Prakrit Bhasha ka Tulnatmak Vyakaran

Author(s): K R Chandra
Publisher: Prakrit Text Society Ahmedabad
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/001385/1

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prAkRta grantha pariSad : 40 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa ke. Ara. candra da. mA. prAkRta grantha pariSad ahamadAbAda

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prAkRta grantha pariSad : 40 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa ke. Ara. candra da. mA. prAkRta grantha pariSad ahamadAbAda

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prakAzaka : ra. ma. zAha mantrI, da. mA. prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, 12, bhagatabAga sosAyaTI, zAradA maMdira ror3a ahamadAbAda-380007 prathama AvRtti : 1982 pratiyA~ : 1000 dvitIya AvRtti : 2001 pratiyA~ : 500 mUlya : ru. 40-00 mudraka : kriSnA grAphiksa kirITa harajIbhAI paTela 966, nAraNapurA jUnA gA~va, ahamadAbAda-380013 dUrabhASa : 7494393

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prophesara DaoN. harivallabha bhAyANI kI smRti meM jinase mujhe prAkRta bhASAoM ke viziSTa adhyayana ke lie nirantara preraNA aura mArga-darzana milatA rahA /

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Amukha DaoN. candra likhita prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa nAmaka grantha kA dvitIya saMskaraNa prAkRta ke adhyetAoM aura vidvAnoM ke samakSa rakhate hue prAkRta grantha pariSad ko prasannatA ho rahI hai / dvitIya saMskaraNa ke prakAzana kI AvazyakatA huI yahI dikhAtA hai ki grantha upayogI siddha huA hai / isa dUsare saMskaraNa meM DaoN. candra ne kucha naI sAmagrI bhI joDI hai jisase pustaka kI upayogItA ora bar3ha gaI hai| unhoMne tulanAtmaka aura aitihAsika dRSTi se isa prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke pAThyapustaka kA nirmANa kiyA hai, ataH zuSka viSaya bhI rocaka bana gayA hai| prAkRta bhASAoM ke adhyApanakArya meM eka sAdhana ke rUpa meM isa pustaka kA upayoga lAbhaprada banegA yaha nizcita hai| da. mA. prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI 12, bhagatabAga, sosAyaTI ahamadAbAda-380007 mArca 15, 2001 pradhAna sampAdaka nagIna jI. zAha ra. ma. zAha

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dvitIya saMskaraNa kA prAstAvika isa graMtha kA prathama saMskaraNa 1982 meM chApA thA aura lagabhaga dotIna varSoM se yaha pustaka nahIM mila rahA thA / vidyArthiyoM aura adhyApakoM kI AvazyakatA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara yaha dvitIya saMskaraNa prakAzita kiyA jA rahA isake prathama saMskaraNa meM 'prAkRta bhASAoM meM prAk-saMskRta tattva' nAmaka zIrSaka vAlA nauvA adhyAya thA use isameM se nikAla diyA gayA hai| ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke viSaya meM jo jo navIna sAmagrI prakAza meM AyI hai usako dhyAna meM rakhate hue isa graMtha ke pariziSTa ke rUpa meM usake vyAkaraNa se saMbaMdhita nayI sAmagrI jor3I gayI hai / jisase madhyavartI vyaMjanoM meM hone vAle dhvaniparivartana saMbaMdhI nayI jAnakArI prakAza meM lAyI gayI hai aura ardhamAgadhI bhASA jaina mahArASTrI se kitanI svataMtra aura alaga bhASA hai yaha bhI spaSTa ho rahA hai| isake sAtha sAtha eka prAcIna Agama graMtha 'isibhAsiyAI' kI vaha zabdAvalI bhI jor3I gayI hai jisameM madhyavartI alpaprANa vyaMjanoM aura mahAprANa vyaMjanoM kI sthiti yathAvat hai aura ve zabda pAli ke samAna haiM jisase ardhamAgadhI kI anya prAkRtoM se kyA viziSTatA hai aura vaha pAli se kitanI nikaTa hai yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai / isa dvitIya saMskaraNa ko prakAzita karane ke lie svargIya paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA aura DaoN. harivallabha bhAyANI ne jo sammati pradAna kI thI tadartha unakA sahRdaya AbhAra mAnatA hU~ aura aba use prakAzita karane ke lie prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI aura usake naye padAdhikAriyoM DaoN. nagInabhAI jI. zAha aura ra. ma. zAha kA AbhAra mAnatA hU~ / isa graMtha ke prUpha-saMzodhana meM DaoN. zobhanA Ara. zAha ne sahayoga diyA hai tadartha unakA bhI AbhAra mAnatA huuN| 26 mArca, 2001 ke. Ara. candra

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prathama saMskaraNa kA prAstAvika lagabhaga bIsa varSa ke apane adhyApana ke anubhava ko dhyAna meM rakhakara yaha pustaka taiyAra kiyA gayA hai / isakA prAraMbha karate samaya yaha dRSTi thI ki prAkRta ke prAraMbhika vidyArthiyoM ke lie hI ise likhA jAya paraMtu do adhyAya pUre karane ke bAda yaha khyAla AyA ki ucca-starIya vidyArthiyoM ke lie bhI ise upayogI banAyA jAya evaM isa meM sabhI prAkRtoM (pAli- prAkRta- apabhraMza) kA samAveza kiyA jAya tathA unheM bana sake vahA~ taka tulanAtmaka rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAya / Age calakara adhyAya ATha meM dezya zabdoM kA vizleSaNa bhI jor3A gayA hai / adhyAya nau to isIlie jor3A gayA hai ki prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti ke viSaya meM hamArA jo purAnA khyAla hai usameM saMzodhana kI AvazyakatA hai / prAkRta ke prAraMbhika vidyArthiyoM ke lie bleka TAipa meM dI gayI sAmagrI paryApta mAnI jAnI cAhie jabaki uccastarIya adhyayana ke lie sabhI sAmagrI upayogI siddha hogI / vidvAna adhyApaka ke mana meM eka prazna svabhAvataH utpanna hogA ki madhyayugIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke vikAsa ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue pAli bhASA ko prathama sthAna na dekara mahArASTrI prAkRta ko yaha sthAna kyoM diyA gayA hai / prazna ucita hai paraMtu hamArA spaSTIkaraNa sirpha itanA hI hai ki isa pustaka kA Ayojana prAkRta ke vidyArthiyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hai aura isIlie saralatama bhASA mahArASTrI ko prathama sthAna diyA gayA hai aura bAda meM anya bhASAoM ko aura vaha bhI kAla-krama kI dRSTi se nahIM paraMtu suvidhA aura saralatA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara unake viSaya meM likhA gayA hai / isI kAraNa pahale adhyAya meM mAtra mahArASTrI prAkRta ke dhvani-parivartana ke niyama diye gaye haiM aura dUsare adhyAya meM anya prAkRtoM kI viziSTatAe~ darzAyI gayI hai / tIsare adhyayA se pada-racanA kA viSaya liyA gayA hai jisameM prAkRta evaM pAli ke nAma - rUpa sAtha sAtha diye gaye haiM / apabhraMza ke nAma-rUpa bAda meM alaga se jor3e gaye haiN| cauthe adhyAya (sarvanAma) se prAkRta, pAli. evaM www.jainelibrary..org

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apabhraMza ko sAtha sAtha liyA gayA hai aura yahI paddhati AThaveM adhyAya taka apanAyI gayI hai| aisA karane ke pIche yahI uddezya thA ki eka bAra vidyArthI kA prAkRta bhASA meM praveza ho jAya to bAda meM use tulanAtmaka paddhati se par3hane meM suvidhA hogii| isa pustaka ko taiyAra karane meM evaM sAmagrI juTAne meM aneka graMthoM evaM lekhoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai aura jina jina logoM ne salAha-sUcana diye haiM una saba kA maiM hArdika AbhAra mAnatA huuN| isa kSetra meM DaoN. ha.cU.bhAyANI se hamezA hI preraNA aura mArgadarzana milatA rahA hai aura unhoMne apane bahumUlya samaya meM se thor3A sA samaya nikAla kara jo 'do zabda' isa pustaka ke viSaya meM likhe haiM usake lie bhI maiM unakA AbhArI huuN| prAkRta vidyAmaMDala kA bhI maiM AbhArI hU~ jisane isa pustaka ko prakAzita karane kI jimmedArI apane Upara lI hai / zrI svAminArAyaNa mudraNa maMdira kA bhI AbhAra mAnatA hU~ jisane isa pustaka ko mudrita kiyA hai / anta meM prastuta pustaka meM jo bhUleM evaM kSatiyA~ raha gayI ho unheM vidvAna loga mere dhyAna meM lAne kI kRpA kareMge aisI merI unase vinaMti hai / janavarI 2, 1982 ke. Ara. candra

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do zabda vaise to DaoN. candra ne yaha vyAkaraNa zaikSaNika dRSTi se prAkRta bhASA ke prArambhika evaM uccastarIya vidyArthiyoM ke liye taiyAra kiyA hai, phira bhI isakI kucha vizeSatAe~ haiM / viSaya ke nirUpaNa meM unhoMne tulanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika dRSTikoNa apanAyA hai tathA vidyArthiyoM kA stara dhyAna meM rakhate hue jahA~ ho sake vahA~ isa viSaya ke Adhunika tathyoMkA yathAzakya samAveza kiyA hai / adyatana jJAnasAmagrI kA lAbha uThAkara naye pAThya-pustakoM kA nirmANa hameM karate rahanA cAhiye / isake liye adhyApanakArya kA samucita anubhava bhI Avazyaka hai / prastuta prayAsa isa dRSTi se bhI sarAhanIya hai| isakI upayuktatA kA nirNaya to abhyAsa ke vargoM meM hI kiyA jA sakatA hai / praziSTa bhASAoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana ko banAye rakhane ke lie aise choTe prayAsa bhI bar3e mUlyavAna hote haiN| ha. cU. bhAyANI ahamadAbAda disambara 1, 1981

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prAraMbhika upalabdha sAhitya meM veda-sAhitya bhAratavarSa kA sabase prAcIna sAhitya hai / veda-saMhitAoM meM bhASA kI eka-rUpatA nahIM hai kyoMki usa kAla meM janatA dvArA jo bhASA bolI jAtI thI usakI sthAnIya vividhatA ke darzana isa sAhitya meM hote haiM / isa vaividhya ko dUra karake jana-bhASA ko saMskAra dekara usameM jo ekarUpatA lAyI gayI use ziSTa bhASA ke rUpa meM saMskRta kahA gayA / jaise jaise samaya bItatA gayA vaise vaise vividhatAvAlI janatA kI purAnI bhASA badalatI gayI aura usameM se aneka prAkRta jana-bhASAoM kA vikAsa hotA gayA / isa prakAra saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM hI bhASAoM kA mUla utpatti strota jana-bhASA ho rahA / isIlie donoM bhASAoM ke bIca meM aneka samAnatAe~ aura viSamatAe~ prApta hotI haiM / svAbhAvika mAtRbhASAe~ athavA jana-bhASAe~ aneka prAkRtoM ke rUpa meM pracalita huIM aura unheM saMskAra dekara jo jo rUpa banAye gaye ve ziSTa bhASAoM ke rUpa meM pracalita huIM / prAkRta bhASAoM kA kramapUrvaka vikAsa isa prakAra hai : prathama stara : sabase pahale parivartana isa prakAra pAye jAte haiM : (i) R = a, i, u; ai = e (Ai-ai-e); au = o (Au au-o)| (ii) tIna saMyukta vyaMjanoM ke badale meM sirpha do hI saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA prayoga / (iii) saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM svara-bhakti, samIkaraNa kI prakriyA aura anya parivartana / dvitIya stara : aghoSa vyaMjanoM ko ghoSa banAnA / tRtIya stara : madhyavartI alpaprANa kA lopa aura mahAprANa kA h meM parivartana /

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caturtha stara : aMta meM nAma - vibhakti aura kriyA-pratyayoM meM dUragAmI parivartana | prAkRta bhASA ke jo zabda aura rUpa saMskRta ke bilakula samAna haiM unheM tatsama kahA jAtA hai aura jinameM dhvani-parivartana huA hai unheM tadbhava kahA jAtA hai / anya zabda jinakI prAyaH saMskRta ke sAtha tulanA nahIM kI jA sakatI aura jinakA udgama koI anya bhASAoM se huA hai unheM dezya zabda kahA jAtA hai / ye tInoM prakAra ke zabda isa prakAra haiM :kumAra, abhaya, deva, baddha, ramaNI, ArUDha, ahaM. tatsama : tadbhava : dezya : vayaNa ( vadana), dAhiNa (dakSiNa), bhajjA ( bhAryA ), jAma ( yAma), tassa ( tasya ), ghettUNa ( gRhItvA ). laDaha ( ramya ), maraTTa (garva ), koTTa (durga), biTTI (putrI), hallaphalla (tvarA ), DAla (zAkhA), gosa ( prabhAta ), caMga ( ramya ), caDa ( Aruh), dikkariyA ( putrI ).

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varNa-mAlA svara kaNThya tAlavya oSThya kaMTha-tAlavya kaMTha-oSThya a i u A I U e o anusvAra ___ anunAsika - hasva : dIrdha : e~ oM / vyaMjana uccAraNa sparza nAsikya varga sthala kaNThya lfkr . | ka-varga k | c F5 gh jh ca-varga for m tAlavya mUrdhanya dantya oSThya | t | p d b dh bh Ta-varga ta-varga m / pa-varga khr antastha (ardhasvara) : y (tAlavya ), ra (mUrdhanya), l ( dantya), v ( danta-oSThya ) USma s mahAprANa h ___ noTa : hrasva e~ aura oM kA prayoga prAya: saMyukta vyaMjanoM ke pUrva hotA hai : jaise, kheta, oNTTha, tella, saoNmma, peMmma, jaoNvvaNa. J aura G kA prayoga svara ke sAtha prAyaH nahIM hotA hai aura na hI prAya: saMyukta rUpa meM hI / sajAtIya kisI anya vyaMjana ke sAtha Ane sAtha prAyaH nahIM hotA hai aura na

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para unakA prAyaH anusvAra ho jAtA hai, jaise-raMja(raJja), kiMkara (kiGkara) paraMtu prAcIna kAla kI prAkRtoM meM prAyaH aisA nahIM hotA thA aura pAli bhASA kI taraha saMyukta rUpameM sajAtIya vyaMjana ke sAtha G aura J kA prayoga hotA thaa| pAli bhASA meM J aura G kA sajAtIya vyaMjana ke sAtha aura J kA svara ke sAtha evaM dvitva rUpa meM prayoga hotA hai / / varNamAlA kA anya vargIkaraNa aghoSa : k, kh, c, ch, T, Th, t, th, p, ph ghoSa : g, gh, ja, jh, D, Dh, d, dh, b, bh alpaprANa : k, g, c, j, T, D, t, d, p, b mahAprANa : kh, gha, cha, jh, Tha, Dh, th, dh, ph, bh svara, antastha aura nAsikya vyaMjana ghoSa dhvaniyA~ haiM / nAsikya vyaMjana aura antastha alpaprANa haiM / sa aura ha mahAprANa dhvaniyA~ haiM /

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prakAzakIya dvitIya saMskaraNa kI prastAbanA prathama saMskaraNa kI prastAvanA do zabda prAraMbhika varNamAlA 1. 2. 4. anukramaNikA dhvani-parivartana ka. svara-vikAra kha. vyaMjana-vikAra (1) asaMyukta vyaMjana, (a) prAraMbhika (ba) madhyavartI, (sa) aMtima, (2) saMyukta vyaMjana (a) prAraMbhika, (ba) madhyavartI. (3) saMdhi vividha prAkRta bhASAe~ (ka) mahArASTrI, (kha) zaurasenI, (ga) mAgadhI, (gha) ardhamAgadhI, (Ga) pAli, (ca) paizAcI, (cha) cULikA paizAcI, (ja) apabhraMza pada-racanA : nAma- prakaraNa prAraMbhika, a. svarAnta zabda, ba. vyaMjanAMta zabda sa. apabhraMza : nAma vibhakti prakaraNa pada - racanA : sarvanAma - prakaraNa pada-racanA : kriyA-prakaraNa prAraMbhika, (i) vartamAna kAla, (ii) bhaviSya kAla, (iii) AjJArtha (iv) vidhiliMga (v) bhUtakAla, (vi) kAlAtipatti, (vii) pUrNa vartamAna evaM pUrNabhUta 18 38 58 69

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84 6. kRdanta evaM prayoga (i) vartamAna, (ii) bhaviSyat, (iii) hetvartha, (iv) saMbaMdhaka-bhUta, (v) vidhyartha (vi) karmaNi-bUta, (vii) kartR-bhUta, . (viii) karmaNi prayoga, (ix) preraka prayoga, (x) nAmAdhAtu 7. zabda racanA (ka) vizeSaNa (kha) bhAvavAcaka, (ga) svArthe, (gha) strIliMga, (ca) samAsa avyaya, parasarga evaM dezya zabda a. avyaya ba. parasarga sa. dezya zabda : (i) tadbhava, (ii) anumAnita prAcIna srota (iii) anuraNanAtmaka, (iv) videzI, (v) zuddha dezya, (vi) tadbhava koTi ke paraMparAgata 115 pariziSTa a. ardhamAgadhI bhASA viSayaka nayI vizeSatAe~ ba. prAcIna zvetAmbara jainaAgama graMtha 'isibhAsiyAI' meM se uddhRta mUla ardhamAgadhI kI vaha zabdAvalI jo mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva se vaMcita raha gayI saMdarbha-graMtha 126

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1. dhvani - parivartana prAkRta bhASAoM meM dhvani - sambandhI parivartana uccAraNa meM prAya: saralatA lAne aura kama prayatna karane kI koziza ke kAraNa hue haiM / manuSya kA svabhAva hai ki yadi koI kArya kama parizrama se ho jAya to usake lie adhika parizrama karane kI kyA AvazyakatA hai / isI pariNAma svarUpa ye parivartana hue haiM / ka. svara-vikAra 1. ( a ) prAkRta bhASAoM meM visarga ( : ) kA prayoga nahIM hotA hai / 'a' kArAnta zabda ke bAda visarga AtA hai taba 'a' kA vaikalpika 'o' ho jAtA hai : rAmo ( rAmaH ), tao ( tataH ) / ( ba ) RR, ai aura au ke parivartana isa prakAra hote haiM : R = a : taNa (tRNa ), vatta ( vRtta), daDha (dRDha ), ( vRSabha ), kaya ( kRta ) ( sa ) ai (da) au i : miga ( mRga ), isi (RSi), giddha (gRddha ) u : muNAla (mRNAla ), puccha (pRccha ), vuDDha (vRddha) e: geha (gRha), veMTa ( vRnta ), gejjhai ( gRhyate ) ri : riddhi (Rddhi), riNa (RNa), risi (RSi) e: ai = vasabha vera (vaira), nemittia ( naimittika), erAvaNa ( airAvaNa), devasiya ( daivasika ) vaira (vaira), daiva ( daiva), bhairava (bhairava), kailAsa ( kailAza ) o : korava ( kaurava), gorava ( gaurava), porANia (paurANika), sojaNNa ( saujanya ) au : kaurava ( kaurava), gaurava (gaurava), paDara ( paura)

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* prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa 2. svaroM meM kabhI kabhI mAtrAtmaka aura guNAtmaka parivartana nimna prakAra se hote haiM : (a) mAtrAtmaka parivartana : a-A : vArisa (varSa), cAuraMta (caturanta ), sAmiddhi (samRddhi), pAvayaNa (pravacana), pArakera (parakIya) iI : bhiuDI (bhRkuTi ) u=U mUsala (musala) A-a : kumara (kumAra), jaha ( yathA ), pahara (prahAra), va (vA), camara (cAmara) : aliya (alIka), ANiya (AnIta), karisa (karISa) U-u : mahua ( madhUka), uluya (ulUka), vAula (vAtUla) (ba) guNAtmaka parivartana : a=i : kiriNa (kiraNa), uttima (uttama) u : paduma (prathama), vuMdra (vandra) vellI (vallI), sejjA ( zayyA) paroppara (paraspara), pomma (padma) e: o : A-i : u : e: i-a : u : e : -a : haraDaI ( harItakI) u : juNNa (jIrNa) sai (sadA), nisiara (nizAkara), sAhijja ( sAhAyya ) ulla (Ardra) metta (mAtra), pArevaa (pArAvata) tittira ( tittiri), ia (iti) usu (iSu), ucchu (ikSu), vicchua (vRzcika) peMDa (piNDa), seMdUra (sindUra)

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dhvani-parivartana U : vihUNa (vihIna) e: u-a : A : i : U-a : e: o : 3. peUsa (pIyUSa), kerisa (kIdRza), neDa (nIDa) garu (guru), mauDa (mukuTa) bAhA (bAhu) purisa (puruSa) duala (dukUla) neura (nUpura) toNIra ( tUNIra), molla (mUlya) e-i : diara (devara), viaNA (vedanA), (seMdhava saindhava), dhIra (dhera< dhairya) o-a : maNahara ( manohara), sararuha (saroruha), annanna (anyonya ) gArava (gorava gaurava) A : u : muaNa (mocana), duvAria (dovAriaPage #21
(da) prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa kA isva svara dIrgha bana jAtA hai : vAsa (varSa), jIhA (jihnA), Usava (utsava) anusvAra kA lopa hone para bhI aisA hI hotA hai : sIha (siMha), vIsai (viMzati) (ka) saMyukta vyaMjana ke pUrvavAlA dIrgha svara saMyukta vyaMjana meM se eka kA lopa hone para dIrgha hI banA rahatA hai : dIha (dIrgha), ANA (AjJA), sIsa (zIrSa), Isara (Izvara), tUra (tUrya) (kha) vyaMjana kA dvitva karane para pUrvagAmI dIrgha svara husva bana jAtA hai : kiDDA (krIDA), khatta (khAta), dijjai (dIyate) 4. prAraMbhika svara-lopa : . kabhI kabhI zabda ke Adi svara kA lopa ho jAtA hai : raNNa (araNya), daga (udaka), ti (iti), va (iva), pi (api), haM (aham), posaha (upavasatha) 5. kabhI kabhI ardhasvara y aura v kA saMprasAraNa hotA hai : ya-i : paDiNIya (pratyanIka), vIikvaMta (vyatikrAnta) va-u: turiyaM (tvaritam), suviNa (svapna) aya-e : corei (corayati), kahei (kathayati) a-o : osara (avasara), oiNNa (avatIrNa), loNa (lavaNa), osANa (avasAna)

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dhvani-parivartana kha. vyaMjana-vikAra (1) asaMyukta vyaMjana USma vyaMjana 'z' ora 'S' kA prAyaH 's' ho jAtA hai : z-s : sasa (zaza), kalasa (kalaza), sirA (zirA), dasa (daza), saraNa (zaraNa), rasaNA ( razanA) =s : kasAya (kaSAya), bhUsaNa (bhUSaNa), dosa ( doSa), saMDa (SaNDa), mUsaa (mUSaka) (a) prAraMbhika vyaMjana (1) prAraMbhika 'y' kA prAyaH 'j' ho jAtA hai : ya-j : jAma ( yAma), joga (yoga), juga (yuga), joha (yodha), jahA (yathA) (2) prAraMbhika 'n' kA vaikalpika 'Na' ho jAtA hai : . =Na : Nimitta (nimitta), NAma (nAma), Naya ( naya), Nara (nara), Naara (nagara) [nara, nArI, nAma, nayara] (3) kabhI kabhI kucha vyaMjanoM kA parivartana apavAda ke rUpa meM nimna prakAra se bhI pAyA jAtA hai : (i) ka-ca : cilAa (kirAta) bha=ba : bahiNI ( bhaginI) ma-va : vammaha (manmatha) la-Na : NaMgala (lAGgala), NaMgUla (lAla)

