Jain Dharm aur Jivan Mulya

Author(s): Prem Suman Jain
Publisher: Sanghi Prakashan Jaipur
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/003669/1

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ga hara jaina dharma aura jIvana mUlya DaoN. prema sumana jaina SHURI Tommyk * www.jaihelibrary.org

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samatA saMyama aura zrama kI sAdhanA ko apane meM sameTe hue zramaNa dharma sudIrgha kAla se isa deza ke jana-jIvana ko anuprANita kiye hue hai / prAdi deva RSabhadeva se lekara bhagavAna mahAvIra taka ke tIrthakara upadeza jIvana kI sAdhanA dvArA jAMce-parakhe haiM / jainadharma ke jo jIvana-mUlya pratiSThita hue ve vaicArika udAratA, samatA, ahiMsA, apadigraha, svAdhyAya svAdhInatA, puruSArtha Adi ke nAma se vikhyAta haiM / unake sambandha meM lalita zailI meM prAmANika rUpa se prakAza DAlalI hai| yaha pustaka / 'jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya' nAmaka prastuta kRti DA. prema sumana jaina dvArA praNIta vibhinna zoSa-pUrNa evaM cintanapradhAna lekhoM kA eka guladastA hai, jisakI mahaka vartamAna sandarbha meM bhI upAdeya aura paryAvaraNa ko tAjagI pradAna karane vAlI hai| yaha pustaka prathama puSpa hai lekhaka ke prastAvita grantha-catuSTaya gucchaka kA, jo zIghra prakAzya hai| muuly| 90.00 Jain Education Intemational Ramaya

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jainadharma aura jIvana-mUlya

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saMghI prakAzana jayapura udayapura

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jainadharma aura jIvana-mUlya DaoN0 prema sumana jaina saha-AcArya evaM vibhAgAdhyakSa jaina vidyA evaM prAkRta vibhAga sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura saMghI prakAzana jayapura udayapura

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prakAzaka : vijendra kumAra saMghI saMghI prakAzana sI- 177, mahAvIra mArga, mAlavIya nagara, jayapura - 302017 zAkhA : bApU bAjAra, udayapura - 313001 mUlya : nabbe rupaye saMghI prakAzana, jayapura - udayapura dvArA prakAzita / prathama saMskaraNa : 1990 sarvAdhikAra : lekhakAdhIna / jeka prinTarsa, jayapura - 302018 JAIN DHARM AUR JEEVAN-MOOLYA By Dr. Prem Suman Jain mudrita / Rs. 90.00

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prAthamikI mAnava sabhyatA ke sAtha udita hokara jaina dharma nirantara gatizIla hotA rahA hai| prAdi tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva dvArA pratipAdita isa dharma ne jana-sAdhAraNa ko susaMskRta banAyA evaM use jIne kI kalA sikhAyI / isa paramparA ke anya jitendriya mahApuruSoM ne karuNA aura sAdhanA ke samanvaya kA mArga prazasta kiyA / prAtma-sAkSAtkAra kI paddhati dvArA mAnava ko abhayI aura niHsaMga banane kI preraNA isa dharma ke sAdhakoM dvArA dI gayI / Atma-saMyamI jinoM kI paramparA ke aMtima tIrthaGkara bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jainadharma ko vyavasthita kara use loka bhogya bnaayaa| jaina AcAryoM ke sAhitya ne isa dharma aura darzana ko dezavyApI banA diyaa| jar3a aura cetana ke vyavasthita tattva nirUpaNa ne jaina dharma ko jahA~ vaijJAnika dharAtala pradAna kiyA vahAM anekAnta-dRSTi kI sampannatA ne vicAroM kI udAratA ko dRr3ha kiyaa| jainadharma kI vizuddha prAcAra-saMhitA ne eka aura naitika mUlyoM kI pratiSThA kI to dUsarI ora dhyAna aura sAdhanA se sAdhakoM ne svatantratA kA anubhava kiyaa| isase samatA, ahiMsA aparigraha, svAdhyAya, puruSArtha, sevA, udAratA mAdi aneka jIvana-mUlya upasthita hue, jinakI prApti manuSya kA mukhya dhyeya banA/ banAnA cAhie / jainadharma aura usameM pratiSThita jIvana-mUlyoM ke sambandha meM nirantara cintanamanana mana meM calatA rahA hai| svAdhyAya kI lambI avadhi meM ina para jo kucha bhI, jahA~ kahIM hamane likhA yA use prakAzita kiyA usa sabako vyavasthita aura saMzodhita rUpa meM isa pustaka meM bahu-jana hitAya prastuta kiyA gayA hai| vibhinna zodha pUrNa lekhoM kA yaha eka guladastA hai, jisakI mahaka vartamAna sandarma meM bhI upAdeya aura paryAvaraNa ko tAjagI pradAna karane vAlI hai| isa prastaka ke pAThakoM meM jainadharma ko aura bhadhika gaharAyI se jAnane kI jijJAsA bar3he tathA jIvana-mUlyoM ke prati unakI pratibadvatA ho, yahI hamArA pratipAdya hai / pustaka ke prakAzaka zrI vijendra saMghI aura prakAzana-sahayogI zrI ema. Ara. miNDA ceriTebala TrasTa kI yaha sAmAyika hI kahI jAyegI ki ve isa vyAvasAyika daura meM bhI dharma aura naitika mUlyoM ke pratiSThApaka sAhitya ke prakAzana meM sakriya ruci rakhate haiN| unake sahayoga ke lie prAbhAra / mahAbIra jayantI, 1990 prema samana jaina

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prakAzana-sahayogI saMsthA zrI ema. Ara, miNDA ceriTebala TrasTa 132, bar3A bAjAra, udayapura-313001, phona-23917 sthApanA: isa TrasTa kI sthApanA sva. zrI motIlAla miNDA ne san 1978 meM kI thii| TrasTa kI sthApanA kI pRSThabhUmi meM unakI yaha bhAvanA thI ki zikSA, sevA evaM adhyAtma ke una kAryoM ko isa TrasTa dvArA sahayoga pradAna kiyA jAya jo samAja evaM rASTra ke utthAna va saMrakSaNa meM upayogI hoN| uddezya evaM pravRttiyAM :-- (i) ucca zikSA prApta karane vAle honahAra, meghAvI eva jarUratamaMda vidyArthiyoM ko Arthika sahayoga pradAna karanA / (i) zikSA, sAhitya evaM saMskRti ke saMrakSaNa, vikAsa evaM prakAzana ke kAryoM meM yathA-saMbhava sahayoga pradAna karanA / (iii) samAja ke sAdhanahIna evaM asahAya kintu karmaTha evaM utsAhI una vyaktiyoM ko sahayoga pradAna karanA jo svAvalambana evaM sadAcAra kA jIvana jInA ca hate haiN| (iv) zikSA, cikitsA-suvidhA evaM jIvikopArjana hetu vibhinna pravRttiyoM kA saMcAlana krnaa| (v) TrasTa ke dvArA 1987 meM sukhAr3iyA vizvagdyiAlaya, udayapura meM Ayojita rASTrIya saMgoSThI ke avasara para usakI 'jainavidyA-smArikA' ke prakAzana meM sahayoga pradAna kiyA gayA hai / (vi) prastuta 'janadharma aura jIvana-mUlya' pustaka ke prakAzana meM TrasTa ne AMzika anudAna pradAna kara sAMskRtika mUlyoM kI pratiSThA aura jainadharma ke prasAra. kArya meM sahayoga kiyA hai / prAzA hai, pAThakagaNa isase lAbhAnvita hoNge| TrasTI mahAvIra prasAda miNDA ema. esa. sI. (bhU-vijJAna), ema. e. (prAkRta)

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anukrama 50 1. zramaNa dharma kI paramparA 2. jaina saMskRti kA vaiziSTya 3. mahAvIra ke cintana-kaNa 4. anekAnta : vaicArika udAratA 5. jaina dharma kA AdhAra : samatA 6. jaina prAcAra-saMhitA ahiMsA : svarUpa evaM prayoga 8. aparigraha ke naye kSitija 9. svAdhyAya : jJAna kI kujI 10. karma evaM puruSArtha jainadharma : badalate sandarbho meM 12. paryAvaraNa-saMtulana aura jainadharma 13. mahAyAnI Adarza aura jainadharma 14. kumbhAkAlIna mevAr3a meM jainadharma 15. jana sAhitya meM jIvana-mUlya 60 11. 66 70 79 85 95 101 120

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prathama zramaNa dharma kI paramparA bhAratIya saMskRti ke kisI bhI pakSa ko pUrNatayA udghATita karane ke lie jaina saMskRti ke adhyayana-anusandhAna kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai| kyoMki isake udgama evaM vikAsa kI paramparA eka samAnAntara AdhAra para agrasita huI hai| jaina saMskRti ke udgama evaM vikAsa kA parijJAna usameM svIkRta kAlagaNanA ke AdhAra para hI karanA adhika saMgata hogaa| kyoMki hara bAta kI prAcInatA evaM prAmANikatA ko veda aura pAzcAtya adhyayana se hI prArambha karanA jarUrI nahIM hai| usake Age bhI socA jAnA caahie| prAcInatA jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra sRSTi kA kabhI Atyantika nAza nahIM hogA, ataH usake racanA-kAla kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA / vaha zAzvata hai / krama-hrAsavAda va kramavikAsavAda ke AdhAra para samaya vyatIta hotA hai| yuga banate haiM / aura unase isa vizva meM kramaza: avasarpaNa aura utsarpaNa hotA hai / sukha se dukha kI ora aura dukha se sukha kI ora bar3hanA mAnava sRSTi kI yahI do sthitiyAM jaina dRSTi dvArA svIkRta haiN| inhIM do sthitiyoM ke bIca mAnava sabhyatA va saMskRti parivartita hotI rahatI hai / ye do sthitiyAM chaha bhAgoM meM vibhAjita haiM-1- ati sukharUpa 2- sukharUpa 3.. sukhadukharUpa 4- dukha-sukharUpa 5- dukharUpa aura 6- atidukharUpa / jaina paramparA ne ina chaha kAloM meM kaba kyA sthiti huI hai evaM hogI isakA vistRta vivecana kiyA hai| avasarpaNa kI prAdi sabhyatA atyanta sarala aura sahaja thii| bhUmi snigdha, miTrI atizayaniSTha evaM nadiyoM kA jala madhura va nirmala hotA thA / usa samaya yogalika vyavasthA thI / mAtA-pitA, putra evaM putrI ko janma dekara cha: mAha bAda maraNa ko prApta ho jAte the| navajAta yugma samaya Ane para eka Age ke yugma ko janma detA thaa| kisI taraha kI kauTumbika vyavasthA na hone se koI uttaradAyitva nahIM thaa| ataH koI vyagratA nahIM thii| jIvana kI AvazyakatAeM bahuta sImita thiiN| jo bhI thoM, unakI pUrti dasa prakAra ke vRkSoM se ho jAtI thii| ina vRkSoM ko kalpavRkSa kahA gayA hai-prarthAt aise vRkSa jo manuSyoM kI saba icchAmoM kI pUrti kara sakeM / prakRti

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya aura mAnavIya tattvoM kA yaha aise samizraNa kA yuga thA jahAM dharma-sAdhanA, pApa-puNya, UMca-nIca Adi kinhIM dvandvAtmaka pravRttiyoM kA astitva nahIM thA / jaina purANakAroM ne aisI paristhiti ke yuga ko bhogabhUmi vyavasthA kA yuga kahA hai| kyoMki usameM Age AnevAlI karma-bhUmi sambandhI vyavasthAoM kA prabhAva thaa| avasarpiNI kAlacakra kA dUsarA aura lagabhaga tIsarA vibhAga bhI kramazaH bIta gayA / kAlaprabhAva se sabhI bAteM hrAsonmukha hone lagIM / pRthvI kA svabhAva, pAnI kA svAda, padArthoM kI yatheSTa upalabdhi kramazaH kama hotI gii| kalpavRkSoM ko lekara chInA-jhapaTI hone lgii| isalie isa asurakSA kI sthiti ne surakSA evaM sahayoga kA prAhvAna kiyaa| isase sAmUhika vyavasthA pratiphalita huI, jise 'kula' nAma diyA gayA hai / eka yugala prathama bAra hAthI para ArUr3ha huaa| anya yugaloM ne use apanA mukhiyA mAna liyA / isa prathama kulakara ne kalpavRkSAdi kA baMTavArA kara vyavasthA ko prAge bddh'aayaa| jaina-paramparA meM isa taraha ke 14 kulakaroM kI mAnyatA hai| pratyeka kulakara ne vyavasthA meM kucha na kucha sudhAra kiye aura usI anupAta meM anya aneka samasyAeM bhI janma letI rahIM / antima kulakara nAbhi the| inake samaya taka eka ora jahA~ aparAdhoM kI vRddhi huI vahA~ hAkAra, mAkAra aura dhikkAra jaisI nyAyasaMgata daNDa vyavasthA kA bhI prAdurbhAva huaa| isase yugala bhIta rahate aura sImita kalpavRkSoM ke upayoga se apanA jIvana-yApana karate rahate the / kramazaH isa sthiti meM bhI parivartana huaa| antima kulakara nAbhi ke samaya yaugalika sabhyatA kSINa hone lgii| yaha yaugalika sabhyatA aura Aja kI tathAkathita Adhunika sabhyatA kA sandhikAla thaa| kulakara nAbhi maura unakI patnI marudevI ke jo yugala utpanna huA usako prathama bAra nAmakaraNa saMskAra ke dvArA nAma pradAna kiye gaye / putra kA nAma RSabhadeva evaM sahajAta kanyA kA nAma sumaMgalA rakhA gyaa| ghaTanA vizeSa ko lekara pRthaka-pRthaka samUhoM ke pRthaka-pRthaka vaMza banAnA prArambha ho gaye / aura vibhinna paramparAyeM cAlU ho gyiiN| RSabhadeva ke bAlyakAla meM eka adbhuta ghaTanA ghttii| eka yugala apane putra va putrI ko eka tAr3a ke vRkSa ke nIce baiThAkara svayaM kadalIvana meM krIDA ke lie calA gayA / devayoga se eka bar3A phala TUTA aura kisalaya ke samAna komala isa putra para pdd'aa| usakI akAla hI mRtyu ho gyii| yaha pahalI akAla mRtyu thii| yaugalika mAtA-pitA ke dehAnta ke bAda vaha kanyA akelI vicaraNa karane lgii| logoM ko yaha nayA anubhava huaaa| unhoMne usa kanyA ko le jAkara nAbhi ko sauMpa diyA / nAbhi ne RSabhadeva ke yauvana prApta karane para sahajAta sumaMgalA aura usa akelI kanyA sunandA kA unase vivAha kara diyaa| apanI bahina ke atirikta dUsarI kanyA ke sAtha bhI vivAha sambandha ho sakatA hai, isakA yaha pahalA prayoga thaa| sumaMgalA ne

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zramaNa dharma kI paramparA bharata va brAhmI ko janma diyA aura sunandA ne bAhabali aura sundarI ko| prAge calakara inhoMne bhI isa nayI vaivAhika paramparA ko apane sambandhoM dvArA puSTa kiyaa| usa samaya kI tAtkAlika arAjakatA ne rAjya vyavasthA ko janma diyaa| loga apanI zikAyata lekara nAbhi ke pAsa phuNce| unhoMne RSabhadeva ko unakA rAjA ghoSita kiyA / prajA ne RSabhadeva kA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyaa| RSabhadeva ne rAjA kA kartavya nibhAte hae AvAsa samasyA ke samAdhAna hetu nagara-grAma basAye / ayodhyA kA nirmANa sarvaprathama humA / mantrImaNDala kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| mArakSaka varga kI sthApanA huI / rAjyazakti kI surakSA ke lie senA aura senApati rakhe gaye / aura isa taraha mAnava sabhyatA ke aAdi yuga kA prArambha humA / isa yuga ke prArambha hote hI khAdya-samasyA ne jora pkdd'aa| kandamUla, phala, puSpa, patra Adi ke sAtha kRSi dvArA utpanna gehUM, cane, dhAna prAdi amAja kA bhI vyavahAra hone lgaa| kintu pAcana-kriyA ke abhAva meM prANiyoM ko yaha bhI hitakara nahIM huA / lekina samasyA janmate hI samAdhAna bhI prastuta thA / eka dina naI ghaTanA ghaTI / vRkSoM ke paraspara TakarAne se agni kI utpatti huI / RSabhadeva ne usake upayoga kI rIti batalAI / anna pakAkara khAyA jAne lgaa| ataH isa pAka-vidyA ke sAtha hI sAtha miTTI ke pAtra-nirmANa kA kArya bhI prArambha huaA aura zilpa ne janma liyA / jIvana aura adhika sarasa va ziSTa ho aura vyavahAra adhika sugamatA me cala sake, isake liye RSabhadeva ne kalA. lipi va gaNita kA jJAna bhI diyA / yaha paramparA sarvaprathama unake ghara se hI prArambha huii| bharata ne 72 kalAoM kA jJAna kiyA / bAhubali ne prANI-lakSaNa siikhe| putrI brAhmI ne 18 lipiyoM kA jJAna kiyA aura sundarI ne gaNita kA / vyavahAra-sAdhana ke lie mAna (mANa), unmAna (tolA, mAsA Adi), avamAna (gaja, phuTa, inca prAdi) va pratimAna (chaTAMka, sera, mana Adi) vyApArika kalAeM bhI prArambha huiiN| dhIre-dhIre anya sabhI kalAe evaM zilpa vikasita ho gye| RSabhadeva-kAlIna isa sAmAjika vyavasthA kI unnati ke samaya vyaSTi lagabhaga TUTa gaI / samaSTi kAphI mAtrA meM vikasita ho gaI / isa praNAlI se jahAM manuSya kA jIvana kucha sukhamaya banA, bar3hate hue vikAra ruke, vahAM mamatva, svArtha va unase pratimpardhA Adi vikAra bar3hane lge| pahale manuSya ke samakSa sArA prANI-jagat hI apanA bandhu thaa| sabake prati maitrI-bhAva the / vahIM mamatva kI vaha kalpanA bala pakar3ane lagI-yaha merA pitA, bhAI, putra, mAtA evaM patnI hai| isa prakAra ke kauTambika mamatva ke anantara lokeSaNA va dhaneSaNA bhI vikasita huii|

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya isa prakAra RSabhadeva ke samaya taka bhArata kI prAcIna saMskRti eka sunizcita evaM samunnita svarUpa dhAraNa kara cukI thii| kalA, sAhitya, dharma, darzana Adi sabhI kA deza meM vyApaka prabhAva thA / prazna aba yaha hai ki ukta saMskRti kI saMgati bhAratIya saMskRti ke aitihAsika vikAsa-krama meM kahA~ aura kisa prakAra baiThatI hai tathA usakI paramparA kA Aja kyA svarUpa hai ? usakI kyA vizeSatAeM haiM ? mAnava saMskRti eva sabhyatA kA jaina paramparA ne jo citra upasthita kiyA hai vaha nirAdhAra nahIM hai / bhArata kA itihAsa deza kI usa kAla kI vyavasthA ke varNana se prAraMbha hotA hai jaba aAdhunika nAgarika sabhyatA kA vikAsa nahIM huA thaa| janasAdhAraNa samagra rUpa se jaMgaloM ke AdhIna thaa| usakI dainika AvazyakatAe vRkSoM se pUrI hotI thiiN| jaina-paramparA ne aise vRkSoM ko, jo manuSyoM kI saba icchAoM kI pUrti kara sakeM, kalpavRkSoM kA nAma dekara apanI sUjhabUjha kA paricaya diyA hai / samUce mAnavajIvana kA nAma kalpavRkSa hai, jisake dvArA vyakti apane sarvotkRSTa abhISTa kI bhI prApti kara sakatA hai| ___ jaina purANakAroM ne jisa paristhiti ke yuga ko bhogabhami kA nAma diyA hai vaha bhAratIya sabhyatA ke usa yuga kA dyotaka hai jaba koI kauTambika vyavasthA nahIM thii| mAtA-pitA apane Upara santAna kA koI uttaradAyitva hI anubhava nahIM kara pAte the / pApa-puNya, U~ca-nIca, dharma-adharma prAdi kinhIM dvandAtmaka pravRttiyoM ne jaba janma nahIM liyA thA / jahA~ bhoga pradhAna thA evaM karma gaurA / jise hama Adhunika sabhyatA kA prArambhika yuga kahate haiM use hI jana cintakoM ne karmabhUmi kA nAma diyA hai| isI yuga se manuSya kRSi, aSi, maSi, zilpa Adi jIvikA ke kAryoM ko karanA prArambha karatA hai / ataH isa prakAra yadi thor3I gaharAI se dekheM to bhAratIya sabhyatA ke prArambhika yuga ke pUrva kI mAnava sabhyatA kA jaina paramparA ke anusAra jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai usameM sacAI to hai hI, prastutIkaraNa meM vaijJAnikatA bhI kama nahIM hai / bhagavAn RSabhadeva dvArA pravartita evaM parivaddhita jaina saMskRti kI paramparA kA eka nizcita krama hameM upalabdha hotA hai / isa paramparA ko vikasita karane meM mukhyatayA tIna AdhAra parilakSita hote haiM / svayaM RSabhadeva, unake bAda ke 22 tIrthaGkara tathA bhagavAn mahAvIra aura unakI shissy-prmpraa| bhagavAva RSabhadena __RSabhadeva ke samaya kI sabhyatA evaM saMskRti mAnava ke prArambhika svarUpa kI dyotaka hai / usa samaya mAnava itanA sarala aura jar3a thA ki use apane svayaM ke peTa bharane kA jJAna nahIM thaa| bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne use karma karane kI preraNA dii| usakI buddhi ko sphurita kiyaa| puruSArtha ko jgaayaa| taba vana-sabhyatA meM jIne

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zramaNa dharma kI paramparA vAlA mAnava nagara sabhyatA ke nirmANa meM juTa gayA aura dhIre-dhIre sukha-samRddhi kA svAmI ho gayA, saMskRti kA vAhaka / isa saMskRti kI apanI eka maulika vizeSatA thI, jisa kAraNa vaha bAda meM vikasita anya saMskRtiyoM ke sAtha gatizIla hone para bhI apane alaga astitva kI paramparA rakha skii| RSabhadeva ke uparAnta Ane vAle ajitanAtha Adi vibhinna tIrthaGkaroM ne isa saMskRti kA poSaNa kiyA aura ukta sadAcAra pradhAna yogadharma kA punaH pracAra kiyA, jise zramaNa dharma ke nAma se Aja hama jAnate haiM / zramaNa paramparA kA prArambha jisa saMskRti se harA vaha Arya evaM vaidika saMskRti ke pUrva kI thI / sindhu ghATI kI sabhyatA ke samaya jisa saMskRti kA AbhAsa anumAna Aja hama lagAte haiM vaha zramaNa saMskRti se adhika sAmya rakhatI hai, jise aAja draviNa saMskRti kahate haiN| kyoMki mUrti pUjA, nagna devatAmoM kI arcanA, sarpa, yakSa, kinnara Adi laukika-devatAoM kI tathA ziva bhakti Adi ke ullekha mAnava kI usa prArambhika avasthA kI ora saMketa karate haiM jo RSabhadeva se prAraMbha huI thii| bAIsa tIrthaGkara siMdhughATI sabhyatA meM prApta avazeSoM ke AdhAra para pratIta hotA hai ki usake puraskartA prAcIna vidyAdhara jAti ke loga the / tathA unake preraka evaM dhArmika mArgadarzaka madhyadeza ke ve mAnavavaMzI mUla prArya the, jo tIrthaGkaroM ke prAtmadharma aura zramaNa saMskRti ke upAsaka the| tIsare tIrthakara sambhavanAtha se lekara nauveM tIrthakara puSpadanta taka kA kAla sindhu sabhyatA ke vikAsa kA kAla mAnA jA sakatA hai / sambhavanAtha kA vizeSa cinha azva hai aura sindhu deza cirakAla taka apane saindhava azvoM ke lie prasiddha rahA hai| mauryakAla taka sindha meM eka sambhUtara janapada aura sAMbhava (saMbUja) jAti ke loga vidyamAna the, jo bahuta sambhava hai tIrthakara sambhavanAtha ke mUla anuyAyiyoM kI hI vaMzaparamparA meM rahe hoN| isI taraha isa sabhyatA meM nAgaphaNa ke chatra se yukta yogI-mUrtiyA~ bhI prApta huI haiM, jo sAtaveM tIrthaMkara supArzva kI ho sakatI haiN| inakA cinha svastika hai aura tatkAlIna sindhu ghATI meM svastika eka atyanta lokapriya cinha dRSTigocara hotA hai / supArzva se puSpadanta paryanta kA kAla isa sabhyatA ke vikAsa kA kAla hai| isI samaya har3appA kI sabhyatA kA vikAsa prArambha huA lagatA hai| jaina saMskRti kI isI prAcInatA ke kAraNa sambhavatayA use anAdi kahA gayA hai / vaidika saMskRti ke vikasita svarUpa aura ziSTa vAtAvaraNa ko dekha kara yahI lagatA hai ki apane pUrva kI laukika saMskRti ke viparIta evaM pratikriyA svarUpa isakA vikAsa huA hai| isa prAcIna saMskRti ke laukika devatAoM kA sthAna indra, varuNa prAdi samRddhizAlI devatAoM ne le liyaa| saMyama aura sAdhanA kI jagaha vibhinna prakAra ke hiMsaka yajJoM ne le lii| paramapada kI prApti ke sthAna para kevala ihalaukika

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya sukha aura svarga kI prApti taka hI dhArmika kAryoM kA uddezya raha gyaa| phira bhI ahiMsA aura adhyAtma ke tattva zramaNa saMskRti ke mAdhyama astitva meM bane rhe| ___ bhagavAna, RSabhadeva ke samaya kI saMskRti ne kevala vaidika saMskRti ko hI prabhAvita nahIM kiyA balki usake kucha maulika tatva bAda meM bhI apanA astitva banAye rahe aura vikasita hote rhe| Rgveda meM vAtarazanA muniyoM kA ullekha, bAda meM vrAtyoM evaM yatiyoM kI jIvanacaryA ke varNana tathA RSabhadeva Adi ke ullekha isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki eka avaidika sAdhakoM kI paramparA nirantara gatizIla rahI hai, jisase bAda ke krAntikArI sAdhakoM ne janma liyA hai / RSabhadeva ke bAda aura neminAtha ke pUrva ke bIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke samaya kI saMskRti kA yadyapi koI vivaraNa prApta nahIM hai / kevala unakI jIvanI Adi ke ullekha milate haiN| lekina unakI aitihAsikatA meM sandeha karane kA kAraNa bhI nahIM dikhAyI pdd'taa| jaina-paramparA isa bAta ko mAnakara calatI hai ki bhagavAn RSabha ke samaya loga sarala aura ajJAnI (Rju jar3a) the ataH unako karma ke lie prerita kara taiyAra karanA bahuta jarUrI thA / vaha RSabhadeva ne kiyA / aura usakA jaina purANakAroM ne vistRta vivaraNa bhI prastuta kiyA hai| lekina bAda ke tIrthaMkaroM ke samaya ke loga sarala aura buddhimAna (Rju-prajJa) ho gaye the / jo bAta eka bAra samajhA dI jAtI thI usakA ve AcaraNa karane lagate the| ataH unameM kisI vizeSa parivartana kI pAvazyakatA nahIM thI / tIrthaMkara hote rahe / apane kalyAgA ke sAtha hI sAtha upadeza dekara dUsaroM kA kalyANa bhI karate rahe / sabakI sabhI kriyAeM jaina-mAnyatA ke anusAra samAna thIM / ataH kisI eka kA koI vizeSa vivaraNa sAhitya meM nahIM diyA gyaa| parantu tIrthaGakara naminAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke samaya ke logoM kI pravRtti kucha bhinna thii| ataH unake sAtha kucha vizeSa ghaTanAeM ghaTIM aura unake jIvana-carita kA vivaraNa denA Avazyaka ho gayA / vahI itihAsa bana gayA / nami mithilA ke rAjA the / inheM hindU purANoM meM bhI janaka kA pUrvaja mAnA gayA hai / nami kI pravrajyA evaM tapasyA kA varNana samAna rUpa se jaina, vaidika evaM bauddha paramparA ke prAkRta, saMskRta aura pAli sAhitya meM yatra-tatra milatA hai, jo bhAratIya adhyAtma sambandhI niSkAma karma va anAsakti bhAvanA ke prakAzana ke lie sarvotkRSTa sAdhana haiN| nami kI anAsakti vRtti mithilA meM janaka taka pAyI jAtI hai aura zAyada isI kAraNa vaMza aura unakA samasta pradeza videha (deha se nirmoha, jIvanamuka) khlaayaa| bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI aitihAsikatA aba prAmANika ho cukI hai / pArzvanAtha kA jaina saMskRti para gaharA prabhAva pdd'aa| RSabhadeva kI sarvasva tyAgarUpa akiMcana, munivRtti, nami kI nirIhatA va neminAtha kI ahiMsA ko unhoMne apane cAturyAma

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zramaNa dharma kI paramparA rUpa sAmayika dharma meM vyavasthita kiyA, jisase ahiMsA, satya, acaurya va aparigraha grAdi ke middhAnta pratiphalita hue / mahAvIra aura unakI ziSya-paramparA antima tIrthaGa kara mahAvIra kA samaya eka vizeSa prakAra kI paristhiti se gujara rahA thaa| isa samaya ke loga Rju-jar3a aura Rtu-prAjJa kI jagaha vakra-jar3a ho cale the / ajJAnI to the hI anAr3I bhI the| ata: isa samaya eka vizeSa prakAra ke parivartana kI aAvazyakatA thii| kevala saiddhAntika vivecana mAtra se kAma calane vAlA nahIM thaa| ata: mahAvIra ne pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAma ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue paMcavatoM kA prasAra kiyA, jisameM ahiMsA pradhAna tho| tathA ina siddhAntoM ko vyAvahArika rUpa dene ke lie unhoMne muni, prAyikA, zrAvaka evaM zrAvikA ke rUpa meM caturvidha saMgha ko vyavasthita evaM prayogAtmaka rUpa pradAna kiyA tathA mahAvrata aura aNuvratoM dvArA unakI sAdhanA ko maryAdita kiyA / ___ isa prakAra jaina saskRti bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke samaya kI prAcI se udita ho mahAvIra taka dedIpyamAna ho utthii| isa bIca usane binA kisI bhedabhAva ke samasta mAnava-jagat ko pAlokita kiyaa| sayama dvArA mAnava ko mAnamika zAnti pradAna kI, aparigrahavAda kA udaghoSa kara use lipsA aura damana se bacAyA tathA ahiMsA jaise sarvavyApI siddhAnta kA pracAra kara prANImAtra ko surakSA pradAna kii| hiMsaka yajJoM kA virodha kara deza kI Arthika paristhiti ko sudRr3ha kiyA / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke bAda jaina saMskRti ke pravAha meM aneka mor3a pAye / mahAvIra kI ziSya-paramparA brAhmANa vidvAnoM se prArambha huI aura bAda meM bhI prAya: vaidika kriyAkANDoM kI vyarthatA ko samajhakara aneka brAhmaNa vidvAnoM ne zramaNa saMgha ke nAyakatva ko samhAlA / yaha bAta jitane Azcarya kI hai, utane hI gaurava kI / vaidika kriyAkANDa ke poSaka brAhmaNa jaina dharma se prabhAvita hokara usake prasAra-pracAra kA kArya samhAleM yaha koI choTI bAta nahIM hai| kintu gaharAI se vicAra kara dekhe to yahI pratIta hotA hai ki eka ora jaina dharma ke AcAryoM ne jahA~ apanI pratibhA aura vyaktitva ke dvArA ina brAhmaNa vidvAnoM ke hRdaya meM hiMsaka kriyAkANDoM kI nissAratA sthApita kI, vahA~ jaina dharma ke mAnava kalyANakArI kucha siddhAntoM ne bhI ina brAhmaNoM ko kama AkarSita nahIM kiyaa| brAhmaNa vidvAnoM dvArA jaina saMgha ke nAyakatva ko samhAla lene meM zramaNa saMskRti ko duharA phAyadA huA / prathama, ina brAhmaNa vidvAnoM ke dvArA, jo vaidika samAja ke bahubhAga kA pratinidhitva karate the, apane sampradAyoM aura mAnyatAoM ko chor3akara jaina dharma ko svIkAra kara lene para anya vaidika matAvalambI sAdhAraNa loga apane Apa jaina dharma ke prati sahiSNu ho gye| apane AcArya ko jaina dharma meM dIkSita

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya hote dekha unakA anukaraNa karane lge| isase sarvasAdhAraNa taka anAyAsa hI jaina dharma pracArita ho gayA / dUsare, jaina saMskRti kI aneka bAteM vaidika sAhitya va samAja meM svIkAra kara lI gaI / isa sahiSNutA ke vAtAvaraNa meM jainAcAryoM ke prayatnoM aura aneka rAjAoM ke sahayoga se jaina dharmaM bhArata ke vibhinna prAntoM meM kramazaH vikasita hotA rahA / 8 isa prakAra mAnava sabhyatA ke sAtha zIla hotI rahI / RSabhadeva ke samaya se bhAratIya saMskRti ko karuNA aura sAdhanA kA mahAvIra dvArA IsA pUrva chaThI zatI meM suvyavasthita svarUpa pAkara unake anuyAyiyoM dvArA dezavyApI bana gayI / usane samaya-samaya para uttara aura dakSiNa bhArata ke udita hokara jaina saMskRti nirantara gatijanasAdhAraNa ko susaMskRta banAtI huI, antima tIrthaGkara sandeza detI huI, vibhinna rAjavaMzoM evaM bahujana samAja ko prabhAvita evaM vizeSatAoM ke phalasvarUpa vaha avicchinna apanA astitva surakSita rakhe hue hai / kiyA tathA apane prAntarika guNoM dhArAvAhI rUpa se Aja taka deza meM 100

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dvitIya jaina saMskRti kA vaiziSTaya "jina prAntarika guNoM ke bala para jaina dharma gata tIna-cAra hajAra varSoM se isa deza ke jana-jIvana meM vyApta hai, ve haiM-usakI prAdhyAtmika bhUmikA, naitika vinyAsa evaM vyAvahArika upayogitA aura santulana / " DA. hIrAlAla jaina ke isa kathana kI puSTi jana saMskRti kI nimna katipaya vizeSatAoM ko spaSTa karane se ho jAtI hai / tattvajJAna-nirUpaNa mAnava jIvana ke vizleSaNa ke lie jaina dharma ke pravartakoM ne sampUrNa vizva kA vibhAjana jIva aura ajIva ina do tattvoM meM kiyA hai| yahI do tattva sampUrNa sRSTi ke mUla AdhAra haiM / ina donoM kA pArasparika svAbhAvika samparka saMsAra ke prANiyoM kI ananta dazAyeM haiM / isa samparka kA Agamana aura bandhana hI prANiyoM kA bhAgyanirmAtA hai, jo nAnA kaluSita bhAvanAmoM se saMbhava hai| tathA isI samparka kA nirodha aura sarvathA vinAza, jo mana-vacana-kAya ke saMyama se sambhava hai, usa sarvotkRSTa avasthA kA udghATaka hai jise prApta karanA samasta dhArmika kriyAoM va pAcaraNa kA antima dhyeya hai| jar3a aura cetana kI isa tattva-vyavasthA kA, vijJAna kA carama vikAsa bhI virodha nahIM kara sakA, Age cala kara vaha use prAmANikatA bhale pradAna kare / isa tattvajJAna ko jAnakArI ke abhAva meM prANI bhrAnta hue bhaTakate aura bandhana meM par3e rahate haiM / ataH isa tathya ko aora saccI dRSTi, usake sacce jJAna aura tadanusAra AcaraNa karane kI preraNA jaina saMskRti ne dI hai / jJAna aura vijJAna ke samanvaya kA yaha Adarza udAharaNa hai| udAra vaicArika dRSTi jaina saskRti kA darzana pakSa jitanA samRddha hai, utanA vyAvahArika bhI / jaina dharma ne tattva-vicAra kI eka maulika atizaya divya paddhati jagat ko pradAna kI hai| samaya-samaya para isake diggaja AcAryoM ne satya ko parakhane kA jo mArga prazasta kiyA hai, usase anya dArzanikoM ko apane cintana ko vyApaka karane kA maukA milA hai| jaina darzana apanI isI udAratA ke kAraNa sabake sAtha sAmajasya rakha sakA hai| usakI

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10 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya udAra vaicArika dRSTi ko samajhane ke lie anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda ko hI samajha lenA paryApta hai| paraspara virodhI vicAroM ke pravAha hone kA prAdhAra vastu kA aneka dharmA honA hai / pratyeka vastu apane svabhAva meM, guNoM meM aura sampannatA meM anantatA se yukta hai / ata: pRthaka-pathaka dRSTikoNa se vastuoM ko samajhanA aura vibhinna dRSTikoNoM ko samucita rUpa se samanvita karane kA prayAsa hI anekAntavAda hai / tathA anekAntavAda siddhAnta ko vyakta karane vAlI sApekSa bhASA-paddhati hI syAdvAda hai| isakA artha hai, vastu ke jisa pakSa ko lekara hama bola rahe haiM kevala vahI satya nahIM hai, usakA dUsarA aMza bhI satya ho sakatA hai| ataH usake jAnane vAle ko bhI abhivyakti kI svatantratA hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana anekAnta ke rUpa meM tattvajJAna kI yathArtha dRSTi pradAna kara eka aora satya kA digdarzana karatA hai to dUsarI ora syAdvAda ke dvArA dArzanika jagat meM samanvaya ke lie sundara AdhAra tayAra karatA hai / yadi tattva kI vicAraNA aura satya kI gaveSaNA meM sarvatra anekAnta dRSTi apanAI jAya to dhArmika saMgharSa, dArzanika vivAda, paMthoM kI nAkAbadI aura sampradAyoM kA kalaha svayameva tirohita ho jAya / isase mAnava-saMskRti kI AtmA ko bhI AghAta nahIM pahuMcatA tathA samatva darzana kI preraNA ko bala milatA hai / manuSya kI dRSTi udAra, vizAla aura satyonmukhI banatI hai| samatA kA udaghoSa jaina dharma dvArA praNIta samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna evaM samyagcAritra ke mUla maMtra meM prANI mAtra kA kalyANa nihita hai| aura virodha meM sAmanjasya, kalaha meM zAnti va jIva mAtra ke prati prAtmIyatA kA bhAva utpanna karanA hI isa triratna kI sAdhanA hai| isakI prAnuSAMgika sAdhanAeM haiM - ahiMmA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya praura aparigraha rUpa niyama tathA kSamA. mRdutA Adi guNa / nAnA prakAra ke vratoM aura upavAsoM, bhAvanAoM, tapasyAnoM aura yogoM kA uddezya vizvajanIna yAtmavRtti prApta karanA hai| samatva kA bodha aura abhyAsa karanA hI anekAnta va syAdvAda jaise siddhAntoM kA sAdhya hai| samatA jaina saMskRti meM kitanI vyApaka evaM abhinna hai, yaha dRSTavya hai . jaina dharma kA mUla nAma zramaNa dharma (samaNa dhamma) hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ko "samaNabhagavaM mahAvIraM" Adi sambodhana diye gaye haiN| 'zramaNa' zabda kA artha hI haiupazamana karanA, samatA kA vyavahAra karane vaalaa| donoM artha sArthaka haiM / samatva kA upAsaka vyakti zAMta hogA hii| aura kaSAyoM ke upazamana binA koI vyakti samatva yA samatA pA bhI nahIM sakatA / isa taraha parama-samatva kI vRtti kI sAdhanA hI jinake

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jaina saMskRti kA vaiziSTaya 11 jIvana kA lakSya nizcita hotA hai, aise vItarAgI rAgadveSa ke vijetA hI jina kahalAte haiM / unake upAsaka hI jaina / unake dvArA praNIta prAcAra dharma jaina dharma / unakI tAtvika vicAradhArA hI jaina darzana aura ina sabakA samizraNa hI jaina saMskRti hai / yaha samatA jaina dharma ke pratyeka siddhAMta se udghoSita hotI hai| ahiMsA samatva kI pahalI aura sIdhI sIr3hI hai| samasta prANiyoM meM ekatA praura samatA kA vistAra hI ahiMsA hai / viSamatA ko tirohita karanA hI paryApta hai, samatA to hai hii| asatya, krodha, bhaya, lobha va hAsyAtmaka vyaMgya ke vyavahAra se viSamatA janmatI hai / corI kara apane ko samRddha aura dUsare ko kSINa banAnA viSamatA hai / rAga-bhAva ke asantulana kA pariNAma hI viSaya-lolupatA hai| tathA parigraha to spaSTa rUpa se viSamatA kA pratIka hai / ina samasta viSamatAoM ke vinAza ke lie hI ahiMsA, satya, pracaurya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha dvArA samatA kI sAdhanA pUrNa samadarzI pada taka pahuMca jAtI hai, vahI jIvana kA parama satya hai, mokSa hai / jainAcAra kA naitika prAdarza jaina saMskRti ke naitika aAdarza jaina dharma kI vizuddha prAcAra-prakriyA para AdhArita haiN| jaina dharma meM jitanA vicArapakSa ko puSTa kiyA gayA hai utanA hI prAcAra pakSa ko / prAcAra kI zuddhi ke lie sAdhu evaM gRhastha donoM ke lie kucha nitya kRtyoM kA vidhAna hai / sAmAyika dvArA vyakti samabhAva kI sAdhanA karatA hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke stavana se apane bhAvoM ko pavitra rakhane kI preraNA letA hai| pUjyanIya paruSoM kI vandanA kara vinaya ajita karatA hai| pratikramaNa ke dvArA pramAdavaza haI bhUloM kA pazcAtApa evaM pramArjana karatA hai| kAyotsarga dvArA zarIra ke mamatva ko ghaTAne kA abhyAsa karatA huA pratyakhyAna dvArA apanI samasta icchAoM ke nirodha kA prayatna karatA hai / isa taraha kA dainika abhyAsa eka dina sAdhaka ko sAdhanA kI usa bhUmi para lA khar3A karatA hai jahA~ naitikatA ke sAre Adarza pUrNa ho jAte haiN| aura vaha mukti prApti ke prayatna meM rata ho jAtA hai| pratyeka vyakti jaina saMskRti kI isa AcAra prakriyA ko jisa dina apanA legA sArI anaitikatA usI kSaNa tirohita ho jaayegii| karmavAda : vyakti-svAtantrya jainAcAra kI mUla bhitti karmavAda hai| isI para jaina saMskRti kA ahiMsAvAda, aparigraha evaM anIzvaravAda pratiSThita hai / mana, vacana, kAya kI pravRttiyoM aura kaSAyoM ke dvArA prAtmA meM malInatA kA pAnA hI karmabandhana hai / ahiMsA Adi vratoM ke dvArA saMyama kI sAdhanA karmabadhana ko roka detI hai| aura mana, vacana, kAya kI akhaNDa ekAgratA vAsanAmoM ko kSINa kara tapa ko janma detI hai, jisase pUrva saMcita karma kaTane laga jAte haiN| jisa samaya antaH-bAhya tapoM ke dvArA ajJAna ke sAre prAvaraNa Dhaha

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya jAte haiM, usa samaya zrAtmA se nirlipta ho mukta ho jAtI hai| dhIre-dhIre aisI pravasthA zrAtI hai jisameM andara aura bAhara kI samasta sUkSma aura sthUla kriyAeM ruka jAtI haiM / mana kA vyApAra bhI niruddha ho jAtA hai / AtmA pUrNa paramAtmastha ho jAtI hai / yaha sAdhanA kA anta hai / mukti kI prApti hai / 12 karmavAda kI isa vyavasthita zrRMkhalA se spaSTa hai ki vyakti apane acche bure kArya ke lie svayaM jimmevAra hai / Izvara jaisI usa hastI kI use koI AvazyakatA nahIM jo use saMsAra ke dukhoM se chur3Ane ke lie avatarita hotI rahe / ataH jaina dharma ke tattvajJAna aura karmavAda ke siddhAnta ne vyakti svAtantrya kA jo Adarza upasthita kiyA hai, vaha anyatra milanA durlabha hai / mararaNa - mahotsava janma, jIvana aura maraNa inakA paraspara abhinna sambandha hai / kevala eka ke zodhana se zeSa do meM pavitratA nahIM A jAtI / ata: jaina saMskRti meM jaise janma zraura jIvana ko sudhArane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, vaise bhI maraNa ko / jIne kI kalA meM nipuNa honA jitanA Avazyaka hai, marane kI kalA sIkhanA utanA hI anivArya | kyoMki janma aura jIvana se chuTakArA dene vAlA maraNa hI hai, kArAvAsa se chuTakArA dene vAle jelara kI taraha | ataH jainAcAryoM ne maraNa ko eka mahotsava ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai / jIvana ko sAdhane se adhika prayatna maraNa ko sAdhane meM kiyA hai / isa taraha ke maraNa ko samAdhi maraNa yA sallekhanA kahA gayA hai / zuddha AtmasvarUpa para mana ko kendrita karate hue prANoM kA visarjana samAdhimaraNa hai / samyaka (sat) rUpa se kAya aura kaSAya ko kRza karanA ( lekhanA) saMllekhanA hai / arthAt bAhya aura abhyantara bandhanoM kA saharSa tyAga hI samAdhimaraNa hai / jaina dharma gRhastha evaM sAdhu donoM ke lie isa taraha mRtyu kA svAgata karanA parama kartavya mAnatA hai / maraNa-kAla ke upasthita hone para grAtmA kI amaratA kA dhyAna karate hue apane samasta vyAmoha ko visarjita kara mRtyu kI agavAnI karanA kitanI bar3I samAdhi hai / jisakA anta aisA pavitra evaM nirbandha ho usakA bhaviSya apane prApa sudharA huA hai / isIlie jaina saMskRti kA udghoSa hai- -jaba taka jiyo, dhyAna aura samAdhi kI tanmayatA meM jiyo, ahiMsA aura satya ke prasAra ke lie jiyo, aura jaba mRtyu Aye to Atma-sAdhanA kI pUrNatA ke lie mRtyu kA bhI samAdhipUrvaka varaNa karo / mRtyu ke Ane se mana kI ekAgratA, dhyAna meM tanmayatA kA Ananda lo| ise dhyAna meM rakhate hue hI jaina sAdhu va gRhastha samAdhimaraNa kI AyojanA karate haiM / samAdhimaraNa ko AtmaghAta samajhanA nitAnta bhUla va prajJAnatA hai / zarIra kA moha tyAga aura AtmaghAta donoM eka bAta nahIM hai / pahale meM saMsAra kI vAsta vikatA ko samajhakara zarIra se mamatva haTAne kI bAta hai, aura dUsare meM saMsAra se

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jaina saMskRti kA vaiziSTaya 13 ghabar3Akara zarIra ko naSTa karane kA prayAsa hai / eka meM saMyama kI sAdhanA hai to dUsare meM asaMyama aura bhAvAveza kI taamsiktaa| ata: AtmaghAta aura samAdhimaraNa do nitAnta virodhI bAte haiN| jaina sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI taiyArI ke lie jo Ayojana hai usase yahI pratIta hotA hai mAnoM kisI mahotsava kI taiyArI ho rahI ho / vAstava meM, jinakA punarjanma yA bhAvI jIvana sudhAra rahA ho usake lie to maraNa eka mahotsava hI hai| matyu kA aisA svAgata anyatra dekhane ko nahIM miltaa| santulita samAja-vyavasthA jaina saMskRti kI yaha aisI eka vizeSatA hai jisake kAraNa Aja bhI usakA sthAyitva apanI bhUmi para banA humA hai| samAja ko zramaNa pIra zramaNopAsaka kevala ine do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita karanA jainAcAryoM kI dUradarzitA ko sUcita karatA hai / bhArata meM hI kyA, vizva meM pratyeka dharma ke sAtha yaha vibhAjana hai| vaidika, pArasI evaM muslima dharmoM meM yadyapi sAdhuoM kA vidhAna hai, kintu unakI jIvana-caryA gRhasthoM se adhika bhinna nahIM hai| aisI duvidhA meM ko eka jIvana bhI nahIM sadha pAtA / dUsarI aura bauddha dharma meM yadyapi sAdhu jIvana ko bahuta sAdhA, lekina vaha gRhastha ko na samhAla sakA / kevala pravrajyA ke grAhvAna ne sama ja ko asta-vyasta jarUra kiyA hogA / usake bhArata meM na Tika pAne kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai / jaina saMskRti ke antargata sAdhu eva gRhastha donoM jIvana kI apanI nijI maryAdAeM haiM / apanI alaga sAdhanAeM / vyakti kI kSamatA aura paristhiti donoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara jaina dharma pracArita huaa| vargIkRta hunaa| karmoM ke Agamana ko rokane ke lie gRhastha jIvana meM aNuvratoM kA vidhAna hai| vrata-upavAsoM kI sAdhanA hai / parva-tyauhAroM kA mahattva hai / sacita karmoM ke sarvathA vinAza ke lie mahAvratoM kA pAlana saMyama kI sAdhanA evaM tapazcaraNa anivArya hai| ata: usakI sAdhanA ke lie nirmohI avasthA meM aHnA Avazyaka hai, jo sAdhu-jIvana meM hI sabhava hai / jaina dharma ne isIlie sAdhu evaM gRhastha donoM jIvana meM santulana banAe rkhaa| donoM kI alaga-alaga dainika-caryA evaM sAdhanA Adi ke niyama nizcita kiye| sAdhuoM ke lie mahAvratoM aura gRhasthoM ke lie aNuvratoM kA vidhAna pUrNa rUpa se vyAvahArika hai / pAMca aNuvratoM ke svarUpa para vicAra karane se eka to yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki ina vratoM ke dvArA manuSya kI una vRttiyoM para niyantraNa karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, jo samAja meM mukhya rUpa se vara-virodha kI janaka haiN| dUsara. yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki prAcaraNa kA pariSka ra saralatama rIti se kucha niSedhA. tmaka niyamoM dvArA hI kiyA jA sakatA hai / vyakti jo kriyAe karatA hai ve mUlataH unake svArtha se prerita hotI haiN| una kriyAoM ke hitAhita kA nirNaya kinI mApadaNDa ke nizcita hone para hI saMbhava hai| hiMsA. jhUTha, corI, kuzIla, parigraha Adi sAmAjika pApa hI to haiM / jitane hI aMza meM vyakti inakA parityAga karegA, utanA

