artha paryAya, vyaJjana paryAya, svabhAva paryAya, vibhAva paryAya, upayoga, sAkAropayoga, anAkAropayoga, matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna Adi pA~coM jJAnoM, avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA; aupapattikI, vainayikI Adi cAroM buddhiyoM ke lakSaNa jaina siddhAntadIpikA meM sUtra nibaddha haiN| isI prakAra indriya, mana, bhAva, upazamAdi pA~coM bhAvoM; paryApti, prANa, ajIva, karma, prakRti, sthiti Adi caturvidha bandha; puNya, pApa, mithyAtva, avirati Adi paoNca AsravoM; lezyA, karaNa, samyaktva - avirati Adi pA~ca saMvaroM; nirjarA, siddha Adi ke lakSaNa bhI dIpikA kI vizeSatA ko sthApita karate haiN| SaSTha prakAza meM samyagjJAna, samyakcAritra, ahiMsA-satya Adi pA~ca mahAvratoM; IryA Adi pA~ca samitiyoM; anuprekSA, bhAvanA, saMlekhanA, anazana Adi dvAdaza tapoM ke lakSaNa tathA saptama prakAza meM jIvasthAna, 14 guNasthAnoM, zarIra, samudghAta Adi ke lakSaNa nirUpita haiN| aSTama prakAza meM deva, guru evaM dharma tathA lokadharma ke lakSaNoM ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai, navama prakAza meM dayA, moha, rAga, dveSa, mAdhyasthya, asaMyama, saMyama, upakAra, sukha evaM duHkha ke lakSaNa die gae haiN| dazama prakAza meM pramANa, naya evaM nikSepa ke cAroM prakAroM kA lakSaNa - sahita spaSTa nidarzana kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra zatAdhika pAribhASika zabdoM ke lakSaNa jo tattvArthasUtra meM nahIM haiM, jaina siddhAnta - dIpikA meM prApta haiN| isase isa kRti kI vizeSatA evaM prayojanavattA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| 20 nAma se yaha kRti svatantra grantha kI pratIti nahIM karAtI, kyoMki 'dIpikA' zabda kA prayoga TIkA ke lie bhI hotA rahA hai| dharmabhUSaNa racita 'nyAyadIpikA' jaisI kRtiyA~ isakA apavAda haiN| nyAyadIpikA jaina - nyAya kA svatantra grantha hai| isI prakAra 'jaina siddhAnta - dIpikA bhI svatantra kRti hone kA paricaya detI hai / yaha jJAtavya hai ki nyAyadIpikA sUtra grantha nahIM hai, jabaki prastuta kRti sUtra - grantha hai / 'dIpikA' zabda dIpaka kA strIliGga hai| dIpaka prakAzaka hotA hai| isa artha meM jaina siddhAnta kI prakAzaka hone se isa kRti kA nAma 'jaina siddhAnta - dIpikA' sArthaka hai| pUrvokta zatAdhika lakSaNoM ke atirikta jaina siddhAnta - dIpikA meM katipaya viSaya sarvathA navIna haiM, yathA

Page #28
tattvArthasUtra kA pUraka grantha : jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA : 21 (i) caturtha prakAza meM karma kI bandha, udvartanA, aparvatanA Adi daza avasthAoM kA vrnnn| tattvArthasUtra meM inakA ullekha nahIM hai, jabaki jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM pratyeka avasthA ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| (draSTavya sUtra - 5 evaM usakI vRtti)| (ii) saptama prakAza meM 14 guNasthAnoM kA vrnnn| tattvArthasUtra meM guNasthAnoM kA ullekha nahIM huA hai, jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM pratyeka guNasthAna kA lakSaNa sUtrabaddha kiyA gayA hai| (draSTavya sUtra 2 se 16), tattvArthasUtra meM asaMkhyaguNa adhika nirjarA ke jina samyakdRSTi zrAvaka Adi daza sthAnoM kA ullekha (947) huA hai, usakA nirUpaNa jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM alaga se huA hai| (draSTavya saptama prakAza, sUtra 18) (iii) aSTama prakAza meM deva, guru evaM dharma kA vivecn| tattvArthasUtra meM dharma kA vivecana to navama adhyAya meM (sUtra 6) huA hai, kintu deva evaM guru ko pRthaka se mahattva nahIM milA hai| AcArya zrI tulasI ne jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM eka pUrA adhyAya deva, guru evaM dharma kI vivecanA meM lagAyA hai| unhoMne arhan ko deva (arhan devaH, 8. 1), nimrantha ko guru (nirgranthoM guru, 8.2) evaM Atmazuddhi ke sAdhana ko dharma (Atma zuddhi sAdhana dharmaH, 8.3) kahA hai| dharma ke eka, do, tIna, cAra, pA~ca evaM dasa prakAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| dharma ke dasa prakAra ve hI kSamA, mArdava, Arjava Adi haiM, jinakA ullekha tattvArthasUtra meM bhI huA hai (9.6) kintu eka, do, tIna, cAra evaM pA~ca prakAroM kA saMyojana nayA hai| dharma ke eka prakAra meM ahiMsA kA, do prakAroM meM zruta evaM cAritra kA tathA saMvara evaM nirjarA kA ullekha hai| tIna prakAroM meM svadhIta, sudhyAta, evaM sutapasthita kA, cAra prakAroM meM jJAna, darzana, cAritra evaM tapa kA tathA pA~ca prakAroM meM ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, bahmacarya evaM aparigraha kA ullekha hai| (draSTavya sUtra 5-10) (iv) dazama prakAza meM pramANa, naya evaM nikSepa ke lakSaNa dete hue cAra prakAra ke nikSepoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM nAma, sthApanA, dravya evaM bhAva nikSepa kA ullekha (1.5) mAtra hai, jabaki dIpikA meM pratyeka kA lakSaNa bhI diyA gayA hai (sUtra 6-9) / tattvArthasUtra ke prathama adhyAya meM nirUpita anuyogoM ke do sUtroM (7 evaM 8) kA samAveza yahAM para eka hI sUtra (dazama prakAza, sUtra 11) meM kara diyA gayA hai| tattvArthasUtra ke jina viSayoM kI jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM carcA nahIM kI gaI hai, ve mukhyata: isa prakAra haiM

Page #29
22 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 ' (i) naraka evaM devaloka tathA inameM rahane vAle nAraka evaM devoM kA vrnnn| tattvArthasUtra ke tRtIya evaM caturtha adhyAya kramaza: uparyukta viSayoM kA varNana karate haiM, jise AcArya zrI tulasI ne sambhavata: Adhunika yuga meM anAvazyaka samajhakara chor3a diyA hai| (ii) jJAnAvaraNAdi aSTavidha karmoM ke bandha ke alaga-alaga kAraNoM kA nirdezA tattvArthasUtra ke SaSTa adhyAya meM (sUtra 11 se 26) AThoM prakAra ke karmoM ke pRthaka-pRthaka bandha kAraNoM kA nirdeza hai, jise jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM chor3a diyA gayA hai| (iii) zrAvaka ke 12 vratoM ke aticaar| tattvArthasUtra ke saptama adhyAya meM (sUtra 20 se 31) zrAvaka ke vratoM ke aticAroM kA nAmollekha hai, jabaki jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM inakI koI carcA nahIM hai| (iv) aSTavidha karmoM kI 97 uttara prakRtiyoM ke naam| jaina siddhAntadIpikA meM ina uttara prakRtiyoM ke nAma pariziSTa meM hindI meM die gae haiM, jabaki tattvArthasUtra ke aSTama adhyAya meM ina nAmoM ko sUtroM (5-14) meM gUMthA gayA hai| isameM sabhI karmoM kI jaghanya evaM utkRSTa sthiti kA bhI ullekha hai, jabaki jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM lekhaka ne inheM sthAna nahIM diyA hai| prastuta nibandha meM donoM granthoM (tattvArthasUtra aura jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA) meM carcita jJAna aura jJeya ke sambandha meM tulanAtmaka vicAra karanA hI pramukha lakSya hai| jJAna nirUpaNa jaina darzana meM pratipAdita jJAna evaM isake bhedoM meM kahIM koI matabheda nahIM hai, isalie aisA matabheda ina donoM granthoM meM bhI nahIM ho sktaa| donoM hI grantha samyagjJAna ko mokSamArga meM sammilita karate haiM tathA usake pA~ca bhedoM kA nirUpaNa karate haiN| jJAna ke pA~ca prakAra haiM- matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, manaHparyAya jJAna aura kevala jnyaan| donoM granthoM meM yaha tulanA avazya ho sakatI hai ki unakA varNanagata vaiziSTya kyA hai, yathA 1. tattvArthasUtra meM samyagdarzana kA to lakSaNa diyA gayA hai, kintu samyagjJAna kA lakSaNa nahIM diyA gyaa| jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM isakA lakSaNa diyA gayA hai'yathArthabodha: smygjnyaanm|' yathArtha bodha samyagjJAna hai| kintu yaha lakSaNa AgamaparamparA meM mAnya samyagjJAna kI pUrNa vyAkhyA nahIM krtaa| Agama ke anusAra samyagdarzana hone para hI jJAna samyak hotA hai| usakI samyaktA artha ke anurUpa hone

Page #30
tattvArthasUtra kA pUraka grantha : jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA : 23 para nahIM, apitu dRSTi kI samyaktA para nirbhara karatI hai| yathArthabodha rUpa jo lakSaNa hai vaha 'pramANa' ke artha meM mAnya samyagjJAna ke lie upayukta ThaharatA hai| kadAcit dRSTi samyak nahIM hone para bhI vastu kA saMvAdI-yathArtha jJAna hotA huA dekhA jAtA hai| mithyAtvI usI AdhAra para vastu ko jAnate evaM smaraNa Adi karate haiN| unakA yathArthabodha, saMzaya, viparyaya evaM anadhyavasAya se rahita hotA hai, kintu mithyAtva se rahita nahIM hotaa| jabaki jo mokSapAyabhUta hai vaha mithyAtva se rahita hotA hai| AcAryazrI ne pramANa kA lakSaNa 'yathArthajJAnaM' diyA hai (8.2) / donoM sthAnoM para jo 'yathArtha' zabda hai, inameM kyA bheda hai, usa para vicAra apekSita hai| yadi samyagjJAna ke lakSaNa meM 'samyagdarzana sati jor3a diyA jAe to mokSopAyabhUta samyagjJAna kA pUrNa lakSaNa bana jAtA hai| 2. jaina siddhAnta kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki isameM sabhI jJAnoM ke lakSaNoM ke lie pRthaka rUpa se sUtra race gae haiM, yathA (i) matijJAna- indriyamanonibandhanaM matiH / (jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA 2.8) arthAt indriya evaM mana kI sahAyatA se hone vAlA jJAna matijJAna hai| tattvArthasUtra meM bhI lagabhaga yahI lakSaNa diyA gayA hai, yathA- tadindriyAnindriyanimittam (tattvArthasUtra 1.14) ___(ii) zrutajJAna- dravyazrutAnusAriparapratyAyanakSamaM zrutam (dIpikA 2. 2 / dravyazruta ke anusAra dUsaroM ko samajhAne meM samarthajJAna zrutajJAna hai| dravyazruta kA artha hai- zabda, saMketa aadi| tattvArthasUtra meM isakA lakSaNa- vidhAyaka sUtra nahIM hai, kintu usakA mati jJAna pUrvaka honA kahA gayA hai zrutaM matipUrva.. (1.20) (iii) avadhijJAna- AtmamAtrApekSaM ruupidrvygocrmnvdhiH| (dIpikA 2. 24) indriyAdi sahAyatA ke binA sIdhe AtmA se hone vAlA rUpI dravyoM kA jJAna avadhijJAna hai| tattvArthasUtra meM avadhimAna kA lakSaNa to nahIM diyA gayA, kintu avadhimAna ke viSaya kA nirUpaNa karate hue use spaSTa kara diyA gayA hai, yathA- ruupissvvdheH| tattvArthasUtra 1. 28 (iv) manaHparyAyajJAna- manodravyaparyAyaprakAzi mn:pryaayH| (dIpikA 2.28) manodravya evaM usake paryAya kA prakAzaka jJAna manaHparyAya hai| tattvArthasUtra meM isakA lakSaNa na dekara usake viSaya kA pratipAdana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki avadhimAna ke viSaya ke anantaveM bhAga ko manaHparyAya jJAna dvArA jAnA jAtA hai|

Page #31
24 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 (tadanantabhAge mana:paryAyasya 1.29) mana: paryAya jJAna dvArA jAnA jAtA hai| mana bhI rUpI dravya hai aura vaha samasta rUpI dravyoM kA anantavA~ bhAga hai| (v) kevalajJAna- nikhila dravya paryAya sAkSAtkAri kevalam (dIpikA 2. 31) / samasta dravyoM evaM unakI samasta paryAyoM kA sAkSAtkArI jJAna kevalajJAna hai| tattvArthasUtra meM isake viSaya kI nirUpatA karate hue kahA gayA hai- "sarvadravyaparyAyeSu kevalasyA' (tattvArthasUtra 1. 30) yahA~ para yaha ullekhanIya hai ki jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM pA~coM jJAnoM ke lakSaNoM kA vyavasthita pratipAdana huA hai, tattvArthasUtra meM use jJAna ke viSayanirUpaNa Adi ke dvArA spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ ullekhanIya hai ki- tattvArthasUtra meM jisa prakAra zrutajJAna ko matijJAnapUrvaka honA kahA hai, usa prakAra kA koI nirdeza dIpikA meM nahIM hai| yaha tathya dIpikA meM soca vicAra kara chor3A gayA hai, aisA pratIta hotA hai| - 'zrutajJAna' ke lakSaNa meM jo 'parapratyAyatrakSama' vizeSaNa hai, kyA vaha ekendriyAdi jIvoM meM prApta zruta-ajJAna meM ghaTita hotA hai? vicAraNIya hai| zrutajJAna dUsare ko bodha karAne ke lie hotA hai, isa lakSaNa kA kyA AdhAra hai? zrutajJAna to svayaM dhAraka kA bhI mArgadarzana karatA hai| 3. jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM zrutanizrita matijJAna ke cAra bhedoM - avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA ke lakSaNoM ko sUtra meM Abaddha kiyA gayA hai, jabaki tattvArthasUtra meM inake nAmoM kA hI ullekha hai, lakSaNoM kA nhiiN| tattvArtha bhASya meM avazya unake lakSaNa pradatta haiM, kintu AcArya zrI tulasI jI ke dvArA pradatta lakSaNa vizeSAvazyaka bhASya evaM pramANa zAstrIya granthoM meM pradatta lakSaNoM se prabhAvita haiM, tattvArthabhASya se nhiiN| dIpikA meM pradatta lakSaNa isa prakAra haiM (i) avagraha- indiyArthayoge darzanAntaraM saamaanygrhnnnnmvgrhH| (dIpikA 2.11) indriya evaM padArtha kA saMyoga hone para darzana ke pazcAt jo sAmAnya kA grahaNa hotA hai, vaha avagraha hai| yahA~ para yaha vicAraNIya hai ki avagraha eka jJAna hai| jJAna 'vizeSa' kA grAhaka hotA hai aura darzana sAmAnya kaa| uparyukta lakSaNa se (darzana aura avagraha) meM jo bheda hai, vaha pUrI taraha spaSTa nahIM hotaa| AcAryazrI ne jJAna ko paryAya kA evaM darzana ko dhrauvya (dravya) kA grAhaka pratipAdita kiyA hai| (2.5-6) dhrauvya sAmAnya hotA hai evaM paryAya vizeSa hotI hai| yahA~ para yaha ullekhanIya hai ki vAcaka

Page #32
tattvArthasUtra kA pUraka grantha : jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA : 25 umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra meM matijJAna evaM zrutajJAna kA viSaya samasta dravyoM ko evaM unakI asamasta paryAyoM ko batAyA hai| yadi jJAna paryAya ko hI jAnatA hai to vaha dravya ko kisa prakAra jAna sakegA? ___(ii) IhA- amukena bhAvyamiti pratyaya iihaa| (dIpikA 2. 13) amuka honA cAhie, isa prakAra ke pratyaya ko IhA kahA jAtA hai| IhA kA yaha lakSaNa mahattvapUrNa hai| aneka sthaloM para IhA ko vizeSa AkAMkSA, jijJAsA, ceSTA Adi zabdoM se kahA gayA hai, jo samIcIna pratIta nahIM hotaa| (iii) avAya- amuka evetyvaayH| (dIpikA 2. 14) amuka hI hai, aisA nirNaya avAya hai| (iv) dhAraNA- tsyaavsthitidhaarnnaa| (dIpikA 2. 25) avAya rUpa nirNayAtmaka jJAna kI avasthiti dhAraNA hai| 4. jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM azruta nizrita matijJAna ke rUpa meM varNita autpattikI, vainayikI, kArmikI aura pAriNAmikI nAmaka cAra baddhiyoM ko vizeSa mahattva dete hae unake pRthakrUpeNa lakSaNa die gae haiN| tattvArthasUtra evaM bhASya meM cAroM buddhiyoM ke sambandha meM koI varNana nahIM hai| dIpikA meM pradatta lakSaNa isa prakAra haiM (i) autpattikI- adRSTAzrutArthagrAhiNI autpttikii| (dIpikA 2. 17) adRSTa evaM azruta artha ke sambandha meM tatkAla jJAna karAne vAlI buddhi autpattikI hai| ise pratibhA evaM prAtibha jJAna bhI kahA gayA hai| (ii) vainayikI- vinayarAmutthA vainyikii| (dIpikA 2. 18) vinaya se utpanna buddhi vainayikI hai| guru kI zuzrUSA athavA jJAna aura jJAnoM ke prati vinamrabhAva ko AcAryazrI ne vinaya kahA hai| (iii) kArmikI- karmasamutthA kaarmikii| (dIpikA 2. 19) karma arthAt abhyAsa se utpanna kArmikI hai| (iv) pAriNAmikI- pariNAmajanitA paarinnaamikii| (dIpikA 2. 20) pariNAma se unpanna honevAlI buddhi pAriNAmikI hai| AcAryazrI ne vayaH pariNati ko pariNAma kahA hai| 5. tattvArthasUtra meM avagraha, IhA, avAya evaM dhAraNA ke bahu, bahuvidha, kSipra, anizrita, asaMdigdha aura dhruva tathA inake viparIta alpa, alpavidha,

Page #33
26 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 akSipra, nizrita, saMdigdha aura adhruva ke rUpa meM 12-12 prakAra nirUpita haiM, (tattvArthasUtra 1. 16) jabaki jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM inheM chor3a diyA gayA hai| 6.AcArya zrI tulasI jI ne jAtismaraNajJAna ko matijJAna kA hI eka bheda pratipAdita karane hetu sUtra nirmANa kiyA hai- jAtismRtirapi materbhedaH (2. 21) / 7.karmagrantha Adi ke AdhAra para jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM zrutajJAna ke 14 bheda pratipAdita haiM- 1. akSarazruta 2. anakSarazruta 3. saMjJizruta 4. asaMjJizruta 5. samyak zruta 6. mithyAzruta 7. sAdizruta 8. anAdizruta 9. saparyavasitazruta 10.aparyavasitazruta 11. gamikazruta 12. agamika zruta 13. aGgapraviSTazruta evaM annggprvissttshrut| tattvArthasUtra meM zrutajJAna ke aMgapraviSTa evaM anaMgapraviSTa bheda hI nirdiSTa haiM tathA anaMgapraviSTa (aMgabAhyaya) ke aneka evaM aMgapraviSTa zrutajJAna ke AcArAMga Adi 12 bheda kie gae haiM- zrutaM matipUrvaM yanekadvAdazabhedam / (tattvArthasUtra 1. 20). 8. mana:paryAya jJAna ke Rjumati evaM vipulamati prakAroM ke bheda tattvArthasUtra meM do AdhAroM para pratipAdita haiM- vizuddha aura aprtipaat| 'vizuddhyapratipAtAbhyAM tadvizeSa:- 1. 25' Rjumati mana:paryAya jJAna kI apekSA vipulamati manaHparyAya jJAna adhika vizuddha hotA hai tathA Rjumati mana:paryAya jJAna eka bAra hone ke pazcAt naSTa bhI ho sakatA hai jabaki vipulamati mana:paryAya jJAna kevala jJAna hone taka banA rahatA hai| vaha eka bAra hone ke pazcAt naSTa nahIM hotaa| jaina siddhAntadIpikA meM manaHparyAya jJAna ke ina donoM bhedoM ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki sAmAnya rUpa se manodravya ko grahaNa karane vAlA jJAna Rjumati evaM usakI vizeSa paryAyoM ko grahaNa karane vAlA jJAna vipulamati kahalAtA hai| isameM vizuddhi kI adhikatA kA lakSaNa to phalita ho jAtA hai, kintu 'apratipAta' lakSaNa chUTa gayA hai| 9. tattvArthasUtra meM pA~ca jJAnoM meM se prathama do jJAnoM ko parokSa pramANa tathA antima tIna jJAnoM ko pratyakSa pramANa meM vibhakta kara pramANa mImAMsA kA vyavasthita nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai, jabaki jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA ke dazamaprakAza meM pramANalakSaNa ke atirikta koI carcA nahIM kI gaI hai| 10. jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM naya kA lakSaNa (anirAkRtetarAMzo vastvaMzagrAhI pratipatturabhiprAyo nayaH, 10.3) to prApta hai, kintu usake bhedoM kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| tattvArthasUtra meM naya ke bhedoM kA kathana (sUtra 1. 34-35) hai, lakSaNa kA nhiiN|

Page #34
tattvArthasUtra kA pUraka grantha : jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA : 27 uparyukta binduoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina siddhAntadIpikA ne jaina jJAnamImAMsA ke aneka pAribhASika zabdoM ke lakSaNa die haiM, jo isake vaiziSTya ko iMgita karate haiN| jJeya nirUpaNa jJeya ke vyApaka kSetra meM SaDdravyoM evaM nava tattvoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| SaDdravya haiM- dharma, adharma, AkAza, kAla, pudgala aura jiiv| nava tattva haiM- jIva, ajIva, puNya, pApa, Asrava, saMvara, nirjarA, bandha aura mokss| inake sambandha meM donoM granthoM meM prAyaH pUrI samAnatA hai| jahA~ para vizeSatA yA viSamatA hai, carcA yahA~ kI jA rahI hai 1. tattvArthasUtra meM jIva, ajIva, Asrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA, evaM mokSaina sAta tattvoM kA hI nirUpaNa hai, puNya evaM pApa tattva kA samAveza Asrava meM kara liyA gayA hai| jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM puNya evaM pApa ko pRthaka tattvoM ke rUpa meM sthAna diyA gayA hai, yathA- jIvA'jIva-puNya-pApAsrava-saMvara nirjarA-bandha-mokSa stattvam (2.1) / tattvoM kI yaha gaNanA Agama paramparA kA anusaraNa hai| AcArya zrI tulasI jI evaM sampAdaka (AcArya zrI) mahAprajJa jI ne puNya evaM pApa ko pRthaka mahattva dekara sUjhabUjha pUrNa kArya kiyA hai| kyoMki puNya-pApa kA apanA mahattva hai| puNya pApa ko Asrava meM sammilita karane se ye donoM heya kI zreNI meM A jAte haiM, jaba ki puNya ko pApa kI bhAMti heya nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| puNya evaM pApa paraspara virodhI haiN| puNya (yA satpravRtti) ko pApa kI bhAMti ekAnta yA tyAjya mAna liyA jAya to sAdhanA kA mArga hI avaruddha ho jAtA hai| puNya ko pApa ke samAna tyAjya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki puNyakarma to samyagdarzana evaM kevalajJAna meM bhI sahAyaka hai, jabaki pApa usameM bAdhaka hai| Agama meM sarvatra pApa ko hI tyAjya batAyA gayA hai, puNya ko nhiiN| karmasiddhAnta ke anusAra jaba taka pApakarma kI prakRtiyoM kA catuHsthAnika anubhAga ghaTakara visthAnika nahIM hotA aura puNyaprakRtiyoM kA anubhAga dvisthAnika se bar3hakara catuHsthAnika nahIM hotA tabataka samyagdarzana nahIM hotA hai| isI prakAra puNya prakRtiyoM kA anubhAga jabataka utkRSTa nahIM hotA taba taka kevala jJAna prakaTa nahIM hotA hai| isa taraha samyagdarzana evaM kevalajJAna kI utpatti meM puNya ke anubhAga kA bar3hanA evaM pApa prakRti ke anubhAga kA ghaTanA Avazyaka hai| isa dRSTi se pApa evaM puNya eka dUsare ke virodhI siddha hote haiN| ata: pApa evaM puNya kA pRthak kathana Agama evaM karma kI dRSTi se ucita hI hai| (vizeSa vivaraNa hetu

Page #35
28 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 draSTavya-'jinavANI', sitambara-akTUbara 1999 pRSTha 18-19 para lekhaka kA lekha-'umAsvAtikRta prazamaratiprakaraNa aura usakI tattvArthasUtra se tulnaa'|) 2. puNya aura pApa ke sambandha meM 'jaina siddhAnta dIpikA' meM vizeSa prakAza DAlate hue kahA gayA hai ki 'puNya' dharma kA avinAbhAvI hai-'tacca dharmAvinAbhAvi' (4.13) arthAt dharma ke binA puNya nahIM hotA hai| svopajJavRtti meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki puNya karma kA bandha eka mAtra satpravRtti ke dvArA hotA hai aura satpravRtti mokSa kA upAya hone se avazya dharma hai| ata: jisa prakAra dhAnya ke binA tuSa utpanna nahIM hotA usI prakAra dharma ke binA puNya nahIM hotaa| yahA~ para prazna khar3A hotA hai ki mithyAtvI jIva dharma kI arAdhanA nahIM kara sakatA hai taba vaha puNya kA bandha kaise karegA? jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM AcArya zrI tulasI ne isakA samAdhAna karate hue kahA hai ki mithyAtvI bhI mokSamArga ke deza-ArAdhaka hote haiN| yadi aisA na ho to unake nirjarAdharma hI na ho evaM ve kabhI samyaktvI hI na bana skeNge| AcAryazrI ne zubha karma ko puNya (zubha karma puNyam 4. 12) kahate hue jisa nimitta se puNya kA bandha hotA hai use bhI upacAra se puNya kahA hai| isa prakAra upacAra se anna, pAna, layana, zayana, vastra, mana, vacana, zarIra evaM namaskAra ke AdhAra para 9 puNya hotA haiN| jJAnAvaraNAdi azubha karmoM ko pApa kahA gayA hai| upacAra se pApa ke hetu prANAtipAta Adi ko bhI pApa mAnA gayA hai, jisake 18 bheda prasiddha haiN| 3. jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA ke caturtha prakAza meM hI zubha evaM azubha yoga kI carcA karate hue acAryazrI ne zubhayoga ko satpravRtti evaM azubhayoga ko asatpravRtti kahA hai| zubha evaM azubhayoga se kramaza: zubhakarma-pudgaloM evaM azubha karmapudgaloM kA Asrava hotA hai| isa sAmAnya niyama kA ullekha karane ke sAtha hI eka vizeSa ullekhanIya sUtra upanibaddha kiyA gayA hai yatra zubhayogastatra niyamena nirjarA (dIpikA 4. 27) arthAt jahA~ zubhayoga hotA hai vahA~ niyama se nirjarA hotI hai| AcAryazrI ne isa tathya ko spaSTa karate hue kahA hai ki zubhayoga karmabandha kA hetu hone se Asrava ke antargata parigaNita hai, kintu vaha niyama se azubha karmoM ko tor3ane vAlA hai, isalie nirjarA kA kAraNa bhI hai| nAnA dravyoM se nirmita auSadhi jisa prakAra roga kA zoSaNa evaM zarIra kA poSaNa- donoM kAryoM ko sampanna karatI hai usI prakAra zubhayoga se puNyakarma kA bandha evaM azubhakarmoM kA kSaya donoM kArya sampanna hote haiN| isa tathya kI puSTi meM AcAryazrI ne uttarAdhyayana sUtra se eka uddharaNa bhI diyA hai, yathA- vaMdaNA evaM bhaMte! jIve kiM jaNayai? goyamA! vaMdaNaeNaM nIyAgoyaM

Page #36
tattvArthasUtra kA pUraka grantha : jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA : 29 kammaM khavei, uccAgoyaM nibaMdhai, ityAdi (uttarAdhyayanasUtra (25. 10) / bhagavAna mahAvIra se prazna kiyA gayA ki he bhagavan! vandanA karane se kyA lAbha hotA hai? bhagavAna ne uttara diyA- gautama! vandanA karane se nIcagotra karma kA kSaya aura uccagotra karma kA bandha hotA hai| yahAM para yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki zubhayoga ke samaya azubhayoga kA nirodha hotA hai| ata: apekSA se saMvaradharma bhI pAyA jAtA hai| . 4. mokSamArga kA pratipAdana karate hue 'jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA' meM samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyak cAritra ke sAtha samyak tapa ko bhI pRthaka se sthAna diyA gayA hai, yathA- samyak darzana jJAna cAritra tapAMsi mokSamArgaH (6. 1) tattvArthasUtra meM umAsvAti dvArA tapa kA cAritra meM hI samAveza kara liyA gayA hai| kintu cAritra se tapa kA pRthak kathana AgamoM meM bhI prApta hotA hai, yathA nANaM ca daMsaNaM ceva, carittaM ca tavo thaa|| yasa maggutti paNNatto, jiNehiM vrdNsiihiN|| (uttarA. 28. 2) jainAgamoM meM tapa evaM cAritra ke bheda alaga se prApta hote haiM tathA donoM kA apanA mahattva hai| cAritra jahA~ saMyama yA saMvara kI pradhAnatA rakhatA hai vahA~ tapa meM nirjarA kI pradhAnatA hai| ata: 'tapa' ko mokSamArga meM pRthaka se sthAna diyA jAnA ucita hI hai| 5. samasta karmoM ke kSayarUpa mokSa kA lakSaNa to jainadarzana meM prasiddha hai| tattvArthasUtra meM kahA gayA hai- kRtsna karmakSayo mokssH| (tattvArthasUtra 10.1) / jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM karmakSaya ke sAtha AtmA kA svarUpa meM avasthAna mokSa kahA gayA hai, yathA- 'kRtsna karma kSayAdAtmana: svarUpAvasthAnaM mokssH| (5. 19) / isase yaha bhI dhvanita hotA hai ki samasta karmoM kA kSaya hone ke pazcAt AtmA kI sattA banI rahatI hai tathA vaha apane jJAna-darzana svarUpa meM avasthita rahatI hai| AcArya zrI ne sUtra kI vRtti meM yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA hai ki samasta karmoM kA kSaya hone ke pazcAt punaH karmoM kA bandha nahIM hotA hai| 6. SaDdravyoM meM jIva dravya kA nirUpaNa karate hue AcArya zrI tulasI ne tRtIya prakAza ke paJcama sUtra kI vRtti meM pRthvIkAyika, apkAyika, agnikAyika aura vanaspatikAyika jIvoM meM cetanA kI siddhi ke lie hetu prastuta kie haiM, jo ullekhanIya haiN| pRthvI meM cetanA siddha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra manuSya aura tiryanca jIvoM ke ghAvoM meM sajAtIya mAsAMkura hote haiM, vaise hI pRthvI

Page #37
30 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 meM khodI huI khAnoM meM sajAtIya pRthvI ke aMkura utpanna hote haiN| isase siddha hotA hai ki pRthvI sajIva hai- samAna jaatiiyaaNkurotpaadaat| jala meM jIvana kI siddhi karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra manuSya aura tiryaMca garbhAvasthA ke prArambha meM tarala hote haiM vaise hI jala tarala hai| ata: vaha jaba taka kisI virodhI vastu se upahata nahIM hotA taba taka sajIva hai- zAstrAnupahatadravatvAt / IMdhana Adi AhAra ke dvArA agni bar3hatI hai, isalie agni sajIva hai- aahaarennvRddhidrshnaat| vAyu binA kisI preraNA ke hI aniyamita rUpa se ghUmatI hai, ata: vaha sajIva hai- aparApreritatve tiryaganiyamita- gtimttvaat| vanaspati kA chedana Adi karane se use glAni Adi kA anubhava hotA hai| ata: vanaspati sajIva hai- chedaadibhiglaanidrshnaat|' vanaspati kI sajIvatA kI siddhi AcArAMgasUtra meM manuSya ke sAtha tulanA karate hue vistAra se kI gaI hai| (draSTavya, AcArAMga 1. 15) 7.jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM bhI tattvArthasUtra kI bhAMti dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala aura jIva-ina pA~ca astikAya dravyoM kA kathana karane ke pazcAt kAla ko aupacArika rUpa se dravya mAnA gayA hai| AcAryazrI ne sabhI dravyoM ke saMkSipta lakSaNa die haiM, jo tattvArthasUtra se pUrNataH sAmya rakhate haiN| (i) dharmadravya- gatisahAyo dharmaH (1.4) jIva aura pudgala kI gati meM udAsIna bhAva se ananya sahAyaka dravya dharmAstikAya hai| (ii) adharmadravya- sthitishaayo'dhrmH| (1.5) jIva aura pudgaloM ke Thaharane meM udAsIna bhAva se ananya sahAyaka dravya adharmAstikAya hai| (ii) AkAzadravya- avagAhalakSaNa AkAzaH (1.6) sabhI dravyoM ko sthAna dene vAlA dravya AkAzAstikAya hai| yahA~ para vRtti meM AcAryazrI ne spaSTa kiyA hai ki dizAe~ bhI AkAza svarUpa hI haiM, ve svatantra dravya nahIM haiN| (iv) pudgaladravya- sparzarasagandhavarNavAn pudgalaH (1. 14) zabda-bandha-saukSmya-sthaulya-saMsthAna-bheda-tamazchAyAtapodyota prbhaavaaNshc| (1.15)

Page #38
tattvArthasUtra kA pUraka grantha : jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA : 31 (v) jIva- upayoga lakSaNo jiivH| upayoga lakSaNa vAlA jIva hotA hai| cetanA ke vyApAra ko upayoga kahate haiN| ___ (vi) kAla- kAla: smyaadiH| samaya, AvalikA, muhUrta Adi ko kAla kahate haiN| yaha kAla vartanA, pariNAma, kriyA, paratva, aparatva Adi ke dvArA jAnA jAtA hai| tattvArthasUtra kI saraNi kA uparyukta lakSaNoM meM pUrA upayoga kiyA gayA hai, kintu jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM paramANu Adi ke lakSaNa bhI die gae haiM, yathA paramANu- avibhAjya: prmaannuH| (1.17)- avibhAjya pudgala hI paramANu hai| skantha- tadekI bhAvaH skndhH| (1. 18)- paramANuoM kA ekIbhAva skandha hai| deza- buddhikalpito vastvaMzo deshH| (1. 30)- vastu kA buddhi kalpita aMza deza hai| pradeza- niraMza: prdeshH| (1. 31)- vastu ke niraMza aMza ko pradeza kahate haiN| 8. jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM sabhI dravyoM ke sAmAnya aura vizeSa guNoM ko yojita kiyA gayA hai| sAmAnya guNa haiM- (1) astitva (2) vastutva (3) dravyatva (4) prameyatva (5) pradezatva (6) aguruulghutv| vizeSa guNa 16 pratipAdita haiM- (1) gatihetutva (2) sthitihetutva (3) avagAha hetutva (4) vartanA hetutva (5) sparza (6) rasa (7) gandha (8) varNa (9) jJAna (10) darzana (11) sukha (12) vIrya (13) cetanatva (14) acetanatva (15) mUrtatva (16) amuurttv| inameM se jIva aura pudgala meM 6-6 guNa tathA anya dravyoM meM tIna-tIna guNa pAe jAte haiM, yathA dharmadravya- gatihetutva, acetanatva aura amUrtatva = 3 guNa adharmadravya- sthitihetutva, acetanatva aura amUrtatva = 3 guNa AkAzadravya- avagAhahetutva, acetanatva aura amUrtatva = 3 guNa kAla- vartanA hetutva, acetanatva aura amUrtatva = 3 guNa pudgala- sparza, rasa, gandha, varNa, acetanatva aura mUrtatva = 6 guNa jIva- jJAna, darzana, sukha, vIrya, cetanatva aura amUrtatva = 6 guNa

Page #39
: zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2006 sArAMza yaha hai ki AcArya zrI tulasI jI ne IsavI san kI 20 vIM zatI meM jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA kA nirmANa karake tattvArthasUtra kA eka pUraka grantha prastuta kiyA hai, tattvArthasUtra ke vyAkaraNa grantha, Agama evaM anya AcAryoM ke mantavya AdhAra bane haiN| jaina siddhAnta - dIpikA meM kina-kina granthoM kA AdhAra rahA hai, pRthaka se zodhalekha kA viSaya hai, kintu isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki isameM SaDdravyoM, navatattvoM evaM jainAcAra kA vyavasthita pratipAdana huA hai, sAtha hI sUtrazailI meM jaina tattvajJAna ko prastuta karane kI paramparA punarjIvita huI hai| yaha grantha apanI prayojanavattA lie hue hai| isameM zatAdhika pAribhASika zabdoM ke lakSaNa bhI haiM to saralatA evaM sUkSmekSikA kA Adi se anta taka nirvAha bhI hai| sAdhAraNa saMskRtajJa bhI isake hArda ko AsAnI se hRdayaMgama kara sakate haiN| vRttikAra ne yugIna sandarbhoM ko bhI dhyAna meM rakhA hai| terApaMtha samAja meM isakA paThana-pAThana pracalita hai| ekAdha sthaloM para terApaMtha ke mUla pravartaka AcArya bhikSu kA nAma Ane se yaha kRti terApaMtha sampradAya taka sImita raha gaI, anyathA yaha jainadharma ke sabhI sampradAyoM aura jaina darzana ke sabhI jijJAsuoM ke dvArA adhyetavya hai| jaina siddhAnta-dIpikA meM jJAna aura zreya kA vizada nirUpaNa huA hai, jo isakI mahattA aura upayogitA ko spaSTa karatA hai| 32

Page #40
zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 janavarI-mArca 2006 % E bhAratIya vyAkaraNa zAstra kI paramparA ___ DaoN0 atula kumAra prasAda siMha* ___Amajana meM bolI jAnevAlI boliyoM meM jaba sAhityaM nibaddha hone lagatA hai taba vaha bolI bhASA bana jAtI hai| kAlAntara meM Amajana kI boliyAM to pravAha meM apane svarUpa meM parivartana karatI Age bar3ha jAtI haiM lekina sAhitya meM prayukta bhASA kA koI pravAha nahIM bana pAtA balki usakA rUpa sthira ho jAtA hai| ina sAhityika bhASAoM ke jJAna ke lie, usake artha, mUla, pada Adi ke spaSTIkaraNa ke lie vyAkaraNa kA jJAna Avazyaka hotA hai, jo sAhitya, bhASA va janabolI ke mile-jale tAtkAlika prayogoM ke AdhAra para usake rUpa ko spaSTa karatA hai| vyAkaraNa bhASA ke pravAha ko niyaMtrita karatA hai tathA usameM utpanna honevAle doSoM kA nivAraNa kara bhASA ke zuddha svarUpa kI rakSA karatA hai| prArambhika vyAkaraNa vyAkaraNoM kI paramparA sanAtana kAla se hI hai, aisI paramparAgata mAnyatA hai| paramparA ke anusAra to brahmA ko vedoM kI taraha hI vyAkaraNa kA bhI pravartaka mAnA gayA hai| mahAbhASya meM pataMjali ne isa paramparA kA samarthana karate hue kahA hai-"brahma bRhaspataye provAca, bRhaspatirindrAya, indro bhAradvAjAye, bhAradvAja RSibhya: RSayo braahmnnebhyH|" isa prakAra brahmA se lekara pANini taka aneka muniyoM ne vyAkaraNa kI racanA kI hai| - eka mAnyatA ke anusAra pANini se pUrvavartI pacAsI vaiyAkaraNa hue haiN| vopadeva ne bhI ATha prasiddha vaiyAkaraNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jisameM pANini bhI eka haiN| pANini ne svayaM aSTAdhyAyI meM apane pUrvavartI dasa vaiyAkaraNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| kacha vidvAnoM ke mata meM inakI saMkhyA 26 hai| inameM 16 anullikhita AcAryoM kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| ina AcAryoM kA pANini ne nAma se ullekha na kara prAcArya, udIcAma, AcAryANAma tathA ekeSAma padoM se ullekha kiyA hai| isake alAvA kucha anya vaiyAkaraNoM kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai| cU~ki vyAkaraNa kA mukhya artha sUtrapATha liyA jAtA hai isalie sUtrapATha ke sahAyaka aMga ke rUpa meM * janarala phelo, bhAratIya dArzanika anusaMdhAna pariSada, naI dillI

Page #41
34 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 pANini-pUrva kAla ke dhAtupATha pravaktA ke rUpa meM indra, vAyu, bhAguri, kAzakRtsna, zAkaTAyana tathA Apizali ke nAma Ate haiN| pANini-pUrva gaNapATha pravaktA ke rUpa meM bhAguri, zantanu, kAzakRtsna tathA Apizali ke nAma haiN| uNAdi pATha pravaktA ke rUpa meM zantanu tathA Apizali, liGgAnuzAsanakAra ke rUpa meM zantana tathA vyADi va paribhASAkAra ke rUpa meM kAzakRtsna tathA vyADi kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| isake atirikta pANini vyAkaraNa meM 10 vaiyAkaraNoM kA ullekha nAma ke sAtha AyA hai ye haiM- kAzyapa, gArgya, gAlava, cAkravarmana, bhAradvAja, zAkalya, senaka, sphoTayAna, zAkaTAyana va aapishl| inameM se indra, bhAguri va cArAyaNa ke kucha sUtra alaga se upalabdha hote haiN| uttara pANini saMskRta vyAkaraNa ___pANini ke paravartI kAla meM vyAkaraNa kI saralatA, spaSTatA tathA bhASA ke pravAha meM Ae navIna zabdoM kA vyAkaraNa meM sthAna dene ke lie yadyapi aSTAdhyAyI . para vArtika', bhASya evaM vRttigraMtha91 likhe gaye, parantu kucha vaiyAkaraNoM ne svataMtra rUpa meM vyAkaraNa sampradAyoM kI bhI racanA kii| paravartI cAndra tathA sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa ke atirikta anya vyAkaraNa graMtha vaidika prakriyA se alaga pravRtti rakhate haiN| vaidikI prakriyA ke abhAva ke kAraNa kAtantra, cAndra, jainendra tathA zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNoM ko vedAGga nahIM kahA jAtA hai|12 pANini zailI ke saMskRta vyAkaraNa 1. cAndra vyAkaraNa13 IsA kI pAMcavIM zatI meM candragomina racita yaha vyAkaraNa kevala laukika saMskRta para racA gayA pratIta hotA hai| paMDita yudhiSThira mImAMsaka ne cAndra vyAkaraNa meM vaidika tathA svara prakriyA kA honA pramANita kiyA hai|34 parantu svara tathA vaidika prakaraNa saMprati upalabdha nahIM hote| 2. jainendra vyAkaraNa IsA kI pAMcavIM sadI meM jaina sampradAya ke devanandI ne pANinIya zailI ke AdhAra para laukika saMskRta ke lie vyAkaraNa kI racanA kii| jainendra vyAkaraNa kA uddezya vyAkaraNa ko saMkSipta karanA hai| isameM pANini se thor3I bhinna zailI apanAyI gayI hai| isameM 5 adhyAya haiM aura pratyeka adhyAya meM cAra-cAra paad| mahAvRtti saMskaraNa meM 3,000 sUtra haiM tathA zabdArNavacandrikA saMskaraNa meM 3,700 suutr|16

Page #42
bhAratIya vyAkaraNa zAstra kI paramparA : 35 3. zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa IsA kI navIM zatAbdI meM racita pAlyakIrti zAkaTAyana zabdAnuzAsana meM lagabhaga 3,200 sUtra haiN| isameM cAra adhyAya haiN| isameM pANini se thor3I bhinna zailI apanAyI gayI hai, parantu yaha pUrNa prakriyA graMtha nahIM hai| isakA prakaraNa kramasaMjJA, saMdhi, zabdarUpa, strIpratyaya, parasmaipada-Atmanepada prakaraNa, samAsa, taddhita, AkhyAta, vikaraNa tathA kRta pratyaya hai| zAkaTAyana varNopadeza meM pANinIya 14 sUtroM ke sthAna para 13 sUtra prApta hote haiN| N anubaMdha kI punarukti kA abhAva haih ya va ra la ba tathA kaM kA bhI pATha prApta hotA hai|17 pANinIya savarNa ke sthAna para zAkaTAyana kI sva saMjJA prApta hotI hai|18 4. sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa9 11vIM zatAbdI meM bhojadeva ne sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa nAmaka vyAkaraNa kI racanA kii| isameM ATha adhyAya haiN| pratyeka adhyAya meM 4-4 pAda haiN| kala sUtra lagabhaga 6,411 haiN| sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa ke prArambhika 7 adhyAyoM meM laukika zabdoM kA anvAkhyAna hai, AThaveM meM svara prakaraNa tathA vaidika zabdoM kA anvaakhyaan| pANiniyetara prakriyA graMtha ___pANiniyetara vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA zailI ke mAdhyama se race gaye vyAkaraNoM se. zabdasiddhi kI saralatA ke jAnakAra pANini anugAmI vaiyAkaraNoM ne pANinIya sUtroM ko prakriyA zailI meM saMyojita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa|20 parantu ina pANinIya prakriyA graMthoM meM bhI pANinIya prakaraNa krama ko smaraNa rakhane kI samasyA banI rhii| svataMtra rUpa se prakriyA zailI meM racA gayA vyAkaraNa graMtha meM sarvaprathama hai- kAtantra vyaakrnn| kAtantra vyAkaraNa IsA kI prathama zatI meM zarvavarman racita yaha prakriyA zailI kA prathama graMtha hai jo kAtantra, kaumAra yA kAlApa nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai| kAtantra kA prakaraNa krama isa prakAra hai| ka) sandhi - saMjJA, svarasandhi, prakRtibhAva, vyaMjana sandhi, visarga sndhi| kha) nAma catuSTaya - svarAntapAda, vyaMjanAntapAda, sakhipAda, yuSmatpAda, kArakapAda, samAsapAda, taddhitapAda, striiprtyyaantpaad| ga) AkhyAta - parasmaipAda, pratyayapAda, iDAgamapAda, ghuttpaad|

Page #43
36 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 gha) kRt - siddhipAda, cakrapAda, karmaNipAda, kvansupAda (uNadipATha), dhaatusmbddhpaad| isakA taddhita bhAga paryanta hI zarvavaman kRta mAnA jAtA hai| kRta prakaraNa kA kartA kAtyAyana ko mAnA jAtA hai|21 isameM 1,500 sUtra haiM tathA sampUrNa va saMkSipta haiN| saMkSiptatA kA kAraNa rAjA zalivAhana ke lie zIghrAtizIghra vyAkaraNabodha karAnA kahA gayA hai| saMkSiptasAra22 saMkSiptasAra prakriyA graMtha kI racanA kramadIzvara dvArA kI gayI hai| jumaranandI dvArA saMzodhita hone ke kAraNa ise jaumara vyAkaraNa bhI kahA jAtA hai| saMkSiptasAra meM 'Natva' Adi samakAryaviSayaka sUtroM ko eka sAtha rakhA gayA hai| saMkSiptasAra ke prathama 7 pAda laukika saMskRta tathA aSTama pAda prAkRta bhASA ke haiN| siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana 11vIM zatI meM jaina dharma ke zvetAmbara sampradAya ke AcArya hemacandra ne saMskRta tathA prAkRta donoM hI bhASAoM ke lie hemazabdAnuzAsana kI racanA kii| isake ATha adhyAyoM meM se sAta saMskRta ke lie tathA AThavAM adhyAya prAkRta bhASA ke lie hai| saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke lie 3,566 sUtra tathA prAkRta bhASA ke lie 1,119 sUtra haiN| kula 4,685 sUtra haiN| malayagiri zabdAnuzAsana 12vIM zatAbdI meM jaina sampradAya ke malayagiri ne zAkaTAyana va hemacandra se prabhAvita zabdAnuzAsana kI racanA kii| isa prakriyA graMtha kA prakaraNa krama hema vyAkaraNa ke samAna hai| abhI taka prakAzita bhAga kI sUtra saMkhyA 2,200 ke lagabhaga hai| mAnyatAnusAra malayagiri ne dhAtupATha, gaNapATha, uNAdipATha tathA liGgAnuzAsana kI bhI racanA kI thI, parantu vartamAna meM ye upalabdha nahIM haiN|25 vopadeva vyAkaraNa vopadeva kA mugdhabodha vyAkaraNa apane pUrvavartI sabhI vyAkaraNa graMthoM se saMkSiptatama hai| prakriyA kI dRSTi se prakaraNa yojanA hai| prakaraNa krama isa prakAra haiMsaMjJA, sandhi, syAdyanta (nAmarUpa) ajanta, hasanta, vya (avyaya), strItya (strI pratyaya), bhavAdi, adAdi aadi|26