Page #23
prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa (ii) alpa prANa vyaMjana kA apavAda ke rUpa meM mahAprANa vyaMjana meM badalanA : khIla (kIla), khujjA (kubjA), pharusa (paruSa), phalihA (parikhA), phaNasa (panasa), phADaNa (pATana), bhibhisAra (bimbisAra) (iii) dantya vyaMjana kA mUrdhanya vyaMjana meM badalanA : Dahara (dahara-dabhra), DAha (dAha), Dahai (dahati), DasaNa (dazana) (iv) z, e, s, kA cha meM badalanA : chAva (zAva), chirA (zirA), cha (SaT), chuhA (sudhA), chattivaNNa (saptaparNa) (ba) madhyavartI vyaMjana (madhyavartI vyaMjana use kahate haiM jo do svaroM ke bIca meM AtA hai, jaise-rati (+a, t+i) meM t aura vacana meM (v+a, ca+a, n+a) meM ca aura n madhyavartI vyaMjana haiM / ] (1) madhyavartI n prAyaH N meM badalatA hai : =Na : khaNaNa (khanana), samANa (samAna), jaNa (jana), __ AsaNa (Asana), rayaNa (ratna) [vANara, vAnara, aNala, anala] (2) s kA kabhI kabhI h ho jAtA hai : daha (dasa-daza), pAhANa (pAsANa-pASANa), diaha divaha, (divasa). (3) madhyavartI alpa-prANa vyaMjana ('Ta' varga ke sivAya) k, g, c, ja, t, d, p, antastha y aura v kA prAyaH lopa ho jAtA hai| [unameM se zeSa rahane vAlA svara yadi a yA A ho to vaha vaikalpika

Page #24
dhvani-parivartana rUpa se ya athavA yA ho jAtA hai aura ise ya zruti kahate haiM / yaha ya zruti prAya: jaina prAkRta kI vizeSatA hai / ] ka : saala (sakala), sauNa (zakuna), sevaya (sevaka), dAriyA (dArikA), maDaya (mRtaka) / ga : aNurAa (anurAga), gaaNa (gagana), sAyara (sAgara) ca : loaNa (locana), ruira (rucira), paura (pracura), vayaNa (vacana), viyAra (vicAra) ja : raaNI (rajanI), bhuA (bhujA), rAyA (rAjA), bhAyaNa (bhAjana), payA (prajA) ta : jIa (jIta), rai (rati), aIa (atIta), tAya (tAta), rasAyala (rasAtala), mAyA (mAtA) da : maaNa (madana), NaI (nadI), Aesa (Adeza), paosa (pradoSa), veya (veda), annayA (anyadA) : kai (kapi), goura (gopura), disAyAla (dizApAla) : kAa (kAya), maUra (mayUra) paovAha (payovAha), vioyaNa (viyojana), paojaNa (prayojana) va : bhuaNa (bhuvana), deI (devI), aDaI (aTavI) 'p' kA 'v' bhI hotA hai : pa-va : maMDava (maNDapa), rUva (rUpa), kavila (kapila), uvAya ( upAya), uvahAsa ( upahAsa) (4) madhyavartI mahAprANa vyaMjana ('ca' varga aura 'Ta' varga sivAya) 'kh', 'gh', 'th', 'dh', 'ph' aura 'bh' kA prAyaH 'ha' ho jAtA kha : muha (mukha), sahI (sakhI), leha (lekha), sAhA

Page #25
prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa (zAkhA), maUha (mayUkha), muhara (mukhara) gha : jahaNa (jaghana), oha (ogha), meha (megha), lahu (laghu), dIha (dIgha-dIrgha), rahuvIra (raghuvIra) tha : raha (ratha), kahA (kathA), NAha (nAtha), gAhA (gAthA) dha : ahara (adhara), viviha (vividha), mahu (madhu), sAhu (sAdhu), pahANa (pradhAna) pha : muttAhala (muktAphala), sehAliA (zephAlikA) bha : Naha (nabha), sahA (sabhA), AharaNa (AbharaNa), surahi (surabhi), pahAya (prabhAta) (5) ghoSIkaraNa : . (a) aghoSa 'T' aura 'Th' prAyaH ghoSa 'D' aura 'Dh' meM badala jAte haiM : T-D : taDa (taTa), kUDa (kUTa), ceDI (ceTI), kuDila (kuTila), jaDia (jaTita), baDua (baTuka), chaDA (chaTA), kaDi (kaTi) da : paDha ( paTha), kuDhAra (kuThAra), maDha (maTha), kaDhiNa (kaThina), saDha (zaTha), dharavIDha (dharApITha), kaDhora (kaThora) (ba) kabhI kabhI 'k' ghoSa vyaMjana g meM badala jAtA haiM : ega (eka), nAyaga (nAyaka), AgAra (AkAra), loga (loka), magara (makara), tiga (trika) (6) mUrdhanyIkaraNa aura ghoSIkaraNa : (a) dantya vyaMjana kabhI kabhI mUrdhanya banakara phira ghoSa ho jAte

Page #26
dhvani-parivartana paDiya (patita), paDAyA (patAkA), siDhila (zithila) (ba) zabda meM RkAra aura rakAra Ane para dantya vyaMjana kabhI kabhI mUrdhanya banakara phira ghoSa bana jAte hai : maDaya (mRtaka), paDihAra (pratihAra), paDhama (prathama). (7) kucha anya parivartana : kabhi kabhI nimna parivartana pAye jAte haiM : (a) dvitvakaraNa : ekka (eka), tella (taila), nihitta (nihita), ucciya (ucita), pemma (prema), bahupphala (bahuphala), paravvasa (paravaza). (ba) varNa-lopa : umbara (udumbara), sIyA (zibikA), rAula (rAjakula), avaratta (apararAtra), aDa (avaTa), bhANa (bhAjana), Aa (Agata), hia (hRdaya). (sa) varNa-vyatyaya : vANArasI (vArANasI), dIhara (dIraha- dIrgha), peranta (payaranta paryanta), acchera (acchayara accharaya Azcarya), marahaTTha (mahArASTra). (da) kabhI kabhI D, d, aura r kA l ho jAtA hai : Gl : talAya (taDAga), garula (garuDa), vIlA (vrIDA), niyala (nigaDa), valayAmuha (vaDavAmukha), kIlA (krIDA). -l : palitta (pradIpta), dohala (dohada), kalaMba (kadamba), duvAlasa (dvAdaza). -l : calaNa (caraNa), sukumAla (sukumAra), haliddA (haridrA), muhala (mukhara), phalihA (parikhA).

Page #27
10 (3) (4) prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa (ka) apavAda ke rUpa meM nimna parivartana bhI pAye jAte haiM : ( 5 ) ka-ha : cihura (cikura), phaliha (sphaTika) khaka : saMkalA (zrRGkhalA) ( sa ) aMtima vyaMjana zabda ke anta meM vyaMjana nahIM AtA hai / aMtima vyaMjana kA yA to lopa ho jAtA hai athavA usameM koI svara kA Agama ho jAtA hai yA vaha anusvAra meM badala jAtA hai / (1) lopa (2) gala : chAla (chAga) Na=la : velu (veNu) Ta-la : phaliha (sphaTika) [T=D=l] taha : bharaha (bharata) pha-bha : sebhAliA (zephAlikA) bava : alAvu ( alAbu ), savara (zabara) va-ma : nImI (nIvI) : jAva ( yAvat ), maNa (manas ), jaga (jagat ) Agama : vaNia ( vaNija - vaNij ), disA ( dizA-diz ), sariyA ( saritA- sarit ) aMtima anunAsika vyaMjana kA anusvAra ho jAtA hai : kahaM ( katham ), rAmaM (rAmam ), kiM (kim ), evaM (evam), bhavaM ( bhavAn ), bhagavaM (bhagavAn) kabhI kabhI aMtima vyaMjana anusvAra meM badala jAtA hai : jaM (yat), sammaM (samyak ), maNaM ( manAk ), sakkhaM (sAkSAt), maraNaM (maraNAt) apavAda : ardhamAgadhI meM anta meM t yukta akasmAt kA prayoga milatA hai /

Page #28
dhvani-parivartana ( 2 ) saMyukta vyaMjana (a) prAraMbhika saMyukta vyaMjana (1) zabda ke prAraMbha meM saMyukta vyaMjana prAyaH nahIM Ate haiM / lopa : unameM se prAyaH eka kA lopa ho jAtA hai : vaiyara ( vyatikara), NAya ( nyAya), piya ( priya), gAma (grAma), sara (svara), sahAva (svabhAva), dIva (dvIpa), ha (sneha ), NAya ( jJAta ), thaia ( sthagita ), hassa ( hrasva ), kama ( krama ), thaira ( sthavira ) ( 2 ) madhya meM svarAgama : kabhI kabhI saMyukta vyaMjana ke bIca meM svara kA Agama ho jAtA hai : a. saNeha (sneha) i. sirI (zrI), siNiddha (snigdha), gilANa (glAna) u. duvAra (dvAra), sumariya (smRta), sumaraNa (smaraNa). (ii) [ cAga (tyAga), khaNa ( kSaNa ), jUya ( dyUta), jhANa ( dhyAna ), chuhia ( kSudhita )] ( 3 ) apavAda : (i) 11 apavAda ke rUpa meM saMyukta vyaMjana ke prAraMbha meM svara kA AgamaH itthI (strI) apavAda ke rUpa meM nimna saMyukta vyaMjana prAraMbha meM rahate haiM : chaha : NhANa (snAna), NhAru (snAyu), NDusA ( snuSA) nha : nhavaNa (strapana),

Page #29
prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa mha : mhi (asmi), mha (smaH) lha : lhasia (snasta), lhasuNa (lazuna), lhikka (ni+lI) vyaMjana+r : draha (hRda), priya, vrada (vRnda) (ba) madhyavartI saMyukta vyaMjana (1) prAkRta bhASA meM eka sAtha do se adhika vyaMjana saMyukta rUpa meM nahIM Ate haiM : satta (sattva), sAmattha (sAmarthya), manta ( mantra), sattha (zastra), randha ( randhra), joNhA (jyotsnA) samIkaraNa : alaga alaga varga ke do vyaMjana prAyaH eka sAtha nahIM rahate haiM / unameM se eka ko dUsare ke samAna banA diyA jAtA hai / isa prakriyA ko samIkaraNa kahA jAtA hai / samIkaraNa kA sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM jo vyaMjana sabala (strong) hotA hai vaha abala (weak) vyaMjana ko apane samAna banA detA hai / vyaMjanoM ke balAbala kA krama isa prakAra hai : (i) sparza, (ii) anunAsika, (iii) la, (iv) sa, (v) va, (vi) ya, aura (vii) ra. jaba samAna balavAle vyaMjana saMyukta rUpa meM Ate ho taba pahalA vyaMjana dUsare ke samAna ho jAtA hai : bhatta (bhakta), jamma (janma). asamAna bala vAle saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM se sabala vyaMjana abala ko apane samAna banA letA hai : (i) lagga (lagna), (ii) sukka (zukla), (iii) araNNa (araNya), (iv) billa (bilva), (v) salla (zalya), (vi) savva (sarva), (vii) vassa (varSa), (viii) sissa (ziSya)

Page #30
dhvani-parivartana samIkaraNa ke nimna do prakAra haiM : (a) purogAmI samIkaraNa : isameM saMyukta vyaMjana kA dvitIya vyaMjana prathama vyaMjana ke samAna bana jAtA hai : aNNayA (anyadA), samagga (samagra), kallANa (kalyANa), aNNesaNa (anveSaNa), avassa (avazya) (ba) pazcagAmI samIkaraNa : isameM prathama vyaMjana dvitIya ke samAna ho jAtA hai : jutta (yukta), sadda (zabda), khagga (khaDga), jamma (janma), kamma (karma), savva (sarva) (ka) saMyukta vyaMjana meM yadi eka vyaMjana mahAprANa ho to dUsarA vyaMjana usa mahAprANa kA alpaprANa ho jAtA hai aura vaha mahAprANa ke pahale AtA hai : purogAmI : viggha (vighna), vikkhAya (vikhyAta), abbhaMtara (abhyantara) pazcagAmI : sabbhAva (sadbhAva), uvaladdha ( upalabdha), samattha (samartha ), vipphuriya (visphurita) (Da) saMyukta vyaMjana meM yadi eka USma vyaMjana ho aura dUsarA alpa prANa vyaMjana ho to vaha alpa prANa vyaMjana USma vyaMjana ke kAraNa mahAprANa vyaMjana meM badala jAtA hai aura vaha mahAprANa apane hI alpa prANa ke bAda meM AtA hai : pukkhara (puSkara), pacchima (pazcima), kaTTha (kaSTa), hattha (hasta), puppha (puSpa), kakkha (kakSa), akkhi (akSi) / [kSa kA ccha bhI hotA hai : kaccha (kakSa), acchi ( akSi), vaccha (vRkSa), daccha ( dakSa )]

Page #31
14 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa svara vikAra ke prakaraNa meM yaha pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai ki saMyukta vyaMjana ke pahale yadi svara dIrgha ho to use hrasva banA diyA jAtA haiM aura yadi saMyukta vayaMjana meM se eka kA lopa ho jAya aura pUrvagAmI svara husva ho to use dIrgha banA diyA jAtA hai : (i) parakkama (parAkrama), rajja (rAjya), magga (mArga), tiNNa (tIrNa), tittha (tIrtha), siggha (zIghra), puNNa (pUrNa), suNNa (zUnya) (ii) vAsa (varSa), sIsa (ziSya), dUbhaga (durbhaga) (3) 'ca' varga meM parivartana : ya ke sAtha meM saMyukta rUpa meM Ane vAlA dantya vyaMjana anukrama se 'ca' varga meM badala jAtA hai : tya-cca : sacca (satya), accaMta (atyanta), Nicca (nitya), amacca (amAtya) thya-ccha : micchA (mithyA), racchA ( rathyA), Nevaccha ( nepathya), paccha (pathya) dya-jja : ajja (adya), ujjANa (udyAna), ujjama ( udyama), vijjA (vidyA) dhya-jjha : majA (madhya), sajjha (sAdhya), uvajjhAya (upAdhyAya), aojjhA (ayodhyA) (4) mUrdhanyIkaraNa : 'R' kAra athavA ra kAra ke sAtha Ane vAle dantya vyaMjana kA kabhI kabhI mUrdhanyIkaraNa ho jAtA hai : vaTTa (vRtta), maTTiyA *(mRttikA), iDDhi (Rddhi), vaTTaya (vartaka), naTTa (narta), aTTa (artha), chiDDa (chidra), aDDa (ardha), saDDhA (zraddhA)

Page #32
dhvani-parivartana (5) rya-jja : 'rya' kA prAyaH 'jja' ho jAtA hai : kajja (kArya), ajjA (AryA), sujja (sUrya), majjAyA (maryAdA), pajjaMta (paryanta), pajjAya (paryAya) (6) anunAsika vyaMjana ke pUrva AnevAlA USma vyaMjana prAyaH mahAprANa 'ha' meM badala jAtA hai aura una vyaMjanoM kA krama badala jAtA hai : (i) zna=Nha : paNha (prazna) / prAcInatama prAkRta meM (ii) SNa=Nha : uNha (uSNa) svarabhakti ke apavAda (iii) sna=Nha : aNhANa (asnAna)| (i) usiNa (uSNa) (iv) zma-mha : kamhIra (kazmIra) | (ii) nagiNa (nagna-nagga) (v) Sma-mha : gimha (grISma) | (iii) siNANa (snAna) (vi) sma-mha : vimhaya (vismy)| .. (7) (8) mahAprANa 'ha' ke sAtha Ane vAle anunAsika kA krama bhI isI . prakAra badalatA hai : vaNhi (vahni), majjhaNha (madhyAhna), bamhaNa (brAhmaNa), bamhA (brahmA) [palhAya (prahlAda)] =NNa, nn : jJa kA prAyaH NNa athavA na meM parivartana ho jAtA hai : savvanna, savvaNNa (sarvajJa), aNuNNAya (anujJAta), viNNANa, vinnANa (vijJAna), parinnA, pariNNA (parijJA). anusvAra meM badalanA : kabhI kabhI saMyukta vyaMjana meM se eka kA anusvAra meM parivartana ho jAtA hai : paMkha (pakSa), guMcha (guccha), vayaMsa (vayasya), vaMka (vakra), daMsaNa (darzana),. aMsu (azru), jaMpa (jalpa), maNaMsi (manasvin)

Page #33
prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa (10) svarabhakti : kabhI kabhI saMyukta vyaMjana ke bIca meM svara kA Agamana ho jAtA hai : a : kasaNa (kRSNa), garahA (garhA), rayaNa (ratna) i : harisa (harSa ), suriya (sUrya), bhAriyA (bhAryA ), acchariya (Azcarya), Ayariya (AcArya), vIria (vIrya), varisa (varSa) u : chauma (chadma), pauma (padma) (11) anya parivartana : apavAda ke rUpa meM milane vAle kucha anya parivartana isa prakAra kma =ppa tta =TTa tma =ppa tra =ttha tva =cca tsa =ccha dhva =jjha psa =ccha mra =mba yya =jja rya =lla hya =mbha hya =jjha hva =bbha : ruppiNI (rukmiNI), ruppa (rukma) : paTTaNa (pattana) : appA (AtmA), paramappA (paramAtmA) : tattha (tatra), attha (atra) : caccara (catvara), tacca (tattva) : vaccha (vatsa), ucchAha (utsAha) : sajjhasa (sAdhvasa) : accharA (apsarA), jugucchA (jugupsA) : amba (Amra), tamba (tAmra) : sejjA (zayyA), jajja (jayya) : pallattha (paryasta), pallANa (paryANa) : baMbhaNa (brAhmaNa) : gujjha (guhya), sajjha (sahya) : vibbhala (vihvala).

Page #34
17 dhvani-parivartana (3) saMdhi prAkRta bhASA meM saMdhi kI zithilatA aura aniyamitatA pAyI jAtI hai / usameM vikalpa se saMdhi hotI hai| (1) madhyavartI vyaMjana kA lopa hone para zeSa rahe hue svara kI saMdhi prAyaH nahIM hotI hai : Naara (nagara), viAra (vikAra), naI (nadI), paura (pracura), Aesa (Adeza), viesa (videza), riu (ripu) vioga (viyoga), paojaNa (prayojana) . [apavAda : aMdhAra (aMdhaAra-andhakAra) sUmAla (suumAla sukumAra), Aa (Aaa-Agata), mora ( maUra . mayUra), thera (thaira-sthavira)] (2) nAma-vibhakti aura kriyA-pratyaya ke lie prayukta svaroM meM bhI prAyaH sandhi nahIM hotI hai : savvao (sarvataH), ramAe (ramayA), NayarIo (nagaryaH), hasai (hasati), gacchau (gacchatu), kariavva (kartavya) [apavAda : kAhI (kAhii-kariSyati), hohI (hohii-bhaviSyati )] (3) do padoM ke bIca meM vikalpa se saMdhi hotI hai : tassa uvaeseNa, tassovaeseNa (tasya+upadezena) (4) samAsa meM bhI vikalpa se saMdhi hotI hai : pavvayaArohaNa, pavvayArohaNa (parvata+ArohaNa) / prathama pada ke aMtima svara kA vikalpa se lopa karake dUsare pada ke prAraMbhika svara ke sAtha saMdhi kI jAtI hai : hasAmi ahaM, hasAmahaM; tubbhe ittha, tubbhittha.

Page #35
2. vividha prAkRta bhASAe~ (ka) mahArASTrI abhI taka prAkRta bhASA ke jina lakSaNoM kA paricaya diyA gayA hai ve prAyaH mahArASTrI prAkRta ke lakSaNa haiM / prAkRta kA sAmAnya artha mahArASTrI prAkRta hI calatA hai aura saralatA ke lie isI prAkRta kA paricaya prathama diyA gayA hai| anya prAkRtoM se saMbaMdhita mukhya vizeSatAe~ yahA~ para dI jA rahI haiM to jo inheM mahArASTrI se alaga karatI haiM / padaracanA kA vyavasthita byaurA Age diyA gayA hai jisameM Middle IndoAryan ke mAnya tInoM staroM pAli, prAkRta aura apabhraMza kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| vaise prAkRta bhASAoM (M. I. A. Languages) kA vikAsakrama anumAnataH isa prakAra mAnA gayA hai : pAli, paizAcI, cUlikA paizAcI, mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI evaM apabhraMza / paraMtu suvidhA aura subodhatA kI dRSTi se yahA~ para unakA krama badala diyA gayA

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vividha prAkRta bhASAe~ (kha) zaurasenI mahArASTrI prAkRta kA AdhAra banAkara zaurasenI prAkRta kI anya vizeSatAe~ isa prakAra darzAyI jA sakatI haiM : (1) madhyavartI vyaMjana d ora dh kA prAyaH lopa nahIM hotA hai : mada, vedha / (2) madhyavartI vyaMjana t ora th kramazaH d aura dh meM badala jAte haiM : raada (rajata), kadhA (kathA) / rya kA yy meM parivartana hotA hai : suyya (sUrya), ayya (Arya) / kucha apavAdoM ke hote hue bhI kS prAyaH kkh meM badalatA hai : kukkhi (kukSi), ikkhu (ikSu) / apavAda kSa-cch : akkhi, acchi / kabhI kabhI nt kA nd meM parivartana pAyA jAtA hai : handa (hanta), saundalA (zakuntalA) / paMcamI eka vacana ke vibhakti pratyaya do aura du (ta:) haiM : . jiNAdo, jiNAdu / (7) tad aura etad sarvanAma ke saptamI eka vacana ke rUpa tassi aura edassi bhI pAye jAte haiM / vartamAna kAla meM tRtIya puruSa eka vacana ke lie di aura de (ti, te) pratyaya lagate haiM : ramadi, ramade / (9) AjJArtha tRtIya puruSa eka vacana kA pratyaya du (tu) hai : gacchadu (10) vidhiliMga prathama puruSa eka vacana ke lie e aura eaM pratyaya lagAye jAte haiM : vaTTe, vaTTeaM / (11) bhaviSya kAla ke lie ssi lagAkara puruSa-vAcaka pratyaya lagAye

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20 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa jAte haiM : hasissidi, karissidi / (12) hetvarthaka kRdanta kA pratyaya duM (tum ) hai : kAduM, bhaNiduM / (13) vidyartha kRdanta pratyaya avva ke badale meM davva (tavya) : bhavidavva, hasidavva aura tAva (tAvat) ke badale meM dAva rUpa calatA hai / (14) sambandhaka bhUta kRdanta ke pratyaya iya ora dUNa haiM : paDhia bhaviya, kAdUNa / kabhI kabhI ttA aura ccA pratyaya bhI milate haiM : jANittA, kiccA / kR aura gam dhAtuoM ke vizeSa rUpa kaDua aura gaDua haiM / (15) karmaNi prayoga ke lie ia lagAyA jAtA hai : hasiadi, gamiadi / (16) bhU dhAtu prAya: ho meM nahIM badalatA / usake rUpa isa prakAra milate haiM : bhavadi, bhodu, bhavissidi, bhoduM, bhavia, bhodUNa, bhottA, bhavidavvaM, ityAdi /

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vividha prAkRta bhASAe~ 21 (ga) mAgadhI zaurasenI prAkRta ko AdhAra banAkara mAgadhI prAkRta kI anya vizeSatAe~ isa prakAra darzAyI jA sakatI haiM / (1) 'ya' kA 'j' meM parivartana nahIM hotA hai / (2) j kA y meM parivartana hotA hai : yaNavada (janapada) (3) ra kA la ho jAtA hai : Nala (nara) lAyida (rAjita) (4) s aura e kA prAyaH z meM parivartana hotA hai: zAlaza (sArasa), ghoza (ghoSa) (5) ch, ', rya=yya : ayya (adya), duyyaNa (durjana), ayya (Arya) j, a, Nya, nya-jJ : paJjA (prajJA), aJjali (aJjali), puJja (puNya), aJja (anya) (7) kS = zk : lazkaza (rAkSasa), yazka (yakSa), pazka (pakSa) (8) cch-zca : gazca (gaccha)=(9) TTa-sT : pasTa (paTTa) (10) =st : zasta (sArtha) (11) sth-st : uvastida (upasthita) (12) ka-sk : zuska (zuSka) (13) Skh skh : dhanuskhaMDa (dhanuSkhaMDa) (14) -sTa : kasTa (kaSTa) (15) kucha saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM USma vyaMjana upalabdha haiM : pazcima, nizcala, pazcAdo, puSTi, ciSTha, hasta, buhaspadi, vismaya (16) 'a' kArAnta pulliMga prathamA eka vacana kA vibhakti pratyaya ___'e': rAme (rAmaH) /