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya hI vaha sabhya aura samAja hitaiSI banatA jAyagA aura jitane adhika vyakti ina vratoM kA pAlana kareMge utanA hI samAja sukhI, zuddha aura pragatizIla banegA / ataH ina vratoM ke vidhAna dvArA jaina saMskRti ne mAnava ke vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana ke zodhana kA prayatna kiyA hai, jo AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke lie AdhAra hai / nArI kI pratiSThA 14 yaha santulana kI pravRtti jaina saMskRti meM kevala sAdhu aura gRhastha jIvana meM hI nahIM rahI. mAnavIya sambandhoM meM bhI vyApta hai / mAnava samAja kI sRSTi nara-nArI ke samAna sahoyaga se hI saMbhava hai, cAhe vaha jIvana meM pravRtti kA mArga ho yA nivRtti kA / nArI ko apanA pUrNa vikAsa karane kI svatantratA jaina saMskRti meM prArambha se rahI hai / muni prArthikA evaM zrAvaka-zrAvikA kA vibhAjana isa bAta kA pramANa hai / - jaina sAhitya meM nArI kA jo citraraNa huA hai, aura svatantrya ko surakSita rakhane kA prayatna huA hai / usameM hamezA usakI pratiSThA yadi kahIM nArI ke viSaya meM kucha upekSA va ghRNA kI bhAvanA vyakta huI hai to vaha do pratikriyAoM kA pariNAma hai / vyakti kA parama kalyANa sAdhu jIvana ke mAdhyama se hI sambhava hai / ataH usake lie nArI kA parityAga anivArya sA ho gayA ho| isalie svAbhAvika hai, tyAjya vastuoM meM use zAmila kara use tuccha kaha diyA gayA / dUsarI bAta, sampUrNa jaina sAhitya brAhmaNa aura bauddha vidvAnoM ke samparka meM rahate hue likhA gayA hai ataH unake prabhAva se bhI nAriyoM ke citraNa meM skhalana sambhava hai / vaise jaina saMskRti kI bhAvanA ne nAriyoM kI hamezA kadra kI hai / parva aura tyauhAra parva paura tyauhAra mamAja ke antamanisa kI sAmUhika abhivyakti hai / vyaSTi zrora samaSTi ke jIvana krama meM jisa vizvAsa, preraNA evaM utsAha kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai, usakI pUrti parvoM se hotI hai / parva va tyohAra kisI na kisI dhArmika evaM sAmAjika dAyitva ke prati vyakti ko jagAne kA kArya karate haiM / jaina saMskRti ke bhI apane kucha parva haiM / jaina parva mAnava se khela - kUda, Amoda-pramoda, bhoga-upabhoga prathavA harSaM va viSAda kI mAMga nahIM karate apitu ve to manuSya kI tapa, tyAga, svAdhyAya, ahiMsA, satya prema tathA vizva maitrI kI bhAvanA ko protsAhita karate haiM / jaina parva dhArmika evaM sAmAjika donoM taraha ke haiN| sabhI kA paricaya evaM vivaraNa sambhava nahIM hai / udAharaNa svarUpa saMvatsarI yA kSamAvANI parva kI mahattA samajhI jA sakatI hai / saMvatsarI, parvAdhirAja paryuSaNa parva ke samApta hone ke bAda manAyI jAtI hai / paryuSaNa ke dinoM me tapa, vairAgya aura sAdhanA kA hI vAtAraNa rahatA hai / varSa bhara

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jaina saMskRti kA vaiziSTaya 15 meM dharma-dhyAna ke pramAda kA ina dinoM parimArjana kiyA jAtA hai| ataH saMvatsarI parva AdhyAtmika sAdhanA-krama meM varSa kA antima aura prathama dina kA bodhaka hai / vaise to jaina gRhastha pratidina sAmAyika kriyA ke samaya (pratikramaNa, prAtmazodhana evaM saba jIvoM ko kSamA pradAna karatA hai| kintu yadi pramAdavaza vaha yaha kArya niyamita rUpa se nahIM kara pAyA ho to usake lie saMvatsarI kA dina pAkhirI dina hotA hai Atmazodhana aura kSamApradAna ke lie| usake bAda use apanI vigata bhUloM kA parimArjana karane ke lie vizeSa saMyama aura tapa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| kyoMki kaSAya jitanI purAnI hogI utanA hI tIvra usakA badhana hogaa| isalie saMvatsarI kA vizeSa mahatva hai / vaha parva hai| ___ saMvatsarI ke dina pratyeka jaina prANI mAtra ko kSamA pradAna karatA hai| apanI bhUloM ke lie kSamA yAcanA karatA hai| prema-milana, vizva-maitrI, vizva-vAtsalya evaM prAtmazodhana kA aimA mahAn parva jaina saMskRti kI eka anokhI vizeSatA hai| loka-bhAvanA kI kadra jaina saMskRti kA prArambha hI laukika sabhyatA evaM saMskRti se huA hai| eka aisI avasthA se, jaba vizeSa kucha thA hI nhiiN| saba kucha laukika thA / bAda meM bhArata bhUmi meM jaba ziSTa saMskRti kA prAdurbhAva hA taba bhI jaina dharma ne apanA sambandha loka se hI banAye rkhaa| usake lie kucha upekSita nahIM thaa| usakI yI udAra aura laukika dRSTi hI ziSTa saMskRti ke sAtha virodha kA kAraNa bana gii| donoM meM maMgharSa calatA rhaa| jaina dharma apane vikAsa krama meM lokabhAvanA ko nahIM tyAga sakA / dhArmika loka ma nya nAmoM ko usameM kabhI upekSA nahIM kI gii| kintu usakA sammAna karate hue unheM vidhivat apanI paramparA meM yathA-sthAna sammilita kara liyA gayA hai / rAma, lakSmaNa evaM kRSNa va baladeva prAdi vaidika dharma ke pradhAna devatAoM ko jaina dharma ne jahA~ prAtmIyatA se apane purANoM meM Adara aura sthAna diyA hai, vahAM rAvaNa va jarAsaMgha jaise anArya rAjAnoM ko bhI uccatA va sammAna kA sthAna dekara loka jAtiyoM kI bhAvanAoM ko Thesa nahIM pahuMcane dI / hanumAna, sugrIva Adi ko bandara ke sthAna para vidyAdhara mAna kara calanA jaina saMskRti ko udAratA ko hI pradarzita karatA hai| aisA jaina purANakAroM ne isalie kiyA ki loka meM aucitya kI hAni na ho, aura sAtha hI prArya, anArya kimI bhI varga kI janatA ko Thesa na pahu~cakara una kI bhAvanAoM kI bhalI prakAra rakSA ho / jaina saMskRti ke deza ke kisI eka bhAga kA vyAmoha nahIM rahA / usake tIrthAkara yadi uttara bhArata meM janme to diggaja vidvAnoM kI paramparA se dakSiNa bhArata sampanna hai| cAhe dharma pracAra ke lie ho yA AtmarakSA ke lie jainI kabhI deza ke

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya bAhara nahIM bhAge / yahI kAraNa hai ki aneka muniyoM va AcAryoM Adi mahApuruSoM ke janma, tapazcaraNa nirvANa Adi ke nimitta se unhoMne deza kI pada pada bhUmi ko apanI zraddhA va bhakti kA viSaya banA DAlA hai / jaina saMskRti kI rASTrIyatA laukikabhAva se prota-prota hai / 16 jaina dharma kI loka bhAvanA bhUmigata hI nahIM rahI unhoMne loka bhASAoM kA jo uddhAra kiyA hai, vaha kisI se chipA nahIM hai / vaidika sAhitya ne kevala saMskRta bhASA ko Age baDhAyA / bauddha sAhitya ne pAli se aisA moha kiyA ki bhArata meM to ThIka, laMkA, syAma, barmA Adi meM bhI usane vahA~ kI anya laukika bhASAnoM ko grahaNa nahIM kiyA / kintu jaina sAhitya ne apanI udAratA bhASAoM meM bhI prakaTa kI hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne loka upakAra kI bhAvanA se usa samaya kI vANI ardhamAgadhI kA upayoga kiyA / kintu bAda ke jainacAryoM ne jaba-jaba dharma pracArArtha jahA~-jahA~ gaye taba unhoMne unhIM pradezoM meM pracalita lokabhASA proM ko apanI sAhitya racanA kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| zaurasenI, mahArASTrI, apabhraMza prAdi lokabhASAtroM kA pUrA-pUrA pratinidhitva jaina sAhitya meM pAyA jAtA hai| hindI, gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI Adi Adhunika bhASAtroM kA prAcInatama sAhitya jainiyoM kA hI milatA hai / dakSiNa kI tamila va kannar3a bhASAoM ko sAhitya meM lAne kA zreya jainiyoM ko hai / isa prakAra sampUrNa jaina saMskRti loka cetanA se ota-prota hai / sAhitya evaM kalA ko viziSTatA jaina sAhitya evaM kalA kI bhI apanI kucha nijI vizeSatAeM haiM / sAhitya kI aneka vidhAoM meM jaina sAhitya upalabdha hai / vibhinna viSayoM kA usameM varNana hai / yugAnusAra aneka bhASAoM meM vaha likhA gayA hai / pramukha rUpa se jaina sAhitya kI do vizeSatAeM hamAre sAmane adhika ubharatI haiM / prathama, usake vizAla evaM vividha kathA - sAhitya kA prastutikaraNa aura dUsare, usakI sAMskRtika samRddhatA / jaina kathA-sAhitya AgamoM se lekara barAbara 15 vIM zatAbdI taka upalabdha hotA hai / anya bhAratIya kathA - sAhitya se yaha kisI mAyane meM kama nahIM hai / jaina kathA-sAhitya viziSTa isa bAta meM hai ki kathAeM cAhe prArambha jisa kisI rUpa meM hoM, varNa viSaya kI bhale bhinnatA ho, kintu usakI pariNati prAyaH eka-sI hotI hai| jaina kathAkAroM kA mukhya uddezya jaina dharma va saMskRti ko jana-jana ke hRdaya meM utArA thA, mAnava ko saMsAra kI vibhinnatA ke darzana karAkara unnati kA mArga pradarzita karanA thA / ataH unhoMne loka meM pracalita aneka kathAoM ko saharSa grahaNa kara unheM jaina siddhAntoM meM raMgate hue jana sAmAnya ke samakSa upasthita kara diyA / pApa-puNya, janmamaraNa, svarga-naraka Adi kA yathArtha jJAna pUrvajanmoM kI kathAnoM dvArA saralatA se

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jaina saMskRti kA vaiziSTaya pracArita ho gayA / zrataH ina kathAoM dvArA manoraMjana to hotA hI hai, manuSya sAMsArika bandhanoM se vimukta ho mukti prApta karane kI preraNA bhI prApta karatA hai / ina kathAoM meM loka-jIvana to sacamuca sAkAra ho uThA hai / jaina sAhitya sAMskRtika dRSTi se paryApta samRddha hai / jainAcArya deza ke eka kaune se dUsare kaune taka nirantara bhramaNa karate rahate the / ataH jaba ve sAhitya sRjana karate the to unakI lekhanI meM sAre deza kA pratibimba utara AtA thaa| choTI se choTI bAta bArIkI se citraNa karanA unakI vizeSatA thI / isa sAhitya meM jo sAMskRtika sAmagrI milatI hai vaha isalie aura mahatvapUrNa evaM upayogI hai, kyoMki vaha jainacArtho dvArA saMkalita hai ataH usakI prAmANikatA meM saMdeha kI guMjAiza nahIM hai / Adhunika loka bhASAoM va unakI sAhityaka vidhAoM ke vikAsa ko samajhane ke lie to jaina sAhitya kA adhyayana aparihArya hai 17 sAhitya ke atirikta jaina saMskRti ke pracAra-prasAra kA dUsarA mAdhyama kalA hai / kalA jIvana kI mauna abhivyakti hai / DA. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ke zabdoM meM - ! jo kalA ke mUrtirUpoM ko pramUrti rUpa kI pRSThabhUmi me jAnatA hai vahI saccA jAnane vAlA hai / jaina saMskRti ke antargata kalA ke jitane bhI rUpa upalabdha haiM sabakI apanI dArzanika pRSThabhUmi hai / guphAoM, stUpoM, maMdiroM, mUrtiyoM eva citroM prAdi lalitakalA kI nirmitiyoM dvArA jaina dharma ne na kevala loka kA adhyAtmika va naitika stara uThAne kA prayatna kiyA hai / kintu samasta deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM ko saundarya se sajAyA hai / inake darzana se hRdaya vizuddha aura prAnanda vibhora ho jAtA hai / "" jaina mUrtikalA kI apanI viziSTatA hai / bhArata kI prAcInatama mUrtiyA~ jo Aja upalabdha haiM, jaina saMskRti se hI adhika ghaniSTha haiN| dUsarI bAta, jaina mUrtiyoM kI dhyAnastha mudrA itanI prabhAvazAlI va vizuddha hotI hai ki darzaka usake samakSa pahu~ca kara prAtmalIna ho jAtA hai| ekAeka cintana ubharatA hai - maiM kyA hU~, mujhe kyA honA hai ? samasta sAMsArika moha visarjita ho jAtA hai| prArAdhya ke guNoM va jJAna kI prApti hI abhISTa bana jAtI hai / isa taraha ke bhAva anya kisI marti ko dekhane se nahIM ubharate kyoMki unameM sAMsArikatA mUrtipane meM bhI nahIM chUTa pAtI / jaina citrakalA AdhyAtmikatA ke pracAra-prasAra ke lie jitane mahatva kI hai, utanI hI prAcIna bhAratIya citrakalA ke itihAsa ko jAnane ke lie / ajantA kI guptakAlIna bauddha-guphAoM meM citrakalA kA jo vikasita rUpa dikhAyI par3atA hai usase hI spaSTa hai ki isake pUrva isakI koI prAdhunika citrakalA avazya rahI hogI / nAyAdhammakahAo' jaise prAcInatama jaina sAhitya meM citrakalA kA jo svarUpa ullikhita hai, baha prAcIna bhAratIya citrakalA kI ora hI saMketa karatA hai / ataH jisa prakAra Adhunika bhASAoM ke adhyayana ke lie prAkRta evaM apabhraMza kA adhyayana karanA zrAvazyaka hai,

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya vaise hI bhAratIya citrakalA kA kramika itihAsa jAnane ke lie jaina citrakalA kI upekSA nahIM kI jA sktii| uparyukta vivecana meM jaina saMskRti ke pratyeka pakSa ko sparza mAtra karane kA prayAsa hai / jo tathya sAmane pAye ve jaina saMskRti ke svarUpa udghATana meM sahAyaka haiM / jaina saMskRti kI ina vividha praura vipula upalabdhiyoM ko jAne-samajhe binA bhAratIya saMskRti ke taha taka nahIM pahuMcA jA sktaa| yaha anivAryatA duharI aAvazyakatA ko janma detI hai| eka praura yadi vidvAnoM, anveSakoM evaM jana-sAmAnya meM jaina saMskRti ke prati anurAga paidA ho, to dUsarI aura yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki unake samakSa usakA vistatR evaM yathArtha vivaraNa prastuta karane vAlI sAmagrI bhI upalabdha ho / 000

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tRtIya mahAvIra ke cintana-kaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jIvana-darzana jaina saMskRti ke vikAsa ke sAtha jur3A huA hai / ataH mahAvIra ke vyaktitva ko samajhAne ke lie dharma evaM darzana ko sUkSma vyAkhyA jitanI prAvazyaka hai, utanA hI itihAsa aura sAhitya kA sUkSma tulanAtmaka parizIlana karanA / jaina itihAsa kI parateM ughADane se aneka tathya hAtha lage haiM, jinhoMne jaina dharma evaM usake pravartakoM ke svarUpa ko paryApta spaSTa kiyA hai| tIrthaGkara mahAvIra kA yuga eka vizeSa prakAra kI paristhiti se gujara rahA thaa| RSabhadeva ke samaya ke loga sarala the tathA bIca ke tIrthaGkaroM ne sarala aura samajhadAra (Rju-prAjJa) logoM kA sAmanA kiyA, jabaki mahAvIra ke yuga ke loga samaya ke prabhAva se tarkapriya aura catura ho gaye the / ekAntavAdI bhii| ataH mahAvIra ko dharma ko adhika vyavasthita DhaMga se prastuta karanA pdd'aa| yadyapi mahAvIra dvArA vivecita dharma meM RSabhadeva kI akiMcana munivRtti, naminAtha kI anAsakti, neminAtha kI karuNA aura pAzvanAtha kI ahiMsAmaya sAdhanA sammilita thI phira bhI bahuta kucha nayA thA-vyaktigata rUpa se anubhUta tattvajJAna kA prastutikaraNa evaM saMgha-vyavasthA prAdi / mahAvIra pahale vyakti the, jinhoMne vyakti-svAtantrya ko sAmAjika aura dhArmika dharAtala para pratiSThApita kiyA / mahAvIra ke vyaktitva ke vibhinna guNa haiM, jo anukaraNIya haiN| mahAvIra tattvajJAna ke saphala vyAkhyAtA the| unhoMne jagat ke padArthoM se sAkSAtkAra kara unheM bhalIbhAMti samajhA thaa| saMsAra ke padArthoM (jIva-ajIva) kA adhyayana unhoMne kisI prayogazAlA meM nahIM kiyA thA, apitu apanI AtmA ke spandana ke vistAra aura jJAna ke vizadIkaraNa ke dvArA ve samasta padArthoM ke svarUpa prAdi ko samajha sake / mahAvIra jaba jagat ko anAdi aura ananta kahate haiM to usakA artha hai ki saMsAra na koI paidA kara sakatA hai aura na hI isakA kahIM anta hogA / parivartana cAhe jo hote rheN| unakI anantatA (saMkhyA kA visarjana) kA yaha gaNita adbhuta hai| eka kuzala manovaijJAnika kI taraha mahAvIra ne prANiyoM ke mAnasika-spandana

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jaina dharma prora jIvana-mUlya aura usake bAhya prabhAva kI vistRta mImAMsA kI hai / jIva-jIva ke bandha aura mukti kA vizleSaNa mahAvIra ne bar3I sUkSmatA se kiyA hai / isI se karma - siddhAnta pratiphalita huA hai / mahAvIra kA kathana hai ki jIva meM caitanya ke sAtha acetana aza hai, vahI karmoM ko khIMcatA hai / ataH hamezA pUrNa sajaga sacetana raho tathA mUrchA aura acetanatA ko tor3o | mahAvIra dvArA prANiyoM kI yaha mAnasika cikitsA hai| cetanatA meM jInA hI dharma hai / dharma ke anuSThAna dvArA hI AtmA kA zuddhIkaraNa hotA hai / yathA- sthAnAMga 1|1|40 20 egA dhammapaDimA ja se zrAyA pajjabajAe / mahAvIra sajaga puruSArthI the / apanI AtmA ke prati itane jAgrata ki unheM apanI mukti ke lie kisI ke prati samarpaNa karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM par3I / unhoMne isa dvandva ko hI miTA diyA ki koI eka samarpaNa karane vAlI AtmA hai aura dUsarI anukampA karane vAlI / AtmA ke do svabhAva nahIM ho sakate / ataH unhoMne sajaga aura puruSArthI prAtmA ko hI paramAtmA svIkAra kiyA / Izvaratva ko pahicAnane vAlA zAyada hI mahAvIra ke sadRza koI dUsarA huA ho / svayaM jAganA koI mahAvIra se sIkhe / unhoMne niyamoM ko svIkAra kara niyantA ko tirohita kara diyA / vizrutajJA ke dhanI the bhagavAn mahAvIra / ve jJAna kI sabhI pravasthAnoM se svayaM gujare haiM / nahIM cAhate the ki koI zrAtmA kisI prajJAna ko pakar3akara hI apane ko jJAnI mAnatI rahe ataH unhoMne jJAna ke pratyeka aMza kI sImA evaM usake vistAra kA vivecana kiyaa| matijJAna se lekara kevalajJAna taka ko spaSTa kiyA / jJAna kI itanI gaharAI meM utarane ke kAraNa hI mahAvIra zrotAoM ke antas taka pahu~cakara unake stara ke anurUpa hI dezanA karate the / ve pahale vyakti the, jinhoMne kevala apane bolane kI cintA nahIM kI, apitu sunane vAloM ko bhI apane stara taka lAne kA mArga unhoMne batalAyA / jJAnI kA puruSArtha yahI hai ki svayaM sajaga rahakara auroM ko prapramAdI bnaaye| mahAvIra ne jJAnI ko pramAda na karane ke lie bAra-bAra kahA hai / yathA - pralaM kusalassa pamAeNaM, NANI no pamAyae kayAvi (prAcA0 1/2/4 ) zrAdi / isI bAta ko jaina prAcAryoM ne Age bar3hAyA hai / kundakunda kahate haiM ki buddhi kA duSprayoga mata karo ( paMcAstikAya, 140 ) / kitanI UMcI aura Adhunika saMdarbha kI bAta hai / satya ke talasparzI zodhaka bhagavAn mahAvIra ne pUrNa jJAna ke adhiSThAtA hokara kahA ki loga jJAna kI kitanI choTI-sI kiraNa ko pakar3e baiThe haiM, jabaki satya kI jAnakArI sUrya sadRza prakAza vAle jJAna se ho pAtI hai| mahAvIra ke yuga meM cintana kI dhArA aneka TukaDoM meM baMTa gayI thI / vaidika paramparA ke aneka vicAraka the tathA zramaNa-paramparA meM 6-7 vicAraka apane ko 24vAM tIrthaGkara siddha karane meM lage hue the / mahAvIra ina saba se alaga the / unheM Azcarya thA ki satya ke itane dAvedAra

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mahAvIra ke cintana-kaNa kaise paidA ho gaye, jabaki ve padArtha ke adhikAMza aMzoM ko nahIM jAnate / padArtha ke ananta guNa, ananta paryAyeM haiM / phira kaise hama kisI eka pakSa ke AgrahI banakara daMbhI bana jAyeM jJAnI hone ke ? ataH unhoMne anekAntavAda kA pratipAdana syAdvAda ke mAdhyama se kiyA / anekAntavAda yA syAdvAda kI jitanI darzana va cintana ke kSetra meM zrAvazyakatA hai, usase kahIM adhika vyAvahArika dainika jIvana meM mahAvIra dvArA praNIta anekAntavAda kI yahI niSpatti hai ki hama apane-Apako itanA taiyAra kareM ki dUsaroM ko suna sakeM kahane kI kSamatA se bahuta bar3I hai-dUsare ko suna pAne kI kSamatA | hamase vyakti satya ke una aMzoM ko bhI jAna letA hai jahA~ usakI dRSTi nahIM pahu~cI thI / mahAvIra kA yaha samanvaya kA cintana sabhI kAloM aura paristhitiyoM meM anukaraNIya hai / vAstava meM mahAvIra bar3e vyavasthita cintaka the / AtmajAgaraNa (samyagdarzana) ke bada jagat-darzana (samyagjJAna) ho jAne para unhoMne isase pragaTa hone vAle prAcaraNa (samyak cAritra) kI bAta kahI hai / kisI bhI vyakti kA AcaraNa samAja se pRthak nahIM hotA / ataH mahAvIra ne jisa paddhati kA nirmANa kiyA hai, usase pragaTa huA AcaraNa kabhI kisI ko hAnikAraka ho nahI sakatA / isIlie unhoMne jJAnI sAdhaka ke AcaraNa ko phUla kI suvAsa kI bhAMti kahA hai / 21 mahAvIra ke jIvana-darzana kI niSpatti ahiMsA hai| ahiMsA kA upadeza bhAratIya saMskRti meM nayA nahIM hai / mahAvIra ke pUrva ke tIrthakaroM ne bhI karuNA, vAtsalya Adi guNoM ke vikAsa dvArA jIvo ke prAraNaghAta rokane kI bAta kahI thI / mahAtmA buddha ne bhI ahimA kI sUkSma vyAkhyA kI thI / kintu mahAvIra ne ahiMsA ko jitanI gaharAI se dekhA aura anubhava kiyA hai, vaisA udAharaNa dUsarA nahIM hai / prANImAtra para apanA adhikAra rakhanA, use zAsita karanA, uttejita kara denA tathA usakI bhAvanA ko Thesa pahu~canA prAdi kriyAe~ mahAvIra kI dRSTi se hisA thIM, ataH unhoMne ina saba vRttiyoM ke tyAga ko hI ahiMsA kahA hai / yathA-- 'savve pANA... "ga haMtavvA, raNa prajjAveyavvA Na parighetavvA Na paritAvenvA Na uddaveyavvA ' - AcArAMga, 1.4.1 yaha saba tabhI hogA jaba mAnava 'zrAtmavatsarvabhUteSu' ke pradghoSa ko pahacAnegA / mahAvIra ne ahiMsA kI sabase choTI paribhASA dI hai - samabhAva rakhanA / zrAtmajJAna prahiMsA hai tathA Atma-jJAna hiMsA / isa sUtra kA vistAra hI jainAgamoM meM huA hai | ahiMsA ke atirikta anya vrata va siddhAnta usakI surakSA ke liye haiM / vyakti ko nirbhaya aura saMvibhAgI banAne ke lie| aparigraha kA vivecana vyakti zraura samAja meM sAmanjasya sthApita karane ke lie hai / mahAvIra ne anya tapa Adi sAdhanAoM kA nirUpaNa bhI kiyA hai, jo vyakti ke prAdhyAtmika utkarSa ke sAtha-sAtha usase pragaTa hone vAle AcaraNa ko bhI vizuddha karate hai /

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya bhagavAn mahAvIra itihAsa kA eka aisA vyaktitva hai, jisase dArzanika, dhArmika, sAmAjika evaM rAjanaitika kSetra nirantara prabhAvita hote rahe haiN| na kevala bhASA evaM sAhitya ke kSetra meM mahAvIra kA vyApaka prabhAva hai, apitu bhAratIya zilpa meM bhI mahAvIra ke jIvana-darzana kI aneka chaviyAM aMkita haiM / mahAvIra ne bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke cintana ko to nayA svara diyA hI, apanI maulika udbhAvanAeM bho sthApita kI haiN| unhoMne jIvana ke samagra vikAsa ke lie samAja ko eka nayI AcAra saMhitA dI / varNa aura jAti kI AdhArabhUmi para TikI paramparAgata samAjasaMracanA ko tor3A / vyakti ke svattva kI pratiSThA kI aura ikAI ke mahattva ko samajhAyA | mahAvIra pahale vyakti the jinhoMne kahA ki AtmA ke vikAsa meM kisI ke sahAre kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai 22 ege carejja dhamma / praznavyAkaraNa 2:3 AtmanirbharatA kA yaha cintana mahAvIra dvArA dhArmika kSetra se samAja taka vyApta huA / mahAvIra ne kahA-samAja meM parivartana lAne ke lie vyakti ko badalanA hogA / sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA taba taka rahegI jaba taka vyakti paga-paga para dUsare ke sahAre kI apekSA karegA / zrataH mahAvIra ne kahA vyakti svayaM maryAdita ho / usakI maryAdA ke lie mahAvIra ne pAMca vratoM kI vyAkhyA dI / ahiMsA ke pAlana dvArA baha vAtsalya evaM samabhAva kA prasAra kare / satya dvArA vaha vANI ke prayoga meM svayaM maryAdita ho tathA samasyA kI sacAI taka pahu~cakara samAdhAna khoje / pracaurya kA pAlana use bhaya se mukti dilAtA hai tathA lobha saMvaraNa sikhAtA hai / brahmacarya vrata ke pAlana dvArA vaha strI ke svAtantrya kI rakSA karatA hai / svaya vAsanAtroM se muka hotA hai / tathA aparigraha vrata ke pAlana dvArA vyakti saMgraha kI vRtti se bacatA hai / svayaM ko asurakSA se nikAlakara nirbhayI banAtA hai bahapi laddha na nihe, pariggahAzrI pravAraNaM zravasavikajjA / - zrAcA. 11215 sAmAjika kSetra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai - vyakti ko UMca-nIca ke dAyare se bAhara nikaalnaa| unhoMne kabhI bhI janma ko mahatva nahIM diyA / vyakti ke guNoM ko sarAhA, cAhe vaha kisI bhI jAti, varNa kA kyoM na ho / yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne apane jIvana kA prArambha pratiSThAna ko ThukarAkara jhopar3iyoM se prArambha kiyA / logoM ko anAsakta, samabhAvI aura saMvibhAgI banAne ke pUrva ve svayaM sarvahArA ho gaye / apanI bAta unhoMne usa bhASA meM kahanA prArambha kI jo sAmAnya jana kI bhASA thI / vyakti se vyakti ko jor3ane vAlI / samAja ke prati mahAvIra ke isI dRSTikoNa ne tatkAlIna sAmantIvAtAvaraNa ko lokataMtra meM badala - diyA / rAjanIti kI paribhASAeM evaM zAsana vyavasthA ahiMsA pradhAna vicAradhArA se

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mahAvIra ke cintana-karaNa 23 apane Apa jur3a gii| kyoMki sAmAnya jana kI upekSA karanA sarala nahIM hai| nirdhana vyakti utanA hI svatantra sattA vAlA hai jitanA dhanika / sAdhu bhI isakA pratikramaNa nahIM kara sakatA thA nIyaM kulamaikkamma UsaDhaM nAbhidhArae / - daza 0 5 / 2 / 25 bhagavAn mahAvIra ke cintana ne bhAratIya manISA ko bahuta prabhAvita kiyA hai| bhArata kI prAcIna bhASAyoM se lekara Adhunika bhASAoM taka meM mahAvIra kI gorava. gAthA gumphita hai / unake cintana kA vikAsa prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza evaM Adhunika bhASAoM ke sAhitya meM vibhinna kathAnakoM, dRSTAntoM evaM rUpakoM dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai / sambhavata : mahAvIra dvArA praNIta dharma kI vyAkhyA meM sarvAdhika abhiprAyoM (motifs) aura pratIkoM kA prayoga huA hai / saMskRta, prAkRta meM pratIka grantha hI svatantra rUpa se jainAcAryoM dvArA likhe gaye hai| jJAna ke prati jaina samAja meM itanI utkaMThA mahAvIra ke upadezoM dvArA hI huI hai, jisameM unhoMne kahA hai ki jJAna prApta karake hI vyakti vinamra hotA hai aura jJAna ke prabhAva meM sayama nahIM hotA (utta* 28 / 30) / jJAna hI saccA prakAza hai - NArajjovo jovo| -bhagavatI ArAdhanA gA0 768 jJAna kI isa mahimA ke kAraNa hI bhagavAn mahAvIra kI paramparA meM vijJAna ke kSetra meM bhI jainAcArya niSNAta hote rahe haiM / zikSA ke prasaMga mAne para jainAgamoM meM vibhinna kalAoM ke varNana upalabdha hote haiM / jo vividha zilpa evaM vidyAyeM dainika jIvana meM prayukta hotI thIM, unake sandarbha bhI jainAgama meM prApta haiM / Ayurveda vijJAna yuddhavijJAna rasAyana-zAstra, yaMtrazilpa Adi ke to kucha aise sandarbha bhI jainAcAryoM ne prAkRta me diye haiM, jo anya bhASAoM ke sAhitya meM upalabdha nahIM haiM / uttarAdhyayanaTIkA (4, pR. 83) evaM dazavaikAlika caNi (1, pR. 44) Adi ke sandarbho se jJAta hotA hai ki dhAtu ke pAnI se tAMbe Adi ko sikta karake suvarNa banAyA jAtA thaa| kuvalayamAlAkahA meM ise dhAtuvAda kahA gayA hai, jisakA vistRta varNana isa graMtha meM hai| kalA evaM vijJAna ke atirikta jainAgamoM meM tatkAlIna sabhyatA ke vividha upakaraNoM kA vivecana huaA hai / prAcIna bhArata ke vastra, prAbhUSaNa evaM manoraMjana ke vividha sAdhanoM kI paryApta jAnakArI jaina sAhitya ke pradhyayana se hotI hai / isa prakAra na kevala bhagavAna mahAvIra kI pUrva-paramparA, unakA jIvana-darzana, sAMskRtikabirAsata apitu unakI paramrA meM vikasita hone vAlA sAhitya aura zilpa bhI bhAratIya saMskRti ke gaurava kI gAthA kahatA hai / bhAratIya cintana aura manISiyoM kI AtmAnubhUtiyoM se hamArA sAkSAtkAra karAtA hai / 000

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caturtha anekAnta : vaicArika udAratA mahAvIra vizva itihAsa meM eka aisA nAma hai, jisane DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva bhArata meM mAnavatA kI jyoti jalAI thI / jagat ke samasta prANiyoM ke hita ke lie usa mahApuruSa ne ahiMsA, aparigraha, anekAntavAda, Adi kalyANakArI siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA thA / Aja sArA vizva bhagavAn mahAvIra ko unake inhIM lokopakArI upadezoM ke lie yAda kara rahA hai / mahAvIra ke yuga meM ciMtana kI dhArA aneka Tukar3oM meM baMTa gayI thI / vaidika paramparA ke aneka vicAraka tathA zramaNa paramparA ke 6-7 dArzanikoM kA usa samaya astitva thA / ye sabhI cintaka apanI-apanI dRSTi se satya ko pUrNa rUpa se jAna lene kA dAvA kara rahe the / pratyeka ke kathana meM yaha Agraha thA ki satya ko maiM hI jAnatA hU~, dUsarA nahIM / mahAvIra yaha saba dekha-suna kara Azcarya meM the ki satya ke itane dAvedAra kaise ho sakate haiM ? satya kA svarUpa to eka honA caahie| aisI sthiti meM mahAvIra ne apanI sAdhanA aura anubhava ke AdhAra para kahA ki satya utanA hI nahIM hai, jise vyakti dekha yA jAna rahA hai / yaha vastu ke eka dharma kA jJAna hai, eka guNa kA padArtha meM ananta dharma, aneka guraNa tathA payAyeM hotI haiM / kintu vyavahAra meM usakA koI eka svarUpa hI hamAre sAmane AtA hai / use hI hama jAna pAte haiM / zeSa dharma kathita raha jAte haiM / ataH pratyeka vastu kA kathana sApekSa rUpa se ho sakatA hai / yahI kathana-paddhati syAdvAda hai / jainAcAryoM ne mahAvIra ke isI kathana kA vistAra kiyA hai / syAdvAda mahAvIra ke jIvana meM vyApta thA / citana prArambha ho gayA thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki eka sAthI unheM khojate hue mAM trizalA ke pAsa pahuMce / bhavana meM Upara hai / ' bacce bhavana ke sabase UparI khaNDa para pahu~ca gye| vahA~ pitA siddhArtha the, varddhamAna nhiiN| jaba baccoM ne pitA siddhArtha se pUchA to unhoMne kaha diyA- 'varddhamAna nIce hai| bacce nIce kI maMjiloM para daur3a par3e / unheM bIca kI unake bacapana meM hI syAdvAdI dina varddhamAna ke kucha bAlaka trizalA ne kaha diyA 'varddhamAna

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anekAnta : vaicArika udAratA 25 eka maMjila meM khir3akI para khar3e hue varddhamAna mila gye| baccoM ne mahAvIra se zikAyata kI ki Aja ApakI mAM evaM pitA donoM ne jhUTha bolA / eka ne kahA thA vaddhaM mAna Upara hai, dUsare ne kahA thA-vartamAna nIce hai, jabaki tuma yahA~ bIca ke khaNDa meM khar3e ho / ma nIce the, na Upara / vaddhamAna ne apane sAthiyoM se kahA-'tumheM bhrama hA hai| mAM evaM pitAjI donoM ne satya kahA thA / tumhAre samajhane kA pharka hai| mAM nIce kI maMjila para khar3I thiiN| ata: unakI apekSA maiM Upara thA aura pitAjI sabase UparI khaNDa para the isalie unako apekSA meM nIce thaa| vastuproM kI sabhI sthitiyoM ke sambandha meM isI prakAra socane se hama satya taka pahuMca sakate haiN| bhrama meM nahIM par3ate / ' varddhamAna kI yaha vyAkhyA suna kara bAlaka hairAna raha gye| mahAvIra syAdvAda kI bAta kaha gaye / syAdvAda aura anekAntavAda meM ghaniSTha sambandha hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ina donoM ke svarUpa evaM mahattva ko spaSTa kiyA hai| anekAntAvAda ke mUla meM hai-satya kI khoja / mahAvIra ne apane anubhava se jAnA thA ki jagat meM paramAtmA athavA vizva kI bAta to alaga vyakti apane sImita jJAna dvArA ghaTa ko bhI pUrNa rUpa se nahI jAna pAtA / rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza prAdi guNoM se yukta vaha ghaTa choTA-bar3A, kAlA-sapheda, halkA-bhArI, utpatti-nAza Adi ananta dharmoM se yukta hai| para jaba koI vyakti usakA svarUpa kahane lagatA hai to eka bAra meM usake kisI eka guNa ko hI kaha pAtA hai yahI sthiti saMsAra kI pratyeka vastu kI hai| hama pratidina sone kA prAbhUSaNa dekhate haiM / lakar3I kI Tebila dekhate haiN| aura kucha dinoM bAda inake banate-bigar3ate rUpa bhI dekhate haiM kintu sonA aura lakar3I vahI banI rahatI hai| Aja ke mazInI yuga meM kisI dhAtu ke kArakhAne meM hama khar3e ho jAyeM to dekheMge ki prArambha meM patthara kA eka Tukar3A mazIna meM praveza karatA hai aura anta meM jastA, tAMbA Adi ke rUpa meM bAhara pAtA hai| vastu ke isI svarUpa ke kAraNa mahAvIra ne kahA thA pratyeka padArtha utpatti, vinAza aura sthiratA se yukta hai / dravya ke isa svarUpa ko dhyAna meM rakhakara unhoMne jar3a aura cetana Adi chaH dravyoM kI vyAkhyA kI hai / mati, zruti, kevalajJAna Adi pAMca jJAnoM ke svarUpa ko samajhAyA hai| kevalajJAna dvArA hama satya ko pUrNataH jAna pAte haiM / ataH sAmAnya jJAna ke rahate hama vastu ko pUrNataH jAnane kA dAvA nahIM kara sakate / jAna kara bhI use sabhI dRSTiyoM se abhivyakta nahIM kara skte| isalie sApekSa kathana kI anivAryatA hai / satya ke khoja kI yaha pagaDaMDI hai| __ anekAnta-darzana mahAvIra kI satya ke prati niSThA kA paricAyaka hai / unake sampUrNa aura yathArtha jJAna kA dyotk| mahAvIra kI ahiMsA kA pratibimba haisyAdvAda / unake jIvana kI sAdhanA rahI hai ki satya kA udghATana bhI sahI ho tathA

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26 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya usa ke kathana meM bhI kisI kA virodha na ho / yaha tabhI sambhava hai jaba hama kisI vastu kA svarUpa kahate samaya usake anya pakSa ko bhI dhyAna meM rakheM tathA apanI bAta bhI prAmANikatA se kaheM / 'syAt' zabda ke prayoga dvArA yaha sambhava hai / yahAM 'syAt' kA atha hai-kisI apekSA se yaha vastu aisI hai / __ ise eka udAharaNa se samajhA jA sakatA hai| rAjeza eka vyakti hai / vaha apane pitA kI apekSA putra hai tathA apane putra kI apekSA pitA hai / vaha pati hai evaM jIjA bhI / mAmA hai aura bhAta jA bhii| aba yadi koI use kevala mAmA hI mAne aura anya sambandhoM ko galata ThaharAye to yaha rAjeza nAmaka vyakti kA sahI paricaya nahIM hai, isameM haThadharmI hai / ajJAna hai / mahAvIra isa prakAra ke prAgraha ko vaicArika himA kahate haiM / ajJAna se ahiMsA phalita nahIM hotI / ataH unhoMne kahA ki syAdvAda paddhati se prathama vaicArika udAratA upalabdha kro| kevala apanI bAta kahanA hI paryApta nahIM hai, dUsaroM ko bhI apanA dRSTikoNa rakhane kA avasara do| satya ke darzana tabhI hoNge| tabhI vyavahAra kI ahiMsA sArthaka hogii| satya ko vibhinna koNoM se jAnanA aura kahanA darzana ke kSetra meM nayI bAta nahIM hai / kintu mahAvIra ne syAdvAda ke kathana dvArA satya ko jIvana ke dharAtala para utArane kA kArya kiyA hai / yahI unakA vaiziSTaya hai| hama sabhI jAnate haiM ki hara vastu se kama se kama do pahalu hote haiN| koI bhI vastu na sarvathA acchI hotI hai aura na sarvathA burI : 'dRSTaM kimapi loke smin na nirdoSaM na nirguNam / ' nIma sAmAnya vyakti ko kar3avI lagatI hai| vahI rogI ke lie prauSadhi bhI hai / ataH nIma ke sambandha meM koI eka dhAraNA banA kara kisI dUsare guNa kA virAdha karanA bemAnI hai| sAmAnya nIma kI jaba yaha sthiti hai to saMsAra ke ananta padArthoM ananta dharmoM ke svarUpa ko jAna kara unakA prAgrahapUrvaka kathana karanA sambhava nahIM haiM / mahAvIra ne ise gaharAI se samajhA thaa| ataH ve manuSya taka hI sImita nahIM rahe / prANI mAtra ke spandana kI sApekSatA ko bhI unhoMne sthAna diyA / manuSya kI bhAMti eka sAmAnya prANI bhI jIne kA adhikAra rakhatA hai| apane sAdhanoM dvArA use bhI abhivyakti kI svatantratA hai / yaha mahAvIra ke syAdvAda kI phalazruti hai / mahAvIra anekAntavAda va syAdvAda se una galata dhAraNAoM ko dUra kara denA cAhate the, jo vyakti ke sarvAMgINa vikAsa meM bAdhaka thiiN| unake yuga meM ekAntika dRSTi se yaha kahA jA rahA thA ki jagat zAzvat hai, athavA kSaNika hai / isase vAstavika jagat kA svarUpa khaMDita ho rahA thA / manuSya kA puruSArtha kuNThita hone lagA thA niyativAda ke hAthoM / ataH mahAvIra ne AtmA, paramAtmA aura jagat ina tIno ke

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anekAnta : vaicArika udAratA svarUpa kA vaha yathArtha sAmane rakha diyA, jisase vyakti apanI rAha kA svayaM nirNAyaka bana sake / apUrva thI mahAvIra kI yaha dena / anekAnta va syAdvAda ke sambandha meM mahAvIra ne jo kahA vaha unake jIvana se bhI prakaTa huaA hai / ve apane jIvana meM kabhI kisI kI bAdhA nahIM bane / jagat meM rahate hue kisI anya ke svArtha se na TakarAnA, kama logoM ke jIvana meM sadha pAtA hai / mahAvIra ke anusAra yaha TakarAhaTa adhUre jJAna ke ahaMkAra se hotI hai| pramAda va aviveka se hotI hai / ataH apramAdI hokara vivekapUrvaka AcaraNa karane se hI anekAnta jIvana meM A pAtA hai / anekAnta dRSTi se hI satya kA sAkSAtkAra saMbhava hai| mahAvIra dvArA pratipAdita syAdvAda meM vastu ke ananta dharmAtmaka hone ke kAraNa use pravaktavya kahA gayA hai| mukhya kI apekSA se gauNa ko akathanIya kahA gayA hai / vedAnta darzana meM satya ko anirvacanIya aura bauddha darzana meM use zUnya va vibhajyavAda kahA gayA hai / anya bhAratIya dArzanikoM ke atirikta prasiddha vaijJAnika AinsaTIna va dArzanika varTanarasela ke sApekSavAda ke siddhAnta bhI mahAvIra ke syAdvAda se milatejulate haiM / mahAvIra ne kahA thA ki vastu ke kaNa-karaNa ko jAno taba usake svarUpa ko kaho / jJAna kI yaha prakriyA Aja ke vijJAna meM bhI hai / isakA artha hai ki syAdvAda kA cintama sazayavAda nahIM hai| apitu, isake dvArA mithyA mAnyatAoM kI asvIkRti aura vastu ke yathArtha pakSoM kI svIkRti hotI hai / vicAra ke kSetra meM isase jo sahiSNutA vikasita hotI hai vaha dInatA va jI-hajUrI nahIM hai, balki mithyA ahaMkAra ke visarjana kI prakriyA hai / darzana va cintana ke kSetra meM anekAnta va syAdvAda kI jitanI AvazyakatA hai, utanI hI vyAvahArika dainika jIvana meM / vastutaH isa vicAradhArA se acche-bure kI pahicAna jAgRta hotI hai| anubhava batAtA hai ki ekAnta vigraha hai, phUTa hai, jabaki anekAnta maitrI hai, saMdhi hai| ise yoM bhI samajha sakate haiM ki jisa prakAra sahI mArga para calane ke lie kucha antarrASTrIya yAtAyAta saMketa bane hue haiM / pathika unake anusaraNa se ThIka-ThIka cala kara apane gantavya para pahu~ca jAte haiM / usI prakAra svasthacintana ke mArga para calane ke lie syAdvAda dvArA mahAvIra ne saptabhaMgI rUpI sAta saMketoM kI racanA ko hai / inakA anugamana karane para kisI bauddhika durghaTanA kI AzaMkA nahIM raha jAtI / ataH bauddhika zoSaNa kA samAdhAna hai-syAdvAda / ___mahAvIra ke syAdvAda se phalita hotA hai ki hama apane kSetra meM dUsaroM ke lie bhI sthAna rakheM / atithi ke svAgata ke lie hamAre daravAje hamezA khule hoN| hama prAyaH bacapana se kAgaja para hAziyA chor3a kara likhate Aye haiM, tAki apane likhe hue para kabhI saMzodhana kI guMjAiza banI rahe / jo hamane adhUrA likhA hai, vaha pUrNatA pA sake / mahAvIra kA syAdvAda jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM hameM hAziyA chor3ane kA saMdeza

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya detA hai / cAhe hama jJAna saMgraha kareM athavA dhana va yaza kA, pratyeka ke sAtha sApekSatA prAvazyaka hai / saMvibhAga kI samajha jAgRta honA hI mahAvIra ke anekAnta ko samajhanA hai / yahI hamAre caritra kI kujI hai| anekAnta hamAre cintana ko nirdoSa karatA hai / nirmala cintana se nirdoSa bhASA kA vyavahAra hotA hai| sApekSa bhASA vyavahAra meM ahiMsA prakaTa karatI hai / ahiMsaka vRtti se anAvazyaka saMgraha aura kisI kA zoSaNa nahIM ho sakatA / jIvana aparigrahI ho jAtA hai / isa taraha Atma zodhana kI prakriyA kA mUlamantra hai-mahAvIra kA syaadvaad| jainAcArya kahate haiM ki saMsAra ke usa eka mAtra guru anekAntavAda ko merA namaskAra hai, jisake binA isa loka kA koI vyavahAra sambhava nahIM hai / yathA jeNa viNA loyassavi vavahAro savvahA na nivvaDai / tassa muvaNevakkaguruNo Namo aNegaMtavAyassa / / 100