Page #44
bhAratIya vyAkaraNa zAstra kI paramparA : 37 pANinIya prakriyA graMtha rUpAvatAra27 bauddha dharmAvalambI dharmakIrti ne 10vIM zatAbdI meM pANinIya sUtroM tathA vArtikoM ko saMyukta kara unheM prakriyA graMtha kA rUpa diyaa| inameM 2,664 sUtra saMyojita haiN| isameM pUrvArddha meM saMjJAvatAra, saMdhyAvatAra, avyayAvatAra, strIpratyayAvatAra, kArakAvatAra, samAsAvatAra tathA taddhitAvatAra hai| utarArddha meM dhAtupratyaya, pazcikA meM sArvadhAtuka, ArdhadhAtuka, sananta, yaGanta, yaGluka, hetumaNNic, pratyayamAlA, subdhAtuprakaraNa tathA liGvibhaktyirtha prakaraNa haiN| pANinIya sUtroM para AdhArita prakriyA zailI kA yaha prathama graMtha hai| prakriyAratna prakriyAratna ke racayitA kA nAma, deza athavA kAla ajJAta hai, sAyaNa kI dhAtuvRtti28 tathA puruSakAra29 ke ullekha ke AdhAra para isa graMtha kA astitva mAnA jAtA hai| vopadeva30 ne dhanezvarakRta prakriyAratnamaNi kA ullekha kiyA haiN| prAkRta vyAkaraNa prAkRta bhASA ke sabhI vyAkaraNa saMskRta meM hI likhe gaye haiN| bharatamuni ke 'nATyazAstra' meM vibhinna bhASAoM kA nirUpaNa karate hue prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke siddhAnta batalAe gaye haiM aura 32veM adhyAya meM udAharaNa prastuta kiye gaye haiN|31 para ye . siddhAnta bahata hI saMkSipta aura asphUTa haiM isake bAda prAkRta ke kaI vyAkaraNa milate haiM jo pUrNarUpeNa prAkRta ke haiM yA inake aMza prAkRta ke viSaya meM haiN| prAkRta lakSaNa prAkRta lakSaNa ko pANini racita vyAkaraNa bhI mAnA jAtA hai| DaoN. ricarDa pizala ne bhI apane 'prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa' meM isa ora saMketa kiyA hai, para yaha graMtha na to Ajataka upalabdha hI haA hai aura na isake hone kA hI koI pramANa hai| prApta prAkRta lakSaNa caNDa racita hai| yaha saMkSipta racanA hai| isameM mAtra 99 yA 103 sUtra haiN| isameM jisa sAmAnya prAkRta kA jo anuzAsana kiyA gayA hai vaha azoka kI dharmalipiyoM jaisI pratIta hotI hai| isakA racanAkAla dvitIyatRtIya zatI ho sakatI hai| prAkRta prakAza caNDa ke pazcAt prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM meM vararuci kA nAma AtA hai| inakA gotra nAma kAtyAyana thaa| prAkRta prakAza meM kula 509 sUtra haiN| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se

Page #45
38 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 vicAra karane para aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vararuci ne caNDa kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| caNDa dvArA nirUpita viSayoM kA vistAra avazya isa graMtha meM pAyA jAtA hai| isa bAta se bhI inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai ki bhASA vijJAna kI dRSTi se vararuci kA 'prAkRta prakAza' bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai| saMskRta bhASA kI dhvaniyoM meM kisa prakAra ke dhvani parivartana hone se prAkRta bhASA ke zabda rUpa gaThita hote haiM, isa viSaya para paryApta prakAza DAlA gayA hai| upayogitA kI dRSTi se yaha grantha prAkRta adhyetAoM ke lie grAhya hai| prAkRta siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana isa vyAkaraNa kI carcA Upara bhI kI gayI hai| 'hemazabdAnuzAsana' kA AThavAM adhyAya hI prAkRta se sambandhita hai| parantu prAkRta ke sabhI vyAkaraNoM meM yaha sabase vistRta aura pracalita hai| sUtroM ke atirikta vRtti bhI svayaM hemacandra ne hI likhI hai| isa vRtti meM sUtragata lakSaNoM ko bar3I vizadatA se udAharaNa dekara samajhAyA gayA hai| isameM cUlikA aura apabhraMza kA anuzAsana hemacandra kA apanA hai aura prAkRta ke lie ve 'prAkRta lakSaNa' aura 'prAkRta prakAza se Age kI kar3I haiN| unhoMne vyAkaraNa kI paramparA ko apanAkara bhI aneka naye anuzAsana upasthita kiye haiN| trivikrama kA prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana trivikrama deva ke isa vyAkaraNa meM tIna adhyAya haiM aura pratyeka adhyAya meM 4-4 pAda haiN| isameM kula 1,036 sUtra haiN| isa vyAkaraNa meM viSayakrama hemacandra jaisA hI hai| isa vyAkaraNa meM dezI zabdoM kA vargIkaraNa kara hema kI apekSA eka nayI dizA kI sUcanA dI gayI hai| SaDbhASA candrikA ___ lakSmIdhara ne trivikrama deva ke sUtroM kA prakaraNAnusArI saMkalana kara apanI nayI vRtti likhI hai| isa saMkalana kA nAma hI 'SaDbhASA candrikA' hai| isa saMkalana meM 'siddhAnta kaumudI' kA krama rakha gayA hai| isakI tulanA bhaTTojI dIkSita kI 'siddhAnta kaumudI' se kI jAtI hai| prAkRta rUpAvatAra trivikrama deva ke sUtroM ko hI 'laghusiddhAnta kaumudI' ke DhaMga para saMkalita kara siMharAja ne 15vIM zatAbdI meM 'prAkRta rUpAvatAra' nAmaka vyAkaraNa grantha likhaa|

Page #46
bhAratIya vyAkaraNa zAstra kI paramparA : 39 prAkRta sarvasva mArkaNDeya kA 'prAkRta sarvasva' eka mahattvapUrNa vyAkaraNa hai| isakA racanAkAla bhI 15vIM sadI hai| mArkaNDeya ne prAkRta bhASA ke bhASA, vibhASA, apabhraMza aura paizAcI ye cAra bheda kiye haiN| bhASA meM mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, prAcyA, avantI aura mAgadhI, vibhASA meM zakArI, cANDAlI, zabarI, AbhIrI aura DhakkI, apabhraMza ke nAgara, brAcaDa aura upanAgara evaM paizAcI ke kaikeyI, zaurasenI aura pAJcAlI Adi bheda kiye haiN| hemacandra ne jahAM pazcimI prAkRta bhASA kI pravRttiyoM kA anuzAsana kiyA hai vahIM mArkaNDeya ne pUrvIya prAkRta kI pravRttiyoM kA niyamana pradarzita kiyA hai| ina vyAkaraNoM ke atirikta prAkRta bhASA ke lie rAmatarkavAgIza kA prAkRtakalpataru 17vIM sadI, zubhacanda kA zabdacintAmaNi, zrutasAgara kA audArya cintAmaNi, appaya dIkSita kA prAkRtamaNidIpa (16vIM sadI), raghunAthakavi kA prAkRtAnanda 18vIM sadI aura devasundara kA prAkRtayukti bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNoM kI zrRMkhalA meM Ate haiN| pAli vyAkaraNa ke zAstra pAli vyAkaraNoM kI racanA isake sAhitya ke bahuta bAda sAtavIM zatAbdI ke bAda zurU huii| lekina pAli bhASA ke vyAkaraNoM ke bAre meM yaha sabase mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha rahI hai ki isake vyAkaraNa pAli bhASA meM hI likhe gye| pAli prAkRta bhASAoM kA hI eka prAcInatama rUpa hai| lekina anya prAkRtoM ke jitane bhI vyAkaraNa likhe gaye una sabakI bhASA saMskRta rahI hai| isa mAmale meM pAli vyAkaraNoM kA apanA vizeSa yogadAna hai| yadyapi ina vyAkaraNoM ko bhI ThIka se samajhane ke lie saMskRta kA jJAna Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| pAli vyAkaraNoM meM saMskRta vyAkaraNa kI bahuta sI saMjJAeM lI gayI haiN| saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke isa RNa ko svIkArate hue hI kaccAyana ne 'parasamajA satra' kI racanA kii| jisakI vRtti kA udghoSa hai - saMskRta graMthoM meM ghoSa, aghoSa Adi jo saMjJAeM haiM, ve prayukta hone para yahAM bhI grahaNa kI jAtI haiN| nyAsakAra ne isa sUtra kA vyAkhyAna diyA hai - paresaM samajhA parasamajA, veyyAkaraNAnaM samajhA ti attho, parasmi vA samajhA parasamA, sakkataganthe samajhA ti attho| kaccAyanavaNNanA meM bhI isa sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM saMskRta vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA dI gayI saMjJAoM kI svIkRti kI ora iMgita kiyA gayA hai|32 pAli vyAkaraNa ke sampradAya __ pAli ke pAMca vyAkaraNa sampradAyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| 1. bodhisatva sampradAya, 2. kaccAyana sampradAya, 3. sabbaguNAkara sampradAya, 4. moggallAyana

Page #47
40 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 sampradAya aura 5. saddanIti smprdaay| inameM se bodhisatva aura sabbaguNAkara sampradAya aba upalabdha nahIM haiN| upalabdha sampradAyoM meM kaccAyana vyAkaraNa sabase prAcIna hai| isake atirikta aTThakathAoM meM bhI vyAkaraNa se sambandhita sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA mAnanA hai ki atIta meM bhI pAli meM zabdoM kI nirukti tathA vyAkaraNa sambandhI niyamoM kI 'kaccAyana vyAkaraNa' se bhinna paramparA vidyamAna thI aura yaha kAlAntara meM pAli vyAkaraNa sampradAyoM ke abhyudaya ke pazcAt samApta ho gyii| kaccAyana vyAkaraNa sampradAya jaisA ki hama ullekha kara cuke haiM, 'kaccAyana vyAkaraNa- pAli vyAkaraNoM meM prAcInatama hai| isakA dUsarA nAma kaccAyana gandha yA sandhikappa bhI hai| isakA racanAkAla vibhinna pramANoM se sAtavIM zatAbdI yA usake bAda kA nizcita hotA hai| isa vyAkaraNa meM 675 sUtra haiN| ye sUtra, vRtti tathA udAharaNoM ke rUpa meM upalabdha haiM33 aura sabake racanAkAra alaga-alaga batalAe gaye haiN| lekina dUsarI ora sampUrNa prakaraNa ke racayitA ke rUpa meM mahAkaccAyana kA nAma AtA hai| isase aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki yaha eka paramparA kA graMtha hai jo bAda meM isa paramparA ke pramukha AcArya ke nAma para prasiddha ho gyaa| isa vyAkaraNa ko cAra kappoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai, ye haiM - sandhikappa, nAmakappa, AkhyAkappa aura kibbidhaankpp| kaccAyana ke sUtroM para prakriyAnusAra likhA gayA graMtha 'rUpasiddhi' meM isake sAta kAMDoM kI carcA hai|34 ___ 'kaccAyana vyAkaraNa' ke AdhAra para bAda meM kaI anya graMthoM kI racanA huI jisase isakA eka sampradAya hI pracalita ho gyaa| ye isa prakAra haiM - 1. kaccAyanavaNNanA - myAMmAra ke bhikSu mahAvijitAvI ne isa graMtha kI racanA kii|35 yaha satrahavIM zatAbdI kA graMtha siddha hotA hai| isa graMtha meM vRtti meM Ae hue prayogoM kI siddhi prastuta kI gayI hai| pATha sambandhI vicAra bhI isameM prastuta kiye gaye haiN| 2. kaccAyana nyAsa - AcArya vimalabuddhi ne kaccAyana ke sUtroM para yaha nyAsa likhA hai| yaha kaccAyana kI zAstrIya vyAkhyA hai| bArahavIM zatAbdI meM barmA ke AcArya saddhammajotipAla yA chapada ne isa para 'nyAsapradIpa' nAmaka TIkA aura satrahavIM zatAbdI meM dAThAnAga ne 'niruttisAramaJjUsA' nAmaka TIkA likhii| 3. suttanihesa - isake racayitA barmA ke AcArya chapada mAne gaye haiN| isakA racanAkAla 1181 hai| .

Page #48
bhAratIya vyAkaraNa zAstra kI paramparA : 41 4. sambandhacintA - isake praNetA sthavira saMgharakkhita haiN| yaha graMtha gadyapadyamaya hai| 5. kArikA - yaha dhammasenApati kI kRti hai aura barmA ke rAjA anoratta ke putra ke rAjyakAla meM likhI gayI hai| isameM vibhinna kAMDoM meM 568 kArikAeM 6. sahatthabhedacintA - yaha bhI kArikAoM meM prastuta kiyA gayA graMtha hai| isake racayitA barmA ke sthavira saddhammasiri haiM aura racanAkAla bArahavIM sdii| 7. rUpasiddhi - isa graMtha ke racayitA buddhappiya dIpaGkara haiM aura inakA samaya terahavIM zatAbdI hai| bhASA tathA zailI kI dRSTi se yaha graMtha gaMbhIra, vistRta hai aura isameM kaccAyana ke satroM ko prakriyAnasAra bhinna krama meM rakhA gayA hai| isameM sAta kAMDa haiN| 8. bAlAvatAra - isa graMtha meM sAta adhyAya haiN| yaha dhammakitti thera dvArA racita hai| 14vIM zatAbdI meM likhA yaha graMtha 'kaccAyana vyAkaraNa' kA saMkSipta rUpa hai| 9. sahasAratthajAlinI - isake racayitA bhadanta nAgita thera haiM tathA isakA racanAkAla 14vIM zatAbdI hai| isameM 516 kArikAeM haiN| 10. kaccAyanabheda - 178 kArikAoM vAle isa graMtha kI racanA barmA ke mahAyasa ne 14vIM sadI meM kii| isa para 'sAratthavikAsinI' tathA 'kaccAyanabheda' nAmaka do TIkAeM bhI haiN| 11. kaccAyanasAra - ise bhI mahAyasa kI hI kRti mAnA jAtA hai| isameM 72 kArikAeM haiN| isameM sAmAnya, AkhyAta, kRta, kAraka, samAsa tathA taddhitanirdeza varNita haiN| gandhavaMsa meM isake lekhaka kA nAma bhikkhu dhammAnaMda batAyA gayA hai| 12. sahabindu - isake racanAkAra barmA ke rAjA kycvA haiM aura isameM 20 kArikAeM haiN| yaha 15vIM zatAbdI kA graMtha hai| 13. vAcakopadesa - mahAvijitAvI thera ne hI ise bhI likhA hai| isameM vAcaka ko dasa prakAra kA batAkara unakA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| yaha graMtha gadya-padya mizrita hai| 14. abhinavacULanirutti - kaccAyana sUtroM ke apavAdoM kI vyAkhyA prastuta karane vAle isa graMtha ke praNetA sirisaddhammAlaGkAra haiN|

Page #49
42 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 15. dhAtumazaMsA - yaha dhAtuoM kA padyamaya saMgraha hai| isakI racanA sIlavaMsa ne kI hai| moggallAna vyAkaraNa sampradAya moggallAna dvArA racita pAli vyAkaraNa aura ise AdhAra banAkara likhe gaye anya graMtha moggallAna sampradAya ke kahe jAte haiN| isameM 817 sUtra haiM aura isa para moggallAna kI hI vRtti aura paJcikA hai| isakI racanA rAjA parakkamabhuja ke zAsanakAla 12vIM zatAbdI meM huI thii| 1. padasAdhana - yaha bAlAvatAra kI taraha moggallAna vyAkaraNa kA saMkSepa rUpa hai aura isake racayitA moggallAna ke ziSya piyadassI zera haiN| 2. payogasiddhi * yaha rUpasiddhi ke taraha kA hai aura isameM prakriyA ke saMdarbha meM sUtra bhinna krama meM diye gaye haiN| isakA racanAkAla terahavIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga hai| isake praNetA vanaratana meghaMkara mAne gaye haiN| 3. moggAllAnapaJcikApradIpa - moggallAna vRtti vivaraNapazcikA kI siMhalI bhASA meM prastuta kI gayI vyAkhyA hai| isake praNetA siMhala ke prasiddha mahAsthavira rahAlu vAcissara haiN| isakA racanA kAla 1457 hai| 4. dhAtupATha - kaccAyana saMpradAya kI dhAtumazaMsA kI apekSA yaha saMkSipta tathA gadya meM hai| isake racayitA ajJAta haiN| saddanIti yaha pAli vyAkaraNa ke tRtIya sampradAya kA pramukha graMtha hai| isakI racanA barmA ke arimaddana ne bhikSu aggavaMsa ne 1154 meM kii| vidvAna hone ke kAraNa inheM aggapaMDita kI upAdhi dI gayI thii| yaha graMtha tIna bhAgoM athavA mAlAoM meM vibhakta hai - padamAlA, dhAtumAlA tathA suttmaalaa| anya graMtha 1. dhAtvatthadIpanI - isameM saddanIti kI dhAtumAlA meM varNita dhAtuoM kA padyabaddha saMkalana hai| isake racayitA barmI bhikSu hiMguvala jinaratana kahe jAte haiM jinake kAla ke bAre meM patA nahIM hai| pAli vyAkaraNa ke anya graMtha pAli ke ina vyAkaraNa graMthoM ke atirikta kucha phuTakara graMthoM kI bhI racanA huI haiN| ye haiM - vaccavAcaka, gaMdhaTThi, gandhAbharaNa, vibhattyatthappakarA, saMvaNNanAnayadIpanI,

Page #50
bhAratIya vyAkaraNa zAstra kI paramparA : 43 saddavuti, kArakapuSphamaJjarI, sudhIramukhamaMDana tathA nylkkhnnvibhaavnii| aMgrejI, jarmana, phreMca, siMhalI, barmI tathA anya bhAratIya bhASAoM meM bhI pAli vyAkaraNa sambandhI graMtha race gye| isa prakAra saMskRta vyAkaraNoM se zurU hokara prAkRta aura pAli bhASAoM ke lie aneka vyAkaraNoM kI racanA huii| saMdarbha : 1. brahmAmaizAnmaindrazcaM prAjApatyaM bRhaspatim / tvASTramApizalezceti pANinIyamathASTakam / / 2. indrazcAndraH kAzakRtasnApizalI shaakttaaynH| pANinyamarajainendrA: jyntyssttaadishaabdikaaH|| 3. saMskRta vyAkaraNa zAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, adhyAya 3 / 4. vahI bhAga 2, adhyAya 20.1 / 5. vahI, adhyAya 23) 6. vahI, adhyAya 24 / 7. vahI, adhyAya 25 / 8. vahI, adhyAya 26 / 9. kAvya maumAMsA, pRSTha-5 'uktAnuktaduruktacintAkaratvaM vArtikatvam' 10. sUtrArtho varjate sa yatra padaiH suutraanusaaribhiH| svapadAni ca vaya'nte bhASyaM bhASyavido viduH|| Quoted from Abhayankar K.V's- Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar, p 273. 11. padamaJjarI, pRSTha 4, 'sUtrArthapradhAno granthaH vRtti:' 12. Shastri Kalicharana - Bengal's cant. to Sanskrit Grammar vol-I, pp 15-16. 13. ka. saMpAdaka - kSitIzacandra caTarjI, kha. saMpAdaka - becaradAsa jIvadAsa dozI, jodhpur| 14. saM0vyA0 zA0 kA i0, bhAga 1, pR0 572-74! 15. bhAratIya jJAnapITha, mahAvRtti sahita, kaashii| 16. premI nAthUrAma - bhUmikA - jai0vyA0 pR. 20 / 17. saMpAdaka- zambhUnAtha tripAThI (amoghAvRtti sahita) bhAratIya jnyaanpiitth|

Page #51
44 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 18. zA0 vyA0, pR. 1 / 19. 'sva: sthAnautakye' vahI 1.1.6 / 20. rUpAvatAra Adi graMthA 21. vRkSAdivadamI rUr3hA kRtikA na kRtA kRtH| ___ kAtyAyanena te sRSTA vibuddhprtipttye|| - durgasiMha vRtti, kAtantra kRt prakaraNa, Adi parva pR01| 22. jIvAnanda vidyAsAgara dvArA saMskRta anuvAda evaM prakAzita - kalakattA 1901 / 23. saMpAdaka, jJAnamuni kha. muni himAMzu nyaaykaavytiirth| 24. saMpAdaka, becaradAsa dozI, bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira, ahamadAbAda 1967 / 25. saM0 vyA0 zA0 kA i0, bhAga 1, pR0 624 / 26. vopadeva kA saMskRta vyAkaraNa ko yogadAna, saMpAdaka DaoN0 zrImatI zanno grovara, vidyAnidhi prakAzana, dillii| 27. dharmakIrti, saMpAdaka - raMGgAcArya ema0, bhAga 1, 1927, bhAga 2, 1960 / 28. mAdhavIyA thAtuvRtti, pR0 42 / 29. daivam puruSakAra vArtikopetam, pR0 102 / 30. mugdhabodha, 793 vRtti| 31. nATyazAstra, bharatamuni, adhyAya 17, padya 6-23. 32. kaccAyanavyAkaraNaM, sampA0 lakSmI nArAyaNa tivArI, bhUmikA, pR0 25 / jemsa elani kI Introduction to Kaccayana's Grammar uddhRta 34. sandhi nAmaM kArakaJca samAso taddhitaM tthaa| AkhyAtaM kitakaM kaNDA ettimeM ruupsiddhyN|| 35. kaccAyanavaNNanaM pana vijayapure yeva abhayagiri pabbate nisinno mahAvijitAvI nAma thero akAsi, pR0 46 /

Page #52
zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 janavarI-mArca 2006 padma purANa meM rAma kA kathAnaka aura usakA sAMskRtika pakSa DaoN0 zvetAjaina* jaina itihAsa aura saMskRti AgamoM se niHsRta hokara purANa sAhitya meM sAgara ke samAna vistRta ho gaI hai| inameM kathA kI rocakatA ke sAtha gambhIra bhAvoM ko sugama banAyA gayA hai| ataH jaina purANa sAhitya kathA sAhitya yA kathAnuyoga kA eka pramukha aMga hai| ye purANa vastutaH zramaNa saMskRti ke vizvakoza haiM, jinameM vibhinna kathAoM ke mAdhyama se dhArmika jIvana ke vividha pakSoM ke sAtha hI sAmAjika, rAjanItika, sAMskRtika, Arthika aura kalAparaka viSayoM kI vistArapUrvaka carcA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM aise granthoM ko carita yA caritra tathA digambara paramparA meM purANa kahA gayA hai| pA~cavIM zatI I0 se 10vIM zatI I0 ke madhya vibhinna prArambhika jaina purANoM kI racanA kI gaI, jinameM prAkRta paumacariyaM, padmapurANa, harivaMza purANa, mahApurANa vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| ina paurANika mahAkAvyoM kI kathAvastu jaina dharma ke zalAkApuruSa tIrthaMkara, baladeva, vAsudeva, prativAsudeva Adi 63 mahApuruSoM ke jIvana carita ko lekara nibaddha kI gaI hai| bhAratIya sAhitya ke sadRza jainapaurANika mahAkAvya bhI rAma aura kRSNa jaise rASTrIya caritroM ko lekara prArambha hote haiN| bhagavAna rAma para padmapurANa aura kRSNa para harivaMza purANa racA gayA hai| sarvaprathama vikrama saMvat 530 meM vimalasUri dvArA 'paumacariyaM' nAmaka grantha, tadanantara raviSeNa dvArA vi0saM0 734 meM saMskRta meM 'padma purANa' likhA gyaa| isa purANa meM AThaveM baladeva padma arthAt rAma, AThaveM vAsudeva lakSmaNa, AThaveM prativAsudeva rAvaNa tathA unake parivAroM aura sambaddha vaMzoM kA carita varNana hai / yaha purANa 123 padoM meM vibhAjita eka vizAlakAya grantha hai / yaha purANa jaina saMskRti evaM paramparA kI prastuti se saMpRkta hai| isameM sabhI vyaktitva jinadeva ke upAsaka haiN| tIrthaMkara, baladeva, vAsudeva, prativAsudeva ina zlAghanIya puruSoM ke utpatti, samaya Adi jaina mAnyatAoM kA ullekha bhI isa purANa meM dRSTigata hotA hai| yahA~ rAma ko 8veM atithi adhyApaka, saMskRta vibhAga, jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlaya, jodhapura

Page #53
46 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 baladeva ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai na ki bhagavAna rAma ke rUpa meN| ina mahApuruSoM se jur3I huI pUrvajanma kI kathAoM kA bhI padma purANa meM yatra-tatra ullekha prApta hotA hai| padma purANa ke kathAnaka vAlmIki rAmAyaNa se bahuta bhinna haiM, yathAdazaratha ke tIna ke sthAna para cAra rAniyA~ haiM; sItA kA bhAI bhAmaNDala, hanumAna kA vivAha, AkAza mArga se laMkA pahu~canA, lakSmaNa ke dvArA rAvaNa ko mArA jAnA Adi navIna prasaMga isameM uddhRta haiM, yahA~ rAma svecchA se vana meM jAte haiM na ki kaikayI dvArA 14 varSa vanavAsa kA Adeza dene para tathA svarNamRga ke sthAna para siMhanAda ke bahAne rAvaNa sItA-haraNa karatA hai| padmapurANa meM kathAnaka isa prakAra hai - kathA kA prArambha rAjA zreNika kI jijJAsA se hotA hai| ve bhagavAna mahAvIra ke prathama gaNadhara gautama svAmI se rAmakathA kA yathArtha rUpa jAnane kI icchA prakaTa karate haiN| taba gautama svAmI pharamAte haiM 'namisuvratayormadhye lakSmaNaH parikIrtitaH' / 20veM tIrthaMkara munisuvrata evaM 21 veM tIrthaMkara naminAtha ke madhyakAla meM AThaveM baladeva rAma yAnI padma utpanna hue| isa kathA kA prArambha meM vidyAdhara loka, rAkSasa vaMza, vAnara vaMza aura rAvaNa kI vaMzAvalI se karatA huuN| rAkSasa vaMza ke rAjA ratnazravA tathA kekasI kA putra rAvaNa thaa| ratnazravA ne sarvaprathama jaba apane putra rAvaNa ko dekhA taba use hAra pahane hue zizu ke dasa sira dikhe| isIlie usakA dazAnana yA dazagrIva nAma rakhA gyaa| rAvaNa ne bahata zAstroM kA adhyayana kiyA aura aneka vidyAe~ arjita kii| rAvaNa kA vivAha mandodarI Adi 6000 kanyAoM ke sAtha huaa| anantavIrya kevalI ke upadeza ko sunakara rAvaNa pratijJA letA hai kI jo strI mujhe nahIM cAhegI maiM use hAtha nahIM lgaauuNgaa| vaha isa niyama ko apane jIvana meM dRr3hatA pUrvaka pAlana karatA hai, isalie sItA ko haraNa kara use azoka vATikA meM rakhatA hai aura use prApta karane ke lie vaha bhISaNa yuddha karatA hai| kintu sItA kI icchA ke viruddha usake zarIra para aMgulI bhI nahIM lagAtA hai| bAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM rAvaNa ko rAkSasa batAyA hai jabaki raviSeNAcArya unheM rAkSasa na batAkara rAkSasavaMzI batalAte haiN| rAvaNa kA varuNa ke sAtha yuddha hotA hai, jisameM rAvaNa kI ora se pavanaMjaya bhI zAmila hotA hai| pavanaMjaya kI patnI aMjanA se hanumAna utpanna hote haiN| hanumAna bhI vAnara na hokara vAnaravaMzI the, aisA jainAcArya mAnate haiN| puna: varuNa ke viruddha hone para rAvaNa sabhI rAjAoM ko bulAtA hai jisameM hanumAna bhI sahayoga ke lie Ate haiN| varuNa kI parAjaya hotI hai aura rAvaNa prasanna hokara apanI bahana candranakhA kI putrI anaMgakusumA kA vivAha hanumAna ke sAtha karate haiN|

Page #54
padma purANa meM rAma kA kathAnaka aura usakA sAMskRtika pakSa : 47 ikSvAku vaMza meM rAjA anaraNya ke dazaratha nAmaka putra kI utpatti hotI hai aura vaha bar3A hokara ayodhyA nagarI para zAsana karatA hai| eka dina rAvaNa ko sagara buddhi nAmaka nimittajJa se vidita hotA hai ki merI mRtyu meM rAjA janaka aura dazaratha kI santAna nimitta bnegii| taba rAvaNa apane bhAI vibhISaNa ko ina donoM kI hatyA karane ke lie bhejatA hai| para vibhISaNa ke Ane se pahale hI nArada ina donoM rAjAoM ko saceta kara detA hai jisase ye apane mahaloM meM apane zarIra ke anurUpa putale chor3akara bAhara nikala jAte haiN| vibhISaNa putaloM ko hI sacamuca kA rAjA samajha mArakara tathA zira ko lavaNa samudra meM pheMkakara hamezA ke lie nizcinta ho jAtA hai| dazaratha kA vivAha kauzalyA, sumitrA, kaikayI aura suprabhA se hotA hai| inase kramaza: padma yAnI rAma, lakSmaNa, bharata aura zatrughna paidA hote haiN| rAjA janaka kI videhA rAnI ke eka putrI sItA tathA eka putra bhAmaNDala utpanna hotA hai| utpanna hote hI prasUtigRha se eka pUrvabhava kA vairI bhAmaNDala kA apaharaNa kara letA hai| apaharaNa ke bAda bhAgaNDala eka vidyAdhara ko prApta hotA hai| usI ke yahA~ usakA lAlana-pAlana hotA hai| nArada kI kRpA se sItA kA citrapaTa dekhakara bhAmaNDala kA usake prati anurAga bar3hatA hai| chala se janaka ko vidyAdhara loka meM bulAyA jAtA hai| bhAmaNDala ke pitA ke Agraha karane para bhI janaka usake lie putrI denA svIkRta nahIM karatA hai, kyoMki vaha pahale rAjA dazaratha ke putra rAma ko denA svIkRta kara cukA thaa| vidyAdhara ne zarta rakhI ki yadi rAma yaha vajrAvarta dhanuSa car3hA deMge to sItA unheM prApta hogI anyathA hama apane putra ke lie balAt chIna leNge| vivaza hokara janaka yaha zarta svIkAra kara letA hai| sItA ke svayaMvara meM rAma vajrAvarta dhanuSa car3hA detA hai| ataH sItA ke sAtha rAma kA vivAha sampanna hotA hai| yaha sunakara bhAmaNDala uttejita ho uThatA hai aura sItAharaNa kI bhAvanA se senA lekara ayodhyA kI ora cala detA hai| mArga meM vidagdha nAmaka deza ke manohara nagara para jaba usakI dRSTi par3atI hai taba use pUrvabhava smaraNa ho jAtA hai| vaha vidyAdhara ko batAtA hai ki maiM pUrvabhava meM yahA~ kA rAjA kuNDalamaNDita thaa| dharma ke prabhAva se rAjA janaka kA putra haa| utpanna hote hI merA haraNa huA aura Apake yahA~ palakara maiM puSTa huaa| jisa sItA ke vyAmoha se maiM unmatta ho rahA thA vaha merI sagI bahana hai| apane kavicAroM ko dekhakara bhAmaNDala ko saMsAra se virakti ho jAtI hai aura vaha muni bana jAtA hai| ayodhyA meM rAma-sItA kA bhavya praveza hotA hai| sarvabhUtahita munirAja ke dvArA dazaratha apane pUrvabhava ko sunakara virakta ho jAte haiN| ve mantriyoM ke samakSa apanA nizcaya prakaTa kara rAma ke rAjyAbhiSeka kI ghoSaNA karate haiN| samaya pAkara bharata kI mA~ kaikayI

Page #55
48 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 apanA pUrva svIkRta vara mA~gakara bharata ke lie rAjya mA~gatI hai| rAjA dazaratha asamaMjasa meM par3a jAte haiN| ve socate haiM ki yaha maryAdA nahIM hai ki samartha bar3e putra ko chor3akara choTe putra ko rAjyalakSmI dI jaaye| ata: ve rAma ke samakSa apanI isa duravasthA ko prakaTa karate haiN| rAma dRr3hatA ke sAtha kahate haiM ki Apa bharata ko rAjya dekara apane satyavacana kI rakSA kIjie, merI cintA chodd'ie| pitA ke samIpa se uThakara apanI mAtA ke pAsa jAte haiM aura use samajhAkara tathA sAntvanA dekara vana ko jAne ke lie udyata hote haiN| sItA aura lakSmaNa unake sAtha ho jAte haiN| vana meM rAma-lakSmaNa aneka yuddha karate haiM - kahIM vajrakarNa ko siMhodara ke candra se bacAte haiM to kahIM bAlakhilya ko mleccha rAjA ke kArAgRha se unmukta karate haiM, aura kabhI nartakI kA rUpa dharakara bharata ke virodha meM khar3e hue rAjA ativIrya kA mAna-mardana karate haiN| isI bIca meM lakSmaNa jagaha-jagaha rAjakanyAoM ke sAtha vivAha karate haiN| daNDaka vana meM vAsa karate haiM, muniyoM ko AhAra-dAna dete haiM tathA jaTAyu se samparka prApta karate haiN| rAvaNa kI bahana candranakhA tathA kharadUSaNa kA putra zambUka sUryahAsa khaDga kI siddhi ke lie bAraha varSa taka bAMsoM ke vistRta stambha meM baiThakara tapasyA karatA hai| usakI sAdhanA svarUpa vaha khaDga prakaTa hotA hai| lakSmaNa saMyogavaza vahA~ pahu~cate haiM aura zambUka ke pahale hI usa khaDga ko hAtha meM lekara usakI parIkSA karane ke lie usI bA~sa ke stambha para calAte haiM jisameM zambUka baiThA thA, phalataH zambUka mara jAtA hai| candranakhA usakI mRtyU dekhakara vilApa karane lagatI hai| kharadUSaNa lakSmaNa ke sAtha yuddha karatA hai, kharadUSaNa ke AhvAna para rAvaNa bhI sahAyatA ke lie AtA hai| bIca meM rAvaNa sItA ko dekha mohita hotA hai aura use apaharaNa karane kA upAya socatA hai| vaha vidyAbala se jAna letA hai ki lakSmaNa ne rAma ko sahAyatArtha bulAne ke lie siMhanAda kA saMketa banAyA hai| ataH rAvaNa prapaMcapUrNa siMhanAda se rAma ko lakSmaNa ke pAsa bheja detA hai aura sItA ko akelI dekha hara le jAtA hai| , sItA haraNa ke bAda rAma bahuta duHkhI hote haiN| mArga meM unakI sugrIva ke sAtha mitratA hotI hai| eka sAhasagati nAma kA vidyAdhara sugrIva kA mAyArUpa banAkara sagrIva kI patnI tathA rAjya para adhikAra karanA cAhatA hai| rAma use mArate haiM, jisase sugrIva apanI patnI tathA rAjya pAkara rAma bhakta ho jAtA hai| sugrIva kI AjJA se vidyAdhara sItA kI khoja karate haiN| ratnajaTI vidyAdhara batAtA hai ki sItA kA haraNa rAvaNa ne kiyA hai| usa samaya rAvaNa bar3A balavAna

Page #56
padma purANa meM rAma kA kathAnaka aura usakA sAMskRtika pakSa : 49 thA isalie sugrIva Adi vidyAdhara usase yuddha karane ke lie pIche haTate haiM para unheM anantavIrya kevalI ke vacana yAda Ate haiM ki jo isa koTizilA ko uThAyegA usI ke hAtha se rAvaNa kA maraNa hogaa| lakSmaNa koTizilA uThAkara apanI parIkSA detA hai| sugrIva Adi ko vizvAsa ho jAtA hai taba sabake saba vAnaravaMzI vidyAdhara rAvaNa ke viruddha rAma ke pakSa meM khar3e ho jAte haiN| hanumAna rAma kA saMvAda lekara sItA ke pAsa jAte haiM aura sItA kA sandeza lAkara rAma ke pAsa Ate haiN| sugrIva Adi vidyAdharoM kI sahAyatA se samasta senA AkAza mArga se laMkA paha~catI hai| rAvaNa bahurUpiNI vidyA siddha karatA haiN| hanumAna Adi usakI vidyAsiddhi meM bAdhA DAlane kA prayatna karate haiM para rAvaNa apanI dRr3hatA se vicalita nahIM hotA hai aura vidyA siddha karake hI uThatA hai| idhara vibhISaNa se rAvaNa kA matabheda hotA hai phalata: vibhISaNa rAvaNa kA sAtha chor3a rAma se A milatA hai| rAma vibhISaNa ko laMkA kA rAjA banAne kA saMkalpa karate haiN| donoM ora se ghamAsAna yuddha hotA hai| lakSmaNa eka zakti se Ahata hotA hai, kintu vizalyA ke snAna jala se vaha ThIka ho jAtA hai| anta meM rAvaNa lakSmaNa para cakra calAtA hai, para vaha pradakSiNA dekara lakSmaNa ke hAtha meM A jAtA hai aura lakSmaNa usI cakra se rAvaNa kA vadha karatA hai| lakSmaNa prativAsudeva kA vadha kara vAsudeva ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai| ___ayodhyA meM rAma-lakSmaNa lauTa kara rAjya karane lagate haiN| bharata virakta ho dIkSA le letA hai| rAma lokopavAda se trasta hokara garbhavatI sItA ko vana meM chur3avA dete haiN| sItA rAjA vajrajaMgha ke Azraya meM rahatI hai| vahIM usake lavaNa aura aMkuza nAmaka do putra utpanna hote haiN| bar3e hone para lavaNa aura aMkuza rAma-lakSmaNa se yuddha karate haiN| anta meM nArada ke nivedana para pitA-putroM meM milApa hotA hai| hanumAna, sugrIva, vibhISaNAdi ke kahane para rAma sItA ko bulAte haiM, sItA agniparIkSA detI hai aura usake bAda sAdhvI bana jAtI hai| eka dina do deva rAma aura lakSmaNa kA sneha parakhane ke lie Ate haiN| ve jhUTha-mUTha hI lakSmaNa se kahate haiM ki rAma kA dehAnta ho gyaa| unakI bAta sunate hI lakSmaNa kI mRtyu ho jAtI hai| bhAI ke sneha se vivaza ho rAma cha mAsa taka lakSmaNa kA zava liye phirate haiN| anta meM kRtAntavaktra senApati kA jIva jo deva huA thA, usakI ceSTA se vastusthiti samajha lakSmaNa kI antyeSTi karate haiM aura anta meM rAma virakta ho tapazcaryA kara mokSa prApta karate haiN| __ jaina sAhitya meM rAma kathA kI do dhArAe~ upalabdha haiN| prathama dhArA meM pUrvokta kathA hai jo ki padma purANa meM hai| dUsarI dhArA 9vIM, 10vIM zatI I0 meM janmeM

Page #57
50 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 guNabhadrAcArya kRta uttarapurANa kI hai| uttarapurANa ke 67veM aura 69veM parva meM 1167 zlokoM meM AThaveM baladeva aura vAsudeva ke rUpa meM rAma-lakSmaNa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| yaha varNana 'padma purANa' ke varNana se bhinna hai| isameM khAsa bAta yaha hai ki sItA ko janaka kI putrI na mAnakara rAvaNa aura mandodarI kI putrI mAnA gayA hai| yaha na kevala guNabhadra kA mata thA kintu tibbatI rAmAyaNa, viSNu purANa, mahAbhAgavata purANa, kAzmIrI rAmAyaNa Adi anya granthoM meM bhI vaisA hI ullekha hai| ataH sambhavata: rAmakathA kA yaha dUsarA rUpa guNabhadra ke samaya meM paryApta pracAra pA cukA hogA aura unheM apanI guru paramparA se yahI mata prApta huA hogaa| isalie AcArya paramparA ke anusAra unhoMne isI kA ullekha kiyA hai| guNabhadra ke anusAra uttara purANa meM kathAnaka isa prakAra hai - vArANasI ke rAjA dazaratha ke cAra putra utpanna hote haiN| rAma subAlA ke garbha se, lakSmaNa kaikayI ke garbha se aura bAda meM jaba dazaratha apanI rAjadhAnI sAketa meM sthApita karate haiM taba bharata aura zatrughna bhI kisI rAnI ke garbha se utpanna hote haiN| yahA~ bharata aura zatrughna kI mAtA kA nAma nahIM diyA gayA hai| dazAnana vinami vidyAdhara vaMza ke pulastya kA putra hai| kisI dina vaha amitavega kI putrI maNimati ko tapasyA karate dekhatA hai aura usa para Asakta hokara usakI sAdhanA meM vighna DAlane kA prayatna karatA hai| maNimati nidAna karatI hai ki maiM usakI putrI hokara use maaruuNgii| mRtyu ke bAda vaha rAvaNa kI rAnI mandodarI ke garbha meM AtI hai| usake janma ke bAda jyotiSI rAvaNa se kahate haiM ki yaha putrI ApakA nAza kregii| ata: rAvaNa ne bhayabhIta hokara mArIca ko AjJA dI ki vaha use kahIM chor3a de| kanyA ko eka sandUka meM rakhakara mArIca use mithilA deza meM gAr3a AtA hai| hala kI noMka se ulajha jAne ke kAraNa vaha maMjUSA dikhAI par3atI hai aura logoM ke dvArA janaka ke pAsa pahu~cAI jAtI hai| janaka maMjUSA ko kholakara kanyA ko dekhate haiM aura usakA sItA nAma rakhakara use putrI kI taraha pAlate haiN| bahuta samaya bAda janaka apane yajJa kI rakSA ke lie rAma aura lakSmaNa ko bulAte haiN| yajJa ke samApta hone para rAma aura sItA kA vivAha hotA hai, isake bAda rAma sAta anya kumAriyoM se vivAha karate haiM aura lakSmaNa pRthvI, devI Adi 16 rAjakanyAoM se| donoM dazaratha kI AjJA lekara vArANasI meM rahane lagate haiN| isa kathAnaka meM rAma ko 14 varSa kA vanavAsa nahIM diyA gayA hai| nArada se sItA ke saundarya kA varNana sunakara rAvaNa harane kA saMkalpa karatA hai| eka bAra rAma aura sItA vArANasI ke nikaTa citrakUTa vATikA meM vihAra karate

Page #58
padma purANa meM rAma kA kathAnaka aura usakA sAMskRtika pakSa : 51 haiN| taba mArIca svarNamRga kA rUpa dhAraNa kara rAma ko dUra le jAtA hai| itane meM rAvaNa rAma kA rUpa dhAraNa karake sItA se kahatA hai ki maiMne svarNabhUta mahala bhejA hai aura unako pAlakI para car3hane kI AjJA detA hai / yaha pAlakI vAstava meM puSpaka vimAna hai, jo sItA ko laMkA le jAtA hai| rAvaNa sItA kA sparza nahIM karatA hai| kyoMki pativratA ke sparza se usakI AkAzagAminI vidyA naSTa ho jAtI / dazaratha ko svapna dvArA mAlUma huA ki rAvaNa ne sItA kA haraNa kiyA hai aura vaha rAma ke pAsa yaha samAcAra bhejate haiN| dUsarI ora rAma ke pAsa sugrIva aura hanumAna bAli ke viruddha sahAyatA mA~gane ke lie pahu~cate haiN| hanumAna laMkA jAte haiM aura sItA ko sAntvanA dekara lauTate haiN| yahA~ laMkAdahana kA koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| isake bAda lakSmaNa dvArA bAli kA vadha kiyA jAtA hai aura sugrIva apane rAjya para adhikAra prApta karatA hai| aba vAnaroM kI senA rAma kI senA ke sAtha laMkA kI ora prasthAna karatI hai / anta meM lakSmaNa cakra se rAvaNa kA zira kATate haiN| isake bAda lakSmaNa digvijaya karake vAsudeva ke rUpa meM prakaTa hote haiN| sItA ke ATha putra hote haiN| isameM sItA tyAga kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai| lakSmaNa eka asAdhya roga se marakara rAvaNa vadha ke kAraNa naraka jAte haiN| rAma, lakSmaNa ke putra pRthvI sundara ko rAjya pada para aura sItA ke putra ajitaMjaya ko yuvarAja pada para abhiSikta karake dIkSA lete haiM aura mukti pAte haiN| sItA bhI aneka rAniyoM ke sAtha dIkSA letI hai aura acyuta svarNa meM jAtI hai| uttarapurANa kI yaha rAmakathA zvetAmbara sampradAya meM pracalita nahIM hai / isa prakAra padma purANa ke kathAnaka kI vibhinnatA aura usake pIche rahI huI kAraNatA ko prakAza meM lAnA zodha kA viSaya hai| padma purANa meM rAma kI kathA ke sAtha aitihAsika, sAmAjika, dhArmika, rAjanaitika evaM AdhyAtmika pakSa bhI aMkita haiM jo isa purANa kI vartamAna samaya meM upayogitA siddha karate haiN| yathA raviSeNAcArya jagat-prasiddha cAra mahAvaMza kA varNana karate hue itihAsavettAoM ke lie eka mahattvapUrNa sUcanA preSita karate haiM - 'ikSvAkuH prathamasteSAmunnato lokabhUSaNaH RSivaMzo dvitIyastu zazAGkakaranirmalaH / vidyAbhRtAM tRtIyastu vaMzo'tyantamanoharaH, harivaMzo jagatkhyAtazcaturthaH parikIrtitaH // 2 isa loka meM AbhUSaNasvarUpa pahalA ikSvAku vaMza hai, jo dUsarA RSivaMza athavA candravaMza hai jo candramA kI kiraNoM ke atyanta utkRSTa hai| samAna nirmala hai|

Page #59
52 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2006 tIsarA vidyAdharoM kA vaMza hai jo atyanta manohara hai aura cauthA harivaMza hai, jo saMsAra meM prasiddha kahA gayA hai| ikSvAkuvaMza meM bhagavAna RSabhadeva utpanna hue aura unake putra bharata ke arkakIrti mahApratApI putra huaa| arka sUrya kA paryAya hai, isalie inakA vaMza sUryavaMza kahalAne lgaa| bhagavAna RSabhadeva kI dUsarI rAnI se bAhubalI nAmaka putra huA jisakA putra somayaza thaa| soma candramA ko kahate haiM, usI se somavaMza athavA candravaMza kI paramparA clii| isI prakAra anya vaMza bhI prasiddha hue kintu yahA~ saMkSepa meM hI kathana kara rahI huuN| brAhmaNa kI utpatti ke sambandha meM bhI eka aitihAsika ghaTanA isa purANa meM upalabdha hai| samAja meM striyoM ko vara cunane kI svatantratA thI / isalie usa kAla meM striyoM ke lie hI svayaMvara hote the, puruSoM ke lie nhiiN| usa samaya bAla vivAha nahIM hote the| kintu bahu-vivAha kA pracalana thA / 'kekayA reje kalAnAM pAramAgatA'3 arthAt kaikayI vibhinna kalAoM meM niSNAta thI, yaha tathya usa samaya kI strI-zikSA evaM kalAoM ke bAre meM jAnakArI detA hai| rAjA Adi sAmAnya jana kA jyotiSa vidyA evaM nimitta jJAna meM vizvAsa thA / tatkAlIna logoM ke AcAra-vicAra ko rekhAMkita karate hue granthakAra kahate haiM- "zarannizAkara zvetavRttairmuktAphalopamaiH AnandadAnaca turairguNavadbhiH prasAdhitaH"" arthAt zarad Rtu ke candramA ke samAna zvetavRtta arthAt nirmala caritra ke dhAraka, muktAphala ke samAna tathA Ananda dene meM catura, aise guNI manuSyoM se vaha deza sadA suzobhita rahatA thaa| kaI prasaMgoM para rAjAoM ko jaina muniyoM dvArA tAttvika evaM AcArika upadeza diye gaye haiM, jo Aja bhI utane hI sAmayika evaM prAsaMgika haiN| unameM se kucha udAharaNa yahA~ prastuta haiM "hiMsAyAH kAraNaM taddhi sA ca saMsArakAraNam 5 pIr3A utpanna karane vAlA vacana hiMsA kA kAraNa hai aura hiMsA saMsAra kA kAraNa hai| "dharmasya hi dayA mUlaM tasyA mUlamahiMsanam " dharma kA mUla dayA hai aura dayA kA mUla ahiMsA rUpa pariNAma hai| "dharmeNa mokSaM prApnoti 7 dharma se mokSa prApta hotA hai| " kAyena manasA vAcA yAni karmANi mAnavAH / kurvate tAni yacchinti nikacAni phalaM dhruvam / karmaNAmiti vijJAya puNyApuNyAtmikAM gatim / dRDhAM kRtvA matiM dharme svamuttAraya duHkhataH // ""