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22 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa (17) SaSThI eka vacana kA eka anya vibhakti pratyaya 'Aha' : kAmAha (kAmasya) (18) SaSThI bahuvacana kA eka anya vibhakti pratyaya : Aha~ : zayaNAha~ (zayanAnAm ) (19) saptamI eka vacana ke anya vibhakti pratyaya msi aura AhiM : gehaMsi (gRhe), puttAhiM (putre), pavaNAhiM (pavane) (20) asmad sarvanAma kA prathamA eka vacana aura bahuvacana kA rUpa hage (aham, vayam) milatA hai / (21) yuSmad sarvanAma kA SaSThI eka vacana kA rUpa tava ( tava ) milatA hai / (22) tad aura etad ke saptamI eka vacana ke rUpa tariMza aura edariMza ( tasmin, etasmin) milate haiM / (23) svArthe 'ka'='a' kA adhika prayoga milatA hai / (24) kAraka vibhakti kA* kabhI lopa ho jAtA hai /

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vividha prAkRta bhASAe~ (gha) ardhamAgadhI ardhamAgadhI kA dUsarA nAma ArSa prAkRta hai / yaha zvetAmbara jaina Agama sAhitya kI bhASA hai jisakA kucha aMza prAcInatama prAkRta sAhitya mAnA jAtA hai / isake lakSaNa isa prakAra haiM : (1) madhyavartI vyaMjana kA lopa hone para 'ya' athavA 't' zruti pAyI jAtI hai: 23 seNita, seNiya ( zreNika), loya (loka), kUNita ( kUNika ) (2) madhyavartI g prAyaH yathAvat rahatA hai : nagarI, Agama, bhagavaM, bhagiNI / (3) madhyavartI k kA g bhI hotA hai : ega (eka), asoga (azoka), loga (loka), sAvaga ( zrAvaka ) / (4) madhyavartI t aura d vaikalpika yathAvat rahate haiM : NetA, NeyAH bheda, bheya ( netA, bheda ) (5) prAraMbhika aura madhyavartI n kA vaikalpika N hotA hai : nagara, Nagara, anala, aNala, savvannu, savvaNNu (sarvajJa) (6) madhyavartI bhU aura y kI prAya: yathAvat sthiti rahatI hai : lAbha, sobhA, vibhava, payoga (7) madhyavartI p kabhI kabhI v yA m meM badalatA hai : suviNa, sumiNa ( svapna ), nIva, nIma ( nIpa ) (8) madhyavartI r kA kabhI kabhI l ho jAtA hai : kaluNa (karuNa), calaNa (caraNa) (9) kucha zabdoM meM prAraMbhika tAlavya vyaMjana kA dantya vyaMjana meM parivartana

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24 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa milatA haiM : tigicchA (cikitsA), duguMchA (jugupsA) (10) yathA aura yAvat zabdoM meM prAraMbhika ya kA a milatA hai : ahakkhAya ( yathAkhyAta), ahAjAta ( yathAjAta), ahAsuhaM ( yathAsukham ), AvakahA ( yAvatkathA) (11) saMyukta rUpa meM yA repha ke sAtha Ane vAle dantya vyaMjana adhikatara mUrdhanya vyaMjana meM badala jAte haiM : paTTaNa ( pattana), kaviTTha ( kapittha), uTThA (utthA), naTTaga (nartaka), aTTa (Arta), niyaMTha (nirgrantha), saDDhA (zraddhA) (12) kabhI kabhI m saMdhi-vyaMjana ke rUpa meM milatA hai : nirayaMgAmI (narakagAmI), egamea (ekaika ), gayamAdi (gaja +3 -Adi) (13) eva ke pUrva meM am kA Am bhI hotA hai : khippAmeva (kSipram+eva), evAmeva, tAmeva, puvvAmeva, jeNAmeva, teNAmeva (evam+eva), (tam+eva), (pUrvam+eva), (jeNaM+eva), (teNaM+eva) (14) pulliMga akArAnta ke lie prathamA eka vacana meM e athavA o vibhakti kA prayoga hotA hai : deve, devo ( deva: ), se, so (saH ), tume, ese, ime, ke, ege, Adi / (15) ta-kArAnta nAma zabdoM meM prathamA eka vacana ke lie t kA lopa hokara vibhakti pratyaya ke rUpa me anusvAra kA prayoga hotA hai : jANaM (jAnan), vijjaM (vidvAn ), cakkhumaM (cakSumAn) (16) tRtIyA eka vacana meM kucha zabdoM ke rUpa isa prakAra milate haiM : maNasA (manasA), vayasA ( vacasA ), kAyasA (kAyena), jogasA (yogena), NiyamasA, payogasA, bhayasA, balasA, kammuNA (karmaNA), ityAdi / (17) a kAranta puliMga meM caturthI eka vacana ke lie Ae vibhakti bhI lagAyI jAtI hai : devAe, jiNAe, aTThAe

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vividha prAkRta bhASAe~ 25 (18) puMliMga meM saptamI eka vacana kA vibhakti pratyaya aMsi evaM ssi (smin) bhI milatA hai : puttaMsi, aggisi, vAuMsi, bhittiMsi, dhepuMsi, mamaMsi tumaMsi, taMsi, esi, imaMsi, egaMsi, assi, kassi, tassi, Adi / (19) akArAnta puMliMga meM sambodhana ke eka vacana meM A vibhakti bhI milatI hai : he devA, he goyamA / (20) AjJArtha dvitIya puruSa eka vacana ke lie Ahi (dhi) pratyaya bhI milatA hai : vaTTAhi, gehAhi, virahAhi / (21) bhaviSya kAla ke lie prathama puruSa eka vacana ke pratyaya issaM aura haM (Syam) milate haiM : karessaM, karissaM, kAhaM, dAhaM, pAhaM / (22) bhUtakAla ke lie aneka prAcIna pratyayoM kA upayoga ardhamAgadhI meM calatA rahA / phira bhI puruSa aura vacana sambandhI bheda miTatA gayA aura nimnalikhita pratyayoM kA upayoga prAyaH sabhI puruSoM aura vacanoM ke lie hotA hai / (i) AsI, Asi ( AsIH ) : vayAsI, vayAsi ( avAdI: ), kAsi ( akArSIH ) (ii) ittha, itthA, tthA (iSTa) : viharitthA, sevitthA hotthA, labhittha, pahArettha (iii) a( - ) issaM (Syam) : prathama puruSa eka vacana : akarissaM (akArSam ) (iv) a( - ) Asi : dvitIya puruSa eka vacana : akAsi, akAsI (akArSIH) (v) sI, hI (sIt ) : tRtIya puruSa eka vacana : kAsI, kAsi, ThAsI, pAsI, hosI kAhI, ThAhI, pAhI

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26 (vi) Ia ( it) : tRtIya puruSa eka vacana : vaMdIa, hasIa, karIa, geNhIa, huvIa (vii) iMsu, aMsu (iSu: ) : tRtIya puruSa bahu vacana : gacchasu, pucchisu, AhaMsu (23) karmaNi-bhUta-kRdanta Da : RkArAnta dhAtuoM meM ka. bhU.kR. ta kA Da ho jAtA hai : kaDa (kRta), maDa (mRta), saMvuDa (saMvRta), AhaDa (Ahata) (24) hetvarthaka kRdanta : (i) ittae, ettae, tae ( - tave, tavai, * tvAyai) : gamittae, pucchittae, karettae, hottae prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa (ii) ittu, TTu : suNittu, jANittu, kaTTu (25) sambandhaka bhUta kRdanta ke lie aneka prAcIna pratyaya milate haiM : (i) ittA, ettA, ttA (tvA) : karitA, AgamettA hottA, gaMtA ( gatvA) (ii) ccA (tyA) : hoccA (bhUtvA), peccA (pretya), kiccA ( kRtvA), soccA (zrutvA) (iii) ittANaM, ettANaM (tvA+na) : pAsittANaM, pAsettANaM, lahittANaM, lahettANaM (iv) ccANa, ccANaM (tvA+na) : naccANa, naccANaM (jJAtvA ) (v) ittu, TTu (tva) : vaMdittu, jANittu, kaTTu (kRtvA) (vi) iya, iyA, e (ya, yA) : viyANiya, duruhiya, pAsiyA, parijANiyA aNupAliyA, AyAe (AdAya ), parinnAe (parijJAya ) (vii) yANa, yANaM (* yA +na) : lahiyANa ( labdhvA ), ArusiyANaM (AruSya) noTa isa bhASA ke saMbaMdha meM jo nayI vizeSatAe~ prakAza meM AyI haiM unake lie anta meM jor3A gayA pariziSTa dekhie /

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vividha prAkRta bhASAe~ 27 (Ga) pAli mahArASTrI prAkRta meM hone vAle dhvani-sambaMdhI parivartanoM ko AdhAra banAkara pAli bhASA kI vizeSatAe~ isa prakAra darzAyI jA sakatI (1) svara-saMbaMdhI parivartana prAyaH prAkRta ke samAna hI hote haiN| (2) pAli meM anya vyaMjanoM ke atirikta 'La' aura 'Lha' bhI pAye jAte haiN| anunAsika vyaMjana i aura J kA sajAtIya anya vyaMjana ke sAtha saMyukta rUpa meM aura do J kA eka sAtha prayoga hotA hai : kiGkara, saGgha, aGga, saGgha, paJca, maJjarI, vajhA, (vandhyA), pA (prajJA) (4) J kA svara ke sAtha bhI prayoga hotA hai : jAti (jJAti). (5) 'n' kA prAyaH 'Na' meM parivartana nahIM hotA hai : nagara, vadana, nandana, mana, nAga (6) prAraMbhika 'ya' kA prAya: 'ja' nahIM hotA hai : yoga, yakkha (yakSa), yena, yadA (7) s kA (prAkRta kI taraha) h meM parivartana nahIM hotA haiM / (8) ra kA la aneka bAra milatA hai : loma (roma), taluNa (taruNa), lukkha (rukSa) madhyavartI alpa-prANa vyaMjanoM kA lopa, 'ya' zruti aura mahAprANa vyaMjanoM kA 'ha' prAyaH nahIM hotA hai / yahI mukhya pravRtti pAli ko prAkRta se alaga karatI hai / kucha apavAda isa prakAra haiM : (9)

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28 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa niya, nija, khAyita, ('ya' zruti yukta), khAdita, lahu, laghu, ruhira, rudhira / (10) 'Da' aura 'Dha' ke sthAna para 'La' aura 'Lha' bhI pAye jAte haiM : dALima ( dADima), pILA ( pIDA ), gaLaha ( gaDha ), AsALaha ( ASADha) (11) T kA kabhI kabhI L ho jAtA hai : kheLa (kheTa), lALa (lATa) (12) la kA kabhI kabhI La ho jAtA hai : paLAza (palAza), coLa (cola), mALa (mAla) (13) 'prati' kA 'paTi' ho jAtA hai : paTivirata ( prativirata ), paTijAnAti ( pratijAnAti ), paTiggahaNa ( pratigrahaNa ) (14) apavAda ke rUpa meM madhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke parivartana isa prakAra milate haiM : (ba) va zrutiH suva (zuka), Avudha (Ayudha), kasAva (kasAya) ta tha da dha : ruda (ruta), gadhita (grathita) da, dha=ta, tha : mutiGga (mRdaGga), pithIyati (pidhIyate) kvacit lopa : AveNiya, kosiya (ka); niya(ja); sAyati (svAdate), khAyita ( khAdita) (da) / (15) apavAda ke rUpa meM prAraMbha meM saMyukta vyaMjana antastha ke sAtha isa prakAra milate haiM : (a) tyAsu, vyaJjana, vyAkaraNa, vyAkula, vyApAra, vyApAda brahma, brAhmaNa, brUti (sa) kvaci (kvacit), kvaM, dvAra, dvidhA, dve, tvaM, svAkkhAta (svAkhyAta), sve (zvas

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22 vividha prAkRta bhASAe~ (16) vya kA vaikalpika bya pAyA jAtA hai : byAsatta (byAsakta), byatta (vyakta), byApAda (vyApAda), byaJjana (vyaJjana), byUha (vyUha) (17) saMyukta vyaMjana ke pahale dIrgha mAtrA apavAda ke rUpa meM yathAvat milatI haiM : svAkkhAta (svAkhyAta), bAlya, dAtta (dAtra). brAhmaNa (18) saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA samIkaraNa prAyaH prAkRta kI taraha hI hotA hai| paraMtu kucha apavAd isa prakAra milate haiM : (a) sparza vyaMjana ke sAtha antastha : sakya (zAkya), agyAgAra (agnyAgAra) Arogya, nigrodha (nyagrodha) amutra, tatra, citra, bhadra, karitvA, sutvA, cayitvA, uklApa (utklApa) (ba) antastha ke sAtha antastha : mAlya, kalyANa (sa) anunAsika ke sAtha antastha : anvaya, anveti, kamya (kAmya) (da) kabhI y ke dvitvakaraNa ke rUpa meM : deyya (deya), geyya (geya), seyya (zreyas) (19) saMyukta vyaMjana saMbaMdhI anya parivartana isa prakAra haiM : (a) jJa, nya, Nya Ja : paJjA (prajJA), ajJA (AjJA), kaJA (kanyA), aJja (anya), arajJa (araNya), puJja (puNya) (ba) rya-yya : ayya (Arya), niyyAti (niryAti) (sa) zna-vha : paJha (prazna)

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30 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa (da) jahA~ jahA~ para prAkRta meM vva' hotA hai vahA~ para pAli meM 'bba' ho jAtA hai : sabba (sarva), pubba (pUrva), pabbata (parvata), tibba (tIvra), paribbAjaka (parivrAjaka), ubbigga (udvigna), ubbaTTana (udvartana) (20) apavAda ke rUpa meM kucha parivartana isa prakAra haiM / dya-yya : uyyAna (udyAna) mbha mha : sumhati (zumbhati) mbhamba : kumba (kumbha) / mka=mba : sambAhana (saMvAhana) (21) USma vyaMjana ke sAtha anunAsika m kI sthiti : asmAkaM, kasmIra, rasmi, bhasma, usmA, kasmA (kasmAt), tasmi (tasmin) (22) mahAprANa ke sAtha m kI sthiti : hya : brAhmaNa, brahma (23) hya-vha : sayha (sahya), Aruyha (Aruhya), mayhaM (mahyam), muyhati (muhyati) hva-vha : jivhA (jIhvA), avhAna (AhvAna)

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vividha prAkRta bhASAe~ (ca) paizAcI (1) yaha bhASA saMskRta aura pAli ke ati nikaTa hai / (2) isameM zabda ke Adi ke 'ya' kA 'ja' meM parivartana nahIM hotA hai| (3) isameM madhyavartI alpaprANa vyaMjanoM kA prAyaH lopa nahIM hotA hai| (4) isameM madhyavartI mahAprANa vyaMjanoM kA prAyaH 'ha' meM parivartana nahIM hotA hai| (5) isameM tAlavya vyaMjanoM kA prAyaH mUrdhanyIkaraNa nahIM hotA hai / (6) isameM aghoSa vyaMjana kA prAyaH ghoSa nahIM hotA hai / (7) isameM mukhya parivartana prAyaH isa prakAra se hote haiM : (a) Nan : guna (guNa), [na kA Na meM parivartana nahIM hotA hai : kanaka (kanaka)] (ba) z, S-s : z aura S kA s meM parivartana hotA hai / (sa) da-t : matana (madana), teva (deva), tAmotara ( dAmodara), [bhagavatI (bhagavatI), sata (zata )] (da) Tu-tu : kutumbaka (kuTumbaka) (ka) la=La : sILa (zIla), kuLa (kula) (kha) ha-ti : yAtisa (yAdRza) (ga) hRdaya ke lie hitapaka zabda calatA hai / (gha) , ny aura Nya kA jJ ho jAtA hai : paJA (prajJA), kaJA (kanyA), puca (puNya) (ca) iva ke lie piva kA prayoga hotA hai /

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prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa (cha) vayam ke lie apphe kA prayoga hotA hai| (ja) a kArAnta paMcamI eka vacana meM Ato aura Atu vibhakti pratyaya lagAye jAte haiM : jinAto, jinAtu (jinAt), tUrAto (dUrAt) (jha) bhaviSya kAla ke lie 'eyya' pratyaya lagAyA jAtA hai : huveyya (bhaviSyati) (Ta) saMbaMdhaka bhUta kRdanta 'tvA' ke lie 'tUna' kA prayoga : paThitUna (paThitvA), gaMtUna (gatvA) (Tha) 'STvA' ke lie 'tthUna' aura 'khUna' ho jAtA hai : tatthUna, tadbhUna (dRSTvA ) karmaNi prayoga kA pratyaya 'iyya' hai : paThiyyate (paThyate), (hasiyyate) (hasyate), giyyate (gIyate) - (Da)

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vividha prAkRta bhASAe~ (cha) cULikA paizAcI yaha bhASA paizAcI bhASA kA hI eka prabheda hai| isakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM ghoSa dhvaniyA~ aghoSa ho jAtI haiM : nakara (nagara), kiri (giri), mekha (megha), khamma (dharma), vakkha (vyaghra), rAcA (rAjA), cImUta (jImUta), nicchara (nirjhara), taTAka (taDAga), ThakkA (DhakkA), matana ( madana), tAmotara (dAmodara), mathura (madhura), pAlaka (bAlaka), phakavatI (bhagavatI) ra kA la meM parivartana vaikalpika hai : ludda (rudra) / (2)

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prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa (ja) apabhraMza apabhraMza bhASA madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM (prAkRta bhASAoM) ke aMtima caraNa kI bhASA rahI hai / samaya kI gati ke sAtha jana-bhASA meM vikAsa hotA rahA aura deza-pradeza ke anusAra aneka apabhraMza boliyA~ panapI / isa bhASA meM vibhakti, kAla, bhAva evaM kRdanta sambandhI pratyayoM meM dUragAmI parivartana Aye isIlie unakI bahulatA va vividhatA pAyI jAtI hai| apabhraMza bhASA 'u'kAra aura 'ha'kAra bahula bhASA bana gayI / isameM nAma vibhaktiyA~ ghaTa kara prAyaH tIna hI raha gayIM (1) prathamA ke samAna dvitIyA aura saMbodhana, (2) tRtIyA aura saptamI kI samAnatA aura (3) caturthI evaM paMcamI SaSThI ke samAna / 'a'kArAnta prAtipAdikoM kI pramukhatA ho gayI / strIliMgI prAtipAdika bhI 'a'kArAnta bana gaye / isameM dhAtuoM ke rUpoM meM bhI kamI AyI / liMga-vyatyaya kI vRddhi huI / Age calakara vibhakti pratyayoM kA sthAna saMbaMdhavAcI zabdoM (Post Positions) ne le liyA aura yahI vizeSatA isa bhASA ko yaugika se ayaugika bhASA kI tarapha baDhAne lagI jo Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kA pramukha lakSaNa hai| isa bhASA kI vizeSatAe~ nimna prakAra se darzAyI jA sakatI RkAra kI kabhI kabhI upalabdhi : tRNu (tRNa), gRhaMti (gRhNanti), gRNhai (gRhNAti), sukRdu (sukRtaH) (2) e~ aura oN : hasva eN aura oM ke upayoga kI vRddhi huI aura ye kramaza: 'i' aura 'u' meM bhI badalane lage : (i) ikka (eNkka-eka), picchivi (pecchivi-prekSya), sukkha (saoNkkha-saukhya), juvvaNa (jaoNvvaNa-yauvana), uiNNa

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vividha prAkRta bhASAe~ 35 (oNiNNa-avatIrNa) (ii) vibhakti pratyaya : eNa-eNNa iNa, ehiM eNhi-ihiM, e-p-i, o=oN-u, ho-haoN hu, (3) antima 'e' aura 'o' ko bhI 'i' aura 'u' meM badalA jAne lagA : khaNi (khaNe-kSaNe), deu ( devo-devaH), paru (paro-paraH) (4) hrasva aura dIrgha svaroM meM aniyamitatA A gayI : kAhANau, kahANau (kathAnaka), vasikaya, vasIkaya (vazIkRta), paIsai, paisai (pravizati) (5) aMtima dIrgha svara hrasva banA diyA jAne lagA : kaNNa (kaNNA-kanyA), sIya (sIyA-sItA), saMjha (saMjhA sandhyA), mAla (mAlA) (6) eka svara ke badale meM dUsare svara kA prayoga baDhane lagA : paTThi, puTThi (pRSTha), pikka (pakka), viNu (vinA), appuNu (AtmanaH), liha, lIha ( rekhA), bAhu, bAha (bAhu), veNu (vINA) (7) kabhI kabhI aghoSa vyaMjana ghoSa hone lage : vicchohagaru (vikSobhakaraH), sugha (sukha), kadhida (kathita), sabadha (zapatha), sabhala (saphala) (8) prAkRta kI 'ya' zruti ke badale meM 'va' zruti kA bhI Agamana huA : maMdovarI ( mandodarI), uvara (udara), uvadhi (udadhi), thova (stoka), juvala (yugala), sahovara (sahodara) (9) kabhI kabhI 'm'='v' : haNuva (hanumat), paNaveppiNu (praNamya), dharevi (dharemi), ujjava (udyama)

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prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa (10) kabhI kabhI 'ma'='va~' : kavala (kamala), bhavara (bhramara), Avalaa (Amalaka), jiva~ (jima yathA), tiva~ (tima-tathA) (11) kabhI kabhI 'v'='m' : mi (vi-api), samarI (zavarI), pihimi (pRthvI) (12) saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM kabhI kabhI '' yathAvat rahane lagA aura kabhI kabhI '' kA Agamana bhI hone lagA : priya, piya; pramANia, pamANia; dhruvu, dhubu; vAsa, vAsa (vyAsa); vAgaraNa, vAgaraNa (vyAkaraNa); traM (tad, tyad) (13) madhyavartI saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM se eka kA lopa hokara usake pahale Ane vAle hasva svara ko dIrgha banAne kI pravRtti adhika bar3ha gayI : tAsu (tasya), kAsu (kasya), sAcau (satyam) (14) madhyavartI vyaMjana ke dvitvakaraNa kI pravRtti bhI adhika baDha gayI : uppari (upari), avayaNNiya (avagaNita), gottama (gautama), aNNekka (aneka), ujjua (Rjuka) (15) Sma=mbha='grISma' ke lie 'gimbha' bhI milatA haiM / (16) 'a' kArAnta nAma zabdoM ko (usameM juDane bAle svArthe 'a' ke sAtha saMdhi karake) 'A'-kArAnta banAyA jAne lagA : kusumA (kusumaa-kusuma), padIvA (padIvaa-pradIpa), ghoDA (ghoDaa ghoTaka) (17) madhyavartI vyaMjana ke lopa se do samAna svaroM ke pAsa meM Ane para unakI saMdhi kara ke dIrgha svara banAnA : bhaMDAra ( bhaMDAAra-bhANDAgAra), piAra (piaara-priyatara), lohAra (lohaAra-lohakAra), pIhara (piihara-pitRgRha)

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vividha prAkRta bhASAe~ 37 (18) jina zabdoM ke anta meM 'aya' AtA hai unheM bhI 'A' (aka-ayaaa-A) meM badalA jAne lagA : gavesA-gavesaa (gaveSaka), jiNAlA-jiNAlaa (jinAlaya), bhaDArAbhaDAraa (bhaDAraya-bhaTTAraka) (19) kabhI kabhI 'a' kArAnta sivAya anya svarAnta zabdoM ko bhI 'a' kArAnta banAyA jAne lagAH (i) pasava (pazu) (ii) svArthe 'a', 'ya' (ka) joDakara : hasaMtiya (hasantI) (20) kaI naye naye sArvanAmika rUpoM kA prAdurbhAva huA : hauM (aham ), mahArau (mama), paiM ( tvAm, tvayA, tvayi) tumhArau (yuSmAkam), amhArau (asmAkam), ehu (eSaH), kavaNa (kim), ityAdi / __(21) svArthika pratyaya 'Da' aura 'la' kA prayoga bar3hane lagA : rukkhaDu (vRkSaH), goraDu (gauraH), desaDA ( dezaH), niddaDI (nidrA), jevaDu (yAvat), tevaDu ( tAvat) sarIraDau (zarIrakaH), vaMkuDau (vakrakaH), saMdesaDau ( saMdezakaH), ekala (ekka), pattala (patra), aggala (agra), naggala (nagna) (22) anuraNanAtmaka zabdoM kI vRddhi hone lagI : gumugumugumaMta, TaNaTaNaTaNaMta, lalalalaMti, dhagadhagadhagaMti, jigijigijigaMta