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paMcama jaina dharma kA AdhAra : samatA Agama grantha prAkRta sAhitya ke prAdhAra grantha haiN| samatA prAgamoM kA pramukha viSaya rahA hai| tabhI prathama aMga grantha prAcArAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA ki jJAnI puruSoM ke dvArA samatA meM dharma kahA gayA hai-samiyAe dhamme prAraehi pavedite / sUtrakRtAMga evaM anya prAkRta prAgamoM meM 'samatA" dharma hai, prAcaraNa hai, jIvana kA prANa hai prAdi aneka rUpoM meM samatA ke vibhinna prAyAmoM ko udghATita kiyA gayA / paravartI prAkRta sAhitya bhI kaI dRSTiyoM se sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika kSetra meM samatA kA poSaka hai / isa sAhitya kI prAdhArazilA hI samatA hai, kyoMki bhASAgata, pAtragata evaM cintana ke dharAtala para samatvabodha ke aneka udAharaNa isa sAhitya meM upalabdha haiM / yahAM kucha mAyAmoM ko dRSTigata kiyA jA sakatA hai / bhASAgata samAnatA : ___ bhAratIya sAhitya ke itihAsa meM prArambha se hI saMskRta bhASA ko adhika mahattva milatA rahA hai / saMskRta kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa jana-sAmAnya kI bhASAoM ko prArambha meM vaha sthAna nahIM mila pAyA, jisakI ve adhikAriNI thii| ataH sAhityasRjana ke kSetra meM bhASAgata viSamatA ne kaI viSamatAmoM ko janma diyA hai| prabuddha aura loka-mAnasa ke bIca eka antarAla banatA jA rahA thaa| prAkRta sAhitya ke manISiyoM ne prAkRta bhASA ko sAhitya aura cintana ke dharAtala para saMskRta ke samAna pratiSThA pradAna kii| isase bhASAgata samAnatA kA sUtrapAta humA aura saMskRta tathA prAkRta, samAnAntara rUpa se bhAratIya sAhitya aura AdhyAtma kI saMvAhaka bniiN| prAkRta sAhitya kA kSetra vistRta hai| pAli, ardhamAgadhI, apabhraza prAdi vibhinna vikAsa kI dazAoM se gujarate hue prAkRta sAhitya puSTa huA hai / prAkRta bhASA ke sAhitya meM deza kI una sabhI jana-boliyoM kA pratinidhitva huA hai, jo apaneapane samaya meM prabhAvazAlI thiiN| prataH pradezagata evaM jAtigata sImAnoM ko tor3akara prAkRta sAhitya ne pUrva se mAgadhI, uttara se zaurasenI, pazcima se paMcAzI, dakSiNa

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya se mahArASTrI Adi prAkRtoM ko saharSa svIkAra kiyA hai / 2 kisI bhI sAhitya meM bhASA kI yaha vividhatA usake samatvabodha kI hI dyotaka kahI jAyegI / 30 zabdagata samatA : bhASAgata hI nahIM, apitu zabdagata samAnatA ko bhI prAkRta sAhitya meM paryApta sthAna milA hai / kevala vibhinna prAkRtoM ke zabda hI prAkRta sAhitya meM prayukta nahIM hue haiM, apitu loka meM pracalita una dezaja zabdoM kI bhI prAkRta sAhitya meM bharamAra hai, jo Aja eka zabda- sampadA ke rUpa meM vidvAnoM kA dhyAna prAkaSita karate haiM / 3 dakSiNa bhArata kI bhASAzro meM kannar3a, tamila Adi ke aneka zabda prAkRta sAhitya meM prayukta hue hai / saMskRta ke kaI zabdoM kA prAkRtIkaraNa kara unheM apanAyA gayA hai / prataH prAkRta sAhitya meM zabdoM meM yaha viSamatA svIkAra nahIM gayI hai ki kucha viziSTa zabda ucca zreNI ke haiM, kucha nimna zreNI ke, kucha hI zabda paramArtha kA jJAna karA sakate haiM kucha nahIM, ityAdi / ziSTa aura loka kA samanvaya : prAkRta sAhitya kathAvastu aura pAtra citraNa kI dRSTi se bhI samatA kA poSaka hai / isa sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu meM jitanI vividhatA hai, utanI aura kahIM upalabdha nahIM hai / saMskRta meM vaidika sAhitya kI viSayavastu kA eka nizcit svarUpa hai / laukika saMskRta sAhitya ke granthoM meM AbhijAtya varga ke pratinidhitva kA hI prAdhAnya hai / mahAbhArata isakA apavAda hai, jisameM lAMka aura ziSTa donoM vargoM ke jIvana ko jhAMkiyA~ hai / kintu prAge calakara saskRta meM prAyaH aisI racanAe~ nahIM likhI gayIM / rAjakIya jIvana aura sukha-samRddhi ke varga hI isa sAhitya ko bharate rahe, kucha apavAdoM ko chor3akara / prAkRta sAhitya kA sampUrNa itihAsa viSamatA se samatA kI zrIra pravAhita huA hai / usameM rAjAtroM kI kathAe~ haiM to lakar3ahAroM aura choTe-choTe karma zilpiyoM kI bhI / buddhimAnoM ke jJAna kI mahimA kA pradarzana hai, to bhole ajJAnI pAtroM kI sarala bhaMgimAe~ bhI haiM / brAhmaNa, kSatriya jAti ke pAtra kathAnoM ke nAyaka haiM to zUdra praura vaizya jAti ke sAhasI yuvakoM kI gauravagAthA bhI isa sAhitya meM varNita hai / aisA samanvaya prAkRta ke kisI bhI grantha meM dekhA jA sakatA hai / "kuvalayamAlA kahA" aura "samarAiccakahA" isa prakAra kI pratinidhi racanAe haiM / nArI aura puruSa pAtroM kA vikAsa bhI kisI viSamatA se AkrAnta nahIM hai / isa sAhitya meM aneka aise udAharaNa upalabdha haiM jinameM putra aura putriyoM ke bIca koI dIvAra nahIM khar3I kI gayI hai / beTI bhaura bahU ko samAnatA kA darjA prApta rahA hai / ataH sAmAjika pakSa ke jitane bhI dRzya sAhitya meM upasthita hue haiM, unameM nirantara yaha Adarza sAmane rakhA gayA hai ki samAja meM samatA kA utkarSa ho evaM viSamatA kI dIvAreM tirohita hoM /

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jaina dharma kA zrAdhAra : samatA prANImAtra kI samatA : AdhyAtmika kSetra meM samatA ke vyApaka vikAsa ke lie prAkRta sAhitya kA apUrva yogadAna hai / prANImAtra ko samatA kI dRSTi se dekhane ke lie samasta zrAtmAnoM ke svarUpa ko eka mAnA gayA hai / dehagata viSamatA koI artha nahIM rakhatI hai yadi jIvagata samAnatA kI dizA meM cintana karane laga jAe~ / saba jIva samAna haiM, isa mahatvapUrNa tathya ko spaSTa karane ke lie prAkRta sAhitya meM aneka udAharaNa diye gaye haiM / pariNAma kI dRSTi se saba jIva samAna haiN| jJAna kI zakti saba jIvoM meM samAna hai, jise jIva apane prayatnoM se vikasita karatA hai / zArIrika viSamatA pudgaloM kI banAvaTa ke kAraNa hai / jIva apodgalika hai, zrataH saba jIva samAna haiM / deha aura jIva meM bheda-darzana kI dRSTi ko vikasita kara isa sAhitya ne vaiSamya kI samasyA ko gaharAyI se samAdhita kiyA hai / 11 " paramAtma prakAza meM kahA gayA hai| ki jo vyakti deha-bheda ke AdhAra para jIvoM meM bheda karatA hai, vaha darzana, jJAna, caritra ko jIva kA lakSaNa nahIM mAnatA / yathA- dehavibheiyaM jo kuNai jIvAhaM bhaMu vicittu / soNa vilakkhA muNai taha daMsaraga NAraNa caritu // isI prANImAtra kI samatA ke kAraNa AcArAMgasUtra meM pahale hI ghoSaNA kara dI gayI thI ki koI prAraNI na hIna hai aura na zreSTha / U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA to hamAre aMhakAra ne utpanna kI hai, jo tyAjya hai / abhaya se samatva : viSamatA kI jananI mUla rUpa se bhaya hai / apane zarIra, sabakI rakSA ke lie hI vyakti auauroM kI apekSA apanI adhika karatA hai aura dhIre-dhIre viSamatA kI khAI bar3hatI jAtI hai / " meM rakha kara hI sUtrakRtAMga " meM kahA gayA ki samatA usI ke ko pratyeka bhaya se alaga rakhatA "I 31 sAmAiyamAhu tassa jaM jo prANa bhae Na daMsae ataH abhaya se samatA kA sUtra prAkRta granthoM ne hameM diyA hai / vastutaH jaba taka hama apane ko bhayamukta nahIM kareMge taba taka dUsaroM ko samAnatA kA darjA nahIM de sakate / ataH AtmA ke svarUpa ko samajhakara rAga dveSa se Upara uThanA hI abhaya meM jInA hai, samatA kI svIkRti hai / parivAra, dhana Adi surakSA kA prabandha isa tathya ko dhyAna hotI hai jo apane viSamatA kI jananI vyakti kA aha~kAra bhI hai / padArthoM kI prajJAnatA se ahaMkAra kA janma hotA hai / hama mAna meM prasanna aura apamAna meM krodhita hone lagate haiM aura hamArA saMsAra do khemoM meM baMTa jAtA hai / priya aura priya kI ToliyA~ bana

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya jAtI haiM / prAkRta ke grantha yahIM hameM sAvadhAna karate haiM / "dazavekAlika" kA sUtra hai ki jo vandanA na kare, usa para kopa mata karo aura vandanA karane para utkarSa ( ghamaNDa ) meM mata pro 32 -- jena vande na se kuppe va ndino na samukkase aise udAravAdI dRSTikoNa se hI samatA ho sakatI hai| AcArya kundakunda ne aisI samatA ko hI saccI pravrajyA mAnA hai / " apratibaddhatA : samatA : samatA ke vikAsa meM eka bAghA yaha bahuta prAtI hai ki vyakti svayaM ko dusaroM kA priya athavA zrapriya karane vAlA samajhane lagatA hai / jise vaha mamatva kI dRSTi se dekhatA hai use surakSA pradAna karane kA prayatna karatA hai aura jisake prati use dveSa ho ho gayA hai usakA vaha aniSTa karanA cAhatA hai / prAkRta sAhitya meM isa sthiti se bahuta satarka rahane ko kahA gayA hai| kisI bhI sthiti yA vyakti ke prati pratibaddhatA samatA kA hanana karatI hai ataH "bhagavatI ArAdhanA" meM kahA gayA hai ki saba vastuoM se jo pratibaddha hai (mamatvahIna ), vahI saba jagaha samatA ko prApta karatA hai| - bha. prA. 1683.) savvattha prapaDibaddho uvedi savvattha samabhAvaM / isa apratibaddhatA kI zikSA AcArAMgasUtra meM isa prakAra dI jA cukI thI ki prAtmajAgRta vyakti na to virakti se dukhI hotA hai aura na kisI prAkarSaNa se mohita hotA hai / vaha na to khinna hotA hai aura na prasanna / kyoMki samatA meM use saba barAbara haiM / 8 samatA sarvopari : samatA kI sAdhanA ko prAkRta bhASA ke manISiyoM ne UMcA sthAna pradAna kiyA hai / abhaya kI bAta kaha kara unhoMne parigraha - saMgraha se mukti kA saMketa diyA hai / bhayAtura vyakti hI adhika parigraha karatA hai / ataH vastuoM ke prati mamatva ke tyAga para unhoMne bala diyA hai, kintu samatA ke lie saralatA kA jIvana jInA bahuta zrAvazyaka batalAyA gayA hai / banAvaTapana se samatA nahIM AyegI, cAhe vaha jIvana ke kisI bhI kSetra meM ho / yadi samatA nahIM hai, to tapasyA karanA, zAstroM kA adhyayana karanA, mauna rakhanA Adi saba vyartha hai - ki kAhadi vaNavAsI kAyakleso vicitta uvavAso / prajbhayaNa moNapahUdI samadA-rahiyassa samaNassa || - ( niyamasAra. 124 ) prAkRta sAhitya meM sAmAyika kI bahuta pratiSThA hai / sAmAyika kA mukhya lakSaNa hI mamatA hai / mana kI sthiratA kI sAdhanA samabhAva se hI hotI hai| traraNa kaMcana, zatru-mitra, prAdi viSamatAzroM meM prAsakti rahita hokara ucita pravRtti karanA hI sAmAyika hai / yahI samabhAva / sAmAyika kA tAtparya hai / yathA

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jaina dharma kA AdhAra : samatA 33 samabhAvo sAmAiyaM taNa-kaMcana satta-mitta visautti / riNarabhisaMgacittaM uciya pavittippahANaM ca / / prAkRta sAhitya meM samatA ke vibhinna AyAma ujAgara hue haiN| saMskRta meM prAkRta ke eka " sama' zabda ke lie tIna abhivyaktiyA~ milI haiN| sama-arthAt samanA karanA, samatA dhAraNa karanA, sama-zama, arthAt zAnta krnaa| mana meM uThane vAle iSTa-aniSTa bhAvoM meM bhI zAnti dhAraNa karanA aura sama-zrama, arthAt zrama-pUrvaka; puruSArtha-pUrvaka jIvana vyatIta karanA / isa prakAra samatA kI kujI meM samAnatA, zItalatA aura zramazIlatA ke mArga udghATita hue haiN| isa pAvana dharA para prAkRta sAhitya ke amRtavacana "samaNoM samasuhadukkho" ke sAtha-sAtha devavANI kI pIyUSadhArA "samaduHkhasakha dhIreM so' matatvAya kalpateM" kA bhI gAyana hotA rahA hai / yahI samatA vartamAna meM samAnatA aura samavibhAjana jaise AdarzoM kI jananI kahI jA sakatA hai| prAkRta ke laukika sAhitya se bhI samatA-poSaka kaI sUktimaNiyAM khojI jA sakatI haiM, jo jana-jana ke sammAna aura vikAsa ke mArga ko prazasta kregii| sandarbha 1. (a) samayaM sayA care (sadA samatA kA prAcaraNa karo)-sUtra. 2.2.3 (ba) samayAe samaNohoi (samatA se zramaNa hotA hai)-uttarA. sUtra, 25. 32 (sa) cArinaM samabhAvo (samatAbhAva cAritra hai)-paMcAstikAya, gA. 107 __ " prAkRta tathA anya bhAratIya bhASAe~" nAmaka lekhaka kA lekha, parisaMvAda (4) vArANasI, 1988 dezI-zabda koza-muni dulaharAja (bhUmikA) "jaina sAhitya meM aMkita nArI kI sthiti" nAmaka lekhaka kA lekha, saMgoSThIsmArikA, vArANasI, 1988 No hINe No atiritte-AcA 1175 vizeSa ke lie draSTavya; samatA-darzana aura vyavahAra, prAcArya nAneza, bIkAnera. 1985, pR. 5 sattUmine ya samA pasaMsa riNaddA aladdhi-laddhi samA / taNa-kaNae samabhAvA pavajjA erisA bhaNiyA // -bodhapAhuDa, gA. 46 NArati sahatI bIre, vIre No sahati rati / jamhA avimaNe vIre tamhA vIre Na rajjati / / -AcArAMga 000

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SaSThama jaina AcAra-saMhitA vartamAna yuga meM vijJAna kI pragati ne mAnava-jIvana kI sukha-suvidhA aura usakI bhautika samRddhi ke lie bahuta bar3A yogadAna kiyA hai / isase yadyapi manuSya kI Arthika sampannatA bar3hI hai, tathApi usakI mAnasika evaM AdhyAtmika zAnti kama huI hai; naitika mUlyoM aura AdhyAtmika guNoM kA dinoM-dina hrAsa huA hai| manuSya bhautikatA kI daur3a meM svArthI, lobhI aura parAdhIna ho gayA hai| manuSya ke vyaktitva ke isa baunepana se samAja, rASTra, aura vizva ke kSetra meM bhI azAnti vyApta huI hai / ata: svAbhAvika rUpa se aba bhautika dRSTi se samRddha mAnava dharma, AcAra, evaM adhyAtma ke una mUlyoM kI aura prAkRSTa huaA hai, jo use vAstavika sukha-zAnti de sakate haiN| bhAratIya dArzanika cintana aura dhyAna ke prayogoM meM mAnava-kalyANa ke sUtra nihita haiM / jainadharma naitika mUlyoM aura AdhyAtmika anubhavoM kI dRSTi se adhika samRddha hai; ataH jaina prAcAra-mahitA ke pramukha siddhAnta : ahiMsA, satya, aparigraha, anekAnta, triratna, (samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna, aura samyaka caritra) AtmasAkSAtkAra Adi vizva meM zAnti sthApita karane ke lie evaM mAnava-kalyANa ke lie AdhArabhUta samAdhAna prastuta karate haiM / jaina tatvajJAna : jainadharma bhArata kA prAcInatama dharma hai / prArambha meM zramaNadharma, arhata dharma evaM nirgrantha dharma ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thaa| jainadharma kI paramparA ke mahApuruSa samasta prANiyoM meM samAna bhAva rakhate the, samatA kI sAdhanA karate the; isalie ve zramaNa kahalAye / zramaNa vaha hai, jisakA mana zuddha hai, jo pApavRtti vAlA nahIM hai, tathA jo manuSyoM evaM anya sabhI prANiyoM ko apane samAna samajhatA huA una para mahiMsA kA bhAva rakhatA hai / jainadharma ke mahApuruSoM ko AdhyAtmika guNoM se yukta hone ke kAraNa 'arhata' kahA jAtA hai tathA dharmarUpI tIrtha ke saMsthApaka hone ke kAraNa ve 'tIrthakara' kahalAte haiM / unake bAhara-bhItara kisI prakAra kA koI parigraha nahIM hotA, duSpravRtti nahIM hotI, isalie ve 'nirgrantha' kahe jAte haiM / unhoMne apanI viSaya-vAsanAmoM ko jIta liyA hai, isalie ye 'jina' kahalAte haiN| aise jina dvArA

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jaina AcAra-saMhitA 35 pravartita dharma ko jainadharma kahA gayA hai / bhAratIya cintana-paramparA meM sarvaprathama ahiMsA maya lokadharma kA uda ghoSa bhagavAna RSamadeva ne kiyA thaa| usI samatAmaya dharma kA pracAra-prasAra bhagavAn pArzvanAtha tathA bhagavAn mahAvIra Adi tIrthaMkaroM ne kiyaa| mahAvIra dvArA pratipAdita janadharma lagabhaga DhAI hajAra varSoM se bhArata meM sarvatra vyApta hai / isa dharma kI tattva, jJAna, aura prAcAragata mImAMsA se jainadharma kI prAcAra-saMhitA kA ghaniSTha sambandha hai / jainadharma meM saMsAra ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vaijJAnika dRSTi se cintana kiyA gayA hai / loka chaha dravyoM se banA hai / jIva, ajIva (pudgala), dharma, adharma, AkAza, aura kAla ye chaha dravya hI paraspara mila kara loka kI racanA karate haiM / loka amAdi-nanta hai, ataH ise banAne, athavA miTAne vAlA koI Izvara Adi nahIM hai| dravyoM meM parivartana svataH hotA hai; ataH guNa kI apekSA se dravya ' nitya ' hai aura paryAya kI apekSA se vaha ' anitya ' hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne vastu ko utpAda-vyayadhrauvyAtmaka kahA hai| ina chaha dravyoM meM se jIva dravya cetana hai, aura zeSa pAMca dravya acetana haiM; ataH mUlata: vizva ke nirmANa aura saMcAlana meM jIva aura ajIva ye do dravya hI pramukha haiN| jIva aura ajIva ina do pramukha tattvoM meM paraspara jo samparka hotA hai usase aise bandhanoM kA nirmANa hotA hai, jisase jIva ko kaI prakAra kI avasthAnoM se gujaranA par3a jAtA hai / kaI anubhava karane par3ate haiN| yaha saMsAra hai| yadi jIva evaM ajIva ke samparka kI isa dhArA ko roka diyA jAe aura samparka se utpanna bandhanoM ko naSTa kara diyA jAe to jIva apanI zuddha evaM mukta avasthA ko prApta ho sakatA hai| yaha jIva kA mokSa hai| isa pUrI prakriyA kA saMcAlana karane vAle tattva sAta haiM : jIva, ajIva, Asrava, baMdha, saMvara, nirjarA, aura mokSa 14 inameM pApa evaM puNya ina do tattvoM ko jor3a kara kula nau tattva jaina darzana meM mAne jAte haiM / inameM se jIva kA sambandha jaina darzana kI tattva-mImAMsA me hai| pApa, puNya, Asrava evaM bandha karma-siddhAnta se sambadhita hai / maMbara aura nirjarA ke antargata jainadharma kI sampUrNa prAcAra-saMhitA A jAtI hai / gRhastha aura munidharma kA vivecana inhIM ke antargata hotA hai, tathA antima tattva -- mokSa ' jaina darzana kI dRSTi se jIvana kI vaha sarvotama avasthA hai, jise prApta karanA pratyeka dhArmika vyakti kA antima lakSya hai / isI ke lie prAtma-sAkSAtkAra evaM dhyAna Adi kI sAdhanA kI jAtI hai / saMkSepa meM jaina darzana kA sAra yahI hai / jainadharma kI sabhI vizeSatAe~ evaM AcaraNa isI se sambandhita haiM / sarvadarzana-saMgraha ' meM jainadharma ko saMkSepa meM prastuta karate hue kahA gayA hai-karma-paramANunoM kA AnA (Asrava) saMsAra kA kAraNa hai aura unake Agamana ko roka denA (sa~vara) hI mokSa kA kAraNa hai / saMpekSa meM yahI arhat (jaina) dRSTi hai; bAkI saba isakA vistAra hai--

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36 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya prAsravo bhavahetuH syAtsaMvaro mokSakAraNam / itIyamAhatIdRSTiranyadasyAH prapaMcanam / / jaina prAcAra : pAzcAtya darzanoM meM prAcAra-saMhitA kA sambandha prAya: naitika kartavyoM se hai| sahI aura acche AcAraNa kA adhyayana karanA prAcAra-zAstra kA mukhya viSaya hai / bhAratIya dArzanikoM kI dRSTi se darzana, dharma AcAra, nIti, adhyAtma Adi zabdoM ke bhinna-bhinna artha haiM; kintu sAmAnyatayA prAcAra-saMhitA kA sambandha dhArmika AcaraNa se hI adhika hai| kucha dArzanika paramparAgata rIti-rivAjoM evaM dhArmika kriyAkANDoM ke paripAlana ko hI dharma kahate haiM / yahI unakI AcAra-saMhitA hai; kintu kucha dArzanikoM ne ahiMsA, satya, saMyama Adi vizvajanIna mUlyoM ko jIvana meM utArane / apanAne ko AcAra mAnA hai| kucha aise bhI vicAraka haiM, jo usa AcAraNa ko AcAra kahate haiM, jo sAMsarika duHkhoM ko dUra karane meM sahAyaka ho tathA jisase AdhyAtmika upalabdhi ho / vastutaH jainadharma kI prAcAra-saMhitA isI vicAradhArA se sambandha rakhatI hai| prAcArya kundakunda kA yaha kathana ki cAritta khalu dhammo (cAritra hI dharma hai) tathA 'dazavakAlikasUtra' kI yaha ukti ki ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa se yukta dharma utkRSTa magala hai? jainadharma kI usI mUla bhAvanA ko prakaTa karate haiM, jinameM prAcAra ko adhyAtma-prApti kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai / ataH maina prAcAra-saMhitA kevala naitika niyamoM se sambandhita nahIM hai, tattvajJAna aura adhyAtma se bhI vaha jur3I huI hai / vyavahArika dRSTi se jaina AcAra-sahitA jahA~ eka prora vyakti aura samAja ko nAgarika guNoM se yukta karatI hai, vahIM dUsarI ora pAramArthika dRSTi se vaha unakA muktimArga prazasta karatI hai / vastuta: jaina pracAra-saMhitA meM vyAvahArika evaM AdhyAtmika jIvana-paddhati kA samanvaya hai| isakI anya kaI vizeSatAe~ haiM; 8 jinheM yahA~ saMkSepa meM prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai / karma-siddhAnta : bhautika-vijJAna meM jo bhUmikA kAraNa aura kArya kI hai, lagabhaga vahI bhUmikA AcAra-zAstra meM karma-siddhAnta kI hai| jainadharma meM karma-siddhAnta kI prAdhAra-zilA para hI usakI prAcAra-saMhitA kA bhavana khar3A huA hai| jaina dRSTi se pratyeka vyakti apane dvArA kiye gaye acche-bure karmoM ke phala bhogane ke lie svayaM jimmedAra hai, prAkRtika aura vyAvahArika niyama bhI yahI hai ki jaisA bIja boyA jAtA hai, usakA phala bhI vaisA hI milatA hai / jaina-darzana ne yahI dRSTi pradAna kI ki acche karma karane se sukha aura bure karma karane se duHkha milatA hai; ata: vyakti ko mana meM acchI bhAvanA rakhanI cAhiye, vANI-se acche vacana bolanA cAhiye aura zarIra se acche kArya karanA cAhiye / prAtmA aisA karane ke lie svatantra aura samartha hai| prAtmA hI duHkha evaM sukha kA kartA evaM vikartA hai / sumArga para calane vAlA prAtmA apanA mitra hai aura kumArga para calane vAlA AtmA svayaM kA zatru hai; yathA

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jaina AcAra-saMhitA 37 appA kattA vikatA ya. duhANa ya sahANa ya / / appA mittama mitta ca. duppaTThiya supaTThiyo / karma-bandhana kI prakriyA evaM acche-bure karmoM kA svarUpa tathA unake phala dene kI prakriyA prAdi ke sambandha meM jaina darzana meM vistAra se cintana prastuta kiyA gayA hai / 10 mana, vacana aura kAya kI pravRtti (yoga) tathA rAgadveSa ke bhAvoM (kapAya) ke dvArA prAtmA ke sAtha karma-paraNANuoM kA bandha hotA hai| ye karma-paramANu AtmA kI mithyA dhAraNAoM, pravRttiyoM, pramAda, vrata-rahita jIvana Adi kAryoM se AtmA kI ora pAte haiN| yahI Asrava tattva hai| vahA~ prAtmA ke yoga aura kaSAya ke anusAra ye AtmA ke sAtha baMdha jAte haiM tathA samaya Ane para ve hI use sukha-duHkha dete haiM; ataH yadi aAtmA cAhe to apane sahI dRSTikoNa, vrata-yukta jIvana, apramAda paura zubha yoga se ina karmoM ko pAne se roka sakatA hai| jo karma A cuke haiM unheM AtmA apane saMyamita jIvana, tapa aura dhyAna prAdi kI prakriyA ke dvArA kama kara sakatA hai| unake phala ko badala sakatA hai| yahI vyakti kA sArthaka puruSArtha hai / isa puruSArtha meM vyakti ko kipI Izvara prAdi kI kRpA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai; kyoMki vaha svayaM apane sukha-duHkha kA racayitA hai| manuSya jaisA karma karatA hai, paisA phala bhogatA hai : yaha siddhAnta kaI darzanoM meM pratipAdita hai / isa kama-siddhAnta ne vyakti ko bhAravAdI banA diyA thA; kyoMki jo usane pUrvakarma kiye haiM; unase hI usakA vartamAna jIvana saMcAlita hotA hai / isa vicAradhArA ne manuSya ko Izvara kI paratantratA se nikAla kara karma-siddhAnta ke hAthoM kaida kara diyA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki sUba-duHkha ke kAraNa ke lie bhAratIya darzanoM meM kaI mata pracAlita ho gaye the| mamaya, bhAgya, puruSa, prakRti, saMyoga Adi kaI kAraNa sukha-duHkha ke hetu mAne jAne lage the / 11 vyakti ke hAtha meM aisA kucha nahIM raha gayA thA ki vaha ina para vijaya prApta kara sake; kintu jaina-darzana ne isa dizA meM apane maulika vinAra prastuta kiye| jaina grAcAra saMhitA ke anusAra vyakti apane puruSArtha se karmoM kI avadhi ko ghaTA-baDhA sakatA hai aura unakI phala dene kI zakti ko ko kama-jyAdA kara sakatA hai / ise 'udIraNA' kahA gayA hai| isI taraha vyakti apane asat karmoM ke kAraNa puNya ko pApa meM aura sat kAryoM ke dvArA pApa puNya meM badala sakatA hai| ise 'saMkramaNa' kahA gayA hai| jJAna aura saMyama ke bala se grAtmA ko ke phala dene kI zakti ko bhI roka sakatA hai, ise 'upazamana' kahate haiM / 12 isI taraha kI kaI prakriyAe~ jaina dharma ke karma-siddhAnta meM variNata haiN| isa badalAhaTa kI prakriyA ne vyakti ko bhAgyavAdI banane se bacA liyaa| usameM aisA vizvAsa aura puruSArtha jAgRta kiyA ki vaha sadAcaraNa meM pravRtta ho sake ; ataH jAgaraNa aura puruSArtha jaina prAcAra-saMhitA ke do AdhAra-stambha haiN| isa taraha karmavAda jaina AcAra kA eka mahattvapUrNa, prAcIna aura maulika siddhAnta hai / 13

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38 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya mAnavatA mUlyAMkana : jaina karma siddhAnta ke pratipAdana se yaha spaSTa huA hai ki zrAtmA hI acchebure karmoM kI kendra hai | AtmA mUlataH ananta zaktiyoM kI kendra hai / jJAna aura caitanya usake pramukha guNa haiM; kintu karmoM ke AvaraNa se usakA zuddha svarUpa chipa jAtA hai / jaina AcAra sahitA pratipAdita karatI hai ki vyakti kA antima uddezya prAtmA ke isI zuddha svarUpa ko prApta karanA honA cAhiye; taba yahI AtmA paramAtmA ho jAtA hai / AtmA ko paramAtmA meM prakaTa karane kI zakti jaina darzana ne manuSya meM mAnI hai, kyoMki manuSya meM icchA, saMkalpa, aura vicAra-zakti hai isalie vaha svatantra kriyA kara sakatA hai, ataH sAMsArika pragati aura AdhyAtmika unnati ina donoM kA mukhya sUtradhAra manuSya hI hai / jaina dRSTi se yadyapi sArI zrAtmAe~ samAna haiM, saba meM paramAtmA banane ke guNa vidyamAna hai; kintu una guNoM kI prApti manuSya-jIvana meM hI saMbhava hai, kyoMki sadAcaraNa eva saMyama kA jIvana manuSya-bhava hI ho sakatA hai / isa prakAra jaina AcAra saMhitA ne mAnavatA ko jo pratiSThA dI hai, vaha zranutama hai / jaina Agama-granthoM meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki ahiMsA, saMyama, tapa rUpa dharma kA jo AcaraNa karatA hai usa manuSya ko devatA bhI namaskAra karate haiM; yathA dhammo maMgalamukkiTTha zrahiMsA saMjamo tavo / devAvi taM namasaMti jassa dhamme sayA maNo // manuSya kI isI zreSThatA ke kAraNa jainadharma meM daivIya zakti vAle Izvara kA koI mahattva nahIM rahA / jaina dRSTi se aisA koI vyakti Izvara ho hI nahIM sakatA, jisameM saMsAra ko banAne, yA naSTa karane kI icchA bAkI ho| yaha kisI bhI devIya zakti ke sAmarthya ke bAhara kI vastu hai ki vaha kisI bhI dravya ko badala sake tathA kisI vyakti ko sukha-dukha de sakeM; kyoMki hara dravya guNAtmaka praura svatantra hai / prakRti svayaM apane niyamoM se saMcAlita hai / vyakti ko sukha-duHkha usake karma aura puruSArtha ke anusAra milate haiM; ata: jaina AcAra saMhitA meM Izvara kA vaha astitva nahIM hai jo muslima dharma meM muhammada sAhaba kA tathA ImAI dharma meM IsA masIha kA hai / hindU dharma kA sarvazaktimAna Izvara bhI jaina dharma meM svIkRta nahIM hai kyoMki isase manaSya kI svatantratA aura puruSArtha bAdhita hote haiM 15 prAkRtika niyamoM kA ullaMghana hotA hai| jaina dharma kA yaha dRSTikoNa vartamAna yuga ke vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa se samarthita hai / jaina dharma meM yadyapi Izvara jaisI usa sattA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai, jo saMsAra ke banAne athavA naSTa karane meM kAraNa hai; tathApi jaina AcAra saMhitA AtmA ke usa zuddha svarUpa ke astitva ko svIkAra karatI hai, jo apane zreSThatama gaNoM ke kAraNa paramAtmA ho cukI hai| aise aneka paramAtmA jainadharma meM svIkata haiM,

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jaina pracAra saMhitA jo ananta sukhoM kA anubhava karate haiM tathA ina saMsAra se muka haiN| aise paramAtmApra ko jaina AcAra saMhitA meM 'arhat' eva siddha' kahA gayA hai| ye ve parama AtmAe haiM, jinhoMne indriyoM para vijaya prApta kara mAtmA ke vAstavika svarUpa kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA hai / inheM prApta, sarvajJa, vItarAgI, kevalI Adi nAmoM se bhI jAnA jAtA hai / it evaM siddhoM kI bhakti tathA pUjA karane kA vidhAna bhI jana grAcAra sahitA meM hai; kintu inase koI sAMsArika lAbha kI apekSA nahIM kI jAtI / inakI bhakti unake AdhyAtmika guNoM ko prApta karane ke lie hI kI jAtI hai, jisake lie bhakta ko svayaM puruSArtha karanA par3atA hai / 16 isa bhakti se vyakti kI bhAvanAe~ pavitra hotI haiM, jisase unakA prAcaraNa nirantara zuddha hotA jAtA hai; tathA AtmA kramazaH vikAsa ko prApta hotI hai / jaina pracAra sahitA meM AtmA kI tIna koTiyA~ mAnI gayI haiM 17 (1) bahirAtmA, jo zarIra ko hI AtmA samajhatA huA sAMsArika viSayoM meM lIna rahatA hai; ( 2 ) antarAtmA, jo zarIra aura AtmA ke bheda ko samajhatA hai tathA zarIra ke moha ko chor3a kara AtmA ke svarUpa ko prApta karane kA prayatna karatA hai; tathA ( 3 ) paramAtmA, jisane zrAtmA ke sacce svarUpa ko jAna liyA hai aura jo ananta jJAna tathA sukha kA dhanI hai / 39 jaina zrAcAra-saMhitA ke sopAna (triratna) : jainadharma meM tattva-nirUpaNa dvArA loka ke svarUpa kA vivecana karake tathA karmasiddhAnta ke pratipAdana dvArA manuSya meM saMkalpa aura puruSArtha kI jAgRti karake use Atma-sAdhanA kA jo mArga batalAyA gayA, vahI jaina AcAra saMhitA kA pramukha sopAna hai / jainAcArya umAsvAmI ne samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna evaM samyagcAritra ina tInoM ko mokSa kA mArga kahA hai- samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArga : 118 mokSa mArga meM ina tInoM kI pradhAnatA hone se inheM 'triratna' bhI kahA gayA haiN| ina tInoM kA pArasparika ghaniSTha sambandha hai / 19 samyagdarzana grAtma-sAdhanA kA prathama sopAna hai| jIva, ajIva Adi tattvoM ke svarUpa para zraddhAna karanA samyagdarzana hai| isase vyakti kA dRSTikoNa sahI banata hai / yadi dRSTi sahI aura vivekapUrNa hai, to jJAna aura prAcaraNa bhI sahI hogA / isa dRSTi se jaina AcAra saMhitA meM samyagdarzana tabhI hotA hai, jaba mithyAdRSTi kA, ajJAna kA prabhAva ho jaae| jainadharma kI paribhASA meM samyagdarzana ko 'adhyAtmika jAgRti' kahA gayA hai / samyagdarzana kI prApti se vyakti grAtmA ke svarUpa ko jAnane lagatA hai; ataH vaha nirbhaya aura ahiMsaka bana jAtA hai / usake mana meM saba jIvoM ke prati maitrI bhAva jAgRta ho jAtA hai / jainadharma meM samyagdarzana kA jo sUkSma vivecana huA hai, usase jJAta hotA hai ki vyAvahArika dRSTi se samyagdRSTi vyakti acchA nAgarika aura naitika jIvana jIne vAlA gRhastha bana jAtA hai / use jIvana ko jIne kI kalA A jAtI hai / jaina granthoM meM samyagdarzana ke jo ATha aMga pratipAdita haiM, ve vastutaH

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40 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya samyagdRSTi-saMpanna vyakti ke vyaktigata evaM sAmAjika jIvana ke utthAna kI sIDhiyA~ hI haiM 20 samyagyadarzana ke uparAnta sAdhaka samyagjJAna kI prApti karatA hai| jina tattvoM para usane zraddhAna kiyA thA, unhIM ko vaha pUrNa rUpa se jaba jAnatA hai, taba use samyagjJAna kI upalabdhi hotI hai| vastutaH zarIra aura prAtmA, athavA jar3a aura cetana ke svarUpa ko, unake sambandha ko pUrNa rUpa se jAnanA hI, 'samyagjJAna' hai / jaina prAcAra-saMhitA meM isa prAtma-jJAna kA imalie vizeSa mahattva hai ki isI jJAna ke aAdhAra para vyakti kA prAcarA phalita hotA hai / yadi usake darzana aura jJAna meM koI doSa raha gayA to usakA AcaragA bhI nirdoSa nahIM ho sakatA, isa kAraNa jJAna kI bar3I sUkSma vyAkhyA jainadarzana meM kI gayI hai / 21 mati, zra ta, avadhi, manaH paryaya, evaM kevalajJAna ye jJAna kI pAMca avasthAe~ haiM 2, sAdhaka jinheM kramaza prApta karatA hai| kevalajJAna hI pUrNa evaM zuddha AdhyAtmika jJAna hai / jaina AcAra-saMhitA meM samyagjJAna kA nirUpaNa karate samaya vyAvahArika dRSTikogA bhI apanAyA gayA hai / jaina dRSTi se pratyeka padArtha ananta guNoM kA pUja hai / eka choTe se paramANu meM bhI aparaMpAra zakti hai, aneka guNa haiN| jaise, jala meM zItalatA hai, taralatA hai, madhuratA hai, bijalo hai ityAdi aneka guraNa haiM; kintu kucha aise gaNa bhI usameM haiM jo hamAre anubhava meM nahIM pAte; ataH padArtha meM ananta gaNa mAne gaye haiM / paraspara viruddha pratIta hona vAle guNa bhI eka hI padArtha meM vidyamAna hote haiM; kintu hama eka samaya meM eka dRSTikoNa se padArtha ke kucha hI gaNoM ko jAna pAte haiM; ataH jaina darzana kA kathana hai ki hameM vastu-svarUpa kA nirUpaNa karate samaya usake dUsare gaNoM kI saMbhAvanA ko bhI sthAna denA cAhie / yaha cintana jaina darzana kA 'anekAntavAda' nAmaka siddhAnta kahalAtA hai / virodhoM meM samanvaya sthApita karanA isa siddhAnta ko mula bhAvanA hai / 23 isase spaSTa hai ki jainadarzana ne bar3I udAratA se yaha udghopaNA kI hai ki satya kimI eka vyakti, jAti, dharma, athavA deza kI sImA meM ba~dhA hA nahIM hai / satya kI akhaNDatA ko Adara dete hue usake baha AyAmoM ko jAnane kA prayatna karanA hI samyagjJAna kA viSaya hai / __vastu ke ananta dhapatmika hone ke kAraNa usake svarUpa kA kathana bhI eka sAtha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA; ata: jainadarzana ne apekSA kI dRSTi se kathana karane kI bAta kahI hai / aneka gaNoM ko prakaTa karane kI isa bhASika zailI ko 'syAdvAda' kahA gayA hai / syAhAda meM Agraha ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai / jainadarzana kI jJAna-mImAMsA ke isa anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda nAmaka siddhAntoM ne mAnava ke mastiSka ko udAra banAyA hai / isase prakRti ke nAnA rahasyoM ko jAnane kI saMbhAvanAe~ bar3hI haiM / jJAtA kA ahaMbhAva isase tirohita humA hai| yadi vartamAna yuga meM vaijJAnika kSetra meM isa anekAntavAda kA prayoga ho to azAnti aura yuddha ke bar3e-se-bar3e khataroM ke TAle jAne

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jaina AcAra-saMhitA 41 kI saMbhAvanA hai| mAnavatA kI surakSA aise udAravAdI dRSTikoNoM aura anAgrahI vRttiyoM se hI ho sakatI hai / ___ jaina AcAra-saMhitA kA mUlAdhAra samyak cAritra hai| jaina granthoM meM cAritra kA vivecana gRhasthoM aura sAdhuoM kI jIvana-caryA ko dhyAna meM rakha kara kiyA gayA hai| sAdhU-jIvana ke lie jisa prAcaraNa kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai usakA pramukha uddezya prAtma-sAkSAtkAra hai, jabaki gRhasthoM ke cAritra-vidhAna meM vyakti evaM samAja ke utthAna kI bAta bhI sammilita hai / 24 isa taraha nivRtti evaM pravRtti mArga donoM kA samanvaya jaina prAcAra-saMhitA meM huA hai| aAtmahita aura parahita kA sAmaMjasya samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAna kI pRSThabhUmi meM samyakacAritra meM sahaja upasthita ho jAtA hai / nija kA svArtha-sAdhana, dUsaroM ke prati dveSa aura IrSyAbhAva tathA hisaka vatti kA tyAga vyakti samyagdarzana ko upalabdha hote hI kara detA hai| vastutroM kA sahI jJAna hote hI vaha prAtmakalyANa tathA parahita kI bAta socane lagatA hai| usameM AtmA ke guNoM ko jagAne kA puruSArtha tathA jagat ke jIvoM ke prati karuNA aura maitrI kA bhAva jAgRta ho jAtA hai / anekAntavAda kI vaicArika udAratA se paricita hote hI vyakti anAgrahapUrNa jIvana jIne lagatA hai| ataH usake kadama samyaka cAritra kI bhUmi ko sparza karane lagate haiM / yahA~ prAkara sAdhaka ahiMsA kI pUrNa sAdhanA kA prayatna karatA hai / vastutaH jaina prAcAra-saMhitA ke sabhI vrata-niyama ahiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie hI haiM / ahiMsA ke binA jaina AcAra zUnya hai / mAnavatA-kA-kalyANa ahiMsA meM hI sannihita hai| isIlie jaina AcAra meM isakA sUkSma aura maulika vivecana milatA hai| prAcAra-saMhitA : gRhastha aura mani : jaina AcAra-saMhitA meM gRhastha dharma ke antargata pramukha rUpa se pAMca vratoM, tIna gaNavratoM aura cAra zikSAvratoM kA vivecana hai / 25 ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha ina pA~ca vratoM kA pAlana gRhastha apanI sAmAjika sImA meM rahate hue karatA hai, ataH prAzika rUpa se pAlana hone ke kAraNa inheM 'aNuvrata' kahA gayA hai, jabaki muni-jIvana meM inakA pUrNarUpa se pAlana karane kA vidhAna hone se ye 'mahAvrata' kahalAte haiN| ina pAMca vratoM kA kAryakSetra vyakti kI apekSA samAja meM adhika hai, ataH jaina prAcAra ne vyakti meM sAmAjika guNoM ke vikAsa kI ora dhyAna diyA hai| manuSya meM 'asat' vRttiyoM ke prati aruci aura sadAcAra ke prati ruci jAgRta ho isake lie use jIva-mAtra ke prati maitrIbhAva, guNIjanoM ke prati pramoda, dIna-dukhiyoM ke prati karuNAmAva tathA virodhiyoM ke prati pakSapAtarahita mAdhyasthya bhAva rakhane kI preraNA jaina prAcAryoM ne dI hai / sadAcArI gRhastha kA sAmAjika jIvana maryAdita ho evaM usameM saMcaya kI vRtti na bar3he isake lie use digvata, dezavrata, evaM anarthadaNDavrata ina guNoM ko pAlana karane ke lie kahA gayA hai| vaha dainika jIvana meM dhArmika AcaraNa se

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42 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya vimukha na ho tathA usameM dAna kI vRtti banI rahe, isake lie use cAra zikSAvratoM ko pAlana karane kA vidhAna kiyA gayA / 26 jaba jaina gRhasya ina bAraha vratoM kA pAlana karane lagatA hai, taba usake dhArmika jIvana kI yAtrA Age bar3hatI hai| vaha apanI zakti aura ruci ke anusAra sAdhu-jIvana ke saMyama-pAlana kI tarapha kadama bar3hAtA hai, isake lie use kramazaH gyAraha vanoM kA pAlana karanA par3atA hai| inhe 'pratimA' kahA gayA hai / gyArahavIM pratimA (uddiSTa tyAga) kI sAdhanA ke uparAnta munidharma kA prAcAra prArambha ho jAtA hai / jaina AcAra-zAstra ke anusAra muni-jIvana kA AcAra prAyaH nivRttiparaka hai / usameM sabhI kriyAe~ prAtmA ke sAkSAtkAra meM sahAyaka hotI haiM / pAMca samitiyoM, tIna guptiyoM, chaha AvazyakoM Adi kI sAdhanA pramukha hai| bAraha prakAra ke tapoM kI sAdhanA karatA huA jaina muni dhyAna kI utkRSTa avasthA meM pahuMcatA hai / vahA~ vaha usa paramajJAna ko prApta karane kA prayatna karatA hai, jisase vaha paramAtmA kI koTi meM pA sake / saMkSepa meM, yahI jaina prAcAra-saMhitA kI pariNati hai / muni-jIvana kI isI kaThora sAdhanA ke kAraNa jaina AcAra-saMhitA ko prAyaH nivRtimUlaka evaM vyaktivAdI AcAra kI saMjJA kucha vidvAn dete haiM / yaha kintu aAzika satya hai| vastutaH jaina prAcAra vyakti ke guNAtmaka vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha pUrI mAnava-jAti ke utthAna kI bhAvanA apane meM samAye hue hai / prANi-mAtra ke prati jIvana-rakSA kI bhAvanA jaina AcAra meM nihita hai| sampUrNa jaina AcAra-saMhitA meM se nimnAMkita kucha aise vizvavyApI mUlya haiM, jo mAnava-kalyANa ke sAtha-sAtha prANimAtra ko jIvana kI surakSA pradAna karane meM sakSama haiN| jaina prAcAra-sahitA samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna evaM sabhyaka cAritra kI sAdhanA dvArA pAlana kI jAtI hai, jisakA pariNAma ahiMsA, anekAnta evaM aparigraha ina tIna pramukha pravRttiyoM ke rUpa meM prApta hotA hai / 27 samyagdarzana se sahI dRSTi prApta hotI hai| padArthoM kA vAstavika rUpa jJAta hotA hai| AtmA aura zarIra kA sambandhabodha hotA hai; ataH samyagdarzana ko upalabdha vyakti anAsakta ho jAtA hai / anAsakti se vaha aparigraha vrata ke pAlana kA adhikArI banatA hai| use nibhaMya, amara aura sarvaguNa-sampanna prAtmA ke lie phira vastuoM ke saMgraha aura unameM moha kI AvazyakatA nahIM raha jAtI / samyagjJAna kI prApti se vyakti anAgraha citta vAlA ho jAtA hai / usameM anekAntavAda phalita ho jAtA hai| vaha pratyeka vastu ke vibhinna pahaluSoM aura usase saMbaddha sambhAvanAoM ko mahattva detA huA vaicArika dRSTi se udAramanA ho jAtA hai / anAsakta pora anAgraha citta vAle vyakti ke lie sabhI prANiyoM meM samatvabhAva pA jAtA hai, yahI samyaka cAritra kI upalabdhi hai| samatva ko prApta vyakti se hiMsA honA asaMbhava hotA hai| vaha antara evaM bAhya donoM ora se zuddha vicAra vAlA vyakti hotA hai, ataH usake sabhI kArya tathA