Page #60
padma purANa meM rAma kA kathAnaka aura usakA sAMskRtika pakSa manuSya mana, vacana, kAya se jo karma karate haiM ve chUTate nahIM haiM aura prANiyoM ko avazya hI phala dete haiN| isa prakAra karmoM ke puNya-pApa rUpa phala kA vicAra kara apanI buddhi dharma meM dhAraNa karo aura apane Apako duHkhoM se bcaao| puNyena labhyate saukhyamapuNyena ca duHkhitAH / karmaNAmucitaM lokaH sarvam phalamupAznute // 9 puNya se sukha prApta hotA hai aura pApa se duHkha milatA hai| prANI apane karmoM ke anurUpa hI saba prakAra kA phala prApta karate haiN| "sarvAsAmeva zuddhInAM manaH zuddhi prazasyate 10 arthAt saba zuddhiyoM meM mana kI zuddhi prazaMsanIya hai / kahA jA sakatA hai ki purANa kI upayogitA pratyakSa rUpa se Ama janatA ke lie to nahIM ho sakatI kintu eka dArzanika, itihAsavettA, zodhArthI ke lie purANa mahattvapUrNa evaM amUlya srota haiM / purANa kI bhAratIya saMskRti ke rakSaNa evaM saMvarddhana meM mahanIya bhUmikA sambhava hai| saMdarbha : 1. 2. padma purANa, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vArANasI, parva 20, zloka 241 padma purANa, parva 5, zloka 2, 3 3. padma purANa, parva 24, zloka 5 4. padma purANa, parva 2, zloka 29 padma purANa, parva 5, zloka 342 5. 6. padma purANa, parva 6, zloka 286 7. padma purANa, parva zloka 297 8. : 53 r padma purANa, parva 13, zloka 97, 98 9. padma purANa, parva 31, zloka 76 10. padma purANa, parva 31, zloka 233

Page #61
- zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 janavarI-mArca 2006 dhamma cakra pravartana sUtra : mAnavIya duHkha vimukti kA nidAna patra pro0 a~gane lAla* 'dhamma cakra pravartana sUtra' cAra padoM vAlA sUtra hai| 1.dhamma 2. cakra (cakka) 3. pravartana (pavattana) evaM 4. sUtra (sutt)| pUre sUtra ko samajhane ke liye cAroM padoM kA artha aura tAtparya samajhanA Avazyaka hai| dhamma : dhamma kA tAtparya tathAgata gautama buddha kA saddhamma saMdeza hai| yaha dhamma 'rilIjana' yA 'majahaba' se sarvathA bhinna hai|' dhamma kA kisI AtmA-paramAtmA se kucha lenA-denA nahIM aura na kisI devI-devatA athavA karmakANDa se hI koI sarokAra hai| bure karmoM se bace rahanA, acche kalyANakArI kAryoM ko karanA aura apane mana aura citta ko nirmala rakhanA yahI dhamma hai: "sabba pApassa akaraNaM kusalassa upasaMpadA sacitta pariyodapanaM etAna buddhAnusAsanaM''3 cakka (cakra) : cakka kA sIdhA artha cakkA yA pahiyA hai| yaha cakkA pragati-vikAsa kA pratIka hai| isaliye mAnava samAja ke liye hita sukhakArI hai| isa cakra kA usa cakra (sudarzana) se koI sambandha nahIM hai jo viSNu yA kRSNa ke hAtha meM hai| jisakA nAma to 'sudarzana' hai lekina vaha kisI kI hiMsA aura kisI kA upakAra karane vAlA hai| lekina dhamma cakra se kisI kI hiMsA nahIM hotI, sabhI kA kalyANa hI hotA hai| bailagAr3I ke pahiye meM athavA kisI gAr3I ke pahiye meM ArA-gaja hote haiM jo cAroM ora ke vRtta ko roke rahate haiN| cakke ke bIco-bIca kendra meM ArA-gajoM ko rokane ke liye 'haba' hotA hai| isI haba meM dhura dvArA pUrA cakkA ghUmatA hai| sAikila ke cakke meM tIliyA~ (spoksa) lagatI haiM jo pahiye ko ThIka rakhatI haiN| * pUrva kulapati, DA0 rAmamanohara lohiyA vizvavidyAlaya, phaijAbAda

Page #62
dhamma cakra pravartana sUtra : mAnavIya duHkha vimukti kA nidAna patra bauddha sAhitya meM yaha ullekha mujhe par3hane ko nahIM milA ki anuttara puruSa buddha ne jisa 'dhamma cakka' ko ghumAyA thA usameM kitane ArA gaja, tIliyAM yA spoksa the? lekina bauddha kalA meM isakA citrAMkana avazya prApta hotA hai| sabase pahale samrATa azoka ne prastara stambhoM para dhamma cakra banavAyA jisameM 24 tIliyA~ haiN| dhamma sarvopari hai isaliye stambha meM anya bauddha dhamma ke pratIkoM meM sabase Upara yaha dhamma cakra banavAyA gayA thaa| isakA sabase acchA udAharaNa sAranAtha ke stambha kA zIrSa bhAga aura cakra hai| : 55 bauddha sAhitya meM 'zAkya muni buddha' ko 32 mahApuruSa lakSaNoM se yukta batAyA gayA hai| isakA bhI aMkana kalA meM cakkA banAkara kiyA gayA jisameM 32 tIliyA~ haiN| aise cakra ko dhamma cakka nahIM, 'buddha-cakra' kahA gayA hai| dhamma cakra meM 24 tIliyA~ hI kyoM haiM, isakA vivecana agale pRSThoM meM kiyA jaayegaa| pavattanaH isa pada kA tIsarA bhAga 'pavattana' hai jisakA tAtparya hai pravartana karanA, gati pradAna karanA yA ghumAnA / isase yaha AbhAsita hotA hai ki dhamma cakra thA to isake pahale bhI lekina gatimAna na hokara sthira ho gayA thaa| yaha ullekhanIya hai ki gautama buddha ke pahale bhI buddha huye the aura unhoMne bhI "dhamma cakra pravartana" kiyA thaa| aise pUrva buddhoM kI saMkhyA 6, 23 aura 27 batAI gaI hai| inameM gautama buddha kA sthAna kramaza; 7vA~ 24vA~ aura 28vA rahA hai| cakkA ghumAne ke sambandha meM yaha bhI spaSTa ullekha nahIM prApta hotA ki tathAgata ne apanA dhamma cakra kisa ora se kisa ora arthAt ghar3I kI suI kI taraha athavA usake viparIta ghumAyA thaa| donoM meM antara yaha hai ki eka kasane vAlA hai aura dUsarA kholane vAlA hai| Age yathA sthAna isa para vicAra kiyA jaayegaa| vidyAcaraNa sampanna buddha ke upadezoM kI yaha viziSTatA hai ki ve logoM ke sAmane kisI bAta kA pakSa-vipakSa athavA acchAI-burAI kA varNana kara use acchAI kI ora mor3ate the| tAki zrotA svayaM nirNaya aura nizcaya kara skeN| suttaH isa pada kA antima bhAga sutta hai| sutta kA tAtparya sUtra arthAt ati saMrakSita rUpa se hai| yahAM isakA tAtparya bhagavAna buddha ke 'prathama dhamma cakra pravartana sUtra' se hai jisakA pravartana unhoMne sAranAtha (RSi pattana mRgadAva) meM kiyA thA / ' ise sabase pahale unhoMne apane pA~ca ziSyoM ko batAyA thA jo bauddha sAhitya meM 'paMcavargIya bhikSu' nAma se prasiddha haiN|

Page #63
56 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 pUre pada ke cAro bhAgoM ke alaga-alaga artha aura tAtparya samajha lene para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bhagavAna buddha ke dharma cakra pravartana sUtra kA tAtparya usa upadeza se hai jise unhoMne bodha gayA meM jJAna (saMbodhi) prApta karane ke bAda sAranAtha Akara sabase pahale paMcavargIya bhikSuoM ko diyA thaa| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki jJAna sUtra (pratItya samutpAda) unhoMne bodhagayA meM prApta kiyA thA tathA usakA bhASya aura vizleSaNa unhoMne sAranAtha meM kiyA thaa| ise mAnava ke duHkha mukta karane kA auSadhi patra yA nidAna patra (praskripzana) kahA gayA hai| vAstava meM prathama dharma cakra pravartana sUtra duHkha mukti kA nidAna patra hI thaa| isameM bhagavAna buddha ne pahale batAyA thA ki do atiyoM se dUra rahanA sukhI jIvana kA prathama caraNa hai| ye do atiyA~-kAma sukha kI ati aura kAya kaleza kI ati hai| inakA AcaraNa na karanA sukhI rahane kA uttama mArga hai jise 'madhyama mArga' yA 'majjhimA patipadA' kahA gayA hai| eka kuzala vaidya kI bhAMti mahAbhiSaka gautama buddha ne sabase pahale daHkha darda rUpI roga kA kAraNa khojA ki Akhira yaha duHkha roga hotA hI kyoM hai| sukha aura kleza kI carama sImA hI duHkha hai| saMsAra meM garIba, amIra, seTha, sAhUkAra, rAjA, prajA sabhI kisI na kisI duHkha se pIr3ita haiN| yaha daHkha zArIrika, mAnasika aura vaicArika ho sakatA hai| unhoMne batAyA ki sabhI prakAra ke du:khoM kA mUla kAraNa tRSNA, lobha aura lAlaca hai| do se cAra, cAra se ATha, solaha, sau, hajAra, lAkha, karor3a kI bar3hatI huI icchA hI tRSNA hai| unhoMne isa duHkharoga ko dUra karane kI auSadhi, nidAna aura upacAra bhI khojaa| yaha upAya yA auSadhi nidAna hai- zIla kA aacrnn| isake liye paMcazIla kA AcaraNa Avazyaka hai| sabase bAda meM unhoMne usa auSadhi nidAna kI prayoga vidhi batalAI (duHkha nirodhagAminI prtipdaa)| 9 isa auSadhi nidAna ke ATha aMga yA bhAga haiM jinake kramika AcaraNa se hI roga dUra hotA hai| isaliye isa nidAna patra ko "aSTAMgika mArga" bhI kahA jAtA hai| aSTAMgika mArga ke ATha aMga isa prakAra haiM:1. sammA diTThi- sahI aura vAstavika rUpa meM samajhanA 2. sammA saMkalpa- samyak saMkalpa, dRr3ha nizcaya 3. sammA vAcA- jhUTha, kaThora na bolanA aura cugalI na karanA 4. sammA kamanta- kalyANakArI aura hitakArI kArya karanA 5. sammA AjIva- vidhi sammata AjIvikA kamAnA

Page #64
dhamma cakra pravartana sUtra : mAnavIya duHkha vimukti kA nidAna patra : 57 6. sammA vAyAmo- kuzala karma karane, bure karmoM ko na karane, kiye gaye acche kAryoM ko bar3hAne tathA naye kuzala karma karane kA prabala prayAsa hI samyak vyAyAma hai| 7. sammA sati- samyak smRti, yAda rakhanA 8. sammA samAdhi- ekAgra cittatA ina ATho aMgoM ko prajJA, zIla aura samAdhi tIna vargoM meM rakhA gayA hai| prajJA ke antargata samyak dRSTi aura samyak saMkalpa, zIla ke antargata samyak vacana, samyak karma aura samyak AjivikA tathA samAdhi ke antargata samyak vyAyAma, samyak smRti aura samyak samAdhi ko rakhA gayA hai| tathAgata ne ise vividha prakAra se samajhAne ke bAda dhamma cakra ko gati pradAna karane ke liye bhikSuoM se kahA ki maiM (urUbelA-sainAnigama) magadha meM dhamma pracAra ke liye (dhamma cakra ko gati pradAna karAne, ghumAne ke liye) jAtA huuN| tuma loga bhI bahujana hita aura bahujana sukha ke liye, unakI Arthika dazA sudhArane ke liye upadeza karane ke liye jaao| eka sAtha do na jaanaa| sAtha hI yaha bhI nirdeza diyA ki brahmacarya pAlana karate huye samAja meM vicaraNa kro| (bahmacarya prakAsayeta) aura logoM ko aise hI dhammopadeza karo jo unake liye prArambha, madhya aura anta meM bhI kalyANakArI hoN|11 tathAgata gautama buddha ke dhamma cakra kA svarUpa kyA thA? isakA vivaraNa sAhitya meM nahIM miltaa| sabase pahale samrATa azoka ne 'dhamma cakra' ko kalA meM utaaraa| apane pASANa stambhoM para usa 'maurya kuMjara' ne caubisa tIliyoM vAle dhamma cakra ko pratiSThApita kiyaa| usakA sAranAtha stambha para utkIrNita dhamma cakra, kalA kI dRSTi se sarvotkRSTa mAnA jAtA hai| isI stambha ke zIrSa bhAga ko gaNataMtra bhArata meM 'rASTra cihna' aura dhamma cakra ko 'rASTra dhvaja cihna' ke rUpa meM apanAyA gayA hai| sA~cI, bharahuta Adi prasiddha stUpoM meM bhI dhamma cakra kA aMkana prApta hotA hai| ___ dhamma cakra meM 24 tIliyA~ hI kyoM haiM, isa viSaya meM kucha vidvAnoM kA yaha rAta hai ki yaha 'pratItya samutpAda kI bAraha kar3iyoM22 kA anuloma aura pratiloma krama kA dyotaka hai| dUsare vidvAna ina 24 tIliyoM meM do antara,13 cAra Arya satya'4, ATha aSTAMgika mArga15 aura dasa pAramitAyeM6 samAhita mAnate haiN| dhamma cakka pavattana sutta ke viSaya meM eka prazna yaha bhI ubhara kara AyA hai ki buddha ne apanA dhamma kisa ora se kisa ora ko ghumaayaa| ghar3I kI taraha bAyeM

Page #65
249 58 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 se dAyeM athavA ghar3I kI suI ke viparIta dAhine se bAyIM ora ko| yahAM yaha smaraNIya hai ki buddha ne dhamma cakra pravartana logoM ke duHkha bandhanoM ko kholane ke liye kiyA thaa| bAMyI ora se dAhinI ora bandhana kasatA hai aura adhika majabUta, sudRr3ha hotA hai| dAhinI aura se bAyIM ora ghumAne para du:kha bandhana DhIlA hotA hai, zithila hotA hai aura TUTatA hai| isaliye bhagavAna buddha ne cakra ko dAhine se bAyIM ora ghumAyA thA jise 'enTI klAkavAija' kahate haiN| vastuta: mahAmAnava buddha kA dhamma cakra saMsAra ke du:khI prANiyoM ko duHkha mukta karane, zokAkula logoM ko zoka mukta karane aura bhayabhIta logoM ko nirbhaya karane ke liye hI thA: "dukkappattA ca niDhukkhA, bhayappattA ca nibbhyaa| sokappattA ca nissokA hontu sabbepi paannino| sandarbha : 1. DA0 bI0Ara0ambeDakara, buddha eNDa hija dhamma, (hindI anuvAda) pu0 249 256. 2. vahI pu0 193-201. 3. dhammapada, 14/5. 4. dIghanikAya, rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, bhAratIya bauddha zikSA pariSad, lakhanaU, 1979 I0, pR0-99| 5. dIghanikAya, (hindI anuvAda) rAhula sAMkRtyAyana buddha vihAra, lakhanaU, 1969 I0, pR0-95 ke anusAra (1) vipassI (2) sikhI (3) vessabhU (4) kakusandha (5) koNAgama (6) kassapa aura (7) gautama buddh| 6. AcArya narendra deva, bauddha dharma darzana, pR0-105 (paTanA, 1956) / 7. vahI, bhAratIya tathA videzoM meM bauddha dharma prasAraNa, (DA0 zrImatI yamunA lAla, dillI, 1993), pR0-21, (1) taNhaMkara (2) medhakara (3) zaraNaMkara (4) dIpakara (5) koNDanya (6) maMgala (7) sumana (8) revata (9) zobhita (10) asIma dassI (11) padma (12) nArada (13) padottara (14) sumedha (15) subodha (16) priyadarzI (17) AryadarzI (18) siddhArtha (19) tiSya (20) phussa (21) vipazyI (22) sikhi (23) vessabhU (24) kakusandha (25) koNAgama (26) kassapa (27) gautama buddh|

Page #66
dhamma cakra pravartana sUtra : mAnavIya duHkha vimukti kA nidAna patra : 59 8. mahAyAna meM tIna dharma cakra pravartana mAne jAte haiN| pahalA sAranAtha (uttara pradeza) meM dUsarA gRddhakUTa parvata para (rAjagRha, bihAra pradeza) aura tIsarA dhAnya kaTaka (amarAvatI Andhra pradeza) meN| 9. mahAvagga pAli, (nava nAlandA mahAvihAra saMskaraNa, 1956), pR0-13. 10. mahAvagga pAli, pR0-23. yahA~ 'brahmacarya prakAsayeta' pada yaha darzAtA hai ki usa samaya samAja meM vicaraNa karane vAle saMnyAsI parivrAjakoM meM brahmacarya pAlana kI kamI thii| 11. vahI, 13. bhagavAna buddha kA yaha nirdeza aura Adeza bhI yaha iMgita karatA hai ki usa samaya ke upadezaka anAvazyaka aura bekAra ke anargala upadeza bhI dete the| tabhI bhagavAna ne kevala mAnavIya hita yA sukha aura kalyANakArI upadeza hI dene kA Adeza diyaa| 12. pratItya samutpAda : (1) avidyA, (2) saMskAra, (3) vijJAna, (4) nAmarUpa, (5) SaDAyatana, (6) sparza, (7) vedanA, (8) tRSNA (9) upAdAna (10) bhava (11) jAti (janma) (12) jarA mrnn| inameM se pratyeka pUrva kI kar3I agalI kar3I ko janma detI hai| pUrva kI kar3I kAraNa . aura bAda kI kar3I phala hai| 13. kAya sukha aura kAya kaleza kI carama siimaa| 14. (1) duHkha Arya satya (2) duHkha samudaya Arya satya (3) duHkha nirodha Arya satya aura (4) duHkha nirodha gAminI pratipadA Arya sty| 15. aSTAMgika mArga pichale pRSThoM meM varNita hai| 16. dasa pAramitAyeM : (1) zIla (2) dAna (3) upekSA (4) naiSkramya (5) vIrya (6) zAnti (7) satya (8) adhiSThAna (9) karuNA (10) maitrI / naiSkramya = sAMsArika kAma bhogoM kA tyAga; vIrya = samyak prayatna hetu utsAha; adhiSThAna = dRr3ha nizcaya, (DA0 bI0Ara0 ambeDakara bhagavAna buddha aura unakA dhamma cakra, pR0 201) * For Private &Personal Use Only

Page #67
zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 // janavarI-mArca 2006 / pratItyasamutpAda aura nimittopAdAnavAda ku0 alpanA jaina* dvitIya Aryasatya ke antargata varNita pratItyasamutpAda kA siddhAnta bauddhadarzana ke mUla siddhAtoM meM eka evaM viziSTa siddhAnta hai| ise pAli bhASA meM 'paTiccasamutpAda' kahA jAtA hai| yaha kAraNatA viSayaka siddhAnta hai jo pratyeka kArya ko kAraNa sApekSa svIkAra karatA hai| jagat kI samasta vastuoM meM sarvatra yaha kArya-kAraNa kA niyama jAgarUka hai, kucha bhI akAraNa nahIM hai| sambhavata: bhagavAna buddha isa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kara apane samaya meM pracalita una samasta siddhAntoM kA nirAkaraNa karanA cAhate the jo kisI vastu kI utpatti ko sakAraNa na mAnakara yAdRcchika yA Akasmika mAnane ke dRr3ha irAde para aDiga the tathA janasAmAnya meM bhI usI avaijJAnika mAnyatA kA prasAra kara rahe the| bhagavAna buddha ne isa siddhAnta ke dvArA / na kevala yAdRcchikatAvAda kA niSedha kiyA, balki kArya-kAraNa ke sambandha meM usa dRSTikoNa ko bhI asvIkAra kiyA, jo kisI vastu kI utpatti meM kAraNatva ko to svIkAra karatA hai, kintu vaha kAraNatva meM jJAta tattvoM ke atirikta prakRti, Izvara Adi alaukika tattvoM ko bhI svIkAra karatA hai| pratItyasamutpAda (kA siddhAnta) kAraNatA kI kSaNikavAdI avadhAraNA hai| isake anusAra, pratyeka vastu paratantra, Azrita, sApekSa tathA pratItya-samutpanna hone ke kAraNa kSaNika va asthAyI hai arthAt pratyeka vastu kevala eka kSaNamAtra astitva rakhatI hai| vaha utpatti ke ThIka turanta bAda naSTa ho jAtI hai| unakA mAnanA hai ki vastu kA astitva kSaNika hone para hI vaha anya vastuoM ko utpanna kara sakatI hai, kyoMki kSaNika vastu meM hI arthakriyAkAritva sambhava hai| yadi vastu nitya va aparivartana-zIla ho to arthakriyAkAritva ke abhAva meM usameM anya vastu ko utpanna karane kI sAmarthya nahIM ho sakatI hai| ata: aisI vastu kI sattA hI sambhava nahIM hai| isa prakAra astitva saMsAra ke padArthoM kI vyavasthA meM kisI prakAra kA parivartana karane kI kSamatA kA nAma hai| jaisa- bIja kI sattA hai; kyoMki usase * phelo AI0sI0 pI0Ara0, zodha chAtrA, darzana vibhAga, DaoN0 harIsiMha gaura vi0vi0, sAgara

Page #68
pratItyasamutpAda aura nimittopAdAnavAda : 61 aMkura utpanna hotA hai ityAdi jo ki kSaNikavAda meM hI sambhava hai, parantu sthAyI padArthoM meM parivartana kI yaha zakti nahIM pAyI jAtI hai| dUsarI ora, bauddhoM se viparIta vedAntI kArya-kAraNa sambandha meM satkAraNavAda ko svIkAra karate haiM jo kAraNatA kI nityavAdI avadhAraNA hai| isake anusAra, sattA sarvathA kaTastha nitya va apariNAmI hai| nitya va apariNAmI vasta se utpanna tathAkathita kArya usakA vivarta hai| jaina-darzana vastu kI sarvathA kSaNikavAdI va sarvathA nityavAdI donoM avadhAraNAoM ko asvIkRta kara vastu ko pariNAmI nitya mAnatA hai| isa tathya kA yukti-yukta pratipAdana karatA hai ki sarvathA kSaNika va sarvathA nitya vastu meM arthakriyA kA abhAva hone se vaha na to kisI kA kAraNa ho sakatI hai aura na vaha kisI kArya ko utpanna kara sakatI hai| bauddha darzana meM vastu kA lakSaNa arthakriyAkAritva mAnA gayA hai| kintu sarvathA kSaNika vastu kA lakSaNa artha-kriyA nahIM ho sakatA hai, kyoMki kSaNika padArtha na to krama se arthakriyA kara sakatA hai aura na yugpt| kSaNika padArtha meM dezakRta, kAlakRta ba svabhAvakRta krama sambhava na hone se vaha krama se arthakriyA nahIM kara sktaa| kyoMki vaha usI deza va usI kAla meM naSTa ho jAtA hai, vaha na to dUsare deza meM jAtA hai aura na dUsare kAla meN| taba usameM dezAdikRta krama kaise bana sakatA hai? kSaNika padArtha aneka zakyAtmaka aura aneka svabhAvAtmaka na hone se yugapat aneka kAryoM ko bhI nahIM kara sktaa| isa prakAra arthakriyA lakSaNa kSaNika padArtha meM vyApta na hone se usameM kArya-kAraNa bhAva siddha nahIM ho sktaa| isI prakAra sarvathA nitya padArtha meM bhI artha-kriyA rUpa krama va yogapadya nahIM bana skte| nitya padArtha krama se artha-kriyA nahIM kara sakatA; kyoMki nitya padArtha jisa svabhAva se pahale kArya ko karatA hai yadi usI svabhAva se usake bAda hone vAle dUsare kArya ko bhI karatA hai to dUsare kArya ko bhI pUrvakAla meM ho jAnA caahie| kyoMki donoM kAryoM ko karane kA svabhAva eka hI hai| aura yadi nityapadArtha yugapat arthakriyA karatA hai to usake dvArA eka hI kSaNa meM saba kAryoM kI utpatti ho jAne se uttarakAla meM vaha anarthakriyAkArI ho jaaegaa| taba vaha AkAza-puSpa kI taraha asat tthhregaa| pUrvokta vivecana se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki sarvathA kSaNika va sarvathA nitya padArtha meM arthakriyA lakSaNa sambhava na hone se kAryakAraNa bhAva nahIM bana sakatA hai| aise padArtha meM hI arthakriyA lakSaNa ghaTita ho sakatA hai jo pariNAmI va nitya svabhAva vAlA ho arthAt kathaMcit nitya va kathaMcit kSaNika ho; kyoMki jo

Page #69
62 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 vastu kathaMcit nitya va aneka dharmAtmaka hai usameM krama se va yugapat arthakriyA hone meM koI bAdhA nahIM AtI hai|6 aba prazna utpanna hotA hai ki kathaMcit nityaantyiAtmaka vastu meM nirdoSa kArya-kAraNa vyavasthA kaise sambhava hai? jaina-darzana meM kArya-kAraNa sambandha siddhAnta 'nimittopAdana' ke nAma se pracalita hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra dravya kA na to sAmAnya aMza upAdAna kAraNa hotA hai aura na vizeSa aNsh| apitu sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka dravya hI upAdAnakAraNa hotA hai| kahA bhI gayA hai - "jo apane svarUpa ko chor3atA hai aisA kevala kSaNika paryAya aura jo apane svarUpa ko nahIM chor3atA hai aisA kevala zAzvat sAmAnya padArtha artha kA upAdAna nahIM ho sktaa| jainadarzana kArya kI utpatti meM do kAraNoM ko svIkRta karatA hai - 1. upAdAnakAraNa-jisa dravya meM kArya niSpanna ho, vaha upAdAna kAraNa hai| 2. nimittakAraNa -jo dravya svayaM kArya rUpa pariNamita na ho, parantu kArya kI utpatti meM anukUla hone se jisa para kAraNapane kA Aropa AtA hai, vaha nimittakAraNa hai| jaina darzana meM upAdAnakAraNa bhI do prakAra kA hai11 - 1. trikAlI upAdAnakAraNa - jo dravya yA guNa svayaM kArya rUpa pariNamita ho, vaha dravya yA guNa usa kArya kA trikAlI upAdAna kAraNa hai| 2. kSaNikaupAdAnakAraNa - isake bhI do bheda haiN|12 1. anantarapUrvakSaNavartIparyAya rUpa kSaNika upAdAna kAraNA 2. tatsamaya kI yogyatA rUpa kSaNika upAdAna kaarnn| jainadarzana meM upAdAna kAraNoM ke bhedoM kI svIkRti meM vastu kA vaha anekadharmAtmaka svarUpa nihita hai jisako svIkAra kiye binA kArya-kAraNa viSayaka nirdoSa vyavasthA sambhava nahIM ho sakatI hai| trikAlI upAdAna kAraNa jo nitya hai, ise 'dravyazakti' bhI kahA jAtA hai| yaha kArya kA niyAmaka/samartha kAraNa na hone para bhI isa tathya ko sUcita karatA hai ki amuka kArya amuka dravya meM hI hogA aura yadi ise samartha kAraNa mAnA jAe to kArya ke nityatva kA prasaMga upasthita hogA, jo ki yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| isIlie kSaNika upAdAna svIkRtakara use kArya kA samartha kAraNa mAnA gayA hai jo anantarapUrvakSaNavartIparyAya ke vyaya rUpa evaM tatsamaya kI yogyatA rUpa hotA hai| ise 'paryAyazakti' bhI kahA jAtA hai| yaha zakti anitya

Page #70
pratItyasamutpAda aura nimittopAdAnavAda : 63 hotI hai jo yaha batAtI hai ki pratyeka dravya kA vivakSita kArya, vivakSita samaya meM hogaa| isa prakAra dravyazakti se yukta paryAya-zakti hI kAryakArI hai, na akelI dravyazakti aura na kevala pryaayshkti|13 yadi nimitta kAraNa ko sammilita kara kahA jAe to isa prakAra se kahanA hogA ki sahakArI kAraNasApekSa viziSTa paryAyazakti se yukta dravyazakti hI kArya ko utpanna karane meM samartha hai| isa prakAra jainadarzana trikAlI upAdAna kAraNa sahita kSaNika upAdAna kAraNa va nimitta kAraNa ko svIkRta kara kArya-kAraNa sambandhI samasta ekAMgI matoM kA nirAkaraNa karatA hai| pUrvokta vivecana se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki anekadharmAtmaka vastu hI kArya-kAraNa vyavasthA kI kasauTI para kharI utara sakatI hai, ekadharmAtmaka vastu nhiiN|14 tathA yaha bAta spaSTatayA parilakSita hotI hai ki pratItyasamutpAda meM kAryakAraNa vyavasthA avirodharUpa kyoM nahIM bana sktii| kAraNa ki - (1) bauddha-darzana meM padArtha kSaNika hone se kAraNa ke abhAva meM kArya kI utpatti ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai jo ki asambhava hai; kyoMki jaba kAraNa rUpa se mAnA gayA padArtha kArya ki utpatti ke samaya naSTa ho jAtA hai taba usake dvArA kArya utpanna kaise hogA? vAstava meM, kAraNa ke sadbhAva meM hI kArya utpanna hotA hai, usake abhAva meM nhiiN| (2) kAraNa ke abhAva meM kAryotpatti mAnane para yaha prazna utpanna hotA hai ki kyA kAraNa kI sattA ke sAtha kArya kI utpatti kA virodha hai jisake kAraNa kArya ko apanI utpatti ke lie kAraNa ke abhAva kI pratIkSA karanI par3e arthAt jaba kAraNa kA abhAva ho jAya taba kArya kI utpatti ho sake, parantu kArya kI utpatti kAraNa ke abhAva kI pratIkSA nahIM karatI hai| yadi kAraNa ke abhAva hone para kArya niSpanna ho to vaha kArya kAraNa ke binA hI utpanna kahalAegA tathA aise kArya meM deza, kAla aura svabhAva kA koI niyama nahIM banegA aura jo akAraNa hai usake sarvatra, sarvadA aura sarvathA utpanna hone kA prasaMga prApta hogaa| eka bAta aura draSTavya hai ki bauddha darzana ke anusAra, bhAva aura abhAva kA paraspara meM kAryakAraNa bhAva prApta hogA, parantu abhAva kisI kA kAraNa nahIM hotA hai| ata: kArya ke kAla meM kAraNa kA sadbhAva mAnanA Avazyaka hai isake binA trikAla meM bhI kArya kI utpatti sambhava nahIM hai|16

Page #71
64 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 (3) nyAyazAstra meM kArya kAraNabhAva 'anvaya-vyatirekagamya' mAnA gayA hai lekina pratItyasamutpAda meM kAryakAraNa meM anvaya-vyatireka bana hI nahIM sakatA, kyoMki yahA~ kAraNa ke abhAva meM kArya kI utpatti mAnI gayI hai aura kAraNa ke hone para kArya kI utpatti nahIM mAnI gayI hai| ata: anvaya-vyatireka ke abhAva meM kArya-kAraNa sambandha kisI prakAra sambhava nahIM hai| aura bhI kahA gayA hai - 'sarvathA anityapakSa ke poSaka bauddha loga kisI bhI anvayI kAraNa se nirapekSa eka santAnanAmA tattva ko svIkAra karake sarvathA pRthaka-pRthaka kAryoM meM kAraNa-kAryabhAva ghaTita karane kA asaphala prayAsa karate haiM, parantu vaha kisI prakAra siddha nahIM hotaa| 18 niSkarSa - sampUrNa vivecana se yaha spaSTatayA pratIta hotA hai ki yadyapi bauddha darzana meM mAnya pratItyasamutpAda kA siddhAnta kArya kI kAraNa sApekSatA ko svIkRta kara kAryotpatti sambandhI samasta mithyA mAnyatAoM kA nirAkaraNa karatA hai, parantu svayaM usake dvArA mAnya kSaNikavAdI vastu meM kArya-kAraNa siddhAnta kisI bhI prakAra ghaTita nahIM ho sakatA hai| sandarbha : 1. (i) imasmiM sati idaM hoti| (ii) hetu pratyayApekSo bhAvAnAmutpAdaH prtiitysmutpaadaarthH| candrakIrti vRti-1.1. 2. (i) satdravyalakSaNam / 5/29. (ii) utpAdavyayadhrauvya yuktaM sat / 5/30. tatvArthasUtra : umAsvAmI, jayapura, 1996. arthakriyA krama va yaugapadya ke dvArA vyApta hai| arthakriyAkAritva lakSaNaMsat / 4. (i) nyAyakumudacandra : A0 prabhAcaMdra, bhAga 1, pR0 379. (ii) nyAyakumudacandra parizIlana : pro0 udayacaMda jaina, pR0 214, mujaphpharanagara, 2001. 5. (ka) vahI pR0 210 (kha) nyAyakumudacandra, bhAga - 1, pR0 372-374. 6. nyAyakumudacandra parizIlana, pR0 210. 7. yat svarUpaM tyajatyeva mana tyajati srvthaa| tannopAdAnamarthasya kSaNikaM zAzvataM ythaa|| aSTasahastrI : A0 vidyAnaMda, pR0 2 10, solApura, 1990.

Page #72
pratItyasamutpAda aura nimittopAdAnavAda 8. (i) dvividho heturbAhya Abhyantarazca, rAjavArtika : A0 akalaMkadeva, a0 - 2 sUtra 8 naI dillI, 1993. (ii) laghu jaina siddhAnta - pravezikA, pR0 38, jayapura, 1993. 9. dravya gacchatIti dravya kAraNam / rAjavArtika, a0 1, sUtra naM0 33, pR0 95. 10. laghu jaina siddhAnta- pravezikA, pR0 39. 11. tannopAdAnamarthasya kSaNika zAzvataM yathA / aSTasahastrI, zloka 58 kI TIkA, pR0 210. a (i) jaina siddhAnta praveza ratnamAlA : paM0 kailAzacaMda siddhAnta zAstrI, dvitIya bhAga, pR0 71, dehraaduun| (ii) puvvapariNAma jutaM kAraNa bhAveNa vaTTade davvaM / uttarapariNAma judaM taM ciya kajjaM have NiyamA || 12. kArtikeyAnuprekSA gA0 225-226, pR0 102. 13. nyAyakumudacandra parizIlana, pR0 214 14. vahI pR0 321-322. kArtikeyAnuprekSA: A0 kArtikeya, gA0 230, jayapura, 1996. b (i) nimittopAdAna : DaoN0 hukumacaMda bhArilla, pR0 78, jayapura 1997. (ii) prameyakamalamArtaNDa, bhAga 2, a0 - 1, pR0 187, meraTha, vI0ni0 saM0 2504. a : 65 AptamImAMsA tattvapradIpikA : pro0 udayacaMda jaina, pR0 206, vArANasI, vIrani0 saM0 2501. b (i) jainendra siddhAMta koza : kSu0 jinendra varNI, bhAga-2, pR056, naI dillii| (ii) AptamImAMsA : A0 samantabhadra, kA0 43.

Page #73
zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 janavarI-mArca 2006 mahAvIra kAlIna mata-matAntara : punarnirIkSaNa ___ DaoN0 vibhA upAdhyAya* % 3D Ajakala ke bAbA, vairAgI, svAmI Adi paMthoM kI gaNanA kI jAe, to unakI saMkhyA asaMkhya hogii| kintu unameM mahattvapUrNa athavA nAma lene yogya to ine gine hI mileNge| isI prakAra chaThI zatAbdI IsA pUrva meM, isa prakAra ke aneka mata-matAntara vidyamAna the| prArambhika bauddha sAhitya meM inakI saMkhyA 62 (dvAsaTThi diTThi gatAni) athavA 63 (yAni ca tINi yAni ca saTThi0) batAI gaI hai, evaM jaina dhArmika sAhitya ke anusAra aise sampradAyoM kI saMkhyA 363 (imAi tiNNi tevaTThAI) thii| tatkAlIna jagat meM ina sampradAyoM ne bauddhika aura naitika uthalaputhala macA rakhI thii| Aja ina paMthoM kI jAnakArI zAyada isalie naSTa ho gaI, ki choTe-choTe sampradAya, bar3e sampradAyoM meM samAviSTa ho gae athavA apanI kamajoriyoM ke kAraNa adhika cala hI nahIM ske| phira adhikAMzataH kA likhita itihAsa bhI prApta nahIM hai| isa lekha kA uddezya inhIM 62 athavA 363 paMthoM, unakI sUcI, nAma Adi kA vivaraNa prastuta karanA hai| unake darzana para vistAra se likhanA eka lekha meM sambhava nahIM hai, ata: isa lekha ke mAdhyama se maiM eka paricayAtmaka vivaraNa prastuta karane kA prayAsa kruuNgii| yadyapi isa prakAra kA prayAsa pahale bhI vidvAnoM ke dvArA kiyA jA cukA hai, vizeSakara jina vidvAnoM ne bauddha dharma aura usake itihAsa para graMtha likhe| udAharaNArtha - 2500 Years of Buddhism by P.V. Bapat; Background to the rise of Buddhism, Studies in History of Buddhism by A.L. Basham; The History and Literature of Buddhism by T.W. Rhys Davids ya Sramana Tradition : Its History and Contribution to Indian Culture, Studies in the Origins of Buddhism by G.C. Pande Adi aise aneka graMtha haiN| ina vidvAnoM ne bauddha sAhitya aura jaina sAhitya donoM kI jAnakAriyoM ke sAtha-sAtha chaThI zatAbdI IsvI pUrva ke mata-matAntaroM kA vivaraNa diyA hai| jaina dharma aura jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa * eso0 prophesara, prA030 evaM bhA0saM0 vibhAga, rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya, jayapura

Page #74
mahAvIra kAlIna mata-matAntara : punarnirIkSaNa : 67 likhane vAle vidvAnoM ne bhI aisA prayAsa kiyA hai, para vaha bahuta kama hai| udAharaNa ke lie kailAza canda zAstrI kA "jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa' (2 bhAga) evaM kailAza canda jaina kA Lord Mahavira and his times. pro0 kailAza canda jaina ne kAphI vistAra se graMtha ke eka adhyAya meM isa viSaya para prakAza DAlA hai| mahAvIra ke samaya pracalita darzana, zramaNa paramparA, tapasviyoM, parivrAjakoM ke ullekha ke sAtha-sAtha devI-devatAoM, unakI pUjA paddhati sabhI para prakAza DAlA hai| kucha sandarbha unase chUTe haiM, jo isa lekha meM lie gae haiN| dUsarI ora isa lekha meM mukhya rUpa se jaina sAhitya ke mAdhyama se sAmagrI ekatrita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| jaina sAhitya ke AdhAra para jo sUcI alaga se taiyAra kI gaI hai, vaha DaoN0 jaina kI sUcI se bar3I hai| sAtha hI ina mata-matAntAroM kA samIkSAtmaka vizleSaNa kara kucha niSkarSa nikAlane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| isa dRSTi se isa lekha meM mahAvIra kAlIna paMthoM, brAhmaNoM, zramaNoM, tapasviyoM, saMnyAsiyoM ke bhinna-bhinna vargoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| sAkSya ke rUpa meM jo jaina sAhitya, vizeSa rUpa se upayoga meM liyA gayA hai, vaha hai, sUtrakRtAMga sUtra (sUyagaDaMga), aupapAtika sUtra (ovavAiya sUya), bhagavatI sUtra yA vyAkhyA prajJapti (viyAhapaNNati) / ina granthoM se prApta jAnakArI kA samIkaraNa kaI sthAnoM para tatkAlIna anya sAkSyoM se bhI karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| chaThI zatAbdI IsvI pUrva meM ina sampradAyoM ke lie tittthIya, tIrthaMkara, vAda, darzana, prAvAduka, zAstA, yUthika, tIrthaka (utthiya) zramaNa, bhikSu, yati, muni, brAhmaNa, parivrAjaka, saMnyAsI, baikhAnasa, nigaNTha Adi zabda prApta hote haiN| sarvaprathama sAhitya meM varNita 62 aura 363 vibhAjanoM ko dekheN| dIghanikAya ke brahmajAla sutta meM buddha ke dvArA die gae 186 pravacanoM ko brahmajAla kahA gayA, evaM isake dvArA, bhagavAna buddha ne ziSyoM ke ajJAna ko isa jAla rUpI jJAna ke dvArA chAnA aura isI sandarbha meM pracalita 'mithyAvAdoM kI carcA kI, unakA khaNDana kiyA evaM apane mata kI pratiSThA kii| isameM varNita vAdoM kI sUcI nimna hai : sassatavAda, ekacca sassatavAda, antAntavAda, amarAvikkhepavAda, adhiccasamuppannavAda, saJjIvAda, asaJjIvAda, ucchedavAda, diTThadhamma nibbaanvaad| dIghanikAya ke mahAsIhanAdasuttoM meM inhIM vAdoM kI zrRMkhalA meM kucha vAdoM kA aura ullekha hai - jaise ujuvipaccanIkavAda, kAlavAda, bhUtavAda, atthavAda, dhammavAda, vinyvaad| punaH sAmaJaphala suttare meM pUraNakassapavAda, makkhaligosAlavAda, ajitakesakambalavAda, pakudhakaccAyanavAda, nigaNThanAtaputtavAda, saJjayabelaTThaputtavAda

Page #75
68 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 kahakara dharmAcAryoM dvArA calAe gae vAdoM kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai| punaH ambaTThasutta meM paThamainbhavAda, dutiyaibbhavAda, tatiyaibbhavAda, dAsiputravAda kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| ina zIrSakoM meM jAtivAda, gotravAda, mAnavavAda, aura dAsI putra kI kathAoM kA ullekha hai| yadyapi dAsiputra aura ibh zabda kA artha lagabhaga eka sA nikalatA hai, kintu 'vAda' meM ise rakhA gyaa| brahmajAla sutta ke ina vAdoM ko vargIkRta kara pro0 TI0 DablU rAisa DeviDsa' ne isa prakAra prastuta kiyA hai (1)prathama eka se cAra - sassatavAda, jisake anusAra jagat aura AtmA donoM hI zAzvata aura nitya haiN| (2) pA~ca se ATha - ekacca-sassatikavAda jinake anusAra (a) Izvara nitya hai, kintu vyaktigata AtmA nahIM (ba) sabhI Izvara nitya haiM kintu vyaktigata AtmA nahIM (sa) kucha Izvara nitya haiM, AtmA nahIM (da) zarIra nazvara hai, kintu usameM sUkSma hRdaya, mana athavA cetana (Consciousness) kA nivAsa hai| (3) nau se bAraha antanantikavAda jo jagat ke nitya aura anitya donoM hI hone kI sambhAvanA batAte haiN| (4) teraha se solaha amara-vikkhepikavAda jo pApa aura puNya ke sambandha meM aspaSTa mata rakhate haiN| (5) sataraha se aThArahaadhicca-samuppaNNikavAda jo vastu kI utpatti binA kAraNa ke bhI sambhava mAnate haiN| (6) unnIsa se pacAsa - uddhama-aghaTanikavAda 6, jo bhaviSya meM bhI, mRtyu ke bAda AtmA ke astitva ko svIkArate haiN| (7) ikyAvana se sattAvana - ucchedavAda, jisake anusAra zarIra kI mRtyu ke sAtha hI AtmA kA uccheda arthAt nAza ho jAtA hai, kucha nahIM bctaa| (8) aTThAvana se bAsaTha - diTThadhammanibbAnavAda ke anusAra isa jaMgat meM AtmA sampUrNa sukha uThA sakatI hai, yaha avazya hai| usake sAdhana alaga-alaga sambhava ho sakate haiN| ina bAsaTha (zramaNa paMthoM) vAdoM ke likhita sAkSya nahIM hone ke kAraNa inameM se mAtra 6 bar3e saMghoM ke darzana bAda taka pAli sAhitya meM surakSita haiM aura vaha hai sAmaJaphala sutta (pahale ullikhita) meM varNita chaha vAda: - (1) pUraNa kassapavAda, pUraNakassapa ke dvArA samarthita akriyAvAda jisake anusAra koI kucha kare yA karAe, use na pApa milegA na punny| sAMkhya darzana bhI aisA hI mAnatA hai ki AtmA prakRti se bhinna hai aura mAranA, maravAnA Adi bAtoM kA pariNAma usa para nahIM hotaa| bI0esa0 baruA isa mAnyatA ko 'ahetuvAda' (No cause theory) (AtmA ko koI bhI kAraNa prabhAvita nahIM karatA) athavA uparokta varNita 'adhiccasamuppAda hI mAnate haiN| (2) makkhaligosAla ke dvArA AjIvaka sampradAya kI sthApanA kI gaI, jisake siddhAnta saMsArazuddhivAda' yA niyativAda se milate

Page #76
mahAvIra kAlIna mata-matAntara : punarnirIkSaNa : 69 julate haiN| jisake anusAra AtmA prakRti se alipta hai, phira bhI use nizcita janma lene par3ate haiM aura usake bAda vaha apane Apa mukta ho jAtI hai| yaha kalpanA Aja bhI hindU samAja meM pAI jAtI hai ki caurAsI lAkha yoniyoM meM janma lekara prANI mokSa ko prApta hotA hai| yaha saMsArazuddhivAda, akriyAvAda se bahuta bhinna nahIM dIkha par3atA hai| (3) ajitakesakambalavAda, ajitakesakambala ke dvArA calAe gae ucchedavAda kA hI nAma hai| yaha vAda cArvAkoM kI taraha pUrNatayA nAstikavAda thaa| AtmA cAra mahAbhUtoM se utpanna hotI hai aura marane ke bAda punaH cAra mahAbhUtoM meM jA milatI hai| (4) pakudhakaccAyana ke anyonyavAda ko sattakAyavAda bhI kahA gyaa| usake dvArA mAnya sAta padArtha -pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu, sukha, duHkha aura AtmA, na banate haiM, na banAe jAte haiM, stambha kI taraha acala haiN| yaha vAda 'sassatavAda' ke nikaTa hai aura vizeSika darzana kA mUla bhI pratIta hotA hai| (5) nigaNThanAthaputta cAturyAmasaMvaravAdI ke anusAra-cAra yAma- ahiMsA, satya, asteya aura aparigraha the, jinakA upadeza pArzvamuni ne kiyA thaa| mahAvIra svAmI ne isameM brahmacarya jor3A thA arthAt usa kAla meM nigranthoM meM cAra yAmoM kA hI mahattva thaa| (6) saJjayabelaTThaputta-vAda vikSepavAda thA, jisakI kisI bhI bAta para koI nizcita dhAraNA nahIM thii| isake atirikta bhI bauddha sAhitya AtmavAdI zramaNoM kA ullekha karate haiM, . jo AtmA ke astitva ke sambandha meM bhinna mata rakhate haiM, jaise zAzvatavAda, arthAt AtmA aura jagat zAzvata hai, aura ucchedavAda, arthAt zarIra ke naSTa hone ke bAda AtmA bhI naSTa ho jAtI hai| uparokta 6 vAda bhI AtmavAdI hI pratIta hote haiN| zarIra aura AtmA ke zAzvata-azAzvata Adi mAnane meM UhApoha meM par3e rahane vAle anAvazyakavAda kA ullekha cUlamAMlukyaputtasuttara meM prApta hotA hai| yadyapi ina sthAnoM para inheM AtmavAda yA anAvazyakavAda nAma nahIM diyA gayA hai| isI prakAra aMguttara nikAya ke tikanipAta (sutta saMkhyA 61) aura majjhima nikAya ke devavaha sutta (sutta saMkhyA - 101) meM Izvara kA ullekha AyA hai| Izvara ko mAnane vAle varga ke mata ko vidvAnoM ne IzvaravAda kA nAma diyA, jisake anusAra prANI jo kucha sukha, duHkha yA upekSA bhugatatA hai, vaha saba Izvara dvArA nirmita hai (issaranimmAna hetu)| ____ kassapa siMhanAda sutta1 meM buddha ke samakAlIna AjIvaka, nigaMtha, muMDasAvaka, jaTilaka, paribbAjaka, magandika, TeDandika, aviruddhaka, gotamaka, devadhammaka kA ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai|