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3. padaracanA : nAma-prakaraNa prAraMbhika prAkRta bhASA meM dvivacana kA lopa ho gayA hai, ataH isameM eka vacana aura bahuvacana hI prayukta hote haiN| 2. isameM tInoM liMgoM kA prayoga hotA hai : puMliMga, strIliMga aura npuNskliNg| kucha zabdoM meM liMga-vyatyaya bhI milatA hai aura yaha parivartana kramazaH parivardhita huA hai| (i) napuMsaka liMga ke badale meM puMliMga : dhammo (dharmam), maNo (manas), rayaNo (ratnam), rUvA (rUpANi), (donoM prakAra ke prayoga bhI milate haiM) : mittaM, mitto, dhamma, dhammo, maNaM, maNo, vaNaM, vaNo, atthaM, attho, balaM, balo, ThANaM, ThANo (ii) puMliMga ke badale meM strIliMga : addhA (adhvan), umhA (uSman), aMjalI (aJjali) puMliMga ke badale meM napuMsakaliMga : heUI (hetavaH), sAliNi (zAlayaH) (iii) strIliMga ke badale me puMliMga : pAuso (prAvRS), sarao (zarad) caturthI vibhakti kA prAyaH lopa ho gayA hai aura isake badale meM SaSThI vibhakti kA prayoga hotA hai / 4. prAkRta bhASA meM nimna prakAra se vyaMjanAnta zabda prAyaH svarAnta bana gae haiM aura unameM svarAnta zabdoM kI taraha hI vibhakti pratyaya lagAe jAte haiN|

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39 padaracanA : nAma-prakaraNa (i) antima vyaMjana ke lopa dvArA, jaisai tava (tapas), hatthi (hastin), vijju (vidyut); (ii) antima vyaMjana meM svarAgama dvArA, jaise girA (gira), vAyA (vAc), NisA (niz), tayA (tvac); (iii) athavA antima vyaMjana ke lopa evaM svarAgama dvArA, jaise accharA (apsaras), parisA (pariSad), Avai (Apad) (iv) vyaMjanAnta zabdoM ke kucha prAcIna rUpa avazeSa ke rUpa meM milate haiM jinakI saMkhyA kramazaH ghaTatI rahI hai / sabhI vyaMjanAnta zabda prAya: svarAnta banane lage, vibhakti pratyayoM kI bahulatA kAphI ghaTatI gayI aura 'a' kArAnta zabda ke vibhaktipratyaya hI mukhya pratyaya banane lage / isa kAraNa se nAma-zabdoM kI pada-racanA meM paryApta saralatA A gayI / prAkRta evaM pAli bhASAoM ke jo nAma-rUpa aba die jA rahe haiM usase spaSTa hogA ki puliMga 'a' kArAnta evaM strIliMga 'A' kArAnta ke vibhakti pratyayoM ko jAna lene se donoM bhASAoM ke rUpAkhyAna kA adhyayana sAmAnyataH binA kisI rukAvaTa ke saralatA se kiyA jA sakatA hai|

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bahuvacana kumArA (dhammAse*) kumArA kumAraM kumAre kumArena a. svarAnta zabda (1) puMliMga 'a' kArAnta zabda ke rUpa isa prakAra haiM : prAkRta (kumAra) pAli ekavacana bahuvacana ekavacana prathamA (kartA) kumAro kumAro dvitIyA (karma) kumArA, kumAre kumAraM tRtIyA (karaNa) kumAreNa kumArehi kumAreNaM kumArehi caturthI (saMpradAna) (SaSThI ke samAna) kumArAya, kumArassa paMcamI (apAdAna) kumArA kumArehito kumArA kumArAo kumArasmA kumArAu kumAramhA SaSThI (sambandha) kumArassa kumArANa,kumArANaM kumArassa saptamI (adhikaraNa) kumAre kumAre kumArammi kumAresuM kumArasmi kumAramhi sambodhana kumAra kumArA [yaha rUpa prAcIna vaidika avaziSTa hai / ] kumArehi (kumArebhi) kumArAnaM kumArehi (kumArebhi) kumAresu kumArAnaM kumAresu prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa kumAra kumArA

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(2) puMliMga 'i' kArAnta zabda ke rUpa isa prakAra haiM : prAkRta (muni) pra. dvi. tR. muNi muNiNA (SaSThI ke samAna) muNiNo (muNIo) muNIu Sa. muNissa (muNiNo ) sa. muNimmi muNi e.va. muNI eM ba.va. muNiNo (muNI ) [muNIo, (muNao) muNayo ] 11 muNIhi, muNIhiM muNIhito 11 muNINa, muNINaM muNIsu, muNIsuM muNiNo, muNI [muNIo, muNao, muNayo ] e.va. muni muniM muninA munissa, munino pAli muninA, munismA munimhA munino, munissa munismiM, munimhi muni ba.va. munI, munayo munI, munayo munIhi (munIbhi) munInaM munIhi (munIbhi) munInaM munIsu (munisu) munI, munayo padaracanA : nAma-prakaraNa 41

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42 (bhAnu) pAli e.va. (iii) puMliMga 'u' kArAnta zabda ke rUpa isa prakAra haiM : prAkRta e.va. ba.va. ba.va. ba.va. pra. bhANU bhANuNo, (bhANU) bhANavo (bhANUo)] bhAnu bhAnU, bhAnavo dvi. bhAj bhAnuM (bhAnuna) tR. bhANuNA bhANUhi, bhAyhiM bhAnunA / bhAnUhi, (bhAnUbhi) ca. x bhAnuno, bhAnussa bhAnUnaM bhANuNo (bhANUo) bhANUu bhANUhito bhAnunA, bhAnusmA bhAnumhA bhAnUhi, (bhAnUbhi) bhANussa, bhANuNo bhANUNa, bhANUNaM bhAnuno, bhAnussa bhAnUnaM sa. bhANummi bhANUsu, bhANUsuM bhAnusmiM bhAnumhi bhAnUsu, (bhAnusu) bhANuNo, bhANavo bhAnU, bhAnave, bhAnavo ) napuMsakaliMga 'a, i, u' kArAnta zabdoM ke rUpa isa prakAra haiM : pra. phalaM phalANi, phalAI phalAni, (phalA) dvi. phalaM phalANi, phalAI phalAni, (phale) pra.dvi. aDhei aTThINi, aTThIiM aTThi (vi. aTThi) aTThIni, (aTThI) pra.dvi. mahuM mahUNi, mahUI madhu (vi. madhu) madhUni, (madhU) (napuMsakaliMga meM anya vibhakti-prayoga puMliMga zabdoM kI taraha hI hote haiM) bhANu bhAnu phalaM prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa phalaM

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(3) (i) strIliMga 'A' kArAnta zabda ke rUpa isa prakAra haiM : prAkRta (mAlA) pAli padaracanA : nAma-prakaraNa e.va. ba.va. e.va. ba.va. mAlA mAlA, mAlAyo dvi. mAlaM mAlA, mAlAo, (mAlAu) mAlA mAlaM mAlAhi, mAlAhiM mAlAe mAlAya mAlAhi, ( mAlAbhi) mAlAya mAlAnaM mAlAe, (mAlAo) mAlAhito mAlAya mAlAhi, (mAlAbhi) Sa. mAlAe mAlANa, mAlANaM mAlAya mAlAnaM sa. mAlAe .. mAlAsu, mAlAsuM mAlAya, mAlAyaM mAlAsu saM. mAle, mAlA mAlA, mAlAo mAle mAlA, mAlAyo __(prAkRta meM sabhI prakAra ke svarAnta strIliMgI zabdoM meM tRtIyA eka vacana se saptamI eka vacana taka 'e' vibhakti pratyaya ke sthAna para 'ya', 'i' yA 'a' kA bhI prayoga kabhI kabhI milatA hai : jaise-mAlAya, mAlAa, mAlAi)

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(ii) strIliMga 'i' kArAnta zabda ke rUpa isa prakAra haiM : prAkRta ( ratti ) pra. dvi. sa. e.va. rattI rati ratIe X Pei rattIe, ( rattIo) rattIe rattIe ratti ba.va. rattI, rattIo ( rattIu) 11 17 rattIhi rattIhi X rattIhiMto rattINa, rattINaM rattIsuM rattI, rattIo 11 e.va. rati rati ratiyA, (ratyA ) ratiyA, (ratyA) ratiyA, (ratyA ) rattiyA, (ratyA) rattiyaM, (ratyaM) rattiyA (ratyA) (ratto, ratti) ratti pAli ba.va. rattiyo, (ratyo, rattI) 11 11 "" rattIhi, ( rattIbhi) rattInaM ratIhi ( rattIbhi) rattInaM rattIsu, (rattisu) rattiyo (ratyo, rattI) 44 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa

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(iii) strIliMga 'I' kArAnta zabda ke rUpa isa prakAra haiM : prAkRta (itthI) e.va. ba.va. pAli e.va. padaracanA : nAma-prakaraNa ba.va. pra. itthI itthI, itthIo, (itthIu) ithiyo, (itthI) dvi. ittha itthi itthIe itthIhiM, itthIhi itthiyA itthIhi, (itthIbhi) itthiyA itthInaM paM. itthIe, (itthIo) itthIhito itthiyA itthIhi, (itthIbhi) Sa. itthIe itthINa, itthINaM itthiyA itthInaM sa. itthIe itthIsu, itthIsuM itthiyaM, itthiyA, itthIsu,(itthisu) saM. itthi itthI, itthIo itthi itthI, itthiyo,

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46 (iv) strIliMga 'u' kArAnta zabda ke rUpa isa prakAra haiM : prAkRta (dhenu) pAli ba.va. e.va. ba.va. dheNU, dheNUo, (gheNUu) dhenU, dhenuyo dvi. dhej gheNUe dhehi, dhehi dhenuyA dhenUhi, (dhenUbhi) dhenuyA dhenUnaM paM. gheNUe, (dheNUo) dhenuyA dhenUhi, (dhenUbhi) dhenUnaM dhenuyA dhehito gheNUNa, gheNaM dheNUsu, gheNUsuM gheNu, gheNUo prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa gheNUe dhenuyaM, dhenuyA dhenUsu gheNu dhenu dhenU, dhenuyo

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(v) strIliMga 'U' kArAnta zabda ke rUpa isa prakAra haiM : prAkRta ( vadhU ) pra. ml ca. Sa. sa. 4. e.va. zrI. zrI X vahUe (bahUo) vahae ba.va. vahU, vahUo (vahUu) 11 11 vahUhi, vahUhiM X vahUhiMto vahUNa, vahUNaM vahUsu, vahUsuM vahU, vahUo 11 e. va. vadhU vadhu vadhuyA vadhuyA vadhuyA vadhuyA vadhuya, vadhuyA vadhu pAli ba.va. vadhuyo, (vadhU) 11 11 vadhUhi, (vadhUbhi ) vadhUnaM vadhUhi, (vadhUbhi ) vadhUna vadhUsu vadhU, vadhuyo padaracanA : nAma-prakaraNa 47

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78 (vi) 'R'kArAnta zabda 'R'kArAnta zabda (sambandhavAcI evaM kartRvAcI) 'i', 'u', 'ara' athavA 'Ara' antavAle banA diye jAte haiN| prathamA evaM dvitIyA vibhakti ke sivAya prAyaH unake rUpa svarAnta zabdoM kI taraha hI banate haiM / avaziSTa ke rUpa meM kucha rUpa isa prakAra bhI milate haiM : prAkRta (pitR) pAli e.va. ba.va. e.va. pra. piyA piyaro pitaro, (pituno) dvi. piyaraM piyaro, piyare pitaraM pitaro, pitare tR.paM. - pitarA Sa. - pitu, (pituno) ba.va. pitA t pitari (ii) (mAtR) mAyaro mAtaro bi to mAtA mAtaraM prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa mAyaro mAtare, mAtaro mAtarA a / / / mAtu mAtari

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dvi. tR.paM. ca.Sa. sa. pi po pra. dvi. e. va. dAyA dAyAraM tR.pa. ca.Sa. saM. prAkRta e.va. ba.va. dAyAro, dAyA 49 'o 'kArAnta zabda 'go' zabda gava athavA gAva meM badalakara 'a'kArAnta zabda kI taraha (prathamA evaM dvitIyA ke sivAya) hI rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai / kucha avaziSTa rUpa isa prakAra haiM prAkRta (go) pAli ba. va. gAo 71 " gavaM gAo ( dAtR ) e. va. dAtA dAtAraM dAtArA dAtu dAtari pAli e.va. go gAvu gAvA, gavA gava ba.va. dAtAro dAtAre, dAtAro T ba.va. gAvo, gavo " 11 gavaM, gunnaM, gonaM gAvo, gavo padaracanA : nAma-prakaraNa 49

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rAjA bi quo ba. vyaMjanAMta zabda sAmAnyataH zabda ke aMtima vyaMjana ke lopa athavA usameM hone vAle svarAgama ke kAraNa vyaMjanAnta zabda svarAnta bana jAte haiM aura unake rUpa svarAnta zabdoM kI taraha hI banate haiM, phira bhI avaziSTa ke rUpa meM kucha vizeSa rUpa isa prakAra milate haiM : 'an', (man, van)-aMta vAle zabda prAkRta (i) (rAjan) pAli e.va. ba.va. e.va. ba.va. rAyA rAyANo, rAiNo rAjA, rAjAno rAyANaM, rAiNaM, rAyaM rAjAnaM (rAja) rAjAno raNNA, snA rAIhiM rajA, rAjinA rAjUhi, (rAjUbhi, rajjehi) raJo, (rAjino, raJassa) raJja, rAjUnaM / ___rAiNo, ranno, raNo rAIhito rajJA rAjUhi, rAjUbhi rAyANaM, rAINaM ro(raJassa, rAjino) raJja, rAjUnaM sa. rAimmi rAIsu rAjini, (raje) rAjUsu saM. rAyA rAyANo, rAiNo, rAjA rAjA, rAjAno o in prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa p b E B

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prAkRta ba.va. attA padaracanA : nAma-prakaraNa attanA (ii) (Atman) pAli e.va. e.va. ba.va. AyA, appA appANo, attANo, attAno(attA) dvi. AyANaM, appANaM, attANaM " attAnaM, (attaM) attAno, (atto) appaNA, attaNA attanA (attehi) ca. - attano Ayao, attao, appao (attehi) appaNo, attaNo attano (attAna) (appaNi, attaNi) attani (iii) (karman) (iv) (brahman) pra. brahmA brahmA, brahmAno dvi. brahma, brahmAnaM brahmAno tR. kammaNA tR.pa. brahmanA, brahmanA brahyUhi, (brahmabhi) ca.Sa. kammuNo ca.Sa. brahmano brahyUnaM kamma dvi. kamma brahma sa. brahmani saM. brahme brahmA, brahmAno

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(iv) 'at' (mat, vat) aMtavAle zabda at, (mat evaM vat ) anta vAle zabda aMta, maMta evaM vaMta meM badalakara 'a' kArAnta bana jAte haiM aura 'a' kArAnta kI taraha unake rUpa banate haiM / kucha vizeSa rUpa avaziSTa ke rUpa meM isa prakAra haiM : (arhat, gacchat ) . pAli e.va. arahaM, gacchaM arahA, arahaMto (gacchaMto) arahA, arahaM, gacchaM arahanto, gacchanto, prAkRta e.va. ba.va. ba.va. arahayA, gacchayA arahatA, gacchatA gacchao arahao, gacchao arahato, gacchato arahataM, gacchataM prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa saM. arahaM, gacchaM arahati, gacchati arahA, gacchaM

Page #70
(v) 'in', (min, vin ) aMta vAle zabda (daNDin) prAkRta pAli padaracanA : nAma-prakaraNa e.va. ba.va. daMDiNo ba.va. daNDino, (daNDi) daNDino, daNDI pra. daMDI dvi. daMDiNaM ca.Sa. daMDiNo sa. daMDiNi e.va. daNDI, (daNDi) daNDinaM daNDino daNDini (vi) 's' aMta vAle zabda (manas). mano prAkRta pAli pra.dvi. maNo maNasA manasA Sa. maNaso maNasi manaso manasi

Page #71
sa. apabhraMza : nAma-vibhakti prakaraNa apabhraMza bhASA meM prAkRta bhASA ke pracalita rUpoM kA sarvathA lopa to nahIM huA paraMtu padaracanA sambaMdhI prAya: paryApta vaividhya aura aneka parivartana dekhane ko milate haiM / yaha vaividhya apabhraMza bhASA kA jana-bhASA ke rUpa meM vyApaka stara para pracalita hone kA dyotaka hai / isI vaividhya ke kAraNa apabhraMza bhASA ko prAkRta bhASA se alaga darjA milA hai / yahA~ para isa bhASA ke kevala nAma - prakaraNa kA byaurA hI diyA jA rahA hai / pada - racanA sambaMdhI anya prakaraNa sarvanAma, kriyA - pada, kRdanta Adi Age prAkRta evaM pAli ke sAtha hI diye gaye haiM / (i) puMliMga 'a'kArAnta zabda (deva) 4 v e.va. devA, deva, devA, devaho deva, devA deveNaM, devaNaM, deviNa deveM, deva, deve, devi, devi, devai~, devai devahe, devaho, devahu deva - hA~tau devassu, devAsu, devasu, deva devaho, devahoM, devahu, devahu~, devaha deve, devi, deveM, devi, devahi, devarhi, devai deva, devA, devo lqy lfy dvi. devu, deveM, paM. devahe, Sa. saM. devu ba.va. deva, devA deva, devA, deve devahiM devahi, devahi~, devehi, devehi, deveAhi~, devihi~ devahu~ devahu~ devahaM devahu~, devahu~, devaha~ devAha~ devANaM, deva devahiM devahi~, devihi~, devehi, devehiM deva devA, devaho, devahI~ 54 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa

Page #72
pra. giri, girI dvi. tR. girieM, paM. girihe, a sa. 11 61 e.va. girihi, giri, girI (ii) puMliMga 'i'kArAnta zabda (giri) ba.va. giri, girI girihu~, giri girihi, girihe " giriNA, giriNa, giri, giriM girihiM, girihi~ giriha~ girihu~, girihu~ girihA~, giriho, giriheM, girihe, girihu~, giriha~, 11 girihaM, girihu~, girihi girihi~, giri girihu~, girihiM, girihu~ giri, girI, (puMliMga 'ukArAnta zabda ke rUpa bhI isI prakAra banate haiM / ) giriho, girihA~ padaracanA : nAma-prakaraNa 55

Page #73
(iii) napuMsakaliMga 'a, i, u' kArAnta zabda ba.va. e.va. kamala, kamalA, kamala kamala, kamalA, kamalaI, kamalAI, kamalai~, kamalAi~, kamalai pra. vAri, vArI vAri, vArI, vAriiM, vArIiM, vAri, vArI mahu, mahU pahu, mahU, mahuI, mahui~, mahUI, mahUi~ svArthe 'a (ka)' pratyaya-yukta zabda ba.va. e.va. tucchau~, tucchau~ prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa pra. tucchaI, tuccha , tucchai (anya vibhakti rUpa puliMga zabda kI taraha hI banate haiM / )

Page #74
(iv) strIliMga 'A'kArAnta zabda (mAlA) e.va. ba.va. padaracanA : nAma-prakaraNa pra. mAla, mAlA mAla, mAlA, mAlau mAlAu, mAlAoM tR. mAlagU, mAlAe~ mAlAe, mAlae~, mAlahi, mAlahi~ mAlAhiM, mAlAhi~ mAlaI, mAlai, mAle ___mAlahi mAlahu paM. mAlahe, mAlaheM Sa. mAlahe, mAlaheM mAlahuM, mAlahaM, mAlANaM, mAlANa, mAlaha~ mAlahi, mAlahi~ mAlahi~, mAlahe, mAlaheM mAlahu, mAlahu~ mAlahiM, mAlahi~ sa. mAlahi saM. mAla, mAlA, mAle, mAlae~ mAla, mAlA mAlaho, mAlaoN, mAlAho (strIliMga 'i, I, u evaM U'kArAnta zabdoM ke rUpa bhI isI prakAra banate haiM / )

Page #75
. eka vacana prAkRta pAli pra. ahaM, haM ahaM ___ ahaaM, ahayaM - dvi. maM, mamaM, me, maM maha mama mae, mai, me mayA W. 4. pada-racanA : sarvanAma prakaraNa (i) prathama puruSa : 'asmad' bahuvacana apabhraMza prAkRta pAli apabhraMza hau~ amhe mayaM amhe, amhai~ hauM, haM vayaM amhe, no amheM, amhi, amhaI amhe amhe, asme, no amhe, amhai~ Ne, No asmAkaM, amhAkaM amheM, amhaI amhehiM amhehi amhehi~, amhihi~ maI, mae, maeNa Ne amhebhi, no amhehi~, amhahi~ mahu, majjhu amhANaM amhAkaM amhaha~, amhaho amhANa amhaha amha Sa-mahu~, mahArau, amhaM, No, asmAkaM, amhahaM, amhahuM merau, moraNe amhaM, no Sa-amhAra, amhArau mahu, majjhu amhehito amhehi amhaha~, amha - amhebhi amhahaM, amhahuM mai~ amhesu,-suM amhesu amhAsu amhehi~ mama, maha __ mama, Sa. majjha, me mahaM mamaM, mahaM, me, mamaM majjhaM, mi amhaM paM. mamAo, matto mayA mamAhito me sa. mai, mamammi mayi me, mi, mae - prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa

Page #76
prAkRta apabhraMza tumhe, tumhaiM, tumhai~ pada-racanA : sarvanAma prakaraNa tumhe, tumha.. tumhaI tumhehiM, tumhehi~ (ii) dvitIya puruSa : 'yuSmad' eka vacana bahuvacana pAli apabhraMza prAkRta pAli pra. tuma, taM tvaM tuhu~ tumhe, tubbhe tumhe tuM, tuvaM, tuhaM tuvaM tuhu tujhe dvi. tumaM te tN| tamhe,tubbhe tumhe tuM, taM, tuha, tuvaM tvaM, tuvaM, tavaM - tujhe, bhe, vo tumhAMkaM vo tR. tae, tue tayA tai~, pai~ tumhehi tume, tumae tubbhehiM tai, tui, tumAi, te tvayA, te - tujJahiM,bhe, tummehiM tumhebhi, vo tava, te tava, tujhaM tujjhu, tumhANaM,tubbhaM tumhAkaM tujjha tujjhaha tumhaM tuha, tubbha, tumha Sa-tau, tudhra bhe, vo tumhaM, vo tumaM, tumma, tujhaM, tavaM, tumhaM, tohAra, tuhAra tuhaM, tubbhaM, tumhaM te tora paM. tumAo tayA | tujjhu tumhehito, tubbhehito tumhehi tatto, tumatto, tuvatto tvayA tara, tudhra tumhebhi tumAhi, tumAhito sa. tai, tumammi tayi tai~, pai~ tumhesu, tujjhesu, tumhesu tume, tuvi, tui tvayi tubbhesu tumhAsu tumhaha~, tumhahu~ tumhaha Sa,-tumhAra tumhaha~ tumhAsu

Page #77
60 puMliMga F (iii) tRtIya puruSa : 'tad' (eka vacana) strIliMga apabhraMza prAkRta pAli saoN sA sA / apabhraMza so Re | ME / act al. at se, tiNA / teNaM tR. teNa, teNaM tena teM tAe, tIe tAya tAI, tiNa tIi, tIa - tAe~, tAeM, tIeM ca. tassa tassa tassu, tAsu, tahA~ tAe, tIe tAya tAsu gha. se, te, tAsa - tAha, tAhaoN, tasu tIse se tIa, tassAya, tissAya tAha, taheM, tAheM Sa. tAhara timmA tassA, tissA tihe" paM. tAo tamhA, tasmA - tAo tamhA, to, tao - - tatto, tAu, taohito sa. tammi, tassi tasmi, tamhi tahi~ tAe, tIe tAyaM - tahiM tAsa tassaM, tAsaM, tissaM tahiM tAya prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa / / OM