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jana prAcAra-saMhitA 43 prAcaraNa ahiMsaka hote haiN| isa taraha jaina prAcAra pramukha rUpa se jIvanavRtti meM anAsakti ( aparigraha ), vicAra meM anAgraha (anekAnta ) aura AcaraNa meM samatva (ahiMsA) ina tIna prAcAroM kA hI pratipAdana karatA hai| yadi dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jAe to jana AcAra-saMhitA mana, vANI, aura zarIra ina tInoM ko pavitratA meM vizvAsa rakhatI hai / anAsakti (tyAgabhAvanA) ke dvArA mana ke durAcaraNa ko, anAgraha (anekAnta) ke dvArA vANI ke durAcaraNa (vaicArika asahiSNutA) ko, aura ahiMsA dvArA zarIra ke durAcaraNa (hiMsA, zoSaNa, paritApa Adi) ko dUra karane kA prayatna jaina AcAra dvArA kiyA jAtA hai / isI meM mAnava-kalyANa evaM prANi-saMrakSaNa kI bhAvanA chipI huI hai| inakA pAlana karane vAlA hI saccA jaina hai| saccA mAnava hai| ahiMsA : jena prAcAra kA mUlAdhAra : jaina zAstroM ke adhyayana se yaha bhalIbhAMti spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki samasta jaina AcAra ahiMsA kI nIMva para khar3A hai| prAcArAMgasatra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ahiMsA ko hI zuddha, nitya, aura zAzvata dharma kahA hai| yaha dharma loka kI-pIr3A kA haraNa karane vAlA hai / ahiMsA ke vyApaka kSetra kA pratipAdana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki kisI bhI prANI, bhUta, jIva, aura sattva kA hanana nahIM karanA cAhiye, una para zAsana nahIM karanA cAhiye, unheM dAsa nahIM banAnA cAhiye, unheM paritApa nahIM denA cAhiye, unakA prANa-niyojana nahIM karanA cAhiye / 28 yahI jJAnI hone kA sAra hai aura yahI samasta dharmoM kA sAra hai ki kisI prANI kI hiMsA na ho / 29 ahiMsA cara evaM acara sabhI prANiyoM kA kalyANa karane vAlI hai| 30 ahiMsA ke samAna dusarA dharma nahIM hai / bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM kahA gayA hai ki ahiMsA sabhI jIvana-paddhatiyoM (AzramoM) kA hRdaya hai aura sabhI jJAnoM kA utpatti-sthAna hai / 31 prAcArya amRtacandra ne jaina AcAra ke sabhI AcAra-niyamoM ko ahiMsA se hI vikasita mAnA hai / isa taraha ahiMsA vAstaba meM jaina prAcAra kA mUlAdhAra hai; aura ahiMsA kA prAdhAra sabhI prANiyoM meM prAtmavat dRSTi hai / jaina prAcAra-saMhitA meM ahiMsA ke prAdhyAtmika pakSa ke sAtha-sAtha usake sAmAjika evaM vyAvahArika pakSa para bhI vistRta cintana kiyA gayA hai : gRhastha jIvana meM rahate hue parivAra, samAja, deza Adi ke prati vyakti ke kaI kartavya hote haiM / una kartavyoM kA pAlana karane meM kucha hiMsA ho jAtI hai; ataH jaina AcAra-saMhitA meM hiMsA ke cAra stara batAye gaye haiN| 1. sakalpajA hiMsA : jAna-bUjha kara saMkalpa karake kisI para AkramaNa karanA / 2, virodhajA hiMsA : jIvana ke adhikAroM kI surakSA ke lie vivaza ho kara hiMsAtmaka pravRtti karanA /

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya 3. udyogajA hiMsA : AjIvikA ke lie vyApAra, kRSi Adi meM hiMsAtmaka pravRtti karanA / 4. ArambhajA hiMsA : jIvana-nirvAha ke lie bhojana prAdi taiyAra karane evaM dainika kAryoM meM hone vAlI hiMsA / inameM se prathama hiMsA jaina dRSTi sabhI vyaktiyoM ke lie tyAjya hai / dvitIya tathA tRtIya prakAra kI hiMsA gRhastha jIvana meM vyakti kara sakatA hai; kintu usameM bhI usake vicAroM meM zuddhatA aura anAsakti honA Avazyaka hai / ArambhajA hiMsA gRhastha aura sAdhu donoM ke jIvana meM hotI hai / hiMsA se bhI bacane kA yathAsambhava prayatna kiyA jAtA hai, jisakA mUla upAya Antarika zuddhi ko upalabdha karanA hai; ataH sUkSma dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAe to jaina AcAra saMhitA meM hiMsA kA sUkSma rUpa bhI dharma meM svIkRta nahIM hai / hiMsA cAhe vicAroM kI ho athavA bAhya rUpa meM zArIrika, donoM hI jaina pracAra kA dhArmika niyama nahIM ho sakatI / pUrNa ahiMsaka honA hI jaina AcAra kA antima lakSya hai / isa lakSya kI pUrti meM sabhI prANiyoM ke prati karuNA, prema, maitrI, samAnatA, sahiSNutA Adi kA jo vyavahAra kiyA jAtA hai, vahI hiMsA kI sAmAjika upalabdhi hai / jaina AcAra kI isa tIvra prahiMsaka dRSTi ne bhAratIya samAja meM zAkAhArI jIvana-paddhati ko surakSita rakhA hai| dhana evaM sainya bala kI kamI hone para bhI bhAratIya manobala aura cAritrika dRr3hatA ko ahisA ne U~cAiyoM taka pahu~cAyA hai| vartamAna yuga meM mahAtmA gA~dhI ne ahiMsA ke jisa prayoga ko vizvavyApI banAyA hai vaha jaina prAcAra meM svIkRta hiMsA kA vyAvahArika rUpa hI hai / 33 isake pUrva bhI jaina sAhitya meM aneka kathAe~ evaM jIvana caritra hiMsA kI jIvana meM sAdhanA ko spaSTa karate haiM / 34 anya vratoM kA mahatva : 44 hiMsA kI sAdhanA ke lie hI jaina AcAra meM satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha, dAna Adi vratoM kA vidhAna hai| jaina granthoM meM inakI sUkSmatara vyAkhyAe~ bhI prApta haiM; kintu yadi gaharAI meM dekhA jAe to jaina prAcAra AdhyAtmika upalabdhiyoM kA hI sAmAjika pariNAma hai| vastutaH prahiMsA kA artha AtmajJAna hai / samatAbhAva kI upalabdhi hai / 35 jo vyakti AtmA aura loka ke anya padArthoM ke svarUpa kA sahI jJAna kara legA, usakI vRtti itanI sAttvika ho jAegI ki usase hiMsA ho na sakegI; kyoMki samAnadharmA jIvoM ko duHkha kauna pahu~cAnA cAhegA aura kisa lAbha lie ? jaba vyakti ahiMsA ko apane hRdaya meM itanA utAregA tabhI vaha sAmAjika ho sakegA / ahiMsA kI isa dhurI para hI jaina pracAra ke anya vrata gatimAna haiM / caturtha prakAra kI jaina dRSTi se isa satya vrata kA artha kevala jhUTha bolane se bacanA nahIM hai; isakA vAstavika artha hai - saMsAra ko usake prasalI rUpa meM dekhanA; aura svayaM ko asalI rUpa meM P

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jana AcAra-saMhitA prakaTa karanA / banAvaTIpana kA abhAva ho satyavrata kA pAlana karanA hai / isa vrata se vyakti ko apanI sahI sAmarthya kA patA cala jAtA hai; ataH vaha nirbhayatA ko prApta ho jAtA hai / nirbhayatA kI sthiti meM corI karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM rhtii| kisakI surakSA ke lie athavA kima aAvazyakatA kI pUrti ke lie corI kI jAe? ataH prAtmA aura zarIra ke isa bheda-vijJAna kA anubhava hI acaurya hai| isase milAvaTa, munAphAkhorI, kUTa-vyApAra prAdi coriyoM kA uddezya hI samApta ho jAtA hai| zarIra ke mithyA poSaNa kI bhAvanA ke kAraNa hI corI nahIM hogI; beImAnI nahIM hogii| isa taraha jaina prAcAra ne isa samasyA kA nidAna mUla kAraNa ko samApta karane meM khojA hai bahmacarya vrata kA pAlana gRhastha aura sAdhu donoM ke lie Avazyaka hai : maryAdAoM meM kucha antara hai / vAsanAoM para vijaya prApta kara zakti ke apavyaya ko rokanA isa vrata kI mUla bhAvanA hai; ata: jaina dRSTi meM brahmacarya kA AdhyAtmika artha kiyA gayA brahma (paramAtmA)-jaisA AcaragA; arthAt zuddha, nirmala prAtmA ke sukha kA anubhava karanA / isakI prApti ke lie svadArA-saMtoSa, zIla kA pAlana, indriyoM kA nigraha prAdi saba sAdhana haiN| jaina AcAra-saMhitA meM aparigraha vrata kI vyAkhyA anupama hai| parigraha kI sImA rakhanA vastuoM kA anAvazyaka saMgraha na karanA. samavitaraNa ko mahattva denA, dAna denA Adi saba aparigraha kI ora jAne vAle rAste haiM; kintu vastutaH aparigraha dvArA zAzvata surakSA meM pahu~canA isa vrata kA mUla uddezya hai| manuSya AtmA ke mvabhAva se, zani se, samRddhi se paricita na hone ke kAraNa asurakSA meM jItA hai; prabhAva meM banA rahatA hai / use lagatA hai ki vaha vastuoM kA jitanA adhika saMgraha kara legA, utanA hI surakSita aura sukhI ho jAegA; kintu vaha yaha nahIM jAnatA ki acetana padArtha cetana prAtmadravya kI kyA surakSA kareMge ? prAtmA jo svayaM pUrNa aura aAnandamaya hai, use parigraha kI vastueM kyA de sakeMgI ? ataH mahAvIra ne kahA ki vastuoM meM prAsakti eka behozI (mUrchA hai-mUrchA parigrahaH / isa behozI ko tor3anA hI aparigraha hai / yaha mUrchA prAtmA kI pUrNatA ko jAnane se hI TUTegI / vyavahAra meM kama saMcaya, kama kharca, kama Asakti karane se usa ora jAne meM madada milegii| isase dUsaroM kA haka bhI nahIM chinegA aura samAja meM sahaastitva pragaTa hogaa| jaina AcAra ne aparigraha vrata para utanA hI jora diyA hai, jitanA ahiMsA para ; kyoMki donoM eka-dUsare ke pUraka haiM / saMkSepa meM, mamatva (tRSNA) kA visarjana aura samatva (samavibhAjana)-kI-sAdhanA kA nAma hI 'aparigraha hai| isase adhyAtma aura samAja donoM prabhAvita hote haiN|

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46 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya sAmAjika yogadAna : ___ jaina prAcAra kA cintana adhyAtma kI bhUmi para, aura usakA vyavahAra samAja ke dharAtala para hotA hai / jaina vrata-niyamoM ke pAlana se vyakti kA guNAtmaka vikAsa hotA hai; aura samAja meM naitikatA ke phUla khilate haiM; ataH jaina AcAra-saMhitA meM samAja-cintana upekSita nahIM hai, isalie jainadharma raMga-reze meM mAnava-kalyANa ke sAtha jur3A huA hai / sAmAjika jIvana ke sandarbha meM jaina granthoM meM vipula sAmagrI upalabdha hai| jaina AcAra sAmAjika AvazyakatA kI dRSTi se kaI vrata-vidhAna nirUpita karatA hai| 36 unameM se kucha isa prakAra haiM : dAna jaina AcAra-zAstra meM gRhastha ke zikSAvratoM meM eka hai-atithi saMvibhAgavata jisameM atithi ko bhojana, auSadhi, zAstra Adi kA dAna vihita hai| manuSya apanI upalabdhiyoM kA samavibhAjana kaise kare, isakA sUkSma vivecana jaina granthoM meM hai| dAna dete samaya dene kI vidhi, dene kI vastu, dene vAle (dAtA), aura grahaNa karane vAle (pAtra) ina saba para vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai / dene vAle meM ahaMkAra kA bhAva nahIM honA cAhie, apitu use kSamAzIla evaM kRtajJa honA cAhiye / usake dvArA dAna meM dI gayI vastue~ manuSya ke sadAcaraNa meM sahAyaka honI cAhiye / sevA _ 'atithisaM vibhAga' ko samantabhadra ne 'vayAvRttya' (sevA) bhI kahA hai, jisameM sadAcArI vyakti kI sevA karanA sammilita hai / isI sevA-bhAvanA ke kAraNa gRhasthoM ko muni-saMgha kA mAtA-pitA kahA gayA hai| muniyoM ke prAcAra meM bhI vaiyAvRttya nAmaka eka tapa mAnA gayA hai, jisakI sAdhanA meM ve rogI, vRddha eva asahAya muniyoM kI sevA karate haiN| isa prakAra kI sevA dharma kI sevA mAnI jAtI hai| jaina prAcAra meM auSadhi dAna ko pramukhatA milane ke kAraNa grAja bhI jaina samAja mAnava-sevA ke kArya meM agraNI hai / isase vaha abhaya dAna kA lAbha bhI prApta karatA hai / svAdhyAya jaina prAcAra-granthoM meM svAdhyAya gRhastha evaM muni-jIvana donoM ke lie eka mahanvapUrNa sevA mAnI gayI hai / ajJAna ko haTA kara jJAna kI kriyA meM pravRtta honA evaM dUsaroM ko bhI isI meM lagAnA svAdhyAya kI mUla bhAvanA hai| isase zAstra-dAna kA uddezya bhI pUrA ho jAtA hai| zAstra-dAna ke vidhAna ke kAraNa jaina paramparA ke gRhasthoM ne hajAroM grantha bhaNDAroM kI sthApanA kI hai, jo bhAratIya samAja kI sAMskRtika gatividhiyoM ke pramukha kandra haiN| inameM prAja bhI hajAroM bahumUlya grantha surakSita haiM / isa prakAra dAna, sevA, aura svAdhyAya Adi sAmAjika kAryoM dvArA jaina AcAra ne prAdhyAtmika jIvana ko vyAvahArika banAyA hai / jIva, dayA, auSadhi-dAna, abhaya-dAna sevA Adi pravRttiyoM ne vyaktiyoM ko mAnava-kalyANa ke lie to prerita kiyA hI hai,

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jaina AcAra-saMhitA 47 sAtha hI vaha prANi-mAtra ke jIvana saMrakSaNa kI dizA meM bhI Age bar3hA hai / manuSyoM evaM pazuoM ke aspatAla se prAge bar3ha kara jaina samAja ne pakSiyoM ke aspatAla bhI khole haiM, jo unakI sevA-bhAvanA ke anupama udAharaNa haiN| isa taraha jaina prAcAra prAdhyAtmika aura tattvajJAna ke dharAtala para jitanA gaMbhIra evaM mahattvapUrNa hai, utanA hI vaha sAmAjika kSetra meM bhI upayogI hai / jaina darzana ke anekAntavAdI dRSTikoNa ne jaina AcAra ko sarvAMgINa banA diyA hai / 37 vartamAna mAnava-samAja ke sAmane kaI samasyAe~ haiM, kintu abhAva, svArthaparatA, anyAya, ajJAnatA eva hiMsA prAja ke mAnava ko sabase adhika saMtrasta kiye hue haiM / prabhAva ko dUra karane ke lie manuSya ne vijJAna kA AviSkAra kiyA aura taraha-taraha kI sukha dene vAlI sAmagrI apane cAroM tarapha ikaTThA kara lI; kintu phira bhI use Aja sukha nahIM mila rahA hai| sarvAdhika vastuproM se sarvAdhika sukha' kA nArA Aja vyartha ho gayA hai| ata: aiso sthiti meM jaina prAcAra ne jo prAtmajJAna kA siddhAnta diyA hai, vaha manuSya ke bhItara kI zUnyatA (riktatA) ko maratA hai / Atma-sampadA se paricita hone para manuSya ke lie bAhara kI vastugroM kA prabhAva, athavA sadbhAva dukhaHsukha nahIM degaa| prAtmasukha ke lie hI manuSya svArthI bana kara dUsaroM ke sAtha anyAya karatA hai; ataH jaina darzana ne sabhI prAtmAoM meM mamAnatA kA udghoSa kara isa samasyA ke nirAkaraNa kA prayatna kiyA hai / anekAnta dvArA Aja ke mAnava kI ajJAna ko samasyA kA bhI samAdhAna ho sakatA hai| vaha sasAra ke bahuAyAmI svarUpa se paricita ho sakatA hai| vaicArika udAratA kI prApti se vaha eka viveka-sapanna vaijJAnika ho sakatA hai aura isa taraha jaba vijJAna kI pragati se sahI dRSTikoNa jur3a jAegA, usase prANimAtra kA hita saMbaddha ho jAegA, taba hiMsA kA vAtAvaraNa svayameva naSTa ho jaaegaa| vijJAna aura ahiMsA ke isa mela se hI mAnavatA kA kalyANa saMbhava hai / jaina prAcAra-saMhitA isa dizA meM eka racanAtmaka bhUmikA nibhA sakatI hai| BOD sandabha 1. jaina, hIrAlAla : bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, bhopAla, 1962 pR. 9-22 sogANI, kamalacanda : ethikama DaoNkTrAinsa ina jainijma, solApura, 1967 .. jainI, padmanAbha : jaina pAtha praoNpha pyUrIphikezana, dillI, 1971; pR. 89. 106 4. tattvArthasUtra (a. 1, sUtra 4), : saM. saMghavI, paM. sukhalAla, vArANasI, 1952 (dvi. saM.) 5. bhArgava, dayAnanda : jaina ethiksa, dillI, 1968

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya 15. 6. maikaMjI, jauna esa. : e mainuala praoNpha ethiksa, landana, 1929 7. 'dhammo maMgalamakikThaM ahiMsA saMjamo tavo : dazavakAlika, 1.1 bhArgava, dayAnanda : jaina ethiksa, pR. 37-38 uttarAdhyayana sUtra : pra. 2, gA. 37 10. glesanepa, eca. : DAkTrAina oNpha karma ina jaina philaoNsaphI, bambaI, 1942 11. zvetAzvataropaniSad : 1.12 12. muni nathamala : jaina darzana : manana aura mImAMsA, curU 1977, pR. 320 jemsa, hesTigsa, (saM) : ensAiklopIDiyA oNpha rilIjana eNDa ethiksa, nyUyArka, 1955, pR. 472 14. dazavakAlikasUtra : a. 1, gA. I, lADanU, pR. 5 jaina, mahendra kumAra, : jaina darzana, vArANasI 16. upAdhye, e. ena. (sa) : paramAtmaprakAza, bambaI, bhUmikA, pR. 36 17. kArtikeyAnuprakSA : bambaI, gA. 193-198 18. tattvArthasUtra : 1.1 19. sarvArthasiddhi (pUjyapAda) : saM.-paM. phUlacandra zAstrI, vArANasI, 1971, pairA 5 10. sogANI, ke. sI. : mahAvIra praoNna inDivijuala eNDa hija sozala rispAMsibiliTI, (nibndh)| mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha : Agama yuga kA jaina darzana, AgarA, 1966, pR, 129 tattha pacavihaM nAraNaM suya prAbhinibohiyaM / prohinANaM tu taiyaM maNanANaM ca kevala / / -uttarAdhyayanasatra, 28.4 mukharjI, satakArI : da jaina philaoNsaphI grApha naoNna ebsolyuTijma, dillI, vi. saM. 1978 zAstrI, devendra muni : jaina prAcAra siddhAnta aura svarUpa, udayapura 1982, pR. 293 25. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra : (samantabhadra), dillI puSkara muni : zrAvaka dharma-darzana, udayapura, 1978, pR, 383 prAdi jaina, sa garamala : jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA samAja-darzana, jayapura, 1982, pR. 51 savve pAraNA savve bhUtA savve jIvA samve sattA Na haMtavvA, Na prajjAveyavvA, raNa parighetavA, Na pariratAveyavvA, raNa uddaveyanvA / - prAcArAMgasUtra 1.4.1 29. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra : 1.4.10 30 praznavyAkaraNasatra : 2.1 21-22 31. bhagavatIprArAdhanA : gA. 790

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jaina AcAra saMhitA 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. puruSArtha siddhayupAya : 42 koThArI, DI. esa. : sama thaoNTa, praoNna sAinsa eNDa rilIz2ana, naI dillI, 1977 g. 35-36 jaina, premasumana : prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM zrahiMsA kA dRSTikoNa; 'amarabhAratI', rAjagRhI, 1981 AcArya nAnAlAlajI : samatA-darzana aura vyavahAra, bIkAnera bhAnAvata, narendra (saM.) bhagavAn mahAvIra - zrAdhunika sandarbha meM, bIkAnera 1974, q. 39-94 bhArgava, dayAnanda : jaina ethiksa, pR. 37 49 OC

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saptama ahiMsA : svarUpa evaM prayoga ahiMsA-saMskRti pradhAna jainadharma meM samatA, sarvabhUtadayA, saMyama jaise aneka zabda prahiMsA pAcaraNa ke lie prayukta haiM / vAstava meM jahAM bhI rAga-dveSamayo pravRtti dikhalAyI par3egI vahAM hiMsA kisI na kisI rUpa meM upasthita ho jAegI / sandeha, pravizvAsa, virodha, krUratA aura ghRNA kA parihAra prema, udAratA, praura sahAnubhUmi binA saMbhava nahIM hai / prakRti aura mAnava donoM kI krUratAoM kA nirAkaraNa saMyama dvArA hI saMbhava hai / isI kAraNa jainAcAryoM ne tIrtha kA vivecana karate hue kaSAyarahita nirmala saMyama kI pravRtti ko hI dharma kahA hai / yaha saMyamarUpa ahisAdharma vaiyaktika ra sAmAjika donoM hI kSetroM meM samatA aura zAnti sthApita kara sakatA hai / isa dharma kA prAcaraNa karane para svArtha, vidveSa, sandeha aura avizvAsa ko kahIM bhI sthAna nahIM hai / vyakti aura samAja ke sambandhoM kA pariSkAra bhI saMyama yA hiMsaka pravRttiyoM dvArA hI saMbhava hai / kundakunda svAmI ne batAyA hai jaM NimmalaM sughammaM sammattaM saMjamaM tavaM jANaM / taM titthaM jiNamagge havei jadi saMtibhAveNa || - bo. pA. gA0 27 / rAga-dveSa kA abhAvarUpa samatAcaraNa hI vyakti zrora samUha ke mUlyoM ko susthira rakha sakatA hai / AtmotthAna ke lie yaha jitanA Avazyaka hai, utanA hI jIvana aura jagat kI vibhinna samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie bhI / vargabheda, jAtibheda bhAdi vibhinna viSamatAnoM meM samatva aura zAnti kA samAdhAna samatA yA samAcAra hI hai / mAnavIya mUlyoM meM jIvana ko niyantrita aura nItiyukta banAye rakhane kI kSamatA ekamAtra samatA yukta ahiMsAcaraNa meM hI hai / yuddha, vidveSa, aura zatrutA se mAnava samAja kI rakSA karane ke hetu vidhAyaka zabda kA prayoga kareM to vaha samAcAra kuTumba, samAja, zikSA, vyApAra, zAsana, saMgaThana prabhRti meM maryAdA aura niyamoM kI pratiSThA karatA hai, mAnavIya mUlyoM kI sthApanA karatA hai aura prANijagat meM sukha-kalyANa kA prAdurbhAva karatA hai /

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ahiMsA : svarUpa evaM prayoga mUlAcAra grantha meM samAcAra kI mahattA kI batalAte hue likhA hai samadA samAcAro sammAcArI samo vA prAcAro / savveMsa hiMsamA sAmAcAro du zrAcAro // - gA0 123 zrataeva spaSTa hai ki apane deza kI gauravapUrNa paramparAThoM ke anukUla vizvazAnti ke lie samatAcAra ahiMsA kI sAdhanA atyAvazyaka hai / Aja kI parivartita hotI huI paristhitiyoM aura jIvana mUlyoM ke anusAra samAja aura samUha ke saMgharSa kI samApti kA eka mAtra upAya zrahiMsAcaraNa hI hai / 51 ahisA ke viSaya meM jaina saMskRti paga-paga para sandeza detI huI agrasara hotI hai / jaina saMskRti ke variSTha vidhAyakoM ke antaHkaraNa meM samUce vizva ko hI nahIM, prANImAtra ko sukhI dekhane kI lAlasA thI / yaha unake antaHkaraNa kI pukAra thI / gahana anubhUti kI pramivyakti / yaha anubhUti zuddha prema kI anubhUti thI, rAgamukta prema kI / prema kA yahI rUpa sArvabhaumika hotA hai / yaha eka ke prati nahIM, samasta ke prati hotA hai / tabhI prANImAtra kA spandana apanI prAtmA meM spandana meM sukha bhI hotA hai, apAra duHkha bhI / aura tabhI usa antarAla kI gaharAiyoM se karuNA phUTa par3atI hai / vyakti samaSTi ke rUpa meM dukha nivAraNa kI bAta socane lagatA hai / kI pRSThabhUmi hai / hiMsA kI mUla bhAvanA prANimAtra ko jIne kA adhikAra pradAna karatI hai / apane Apa meM jInA koI jIvana hai ? vaha to eka mazInI jIvana hai / jo apanA hokara nahIM rahatA, vAstava meM vahI sabakA hokara jItA hai| jaina saMskRti ke niyAmakoM kA hRdaya isI bhAvanA se anuprANita thA / isalie unhoMne samaveta svara meM kahA - saba jIva saMsAra meM jInA cAhate haiM / maranA koI nahIM cAhatA | kyoMki eka gandagI ke kIr3e aura svarga ke adhipati - indra donoM ke hRdaya meM zrAkAMkSA aura mRtyu kA bhaya samAna hai / 2 ataH sabako apanA jIvana isIlie sote-uThate, calate-phirate tathA choTe-bar3e pratyeka kArya ko bhAvanA hara vyakti kI honI cAhie ki jaba merI AtmA sukha cAhatI hai to dUsaroM ko bhI sukha bhogane kA adhikAra hai / jaba mujhe dukha pyArA nahIM hai to saMsAra ke anya jIvoM ko kahA~ se pyArA hogA ? 4 ataH svAnubhUti ke AdhAra para hiMsAtmaka pravRttiyoM se hamezA bacakara rahanA cAhie / ' jIvana kI pyArA hai / 3 karate hue yaha sunAI par3atA hai / isa apAra duHkha ke prati vyaSTi se nikalakara yahI ahisA ke janma kitanI udAtta bhAvanA hai una mahAmAnavoM kI / mAnavatA yahA~ carmotkarSa para pahu~ca jAtI hai / jiyo aura jIne do, yaha ahiMsA kA svarNima sUtra usI sarvabhUtadayA

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya anya kI bhAvanA se prasUta hai, jahA~ jIva ke sAre bheda samApta ho jAte haiM / saMskRtiyoM ke karuNA kI bhAvanA zravazya hai, prasaMgavaza hiMsA virodhAtmaka upadeza bhI diye gaye haiM, kintu unameM jainadharma kI isa udAratA kI mizAla pAnA kaThina hai / isalie zAyada jIvadayA kI kriyA ko sabase zreSTha evaM cintAmariNa ratna ke samAna phala dene vAlI mAnI gayI hai / tathA ahisA ke mAhAtmya se manuSya cirajIvI, saubhAgyazAlI, aizvaryavAn, sundara zraura yazasvI hotA hai, yaha svIkRta kiyA gayA hai | 7 52 hiMsA-svarUpa : hiMsA kyA hai, isa prazna ko jainAcAryoM ne bar3I sUkSma praura sarala vidhi se samajhAyA hai / sarvaprathama unhoMne hiMsA kA svarUpa nirdhArita kiyA / taduparAnta usase virata hone kI kriyA ko ahiMsA kA nAma diyaa| bAta ThIka bhI hai, jaba taka hama vastu ke svarUpa ko na samajha leM, usase sambhAvita hAni-lAbha se avagata na ho jAyeM tava taka use chor3ane kA prazna hI kahA~ uThatA hai / hiMsA kA sarvAgapUrNa lakSaraNa amRtacandrAcArya ke isa kathana meM nihita hai - kaSAya ke vazIbhUta hokara dravyarUpa yA bhAvarUpa prANoM kA ghAta karanA hiMsA hai 18 yaha lakSaNa samantabhadrAcArya dvArA praNIta zrahiMsANuvrata ke lakSaNa jaisA hI paripUrNa hai / sarvArthasiddhi evaM tatvArtha - rAjarvArtika meM isI kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai / jaisA varNana puruSArtha siddhayupAya meM hai vaisA pUrva yA uttara ke hai | prahiMsA aura hiMsA kA granthoM meM nahIM milatA uparyukta hiMsA ke lakSaNa meM manakI duSpravRtti para adhika jora diyA gayA hai / kyoMki tas kI kaluSatA hI hiMsA ko janma detI hai / isI bAta ko AcArya umAsvAmI ne isa kathana se spaSTa kiyA hai-- pramattayogAtprANavyaparopaNaM hiMsA 110 pramAdavaza prANoM ke ghAta karane ko hiMsA kahate haiM / pramatta zabda mana kI kalubatA, ajJAnatA, zrasAvadhAnI ke artha meM hI prayukta huA hai| gRhastha jIvana meM manuSya Saint kriyAoM kA pratipAdana karatA hai / kintu sabhI kriyAeM sAvadhAnI aura saMyamapUrvaka nahIM hotIM / aneka kAryoM ko karate hue mana meM kaSAyabhAva, kaTutA utpanna ho jAtI hai / isase AtmA kI nirmalatA dhuMdhalI par3a jAtI hai / bhAvanAoM meM vikAra utpanna ho jAte haiM / inhIM duSpariNAmoM se yukta ho koI kArya karanA hiMsA hai / kyoMki duSpariNAmI vyakti ke dvArA bhale dUsare prANiyoM kA ghAta na ho lekina usakI zrAtmA kA prAta svayameva ho jAtA hai / isI prathaM meM vaha hiMsaka hai 111 kyoMki kisI dUsare se kisI dUsare kA prANaghAta sambhava hI nahIM hai /

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hiMsA : svarUpa evaM prayoga paM0 prazAdharajI ne hiMsA kI vyAkhyA aura sarala zabdoM meM kI hai| unakA kathana hai - saMkalpapUrvaka vyakti ko hiMsAtmaka kArya nahIM karanA cAhie / una saba kAryoM va sAdhanoM ko, jinase zarIra dvArA himA, hiMsA kI preraNA va anumodana sambhava ho, yatnapUrvaka vyakti ko chor3a denA caahie| yadi vaha gRhasthajIvana meM una kAryoM ko nahIM chor3a sakatA to use pratyeka kArya ko karate samaya satarka aura sAvadhAna rahanA caahie| 13 devatA, atithi, mantra, auSadhi prAdi ke nimitta tathA andhavizvAsa aura dharma ke nAma para saMkalpapUrvaka prANiyoM kA ghAta nahIM karanA cAhie | 14 kyoMki prayatnAcAra pUrvaka kI gaI kriyA meM jIva mare yA na mare himA ho hI jAtI hai / jaba ki yatnAcAra se kArya kara rahe vyakti ko prANivadha ho jAne para bhI hiMsaka nahIM kahA jAtA / 15 vastutaH hiMsA karane aura hiMsA ho jAne meM bahuta antara hai / fron yaha saMkalpa pUrvaka kiyA gayA prANiyoM kA ghAta hiMsA hai, aura unakI rakSA evaM bacAva karanA zrahiMsA 116 ahiMsA ke pratipAdana meM jaina- sAhitya meM bahuta kucha kahA gayA hai / isameM pradhAnataH prANImAtra ke kalyANa kI bhAvanA nihita hai / anya dharma va saMskRtiyA~ ahiMsA kA ghoSa karatI huI bhI hiMsAtmaka kAryoM meM aneka bahAnoM se pravRtta dekhI jA sakatI hai / kintu jaina saMskRti jo kahatI hai, vahI vyavahAra meM utArane kI koziza karatI hai / yahI kAraNa hai, jainAcAryoM ne samaya kI gatividhi ko dekhate hue aneka vaidika anuSThAnoM va hiMsAtmaka kAryoM kA virodha kiyA hai / yaha virodha jaina dharma meM sarvabhUtadayA kI bhAvanA kA hI pratiphala hai / 53 ahiMsA ko jainadharma meM vrata mAnA gayA hai| vastutaH hiMsAtmaka kAryoM se virata hone meM kaThinatA kA anubhava hone se hI ahiMmA ko vrata kaha diyA gayA hai, anyathA karuNA, ahiMsA to dainika kAryoM evaM sukhI jIvana kA eka Avazyaka aMga hai : vaha mAnava kI svAbhAvika pararaNati haiM / use vrata mAnakara calanA usase dUra honA hai / ahiMsA to bhAvoM kI zakti hai / prAtmA kI nirmalatA evaM ajJAna kA vinAza hai / koI bhI vyakti apane dainika jIvana meM acAnaka parivartana lAkara ahiMsA ko utpanna nahIM kara sakatA / ahiMsA kA utpanna honA to prAtmA meM parivartana hone ke sAtha hotA hai / prAtmA ke parivartana kA artha hai, use pahicAna lenA / yaha pahicAna hI nijako jAnanA hai, sAre vizva ko jAnanA hai / jaba vyakti isa avasthA para pahu~ca jAtA hai to samasta vizva ke jIvoM ke dukha kA spandana usakI prAtmA meM hone lagatA hai / yaha karuNAmaya spandana hote hI hiMsA svayaM tirohita ho jAtI hai / use haTAne ke lie koI alaga se yojanA nahIM karanI pdd'tii| prahiMsA utpanna ho jAtI hai / hiMsA kI nivRtti aura ahiMsA ke prasAra ke lie jaina dharma meM gRhasthoM ke aneka vrata niyamoM ko pAlana karane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai / pratyeka kArya ko sAva

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54 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya dhAnI pUrvaka karane evaM pratyeka vastu ko dekha zodhakara upayoga meM lAne kA vidhAna gRhastha ke lie mAtra dhArmika hI nahIM vyavahArika bhI hai, 17 jIvoM ke ghAta ke bhaya se jaina gRhastha aneka vyartha kI kriyAnoM se mukti pA jAtA hai| pratyeka vastu ko dekhabhAlakara kAma meM lAne kI Adata DAlane se manuSya hiMsA se hI nahIM bacatA, kintu vaha bahuta-sI musIbatoM se baca jAtA hai / isI bAta ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue prAcAryoM ne anarthadaNDavratoM kA vidhAna kiyA hai| rAtribhojana tyAga kA vidhAna bhI isI prasaMga meM hai 18 isa avalokana se spaSTa hai ki jaina dharma kI ahiMsA mAtra dhArmika na ho kara vyavahArika bhI hai / ahiMsA ke viSaya meM jijJAsuoM kI aura me jahAM aneka vyartha ke prazna uThAye gaye vahA~ eka prAvazyaka aura jIvita prazna yaha bhI hai ki jaina dharma ke anusAra yaha saMsAra aneka choTe-choTe jIva-jantunoM se khacA-khaca bharA hai| dainika jIvana se sambandhita koI bhI aisI kriyA nahIM hai jisameM hiMsA na hotI ho| calane-phirane, khAne-pIne evaM bolane prAdi sAdhAraNa kriyAoM meM bhI jIvoM kA ghAta hotA hai / isa sthiti meM ahiMsA kI sAdhanA kase pUrI hogI ? hama niSkriya hokara to baiTha nahIM sakate haiM / gRhastha jIvana aneka parigrahoM se yukta hai, jisameM dinarAta bahuta se Arambha karane par3ate haiM / ataH ahiMsA kI rakSA vahA~ kase sambhava hai ? ahiMsA sambandhI samasyAeM aura samAdhAna : jainAcArya saMsAra se virata avazya the, kintu unhoMne sAmAnya jIvana se samba. dhita ina praznoM kA samAdhAna bhI prastuta kiyA hai| saMsAra meM sabhI prANI apanIapanI Ayu lekara pAte haiM / nitya marate pora utpanna hote haiN| prataH jIvoM ke marane meM sAvadhAna vyakti yadi kAraNa hotA hai to vaha hiMsaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA / pora na usake aNuvatI ahiMsaka hone meM koI doSa pAtA hai| kyoMki usake antas kI bhAvanA pavitra evaM dayA se prArdra hai| yahA~ hameM hiMsA-ahiMsA ko bhAvoM para hI prAdhArita mAnanA pdd'egaa| yadi aisA na mAneM to eka bhI vyakti kA mokSa aura bandha na ho / 20 tathA zuddha bhAva vAle vyakti ko bhI yadi kevala dravya hiMsA ke kAraNa hiMsaka mAna liyA jAya to eka vyakti bhI isa saMsAra meM ahiMsaka nahIM kahalA pAyegA 121 ataH zubha pariNAmoM ke sAtha saMsAra meM sakriya rahate hue ahiMsA kI sAdhanA kI jA sakatI hai / / ___ yaha bAta sahI hai-gRhastha-jIvana parigrahoM kA bhaNDAra hai| kintu usakI bhI sImA nirdhArita kI jA sakatI hai / tRSNA ko kama karake yadi prAvazyaka paura pamivAyaM vastuoM kA saMgraha kiyA jAya tathA unake upayoga ke samaya santoSa se kAma liyA jAya to hiMsA kI adhikatA hone kA koI kAraNa nahIM dikhtaa| alpa prArambha aura alpa parigraha se santuSTa vyakti ahiMsaka hai 122

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ahiMsA : svarUpa evaM prayoga 55 isI se milatA-julatA eka prazna aura uThA jale jantaH sthale janturAkAze jantureva ca / jantumAlAkule loke kathaM bhikSa rahisakaH / / isa prazna kA bhI samucita samAdhAna prastuta hai| saMsAra meM jitane sUkSma jIva haiM ve kisI ke dvArA pIr3ita nahIM hote aura jo sthUla haiM unakI yathAzakti rakSA kI jAtI hai| ataH saMyamI vyakti ke ahiMsaka hone meM koI bAdhA nahIM AtI 123 nIvoM ke marane na marane para koI pApa-puNya nahIM hotaa| vaha to zubha-azubha pariNAmoM evaM bhAvanAmoM para AdhArita hai 124 saba kAryoM meM bhAvoM kI nirmalatA evaM antam kI pavitratA prAvazyaka hai / yadi bhAvanA ko pradhAnatA na dI jAya to eka hI vyakti dvArA apanI priyatamA aura putrI ke sAtha kI gaI cumbana kriyA meM koI antara hI na raha jAya 125 prAcArya somadeva ne isI bAta ko dhIvara aura kRSaka kA udAharaNa dekara spaSTa kiyA hai| prANi-ghAta kA kArya donoM karate haiN| kintu dhIvara subaha se zAma taka nadI kinAre baiThakara yadi khAlI hAtha bhI ghara vApisa lauTatA hai to vaha hiMsaka hai| jaba ki dinabhara meM ananta sthAvara jantunoM kA ghAtakara lauTane vAlA kisAna hiMsaka nahIM kahA jaataa| 28 yahAM donoM ke saMkalpa aura bhAvoM ke antara kI hI vizeSatA hai| prataH aisA koI kAraNa nahIM hai ki gRhastha jIvana meM mahiMsA ko na utArA jA ske| mAnava hara kSaraNa aura hara avasthA meM ahiMsaka raha sakatA hai, usameM manobala aura antas kI nirmalatA cAhie / eka aura jvalanta prazna ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ke viSaya meM aba uThane lagA hai| vaha yaha ki yadi ahiMsA ke siddhAnta para hama caleM to Aja vizva meM jo cAroM bhora yuddha kA bhayAvaha vAtAvaraNa vyApta hai, usase kaise rakSita ho sakeMge ? kyoMki yuddha meM bhAva to roSa ke hote haiM aura zatru ko mArane kA sakalpa bhI karanA par3atA hai / ataH isa saMkaTa se bacane ke lie ahiMsaka ke sAmane do hI rAste haiM, yA to vaha cupacApa zatru kA vAra sahatA jAye athavA ahiMsA ko kinAre rakha zastra uThA lar3ane laga jaay| kyA koI donoM pakSa ke bacAva kA bhI rAstA hai ? prazna jitanA jaTila praura sama-sAmayika hai, samAdhAna utanA hI sarala aura nyAyasaMgata / jaina saMskRti kA itihAsa yadi hama palaTeM to pAyeMge-aneka jana rAjA aise hue haiM jinhoMne aneka lar3AiyAM lar3I hai| zatra ke AkramaNa se apane ko bharasaka bacAyA hai| usake dAMta khaTTa kiye haiM / candragupta, samrATa khAravela, senApati cAmuNDarAya prAdi vIra yoddhA bhAratIya itihAsa ke ujjavala ratna haiM / 97 ataH ahiMsA yaha kabhI nahIM kahatI ki dUsare kA bhakAraNa cAMTA khAkara tuma cupa ho jaano| koziza

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya yaha karo ki usakA dubArA phira hAtha na uThe / ahiMsA sirpha aAkramaNAtmaka hisA kA virodha karatI hai, rakSAtmaka hisA kA tyAga nahIM / 56 jainAgamoM meM eka ahisaka gRhastha ke lie yaha vidhAna bhI hai ki yadi usake dharma, jAti, va deza para koI saMkaTa zrA par3A ho to use cAhie ki vaha tantra, mantra, bala, sainya Adi zaktiyoM dvArA use dUra karane kA prayatna kare / eka dezavAsI kA rASTra- rakSA ke sivAya zrora kyA dharma ho sakatA hai ? ataH yadi yuddha anivArya ho to usase vimukha honA ahiMsA nahIM, kAyaratA hai / aise yuddha meM rata hokara ahiMsaka apanA kartavya hI karatA hai / kyoMki hara prANI ko jaba svatantra jIne kA adhikAra hai to usameM bAghA denevAlA kSasya nahIM kahA jA sakatA / bhale vaha apanA putra ho yA zatra u ho / jaMnAcArya doSoM ke anusAra donoM ko daNDa dene kA vidhAna karate haiM 128 prataH prahiMsA kA kSetra itanA vyApaka hai ki usameM koI virodha upasthita nahIM hotA / usase kAyaratA nahIM, nirbhayatA kA srota pravAhita hotA hai / hiMsA kI upalabdhiyAM : jaina sAhitya va dharma meM ahiMsA ke vividha rUpoM ke sAtha eka bAta bhI dekhane ko milatI hai ki hiMsA kA mUla srota khAna-pAna kI zuddhi kI ora adhika prabhAvita huA hai| hiMsA se bacane ke lie khAna-pAna meM saMyama rakhane ko adhika prerita kiyA gayA hai utanA rAga, dveSa, kAma, krodha, jo mAvahiMsA ke hI rUpAntara haiM, ke viSaya meM nahIM / isake mUla meM zAyada yahI bhAvanA rahI ho ki yadi vyakti kA prAcAra-vyavahAra svaccha zraura saMyata hogA to usakI AtmA evaM bhAvanA pavitra rahegI / kintu aisA huA bahuta kama mAtrA meM hai / prAja zrahiMsA ke pujAriyoM janoM ke khAna-pAna meM jitanI zuddhi dikhAI detI hai, mana meM utanI pavitratA aura vyavahAra meM vaisI ahiMsA ke darzana nahIM hote / ataH yadi vyakti kA prantas pavitra ho, sarala ho to usake vyavahAra va khAna-pAna meM pavitratA svayaM apane zrApa zrA jAyegI / jisakA antara prakAzita ho, usake bAhara aMdherA TikegA kaise ? ahiMsA ke praticAroM meM jo pazunoM ke chedana zraura tAr3ana kI bAta kahI gaI hai vaha nayA tathya upasthita karatI hai / vaha yaha ki, jainAcAryoM kA hRdaya mUka pazuoM kI vedanA se adhika anuprANita thA / yadi aisA na hotA to ve ahiMsA ke aticAroM meM khAna-pAna kI truTiyoM ko ginA dete / jabaki unhoMne prANImAtra ke kalyANa kI bAta kahI hai / yahI bhAvanA prAge cala kara baMdika yajJoM kI hiMsA kA DaTakara virodha karatI hai / prANImAtra ko prabhaya pradAna karatI hai / jaina saMskRti ke variSTha vidhAyakoM ne udghoSa kiyA- yadi sacamuca, tuma nirbhaya rahanA cAhate ho, to dUsaroM ko tuma bhI prabhaya dene vAle bano, nirbhaya banAmro / meM cAra dina kI jindagI pAkara kyoM hiMsA meM DUbe ho ?30 isa anityu nazvara saMsAra

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ahiMsA : svarUpa evaM prayoga 57 yaha usI kA pratiphala hai ki vaidika yuga ke kriyAkANDoM aura prAja ke hindU dharma anuSThAnoM meM jamIna AsamAna kA antara pA gayA hai| bhAratIya samAja ke vikAsa meM ahiMsA kA yaha kama yogadAna nahIM hai| ahiMsA samAjavAda aura sAmyavAda kI nIMva hai| loga Aja deza meM samAja vAda-sthApana kI bAta karate haiN| ahiMsA ke usa mahAn udghoSaka ne Aja se hajAroM varSa pahile samasta vizva meM samAjavAda sthApita kara diyA thA / vizva ke samasta prANiyoM ko samAna mAnanA, na kevala manuSyoM ko, isase bhI bar3A koI sAmyavAda hogA ? ahimA mahApradIpa kI kiraNeM vikarita ho udghoSa karatI haiM, usa mahAmAnava kI vANI gUMjatI hai -jo tuma apane lie cAhate ho, dUsaroM ke lie, samUce vizva ke lie bhI caaho| aura jo tuma apane lie nahIM cAhate, use dUsaroM ke lie bhI mata cAho, mata karo / / kyoMki eka cetanA kI hI dhArA sabake andara pravAhita hotI hai 132 ataH sabake sAtha samatA kA vyavahAra karo, yahI AcaraNa sarvazreSTha hai '33 isase tumhArA jIvana vikAra vAsanAoM se mukta hotA calA jAyegA aura niSpApa ho jAyegA / 34 jainadharma kI yahI udAra dRSTi ahiMsA ko itanA vyApaka banA detI hai ki use samUce vizva ke sAtha sambandha sthApita karane meM dera nahIM lgegii| kyoMki usane saMsAra se parAyepana ko haTAkara apanatva jor3a rakhA hai / saMsAra meM parAyepana kA hI artha hai-duHkha tathA hiMsA honA / aura apanAtva kA artha hai-sukha evaM ahiMsA honA / kyoMki jaba samacA vizva hI vyakti kA ho jAtA hai to kauna use satyaM evaM aura sundara nahIM banAnA cAhegA ? ataH pratyeka prayatnazIla mAnava ko duHkha ke parihAra aura sukha ke svIkAra ke lie jaina saMskRti kI mUla dena ahiMsA ko apane jIvana meM utAranA hogaa| ipa maM varSamaya jIvana se saMtapta mAnava ko ahiMsA kI sAndhra aura zItala chAyA meM hI zAnti mila sakegI, anyatra nahIM / sandarbha 1. savve jIvA vi icchanti jIviu na marijjiu / 2. amedhyamadhye kITasya, surendrasya surAlaye / samAnA, jIvitAkAMkSA, samaM mRtyubhayordvayoH / / -prAcArya hemacandra 3. savvesi jIviyaM piya -AcArAMgasUtra 1-2, 62-63 / 4. jaha mama na piyaM dukkhaM, jANiya evameva savvajIvANaM / 5. svIkIyaM jIvitaM yadvatsarvasya prANinaH priyam / tadetatparasyApi tato hiMsA parityajet / / -upAsakAdhyayana kalpa 24 zloka 292, padmapurANa parva 14, zloka 186

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58 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya 6. ekAjIvadayekatra paratra sakalaH kriyaa| paraM phalaM tu pUrvatra kRSezcintAmaNiriva / / -361 vahI 7. AyuSmAnsubhagaH zrImAnsurUpaH kIrtimAnnaraH / / ___ ahiMsAvatamAhAtmyAdeka smAdeva jAyate / / 362 // -upAsakAdhyayana kalpa 26 8. yatkhalu kaSAyayogAtprANAnAM dravya bhAvarUpANAm / vyaparopaNasya karaNa sunizcitA bhavati sAhisA / / -puruSAtha0 zloka 43 9. upAsakAdhyayana-sampAdaka kI prastAvanA pRSTha-68-69 10 tattvArthasUtra 13 11. svayamevAtmanAtmAnaM hinastyAtmA pramAdavAn / pUrva prANyantarANAM tu pazcAtsyAdvA na vA vadha: / / 12. samayasAra, gAthA 262 kI TIkA / 13. sAgAradharmAmRta, adhyAya 4, zloka 8, 9, 10 14. devatAtithiprItyartha mntrossdhibhyaayvaa| na hiMsyAH prANina ; sarve mahiMsAnAma sata vratam / / -varAMga0 15, 112, -amitagatizrAvakAcAra pari0 6; upAsakAdhyayana kalpa 2, 15. maradu va ji yadu va jIvo ayadAcA rassa riNacchidA hiMsA / payadassa Natthi bandho hiMsAmetteNa samidassa / / 16, upAsakAdhyayana-kalpa 26, zloka 318 17. gRhakAryANi sarvANi dRSTipUtAni kArayet / dravadravyANi sarvANi paTapUtAni yojayet / / -upAsakAdhyayana __kalpa 26 zloka 321 18. nizAyAmazanaM heyamahisAvratavRddhaye / -pravodhasAra pRSTha 84 / mUlavratavizuddhayartha yamArthaparamArthataH / / -sAgAradharmA0 a0, loka 24 / 19. sA kriyA kApi nAstIha yasyAM na vidyate hiNsaa| -upAsakAdhyayana 20. trAvaMka sAdhanI bandha mokSA0 / -sAgAradharmA0 a. 4, zloka 23 / 21. jaI suddhassa ya baMdho hohahi bahirayavatthujoeNa / gatpi du ahiMsagAraNAmavAu-kAyAdivadhahedu / / 22. santoSapoSatA yaH syAdalpArambhaparigrahaH / mAkmuddhayekasake sAvahiMsANuvrataM bhavet ||--aacaary samantabhadra