Page #77
70 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2006 jaina sAhitya meM tatkAlIna sampradAyoM ke lie jo zabda prayoga meM lAe gae haiM, ve haiM- prAvAduka (pAvAuyA), yUthika, tIrthaka, utthiya, brAhmaNa (mAhaNa), zramaNa (samaNa), brAhmaNa - zramaNa (mAhaNa samaNa), parivrAjaka (parivvAyA), nihnava (NiNhavA), brAhmaNa-parivrAjaka (mAhaNa parivvAyagA), kSatriya parivrAjaka (khattiya privvaayaa)| isI prakAra jaina sAhitya 12 tatkAlIna 363 prAvAdukoM (... imAI tiNNi tevaTThAiM pAvAuyasatAiM) Arthat, zAstAoM kA ullekha karatA hai, aura unheM cAra koTi kA batAtA hai - kriyAvAdI, akriyAvAdI, ajJAnavAdI aura vinayavAdI jo mokSa kA nirUpaNa karate haiM, apane zrAvakoM ko Adeza dete haiM aura apane dharma ko sunAte haiN| yaha anya tIrthika paramArtha se rahita aura hiMsA se virata nahIM haiN| yaha sabhI apane-apane dharma ke Adi pravartaka batAe gae haiM / te savve pAvAuyA AdikarA dhmmaannN...''| yaha prAvAduka adharma sthAna meM samAviSTa hai- adhammapakkhassa vibhaMge evamAhite, tassa NaM imAI tiNi tevaTThAiM pAvAusatAiM bhaMvatIti akkhAtAI / . vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki isa sthAna para ina prAvAdukoM kA vibhAjana nahIM batAyA / kintu sUtrakRtAMga (adhyayana prathama ) meM sthAna-sthAna para kaI vAdoM kI carcA kI gaI hai, vahA~ uparokta cAra koTi ke vibhAjana bhI varNita kie gae haiN| sUtrakRtAMga meM paMcamahAbhUtavAda 14, (paMca- pRthvI, jala, teja, vAyu, AkAza, mahAbhUta ko mAnane vAle), ekAtmavAda15 (eka AtmA ko samasta loka meM, nAnA rUpoM meM vyApta dekhane vAle), tajjIvataccharIravAda 16 (zarIra ke vinAza hote hI dehI (AtmA) kA vinAza ho jAtA hai, aisA mAnane vAle), akArakavAda17 AtmA svayaM na koI kriyA karatI hai, na karavAtI hai, aisA mAnane vAle)18, AtmaSaSThavAda 19 ( isa jagat meM pA~ca mahAbhUtoM ke atikti chaThI AtmA hai, AtmA aura loka zAzvata hai, aisA mAnane vAle) 20, kSaNikavAda (pAMca skaMdhoM (rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra, vijJAna) ko kSaNika mAnane vAle) 22 (cAra dhAtuoM (pRthvI, jala, teja, vAyu) se bhinna AtmA nahIM haiM ) 24, niyativAda 25 (arthAt niyati-hI saMgata hai, sabhI jIva pRthaka-pRthaka haiM, sukha duHkha bhogate haiM, aura eka zarIra ko chor3a dUsare meM cale jAte haiM, yahI niyati hai, aisA mAnane vAle) 26 ajJAnavAda17 (apane mata kI prazaMsA karate hue, dUsare ke mata kI nindA karane vAle, saMsAra meM dRr3hatA se jakar3e rahane vAle), karmopacaya niSedhavAda 28 (karma kI cintA se rahita, janma-maraNa rUpa saMsAra athavA duHkha kI vRddhi karane vAle) 29, jagatkartRtvavAda" (loka racanA ke sambandha meM sAta matoM ko mAnane vAle - udAharaNa ke lie prakRti ne loka banAyA, Izvara ne loka banAyA, aNDe se loka utpanna huA, Adi Adi 31), lokavAda 34 (loka ko ananta, zAzvata mAnane vAle) kA varNana

Page #78
mahAvIra kAlIna mata-matAntara : punarnirIkSaNa : 71 karate hue uparokta sabhI vAdoM kA khaNDana kiyA gyaa| puna: cAra siddhAntoM kA ullekha kara usake bheda bhI batAe - cattAri samosaraNAbhimANi pAvAduyA jAiM puDho vyNti| kiriyaM akiriyaM viNayaM ti taiyaM aNNANamAhaMsu cutthmev5| ajJAnavAdI ve haiM, jo saMzaya yukta haiM, mithyA bhASaNa karate haiM, aura sat tathA asat kA bheda nahIM jaante| niyuktikAra isake 67 bheda batAte haiN| satya ko asatya, asAdhu ko sAdhu batAne vAle, pUchane para jo vinaya se mokSa (svarga) prApti ke upAya batAte haiM, vinayavAdI kahalAte haiN| niyuktikAra isake 32 bheda batAte haiN| jIva, usakI kriyA, AtmA, karmabaMdha, karmaphala Adi nahIM mAnane vAle akriyAvAdI kahalAte haiN| niyuktikAra isake bhI 84 bheda batAte haiN| ina tInoM kA hI pUrNarUpa se khaMDana kiyA gayA hai| isa prasaMga se bhagavatIsUtra meM varNita pauTTarihAravAda ullekhanIya hai| DA0 pANDeya36 ne isakI vyAkhyA karate hue artha batAyA- pahale se pravRtta athavA prArabdha dehAntara kA dhaarnn| ise akriyAvAda ke samIpa ThaharAyA hai| kriyAvAdI ve haiM, jo jIva Adi padArthoM kA astitva mAnate haiM, niyuktikAra isake bhI 180 bheda batAte haiN| ise aikAntika kriyAvAdI batAte hue niyuktikAra samyak kriyAvAda kI vyAkhyA karate haiM, jisake anusAra loka zAzvata aura azAzvata donoM hai| jIva apane karmoM ke anusAra sukha-duHkha bhogatA hai| saMsAra dustara hai aura tIrthakara hI kriyAvAda ke mArgadarzaka haiN| kriyAvAdiyoM kI prazaMsA karate hue bhI unheM pravrajitoM evaM muniyoM se dIkSA lene yA unake pAsa rahane kI bAta karate haiN| kriyAvAda ke jJAtA ko AtmavAda, lokavAda, karmavAda kA jJAtA bhI batAte haiN|37 itanI prazaMsA ke bAvajUda bhI vidyAM aura AcaraNa se mokSa prApti (vijjAcaraNaM pamokkhaM) batAI gaI hai| ina vAdoM ke atirikta bhI jaina sAhitya meM kucha mata-matAntaroM kI carcA yatratatra dikhAI detI hai| udAharaNa ke lie bahuratavAda (jinake anusAra kArya kI niSpannatA bahuta samayoM meM hotI hai, ata: kriyamANa ko kRta nahIM kahA jA sakatA, jisake pravartaka jamAli the), jIvaprAdezikavAda (eka pradeza bhI kama hone se jIva, jIva nahIM kahA jA sakatA, vaha eka pradeza bhI vastuta: jIva hai, aisA mAnane vAle, isake pravartaka tiSyaguptAcArya the), avyaktavAda (sAre jagat ko avyakta mAnane vAle, isake pravartaka Acarya ASAr3ha mAne gae), sAmucchedikavAda (jinake anusAra nAraka Adi bhAvoM (pratyeka padArtha) kA sampUrNa vinAza hotA hai, isake pravartaka azvamitra mAne jAte the), vaikriyavAda (zItalatA aura uSNatA donoM eka

Page #79
72 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 sAtha hotI hai, aisA mAnane vAle, isake pravartaka gaMgAcArya the), trairAzikavAda (jo jIva, ajIva aura nojIva arthAt jo jIva bhI nahIM, aisI tIna rAziyoM ko mAnane vAle, jisake pravartaka AcArya rohagupta the), abaddhikavAda (karma jIva ke sAtha baMdhatA nahIM, mAtra sAtha rahatA hai, aisA mAnane vAle, goSThAmAhila isake pravartaka the)| inameM se bahuratavAda aura jIva prAdezikavAda ko mahAvIra ke samakAlIna batAyA gayA aura zeSa pA~coM ko mahAvIra nirvANa ke bAda taka batAyA gyaa| inheM nihnava kahA gayA, jinameM se jamAli, rohagupta, goSThAmAhila ke atirikta anya sabhI jaina saMgha meM sammilita ho gae, kintu yaha tIna pRthaka bane rahe, aura inakI paramparA samApta ho gii| sAtoM ke sAtha-sAtha vivaraNa yaha siddha karate haiM, ki sabhI kI paramparA mahAvIra ke samaya pracalita rahI hogii| . - sabhI darzanoM ko asatya aura mithyAbhASI kahate hue jaina sAhitya meM anya vAdoM kI sUcI meM IzvarakartRtvavAda (yaha jagat Izvara ne banAyA hai, aisA mAnane vAle) aura viSNamayavAda (viNhamayaM kasiNameva ya jagaM ti kei) kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai|39 yahI nahIM, mithyA dRSTiyoM dvArA racita zAstra ko bhI jaina sAhitya no AgamabhAvazruta (viparIta buddhi aura bhAva se racita zAstra) kahatA hai, yathAbhArahaM, (mahAbhArata), rAmAyaNaM, bhImAsurUkkaM (bhImAsarokta- jainetara- aMgavidyA kA zAstra), koDillayaM (arthazAstra), ghor3amuhaM (ghoTa mukha, azvAdi pazuoM kA varNana karane vAlA zAstra), sagaDabhaddiAbho (zakaTabhadrikA, zakaTa vyUha ke rUpa meM sainya racanA kI vidhi batAne vAlA zAstra), kappAsiyaM (kAsika-kapAsa se vastra banAne kI vidhi batAne vAlA), nAgasuhuma (nAgasUkSma-sarpa Adi kA varNana karane vAlA zAstra), kaNagasattarI (kanakasaptamI sone Adi kA varNana karane vAlA zAstra), vahasesiyaM (vaizeSika), buddhavayaNaM (buddhavacana), vesiyaM (vaizika- kAmazAstra, vyavasAya kA zAstra), kAvilaM (kapila kA saMkAya), loyAyayaM (lokAyata- bRhaspati racita cArvAka), sadvitaMtaM (SaSThitaMtra-sAMkhya), mADharaM (mAThara zAstra) purANaM (purANa), vAgaraNaM (vyAkaraNa), nADagAdi (nATaka Adi), bAvatari kalAoM (bahatara kalAe~), cattAri ya vedA saMgovaMgA (sAMgopAMga cAra ved)| __ isake atikti mahAvIra ke virodhI tIrthakoM (anya yUthika) kA ullekha bhagavatIsUtra meM bhI prApta hotA hai| yahA~ rAjagRha meM zrAvakoM ke sAtha ina tIrthikoM ke vivAda kA ullekha prApta hotA hai, jahA~ inheM kAlodAyI, zaivAlodAyI, udaya, nAmodaya, narbhodaya, anya pAlaka, zailapAlaka, zaMkhapAlaka, suhasti, gAthApati 2 kahA gyaa| inameM se nAmodaya ko vidvAna42 AjIvakopAsaka batAte haiM, aura kAlodAyI, bauddha upAsaka 3 pratIta hotA hai| zailapAlaka (parvatoM se sambandhita

Page #80
mahAvIra kAlIna mata-matAntara : punarnirIkSaNa : 73 athavA rahane vAle) zaivAlopAsaka (zaivAla se sambandhita), suhasti (hasti se sambandhita), zaMkhapAlaka (sAMkhya se sambandhita, gAthApati (gAthA se sambandhita) Adi kucha samIkaraNa zabdoM kI vyAkhyA avazya kara sakate haiN| bhagavatIsUtra meM mahAvIra ke sAtha jIva, loka, mokSa sambandhI vivAda karane vAle yaha tIrthika bhI dArzanika pratIta hote haiN| yadyapi siddhAntataH yaha sabhI darzana jIvana ke praznoM aura usake samAdhAna meM eka dUsare se sambaddha bhI pratIta hote haiN| anya tIrthakoM kI sUcI meM hI kucha ullekha aura prApta hote haiM jinheM viSayabhogoM meM lIna kahA gyaa| udAharaNa ke lie AraNNiyA (AraNyaka), AvasahiyA (Avasayika) AvAsa banA kara rahane vAle), gAmaMtiyA (grAmantika-grAma meM DerA banAkara rahane vAle), kaNhaIrAhassiyA (gupta sthAnoM meM rahane vaale)44| sabhI prAvAdakoM ko adharmasthAna meM samAviSTa batAte hue adharmasthAna meM manuSyoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA, jo adhArmika, adharmiSTha, pApayukta karmoM se apanI jIvikA upArjita karate haiN|45 dharmasthAna meM anagAra (gRhatyAgI) aparigrahI, dharmazIla, rAgAdi se rahita zramaNa paryAya kA pAlana karate haiN| isake pazcAt mizra pakSa7 (mIsagassa vibhaMge) kA bhI ullekha karate haiM, jisameM aise manuSya hote haiM, jo zramaNovAsagA) hote haiM, aura nigraMtha pravacana kA ullaMghana nahIM karate haiN| isa mArga ko sarvaduHkhoM kA nAza karane vAlA ekatta samyak evaM uttama kahA gyaa|8| ina vivaraNoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki dharma aura mizra sthAna hI ucita mAnA gayA, bAkI sabhI vAda mithyA the| dharma aura mizra sthAnoM meM hI bAra-bAra parivrAjakoM, vAnaprasthI tApasoM, pravajita zramaNoM, brAhmaNa aura kSatriya parivrAjakoM aura zramaNoM kA ullekha jaina sAhitya karatA hai| inake sAtha-sAtha manuSya rUpa meM utpanna kucha nizcita AhAra karane vAle, gautama (Thigane baila ke dvArA pradarzana kara bhikSA mA~gane vAle), gauvratika, (gausevA karane vAle) gRhadharmI (gRhastha),dharmacintaka, aviruddha (vinayAzrita bhaktimArgI), viruddha (akriyAvAdI), vRddhatApasa zrAvakoM ko mRtyu ke uparAnta vAnavyantara devapada prApta hone kA ullekha prApta hotA hai|49 phira vAnaprasthoM kI sUcI meM paiMtIsa vAnaprasthI tApasoM5deg kA ullekha aupapAtika sUtra tathA ar3atIsa vAnaprasthI tApasoM kA ullekha bhagavatIsUtra51 karatA hai| sarvaprathama donoM kA sammilita ullekha dekhate haiM(1) hottiyA (hotRka, havana karane vAle), (2) pottiyA (potrika, vastradhArI), (3) kottiyA (kotRka, bhUmi para zayana karane vAle), (4) jaNNaI (yajJakI, yajJa se jIvana upArjana karane vAle), (5) saDDaI (zrAddhaki), (6) thAlaI (sthanaki, bhojanapAtra rakhane vAle), (7) huMbauTThA (kuMDikAdhArI), (8) daMtukkhaliyA52 (daMtovolUkhalika, dAMtoM ke dvArA cabA kara khAne vAle), (9) ummajjagA (unmajuka,

Page #81
74 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 jala ke Upara taira kara snAna karane vAle), (10) sammajjagA (samajjaka, bArabAra DubakI lagA kara nahAne vAle), (11) nimajjagA (nimajjaka, pAnI meM thor3I dera baiThakara snAna karane vAle), (12) saMpakkhAlA (saMprakSAlaka, miTTI ragar3akara snAna karane vAle), (13) dakkhiNakUlagA (dakSiNakUlaka, gaMgA ke dakSiNa taTa para rahane vAle), (14) uttarakUlagA (uttara kUlaka gaMgA ke uttarI taTa para nivAsa karane vAle), (15) saMkhadhamagA (zaMkhadhmAyaka, zaMkha bajAkara bhojana karane vAle), (16) kUladhamagA (kUlamAyaka, nadI ke kinAre zabda kara bhojana karane vAle), (17) migaluddhagA - (muga-lubdhaka, mRga kA mA~sa khAne vAle), (18) hastitApasahAthI kA mA~sa khAkara jIvana bitAne vAle), (19) udaMDagA (udaNDaka, daNDa ko U~cA kara ghUmane vAle), (20) disApokkhiNo (dizAprokSI, dizAoM meM jala chir3aka kara phala-phUla ekatra karane vAle), (21) vAkaMvAsiNo (vRkSa kI chAla ko vastra kI taraha dhAraNa karane vAle), (22) bilavAsiNo (guphAoM meM rahane vAle), (23) velaMvAsiNo (samudra ke taTa para rahane vAle), (24) jalavAsiNo (pAnI meM nivAsa karane vAle), (25) rukkhamUliyA (vRkSa ke khoha meM nivAsa karane vAle), (26) aMbubhakikkhaNo (jala kA AhAra karane vAle), (27) vAubhakkhiNo (havA kA AhAra karane vAle), (28) sevAlabhakkhiNo (zaivAlabhakSI, zaivAla (vRkSa) kA AhAra karane vAle), (29) mUlAhArA (mUlAhAra-jar3amUla kA AhAra karane vAle), (30) kaMdAhArA (kanda kA AhAra karane vAle), (31) pattAhArA (patrAhAra, pattoM kA AhAra karane vAle), (32) puSpAhAra (puSpa kA AhAra karane vAle), (33) bIyAhArA (bIjAhAra, bIja kA AhAra karane vAle), (34) parisaDiyakaMda mUlataya pattapuSpaphalAhAra (apane Apa gire hue, pRthaka kie kanda, mUla, chAla, patra, puSpa aura phala kA AhAra karane vAle), isake atirikta aupapAtika sUtra, (35) tayAhAra (vRkSa kI chAla kA AhAra karane vAle), aura bhagavatIsUtra meM ... (36) jalAbhiSeka - kihinagAtrA (snAna ke bAda AhAra na lene vAle), (37) aMvuvAsinasa (jala meM rahane vAle), (38) vAyu-vAsinasa (vAyu meM athavA para rahane vAle) ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| punaH bhagavatIsUtra ke isI zataka meM urdhvakaMDUyaka (nAbhi ke Upara ke aMga ko khujalAne vAle) aura adha: kaMDUyaka (nAbhi ke nIce ke aMgoM ko khujalAne vAle) tApasoM kA ullekha hai| yaha sabhI tApasa hastinApura ke rAjA zivarAja ko gaMgA ke taTa para mile| dizAprokSaka tApasa se zikSA aMgIkAra kara kaThina tapa kiyA aura vibhaMga jJAna prApta kara, zivarAja vApasa hastinApura phuNce| apane jJAna aura darzana kA upadeza hastinApura meM dene lge| isI bIca mahAvIra svAmI hastinApura pahu~ce, hastinApuravAsiyoM ne zivarAja RSi kA

Page #82
mahAvIra kAlIna mata-matAntara : punarnirIkSaNa : 75 kathana mahAvIra ko batAyA aura mahAvIra ne use mithyA ghoSita kiyaa| antataH zivarAja RSi mahAvIra kI zaraNa meM cale gae, aura kaThina tapasyA karate hue bhagavAna ke bhakta banane ke bAda siddha, buddha, aura mukta hue| bauddha sAhitya bhI aise AhAra, vrata lene vAle tapasviyoM kA ullekha karatA hai| Adhunika kAla meM bhI kumbha Adi meM ekatrita hue sAdhu saMnyAsI ina vAnaprasthI tApasoM54 kI yAda dilAte haiN| parivrAjaka bhramaNazIla sAdhuoM kA varga thA, jo ghUma-ghUma kara apane jJAna kA pracAra bhI pravacanoM ke mAdhyama se kiyA karatA thaa| bauddha sAhitya aura dharmasUtroM meM bhI inake vivaraNa prApta hote haiN| parivrAjakoM (parivvAyA) kI sUcI batAte hue aupapAtika sUtra likhatA hai - saMkhA (sAMkhya); jogI (yogI); kavilA (maharSi kapila kI paramparA vAle); bhiuvvA (bhRgu RSi kI paramparA vAle); haMsA (kevala bhikSA ke lie gA~va meM Ane vAle), paramahaMsA55, (nadiyoM ke kinAre rahane vAle, aMta samaya meM nagna rahane vAle), bahuudagA (prApta bhogoM ko svIkAra karane vAle) (bahudaka), kulivvayA (kuTicara) (ghara meM rahate hue bhI mAyA, moha, lobha, ahaMkAra kA tyAga karane vAle) nAmaka cAra prakAra ke yati; kanhaparivvAyA (nArAyaNa kI bhakti meM lage kRSNa privraajk)|56 kapila muni ke anusaraNa karane vAle caraka kA ullekha bhI jaina sAhitya57 karatA hai| bauddha sAhitya jaina sAhitya kI tulanA meM parivrAjakoM kA ullekha adhika karatA hai, unake 'ArAmoM' (nivAsa sthala) ke bhI kaI ullekha bauddha sAhitya meM prApta hote haiM, bauddha sAhitya parivrAjaka bhikSaoM ke nAma kA ullekha karatA hai to jaina sAhitya tulanAtmaka dRSTi se parivrAjakoM ke adhika prakAra batAtA hai| aupapAtika sUtra isI sandarbha meM ATha brAhmaNa parivrAjakoM- karNa, karakaNTa, ambaDa, pArAzara, kRSNa, dvaipAyana, devagupta aura nArada kA ullekha karatA hai| inameM se ambaDa kA sandarbha bAra-bAra prApta hotA hai| yahA~ taka ki dIghanikAya meM ambaTTha sutta bhI ambaDa kI lokapriyatA batAtA hai| yahAM vizeSa yaha hai ki kSatriya parivrAjakoM kA ullekha karate hue zIladhI, zazidhara, nagnaka, bhagnaka, videha, rAjarAja, rAjarAma aura bala kA nAma bhI prApta hotA hai| aura bhI vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki donoM hI veda, itihAsa, vyAkaraNa, nighaNTu Adi ke jJAtA batAe gae haiN| brAhmaNa aura kSatriya parivrAjakoM kI paramparA to upaniSadoM meM bhI prApta hotI hai| sambhavata: ye parivrAjaka saMsAra chor3ane vAle sAdhu na the, ve ghUma-dhUma kara bastiyoM ke pAsa hI rahate the, jinase ki inakA jIvikopArjana hotA rahe aura badale meM ye samAja ko jJAna diyA karate the| ina parivrAjakoM ko jJAna honA Avazyaka thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki aupapAtika sUtra58 inheM cAroM vedoM, itihAsa, nighaNTu kA jJAtA

Page #83
76 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 batAtA hai| inheM vedAMgoM meM paripakva batAtA hai| ye parivrAjaka dAna, zauca, AcAra zAstra kA pAlana karate hue vicaraNa karate the| inheM vizeSa prakAra ke niyamoM kA pAlana karanA par3atA thaa| parivrAjakoM ke lie jina niyamoM kA prAvadhAna jaina sUtra batalAte haiM, vaha bhI zramaNoM ke niyamoM se kama nahIM haiN| viparIta paristhitiyoM meM bhI ye parivrAjaka tapa chor3ane ke lie taiyAra nahIM the| mahAvIra svAmI ke samparka meM Ane para bhI yaha parivrAjaka zramaNopAsaka hI bane rheNge| ambaDa ke prasaMga meM ullekha milatA hai ki kaThina tapa, sAdhanA ke bAda bhI parivrAjaka rahate hue vaha zramaNa nahIM bana pAyA aura dUsarA janma lekara sAdhanA karanI par3I, taba zramaNa paramparA meM dIkSita huaa|59 pravrajita zramaNoM kA ullekha bhI jaina sAhitya sthAna-sthAna para karatA hai| jo manuSya rUpa meM utpanna hote haiM aura pravrajita hokara dhIre-dhIre aneka rUpa meM zramaNa bana jAte haiM, jaise kaMdappiyA-kAndarpika (hAsa parihAsa karane vAle), kukkuiyAkaukucika (bhA~DoM kI taraha kutsita ceSTA karane vAle), mohariyA-maukharika (UTapaTAMga bolane vAle), gIyara ippiyA, gItaratipriya (gAne meM atyadhika ruci rakhane vAle), naccaNasIlA nartanazIla (nAcane vAle)60; Ayariya-paDiNIyA pratyanIka (AcArya virodhI), uvajjhAyapaDiNiyA-upAdhyAya-pratyanIka (upAdhyAya ke virodhI), kulakaDiNIkula pratyanIka (kula ke virodhI), gaNapaDiNIyA- gaNapratyanIka (gaNa ke virodhI), Ayariya uvajjhAyANaM- ayasakAragA AcArya aura upAdhyAya ke ayazaskara apayaza karane vAle), avaNNakAragA-avarNakAraka (avarNakAraka, avarNavAda bolane vAle), akittikArayA-akIrtikAraka (nindA karane vAle)61; attukosiyA-AtmotkarSaka apanA utkarSa dikhAne vAle, paraparivAiyA- paraparivAdaka (dUsaroM kI nindA karane vAle), bhUikammiyA- bhUtikarmika (jvara, upadrava Adi bAdhAoM ko zAnta karane hetu bhasma Adi dene vAle), bhujjobhujjo kouyakAraNA-kautukAraka (bhAgyodaya Adi ke nimitta camatkArika bAte karane vaale)62|| inake atikti bAlapaMDita3 (bAlapaMDiya- sad-asad viveka se rahita hote hue bhI svayaM ko paMDita mAnane vAle); caNDidevaga (zikhAdhArI), dagasoyariya (kisI ke dvArA chue jAne para causaTha bAra snAna karane vAle) dhammaciMtaka (dharmagraMtha par3hane vAle), giyarai (saMgIta aura prema meM ruci rakhane vAle), goma (choTe baila ko koDiyoM se sajA, bhikSA mAMgane vAle, cAvala khAne vAle ), gauvaiyA (gAya kI taraha ghAsa va patte khAkara, gAya ke pIche-pIche ghUmane vAle), kammArabhikkhu (mUrti lekara zobhAyAtrA nikAlane vAle), kucciya (mUMcha, dAr3I rakhane vAle), paraparivAiya (anya bhikSuoM kI nindA karane vAle), pinDolaga (gaMde rahane vAle), sasarakkha

Page #84
mahAvIra kAlIna mata-matAntara : punarnirIkSaNa : 77 (naMge rahane vAle, hAtha kA cullU banAkara bhikSA lene vAle), vaNimago (adhika vinayI bana bhikSA mA~gane vAle, jo apane Apako zAkya kA ziSya batAte haiM), vAribhadraka (pAnI aura zaivAla (kAI) para nirbhara rahane vAle, jo sAre samaya nahAne aura dhone meM lage rahate haiM), vArikhala (apane pAtra ko miTTI se bAraha bAra dhone vAle)64 Adi anya sAdhuoM ke varga kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai| jaina sAhitya meM ina tIrthikoM ke lie 'pAsaMDa' zabda kA bhI prayoga kiyA gyaa| anuyogadvAra sUtra meM jinezvara kI AjJA na mAnane vAle, Avazyaka padoM ko na samajhane vAle ko kuprAvacanika dravyAvazyaka kI sUcI meM rakhA gayA aura una pASaNDoM ko katIrthaka kahA gyaa| jaise caraga (caraga-samudAya rUpa meM ekatrita ho bhikSA mA~gane vAle), cIriga (cIrika-cithar3oM ko pahanane vAle), cammakhaMDiya (carmakhaMDika- camar3e ke vastra pahanane vAle), bhicchaMhaga (bhikSoNDaka-bhikSA se prApta anna se udaraparti karane vAle), paMDuraMga (pANDuraMga, zarIra para bhasma kA lepa lagAne vAle), gautama (gautamabaila ko kor3iyA~ pahanA kara bhikSA mA~gane vAle), govvatiya (grovratika-gocaryA kA anukaraNa karane vAle), gihidhamma (gahidharmA- gRhastha dharma ko zreyaskara mAnane vAle), dhammaciMtaga (dharmaciMtaka-dharmazAstra ke anusAra vyavahAra karane vAle),aviruddha, viruddha, kavaDa- sAvaga65 (jinakA ullekha anyatra bhI haA hai)| anuyogadvAra sUtra meM hI Age prazna kiyA gayA, ki 'se kiM taM pAsaMDanAme'? arthAt pASaNDanAma kA kyA svarUpa hai? aura uttara meM pASaNDa nAma ke svarUpa meM zramaNa, pANDuraMga, bhikSu, kApAlika, tApasa aura parivrAjaka ke svarUpa6 kA ullekha kiyA gyaa| bauddha sAhitya meM usa samaya 'jaTila' brAhmaNa tapasviyoM kA ullekha bhI kaI sthAnoM meM milatA hai, kintu jaina sAhitya meM isakA sandarbha (yA nAma) nahIM prApta hotA hai| __itane vistAra se bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke dhArmika va dArzanika vibhAjanoM ke bAda bhI jaina sAhitya bArabAra zramaNa aura brAhmaNa (samaNa-mAhaNa) kA ullekha karatA hai| inheM kaI bAra gRhasthoM kI bhA~ti citta, acitta, kAma, bhogoM meM lipta bhI batAyA gyaa|67 cAra prakAra ke brahmaNa zramaNoM kI kathA majhimanikAya ke nivApasutta68 meM bhI prApta hotI hai| inake atirikta mukta, siddha, anagAra zramaNa athavA nigraMtha zramaNoM kA vivaraNa to jaina sAhitya ke vivaraNoM kA mukhya kendra hI hai| sabhI vargoM kA ullekha karate hue 15 saMjJA sUtroM69 ke dvArA1. loka aura aloka ke sandarbha meM sarvazUnyatAvAdiyoM kA khaNDana 2. jIva aura ajIva ke sandarbha meM paMcamahAbhUtavAdiyoM kA khaNDana 3. dharma aura adharma ke sandarbha meM svabhAvavAdiyoM kA khaNDana

Page #85
78 zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2006 4. baMdha aura mokSa ke sandarbha meM sAMkhyavAdiyoM kA khaNDana 5. puNya aura pApa ke sandarbha meM anya kaI tIrthikoM kA khaNDana 6. Azrava aura saMvara ke saMdarbha meM anya kaI tIrthikoM kA khaNDana 7. vedanA aura nirjarA ke saMdarbha meM anya kaI tIrthikoM kA khaNDana 8. kriyA aura akriyA ke sandarbha meM sAMkhyavAdiyoM aura bauddhoM kA khaNDana 9. krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha ke sandarbha meM anya kaI tIrthikoM kA khaNDana 10. rAga aura dveSa 11. deva aura devI 12. naraka, tiryaJca, manuSya aura deva, cAra gatiyA~ 13. siddhi, asiddhi aura AtmA kI siddhi : 14. sAdhu aura asAdhu 15. kalyANa aura pApa ke sandarbha meM uparokta sabhI darzanoM ko nAstika mithyAtvI aura anAcArasevI btaayaa| yadi darzana aura zramaNa paramparA donoM ko eka sAtha rakheM, to jaina sAhitya meM sarvAdhika ullekha hai, makkhaligozAla, saMjaya, sAMkhya, brAhmaNa, hastitApasa, AjIvaka evaM ambaDa parivrAjaka kaa| ina sabhI ke sAtha mahAvIra svAmI ke vAdavivAda kA ullekha karate hue nigraMtha paramparA kI zreSThatA ghoSita kI gii| - isa prakAra isa lekha kA yogadAna yaha hai ki jo tatkAlIna sampradAyoM ke nAma yatra-tatra prApta ho rahe the, unheM eka sthAna para ekatra kiyA gyaa| yadi varNita nAmoM kI ginatI kI jAe to yaha lagabhaga eka sau pacAsa ke Asa-pAsa ThaharatI hai| sambhAvanA yaha ho sakatI hai, ki jaina bhikSu tatkAlIna sampradAyoM ke adhika samparka meM Ae hoMge, aura jitane adhika se unakA dhArmika mata vibheda huA, unakA unhoMne ullekha kiyaa| adhika se adhika saMkhyA, unake adhika se adhika prabhAva ko batAtI hai| yaha bhI sambhava hai, Aja ke vaizyoM kI taraha adhika se adhika gaNanAe~ batAne meM jaina sAhitya bhI ruci rakhatA ho / sabhI varga vaidika yajJa aura karmakANDa kA virodhI pratIta hotA hai, para inameM sabase prabala dhArA bauddha aura jaina dharmAvalambiyoM kI thii| yaha virodha kinhIM bhI paristhitiyoM meM brAhmaNa varga kA nahIM thaa| jaina sAhitya bAra-bAra zramaNa aura brAhmaNa (mAhaNa) ko eka dUsare ke

Page #86
mahAvIra kAlIna mata-matAntara : punarnirIkSaNa : 79 najadIka batAtA hai| mAhaNa aura samaNa-mAhaNa donoM hI varga aisA thA, jisake prati mahAvIra zaMkAlu hone ke bAvajUda zraddhA bhAva rakhate the| dharma vicAra ke sandarbha meM zramaNa evaM brAhmaNa ko eka sA vicAra rakhane vAlA batAyA gyaa|70 ina sthAnoM para zramaNa brAhmaNa (samaNa mAhaNa) eka sAtha likhA huA prApta hotA hai, dUsare sthAnoM para donoM zabda alaga-alaga (samaNaM vA mAhaNaM vA)1 varNita haiN| kaI vivaraNa aise bhI pratIta hote haiM, mAno 'samaNa' zabda 'mAhaNa' kI upAdhi rUpa meM prayukta huA ho (samaNa-mAhaNa sAraMbhA spriggaahaa...)|72 jisa prakAra nigraMtha zramaNa ke lie samaNANaM NiggaMthANaM73 zabda prayukta huA, usI prakAra brAhmaNa zramaNa ke lie samaNa mAhaNA zabda prayukta huA thaa| kahane kA tAtparya hai ki ve brAhmaNa jo zramaNa the, aura ve yadi zramaNa payArya kA pAlana karate rahe to dhIre-dhIre nigraMtha zramaNa kI zreNI meM A jaaeNge| tatkAlIna samAja meM brAhmaNa kA varcasva abhI-bhI banA huA thA, unake jJAna ne mahAvIra ko bhI apanI ora AkarSita kiyA thaa| ve brAhmaNa jo tapa ke mArga para calane vAle the, zramaNa payArya kA pAlana kara rahe the, vaidika jJAna (karmakANDa nahIM), bhASA (prAkRta, mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI Adi) se sampanna the, unheM mahAvIra svAmI ke upadezoM ne AkarSita kiyaa| jaina dharma ke rUpa meM unheM apane vyaktigata aura sArvajanika vikAsa kA avasara prApta huA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki mahAvIra ke prAraMbhika gaNadhara brAhmaNa the| jinhoMne mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko saMgrahIta kiyA, aura bhASA meM baaNdhaa| dUsarI ora jaina dharma ke vikAsa aura prasAra meM bhI yogadAna diyaa| Aja bhI anekoM jaina muni brAhmaNa varga ke haiN| ___ apanI dhArmika naitika vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa bhI zramaNa aura brAhmaNa eka dUsare ke najadIka the, na ki virodhii|74 aisI hI avadhAraNA mahAsIhanAda sutta5 ke vivaraNoM se prApta hotI hai| prApta vivaraNoM se spaSTa hai ki sabhI bhikSuoM ke lie sabase Avazyaka thaa'tp'| bhikSaoM ke vargoM kA vibhAjana bhI bAhma tapa ke AdhAra para hI dRSTigata hotA hai| Antarika tapa ke mAdhyama se adhikAMzata: varga mokSa ke lie tatpara thA, jo mokSa ke lie tatpara nahIM thA, vaha bhinna prakAra ke jAdU-Tone-tapa Adi karatA huA eka cintaka na hokara sAmAnya (Aja ke DhoMgI bAbAoM kI taraha) sAdhu thA, jisane jIvikopArjana ke lie yaha mArga apanAyA thaa| chaThI zatAbdI IsA pUrva kA bhArata Arthika aura rAjanaitika dRSTi se bhI eka parivartita sthita kA yuga thaa| loha kA prayoga, kRSi yogya bhUmi kA vistAra, vyApAra kA prasAra, rAjyoM aura mahArAjyoM ke udaya ne samAja ke bahuta bar3e varga ko dharma aura darzana se jodd'aa| kucha varga apanI

Page #87
80 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 AvazyakatA ke lie parivrAjaka athavA tApasa bana gaye, aura isameM usakI bhaugolika sthiti ne bhI madada kii| jaise jala meM rahane vAle hI kaI prakAra ke tApasa dharma to apanA liye, para apanI jana jAtIya paramparAe~ nahIM chor3a pAe, jaise hastitApasa evaM migaluddhagA aadi| Arthika dRSTi se sampanna hue logoM ko yaha parivrAjaka apane upadezoM se AsAnI se lubhA lete the| muni, yati, parivrAjaka, tApasa, zramaNa, brAhmaNa sabhI paramparAe~ vaidika yuga meM bhI vidyamAna thIM, badalate pariveza kA inheM lAbha milaa| saMkhyA adhika se adhika batA kara jaina sAhitya ne sabhI mithyAvAdiyoM para jaina nigraMthavAda kI sthApanA kara apanI zreSThatA ghoSita kii| dUsarI ora kucha nAmoM kI vyAkhyA zodha kA viSaya ho sakatI hai| udAharaNa ke lie hstitaaps| hastitApasa vaha bhikSu varga pratIta hotA hai, jisake pAsa saMpatti rUpa meM (dAna meM hI prApta) hAthI athavA hAthiyoM kA samUha rahA hogA, aura jo zreSTha, gaNa, rAjakIya prazraya meM rahane vAle bauddha aura jaina bhikSuoM ke lie pratispardhA kA varga rahA hogaa| punazcaH mahAvIra kAlIna mata-matAntaroM kA vivaraNa yaha prazna utpanna karatA hai ki kyA upayoga meM lAe gae sAkSya tatkAlIna haiM? jisa prakAra vaidika sAhitya kA saMkalana bahuta bAda meM huA mAnA jAtA hai, usI prakAra jo upalabdha jaina sAhitya hai, usakA saMkalana 'vallabhI vAcanA' ke pariNAma svarUpa huA hai| paramparAnusAra mahAvIra nirvANa ke lagabhaga 980 varSa bAda vallabhI meM devarddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa dvArA jo muni sammelana kiyA gayA, usameM lagabhaga 45-46 graMthoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA, jo Aja bhI pracalita haiN| jo graMtha isa lekha meM sAkSya rUpa meM upayoga meM lie gae, ve ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke graMtha haiN|bhaassaashaastriyoN ke matAnusAra yaha graMtha dvitIya zatAbdI IsvI ke bAda kI racanAe~ haiN| inameM bhI sUtrakRtAMga bhASA kI dRSTi se prAcInatama pratIta hotA hai, aura anuyogadvAra sUtra kAphI prvrtii| yadi kAlakrama kI dRSTi se dekhA jAe to yaha vivaraNa lagabhaga dvitIya zatAbdI IsvI se lekara sAtavI-AThavIM zatAbdI IsvI ke siddha ho skeNge| kintu vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki adhikAMza vivaraNa gautama gaNadhara aura mahAvIra svAmI ke bIca hue vArtAlApa aura tatkAlIna tIrthikoM kA ullekha karate haiN| anya jo tatkAlIna sAmagrI rAjanaitika jIvana kI prApta hotI hai, use itihAsakAra chaThI zatAbdI IsvI pUrva kA ThaharAte haiM, to isa dRSTi se anya vivaraNoM ko bhI chaThI zatAbdI IsvI kA mAnA jA sakatA hai| anya sAkSya, jaise ki bauddha sAhitya Adi bhI ina vivaraNoM kA sthAna-sthAna para samarthana karate haiN|

Page #88
mahAvIra kAlIna mata-matAntara : punarnirIkSaNa : 81 kRtajJatA-jJApana lekha ke lie die gae mahattvapUrNa sujhAvoM ke lie maiM pro0 rAma svarUpa jI mizra (bhUtapUrva adhyApaka, itihAsa evaM bhAratIya saMskRti vibhAga, rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya, jayapura) evaM pro0 kamala canda sogAnI (bhUtapUrva adhyApaka, darzana vibhAga, sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura) ke prati apanI kRtajJatA-jJApita karatI huuN| sandarbha : 1. suttapiTake-dIghanikAyo-1,sIlakkhandhavaggapAli, vipazyanA vizodhana vinyAsa, igatapurI, 1993, pRSTha-2,3; nAlandA deva nAgarI-1 pAli sirIja, dIghanikAya, bhikSu jagadIza kazyapa dvArA sampAdita, pRSTha 6. 2. sutta piTake, uparokta, pRSTha 149. 3. nAlandA uparokta, pRSTha 49. 4. nAlandA uparokta, pRSTha 66. 5. The History and Literature of Buddhism, Calcutta, 1962, pRSTha 120. 6. Upara varNita vAdoM meM yaha nAma prApta nahIM hai| 7. A history of pre-Buddhistic Indian philosophy, Delhi, 1970, pRSTha 278-279; yadyapi pro0 govinda canda pANDe isa mata se sahamata nahIM haiM, Studies in the Origins of Buddhism, Allahabad, 1951, pRSTha 345 / 8. sutta piTake, uparokta, dIghanikAya-1, pRSTha 54. 9. nivApasutta, dharmAnanda kozAmbI, bhagavAna buddhaH jIvana aura darzana, ilAhAbAda, 1982, pRSTha 86 meM varNita, yaha AtmavAdI nizcita hI jaina athavA brAhmaNa mata vAle zramaNa the| 10. dharmAnanda kozAmbI, uparokta, pRSTha 175. 11. kassapasiMhanAda sutta, dIgha nikAya, bhAga 2, pRSTha 210-220, rIz2a DeviDsa anuvAda, oNksaphorDa yUnirvasiTI presa, yahA~ bhI sabhI bhikSuoM kI bAhya AcaraNa kA bheda adhika mahattvapUrNa hai|

Page #89
82 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2006 aMka 90, 12. sUtrakRtAMga, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, jinAgama granthamAlA, 1982, dvitIya zrutaskaMdha, dvitIya adhyayana, sUtra 717, pRSTha 100. 13. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, uparokta, dvitIya zrutaskaMdha, dvitIya adhyayana, sUtra 718, pRSTha 100. 14. uparokta, prathama zrutaskaMdha, prathama adhyayana, sUtra 7-8, pRSTha 20, yadyapi sAMkhya aura vaizeSika bhI paMcamahAbhUta ko mAnate haiM, para saba kucha nahIM mAnate haiN| isalie vidvAna ise lokAyatoM kA mata mAnate haiN| 15. uparokta, prathama zrutaskaMdha, prathama adhyayana, sUtra 9-10, pRSTha 23. 16. uparokta, prathama zrutaskaMdha, prathama adhyayana, sUtra 11-12 pRSTha 25. 17. uparokta, prathama zrutaskaMdha, prathama adhyayana, sUtra 13 14 pRSTha 28. 18. sAMkhya darzana kI bhA~ti, isake anusAra AtmA amUrta, kUTasthanitya aura sarvavyApI hai| 19. sUtrakRtAMga, uparokta, prathama zrutaskaMdha, adhyayana eka sUtra 17 - 18 pRSTha 35. . bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda se mela khAtA hai jisake anusAra pA~co se bhinna AtmA nAma kA koI padArtha nahIM hai| 22. 23. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, uparokta, prathama zrutaskaMdha, adhyayana eka sUtra 18-26 pRSTha 40. 24. yaha bhI kSaNikavAda kA eka rUpa hai| 25. sUtrakRtAMga, uparokta, prathama zrutaskaMdha, dvitIya adhyayana, sUtra 1-5 pRSTha 43. 26. yaha vAda AjivakoM ke nikaTa hai| 27. sUtrakRtAMga, prathama zrutaskaMdha, dvitIya adhyayana, sUtra 6- 23, pRSTha 48-50. 28. sUtrakRtAMga, prathama zrutaskaMdha, dvitIya adhyayana, sUtra 24 29, pRSTha 25. 29. bauddha dharma ke akriyAvAda kI bhA~ti / 30. sUtrakRtAMga, prathama zrutaskaMdha, adhyayana tIna sUtra 5-10, pRSTha 65-67. 31. aise mata upaniSadoM, sUtroM, smRtiyoM, sAMkhya sabhI meM dRSTigata hote haiN| 32. sUtrakRtAMga, prathama zrutaskaMdha, adhyayana tIna sUtra 11 12, pRSTha 77. 33. bauddha, AjIvaka, vaiSNava paramparA ke nikaTa pratIta hote haiN| 34. sUtrakRtAMga, prathama zrutaskaMdha, caturtha adhyayana, sUtra 5-6, gAthA, 80-81.

Page #90
mahAvIra kAlIna mata-matAntara : punarnirIkSaNa : 83 35. sUtrakRtAMga, prathama zrutaskaMdha, bArahavA~ adhyayana, sUtra 1,2,3,4 gAthA 535 548. 36. DaoN0 govinda canda pANDe, bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, lakhanaU, 1976, pRSTha 35. 37. sUtrakRtAMga, uparokta bArahavA~ adhyayana, zIlAMkavRtti patrAMka 222 se 223, pRSTha 409, gAthA 545, vidvAna kriyAvAda ko svabhAvavAda ke nikaTa batAte haiM, kintu isameM mata-matAntara hai| 38. aupapAtika sUtra, jinAgama graMthamAlA, graMthAMka 13, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, rAjasthAna, pRSTha 155. 39. praznavyAkaraNa sUtra, sanmati jJAnapITha, 1973, sUtra saM0 7, pRSTha 156, dvitIya adhyyn| 40. anuyogadvAra sUtra, jinAgama graMtha mAlA, aMka 28, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti byAvara, prakAzita, sUtra, pRSTha 36. 41. zrIbhagavatI sUtram, vIrANI smAraka TrasTa, vyAkhyA-zrI kanhaiyAlAla jI mahArAja, akhila bhAratIya zvetAmbara sthAnaka jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, 1965, zataka 6, uddezka 10; abhidhAna rAjendra meM inheM anya yUthikoM kI sUcI meM rakhA gayA hai| kintu inakA vizeSa artha nahIM batAyA gyaa| 42. jogendra candra sikadara, sTaDIja ina da bhagavatI sUtra, prAkRta jaina iMsTiTyUTa risarca pablikezana sirIja, mujjapharapura, 1964, bhAga prathama, pRSTha 455. 43. sara moniyara moniyara viliyamsa, a saMskRta iMgliza DikzanarI, dillI 1976, pRSTha 277. 44. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, dvitIya zrutaskaMdha, dvitIya adhyayana, sUtra saM0 706, pRSTha 66. 45. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, dvitIya zrutaskandha, dvitIya adhyayana, sUtra 713, pRSTha 92. 46. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, dvitIya zrutaskandha, dvitIya adhyayana, sUtra 714, pRSTha 93. 47. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, uparokta, dvitIya zrutaskandha, dvitIya adhyayana, sUtra 715, pRSTha 97. 48. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, dvitIya, zrutaskandha, dvitIya adhyayana, sUtra 716, pRSTha 98. 49. aupapAtika sUtra, uparokta, sUtra saMkhyA 73, pRSTha 124. 50. aupapAtika sUtra, sUtra saMkhyA 74, pRSTha 125. 51. bhagavatI sUtra, zataka 11, uddezaka 9.

Page #91
84 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 52. rAmAyaNa, paMDita pustakAlaya, kAzI, 1951, araNyakANDa, SaSThasarga, zloka 2-6 meM bhI daMtilukhalim aura unmajjaka sAdhuoM kA ullekha milatA hai| aneka prakAra kI tapasyA karane vAle muniyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| vaikhanasA, vAlakhilyAH saMprakSAlA marIcipAH / azmakuTTAzcavahataH patrAhArazca tApasAH / / dantolUkhanilazcaiva, tathaivonmajjakAH pare / gAtrazayyA azayyAzca tapaivAnavakAzikAH / / munayaH salilAhArA vAyubhakSAstathApare / AkAzanilayAzcaiva tathA sthaNDilazAyinaH / / tatholavAsino dAntAstathApaTavAsasaH / sajapAzca taponityAstathA paJcatapo'nvitAH / / sarve brAhyayAzriyA juSTA dRDhayogAH samAhitAH / zarabhaGgAzrame rAmamabhijagmuzca tApasAH / / arthAt vaikhAnasa (vAnaprasthI tApasa), bAlakhilya (aMgUThe ke barAbara AkAra vAle RSi), saMprakSAlya (sadAsnAnazIla), marIcipa (candra sUrya kI kiraNeM pIne vAle), azmakuTTa (patthara se zarIra kUTa kara Atmadamana karane vAle), patrAhAra (patte khAne vAle), dantolUkhalI (dA~toM ko ukhala banAkara kAma lene vAle), unmajjaka (jala meM khar3e hokara tapasyA karane vAle), gAtrazayya (baiThe-baiThe sone vAle), abhrAvakAza (sadA AkAza ke nIce rahane vAle), salilahAra (kevala jala pIkara rahane vAle), vAyubhakSa (vAyu pIkara rahane vAle), AkAza nilaya (vRkSa para nivAsa karane vAle), sthANDilazAyI (cabUtare para sone vAle), urdhvavAsI (parvata-zikhara vAsI), dAnta (indriya damanazIla), ArdrapaTavAsI (gIle vastra pahanane vAle), sajapa (sadA japa meM rahane vAle), taponiSTha (sadA vedAdhyayana meM saMlagna), paJcatapo'nvita (paMcAgni tApane vAle), sabhI brAhmI zrI se sampanna yoga se mana ko vaza karane vAle haiN...| 53. lalitavistara meM bhI aise sAdhuoM ko hastivrata kahA gayA, aupapAtika sUtra, uparokta prastAvanA, pRSTha 31 para vrnnit| 54. 'vAnaprasthI tApasa' zabda bhI apane Apa meM mahattvapUrNa hai| yaha kyA saMnyAsiyoM se bhinna hai? yaha saMsAra chor3e hue saMnyAsiyoM se pahale kI sIr3hI hai| 55. Aja bhI kAzI meM naMge ghUmane vAle bAbA paramahaMsa kahalAte haiN| 56. aupapAtika sUtra, uparokta, sUtra saMkhyA 76, pRSTha 129. 57. anuyogadvAra sUtra, jinAgama graMthamAlA, aMka 28, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1987,sUtra saMkhyA 21; bhagavatI sUtra, zataka 1, uddezaka 2, sUtra 25.