Page #78
prAkRta se dvi. te se tR. tehi, tehiM siM, tANaM puMliMga tANa napuMsakaliMga: pra.dvi. paM. tehito tehi, tebbho sa. tesuMtesu pAli te `b tehi tebhi tesaM tesAnaM tehi tebhi tasu e. va. taM apabhraMza te teM A (iii) (bahuvacana) tehi tAha tANa, taha~ tahi~ prAkRta ba.va. tANi, tAI prAkRta tAo tA tAo tA tA tAyo tAhi, tAhiM tAhi tAbhi tAsaM tAsAnaM tAhi tAsi tANa tAhiMto tAsu tAsu tAsu pAli e.va. pAli tA tAyo taM 1. ba.va tAni strIliMga apabhraMza tAo tAu tAo tAu tIhi tAha tahi~ e.va. 24. apabhraMza ba.va. tAI, tAI, tAi pada - racanA : sarvanAma prakaraNa 61

Page #79
prAkRta pra. eso esa puMliMga dvi. eaM, evaM tR. eeNa, eeNaM eiNA paM eAo, eyAo etto ca.Sa. eassa, eyassa pAli eso eta etena enena etasmA, etamhA etassa (iv) eta ( etad ) : eka vacana strIliMga prAkRta pAli esA apabhraMza esa, ehu, eu, esA ehoM, eha, uhu, ehau eha, ehau eNa, eeM, eM eyahA~ eyahA~, eyahu eyaha, eyassu sa. eammi, eyammi, aitasmi, etamhi eassi, eyaMsi ihi ea eAe eIe eAo eIe eAe eIe eAe eIe eta enaM, naM etAya etAya apabhraMza ehI etAya etissaM etassaM, etAyaM eyae eie etassA, etissA eyaheM etassAya, etissAya eie 62 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa

Page #80
napuMsakaliMga : prAkRta pra. eaM pAli etaM pada-racanA : sarvanAma prakaraNa (puMliMga) prAkRta pra. ee apabhraMza eu, eha, ehu, ehauM etaM, (naM, ena) (iv) eta (etad ) bahuvacana (strIliMga) apabhraMza prAkRta pAli apabhraMza ei, e eAo etA, eyau, eyao oi eA etAyo eyAu eAo etA, etAyo pAli ete ee ne tR. eehi, eehiM EF I FEEEEEE FI / / / ehi, ehi~ etebhi etehi etebhi paM. eehito ca.pa. eesiM eANaM sa. eesu, eesuM napuMsakaliMga : eyahiM, eyahi~ eAhiM etAhi etAbhi eArhito etAhi - etAbhi eyahaM, eyaha~ eAsiM etAsaM eANaM, eINaM etAsAnaM eAsu etAsu prAkRta pAli apabhraMza eANi, aiAI etAni eyaiM etesAnaM etesu pra.dvi. 63

Page #81
puMliMga imAya (v) ima (idam) ekavacana strIliMga prAkRta pAli apabhraMza prAkRta / pAli apabhraMza pra. aaM, ayaM ayaM imu iaM, iyaM ayaM imo - Aya, Ayau ayaM,imA,imiA -- dvi. imaM imaM ,, imaM imaM tR. imeNa, imeNaM iminA imiNa, imIe, imAe imAya imiNA, NeNa, anena, aNeNa, AeNa, imiNA, aNeNa, eNa aminA AeM, eM imeNa . paM. imAo imasmA, imamhA - imAo A asmA, amhA - ca.Sa. imassa imassa imassu imAe imissA, assA - assa, Ayaho imIe, imIse imAya, imissAya Ayaho, imissa assAya Ayahe sa. imammi imasmi, imamhi - imAe imAya, imassi - imassi, imaMsi, asmi, AahiM imIse imAyaM, imissaM, - assi, iammi, amhi assaM aammi, ayaMsi napuMsakaliMga : prAkRta pAli apabhraMza imaM idaM imaM, idaM imu, AyauM, Ayau, e, Au assa prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa

Page #82
puMliMga prAkRta ime pra. 6. II dvi. ime pada-racanA : sarvanAma prakaraNa ' ' ' ' imAhi tR. imehi, imehiM ehi, ehi paM. imehito EEEEEEEEEEEEE (v) ima (idam ) bahuvacana strIliMga pAli apabhraMza prAkRta pAli apabhraMza ime imAo imA imIo, imIu imAyo imAo imA imIo imAyo - imehi imAhi imebhi, ehi / aNAhiM, AhiM imAbhi, ehi Ayahi~ imehi imAhito imAhi imebhi, ehi - imAbhi imesaM imINaM esaM AsaM imesAnaM, Ayaha imAsi imAsAnaM Ayaha~ imAsuM imAsu - imAsaM ca.Sa. imANa imesi, esiM esAnaM imesu sa. imesuM esu napuMsakaliMga prAkRta imANi, imAI pAli imAni apabhraMza Ayai, AyaI 65

Page #83
66 "EEEE amUbhi (vi) amu (adas) ekavacana bahuvacana prAkRta pAli prAkRta pAli puMliMga strIliMga puMliMga strIliMga puliMga strIliMga puMliMga strIliMga pra. amu, amU amu, asu amuNo amUu, amUo amU amU aso asu amI amUyo dvi. amuM amuM amuM amuM amuNo , amU tR. amuNA , - amunA amuyA amUhi amUhi amUhi amUbhi paM. amUo,amUu - amusmA, amuyA amUhito - amUhi samUhi amUhito - amumhA amUbhi amUbhi ca.Sa. amussa amussa amussA amUNa - amUsaM amUsaM adussa ___amuyA amUsAnaM amUsAnaM sa. amummi - amusmi amussaM amUsu amUsu amUsu amumhi amuyA, amuyaM napuMsakaliMga : prAkRta pAli prAkRta pAli pra. dvi. amuM aduM, amuM amUNi, amUI amU, amUni prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka amuNo

Page #84
ekavacana prAkRta pAli puM. strI. puM. pra. - - - dvi. eNaM, iNaM eNaM, iNaM enaM NaM NaM naM ___NeNa, NeNaM NAe nena puM. (vii) (ena, na) pAli apabhraMza strI. puM. - - enaM - kiM / FrF " / / bahuvacana prAkRta strI. puM. - ne - ne SSGA. strI. nA ,nAyo nA , nAyo pada-racanA : sarvanAma prakaraNa Ne Nehi, paM. NAo,NAu - nAya - nasmA, namhA NAhi, NAhiM nehi - (nebhi) (nAbhi) - nehi - (nebhi) nesaM nAsaM (nesAnaM) (nAsAnaM) - nesu nAsu ca.Sa. - - nassa ___ - Nesu sa. Nammi - namhi napuMsakaliMga : prAkRta e.va. ba.va. pra.dvi. iNaM, iNamo ba.va 2NamA - naM ne, nAni 67

Page #85
(viii) apabhraMza bhASA meM prayukta 'kim' evaM 'yad' ke kucha viziSTa rUpa strIliMga puliMga pra.dvi. kavaNu, ku, ju keM, kiM, kavaNe, kavaNeNa tR. jeM, ji, jiNi pra. ki, ji (e. va.) pra.dvi. ki, ka~, kaI, kai~, kAI, kAi~ prAkRta do, duve, doNi pra. dvi. tao, tiNi cauro, cattAri (eka vacana) paM. kau Sa. kAsu, kahA~ sa. kahiM, jahiM (bahuvacana) napuMsakaliMga (ix) saMkhyAvAcI zabdoM ke kucha viziSTa rUpa pAli dve, duve tayo, tIni caturo, cattAro prAkRta Sa. donhaM, tihaM, cauNhaM, paMcahaM tR. kAI, jAI Sa. kAhe kAu (ba.va ) kaI, kai~, kAi, kAi~ pAli dvinnaM, duvinnaM, tinnaM, catunnaM, paJcannaM yahA~ para sabhI (praznavAcI, saMketavAcI, saMkhyAvAcI, ityAdi) sarvanAmoM ke rUpa nahIM diye gaye haiM kyoMki unake rUpa svarAnta zabdoM kI taraha hI calate haiM / Upara apabhraMza ke nIce sarvanAmoM ke jahA~ para alaga rUpa nahIM diye gaye haiM vahA~ para prAkRta ke hI rUpa calate haiM / 68 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa

Page #86
5 pada-racanA : kriyA prakaraNa prAraMbhika prAkRta bhASAoM meM kAraka rUpoM kI apekSA kriyA ke rUpoM meM adhika vikAra huA hai / vyaMjanAnta nAma zabdoM kI taraha vyaMjanAMta kriyA-dhAtuoM ko bhI 'a'kArAnta banAyA gayA isase saralatA evaM eka rUpatA A gyii| dvivacana kA to sarvathA lopa ho hI cukA thaa| parasmaipada aura Atmanepada kA bheda miTane lagA / kucha bhASAoM meM Atmanepada ke kucha virala udAharaNa milate haiM aura bAda meM unakA bhI kramazaH lopa ho gayA / Atmanepada dhAtu parasmaipada pratyaya lene lage / kartR-vAcya evaM karma-vAcya kA bheda dhAtu siddhi taka hI rahA, pratyayoM meM sarvathA miTa gayA aura karma-vAcya ke lie parasmaipadI pratyayoM kA hI upayoga hone lgaa| kAla aura kriyArtha (vRtti) ke lie jo dasa lakAra the unameM bhI kamI huI / parokSa-bhUta kA to sarvathA lopa ho rahA thA, sAtha hI sAtha anadyatanabhUta evaM sAmAnya-bhUta bhI zanaiH zanaiH miTa gaye aura bhUtakAla ke lie eka mAtra karmaNi kRdanta ke rUpoM kA pracalana ho gayA / apabhraMza bhASA meM bhaviSya ke badale vidyartha kRdanta kA prayoga baDhane lagA / isa prakAra prAkRta bhASAoM meM mukhyata: vartamAna aura bhaviSya kAla tathA AjJArtha aura vidhiliMga kriyArtha hI pracalita rahe / vartamAna kAla bhaviSya kAla ke lie bhI prayukta hone lagA aura vidhiliMga to cAroM ke lie / prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA (OIA) meM kriyAtmaka mUla dhAtu dasa gaNoM meM vibhakta hai aura kisI bhI prakAra ke pratyaya joDane ke pahale unameM koI svara yA vyaMjana yA varNa (vikaraNa tattva) lagAkara unheM siddha kiyA jAtA hai, paraMtu prAkRta bhASAoM meM ve siddha dhAtu hI prAkRta sambandhI upayukta dhvanyAtmaka parivartana ke bAda mUla dhAtu bana gaye / isa prakAra prAkRta ke sabhI dhAtu svarAnta bana gaye / prAkRta bhASAoM meM 'a'kArAnta dhAtuoM kI bahulatA hai aura unake bAda 'e' kArAnta kI / kucha dhAtu 'A'kArAnta aura 'o'kArAnta bhI milate haiM / aneka dhAtu 'e'kArAnta banA diye gaye haiN| avaziSTa ke rUpa meM kucha vyaMjanAMta dhAtuoM ke rUpa (dhvanyAtmaka parivartana ke bAda) bhI milate haiM !

Page #87
70 sakko prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa saMskRta ke siddha dhAtu prAkRtoM meM mUla dhAtu ke rUpa meM : saMskRta pAli prAkRta saMskRta pAli prAkRta gam gama gama zru(zruNo) suNo, suNA suNa gam(gacch) gaccha gaccha pra+Ap pApuNo, pAva (prApno) pApuNA pA(pib) piba piba, pia pappo, pApa bhU(bhav) bhava, ho bhava, hava, zak(zakno) sakkuNo sakkuNo huva, ho ji(jay) jaya, je jaya, je sakkuNA sakka mR(mara) mara mara iS(icch) iccha iccha nI(nay) naya, ne naya, ne rudh(rundh) rundha pac paca paya bhuj(bhuJ) bhuJja labha labha laha chid(chind) chinda vRt(va) vaTTa, vatta vaTTa tan(tano) tano taNa i(e) e e kR(karo) karo, kara karo, kara svap supa suva ji(jinA) jinA jiNA, jiNa han hana haNa krI(krINA) kiNA kiNA, kiNa dA(dadA) dadA, de de graha(grA) gaNhA, gaNha geNha, gaha hA(jahA) jahA, jaha jaha jJA(jAnA) jAnA jANA, jANa nRt(nRtya) nacca Nacca cu(coray) coraya, core core kupa(kupy) kuppa kuppa kath(kathay) kathaya, kathe kahe vid(vidy) vijja vijja tula(tolay) tolaya, tole tole raMdha bhuMja chida

Page #88
pada-racanA : kriyA-prakaraNa 71 uttara kAlameM kucha karmaNi bhUta kRdanta bhI mUla dhAtuke rUpameM prayukta hone lage, jaise-mukka(mukta), lagga(lagna), mukkai, laggai / ina parivartanoM ke kAraNa prAkRta bhASAoM ke dhAtuoM ko nimna prakAra se vividha svarAntoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA haiM : (1) (2) (3) (4) a A o e(aya), ('a'kArAnta), evaM(anya / svarAnta) bhava, hava uTThA karo kathe, kahe vaMde de(dA) gaccha ThA sakko pAle(pAlay) bhaje uDhe(uTThA) iccha jAnA bho, ho ANave gacche je(ji) puccha pApuNA pApuNo (AjJApay) icche ne(nI) paca jinA sakkuNo kAre(kAray) chinde kare(kR) labha, laha tano karAve(kArApay) pucche hana, haNa pace nacca, Nacca gaccha chinda kara gaNha, gaha

Page #89
. . (i) vartamAna kAla (parasmaipada) eka vacana (labha) bahu vacana prAkRta pAli apabhraMza prAkRta pAli apabhraMza u.pu. lahAmi labhAmi laha u~) lahAmo labhAma lahahu~ (hu~) (lahaM) (labhaM) (lahami) (lahAma, -mu) (lahamo) ma.pu. lahasi labhasi lahahi (si) lahaha lth lahahu (ho) a.pu. lahai labhati lahai lahaMti labhanti lahahiM (hi~) lahanti [prAkRta meM 'akArAnta dhAtu ko 'e' athavA 'i'kArAnta kara diyA jAtA hai, jaise-lahemo, lahimo, lahesi, lahei] (Atmanepada) prAkRta (labha) pAli ba.va. e.va. ba.va. u.pu. lahe lahAmahe labhAmahe (-mhe, -mase, -mhase) lahase labhase (labhavhe) lahaMte, lahire labhate labhante, labhare prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa e.va. lahae

Page #90
pada-racanA : kriyA-prakaraNa 'A', 'e' evaM, 'o' kArAnta dhAtuoM ke rUpa : parasmaipada prAkRta pAli (sthA) (dA) (jinA) (dA) / u.pu. ThAmi ThAmo demi demo jinAmi jinAma demi dema . ma.pu. ThAsi ThAha desi deha jinAsi jinAtha desi detha a.pu. ThAi *ThAyati . dei deMti jinAti jinanti deti denti prAkRta (bhU-ho) pAli u.pu. homi (hoAmi. hoemi) homo (hoAma, hoemo, hoimo) homi homa ma.pu. hosi (hoasi, hoesi) hoha (hoaha, hoeha) hosi hotha a.pu. hoi (hoai, hoei) hoti (hoaMti, hoeMti, hoiMti) hoti honti (huMti) [+prAkRta meM kucha dhAtuoM meM 'a', 'ya' evaM 'e' (i) vikaraNa lage hue rUpa bhI calate haiM / ] 73

Page #91
74 pAli prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa prAkRta 'as' ke rUpa e.va. ba.va. e.va. ba.va. u.pu. amhi, aMsi, mhi, mi mo, mu asmi, amhi asma, amha ma.pu. asi, si ttha, tha asi attha a.pu. atthi saMti atthi santi [prAkRta meM 'atthi' kA prayoga sabhI puruSoM evaM sabhI vacanoM ke lie bhI kiyA jAtA hai / ] (ii) bhaviSya kAla prAkRta meM bhaviSya kAla ke lie kriyAtmaka dhAtu meM 'issa' (ssa) aura 'ihi'(hi) lagAne ke bAda pratyaya jor3e jAte haiM / pAli meM 'issa' aura 'ssa' (kabhI kabhI 'ha' aura 'hi' bhI) evaM apabhraMza meM 'sa' aura 'ha'bhI jor3A jAtA haiM / prAkRta - (bhaNa) pAli u.pu. bhaNissAmi bhaNissAmo, bhaNissAmi bhaNissAma bhaNissaM -mu, -ma bhaNissaM bhaNihimi bhaNihimo -mu, -ma ma.pu. bhaNissasi bhaNissaha bhaNissasi bhaNissatha bhaNihisi bhaNihiha a.pu. bhaNissai bhaNissaMti bhaNissati bhaNissanti bhaNihii bhaNihiti (nI) u.pu. nessAmi nessAmo nessAmi nessAma (-mu,-ma) ma.pu. nessasi nessaha nessasi / nessatha a.pu. nessai nessaMti nessati nessanti

Page #92
pada-racanA : kriyA-prakaraNa 75 prAkRta - pAli e.va. ba.va. e.va. ba.va. (kR) u.pu. kAhAmi, kAhaM kAhAmo kAhAmi, kAhaM kAhAma ma.pu. kAhisi kAhiha kAhasi (kAhatha) a.pu. kAhii kAhiMti kAhati, kAhiti kAhanti kAhinti (bhU) u.pu. hossAmi hossAmo (hohAmi) (hohAma) hohimi hohimo ma.pu. hossasi hossaha hohisi (hohatha) hohisi hohiha a.pu. hossai hossaMti hohiti (hohinti) hohii hohiMti (pA) (dA) u.pu. pAhAmi, pAhaM pAhAmo dassAmi(dassaM) dassAma ma.pu. pAhisi pAhiha dassasi dassatha a.pu. pAhii pArhiti dassati dassanti ThA (sthA) so (zru) u.pu. ThAissAmi ThAissAmo sossAmi sossAma ma.pu. ThAissasi ThAissaha sossasi sossatha a.pu. ThAissai ThAissaMti sossati sossanti (dRz) (labha) u.pu. dacchAmi dacchAmo lacchAmi(lacchaM) lacchAma ma.pu. dacchisi dacchiha lacchasi lacchatha a.pu. dacchihii dacchihiMti lacchati lacchanti

Page #93
76 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa [prAkRta meM saMskRta 'drakSya' kA 'daccha' aura pAli meM saMskRta 'lapsy' kA 'laccha' bana kara unake rUpa milate haiM / ] [prAkRta meM Atmanepada ke pratyayoM jaise ma.pu., e.va. 'se', a.pu., e.va. 'e' aura bahuvacana 'nte, ire' tathA pAli meM e.va. 'aM'; 'se'; 'te' aura bahuvacana mhe, mase; vhe; nte, are' ke sAtha bhI rUpa kabhI kabhI milate haiM / u.pu. (e.va.) pAlesami pAlesahu~ u.pu. (ba.va.) apabhraMza (bhaviSya kAla) hosami, karesami, (bollissaM) kahehAmi pekkhihimi, karIhimi * pAvisu, kuTTisu, karIsu, karesu, desu, pekkhesu, hohissu jIvesahu~, lahesahu~, karisahu~, karissahu~, sevissahu~ hosahi, karesahi, sahesahi, pekkhesahi tarihahi karihisi, hohisi, jANihisi. karisahu pAlesahi ma.pu. (e.va.) ma.pu. (ba.va.) pAlesahu a.pu. pAlesai (e.va.) hosai, karesai hohai karihai, marihai, jiNihai hohii, karihii

Page #94
oo e.va. pada-racanA : kriyA-prakaraNa a.pu. pAlesahi~ hosahi~, bhajesahi~. (ba.va.) hohahi~ karisahi~ jANissahiM karihiMti ['pAvisu' ityAdi meM prathama puruSa eka vacana meM 'u' pratyaya spaSTa dikhAI detA hai / (iii) AjJArtha (hasa) prAkRta pAli apabhraMza e.va. ba.va. e.va. ba.va. ba.va. hasAmu hasAmo hasAmi hasAma - hasahu~ hasamu hasAma - hasemu hasemha hasema ma.pu. hasa hasaha hasa hasatha hasa, hasahu hasasu hasAhi hasaha hasAhi hasesu hasaho hasahi hasehi hasassa,hase hasaho a.pu. hasau hasaMtu hasatu hasantu hasau hasaMtu hasahuM = EEEEEEEEEE

Page #95
7 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa prAkRta (kath) pAli prAkRta (yA) pAli e.va. ba.va. e.va. ba.va. e.va. ba.va. e.va. ba.va. u.pu. kahemu kahemo kathemi kathema jAmu jAmo yAmi yAma kathayAmi kathayAma ma.pu. kaha,kahesu kaheha kathehi katheha jAsu jAha yAhi yAtha kahehi kathaya kathayatha jAhi a.pu. kaheu kaheMtu kathetu kathentu jAu jAyaMtu yAtu yantu kathayatu kathayantu (bhU) (as) u.pu. homu homo homi homa - - asmi asma ma.pu. hosu hoha hohi hotha - - ahi attha a.pu. hou hoMtu hotu hontu tthu - atthu santu pAli-Atmanepada e.va. u.pu. ma.pu. a.pu. ba.va. u.pu. ma.pu. a.pu. labhe labhassu(labhasu) labhataM labhAmase(labhamhase)labhavho labhantu (iv) vidhiliMga prAkRta (labha) pAli e.va. ba.va. ba.va. lahejjAmi lahejjAma labheyyAmi labheyyAma lahejja, lahejjA labheyyaM, labhe labhema, labhemu ma.pu. lahejjAsi lahejjAha labheyyAsi labheyyAtha lahejja,lahejjA lahejjaha labheyya, labhe labhetha lahejjasi, lahejjasu lahejjahi, lahejjAhi lahejjAsu a.pu. lahejja,lahejjA lahejja labheyyAti labheyyu lahe, lahejjai lahejjA labheyya, labhe labhevyu e.va.