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ahiMsA : svarUpa evaM prayoga 59 23. sUkSmA na pratigIDaryante prANinaH sthUlamattaM yaH / ye zakyAste vivajyante kA hisA saMyatAtmanaH / / 24. mRte' pi na bhavet pApamate' pi bhaved dhra vam / pApadharmavidhAne hi svAntaM hetu zubhAzubham / / -prabodhasAra / 25. bhAvaNuddhimanuSyANAM vijJa yA sarvakarmasu / / anyathA cumvyate kAntA bhAvena duhitAnyathA ||-subhaassitaavlii pR0 493 26. Arambhe'pi madA hiMsA sughIH sAMkalpakIyajet / dhnatopi karSakAduccaHpApo'dhyanannapi dhIvaraH / / -~sAgAradharmAmRta pra0 2, zloka 22 / 27 janadharma- paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI, pR. 182 / 28. yadvA na AtmamAmaya yAvanmaMtrAsikozakam / tAvad draSTuca zrotu ca tadvAghAM sahate na sa: ||-pNcaadhyaayo, zloka 813 / 29. daNDo hi kevalo lokamimaM cAmuca rakSati / / rAjJA zatrau ca mitre ca yathAdoSaM samaM dhRtaH / / -sAgAradharmA0 pra. 4, zloka 5 / 30. abhapro patthijA tubha prabhayadAyA bhavAhi ya / ANite jIva-logammi, ki hiMsAe pasajjasi // - uttarAdhyayanasUtra 18-11 / 31. jaM icchasi appaNato, jaM ca na icchasi appaNa to / taM iccha parassa vi mA vA ettiyagaM jiNasAsaraNayaM / / -vRhatkalpa bhASya / 32. ege pAyA-ThANAMgasUtra 1-1 33. sarvasatveSu hi samatA sarvAcaraNAnAM paramAcaraNama -nItivAkyAmRtam, prAcArya somadeva / 34. pihimAsavassa daMtassa pAva-kammaM na baMdhai / - darzavekA0, 4/9/ DOE

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aSTam aparigraha ke naye kSitija bhautikavAda ke isa yuga meM AdhyAtma kI carcA ne jisa DhaMga se jora pakar3A hai usase pratIta hotA hai ki mAnava ko jisa saMtoSa va sukha kI talAza hai, vaha dhana vaibhava meM nahIM hai| pAzcAtya dezoM ke samaddha jIvana ne ise pramANita kara diyA hai / bhAratIya manISA hajAroM varSoM se bhautikatA ke duSpariNamoM ko prakaTa karatI A rahI hai / phira bhI manuSya ke pAsa apAra parigraha hai| usake prati tuSNA hai| sAtha hI parigraha se prApta Antarika kleza va pIr3A ke prati chaTapaTAhaTa bhI / ataH svAbhAvika ho gayA hai-aparigraha ke mArga ko khojanA / usa dizA meM Age bar3hanA / bhAratIya dharma darzana meM tRSNA se mukti evaM tyAga kI bhAvanA Adi kA anakra granthoM meM pratipAdana hai / kintu aparigraha ka svarUpa evaM usake pariNAmoM kA sUkSma vivecana jaina granthoM meM hI adhika huaA hai| pArzvanAtha ke caturyAma-vivecana se lekara paM0 pAzAdhara taka ke zrAvakAcAra granthoM meM pAMca vratoM ke antargata parigraha-parimANa vrata kI sUkSma vyAkhyA kI gaI hai / usa sabakA vivecana yahA~ pratipAdya nahIM hai / mUla bAta itanI hai ki jaina gRhastha ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya kA pAlana karatA huA aparigraha vrata ko bhI jIvana meM utAre / vastutaH yaha pAMcavAM vrata kasauTI hai zrAvaka va sAdhu ke lie / yadi vaha ahiMsA Adi vratoM ke pAlana meM prAmANika rahA hai to vaha parigrahI ho nahIM sktaa| aura yadi vaha parigrahI hai to ahiMsA aAdi vrata usase sadhe nahI haiM / aparigraha ke isa darpaNa meM prAja ke samAja kA mukhauTA darzanIya hai / ___ parigraha kI sUkSma paribhASA tattvArthasUtra meM dI gayI hai- "mUrchA parigrahaH / " arthAta bhautika vastuoM ke prati tRSNA va mamatva kA bhAva rakhanA mUrchA hai / isI bAta ko praznavyAkaraNasUtra prAdi granthoM meM vistAra diyA gayA hai / antaraMga parigraha aura bAhma-parigraha kI bAta kahI gayI hai| prAtmA ke nija guNoM ko chor3akara krodha lobha Adi para bhAvoM ko grahaNa karanA antaraMga parigraha tathA mamatva bhAva se dhana, dhAnya Adi bhautika vastuoM kA saMgraha karanA bAhya-parigraha hai / zAstroM meM parigraha ko eka mahAvRkSa kahA gayA hai / tRSNA, AkAMkSA Adi jisakI jar3eM tathA chala-kapaTa,

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aparigraha ke naye kSitija 61 kAmabhoga Adi zAkhAe va phala haiN| parigraha ke tIsa nAmoM kA ullekha jaina granthoM maiM hai, jo usake svarUpa ke vibhinna AyAmoM ko prakaTa karate haiN| vastutaH parigraha meM samasta vizva evaM vyakti kA sampUrNa manoloka samAhita hai| aparigraha meM vaha ina donoM se kramazaH nilipta ho kara aAtmA svarUpa mAtra raha jAtA hai| jaina darzana kI dRSTi se prAtmAjJAna kI yaha dazA hI carama upalabdhi hai| prazna yaha hai ki jisa paramparA ke cintaka pari graha se sarvathA nilipta hokara vicare, jina ke upadezoM meM sabase sUkSma vyAkhyA pari graha ke duSpariNAmoM kI kI gayI, usI paramparA ke anuyAyiyoM ne parigraha ko itanA kyoM pakar3a rakhA hai ? bhautika samRddhi ke karNadhAroM meM jaina samAja ke zrAvaka agraNI kyoM haiM ? bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya meM bhI zreSThIjana the| unake bAda bhI jaina dharma meM sArthavAhoM kI kamI nahIM raho / madhya yuga ke zAha aura sAhUkAra prasiddha haiM / vartamAna yuga meM bhI jaina dharma ke zrImantoM kI kamI nahIM hai / DhAI hajAra varSoM ke itihAsa meM deza kI kalA, zikSA va saskRti ina zreSTIjanoM ke Arthika anudAna se saMrakSita va pallavita huI hai| kintu isa varga dvArA sacita sampatti se pIr3ita mAnavatA kA bhI koI itihAsa hai kyA ? inake antardvandva aura mAnasika pIr3A kA lekhA-jokhA kiyA hai kisI ne ? bhautika samRddhi kI nazvaratA kA pATho pahara vyAkhyAna sunate hue bhI parigraha ke pIche yaha dIvAnagI kyoM hai ? kauna hai isakA uttaradAyI ? ina prazno ke uttara khojane hoNge| bhAratIya samAja kI saMracanA kI dRSTi se dekheM to mahAvIra ke yuga taka vaNaMgata vyavasthA pracalita ho cukI thii| mahAvIra ke upadeza sabhI ke lie the / kintu ahiMsA kI una meM sarvAdhika pramukhatA hone se kRSi aura yuddha vRtti ko apanAne vAle varga ne jainadharma ko apanA kuladharma banAne meM adhika utsAha nahIM dikhaayaa| vyApAra va vANijya meM hiMsA kA sIdhA sambandha nahIM thaa| ataH jainadharma vaizyavarga ke lie adhika anukUla pratIta huaa| aura vaha kramazaH zreSThijanoM kA dharma banatA gyaa| isa taraha zrImatoM ke sAtha vyApArika samRddhi aura jainadharma donoM jur3e rahe / donoM dvArA vibhinna prakAra ke parigraha-saMgraha kI aparokSa svIkRti milatI rhii| zreSThijanoM ke sAtha jainadharma kA ghaniSTa sambandha hone se yaha dinoMdina mahagA hotA gyaa| mUti-pratiSThA, mandira-nirmANa, dAna kI apAra mahimA, Adi dhArmika kArya binA dhana ke sambhava nahIM raha gye| sAtha hI ina dhArmika kAryoM ko karane se svarga kI apAra sampadA kI prApti kA pralobhana bhI jur3a gyaa| pApAra buddhi vAle zrAvaka ko yaha sodA sastA jAna par3A / vaha apAra dhana arjita karane lagA / usameM se kucha kharca kara dene se svarga kI sampadA bhI surakSita hone lagI / sAtha hI use vartamAna jIvana meM mahAn dAnI va dhArmika kahA jAne lgaa| isa taraha parigraha aura dharma eka dUsare ke barAbara Akara khar3e ho gaye / mahAvIra ke cintana se donoM pare haTa gye|

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62 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya parigraha-saMcaya kA tIsarA kAraNa manovaijJAnika hai| hara vyakti surakSA meM jInA cAhatA hai| surakSA nirbhayatA se prAtI hai aura nirbhayatA pUrNatA se / vyakti apane zarIra kI kSamatA ko pahicAnatA hai / use aMgarakSaka cAhie, savArI cAhie, dhUpa evaM varSA se bacAne ke lie mahala cAhie, aura ve saba cIjeM cAhie jo zarIra kI komalatA ko banAe rkheN| isIlie isa jagat meM aneka vastuoM kA saMgraha hai| zarIra kI apUrNatA vastuproM se pUrI kI jAtI hai / zarIra ke sukha kA jitanA adhika dhyAna hai, vaha utanI hI adhika vastuproM ke saMgraha kA pakSapAtI hai| ina vastumoM ke sAmIpya se vyakti nirbhaya bananA cAhatA hai / dharma, dAna-puNya usake zarIra ko svarga kI sampadA pradAna kareMge isalie usane dharma ko bhI vastuoM kI taraha saMgraha kara liyA hai / vastuoM ko usane apane mahala meM saMjoyA hai / dharma ko apane banAye hue mandira meM rakha diyA hai / isa taraha isa loka aura paraloka donoM jagaha parigrahI apanI surakSA kA iMtajAma karake calatA hai| Adhunika yuga meM parigrahI hone ke kucha pora kAraNa vikasita ho gaye haiM / bhaya ke vaijJAnika upakaraNa bar3he haiN| prataH unase surakSita hone ke sAdhana bhI khoje gaye haiN| vartamAna se asatoSa evaM bhaviSya ke prati nirAzA ne vyakti ko adhika parigrahI banAyA hai| pahale svarga ke sukha ke prati prAsthA hone se vyakti isa loka meM adhika sakhI hone kA prayatna nahIM karatA thaa| aba vaha bhrama TUTa gyaa| prataH sAdhana sampanna vyakti yahIM svarga banAnA cAhatA hai / svarga ke sukhoM ke lie ratna, apsarakAye prAdi cAhie so vyakti jisa kisI taraha se unheM juTA rahA hai| aura usa vyaya ko roka rahA hai jo vaha dharma para kharca karatA thaa| pahale vyApAra paura dharma sAthasAtha the, aba dharma meM bhI vyApAra prArambha ho gayA hai| parigraha ke prati isa prAsakti ke vikasita hone meM Aja kI yuvA pIDhI bhI eka kAraNa hai / pahale vyakti apane parivAra va sampatti ke prati isalie mamattva ko kama kara detA thA ki use vizvAsa hotA thA ki usake parivAra va vyApAra ko usakI santAna samhAla legii| vRddhAvasthA meM vaha niHsaMga hokara dharma-dhyAna kara sakegA / kAraNa kucha bhI hoM kintu parivAra ke mukhiyA ko prAja kI yuvApIr3hI meM yaha vizvAsa nahIM rahA / vaha apane lie to parigraha karatA hI hai, putra meM mamatva hone se usake lie bhI jor3akara rakha jAnA cAhatA hai| na kevala puSa apitu dAmAdoM kA poSaNa bhI putrI ke pitA ke upara A gayA hai / aisI sthiti meM yadi vaha parigraha na kare to kare kyA ? samAja meM to use rahanA hai| vartamAna sAmAjika mUlyoM se bhI aparigraha-vRtti prabhAvita huI hai| cakravatiyoM va sAmantoM kA vaibhava sAhitya meM par3hate-par3hate hamArI prAMkheM usase cauMdhiyA gayIM haiN| samAja meM hamane use pratiSThA denI prArambha kara dI hai jo vaibhavasampanna hai / naitika mUlyoM

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aparigraha ke naye kSitija 63 ke dhanI hamArI uMgaliyoM para nahIM car3hate / yuvApIDhI ke kalAkAroM, caritravAn yuvakoM va cintanazIla vyaktiyoM kI hameM pahicAna nahIM rhii| banAvaTIpana kI isa bhIr3a meM mahAvIra kA cintana kahIM kho gayA hai / jIvana-mUlya ko hamane itanA adhika pakar3a liyA hai ki jIva-mUlya hamAre hAtha se chiTaka gayA hai| aura jaba jIva kA mAtmA kA, nirmalatA kA mUlya na raha gayA to jar3atA hI pnpegii| kIcar3a hI kIcar3a najara paayegaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA cintana yahIM se prArambha hotA hai| parigraha ke ina pariNAmoM se ve paricita the / ve jAnate the ki vyakti jaba taka svaya kA svAmI nahIM hogA, vastue usa para rAjya kreNgii| use itanA mUcchita kara deMgI ki vaha svayaM ko na pahicAna sake / jisa zarIra ko usane gharohara ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai, usa zarIra kI vaha svayaM dharohara ho jAya isase bar3I viDambanA kyA hogI? ataH mahAvIra ne prAtmA aura zarIra ke bheda, vijJAna se hI apanI bAta prArambha kI hai| binA isake ahiMsA, aparigraha Adi kucha phalita nahIM hotaa| ataH aparigraha kI sAdhanA ke lie mUrchA ko tor3anA Avazyaka hai| ____ mAdhunika sandarbha meM aparigrahI honA kaThina nahIM hai| samajha kA phera hai / sAdhana-sampanna vyakti Aja hara taraha se pUrNa honA cAhatA hai, nirbhaya honA cAhatA hai / aura cAhatA hai ki usakA suva aparimita ho, kabhI na samApta hone vaalaa| isa sabake sAtha vaha dhArmika bhI rahanA cAhatA hai| samAja meM pratiSThita bhii| isa sabake lie usane do rAste apanAkara dekha lie| tyAga kA aura saMgraha kA mArga / hajAroM varSoM se vaha dAna karatA mA rahA hai, karor3oM kA usane saMgraha bhI kiyA hai| kintu chor3ane aura baTorane kI isa prApAdhApI me usane jIvana ko jiyA nhiiN| hamezA usakA kartApana, ahaM sira uThAkara khar3A rahA hai| isIlie usakI anya upalabdhiyAM baunI raha gyiiN| vaha jamAkhora, pUjIpati pAkhaNDI na jAne kina-kina nAmoM se jAnA jAtA rahA hai / ataH aba ye donoM rUpa badalane hoNge| __ sahI mArga khojane meM mahAvIra kA cintana bahuta upayogI hai / unhoMne ahiMsA se aparigraha taka kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| unakI pahalI zarta hai ki tuma apanA gantavya nizcita kro| banAvaTIpana ke rAste para calanA hai to svapna meM jIne ke aneka DhaMga haiM / aura yadi bAhara-bhItara eka-sA rahanA hai to prAtmA aura zarIra kI sahI pahicAna kara lo| prAtma-jJAna jitanA bar3hatA jAyegA, utane tuma ahiMsaka hote jaaoge| jagat ke prANiyoM ke astitva ko apane jaisA svIkArane se tuma unake sAtha jhUTha nahIM bola sakate / kapaTa nahIM kara skte| zarIra se svAmitva miTate hI corI nahIM kI jA sktii| kyoMki tumhArI prAtmA ke vikAsa ke lie kisI parAyI vastu kI apekSA nahIM hai| satya aura asteya ko jIne vAlA vyakti parigraha meM

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64 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya pravRtta hI nahIM ho sakatA hai / kisake lie vastutroM kA saMgraha ? AtmA nirbhayI hai / pUrNa hai| sukhI hai| phira parigraha kA kyA mahattva ? yaha to zarIra ke mamattva ke tyAga ke sAtha hI vijita ho gyaa| yaha hai, mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM aparigraha kA mahattva / isI ke lie hai-graNa vratoM aura mahAvratoM kI sAdhanA / prazna ho sakatA hai ki parigraha meM prAkaMTha Dabe rahane se ekAeka Atma-jJAna kI samajha kaise jAgRta ho sakatI hai ? vyApAra-vANijya ko acAnaka chor3a dene se deza kI artha vyavasthA kA kyA hogA? athavA kimI eka yA do vyaktiyoM ke aparigrahI ho jAne se zoSaNa to samApta nahI hogA ? praznoM kI isa bhIr3a meM mahAvIra kI vANI hameM saMbala pradAna karatI hai / jainadharma ko kitanA hI nivRttimUlaka kahA jAya, kintu vaha pravRttimArga se alaga nhiiN| usa meM kevala vairAgya kI bAta nahIM hai| samAja ke utthAna kI bhI vyavasthA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM dasa prakAra ke jina dharmoM kA vivecana hai ve gahastha ke sAmAjika dAyitvoM ko hI pUrA karate haiN| aNavratoM kA pAlana binA samAja ke sambhava nahIM hai / zrAvaka jina guNoM kA vikAsa karatA hai, unakI abhivyakti samAja meM hI hotI hai / ataH mahAvIra ne aparigrahI hone kI prakriyA meM samAja ke astitva ko nirarata nahIM kiyA hai / gRhastha jIvana meM rahate hue hiMsA, parigraha Adi se bacA nahIM jA sakatA, yaha ThIka hai / kintu mahAvIra kA kahanA hai ki zrAvaka apanI dRSTi ko sahI rakhe / jo kAma vaha kare, usake pariNAmoM se bhalI-bhAMti paricita ho| aAvazyakatA kI use sahA~ pahicAna ho / jIvana-yApana ke lie kina vastuoM kI AvazyakatA hai, unako prApta karane ke kyA sAdhana haiM tathA unake upayoga se dUsaroM ke hita kA kitanA nukasAna hai Adi bAtoM ko vicAra kara vaha parigraha karane meM prayukta ho to isase kama se kama karmoM kA bandha use hogaa| zrAvaka ke bAraha vrata evaM gyAraha pratimAe prAdi kA pAlana gRhastha ko isI nispRhI vRtti kA abhyAsa karAtA hai| isI se usake AtmajJAna kI samajha vikasita hotI hai / aparigraha hone ke lie dUsarI bAta prAmANika hone kI hai| usameM vastuma kI maryAdA nahIM, apanI maryAdA karanA jarUrI hai| satya-pAlana kA artha yaha nahIM hai ki vyApArika gopanIyatA ko ujAgara karate phireN| isakA Azaya kevala itanA hai ki Apane jisa pratizata munAphe para vyApAra karanA nizcita kiyA hai, usameM khoTa na ho / jisa vastu kI Apa kImata le rahe haiM, vaha milAvaTI na ho| aura asteya kA artha hai ki prApakI jo vyApArika sImA hai usake bAhara kI vastu kA prApane manAvazyaka saMgraha nahIM kiyA hai| ina aticAroM se bacate hue yadi jaina gRhastha vyApAra karatA hai to vaha deza ke vyApAra ko prAmANika banAyegA / AvazyakatA aura

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aparigraha ke naye kSitija 65 sAmarthya ke anurUpa samRddha bhI / taba usakI dukAna aura mandira meM koI pharaka nahIM hogA / vyApAra aura dharma eka dUsare pUraka hoNge| ___ prazna raha jAtA hai samAja meM vyApta zoSaNa va jamAkhorI kI pravRtti ko badalane kaa| mahAvIra kA cintana isa dizA meM bar3A saMtoSI hai| pUre samAja ko badalane kA divAsvapna usameM kabhI nahIM dekhA gyaa| kintu vyakti ke badalane kA pUrA prayatna kiyA hai| isalie mahAvIra kA samAja azubha se zubha kI ora, heya se upAdeya kI ora jAne meM kisI samAroha kI pratIkSA nahIM krtaa| bhIr3a kA anugamana nahIM caahtaa| aura na hI kisI rAjanetA yA bar3e vyaktitva ke dvArA use udghATana kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / kyoMki ye sabhI mUrchA ke kArya haiM / mamatva aura AkAMkSA ke / isalie mahAvIra kI dRSTi se to koI bhI vyakti, kisI bhI sthiti meM badalAhaTa ke lie Age A sakatA hai| usake parivartana kI razmiyAM samAja ko prabhAvita kareMgI hii| Aja ke bhautikavAdI yuga meM hamArI spardhA mI jar3a ho gayI hai| jJAnavijJAna ke kSetra meM anya dezoM ke sAtha barAbarI ke lie prayatna karanA ThIka ho sakatA hai kintu bhautikatA evaM ina dezoM ke tathAkathita jIvana-mUlyoM ke sAtha bhAratIya manISA ko khar3A karanA apanI paramparA ko ThIka se na samajha pAnA hai| adhyAtma ke jina mUlyoM kI thAtI hameM milI hai, usakA zatAMza bhI anya dezoM ke pAsa nahIM hai / phira hama apane ko garIba va hIna kyoM samajha rahe haiM ? rikta to hama usa dina hoMge jaba bhautika samRddhi ke hote hue bhI hameM adhyAtma kI khoja meM bhaTakanA pdd'egaa| kama se kama bhagavAn mahAvIra kI parasparA meM to yaha RNAtmakatA kI sthiti na Ane deM / mahAvIra jo hameM sauMpa gaye haiM usameM apanI sAmarthya se kucha jor3eM hii| bhautikatA kA hamane bahuta vyApAra kiyA aba kucha naitika mUlyoM kI bar3hotarI kA hI vyApAra shii| COD

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navama svAdhyAya : jJAna kI kuMjI vartamAna yuga ke badalate sandarmoM meM dharma aura darzana ko saMdeha kI dRSTi se dekhane kI prAdata par3a gayI hai| itanA parivartana huyA hai jIne ke DhaMga aura cintana kI prakriyA meM ki prAcIna mUlya arthahIna pratIta hote haiN| kintu vAstava meM aisA hai kyA ? kahIM yaha hamArI jijJAsA, pratibhA aura sajagatA kI kuThA to nahIM hai ? parizrama aura lagana se palAyana to nahIM hai ? gaharAyI se socanA hogaa| samAja ke hara varga ko, vyavasthA ko isameM sammilita honA hogaa| sAtha hI khojanI hoMgI prAcIna jIvana-mUlyoM ko nayI vyAkhyAe~, naye sandarbha / jIvana kI kalA svAdhyAya para bhI yaha manana-cintana Avazyaka hai / Aja ke samAja kA sabase bar3A mUlya hai, atyadhika vysttaa| prAcIna siddhAntoM ko apanAne meM yahI sabase bar3I bAdhA hai| svAdhyAya kaba kareM ? kahA~ kareM ? jijIviSA kI daur3a meM samaya hI kahA~ hai ? samAja ke hara varga ke vyaktiyoM kA yahI savAla hai| unhoMne dekhA hai bar3e-bUr3hoM ko mandiroM aura sthAnakoM meM zAstra par3hate hue / ekAnta meM sAmAyika karate hue| ata: yaha saba suvidhA kahAM se Aye ? isalie svAdhyAya hI banda / usakI upayogitA para hI virAma / dUsarA jIvana malya hai tarka kaa| hara pariNAma ko nApa-jokhakara usa dizA meM pravRta hone kI vaijJAnikatA kA anugAmI hone kaa| acchI bAta hai yaha / kintu isake pariNAma viparIta bhI hue haiM / aAja ke vyasta mAnava ne dekhA-jo dharma karatA hai, svAdhyAya karatA haiM use milA kyA, usake jIvana meM parivartana kahA~ pAyA? vaha to svAdhyAya, dharma ke samaya ke atirikta mujha se bhI adhika krodhI hai, durAgrahI hai, jijJAsA se rahita hai| isa samAja-darzana ne bhI svAdhyAya kI sArthakatA ko pIche dhakela diyaa| kintu kyA isase svAdhyAya kA mahattva kama ho gayA ? nahIM, use aura gaharAyI se jAnane kA mArga khulA hai| ___ vizvavidyAlayoM kI zikSaNa-vyavasthA, rAjanIti, daMge-phasAda Adi ne isa sambandha meM eka aura pariNAma diyA / 8-10 varSoM ke nirantara adhyayana aura vaijJAnika

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svAdhyAya : jJAna kI kuMjI 67 prayogoM ke bAda bhI jaba granthoM kA adhyayana evaM prajJAoM kA satsaMga snAtaka ko mazAla liye hue saDaka para khar3A karatA hai to ghar3I do ghar3I kA svAdhyAya vyakti ko kyA banA degA? yaha tIsarA jIvana-mUlya socane ko vivaza karatA hai ki svAdhyAya aura Dhera sArI kitAboM kA adhyayana donoM eka nahIM hai / phira hai kyA svAdhyAya, jisakI sabhI dharmo meM itanI pratiSThA hai ? Aja hajAroM varSa bAda bhI usakI sArthakatA para hama socanA cAhate haiM ? vastuta: svAdhyAya jIvana kA paryAya hai| vyakti janma-maraNa kI zRkhalA meM nirantara kucha na kucha sIkhatA rahatA hai / prakRti ke padArtha evaM cetana dravyoM ke halanacalana ko dekhakara vyakti kucha jAna letA hai| per3a se seva TUTakara girA ki eka vyakti ne pRthvI ko gurutvAkarSaNa zakti kA patA lagA liyaa| yaha svAdhyAya hai / yaha jIvana hai, satya ke prati gaharI jijJAsA / isameM adhyayana kA bhArI vajana nahIM hai, kintu jAnane kI sUkSma sana gatA hai| vastutaH jIvana ke cAroM ora kI ghaTanAoM ke prati sajaga, caukasa paharedArI hI svAdhyAya hai / sambhavataH isIlie kisI guru ne ziSya ko vidA karate hue AzISa dI thI.... svAdhyAt mA pramada prAcIna zAstroM meM svAdhyAya ko tapa mAnA gayA hai / bar3I adbhuta bAta hai / svAdhyAya dvArA mahAvIra ne jIvana ke satya ko udghATita kiyA hai / vastutaH jAnane meM do hI vastu mahattvapUrNa hotI haiM... jJaya aura jnyaataa| inameM se jJaya ko jAnanA vijJAna hai aura jJAtA ko jAnanA dharma hai| niSprayojana padArthoM ko jAnanA mithyA jJAna hai aura jJAtA ke svarUpa ko jAnanA tapa hai, sAdhanA hai| ataH mahAvIra ne kahA ki apanI anupasthiti ko tor3ane kA nAma svAdhyAya hai| jaba mahAvIra kahate haiM ki jAgate hue jino to usakA Azaya yahI hai ki svAdhyAya meM jio| aura jo jAgatA huA jiyegA, usase kucha galata nahIM ho sktaa| yahI usakA tapa hai / samasta vratoM kA mUla hai.... 'sarvebhyo yadvataM malaM svAdhyAyaH paramaM tapaH / ' jJAtA ko jAnanA sarala nahIM hai| sAdhanA aura ekAgra manana kI isameM prAvazyakatA hai| sambhavataH isa kAraNa hI dharma aura darzana ke granthoM ko par3hane kA krama svAdhyAya ke sAtha jur3A hogaa| dUsare jar3a aura cetana ke svarUpa kA jJAna ho jAya, isake pIche yaha bhAvanA thii| kintu Age calakara svAdhyAya eka paripATI ho gayI, jisane yuvA varga meM svAdhyAya ke prati aruci paidA kii| aAja ke badalate sandarbho meM yadi dekheM to svAdhyAya kA aisA pracalana kabhI nahIM humaa| parivAra kA hara sadasya apane-Apa kucha na kucha par3hatA hai| aura ekAnta meM manoyoga se par3hatA hai| kintu

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68 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya pariNAma ThIka viparIta dRSTigocara hote hai| kyoMki vaha samaya kATane ke lie par3hatA hai, jAnane ke lie nahIM, jo svAdhyAya kI pahalI zarta hai / svAdhyAya kA artha hai....mAja se kala zreSTha honaa| kala kI zreSThatA binA haSTi khole nahIM pA sakatI / satya ko pakar3anA hI hogaa| aura jaba adhyayana karane vAlA satyadarzI hotA hai to usake durAgraha vidA hone lagate haiM / vaha vastu ke vibhinna pakSoM ko jAna jAtA hai| usakA cintana sApekSa ho jAtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jisane jIvana bhara par3hA ho, svAdhyAya kiyA ho vaha vicAroM kA kubera evaM zabdo kA mitavyayI ho jAtA hai| bahuta kama bolatA hai, kintu sArthaka / aise vyakti koM phira pustakoM ke adhyayana kI pAvazyakatA nahIM rhtii| vaha jahA~ dekhatA hai, vahI se kucha na kucha par3ha letA hai| vastutaH svAdhyAya kA sahI artha yahI hai ki jahA~ adhyayana meM, satya kI anubhUti meM AtmA ke atirikta aura koI sahAyaka na ho / yahI svAdhyAya AtmA ko paramAtmA banAtA hai| sAdhaka adhyavasAya meM bahuta kucha guNoM kI vRddhi karatA hai_ 'prakAstadhyavasAyasya svAdhyAyovRddhikAraNam' Aja kA sabase bar3A phaizana hai, navInatA ko grahaNa karanA / cAhe vaha vijJAna ke kSetra meM ho athavA sabhyatA aura kalA ke kSetra meM / hara jagaha naye prayoga dekhane ko milegeN| yaha nayApana AtA kahA~ se hai ? isake lie do bAteM Avazyaka haiM-nayI umaMga evaM atyadhika adhyayana / eka se kAma nahIM clegaa| isIlie purAnI pIr3hI pradhyayana karake aura yuvA pIr3hI nayI umaMgeM bharakara bhI adhUrI haiN| jIvana meM jAgRta nahIM haiM / isalie jo kucha inase ho rahA hai, thor3e dina bAda galata sAbita ho jAtA hai| yahA~ svAdhyAya madada kara sakatA hai / jAno, pUrI zakti aura lagana se jaano| galatI hone kI saMbhAvanA nirantara kama hotI jaayegii| saMsAra taka jAnoge to vaijJA. nika ho jAoge aura jJAtA ko bhI jAnoge to paramAtmA ke patha para hoge| ataH svAdhyAya se hAni kahIM nahIM hai / vaha niHzreyasa mArga hai sajjhAyaegantanisevaNA ya / suttasthasaMcintaNAyA ghiI ya / / utta. 32/i. svAdhyAya kA eka sUtra yaha bhI hai ki jIvana meM kahIM AvaraNa ko mata pkdd'o| acchA-burA jo bhI kiyA hai, usakA lekhA-jokhA dina meM eka bAra avazya kro| isase bahuta kucha maila chana jAyegA / aura yadi kahIM sadgranthoM kA adhyayana tathA satsaMga karane kI mAdata DAla lI to svameva jIvana se banAvaTI pana samApta hone lagegA / svAdhyAya kI yaha niSpatti hai ki apane jIvana ko khulI kitAba ke samAna rakho / usa havAdAra aura rozanadAna yukta makAna kI taraha, jisameM prakAza A sake aura dhUla ke kaNa bAhara jA sakeM / svAdhyAya yahI sikhAtA hai|

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svAdhyAya : jJAna kI kuMjI 6, ___apane dvArA kiyA gayA adhyayana svAdhyAya kahA jAtA hai| isameM kisI guru kI apekSA prAvazyaka nhiiN| isa bAta kA gaharA artha hai| jaba guru kI apekSA nahIM ho to svAdhyAya meM pustaka bhI anivArya nahIM hai| vaha eka sAdhana mAtra ho sakatI hai tathya taka pahuMcane kA, kintu jAnanA 'sva' ko hogaa| isakA artha hunA ki 'sva' kahIM se bhI, kucha bhI jAna sakatA hai zAyada isIlie bhAratIya sAhitya meM dezATana ko bhI jJAnavRddhi kA eka uttama upAya mAnA hai| vahA~ bhI svAdhyAya ho sakatA hai| hamAre deza meM tIrthavandanA isI svAdhyAya ke hetu pracalita huI thii| parvatoM para, ekAnta sthAnoM para tIrthoM kA honA akAraNa nahIM hai| vahAM jAkara vyakti saMsAra kI vicitratA aura AtmA kI vizeSatA ke sambandha me gaharAyI se soca sakatA hai| svAdhyAya kA kevala dhArmika aura vyaktigata mahattva hI nahIM hai| samAja ke anya kSetroM meM bhI vaha zodhana prArambha karatA hai| yadi svAdhyAya ke mUlamantra sApekSa cintana ko pakar3A jAya to Aja jo durAgrahoM, matamatAntaroM ko lekara jhagar3e haiM, ve zAnta hoMge / Aja jo saMcaya kI pravRtti ke kAraNa vyakti dUsaroM ke hitoM ko chInatA hai, vaha 'sva' ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM ajJAna hI hai / vaha zarIra ko hI saba kucha mAnatA hai| prataH usakI savidhA ke sAdhana ekatra karatA hai| svAdhyAya se jaba use jJAta hogA ki zarIra aura prAtmA meM bheda hai| eka apanA hai, eka parAyA, to vaha svameva parAye zarIra ke lie cintA karanA chor3a degaa| samAja kI burAiyAM isase dUra hoNgii| ataH svAdhyAya vyakti ko sAmAjika aura suyogya nAgarika bhI banAtA hai| vartamAna sandarmoM meM svAdhyAya apanI arthavattA pUrvavat hI banAye hue hai, jarUrata usake sahI svarUpa ko udghATita kara apanAne kI hai| 100

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dazama karma evaM puruSArtha jaina darzana meM karma svatantra tattva ke rUpa meM svIkRta hai / karma ananta paramANuyoM skandha haiM / ve prANiyoM ko yoga aura kaSAya kI pravRttiyoM dvArA grAtmA ke sAtha baMdha jAte haiM tathA yathA samaya jIva ko acchA-burA phala pradAna karate haiM / jaina darzana ke prAcIna granthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kA vistAra se sUkSma vivecana hai / 1 bhagavatI sUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra aura gautama ke bIca hue praznottaroM meM karmasiddhAnta ko kahA gayA hai / pramAda aura yoga karma-bandhana ke kAraNa mAne gae haiN| 2 ThANAMga evaM prajJApanA zrAdi meM kaSAyoM ke dvArA karmabandha kI bAta kahI gaI hai / kaSAyaprAbhRta zrAdi karmagranthoM meM karma siddhAnta para kaI dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / uttarakAlIna prAkRta va saMskRta sAhitya meM jaina darzana ke karma viSayaka vibhinna pahalunoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / prAkRta sAhitya meM prApta isa vivecana meM kahA gayA hai ki vizva kI vicitratA evaM prANiyoM kI hInatA evaM uccatA karmoM ke kAraNa hI hotI hai / vyakti ko apane acche-bure karmoM kA phala avazya bhoganA par3atA hai / jIva svayaM ke upArjita karmajAla meM zrAbaddha hotA hai / kRta karmoM ke bhoge binA usakI mukti nahIM hai / yathA satyameva kahi gAi, no tassa ma ccejja'puTThayaM / " uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM "kaDANa kammANa na makkha zratthi " ( 4 / 3 ) zrAdi ke dvArA isI kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai / vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM yahI bAta dUsare zabdoM meM kahI gaI hai ki jIva karma-grahaNa karane meM svatantra hai aura usakA phala bhogane meM parataMtra | jaise koI vyakti per3a para car3hane meM svatantra haiM kintu pramAdavaza vRkSa se gira par3ane meM paratantra hai / yathA -- sUtrakRtAMga 1. 2, 1 4 kamma cirAMti savasA, tassudayammi u paravasA honti / rukkhaM duruha savaso, vigalasaparavaso tatto / / 1-3 |

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karma evaM puruSArtha prAcArya kundakunda ne bhI yahI kahA hai ki jIva aura karma pudgala eka-dUsare meM mile hue haiM / samaya Ane para pRthaka bhI ho sakate haiM / kintu jaba taka ve mile hue haiM, karma sukha-dukha detA hai aura jIva ko vaha bhoganA par3atA hai| isa taraha yaha nizcita hotA calA gayA ki karma balavAna haiM / vyakti ko karmoM ke anusAra hI calanA par3atA hai| zramaNa-paramparA meM vyakti ko Izvara ke hastakSepa va anukampA Adi se jahA~ bacAyA gayA vahA~ use karmoM ke hAtha meM sauMpa diyA gyaa| karmoM kI bhavitavyatA Adi ke isI sAmarthya ke kAraNa honahAra, bhAgya, niyati Adi karmavAda ke paryAyavAcI bana ge| isI bAta ko lekara bhagavAna buddha evaM mahAvIra ke sAtha usa samaya ke kaI dArzanikoM kA matabheda bhI huaa| unake bIca hue praznottaroM kA pariNAma yaha huA ki zramaNa paramparA meM karmasiddhAnta kA sUkSmatA se vivecana kiyA gyaa| honahAra athavA niyati Adi se karmavAda kI bhinnatA spaSTa kI gyii| karma aura puruSArtha ke alaga-alaga mahatva ko samajhA gyaa| vyakti svAtantrya evaM karma-vipAka ke sambandha ko aneka udAharaNoM dvArA jaina AgamoM evaM paravartI sAhitya meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / prAkRta sAhitya meM karmoM ke vivecana meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki karmoM kA vipAka do taraha me hotA hai| kucha kama apane nizcita samaya para vyakti ko apane pApa acchA-burA phala dete haiM / yaha prakriyA unameM svAbhAvika hotI hai / isameM vyakti kA prayatna kucha nahIM kara sktaa| kintu kucha karma aise hote haiM jinakA phala samaya se pahale evaM mandatA ke sAtha vyakti ke prayatnoM dvArA bhogA jA sakatA hai / vyakti kA puruSArtha aise karmoM ke phala ko badala sakatA hai| prataH gaNadhara vAda meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki kabhI jIva karmoM ke adhIna hotA hai zrIra kabhI karma jIva ke adhIna / ataH karma aura jIva ke prayatnoM meM saMgharSa calatA rahatA hai / yathA katthavi baliyo jIvo, katthavi kammAi huti bliyaaii| jIvasya ya kammassa ya, puskhabiruddhAI bairAI / / 2-25 / / prAcArya samantabhadra ne bhI yahI mata prakaTa kiyA hai ki buddhipUrvaka karma na karane se jo kucha prApta hotA hai vaha bhAgya (kama) ke adhIna hai aura vyakti ke prayatna se iSTa-abhiSTa kI prApti honA puruSArtha ke adhIna hai| kahIM para deva pradhAna hotA hai to kahIM puruSArtha / prAcArya siddhasena divAkara ne bhI kArya kI utpatti meM pUrva karma Adi ke sAtha puruSArtha kA bhI samanvaya Avazyaka mAnA hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM gautama ke prazna ke uttara meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne yaha pahale hI spaSTa kara diyA thA ki karma ke svAbhAvika udaya meM nae puruSArtha kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| kintu udIraNA yogya karma pudagaloM kI sAmarthya ko jIva apane puruSArtha dvArA kama kara sakatA hai / ina karmoM kI udIraNA mana, vacana, kAya ke yoga dvArA hotI hai| isI se karmoM kA saMvara va nirjarA hotI hai jo mukti kA mArga hai| prataH karmoM kI raja se AtmA ko nirmala

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya karane ke lie vyakti kA puruSArthI honA zrapramAdI honA, bahuta Avazyaka hai / isI se jaina darzana meM tapa Adi kI pradhAnatA hai / zrapramAda kI pratiSThA hai / yathA- "vihaNAhi rayaM pure kaDa, samayaM goyama ! mA pamAyae-' (uttarA 10/3) 72 sambandhI cintana kA pratyeka prAkRta lie saMyama vairAgya prAdi jaina Agama sAhitya meM pratipAdita karma aura puruSArtha prabhAva prAkRta kathAoM meM bhI dekhane ko milatA hai / vaise to kathA meM pUrvajanma, karmoM kA phala tathA mukti prApti ke puruSArthoM kA saMketa milatA hai / kintu kucha kathAeM aisI bhI haiM jo karma- siddhAMta kA hI pratipAdana karatI haiM to kucha puruSArthaM kaa| bhAratIya saMskRti meM cAra puruSArthAM kA vivecana hai- dharma, atha kAma evaM mokSa / vastutaH prAkRta kathAoM meM inameM se do ko hI puruSArtha mAnA gayA hai, kAma aura mokSa ko / zeSa do puruSArtha inakI prApti meM sahAyaka haiN| dharma puruSArthaM se mokSa sadhatA hai to artha se kAma puruSArtha / arthAt laukika samRddhi va sukha Adi / prAkRta kathAoM meM ina laukika aura pAralaukika donoM puruSArthoM kA varNana hai, kintu unakA prabhAva samAja para bhinna-bhinna par3A hai / "" prAkRta kathAoM meM karma siddhAnta ko pratipAdita karane vAlI kathAeM jJAtAdharmakathA meM upalabdha haiM / maNikumAra seTha kI kathA meM kahA gayA hai ki pahale usane eka sundara vApI kA nirmANa karAyA / paropakAra evaM dAnazIlatA ke aneka kArya kiye| kintu eka bAra jaba usake zarIra meM molaha prakAra kI vyAdhiyA~ ho gayIM to deza ke prakhyAta vaidyoM kI cikitsA dvArA bhI maNikumAra svastha nahIM ho sakA / kyoMki usake zrAsatA karmoM kA udaya thA, isalie use rogoM kA dukha bhoganA hI thA / isI grantha meM kAlI AryA kI eka kathA hai, jisameM azubha karmoM ke udaya ke kAraNa usakI duSpravRtti meM buddhi laga jAtI hai aura vaha sAdhvI ke prAcaraNa meM zithila ho jAtI hai / 0 prAyaH zrAgama granthoM meM vipAkasUtra karma siddhAnta ke pratipAdana kA pratinidhi grantha hai / isameM 20 kathAeM haiM / prArambha kI dasa kathAeM azubha karmoM ke vipAka ko evaM aMtima dasa kathAeM zubha karmoM ke phala ko pragaTa karatI haiM / 11 miyAputta kI kathA krUratA pUrvaka AcaraNa karane ke phala ko vyakta karatI hai to soriyadatta kI kathA mAMsabhakSaNa ke pariNAma ko / isI taraha kI anya kathAeM vibhinna karmoM ke paripAka ko spaSTa karatI haiN| ina kathAoM kA spaSTa uddezya pratIta hotA hai ki loga azubha karmoM ko chor3akara zubha karmoM ko ora pravRtta hoM / svatantra prAkRta kathA-granthoM meM karmavAda kI aneka kathAeM haiN| taraMgavatI meM pUrvajanmoM kI kathA hai| taraMgavatI ko karmoM ke kAraNa pati viyoga sahanA par3atA hai 112 vasudevahiNDI meM to karmaphala ke aneka prasaMga haiM / cArUdatta kI daridratA usake pUrvakRta karmoM kA phala mAnI jAtI hai| isa grantha meM vasubhUti daridra brAhmaNa kI kathA honahAra

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karma evaM puruSArtha kA upayukta udAharaNa hai / vasubhUti ke yajJadattA nAma kI patnI thI / putra kA nAma somazarma tathA putrI kA somazarmA thA / unake rohiNI nAma kI eka gAya thI / dAna meM milI huI khetI karane ke lie thor3I-sI jamIna thI / eka bAra apanI daridratA ko dUra karane ke lie vasubhUti zahara jA rahA thA to usane apane putra se kahA ki mAMgakara zahara se lauTUMgA / taba taka tuma khetI aura dAna meM mile dhana se maiM terI aura terI bahina apanI gAya mI bachar3A de degI / isa taraha hamAre maiM sAhUkAroM se kucha dAna-dakSiNA kI rakSA karanA / usakI upaja kI zAdI kara dU~gA / taba taka saMkaTa ke dina dUra ho jAyeMge / 73 brAhmaNa vasubhUti ke zahara cale jAne para usakA putra ke saMsarga se naTa bana gayA / arakSita khetI sUkha gayI / dhUrta se garbha raha gayA aura gAya kA garbha kisI kAraNa se brAhmaNa ko bhI dakSiNA nahIM milii| lauTane para jaba usane ghara ke samAcAra jAne to kaha uThA ki hamArA bhAgya hI aisA hai 113 isa grantha meM isa taraha ke anya kathAnaka bhI haiM / somazarma to kisI naTI somazarmA putrI ke kisI gira gayA / saMyoga se zrAcArya haribhadra ne prAkRta kI aneka kathAeM likhI haiM / samarAiccakahA aura ghUrtAkhyAna ke atirikta upadezapada evaM dazavekAlika cUri bhI unakI kaI kathAeM karmavAda kA pratipAdana karatI haiN| unameM karma vipAka athavA daivayoga me ghaTita hone vAle kaI kathAnaka haiM, jinake Age manuSya kI buddhi aura zakti nirarthaka jAna par3atI hai / 14 samarAiccakahA ke dUsare bhava meM siMhakumAra kI hatyA jaba svayaM usakA putra Ananda rAjapada pAne ke lie karane lagatA hai to siMha kumAra socatA hai ki jaise anAja paka jAne para kisAna apanI khetI jIva apane kiye hue karmoM kA phala bhogatA hai / 125 upadezapada meM 'puruSArtha yA deva' nAma kI eka kathA hI haribhadra ne prastuta kI hai| 16 isameM karma phala kI pradhAnatA hai / kATatA hai vaise hI kuvalayamAlAkahA meM udyotanasUri ne kaI prasaMgoM meM karmoM ke phala bhogane kI bAta kahI hai / pAMca kaSAyoM ke vazIbhUta hokara jIne vAle vyaktiyoM ko kyA-kyA bhoganA par3A isakA vistRta vivecana lobhadeva zrAdi kI kathAoM meM isa grantha meM kiyA gayA hai / 17 rAjA ratnamukuTa kI kathA meM dIpazikhA aura pataMge kA dRSTAMta diyA gayA hai / rAjA ne pataMge ko mRtyu se bacAne ke liye bahuta prayatna kiye / anta meM use eka saMdUkacI meM banda bhI kara diyaa| kintu prAtaHkAla taka use eka chipakalI khA hI gayI / rAjA kA prayatna karma phala ke Age vyartha gayA / usane socA ki nipuNa vaidya rogI kI roga se rakSA to kara sakate haiM kintu pUrvajanmakRta karmoM se jIva-rakSA ve nahIM kara sakate / yathA - vejjA kareti kiriyaM zrosaha joehi maMta-bala- juttA / ya kareMti varAyA Na kayaM jaM puNya-jammammi || ..... * kuva0 140.25

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74 jaina dharma aura jIvana mUlya prAkRta kathAoM ke kozagranthoM meM karmaphala sambandhI aneka kathAeM prApta haiM / pAkhyAnamaNikoza meM bAraha kathAeM isa prakAra kI haiN| kama athavA bhAgya ke sAmarthya ke sambandha meM aneka subhASita isa grantha meM prayukta hue haiN| RSidattA AkhyAna ke prasaMga meM kahA gayA hai ki karmoM ke anusAra hI vyakti sukha-dukha pAtA hai / ataH kiye hue karmoM (ke pariNAma) kA nAza nahIM hotA / yathA jaM jeNa pAviyanvaM sahaM va dukkhaM va kammanimmaviyaM / taM so taheva pAvai kayassa nAso jaso nasthi / / .. pR. 250, gA. 151 / / prAkRta-kathA-sagraha meM karma kI pradhAnatA vAlI kathAeM haiM / samudrayAtrA ke daurAna jaba jahAja bhagna ho jAtA hai taba nAyaka socatA hai ki kisI ko kabhI bhI doSa na denA caahiye| sukha aura dukha pUrvAjita karmoM kA hI phala hotA hai / 18 isI taraha prAkRta kathAnoM meM parISaha-jaya kI aneka kathAeM upalabdha haiN| vahA~ bhI tapazcaraNa meM hone vAle dukha ko karmoM kA phala mAnakara unheM samatA pUrvaka sahana kiyA jAtA haiM / apabhraza ke kathA granthoM evaM kahAkosu meM isa prakAra kI kaI kathAeM haiN| sukumAla svAmI kI kathA pUrva-janmoM ke karma vipAka ko spaSTa karane ke lie hI kahI gayI hai| honahAra kitanI balavAna hai, yaha isa kathA se spaSTa ho jAtA hai 119 puruSArtha vivecana : ___ karmasiddhAnta sambandhI ina prAkRtakathAnoM ke varNanoM para yadi pUrNata: vizvAsa kiyA gayA hotA aura bhavitavyatA ko hI saba kucha mAna liyA gayA hotA to laukika aura pAralaukika donoM taraha ke koI prayatna va puruSArtha jaina dharma ke anuyAyitroM dvArA nahIM kiye jaate| isa dRSTi se yaha samAja sabase adhika niSkriya, daridra aura bhAgyavAdI hotaa| kintu itihAsa sAkSI hai ki aisA nahIM huaa| anya vidhAoM ke jaina sAhitya ko chor3a bhI deM to yahI prAkRta kathAeM laukika pora pAramArthika puruSArthoM kA itanA varNana karatI haiM ki vizvAsa nahIM hotA unameM kabhI bhAgyavAda yA karmavAda kA vivecana humA hogaa| karma aura puruSArtha ke isa antardvandva ko spaSTa karane ke lie prAkRta kathAoM meM prApta kucha puruSArtha sambandhI sandarbha yahAM prastuta jJAtAdharmakathA meM udakajJAtA adhyayana meM subuddhi mantrI kI kathA hai| isameM usane jitazatru rAjA ko eka khAI ke durgandha yukta apeya pAnI ko zuddha evaM peya jala meM badalane kI bAta kahI / rAjA ne kahA- yaha nahIM ho sktaa| taba mantrI ne kahA ki pudgaloM meM jIva ke prayatna aura svAbhAvika rUpa se parivartana hote rahate haiM / 20 ataH vyakti ke puruSArtha se kama pudgaloM ko bhI parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai / rAjA ne isa bAta ko svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| taba subuddhi ne jala zodhana kI vizeSa prakriyA dvArA usI khAI ke azuddha jala ko amRta sudaza madhura aura peya banAkara dikhA