Page #92
- zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 janavarI-mArca 2006 jaina dharma ke jIvana mUlyoM kI prAsaGgikatA dulIcanda jaina* - - Aja sArA vizva hiMsA, tanAva evaM AtaMkavAda se grasta hai| yadyapi vijJAna evaM praudyogikI ke AzAtIta vikAsa ke kAraNa manuSya ko bahuta sArI suvidhAe~ evaM ArAma ke sAdhana prApta hue haiM para kahIM na kahIM hama kucha kamI mahasUsa kara rahe haiN| Aja manuSya kA mana tanAva se grasta hai, eka vyakti se dUsare vyakti ke madhya sambandhoM meM saMkucitatA AI hai tathA manuSya aura adhika svakeMdrita ho gayA hai| bhautika saMsAdhanoM ke vikAsa ke sAtha manuSya ke hRdaya kA bhI vikAsa honA cAhiye thA para vaha huA nhiiN| ata: vizva ke zreSTha cintaka evaM vicAraka isa bAta para gambhIratA se vicAra karane lage haiM ki vAstavika sukha, zAnti evaM sauhArda ke lie jIvana mUlyoM kA pracAra honA cAhiye tathA mUlya hamAre jIvana ke abhinna aMga banane caahiye| sUrata kA ghoSaNA-patra do varSa pUrva dinAMka 15-10-2003 ko hamAre rASTrapati DaoN0 e0pI0je0 abdula kalAma ne sUrata meM eka bhavya dhArmika sammelana meM bhAga liyA, jisameM 15 dharmoM ke zreSTha pratinidhi sammilita hue the| rASTrapati ne apane abhibhASaNa meM batAyA ki pratyeka dharma ke do aMga hote haiM, pahalA jo kriyAkANDamUlaka hotA hai, jo sAdhu-saMtoM dvArA sthApita hotA hai tathA dUsarA jo jIvana ke naitika evaM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM para AdhArita hotA hai, jise hama acchA jIvana jIne kI zailI bhI kaha sakate haiN| yaha jo dUsarA aMga hai, usake bAre meM sabhI dharmoM ne kahA ki vaha dayA aura prema para AdhArita hai| sarata ke isa ghoSaNA-patra para 15 dharmoM ke pratinidhiyoM ke hastAkSaroM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki sabhI dharmoM ke naitika mUlyoM meM ekarUpatA hai| isa sammelana ne yaha siddha bhI kiyA ki sabhI dharmoM ne milakara hI dayA aura pyAra ke pula kA nirmANa kiyA hai / sUrata ke isa AdhyAtmika sammelana meM 5 yojanAoM kI bhI ghoSaNA kI gaI, jise sabhI dharmoM ke pratinidhiyoM ne svIkAra kiyaa| ye pA~ca yojanAeM haiM :*dulIcanda jaina, saciva, jaina vidyA zodha saMsthAna, 70, zambudAsa sTrITa, cennaI

Page #93
86 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 1) sabhI dharmoM ke utsavoM ke sAmUhika Ayojana 2) vibhinna dharmoM dvArA samAja sevA ke sammilita kAryakrama 3) sarvadharma saMgoSThiyoM kA Ayojana 4) zikSA ke dvArA sabhI dharmoM ke mAnane vAloM meM ekatA kA bhAva lAnA 5) rASTrIya stara para eka svataMtra saMgaThana kA nirmANa jo dhArmika evaM AdhyAtmika netAoM, vidvAnoM evaM jAgarUka nAgarikoM dvArA saMcAlita ho| isa prakAra isa sammelana meM ghoSaNA kI gaI ki AdhyAtmika mUlyoM dvArA * bhArata ko eka vikasita rASTra ke rUpa meM parivartita karane kA prayAsa kiyA jaayegaa| vizva meM zAnti ke prayAsa / saMyukta rASTra saMgha (yU0ena0o0) sAre vizva meM zAnti kI sthApanA kA prayAsa kara rahA hai| isake ghoSaNA-patra meM likhA hai ki jisa prakAra yuddha kA prArambha manuSya ke mana meM hotA hai, usI prakAra zAnti kI saMrakSA kA kArya bhI manuSya ke mana meM utpanna honA caahiye| saMyukta rASTra saMgha kA hI eka mahattvapUrNa aMga hai -yUnesko (United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organisaiton) 57 zikSA, samAja tathA saMskRti ke vikAsa kA kArya karatA hai| apane prastAva saMkhyA 52/15 dvArA yUnesko ne varSa 2000 ko zAnti kI saMskRti kA aMtarrASTrIya varSa ghoSita kiyaa| usake bAda prastAva saMkhyA 53/12 dvArA 2001 se 2010 kI dazAbdi ko "vizva ke bAlaka-bAlikAoM ke lie zAnti evaM ahiMsA kI dazAbdi" ghoSita kiyaa| isI saMsthA ke dvArA prati varSa vizva meM sarvAdhika zAnti kA pracAra karane vAle vyakti ko "nobala zAnti puraskAra" dvArA sammAnita kiyA jAtA hai| san 1901 se prArambha hue isa puraskAra dvArA aba taka 102 vyaktiyoM ko sammAnita kiyA jA cukA hai| hAla hI ke varSoM meM jina mahattvapUrNa vyaktiyoM ko sammAnita kiyA gayA unameM mArTina lUtharakiMga, henarI kisiMgara, madara TeresA, mikhAila gorabAceva, nelasana maMDelA, yAssara arAphAta, kophI annAna evaM jimmi kArTara kA nAma sammilita hai| sana 2002 meM yUnesko ne "nobala zAnti puraskAra" prApta vyaktiyoM se pUchA ki vizva meM zAnti aura ahiMsA kI sthApanA ke lie Apake kyA sujhAva haiN| zAnti ke masIhA ina vyaktiyoM ne kahA ki zAnti kI sthApanA ke lie Avazyaka hai ki bAlyakAla se hI vidyArthiyoM ke jIvana meM kucha mUlyoM kA pracAra kiyA jaay| unhoMne jina jIvana-mUlyoM ke pracAra para vizeSa jora diyA, unameM se mukhya nimna haiM :

Page #94
jaina dharma ke jIvana mUlyoM kI prAsaGgikatA : 87 1) sabhI jIvoM ke prati sammAna (Reverence for all form of life), hiMsA kI samApti tathA sahI zikSA, paraspara sahayoga evaM bAtacIta dvArA ahiMsA ko vyavahAra meM lAnA 2) mAnavIya adhikAroM ke sammAna kA bhAva 3) lar3AI-jhagar3oM kA zAntipUrNa tarIkoM se hala 4) strI aura puruSa ko samAna adhikAra tathA sammAna 5) sabhI rASTroM meM svataMtratA, nyAya, lokataMtra, sahiSNutA tathA sahayoga kI bhAvanA kA pracAra 6) una mUlyoM tathA jIvana zailiyoM kA vikAsa, jisake dvArA vyaktiyoM, samUhoM evaM rASTroM meM zAnti kA vikAsa ho 7) rASTroM ke bIca jAti, varNa, raMga Adi kA bhedabhAva samApta karanA 8) mAnavIya jIvana-mUlyoM kA pracAra jaina dharma ke jIvana mUlya uparokta vivecana ke sandarbha meM aba hama jaina dharma ke jIvana-mUlyoM kI prAsaMgikatA para vicAra kareM ki Aja sAre vizva ko sukhI aura samRddha banAne meM unakI kitanI upayogitA hai| mUlya kA kyA artha hai ? mUlya kA artha hai - aise bhAva yA tattva jo manuSya ko patana ke garta se nikAla kara utkRSTatA kI ora le jAte haiN| jJAnArNava meM kahA gayA ki prAcIna kAla se hI maharSiyoM ne dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa, puruSArtha ke cAra bheda mAne haiN| yadi artha aura kAma, dharma dvArA maryAdita nahIM hoM to ve manuSya ke lie anarthakArI ho jAte haiN| maryAdita artha aura kAma mUlyavAna hote haiN| jaina dharma meM mukhya rUpa se nimna mUlyoM ko mahattva diyA gayA hai : 1. ahiMsA aura karuNA 2. samatA yA samabhAva 3. aparigraha - zrAvaka ke lie icchA parimANa 4. anekAnta arthAt vaicArika udAratA 5. puruSArtha athavA zrama

Page #95
88 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 6. karma siddhAnta-vyakti svAtaMtrya 7. paryAvaraNa kI rakSA 8. zAkAhArI jIvana zailI 9. vyasana-mukta jIvana 10. dAna, zIla, tapa, bhAvanA ityAdi bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA ki dharma utkRSTa maMgala hai| ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa usake lakSaNa haiN| jisakA mana sadA dharma meM ramatA rahatA hai, use devatA bhI namaskAra karate haiN| unake hI zabdoM meM, "kisI bhI prANI kI hiMsA nahIM karanI cAhie, yahI jJAniyoM ke jJAna kA sAra hai| ahiMsA, samatA, samasta jIvoM ke prati Atmavata bhAva yahI zAzvata dharma hai|'' unhoMne jIvoM ke prati samAdara ke bhAva para jora dete hue kahA, "sabhI prANiyoM ko apanI-apanI Ayu (jIvana) priya hai, sukha anukUla hai, duHkha pratikUla hai| vadha sabako apriya hai, jIvana sabako priya hai| ata: kisI bhI jIva ko kaSTa nahIM pahu~cAnA cAhie, kisI ke prati vaira aura virodha kA bhAva nahIM rakhanA caahie|"4 Aja kA manuSya ahiMsA ke uparyukta mUlyoM ko bhUla gayA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa Aja vizva meM hiMsA, azAnti, tanAva, jIvana-mUlyoM kA avamUlyana, sauhArda kA abhAva evaM AtaMka bar3hatA hI jA rahA hai| Aie, hama una upAyoM para vicAra kareM, jo mAnavatA ko vAstavika sukha pradAna karane meM samartha ho sakate haiN| isake pUrva hama isa bAta para bhI vicAra kareM ki manuSya kyA mAtra eka Arthika yantra hai? ___ Adhunika sabhyatA, jo pUrNataH bhautikavAda para AdhArita hai, ne manuSya ke vyaktitva ko saMkucita karake use mAtra eka Arthika yantra banA diyA hai| Adhunika yuga meM manuSya ne bahuta sArI vicAradhArAoM kA sahArA liyA tAki vaha pUrNa samRddha evaM sukhI bana ske| lekina kyA use sukha evaM Ananda prApta huA? nahIM, Aja manuSya ko samRddhi to prApta huI hai, lekina vaha mAnasika zAnti prApta nahIM kara skaa| kucha varSoM pahale sAmyavAda kA bahuta bar3A prabhAva thA aura lagatA thA ki yaha sAre vizva ko lAla raMga meM raMga degaa| isake pracArakoM ne kahA ki hama garIba evaM zoSita varga ko sampannatA evaM gaurava pradAna kareMge, sAmAnya vyakti ke jIvana ko UMcA uThAyeMge, sabameM samAnatA lAyeMge lekina mAtra 100 varSoM se bhI kama samaya meM yaha asaphala siddha huaa| vahA~ ke dezoM kI sAmAnya janatA ne hI isa vicAradhArA kA virodha kiyA, kyoMki jIvana kI Avazyaka vastuoM ke abhAva se unakA jIvana trasta ho gayA thaa| dUsarI bar3I vicArAdhArA pU~jIvAda kI hai, jisakA nAyaka amerikA hai| isakA uddezya hai, prakRti ke saMsAdhanoM kA adhikatama upbhog|

Page #96
jaina dharma ke jIvana mUlyoM kI prAsaGgikatA : 89 yaha bhogavAda para AdhArita para hai| bhautikatApradhAna pAzcAtya yuga kI cakAcauMdha kA bhItarI pakSa kitanA abhizApa-grasta hai, yaha eka gambhIra ciMtana kA viSaya hai| TUTate parivAra kucha varSoM pUrva briTena se prakAzita supratiSThita patra "di ikonaoNmisTa' ne eka riporTa prakAzita kI hai, jisane pAzcAtya jagat ke vicArakoM ko bhI cauMkA diyA hai| zIrSaka hai- "ikkIsavIM zatAbdI meM amerikI parivAra kA bhvissy"| yaha riporTa zikAgo vizvavidyAlaya meM rASTrIya mata anusandhAna kendra ne 24 navambara 1999 ko prastuta kI thii| riporTa meM prakAzita kucha tathya isa prakAra haiM__- amerikA meM parivAroM ke saMcAlana evaM baccoM ke lAlana-pAlana meM vivAha-saMsthA kA mahattva ghaTa gayA hai| - san 1960 evaM san 1996 ke bIca 36 varSoM meM talAka kA pratizata dugunA ho gayA hai| - san 1960 meM avivAhita mAtAoM kI saMkhyA 5 pratizata thI, jo san 1960 meM bar3hakara 32 pratizata ho gayI hai| * san 1972 meM 72 pratizata apane mAtA-pitAoM (vivAhita) ke sAtha rahate the,san 1996 meM mAtra 52 pratizata bacce apane mAtA-pitA donoM ke sAtha rahate haiN| - amerikA meM vivAhita strI-puruSoM ko bhI bacce nahIM caahie| san 1972 ___ meM 45 pratizata mAtA-pitAoM ke bacce nahIM the| - aba amarIkI yuvaka-yuvatiyA~ bar3I umra meM vivAha karane lage haiM tathA kaI to zAdI ke pahale kucha kAla taka zAdI-zudA jIvana kA prayoga karate haiN| - amerikA meM 25 pratizata striyA~ apane patiyoM se adhika AmadanI prApta kara letI haiN| lagabhaga 6 pratizata puruSa gharelU kAma-kAja karate haiM tathA unakI patniyA~ kamAI karatI haiN| vidyAlayoM meM hiMsA . amerikA ke vidyAlaya parisaroM meM hiMsA kI ghaTanAe~ dina-pratidina bar3hatI jA rahI haiN| apraila 1999 meM liTalaTana, kolorADo meM taba yaha carama sImA para

Page #97
90 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 pahu~cI, jaba kolambine hAIskUla ke do vidyArthiyoM ne apanI kakSA ke 13 sahapAThiyoM ko goliyoM se ur3A kara svayaM apane jIvana ko bhI samApta kara diyaa| nezanala esosiyezana oNpha eTornI janarala ne batAyA ki pichale sAta varSoM meM kama se kama 14 vidyAlayoM meM golI calAkara apane sahapAThiyoM kA mAra DAlane kI ghaTanAe~ ghaTita ho cukI haiN| 14 mArca 2000 ko hajAroM amarIkI nAgarikoM ne vAziMgaTana meM eka julUsa nikAlA tathA prastAva pArita kiyA ki amarikI kAMgresa bandUka niyantraNa kAnUna ko sakhta banAye tAki hiMsaka ghaTanAoM kI saMkhyA kama ho| vartamAna samAcAroM ke anusAra amerikA meM prati varSa 30000 vyakti goliyoM ke zikAra hote haiN| zrI I0epha0 zUmekara ne kahA ki amerikA, jisake pAsa vizva kI mAtra 6 pratizata AbAdI hai, vizva ke 30 pratizata saMsAdhanoM kA upayoga kara letA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa vizva kI eka bahuta bar3I AbAdI garIbI, abhAva evaM zoSaNa se abhizapta hai| ata: yaha siddha hotA hai ki Arthika vikAsa mAtra manuSya ke jIvana ke stara ko U~cA uThAne meM samartha nahIM hai| prakRti ke prati bhrAmaka dhAraNA zatAbdiyoM se pAzcAtya jagat meM yaha eka dhAraNA banI hai ki manuSya sarvazreSTha prANI hai aura yaha sampUrNa sRSTi usI ke upabhoga ke liye banI hai| phrAMsisa bekana ne 400 varSa pUrva likhA thA ki yaha sArI sRSTi manuSya ke liye hI banI hai, anya prANiyoM ke liye nhiiN| isa dhAraNA kA pariNAma yaha huA ki prakRti evaM usake saMsAdhanoM kA bhayaMkara zoSaNa kiyA gyaa| vijJAna ne bhI isI dhAraNA ko bar3hAvA diyA aura kahA ki pazu-pakSI, per3a-paudhoM meM prANa nahIM hai| yaha bhI batAyA gayA ki prakRti kA bhaNDAra asIma hai aura vaha mAtra manuSya ko sukhI karane ke liye hai| vaijJAnika upakaraNoM kI sahAyatA se prakRti kA adhika se zoSaNa kara manuSya ke jIvana ko sukhI banAyA jA sakatA hai| isa dhAraNA ke kAraNa prakRti kA jo nirmama zoSaNa ho rahA hai aura usake jo bhayAvaha pariNAma sAmane A rahe haiM, usakI ora kama logoM kA dhyAna gayA hai| ernolDa ToyanabI ne san 1972 meM landana objarvara meM likhA, "hama loga parezAna haiM kyoMki hamane adhikatama bhautika sAdhanoM ko prApta karane ke liye apanI AtmA kI bhAvanAoM ko upekSita kara diyA hai, lekina hamArA yaha prayAsa AdhyAtmika dRSTi se galata hI nahIM apitu avyAvahArika bhI hai|" hAla hI meM prakRti evaM usake sAdhanoM ke durupayoga ke bhISaNa pariNAma sAmane Aye haiN| meksiko meM vAyu kA bhayaMkara pradUSaNa, yUkrena ke cenoMbila paramANu kendra kI bhayAvaha

Page #98
jaina dharma ke jIvana mUlyoM kI prAsaGgikatA : 91 durghaTanA aura usake pariNAma, brAjIla meM varSA dene vAle jaMgaloM kI vinaSTi, svIDana meM rAsAyanika varSA dvArA jhIla kA vinAza, gaMgA jaisI mahAn nadiyoM ke jala meM pradUSaNa ityAdi kucha ghaTanAe~ isa khatare ko prakaTa karatI haiN| jahA~ bhI hamArI dRSTi jAtI hai, hamArI pRthvI isa saMkaTa se grasta najara AtI hai| jIva-jantuoM kA vinAza Aja pazuoM kA nirmamatA se vadha kiyA jAtA hai| khAdya padArtha, phara, camar3A evaM anya padArtha prApta karane ke lie yAntrika kArakhAnoM meM bar3e parimANa meM pazu mAre jAte haiN| manuSya ne pazuoM kI 4355 prajAtiyoM meM se 25 pratizata ko, pakSiyoM kI 8615 prajAtiyoM meM se 11 pratizata ko evaM jala-jantuoM kI kula 34 pratizata prajAtiyoM ko pUrNata: samApta kara diyA hai| manuSya kI krUratA carama sImA para pahuMca cukI hai| grInapIsa patrikA ke anusAra aphrIkA meM 1981 meM hAthiyoM kI saMkhyA 15 lAkha thI jo 1990 meM, mAtra dasa varSoM meM, zikAra ke kAraNa ghaTakara 6 lAkha hI raha gyii| aktUbara 1993 meM Convention of International trade in endangered Species ko hAthIdAMta ke vyApAra para pratibandha ghoSita karanA par3A tAki hAthiyoM kI saMkhyA aura adhika nahIM ghtte| gAya ke mA~sa ko 'bIpha' kahate haiN| iMglaiNDa kA bIpha sabase bar3hiyA mAnA jAtA hai| yUropa meM isakI bar3I pratiSThA hai, isI ke Upara iMglaiNDa kI arthavyavasthA nirbhara karatI hai| prakRti viruddha AhAra ke kAraNa gAyeM pAgala hone se gau mA~sa maMgAnA banda kara diyaa| briTena ke logoM ne usa bImArI se grasta lAkhoM gAyoM ko mAra diyaa| hAla hI meM yUropa ke kucha dezoM meM pazuoM meM 'pA~va evaM mu~ha kI bImArI' (Foot & Mouth Disease) phaila gayI hai| isake bhI bhayAvaha pariNAma najara A rahe haiN| varSA lAne vAle jaMgala lakar3I evaM anya padArtha prApta karane ke lie bar3I mAtrA meM jaMgaloM ko kATA jA rahA hai| gharelU pazuoM ko carAne ke liye tathA soyAbIna Adi kI upaja ke liye bhI jaMgaloM ko naSTa kiyA jAtA hai| mAMsAhAra ke liye pazuoM kI kRtrima paidAvAra kI jA rahI hai| isa prakAra sthAna-sthAna para jaMgala kaTane se paryAvaraNa naSTa ho rahA hai, varSA kama ho rahI hai tathA registAna bar3ha rahe haiN| audyaugika durghaTanAe~ rasAyana udyogoM meM bhISaNa durghaTanAeM ho rahI haiN| jaisA ki sarvavidita hai, 1985 meM bhopAla sthita yUniyana kArbAiDa ke kArakhAne meM eka vaoNlva meM cheda ho

Page #99
92 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2006 jAne ke kAraNa 30 Tana lethala mithAila gaisa havA meM phaila gyii| isa jaharIlI gaisa ke duSprabhAva se 2000 vyaktiyoM kI turanta mauta ho gayI tathA 17000 vyakti hamezA ke liye sthAyI rUpa se apaMga ho gye| vizva meM bar3I mAtrA meM paramANu bamoM kA nirmANa ho rahA hai tathA usa nirmita sAmagrI ko niyantraNa meM rakhanA bahuta kaThina hai / vikasita rASTroM ke pAsa 15000 Tana paramANu astra-zastroM kA saMgraha ho cukA hai| ina paramANu kArakhAnoM meM aneka bhISaNa durghaTanAe~ bhI ghaTita huI haiN| yUkrena sthita cernobila paramANu saMyantra meM jo durghaTanA ghaTita huI, usase 20000 vyaktiyoM kI mRtyu huI aura 5 lAkha se adhika loga bImAriyoM ke zikAra hue| mAMsa udyoga evaM paryAvaraNa mA~sa kA bar3I mAtrA meM utpAdana paryAvaraNa ke vinAza kA kAraNa hai| vizva meM utpanna hone vAlA 40 pratizata anAja una pAlatU jAnavaroM ke cAre ke liye vyaya hotA hai, jinheM bAda meM mA~sa paidA karane ke liye katla kara diyA jAtA hai| yadi vizva meM mA~sa kA utpAdana kama kara diyA jAya to paryAvaraNa ke sudhAra para anukUla asara pdd'egaa| taba kama mAtrA meM vRkSoM ko kATanA par3egA evaM bhUmi kA kaTAva bhI ghaTa jaayegaa| upabhoktAvAda upabhoktAvAda kA vistAra isa pAzcAtya vicAradhArA para AdhArita hai ki vastuoM kA adhikatama utpAdana vizva kI sabhI Arthika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna hai aura isI se janasAmAnya kA Arthika evaM sAmAjika vikAsa sambhava ho sakatA hai| apane jIvana ko samRddha banAne ke liye hameM vastuoM kA adhikatama saMgraha evaM upabhoga karanA caahie| amerikA ke loga Aja san 1950 kI tulanA meM vastuoM kA dugunA saMgraha evaM upabhoga kara rahe haiN| yaha upabhoktAvAda kA siddhAnta anaitika siddhAntoM para AdhArita hai, jahA~ svArtha kI bhAvanA hI pramukha hai tathA sAmAjika kalyANa kA mahattva gauNa hai| kahate haiM ki janasaMkhyA kI asImita vRddhi paryAvaraNa ke vinAza kA mukhya kAraNa haiM aura isameM koI sandeha bhI nahIM hai lekina samRddha samudAya kI vastuoM ke bAre meM bar3hatI huI mAMga aura tRSNA bhI paryAvaraNa vinAza kA eka bahuta bar3A kAraNa hai, isakI ora kama dhyAna diyA gayA hai| The World wide Fund for Nature 37 Living Planet Report-2000 meM kahA hai ki Aja vastuoM kI jitanI mAMga bar3ha rahI hai, usase lagatA hai ki pRthvI upagraha meM jitane saMsAdhana haiM, unase 30 pratizata adhika

Page #100
jaina dharma ke jIvana mUlyoM kI prAsaGgikatA : 93 saMsAdhanoM kI AvazyakatA hogii| isameM Age kahA gayA hai ki yadi avikasita dezoM ke vyakti bhI vikasita dezoM ke logoM ke samAna apanI AvazyakatAoM kI abhivRddhi karate raheMge to unakI mAMga kI pUrti ke liye aura do pRthvI upagrahoM kI AvazyakatA pdd'egii| rioDijenaro meM san 1992 meM Ayojita pRthvI zikhara sammelana meM yaha bhAva vyakta kiyA gayA ki "vizva meM paryAvaraNa ke nirantara hone vAle hrAsa kA mukhya kAraNa vikasita rASTroM kI bar3hatI huI .mA~geM tathA unakA atyadhika upayoga hai, yadi niyantrita nahIM kiyA gayA to paryAvaraNa saMkaTa bar3hatA jaayegaa|" isa paristhiti meM jaina dharma ke mUlyoM kI kyA bhUmikA hai? isa para bhI vicAra kiyA jAnA atyAvazyaka hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA, "jahA~ para bhautika padArthoM ke atyadhika saMgraha evaM unake upayoga kI bhAvanA rahatI hai, vahA~ para parigraha evaM tRSNA kI vRddhi ho jAtI hai|" tRSNA se manuSya ke mana meM aura adhika vastuoM ke saMgraha karane kI bhAvanA jagatI hai| isa prakAra kI ati saMgraha kI bhAvanA azAnti meM pariNita ho jAtI hai| kevala apane svArtha ko hI bar3hAte cale jAnA, mAnavIya ucca bhAvanAoM yathA karuNA Adi ko bhI vinaSTa kara detA hai| Aja jo upabhoktA sAmagrI kI mA~ga nirantara bar3hatI jA rahI hai, usase koI sAdhAraNa vyakti bhI achUtA nahIM raha sakatA hai| jaba usa vyakti kI mA~goM kI parti nahIM hotI hai to usake mana meM cintA evaM kSobha paidA ho jAtA hai| isake kAraNa sAmAnya AmadanI kA vyakti kabhI-kabhI apanA mAnasika santulana kho detA hai| corI evaM DAke ityAdi bhI bar3ha jAte haiN| upabhoktAvAda sAdhAraNa vyakti ko sampanna vyaktiyoM kA anukaraNa karane ko bAdhya karatA hai, jisase unakA manovaijJAnika evaM naitika patana ho jAtA hai| bar3hatA haA upabhoktAvAda vyakti ke jIvana meM azAnti, tanAva, IrSyA, dveSa ityAdi paidA kara detA hai| pradUSaNa kA prakopa Aja aneka dezoM meM pradUSaNa kA prakopa itanA bar3ha gayA hai ki vahA~ vizuddha jala evaM vAyu kA milanA bhI durlabha ho gayA hai| rAsAyanika khAda ke atyadhika prayoga se hiMsA to hotI hI hai, jamIna kI urvarA zakti kA bhI kSaraNa ho rahA hai| kaI dezoM meM nadiyoM kA pAnI itanA dUSita ho gayA hai ki vaha pIne ke lAyaka nahIM rhaa| kArakhAnoM se nikalane vAle dhue~ evaM gandagI kA bhI paryAvaraNa para ghAtaka prabhAva par3a rahA hai| pRthvI zikhara sammelana meM isa bAta para bhI cintA vyakta kI gayI ki prakRti ke saMsAdhanoM kA bhaNDAra dhIre-dhIre kama hotA jA rahA hai| Aja duniyAM ke 7-8 samRddha deza 70 pratizata saMsAdhanoM kA upayoga kara rahe haiN| jabaki ina

Page #101
94 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 dezoM kI janasaMkhyA mAtra 20 pratizata hI hai| pariNAmasvarUpa vizva kI eka bar3I: AbAdI garIbI, kupoSaNa, bhUkha, bImArI ityAdi se grasita hai| vikasita evaM avikasita dezoM meM nirantara asamAnatA bar3hatI hI jA rahI hai| ahiMsA kA mahattva ____ bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jo sabase mahAn sandeza diyA, vaha ahiMsA kA sandeza hai| ahiMsA kA artha hai- jIva mAtra ke prati prema, sammAna evaM ekAtmatA kA bhaav| yahI bhAva Aja ke vizva meM vAstavika sukha, zAnti evaM sauhArda utpanna kara sakatA hai| vartamAna vizva kI samasyAoM ke nirAkaraNa meM isa siddhAnta kI kyA bhUmikA hai, isa para vicAra kiyA jAnA caahie| ahiMsA kA siddhAnta kevala manuSyoM yA pazuoM taka hI sImita nahIM hai; kintu isakA kSetra bahuta vyApaka hai| jainadharma mAnatA hai ki vanaspati meM bhI jIva haiN| yahA~ taka ki pRthvI, agni, jala evaM vAyu meM bhI adRzya jIva haiM, jinheM ekendriya jIva kahate haiN| ata: unakI bhI rakSA kI jAnI caahie| ata: jainadharma ke anusAra vRkSoM ko kATanA yA vanaspati ko naSTa karanA, bhUmi ko anAvazyaka khodanA, jala kA anAvazyaka bar3I mAtrA meM upayoga hiMsA kA kAraNa . hai| Aja paryAvaraNa vaijJAnika evaM vanya-jantu vizeSajJa bhI kahate haiM ki jaMgalI jAnavaroM kI rakSA karanI cAhie, kyoMki ve prakRti kA santulana banAne meM sahAyaka haiN| pratyeka jIva kA, cAhe vaha choTI-sI cIMTI ho yA bRhadkAya hAthI, prakRti kI surakSA meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| Aja vanaspati ke rakSaNa, nadiyoM ko pradaSaNa se bacAne evaM pRthvI kI sampadA kI rakSA ke liye Andolana cala rahe haiN| isa prakAra tIrthaGkaroM ne hajAroM varSa pahale prANI-rakSA para jora diyA thA, usI kA samarthana Aja ke vaijJAnika kara rahe haiN| prakRti ke sAtha saha-astitva _ vizva ke sabhI prANiyoM ko prakRti ke sAtha sauhArdapUrNa sambandha banAnA caahie| tattvArthasUtra meM AcArya umAsvAti ne kahA, "parasparopagraho jIvAnAm"arthAt saMsAra ke sabhI prANI eka dUsare ko sahayoga pradAna karate haiN| ve eka dUsare se alaga nahIM raha skte| unako eka dUsare ke sukha-duHkha ko samajha kara usameM sahabhAgI bananA caahie| durbhAgya se Aja kA manuSya apane Apako sarvazreSTha jIva mAnatA hai aura vaha prakRti kI sabhI zaktiyoM para niyantraNa karanA cAhatA hai| yaha eka bhrAmaka dhAraNA hai| manuSya ko jIvita rahane meM vanaspati, nadiyA~, pahAr3a, jIva-jantu ityAdi usakI madada karate haiN| agara manuSya apane jIvana meM zAnti aura Ananda cAhatA hai to use una sabhI kI rakSA karanI cAhie tathA unako zoSaNa se bacAnA caahie|

Page #102
jaina dharma ke jIvana mUlyoM kI prAsaGgikatA : 95 / jaina karma-siddhAnta ke anusAra hiMsA jIva ke karma-bandhana kA mukhya kAraNa hai, isase AtmA kI zaktiyA~ kSINa hotI haiM tathA manuSya rAga evaM dveSa se grasita hokara patana ko prApta hotI hai| pariNAmasvarUpa janma evaM maraNa kA cakra bar3hatA hI jAtA hai| kyA hama kisI aise kisI samAja kI kalpanA kara sakate haiM, jahA~ sabhI hiMsA se grasta haiM? vahA~ kisI prakAra kI zAnti asambhava hai, vaha to jaMgalI rAjya hogaa| kucha vyakti kahate haiM ki "jIvo jIvasya bhojanam " arthAt eka jIva, dUsare jIva kA bhojana hai, lekina yaha siddhAnta bhI sahI nahIM hai| vAstava meM sabhI jIva, eka-dUsare ke sahayoga se hI jIvita rahate haiM, vikAsa pAte haiN| jaba jIva eka-dUsare ko paraspara sahayoga, prema evaM karuNA pradAna karate haiM taba yaha pRthvI sabake liye sukhakArI ho jAtI hai| ata: ahiMsA kA siddhAnta Aja bhI sabhI samasyAoM kA eka vyAvahArika evaM prabhAvazAlI samAdhAna hai| jaina dharma ke anusAra hiMsA kA kAraNa kaSAya evaM pramAda hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA, "krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha - ye cAra durguNa pApa kI vRddhi karane vAle haiN| jo apanI AtmA kI bhalAI cAhate haiM unheM ina doSoM kA parityAga kara denA caahie|"5 isI prakAra pramAda bhI hiMsA kA bahuta bar3A kAraNa hai| pramAda kaI prakAra ke haiM - madya (zarAba pInA), viSaya (kAma bhoga), kaSAya aura vikathA (arthahIna, rAgadveSavarddhaka vaartaa)|6 jainadharma meM isalie bhAva hiMsA arthAt mAnasika hiMsA se bhI virata rahane ko kahA gyaa| mAnasika hiMsA sabase bhayaMkara hai| vyAvahArika jIvana meM ahiMsA eka gRhastha ke liye ahiMsA kA pUrNatA se pAlana karanA sambhava nahIM hai| ataH jaina AcAryoM ne hiMsAtmaka gatividhiyoM ke do bhAga kiye - 1 - kucha jinheM pUrNatA se tyAganA cAhie aura 2 - kucha jinheM AMzika rUpa se tyAganA caahie| punaH hiMsA kA cAra bhAgoM meM vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA - 1. saMkalpI hiMsA : jAna-bUjha kara prANiyoM kI hiMsA karanA jaise- sAMDoM kI ldd'aaii| 2. ArambhI hiMsA : gRhasthI ko calAne ke lie jisa hiMsA se bacanA sambhava nahIM hai- jaise ghara kI saphAI yA bhojana banAne meM kisI jIva kI anajAne meM hiNsaa| 3. udyogI : AjIvikA ke liye arthAt udyoga yA vyApAra calAne meM yA kRSi meM hone vAlI hiNsaa|

Page #103
96 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 4. virodhI : apane jIvana, sampatti yA deza kI rakSA hetu hone vAlI hiNsaa| ___ sAdhu loga uparyukta cAroM prakAra kI hiMsA kA parityAga karate haiN| gRhastha ko bhI prathama prakAra kI hiMsA kA pUrNata: tyAga karanA caahie| anya tIna prakAra kI hiMsA kA tyAga, usake liye sambhava nahIM hai tathApi unameM bhI viveka yA jAgarukatApUrvaka jIvanayApana karanA Avazyaka hai| ahiMsA kA jo nakArAtmaka rUpa hai, usakI ora sabakA dhyAna gayA hai para usakA jo sakArAtmaka rUpa hai, usa para kama dhyAna diyA gyaa| AcArya amitagati ne ise bar3e sudara rUpa meM abhivyakta kiyA hai : "sattveSu maitrI guNiSu pramodaM, kliSTeSu jIveSu kRpaaprtvN| mAdhyastha bhAvaM viparIta vRttau, sadA mamAtmA vidadhAtu dev!||" arthAt prANimAtra ke prati maitrI, guNajJoM ke prati pramoda, vyathitoM ke prati karuNA tathA apane se viparIta bhAva rakhane vAloM ke prati taTastha vRtti - he prabho! merI AtmA meM ye bhAva sadaiva susthira hoN| ye hI ve bhAva haiM jinakI upAdeyatA yUnesko ne kI hai aura inako hI hamAre rASTrapati DaoN0 e0pe0jI0 abdula kalAma pracArita karanA cAhate haiN| ina cAroM bhAvanAoM meM jaina dharma ke zAzvata mUlya vidyamAna haiM, jo sAre vizva meM zAnti aura saha-astitva ko majabUta kara sakate haiM tathA prANimAtra ko vAstavika sukha aura Ananda pradAna kara sakate haiN| saMdarbha : 1. jJAnArNava, zubhacandra, 3/4. 2. 'hindu' rASTrIya dainika, cennaI, dinAMka 18-10-03. 3. dazavaikAlika sUtra, 1/1. 4. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, 1/11/10. 5. AcArAMga sUtra, 1/2/3/63. 6. dazavaikAlika sUtra 8/37. 7. uttarAdhyayana niyukti, 180. 8. paramAtma- dvAtriMzikA, 1.

Page #104
zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 janavarI-mArca 2006 vaidika RSiyoM kA jaina paramparA meM AtmasAtIkaraNa DaoN0 aruNa pratApa siMha vaidika RSigaNa apanI viziSTatA ke lie prakhyAta rahe haiN| tyAga, tapasyA evaM sarvalokamaMgalakArI bhAvanA ke kAraNa bhArata kI prAya: sabhI paramparAoM - vaidika evaM zramaNa - meM inako zraddhA ke sAtha smaraNa kiyA gayA hai| zramaNa paramparA ke jaina AcArya prArambha se hI udAtta vicAradhArA se anuprANita rahe haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki loka janamAnasa meM zreya mArga kA jo bhI pathika rahA, use unhoMne saharSa svIkAra kiyA aura apane granthoM meM sammAnajanaka sthAna pradAna kiyaa| yahA~ yaha ullekha karanA anAvazyaka na hogA ki isa prakriyA meM jaina AcAryoM ne una zreSTha puruSoM ko bhI sthAna diyA jinake AcAra-vicAra se ve sahamata nahIM the| unhoMne apane granthoM meM vaidika, bauddha, AjIvika evaM vibhinna dhArmika kriyA-vidhiyoM se sambandhita RSiyoM kA sammAnapUrvaka ullekha kiyA hai| prastuta zodhapatra meM jaina granthoM meM varNita vaidika RSiyoM kI jaina paramparA meM AtmasAtIkaraNa kI prakriyA kI samIkSA kI gaI hai| vaidika RSiyoM ke sandarbha hameM jaina paramparA ke prAcInatama aMga sAhitya se hI milane prArambha ho jAte haiN| sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM kucha vaidika RSiyoM ko mahApurisA (mahApuruSa), mahArisI (maharSi) evaM tavodhaNA (tapa rUpI dhana se sampanna) kahakara siddhi prApta karane vAlA batAyA gayA hai| "AhaMsu mahApurisA puvviM ttttvodhnnaaN| udaeNa siddhimAvaNNA tattha maMde visiiyte||"1 yahA~ ullekhanIya hai ki sUtrakRtAMgakAra ne aupaniSadika, sAMkhya, cArvAka evaM bauddhoM ke mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai kintu tapa-tyAga ke mArga kA anusaraNa karane vAle vaidika RSiyoM kI abhyarthanA kI hai| yaha kahA gayA hai ki videha nareza namirAja ne AhAra chor3akara aura rAmautta (rAmaputra) ne AhAra kA upabhoga karake; * rIDara, prA030 vibhAga, esa0bI0pI0jI0 kAleja, sikandarapura, baliyA

Page #105
98 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2006 bAhuka evaM tArAyaNa (athavA nArAyaNa) ne zItala jala kA sevana karake, asita devala, dvaipAyana evaM parAzara ne zItala jala - bIja tathA harI vanaspatiyoM kA upabhoga karake mokSa ko prApta kiyA thaa| uparyukta jina RSiyoM kA ullekha hai ve sabake saba vaidika paramparA se sambandhita haiN| isI prakAra prathama upAMga grantha aupapAtika meM bhI vaidika RSiyoM ko sammAnapUrvaka sthAna diyA gayA hai| yahA~ sAMkhya mata ke mAnane vAle, yoga paramparA ko svIkAra karane vAle, kApila arthAt maharSi kapila kI paramparA vAle, bhArgava arthAt bhRgu RSi kI paramparA vAle, haMsa, paramahaMsa, bahUdaka evaM kRSNa parivrAjakoM kA ullekha hai| isake uparAnta aupapAtikakAra ne ATha brAhmaNa parivrAjakoM evaM ATha kSatriya parivrAjakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| ATha brAhmaNa parivrAjakoM meM karNa, karakaNDu, ambaDa, parAsara, kRSNa, dvaipAyana, devagupta yA devaputra aura nArada kA ullekha hai| "kaNNe ya karakaNDe ya aMbaDe ya praasre| kaNhe dIvAyaNe ceva devagutte ya nArae / / "3 isI prakAra ATha kSatriya parivrAjakoM meM zIladhI, zazidhara, nagnaka, bhagnaka, videha, rAjarAja, rAjarAma tathA bala kA ullekha hai| "sIlaI sasihAre ya naggaI bhaggaI ti ya / videha rAyArAyA, rAyArAme baleti ya / / "4 aupapAtikakAra ke anusAra vaidika paramparA ke ye zreSTha RSi Rk, yaju, sAma, atharva - ina cAroM vedoM tathA itihAsa evaM nighaNTu ke jJAtA the| inheM cAroM vedoM kA sAraka arthAt adhyApana dvArA sampravartaka athavA smAraka arthAt dUsare vyaktiyoM ko smaraNa karAne vAle, pAraga arthAt vedoM ke pAragAmI aura dhAraka arthAt vedoM ko smRti meM banAe rakhane meM sakSama kahA gayA hai| ye vedoM ke chahoM aMgoM ke jJAtA the| ina parivrAjakoM ke AcaraNa kI vistArapUrvaka prazaMsA kI gaI hai / " isI prakAra jaina paramparA ke eka viziSTa grantha RSibhASita meM jaina evaM jainetara donoM paramparAoM ke chiyAlisa RSiyoM ko mahattvapUrNa sthana diyA gayA hai| isa jaina grantha meM varNita RSiyoM meM vaidika, bauddha evaM AjIvika paramparA ke RSiyoM ko bhI sthAna prApta hai| vaidika RSiyoM meM deva nArada, vAtsIputra, asitadevala, aMgirasa, yAjJavalkya, madhurAyaNa, zauryAyaNa, vidura, AryAyaNa, rAmaputra, ambaDa, uddAlaka, aruNa, piMga,

Page #106
vaidika RSiyoM kA jaina paramparA meM AtmasAtIkaraNa : 99 saMjaya, dvaipAyana, RSigiri, tArAyaNa yA nArAyaNa, indranAga, vAyu, soma, yama, varUNa aura vaizramaNa kA ullekha hai| ina RSiyoM ko siddha, buddha evaM jina kahA gayA hai| yaha prazna uThanA svAbhAvika hai ki AtmasAtIkaraNa kI isa prakriyA kA AdhArabindu kyA thA arthAt ve kauna sI mUlabhUta yogyatAeM evaM vizeSatAeM thIM jinase prabhAvita hokara jaina AcAryoM ne vaidika RSiyoM evaM parivrAjakoM ko apanI paramparA meM AtmasAta karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| sandarbhita granthoM ke adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki jainoM ne unhIM zreSTha puruSoM evaM devatAoM ko sthAna diyA jinake AcaraNa evaM vyavahAra unake siddhAntoM ke nikaTa the yA mAnya the| sUtakRtAMgakAra ne namI, vaidehI, bAhuka, asitadevala yA parAsara Adi RSiyoM ko taparUpI dhana se sampanna (tapodhana) kahA hai| nizcita hI tapasyA jaina dharma kA mUla aMga rahI hai| kaThora tapasyA hI inakA Adarza thaa| cU~ki ye RSi tapasyA meM saMlagna the ata: bhinna paramparA ke hote huye bhI unheM aMga-Agama meM sthAna diyA gayA yadyapi unake sAmAnya AcaraNa, bhojana Adi jaina paramparA ke mAnya siddhAntoM ke pratikUla the| isI prakAra RSibhASita meM varNita RSiyoM ke upadezoM kA adhyayana kareM to uparyukta tarka aura sabala rUpa meM paSTa hotA hai| ina RSiyoM ke upadeza nizcita hI vaidika paramparA ke samanurUpa rahe hoMge parantu isa viziSTa grantha meM unhIM upadezoM ko saMkalita kiyA gayA hai jina para koI matabheda nahIM thA aura jo jaina mAnya siddhAntoM ke nikaTa the| udAharaNArtha - devanArada kA jo upadeza saMkalita hai, vaha jaina paramparA meM varNita paJcayAma athavA paJcamahAvrata ke sarvathA samanurUpa hai| isameM nArada ne upadeza diyA hai ki sAdhaka trikaraNa (kRta, kArita evaM anumodita), triyoga (manoyoga - vacanayoga-kAyayoga arthAt mana, vacana evaM kAya) se na to hiMsA kare (pANAtipAtaM), na asatya (musAvAdaM) bole aura na adattAdAna, abrahmacarya aura parigraha (abbambhaM-pariggaha) kA sevana kare aura na krvaaye| unake anusAra eka saccA mumukSu satya, datta aura brahmacarya kI upAsanA karatA hai aura yahI usake upadhAna arthAt sAdhana haiN"| isI taraha asita devala ke upadezoM meM sthUla evaM sUkSma prANiyoM ke hiMsA kI nindA kI gaI hai| hiMsA karane vAle ko pApakarma se ba~dhA huA batAyA gayA hai| "sahume vA bAyare vA, pANe jo tu vihiNsi| rAgadosAbhibhUtapyA, lipyate paavkmmnnaa||"8

Page #107
100 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 hiMsA, asatya, adattAdAna, abrahmacarya evaM parigraha - ina pAcoM durguNoM ko lepa (smear) kahA gayA hai aura yaha batAyA gayA hai ki ye AtmA ke bandhana svarUpa haiN| "pANAtivAto levo, levo aliyavayaNaM adattaM c| mehuNagamaNaM levo, levo pariggahaM c||"9 aura ina pApavarddhanakArI pravRttiyoM ke parityAga kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| isI prasaMga meM krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha kI carcA hai jisase virata rahane kI salAha dI gaI hai| inheM bhI lepa arthAt bandhanakArI mAnA gayA hai| spaSTa hai asitadevala ke upadeza jaina paramparA ke sarvathA anukUla the| paJcamahAvratoM ke sAtha hI jaina paramparA meM kaSAyoM kA ullekha bahuza: huA hai| krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha hI kaSAya haiN| prAya: sabhI jaina AcAryoM ne kaSAyoM ke zamana kA upadeza diyA hai| aMgarisI yA aMgirasa kA upadeza bhI dhyAtavya hai| ye eka prakhyAta vaidika RSi the| inake upadezoM meM bhI parigraha kI nindA gaI hai| use AdAnarakSI kahA gayA hai arthAt grahaNa kA rakSaNa karane vAlA hai| aise puruSa ko azobhanIya karma karane vAlA evaM bandhanakArI mAnA gayA hai| aMgirasa ke pUre upadeza meM parigraha kI nindA kI gaI hai| yahA~ aSTapracavanamAtA (akkhovaMjaNamAdAya) arthAt 5 samiti evaM 3 gupti kA bhI ullekha hai jo kAlAntara meM jaina dharma kA pramukha siddhAnta bana gyaa| isameM zIla-jJAna evaM darzana kI mahimA gAyI gaI hai| yaha kahA gayA hai ki zIla hI dhurAyukta ratha hai jisake jJAna aura darzana sArathI haiN| aise ratha para ArUr3ha hokara AtmA apane Atma-svabhAva ko pAne kA prayAsa karatA hai| "sIlakkharahamArUDho, NANadaMsaNa saarthii| appaNA ceva appANaM, codittA subhmehtii||" 11 isI prakAra puSpazAla ke upadezoM meM paMcamahAvratoM - ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha kI carcA hai| "Na pANe atipAtejjA, aliyAdiNNaM ca vjje| Na mehuNaM ca sevejjA, bhavejjA aprigghe||"12 yahA~ RSi yAjJavalkya kA sandarbha vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| yadi hama RSibhASita evaM bRhadAraNyaka ke ullekhoM kI carcA kareM to donoM meM na kevala bhAva kI samAnatA hai apitu bhASA kI adbhuta saMgati dekhane ko milatI haiN| yahA~ sAdhaka ko vittaiSaNA evaM lokaiSaNA kA tyAga karake bhikSAcaryA kA upadeza diyA gayA hai|