Page #96
pada-racanA : kriyA-prakaraNa apabhraMza bhASA meM prAkRta ke samAna hI rUpa calate haiM, puruSa ke kucha pracalita rUpa isa prakAra haiM : ba.va. e. va. ma.pu. bhuMjejjasu, jiNejjasu prAkRta ( kucha anya rUpa) e. va. vaTTe, laheaM, gacche, vaTTeaM vaTTe, gacche vaTTe u.pu. ma.pu. a.pu. pAli u.pu. siyaM, assaM e. va. ba.va. assAma ba.va. vaTTe bhe labhetha rakkhejjahu pAli (Atmanepada) e.va. ba.va. ( labheyyaM) labhemase ( labheyyamhe) (as) ma.pu. assa siyA assatha [dA, nI, bhU evaM kath ke prAkRta meM kramaza: de, Ne, ho evaM kahe tathA pAli meM dada-de, ne, hI - he evaM kathe meM pratyaya lagAkara rUpa calate haiM / ] 79 a.pu. siyA, assa siyaM, assu madhyama (labheyyavho) (labheraM) prAkRta a.pu. e. va (v) bhUta kAla bIte hue samaya kI vibhinna avasthAoM ko prakaTa karane ke lie tIna bhUta kAloM kA prayoga hotA thA paraMtu prAkRta bhASAoM meM inakA lopa hone lagA / parokSa bhUta kAla to bilkula adRzya ho gayA aura anadyatana evaM sAmAnya bhUta kAla eka dUsare meM milakara phira lupta ho gaye / bhUta kAla ke kucha rUpa prAcIna pAli sAhitya meM aura alpAMza meM ardhamAgadhI sAhitya meM milate haiM / bAda ke prAkRta sAhitya meM bhUta kAla ke rUpa nagaNya hI rahe aura apabhraMza meM to inakA bhI pUrNataH lopa ho gayA / prAkRta meM vastuta: bhUta kAla kA bodha prAyaH karmaNi bhUta kRdaMta ke dvArA kiyA jAne lagA /

Page #97
80 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa (1) prAcIna prAkRta meM bhUta kAla ke lie prAyaH anya puruSa eka vacana ke lie ' itthA' evaM ' ittha' aura bahu vacana ke lie 'iMsu' (aMsu) pratyaya lagAye jAte haiM paraMtu unakA prayoga vaise sabhI puruSa aura vacanoM ke lie bhI milatA hai aura kriyApada ke pUrva vacit Agama ke rUpa meM 'a' bhI jor3A jAtA hai / prAkRta ( e. va.) (a) sevittha, labhittha, ba) (sa) (da) (2) sevitthA, sampajjitthA, viharitthA, roitthA, hotthA (ahotthA) (kariMsu, AhiMsisu ) kucha anya rUpa isa prakAra bhI milate haiM : u.pu. akarissaM, pucchissaM vucchAmu (vasa) prAyaH sabhI puruSoM evaM vacanoM ke lie bhUta kAla ke lie 'si (sI)', 'hI' aura 'i (I )' pratyaya bhI milate haiM : ( hI ) (i) (si) akAsi, akAsI, acAri (car) kAsi (kR) vayAsi, vayAsI (vad) acArI (car) ThAsi, ThAsI, (sthA) kahesi, kahesI (kath) ahesi, ahesI (bhU) ( ba. va . ) servisu, pucchiMsu, bhAsiMsu, baMdhisu, vedisu, kariMsu (akariMsu, atariMsu ) (labhittha, hotthA, pAubbhavitthA) AhaMsu (Ahu:-brU) kAhI ThAhI bhuvi (bhU) 'dRz' ke 'addakkhu, addakkhU, adakkhu' rUpa milate haiM / pAli bhASA meM sAmAnyataH 'a 'kArAnta dhAtuoM meM tInoM puruSoM meM eka vacana ke lie kramazaH 'iM', 'i', 'i' aura bahu vacana ke lie 'imha', 'ittha', 'iMsu yA uM' pratyaya lagAye jAte haiM tathA anya

Page #98
81 pada-racanA : kriyA-prakaraNa svarAnta dhAtuoM meM 'siM', 'si', 'si' aura 'simha', 'sittha', 'suM yA aMsu' lagAye jAte haiM tathA dhAtu ke pahale Agama 'a' vaikalpika rUpa se lagAyA jAtA haiM / (a) e.va. (pac) ba.va. e.va. (bhU) ba.va. u.pu. paciM, apaciM pacimha, apacimha ahosiM ahosimha ma.pu. paci, apaci pacittha, apacittha ahosi ahosittha a.pu. paci, apaci pacuM, apacuM ahosi paciMsu, apaciMsu ahesi ahesuM (ba) anya dhAtuoM ke kucha upalabdha rUpa : e.va. ba.va. u.pu. assosiM ma.pu. akAsi, aAsi, assosi a.pu. akAsi, ajJAsi, assosi akAsuM, assosuM . adAsi akaMsu, aTuMsu (sa) pAli bhASA meM kabhI kabhI nimna prakAra ke rUpa bhI milate haiM : e.va. ba.va. u.pu. adaM (dA), agama (gam) adamha (dA), ahumha (bhU), abhuvaM (bhU) ahuM (bhU) assumha (zru) agamAma (gam), agamisaM, agacchisaM (gam) akarAma (kR), ahaM (bhU) ma.pu. ado, adA (dA) adattha (dA), akattha (kR) agamA (gam) agamattha, agamatha (gam) ahU (bhU) assuttha (zru) a.pu. adA (dA), aTThA (sthA) aduM, adU (dA), avocu (vac) agA, agamA (gam) agamu (gam), akaruM (kR) abhidA (bhida) agamAsi (gam) agamisuM (gam) ahu, ahU (bhU) ahU, ahaM (bhU)

Page #99
82 (3) 'brU' aura 'bhU' ke rUpa : e. va. prAkRta ba.va. (brU) Aha u.pu. ma.pu. a.pu. abhu, abhU ahu, ahU (4) 'brU' evaM 'as' ke rUpa : Ahu, AhU, AhaMsu (bhU) prAkRta abbavI donoM Asi, AsI vacanoM - --- prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa e.va. - (iM, i) (a) pucchittho, (se) (a) pucchittha, abhAsatha (e.va) (a) u.pu. abhavissaM, (issaM) e.va. Aha ahu (ahU) e. va. abravi, AsiM abravi, Asi abravi, Asi evaM puruSoM meM (5) pAli meM Atmanepada ke pratyaya vAle kucha rUpa isa prakAra milate haiM : ba.va. pAli adassaM, apApessaM, olokessaM ma.pu. abhavissa (issa) a.pu. abhavissa (issa), adassa, pApuNissa, akarissa, alabhissa ba.va. Ahu, AhaMsu ahuM pAli abravimha, abravittha, abravisu, (vi) kAlAtipatti (hetuhetumadbhUta) (dhAtu ke pahale Agama 'a' vaikalpika hai 1) (a) pAli (ba.va.) alabhissAma (issAma) AgamissAma, - (issamha) ba.va. Asimha Asittha AsiMsu AsuM akaramhase, - (mhe) - (vho) abajjhare, amaJJaruM - (itthaM) - (issatha) abhavissaMsu (issaMsu)

Page #100
83 pada-racanA : kriyA-prakaraNa (ba) Atmanepada ke pratyaya (a) - issaM (a) - issAmhase (a) - issase (a) - issavhe (a) - issatha (a) -issisu (ba) prAkRta pazcAt kAlIna prAkRta sAhitya meM isakA prayoga vartamAna kRdanta yukta rUpoM dvArA kiyA gayA haiM : nta, mANa bhaNaMto, bhaNaMtI, bhaNaMtA, bhaNamANo, bhaNamANI, hoto, homANo, kareMto, ityAdi / jai rAvaNo sIyaM na haraMto to tassa vaho na honto / __(vii) pUrNa vartamAna evaM pUrNabhUta prAkRta bhASAoM meM karmaNi bhUtakRdanta ke sAtha 'as' dhAtu ke vartamAna kAla ke rUpa lagAkara pUrNa vartamAna evaM 'as' ke bhUta kAla kA rUpa 'Asi' lagAkara pUrNa bhUta kAla prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai / (prAkRta) pUrNa vartamAna (pAli) pUrNa vartamAna (ahaM) gada mhi, uttiNNo mi, pabbajito mhi, smi, mmi vaJcito mmi pUrNa bhUta Thito si ahaM uvavasido Asi sItibhUtA'mha .. so gao Asi AgatA'ttha devI gadA Asi

Page #101
6. kRdanta evaM prayoga (i) vartamAna kRdanta ( a ) vartamAna kRdanta banAne ke lie dhAtumeM 'anta' aura 'mAna' pratyaya samAna rUpase prayukta hote haiM / Atmanepada aura karmaNi vAcya ke liye 'mAna' pratyaya kA alaga se upayoga nahIM hotA hai / pAli gacchanta, gacchamAna vasanta, vasamAna kampanta, kampamAna denta honta prAkRta gacchaMta, gacchamANa vasaMta, kaMpaMta, denta, deyamANa hota, ho amANa gAyaMta, gAyamANa vAyaMta, ThAyamANa lahanta, vaTTaMta bhaNijjanta, dijjanta vasamANa kaMpamANa prAkRta buyAbuyANa AgamamINa labhanta, vattanta khajjanta, muccanta, yAciyanta (as) apabhraMza ( prAkRta ke samAna santa, samANa santa, samAna (ba) avaziSTa ke rUpa meM 'mIna' aura 'Ana' pratyaya bhI milate haiM / pAli kubbANa, sayAna paraMtu kRdanta ke Age svArthe 'a' bhI kabhI kabhI lagAyA jAtA hai | ) puM. raDaMtaya, jaMtaya strI. lahaMtia, uDDAvaMtia (ii) bhaviSyat kRdanta dhAtu meM 'issa' lagAkara yaha kRdanta banAyA jAtA hai / AgamissaM, bhavissaM, marissaM (puMliMga evaM napuMsakaliMga ekavacana)

Page #102
kRdanta evaM prayoga (iii) hetvartha kRdanta (a) hetvartha ke lie prAkRta meM 'uM, iuM' pAli meM 'tuM; ituM' aura apabhraMza meM 'huM, aNahaM' pratyaya dhAtu meM jor3e jAte haiM / kucha anya rUpoM ke udAharaNa bhI milate haiM / prAkRta pAli prAkRta pAli prAkRta apabhraMza prAkRta pAli dAuM dAtuM hasiuM hasituM gAiDaM pucchahu~ gaMtuM gantuM pAuM pAtuM suNiuM suNituM khAiDaM jujjhahuM vottuM vattuM kAuM kAtuM pucchiuM pucchituM uhiuM sikkhahu~ daTuM daTuM NAuM jAtuM mariuM marituM haseuM karaNahaM NeuM netuM vAreuM sevaNahaM souM sotuM mAreuM dhavalaNahaM (ba) prAcIna prAkRta bhASA (ardhamAgadhI) meM 'ttae aura ittae' kA prayoga milatA haiM.- tarittae, pucchittae, karittae, karettae, bhottae, hottae (sa) prAcIna pAli meM 'tave, tuye aura tAye' kA prayoga bhI milatA haiM : dAtave, netave, sotave; kAtuye, marituye, gaNetuye; pucchitAye, khAditAye prAkRta aura pAli meM 'tu' pratyaya ke bAda 'kAma' vAle kucha prayoga bhI milate haiM - prAkRta-jIviukAma, gaMtukAma, daddukAma pAli-jIvitukAma, gantukAma, daTThakAma (ka) prAkRta aura pAli meM caturthI vibhakti kA prayoga hetvartha ke lie hotA hai-karaNAya, savanAya, dassanAya (kha) prAkRta meM sambandhaka bhUta kRdanta 'ttA tu (ittu, Tu)' ityAdi kA prayoga hetvartha ke lie hotA hai(dekhiye sambandhaka bhUta kRdanta prakaraNa)

Page #103
(gha) prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa (ga) apabhraMza meM prAkRta ke 'uM, iuM' ke sivAya anya hetvartha kRdanta isa prakAra milate haiM - (i) aNa-sahaNa, karaNa, kahaNa (ii) aNahi-bhuMjaNahiM, muMcaNahiM (iii) aNu-dharaNu (iv) evvaiM-karevvaI (v) evaM-karevaM, caevaM apabhraMza meM sambandhaka bhUta kRdanta hetvartha ke lie bhI prayukta hotA haiavi-karavi, jiNavi iu-hariu ivi-karivi, dharivi pi-gaMpi evi-karevi piNu-gaMpiNu eviNu-kareviNu ppi-kareppi, jeppi i-kari, mAri, muNi ppiNu-kareppiNu, gameppiNu (iv) saMbaMdhaka bhUta kRdanta saMskRta bhASA meM 'tvA' aura 'ya' ke upayoga kA jo bheda thA vaha prAkRtoM meM miTa gyaa| donoM pratyaya mUla dhAtu aura upasarga yukta dhAtu kA bheda-bhAva kiye binA lagAye jAne lge| (a) prAkRta meM pracalita pratyaya 'UNa, UNaM, iUNa, iUNaM' (tUNa) haiM, pAli meM 'tvA', 'tvAna' haiM aura apabhraMza meM 'eppi, eppiNu, evi, eviNu' haiM / anya pratyayoM ke udAharaNa bhI nIce diye gaye haiM, apabhraMza meM to aneka pratyaya milate haiN| prAkRta pAli apabhraMza dAUNa (NaM) datvA, daditvA jiNeppi, jiNeppiNu kAUNa (NaM) katvA, katvAna karevi, kareviNu nAUNa (NaM) atvA, JatvAna gameppi, gameppiNu neUNa (NaM) nItvA, netvAna harevi, hareviNu soUNa (NaM) sutvA, sutvAna suNevi, suNebiNu hoUNa (NaM) bhutvA, bhutvAna toDeppi, toDeppiNu vaMdiUNa (NaM) vanditvA pekkhevi, pekkheviNu hasiUNa (NaM) hasitvA hasevi, haseviNu

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87 kRdanta evaM prayoga paDiUNa (NaM) patitvA kareppi, kareppiNu bhaNiUNa (NaM) bhaNitvA bhaNeppi, bhaNeppiNu bhareUNa (NaM) bharitvA bharevi, bhareviNu baMdheUNa (NaM) bandhitvA baMdheppi, baMdheppiNu (ba) kucha 'tUna' vAle rUpa : prAkRta-kAtUNa, gaMtUNa, mottUNa, bhettUNa, bhottUNa, labhrUNa, dadruNa, pAli-kAtUna, gantUna, mantUna, janitUna, ApucchitUna (sa) prAkRta evaM pAli ke 'ya' pratyaya vAle rUpa : prAkRta-gahAya, pAsiya, nimmAya, jahAya, suNia, thuNia, pekkhia, sumaria (prAyaH zaurasenI aura mAgadhI meM) pAli-gahAya, suNiya, AdAya, bhaviya, chindiya, sumariya, abhijJAya (kabhI kabhI 'yya' vAle rUpa-abhibhuyya pappuyya) (da) saMskRta ke rUpa dhvani parivartana ke sAtha: prAkRta-samecca, Ahacca, (sametya, Ahatya) pAli-pecca, samecca, Ahacca, paTigacca, paTicca (pretya, sametya, Ahatya, pratigatya, pratItya) prAkRta-pappa, parigijjha, uvalabbha, nikkhamma, pakkhippa, Arabbha (prApya, parigRhya, upalabhya, niSkramya, prakSipya, Arabhya) pAli-Agamma, Arabbha, paricajja, laddhA (Agamya, Arabhya, parityajya, labdhvA) (ka) prAcIna prAkRta meM 'ttA, (tA), tANaM, (tANa), tu, (ittu, dR) yANa, (yANaM) evaM Ae' yukta rUpa bhI milate haiM (prAyaH ardhamAgadhI meM) ttA-vaMdittA, AgamettA, bhettA, chettA, karittA, karettA, gaMtA, vaMtA, tANaM-bhavittANaM, karettANaM, ApucchittANaM, ciTThittANaM tu-vaMdittu, jANittu AhaTTa (AhRtya)

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88 yANa- paripAliyANa, lahiyANa, palibhiMdiyANaM, saMsiMciyANaM Ae-AyAe (AdAya), aNupehAe, nissAe (kha) prAcIna pAli meM bhI 'yAna, yAnaM' vAle rUpa milate haiMuttariyAna, pakkhandiyAna, khAdiyAnaM, anumodiyAnaM prAcIna prAkRta meM (ardhamAgadhI) meM 'ccA, ccANaM, cvANa' (tya, tvA, tvAna) vAle rUpa bhI milate haiM peccA, sameccA, daccA, hoccA, ThiccA, soccA, kiccA, soccANa, naccANa, naccANaM (ga) (gha) (ca) prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa dRz dhAtu ke rUpa isa prakAra bhI milate haiM prAkRta - dissA, dissa, passa, pAli-disvA, disvAna prAkRta meM hetvartha ke pratyaya 'uM, iu' kA prayoga saMbaMdhaka bhUta kRdanta ke lie bhI hotA haiM / apabhraMza meM hetvartha evaM lie adhika mAtrA meM apabhraMza bhASA meM prAkRta ke 'UNa, UNaM evaM ya' ke sivAya aneka anya pratyaya milate haiM pi-gaMpi piNu-piNu uM- dAuM, kAuM, neuM vi - hovi, jiNavi - ivi - suNivi, dharivi i-parihari, mAri, baisI, uDDI iu - bhaNiu, phariu, uppaDiu, NisuNiu iya (ia ) - muNia, joia, hoia saMbaMdhaka bhUta kRdaMta Apasa meM eka dUsare ke prayukta hote haiM / (v) vidhyartha kRdanta (a) prAkRta meM mukhya pratyaya 'aNijja ( anIya) haiM, 'avva, iavva' (tavya ) ke prayoga bhI milate haiM / 'aNIa' prAyaH mAgadhI zaurasenI meM milatA hai / pAli meM 'tabba (tavya )' aura 'anIya' milate haiM / apabhraMza kA pratyaya 'evvau' haiM 'ya' pratyaya vAle rUpa dhvani

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kRdanta evaM prayoga 89 parivartana ke sAtha milate haiM / kucha anya upalabdha rUpa bhI nIce diye ye haiM ( prAkRta ) ( pAli ) ( apabhraMza ) ( prAkRta ) karaNijja karaNIya pUaNijja pUjanIya hoavva hotabba mArevvau karevvau karevvauM soavva sotabba mArevvauM nAyavva Jatabba karevau kAyavva (ba) prAkRta pAli (tavva) (neyya) kAtavva pUjaneyya motavva dassaneyya deyya bhottavva peyya daTThavva vottavva kAtabba mArevau anya virala rUpa isa prakAra milate haiM pAli pAli (sa) (yya) neyya hasiavva hasitabba karievvau haseavva pUjetabba karievvauM jANiavva jiNitabba mArevaa pUaNIya dassanIya carivvau karaNIa labhanIya karebau (tayya, JAtayya jAteyya pattayya patteyya ( pAli ) ( apabhraMza ) teyya) apabhraMza (evA, bA) karevA sovA jaggevA 'ya' pratyaya yukta dhvaniparivartana vAle rUpa isa prakAra milate haiM / prAkRta- bhavva, vacca, vakka, gujjha, kajja, dullaMgha, pejja ( bhavya, vAcya, vAkya, guhya, kArya, durlaghya, peya) pAli - bhabba, labbha, khajja, haJJa, ( bhavya, labhya, khAdya, hanya) (vi) karmaNi bhUta kRdanta (a) karmaNi bhUta kRdanta banAne ke lie dhAtu meM prAya: 'ta' karebA jANebA kabbA pAbA

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90 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa aura kucha dhAtuoM meM 'na' joDA jAtA haiM / prAkRta meM 'ta' kA prAya: 'a' 'ya' (ia, iya) aura 'na' kA 'Na' ho jAtA haiM / ( prAkRta ) ( pAli ) ( prAkRta ) ( pAli ) ( prAkRta) bhUa, ( hUa ) bhUta paDia patita kaya kata caria carita pesia pesita NAya gIya pIya aata gIta pIta suya suta saMta ( zrAnta) santa pucchita icchita jinita kArita hasApita bhiNNa chiNNa diNNa jiNNa hINa lINa ruNNa pucchia icchia jiNia kAria hasAvia (ba) dhvani parivartana ke sAtha anya rUpa prAkRta evaM pAli meM : bhutta, khitta, bhagga, parimukka, puTTha, diTTha, naTTha, daDDha, luddha (bhukta, kSipta, bhagna, parimukta, pRSTa, dRSTa, naSTa, dagdha, lubdha) (sa) apabhraMza meM kRdaMta ke Age svArthe 'a' (ka) bhI milatA (pAli ) bhinna chinna dinna jiNNa jAyaa, mukkaa, ityAdi. prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM karmaNi bhUta kRdanta ke lie 'illa' bhI kabhI kabhI jor3A jAtA hai- pucchilla, ANilla(ya) hona lIna ruNNa (ka) pazcakAlIna prAkRta bhASA meM evaM apabhraMza meM sakarmaka kriyA ke karmaNi bhUta kRdanta ke sAtha kartA kA rUpa tRtIyA vibhakti meM prayukta hone ke badale usakA prathamA vibhakti kA rUpa prayukta hone lagA aura ka. bhU. kRdanta prathamA vibhakti ke anurUpa banakara bhUta kAla kA bodha karAne lagA, jaise ahaM pabhaNio (mae pabhaNiaM ), sA bhAsiA (tIe saMbhAsiaM) gaNaharo pakahio (gaNahareNa pakahiaM), ruppiNI pasUyA puttaM ( ruppiNIe pasUyaM puttaM), bhoyaNaM bhuttA mo ( amhehiM bhoyaNaM bhuttaM), so kahaM kahiuM Araddho (teNa

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kRdanta evaM prayoga kahaM kahiuM AraddhaM). apabhraMza so pahAsiu ( tena prabhASitam ), jakkhapahANau pajampiu ( yakSapradhAnena prajalpitam ), bhuaMga visaggi mukka (bhujaGgena viSAgni: mukta:) (vii) kartR bhUta kRdanta kartR bhUta kRdanta banAne ke lie karmaNi bhUta kRdanta ke rUpa ke Age 'vaM, vA, vanta, (vat) yA AvI' (Avin) pratyaya lagAyA jAtA hai aura yaha rUpa kartA kA vizeSaNa bana kara bhUta kAla kA bodha karAtA hai / prAkRta- kayavaM (kRtavAn), puTThavaM (spRSTavAn) pAli- sutavA, sutavanta, sutAvI, vusitavA, vusitavanta, vasutAvI, bhuttavA, bhuttavanta, bhuttAvI. (viii) karmaNi prayoga ( a ) karmaNi prayoga kA pratyaya 'ya' hai / zaurasenI evaM mAgadhI meM vaha prAyaH 'Ia', mahArASTrI aura apabhraMza meM 'ijja' aura pAli meM 'ya' evaM 'Iya' tathA kabhI 'iyya' ke rUpa meM milatA hai / pAli paJJAya ( prajJA ) hAya (hA ) jIya, jiyya (ji) hIya, hiyya (hA ) dIya, divya ( dA ) dhIya, dhiyya ( dhA ) prAkRta gamIa gamijja gacchIa gacchijja kahIa kahijja ThIa Thijja dijja dIa hoIa hojja mArIa mArijja karAvIa karAvijja sUya ( zru) nIya, nivya ( nI ) pucchIya sodhIya 91 harIya * pUjiya codiya mAriya posiya dassiya ( inameM 'i' kA prayoga svarabhakti ke rUpa meM hai- pUjiyate ( pUjyate )

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prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa dhvani parivartana vAle kucha anya rUpa :pAli-pacca, kaccha, vijja, bhajJa, hama, dissa (panya, kathya, vidya, bhaNya, hanya, dRzya) prAkRta-gamma, bhijja, jujjha, labbha, hamma, mujjha, kijja, Najja, bhaNNa (gamya, bhidya, yudhya, labhya, hanya, muhya, kriya, jJAya, bhaNya) prAli-prAkRta ke kucha aura rUpa :-. dIsa, jIra, tIra, pUra (dRzya, jIrya, tIrya, pUrya) bhAve prayoga :-akarmaka kriyA kA karmaNi prayoga bhAvavAcya prayoga kahalAtA hai| udAharaNa :- khijjijjai, jujjhijjai, Darijjai, thukkijjai, paDijjai, bIhijjai, marijjai, roijjai, hoijjai, hasijjai / (ix) preraka prayoga preraka rUpa banAne ke lie dhAtu meM 'aya, paya yA Apaya' ke lie prAkRta meM 'e, ve yA Ave' jor3A jAtA hai aura pAli meM 'e, pe, yA Ape' jor3A jAtA hai / apabhraMza meM aMtima 'e' tattva kabhI kabhI 'a' meM badala jAtA hai aura eka anya pratyaya 'ADa' bhI lagatA haiM / prAkRta pAli apabhraMza daMse ThAve daMse ThApe nAsa dasse NahAve dasse nahApe darise darisAve darise dApe paNNave pApe jANAve jAnApe nimmava hasAve hasApe viNNava hAse pucchAve pucchApe kArApe dhAre gaNhAve gaNhApe bhamADa mAre mArAve nAha hasAva karAva var3e vatte kAre karAve 'Da' mArApe

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kRdanta evaM prayoga (x) nAma dhAtu 'nAma' zabdoM meM 'Aya (Aa)', 'aya (e)' athavA, 'Ave', 'Ape' pratyaya lagAkara unakA dhAtuoM kI taraha prayoga kiyA jAtA hai; kabhI kabhI sIdhA 'nAma' zabda hI dhAtu ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai / pAli pAli prAkRta dhUmAa (ya) suhAa (ya) amarAa (ya) atthAa (ya) umhAa (ya) saddAya saMjhAa (ya) piyAya garuAa (ya) haMsAa (ya) dhUmAya sukhAya karuNAya cirAya (puttIya) (dhanIya) prAkRta uccAre pahANe khele gove (maMtaya) (gopaya) dhUmaya mantaya kaNDaya gopaya vijaTe sukhe piNDe thene dhAtu ke artha meM nAma zabda kA prayoga : prAkRta- jamma, maMDa, dukkha, missa, appiNa, dhavala pAli - dhUpa, sajjhAya, ussuka 93 prAkRta duhAve sahAve sukhApe ukkhaDAve pAli AmantApe