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karma evaM puruSArtha 75 diyA / taba rAjA kI samajha meM AyA ki vyakti kI sadpravRttiyoM ke puruSArtha usake jIvana ko badala sakate haiN| anta meM rAjA aura mantrI donoM jaina dharma meM dakSija ho gye| 21 isI grantha meM samudayAtrA prAdi kI kathAeM bhI haiM, jinase jJAta hotA hai ki saMkaTa ke samaya bhI sAhasI yAtrI apanA puruSArtha nahIM tyAgate the / jahAja bhagna hone para samudra pAra karane kA bhI prayatna karate the| aneka kaThinAiyoM ko pAra kara bhI vaNikaputra sampatti kA ajaMna karate the / uttarAdhyayanaTIkA (nemIcandra) meM eka kathA hai, jisameM rAjakumAra mantrIputra aura variNakaputra apane-apane puruSArtha kA parIkSaNa karake batalAte haiM 122 dazavakAlika cUrNI meM cAra mitroM kI kathA me puruSArthoM kI zreSThatA siddha kI gayI hai / 23 vasudevahiNDI ye artha aura kAma puruSArtha kI aneka kathopakathAeM haiN| arthopArjana para hI laukika sukha prAdhArita hai| ataH isa grantha kI eka kathA meM cArudatta daridratA ko dUra karane ke lie aMtima kSaNa taka puruSArtha karanA nahIM chodd'taa| 'ucchAhe siri vasati' isa siddhAnta kA pAlana karatA hai / 24 samarAIccakahA meM lokika aura pAramArthika puruSArtha kI aneka kathAeM haiN|25 udyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlA meM eka ora jahA~ karmaphala kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, vahAM caMDasoma Adi kI kathAnoM dvArA yaha bhI spaSTa kara diyA hai ki pApI se pApI vyakti bhI yadi sadgati meM laga jAe to vaha sukha-samRddhi ke sAtha jIvana ke antima lakSya ko bhI prApta kara sakatA hai| mAyAditya kI kathA meM kahA gayA hai ki loka meM dharma, artha aura kAma ina tIna puruSArthoM meM se jisake eka bhI nahIM hai usakA jIvana jar3avat hai / ataH artha kA upArjana karo jisase zeSa puruSArthoM kI siddhi ho (kuva. 58. 13-15) / sAgaradatta kI kathA se jJAta hotA hai ki bApa-dAdAnoM kI sampatti se paropakAra karanA vyartha hai| jo apane puruSArtha se ajita dhana kA dAna karatA hai vahI prazaMsA kA pAtra hai, bAkI saba cora haiM jo deI dharaNaM duha-saya-samijjayaM prattaNo bhaya-baleNa / so kira pasaMsaNijjo iyaro coro viya varAmro / / kuva. 103-23 / / isI taraha isa grantha meM dhanadeva kI kathA hai| vaha apane mitra bhadrazreSThI ko preraNA dekara vyApAra karane ke lie ratnadIpa le jAnA cAhatA hai / bhadrazreSThI isalie vahA~ nahIM jAnA cAhatA kyoMki vaha sAta bAra jahAja magna ho jAne se nirAza ho cukA thaa| taba dhanadatta use samajhAtA hai ki "puruSArtha-hIna hone se to lakSmI viSNa ko bhI chor3a detI hai aura jo puruSArthI hotA hai usI para vaha dRSTipAta karatI haiM / ataH tuma punaH sAhasa kro| vyakti ke lagAtAra prayatna karane para hI bhAgya ko badalA jA sktaa|' prAkRta ke anya kathA-granthoM meM bhI isa prakAra kI puruSArtha sambandhI kathAeM dekhI jA sakatI haiM / zrIpAla kathA karma aura puruSArtha ke antardvandva kA spaSTa udAharaNa

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76 jaina dharma aura jIna-mUlya hai / mainA sundarI apane puruSArtha ke bala para daridra evama kor3hI pati ko svastha kara punaH sampattizAlI banA detI hai| prAkRta ke granthoM meM isa viSayaka eka bahuta rocaka kathA prApta hai| rAjA bhoja ke darabAra meM eka bhAgyavAdI evaM puruSArthI vyakti upasthita huA / bhAgyavAdI ne kahA ki saba kucha bhAgya se hotA hai, puruSArtha vyathaM hai / puruSArthI ne kahA-prayatna karane se hI saba kucha prApta hotA hai, bhAgya ke bharose baiThe rahane se nhiiN| rAjA ne kAlidAsa nAmaka mantrI ko unakA vivAda nipaTAne ko kahA / kAlidAsa ne una donoM ke hAtha bAMdhakara inheM eka aMdhere kamara meM banda kara diyA aura kahA ki Apa loga apane-apane siddhAnta ko apanA kara bAhara A jAnA / bhAgyavAdI niSkriya hokara kamare ke eka kone meM baiThA rhaa| puruSArthI tIna dina taka kamare se nikalane kA dvAra khojatA rhaa| anta meM thaka kara vaha eka sthAna para gira par3A / jahA~ usake hAtha the vahA~ cUhe kA bila thaa| ata: usake hAtha kA bandhana cUhe ne kATa diyaa| dUsare dina vaha kisI prakAra daravAjA tor3akara bAhara A gyaa| bAda meM vaha bhAgyavAdI ko bhI nikAla laayaa| aura kahane lagA udyama ke phala ko jAnakara yAvat jIvana use nahIM chor3anA cAhie / puruSArtha phaladAyI hotA hai / 27 ujjamassa phalaM naccA viusdugnaayge| jAvajjIvaM na chaDa DejjA ujjama phaladAyagaM / / cintanIya prazna : prAkRta kathAoM meM karma evaM puruSArtha sambandhI ina kucha udAharaNoM se spaSTa hai ki karmavAda adhika sabala hai / isake pratipAdana ke mUla meM sambhavataH yaha pramukha kAraNa thA ki Izvara jaise sarvazaktimAna vyaktitva ke sthAnApanna ke rUpa meM karmavAda kI sthApanA karanA thaa| ataH use bhI utanA ho akATya aura prabhAvazAlI banAyA gayA hai / isake pIche jaina AcAryoM kA yaha bhI uddezya ho sakatA hai ki vyakti karma ko saba kucha mAna kara apane kAryoM ke prati mithyA ahaMkAra na kare / prayatnoM ke uparAnta yadi use saphalatA na mile to vaha karmaphala ko mAnakara dhairya dhAraNa kara sake / duHkha kI bhayAvaha sthitiyoM meM vaha ghabar3Aye nahIM, apitu acche karmaphala kI prAzA meM usa sthiti se ubara sake / sAtha hI karmaphala ke pratipAdana meM yaha zikSA denA bhI nihita rahA hogA ki vyakti zubhakarmoM ke acche phala kI ora AkarSita hokara sadpravRttiyoM meM puruSArtha kre| isa taraha karmaphala kA pratipAdana eka ora yadi jar3a aura AlasI vyaktiyoM ke lie niSkriyatA, bhAgyavAda, andhavizvAsa Adi meM pravRtta hone kA kAraNa hai to dUsarI ora jAgarUka vyakti isase puruSArtha meM pravRtta hone kI preraNA bhI grahaNa kara sakate haiM / Adhunika yuga meM karmavAda ke siddhAnta ke sAtha kaI prazna cinha jur3e hue haiN| yadi vyakti kA karma hI saba kucha hai, use unakA phala nizcita hI bhoganA par3egA to phira vaha satkAryoM meM kyoM aura kaise pravRtta ho sakatA hai ? ataH prAja ke vyakti ne

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karma aura puruSArtha 77 acche-bure donoM prakAra ke karmaphaloM ke prati udAsIna vatti apanA lI hai| bhaviSya meM milane vAle phala ke prati usakA vizvAsa nahIM rahA / isIlie vaha vartamAna meM jInA cAhatA hai / vartamAna ko yathAsambhava sukhI banAne ke prayatna meM vaha hai / yadi sUkSmatA se dekheM to sambhavataH yaha pravRtti pAli-prAkRta kI kathAnoM meM bahuta pahale se prArambha gayI thI / lokika puruSArtha vahA~ pramukhatA ko prApta hai| ___ karma-siddhAnta ke sambandha meM dUsarA cintana yaha ubharA hai ki karmoM ke phala avazya milate haiM / kintu hajAroM varSoM meM, janmoM meM nahIM, apitu turanta hI vartamAna jIvana meM hI vyakti sukha-duHkha bhoga letA hai| unakI manovRttiyA~ hI use acche-bure kAryoM meM pravRtta karatI haiM, jina para vaha apanI cetana zakti dvArA niyantraNa karatA rahatA hai / vyakti ke puruSArtha ke aAge ananta janmoM kI karmazRkhalA koI mAyane nahIM rakhatI / aba dinoM dina vyakti kI dRSTi sUkSma aura vaijJAnika hotI jA rahI hai / ataH vaha kimI kArya kA kevala eka kAraNa svIkAra karane ke liye taiyAra nahIM hai / sukha-du kha aneka kAraNoM ke pariNAma haiN| karmaphala unameM se eka kAraNa ho sakatA hai / ataH aba karmavAda utanA bhayAvaha nahIM rahA hai aura na AkarSaka ho, jitanA prAcIna samaya meM thaa| vartamAna yuga ke jIvana meM yaha bhI spaSTa kara diyA gayA hai ki eka vyakti ke karma kevala use hI prabhAvita nahIM karate / apitu eka vyakti ke karmoM kA phala sAma hika bhoganA par3a sakatA hai / jaise kisI yAna cAlaka kI lAparavAhI kA pariNAma sabhI bhugatate haiM / athavA kisI jamAkhora ke kAraNa aneka upabhoktA duHkhI ho sakate haiM / isI prakAra sAma hika karmoM kA phala bhI vyaktigata rUpa se bhoganA par3atA hai / deza meM harita krAnti lAne vAle kucha kisAna ho sakate haiM, kintu upaja kI samRddhi kA lAbha karor3oM loga uThAte hai| ataH karma-siddhAnta meM aba vyakti akelA bhoktA nahIM hai / isaliye bahuta Avazyaka ho gayA hai ki sAma hika rUpa se karmoM meM sudhAra kiyA jAya / ina saba praznoM ke pariprekSya meM jaina sAhitya meM pratipAdita karmasiddhAnta va puruSArtha kA vivecana cintanIya hai| sandarbha 1. mehatA, mohanalAla, jaina sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa, bhAga-4 2. bhagavaI, jaina vizva bhAratI prakAzana, 1974, sUtra 1, 2, 34 3. ThANAMga, 4-92 evaM prajJApanA 23-1-290 / jIvA puggalakAyA aNNoNNAgADhagahaNapaDibaddhA / kAle vija jjhAraNA, suhadukkha diti bhujanti / / --paMcAstikAya, gA. 67 / 5. pAmodaeNa attho hatthaM patto vi Nassadi Narassa / / dUrAdo vi sapuNNassa edi attho ayattaraNa / / bhaga. mA gA. 1731

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jaina dharma aura jIvana mUlya prAptamImAMsA, kArikA, 89.91 / 7. kAlo sahAva riNayai puvvakamma purisakAraNegaMtA / micchataM taM caiva u samAsatvo huti sammataM / / - sanmatitarkaprakaraNa 3-53 8. bhagavatI, 7-3-35 9. jJAtAdharmakathA, 1-13 10. zAstrI, devendramuni, mahAvIra yuga kI pratinidhi kathAe~, pR. 53 11. jaina, jagadIzacandra, prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR. 94-95 12. draSTavya, taragaMlolA kI kathA / 13. vasudevahiDI pR. 31 14. zAstrI, nemIcandra, haribhadra ke prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana, pR. 212 15. jaha vA luNAi sAsAi kAsagro pariNayAi kAleNa / iya bhayAi kayanto lugAi jAyai jaayaai|| 2-223 upadezapada, gAthA 353-356 / draSTavya, lekhaka kA grantha-'kuvalayamAlAkathA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana," vaizAlI 1915 mahavA na dAyavvA doso kassavi keNa kaiyAvi / puvvajjiya kammAno havaMti jaM sukkhaM dukkhaaii| sukumAlasAmIcariu-paM. zrIdhara / paprogavIsasApariNayA vi ya NaM sAmI! poggalA paNNattA |-jnyaataa. 1-12 jJAtAdharma kathA 1-13 22. jaina, jagadIzacandra, 'do hajAra varSa purAnI kahAniyAM, pR. 75 dazavakAlikacUrNI pR. 103-104 vasudevahiMDI, pR. 145 draSTavya, zAstrI, vahI, tRtIya prakaraNa / 26. jai ghaDiyaM vihaDijjai ghaDiyaM ghaDiyaM puNo vi vihaDei / tA ghaDaNa-vihADaNAhiM hohii vihaDaphphaDo davvo // -kuva. 66-31 27. jaina, rAjArAma, pAiyagajjasaMgaho (vIyobhAmo) pR. 34-35 000 20. 21. 23.

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ekAdaza jaina dharma : badalate sandarmoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke yuga aura Aja ke pariveza meM paryApta antara hayA hai| usa samaya jisa dhArmika anuzAsana kI AvazyakatA thI usakI pUrti mahAvIra ne kii| unake dharma ko prAja 2500 varSa se adhika samaya ho gayA jaba saba kucha parivartita huA hai| pratyeka yuga nae parivartanoM ke sAtha upasthita hotA hai / kucha paramparAmoM ko pIche chor3a detA hai / kintu kucha aisA bhI zeSa rahatA hai, jo atIta aura vartamAna ko jor3e rahatA hai / bauddhika mAnasa isA jor3ane vAlI kar3I ko pakar3ane aura parakhane kA prayatna karatA hai ata: mAja ke badalate hue saMdarbho meM prAcAna prAsthAnoM, mUlyoM evaM cintanadhArAoM kI sArthakatA kI anveSaNA svAbhAvika hai / jaina dharma mUlataH badalate hue sandarmoM kA hI dharma hai| vaha Aja taka kisI sAmAjika kaTaghare, rAjanaitika parakoTe tathA varga aura bhASAgata dAyaroM meM nahI baMdhA / yathArtha ke dharAtala para vaha vikasita hamA hai / tathya ko svIkAranA usakI niyati hai, cAhe ve kisI bhI yuga ke hoM, kisI bhI cetanA dvArA unakA Atma-sAkSAtkAra kiyA gayA ho / vyApaka pariprekSya : vartamAna yuga jaina dharma ke pariprekSya meM badalA nahIM, vyApaka huA hai / bhagavAn RSabha deva ne zramaNa dharma kI una mUlabhUta zikSAoM ko ujAgara kiyA thA jo tAtkAlika jIvana kI AvazyakatAeM thIM / mahAvIra ne apane yuga ke anusAra isa dharma ko aura adhika vyApaka kiyaa| jIvana-mUlyoM ke sAtha-sAtha jIva-mUlya kI bhI bAta unhoMne kahI / AcAraNa kI ahiMsA kA vistAra vaicArika ahiMsA taka humA / vyaktigata upalabdhi, cAhe vaha jJAna kI ho yA vaibhava kI, aparigraha dvArA sArvajanika kI gaI / zAstrakAroM ne ise mahAvIra kA gRha-tyAga, saMsAra se virakti prAdi kahA, kintu vAstava meM mahAvIra ne eka ghara, parivAra evaM nagara se nikala kara sAre deza ko apanA liyA thaa| unakI upalabdhi aba prANi-mAtra ke kalyANa ke lie samarpita thii| isa prakAra unhoMne jaina-dharma ko deza aura kAla kI sImAmoM se pare kara diyA thaa| isI kAraNa jaina-dharma vigata DhAI hajAra varSoM ke badalate sandarbho meM kahIM kho

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80 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya nahIM sakA hai| mAnava-vikAsa evaM prANI mAtra ke kalyANa meM usakI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai| badalate saMdarbha : Aja vizva kA jo svarUpa hai, sAmAnyarUpa meM cintakoM ko badalA hA najara pAtA hai| samAja ke mAnadaNDoM meM parivartana, mUlyoM kA hrAsa, anAsthAnoM kI saMskRti. kuNThAnoM aura saMtrAsoM kA jIvana, prabhAva aura bhraSTa rAjanIti, sampreSaNa kA mAdhyama, bhASAoM kA prazna, bhautikavAda ke prati lipsA-saMgharSa tathA prApti ke prati vyarthatA kA bodha Adi vartamAna yuga ke badalate saMdarbha haiN| kintu mahAvIra yuga ke pariprekSya meM dekheM to yaha saba parivartana kucha nayA nahIM lgtaa| inhIM saba paristhitiyoM ke dabAva ne hI usa samaya jaina dharma eva bauddha-dharma ko vyApakatA pradAna kI thii| antara kevala itanA hai ki usa samaya ina badalate sandarbho se samAja kA eka viziSTa varga hI prabhAvita thaa| sampannatA aura cintana ke dhanI vyaktitva hI zAzvata mUlyoM kI khoja meM saMlagna the| zeSa bhIr3a unake pIche calatI thii| kintu Aja samAja kI hareka ikAI badalate pariveza kA anubhava kara rahI hai / Aja vyakti sAmAjika prakriyA meM bhAgIdAra hai| aura vaha paramparAgata AsthAoM-mUlyoM se itanA niraprekSya hai, ho rahA hai, ki una kinhIM bhI sArvajanIna jIvana mUlyoM apanAne ko taiyAra hai, jo use Aja kI vikRtiyoM se mukti dilA sakeM / jaina dharma cUki lokadharma hai, vyakti-vikAsa kI usameM pratiSThA hai, ataH usake siddhAnta Aja ke badalate pariveza meM adhika upayogI ho sakate haiN| ahiMsA kI pratiSThA sarvopari : __ jaina dharma meM ahiMsA kI pratiSThA sarvopari hai / Aja taka usakI vibhinna vyAkhyAeM aura upayoga hue haiN| vartamAna yuga meM hara vyakti kahIM na kahIM krAntikArI hai| kyoMki vaha prAdhunikatA ke daMza ko tIvratA se anubhava kara rahA hai, vaha badalanA cAhatA hai pratyeka aisI vyavasthA ko, pratiSThA ko, jo usake dAya ko usa taka nahIM pahu~cane detii| isake lie usakA mAdhyama banatI hai hiMsA, tor3a-phor3a, kyoMki Tukar3oM meM baMTA huaA vyakti yahI kara sakatA hai| lekina hiMsA se kie gae parivartanoM kA sthAyitva aura prabhAva inase chipA nahIM hai| samAja ke pratyeka varga para hiMsA kI kAlI chAyA maMDarA rahI hai| ataH aba ahiMsA kI ora jhukAva anivArya ho gayA hai / abhI nahIM to kucha aura bhugatane ke bAda ho jaaegaa| AkhikAra vyakti vikRti se apane svabhAva prakRti meM kamI to lauttegaa| Aja kI samasyAoM ke sandarbha meM 'jIvoM ko mAranA', 'mAMsa na khAnA', Adi paribhASAoM vAlI ahiMsA bahuta choTI pdd'egii| kyoMki Aja to hiMsA ne aneka rUpa dhAraNa kara lie haiM / parAyApana itanA bar3ha gayA hai ki zatru ke darzana kie binA hI hama hiMsA karate rahate haiN| ataH hameM phira jaina dharma kI ahiMsA ke ciMtana meM lauTanA

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jaina dharma badalate sandarmoM meM pdd'egaa| vahAM ahiMmA thI-'dUsare' ko tirohita karane kI, miTA dene kii| koI duHkhI hai to 'maiM' hU~ aura sukhI hai to 'maiM' huuN| apanatva kA itanA vistAra hI mahaMkAra pora IrSyA ke astiva kI jar3eM hilA sakatA hai, jo hiMsA ke mUla kAraNa haiN| janadharma meM isIlie 'sva' ko jAnane para itanA bala diyA gayA hai| AtmajJAna kA vistAra hone para apanI hI hiMsA aura apanA ahita kauna karanA cAhegA ? mujhase choTA koI na ho : jaina dharma kI ahiMsA kI bhUmikA vartamAna yuga kI anya samasyAoM kA bhI upacAra hai / aparigraha kA siddhAnta isI kA vistAra hai| kintu aparigraha ko prAyaH galata samajhA gayA hai| aparigraha kA artha garIbI yA sAdhanoM kA prabhAva nahIM hai| jaina dharma ne garIbI ko kabhI svIkRti nahIM dI / vaha pratyeka kSetra meM pUrNatA kA pakSadhara hai| mahAvIra kA aparigraha darzana Aja kI samAjavAdI ciMtana se kAphI Age hai| isa yaga ke samAjavAda kA artha hai-mujhase bar3A koI na ho| saba mere barAbara ho jaayeN| kisI bhI sImita sAdhanoM aura yogyatA vAle vyakti athavA deza ko isa prakAra kI barAbarI lAnA bar3A muzkila hai| jainadharma ke aparigraha kA cintana hai-mujha se choTA koI na ho| arthAt mere pAsa jo kucha bhI hai vaha sabake lie hai| parivAra; samAja va deza ke lie hai| yaha socanA vyAvahArika ho sakatA hai| isase samAnatA kI anubhUti kI jA sakatI hai| kevala nArA banakara aparigraha nahIM rhegaa| vaha vyakti se prArambha hokara Age bar3hatA hai, jabaki samAjavAda vyakti taka pahuMcatA hI nahIM hai / aparigraha sampatti ke upabhoga kI sAmAnya anubhUti kA nAma hai, svAmitva kA nhiiN| ataH vizva kI bhautikatA utanI bhayAvaha nahIM hai, usakA jisa DhaMga se upayoga ho rahA hai, samasyAeM usase utpanna huI haiN| aparigraha kI bhAvanA eka aura jahAM Apasa kI chInA-jhapaTI, saMcaya-vRtti prAdi ko niyaMtrita kara sakatI hai, dUsarI mora bhautikatA se pare prAdhyAtma ko bhI isase bala milegaa| vaicArika udAratA: vizva meM jitane jhagar3e artha aura bhautikavAda ko lekara nahIM hai, utane Apasa kI ApasI-vicAroM kI tanAtanI ke kAraNa haiN| hara vyakti apanI bAta kahane kI dhuna meM dUsare kI kucha sunanA hI nahIM caahtaa| pahale zAstroM kI bAtoM ko lekara vAdavivAda tathA prAdhyAtmika stara para matabheda hote the| Aja ke vyakti ke pAsa ina bAtoM ke lie samaya hI nahIM hai| rikta ho gayA hai vaha zAstrIya-jJAna se| kintu phira bhI vaicArika matabheda haiM / aba unakI dizA badala gaI hai / aba sImA-vivAda para jhagar3e haiM, nAroM kI zabdAvalI para tanAtanI hai, lokataMtra kI paribhASAoM para garamAgaramI hai / sAhitya ke kSetra meM hara par3hane-likhane vAlA apane mAnadaNDoM kI sthApanAoM meM lagA huA hai / bhASA ke mAdhyama ko lekara loga khemoM meM vibhakta haiN| aisI sthiti meM jaina dharma yA kisI bhI dharma kI bhUmikA kyA ho, kahanA kaThina hai / kintu jaina dharma

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82 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya ke itihAsa se eka bAta avazya sIkhI jA sakatI hai ki usane kabhI bhASA ko dhArmika bAnA nahIM pahinAyA / jisa yuga meM jo bhASA saMpreSaNa kA mAdhyama thI use usane tabhI apanA liyA aura itihAsa sAkSI hai, jaina dharma kI isase koI hAni nahIM huI hai / ataH sampreSaNa ke mAdhyama kI sahajatA aura sArvajanInatA ke lie vartamAna meM kisI eka sAmAnya bhASA ko apanAyA jAnA bahuta jarUrI hai| matabheda meM sAmaJjasya evaM zAlInatA ke lie anekAntavAda kA vistAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki binA vaMcArika udAratA ko apanAye ahiMsA aura aparigraha Adi kI surakSA nahIM hai| jaina dharma kI AdhunikatA : sUkSmatA se dekhA jAya to vartamAna yuga meM jaina dharma ke adhikAMza siddhAMtoM ko dhyApakatA dRSTigocara hotI hai / jJAna-vijJAna aura samAja-vikAsa ke kSetra meM jaina dharma kI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai / Adhunika vijJAna ne jo hameM niSkarSa die haiM -unase jaina dharma ke tattvajJAna kI aneka bAteM pramANita hotI jA rahI haiM / vaijJAnika adhyayana ke kSetra meM dravya kI 'utpAdavyayadhrauvyayukta sat' kI paribhASA svIkAra ho cukI hai| jaina dharma kI yaha pramukha vizeSatA hai ki usane bheda-vijJAna dvArA jar3a-cetana ko sampUgatA se jAnA hai| Aja kA vijJAna bhI nirantara sUkSmatA kI ora bar3hatA huA sampUrNa ko jAnane kI abhIpsA rakhatA hai| ___ vartamAna yuga meM atyadhika AdhunikatA kA jora hai / kucha hI samaya bAda vastueM rahana-sahana ke tarIke, sAdhana, unake sambandha meM jAnakArI purAnI par3a jAtI haiM / use bhulA diyA jAtA hai, nita naye ke sAtha mAnava phira jur3a jAtA hai / phira bhI kucha aisA hai, jise hamezA se svIkAra kara calA jA rahA hai| yaha saba sthiti aura kucha nahIM, jaina dharma dvArA svIkRta jagat kI vastu sthiti kA samarthana hai| vastuoM ke svarUpa badalate rahate haiM, ataH atIta kI paryAyoM ko chor3anA, nayI paryAyoM ke sAtha jur3anA yaha AdhunikatA jaina dharma ke cintana kI hI phalazruti hai| nita nayI krAMtiyAM, pragatizIlatA, phaizana prAdi vastu kI 'utpAdana' zakti kI svAbhAvika pariNati mAtra hai| kalA evaM sAhitya ke kSetra meM amUrtatA evaM pratIkoM kI aora jhakAva. vastu kI paryAyoM ko bhUla kara zAzvata satya ko pakar3ane kA prayatna hai / yathArtha, vastu sthiti meM jIne kA prAgraha 'yathArtha zraddhAnaM samyagdarzanam' ke artha kA hI vistAra hai / svataMtratA kA mUlya : Aja ke badalate saMdarbho meM svataMtratA kA mUlya tIvratA se ubharA hai / samAja kI hara ikAI apanA svatatra astitva cAhatI hai| pratyeka vyakti apane adhikAra evaM kartavyoM meM kisI kA hastakSepa nahIM ca htaa| janatAMtrika zAsanoM kA vikAsa isI vyaktigata svataMtratA ke AdhAra para hamA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne svataMtratA ke isa satya ko bahuta pahale ghoSita kara diyA thaa| jaina dharma na kevala vyakti ko apitu pratyeka vastu ke svarUpa ko svataMtra mAnatA hai / isalie usakI mAnyatA hai ki vyakti

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jaina dharma badalate sandarbho meM 83 svayaM apane svarUpa meM rahe aura dUsaroM ko unake svarUpa meM rahane de| yahI saccA lokataMtra hai / eka dUsare ke svarUpoM meM jahA~ hastakSepa huA, vahIM balAtkAra prArambha ho jAtA hai, jisase duHkha ke sivAya aura kucha nahIM miltaa| vastu aura cetana kI isI svataMtra sattA ke kAraNa jaina dharma kisI aise niyantA ko asvIkAra karatA hai, jo vyakti ke sukha-duHkha kA vidhAtA ho| usakI dRSTi meM jar3a-cetana ke svAbhAvika niyama (guNa) sarvopari haiM / ve svayaM apanA bhaviSya nirmita kareMge / puruSArthI baneMge / yuvA zakti kI svataMtratA ke lie chaTapaTAhaTa isI satya kA pratiphalana hai| isIlie Aja ke vizva meM niyama svIkRta hote jA rahe haiM, niyantA tirohita hotA jA rahA hai / yahI zuddha vaijJAnikatA hai / dAyaroM se mukta-unmukta : ___vastu evaM cetana ke svabhAva ko svataMtra svIkArane ke kAraNa jaina dharma ne cetana sattAoM ke krama-bheda ko svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| zuddha caitanya guNa samAna hone se usakI dRSTi meM sabhI vyakti samAna haiN| U~ca-nIca, jAti, dharma Adi ke mAdhAra para vyaktiyoM kA vibhAjana jaina dharma ko svIkAra nahIM hai| isIlie usameM vargavihIna samAja kI bAta kahI gaI hai| pratiSThAnoM ko asvIkRta kara jaina tIrthaMkara jana-sAmAnya meM Akara mila gaye the / yadyapi unakI isa bAta ko jaina dharma ko mAnane vAle loga adhika dinoM taka nahIM nibhA pAye / bhAratIya samAja ke DhAMce se prabhAvita ho jaina dharma vargavizeSa kA hokara raha gayA thA, kintu prAdhunika yuga ke badalate sandarbha jaina dharma ko kramazaH AtmasAt karate jA rahe haiN| vaha dAyaroM se mukta ho rahA hai| jaina dharma aba unakA nahIM rahegA jo paramparA se use Dho rahe haiM / vaha unakA hogA, jo vartamAna meM use jI rahe haiM, cAhe ve kisI jAti, varga yA deza ke vyakti hoN| nAro svAtaMtrya : vartamAna yuga meM do bAtoM kA aura jora hai-nArI svAtaMtrya aura vyaktivAda kI pratiSThA / nArI svAtaMtrya ke jitane prayatna isa yuga meM hue haiM saMbhavataH usase bhI adhika purajora zabdoM meM nArI svAtaMtrya kI bAta mahAvIra ne apane yuga meM kahI thii| dharma ke kSetra meM nArI ko prAcArya pada kI pratiSThA dene vAle ve pahale citaka the / jisa prakAra puruSa kA caitanya apane bhaviSya kA nirmANa karane kI zakti rakhatA hai, usI prakAra nArI kI AtmA bhii| ataH aAja samAna adhikAroM ke lie saMgharSa karatI huI nArI apanI cetanatA kI svatantratA ko prAmANika kara rahI hai| jainadharma bhI cetanA ke vikAsa ke mArga meM nArI ko sakSama mAnatA hai| saMskAra-nirmANa meM usakI ahama bhUmikA svIkAra karatA hai| vyaktitva kA vikAsa : jaina dharma meM vyaktitva kA mahattva prArambha se hI svIkRta hai| vyakti jaba taka apanA vikAsa nahIM karegA vaha samAja ko kucha nahIM de sakatA / jainadharma ke tIrthaMkara

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya svayaM satya kI pUrNatA taka pahale pahuMce taba unhoMne samAja ko udbodhita kiyaa| Aja ke vyaktivAda meM vyakti bhIr3a se kaTakara calanA cAhatA hai| apanI upalabdhi meM vaha svayaM ko hI paryApta mAnatA hai / jaina dharma kI sAdhanA, tapazcaraNa kI bhI yahI prakriyA hai-vyaktitva ke vikAsa ke bAda sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM ko nibAhanA / sAmAjikatA kA bodha : jaina dharma samyagdarzana ke mATha aMgoM kA vivecana hai| gaharAI se dekheM to unameM se prArambhika cAra aMga vyakti vikAsa ke lie haiM aura aMtima cAra sAmAjika dAyitvoM se jur3e haiN| jo vyakti nirbhayo (nizaMkita), pUrNa santuSTa (ni:kAMkSita), dehagata bAsanAmoM se pare (nirvicikitsaka) eva viveka se jAgRta (amUr3haSTi) hogA vahI svayaM ke guNoM kA vikAsa kara sakegA (upavRhaNa), pathabhraSToM ko rAstA batA sakegA (sthirIkaraNa), sahadharmiyoM ke prati saujanya-vAtsalya rakha sakegA tathA jo kucha usane ajita kiyA hai, jo zAzvata aura kalyANakArI hai, usakA vaha jagat meM pracAra kara skegaa| isa prakAra jaina dharma apane itihAsa ke prArambha se hI una tathyoM aura mUlyoM kA pratiSThApaka rahA hai, jo pratyeka yuga ke badalate sandarbho meM sArthaka hoM tathA jinakI upayogitA vyakti aura samAja donoM ke utthAna ke lie ho| vizva kI vartamAna samasyAoM ke samAdhAna hetu jaina dharma ke mahApuruSoM kI vANI kI mahattvapUrNa ho sakatI hai, bazarte use sahI arthoM meM samajhA jAya, svIkAra jAya / 100

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dvAdaza paryAvaraNa- santulana aura jainadharma 1. manuSya aura prakRti : manuSya ke jIvana ko jo cAroM tarapha se ghere hue hai usa vana sampadA, pazusampadA, khanija sampadA, jala-samUha evaM vAyumaNDala ke samanvita bhAvararaNa kA nAma haiparyAvaraNa | ise isa yuga meM nayA nAma diyA gayA hai- paristhiti vijJAna ( ikAlAjI ) vyakti jaba apane ko kendra meM rakhakara paMcabhUtoM- pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura zrAkAza ke sambandha meM adhyayana karatA hai to vaha inheM paryAvaraNa ke nAma se abhihita karatA hai / kintu jaba bhautikavijJAna evaM bhaugolika dRSTi se sampUrNa ikAI kA vivecana karane kI apekSA ho to yaha saba prakRti ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / vastutaH sampUrNa prakRti aura manuSya ke sambandhoM kA adhyayana karanA hI paryAvaraNa kA kSetra hai / isa paryAvaraNa kI zuddhatA aura svasthatA para hI manuSya kA astitva evaM vikAsa nirbhara hai / isIlie manuSya apane lAbha ke lie hI sahI paryAvaraNa ko zuddha rakhane kI dizA meM aba ciMtanazIla huA hai / manuSya aura prakRti kA sambandha manuSya ke prArambhika vikAsa ke sAtha jur3A huA hai / araNya saMskRti se hI isa deza kA vikAza panapA hai / jala se vanaspati, vanaspati se vana aura vanoM se Adi mAnava ne sabhyatA ke kaI caraNa Age bar3hAye haiM / vanavAsI mAnava ne prArambha se hI prakRti ke vibhinna upakaraNoM ko apane Upara vAtsalya evaM suvidhAeM dete hue dekhA hai / prata: vaha prakRti kA AbhAra prArambha se hI mAnatA rahA hai / usakA upAsaka banakara mAnava ne prakRti ko zakti aura preraNa kA srota mAnA hai / vaidika RSi pUrI sRSTi ko prema aura mitratA kI dRSTi se dekhate rahe haiM / usa vanavAsI sabhyatA meM mAnava aura prakRti ke vibhinna rUpa eka hI parivAra ke bhaMga rahe haiN| chAndogya upaniSada meM kahA gayA hai ki eka ko jAna lene se sabako jAnA jA sakatA hai- 'ekena vijJAnena sarvadUdaM vijJAnaM bhavati' / yaha 'eka' prAtma rUpI parama tattva bhI ho sakatA hai aura prakRti bhI / donoM ke saMvedana aura antarrahasya meM koI antara nahIM hai / manuSya aura prakRti kI tAdAtmyavRtti mahAvIra aura buddha ke

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86 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya yuga taka pUrNarUpeNa svIkRta rahI hai| tabhI jaina AgamoM meM kahA gayA hai-'jo egaM jANai so savva jANai' jisane eka prakRtti (svabhAva) ko jAna liyA usane sAre vizva ko jAna liyA / prakRti aura manuSya ke sambandha ko prAkRta AgamoM meM sUkSmatA ke sAtha pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / DaoN. je. sI. sikadara ne jaina granyoM meM prApta vanaspatizAstra kA adhyayana prastuta kiyA hai / AcArAMga meM vanaspati aura manuSya kI sUkSma tulanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki donoM kA janma hotA hai, vRddhi hotI hai, cetanatA hai, kATane meM mlAnatA pAtI hai / prAhAra-grahaNa karane kI prakriyA donoM kI samAna hai / isI taraha kI aneka avasthAeM vanaspati aura manuSya meM samAna haiM / ataH vanaspati bhI manuSya se kama mUlyavAna nahIM hai| vanaspati aura vRkSa mAnava jIvana ke mUlAdhAra haiM / unase vaha jIvana kI sabhI mAvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kara sakatA hai| isI satya kA pratipAdana kalpavRkSa kI avadhAraNA se hotA hai / katmavRkSa kI mAnyatA kA prAdhAra hai ki prakRti manuSya ko jIvana dene vAlI hai| isa satya kA udghATana vizva meM pAye jAne vAle bhaneka upayogI vRkSa prAja bhI kara rahe haiN| indU Tikekara kI sampAdita pustikA 'pAnI aura per3oM meM jIvana' isa viSaya meM vizeSa prakAza DAlatI hai| 'da sIkreTa lAipha Apha plAnTasa' ke lekhakoM ne yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki manuSya se bhI sUkSma tIvra saMvedazIlatA paudhoM ke pAsa hai| use vikasita karane kI mAvazyakakatA hai| aMka gaNita karane vAlA vRkSa, dUdha dene vAlA 'kALa TrI' vRkSa, DIjala-TrI, gaisa-TrI aAja bhaneka nAma aise paudhoM ko diye gaye haiM, jo manuSya kI hara AvazyakatA kI pUrti kara sakate haiN| 2. pradUSaNa-sabakI samasyA : ___ Aja kA vizva tIna pramukha samasyAnoM se jUjha rahA hai| jo deza vikasita hai, jinhoMne vastunoM ke saMgraha aura yantroM ke nirmANa ko hI vikAsa kA paryAya mAnA hai, ve yuddha kI samasyA se trasta haiM / kyoMki vikasita dezoM ke pAsa aba vikAsa karane ke lie kucha bacA nahIM hai| unhoMne apane saba kacce mAla kA dohana kara liyA hai / ataH unakI ApasI pratispardhA unheM yuddha kA cintana de rahI hai| vikAsazIla dezoM ne apane vikAsa kA paimAnA vikasita dezoM kI tathAkathita samRddhi ko mAna rakhA hai| ataH ve apane dezoM kI janasaMkhyA vRddhi, garIbI aura bhUkha kI samasyA ke hala ke lie prakRti ke sAtha khilavAr3a kara rahe haiN| kRtrima sAdhanoM se turanta dhanI deza banane ke sapane vikAsazIla deza dekha rahe haiM / kRSi yaba unake lie saMskRti nahIM, vyApAra ho gayI hai / kintu tIsarI samasyA sAre vizva kI samasyA hai / vaha hai-pradUSaNa, jisase sabane milakara paidA kiyA hai| bhogavAdI saMskRti ne pradUSaNa ko janma diyA hai| prakRti ko vastu mAnane se hamane usakA durupayoga kiyaa| usake svAbhAvika satulana ko bigAr3a diyA : ataH praba jala kA pradUSaNa hamAre prANa le rahA hai / vAyu itanI

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paryAvaraNa santulana aura jaina dharma dUSita ho gayI ki sAMsa lenA dUbhara ho gayA hai| dharatI ke pradUSaNa ne bhUmi kI urvaraka zakti ko chIna liyA hai| koTa-nAzaka davAoM ne prANiyoM ke svabhAva badala diye haiM / udyogoM ke dhue ne AkAza ko mailA kara diyA evaM jala meM jahara ghola diyA hai| ina saba pradUSaNoM ne vyakti ke hRdaya, mana aura caritra ko badala diyA hai / prataH prava parivartana kI prakriyA dharma ke khajAne se hI A sakatI hai| mana, vacana, karma ko dUSaNa se bacAnA hogA taba bAharI pradUSaNa rukegA / manuSya jaba taka apane svabhAva meM nahIM lauTatA aura prakRti ko svAbhAvika nahIM rahane detA, taba taka pradUSaNa kI samasyA kA hala nahIM milegaa| 3. bahu-prAyAmI dharma : paryAvaraNa ke sAtha dharma ke sambandha ko sthApita karane ke lie dharma ke vAstavika svarUpa ko jAnanA hogA, jo prANImAtra ke lie kalyANakArI ho / vaidika yuga ke sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki dharma kA janma prakRti se hI huA hai| prakRti zaktiyoM ko apane se zreSTha mAnakara mAnava ne unheM zRddhA, upahAra evaM pUjA denA prArambha kiyA / vahIM se vaha prAtmazakti ko pahicAnane ke prayatna meM lgaa| prakRti, zarIra, prAtmA evaM paramAtmA isa kramika jJAma se dharma kA svarUpa vikasita huaa| bhAratIya paramparA meM dharma jIvana-yApana kI eka praNAlI hai, kevala bauddhika vikAsa nahIM hai / ata: jIvana kA dhAraka honA dharma kI pahalI kasauTI hai / cUki jIvana evaM prANa sUkSma se sUkSma prANI meM bhI vidyamAna haiM / prataH una sabakI rakSA karane vAlI jo prakRti hai, vahI dharma hai| mahAbhArata ke karNaparva meM kahA gayA hai ki samasta prajA kA jisase saMrakSaNa ho vaha dharma hai / yaha prajA pUre vizva meM vyApta hai| ataH vizva ko jo dhAraNa karatA hai, usake astitva ko surakSita karane meM sahAyaka hai, vaha dharma hai-'dharati vizvaM iti dharma' : mahAbhArata kI yaha ukti bar3I sArthaka hai| maharSi kaNAda ne dharma ke vidhAyaka svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue kahA hai ki dharma unnati aura utkarSa ko pradAna karane vAlA hai- 'yato'bhyudaya niHzreyasasiddhi sa dharmaH' / unnati aura utkarSa kA mArga spaSTa karate hue dharma ke antargata zRddhA, maitrI, dayA, saMtoSa, satya kSamA Adi sadguNoM ke vikAma ko bhI sammilita kiyA gayA hai / dhamaM ke svarUpa ko pratipAdita karate hue jaina AgamoM meM eka mahattva rNa gAthA kahI gayI hai dhammo vatthusahAvo khamAdibhAvo ya dasaviho dhammo / rayaNataya ca dhammA, jIvANaMrakkharaNa dhammo / / vastu kA svabhAva dharma hai, kSamA, mArdava, Arjava bAdi dasa prAtmA ke bhAva dharma haiM, ratnatraya (samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna evaM samyagcAritra) dharma hai tathA jIvoM kA rakSaNa karanA dharma hai| dharma kI yaha paribhASA jIvana ke vibhinna pakSoM ko samunnata karane

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88 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya vAlI hai| paryAvaraNa kI zuddhatA ke pariprekSya meM isa prakAra ke dharma kI bar3I sArthakatA hai| svabhAva kA: vastu ke svabhAva ko dharma kahanA bar3I asAmpradAyika ghoSaNA hai dharma ke sambandha meM / koI jAti, koI vyakti, kisI zAstra, kisI deza yA vicAradhArA kA isa paribhASA meM koI bandhana nahIM hai / vizva kI jitanI vastueM haiM, unake mUla svabhAva ko jAna lenA, unheM apane-apane svabhAva meM hI rahane denA sabase bar3A dharma hai / hamAre zarIra kA svabhAva hai-janma lenA, vRddhi karanA, aura samaya Ane para naSTa ho jAnA ityAdi / kintu jaba hama isase bhinna zarIra se apekSA karane lagate haiM to hama adharma kI aora gamana karate haiM / zarIra ko adhika sukha dekara use amara banAnA cAhate haiM / bAharI prasAdhanoM se sajAkara usakI bhItarI prazucitA se mukha mor3anA cAhate haiM / apane zarIra ke sukha ke lie dUsaroM ke zarIra ko samaya se pahale naSTa kara denA cAhate haiM to isase zoSaNa panapatA hai, krUratA janma letI hai, vilAsatA bar3hatI hai aura hama pradhArmika ho jAte haiN| jo hamane zarIra ke svabhAva ko samajhane meM bhUla kI vahI prakRti ko samajhane meM karate haiM / prakRti ke prANatatva kA saMvedana hamane apanI prAtmA meM nahIM kiyA / hama yaha nahIM jAna sake ki vRkSa hamase adhika karuNAvAn evaM paropakArI haiM / hamane dharatI kI de dhar3akane nahIM sunIM jo usakA khanana karate samaya usase nikalatI haiN| prakRti kA svabhAva jIvanta sulabha saMtulana banAye rakhane kA hai, use hama anadekhA kara gye| hamane prakRti ko kevala vastu mAna liyA, lekina vastu kA svabhAva kyA hai, yaha jAnane kI hamane kabhI koziza nahIM kii| pariNAmasvarUpa hamane apane kSaNika sukha paura amaryAdita lAlaca kI tRpti ke lie prakRti ko roMda ddaalaa| use kSata-vikSata kara diyaa| usakA pariNAma hamAre sAmane hai| jaise manuSya jaba apane svabhAva ko kho detA hai taba vaha krodha karatA hai, vinAza kI gatividhiyoM meM lipta hotA hai / vaise hI svabhAva se rahita kI gayI prakRti Aja aneka samasyAeM paidA kara rahI hai| zarIraM, prakRti evaM anya bhautika vastuoM ke svAbhAva kI jAnakArI ke sAtha yadi vyakti prAtmA ke svabhAva ko bhI jAnane kA prayatna kare to vastunoM ko saMgraha karane evaM una meM prAsakti kI bhAvanA dhIre-dhIre kama ho jaayegii| kyoMki ye saba vRttiyAM bhayabhIta, asurakSita, ajJAnI vyakti bhI nirbalatA ke kAraNa utpanna huI haiM / jaba mAnava ko yaha patA cala jAya ki usakI prAtmA svayaM sabhI zaktiyoM se yukta hai, use bAhara kI koI zakti sahArA nahIM de sakatI aura na hI prAtmA ko koI

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paryAvaraNa-santulana aura jaina dharma 89 nukasAna pahuMcA sakatA hai taba mAnava svayaM nirbhaya bana jAyegA, Atmanirbhara bana jaayegaa| phira use vastuoM ke Dhera aura zastroM ke saMgraha ko kyA prAvazyakatA ? jo vyakti apanI AtmA ke svabhAva ko jAna legA ki vaha dayAlu hai jIvanta hai, nirbhaya hai taba vaha yaha bhI jAna jAyegA ki vizva ke sabhI prANiyoM kA svabhAva yahI hai| taba apanI AtmA jaise kImatI evaM upayogI prANiyoM kI hatyA, damana, zoSaNa karane kI kyA AvazyakatA hai| isa samatA ke bhAva se hI krUratA miTa sakatI hai / prAtmA ke isI svabhAva ko jAnane ke lie kSamA, mRdutA, saralatA, pavitratA, satya, saMyama, tapa, tyAga nispRhIbRtti, brahmacarya ina dasa prakAra ke Atmika guNoM ko jAnane ko dharma kahA gayA hai| ina guNoM kI sAdhanA se prAtmA aura jagat ke vAstavika svabhAva ke darzana ho sakate haiM / isI svabhAvarUpI cAdara ke sambandha meM saMta kabIra ne kahA haiM - yA cAdara ko sura-nara-muni mor3hI pror3ha ke mailI konii| dAsa kabIra jatana kara proDhI jyoM kI tyoM ghara dInI / / 5. jatana kI cAdara : vizva ke cetana, acetana sabhI padArthoM ke AvaraNa se devatA, manuSya, jJAnIjana sabhI vyApta rahate haiM / paryAvaraNa kI cAdara unheM Dhake rahatI hai / kintu ajJAnI jana, apane svabhAva ko na jAnane vAle adhArmika, usa prakRti kI cAdara ko mailI kara dete haiM / apane svArthoM kI pUrti ke lie paryAvaraNa ko dUSita kara dete haiN| kintu kabIra jase svabhAva ko jAnane vAle dhArmika saMsAra ke sabhI padArthoM ke sAtha jatana (yatnapUrvaka) kA vyavahAra karate haiN| na apane svabhAva ko badalane dete haiM aura na hI paryAvaraNa aura prakRti ke svabhAva meM hastakSepa karate haiN| prakRti ke saMtulana ko jyoM kA tyoM banAye rakhanA hI paramAtmA kI prApti hai| tabhI sAdhaka kaha sakatA hai-'jyoM kI tyoM dhara dInI cdriyaa'| apane svabhAva meM lIna honA hI svastha honA hai / jaba paryAvaraNa svastha hogA taba prANiyoM kA jIvana svastha hogA / svastha jIvana hI dharma-sAdhanA kA prAdhAra hai| prataH svabhAvarUpI dharma paryAvaraNa-zodhana kA mUlabhUta upAya hai, sAdhana hai to prAtma-sAkSAtkAra rUpI dharma vizuddha paryAvaraNa kA sAdhya hai, uddezya hai / kabIra ne jise 'jatana' kahA hai, janadarzana ke ciMtakoM ne hajAroM varSa pUrva use yatnAcAra-dharma ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kara diyA thaa| unakA udghoSa thA ki saMsAra meM cAroM prora itane prANI, jIvanta prakRti bharI huI hai ki manuSya jIvana kI