Page #108
vaidika RSiyoM kA jaina paramparA meM AtmasAtIkaraNa : 101 "jAva tAva loesaNA tAva tAva vittesaNA, jAva tAva vittesaNA, tAva tAva loesnnaa| se loesaNaM ca vittesaNaM ca parinnAe gopaheNaM gacchejjA, No mahApaheNaM gcchejjaa|"13 "etaM vai tamAtmAnaM viditvA brAhmaNaH putraiSaNAyAzca vittaiSaNAyAzca lokaiSaNAyAzca vyutthAyAtha bhikSAcaryAcaranti yA hyeva putraiSaNA sA vittaiSaNA sA lokaiSaNobhe hyete eSaNe eva bhvtH|14 arthAt jaba taka lokaiSaNA hai taba taka vittaiSaNA hai, jaba taka vittaiSaNA hai taba taka lokaiSaNA hai, ata: sAdhaka ko vittaiSaNA evaM lokaiSaNA kA parityAga karake gopatha se jAnA cAhie, mahApatha se nhiiN| sambhavata: yahA~ gopatha se tAtparya hai ki jisa prakAra gAya thor3I-thor3I ghAsa carate hue jIvana jItI hai, usI prakAra se vyakti ko bhikSAcaryA dvArA kisI ko kaSTa na dete hue jIvana jInA caahie| yahA~ mahApatha kA tAtparya jaisA ki pro0 sAgaramala jaina ne batAyA hai, lokaparamparA se hai|15 upaniSadoM meM bhI zreya aura preya kI carcA hai| zreya mArga se hI jAne kA upadeza diyA gayA hai preya mArga se nhiiN| yahA~ hama yAjJavalkya ke unhIM siddhAntoM kI carcA pAte haiM jo jaina dharma ke anukUla haiN| AtmA kI zAzvatatA sambandhI yAjJavalkya ke siddhAnta ke sambandha meM yahA~ hama eka zabda bhI nahIM paate| ___ RSibhASita ke 17veM adhyAya meM vidura kI carcA hai| mahAbhArata meM inheM / vyAsa ke dvArA ambikA kI dAsI se utpanna batAyA gayA hai| mahAbhArata ke strI parva meM inake upadezoM kA vistAra se varNana milatA hai| mahAbhArata evaM RSibhASita meM ullikhita ina sandarbho ko milAne para donoM meM Azcaryajanaka samAnatA prakaTa hotI hai| vidura ke upadezoM kA sAra yaha hai ki jisa prakAra roga ke nivAraNa ke lie roga kA parijJAna, usake samyak nidAna kA parijJAna evaM auSadhi kA jJAna Avazyaka hai usI prakAra mukti ke lie jJAna Avazyaka hai tathA sAtha hI svAdhyAya evaM dhyAna bhii| RSibhASita meM vidura ke upadeza kA prArambha usa vidyA kI prazaMsA se huA hai jise mahAvidyA kahA gayA hai aura jo sabhI duHkhoM se mukta karatI hai| "imA vijjA mahAvijjA, savvavijjANa uttmaa| jaM vijjaM sAhaittANaM, savvadukkhANa mucctii||"16 yaha sandarbha hameM upaniSadoM ke usa mahAvAkya kA smaraNa dilAtA hai jahA~ vidyA ko mukti dilAne vAlA kahA gayA hai - "sA vidyA yA vimuktae"

Page #109
102 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 jaina paramparA meM zreSTha vicAroM ke AtmasAtIkaraNa kI yaha prakriyA kevala vyaktiyoM arthAt RSiyoM taka hI sImita na thI, apitu pUre ke pUre kathAnaka ko apanI paramparA meM DhAlane kA prazaMsanIya prayAsa kiyA gyaa| yaha pravRtti itanI prabala thI ki pUrA kA pUrA zloka yathAvata uddhRta kara diyA gyaa| kevala eka udAharaNa ke mAdhyama se isa tathya ko bakhUbI samajhA jA sakatA hai| jaina paramparA ke mUlagrantha uttarAdhyayana ke isukArI adhyayana meM eka putra apane pitA se saMnyAsa mArga kA anusaraNa karane ke lie AjJA mA~gatA hai| kathAnaka ke anta meM kucha vAda-vivAda ke uparAnta putra na kevala svayaM pravrajita hotA hai apitu pitA-mAtA ko bhI pravrajita karA detA hai| ThIka yahI kathAnaka mahAbhArata ke zantiparva meM hai| donoM meM bhAva evaM bhASA kI samAnatA dekhate hI banatI hai| putra dvArA AjJA mA~gane para pitA use sarvaprathama vedAdhyayana karane, putra paidA karane, phira vAnaprastha meM praveza karane, taduparAnta muni arthAta saMnyAsI banane kA upadeza detA hai| adhItya vedAna brahmacaryesu putra, putrAniccheta pAvanAya pitRnnaam| agnInAdhAya vidhivacceSTayajJo, vanaM pravizyAtha muniluubhuusset||mhaabhaart ahijja vee parivissa vippe, putte paDipappa gihaMsi jaayaa| bhoccANa bhoe saha itthiyAhiM, AraNNagA hoha muNI pstthaa||uttraadhyyn Age kathAnaka meM putra apane pitA se kahatA hai yaha loka kisI ke dvArA tAr3ita evaM Ahata hai tathA amoghA vastue~ hama para TUTa par3a rahI haiN| evamabhyAhate loke sarvataH privaarite| amoghAsu patantIsu kiM dhIraM iva bhASase / / mahAbhArata19 abbhAmi logaMmi savvao parivArie / amohAhiM paDantIhiM gihaMsi na raiM labhe ||uttraadhyyn20 puna: pitA yaha prazna karatA hai ki yaha loka kaise tAr3ita hai tathA kisase ghirA huA hai tathA kauna sI amogha vastue~ hama para TUTa par3a rahI haiN| putra pitA ko samajhAte hue kahatA hai ki yaha loka mRtyu se Ahata hai, jarA se ghirA huA hai| dina aura rAtriyA~ (samaya cakra kI gati) hama para TUTa par3a rahI haiN| kathamabhyAhato lokaH kena vA parivAritaH / amoghAH kA patantIhi kiM nu bhISayasIvamAma / / , mRtyunAbhyAhato loko jarayA parivAritaH / ahorAtrAH patantI meM tacca kasmAnnabuddhayase ||mhaabhaart21

Page #110
vaidika RSiyoM kA jaina paramparA meM AtmasAtIkaraNa : 103 keNa anmAhao logo keNa vA parivArio kA vA amohA vuttA, jAyA! ciMtAvaro hu mi| maccuNA'nbhAhao logo jarAe parivArio amohA rayaNI vuttA evaM taay| viyaannh||uttraadhyyn22 hama dekhate haiM ki vaidika paramparA ke saMnyAsa-paraka zreSTha sandarbho ko apane anukUla banAkara jainAcAryoM ne apane granthoM meM sammAnapUrNa sthAna diyaa| isI prakAra vaidika paramparA ke zraddheya rAma, kRSNa, ziva ke kathAnaka ko bhI apanI paramparA ke anusAra DhAlakara vandanIya sthAna pradAna kiyaa| vimalasUri racita padmacarita meM varNita rAma ke kathAnaka se isa tathya ko AsAnI se samajhA jA sakatA hai| kRSNa ko anadekhA nahIM kiyA jA sakatA thA isalie pahale to unheM naraka meM DAlA - para bAda meM unheM tIrthaMkara bnaayaa|23 kRSNa kA sandarbha AtmasAtIkaraNa kI isa prakriyA ko samajhane meM sarvathA sArthaka hai| kAlAntara kI zatAbdiyoM meM bhI hama isa prakriyA ke darzana pAte haiN|aatthviiN zatAbdI ke prasiddha jainAcArya haribhadra ne apane lokatattvanirNaya meM aise brahmA, viSNa evaM zaMkara ke sAtha jina kI stuti kI hai jinake sabhI doSa vinaSTa ho cuke haiM aura jisameM sabhI guNa vidyamAna haiN| yasya anikhilAzca doSA na santi sarve guNAzca vidynte| brahmA vA viSNurvA haro jino vA nmstsmai||24 / eka jainAcArya dvArA tIrthaMkara (jina) ke sAtha vaidika devatAoM brahmA, viSNu evaM zaMkara kI stuti dhArmika sahiSNutA kA apUrva udAharaNa hai| sAtha hI yaha hameM donoM paramparAoM meM nihita mUla AdhArabinduoM ko khojane meM sahAyatA pradAna karatA hai| zreSTha mAnaka mUlyoM ke AtmasAtIkaraNa kI yaha prakriyA Age bhI calatI rhii| 12vIM zatAbdI ke AcArya hemacandra ne ThIka inhIM zabdoM meM aise brahmA, viSNu, mahezvara (zaMkara) evaM jina kI stuti kI hai jinameM saMsAra paribhramaNa ke kAraNabhUta rAga-dveSa ke tattva sarvathA kSINa ho gaye haiN| bhavabIjAMkurajananA rAgadyAkSayamupAgatA ysy| brahmA vA viSNurvA mahezvaro jino vA nmstsmai|| 25 AtmasAtIkaraNa kI yaha prakriyA abhilekhoM meM bhI dikhAyI par3atI hai| jaisecAhamAna yuvarAja kIrtipAla ke nADola abhilekha meN| kIrtipAla rAjA Alhar3adeva kA choTA putra aura kelhar3adeva kA anuja thaa| yaha abhilekha vikrama saMvat 1218 (1161 I0) kA hai jo nADola ke mahAvIra mandira ko dAna dene ke sambandha meM

Page #111
104 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 / janavarI-mArca 2006 hai| isa abhilekha meM brahmA, zrIdhara (viSNu) evaM zaMkara kI stuti kI gaI hai jo rAgoM se pare haiM aura saMsAra meM jina ke nAma se prasiddha haiN| "zrIyai bhavantu vo devA, brahmazrIdharazaMkaraH sadA virAgavanto, ye jinA jagati vizrutAH "26 ataH hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA ne vaidika paramparA ke una zreSTha mUlyoM ko AtmasAta karane kA prazaMsanIya prayAsa kiyA jo unake mAnya siddhAnta ke anukUla the| vaidika paramparA ne bhI isakA samucita uttara diyA / prAyaH sabhI hindU rAjavaMzoM ne praphulla mana se jaina dharma ke vikAsa meM apanA yogadAna diyA jo unake abhilekhoM se svataH dyotita hotA hai / sandarbha : 1. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/3/4/1 ( zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara, rAja0 1982 I 0 ) | 2. abhuMjiyA NamI vedehI, rAmautte ya bhuMjiyA / bAhu udagaM bhoccA, tahA tArAyaNe risI / / Asile devile ceva, dIvAyaNa mahArisI / pArAsare dagaM bhoccA bIyANi hariyANi ya / / ete puvvaM mahApurisA AhitA iha saMmatA / bhoccA bIodagaM siddhA iti metamaNussutaM // vahI, 1 / 3 /4/2-4 3. aupapAtika sUtra, 76, pR0 129 ( zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara, rAja0 1982) 4. vhii| 5. te NaM parivvAyA riuvveda - yajuvveda - sAmaveda ahavvaNaveda - itihAsapaMcamANaM, nighaNTuchaTThANaM, saMgovaMgANaM sarahassANaM cauNhaM vedANaM sAragA pAraMgA dhAragA, saMDagavI, saTThitaMtta-visArayA, saMkhANe sikkhAkappe, vAgaraNe, chaMde, niratte, joisAmayaNe, aNNesu ya bahUsu baMbhaNNaesu ya satthesu parivvAesu ya nae supariNiTThiyA yAvi hotthA / vahI, 77, pR0 131| 6. RSibhASita, nArada adhyayana, pR0 1 / -

Page #112
vaidika RSiyoM kA jaina paramparA meM AtmasAtIkaraNa : 105 7. "saccaM cevovasevantI, dattaM cevovasevantI, bambhaM cevovsevntii| saccaM cevovahANavaM, dattaM cevovahANavaM, bambhaM cevovhaannvN| vahI, pR0 3 / 8. vahI, devala adhyayana, pR0 8 / 9. vahI, pR0 9 / 10. koho bahuviho levo, levo mANe ya bhuvidhvidhiio| mAyA ya bahuvidhA levo, lobho vA bahuvidha vidhiio|| vahI, pR0 9 / 11. vahI, aMgirasa adhyayana, pR0 17-18 / 12. vahI, puSpazAla adhyayana, pR0 19! 13. vahI, yAjJavalkya adhyayana, pR0 48 / 14. bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, 3/5/1 / 15. RSibhASita - eka adhyayana, pR0 46 / 16. RSibhASita, vidura adhyayana, pR0 67 / 17. mahAbhArata, zAnti parva, 77/6 / 18. uttarAdhyayana, 14/9 / 19. mahAbhArata, zAnti parva, 77/7 / 20. uttarAdhyayana, 14/21 / 21. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 77/8-9 / 22. uttarAdhyayana, 14/22-23 / 23. prAkRta prApara nemsa, prathama bhAga, pR0 153 / 24. lokatattvanirNaya, 140 / 25. mahAdeva stotra, 44 / 26. epigrephiyA iNDikA, bhAga nau, pR0 66-70 /

Page #113
| zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1|| janavarI-mArca 2006 'dayA-mRtyu' evaM 'saMthArA-prathA' kA vaijJAnika AdhAra DA0 rAmakumAra gupta* - mAnava jIvana AsthAmUlaka hai| yaha AsthA vicArazIlatA, Atmabodha, parahita-bhAva evaM vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa kI apekSA rakhatI hai| mahAbhArata ke anusAra yudhiSThira se yakSa ne pUchA, 'he pANDava! vyakti kA vistAra kitanA hotA hai? sAdhAraNa vyakti isakA uttara yaha detA- 'yakSa bandhu! lagabhaga sAr3he tIna haath'| parantu yudhiSThira kA uttara isase bhinna hai| unhoMne manuSya ke trikAla vyApta bauddhika evaM naitika AyAmoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue uttara diyA thA- 'vyakti ke karmoM kA yaza pRthvI se uThakara AkAza ko sparza kara letA hai| kisI manuSya ke zubha-karmoM kI dhvani jitane kSetra meM vyApta hotI hai, utanA hI usa vyakti kA vistAra smjho| kintu bIsavIM sadI ke vyakti kI jIvana-dRSTi upayogI evaM anupayogI mAnaka se anurAga rakhatI hai| yaha jIvana-dRSTi samAja ko aise yakSa prazna para vicAra-vimarza hetu vivaza kara rahI hai, jisake zravaNa mAtra se hI vyakti meM kaMpakaMpI utpanna ho jAtI hai| lekina vyakti sAmAjika yathArtha se bhI asampRkta nahIM raha sktaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki aba samAja ne jIvana ke vasIyata para vicAra-vimarza hetu maMca banA liyA hai| jise 'varlDa pheDarezana Apha TU DAI sosAiTI' kahA jAtA hai| isa gaira antarrASTrIya maMca kA prathama sammelana 1976 meM jApAna ke zahara Tokyo meM Ayojita huA thaa| taba se pratyeka dUsare varSa yahA~ isakA Ayojana kiyA jAtA hai| pheDarezana kI vebasAiTa ke anusAra- jaba vyakti kI mAnasika sthiti aisI ho ki vaha koI nirNaya lene meM asamartha ho, to manuSya ke pAsa yaha adhikAra honA cAhie ki use kaba aura kaise maranA hai? bhArata meM mumbaI kI mInU masAnI ne bhI 1981 meM 'da sosAiTI phAra da rAiTa TU DAI vida DiganiTI' sthApita kiyA hai| jJAtavya hai ki 'dayA-mRtyu' kI avadhAraNA bIsavIM sadI kI abhivyakti hai| yaha asAdhya roga se pIr3ita vyakti kI zArIrika vedanA se jIvana ko anta karane kA cikitsakIya sAdhana hai (Medical Termination of Life- (MTL). * variSTha prAdhyApaka, darzanazAstra-vibhAga, TI0DI0 pI0jI0 kAleja, jaunapura222002 (yU0pI0)

Page #114
'dayA-mRtyu' evaM 'saMthArA-prathA' kA vaijJAnika AdhAra : 107 jaba kisI vyakti kI mRtyu asAdhya roga se avazyambhAvI lagatI hai tathA usake lie vedanA rahita evaM sArthaka jIvana kI AzAeM kSINa ho cukI hotI haiM; to rogagrasta vyakti kI sahamati para athavA saMrakSaka bandhuoM kI prArthanA para cikitsaka 'dayA-mRtyu' pradAna karane ke apriya vikalpa kA cayana karate haiM; jo sambandhita vyaktiyoM ke 'saMkalpa-zakti' (Will-power) se liyA gayA nirNaya hotA hai| taduparAnta rogI kI kRtrima jIvana-rakSaka davAe~ tathA zalya cikitsA Adi sAdhana banda kara diye jAte haiM evaM kevala darda nivAraka sAdhana jArI rakheM jAte haiN| isa apriya vikalpa ke anusaraNa se rogI AtmahatyA kie binA cirinidrA meM so jAtA hai| jaise mArca 2001 meM briTena kI eka 43 varSIya mahilA ne adAlata se prArthanA kiyA ki use dI jA rahI prANadAyaka kRtrima sAMsa banda kara dI jaae| adAlata ne mahilA ko svIkRti pradAna kara dii| kintu samAja ke lie jIvana aura mRtyu meM bheda karanA yakSa prazna kI bhA~ti hotA hai| udAharaNArtha- amerikI nAgarika 'TerI ziAvo' mastiSka kSatigrasta hone ke kAraNa apane jIvana ke viSaya meM nirNaya karane meM asamartha thaa| phalasvarUpa usake pati kI prArthanA para adAlata ne 1990 se nispaMda par3I ziAvo ke prANarakSaka upakaraNa haTAkara use ciranidrA meM sone kI anumati pradAna kara dI kintu ziAvo ke mAtA-pitA ne isakA virodha kiyA; kyoMki unheM abhI usake puna: svastha hone kI AzA thii| ataH nyAyAlaya ne apane nirNaya para punarvicAra kiyA aura mAnA ki agara ziAvo kI rAya lI jA sakatI, to kyA vaha apane mauta ke pakSa meM hotI? sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para nyAyAlaya ne mAnA ki rogI ziAvo apane mRtyu ke pakSa meM nahIM hotii| phalasvarUpa nyAyAlaya ne nirNaya diyA ki jina rogiyoM kI 'pratyakSa rAya' nahIM jAnI jA sakatI, unake jIvana rakSaka upakaraNa jArI rakheM jaaeN| tatpazcAt nyAyAlaya ke Adeza para rogI ziAvo ko 6 dina ke pazcAt jIvana-rakSaka upakaraNa lagA diye gye| jIvana aura mRtyu ke madhya antara karane ke nirNaya kA eka anya saMdarbha yaha bhI hai jo sAMsa kI asAdhya roga se pIr3ita 96 varSIya mA~, putra tathA DaoNkTara ke madhya 'dayA-mRtyu' ke apriya vikalpa para vicAra karane se hai| yadi DaoNkTara rogI mahilA ke jIvana ko bacAne kA upAya karatA hai, to use mahilA ke prANa-rakSaka upakaraNa ko jArI rakhanA hogaa| antataH putra mA~ kI tarapha se nirNaya karatA hai aura DaoNkTara se kahatA hai ki maiM Apase mA~ ke prANa-rakSaka upakaraNa ko haTAne ke lie nahIM kahU~gA; lekina kRpayA mA~ kI aura cikitsA na kareM; unheM zAnti se antima sAMsa lene deN|

Page #115
108 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 uparyukta sandarbha meM hI phephar3e kI bimArI se grasta 59 varSIya nInA benarjI / dvArA 'dayA-mRtyu' ke apriya vikalpa ke anukaraNa kA prasaMga bhI hai, jinhoMne prANarakSaka davA ke sahAre jIvita rahane ke bajAe ciranidrA meM sone kA nirNaya kiyaa| nInA benarjI ne apanI putrI bhaMgAnI se kahA ki jaba merA antima samaya A jAe; to ve prANa-rakSaka upakaraNa haTA de| putrI bhaMgAnI ne, mA~ jaba pUrNataH prANa-rakSaka upakaraNoM para Azrita ho gaI; vahI kiyA aura eka ghaMTe ke bhItara nInA benarjI ciranidrA meM so giiN|6 dhyAtavya hai ki 'dayA-mRtyu' ko 'icchA-mRtyu' ke samakakSa mAnane kI bhUla . nahIM karanI caahie| kyoMki 'icchA-mRtyu' vyakti kA nitAnta vaiyaktika nirNaya hotA hai| 'icchA-mRtyu' ke samarthakoM kA kahanA hai ki apane jIvana ko banAe yA samApta karane kA nirNaya pratyeka vyakti ko prApta honA caahie| inake dRSTikoNa meM eka svastha vyakti bhI apane jIvana ko samApta kara sakatA hai, lekina bhArata kA sarvocca nyAyAlaya isake viruddha hai| 1996 meM nyAyAlaya ne nirdeza diyA hai ki jIvita rahane ke adhikAra ke samAna jIvana ko samApta karane kA adhikAra kisI : ko nahIM hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka rUso bhI kahatA hai- manuSya svatantra paidA hotA hai, lekina pratyeka sthAna para vaha paratantra hotA hai| vastuta: janma lenA eka saMyoga hai; lekina jIvita rahanA aura jIvita na rahanA eka saMyoga nahIM hai| isIlie 'icchAmRtyu' ko pratyeka samAja meM AtmahatyA mAnA jAtA hai| yathArthata: yaha ucita bhI hai; kyoMki kAnUnI vaidhatA 'icchA-mRtyu' kI pravRtti meM vRddhi pradAna kara sakatI hai| katipaya vyakti manovaijJAnika yA jajabAtI kAraNoM se isakA anusaraNa karane ko prerita ho sakate haiN| isalie 'icchA-mRtyu' ko vaidhAnika anumati nahIM dI jA sakatI hai| jaise 13 disambara 2001 ko bhAratIya rAjya kerala ke ucca nyAyAlaya ne 73 varSIya bI0ke0 pillai ko apanI prANa tyAgane kI anumati dene se asvIkAra kara diyaa| asAdhya roga se pIr3ita pillai ne nyAyAlaya ke samakSa tarka rakhA ki ve sammAnajanaka jIvana jIne meM asamartha haiN| lekina nyAyAlaya ne yaha kahakara unakI yAcikA asvIkAra kara dI ki pillai kI yAcikA ke mUlyAMkana ke lie nyAyAlaya ke pAsa koI dizA-nirdeza nahIM hai| nyAyAlaya ne kahA sambhava hai pillai lambI bimArI ke atirikta anya kAraNoM se bhI apane jIvana ko samApta karanA cAhate hoN| yahI kAraNa hai ki lagabhaga 100 vyaktiyoM dvArA 'icchA-mRtyu' kA anusaraNa karane meM sahAyaka banane vAle eka amerikI DaoNkTara jaika kaiverkiyana ko 'DaoN0 Detha' kahA jAtA hai|

Page #116
'dayA-mRtyu' evaM 'saMthArA-prathA' kA vaijJAnika AdhAra : 109 yadyapi 'dayA-mRtyu' amaMgala se maMgala kI yAtrA hai| tathApi 'dayA-mRtyu' ke viSaya meM antima nirNaya lenA prabhAvita vyakti athavA usake AtmIya janoM evaM DaoNkTaroM ke lie durUha kArya hai, jo Izvara kI bhUmikA nibhAne jaisA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki 'dayA-mRtyu' kI avadhAraNA ko lekara jIvana aura mRtyu se sambandhita aneka prazna uThAye jAte haiN| jo mukhyataH 'dayA-mRtyu' ke nirNaya lene ke 'durupayoga' kI AzaMkA para AdhArita haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki udArIkaraNa, nijIkaraNa, vaizvIkaraNa ke dRSTikoNa se prabhAvita samAja ke naitika patana kI koI sImA nahIM hai| phalasvarUpa asAdhya roga se pIr3ita vyakti svayaM ko parivAra yA samAja para bhAra samajha sakatA hai athavA parivAra evaM samAja ke loga bhI rogI ko vittIya evaM sukha-suvidhA ke dRSTikoNa se anupayogI samajha sakate haiN| antataH 'dayA-mRtyu' bhI 'satI-prathA' kI bhA~ti eka bAdhyakArI vikalpa bana jaaegaa| bAta kaSTakAraka hai, magara satya hai ki DaoNkTara bhI canda rupayoM ke lie 'posTa mArTama riporTa' taka ko badala dete haiN| dhyAtavya hai ki 'dayA-mRtyu' kI avadhAraNA yAdRcchika (Arbitrary) nirNaya para AdhArita nahIM hai| apitu 'dayA-mRtyu' kA kriyAnvana vaijJAnika AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai| jo eka painala ke gaMbhIra vicAra-vimarza ke nirNaya para nirbhara hotA hai| isa nirNaya meM vaijJAnika, cikitsakIya evaM manocikitsakoM ke parAmarza, rogI athavA AtmIya janoM kI sahamati ke sAtha-sAtha koI Apatti prastuta na kiye jAne para hI kriyAnvita karane kA nirdeza hai| sAtha hI 'durupayoga' kI AzaMkA to kisI bhI avadhAraNA ke prati vyakta kI jA sakatI hai| jaise- 'alTrAsAuNDa' kA durupayoga karake 'bhrUNa-hatyA' vivekazIla cikitsaka, jananI evaM saMrakSaka ke dvArA soca samajhakara hI kriyAnvita kiyA jAtA hai| ata: kisI bhI avadhAraNA ke durupayoga ko kAnUna se nahIM rokA jA sakatA hai| kartavyabodha Atmaropita naitikatA para AdhArita hotA hai| isalie sarvaprathama amerikA ke 'oregana-rAjya ne 1997 meM asAdhya roga se pIr3ita vyaktiyoM ko vedanA rahita 'dayA-mRtyu' apanAne kA vidhika adhikAra pradAna kara diyaa| apraila 2002 se hAlaiNDa ne bhI 'dayA-mRtyu' ko vidhi sammata banA diyaa| veljiyama ne hAlaiNDa kA anusaraNa kiyaa| aba pUre yUropa, AsTreliyA ityAdi IsAI dezoM meM bhI 'dayA-mRtyu' para gaMbhIra vicAra-vimarza ho rahA hai| bhArata ke binovA bhAve dvArA jIvana tyAga ko 'dayA-mRtyu' kA dRSTAnta mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki jaba binovAjI ne davA denA banda kara diyA to nyAyAlaya taka ne kahA thA ki Apa kisI vyakti ko jIvita rahane ke lie bAdhya nahIM kara sakate haiN|

Page #117
110 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 - bhAratIya darzanoM meM nAstika darzana kA pratinidhi jaina darzana eka vyAvahArika jIvana-dRSTi kA praNetA hai| isa darzana meM bhI 'dayA-mRtyu' kI taraha 'saMthArA-prathA' kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| 'saMthArA-prathA' ke antargata jainadharmAvalambI sAdhu evaM zrAvaka jIvana ke sabhI uddezya pUre karane para sArvajanika rUpa se tathA dhArmika vidhi-vidhAna se Atmotsarga hetu svaicchika mRtyu kA Azraya lete haiN| jisameM jaina mani unheM 'anna-jala' tyAgakara bhautika jIvana se AdhyAtmika jIvana kI divya yAtrA karane kI anumati dete haiN| jJAtavya hai ki jainadharmAvalambI 'saMthArA-prathA' kA anusaraNa karate hI samAja ke AdaraNIya ho jAte haiN| jaina dharma meM vRddhoM, gRhasthoM, muniyoM ityAdi ke dvArA 'saMthArA-prathA' ko Atmotsarga kA sAdhana aura sAdhya mAnane kI paramparA atyanta prAcIna hai| jaina granthoM meM varNana hai ki mahAvIra ne 'saMthArAprathA' ko AtmasAta kiyA thaa| candragupta maurya ne jIvana ke antima samaya meM 'annajala' tyAgakara bhAratIya rAjya karnATaka meM bhautika jIvana se AdhyAtmika jIvana kI divya yAtrA kA anusaraNa kiyA thaa| spaSTa hai ki 'saMthArA-prathA' meM jainAnyAyI bhautikatA ko tyAgakara Atmotsarga ke lie divya yAtrA karate haiM, jaise- 2002 meM bhArata ke vibhinna rAjyoM meM 60 jainAnuyAyiyoM meM saMthArA-prathA' ko AtmasAta kiyaa| niSkarSata: jJAta hotA hai ki 'dayA-mRtyu' evaM jainadarzana ke 'saMthArA-prathA' donoM avadhAraNAoM ke sAdhana evaM sAdhya meM bhinnatA hai| 'dayA-mRtyu' cikitsakIya sAdhana dvArA zArIrika pIr3A se makti hai; jo svecchA yA parecchA se sArvajanika rUpa se saMkalpa zakti ke AdhAra para kriyAnvita kI jAtI hai| jabakI 'saMthArA-prathA' bhautikatA ko tyAga kara Atmotsarga hetu divya yAtrA ke lie prasthAna hai| lekina donoM avadhAraNAeM prabhAvita vyaktiyoM ke saMkalpa-zakti para AdhArita haiN| saMkalpazakti ke nirNaya vaijJAnika AdhAra para nirbhara hote haiN| kyoMki saMkalpa-zakti (Will-Power) naitikatA kI AdhArabhUta mAnyatA hai jisameM nirNayakartA meM karma karane kI kSamatA, jJAna aura uddezya tathA vikalpoM ke cayana kI svatantratA ityAdi pahalU antarnihita rahate haiN| jisake phalasvarUpa vyakti 'dayA-mRtyu' (anivArya hiMsA) ko Antarika preraNA se nirbhIkatA pUrvaka svajana ke prati nissIma prema evaM agAdha dayA se ota-prota hokara kriyAnvita karatA hai| pariNAmata: usake nirNaya prabhAvita vyakti evaM usake AtmIyajanoM ke sAtha-sAtha samAja ke lie bhI kalyANakArI hote haiN| isako AtmasAta karane vAlA vyakti 'mAnava jIvana' ko kriyAzIla, AsthAmUlaka evaM Anandamaya mAnatA hai aura socatA hai jahA~ meM jaba taka raho raho iMsA kI zAna se| varanA kaphana uThAo aura calo isa jahA~na se|

Page #118
'dayA-mRtyu' evaM 'saMthArA-prathA' kA vaijJAnika AdhAra : 111 saMdarbha : 1. mahAbhArata (vanaparva:- ykssprshn)| 2. luDaviga viTagenzTAina kI kRti-'philaoNsaphikala iMvesTIgezaMsa meM- "Don't ask for the meaning; ask for the use." 3. iNDiyA TuDe, 17 apraila 2002 meM zephAlI vAsudeva kA lekh| 4. navabhArata TAimsa, naI dillI ke sampAdakIya se uddhRt| 5. iNDiyA ttudde| 6. vhii| 7. Rosseau- 'Social Contract' - (23), Man is born free however, he is every where in chain." 8. iNDiyA TuDe, vhii| 9. vhii| 10. DA0 rajjana kumAra - 'samAdhimaraNa, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vaaraannsii-5| 11. iNDiyA TuDe, 6 mArca 2002 meM udaya mAhUkara kA lekh|

Page #119
zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 janavarI-mArca 2006 jaina zramaNa saMgha meM vidhi zAstra kA vikAsa DA0 zAradA siMha prastuta lekha DaoN0 zAradA siMha ko bhAratIya dArzanika anusandhAna pariSad, naI dillI dvArA pradatta unake posTa DaoNkTorala phelozipa hetu svIkRta viSaya kA sArAMza hai jisapara ve pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM kArya kara rahI haiM - sampAdaka bhAratIya darzana ke itihAsa kA pUrvArddha pramukhata: nivartaka aura pravartaka dharmoM ke udbhava, vikAsa aura saMgharSa kA itihAsa hai, jabaki uttarArddha inake samanvaya kA itihAsa hai| jaina dharma nivartaka dharmoM kA pratinidhi darzana hai| isalie jaina darzana meM zramaNa jIvana ko sarvocca mAnA gayA hai| zramaNa jIvana eka uccastarIya naitikatA evaM AtmasaMyama kA jIvana hai| zramaNa saMsthA pavitra banI rahe isalie zramaNa saMsthA meM praviSTa hone ke lie bhikSa-bhikSuNI kI dinacaryA, vastra, AhAra, vihAra, zIla niyantraNa Adi se sambandhita vidhi niyamoM -upaniyamoM kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa huii| vidhi sambandhita niyamoM para kisI bhI prakAra kI carcA se pahale yaha spaSTa karanA Avazyaka hai ki vidhi zAstra ke niyamoM ko lekara vidvAnoM meM paryApta matabheda hai, ata: Aja jo niyama pracalita haiM vo prAcIna kAla se vaise hI nahIM cale A rahe haiN| yahAM para yaha kahanA asaMgata nahIM hogA ki isa antarAla meM kucha niyama paristhiti ke sAtha badala diye gaye aura kucha vAcanAoM ke mAdhyama se AcAryoM dvArA pratipAdita kiye gye| jaina sAhityika sAkSyoM se yaha patA calatA hai ki mahAvIra nirvANa ke 160 varSa bAda prathama vAcanA pATalIputra meM,300 varSa pazcAt, dvitIya vAcanA ur3IsA meM, vIra nirvANa saMvat 827 arthAt I0 san kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM mathurA meM, lagabhaga usI samaya cauthI vAcanA valabhI meM aura vIra nirvANa ke 980 varSa bAda arthAt I0 san kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI meM vallabhI meM huii| antima vallabhI vAcanA mauryoM ke samaya pATalIputra meM, aura mathurA meM cauthI zatAbdI meM vAcanAeM huiiN| pAMcavIM aura chaThI zatAbdI meM huI vallabhI vAcanA vidhi sambandhita niyamoM upaniyamoM ke lie vizeSa rUpa se uttaradAyI hai| . * posTa DaoNkTorala phelo, bhAratIya dArzanika anusaMdhAna pariSad, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha

Page #120
jaina zramaNa saMgha meM vidhi zAstra kA vikAsa : 113 aitihAsika dRSTi se yaha kahanA bhI sambhava nahIM hogA ki pATaliputra aura vallabhI vAcanA meM kyA niyama upaniyama banAe gaye aura kina-2 niyamoM ko badalA gyaa| jaina zramaNa saMgha ke itihAsa para dRSTi DAleM to itanA to kahA hI jA sakatA hai ki jaina zramaNa saMgha ke vidhi zAstrIya niyama kisI eka kAla yA eka vyakti dvArA nahIM sthApita kiye gaye balki pUrI zramaNa saMskRti niyamoM ke vikAsa meM sahAyaka rahI hai| sarvaprathama vidhi-vyavasthA ko pratipAdita karane ke lie jaina saMgha ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai - 1. bhikSu saMgha 2. bhikSuNI saMgha 3. zrAvaka saMgha (upAsaka saMgha) 4. zrAvikA saMgha (upAsikA sNgh)| jaina saMgha meM bhikSu-bhikSuNI upAsaka aura upAsikAoM ke vastra, AhAra, vihAra, dinacaryA se sambandhita aneka niyama aura upaniyamoM kA varNana milatA hai| jaina zramaNa saMgha meM bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM kA eka niyamita dhArmika saMgaThana hotA hai aura usI ke anusAra niyamoM kA kaThoratA se pAlana karane kA vidhAna hai| jabaki zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM kA saMgha niyamoM ke pAlana meM vyaktigata svataMtratA detA hai| zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ko apanI ruci, zakti aura paristhiti ke anusAra yathAyogya kriyAkANDa karane kA evaM unake samAja ke sAmAnya niyamAnusAra vyAvahArika pravRttiyoM meM lage rahane kA varNana milatA hai| gRhastha varga samAja vyavasthA kA paripAlana, jIvanopayogI vastuoM kA utpAdana evaM saMrakSaNa karake karatA hai| jabaki zramaNa saMgha pUrNataH tyAga kA uddezya lekara AdhyAtmika patha kA varaNa karatA hai| vAstava meM vidhi-vyavasthA, AcaraNa sambandhI niyamoM kI paripAlanA hai jinheM vrata kahA jAtA hai| vrata sambandhita niyama saMgha para jabardastI nahIM thope jAte apitu gRhastha athavA zramaNa donoM naitika utkarSa kI ora apane kadama dRr3hatA se bar3hAte hue svecchA se svIkArate haiM yadyapi jaina zramaNa saMgha meM vyaktigata sAdhanA kI vyavasthA bhI hai phira bhI sAmudAyika sAdhanA kI bhAvanA hI mukhya rahI hai| zramaNa-saMgha kI vidhi-vyavasthA ke pIche mukhya rUpa se AdhyAtmika cintana rahA hai| jaina AcAra vyavasthA kA AdhAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza hI the| parantu yaha bhI satya hai ki sabhI niyamoM aura upaniyamoM kA nirmANa tIrthaMkara hI nahIM karate the| bahuta se aise niyama aura upaniyama haiM jinake nirmAtA zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu aura anya aneka gItArtha sthavira bhagavAna rahe haiN| unhoMne dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva ko dRSTi meM rakhakara mUla niyamoM ke anukUla unake samarthaka aura avirodhI

Page #121
114 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 niyamopaniyamoM kA nirmANa kiyA hai| jaina AgamoM ke sarvaprathama saMskRta TIkAkAra AcArya haribhadra ne yaha spaSTa kahA hai ki jo niyama saMyama-sAdhanA meM abhivRddhi karate hoM aura asaMyama kI pravRtti kA virodha karate hoM, ve niyama bhale hI kisI ke dvArA nirmita kyoM na hoM, grAhya haiN| kintu bAda meM ina niyamoM meM zithilatA bhI dikhAI par3atI hai| niyamoM ke bAra-bAra atikramaNa hone para AcAryoM dvArA unheM badala diye jAne ke saMdarbha meM jaina dharmAvalambI isa bAta ko mAnane lage the ki vidhi zAstrIya niyamoM meM jo bhI parivartana kiye jAeM vo saMgha ke prabhAvI AcAryoM dvArA hI kie jAeM / isa sandarbha meM ullekhanIya hai ki AcAra sambandhI niyamoM ko lekara hI jaina dharma meM vibhinna sampradAya kA janma huA jinameM zvetAmbara, digambara, sthAnakavAsI, terApaMtha Adi mukhya rUpa se Ate haiN| . __ jaina dharma ke zvetAmbara aura digambara sampradAyoM meM matabheda vizeSa rUpa se unake niyamoM ko lekara hai| zvetAmbara una niyamoM ko nahIM mAnate jinheM digambara mAnate haiM aura digambara una niyamoM ko nahIM mAnate jinheM zvetAmbara mAnate haiN| phira bhI kucha niyamoM ke pAlana meM donoM hI sampradAyoM meM ekarUpatA hai| jaina paramparA meM bhikSu-saMgha meM praveza pAne ke lie yadyapi varNa evaM jAti ko bAdhaka nahIM mAnA gayA tathApi usameM kucha vyaktiyoM ko saMgha meM praveza pAne ke ayogya mAnA gyaa| jaina dharma meM zramaNa-dIkSA ke lie mAtA-pitA evaM parivAra ke anya Azrita janoM kI anumati Avazyaka mAnI gaI hai| zramaNa-saMgha ke do mUla vibhAga haiM: sAdhu varga va sAdhvI vrg| saMkhyA kI vizAlatA ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue una vargoM ko aneka upavibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai| samAnyatayA eka varga meM do se cAra taka sAdhu hote haiM tAki sAdhusAdhviyoM kI suvidhAnusAra dekha-rekha va vyavasthA kI jA ske| yahI unakI saMgaThanAtmaka vyavasthA hai| prArambha meM saMgha meM dIkSita hone vAle pratyeka nara yA nArI ko bhikSu yA bhikSuNI ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thA, parantu saMgha meM inakI saMkhyA meM vRddhi hone ke kAraNa tathA prazAsanika vyavasthA ko sudRr3ha banAye rakhane ke lie saMgha meM kramaza: kaI padoM kA sRjana huA jaise- AcArya, upAdhyAya, sthavira, muni, pravartinI aadi| ina padoM meM AcArya aura upAdhyAya ke padoM ko hI jyAdA mahattvapUrNa mAnA gayA kintu ye pada kevala bhikSu ke lie hI surakSita the| bhikSuNI yogya hone para bhI ucca padoM para AsIna nahIM ho sakatI thI, tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekheM to bauddha bhikSaNI bhI ucca padoM kI adhikArI nahIM thI kintu bhikSuNI kA saMgha meM praveza sambandhI vidhi sarvaprathama jaina dharma meM hI banAyA gyaa| saMgaThanAtmaka vyavasthA ke antargata vibhinna padoM ke lie Avazyaka kartavya tathA adhikAra nizcita kiye gaye the| vibhinna padoM para AsIna zramaNa yA zramaNI

Page #122
jaina zramaNa saMgha meM vidhi zAstra kA vikAsa : 115 saMgha ke sabhI niyamoM ke vijJa evaM prazAsanika yogyatA meM atyaMta nipuNa hote the| yadyapi inake yogyatA aura dAyitva ke bAre meM AgamoM meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai| AcArAMga aura unake paravartI yuga meM saMgha kI kendrIya vyavasthA samApta hone ke phalasvarUpa pratyeka gaNa aura gaccha ke svatantra vyavasthA ke vivaraNa milate haiN| yadyapi vastra, pAtra, upakaraNoM Adi ke bAre meM saMgha meM sabhI prakAra ke vastuoM ko hI zramaNoM ke lie agrahaNIya mAnA gayA gayA hai| kintu jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue unheM kucha vastueM rakhane kI anumati hai| digambara paramparA ke anusAra zramaNa ke Avazyaka vastuoM ko tIna bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai-2 pustaka, mora kI picchI, jalapAtra kamaNDala aadi| zvetAmbara paramparA meM vastra, pAtra, kamaNDala aura rajoharaNa ina cAra upakaraNoM kA vidhAna hai| praznavyAkaraNa Adi sUtroM meM caudaha vastuoM ko zramaNa ke yogya mAnA gayA hai, kintu dhIre-dhIre muni apanI sukha suvidhAoM hetu vastuoM kI saMkhyA meM vRddhi karate ge| itanA hI nahIM gulikA, khola, paratIthika Adi aujAra bhI rakhane lge| vastuta: jaina zramaNoM ko jina vastuoM ko rakhane kA vidhAna hai unameM saMyama kI surakSA hI pramukha hai| dazavaikAlika sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo zramaNa vastuoM kA saMgraha karatA hai vaha zramaNa nahIM gRhastha hai| __jaina zramaNa saMgha meM sAdhu-sAdhvI ke lie sAdA aura sAtvika bhojana kA prAvadhAna hai jisameM zuddhatA kA paryApta dhyAna rakhA gayA hai| sAtha hI unake bhojana kA bhAra samAja ke kisI eka vyakti athavA varga vizeSa para na par3e isalie muniyoM ko bhramaNa karate hue AhAra athavA bhikSA ke vidhAna kA vikAsa kiyA gyaa| muni ko bhojana meM svAda lolupatA na rakhakara saMyama pAlana ke lie AhAra grahaNa karane kA Adeza hai| isa prakAra AhAra ke sambandha meM donoM saMghoM meM koI mUlabhUta antara nahIM hai| jaina saMgha ati kaThora AcAra meM vizvAsa karatA hai| jaina zramaNa saMgha meM vastra; acelatA aura sacelatA ke sambandha meM prAcIna kAla se hI vivAda hotA rahA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to inhIM niyoM ko lekara hI zvetAmbara aura digambara sampradAya nirmita hue| kyoMki inakI mAnyatA thI ki binA acelatva mukti nahIM prApta hogii| parantu isa kaThora dRSTikoNa ke bAvajUda zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM sampradAyoM meM nirvastratA kA pUrNatayA pAlana sambhava na ho skaa| vAstava meM dekhA jAe to vastra sambandhI niyama mUlata: muni AcAra se sambandhita hai kyoMki gRhastha upAsaka upAsikAoM aura sAdhviyoM ke lie to jaina dharma meM prArambha se hI vastra kA vidhAna hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke Agama graMtha AcArAMga se lekara bAda ke paravartI graMthoM taka meM vastra sambandhI aneka niyamoM kA

Page #123
116 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 ullekha milatA hai| bhagavatIArAdhanA, mUlAcAra, SaTakhaNDAgama Adi granthoM meM acelatA ko lekara aneka niyamoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jaina zramaNa saMgha meM isa bAta para vizeSa bala diyA gayA ki sAdhu sAdhviyoM ke pArasparika sambandha aise hoM jinase unakA cAritrika patana na ho aura ve sAmAjika kalyANArtha AdhyAtmika patha para bar3hate cale jaaeN| yadyapi jaina zramaNa.saMgha kI mAnyatA thI ki zramaNoM ke lie na azana kA nirmANa kiyA jAya, na vasana kA aura na bhavana kA nirmANa kiyA jaay| kintu zramaNI ke zIla surakSArtha AvAsa ke sambandha meM bhI niyama banAye ge| bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM kA eka hI makAna meM rahanA varjita hai| dharmazAlA, binA chata kA makAna, vRkSamUla evaM khulI jagaha para rahanA bhI vidhi niyamoM ke viruddha mAnA gayA hai, tathA zramaNI ke lie jahAM dukAna ho, galI ke kinAre kA sthAna Adi anukalpya mAne gaye haiN| ThIka aise hI zramaNa paramparA ke dUsare darzana bauddha darzana meM bhI buddha bhikSu-saMgha yA bhikSuNI-saMgha ke AvAsa yA vihAra ke samarthaka nahIM the| bhikSuoM ko upasampadA ke samaya jina cAra nizrayoM kI zikSA dI jAtI thI, unameM se eka nizraya ke anusAra unheM vRkSa ke nIce nivAsa karanA hai| ina niyamoM meM apavAda bhI dekhane ko milatA hai| IsA pUrva dvitIya zatAbdI ke madhya bhikSuoM ke lie aneka vihAra ke vidyamAna hone kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| jaina zramaNa zramaNiyoM ke yAtrA sambandhI jo niyama banAye gaye haiM, unakA mukhya uddezya jana-sAmAnya ko dharmopadeza denA tathA sthAna-vizeSa se apanI Asakti tor3anA hai| donoM dharmoM meM zramaNa zramaNiyoM ko pUrva nizcaya ke sAtha yAtrA na karane kA vivaraNa milatA hai| yadi mArga bhayAnaka ho to bhikSu-bhikSuNI saMgha sAtha meM yAtrA kara sakate haiN| varSAkAla ko chor3a zeSa mahIne eka grAma se dUsare grAma (grAmANugAma) vicaraNa karane kA tathA logoM ke kalyANArtha upadeza dene kA nirdeza diyA hai| jaise-jaise jaina dharma kA pracAra evaM prasAra bar3hatA gayA, jaina bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM ke bhramaNa kSetra meM bhI vistAra hotA gyaa| unheM anya kSetroM meM yAtrA karane kA niSedha isIlie kiyA gayA tAki unheM AhAra tathA upAzraya Adi prApta karane meM kisI prakAra kI kaThinAI na ho| vahIM bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ko bhikSu-saMgha ke sAtha hI varSAvAsa vyatIta karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai, kyoMki bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ke pravAraNA (pratikramaNa) uposatha tathA upadeza jaise dhArmika kRtya binA bhikSu-saMgha kI upasthiti ke nahIM ho sakate haiN| isake viparIta jaina bhikSaNiyA~ saMgha ke abhAva meM bhI apanA varSAvAsa vyatIta kara sakatI haiM evaM uposatha yA pravAraNA ke lie unheM bhikSa saMgha ke samakSa upasthita honA anivArya nahIM hai| isa prakAra bhikSu-bhikSaNiyoM ko yAtrA sambandhI aneka maryAdAoM kA pAlana karanA par3atA hai|

Page #124
jaina zramaNa saMgha meM vidhi zAstra kA vikAsa : 117 uttarAdhyayana meM jaina 'zramaNa-saMgha' kI dinacaryA sambandhI niyamoM kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| muni kI dinacaryA ke vidhAna ke lie dina evaM rAtri ko cAra-cAra praharoM meM bAMTA gyaa| uttarAdhyayana ke anusAra prathama prahara meM Avazyakakata svAdhyAya, dUsare prahara meM dhyAna, tIsare prahara meM bhikSA va AhAra-grahaNa, cauthe prahara meM svAdhyAya kA vidhAna kiyA gyaa| isake atirikta SaT Avazyaka, pratilekhana, AlocanA, dhyAna, svAdhyAya, bhikSA-gaveSaNA evaM tapAdi dinacaryA ke pramukha kRtya haiN| jaina zramaNa-saMgha ke samAna bauddha zramaNa-saMgha kI dinacaryA kA koI kramabaddha varNana prApta nahIM hotA hai| phira bhI bauddha zramaNa-saMgha ke lie vandanA, adhyayana-adhyApana, upadeza, bhikSAcaryA, dhyAna, samAdhi Adi dinacaryA ke Avazyaka kRtya haiN| prAcIna AcAryoM ko brahmacarya-mArga meM Ane vAlI kaThinAiyoM kA dhyAna thaa| isI kAraNa pravajyA kA dvAra sabake lie khulA hone para bhI kucha anupayukta vyaktiyoM ko usameM praveza kI AjJA nahI thii| saMgha meM praveza ke samaya arthAt dIkSA-kAla meM hI isakI sUkSma chAnabIna kI jAtI thii| jaise-jaise saMgha kA vistAra bar3hatA gayA, ina niyamoM kI avahelanA hotI gayI aura tamAma satarkatAoM evaM gaharI chAnabIna ke bAvajUda bhI ayogya vyakti (paruSa yA strI) saMgha meM praveza pA jAte the| sUkSma manovaijJAnika chAnabIna ke uparAnta bhI brahmacarya-skhalana kI arthAt kAma AvegoM meM tIvratA kI aisI sthiti meM jainAcAryoM ne sarvanAza kI apekSA arddha vinAza ko bhI apane vidhAna meM rkhaa| jaina AcAryoM ne zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ke kAma AvegoM para saMyama ke lie adhyayana, lekhana, vaiyAvRtya Adi ko protsAhana diyA tAki unheM ina viSayoM para socane kA samaya hI na mile sAtha hI kAma sambandhoM meM kAphI satarkatA baratate hue vizeSa paristhiti meM hI bhikSubhikSuNiyoM ko sparza kI anumati dI gyii| sAdhvI zIla maryAdA meM rahe ataeva zramaNI saMgha meM prarvatanI, gaNAvacchedinI, pratihArI Adi padoM kI bhI vyavasthA kI gyii| bhikSuNiyoM kI zIla kI rakSA ke nimitta AcAra ke vAhya niyamoM kA kitanA bhI ullaMghana ho, saba ucita hai| saMgha kA yaha spaSTa Adeza thA ki zIla kI rakSA ke lie bhikSu hiMsA kA bhI sahArA le sakatA hai| ata: isa sandarbha meM mahAvratoM kI virAdhanA Adi ko bhI kucha aMzoM taka ucita mAnA gayA evaM kucha apavAda bhI svIkAra kiye gye| isa prakAra jainAcAryoM ne zramaNiyoM ke zIla-bhaMga sambandhI pratyeka paristhiti kA vizleSaNa karate hue usake nivAraNa ke lie aneka niyama banAye evaM zIla surakSArtha kabhI-kabhI vyavasthita niyamoM meM parivartana bhI kiyaa|