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7. zabda-racanA (ka) vizeSaNa sArvanAmika zabdoM meM nimna pratyaya lagAne se ve vizeSaNa bana jAte (i) (prAkRta) (apabhraMza) 'ttiya, ttila, ttaa' [pratyaya] 'vaDa, vaDDa, taDaya, tula' ettiya, ittiya, ettaa, ettila evaDa, evaDDa, evaDDaya, ettaDaya, ettula kettiya, kittiya, kettaa, kettila kevaDa, kevaDDa, kettaDaya, kettula jettiya, jittiya, jettaa, jettila jevaDa, jevaDDa, jettaDaya, jettula tettiya, tittiya, tettaa, tettila tevaDa, tevaDDu, tettaDaya, tettula (ii) 'ittaa'-prAkRta meM kartA ke artha meM nAma ke sAtha 'ittaa' lagAyA jAtA hai : NiveaNaittaa, viAsaittaa, pUraittaa (iii) 'ima'-dhAtu me 'ima' lagAkara vizeSaNa banAyA jAtA hai : khAima, sAima, vaMdima, pUima, pUrima, pAima (kabhI kabhI anya zabda meM bhI-vaMkima, puratthima, pacchatthima). (iv) 'Ara'-apabhraMza meM sarvanAma meM 'Ara' lagAkara vizeSaNa banAyA jAtA hai : amhAra, tumhAra, mahAra, tuhAra 'ha+ya'-apabhraMza meM sarvanAma meM 'ha+ya' evaM 'isa, Isa' lagAkara vizeSaNa banAyA jAtA hai : jeha, jehaya, jehau (yAdRza), teha, tehaya, tehau (tAdRza) keha, kehaya, kehau (kIdRza), eha, ehaya, ehau (IdRza) (vi) 'isa, Isa'-aIsa, aisa, kaIsa, kaisa, jaIsa, jaisa, taisa, taIsa (IdRza, kIdRza, yAdRza, tAdRza (kabhI kabhI isI artha meM kehi, jehi, tehi rUpa bhI milate haiM / ) (v)

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zabda racanA (vii) 'ira' - zIlArthe : dhAtu meM 'ira' lagAyA jAtA haiM : haiM : (viii) 'aNaa'-apabhraMza meM dhAtu meM zIlArthe 'aNaa' bhI jor3A jAtA bollaNaa, bhasaNaa, mAraNaa (ise kartR kRdanta kahate haiM / ) (ix) svAmitva athavA yuktatA vAcaka pratyaya : gamira, jaMpira, hasira (ise kartR kRdanta kahate haiM / ) kabhI kabhI nAma zabda meM bhI yaha lagAyA jAtA haiM : gavvira, lajjira) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) nAma zabda meM nimnalikhita pratyaya jor3e jAte haiM : (a) 'Ala' - saddAla, rasAla, jaDAla, dhaNAla, johAla (ba) 'Alu' - saMkAlu, saddhAlu, NiddAlu, lajjAlu, IsAlu (khIrAla, dADhAla, haDDAla, guNAla, sohAla, giddhAlu, tiTThAlu - apabhraMza) (sa) 'illa' 95 (kha) bhAvavAcaka pratyaya bhAvavAcaka pratyayoM meM 'ta' aura 'imA' ke sivAya prAkRta meM 'ttaNa' aura apabhraMza meM 'ppaNa' aura 'ima' naye pratyaya haiM / kalaMkilla, lohilla, sohilla, mAilla, guNilla, gaMThilla, kaMTaila (kaMTailla) [ tatrabhave - gAmilla, gAmella, purilla, heTThilla] (da) 'ulla' - maMsulla, sahulla, vAulla, viArulla, kIDaulla (apabhraMza) [ tatrabhave-tarulla, nayarulla 'tta'- pupphatta, phalatta, mANusatta 'imA' - rattimA, kAlimA, pupphimA 'ttaNa' - pupphattaNa, phalattaNa, mANusattaNa, devattaNa, mahurattaNa 'tana' - vedanattana, jArattana, puthujjanattana (pAli) 'ppaNa'-bhalappaNa, vaDDappaNa 'ima' - vaMkima, gahirima, laghima, sarisima 'iya' - naggiya (nagnatA), mandiya ( mandatA), dakkhiya (dakSatA) (pAli)

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prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa (ga) svArthe pratyaya (i) svArthe 'a, ya, ga' (ka) kA prayoga prAkRta se bhI apabhraMza meM adhika baDha gayA / apabhraMza meM 'a' kA 'u', strIliMgI pratyaya 'A' kA 'a' aura kRdantoM evaM avyayoM meM bhI 'a' jor3A jAne lagA / a. prAkRta-puttaa, caMdaa, lahua, gurua, saddAlaa, lajjAlua, ekkallaa, mahallaa, paDhamillaga, gAmellaga, aMdhillaga / vahiNiA, itthiA (strIliMgI) / bahuyaa (do bAra 'a') / apabhraMza-bappuDaa, vaMkuDaa, cUDullaya / uvaesaDau, bhAvaDau, mehaDau, ettaDau, tettaDau / bahiNia, itthia, goria, muNAlia, (strIliMgI) / jantau, rahiau, phulliau (kRdanta) / ihaya (avyaya). (ii) ala-aMdhala, pakkala, navala, pattala, naggala, poTTala (apabhraMza) (iii) alla-aMdhalla, pisalla, ekkalla, ekalla, mahalla (iv) ANa-sukkANa (v) illa-aMdhilla, puvvilla, paDhamilla, bahirilla, hechilla (vi) ila-paDhamila (vii) ulla-morulla, bahiNulla, cUDulla (apabhraMza) (viii) apabhraMza ke pratyaya jo laghutA sUcaka bhI haiM : Da-desaDa, mittaDa, hiaDa, rukkhaDa, dIhaDa, vaMkaDa / uTa, uDa-vaMkuTa, vaMkuDa, bappuDa / Do (DiyA)-goraDI, NiddaDI, buddhaDI, rattaDI (strIliMgI) DA (Daya)-dukkhaDA, sukkhaDA, melAvaDA (strIliMgI)

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zabda racanA (gha) strIliMgI pratyaya apabhraMza meM strIliMgI 'A' pratyaya ke badale meM 'I', evaM 'I' ke badale meM 'i'; aura 'ia' bhI prayukta hote haiM : ruTThI (ruSTA), diNNI (dattA); joaMti, gaNaMti ( gaNayantI); uDDAvaMtia (ca) samAsa samAsa kA artha hai saMkSepa arthAt thor3e zabdoM ko joDakara adhika artha prakaTa karane kI prakriyA / prAkRta meM dhvani parivartana kA vRddhi ke sAtha sAtha samAsa ke zabda kabhI kabhI amizrita sIdhe sAde sarala zabda bana gaye, jaise - lehAriya ( lekhahArika), iMdIAla (indriyajAla), pitucchA (pitRSvasA ), deula (devakula) / prAkRta bhASA meM samAsa saMskRta kI taraha hI banate haiM parantu inameM zabdoM kA krama kabhI kabhI tarka-saMgata nahIM rahatA haiM : jaise - mUDhadiso (diGmUDhaH), pacchannapalAsa ( palAzapracchanna ), dhavalakaovavIa ( kRtadhavalopavIta), kAsAraviralakumuA (viralakumudakAsArAH), kaMcuAbharaNamettAo (kaJcukamAtrAbharaNA: ) / (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 97 samAsa isa prakAra haiM : dvandva-do yA adhika zabda isameM eka sAtha Ate haiM : jIvAjIvA, dukatikaM, jarAmaraNaM, suhadukkhAI, devadAnavagandhavvA, nANadaMsaNacaritaM dvigu- isameM prathama zabda saMkhyAsUcaka hotA hai : caukkasAyaM, navatattaM, tibhavA avyayIbhAva- isameM prAraMbha meM AnevAle avyaya ke arthakI pradhAnatA hotI hai : antopAsAdaM, majjhegaMgaM, aNurUvaM, uvaguruM, paidiNaM, jahAsatti, sAyaMkAlaM karmadhAraya - yaha vizeSaNa evaM vizeSya kA samAsa haiM / kabhI kabhI isakA pUrvapada upamAsUcaka bhI hotA hai : setakapoto, kA - puriso,

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(vi) prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa nIluppalaM, gharamoro, vIrajiNo, jiNedo, sIladhano, vajjadeho bahuvrIhi-eka se adhika pada milakara kisI anya pada kA vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM bodha karAte ho :- mUDhadiso, laMbakaNNo, bahudhano, pIaMbaro, dinabhojano 'na' bahuvrIhi-abhayo, aNAho, aputto; 'sa' bahuvrIhi-saphalaM, saNAho tatpuruSa-isameM uttarapada kI pradhAnatA hotI hai evaM pUrvapada jisa vibhakti (dvitIyA se saptamI) se uttarapada se jur3A ho usakA lopa ho jAtA hai / dvitIyA-gAmagato (grAmaM gato), suhapatto, iMdiyAtIto tRtIyA-urago (urasA gato), rasapuNNaM, dayAjutto caturthI-bahujaNahio (bahujanAya hitaH), dhammamaMgalaM, buddhadeyyaM paJcamI-nagaraniggato (nagarAt nirgataH), saMsArabhIo, riNamutto SaSThI-devamaMdiraM (devasya maMdiram) rAjaputto, phalaraso, lehasAlA saptamI-kalAkusalo (kalAsu kuzalaH), dhammarato, visayAsatti 'na' tatpuruSa-niSedhasUcaka 'aNa' yA 'a' ke sAtha - adiTTha, amogho, aNiTuM, aNAyAro upapada-kRdanta sAdhita pada ke sAtha:- dhammadharo, sukhAhAro, gaMThichedao, kuMbhagAro, savvaNNu, pAyavo, nIyagA, pAvanAsago

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8. avyaya, parasarga evaM dezya zabda a. avyaya avyaya una zabdoM ko kahate haiM jinameM vacana evaM liMga ke kAraNa koI parivartana nahIM hotA hai / (i) avyayoM meM kriyAvizeSaNa, saMyojaka, vismayabodhaka evaM pAdapUrti karanevAle zabdoM kA samAveza hotA haiM / (ii) kitane hI avyaya dhvanigata parivartana prApta nahIM karane ke kAraNa saMskRta, pAli evaM prAkRta meM eka samAna haiM / unake thor3e se udAharaNa ye haiM : : atIva, addhA, anto, antarA, alam, idha, eva, kAmam, tam, tena, na, pure, mA, vinA, samam, saha, hA, hi, haiM, ityAdi / (iii) kucha aise avyaya bhI haiM jo pAli aura prAkRta meM hI milate haiM : oraM (samIpa isa pAra), aGga, aMga (he ) ityAdi / (iv) kucha aise avyaya haiM jo kevala pAli meM hI milate haiM paraMtu prAkRta meM nahIM milate haiM :- aJJadatthu (nizcayena), appeva (apyeva), (iGga), ekajjhaM (ekadhA), karaha (kadA), kuhaM (kutra), je (strIsambodhane), taggha (nizcayena), tatrasudaM (tatra svid), tatheriva (tathaiva), tahaM (tatra), paTicca (pratItya), pasavha (prasahya), yathariva (yathaiva), sace ( yadi), seyyathApi (tad yathA), have (nizcayam), ityAdi / (v) kucha aise bhI haiM jo prAkRta meM milate haiM paraMtu pAli meM nahIM milate haiM :- haMje (dAsa-dAsI sambodhane), haMdi, hImANahe, hI - hI, hUM / (vi) aneka aise avyaya haiM jo pAli aura prAkRta meM samAna rUpa meM yA alpa dhvanigata parivartana lie hue milate haiM, jaise (a) pAliprAkRta - ajja, attha, kimu, ce, tattha, tarhi, page, pecca, rite, viya, suve, saM, handa, ityAdi / pAliprAkRta : aggato aggao, aciraM- araM, aJJamaJJa - annamannaM,

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aka? aciram 100 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa ambho-amho, idAnI-iyANI, uda-ua, udAhu-udAho, uyAhu, kimutakimuya, sarki-saI, sajju-sajja, sajjo, sve-suve, haMda-haMtA, hiyyohijjo, ityAdi / pAli evaM prAkRta kI uparokta, (a) evaM (ba) ke anusAra, isa samAnatA ke kAraNa nIce jo avyaya diye gae haiM unameM pAli ke avyaya alaga se nahIM darzAye gaye haiM / saMskRta prAkRta apabhraMza akRtvA agratas aggao agre agge agai aGga aMga airaM acireNa aireNa airiNa ataH ao ati ai atIva aIva atyartham accatthaM atra ittha, ettha itthu, etthu, ittahe, etahe, itthi, etthau, eu atha aha atha kim ahaI athavA ahavA, ahava, ahavaNa, ahavai aduvA, aduva adas adu adha ajja ajju, aju adhas aha, ahe adhastAt ahattA, heTThA ahuTThahaM

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avyaya, parasarga evaM dezya zabda saMskRta adhunA adhyAtmam anantaram an antar anyatra anyathA anyadA anyonyam aparedyuH api abhIkSaNam ayi are arere alam alaMhi avazyam asakRtam astu astam aho prAkRta ahuNA ajjhatthaM, ajjhappaM aNaMtaraM aNa aMto aNNattha, annattha aNNahA aNNayA aNNamaNNaM, aNNoSNaM annamannaM, annonnaM avarajja pi, vi, avi abhikkhaNaM ammahe ammo ai are arere alaM alAhi avassaM asaI atthu atthaM aho apabhraMza evahiM aNNetta aNNaha, annaha i, vi, mi, hi avvo, avvA ari ariri, arari Ale~ avaseM, avasa, avasi, avasiM avasaya, avasu, avassu, avassaI 101 ahu, uhu

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102 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa apabhraMza prAkRta saMskRta Adi Am Avis Ahatya itas ettahi, ettaheM iya, iu itarathA iti ittham idAnIm iva Ai Ama, AmaM Avi Ahacca io, itto, etto iyarahA, iharA ii, ia, itti, ti itthaM iyANi, iyANi, idANI, dANi, dANi, eNhaM, eNhi piva, via, vva, va, cia ihaa, ihaiM, ihaM, ihayaM Isi, IsiM ua, uda udAho, uyAhu uttarasuve uvari, uvariM, uppi avari, avariM uTuM rite egayA, ekaiyA, ekaiyA, ekkayA egaso, ekkasi egaMtao cia, cca, jeva, ittAhe, emahiM, evahi~ eNvahiM, emvahiM miva, viva, viu, Na, NaM . ihu, iha~, ihA~ kUra ISat uta utAho uttaravas upari uppariM Urdhvam Rte ekadA ikkasi ekazaH ekAntatas eva ji, jji, jja

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avyaya, parasarga evaM dezya zabda saMskRta prAkRta evam evameva kathaJcit katham kathamapi kadA kadAcit kadvA kalya kasmAt kAmam kiMnu kintu kinnu kim ccea, cceva, ccia, jjeva, jjevva, jevva evaM emea, emeva kahaMcI, kahaMci kahaM, kaha, kiNNA kahaMpi, kahaMvi kayA, kaiA kayAi, kayAIM, kayAI, kaiyAi kalla, kallaM kIsa kAmaM kiNNu kiMtu kiMNA, kiNNA kiM, iM, kiNa apabhraMza emva, emvahiM, ema, emai, ema, ima, eva~, eu~, euM, iu~, evahiM, evi 103. emvai, eva~i, emeva kemai, kivai kema, kaeNma, kima, kimi, keva~, keva, kiMva, ki~va, kiva, kiuM, kAhau, kiha, kidha kahavi, kahAmi, kahava, kemai, kemaI, kivai kaiyahA, kaIyA, kaiyaha~, kaiyaha kabbe

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104 saMskRta prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa apabhraMza prAkRta kimidam kimuta kim-yu kiyacciram kila kutas kutra kiMNedaM kimaya kimu kevacciraM kira, ira kao, katto, kuo, kutto kattha, kuttha, kahi, kahiM, kahiA khippaM khu, kho, hu kiri kau ketthu, kitthu, kahi~, kui ___EEEEEEEE EFFErr fFE ! kSipram khalu ca cApi cAvi ciraM ciru ciram cet caiva ciya, cciya, ceba jhaTiti jhaDavi ceva jjia, jjea (nizcayasUcaka) jhaDi, jhaDitti, jhatti, jhaDatti NAi, NAI, (niSedha) tao, tatto, to tattha, tahiM, tahi tatas tatra tathA tahA, taha tiha, tai, tetthu, titthu tattu, tettahe; tettahiM, tettahi tema, tima, tema, timu, temu, timva, teva~, teu~a, tiha, tidha

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105 avyaya, parasarga evaM dezya zabda saMskRta prAkRta apabhraMza tadA tayA, taiyA, tAhe tadvA tAmai, tAvai, tA, to, taiyahaM, taiyahi~, tAiya, tAiyaha~, tAiyahu, tahi~, tarhi tavve, tabbe tAu, tAuM, tAma, tAmu, tAva, tAvai, tAvai~, tAmahi, tAu~, tau, tAba tettaDau, tittiDau tAvat, tAva, tA tAvanmAtram u tvaram taru thu (tiraskAra sUcaka) thU (niMdAsUcaka) thU thU (ghRNAsUcaka) divA dive, dive duchu duDu dautti, daDavaDa drAk dhik dhigastu Davatti, DhAvu chI-chI, dhisi dhiratthu dhruvam dhruvu, dhrau Na na-iha Neha nanu NaNu, NaM navaraM, NavaraM, Navari na-param Navara, Navaru

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106 saMskRta namas nApi nAsti nitarAm nityam nu naiva no parasparam pazcAt pArzve punaH puratas puras pUrvam prage pratyakSam prabhUtam prAyas pretya bahis prAkRta namo, Navi natthi Namo NiccaM Nirutta ( nizcitam) prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa apabhraMza Nu Neva, Nea, Neya No paropparaM, avaropparaM avarovaraM pacchA puNo, puNa, uNa, puNA puNAi, puNAI purao puraM, pure puvvi, puvvi page paccakkhaM pabhUyaM pAya pecca bAhi, bAhiM, bahiM, bahiyA, bAhira Nai, Nau, Na NAhi~ nAhi~ NAhi NirAriu, Niru Niccu NiruttauM, Niru hi, pahi~, Navi avaropparu, avarupparu paccha, pacchae, pacchai pAsi, pAsu, pAsehi~ puNu ghaNauM prAu, prAiva, prAimva, paggimva bahi, bAhiri, bAhirau, bAhuDi, bAhera

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107 avyaya, parasarga evaM dezya zabda saMskRta prAkRta apabhraMza lai bahirdhA bADham bAhyatas bhUyas manAk manye bahiddhA bADhaM bajjhao bhujjo maNayaM, maNA, maNaM nAi, nAvai, maNAu~, maNa, maNAuM nau, maNu, NAvai, NAI, NAi~, Nau, jaNi, jaNu, vaNe mA ma,maM mAI mA-ati mRSA yatas yatra musA, musa, mUsA, mosA jao, jatto jattha, jahi, jahiM, jahiyaM, yathA jahA, jaha jiha, jahi~, jetthu, jitthu, jettahe, jetahi~, jattu aha, jema, jima, jemva, jiva~, jeva~, jiva, jiha, jehau jaiya, jaiyaha, jAvai, jAmai, jAvai, jaiyahaM, jaiyahuM yadA jayA, jaiyA, jAhe yadi jai yadvA yAvat jAva, jA, jAvaM jabbe jAva~, jAma, jAmu, jAba, jAmahi~ jAhu, jAu~

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108 saMskRta yAvanmAtram varam vA vinA vAramvAram zanikam zam zIghram zreyas zvas sakRt sadA sadyas samam sammukham samyak sarvatas sarvatra sarvathA sarvadA saha sAkSAt prAkRta vari va, vva vai (pAdapUrti) viNA vAraMvAraM saNiyaM saM sigghaM seyaM suve saI, sai prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa apabhraMza jittiu sayA, sai sajja, sajjaM, sajjo samaM saMmuhaM samma savvao, savvato, savvatto savvattha savvahA savvayA saha sakkhaM vaI (khedArtham) viNu, biNu, vAra - vAra, vali - vali saNiuM chuDu sau~ samuhu~, samuha, sauhu~ savvattau savvettahe sahuM, sahu~, sahu

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109 avyaya, parasarga evaM dezya zabda saMskRta prAkRta apabhraMza sArdham saddhi sphuTam phuDu syAt saI, sai~, sai, sae svayam svasti phuDaM siyA sayaM sotthi haMje haMdi haMta, haMtA, haMda ham hambho haM ho, amho ha, hA, hau~ hA- dhik haddhi hI hI hImANahe hum hyas hijjo, hijjA, hio (vii) pAda-pUrti-arthaka zabda :pAli-assu, kho, ce, pana, yagghe, su, sudaM, ha prAkRta-aha, i, khAI, ghaI, je, NaM, ra, ha

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110 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa ba. parasarga apabhraMza bhASA ayaugika banane lagI ataH usameM saMbaMdha tattva nAma zabda se alaga hokara parasarga ke rUpa meM vikasita hone lagA / apabhraMza ke kucha mukhya parasarga isa prakAra haiM :- kerau, keraya, taNai, taNau, aNau, Nau, nau (sambandhArthe), - kehi~, tehi~, resi~, rehi~, kAraNe, kajje (kRte-ke lie) -- siu, suM, hotau, Thiu, thiu (meM se) samANu (samakam), laggevi (Arabhya), lagi (lagnam), bhaNevi (iti kRtvA), mAhiM (madhye), bicci (bIca meM), matthae (upari), ityAdi / sa. dezya zabda prAkRta sAhitya meM dezya, dezI athavA dezaja kahalAne vAle zabdoM kI vipulatA hai| unakI mAtrA kramazaH bar3hatI gayI hai / pAli bhASA meM kacit hI dezya zabda haiM jabaki apabhraMza bhASA meM unakI saMkhyA bahuta bar3ha gayI haiM / ina dezya zabdoM kI paraMparA Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM meM bhI cAlU rahI hai / dezInAmamAlA, prAkRta koSoM, prAkRta vyAkaraNoM evaM prAkRta sAhitya meM aise aneka dezya zabda dekhane ko mileMge jinheM sahI artha meM dezya nahIM kahA jA sakatA / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki unameM alpa athavA dUragAmI dhvanigata evaM arthagata parivartana A jAne ke kAraNa athavA unakA AdhAra prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke sAhitya meM na milane ke kAraNa ve pahicAne nahIM jA sake aura dezya hI kahalAne lage / aba unakA sambandha prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke sAtha sthApita hotA jA rahA hai aura aisI avasthA meM unheM tadbhava hI kahA jA sakatA hai / kucha aise zabda bhI haiM jinakA sambandha drAviDI athavA anya videzI bhASAoM ke sAtha pAyA jAtA hai / inake alAvA jo zabda milate haiM unheM zuddha dezya zabda kahA jA sakatA hai / nIce vividha taraha ke kucha zabda diye jA rahe haiM /

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avyaya, parasarga evaM dezya zabda 111 (i) tadbhava zabda (a) aise zabda jinheM zuddha tadbhava kahA jA sakatA hai : aNihaNa (anidhana), abbhiDa (AsmiTa), avaDa (avaTa), utthalla (ud-sthal), uddAla (uddAray), ulla (udra), osa (avazyAya), kiDi (kiTi), goccha (guccha), ghiyaUri (ghRtapUra), cokkha (cokSa), chaMDa, chaDDa (cha), jUra (jvara), Dhukka (Dhauk), Niyaccha (ni-cakS), NihAya (nighAta), timma (stim), thUha (stUpa), dhAha (dhAvatha), pallaTTa (pari-aTa), phullaMdhaya (phullandhaya), balimadda (bala-marda), bhalla (bhadra), moDa (muTa), rahaTTa (araghaTTa), bAhiyAli (bAhyaAli), vihANa (vi-bhA), seriha (sairibha), hatthiyAra (hasta-kArayaH) (ba) aise zabda jinameM parivartana ke kAraNa artha kI viziSTatA A gayI abbhapisAa (abhrapizAca) rAhu, amayaruha (amRtaruha) candra, uppariyaNa (uparitana) uttarIya, kaula (kApAlika), kaccha (kakSa) upavana, kama (krama) pAda, khujjaya (kubjaka) asamatala bhUmi, kheu, kheva (kSepa) vilamba, gharayaMda (gRhacandra) Adarza, caMdaka (candraka) mayUra, chaNa (kSaNa) pUrNimA, jamakaraNa (yamakaraNa) mRtyu, Ni? (ni-sthA) samApta, talavaTTa (tAlavRnta) puccha, karNa, dupposa (duSpoSa) maMsa, dhavala (zreSTha), paMka (paGka) pApa, pahulla (praphulla) puSpa, pADala (pATala) haMsa, piMcaNihi (picchanidhi) mayUra, bahuNayaNa (indra), bhasaNa (bhaSaNa) zvAna, maDDa (mRd) balAtkAra, mabbhIsa, mAbhIsa (mA bhaiSIH) sAntvanA, muhala (mukhara) zaMkha, Tui (ariSTa) kAga, vaNaruha (vraNaruha) rudhira, valagga (avalagna) ArUDha, vicchoa (vikSubha) viyoga, sAsa (zAs) kathaya, sihiNa (zikhin) stana, suraguru (cArvAka), soMdAla (zuNDAla) hasti / (sa) aise zabda jinakA mUla saMskRta ke samAna hai paraMtu ve prAkRta ke pratyayoM se yukta haiM : arahilla (arhat-illa) kevalajJAnI, alAhi (alam-Ahi) paryApta, AvaDa (Apat-aDa) karanA, jAnanA, kaDilla (kaTi-illa) kaTivastra, kokka (kU) AhvAna, gahilla (graha-illa) pAgala, caccikka (carcaikka) maNDana, cukka