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90 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya prAvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karate samaya unake ghAta-pratighAta se baca nahIM sktaa| kintu yaha prayatna (jatana) to kara sakatA hai ki usake jIvana-yApana ke kAryoM meM kama se kama prANiyoM kA ghAta ho| usakI isa ahiMsaka bhAvanA se hI karor3oM prANiyoM ko jIvanadAna mila jAtA hai| prakRti kA adhikAMza bhAga jIvanta banA raha sakatA hai| prAcArya ne kahA hai jayaM ghare jayaM ciTTe ayamAse jayaM saye / jaya bhujejja bhAsejja evaM pAvaM Na vajjhaI / / 'vyakti yatna-pUrvaka cale, yatnapUrvaka Thahare, yatnapUrvaka baiThe, yatnapUrvaka soe, yatnapUrvaka bhojana kare aura yatnapUrvaka bole to isa prakAra ke jIvana se vaha pApa-karma ko nahIM bAMdhatA hai|' calane, Thaharane, baiThane aura sone kI kriyAmoM kA dharatI ke sAtha ghaniSTha sambandha hai / ina kriyAoM ko yadi vivekapUrvaka aura mAvazyakatA ke anusAra sImita nahIM kiyA jAtA to sAre saMsAra kI hiMsA inameM samA jAtI hai| do gaja jamIna kI AvazyakatA ke lie pUrA vizva hI choTA par3ane lagatA hai| ye kriyAe~ phira hamArI prAMkhoM ke dAyare se bAhara hotI haiM / ataH unake lie kI gayI hiMsA, beImAnI aura zoSaNa hameM dikhatA nahIM hai, yA hama use najara-aMdAja kara dete haiN| apanA pApa dUsare para lAda dete haiN| isase paryAvaraNa ke sabhI ghaTaka dUSita ho jAte haiN| dharatI kI sArI khanija-sampadA hamAre Thaharane aura sone ke sukha ke lie bali car3ha jAtI hai| dUsarI mahattvapUrNa kriyA bhojana kI hai| AcArya kahate haiM yatnapUrvaka bhojana, kro| isa sUtra meM alpa bhojana, zuddha bhojana, zAkAhAra Adi sabhI ke guNa samAye hue haiN| bhojana prApti meM jaba taka apanA svayaM kA zrama evaM sAdhana kI zuddhatA sammilita na ho taba taka vaha yatnapUrvaka bhojana karanA nahIM kahalAtA hai| vyakti yadi itanI sAvadhAnI apane bhojana meM kara le to atibhojana aura kubhojana kI samasyA samApta ho sakatI hai| pauSTika, zAkAhAra bhojana kA pracAra yatnapUrvaka bhojana dRSTi se hI vyApaka kiyA jA sakatA hai / isase kaI prakAra ke svAsthya pradUSaNoM ko rokA jA sakatA hai / yatnapUrvaka vacana-prayoga karane kI nIti jahAM vyakti ko hita-mita aura priya bolane ke lie prerita karatI hai, vahIM isase dhvani-pradUSaNa ko rokane meM bhI madada mila sakatI hai| prAcIna sAdhakoM kI isa yatnapUrvaka (pramAda-rahita) jIvana paddhati ko prAdhunika manISiyoM ne bhI vANI dI hai evaM loka-jIvana ne use prAtmasAt kara apane udgAra vyakta kiye haiM , baMgalA kahAvata meM kahA gayA hai pace soI khAibo, ruce soI bolibo

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paryAvaraNa-santulana aura jaina dharma 91 6. prAtmAlocana se zuddhi : pradUSaNa kA artha hai kisI svAbhAvika vastu meM vikAra prA jAnA / pasalI meM makalI vastu kA, tattva kA mila jAnA athavA zuddha vastu kA azuddha ho jAnA / milAvaTa kI yaha prakriyA zarIra meM, prakRti meM evaM prAtmA ke svabhAva meM karmoM ke rajakaraNoM ke dvArA, dUSita vRttiyoM ( kaSAyoM) ke dvArA nirantara hotI rahatI hai / 'kaSAya' jainadarzana kA lAkSaNika zabda hai / yahI saMsAra-bhramaNa evaM karma-paramparA kA mUla kAraNa hai| 'kaSAya' kA artha hI hai-maTamailA, azuddha / isako zuddha karanA hI ratnatraya kI sAdhanA kA uddezya hai| zuddhikaraNa kI isa prakriyA ke vikAsa meM jaina sAdhanA-paddhati meM eka pAlocanA-pATha bahuta pracalita hai, jisake dvArA zraddhAlu zrAvaka apane dvArA kiye kiye pradUSaNoM ke prati svayaM kI mAlocanA karatA hai aura unheM Age na karane kI pratijJA karatA hai 'karUM zuddha pAlocanA, zuddhikarana ke kAja' kavi jauharIlAla ne isa AlocanA pATha meM jIvana meM pramAdavaza jitane hiMsA, asatya, caurI, abrahma, parigraha, ka ratA, lobha Adi ke anucita kArya ho jAte haiM unakI AlocanA kI hai aura kahA hai ki hama apane svabhAva ko bhUla kara vibhAva kA AcaraNa karate haiM isalie hama parama pada ko nahIM pAte haiN| 'jatana' kI svIkRti dete hue kahA gayA hai kiya prAhAra nihAra vihArA, inameM nahiM 'jatana' vicArA / bina dekhI dhari uThAI, bina sodhi vasata ju khAI / / itanI sAvadhAnI kI cintA yadi gRhastha jIvana meM dhArmika vyakti karane laga jAye to usakI kathanI-karanI kA antara miTa jAya / vanaspati kI rakSA kI bhAvanA usake mana meM hai / kintu svArtha aura dayAhInatA ke kAraNa usane hariyAlI ko ujAr3a diyA / ataH apane ko vaha aparAdhI mAnatA hai hA hA maiM pradayAcArI, bahu haritakAya jo vidArI / jala-pradUSaNa kA bhAgIdAra hone kA use prAbhAsa hai / vaha kahatA hai jalamala morina giravAyau, kRmi-kala bahu ghAta karAyau / naviyana bica cIra dhuvAye ,kosana ke jIva marAye / /

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92 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya AlocanA pATha ke mAtra isa pada ko yadi Aja udyoga ke kSetra meM pAlana karane kI anivAryatA ho jAya to jala-pradUSaNa kA adhikAMza bhAga svameva ruka jAyegA / jo dhArmika vyakti apane dainika jIvana meM jalacara jIvoM ko nakSA kI bAta socatA hai vaha apane udyoga-dhandhe meM unake vinAza kI bAta kaise socegA ? dravya kA arjana karanA hI jIvana kA lakSya nahIM hai / tRSNA kI khAI ko kauna bhara sakA hai ? ataH karuNA ke mUlya ko pratiSThA denA hI sacce mAnava kA uddezya honA cAhie / isa AlocanApATha kA kavi anta meM yahI kAmanA karatA hai ki yadi maiM yatnapUrvaka apanA jIvana calAne laga jAU~ aura 'jiyo aura jIne do' ke siddhAnta ko vyavahAra meM apanA lU to sasAra ke sabhI prANI sukhI ho sakate haiM saba jIvana ke sukha bar3ha , AnandamaMgala hoya / 7. mUla kAraNa aura nivAraNa : dharma kI paribhASA meM jo vastu kA svagAva, AtmA ke kSamA Adi guNa evaM ratnatraya kI prArAdhanA kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai usako saMkSepa meM prastuta karate hue kaha diyA gayA ki--'jIvANaM rakkhaNa dhmmo'| dharma kA yaha sUtra paryAvaraNa-zuddhatA ke lie bahuta upayogI hai / kyoMki gaharAyI se dekheM to paryAvaraNa ko pradUSita karane meM do hI mUla kAraNa haiM--tRSNA aura hiNsaa| inake paryAyavAcI haiM--parigraha aura krUratA / inameM prathama sAdhya hai aura dUsarA sAdhana / prApacarya kI bAta to yaha hai ki hama hiMsA-nivAraNa kI to bAta karate haiM, aAndolana calAte haiM, pratidina pUjanaprArthanA meM ahiMsA kI sAdhanA kA pATha duharAte haiN| kintu pari graha kI vRtti ko gale lagAte haiN| parigrahI ko sammAna dete haiM / hiMsA-nivAraNa yA pradUSaNa - zodhana me usa dhana kA upayoga karanA cAhate haiM, karate haiM, jo hiMsA aura pradUSaNa ke mAdhyama se hI ekatra kiyA gayA hai / isI AtmaghAtI viparIta prakriyA ke kAraNa hiMsA yA pradUSaNa ghaTane kI bajAya dinoMdina bar3hA hai| saMtoSadhana kI bAta hajAroM varSa pUrva bhAratIya manISiyoM ne pratipAdita kI thI / janadarzana meM eka 'SaTlezyA' kA siddhAnta hai / manuSya kA cintana jaisA hotA hai, vaisA hI vaha kArya karatA hai / eka hI prakAra ke kArya ko bhinna-bhinna vRtti vAle loga alaga-alaga DhaMga se sampanna karanA cAhate haiM / dRSTAMta diyA gayA hai ki chaha lakar3ahAre lakar3I kATane jaMgala meM gaye / dopahara meM jaba unheM bhUkha lagI to ve kisI phala ke per3a ko khojane nikale / unheM eka jAmuna kA per3a dikhA jo pake phaloM se ladA huA thA / prathama lakar3ahAre ne apanI kulhAr3I se pUre per3a ko kATanA cAhA tAki bAda meM pArAma se baiThakara jAmuna khAye jA sakeM / dUsare ne eka moTI zAkhA kATanA hI paryApta smjhaa| tIsare lakar3ahAre ne socA zAkhA kATane se kyA phAyadA ? choTI TahaniyA~ kATa lenA hI paryApta hai / cauthe ne TahaniyoM ko nukasAna pahuMcAnA ThIka nahIM smjhaa| usane kevala jAmuna ke gucchoM ko kATanA hI ucita maanaa| taba pAMcaveM lakaDahAre

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paryAvaraNa-santulana aura jaina dharma 93 ne kahA ki kacce jAmuna hama kyA kAreMge? kevala pake jAmunoM ko hI per3a se tor3a lete haiM / chaThe lakar3ahAre ne sujhAva diyA ki tuma saba per3a ke Upara hI kyoM dekha rahe ho / jamIna para isa per3a kI pakI huI itanI jAmuna par3I haiM ki hama sabhI kI bhUkha miTa jAyegI / hama inhIM ko bauna lete haiM / ' saubhAgya se usakI bAta mAna lI gyii| ina chahoM vyaktiyoM ke vicAroM ko chaha raMga diye gaye haiM / prathama lakar3ahAre ke vicAra sarvanAza ke dyotaka haiM ataH vaha 'kRSNalezyA' vAlA hai| dUsare se chaThe taka ke vicAroM meM kramazaH sudhAra huprA hai, sarvakalyANa kI bhAvanA vikasita huI hai / ataH dUsare ko nI nalezyA, tIsara ko kAgatalezyA, cauthe ko padmale syA, pAMcaveM ko pItalezyA evaM chaThe lakar3ahAre ko zuklalezyA vAlA vyakti mAnA gayA hai / kAlA, nIlA, maTamailA, lAla, pIlA aura sapheda raMga kramazaH vicAroM kI pavitratA ke dyotaka haiM / yadi prAja kA mAnava jIvana mUlyoM ke mAdhyama se padmalezyA taka bhI pahu~ca jAye to bhI vizva kI prAkRtika sampadA surakSita ho jAego / logoM kI buniyAdI AvazyakatAeM pUrI ho jaayeNgii| mahAtmA gAMdhI ne aise hI vicAroM ke logoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara jIvana ke aMtima dinoM meM kahA thA--'dharatI mAtA ke pAsa hara eka kI nyUnatama AvazyakatAoM ko pUrA karane ke lie bharapUra sampadA hai, lekina canda loga kI lobha-lipsA ko santuSTa karane ke lie kucha nahIM hai|' 8. sAdhucaryA prakRti kA sammAna : jaina darzana kI jIvana paddhati meM ahiMsA, aparigraha, zAkAhAra, abhaya prAdi ke atirikta kucha anya bAteM bhI itanI mahattvapUrNa haiM, jo paryAvaraNa kI zuddhatA meM sahAyaka ho sakatI haiM / jaina sAdhu jIvana bhara paidala calate haiN| unakI yaha pada-yAtrA prakRti ke sAtha sIdhA tAdAtmya sthApita karatI hai / caturmAsa meM jaina sAdhu eka sthAna para ruka kara prakRti ke ullAsa kA svAgata karate haiM / unakA dRSTikoNa hotA hai ki varSA Rtu meM hariyAlI, pAnI, vanaspati saba apane vikAsa para haiM / asaMkhya kIr3e makor3e bhI apanI vizvayAtrA para isa samaya nikalate haiN| una sabake saMcaraNa meM vikAsa meM manuSya ko cAhie ki vaha apanA gamana karake bAghA na pahucAe / isa avadhi meM vaha kama se kama khAye aura sAdagI se rahe / vAratava meM caturmAsa sAdagI kI zikSA kA tyohAra hai| jaina sAdhanA paramparA meM gRhastha eva sAdhu sabhI pratikramaNa aura sAmAyika kI sAdhanA karate haiN| pratikramaNa kA artha hai --anadhikRta kSetra se vApisa lauTa pAnA / manuSya kA mana, vicAra, kriyA vahAM se khIMca lI jAyaM, jahA~ ve kisI kI bAdhA pahuMcA rahI hoN| kisI ke svabhAva ko vibhAva meM badala rahI hoN| itanA abhyAsa mAnava yadi prati dina kare to vaha kabhI pradUSaNa kA bhAgI nahIM ho sktaa| kabhI kisI ke haka ko vaha nahIM chIna sakatA / dUsarI kriyA sAmayika kI sAdhanA hai| vyakti bAhara se apane mana-vacana-kArya ko lauTAkara apanI AtmA ke svabhAva meM

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94 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya sthira kare / sAmAyika kA artha hai ki viSamatAoM para vijaya prApta kI jAya / Aja kI sabase bar3I samasyA dvanda aura viSamatA ko hai / isI se manuSya ke bhItara azAnti hai / isa prazAnti ko manuSya bAharI zoragula se bhUlanA cAhatA hai| vizva kA dhvanipradUSaNa manuSya ke bhItara kI azAnti kA pariNAma hai / yadi sAmAyika dvArA hRdaya kI azAnti, viSamatA ko kama kiyA jAya to bhAgadaur3a kama hone se dhvani-pradUSaNa kAphI hada taka kama ho sakatA hai / sAdhu-jIvana meM pAMca samitiyoM aura tIna guptiyoM dvArA bhI mana, vacana, kArya kI kriyAoM para saMyama kiyA jAtA hai / saMyama kI yAtrA koI bhI ho, usase paryAvaraNa meM zuddhatA aayegii|

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mahAyAnI Adarza aura jainadharma bauddha dharma evaM jaina dharma ke vikAsa kA yuga IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai / isa samaya meM pracalita zramaNa paramparA se bhagavAn buddha evaM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kramazaH bauddha dharma evaM jainadharma kA vikAsa kiyA hai / unheM vyavasthita rUpa pradAna kiyA | mahAvIra dvArA pracArita dharma 'jinoM' kI eka lambI paramparA se vikasita huA thA tathA usameM indriya-jaya kI pravRti balavatI thI / ataH vaha 'jaina dharma' ke nAma se jAnA gayA, mahAvIra ke vyaktigata nAma se nahIM kintu bhagavAna buddha dvArA pracArita dharma ke kendra biMdu svayaM buddha the, unakI sambodhi thI ataH vaha dharma 'bauddhadharma' ke rUpa meM vikhyAta huA / vikAsa ke isa krama se hI jJAta hotA hai ki jainadharma meM guNa- pUjA, caritra sAdhanA pramukha rahI, jabaki bauddhadharma kA jhukAva vyaktitva- pUjA kI ora adhika rahA / isa kAraNa usameM prAge calakara zraddhA aura bhakti kI bhAvanAeM bhI adhika vikasita huI haiM / mahAyAnI bauddhadharma inhIM bhAvanAoM ko lekara Age bar3hA hai / mahAyAnI bauddhadharma ke udaya ke sambandha meM yaha prAyaH kahA jAtA hai ki usake prAdi- puraskartA mahAsaMghika bauddhabhikSu the, jo saMkhyA kI dRSTi se bar3e the aura jinhoMne prAcIna bauddhadharma meM kucha saMzodhana svIkAra kiye the / unakA pramukha kendra dakSiNa bhArata thA / IsvI san kI prathama zatAbdI taka mahAyAniyoM kA dakSiNa bhArata meM acchA prabhAva jama gayA thaa| ise saMyoga hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki jainadharma ke itihAsa meM jo do bar3e bhAga hue unakI bhI yahI kahAnI hai / digambara aura zvetAmbara sampradAyoM kA udaya janasaMgha ke dakSiNa bhArata meM pahuMcane ke bAda hI huA hai / vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki deza - kAla kI paristhiti ke kAraNa jaina sAdhvAcAra meM zvetAmbara sampradAya ne kucha saMzodhana svIkAra kiye / kintu usakA mUla jainadharma se sambandha kabhI nahIM TUTA / bauddhadharma ke itihAsa meM hInayAna evaM mahAyAna kI bhI lagabhaga yahI sthiti hai / trayodazA mahAyAna sampradAya ke vikAsa meM mUlataH mahAsaMghika bhikSunoM ke AcaraNa aura vicAra kAraNa rahe haiM kintu usake svarUpa nirmANa meM anya pravRtiyoM ne bhI prabhAva DAlA hai / vidvAnoM ne tatkAlIna vibhinna dharmoM ke prabhAva para bhI vicAra kiyA hai /

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96 jaina dharma aura jIvana mUlya bhagavadgItA, pArasI dharma, grIka kalA dharma-pracAra Adi kAraNoM para to vicAra kiyA gayA hai / 1 kintu bauddhadharma ke samakAlIna jainadharma kI pravRttiyoM para cintana nahIM kiyA gyaa| bauddha aura jaina sAdhunoM kI vihAra--bhUmi lagabhaga samAna rahI hai / unake zrAvaka bhI eka-dUsare se milate-julate rahate the| zAsakoM meM bhI donoM dharmoM kA prabhAva rahA hai| prataH bahuta svAbhAvika hai ki jaina saMgha meM ho rahe parivartana kA prabhAva bauddha saMgha para bhI par3A ho / bhagavAn buddha dvArA pratipAdita madhyamArga ke prabhAva ke kAraNa jaina sAdhuoM ke prAcAra ke niyamoM meM kaI apavAda svIkRta hue haiM / bauddhadharma kI mahAyAna zAkhA meM buddha ko mUrti kI pUjA ke prArambha meM yadyapi vidvAn grIkaprabhAva svIkAra karate haiM kintu yaha mUrti pUjA kI pravRti jainadharma se bhI isameM A sakatI hai kyoMki jainadharma meM mUrti-pUjA kI vicAradhArA bahuta prAcIna mAnI gayI hai 3 bauddhadharma ke mahAyAnI sampradAya bahuta vikasita haiN| vartamAna meM usake svarUpa meM vividhatA hai kintu prAcIna samaya meM prAcArya prasaMga ke anusAra mahAyAna ke nimna pramukha Adarza the : (1) jIva-mAtra kI mukti kA saMdeza, (2) prANimAtra ke lie trANa kA vidhAna (3) bodhi prApti kA lakSya (4) bodhisatva kI prAdarza ke rUpa meM pratiSThA (5) buddha kA upAya-kauzalya dvArA sArvabhaumika upadeza (6) bodhisatva ko dasa bhUmiyAM evaM (7) buddha dvArA manuSya kI AdhyAtmika prAvazyakatAoM kI pUrti / Age calakara ina AdarzoM meM aura vikAsa humA hai| unameM para-vimukti ke lie Atmavimukti kA utsarga mahAyAna kA pramukha Adarza bana gyaa| saMsAra ke duHkhI prANiyoM ke lie bodhisatva ko parama zaraNa samajhA jAne lagA thA / mahAyAna meM tathAgata kA kathana milAtA hai ki "maiM jagata kA pitA huuN| mujha meM mana lagAo / mai tumheM mukti dugA / merA nAma jpo|" Adi / ina mahAyAnI AdarzoM ko dekheM to inameM se prArambhika AdarzoM kA jainadharma ke sAtha koI virodha nahIM hai| jIva-mAtra ke lie mukti ke mahAyAni Adarza meM to una jIvoM kI mukti bodhimatva kI karuNA para nirbhara hai| jabaki jaina darzana ne isase prAge bar3hakara jIva-mukti kI udghoSaNA kI hai| vaha kahatA hai ki pratyeka prANI mukti kA adhikArI hai| pratyeka prAtmA paramAtmA hai aura pratyeka prANI apane hI puruSArtha se paramAtmA bana sakatA hai| yaha Atma-vizvAsa jagAne kI bAta jainadharma meM pracalita thI / prANimAtra ko abhaya pradAna kara use trANa dene kI ghoSaNA mahAvIra AcArAMga sUtra meM kara ho cuke the . hInayAnI granthoM se bhI patA calatA hai ki prANiyoM ke hita kA saMkalpa tathAgata ko prAyaH hotA rahatA thA / prata: mahAyAnI sampradAya meM prANIhita aura prANI-mukti kA Adarza anAyAsa hI nahIM pAyA hai| usake pIche jainadharma meM prANI-mAtra kI rakSA aura usakI mukti kA svatantra mArga hone kA udghoSa bhI eka prabhAvazAlI kAraNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| mahAyAna ke zaraNAgata bhakti aura

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mahAyAnI Adarza aura jainadharma 97 alaukika prAdarzoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM bhAgavatdharma ke prabhAva ko svIkArA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki prArambhika bauddhadharma meM inakA koI sthAna nahIM thaa| ___mahAyAno bauddhadharma meM prAtmahita kI apekSA parahita, loka-hita Adi para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| kintu usake pIche yaha bhAvanA bhI rahI hai ki lokakalyANa meM vahI pravRtta ho sakatA hai, jisane isa saMsAra ke duHkha ko samajha liyA hai| bodhisatva yadi parahita kI bAta karatA hai to usake pahale vaha cAra Arya satyoM aura madhyamamArga ko jIvana meM utAra cukA hotA hai| itanA U~cA uThA huA AtmasAdhaka para-hita kA saMkalpa kare to jainadharma kI isameM sahamati hI hogii| jaina dharma meM bhI prAtmahita aura para-hita para vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai 8 tIrthakaroM kA pravacana prANiyoM ke kalyANa ke lie hI hotA hai| niSkAma, rAgadveSa se rahita prAtma-kalyANa bhI prakArAntara se loka-kalyANa hI hai / jainAcArya samantabhadra ne spaSTa kahA hai ki 'he bhagavAna! ApakI yaha saMgha-vyavasthA sabhI prANiyoM ke duHkhoM kA anta karane vAlI aura saba kA kalyANa karane vAlI hai| anya granthoM meM bhI prAtmakalyANa ke sAtha-sAtha loka-kalyANa kI bhAvanA vyakta huI hai| hInayAnI sAhitya meM bhI para-kalyANa kI bhAvanA kA astitva pAyA jAtA hai / kintu apanI naitikatA ke chor3akara para-hita karane kI bAta vahA~ svIkRta nahIM hai 110 prAtma-kalyANa kI apekSA para-kalyANa kI bhAvanA se prerita hokara ho dhamaNa-paramparA meM ahiMsA kI U~cI pratiSThA hai| bauddha-granthoM meM ahiMsA kI sUkSma vyAkhyA dekhane ko milatI hai| saMyuktanikAya meM ullekha hai ki rAjA pramenajit se bhagavAna buddha ne kahA thA, rAjan! tumheM apane se pyArA anya koI bhI prANI nahIM milegA / jaise tumheM apanA jIvana priya hai, vaise hI dUsaroM ko bhI apanA jIvana priya / ata: jo apanI malAI cAhate haiM, ve dUsaroM ko kabhI bhI nahIM satAte haiN|'11 anyatra kahA gayA hai ki 'jaisA maiM hU~, vaise hI vizva ke sabhI prANI haiM aura jaise ve sabhI prANI haiM usI prakAra maiM bhI huuN|' isa prakAra apane samAna sabhI prANiyoM ko samajhakara na kisI kA vadha kare na dUsare se vadha karAyeM / 12 anya prANiyoM ko apane samAna samajhanA' yaha jainadharma kA mUla-mantra hai| vahA~ ahiMsA ko samatA ke sAtha jor3a diyA gayA hai / jaise hama jInA cAhate haiM, vaise hI anya jIvoM ko jIne kA adhikAra hai| koI maranA nahIM caahtaa| ataH prANiyoM kA vadha tyAjya hai| saba jIvoM ke prati mAtma-graupamya bhAva rakhanA hI nirgantha-mArga hai / 13 bauddhadharma meM ahiMsA ne maitrI aura karuNA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA hai / suttanipAta meM kahA gayA hai ki vizva ke samasta prANiyoM ke sAtha asIma maitrI bhAvanA bar3hAI jAya / jaina dharma meM bhI kSamA bhAvanA ke dvArA maitrI ko puSTa kiyA gayA hai / vahAM kahA gayA hai ki jJAna kA sAra yahI hai ki usase maitrI kI prabhAvanA ho / samyagdRSTi vyakti maitrI, pramoda, karuNA evaM mAdhyasthya

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98 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya bhAvanA dvArA ahiMsA bhAva ko hI saghana karatA hai| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai mahAyAnI AdarzoM meM jo maMtrI aura karuNA kI pramukhatA hai, vaha bhI jainadharma aura prAcIna bauddhadharma ke sAtha usakI ghaniSThatA ke kAraNa hai| tabhI mahAyAnI prAcArya apanI prAcIna paramparA kI zabdAvalI meM hI kahatA hai ki 'mujhe dUsaroM kA duHkha dekhakara nijI duHkha kI taraha hI use dUra karanA cAhie jaise mere satva haiM, vaise hI unake satva hai / ataH apane satva kI taraha mujhe una para bhI anugraha karanA cAhie / mahAyAnI sampradAya meM bhagavAna buddha ko pAlaukika svarUpa pradAna kiyA gayA hai| ve sabhI prANiyoM ke muktidAtA haiN| kintu phira bhI unhoMne bauddha-sAdhaka ko kevala zraddhA ke sahAre athavA kisI bhAgya yA devatA ke mAdhyama se mukti prApta kara lene kA upadeza nahIM diyA hai| karmavAda kA siddhAMta yahA~ bhI pramukhatA lie hue hai / bodhisatva prANI ko mukta kA mArga dikhAne kA anugraha to usa para kara sakate haiM kintu usake kuzala, akuzala karmoM kA pariNAma use bhoganA hI hogA / sasAra ke duHkhoM se use tabhI chuTakArA milegA, jaba vaha ASTAMgika mArga kA anusaraNa karegA arthAt zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA kA usameM puruSArtha hogaa| isa taraha dArzanika vicAradhArA meM mahAyAnI sampradAya bhale hI paryApta vikasita ho gaye haiM, kintu sAdhanA aura vinaya ke kSetra meM ve mUla se jur3e hue haiM / kamavAda kI pradhAnatA aura vyakti ke puruSArtha kI pramukhatA bauddhadhamaM meM jainadharma ke samAna hI prArambha se samAyI huI hai / usake svarUpa meM antara ho sakatA hai, kintu upayogitA aura mahattva meM nahIM / manuSya-bhava hI bauddhadharma evaM jainadharma kI kama bhUmi hai / devatAoM ko sugati bhI manuSya-jansa dhAraNa karane ke bAda sambhava hai / 16 manuSya ko puruSArtha karane ka lie svatantratA pradAna karanA zramaNa paramparA kI eka pramukha dena hai / 'attadIva' 'attasaraNa' 'attA hi attano nAtha' aAdi bhagavAna buddha ke udgAra manuSya kI sAmarthya ke dyotaka haiM / jenadhama meM mahAvIra bhI yahI udghoSa kara cuke hai ki vyakti hI sukha duHkha kA kattA hai aura apanA zatru va mitra svaya haiM / 17 mahAyAnI aAdarzoM meM pAramitAnoM kA vizeSa mahattva hai / vastutaH pratyeka guNa jaba apanI carama utkRSTa sImA para pahuMca jAtA hai taba vaha pAramitA bana jAtA hai / baudhisatva aisI kaI pAramitAmoM se yukta hote haiM taba unakA pUrNa vyaktitva khilatA hai / 18 jainadharma meM 11 pratimAoM aura 14 guNa-sthAnoM kI vyavasthA isI prakAra vyaktitva ke kramazaH nikhAra ke lie hai .19 bauddhadharma meM trikAya kA siddhAnta pracalita hai| mahAyAnI sampradAya kA kathana hai ki bhagavAna buddha kA bhautika zarIra unakA rUpakAya hai / unhoMne jo upadeza diye vaha unakA dhamakAya hai / yahI unakA prAdhyAtmika zarIra hai aura bhagavAna buddha kI alaukikatA tathA unakI Anandamaya avasthA sambhogakAya hai / bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ke anusAra isI kAya meM ve hI jagat ke paramezvara haiM / vastutaH vicAra kiyA jAya to vyakti ke adhyAtmika vikAsa kI ye tIna sIr3hiyA~ haiM / jainadharma meM inheM prAtmA ke tIna prakAroM meM vyakta kiyA gayA hai--bahirAtmA,

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mahAyAnI Adarza aura jainadharma 99 antarAtmA aura prmaatmaa| ina donoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana apekSita hai / bauddhadharma ke siddhAntoM eva pravRttiyoM ke sAtha jainadharma meM pracalita kucha samAnatAnoM kA yahA~ saMketa mAtra kiyA jA sakA hai| isake atirikta bhI anya kaI bAtoM meM bauddha dharma eva jaina dharma meM samAnatA hai| vidvAnoM ne isa viSaya meM kucha adhyayana bhI prastuta kiye haiM / 20kinta yadi aitihAsika dRSTi se tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta kiyA jAya to zramaNa paramparA ke ina donoM dharmoM ke sambandha meM aura bhI manoraMjaka aura AdhArabhUta tathya prApta kiye jA sakate haiM / vidvAnoM kA dhyAna isa ora AkRSTa honA cAhiye / sandarbha 1. DA. haradayAla : da bodhisatva DAkTrina ina buddhisTa saMskRta liTarecara, laMdana, 1932, pR. 30-49 2. premI, nAthurAma : jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, bambaI, 1958, pR. 351 3. ghoSa, amalAnanda : jaina kalA evaM sthApatya khaNDa I, dillI, 1975, prastAvika, pR 4 4. sujukI : prAuTa lAinsa Apha mahAyAna buddhijma, pR. 62-65 5. AcArAMga sUtra, 1-4--1 tathAgataM bhikkhave sammAsambuddha dvabitakakA bahulaM samudAcaranti khemo ca vita kko paviveko itivRttaka, 2-2-9 7. upAdhyAya, bharatasiMha : bauddha darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, bhAga 1, kalakattA, 1957, pR. 595-96 jaina, sAgaramala : jaina bauddha aura gItA kA samAja-darzana, jayapura, 1982, pR 17-21 9. sarvodaya darzana, Amukha, pR. 6 10. aMguttaranikAya, 3-71 tathA dhammapada, gA. 165-66 11. dIghanikAya, pR. 24-28 12. yathA ahaM tathA ete yathA ete tathA ahaM / attAnaM upamaM kattavA na haneyya na dhAtaye / / ta.3-37-27 13. jaha te Na piyaM dukkhaM taheva tesi pi jANa jIvArasaM / evaM NaccA appovamivo jIvesu hodi sadA / / -bhagavatI-pArAdhanA, gA. 777 14. jeNarAgA virajjejja jeNa seyesu rajjadi / jeNa mittI pahAvejja taM gANaM jiNa-sAsaNeM / / -samaNasusta gA. 86-88

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100 jainadharma aura jIvana mUlya 15. mahAnya duHkhaM hantavyaM duHkhatvAdAtmaduHkhavat / anugrAha yA mayadAnyepi satvatvAdAtmasattvavat / / -bodhicaryAvatAra, 8-94 16. 'manussatta kho bhikkhave devAnaM sugati gamana saMkhAtaM / ' -itivRttaka (cavamAnasutta) 17. appA kattA vikattA ya duhAraNa ya suhAgA ya / appA mittama mitta ca dupaTThimo supaTTiyo / / / -uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 20-37 18. upAdhyAya, bharatasiMha : bauddha darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR. 618 19. jaina prAcAra : siddhAnta aura svarUpa, pR. 143, 347 20. (a) jaina, DaoN. mAgacandra : jainijma ina buddhisTa liTarecara, nAgapura, 1972 (ba) jaina, zItala prasAda : e kampareTiva sTaDI Apha jainijma eNDa buddhijma, dillI, 1982 000

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catudarza kabhAkAlIna mevAr3a meM jainadharma rAjasthAna meM jainadharma prAcIna samaya se hI vyApta rahA hai| jainadharma ke vikAsa ke lie mevAr3a kI bhUmi adhika urvarA pramANita huI hai / majjhamikA nagarI, nAgadA, cittaur3a, jAlaura, bhInamAla Adi nagaroM ke itihAsa para dRSTipAta karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki pAThavIM zatAbdI taka mevAr3a meM jainadharma sabhI kSetroM meM vikasita ho cukA thA / pUrva madhyayuga ke zAsakoM evaM mevAr3a kI janatA ne jainadharma ke prati apanA anurAga pragaTa kiyA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki isa vIra bhUmi mevAr3a meM jaina sAhitya, darzana, kalA aura ahiMsA kA paryApta vikAsa ho sakA hai / vidvAnoM ne mevAr3a aura jainadharma ke sambandha meM kaI lekhoM meM prakAza DAlA hai| DaoN. ke. sI. jaina evaM zrI rAmavallama somAnI2 ne isa sambandha meM pustakeM bhI likhI haiN| purAtatva evaM sAhitya kI prAcIna sAmagrI bhI mevAr3a meM jainadharma ke vikAsa kI jAnakArI prastuta karatI hai| isa saba pramAraNoM ke upayoga se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki mahArANA kumbhA ke samaya mevAr3a meM jo jainadharma vikasita huA usake lie eka sudRr3ha aAdhArabhUmi prastuta thii| ___mahArANA kumbhA ke samaya meM rAjasthAna meM bhASA, sAhitya, kalA evaM saMgIta mAdi kI acchI pragati huI hai / dhArmika sahiSNutA isa yuga kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA rahI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki usa samaya mevAr3a meM zaivadharma, vaiSNava dharma evaM jainadharma ina sabhI kA vikAsa ho sakA hai| kumbhAkAlIna mevAr3a meM jainadharma kI jAnakArI evaM mUlyAMkana hetu mahArANA kumbhA ke pitA zrI mokala evaM putra zrI rANA rAyamala ke rAjyakAla ko bhI isa samIkSya yuga meM sammilita karanA hogaa| tabhI jJAta ho sakegA ki mahArANA kumbhA ne apane pitA se jainadharma ke prati dRSTikoNa kI kyA virAsata prApta kI tathA apane putra ko jainadharma kI sevA ke kyA prAdarza sauNpe| ata: prastuta nibandha kI samaya-sImA lagabhaga vi. saM. 1450 se vi. saM. 1560 taka rakhI gayI hai| isa taraha IsA kI pandrahavIM zatAbdI meM mevAr3a meM jainadharma kI eka saMkSipta rUpa rekhA prastuta kI jA skegii| mahArANA kumbhA kA jaina dharma ke prati kyA yogadAna rahA hai, yaha isase spaSTa ho skegaa|

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jana dharma aura jIvana-mUlya Alocya yuga meM jainadharma ke svarUpa ko jAnane ke lie pramukha rUpa se tatkAlIna abhilekha, jaina grantha, jaina AcArya, jaina mandira evaM mUrtiyAM, pramukha zrAvaka-zrAvikAeM evaM jaina tIrthoM kA paricaya prApta karanA hogA / yadyapi phuTakara rUpa se isa sambandha meM vidvAnoM ne prakAza DAlA hai kintu samagra rUpa meM kumbhAkAlIna jainadharmaM ko yahA~ prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai / 5 abhilekha : 102 rAjasthAna ke madhyayugIna abhilekhoM meM jaina abhilekhoM kI saMkhyA eka hajAra se Upara hai / pramukha rUpa se zrI rAmavallabha somAnI evaM DaoN. zyAmaprasAda vyAsa 7 ne jaina abhilekhoM para bhI prakAza DAlA hai / ina abhilekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjasthAna ke zAsaka jainadharma ko nirantara saMrakSaNa dete rahe haiM / vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki jainadharma ke samparka se brAhmaNoM evaM rAjapUtoM meM zAkAhAra kI pravRtti nirantara vikasita huI hai / dhArmika sahiSNutA kA vikAsa huA hai| mahArANA kumbhA ke vaMzajoM ne bhI isa pravRtti ko Age bar3hAyA hai| mahArANA mokala ke samaya meM jainadharma ko pUrNa prazraya prApta thA / unake khajAMcI guNarAja ne saM. 1485 meM nAgadA meM mahAvIra mandira banavAyA thA / nAgadA meM hI eka pArzvanAtha mandira hai, jise poravAla jAti ke zreSThi ne banavAyA thA / isa mandira ke Upara charane para eka abhilekha lagA hai, jo vi0 saM0 1486 kA hai / isa abhilekha meM kaI jaina AcAryoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha 10 mahArANA kumbhA kalA evaM purAtatva ke mahAn saMrakSaka ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiM / unake rAjyakAla meM aba taka jJAta lagabhaga 55 abhilekha prApta hue haiM ! unameM se 12 abhilekha janadharma se sambandhita haiM / inakA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra hai -- 1. 2. 3. devakula pAThaka abhilekha 11 - yaha grabhilekha saM. 1491 kArtika sudi 2 somavAra ko delavAr3A ( mevAr3a ) meM likhA gayA thaa| isase jJAta hotA hai ki mahArANA kumbhA ke vijaya rAjya meM dharma-cintAmariNa mandira kI pUjA ke nimitta caudaha TaMka (rajata mudrA ) rAjya kI ora se pradAna kie jAte the / zrAvazyaka - prazasti 12---- jina sAgarasUri ke upadeza se zAha rAmadeva zraura unakI patnI melAde ne zrAvazyaka vRddha vRtti dvitIya khaNDa kA lekhana karAyA thA / isakI lekhana tithi isa prazasti meM saM. 1492 ASAr3ha sudI 5 guruvAra dI hai / yaha delavAr3A (mevAr3a) meM likhI gayI thI / nAgadA kA mUrti lekha 13- kumbhA ke rAjyakAla meM zAha sAraMga kI preraNA se madana putra sUtradhAra dharaNA ke dvArA nAgadA meM zAMtinAtha kI vizAla mUrti nirmita kI gayI thI / isa mUrti ke Asana para saM. 1494 mAghasuda 11 guruvAra likhA hai /

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kumbhakAlIna mevAr3a meM jainadharma mahAvIra prazasti 14 - mevADa ke rANAoM kA isa prazasti meM vizeSa varNana hai / guhila nareza hammIra kSetra, lakSa, mokala rAjAoM ke bAda isameM mahArANA kumbhA kI vibhinna vijayoM kA ullekha hai / cittor3agar3ha meM sthita mahAvIra jinAlaya meM yaha prazasti saM. 1495 meM likhI gayI thii| isameM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki mokala kI prAjJA ke anusAra mahAvIra maMdira kA jIrNoddhAra bhI karAyA gayA thA / isa prazasti kI racanA tapAgaccha ke jaina muni cAritraratnagaNi dvArA kI gayI thI / sUtradhAra lakSa ke putra nArada ne ise utkIrNa kiyA thA / isa prazasti kA vizeSa adhyayana DA0 deva koThArI ne prastuta kiyA hai| 15 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. raNakapura zilAlekha 16yaha zilAlekha mahArANA kumbhA ke rAjya kAla Adi para vizeSa prakAza DAlatA hai / ise saM. 1495 meM rANakapura ke caumukhA janamaMdira ke stambha para utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai / isameM mevAr3a ke narezoM kI vaMzAvalI ke ullekha ke bAda mahArANA kumbhA kI vijaya evaM unake vidyAnurAga Adi kA varNana hai / 103 bhavabhAvanAbAlAbodha prazasti 17. zrI ratnasiMhari ke ziSya mANika sundaragari dvArA bhavabhAvanAbodha saM0 501 kArtika sudi 13 budhavAra ko delavAr3A (mevAr3a) meM likhA gayA thA / rUpAlImUtalekha 18 - yaha mUrtilekha rUpAhelI ke jainamaMdira kI eka pratimA ke pRSThabhAga para utkIrNa hai / isa para saM0 1505 ASADha vadi 1 tithi aMkita hai / isa lekha meM osavAla ( Ukeza ) jAti tathA malaya gotra ke zAha sAliga ke parivAra kA paricaya aMkita hai | 19 prAdinAtha pratimA lekha 20 - yaha AdinAtha kI pratimA nAgadA ( ekaliMga jI) nAmaka prAcIna sthAna para banAyI gayI thI, jo aba udayapura sagrahAlaya meM surakSita hai ( saMkhyA 57 ) / isa pratimA kI caraNa caukI para kevala cAra paMkti kA yaha lekha hai jo sUtradhAra dharaNAka na khodA thA / isa pratimA kI pratiSThA kharataragacchIya zrI mativaddha nasUri dvArA kI gayI thii| zrI ratnacandra agravAla ne isa lekha ko 15 vIM zatAbdI kA mAnA hai / isameM koI samvat Adi nahIM hai / zrRMgAracaurI stambhalekha 21 mahArANA kumbhA ke khajAMcI bhaNDArI belaka dvArA nirmita cittaur3agar3ha meM jo zAntinAtha jinAlaya hai, usa maMdira ke stambha para yaha lekha aMkita hai / saM0 1505 meM ise utkIrNa karAyA gayA thaa| isa mandira ko zRMgAracaurI kA mandira bhI kahate haiM / isakI pratiSThA jinasenasUri ne karAyI thI /

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104 jana dharma aura jIvana-mUlya .. 10. delavAr3A (prAba) zilAlekha22- delavAr3A (prAbU) ke janamandira ke cauka meM sthiti vedI para yaha zilAlekha hai, jo saM0 1506 prASAr3hasudi 2 ko utkIrNa kiyA gayA thaa| isa zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai ki prAbU para AnejAne vAle yAtriyoM Adi se kucha vizeSa prakAra ke kara lene meM chUTa dI gayI thii| 11. vasantagar3ha (sirohI) lekha23- sirohI ke vasantagar3ha ke janamandira kI pratimA ke Asana para yaha lekha utkIrNa hai / ise saM0 1507 mAghasudi 11 budhavAra ko aMkita kiyA gayA thaa| yaha caitya dhAMsI ke putra mAdAka dvArA sthApita kiyA gayA thaa| isakI pratiSThA muni sundarasUri dvArA kI gayI thii| 24 pracalagaDha pratimA lekha25- pracalagar3ha (AbU) meM AdinAtha kI dhAtupratimA hai| isakI caraNa caukI para saM0 1518 vaizAkha vadi 5 ko yaha lekha utkIrNa kiyA gayA thaa| yaha pratimA DUgarapura ke kalAkAroM dvArA nirmita huI thI tathA isakI pratiSThA lakSmIsAgarasUri ne acalagar3ha ke jinAlaya meM kI thii| ___ inake atirikta anya kaI jana abhilekha isa yuga ke prApta hue haiM / unakA dhIre-dhIre prakAzana ho rahA hai / cittaur3adurga ke jana lekhoM kA prakAzana zrI somAnI ne kiyA hai| unheM zRgAracaurI ke mandira meM anya 5 choTe lekha bhI mile haiM / ye lekha saM0 1512 evaM 15 13 ke haiM / 28 isI taraha satavIsa devarI kA mUrti lekha bho navIna hai, jo saM0 1484 kA hai| isameM navIna jaina mandira banAne kI sUcanA hai| zreSThi suhada kA nAma isameM pahalI bAra pAyA hai / 27 mevAr3a ke atirikta mahArANA kummA ke samaya meM vAgar3a meM bhI janadharma acchI unnata sthiti meM thaa| ataH isa pradeza meM bhI isa yuga ke kaI mahattvapUrNa abhilekha prApta hote haiM / vi0 saM0 1461 ke Upara gAMva ke abhilekha meM vAgar3a ke zAsakoM kI vaMzAvalI prApta hotI hai / 28 mahArAvala pAtA ke bAda unake putra gajapAla ke samaya meM vAgar3a meM jainadharma kI acchI pragati huI hai| isake rAjyakAla meM kaI jana granthoM kI pratiyAM taiyAra kI gayI haiM / 29 vi. saM. 1526 ke abhilekha se gajapAla praura somadAsa ke rAjyakAla ke sambandha meM vistRta jAnakArI milatI hai| jainadharma kI jAnakArI ke lie vAgar3a ke abhilekhoM kA bhI vizeSa mahattva hai| ina jana abhilekhoM kI apanI vizeSa zailI bhI hai 130

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kumbhAkAlIna mevAr3a meM jaina dharma 105 sAhitya : ___ mahArANA kummAkAlIna mevAr3a meM jainadharma ke vikAsa kI jAnakArI ke lie jana abhilekhoM ke uparAnta tatkAlIna jana sAhitya kA vizeSa mahattva hai, abhilekha evaM sAhitya donoM eka dUsare ke pUraka bhI haiN| isa yuga meM prAkRta ke mUla granthoM kA praNayana prAyaH kama ho gayA thaa| kintu prAkRta granthoM para TIkAeM Adi adhika likhI jA rahI thiiN| apabhraMza ke grantha bhI rAjasthAna evaM usake par3osI kendroM para likhe jA rahe the / saMskRta bhASA kA acchA pracAra thA / ataH isa yuga meM adhikAMza grantha saMskRta meM likhe gaye haiN| apabhraMza mizrita rAjasthAnI evaM gujarAtI ke jana grantha bhI isa yuga meM mevAr3a meM likhe gaye haiM / mevAr3a ke jaina sAhitya ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM ne kaI phUTakara lekha Adi likhe haiM 131 isa yuga kI itihAsa aura saMskRti kI pustakoM meM bhI sAhitya kI kucha jAnakArI prApta hotI hai :32 usa sabake AdhAra para yahA~ kummA kAlIna jaina sAhitya kA saMkSipta mUlyAMkana prastuta karane kA prayatna hai / (ka) saMskRta kAvya : pandrahavIM zatAbdI meM kaI pramukha jana kavi hue haiN| unameM somasundarasUri munisundara, somadeva vAcaka, mANikya sundara gaNi, pratiSThA soma, cAritraratnagariNa, jinaharSa gaNi, jJAnahaMsagariNa mAdi pramukha haiM / inake sAhitya kA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra hai1. somasundaragaNi :-somasundarasari tapAgaccha ke samartha kavi the / inake jIvana ke sambandha meM jana muniyoM ne 2-3 grantha likhe haiM 133 unameM pratiSThAsoma kA somasaubhAgya kAvya prasiddha hai| dUsarA kAvya 15 vIM zatAbdI ke sumatisAdhu ne likhA hai / somasundara sUri ko vi. saM. 1450 meM rANakapura meM inako vAcakapada prApta huA thaa| usake bAda ye dilavAr3A bhI rahe / somasundarasari kI racanAmoM meM kalyANakastava, ratnakoza, upadezabAlAvabodha, bhASyatraya avacUri prAdi pramukha haiM 31 manisandara :-ye somasundarasUri ke paTTa ziSya the / inako 'sahasrAvadhAnI' bhI kahA gayA hai| ye saMskRta ke acche vidvAn the| inhoMne 'zAntikarastotra' dilavAr3A meM likhA thA / 35 inakI dUsarI racanA 'upadeza ratnAkara' bhI prApta hai 136 inake ziSyoM ne bhI saMskRta kI acchI sevA kI hai| munisundarasari kA adhyAtmakalpadrama mahattvapUrNa racanA hai, jo saMskRta evaM prAkRta meM likhI gayI hai|37 3. somadeva vAcaka :-somasundarasUri ke prabhAvazAlI ziSya somadevavAcaka the| mahArANA kumbhA ne inheM 'kavirAja' kI upAdhi pradAna kI thI / gurugaNaratnAkara evaM somasaubhAgya kAvya meM inakA vizeSa ullekha hai|

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106 jainadharma aura jIvana-mUlya mANikyasandaragaNi :-mevAr3a ke ye samartha kavi the / inakI sAdhanA kA kendra delavAr3A thaa| inhoMne vi0 saM0 1463 meM devakUla pATakapUra meM zrIdharacarita mahAkAvya likhA thA / isa grantha ko prazasti se jJAna hotA hai ke ye acalagaccha ke merutuga ke ziSya the / jayazekharasUri se inhoMna zikSA prApta kI thii| inakI racanAoM meM catuSyarvI, zukarAjakathA, pRthvIcandra carita (prAcIna gujarAtI ), guNa varma carita, dharmadatta kathA, ajAyuja kathA evaM Avazyaka TIkA Adi haiM ,38 inhoMne mahAbalamalayasundarI caritra bhI likhA hai| vi0 sa0 1501 meM inake ziSya mANikyaratnagaNi dvArA likhita 'bhavabhAvanAbAlAvabodha, bhI prApta hotA hai|39 5. pratiSThAsoma-mahArANAkumbhA ke samakAlIna kaviyoM meM mahAkavi pratiSThA soma kA pramukha sthAna hai / inhoMne saM. 1524 meM somasaubhAgya kAvya kI racanA kI thii|40 yaha grantha mevAr3a kI tatkAlIna saMskRti ke digdarzana ke lie mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI prastuta karatA hai| 6. jinamaNDanagaNi-tapAgaccha ke prabhAvaka prAcArya somasundarasari ke ye ziSya the| inhoMne saM. 1491-92 meM kumArapAlaprabandha kI racanA kI thii| inakI anya racanAeM dharmaparIkSA evaM zrAddhaguNa-saMgraha vivaraNa haiM, jo saM. 1498 meM likhe gaye the| 7. jinakIti42 - somasandarasari ke ye prabhAvazAlI ziSya the| inhone vi. saM. 1494 meM namaskArastava likhA hai / inakI anya racanAoM meM campaka zreSThi kathAnaka, dAnakalpadruma (dhanyazAlI caritra) saM, 1497 meM zrIpAlagopAlakathA, zrAddhaguNa saMgraha (sa. 1498) prAdi pramukha haiN| jinaharSagaNi-inhoMne vi. saM. 1497 meM cittaur3a meM vastupAlacarita kI racanA kI thii| yaha kAvya aitihAsika evaM kAvyAtmaka dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai 143 jinahaSaMgaNi jayacanda sUri ke ziSya the| inakI anya racanAmoM meM prAkRta kI rayaNaseharInikakahA, ArAmazobhAcaritra vizaMtisthAnaka vicArAmRta saMgraha, pratikramaNavidhi Adi pramukha hai| inake grantha harSAMka se aMkita haiM / 44 samyaktvakaumudI inakI kathAtmaka racanA hai / 45 cAritra ratnagaNi-ye jina sundarasari aura somasundarasUri ke ziSya the| inhoMne saM. 1499 meM cittaur3a meM 'dAna pradIpa' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI thii|46 isa grantha meM dAna ke prakAra evaM unake phaloM kA acchA vivecana hai / yaha grantha bAraha prakAzoM meM vibhakta hai / grantha kI prazasti mahasvapUrNa hai / usameM spaSTa ullekha hai 9.