Page #125
118 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 jaina granthoM meM zramaNa-zramaNiyoM se sambandhita niyamoM kA anuzIlana karane se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki prAcIna Agama granthoM yathA-AcArAMga, sthAnAMga Adi kI apekSA paravartI granthoM yathA gacchAcAra, bRhatkalpabhASya Adi ke racanA kAla ke samaya meM bhikSuNiyoM ke Upara bhikSuoM kA aura bhI adhika kaThora niyantraNa ho gyaa| sthAnAMga meM kucha vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM zramaNa-zramaNiyoM para paraspara eka dUsare kI sahAyatA karane, sevA karane tathA sAtha rahane kA bhI vidhAna thA, parantu gacchAcAra tathA bRhatkalpabhASya ke racanAkAla taka ina saba para kaThora niyantraNa lagA diyA gyaa| yahAM hama kaha sakate haiM ki AcArAMga tathA sthAnAMga ke racanAkAla ke samaya aura bAda ke paravartI granthoM yathA gacchAcAra ke samaya taka niyamoM meM dRr3hatA dRSTigocara hotI hai| jaina zramaNa saMgha meM puruSa aura strI kI samAnatA para bala diyA gayA, parantu inakI saMgaThanAtmaka vyavasthA para tatkAlIna sAmAjika mUlyoM kA gaharA prabhAva par3A hai| zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ke madhya niyamoM kI samAnatAoM evaM saiddhAntika uccAdarzoM ke bAvajUda bhI yaha spaSTa hai ki bhikSu kI tulanA meM bhikSuNI kI sthiti nimna thii| bauddha darzana se yadi tulanA kareM to buddha ne svayaM saMgha meM strI ke praveza ke sambandha meM kAphI anunaya-vinaya ke pazcAt AjJA dI thI, ata: bauddha saMgha meM strI ke lie kucha viziSTa niyama banAe gye| yadyapi zramaNI saMgha kI vyavasthA jaina dharma meM hI prathamata: kI gayI thI, phira bhI jaina dharma meM kramaza: "puruSajyeSTha dharma'' evaM "aSTaguru dharma" ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura zramaNI ko zramaNa ke Azraya meM rahane ke Adeza ke vidhAna kA varNana prApta hotA hai| zramaNa hI zramaNI ko dIkSita karatA hai evaM aparAdhoM ke lie prAyazcitta evaM daNDa detA hai| zramaNI ko ye adhikAra prApta nahIM the| yadyapi kucha jaina vidvAna evaM dharmAnanda kozAmbI prabhRta bauddha vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki ye niyama bhikSuNI saMgha para bAda meM lAde gye| jaina zramaNa-saMgha meM na kevala saMgha kI vyavasthA ko sucAru rUpa se calAne ke lie niyamoM ko dRr3hatA se sthApita kiyA apitu unakA ullaMghana karane para daNDa kI vyavasthA bhI kI gyii| sAmAnyata: jaina AgamoM meM niyama bhaMga aura aparAdha ke lie prAyazcitta kA hI vidhAna hai,kyoMki daNDa kA prayoga hiMsA kA hI eka rUpa hai| ata: jaina zramaNa saMgha meM prAyazcitta kI hI vyavasthA kI gayI, kintu jaba sAdhaka anta:prerita hokara svayaM prAyazcitta kI yAcanA nahIM karatA hai to saMgha kI vyavasthA ke lie use daNDa dene kA vidhAna kiyA gayA, tAki anya bhikSu usase sIkha le skeN| yadyapi isa AtmaglAni yA aparAdha bodha kA yaha tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki vyakti

Page #126
jaina zramaNa saMgha meM vidhi zAstra kA vikAsa : 119 jIvana bhara isa aparAdha bodha kI bhAvanA se grasta rahe apitu vaha aparAdha aura doSa ko doSa ke rUpa meM dekhe aura samajhe ki aparAdha eka saMyogika ghaTanA hai aura usakA parizodhana kara AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke patha para Age bar3hA jA sakatA hai| jaina dharma meM zramaNa-saMgha kI sthApanA una nAriyoM ke lie varadAna siddha huI jo samAja se kisI prakAra santrasta thIM / aisI sabhI nAriyoM ko jinheM samAjika pratAr3anA jhelanI par3atI thI aura jinheM sammAnapUrvaka jIvana vyatIta karane kA koI vikalpa nahIM thA, jaina dharma ke zramaNa saMgha ne unheM Azraya evaM bhayamukta vAtAvaraNa pradAna kiyaa| zramaNa-saMgha ne vidyAdhyayana ke lie svastha vAtAvaraNa pradAna kiyaa| aise kaI bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiM, jo AgamoM evaM piTakoM meM niSNAta the| isa prakAra itihAsa para dRSTi DAleM to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki prArambha meM vidhi zAstra ke niyamoM meM itanI kaThoratA nahIM thI, lekina jaba munaSya meM chala aura pravaMcanA kI pravRtti adhika vikasita ho gaI to saMgha kI vyavasthA ke lie kaThora niyamoM kA vidhAna karanA pdd'aa| manuSya bhogoM meM Asakti rakhatA hai aura yadi usa ora jAne ke lie use thor3A sA bhI mArga milatA hai to vaha bhogoM meM gRddha ho AdhyAtmika sAdhanA taja detA hai| buddha ne zramaNoM ko kaThora niyama nahIM diye kintu isakA pariNAma bauddha saMgha para vAmAcAra ke nAma se anaitika sampradAya kA AvirbhAva huaa| mana kI tRpti jaba chala, kapaTa, IrSyA aura moha-mAyA, mithyAtva Adi se yukta ho jAtI hai to kaThora naitika niyama Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| ... isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki zramaNa-saMgha meM vidhizAstra kI upayogitA kaI dRSTikoNoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| yaha eka viziSTa prakAra kA Azrayasthala tathA sudhAragRha hai jahA~ bhayamukta anukUla vAtAvaraNa milane para nara-nAriyoM ko apane jJAna evaM buddhi ke caturdika vikAsa kA sunaharA avasara upalabdha huaa| isa prakAra zramaNazramaNiyA~ vidhizAstrIya niyamoM kA paripAlana karate hue loka-kalyANa hitArtha samAja ko zubha preraNA dete haiM aura svayaM bhI naitika carama (mokSAvasthA) kI sthiti para pahu~cate haiN| isa prakAra tatkAlIna samAja ke lie zramaNa-saMgha kA yogadAna atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| nissandeha, jaina zramaNa-saMgha kI sthApanA, eka aitihAsikatA thii| jaina sAhitya ke gahana adhyayana se patA calatA hai ki zramaNoM ke lie banAe gae vidhi/niyama jaina dharma ke vikAsa meM sahAyaka rahe haiN| jaina dharma meM AcAra sambandhI aneka granthoM kI racanA kI gayI hai| jaina granthoM, jaise - AcArAMga, sthAnAMga, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, dazAzrutaskandha, bRhatkalpasUtra,

Page #127
120 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 vyavahArasUtra, nizItha sUtra tathA inake vyAkhyA evaM TIkA granthoM meM jaina bhikSubhikSuNiyoM ke vidhi se sambandhita aneka niyama prApta hote haiN| zramaNa paramparA meM vidhizAstra se sambandhita aneka pustakeM prakAza meM AyI haiM jinameM jaina zramaNa paramparA se sambandhita pahalI pustaka maikenjI kI The Account of the Jaina 1809, isake pazcAt buhalara kI Indische Sekte der Jainas hai, Adhunika kAla meM bhI zramaNa paramparA para aneka pustakeM prakAza meM AyI hai 'Contribution to the History of Brahmanical Asceticism'(H.D. Sharma), 'Early Buddhist Monachism' (Sukumar Dutta), 'Early Monastic Buddhism (Nalinaksha Dutta), History of Jain Monachism (S.B. Bhagawat), Jain Monastic Jurisprudence (S.B. Dev) aadi| ye pustakeM atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiM jinameM zramaNa paramparA ke AcAra sambandhI niyamoM kA eka samyak citra upasthita hotA hai| isa prakAra zramaNa paramparA kA pratinidhitva karane vAle jaina evaM bauddha dharma granthoM meM zramaNa-saMgha ke lie pratiSThApita vidhi-vyavasthA kA samyak nirUpaNa hI hamArI bhAratIya dArzanika anusaMdhAna pariSad, naI dillI dvArA etadviSayaka svIkRta pariyojanA kA uddezya hai| donoM dharmoM ke vidhi sambandhI vipula sAhitya ke adhyayana ke pazcAt yaha Avazyaka lagA ki lagabhaga eka hI kAla meM vikasita tathA eka se vidhi niyamoM se sambandhita ina do mahattvapUrNa zramaNa-saMghoM ke AcAraniyamoM kA tulanAtmaka rUpa se vivecana kiyA jaaye| saMdarbha : 1. Jaina Monastic Jurisprudence, p. 3. 2. mUlAcAra, 1/14. 3. AcArAMga, 1/2/5/90. 4. praznavyAkaraNa, 10. 5. dazavaikAlika, 6/19. 6. DA0 sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, pRSTha saM: 28. 7. uttarAdhyayana, 26/8..53. 8. vRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga-4, 4128-45.

Page #128
zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 janavarI-mArca 2006 devAnandA-abhinandana kumAra priyadarzI* - vaizAlI ho gayA dhanya prabhU samavazaraNa se dhanya hue nara-nAri zIza le dhUli caraNa-se / / 1 / / jaya jaya trizalA-nandana kA jayaghoSa guMjarita martya loka meM amRta-ghaTa thA svayaM avatarita / / 2 / / varSoM kI bina-nAtha dharA ke mAtra sahAre Atma jJAna AbhA maMDita ho zramaNa padhAre // 3 // kuMDa grAma kA bahuzAvaka nava caitya suzobhita prabhU-Agamana ke prakAza se ho Alokita / / 4 / / nirgrantha zramaNa ke AkarSaNa se khiMce sarala mana RSabhadatta - devAnandA baiThe kara vandanaM / / 5 / / prabhu se jyoM hI milI najara devAnandA kI romAMcita ho roma roma ura mamatA jAgI / / 6 / / harSa praphullita bA~hoM ke AbhUSaNa tar3ake gada gada nayanoM meM Anandita azru jhalake / / 7 / / raha raha kampana se tana thA sampUrNa siharatA animeSa dRSTi meM jhA~ka rahI pulakita vatsalatA // 8 // umar3A stana se pyAra dUdha kI dhArA bana kara kaMcukI bhIMjI, lagI chupAne svayaM sahama kara / / 9 / / *"ArAdhanA" Ara0eca0-80/20, zAhU nagara, ema0AI0DI0sI0, "jI' cIncvAda, pUnA-19

Page #129
122 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 gaNadhara gautama dekha niyati kA khela nirAlA hue cakita, jijJAsA bhara, prazna kara DAlA // 10 // bhagavana! kyA lIlA hai, yaha hai kaisA nAtA mAt vatsalA sama vihvala hai brAhmaNa mAtA / / 11 / / romAMcita, besudha budha, kyA yaha soca rahI hai devAnupriye! Apa meM kisako khoja rahI hai // 12 / / vardhamAna ne cakSu banda kara kSaNa bhara A~kA bhagavattA kA dRzya paTala prajJA se 'jhA~kA // 13 // vismita ho kiMcit muskAya rahasa ye khole antara meM kara mAtR namana, prakaTa yaha bole // 14 // "gautama! yaha devAnandA hai merI mAtA maiMne isake mAtR-udara se janma liyA thA' // 15 / / yaha kaha bhagavana mauna samAdhI lIna ho gae stabdha pArSada, sabhI vismayAdhIna ho gae // 16 // gautama bUjha sake na khuda yaha gUr3ha pahelI bole mA~ se - "kSamA, rahasa yaha kholo devI' |17|| antara pIr3A-kSINa dhAt sakucAI kSaNa bhara vIra prabhu kI smiti lakha saMpreSita ananta bala / / 18 / / mukhara huI devAnandA - "bhante! nArI abalA hai, use zreSThi sAmantoM ne hara roja chalA hai // 19 // maiM brAhmaNa putrI, pati mere vijJa purohita jaise hI mA~ banI khuzI bhI huI tirohita // 20 // usa bayAIsavIM rAta lAla kA haraNa huA thA bahuta roI, bhaTakI, chAtI para vajra sahA thA // 21 //

Page #130
devAnandA-abhinandana putrecchA thI chInA thA || 22|| aba samajhI SaDayaMtra, rAnI kI mahaloM ne hI isa garIba kA sukha sunA mahala usa dina rozana thA manI divAlI kisI indra ne rAnI kI jholI bhara DAlI // 23 // isI nRzaMsa karma ke phala usane gRha tyAgA nahIM lajAyA dUdha brAhmaNI kA, vaha jAgA ||24|| jhUThA hai itivRtta jo usako kSatriya jAne brAhmaNa aura nArI ko mukti yogya na mAne // 25 // krUra hRdaya haiM ve jinane kI deva prasArita nAri - garbha se bhrUNa haraNa kI kathA pracArita ||26|| yaha barbara hiMsA hai mukhauTA lagA dharma kA satya, ahiMsA va acaurya se jur3I aMdhatA ||27|| Aja huI maiM putravatI, prabhu ne svIkArA dhanya huI darzana kara karuNA ke sAgara kA // 28 // kahate devAnandA ho sammohita nizcala dhyAna magna hokara padmAsana zobhita // 29 // "dhanya dhanya" udghoSa kara uThe gautama gaNadhara abhinandana jina-mAtu tumhArA karate hama saba // 30 // : 123

Page #131
English Section The Conception of Death in Buddhism and Jainism Jaina Sasanadevatas : Source and Iconography

Page #132
sramana, Vol. 57, No. 1 January March 2006 THE CONCEPTION OF DEATH IN BUDDHISM AND JAINISM Dr. Pramod Kumar Singh* Death has been variously conceived as the great equalizer, the fountainhead of existential fear and also as the basis of rejuvenation. The exploration of death-consciousness and its ontological counterpart has to do justice to these apparently incoherent aspects. Philosophers of these two philosophical traditions are in no hurry to explain away this crucial experience. Both discover a new meaning of this existential phenomenon. Death assumes a new significance by being transferred into the threshold of a life of freedom and beatitude. Thus, they reach the paradoxical position that death may be preferable to life when an individual is capable of tearing asunder the cobwebs and enter the realm of truth, freedom and illumination. The Buddhist approach to death is unique in itself because the Buddha did not accept the permanent existence of the Self. The non-existence of self or Anatta is one of his most prominent doctrines of Buddhism. Like the Greek philosopher Heracleitus, the Buddha is a philosopher of change. Therefore, it is easy for him to accept death as moment of change. The reality of change implies the reality of time and death. We can contrast this philosophical outlook with the philosophers of eternal or non-changing reality like the Vedanta. Samkaracarya does not accept change as characteristic of reality. Therefore, he relegates death to the world of illusion. But for the Buddha, death belongs to the world of reality. But the Buddhist position is basically different from the Carvaka position, which considers death as the final end of human existence. * Former Post Doctoral Fellow, I.C.H.R., New Delhi.

Page #133
The Conception of Death in Buddhism and Jainism : 127 The former accepts the law of karman which links one life with another life. Thus, in the Buddhist philosophy, death is a link between two lives with the mediation of the law of Karma. A person is a peculiar combination of a group of elements. When this group complex disintegrates, death takes place. Therefore, death is a real event to some extent. The Buddhist position is slightly inconsistent if we consider the question of personal identity. If group A disintegrates, then how can group B be responsible for the deeds of group A? The candle analogy does not hold here because different candles burn with their own fuel. We cannot imagine why the light of candle "A" should affect the light of candle "B". Thus Buddhist metaphysics ends with silence. In fact, the Buddha had maintained silence about the ultimate questions of metaphysics. In the Majjhima-nikaya (483-8), we find the questions, which the Buddha refused to answer on the ground that they do not bring about spiritual edification. For instance, the Buddha avoided the question whether the saint exists after death and also nirvana. Itis quite significant because the Buddha could have identified the saint's death with his extinction. By avoiding any categorical answer, the Buddha kept his distance from the materialistic school. We read as follows in the Majjhima-nikaya: "How is it, Gotama? Does Gotama hold that the saint both exists and does not exist after death, and that this view alone is true, and every other false?" "Nay, Vaccha! I do not hold that the saint both exists and does not exist after death, and that this view alone is true, and every other false," "But how is it, Gotama? Does Gotama hold that the saint neither exists nor does not exist after death, and that this view alone is true, and every other false"? "Nay, Vaccha! I do not hold that the saint neither exists nor does not exist after death, and that this view alone is true, and every other false.."

Page #134
128 : Sramana, Vol 57, No. 1/January-March 2006 In the light of the doctrine of no soul (anatta) and the metaphysical silence of the Buddha, the Buddhist doctrine of karma appears to be very difficult to understand. If death is not the end of a man, then how can the elements or dhammas transmigrate? There is nothing to be reborn because the human being is a momentary combination of elements or dhammas, which possess no permanent existence. The problem before us is: what is the essence of man, which survives death? Karma or deeds or performances cannot constitute a substantive reality. Let us now turn to the other aspects of the Buddhist philosophy of death. As a young prince, Guatama had encountered death at an existential level. It was an existential experience, not an intellectual problem before him. This experience of death had shaken him to the backbone. His young mind realized for the first time that death is an indispensable part of human existence. We know that this motivated the prince to engage in philosophical reflections. Gautama gradually became the Buddha after such existential experiences. Time and change or what the existentialist philosophers called temporality appear prominently as key problems in his consciousness. His reaction to death is similar to what Yudhisthira had commented to the sylvan god or the Yaksa. He commented that man forgets the reality of death and therefore, he lives an inauthentic life. Asvaghosa describes this encounter with death in his A Life of Buddha in the following words: - "Four persons passed by, carrying corpse; and the prince, shuddering at the sight of a lifeless body, asked the charioteer, what is this they carry? There are streamers and flower garlands; but the men that follow are overwhelmed with grief!" The charioteer replied: "This is a dead man; his body is stark; his life is gone; his thoughts are still: his family and friends who loved him now carry the corpse to grave."

Page #135
The Conception of Death in Buddhism and Jainism : 129 And the prince was full of awe and terror: "Is this the only dead man, he asked, or does the world contain other instances?" With a heavy heart the charioteer replied: "All over the world it is the same. He who begins the life must end it. There is no escape from death". With bated breath and stammering accents the prince exclaimed: "O worldly men! How fatal is your delusion! How fatal is your delusion! Inevitably your body will crumble to dust, yet carelessly unwittingly, ye live on."? After getting enlightenment the Buddha did not give up his concern for the problem of death. He taught his disciples not to shed tears for diseased and death. In the mustard seed parable, the Buddha had set fourth his conception of death and called upon his disciples to face death as a fact of life. Gotami was full of grief after the death of only son. She had approached the Buddha to revive the consciousness of the dead child. The Buddha had asked her to bring a handful of mustard seeds from a house where no one had lost a child, husband, wife or parent. She had gone from house to house and discovered that every family is afflicted with the grief for the death of a near and dear one. She had realized that death is common to all and a person ought to seek the path to immortality. She turned to Buddha for spiritual guidance. The Buddha expounded the nature of human existence as full of suffering, death and separation. The wise man maintains the peace and tranquility of his mind in the face of such afflictions. He teaches that death is an inevitable event of life and it spares no body. Even the most powerful human beings are mercilessly preyed upon by death. Man is simply a combination and when a combination disintegrates one must not lament. In the following words he highlights a dimension of existence, which Martin Heidegger had described as being towards death the Buddha says:

Page #136
130 : sramana, Vol 57, No. 1/January-March 2006 "As ripe fruit are early in danger of falling, so mortals when born are always in danger of death. "As all earthen vessels made by the potter end in being broken, so is the life of mortals. "Both young and adult, both those who are fools and those who are wise, all fall into the power of death; all are subject to death. "So the world is afflicted with death and decay, there the wise do not grieve, knowing the terms of the world.? From the above sermon, it is clear that the Buddha accepts temporality and finitude as the central characteristics of human existence. The other systems of Indian philosophy confined changes to the external and non-essential dimensions of human existence. But as this sermon reveals, the Buddha ascribes much more reality to death than the classical philosophers. But he does not corroborate the materialistic approach to death. We come across a discussion about eschatological matters in the "Mahaparinibbana Sutta". There the Buddha presents his position regarding death in philosophical terms. He points out that the individuals in bondage have to go though suffering and death again and again but liberated individuals are free from anxiety about death. Speaking of hint the Buddha declares. "Hell is destroyed for me, and rebirth as an animal, or a ghost, or in any place of woe. I am converted; I am no longer liable to be reborn in a state of suffering, and am assured of final salvation". Speaking of the advanced spiritual practitioners, the Buddha declares that death is no longer a torment for them. Death gradually loosens its grip over such enlightened persons and ultimately they break out of the chains of death. He says: - "Those who have died after the complete destruction of the three bonds of lust, of covetousness and of the egotistical clinging

Page #137
The Conception of Death in Buddhism and Jainism : 131 to existence, need not fear the state after death. They will not be reborn in a state of suffering; their minds will not continue as karma of evil deeds or sin, but are assured of final salvation. "When they die, nothing will remain of them but their good thoughts, their righteous acts, and the bliss that proceeds from truth and righteousness. As rivers must at last reach the distant main, so their minds will be reborn in higher states of existence and continue to be pressings on to their ultimate goal which is the ocean of truth, the eternal peace of nirvana." In the same "Mahaparinibbana Sutta"; we observe Ananda being afflicted with grief and anxiety regarding the approaching death of his Master. The Buddha could understand Ananda's mental condition and again characterizes death as the inevitable end of human existence. He presents death as a reality, which nobody can escape. Even if there is rebirth, still death brings a particular combination of elements to its ultimate end. From this point of view death is a reality for the particular individual concerned. The following is the most significant declaration of the Buddha regarding death: "Have I not formerly declared to you that it is in very nature of all compound things that they must be dissolved again? We must separate ourselves from all things near and dear to us, and must leave them. How then, Ananda, can it be possible for me to remain, since everything that is born, or brought into being, and organized, contains within itself the inherent necessity of dissolution? How, then can it be possible that this body of mine should not be dissolved? No such condition can exist! And this mortal existence, O Ananda, has been relinquished, cast away, renounced, rejected and abandoned by the Tathagata."6 It was the Buddha's definite opinion that only the fools conceived of the idea of self. The wise man finds no ground to build up the concept of the self because he knows that all compounds are dissolved in course of time. Even he did not claim any immortality

Page #138
Sramana, Vol 57, No. 1/January-March 2006 for himself. It is the concept of self, which degrades an individual by creating egoism in his heart. One is so pre-occupied with one's self that one forgets the truth. The self is the root cause of bondage. It is just a name of a compound, which makes us anxious about our survival after death only because we wrongly consider the self as separate from the physical constituents. II 132 : The death of the body is a less significant phenomenon for Jainism. In this context Jainism is closer to Hindu metaphysics of the Samkhya and Vedanta persuasions. The Jaina metaphysical scheme accepts a plurality of souls (jiva) and five categories of nonliving entities (ajiva) the eternal categories of ether (akasa), the means of movement (dharma) and the means of rest (adharma), time (kala) and matter (pudgala). Only Pudgala and Jiva are active, infinite and constant in number. Mahavira held that not only the animals and plants but also such entities as stones, rocks, running water and many other natural objects have souls. In itself the soul is omniscient, blissful and naturally bright. The number of souls in the universe is infinite. The souls are fundamentally equal but they differ owing to the adherence of matter in the fine atomic form. Karma is a kind of subtle matter, which is invisible to the human eye. As we know, this is a unique doctrine of Jainism because the other systems consider karma as immaterial. This karma is responsible for the bondage of the souls. The latter's association with and dissociation from the karmic matter causes the birth and death in a cycle of transmigration. The influx (asarva) and bondage (bandha) of karma into the soul causes the material embodiment and death of the souls. Professor A.L. Basham presents this doctrine in the following words: "The naturally bright soul becomes dulled and clouded over by karmic matter and thus acquires first a spiritual and then a material body. The obfuscation of the soul is compared to the gradual clouding

Page #139
The Conception of Death in Buddhism and Jainism : 133 of a bright oily surface by motes of dust. Karma adheres to the soul as a result of activity. Any and every activity induces karma of some kind, but deeds of a cruel and selfish nature induce more, and more durable karma than others. The karma already acquired leads to the acquisition of further karma, and thus the cycle of transmigration continues in indefinitely".? In Jainism, any one who has dissipated his all karmas can get salvation. Like Hinduism and Buddhism it grants salvation for all. Jainism does not consider a monastic life essential for the attainment of salvation. Bharata was not a monk but he got liberated. Jainism has got a certain code of conduct for monks (sramanacara) as well as lay devotees (sravakacara). Monk's life consists of severe discipline and austerity including fasting, self-mortification, study and meditation. Such a rigorous ascetic life can rid a person from the influx of new karmic matter (dravya karma) into the soul and also the annihilation of the remnants of karmic matter. Jainism lays more stress on the physical aspects of austerity while Buddhism lays more stress on the volitional aspect. Asceticism reached its climax in Jainism though it was merely one aspect of Hindu austerity. Prof. Basham presents a glimpse of Jaina penance for Nirvana as follows: "The regimen of the Jaina monk was, and still is, strict in the extreme. At his initiation his hair was not shaved, but pulled out by the roots. He subjected himself to much hardships, such as meditating in the full sunlight of the Indian summer, or maintaining as uneasy posture for long periods on end, though Jainism did not permit the more spectacular penance of some Hindu ascetics. The monk's frugal meals were interrupted by numerous fasts, and many monks starved themselves to death, following the example of Mahavira himself."* The ultimate goal of such extreme asceticism was to get rid of death or to remove an unwelcome adjunct to the true being of the individual.

Page #140
134 : sramana, Vol 57, No. 1/January-March 2006 Like the thinkers of the Upanisads and the Buddha, Mahavira frequently cited the fact of death as an object of philosophical reflection. Such reflection was supposed by him to lead a person to detachment. The transitoriness of life is made evident by such philosophical reflection. We realize that a hedonistic life is ultimately futile. Wisdom is the result of such philosophical reflections. In its essence, the Jaina approach to death is very close to the Hindu approach as set forth especially in the Bhagavadgita. Both these religions accept the duality between the soul and the body. Therefore, they do not consider death as a momentous event of human existence as the Existentialist thinkers like Martin Heidegger does. Heidegger holds that man experiences dread (angst) when he reflects on his own death. This dread or angst is an essential element of human existence. This can be minimized by an authentic life, but it can never be eliminated. Hinduism and Jainism hold just the reverse viewpoint. Lord Kssna taught Arjuna not to grieve for the deaths of his near and dear ones in the battle of Mahabharata. He gave the argument that it is the body, which dies not the soul. And it is soul, which is the essence of my existence, not the body. Then a wise man should never shed tears over the death of his near and dear ones and, besides, he should not fear death. This very position is held by the following verses of the Digambara monk of the 4th century in his Istopadesa: "Death is not for me, why then should I fear? Disease is not for me, why then should I fear. I am not a child, nor a youth, nor an old man. All these states are only of my body. The soul is one thing, matter another. That is the quintessence of truth, Whatever else may be said? Is merely its elaboration."?l0

Page #141
The Conception of Death in Buddhism and Jainism : 135 The idea of the pollution or contamination of the soul is found in other religious philosophies too. But the Jaina doctrine gives a material or literal interpretation to this concept of pollution. Being contaminated by karma - matter, the soul becomes involved in the cycle of transmigration or samsara. It forgets its true nature as pure, perfect and omniscient. Its search for truth is obscured by passions (kasaya). Acarya Umasvati points out in his Tattvarthadhigama Sutra as follows: - "The causes of bondage are wrong belief, non-renunciation, carelessness, passions, and union (yoga) of the soul with the mind, body and speech"." During the long process of penance, the soul returns to itself. The highest mental austerity consists of concentration. And the highest concentration consists of the total absorption of the soul in itself.2 Acarya Umasvati describes the state of liberation as complete dissociation from all karmic matter and, hence, from the body. This dissociation turns death into an insignificant event in the life of a person. We can call it non-event from the point of view of the soul. This is an objective approach to the problem of death. A wise man is supposed to adopt this objective point of view. In the subjective viewpoint, a person gets anxious about his individual death or the loss of a particular body. From the objective point of view adopted in Jainism and Hinduism, death belongs to the world of matter, hence, to grieve for somebody's death or to fear one's own death is a mark of ignorance. The Jaina philosophy accepts fourteen stages on the path to complete liberation (Gunasthanas). We need not elaborate all the stages here; our main concern is with the final stage when the soul gives up its association with the body and the cycle of birth and death. Prof. T.G. Kalghatgi portrays the final stages as follows:

Page #142
136 : sramana, Vol 57, No. 1/January-March 2006 "The final stage is the stage of absolute perfection, called 'ayoga kevals. Here all the remaining karmas are destroyed. The soul prepares itself for the final stage first by stopping all the gross activities of the body, mind and speech. Then the subtle activities are stopped, like respirations, etc. Then it enters the stage of 'sukladhyana' or pure concentration, which is infallible. The soul has now attained the peaceful perfection. The influx of karma is completely stopped and the soul is free from all karmic dust."!3 The conception of man in Jainism is fundamentally dualistic in nature; hence death is treated as only a natural event like the dropping of a ripe fruit or drop of rain. This leads the Jaina thinkers to adopt an asceticistic attitude towards the human body. Nothing that we gain through the body appears of any value to them, except the mortification of the body in severe penance. To conclude, it is Buddhism, which explores death both as a subjective and objective phenomenon. The Buddha's awareness of his own death had led him to call upon his followers to be lamps unto themselves (atta deepo bhava). Being devoid of dualism, Buddhism treats death as a significant phenomenon and draws lessons from its inevitability. Death does not amount to a simple change of garment nor a desirable event for the sake of a faster realization of liberation. A Bodhisattva inthe Mahayana tradition prolongs his life to spiritually elevate mankind spiritually. Death is non-event in Hinduism and Jainism, but not so in Buddhism as it consists of the end of a particular conglomeration. But Buddhism does not draw the logical implications of this position by a sweeping stroke. If 'something'transmigrates to another body, then the Jaina and Hindu conceptions of death appear more logical and systematic. Despite this inconsistency Buddhism is closer to existentialism in its pre-occupation with the phenomenon of death, with death as a primary and existential aspect of our being, not as a secondary and transitory event. Such an approach to death logically implied an ethics of compassion and service while attempting to rise above the individualistic pre-occupation with one's own salvation.

Page #143
The Conception of Death in Buddhism and Jainism : 137 Reference: 1. S. Radhakrishnan & C.A. Moore (ed.) A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, New Jersey : Princeton University Press, 1973, p. 289. 2. Paul Carus (ed), The Gospel of Buddha, New Delhi National Book Trust, 1975, p. 14. 3. Ibid. p. 170-1. 4. Ibid. p. 182. 5. Ibid. p. 182. 6. Ibid. p. 191. 7. A.L. Basham, The Wonder that was India, Calcutta; Rupa & Co, 1967, p. 293. 8. Ibid. p. 294. 9. Robert Solomon, From Rationalism to Existentialism, New York, 1972, 10. p. 222. 11. A.L. Basham, The Wonder that was India, Calcutta; Rupa & Co., 1967, p. 297. 12. S. Radhakrishnan & C.A. Moore (ed.) A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, New Jersey : Princeton University Press, 1973, p. 259. 13. Ibid. p. 260. 14. T.G. Kalghatgi, "Karma in Jaina Thought". In S.S. Rama Rao Pappu, (ed) The Dimensions of Karma, Delhi; Chanakya Publications, 1987, p. 111.

Page #144
Sramana, Vol. 57, No.1 January March 2006 JAINA SASANADEVATAS : SOURCE AND ICONOGRAPHY Dr. Nandini Verma* Dr. Ratnesh Verma** The term Sasanadevata in Jaina text is used for the Yaksa and Yaksi attending upon each of the 24 Jinas as guardian deities protecting the Sangha and occupying a position subsidiary to their respective Jinas. The Yaksas as Vyantara devatas are conceived in Agamic literature both as benign and malefic deitics. As a benign spirit Yaksas bestow happiness but with malefic character they may bring about agony and disaster. The Jaina Agamas particularly the Uttaradhyayana Sutra, indicate that Yaksa concept was going through a transition. They are referred to as using their specific powers in a benevolent way for the nobler cause of the society. The Yaksaraja later known as Sarvanubhuti and also Kubera has been considered as the presiding spirit over wealth in Indian tradition. The Jaina who represents a mercantile class especially endeared them to the yaksa cult and appropriated them among the class of their highest divinities. Yaksaraja by the gih_9th Century A.D. was elevated to the position of a Sasanadeva associated with Jina. Similarly the reference to Bahuputrika Yaksi in the Agama texts assumes a new dimension and ultimately she too like Yaksaraja occupied the position of a Sasanadevi. It may be noted that these two (Sarvanubhuti and Ambika) were earliest of all the 24 Yaksa-Yaksi pairs attending upon the Jinas as the Sasanadevata. Their iconographic features i.e. moneybag with Sarvanubhuti and the association of children with Ambika * Reader, V.K.M. Degree College, Varanasi ** Regional Cultural Officer, U.P. Govt. Allahabad

Page #145
Jaina Sasanadevatas : Source and Iconography : 139 were borrowed from early concept of Manibhadra Yaksa and Bahuputrika Yaksi. The early Jaina works of 6th to gih Century A.D. discuss the iconographic features of Jaina Sasanadevatas such as Yaksaraja, (Sarvanubhuti) Dharanendra, Ambika, Padmavati and Cakresvari who had been prevelant in some form or other in early tradition of almost all the sects. However, the list of Yaksa-Yaksi pairs for all the Jinas were finalized in both the Svetambara and Digambara traditions during gih_gih Cent. A.D. while their detailed individual iconographic features was enunciated in the texts around 10h-12th Cent. A.D. In art, Sasanadevata were introduced around 6th Cent. A.D. The earliest pair of Sarvanubhuti and Ambika continued to be shown with almost all the Jinas at least up to 9th Cent. A.D. After 9th Cent. gradual process of showing different YaksaYaksi pairs with the Jina was in vogue. Most of the Yaksa-Yaksi pairs were usually shown with abhaya (or varad) mudra and a fruit (or kalasa), which distinctly indicate the divine, and the bestowing nature of Sasanadevatas. The Jinas representing spiritual phenomenon sustained their unceasing respect for austerity and renunciation while Sasanadevata as the bestower of material abundance kept on changing their forms particularly in art to suit the socio-religious obligations. Around 11th Cent. fixed forms of the Yaksa and Yaksi were visualized. The number of their hands increased and the attributes, which were added, are in form of weapon of wars like mace, shield, sword, spear, etc. This iconography development was obviously not a sudden change but reflects the changing attitude of the society and, also their requirement. Interestingly, during the 11th Century A.D. our country was facing foreign intruders who were particularly aiming at ravaging our religious edifices. To combat the foreign threat probably it become necessary to change the form of the deities

Page #146
140: sramana, Vol 57, No. 1/January-March 2006 to inspire and instigate the nerves of the people. Jains too kept themselves well in tune with need of the time by encouraging the worship of Sasanadevata holding different protecting weapons. We feel beside the tantric element this point was also instrumental for such iconographic development. When the concept of Sasanadevata was introduced, they were supposed to guard the Jina-Sangha. They were appointed by Indra to attend upon the Jina at Samvasarana. The early pair of Yaksa and Yaksi used to show a money-bag and fruit or a bunch of mangoes and child, which denote important symbolic meaning. A moneybag represents "wealth" which had to play an important role in worldly affairs especially for the propagation of Sangha ideals and maintaining a prosperous life. Similarly, fruit signifies the fulfillment of desires. The depiction of Ambika with child showing continuity of life was to attract the masses of the society who used to worship her as "Mother Goddess" from the early centuries. At the time of showing these semi-divine figures Jainas had no definite planning in their mind. They kept on showing this early pair without any notable development. However, around the 9th Century A.D. at the Digambara sites an effort has been made to assimilate the Svetambara Mahavidyas to the concept of Sasanadevata. The effort is discerned at the Deogarh temple No. 12 where most of the Yaksis are inscribed with the names of Mahavidyas. However, the names of Yaksas in some cases were adopted from other cults as well, the best example could be seen in assimilation of Gomukha, isvara as Yaksas of Rsabhanatha and Abinandananatha respectively. With such changes Jainism seem to assume a new role, but they never overlooked their basic tenets. Jinas were always accorded the highest position even in the independent figures of Sasanadevata. Jinas were given a position at the top of such figures, perhaps indication of paramount spiritual level. The representation of Sasanadevatas seems to have given through three different stages. In the first stage only Sarvanubhuti

Page #147
Jaina Sasanadevatas : Source and Iconography : 141 and Ambika were shown as the common to all the Jina, which show the early form of Yaksa-Yaksi pair. In the second stage the yaksayaksi pairs (usually different from the pair of the first stage) differ slightly from case to case but fixed types were not created. There was no visible connection between particular Jina and a particular pair. Their representation may sometimes vary even in the images of the same Jina. The third stage (C. 11th Cent. A.D.) witnessed the theoretical sanction of the iconographic features of the Sasanadevatas as envisaged in Jaina texts. But in art of all of them never found representational prominence except Gomukha Cakresvari, Sarvanubhuti, Ambika, Dharanendra, Padmavati and Matanga Siddhayika respectively the Sasnadevata of Rsabhanatha, Neminatha, Parsvanatha and Mahavira. However, the variation in the iconographic features of Sasanadevata reflects regional or local tradition though fundamentally they agree with textual prescriptions. References: 1. 2. Uttaradhyayana Sutra, Trans. H Jacobi, Sacred Book of the East, Vol. 45 Part-2, Oxford 1895, Delhi 1973 (Reprint) Pratisthasara-sangraha, Vasunandi, Manuscript, L. D. Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad. 3. Pratisthasaroddhara, Asadhara, Ed. Manoharlal Shastri, Bombay 1917. 4. Harivamsa-purana, Jinasena, Ed. Pannalal Jain, Jnanapeeth Murtidevi Jaina Granthamala, Sanskrit Granthanka 27, Varanasi 1962 5. Shah U. P., Yaksas Worship in Early Jaina Literature, J. O. E., Vol III, Issue I, Sept. 1953, pp 54-71. 6. Tiwari Maruti Nandan Prasad, Jaina Pratima Vijnana, PVRI, Varanasi, 1981. Verma, Ratnesh Kumar, Iconography of Jaina Sasanadevata In Madhya Pradesh, unpublished thesis, BHU, 1985.

Page #148
zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 janavarI-mArca 2006 vidyApITha ke prAGgaNa meM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM tridivasIya rASTrIya saMgoSThI sampanna vaidika evaM zramaNa paramparAoM meM paraspara AdAna-pradAna viSaya para tridivasIya rASTrIya saMgoSThI (dinAMka - 26 - 28 pharavarI, 2006) bhAratIya saMskRti vaidika evaM zramaNa paramparAoM kA samanvita rUpa hai| donoM hI paramparAyeM prAcIna kAla se bhAratIya saMskRti meM pravAhita hotI A rahI haiN| ataH svAbhAvika hai ki donoM ne eka dUsare ko prabhAvita kiyA hogaa| donoM ne eka-dUsare ko kahA~, kaba aura kaise eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita kiyA hai, isI uddezya ko parilakSita karate hue pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI aura maharSi sAndIpani vedavidyA pratiSThAna, ujjaina ke saMyukta tatvAvadhAna meM dinAMka 26 se 28 pharavarI 2006 taka "vaidika evaM zramaNa paramparAoM meM paraspara AdAna-pradAna" viSaya para eka tridivasIya rASTrIya saMgoSThI kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| - saMgoSThI kA prArambha vaidika evaM zramaNa paramparA ke maMgalAcaraNa se huaa| vaidika maMgalAcaraNa DaoN0 pataJjali zAstrI tathA jaina maMgalAcaraNa sthAnakavAsI jaina muni paramapUjya zrI rAmamuni jI ne kiyaa| paramparA ke anusAra dIpa prajjvalana tatpazcAt atithiyoM kA svAgata sammAna, aMgavastraM evaM pratIka cihna pradAna kara kiyA gyaa| tatpazcAt pro0 mahezvarI prasAda, nidezaka pArzvanAtha vidyApITha aura DaoN0 amaladhArI siMha, kArya adhikArI, maharSi sAndIpani vedavidyA pratiSThAna, ujjaina ne apanI-apanI saMsthAoM kA paricaya diyaa| pazcAt mukhya atithi, sArasvata atithi dvArA vidyA kI devI sarasvatI tathA zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke citroM para mAlyArpaNa kA kAryakrama sampanna huaa| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kA paricaya evaM viSaya pravartana saMsthAna ke nidezaka pro0 mahezvarI prasAda ne kiyaa| unhoMne kahA ki bauddha evaM jaina donoM dharmoM kI mAnyatA hai ki koI janmanA brAhmaNa nahIM hotA, brAhmaNa to karma se hI hote haiN| pro0 prasAda ne kahA ki yUropa meM mArTina lUthara ke sudhAravAda ke pahale hI bhArata meM lokAzAha ne jaina dharma meM sudhAra kI alakha jgaaii| udghATana satra ke mukhya atithi pro0 paMjAba siMha,

Page #149
vidyApITha ke prAGgaNa meM : 143 kulapati, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI ne mukhya atithi pada se bolate hue kahA ki veda evaM jaina Agama kA jJAna mAtra AdhyAtmika jJAna hI nahIM hai, yaha sAre jJAna kA saMgraha hai| veda sampUrNa mAnava mAtra ke mUlya, jJAna tathA jIvana ke pratIka haiN| veda meM vijJAna aura sAmAnya jJAna donoM hI sannihita haiN| sArasvata atithi ke rUpa meM padhAre prakhyAta gaNitajJa pro0 esa0pI0 siMha, kanADA ne zUnya para sAragarbhita vyAkhyAna diyaa| udghATana satra kI adhyakSatA pro0 surendra siMha, kulapati, mahAtmA gA~dhI kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI ne kii| pro0 siMha ne manuSya ko paramAtmA kI sarvazreSTha racanA batAte hue karma ke siddhAnta para jora diyaa| saMgoSThI kA dvitIya satra aparAhna 3.00 baje pro0 jayaprakAza siMha kI adhyakSatA meM prArambha huA jisameM pA~ca zodha-patra prastuta kiye gye| patra vAcakoM meM DaoN0 nandalAla jaina, rIvA; DaoN0 rekhA caturvedI, gorakhapura; DaoN0 somanAtha nene, ujjaina; DaoN0 ema0esa0 mizra, lakhanaU, pro0 saccidAnanda zrIvAstava, gorakhapura Adi pramukha the| dinAMka 27.02.2006 ko prAta: 9.30 baje saMgoSThI kA prathama satra pro0 rAmamUrti tripAThI kI adhyakSatA meM prArambha huaa| isa satra meM vibhinna viSayoM para cha: patroM kA vAcana huaa| jina vidvAnoM ne isa satra meM apane zodha patra prastuta kie unameM - DaoN0 ema0pI0 ahiravAra, vArANasI; DaoN0 sudhA jaina, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI; DaoN0 suSamA siMghavI, jayapura; DaoN0 IzvarIzaraNa vizvakarmA, gorakhapura; pro0 brajabihArI caube, ujjaina; DaoN0 jAnakI prasAda dvivedI, vArANasI mukhya haiN| dvitIya satra aparAhna 11.30 baje pro0 aMganelAla, pUrva kulapati, avadha vizvavidyAlaya, phaijAbAda kI adhyakSatA meM prArambha huA jisameM DaoN0 vaMzIdhara bhaTTa, jarmanI; DaoN0 vibhA upAdhyAya, ujjaina; DaoN0 ramA pANDeya, vArANasI; DaoN0 irAvatI, vArANasI; DaoN0 zAradA ayyara, vArANasI Adi ne apane zodha-patroM kA vAcana kiyaa| tRtIya satra aparAhna 2.30 baje prArambha huaa| isa satra ke adhyakSa pro0 ena0eca0 sAmatAnI the| isa satra meM DaoN0 haraziMkara pANDeya, DaoN0 mahendra pANDeya, sa0saM0vi0vi0, vArANasI; pro0 rAmamUrti zarmA, ujjaina, pro0 mArutinandana prasAda tivArI, vArANasI; DaoN0 nihArikA, dillI Adi vidvAnoM ne apane zodhapatra prastuta kiye| pro0 mArutinandana prasAda tivArI ne slAiDa ke mAdhyama se apane zodha-patra ke aneka binduoM ko spaSTa kiyaa| isI dina saMdhyA meM kavi sammelana kA Ayojana kiyA gayA thaa| kavi goSThI pro0 revA prasAda dvivedI, vArANasI kI adhyakSatA meM sampanna huii| goSThI meM bhAga lene

Page #150
144 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 vAle kaviyoM meM pro0 zivadatta zarmA caturvedI, DaoN0 kauzalendra pANDeya, DaoN0 upendra pANDeya, pro0 candramauli dvivedI, DaoN0 prabhunAtha dvivedI, DaoN0 kRSNakAnta zarmA, DaoN0 sUryaprakAza vyAsa, DaoN0 zrI kizora mizra, pro0 amaranAtha pANDeya, DaoN0 kamalAprasAda siMha, DaoN0 candrakAnta dvivedI evaM pro0 rAmacandra pANDeya, vArANasI ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| dinAMka 28.02.2006 ko prAta: 9.30 baje pro0 saMghasena, dillI kI adhyakSatA meM prathama satra kA zubhArambha huaa| isa satra meM jina vidvajjanoM ne apane zodha-patra prastuta kiye unake nAma haiM - DaoN0 aruNa pratApa siMha, baliyA; DaoN0 dInAnAtha zarmA, gujarAta vizvavidyAlaya; pro0 sItArAma dUbe, ujjaina; pro0 brajabihArI caube, ujjaina, pro0 mahezvarI prasAda, nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vaaraannsii| dvitIya satra bhI pro0 saMghasena, dillI kI adhyakSatA meM prArambha huaa| isa satra meM jina vidvAnoM ke zodha-prastuta kiye gaye unameM DaoN0 arcanA zarmA, DaoN0 arpitA caTarjI, vArANasI; pro0 saMghasena, dillI; pro0 bindezvarI prasAda mizra, ujjaina ullekhanIya haiN| patroM kI bAhulyatA ke kAraNa pro0 sItArAma dUbe, ujjaina kI adhyakSatA meM eka vizeSa satra bhI calAyA gayA jisameM aneka zodha-patra prastuta kiye gye| isa satra meM jina vidvAnoM ne apane zodha-patra prastuta kiye ve haiM - kumArI saritA zuklA, DaoN. kiraNa zrIvAstava, kumArI abhilASA tripAThI; kumArI aditi, kumArI RcA siMha, DaoN0 anAmikA siMha, DaoN0 herambha pANDeya, DaoN0 harIzvara dIkSita, zrI yogendra kumAra mizra, DaoN0 esa0esa0 candela evaM DaoN0 saMdhyA zrIvAstava, vaaraannsii| tRtIya satra kA prArambha 3.00 baje pro0 brajabihArI caube kI adhyakSatA meM huaa| isameM DaoN0 sAvitrI siMha, DaoN0 bI0Ara0 maNi, suzrI tISya rakSitA siMha, DaoN0 zAradA siMha Adi vidvAnoM ke zodha-patra prastuta kiye gye| sAyaM 4.00 baje samApana satra prArambha huaa| samApana satra kI adhyakSatA pro0 brajabihArI caube, ujjaina kI adhyakSatA meM huaa| mukhya atithi pada se bolate hue pro0 siMha ne kahA ki vartamAna pariprekSya meM 'vaidika evaM zramaNa paramparAoM ke paraspara AdAna-pradAna' viSayaka saMgoSThI kI mahatI AvazyakatA thii| Aja hama pAzcAtya aMdhAnukaraNa kara rahe haiM lekina hama apanI bhAratIya saMskRti kI ora nahIM dekha rahe haiN| Aja AvazyakatA hai use jAnane aura samajhane kii| sArasvata atithi DaoN0 bI0Ara0 maNi ne vaidika evaM zramaNa paramparA kI aitihAsikatA para prakAza