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112 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa (cyu-ka) cUkanA, chaila (cheka-ila) catura, cheilla (cheda-illa) antima, jaNera (jan-kara, yara) pitA, NaMka (nAs-ka) nAka, pakkala (pakvala) samartha, pattala (patra+la) kRza, peDhAla (pIDha-Ala) vistIrNa, bohittha (vah-tra, ttha) naukA, mahalla (mahat-lla) vRddha, mokkala (mukta-la) bandhanamukta, vivarera (viparItaira) viparIta, visaMthula (vi-saMsthA-ula) zithila, vihvala, saMkaDilla (saGkaTailla) AkIrNa, suhilla-suhelli (sukha-illa) sukha (da) sAdRza racanA vAle zabda : khaddha (khA-ddha; labh-laddha), gIDha (giha-graha; guha-gUDha), Dakka (Das; daMza-daSTa), NAvai (jJAyate; suvvai-zrUyate), rAmANI (rAma; indra-indrANI), lukka (luk, lup-lupta) / (ka) saMskRta koSoM evaM anya strotoM se upalabdha : akkhADa (akSapATa), iNa (ina) sUrya, koTTa (durga), khappara (kharpara) bhikSApAtra, jaMgala (mAMsa), DiMbhaya (Dimbha) zizu, toMDa (tuMda) udara, phaDa (phaTa) sarpaphaNA, bhamma (bharma) suvarNa, mayagala, (madakala) hasti, marAla (haMsa), rasoi (rasavatI), varaitta (varayitR) vara, hiMDa (hiND), hIro (hIraka) vajra, ratna (ii) aise zabda jinakI paraMparA saMskRta meM nahIM rahI paraMtu anumAna se jinake prAcIna strota kA patA lagAyA jA sakatA hai : vellarI (gaNikA), bIlI (taraMga), velli ( villi, latA) vella, vallarI, vellA (latA), vallI (keza), vella (Ananda) : *vil; NihelaNaH (bhal*nibhelana) gRha (iii) anuraNanAtmaka zabda kasamasa, kilakila, khaNakhaNa, gumaguma, calavala, jigajiga, jharajhara, TaNaTaNa, DhekkAra, taDayaDa, tharahara, dhagadhaga, pharaphara, phuraphura, bebe, raNajhaNa, ruNajhuNa, lalalala, lihilihi, salasala, simisima, hilihila, hUhUhu /

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avyaya, parasarga evaM dezya zabda (iv) videzI zabda (a) drAviDI akka (mAtA, bhaginI), addaa (darpaNa), ammA (mAtA), avvo (he mA), Aroggia (bhukta), olagga (sevA), uDida (mASa), kaTTArI (kSurikA), karaDa (vyAghra), kIra (zuka), kuMDa (kuMbha), koTTa (nagara), kotthala ( thailA), khaTTika (kasAI), khaDDa (khaDDA), khaDakkI (khiDakI), gaDDI (gADI), ghaTTa (nadI kA ghATa), chANa (gomaya), jhagaDa (jhagar3anA), jhaDI (nirantara vRSTi) jhiMdu (kanduka), DoMbI (mleccha), Nesara (sUrya), taTTI (vRti), talavara, talAra (kotavAla), tuppa (ghI), thaTTa (samUha), dora (kaTi-sUtra), paDDI (navaprasUtA mahiSI), pulli (vyAghra), poTTa (udara), poTTaligA (poTalI), phiDDa (vAmana), boMdI (zarIra), maMgusa ( nakula), mADia (gRha), mAmAmAmI, muddI ( cumbana), merA (maryAdA), raddhi (pradhAna), vaTTiya (pIsA huA), vaDDa (bar3A), sarA (mAlA), siMbIra (palAla), hiDDa (vAmana), huhukka (vAdya - vizeSa ) / (ba) phArasI zabda aMguTThaya (aMgUThI), TivilA (vAdyavizeSa), datthara (hastazATaka), pIlu (hAthI), baMdha (bhRtya) ( sa ) ArabI karalI, karAlI (dantapavana) datavana 113 (v) zuddha dezya zabda acchoDana ( troTana, AsphAlana), ammAhIraa (svApagIta ), alliva (arpay), avaruMDaNa (AliGgana), Ayallaya ( madanapIDita), ADhatta (Arabdha, AkrAnta), AsaMgha (AzaMs), uDDiya (UrdhvakRta), utthara ( Akram), ullova (candrApaka), ohaliya (prakSAlita), kakkhaDa (kaThora), kaNa (bANa), kaMdoTTa (nIlotpala), kirADa (vaNika), kiliviMDi ( karatala dhvani), kuMTa (hastahIna), kusumAla (cora), kuhaNI (mArga), koDDa (kautuka), koNI (kUrpara), khicca (khicaDI), khuTTaNa (toDana), khuppa (masj), kheDa (grAma), gaNiyArI ( hastinI), galattha (kSip), gilla (Ardra ), goMdala (Ananda, saMgrAmadhvani), gosa (prabhAta), goha (yoddhA), ghoTTa (ghUMTa), cakkha (AsvAd) caMga (cAru), caTTa (chAtra), caDa

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114 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa (Aruh) caMpa (Akram), cava (kath), cikkhala (kardama), ciMca (maNDay), cojja (Azcarya), chajja (rAj), chiva (spRz), choha akSivikSepa), jaMpANa (zibikA), Takkara (AghAta), Damara, Dara (bhaya), DAla (zAkhA), Dhakka (chAday), DhaMka (kAka), Dhala (pat cyut), Nia (pazy), NiDDuriya ( bhayAnaka), NihelaNa (Alaya), talima ( zayyA), talla (kSudra sara), dikkarI (putrI), dugghoTTa (gaja), dhaNa (bhAryA), dhADa (nirdhATi), pariyaMda (Andolay), pAhuNa (atithi), potti ( snAnazATi), phiTTa (bhraMz), bappa (pitA), bappIhaya ( cAtaka), bAulliya (putalikA), bheruMDa bukka (kath), buDDa (masjU), bhaMDa ( kalaha ), bhasala (bhramara), bhulla (bhraMz), (eka pakSI), maDapphara ( mithyA garva ), maDaMba (grAma), maDaha (laghu), maDhia ( khacita), maMDala (zvAna), maddala (muraja), maraTTa (darpa), mahamaha ( sugaMdhaprasR), musumUra ( cUrNay), meTTha, meMTha, (hastipaka), rADi, rAli ( kalaha ), riMcha (zuka), ruMda ( vipula), reha (zobha), laMjiyA (dAsI), laDaha ( ramya), laMpikka, laMpekkha (cora), luha (pramArjay), lUra (vidAra), lhikka (ni+lI), vaDha (mUrkha), vaMTa (bhAga), vaMDha (akRta - vivAha), vaddala (megha), viTTala (apavitra), viNaDa (vaJca), viddANa (mlAna), valayA ( vanitA), vihalaMghala (vihvala), vuNNa (bhIta, trasta ), veyAra (vaJca) vellahala (komala), vola (gam), saMca (zarIrabandha), sAlaNa (vyaMjana), haDahaDa (atyanta), haDDi (asthi), halabola (kolAhala ), hallaNa ( calana), hallaru (svApagIta ), hallohalla (prakSobha), hittha ( trasta), hIra (ziva) (vi) nimna paraMparAgata dezya zabdoM ko tadbhava kI koTi meM rakhA jA sakatA hai : alliva (Alip-allip-alliva), ADhatta (A+dhA, ANatta ke samAna), uDDiya ( ut + DI), utthara (ut + sR), kirADa (kR + aT), khuTTaNa (kSudkSunna), khuppa (kSup +ya), cakkha ( jakSa), cikkhalla (* ci+kSAlya ), chajja (chad+ya), Dhakka (*sthaka), DhaMka (dhvAGkSa), NiDDuriya (ni+dar), talima (talpa), dhaNa (dhanya), phiTTa (sphiTTU), buDDa (bruD, vruD), bhasala (bhas), luha (lubh), lhikka (zlikna, zliS), vuNNa (vrad * vRd) [ dekhie : pizala evaM moniyara viliyamsa ]

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9. pariziSTa a. ardhamAgadhI bhASA viSayaka nayI vizeSatAe~ ardhamAgadhI prAkRta bhASA kI anya vizeSatAe~ (pro. harmana yAkobI, AgamaprabhAkara munizrI puNyavijayajI, paM becaradAsajI dozI evaM pro. e.ema. ghATage ke niSkarSa-pUrNa mantavyoM ke AdhAra se prastuta) ardhamAgadhI meM madhyavartI vyaMjanoM kA mahArASTrI prAkRta kI taraha prAyaHdhvani-parivartana (lopa) nahIM hotA hai| usameM yaha parivartana kabhI kabhI hotA hai aura isake atirikta pada-racanA ke anya lakSaNoM ke AdhAra para ise pAli bhASA se adhika nikaTatA rakhane vAlI bhASA kahI gayI hai| isI kAraNa yaha anya prAkRtoM se prAyaH alaga par3a jAtI hai / bilakula jisa prakAra apabhraMza 'ha'kAra bahula bhASA mAnI jAtI hai usI prakAra ardhamAgadhI 'e'kAra bahula kahI jA sakatI hai aura mAgadhI kI pra.e.va.kI puliMga kI 'e'vibhakti kA hI yaha prabhAva hai| azoka ke pUrva bhArata ke zilAlekhoM kI bhASA meM bhI isI pravRtti ke darzana hote haiM / . 1. (a) isa bhASA meM RkAra kA 'i' meM parivartana adhika mAtrA meM pAyA jAtA haiM : giha (gRha), hidaya (hRdaya), alaMkiya (alaGkRta) (ba) zabda ke madhya meM aura aMta meM bhI 'e'kAra ke prayoga milate haiM : adhe (adhaH), ne (naH), dhamme (dharmaH), kareti (karoti), suNeti (zruNAti) madhyavartI vyaMjana ka, kha, ta aura tha kA kabhI kabhI ghoSa meM parivartana milatA hai : ega (eka), AghAti (AkhyAti), pAda (pAta-pAtra), pAdagaM (pAtakam), jadhA, tadhA, (yathA, tathA) goradhaga (gorathaka), medhuNa (maithuna) mahArASTrI prAkRta kI taraha madhyavartI vyaMjanoM kA prAyaH lopa nahIM hone se isa bhASA meM vyaMjana yathAvat sthiti meM bhI milate haiM! 3.

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116 (a) alpaprANa ka= aneka, Akula, ekadA, ekArasa, ghaDikaM, loka anagAra, pUgaphalaM, bhagavatA, bhagiNI acalaM, acireNa sUci , oja, pUjana, bhojanaM, vIjituM aNumata, arati, ahita, Atura, etaM, ete, eteNa, gati, gIta, gacchati, jIvituM tatiya, pavedita, bitiya, sota adattAdANa, AdaMsaga, (Adarzaka), AdAya, udaga, udara, upadesa, egadA, khAdati, codittA, channapadeNa, chedaNaM, javodanaM, pamAda pavedita, pAdachejjAI, vadAsI, vadittANaM upakasanti, upajAti, upadesa, upayAra, upAgata ga ca ja ta= da= pa : ( ba ) gha : mahAprANa paDighAta pavvathita prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa tha : dha : adhe, idha, osadha, kodha, medhAvI, vadhenti, sannidhAna bha : abhi-(upasarga), nAbhi, pabhU, vibhUsA (madhyavartI 'bha' prAyaH yathAvat rahatA hai 1) (sa) madhyavartI dantya nakAra ko mUrdhanya NakAra meM badalane kI prakriyA bahuta bAda kI hai / I.sa. pUrva kI prAkRta bhASA meM isako itanA bar3A sthAna prApta nahIM thA / yaha to I.sa. ke bAda kI prAkRtoM kA lakSaNa hai / ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM zabda ke prAraMbha meM dantya nakAra prAya: yathAvat (pAli bhASA kI taraha) hI rahatA hai paraMtu madhyavartI nakAra bhI kabhI kabhI milatA hai / isa bhASA meM madhyavartI dantya nakAra ko mUrdhanya NakAra meM badalane kI jo prathA cala par3I haiM vaha bhI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke atyaMta prabhAva meM A jAne ke kAraNa pracalita huI hai aura lekhana (orthography) paddhati kI truTi athavA bhrama ke kAraNa bhI aisA huA hai /

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pariziSTa 117 udAharaNa : aniyANa, anila, anugacchaMti, anucce, iMdanIla, khane, javodanaM, dhanuskhaNDaM, bhojanaM, parinivvuDa, mArudinA, monaM, sannidhAna, sinANaM, suniTThiya, suminaM, suhumena~ (sUkSmeNa) (da)nAsikya vyaMjana yukta nimna saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA parivartana na meM pAyA jAtA haiM, jJa-nna : dhammapannattI (dharmaprajJaptiH), annANI (ajJAnI), khetana, (kSetrajJa), pannA (prajJA), rano (rAjJaH), vinnANa (vijJAna), nanna : Avanna, uppanna, china, paDivana, bhinna, saMpanna nyanna : anna (anya), kannA (kanyA), jahanna (jaghanya), dhanna (dhanya), manne (manye) prAraMbhika jJa kA na hotA hai : naccA (jJAtvA), nANa (jJAna), nAta (jJAta), nAyavya (jJAtavya) 4. padaracanA ke rUpoM ke katipaya udAharaNa : (a) nAma-sarvanAma pra.e.va. : pitA, mAtA pra.ba.va. : pitaro, mAtaro dvi.e.va. : pitaraM, mAtaraM napuMsaka, pra.dvi.ba.va. : etANi, kammANi, phalANi, madhUNi, sappINi, tR.e.va. : arahatA, bhagavatA, cetasA, maNasA tR.ba.va. : thIbhi (strIbhiH) paM.e.va. : kato, kuto, kannAto, devIto, dhammato, bhagavato, savvato sa.e.va. : bhagavati saptamI e.va. ke prAcIna vibhakti pratyaya -'mhi, -mhi' : aggimhi, bhikkhumhi, kamhi (ba) kriyA-rUpa vartamAna kAla tRtIya puruSa eka vacana : abhihaNati, icchati, kareti, gacchati, jANati, suNeti; carate, sevate

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118 prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa AjJArtha : tR.pu. e.va.: gacchatu vidhiliGga ke prAcIna rUpa : acche, abbhe, icche, labhe, samAraMbhe, haNe bhUta kRdanta : akkhAta, nAta (jJAta), pavedita, suta preraka rUpa : kAreti, kArAveti karmaNi prayoga : chijjati, vuccati *

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pariziSTa 119 ba. prAcIna zvetAmbara jaina Agama-graMtha 'isibhAsiyAI'* meM se uddhRta mUla ardhamAgadhI kI vaha zabdAvalI jo mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva se vaMcita raha gyii| k- -- - akAmakArI aNubhAsaka aNeka aNNAyaka andhakAra pAvakaM pAvakAri purekaDaM phalavivAka bAhuka -k-=-gparivvAyaga loga vaNNAga bhaddaka bhAvakA vAgaraNa vivAga saga (svaka) siloga AkAra bhAsaka mamaka Akula Amaka uppAyaka ulUka ekaM ekaguNena ekanta ekA kaMDaka kammakArI kiMpAka gavesaka mUlaka mUlAkaM mUlaseka loka vajjaka vaNImaka vikappa vipAka satthaka sallakArI savvakamma savvakAla sAkaDia siloka sukara soka -ga-=-gaaNAgata Agata upAgata uraga kAmabhoga jAgara joga jogaMdharAyaNa jogakaNNA Nagara celaka jAlakaM paDikAra paNAyikA paraloka pavakAraghara NAga paoga payoga paraloga paribhoga

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120 bhagavaM bhAgiNa bhoga miga migAri rAga roga rogI vavagata vigata vippaoga virAga saMjoga sarAga sobhAga dhiti prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa bhajissAmi joti bhojaNaM Nipatanti maNuja tatiyaM mahArAja tAtAraM rajejjA titikkhA viNANati tetiliputta vijANittA dummati vijANejjA sahajA dhUtA nIti -ta-=-ta paMDita " aNicatA patiTThA aNNatara pANAtipAta ati atIta pANAtivAta pANAtivAya apatiTThita pitaraM amata mati amitA mahitala arati ahita mAtaraM Atura mAtA itara rati iti viparIta virati vItivatittA eteNa vItikaMta kutUhala saMtati gati satimaM cAturanta sAtA jIvitAto mAtaMga -ca-=-caacalaM acireNa uvacAra bambhacArI bambhacera suciraM -ja-=-jaajAta aNujojita tejasaM tejasA parijaNa etaM ete

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pariziSTa sAsata sota sobhatara hutAsaM hetu arahatA dhImatA aMkurAto aNupassato ito jIvitAto juttito tato davvato dhImato parato, purato bIyAto mUlato vAlAto vejjAto satthAto samantato savvato, hutAsato agghatI acchindati Agacchati udIreti eti kampani khAdati jIvati Nipatanti tappati dijjati deti pappati pabhAsati pavadati pavucyati phassati pAveti phandati bhavati mujjhati labhati vadati vijArNAti vedeti saMcarati saMsarati sajjati samAdiyati saMcati sijjhati sIdati sujjhati sobhati haNati havati hasati hAyati hiMsati hoti kajjate kurute carate vahate dippa pasUyate sevate hasate dhAretu vadatu NivAretuM vAretuM saMvasituM sAhetuM aivAta ajAta aNNAgata aNujojita aNumata aNNAta apatiTThita abbhuvagata 121

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122 vadatu abhibhUta avirata Agata Ahata uvarata kata kIta gahita codita Thita buita bhAsita bhIta bhUta mahabbhUta mohita vavagata virata saMcita saMjuta saMbhUta samita suta suvihita susamAhita hataM hatA hato hArita prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa -d-=-d nirAdANa adattAdANa nivveda AdANa padosa AdAya pamAda Adi pavadati AsAdijja pAda idANiM pAdava uccheda madirA udaga musAvAda udaya mUlaccheda udahi modejjA udAhara vadati udiNNa udIraNA vadantu udIreti vadissAmi udupANa vidittA udumbuka viduNA upadesa visAda uppAdaya visArada kammAdANa vedaNA kAmabheda vedaNijja kovida vedeti khAdati vedenti codita saMpadA cheda jaNavAda samAdiyati NadI savvaccheda NidANa sIdati nArada suddhavAdiNo sadA

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reziSTa 123 sUdaNa hiMsAdANaM hidaya --ya-=-yadhiyAsa Ayudha udaya guNodaya NayaNa NAyaka Niyama tatiya parovaghAta pupphaghAta phalaghAtI lAghavaM lAghavo viNighAta -n----- aMganA anala anavadaggaM anicca anivvANa iMdanAga anuvatta uvanicijjai chinnanAsiyaM parinivvuDaM vanapAdava thirAyu nikAya parakIya paNAyikA payoga pasUyate piya piyA -pa-=-papi upedasa upayara upAgata Nipatanti pANAtipAta bIyAto seyo hidaya -tha-=-thasArathI -dh-=-dhabhidhANa adhagAmI adhara adhiyAsa abhidhANa abhidhAraya anirodhI asAdhu Ayudha idha uvadhi osadha kodha judhira jodha NidhaNa NirAdhAra Nirodha dadhi -kha-=-khsukheNa -gha---gha ripu viparIta vipAka vipula sopAyANa uvaghAta paghAta paDighAta parighAta

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124 duvidhA pattadhara padhANa bahudhA bahuvidha bhUsaNadhArI madhu madhura mammavedhaNI vadhU vAdhi vidhIo virodhI vividha saMdadhe samAdhi sAdhAraNa sAdhu prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa sabhAva subha sobhatara sobhati sobhAga -bhU-=-bh aNubhAsaka abhi- (tIsabAra) asubha Nippabha dullabha bhaTTha pabhava pabhA pabhAsati labhati lAbha lobha vaNNAbha vibhAga vibhAvaNa vibhUsaNa saMNibha -t-=-dU bhavidavvaM -th-=-dhU adhAsaccaM Upara ke ina zabda-prayogoM se pratIta hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI kI zabdAvalI adhikatara pAli ke samAna hI thI jaisA ki pro. harmana yokobI, pro. e. ma. ghATage, muni puNyavijayajI evaM paM. becaradAsajI kA mantavya rahA hai / kAlAntara meM usa para mahArASTrI kA bahuta prabhAva par3A hai kyoMki isa prakAra ke zabda-prayoga, jinameM madhyavartI vyaMjana yathAvat ho, mahArASTrI prAkRta ke viziSTa graMtha gAthAsaptazatI, setubandham, paumacariyaM vajjalaggaM ityAdi meM mileMge kyA ? pro. harmana yokobI dvArA saMpAdita AcArAMga ( prathama zruta-skandha) meM bhI isI prakAra kI zabdAvalI bhI milatI hai paraMtu pro. vAlthara zubiMga dvArA saMpAdita AcArAMga (prathama zruta-skandha) kI zabdAvalI to pUrNataH mahArASTrI meM badala dI gayI hai / isa dRSTi se mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI dvArA prakAzita AcArAMga jadhA tava radhacakka savvadhA suNedha

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pariziSTa 125 kA saMskaraNa yAkobI ke saMskaraNa ke sAtha mela khAtA hai aura mUla ardhamAgadhI ke prAcIna zabda-prayogoM ko prakAza meM lAne ke lie tathA ve zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI se kisa prakAra se alaga haiM yaha darzAne ke lie AcArAMga jaise sabase prAcIna ardhamAgadhI graMtha ke tInoM saMskaraNoM (yAkobI, zubriga aura majaivi.) ke sabhI prayogoM kI tulanAtmaka zabdasUci prakAzita kI jAnI cAhie jisase mUla ardhamAgadhI prAkRta ke viSaya meM hameM adhika spaSTa jAnakArI prApta hogii| isibhAsiyAI kA prAkRta-saMskRta zabda-koza : ke. Ara. candra, prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, ahamadAbAda, 1998

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saMdarbha-graMtha Comparative Grammar of the Prakrit Languages : R. Pischel, 1965. Pali Literature and Language : W. Geiger, 1968. A Comparative Grammar of Middle Indo-Arayan : Sukumar Sen, 1960. Prakrit Languages and Their Contribution to Indian Culture : S.M.Katre, 1949. Historical Grammar of Apabhramsa : G.V. Tagare, 1948. Prakrit Grammar of Hemacandra; P.L. Vaidya, 1958. Desinamamala of Hemacandra by R. Pischel : P. V. Ramanujaswami, 1938. A Critical Study of Mahapurana of Puspadanta (A Critical Study of the Desya and Rare Words) : R. N. Shriyan, 1969. 9. A Manual of Pali : C. V. Joshi, 1939. 10. Introduction to Ardhamagadhi : A. M. Ghatage, 1941. 11. Prakritic Influences Revealed in the Works of Panini, Katyayana and Patanjali : S. D. Laddu (Proceedings of the Seminar on Prakrit Studies (1973) : K. R. Chandra, 1978. 12. Sanskrit-English Dictionary : Sir M. Monier Williams. 13. Pali-English Dictionary : T. W. Rhys Davids & W.Stede. 14. Vedic Grammar : A. A. Macdonell. 15. Early Trace and Origin of the Absolutive Participle -"iu" ____by K. R. Chandra, Vidya (Guj. Univ.) Vol. XXI-2, Aug. 1978. pAiya-sadda-mahaNNavo : ha. tri. zeTha, 1963 / / pAli mahAvyAkaraNa : bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, 1940 18. prAkRta vyAkaraNa : paM. becaradAsa jI. dozI, 1925 19. prAkRta mArgopadezikA : paM. becaradAsa jI. dozI, 1947 20. saMskRta-vyAkaraNa-pravezikA : bAbUrAma saksenA, 1951 21. apabhraMza vyAkaraNa : ha. cU. bhAyANI, 1971 _16. 17.

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