Page #151
vidyApITha ke prAGgaNa meM : 145 ddaalaa| samApana satra kA kuzala saMcAlana pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke sahAyaka nidezaka DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya ne kiyA aura dhanyavAda jJApana DaoN. vijaya kumAra, pravaktA, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ne kiyaa| isa saMgoSThI kI vizeSatA yaha rahI ki isake sabhI satra meM vArANasI tathA vArANasI se bAhara ke vidvAna upasthita rhe| pratyeka patravAcana ke pazcAt praznottara meM prAya: sabhI vidvAna bhAga lete the| kucha patroM para to eka-eka ghaMTe taka praznottara hue| isameM bhAga lene vAle sthAnIya vidvAnoM meM pro0 amaranAtha pANDeya, pUrva AcArya, mahAtmA gAMdhI kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI; pro0 pI0 dUbe, pro0 pI0 paMkaja, pro0 ena0kyU0 paMkaja, pro0 kamalA prasAda siMha, DaoN0 vimalendu kumAra, DaoN0 kamaleza kumAra jaina, kA0hi0vi0vi0, vArANasI; pro0 phUlacanda jaina, sa0saM0vi0vi0, vArANasI; DaoN0 jhinakU yAdava, nidezaka, mAnava saMskRti zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, DaoN0 anekAnta jaina, dillI, phAdara ema0 seTiMyAgo, phAdara rajanIkAnta, vArANasI; DaoN0 pataMjali zAstrI, ma0gAM0kA0vi0, AcArya zarada kumAra sAdhaka, vaaraannsii| vArANasI se bAhara ke vidvAnoM meM Dr. B. Bhatt (Germany), Ms. Uma Vesci (Italy), Ven. Bamunugam Shanthavimal Thero (Srilanka), Ms. Kyung-Seo (America), Ms. Pamela John (America) Adi vidvAna upasthita the| maharSi sAndIpani vedavidyA pratiSThAna, ujjaina ke kArya adhikArI, DaoN0 amaladhArI siMha va vahA~ se Aye sabhI logoM ne bar3e hI manoyoga tathA sauhArdapUrNa bhAva se saMgoSThI ko saphala bnaayaa| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha nibandha-pratiyogitA 2005-06 kA pariNAma ghoSita ___ 'vijJAna ke kSetra meM ahiMsA kI prAsaMgikatA' viSaya para pArzvanAtha vidyApITha dvArA Ayojita nibandha-pratiyogitA 2005-06 kA pariNAma ghoSita kara diyA gayA hai| isa nibandha pratiyogitA ke lie grupa 'e' (18 varSa se kama Ayu varga vAle pratibhAgI) evaM grupa 'bI' (18 varSa se adhika Ayu varga vAle pratibhAgI) meM kula kramazaH 5 evaM 20 nibandha prApta hue| nirNAyaka maNDala (pro0 sudarzana lAla jaina, pUrva kalA saMkAya pramukha, kA0hi0vi0vi0, pro0 phUlacanda jaina, jaina darzana vibhAga, zramaNa vidyA saMkAya, sa0saM0vi0vi0 evaM pro0 dharmacanda jaina, esosieTa prophesara, saMskRta vibhAga, jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlaya, jodhapura) ne donoM grupoM ke lie jina pratibhAgiyoM kA prathama, dvitIya evaM tRtIya puraskAra hetu cayana kiyA hai, ve haiM

Page #152
146 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 grupa 'e' kA pariNAma kra0saM0 puraskAra zreNI nAma pratibhAgI puraskAra rAzi prathama puraskAra himAMzu siMghavI, jodhapura 2500/dvitIya puraskAra kumArI priyaMkA coraDiyA, 1500/ chipAvar3a 3. tRtIya puraskAra ku0 nikitA copar3A, 1000/ rAjanAdagA~va ina tInoM pratibhAgiyoM ne nibandha hetu nirdhArita pUrNAMka 150 meM se kramaza: 90, 77 evaM 76 aMka prApta kara prathama, dvitIya evaM tRtIya sthAna prApta kiyaa| grupa 'bI' kA pariNAma kra0saM0 puraskAra zreNI nAma pratibhAgI / puraskAra rAzi prathama puraskAra zrImatI saroja golechA, 2500/ rAjanAdagA~va 2. dvitIya puraskAra zrImatI nUtana miteza jaina, 1500/ saghanAvAM evaM zrImatI kamalinI bokAriyA, bIDa, saMyukta rUpa se 3. tRtIya puraskAra zrI chaila siMha rAThaur3a, jodhapura 1000/ evaM zrI rAma svarUpa jaina, savAI mAdhopura saMyukta rUpa se nibandha-pratiyogitA hetu nirdhArita pUrNAMka 150 meM se prathama puraskAra prApta zrImatI saroja golechA ko kula 117 aMka, dvitIya puraskAra ke lie saMyukta rUpa se vijetA zrImatI nUtana miteza jaina evaM zrImatI kamalinI bokAriyA ko 114114 aMka tathA tRtIya puraskAra ke saMyukta vijetA zrI chaila siMha rAThaur3a evaM zrI rAma siMha jaina ko kramaza: 113, 113 aMka prApta hue| grupa 'bI' ke lie dvitIya evaM tRtIya puraskAra kI puraskAra rAzi ko saMyukta vijetAoM meM barAbara-barAbara bA~Ta diyA jaayegaa|

Page #153
vidyApITha ke prAGgaNa meM dhyAtavya hai ki pratibhAgiyoM ko nirNAyaka maNDala dvArA jo aMka diye gaye haiM ve unakI nibandha kI viSaya prastuti, bhAva, bhASA evaM viSaya vastu ko AdhAra banAkara diye gaye haiM tathA pariNAma meM pUrI pAradarzitA baratI gaI hai| vijetA sabhI pratibhAgiyoM ko pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM dinAMka 15 se 17 disambara, 2006 ko Ayojita "Contribution of Shraman Tradition to Indian Culture & Tourism" ( "bhAratIya saMskRti evaM paryaTana ko zramaNa paramparA kA avadAna' viSayaka tridivasIya rASTrIya saMgoSThI ke avasara para eka sAde samAroha meM puraskAra evaM pramANa patra dekara sammAnita kiyA jAyegA tathA unake nibandhoM ko zramaNa (pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI zodha traimAsika patrikA) meM sAbhAra prakAzita kiyA jaayegaa| pratibhAgiyoM ko vidyApITha Ane hetu samaya evaM tithi kI sUcanA bAda me preSita kI jAyegI / bulAye gaye pratibhAgiyoM ko eka tarapha kA mArga vyaya (dvitIya zayanayAna zreNI - relave ) vidyApITha dvArA deya hogA / : 147 DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya saMyojaka nibandha pratiyogitA antaHkaraNa kI vRttiyAM anuzAsita karanA hI zIla hai eka bAra bhagavAna buddha ke darzana ke lie aneka bhikSu apane guru ke sAtha Ae / ve Ate hI bar3A zora-gula kara rahe the| bhagavAna buddha ne unake guru ko khabara bhejI ki unheM zIla kA abhyAsa ThIka se karAe~, phira unheM laaeN| unake guru ne varSa bhara unheM zIla kA abhyAsa kraayaa| jaba ye bhikSu bhagavAna buddha ke pAsa Ae, taba bhagavAna cupacApa zAMta bhAva se baiTha ge| ve rAtrabhara baitthe| AnaMda buddha ko bAra-bAra una bhikSuoM ke baiThe rahane kI khabara detA, paraMtu bhagavAna kucha na bolte| saverA hone para dekhA gayA ki sabhI bhikSu bhagavAna buddha kI taraha hI samAdhistha haiN| aMtaHkaraNa kI vRttiyA~ anuzAsita ho jAne para thor3e prayAsa se hI sadgati mila jAtI hai|

Page #154
zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 janavarI-mArca 2006 jaina jagat - - - / ( puraskAra evaM sammAna) zrI dulIcanda jaina "sevA ratna" avArDa se sammAnita zrI dulIcanda jaina, adhyakSa - karuNA antarrASTrIya ko suvikhyAta seMTeneriyana TrasTa cennaI dvArA dinAMka 08.10.05 ko eka bhavya samAroha meM rAnI sItaI haoNla || meM sammAnita kiyA gyaa| zrI jaina ko yaha avArDa unakI sAmAjika sevAoM / ke lie mijorama ke pUrva rAjyapAla mahAmahima DaoN0 e0 padmanAbhana dvArA pradatta kiyA gyaa| mAnanIya nyAyAdhIza (sevAnivRta) zrI esa0 jagadIzana, ceyaramaina, iMTelekcuala proparTI epeleTa borDa ne isa kAryakrama kI adhyakSata kii| cennaI nagara ke 500 se adhika prabuddha vyakti isa kAryakrama meM upasthita the| DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ko AcArya devendra zruta sevA sammAna udypur| zramaNa saMghIya tRtIya paTTadhara jaina dharma divAkara AcArya samrATa, zrI devendra muni jI ma0 ke puNya smRti meM sthApita AcArya devendra zruta sevA sammAna jaina dharma darzana ke suprasiddha vidvAna DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ko diyA jaayegaa| - jainAcArya zrI devendra muni zikSaNa evaM cikitsA zodha saMsthAna TrasTa ke adhyakSa zrI dhanasukha bhAI dozI ne batAyA ki AcArya samrATa zrI devendra munijI ma0 kA Agama, prAkRta saMskRta va hindI bhASA, prAcyavidyA aura zramaNa sAhitya ke lekhana-sampAdana aura pracAra prasAra meM yugAntarakArI yogadAna rahA hai| unakI saMsArapakSIya jyeSTha ghabinI mahAzramaNI zrI puSpavatI jI ma0 kI preraNA se pichale varSa isa puraskAra kI sthApanA kI gaI thii| puraskAra ke antargata gyAraha hajAra rupaye nakada, prazasti-patra aura zAla va mAlA pradAna kiye jAte haiN| kAryakArI adhyakSa vIrendra DAMgI ne batAyA ki pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI ke pUrva nidezaka (aba mAnad saciva) va prAcya vidyApITha zAjApura ke nidezaka A

Page #155
jaina jagat : 149 pro0 sAgaramala jI jaina ko varSa 2006 kA yaha sammAna diyA jaayegaa| zatAdhika purastakoM ke lekhaka aura sampAdaka, zAjApura meM janmeM 74 varSIya pro0 jaina eka vizruta jaina vidvAna haiN| darjanoM vidyArthiyoM ne unake nirdezana meM zodha kiyA hai| unake saikar3oM zodha Alekha vibhinna patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzita hue va ho rahe haiN| deza videza meM unake anekoM vyAkhyAna ho cuke haiN| pro0 jaina kA 'jaina, bauddha va gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana' viSayaka vistRta zodha-prabandha vidvat jagat meM atyadhika carcita huaa| maMtrI gaNezalAla gokhapU ne batAyA ki yaha sammAna pro0 jaina ko udayapura meM Ayojita samAroha meM pradAna kiyA jaayegaa| jJAtavya hai ki isake pUrva bhI pro0 jaina DIpTImala puraskAra, darzana jagat ke viziSTa svAmI praNavAnanda puraskAra Adi anekoM puraskAroM se sammAnita kie jA cuke haiN| DaoN0 jaina senTara Apha jaina sTaDIja, landana ke sadasya manonita prAkRta jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI ke nidezaka evaM prAkRta aura jainadarzana ke khyAti prApta . vidvAna pro0 RSabhacandra jaina landana yunivarsiTI meM skUla Apha oriyanTala eNDa aphrikana sTaDIja ke antargata senTara Apha jaina sTaDIja ke ezosieTa membara manonIta kiye gaye haiN| yaha saMsthAna parivAra evaM bihAra sarakAra ke ucca zikSA vibhAga ke lie gauravapUrNa hai| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI DaoN0 jaina ko bdhaaii| bhagavAna mahAvIra phAuNDezana, cennaI dvArA Ayojita "DaoN0 nemIcanda jaina smRti puraskAra" hetu zAkAhAra viSayaka zreSTha pustakeM cayanita bhagavAna mahAvIra phAuNDezana, cennaI dvArA Ayojita "DaoN0 nemIcanda jaina smRti puraskAra' ke antargata zAkAhAra viSayaka hindI evaM aMgrejI bhASA meM Alekhita zreSTha eka-eka kRti ko 51000-51000 (ikyAvana-ikyAvana hajAra) rupaye kI rAzi se puraskRta karane hetu cayanita kiyA gayA hai| phAuNDezana hindI evaM aMgrejI bhASA meM zAkAhAra viSayaka zreSTha lekhana ke liye lekhakoM ko protsAhita karane ke liye uparokta vizeSa puraskAra pradAna kara rahA hai| jJAtavya hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra phAuNDezana kI sthApanA san 1994 meM . cennaI ke prasiddha samAjasevI evaM udyogapati zrI ena0 sugAlacandajI jaina (siMghavI) dvArA kI gii| phAuNDezana kA mukhya uddezya zAkAhAra, zikSA, cikitsA evaM

Page #156
kRti 150 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 asAdhAraNa mAnava sevA hetu ullekhanIya yogadAna pradAna karane vAle mahAnubhAvoM ko 'mahAvIra avArDa' se puraskRta karanA hai| phAuNDezana prativarSa 5-5 lAkha rupaye ke tIna puraskAra uparokta kSetroM meM kAryarata ullekhanIya mahAnubhAvoM tathA saMsthAnoM ko pradAna karatA rahA hai| aba taka 5-5 lAkha rupaye ke 33 puraskAroM se utkRSTa kArya karane vAlI saMsthAoM, zikSAvidoM-prasiddha cikitsakoM tathA samAja evaM janaseviyoM ko 'mahAvIra avArDa' se sammAnita kiyA jA cukA hai| "DaoN0 nemIcanda jaina smRti puraskAra' ke vijetA lekhaka bhASA 1. DaoN0 kusuma lUniyA hindI zakAhAra - zreSTha AhAra bI-100, sUryA nagara, posTa : caMdanagara, jilA : gAjiyAbAda (u0pra0) 2. DaoN0 kalyANamala gaMgavAla aMgrejI zAkAhAra - svastha jIvana 586, sadAziva peTha, kI rAha lakSmI roDa, pUNe-411030 uparokta vijetAoM kA cayana 15 pratiyogiyoM evaM una dvArA Alekhita kRtiyoM (3 aMgrejI evaM 12 hindI) meM se nirNAyaka maMDala - DaoN0 zrI jayantilAla jaina, DaoN0 bhadreza jaina tathA zrI dulIcanda jaina (saMyojaka) ne kiyaa| zrI caMcalamalajI caurar3iyA ko mAravAr3a ratna sammAna mahAvIra inTaranezanala jodhapura ke pUrvAdhyakSa evaM prANI mitra saMsthAna ke kAryAdhyakSa vIra caMcalamala coraDiyA ko pAlI mitra maNDala, mumbaI dvArA eka bhavya samAroha meM 'mAravAr3a ratna' se sammAnita kiyA gyaa| sammAna svarUpa unheM 31000/- ru0 kI rAzi evaM prazasti patra pradAna kiyA gyaa| isa sammAna hetu pAlI mitra maNDala, mumbaI dvArA sampUrNa mAravAr3a meM vibhinna kSetroM meM ullekhanIya sevAoM ke liye prativarSa eka samAja sevI kA cayana kiyA jAtA hai| caurar3iyAjI ko yaha sammAna unake dvArA ahiMsAtmaka svAvalambI cikitsA paddhatiyoM ke kSetra meM prazikSaNa, upacAra, pracAra-prasAra evaM jana-jAgaraNa ke liye rASTrIya stara para kiye gaye ullekhanIya sevAoM hetu pradAna kiyA gyaa| isa avasara para caurar3iyAjI dvArA 350 parivAroM ko apane TrasTa dvArA prakAzita pustakeM 1. maulika cikitsA kaunasI? 2. bhojana aura svAsthya, 3. Atma vaibhava Adi bheMTa kI gyiiN|

Page #157
jaina jagat : 151 dasavAM mahAvIra avArDa samAroha sampanna beMgalora, 11 janavarI 2006, 'bhagavAna mahAvIra svAmI ne saMsAra ko ahiMsA, satya va aparigraha kA pATha par3hAyA aura usI kA anusaraNa karate hue bhagavAna mahAvIra phAuMDezana samAja ke logoM ko unake ullekhanIya kAryoM ke lie sammAnita kara rahA hai| sugAlacaMda jaina nirvivAda rUpa se lagAtAra janatA kI sevA meM rata haiM jo ki unakA eka sarAhanIya prayAsa hai|' ye udgAra rAjya ke rAjyapAla mahAmahimazrI TI0ena0 caturvedI ne prakaTa kie| ve bhagavAna mahAvIra phAuNDezana cennaI kI ora se beMgalora ke bhAratIya vidyA bhavana meM Ayojita dasaveM mahAvIra avArDa samAroha meM mukhya atithi ke pada se bola rahe the| unhoMne kahA ki isa prakAra ke kAryoM se yuvA pIr3hI va anya logoM ko preraNA milatI hai| pUrva rAjyasabhA sAMsada, padma bhUSaNa DaoN0 ela0ema0 siMghavI ne apane udbodhana meM kahA ki sAMskRtika vaibhava se sampanna isa pradeza ne zodha kI pAradarzI prakriyA se eka vizeSa pahacAna banAyI hai aura mAna arjita kiyA hai| unhoMne kahA ki sammAna denA bar3I bAta nahIM hai| lekina zuddha-prabuddha prayojana, vinamratA, sahRdayatA se diyA jAne vAlA puraskAra zreSTha hai| isa samAroha meM zikSA evaM cikitsA ke kSetra meM ullekhanIya yogadAna ke lie puNe ke DaoN0 zarada kumAra dIkSita, usI kSetra se cennaI sthita zaMkara netrAlaya ke adhyakSa va ceyaramaina DaoN0 esa0esa0 badrInAtha aura samudAya va samAjasevA ke kSetra meM pAlI (rAjasthAna) ke rAjamala esa0 jaina ko sammAnita kiyA gyaa| puraskAra svarUpa pratyeka ko 5 lAkha rupaye nagada rAzi, smRti cinha va pramANa-patra die ge| __isa avasara para pUrva kendrIya maMtrI, sAMsada va phAuMDezana ke ceyaramaina rAmanivAsa mirdhA, pUrva mukhya nyAyAdhIza va avArDa cayana samiti ke ceyaramaina ema0ena0 veMkaTacalaiyA, samAsevI dIpacaMda gArDI, AcArya zrIcaMdanAjI ma0 sA0, sikyUriTI eMDa eksaceMja borDa oNpha iNDiyA ke pUrva ceyaramaina DI0Ara0 mehatA, bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, maMgalaura kendra ke ceyaramaina pro0 bI0ema0 hegar3e, jI0ena0 dammAnI sahita samAja ke aneka jAne-mAne diggajoM kI zreSTha upasthiti rhii|

Page #158
152 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 (zaikSika evaM sAmAjika gatividhiyA~) zravaNabelagolA (karnATaka) meM gommaTeza prAkRta vizvavidyAlaya kI sthApanA kA prastAva zrI zravaNabelagolA meM parama pUjya AcArya zrI vidyAnanda munirAja ke pAvana mArgadarzana meM AcArya zrI varddhamAnasAgara jI ke pAvana sAnnidhya evaM pUjya svastizrI bhaTTAraka cArukIrti svAmI ke kuzala netRtva meM 28 disambara 2005 se 1 janavarI 2006 taka a0bhA0 jaina vidvat sammelana kA Ayojana saphalatApUrvaka sampanna huA, jisameM deza ke lagabhaga 150 jainavidyA ke vidvAn sammilita hue| pro0 rAjArAma jaina, dillI kI adhyakSatA, pro0 prema sumana jaina, udayapura ke nirdezana evaM pro0 phUlacanda jaina 'premI' vArANasI ke saMyojana meM sampanna isa a0bhA0 jaina vidvat sammelana meM sarvasammati se yaha prastAva pArita huA ki prAkRta sAhitya, jaina kalA aura tAr3apatrIya pANDulipiyoM ke kendra zravaNabelagolA meM zIghra hI gommaTeza prAkRta vizvavidyAlaya kI sthApanA kI jaay| deza kA yaha prathama prAkRta vizvavidyAlaya hogaa| isameM zramaNa saMskRti se sambaddha prAkRta, apabhraMza, saMskRta, kannar3a Adi sabhI bhASAoM, jaina kalA, zilpa aura purAtattva, gaNita, Ayurveda, vijJAna aura samAjazAstra Adi viSayoM kA Adhunika zodha-anusaMdhAna ke pariprekSya meM zikSaNa- . anusaMdhAna hogaa| ___isa gommaTeza prAkRta vizvavidyAlaya kI sthApanA ke lie mahAmastakAbhiSeka samiti 2006 pA~ca karor3a rupayoM kI sthApanA rAzi pradAna karegI evaM jaina maTha zravaNabelagolA anya Arthika sAdhana-suvidhAe~ juttaayegaa| rAjya evaM kendra sarakAra se mAnyatA evaM sahayoga bhI prApta kiyA jaayegaa| isake lie pUjya svasti zrI bhaTTAraka cArukIrti svAmI jI kI adhyakSatA meM vizvavidyAlaya se sakriyarUpa se prAkRta se jur3e hue ina sAta vidvAnoM kI eka prastAva samiti (prapojala kameTI) banAI gayI hai - 1. pro0 kamalacanda sogAnI (jayapura), 2. pro0 rAjArAma jaina (dillI), 3. pro0 bhAgacanda jaina 'bhAskara' (nAgapura), 4. pro0 prema sumana jaina (udayapura), 5. pro0 phUlacanda jaina premI (banArasa), 6. pro0 zubhacandra jaina (maisUra) evaM 7. pro0 nalina zAstrI (dillii)| yaha samiti tIna mAha ke bhItara vizvavidyAlaya kA prastAva taiyAra kara prastuta kregii| taduparAnta eka rASTrIya kriyAnvayana samiti (varkiMga kameTI) gaThita kI jAyegI, jo yU0jI0sI0 ke niyamoM ke anurUpa isa vizvavidyAlaya kI sthApanA ke lie sAdhana-suvidhAe~ juttaayegii| isa gommaTeza

Page #159
jaina jagat : 153 prAkRta vizvavidyAlaya kI sthApanA kI ghoSaNA ke samaya zatAdhika vidvAnoM ke sAtha mahAmastakAbhiSeka samiti ke adhikArI zrImAna nirmala kumAra seThI, (dillI), zrImAna nareza kumAra seThI (jayapura) evaM zrImAna e0Ara0 nirmala kumAra (baiMgalora) kA samarthana bhI prApta huaa| pArzvacandragacchIya sAdhvIratna siddhAntarasAzrIjI ma. sA0 ke 18veM dIkSA divasa para gholavar3a meM niHzulka danta cikitsA zivira Ayojita 5 pharavarI, 06 ko gholavar3a meM zrI pArzvacandragacchIya pravartinI AryA OMkArazrIjI ma.sA0 evaM jJAnabhAratI pa0pU0 bhavyAnandazrIjI ma.sA0 kI ziSyA sAdhvI siddhAntarasAzrIjI ke 18veM dIkSAnta divasa evaM unakI mAtuzrI sva0 zrImatI pramilAbena punamiyAM kI caturtha mAsika puNyatithi ke zubhaavasara para Apake pitAzrI zrI campakalAlajI punamiyAM ne eka niHzulka danta zivira kA Ayojana kiyaa| isa bhavya samAroha meM DaoN0 ke0pI0 jaina, mumbaI tathA DaoN0 caMdulAla je0 paramAra ne danta rogiyoM kI ni:zulka cikitsA kii| isa avasara para 'OMkAra siddhi' nAmaka pustaka kA vimocana bhI kiyA gyaa| samAroha meM pArzvacandragaccha kI dasa viduSI sAdhviyoM kI upasthiti ullekhanIya rhii| danta cikitsA zivira evaM svAmIvAtsalya kA lAbha zrI caMpakalAlajI punamiyAM parivAra ne liyaa| DaoN0 sudhA jaina dvArA vizvavidyAlayoM meM prekSAdhyAna prazikSaNa kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI ke mAlavIya bhavana meM yoga sAdhanA kendra ke tattvAvadhAna meM vAMkvAMga DijiTala yUnivarsirTI, sAUtha koriyA ke 32 chAtra-chAtrAoM evaM AdhyApakoM kA dinAMka 06.02.2006 se 24.02.2006 taka yoga zivira Ayojita kiyA gayA J jisameM DaoN0 sudhA jaina, pravaktA pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI ne dinAMka 06.02.06 se 08.02.06 taka jaina sAdhanA paddhati evaM vizeSakara prekSAdhyAna kA prAyogika evaM saiddhAntika prazikSaNa diyaa| DaoN0 jaina ne unheM prekSAdhyAna kA itihAsa, dhyAna kI pUrva taiyArI, kAyotsarga, antaryAtrA, zvAsa prekSA, caitanya kendra prekSA, jyoti kendra prekSA tathA sampUrNa kAyotsarga ke prayoga krvaaye| bhImarAva ambeDakara, bihAra vizvavidyAlaya, mujjaphpharapura ke darzana vibhAga meM bhAratIya

Page #160
154 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 dArzanika anusaMdhAna pariSada dvArA eka yoga kAryazAlA- "dI DAyanimika yogA - e sintheTika eproca' dinAMka 22.03.06 se 31.03.06 taka Ayojita kI gyii| isameM DaoN0 sudhA jaina ne dinAMka 27.03.06 se 31.03.06 taka jaina sAdhanA paddhati ke prekSAdhyAna para saiddhAntika evaM prAyogika prazikSaNa diyaa| prazikSaNa ke daurAna yoga kAryazAlA meM bhAga lene vAle chAtra-chAtrAoM evaM anya jijJAsuoM ko unhoMne prekSAdhyAna kA itihAsa usakI sAdhanA paddhati evaM prayogoM kI saiddhAntika jAnakArI dI tathA kAyotsarga, zvAsaprekSA, prANAyAma Adi ke prayoga krvaaye| darzana vibhAga ke vibhAgAdhyakSa, prophesara sacindra kumAra siMha ke dvArA Ayojita yaha kAryazAlA vibhinna sAdhanA paddhatiyoM ke prazikSakoM dvArA prazikSaNa dene ke pazcAt saphala pUrvaka sampanna huii| bhogIlAla laheracanda bhAratIya saMskRti saMsthAna ke mAsika adhyayana saMgoSThI meM 'paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa evaM jaina dRSTi' viSaya para zodhapatra dillI, bhAratIya saMskRti ke zodha evaM adhyayana hetu samarpita bhogIlAla laheracanda bhAratIya saMskRti saMsthAna ke mAsika adhyayana saMgoSThI kI navIM kar3I meM 11, pharavarI 2006 ko Ayojita saMgoSThI meM vanaspati vijJAna ke prophesara tathA ucca adhyayana ke kSetra meM samarpita antarrASTrIya vidvAna pro0 nalina zAstrI ne 'paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa evaM jaina dRSTi' viSaya para apanA zodhapatra prastuta kiyaa| pro0 zAstrI ne kahA ki sacce arthoM meM dekhA jAya to paryAvaraNa hama logoM se zurU va samApta hotA hai| ise saMrakSita karanA yA bigAr3anA hamAre hI hAthoM meM hai| paryAvaraNa para jo saMkaTa ke bAdala maMDarA rahe haiM usa para apanA vicAra prakaTa karate huye unhoMne kahA ki isakA upAya hai - jaina dRSTi se svasthya cintana kara, ApasI bhedabhAva chor3anA, hiMsA se virakta hokara svayaM ko sAdhanA se jodd'naa| isa avasara para vizeSa rUpa se upasthita zramaNa saMghIya jaina munidvaya zrI sumati muni evaM pUjya zrI vicakSaNa muni ne zodha-viSaya kI sarAhanA karate huye samAja va dharma ke prati AkRSTa hone ke lie protsAhita kiyaa| kAryakrama samanvayaka va kAryakArI nidezaka DaoN0 bAlAjI gaNorakara ne kahA ki jaina dharma hI vizva kA ekamAtra dharma hai jisameM ahiMsA kI vibhAvanA ke antargata ekendriya se paMceMdriya jIvoM ke astitva kA satata, manana, cintana va saMrakSaNa hotA hai tathA jaina caturvidha saMgha apane AcAra vicAra meM gaharAI se saha-astitva kI mAnyatA svIkAra karate hue "mitti meM savva bhUesu" hetu sadaiva jAgRta rahatA hai|

Page #161
jaina jagat : 155 saMgoSThI kA zubhArambha saMsthAna ke DaoN0 mohana pANDeya ke namokAra-maMtra tathA paurANika maMgalAcAra se huaa| saMgoSThI meM DaoN0 je0pI0 vidyAlaMkAra, pUrva prAcArya haMsarAja kaoNleja, dillI, DaoN0 mithileza caturvedI, rIDara, zivAjI kaoNleja, DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha, esosieTa prophesara, bI0 ela0 AI0 AI0, DaoN0 atula kumAra (dainika hindustAna) Adi vidvAna upasthita the| Seminar on Pancagranthi Vyakarana of Buddhisagara Suri The Pancagranthi Vyakarana of Buddhisagara Suri was released by the noted scholar Dr. (Mrs.) Kapila Vatsyayan, Member, Rajya Sabha, in a function held at India International Centre, New Delhi on March 4, 2006. The author of this work, which is the only available work of Sanskrit grammar written in metrical verses, was a Svetambara Jaina Acarya who flourished during 981-1025 A.D. It has been published by Bhogilal Leherchand Institute of Indology (BLII), Delhi. A special feature of the event was the felicitation of Shri Pratap Bhogilal, the founder chairman of BLII. Speaking as the Chief Guest of the function, Dr. (Mrs.) Kapila Vatsyayan discussed how the vast commentarial literature of India has an originality of its own in interpreting and reinterpreting the text. She stressed upon the need of providing bridge between the ancient and the modern. Dr. J.B. Shah, Director, L.D. Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad praised the effort and zeal of Pratapbhai in furthering the cause of Indological studies, especially Jaina studies. In the second session, a seminar was held on the Pancagranthi Vyakarana. Dr. J.B. Shah talked in detail about the Jain tradition of Vyakarna. He expressed the view that the work of Buddhisagara was the basis for the composition of Siddha Haima Sabdanusasana which is still being taught at many areas in Gujrat and Rajasthan. The editor of the Pancagranthi, Prof. N.M. Kansara presented a summary of the work. Prof. Vasudev Ghushe in his keynote address highlighted the salient features of the editor's effort. Prof. Jaidev Jani compared the

Page #162
156 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 work with Panini's grammar and showed how Buddhisagara has presented many rules of Panini with greater brevity. Dr. Lalit Kr. Tripathi, Dr. Chandra Bhushan Jha and Dr. Ashok Kr. Singh also presented their papers in the seminar. Dr. Jha felt the need for composing a new grammar which would incorporate the best features of different grammatical traditions. Dr. Mithilesh Chaturvedi in his concluding remarks summed up the conclusions of the seminar. Shri Deven Yashwant proposed a vote of thanks at the end of the second session. The two sessions were compared by Comm. S.K. Jain and Dr. Balaji Ganorkar. patrAcAra prAkRta sarTiphikeTa kAryakrama digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI dvArA saMcAlita apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI dvArA 'patrAcAra prAkRta sarTiphikeTa pAThyakrama calAyA jA rahA hai| AThavA~ satra 1 julAI 2006 se prArambha hogaa| isameM prAkRta, saMskRta, hindI evaM anya bhASAoM/viSayoM ke prAdhyApaka, apabhraMza evaM prAkRta vidyA ke zodhArthI tathA saMsthAnoM meM kAryarata vidvAna sammilita ho skeNge| niyamAvalI evaM Avedana patra dinAMka 25 mArca se 15 apraila 2006 taka akAdamI kAryAlaya, digambara jaina nasiyA~ bhaTTArakajI, savAI rAmasiMha ror3a, jayapura-302004 se prApta kreN| kAryAlaya meM Avedana patra pahu~cane kI antima tArIkha 15 maI 2006 hai|

Page #163
%aa zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1 janavarI-mArca 2006 sAhitya satkAra (pustaka samIkSA) 1. jaina vastusvAtaMtryavAda - lekhaka - DaoN0 alpanA jaina, prakAzaka - vizvavidyAlaya prakAzana, gaura kaoNmpleksa, parakoTA roDa, sAgara-470002 (ma0pra0) pRSTha - 229, prathama saMskaraNa - 2005 mUlya - 300 sAija - ddimaaii| prastuta grantha DaoN0 alpanA jaina dvArA racita hai| isa grantha meM vastusvAtaMtryavAda se sambandhita viSayoM para samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| vAstava meM vastasvAtaMtrya jaina darzana kA eka aisA siddhAnta hai jisameM jaina darzana ke sabhI siddhAnta bIjavata nihita haiM jo hameM jIvana ko samajhane ke liye navIna dRSTikoNa pradAna karate haiN| yaha grantha ATha adhyAya meM vibhakta hai aura pratyeka adhyAya meM vastusvAtaMtrya ko aneka AyAmoM se udghATita kiyA gayA hai jisase usakA navIna rUpa pAThaka varga ke sAmane upasthita hotA hai| aisA nahIM hai ki isa viSaya para abhI taka jo bhI kArya hue haiM vaha mahattva nahIM rakhate haiM phira bhI prastuta grantha meM lekhikA ne jaina darzana ke vastusvAtaMtrya ke antargata Ane vAle siddhAntoM ko rekhAMkita karate hue na kevala unheM navIna rUpa pradAna kiyA apitu una siddhAntoM ke pariprekSya meM apane bAta ko rakhane ke liye gahana adhyayana bhI kiyA hai| adhyAyoM ke antargata pratyeka pakSoM kI jJAnamImAMsIya vyAkhyA kI gayI hai aura nizcaya naya tathA vyavahAra naya kA prayoga bhI yathAsthAna viSaya ko sampUrNatA pradAna karane kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai| isa kArya ke liye lekhikA badhAI kI pAtra hai| grantha kI vAhyAkRti AkarSaka va chapAI sundara hai| DaoN0 zAradA siMha 2. bhakti pAThAvalI - AcArya pUjyapAda dvArA racita bhaktiyoM kA mahAkavi AcArya vidyAsAgara kRta hindI padyAnuvAda, prakAzaka - vidyodaya prakAzana, lalitapura (u0pra0), prathama saMskaraNa - 2003, 2000 pratiyAM, dvitIya saMskaraNa - 2004, 4400 prtiyaaN| sAija - DimAI, pRSTha - 96 / prastuta grantha AcArya pUjyapAda svAmI viracita bhaktiyoM meM se nau bhaktiyoM kA AcArya vidyAsAgara kRta padyAnuvAda hai jo bhakti pAThAvalI nAmaka isa pustaka meM

Page #164
158 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM mokSa prApti ke liye triratna ke atirikta bhakti ko bhI mokSa prApti kA sAdhana batAyA gayA hai| isI kAraNa bhakti se sambandhita aneka granthoM kI racanA bhI kI gayI hai kintu jyAdAtara granthoM kA hindI anuvAda na hone ke kAraNa unakA sahI lAbha nahIM uThAyA jA sakA hai| spaSTa hai ki saMsAra-sAgara se tarane ke liye bhakti kI alaga hI mahattA hai| zramaNa kI dinacaryA bhakti se hI prArambha hokara bhakti para hI khatma hotI hai ata: bhakti pAThoM kA zravaNa-manana unakI dinacaryA kA mukhya bhAga hai| jo zrAvaka yA upAsaka bhakti pAThoM kA sahI artha nahIM samajha kara kevala unheM yAda bhara kara lete haiM unake liye yaha pustaka nizcita hI upayogI siddha hogii| kavi vidyAsAgara ne aneka padyAnuvAda ke sAtha-sAtha bhakti granthoM kA bhI anuvAda kiyA hai| inakI bhASA ke kaI zabda va zabdArtha inake apane jIvana se svata: hI prastuta hue haiM ata: zabdArtha meM navInatA dikhAyI detI hai jo pAThakoM ko sahaja hI moha legii| isa sarAhanIya kArya ke liye AcArya zrI vidyAsAgara jI ke caraNoM meM sAdara nmn| prastuta pustaka kI sAjasajjA AkarSaka va mudraNa suspaSTa hai| DaoN0 zAradA siMha 3. samayasAra (samaya prAbhRta) - racayitA - AcArya zrI kundakunda, hindI TIkAkAra - paM0 motIlAla koThArI, prakAzaka - anekAnta jJAna maMdira zodha saMsthAna, bInA (sAgara) madhya pradeza, pRSTha - 713 / prastuta grantha AcArya kundakunda viracita adhyAtmarasa se paripUrNa anupama grantha hai| samayasAra grantha para kaI AcAryoM kI alaga-alaga TIkAeM hI upalabdha thIM kintu isa grantha meM samayasAra kI mUla gAthAoM para AcArya amRtacandra kI AtmakhyAti TIkA, AcArya jayasena kI tAtparyavRtti TIkA eka sAtha upalabdha hai| AtmakhyAti TIkA, para eka upaTIkA paM0 motIcanda koThArI dvArA likhI gayI tattvaprabodhanI TIkA bhI hai| isameM paM0 jI ne AtmakhyAti TIkA kI marmasparzI va gahana vivecanA kI hai| isa grantha meM jaina darzana ke pratipAdya mukhya siddhAntoM yathA - jIva, ajIva, nizcayanaya, vyavahAranaya, samyaktva aura mithyAtva, jJAna, AtmA, karma Adi viSayoM kI vyAkhyA atyanta sarala DhaMga se gadya zailI meM kI gayI hai jisase kliSTa bhASA bhI saralatama jAna par3atI hai| kahIM-kahIM bhASA meM kAvyAtmaka bhAva dene ke liye padya zailI kA prayoga bhI kiyA gayA hai|

Page #165
sAhitya satkAra : 159 AtmakhyAti TIkA - samayasAra para AcArya amRtacanda kI TIkA AtmakhyAti nAma se prasiddha hai| isa TIkA meM unhoMne jaina darzana ke aneka gUr3ha viSayoM ko apanI sarala gadya zailI meM vyakta kiyA hai| aisA nahIM hai ki ina viSayoM ko abhI taka anadekhA kiyA gayA ho kintu AcArya amRtacanda ne na kevala viSayoM ko atyanta sarala DhaMga se vivecita kiyA apitu jahAM kahIM bhI unhoMne saMskRta bhASA kA prayoga kiyA, usakA stara dekhate banatA hai| isa TIkA meM vivecita padyoM kI saMkhyA 278 hai evaM isa grantha meM 415 gAthAoM para hI TIkA likhI gayI hai| jabaki gAthAoM kI kula saMkhyA 711 hai| saMbhavata: taba itanI hI gAthAeM upalabdha rahI hoNgii| AcArya jayasena dvArA likhI gayI samayasAra (prAbhRta) para dUsarI TIkA tAtparya vRtti hai| yaha TIkA bhI apane Apa meM atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai kyoMki samayasAra para isake pahale jo bhI TIkA likhI gayI usakI bhASA durbodha va kaThina hone ke kAraNa saralatA se jJAna sulabha nahIM thii| kintu prastuta grantha meM AcArya jayasena ne isameM na kevala jaina darzana ke mahattvapUrNa siddhAMtoM kI vivecanA kI apitu unhoMne isa TIkA meM gAthA se sambandhita padoM kA zabdArtha spaSTa kiyA tatpazcAt mukhya viSaya kI vizeSa carcA kii| AcArya jayasena ne bhI kevala apane samaya meM upalabdha 439 gAthAoM para hI TIkA likhIM zeSa gAthAoM kA lopa hai| prastuta grantha kI eka anya vizeSatA svayaM paM0 jI dvArA AtmakhyAti TIkA para likhI gayI upaTIkA tattvaprabodhinI hai jo saMskRta bhASA meM hai| isameM AtmakhyAti ke padoM kI vivecanA kI gayI hai| paM0 jI ne apanI TIkA meM kucha durbodha granthiyoM dvayaarthI Adi viSayoM kA vivaraNa prameyakamalamArtaNDa, gommaTTasAra Adi prasiddha granthoM kA uddharaNa dete hue spaSTa kiyA hai| AzA hI nahIM pUrNa vizvAsa hai ki prastuta grantha nizcita hI pAThakoM ke liye upAdeya siddha hogii| DaoN0 zAradA siMha (sAbhAra prApti ) bhaiyA bhagavatI dAsa aura unakA sAhitya, DaoN0 uSA jaina, prakAzaka - akhila bhAratIya sAhitya kalA maMca, murAdAbAda - 2006, prathama AvRtti mUlya - 250/2. zrIvarddhamAnasari kRta - AcAra dinakara, prathama khaNDa - jaina gRhastha kI SoDaza saMskAravidhi, anuvAdaka - sAdhvI zrI mokSaratnA zrI jI, sampA0

Page #166
160 : zramaNa, varSa 57, aMka 1/janavarI-mArca 2006 DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, prakAzaka - prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma0pra0), prathama AvRtti - 2005, mUlya - ru0 40/zrI varddhamAnasUri kRta - AcAra dinakara, dvitIya khaNDa - jaina munijIvana ke vidhi-vidhAna, anuvAdaka - sAdhvI mokSaratnA zrI jI, sampA0 DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, prakAzaka - prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma0pra0), prathama AvRtti - 2005, mUlya - ru. 50/zrI lokaprakAza, zrI vinaya vijaya gaNi, sampA0 paMnyAsa jayadarzana vijaya gaNi, prakAzaka - zrI jinAjJA prakAzana, vApI, vi0saM0 2062, mUlya - ru0 344/ApaNAM sahunI AtmakathA, saMyojaka - zrImad vijayapUrNa sUrIzvara jI ma0, prakAzaka - taruNa bhAI maphatalAla zAha, mumbaI, prathama AvRtti, saM0 2061, mUlya - vAcana - mnn| dIkSAvidhi, saMghayAlavidhi, upadhAnavidhi, sampA0 gaNivarya zrI nayacanda sAgara, prakAzaka - zrI pUrNAnanda prakAzana, ahamadAbAda, saM0 2061, mUlya kramaza: 20/-, 25/- evaM 45/zrutamahApUjA, saMpA0 kIrtiyaza sUrIzvara jI ma0sA0, prakAzaka - zrutamahApUjA samiti, AcArya vijaya rAmacandrasUri smRti mandira, rAmanagara, ahmdaabaad| bhAvacaityavaMdanA, saMpA0 munirAja puNyakIrti vijayajI, prakAzaka - sanmArga prakAzana, ahamadAbAda, saMvat 2060 / upadeza saptati, zrI somadharmagaNi viracita, sampA0 munirAja zrI puNyakIrti jI, sanmArga prakAzana, ahamadAbAda, saMvat 2060, mU0 115/mananA moha amoha, zaurya no zaMkhanAda, manasAthe maitrI, javAMmardI, mana sAthe mulAkAta, jIvana nI jar3I bUTI, dhruvatAraka, manana motI, bodha bindu, amRtakuMbha, tejasvI tAralA, bhagavAna zrI pArzvanAtha, jiMdAdilI, preraNA nA puSyo, kalyANa jota, kalyANa dhArA, kalyANa dhvani, kalyANa stotra, mArga cIMghatI mazAla, mAnavatA no maherAmaNa, AryatvanA ajavANa, buddhi nAM khela, jAta sAthe bAta, sAdhanA saMdeza, sarvakSaNikamlekhaka- AcAryadeva zrImad vijayapUrNacandra sUrIzvara jI ma.sA0, zrI sUrajabena rIkhabacanda, kAnajI bhAI saMghavI granthamAlA saM0 1-125, prakAzaka - paMca prasthAna puNya smRti prakAzana, gopIpurA, sUrata, prathama AvRtti saMvat 2061 /

Page #167
sAhitya satkAra : 161 11. zrI navapada maMjUSA - saMgrAhaka - zrI vijaya amitayaza sUri, prakAzaka, sohanalAlajI, AnandakumAra jI tAleDA, baiMgalora, vi0saM0 2061, prathama AvRtti, mUlya ru0 90/12. kavi kalpadruma - harSakulagaNi viracita, prakAzaka - AcArya zrI surendra sUrIzvarajI, jaina tattvajJAnazAlA, ahamadAbAda - 1, dvitIya AvRtti saM0 2062 / 13. hemavibhramaH, saMzodhaka - paM0 haragovinda dAsa becaradAsajI, prakAzaka - zrI surendra sUrIzvarajI, jaina tattvajJAnazAlA, ahamadAbAda - 1, dvitIya AvRtti saM0 2062 / - - - vyaSTi ko samaSTi kI goda meM hI caina eka bUMda samudra ke athAha jala meM ghulane lagI to usane sumadra se kahA "maiM apanI sattA khonA nahIM cAhatI! samudra ne use samajhAyA" tumhArI jaisI asaMkhya bUMdoM kA samanvaya mAtra hI to maiM huuN| tuma apane bhAI-bahanoM ke sAtha hI to ghula rahI ho| usameM tumhArI sattA kama kahAM ho rahI hai, vaha to aura bar3ha jA rahI hai| bUMda ko saMtoSa na huA, vaha apanI pRthaka sattA banAye rakhane kA hI Agraha karatI rhii| samudra ne sUryakiraNoM ke sahAre use bhApa banAkara bAdaloM meM pahaMcA diyA aura barasakara phira vaha bUMda bana gii| bahatI huI phira samudra ke daravAje pahuMcI to samudra ne haMsate hue kahA - baccI! pRthaka sattA banAye rahakara bhI tuma apane svatantra astitva kI rakSA kahAM kara sakI? apane udgama ko samajho, tuma samaSTi se utpanna huI thI aura usI kI goda meM hI tumheM caina milegaa| -

Page #168
san 1950 se lagAtAra prakAzita pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI traimAsika zodha-patrikA nAma:...... zramaNa zramaNa patrikA ko Apa apanA sahayoga pradAna kara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke saMdeza ko jana-jana taka pahu~cAne tathA samAja ke utthAna meM sahAyaka bneN| Apa apanA amUlya sahayoga- hameM lekhana sAmagrI evaM dhArmika samAcAra bhejakara, patrikA ke AjIvana /vArSika sadasya banakara, apanI pharma kA vijJApana dekara tathA Arthika sahayoga pradAna kara, kara sakate haiN| 'zramaNa' sadasyatA Avedana patra ...............pitA/pati kA nAma :......... patA:. ................ phona naM0 :............ vArSika sadasyatA : saMsthA - 250/- AjIvana sadasyatA : saMsthA - 1500/vyakti - 200/ vyakti - 500/prati aMka - 25/saMpAdaka 'zramaNa', __ maiM zramaNa patrikA kA AjIvana/vArSika sadasya bananA cAhatA hU~/cAhatI huuN| nirdhArita zulka ru0.......... nakada/DrAphTa/ceka ke rUpa meM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke pakSa meM bheja rahA/rahI huuN| hastAkSara vijJApana hetu - vijJApana dareM (Advertisement Tariff) | 1 aMka | 3 aMka | vArSika 1. Front Page (Inner Side) (4 Colour) 4000 - 8000 10000 2. Back Page (4 Colour) 5000 | 10000 12500 3. Back Page (Inner Side) (4 Colour) 4000 8000 10000 4. Inner (Art Paper) (2 Colour) 1000 2000 3000 5. Inner (Art Paper) (1 Colour) 800 1600 2000 6. Inner (Art Paper) (1 Colour) 500 | 1000 saMpAdaka, zramaNa, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, AI0TI0 AI0 roDa, karauMdI, vArANasI 221005 1250

Page #169

Page #170
NO PLY, NO BOARD, NO WOOD. ONLY NUWUD. INTERNATIONALLY ACCLAIMED Nuwud MDF is fast replacing ply, board and wood in offices, homes & industry. As cellings, DESIGN FLEXIBILITY Mooring, furniture, mouldings, paralling, doors, windows... an almost infinite variety of Arms Communications VALU. FOR MONEY woodwork. So, if you have woodwork in mind, just think NUWUD MDF. WUD NUWUD NUCHEN LIMITED BESPREAD E-46/12, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase il, New Delhi-110 020 Phones : 632737, 633234, 6827185, 6849679 TIx: 031-75102 NUWD IN Teletax 91-11-6848748 2 w all your mind to the MARKETING OFFICES: AHMEDABAD: 440672. 469242 * BANGALORE: 2219219 . BHOPAL: 552760 BOMBAY: 8734433, 4937522. 4952648 * CALCUTTA: 270549 CHANDIGARM: 603771. 604463 * DELHI: 632737. 633234, 6827185, 6849679 * MYDERABAD: 226607 * JAJPUR: 312636 * JALANDHAR: 52610, 221067 . KATHMANDU: 225504. 224904 * MADRAS: 8257589. 8275121 For Private & Personal. Use Only