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kumbhakAlIna mevAr3a meM jainadharma 11. gavAdhizItAMzu (1499) mite vikramavatsare / citrakUTa mahAdurge grantho'yaM samApayata / / 12. 10. zrAcArya hIrAnanda 17 - mahArANA kumbhA dvArA racita grantha kAmarAjaratisAra meM prAcArya hIrAnandasUri ko smaraNa kiyA gayA hai / mahArANA ne inheM apanA gurU mAnA hai / vi. saM. 1518 meM likhita isa grantha se jJAta hotA hai ki mahArANA kI sabhA meM inakA acchA sammAna thA / inheM 'kavirAjA' kI upAdhi bhI dI gayI thI / hIrAnanda kI kalikAlarAsa ( 1496 saM . ) Adi racanAeM prApta haiM | agaracanda nAhaTA ke anusAra ye rAjasthAnI ke bhI acche vidvAna the / 107 - prazasti zloka 16 RSivarddhana18 - vi. saM. 1512 meM cittaur3a meM jayakIrti ke ziSya RSivarddhana ne nala-damayantIrAsa nAmaka grantha likhA thA / jinabaddha nasU ri49 - ye mevAr3a ke nivAsI the / 'kadUlavADapura' meM inakA sAdhanA kendra thA / inake bacapana kA nAma 'rAvaNa' thA / dIkSA kA nAma rAjyavarddhana huA evaM prAcAryapada prApti ke bAda inheM jinavarddhanasUri nAma diyA gayA / inakA samaya saM. 1436 se saM. 1486 taka mAnA jAtA hai / inake ziSya vivekahaMsa the / inhoMne 'jinavarddhanasUri catuHpadikA' nAmaka pustaka likhI hai, jisameM mevAr3a kA sundara varNana hai / kharataragaccha ke zranya jaina kaviyoM kA bhI mevAr3a meM acchA prabhAva thA / 50 inake atirikta bhI mevAr3a meM kaI jainAcArya isa yuga meM sAhitya sAdhanA meM rata rahe haiM / vizAlarUpagariNa ne vi. saM. 1482 meM bhaktAmara kI avacUriNa likhI thI / vi. saM. 1491 meM jayazekharasUri ne dilavAr3A meM 'gacchAcAra' nAmaka grantha likhA thA 151 kucha racanAeM aisI bhI prApta haiM, jo isa samaya kI haiM, kintu unameM racanA sthala kA ullekha nahIM hai / kaI grantha grantha bhaNDAroM ke sarvekSaraNa se bhI khoje jA sakate haiM / bhaTTAraka kavi : mahArANA kumbhAkAlIna mevAr3a meM jainadharma ke anya kaviyoM meM bhaTTAraka kaviyoM kA pramukha sthAna hai / inhoMne mevAr3a ke pramukha nagaroM ko apanI sAhityasAdhanA kA kendra banAyA thaa| DA. vidyAdhara joharApurakara ne apanI pustaka bhaTTAraka sampradAya meM rAjasthAna ke jaina bhaTTArakoM kA paricaya diyA hai / unameM padmanandi, sakalakIrti, zubhacandra, somakIrti Adi pramukha haiM 52 1. bhaTAraka padmanaMdi -- inhoMne cittaur3a meM jainadharma kA acchA pracAra kiyA thA / saM. 1450 se 1473 ke bIca inhoMne zrAvakAcAra - sAroddhAra, Saddha mAna

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108 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya kAvya, pArzvanAtha strota, bhAvanAcatuvizaMti Adi mahattvapUrNa racanAeM likhI haiN| sakalakoti54.--- mahArANA kumbhA ke samaya mevAr3a meM bAgar3a bhI jainadharma kA pramukha kendra thA / vahA~ sAgavAr3A sAhitya kA kendra thaa| 15 vIM zatAbdI meM bhaTTAraka sakalakIti ne yahA~ para prAdi purANa kI racanA kI thii| saM. 1492 meM bhaTTAraka sakalakIti ne DUgarapura meM apanI gaddI sthApita kI thii| sakalakIti saMskRta, rAjasthAnI evaM gujarAtI ke samartha kavi haiN| inakI kaI racanAeM rAjasthAna meM prApta huI haiM / yathA-praznottara zrAvakAcAra, pArzvapurANa, sukumAlacarita, mUlAcAra pradIpa, AdipurANa ityAdi / inhoMne apane 'sIkhAmaNi rAsa' meM bar3e sundara padya kahe haiM / yathA jIva dayA dar3ha pAlIie mana komala kIji / prApa sarIkhA jIva savai manamAhi dharIjai / / bhaTTAraka zubhacandra56.---cittaur3a meM bhaTTAraka zubhacandra kI vizeSa khyAti rahI hai| ye mahArANA kumbhA ke samakAlIna the| inake samaya meM cittaur3a meM sAhitya kI acchI sevA huI hai| zubhacandra ko 'trividha-vidyAdhara' evaM 'SaTbhASA kavi cakravartI' upAdhiyoM se alaMkRta kiyA gayA thaa| inhoMne saMskRta evaM prAcIna hindI bhASA kI lagabhaga 30 racanAeM likhI haiM / candraprabhacarita, inake prasiddha grantha haiN| unhoMne pANDava purANa sAgavAr3A meM likhA thA / saM. 1494 meM inhoMne bhAbU para eka pratiSThA bhI karAyI thii| bhaTTAraka bhuvanakoti57- ye 19 varSa taka Dugarapura meM rahakara jainadharma kI sevA karate rahe / 15 vIM zatAbdI ke ye pramukha kavi the / inake jIvandhararAsa jambusvAmIrAsa, kalAvatI racita Adi pramukha racanAeM haiN| 5. brahmajinadAsa58 - ye sakala kIti ke ziSya the| inhoMne saMskRta, hindI meM lagabhaga 50 grantha likhe haiN| udayapura grantha bhaNDAra meM bhI inake grantha prApta hote haiM / janarAsa kAvya ke ye puraskartA mAne jAte haiM / isa taraha aneka maTTAraka kavi isa mevAr3a mami meM mahArANA kumbhA ke samaya meM hue haiM, jinhoMne isa bhabhAga ko apanI kRtiyoM se sajAyA hai| uname bhaTTAraka jJAna bhUSaNa, bhaTTAraka zrutakIrti prAdi pramukha haiN| zrutakIti ne apanI racanAeM mADavagar3ha ke jerahaTa nagara meM likhI thI / vi. saM. 1552-53 meM inakA acchA prabhAva thA / 59 15vIM zatAbdI meM lagabhaga 30 jaina rAso kAvya likhe jAne kI jAnakArI milatI hai 160 padmanAbha 15 vIM sadI kA pratiSThita hindI kavi thaa| inhoMne cittaur3a meM 1543 meM 'DUgaravAvanI' likhI hai|

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kumbhakAlIna mevAr3a meM jainadharma anya sAhitya mevAr3a meM kAvyAtmaka evaM dhArmika granthoM ke pratirikta jaina kaviyoM ne isa yuga meM anya vidhAyoM ke grantha bhI likhe haiM / unameM prazastikAvya, tIrthamAlA, paTTAvalI, vijJapti-patra Adi pramukha haiM / cAritraratnagaNi dvArA saM. 1495 meM cittaur3a meM likhI gayI mahAvIra mandira prazasti prasiddha hai / vibhinna jaina granthoM kI prazastiyoM meM bhI mevAr3a aura rAjasthAna ke itihAsa ke lie mahatvapUrNa sAmagrI bharI par3I hai| rAjasthAna ke 15 vIM zatAbdI ke tejapAla, pUrNabhadra, dAmodara, haricandra, yazakIrti raighU prAdi aise apabhraMza ke kavi haiM, jinake granthoM kI prazastiyAM aitihAsika mahattva kI hai / dvayAzrayavRtti (saM. 1485) uttarAdhyayana sUtra pravacUri ( sa 1486), kathAkoSa prakaraNa (saM. 1485) dazarvakAlika niyukti (saM. 1489 ) Adi granthoM kI prazastiyoM se bAgar3a ke zAsaka mahArAvala gopInAtha kI tithiyoM ko nizcita karane meM madada milatI hai / saM. 1499 meM kavi 'mehu' ne zrAdinAtha stavana likhA hai, jisameM rANakapura mandira ke prAdinAtha kI stuti hai / mandira nirmAraNa ke 3 varSa bAda hI kavi isakI stuti karate hue kahatA hai 61 chaDa mukhazikhara tribhUbhaI bAra mUlanAika jiNa karU juhAra / trihu bhUmi tribhuvanadIpaMtu, tribhuvanadIpaka nAma dharantu / daNDakalasa sovanamai sohai, jo aMta tihuzraNa manamohai / tejapuMja nahalai apAra jANo tihuzraNalAchi bhaMDAra | , isI kavi ne tIrthamAlA-stavana bhI likhA hai / isakI prati udayapura ke khaMDelavAla jainamandira ke grantha - bhanDAra meM hai / mANDavagar3ha ke meghamanjI ne saM 1500 meM tIrthamAlA' kI racanA kI thii| isameM candrAvatI nagarI zraura vahA~ ke mandiroM kA varNana hai / isa yuga ke sAhitya kI itanI samRddhi se yaha spaSTa hai ki mevAr3a zAsakoM kA jaina kaviyoM evaM AcAryoM ke prati sammAna kA bhAva rahA hai tathA unheM zAnti kA vAtAvaraNa bhI prApta rahA hai 182 jaina kalAkRtiyA~ : 109 mahArANA kumbhA ke samaya kA mevAr3a kevala rAjanaitika dRSTi se susthira evaM sAhitya aura saMskRti kI dRSTi se samRddha hI nahIM thA, apitu kalA kI dRSTi se alaMkRta bhI thA / kumbhA ne apane vazajoM kI kalA priyatA ko surakSita rakhate hue apane kalAjJAna se use vikasita bhI kiyA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki mevAr3a evaM rAjasthAna ke anya kSetroM kI jainakalA evaM sthApatya se mahArANA kumbhA ko preraNA ke sAtha-sAtha pratisparddhA bhI prApta huI thI / isIlie unhoMne apane samaya meM hindU kalA ko paryApta vikasita kiyaa| unake isa kalA prema ne jaina zrAvakoM aura sAdhuoM meM pradamya utsAha ko jagAyA thA / isase saMskRti ke donoM chora hindu aura jaina sAtha-sAtha

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110 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya pUrNa rUpa se isa yuga meM vikasita ho ske| donoM ke vikAsa aura sajagatA kA hI pariNAma thA ki yahAM kI kalAkRtiyoM meM videzI prabhAva praveza nahIM kara skaa| pazcimI bhArata kI jana kalA ke anveSakoM evaM samIkSakoM kA mata hai ki mevADa meM hindU rAjAoM kA zAsana hone se yahAM kI janakalA para sulatAnI prabhAva prAyaH nahIM hai / dhArmika paramparAoM ko yahA~ surakSA prApta huI hai / yadyapi 15 vIM zatAbdI meM anukRti ko adhika bar3hAvA milA hai, phira bhI maulika sRjana ke jo jo bhI kalAtmaka prAdhAra haiM ve darzakoM ko apanI ora AkarSita karate haiN| mevAr3a ke sAMskRtika sadbhAva evaM zAsakoM kI kalApriyatA ke kAraNa yahA~ pandrahavIM zatAbdI meM acche mandiroM kA nirmANa ho sakA hai| yahA~ ke mandiroM meM mAru-gujara sthApatya kI vizeSatAoM kI surakSA huI hai| bAhara-bhItara ke alakaraNa kI sampannatA yahA~ ke mandiroM kI khAsa vizeSatA hai / isa kAla ke mandiroM ke sthApatya ko jemsa phargyusana ne 'madhyazailI' nAma diyA hai|64 nAgarazailI ko jaina maMdiroM ne eka nayA rUpa diyA hai / caumukha mandiroM kI zailI yaha yahA~ kI khAsa vizeSatA hai, jise sarvatobhadra prakAra kA vikAsa kahA jA sakatA hai / 65 isakA pramukha udAharaNa hai- mevAr3a kA prasiddha rANakapura jaina mandira / mevAr3a ke zAsakoM ne 15 vIM zatAbdI meM jisa sthApatya kalA kA nirmANa kiyA hai, usakA paricaya evaM mUlyAMkana kaI vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai| prasaMgavaza isa yuga kI jainakalA kA paricaya bhI vibhinna granthoM meM prApta hotA hai| isa sambandha meM kucha nibandha bhI vidvAnoM ne likhe haiN| pramukha rUpa se rAma vallabha somAnI ne kumbhAyugIna mevAr3a kI jainakalA kA vibhinna srotoM ke mAdhAra para mUlyAMkana prastuta kiyA hai / 66 usase jJAta hai ki cittaur3a, kumbhalagar3ha, acalagar3ha, dilavAr3A, DUgarapura, rANakapura Adi sthAna jainakalA ke pramukha kendra rahe haiN| zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM mAnyatAnoM kI kalAkRtiyAM yahA~ banatI rahI haiN| jAnakArI ke lie isa yuga kI jaina kalAkRtiyoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa yahA~ prastuta hai / 1. cittaur3agar3ha jainakalA ke lie rAjasthAna meM cittaur3a prAcIna samaya se hI pramukha kendra rahA hai 167 15 vIM zatAbdI meM yahA~ para prAcIna avazeSoM kI surakSA ke sAtha-sAtha naye nirmANa bhI kiye gaye haiM / yahA~ ke nimna pramukha maMdira ullekhanIya haiM1. zRMgAra caMvarI68..--isa zAntinAtha maMdira kA nirmANa 14 vIM zatAbdI meM ho cukA thaa| kintu rANA kumbhA ke khajAncI zAha kelhA ke putra belAka ne vi. saM. 1505 meM isa maMdira kA punaH nirmANa karavAyA thaa| yaha maMdira paMcaratha prakAra kA hai, jisameM eka garbhagRha tathA uttara aura pazcima dizA meM saMlagna catuSkiyA~ hai / isa maMdira ke bAha ya evaM bhItarI mUrtizilpa alaMkRta

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kumbhAkAlIna mevAr3a meM jainadharma 111 hai / isa maMdira meM aSTabhujI viSNu evaM zivaliMga kI pratimAeM hone se yaha maMdira dhArmika udAratA kA eka udAharaNa hai| sata-bIsa-Dayor3hI maMdira69 ---zailIgata vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para isakA nirmANa kAla 15 vIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| isa maMdira ke maMDapa meM vi. saM. 1464 kA lekha prApta huA hai tathA zAntinAtha kI pratimA para vi. saM. 1512 kA zilAlekha bhI milA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki isake nirmANa meM bhaNDArI zreSThi ne mahattvapUrNa yoga diyA thaa| isa maMdira meM kaI devIdevatAoM kI bhI mUrtiyAM haiM / mahAvIra jaina maMdira70- isa maMdira kA zreSThi guNarAja ke putroM ne jIrNoddhAra karAyA thaa| vi. saM. 1485-1495 ke bIca isakA kArya pUrA huA thaa| isakI pratiSThA somasundarasUri ne karAyI thii| acalagar3ha (prAba) ke jaina maMdira 71--mahArANA kummA ke samaya meM prAbU parvata para acalagar3ha meM jaina maMdira kA nirmANa huaA thA / vi. saM. 1516 meM kharataragaccha ke zreSThi maMDalika ne pArzvanAtha kA maMdira yahA~ banavAyA thaa| isakI pratiSThA prAcArya jina candrasUri ne kI thI / vi saM. 1518 meM acalagar3ha ke caumukhA maMdira meM Adi nAtha kI mati kumbhalagar3ha se lAkara sthApita kI gayI thii| kumbhalagar3ha ke jaina maMdira-2 -- mahArANA kumbhA ke kAla meM kumbhalagar3ha prasiddha jaina kendra thaa| isa samaya yahA~ jaina maMdiroM kA jIrNoddhAra eva nirmANa bhI karAyA gayA thaa| unameM se pramukha isa prakAra haiM-- pArzvanAtha maMdira--yahA~ kI pArzvanAtha kI mUrti para vi. saM. 1508 vaizAkha vadi 13 kA lekha utkIrNa haiN| isase jJAta hotA hai ki narasiMha poravAla ne isa maMdira kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| isa maMdira kI anya matiyoM para bhI vi. saM. 1513 ke lekha aMkita haiM, jinase jJAta hotA hai ki ratna zekharasari ne inakI pratiSThA karAyI thii| bAvana jaina madira--isa maMdira ke prAMgaNa meM eka vizAla maMdira hai| usake cAroM tarapha 52 choTe madira haiM / unameM se 40 meM aba mUrtiyAM nahIM hai / mukhya mandira ke pIche stambha lekha hai, jisase jJAta hotA hai ki isa madira kA nirmANa saM. 1521 meM sUtradhAra narasI godA ne kiyA thA / golerA jaina maMdira--yaha golAkA rAkRti meM nirmita hai| isa mandira meM mUrtiyoM kA alaMkaraNa bhittiyoM para upalabdha hai| kalA kI dRSTi se ise kumbhAkAlIna mandira mAnA jA sakatA hai /

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112 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya pItalazAha jaina maMdira - - isakA nirmANa vi. saM. 1512 meM huA thA | nirmAtA pItalyA jaina jAti ke zrAvaka ke kAraNa isakA nAma pItalazAha kA mandira haiM / kumbhalagar3ha meM ina mandiroM ke labdha huI haiM, jo ise prasiddha jaina kalA 4. rANakapura kA caumukhA jaina mandira atirikta anya khaNDita jaina mUrtiyAM bhI upakendra siddha karatI haiM / arAvalI parvatoM se ghirA huA sAdar3I ( mAravAr3a) kA yaha jaina mandira rANakapura ke caumukhA mandira ke nAma se prasiddha hai / ise poravAla jAti ke ghararaNAzAha nAmaka zreSThi ne mahArANA kumbhA ke kAla meM banavAyA thA / vi. saM. 1496 se saM. 1516 ke bIca isa mandira kA nirmANa kArya pUrNa huA / kintu isakI pratiSThA saM 1496 meM ho cukI thI / yaha mandira apane zilpa evaM bhavyatA ke lie vizva vikhyAta hai / isa mandira kA nirmANa depAka nAmaka zilpakAra ne apane sahayogiyoM ke sAtha milakara kiyA thA 173 isa pramukha mandira ke sAtha rANakapura meM pArzvanAtha evaM neminAtha ke do maMdira bhora haiM, jo isake samakAlIna hI haiM / mahArANA kumbhA kAlIna mevAr3a meM ina jaina kalA kendroM ke atirikta, nAgadA, basantagar3ha, kelavA, saradAragar3ha, DUMgarapura, mANDalagar3ha, gor3avAla Adi aneka sthAnoM para bhI jaina mandira prApta hote haiM / 74 nAgadA meM guNarAja ne 1428 I. meM mahAvIra mandira banavAyA thA tathA 1429 I. meM poravAla jAti ke zreSThi ne pArzvanAtha mandira banavAyA thA 175 nAgadA meM 1437 I. meM sAraMga ne adbhuta jI mandira meM zAntinAtha kI mUrti banavAI thI / basantagar3ha meM ghAMsI ke putra bhAdAka ne 1453 I. meM vasantapura caitya banavAyA thA / isI taraha 15 vIM zatAbdI meM nANA grAma, nADalAI prAdi sthAnoM para mandira banavAye gaye the / hI isa yuga meM mandiroM meM prasiddha jainAcAryoM kI mUrtiyAM bhI sthApita kI jAne lagI thIM / mevAr3a ke dilavAr3A ke mandira meM 15 vIM zatAbdI meM banI huI jinaratnasUri, jinavaddha nasUri, droNAcArya, jinarAjasUri kI mUrtiyAM prApta huI haiM 176 jaina citrakalA : citrakalA prati sUkSma kalA hai / ataH isake namUne surakSita raha pAnA kaThina haiN| 15 vIM zatAbdI ke jaina mandiroM meM citrakalA ke namUne durlabha haiM / kintu isa samaya ke sAhitya meM kaI mahatvapUrNa citra prApta hote haiM / jodhapura ke kesariyAnAtha ke mandira meM kharataragaccha bhaNDAra meM 15 vIM zatAbdI kI likhita va citrita eka pANDulipi upalabdha hai / isakA paricaya pragaracaMda nAhaTA ne diyA hai 177 15 vIM

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kumbhAkAlIna mevAr3a meM jaina dharma 113 zatAbdI meM citrita kalpasUtra kI bhI kaI pratiyAM rAjasthAna se prApta hotI haiM / ina citrita pratiyoM se rAjasthAna zailI kI naI vidhA ne citrakalA ke kSetra meM janma liyA hai| mevAr3a meM 15 vIM zatAbdI kI jaina citrakalA kA pratinidhi citrita grantha hIrAnanda munIndra dvArA likhita 'supAsanAhacariya' hai| yaha grantha mahArANA kumbhA ke pitA mokala ke samaya meM saM. 1479-80 meM delavAr3A) (mevAr3a meM likhA gayA thaa| isameM kula 37 citra haiN| isa prati ke citra itane AkarSaka haiM ki ekadama tAje lagate haiM / 79 isa grantha ke citroM kA vizeSa paricaya mevADa kI citrakalA ko rekhAMkita karatA hai / 80 isake atirikta 'zrAvaka pratikramaNasUtra' kI sacitra prati bhI prApta hai, jo isa yuga kI jaina citrakalA kA pratinidhitva karatI haiM 181 somasaubhAgya kAvya ke ullekhoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki usa kAla ke zreSTiyoM ke bhavanoM kI bhittiyAM citroM se alaMkRta rahatI thI 182 apabhraza ke kaI granthoM meM bhI isa prakAra kI sAmagrI prApta hai| mahArANA kumbhA kAlIna mevAr3a meM zAsaka evaM jaina zrAvakoM kA itanA adhika ghaniSTha sambandha thA ki jaina mandiroM meM hindU dharma kI mUrtiyAM bhI kucha sthAnoM para sthApita kI gayI thIM / vi saM. 1503, 1504 evaM 1 521 ke abhilekhoM se jJAta hogA ki DUgarapura kSetra meM kisI haMmar3a jana parivAra ne trivikrama evaM nArAyaNa kI vaiSNava mUrtiyoM kI sthApanA meM sahayoga kiyA thA / jaisalamera ke vi. saM. 1581 ke zilAlekha se bhI yaha jJAta hotA hai ki sakhavAla jaina parivAra ne jaina mandira meM dazAvatAra evaM lakSmInArAyaNa kI mUtiyAM sthApita kI thiiN| yaha dhArmika udAratA tatkAlIna kalA kI samRddhi kI dena thii| zrImAla jIvarAja ne vi. saM. 1525 meM jAvara se ahamadAbAda kI yAtrA kI thI, vahAM ke viSNa mandira ke darzana ke lie 183 kalA kI samRddhi aura dhArmika bhAvanA ke kAraNa isa prakAra kI kaI saMgha-yAtrAmoM ke kie jAne ke ullekha isa yuga ke srotoM se prApta hote haiM 184 jaina samAja : 15 voM zatAbdI meM mevAr3a ke vibhinna kSetroM meM jaina samAja kI sammAnajanaka sthiti thI / yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina zreSThiyoM ko rAjya-vyavasthA meM ucca pada prApta the| mAsTara balavantasiMha jI mehatA kA yaha kathana ThIka pratIta hotA hai ki mevAr3a ke rAjAroM kI prAtmA zaiva thI to deha jaina thii| 85 zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne mevAr3a ko evaM digambara AcAryoM ne bAgar3a kSetra ko apane upadezoM se dhIre-dhIre ahiMsaka banA diyA thaa| isI ahiMsaka vAtAvaraNa meM hI mevAr3a sAhitya evaM kalA kA bhaNDAra bana sakA hai| isa yuga meM jaina zreSThiyoM ne samAja meM apanI acchI pratiSThA banA rakhI thii| mahArANA khetA ke samaya meM rAmadeva navalakhA janapriya mantrI thaa| usake parivAra ne

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114 jaina dharma aura jIvana mUlya nAgadA, karer3A, kelavAr3A, delavAr3A Adi sthAnoM para jainadharma ko acchA saMvarddhana pradAna kiyA thaa| saharaNapAla evaM sAraMga nAmaka zreSThi bhI kalAmarmajJa evaM dhArmika dRSTi se udAra adhikArI the 188 soma-saubhAgya kAvya se jJAta hotA hai ki I Dara kA vIsala zreSThi kA parivAra dhArmika anuSThAnoM ke lie prasiddha thA 187 zreSThi guNarAja kA cittaur3a ke itihAsa meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| rANakapura ke dharaNAzAha parivAra kA yogadAna vizvavikhyAta ho gayA hai| zAha velAka, sAha harayAla, seTha ratanAzAha, zAha jIvarAja pApar3IvAla Adi isa yuga ke pramukha sAmAjika kAryakartA the / 88 isa yuga ke nirmANa meM jaina parivAroM kI dhArmika mahilAoM kA bhI kama yogadAna nahIM hai / tatkAlIna abhilekhoM se bar3I rocaka jAnakArI milatI hai| bijauliyA lekhoM meM jaina sAlikoM ke nAma bhI aMkita haiM / abhilekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki patnI kA nAma pati ke upanAma se prArambha hotA thA / yathA-samakata karmA-kadivI, telahara lana == lunA devI, surANA lakhana =lakha nasirI, prAgavaTa lekhA-lekhAzrI ityAdi / 89 mahArANA kumbhAkAlIna mevAr3a meM jainadharma kI pramukha donoM zAkhAmoMzvetAmbara evaM digambara kA paryApta vikAsa hunA hai| tapAgaccha ke jainAcAryoM ke lie yaha sAdhanA bhUmi rahI hai| kharataragaccha kA janma mevAr3a meM humA, bhale hI usakA vistAra gujarAta meM humA ho / caityavAsI paramparA kA pramukha kendra bhI pAbU evaM sirohI rAjya rahA hai| bhaTTAraka sampradAya ke digambara prAcAryoM ke lie to mevAr3a evaM usake Asa-pAsa ke pradeza bahuta anukUla rahe haiM dhArmika pracAra ke lie| inake prayatnoM se bahumUlya sAhitya yahA~ surakSita raha sakA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki mahAjanoM kI 84 jAtiyAM isI yuga meM prasiddhi meM AyI thoM / pRthvIcandra carita meM to inake nAma bhI milate haiM 190 bAMThiyA, lUniyA, surAnA, sAMkhalA, dUgar3a, caupar3A, kaTAriyA, botharA Adi gotra mahArANA kumbhA ke samaya meM hI rAjasthAna meM pracalita hue haiM, jinakA sambandha jainadharma ke sAtha jur3A hai / isa taraha mahArANA kumbhA kAlIna mevAr3a meM jainadharma ke itihAsa evaM vikAsa ke lie paryApta sAmagrI upalabdha hai| isakA vidhivat evaM gaharAyo se mUlyAMkana kiyA jAnA Avazyaka hai / "15 vIM zatAbdI ke mevAr3a meM jainadharma" nAma se eka acchA grantha yA zodha-prabandha taiyAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| jo rAjasthAna ke itihAsa evaM saMskRti ke lie upayogI dastAveja hogA / mevAr3a ke jaina zilAlekhoM kA saMgraha, jaina grantha-prazasti-saMgraha eva jaina purAtatva, ye tIna grantha bhI hindI aMgrejI ke sAtha taiyAra kiye jAne caahie|

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kummAlIna mevAr3a meM jaina dharma 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. sandarbha ke. sI. jena, jainijma ina rAjasthAna, solApura. 1983 rAmavallabha somAnI, mahArANA kumbhA, 1968, vIrabhUmi cittor3a, 1969 tArAmaMgala, mahArANA kumbhA aura unakA kAla, 1984 gaurIzaMkara asAvA, 15 vIM zatAbdI kA mevAr3a, 1986 (ka) rAjasthAna bhAratI varSa 8, aMka 1-2 (kha) zranekAnta, varSa 25, aMka 2 - 5 (ga) zodha-patrikA, varSa 21, aMka 3 jaina inskripsansa zrApha rAjasthAna, jayapura, 1982 20. 21. 22. zyAmaprasAda vyAsa, rAjasthAna ke abhilekhoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, jodhapura, 1986, pR. 98 8. epigrAphikA iNDikA, bhAga 11, pR. 44 9. 10. madhyaprAnta, madhya bhArata mora rAjapUtAne ke prAcIna jaina smAraka, pR. 137 rAma vallabha somAnI, 'mahArANA mokala ke tIna aprakAzita zilAlekha, zodha patrikA, varSa 1, aMka 2 115 11. nAhara, jaina lekha-saMgraha, dvitIya bhAga, pR. 255-56 12. jaMna prazasti saMgraha, bhAga 1, pR. 148 13. ojhA, rAjapUtAnA kA itihAsa, bhAga 2, pR. 630, le. saM. 8 14. bhaNDArakAra jarnala Apha rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI (bambaI brAMca) bhAga 23, pR. 49 15. janavidyA smArikA, 1987, sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, pR. 16 16. muni jina vijaya, prAcIna lekha saMgraha, lekha saM. 307 pR. 169-71 somAnI, mahArAraNA kumbhA, pR. 215 17 18. haravilAsa zAradA, mahArANA kumbhA, pR. 174, lekha saM. 6 19. vijaya zaMkara zrIvAstava, 'mahArANA kumbhA abhilekha sUcI' nAmaka lekha, rAjasthAna bhAratI, 8, aMka 1-2, pR. 147 ratnacandra agravAla, rAjasthAna bhAratI, kumbhA vizeSAMka, pR. 97-98 rAma vallabha somAnI, mahArANA kumbhA nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA, navIna saMskaraNa, saM. 1977, bhAga 1, pR. 450452

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116 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya 26. 23. aojhA, ajamera myUjiyama riporTa, man 1924, pR. 34 24. ke. sI. jaina. jainijma ina rAjasthAna, pR. 30-31 25. muni jinavijaya, prAcIna jaina lekha-saMgraha, bhAga 2, pR. / 5 5, lekha saM. 264 rAmavallabha somAnI, 'cittaur3a durga ke aprakAzita jaina lekha' nAmaka lekha, zodha-patrikA, varSa 21, aMka 3 27. vahI, jaina kIrtistambha cittaur3a ke aprakAzita zilAlekha, anekAnta 22, aMka 1 28. vahI, 'Upara gAMva (DUgarapura) kA praprakAzita jaina lekha, anekAnta varSa 23, aMka 2 jUna, 1960 29. vahI, aitihAsika zodha saMgraha, pR. 43-46 30. 'rAjasthAna ke zilA lekhoM kA vargIkaraNa' nAmaka zrI somAnI kA lekha, zrI agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana grantha, 1976, bhAga 2, pR. 130 (ka) gajAnana mizra, rAjasthAna ke jaina kavi aura unakI racanAeM, anekAnta, varSa 25. aMka 2, 3, 4, 5, 1973 (kha) agaracanda nAhaTA, "rAjasthAna meM racita jaina saMskRta sAhitya' rAjasthAna bhAratI, varSa 3, aka 2, 3-4 (ga) jaina saMskRti aura rAjasthAna, jinavANI vizeSAMka , 1975 (a) rAmavallabha somAnI, mahArANA kumbhA, (ba) tArA maMgala, mahArANA kumbhA aura unakA kAla, 1984, pR 145-152 (sa) gaurIzaMkara asAvA, 15 vIM zatAbvI kA mevADa, 1986, 149-151 33. desAI, jaina sAhityano saMkSipta itihAsa, pR. 451-461 34. zodhapatrikA bhAga 6. aMka 2-3, pR. 55 35. rAmavallabha somAnI, mahArANA kumbhA, pR. 212 36. hIrAlAla ra. kApar3iyA, jaina sAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa, bhAga 4, pR. 200 37. kApar3iyA kI bhUmikA ke sAtha, jaina pustaka pracAraka saMsthA se vi. saM 2005 meM prakAzita gulAbacanda caudharI, jana sAhitya kA bRhada itihAsa, bhAga 6, pR. 516 39. prema sumana jaina, mevAr3a kA prAkRta, apabhraMza evaM saMskRta sAhitya, amba gurU abhinandana grantha. pR. 206 desAI, jaina sAhityano saMkSipta itihAsa pR. 551-461 meM isa grantha kA saMkSipta sAra diyA gayA hai / / 41. caudharI, jaina sA. kA bRhada itihAsa, bhAga 6, pR. 226 42. vahI, pR. 311 38.

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kumbhAkAlIna mevAr3a meM jaina dharma vahI, pR 416 jina harSagaNikRta rayaNa seharIkahA kA sampAdana eva grAlocanAtmaka adhyayana ( thIsisa ) - DaoN. sudhA khAbyA, udayapura, 1984 kApar3iyA, jaina sA. kA bR. i. bhAga 5, pR. 210 vahI, pR. 212 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. mahArANA kumbhA, pR. 213 48. vahI, pR. 211-218 49. agaracanda nAhaTA, mevAr3a ke mahAna sata-jainAcArya jinavarddhana sUri, zodha patrikA, varSa 28, aMka 1, pR. 25-28 50. tArA maMgala, mahArANA kumbhA, pR. 149 51. DA0 tArAmaMgala, mahArANA kumbhA aura unakA kAla, jodhapura 1984, pR0 45 52 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. vidyAdhara joharApurakara, bhaTTAraka sampradAya paramAnanda zAstrI rAjasthAna ke jaina santa muni padmanaMdI, anekAMta, varSa 22 aMka 6, 1970 11/ ke0 sI0 kAsalIvAla - jaina grantha bhaNDArAja ina rAjasthAna, pR. 200- 201 to bihArIlAla jaina ne sakalakIrti aura unake likhA hai (aprakAzita, 1978, sAhitya para zodha-prabandha kAsalIvAla, vahI, pR. 234, arbudAcala jaina lekha saMdoha / inake grantha prAyaH aprakAzita haiM aura jayapura ke grantha bhaNDAroM meM prApta haiM / DA0 premacanda rAMkA, 'rAjasthAna ke jaina rAsakAvya' nAmaka lekha, mahAvIra jayantI smArikA (1984) pR. 2 / 8-10 jaina grantha prazasti saMgraha, pR. 122 123 vijaya kulazra eSTha, 'rAjasthAna kA rAso sAhitya' nAmaka lekha, zodhapatrikA, varSa 25 aMka 2, pR. 84 rAmavallabha somAnI, rAjasthAna bhAratI bhAga 10, aMka 4 vizeSa ke lie dRSTavya brajamohana jAbaliyA, 'mevAr3a kA jaina sAhitya' nAmaka lekha, majbhamikA 1971, pR. 136 munIzacandra jozI, jainakalA evaM sthApatya, mAga, 2, adhyAya 25, pR. 340

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118 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya 71. hisTrI Apha iNDiyana IsTarna prAvi Tekcara, I, puna muMdrita, 1967, dillI pR0 60 azoka kumAra bhaTTAcArya, janakalA evaM purAtatva, bhAga 2 adhyAya 28, pR0 362 66. mahArANA kumbhA, pR0 265 67. paM0 nIraja jaina, cittaur3a-darzana somAnI, vIrabhUmi cittaur3a, pR0 119 asAvA, 15 vIM zatAbdI kA mevAr3a, pR0 167-168 70. mahArANA kumbhA, pR0 282-83 arbudAcala prAcIna jainalekha-sandoha, bhAga 2, pR0 173 72. asAvA, vahI, pR. 168 73. draSTavya : (ka) somasaubhAgya kAvya, sarga 9, zloka 49-54 (kha) jayakumAra jaina, kalA mandira rANakapura (ga) Ara. pI. bhaTanAgara, rANakapura-darzana / (gha) jainakalA evaM purAtatva, bhAga 2, adhyAya 28 74. mahArANA kumbhA (somAnI), pR. 272 75. ke0 sI0 jaina, jainijma ina rAjasthAna, pR0 30-31 76. vahI, pR. 135 77. 'pandrahavIM zatI kI mevAr3a meM citrita eka viziSTa prati' zodhapatrikA, varSa 5, aka 2, pR. 58 78. satyaprakAza, 'rAjasthAna meM citrakalA kA kramika vikAsa' rAjasthAna bhAratI, varSa 8, aMka 1 79. grantha prazasti ke lie dekheM-rAjasthAna bhAratI, bhAga 8, aMka 1 80. prAcArya zrI vijayavallabhasari smAraka gantha meM isa grantha kA vistAra se paricaya diyA gayA hai| 81. mUla prati bosTana saMgrahAlaya (amerikA) meM saMgahIta hai| somasaubhAgya kAvya (gujarAtI anuvAda), pR. 83 83. rAmavallabha somAnI, jaina inskripsansa ina rAjasthAna, pR. 202 vahI, pR. 203-205 balavantasiMha mehatA, 'mevAr3a aura jainadharma' nAmaka lekha, ambAgurU abhinandana grantha pR. 108-109 82. soma 84. 85.

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kumbhA kAlIna mevAr3a meM jaina dharma 86. 87. 88. somAnI, bIra bhUmi cittaur3a, pR. 162-164 vahI, mahArANA kumbhA, pR. 336-337 jyotiprasAda jaina, pramukha aitihAsika jaina puruSa aura mahilAeM, g. 252-255 89. somAnI, jaina insa. ina rAjasthAna, pR. 76 90. muni jinavijaya, prAcIna gujarAtI gadya sandarbha, ke0 sI0 jaina, jainijma ina rAjasthAna, pR0 97-99 pR. 155 91. 119 000

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paMcadaza k sAhitya meM jIvana - mUlya bhAratIya sAhitya mAnava-jIvana ke kisI na kisI mUlya se hamezA jur3A rahA hai / zAyada isIlie, hajAroM varSa pUrva kA sAhitya prAja bhI jIvana ko prAlokita karane kI kSamatA rakhatA hai / saMskRta-sAhitya kI kSamatA isa kSetra meM jitanI samartha hai, utanI hI vyApaka upayogitA prAkRta eva apabhraMza sAhitya kI bhI hai / isa sAhitya ke mAdhyama se vaha jana-mAnasa ubharakara sAmane AyA hai, jisameM loka kI sahaja anubhUtiyA~ haiM tathA adhyAtma ke abhinava prayoga / prAkRta apabhraMza bhASAeM hI apanI vividhatA va aneka rUpatA ke lie prasiddha nahIM hai, apitu unakA sAhitya bhI nita nae rUpa dhAraNa karatA rahA hai / ataH isa sAhitya meM jIvana-mUlya kI khoja adhyAtma ke badalate svarUpa kI pakar3a hai, kyoki jitane parivartana AThavIM sadI meM adhyAtmavicAradhArA meM hue, utane sAmAjika aura Arthika jIvana meM bhI / AThavIM zatAbdI kA yuga apabhraMza ke Adikavi svayambhU evaM siddhakavi sarahapAda tathA prAkRta ke haribhadrasUri, udyotanasUri evaM mahAkavi kautUhala kA yuga thA / inakI racanAoM se tatkAlIna jIvana kA pUrNa pratinidhitva hotA hai / inake sAhitya meM jIvanamUlyoM ke prastutIkaraNa kI pRSThabhUmi meM kucha vizeSa pravRttiyA~ kArya karatI rahI haiM / unake spaSTIkaraNa dvArA tatkAlIna sAhitya ke jIvana mUlyoM ko bhalI-bhA~ti samajhA jA sakegA / isa yuga ke sAhityakAroM ne viSaya, zilpa aura bhASA samanvayabodha ko adhika jAgrata kiyA hai / jo bAta ve kahanA cAhate the, tadanusAra hI kathAnaka aura bhASA mAdhyama ko unhoMne cunA hai / ina kathAkAroM ne mAnava jIvana ke vividha pahaluoM ko gaharAI se dekhane-parakhane kI ceSTA kI hai / ataH ve sAhitya ko mAtra manoraMjana kA sAdhana na mAnakara jIvana kI sUkSma saMvedanAoM, manovikAroM praura bhAvanAoM kA vizleSaraNa karane vAlA mAdhyama mAnate haiM / isI dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa prAkRta apabhraMza sAhitya uddezya paraka sAhitya kahA jA sakatA hai / yaha zAyada isa bAta kA pratiphala hai ki isake sarjaka svayaM jIvana kI sArthakatA ke anveSI the / ataH unake dvArA likhA gayA sAhitya nirarthaka evaM uddezya hInatA jaise doSoM se mukta hI rahA /

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jaina sAhitya meM jIvana-mUlya 121 prAkRta-apabhraMza-sAhitya meM uddezya ko spaSTatA hone ke kAraNa eka lAbha yaha huA ki kathA kI aneka vidhAeM janma le sakI ; sakalakathA, khaMDakathA, ullApakathA, parihAsakathA aura saMkIrNakathA prAdi / dharmakathA, arthakathA evaM kAmakathA jaisA vibhAjana eka sAtha do uddezyoM kI pUrti kara skaa| ye tInoM puruSArtha sAhitya ke pratipAdya bhI haiM aura usake sRjana ke lie vAtAvaraNa Adi kA AdhAra bhI upasthita karate haiM / isa kAraNa prAkRta-apabhraza ke kathAkAra apane kathana ke prati adhika niSThAvAna haiN| ve jaba pAThaka ko kAmavRtti se paricita karAnA cAhate haiM, to kAmakathA ko pUrNatA se kahate haiM, jaba bhautika samRddhi kI upayogitA pradarzita karanA cAhate haiM, to arthakathA una kA mAdhyama hotI hai aura ina donoM kathAoM ke dvArA ve jIvana kI yathArthatA kA itanA digdarzana karA dete haiM ki pAThaka svayaM kucha Age kI bAta, zAzvata sukha ke svarUpa Adi ko jAnane kA icchuka ho uThatA hai, taba use dharmakathA par3hane va sunane ko milatI hai| isa yuga meM jIvana-mUlyoM kI sthApanA ke pIche samanvayAtmaka anubhUti kI pradhAnatA rahI hai| gupta yuga kI sAMskRtika cetanA kA prabhAva abhI tAjA thA, jaise samasta kI anubhUtiyoM kA samanvaya kara liyA gayA ho| kisI eka vyakti ke banane va bigar3ane kI cintA isa yuga ke sAhityakAra ko nahIM thii| vaha aisA mUlya pratipAdita karanA cAhatA thA, jisameM sArvabhaumika kalyANa nihita ho| vyakti vaiziTaya kI apekSA sAmAnya rasAtmaka anubhUti prastuta karanA kisI bhI acche sAhitya kI upayogitA thI / prAkRta-apabhraza sAhitya meM isa tathya ko gaharAI se pakar3A gayA hai / ataH isa sAhitya ke caritra yA to atizaya puNyAtmA haiM athavA ghora pApAtmA / mizrita vyaktitva kI svIkRti na sAhitya meM thI aura na samAja meM / cunAva ke do hI rAste the sada vRttiyoM kA prathavA asada vRttiyoM kA poSaNa / zAyada isIlie pAkhaMDI vyaktitvoM kI khulakara AlocanA isa sAhitya ke mAdhyama se huI hai| isa dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa prAkRta-apabhraza sAhitya ke mUlya yathArthavAdI hote hue bhI Adarza ke prati adhika unmukha haiM / sada -asada vRttiyoM kA vistArapUrvaka nirUpaNa karane kI phalazra ti yaha haI ki isa sAhitya meM saMgharSamaya jIvana aura puruSArtha ke prati "niSThA" jaise mUlyoM ko adhika sthAna milA / janma-janmAntaroM kI karmazrakhalA bhI puruSArtha ke mAdhyama se pravaruddha kI jA sakatI hai, aisA vizvAsa jana-mAnasa meM dRr3ha hone lgaa| kaThina se kaThina kArya sampanna karane kI cunautiyAM svIkAra kI jAne lgiiN| dRSTavya hai'paumacariu' meM kele kI taraha sukumAra bAlaka rAma kI yaha ukti kiM tama haNai Na bAla ravi ki vAlu davaggi Na Dahai vaNa / kiM kari dalai Na vAlu hari kiM vAla Na DaMkai uragamaNu / /

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya paramparA aura pUrvajoM se prApta ghana evaM yajJa ke prati bhI puruSArthI evaM sAhasI sArthavAha putroM kI zrAsakti nahIM raha gaI thI / ve apane bAhubala dvArA arjita dhana kA upayoga karanA hI puruSArtha kI kasauTI mAnate the / isase prAkRta kathAkAroM kI dRSTi se do niSpattiyAM huIM eka to deza-videza ke vibhinna sthAnoM kA bhramaNa kara jagat ke tathAkathita sukhoM kI vAstavikatA se vyakti paricita huA, dUsare aneka kaSToM dvArA ajita ghana kA sahI upayoga karanA yaha sIkha gayA / yAtrA prasaga meM hue prema va vivAha sambandhoM dvArA usake kAma-puruSArthaM kI bhI sAdhanA ho gaI / ataH aba vaha kisI bhI samaya apane puruSArtha ko mor3a dene meM samartha ho gayA, dharma ke prati unmukha hone meM / yahI isa yuga ke sAhityakAra kA mUlya-gata pratipAdya thA / isa prakAra prAkRta apabhraMza sAhitya meM una sabhI mUlyoM kA samAveza haiM, jinheM bhAratIya saMskRti ke zAzvata mUlya kahA jA sakatA hai / ve mUlya visI yuga-vizeSa ke nahIM, apitu pratyeka yuga meM jIvana ke parizodhana ke lie preraNA ke srota haiM / unameM se kucha mUlyoM para yahA~ vistRta vicAra prastuta hai 122 sAmAjika mUlya : bhAratIya cintana kI do zailiyA~ prAkRta apabhraMza sAhitya meM milatI haiM / zuddha prAdhyAtmika cintana, jo jIvana ke parama lakSya prApti meM sahayogI haiM aura aisA naitika cintana, jo parivAra, samAja eva mAnavIya sambandho ko Adarza rUpa pradAna karatA hai / yaha bAta satya hai ki prAyaH prAkRta sAhitya nivRttimUlaka hai, kintu vaha bhI utanA hI spaSTa hai ki usakI nivRtti kA mArga pravRtti ko jIkara gujarA hai / pravRtti-mUlaka saMskRti ko tahasa-nahasa karake nahIM / yaha eka aisA kAraNa hai jisake phalasvarUpa jaina sAhitya evaM usameM pratipAdita dharma pracAra Adi bhAratIya saMskRti se alaga nahIM ho sakA aura na hI use zaraNa lene videzoM meM bhAganA par3A / prAkRta - apabhraMza sAhitya ke sAmAjika jIvana-mUlya laukika jIvana se utane hI samprakta haiM, jitane saMskRta sAhitya athavA anya sAhitya ke mUlya / jahA~ isa sAhitya meM adhyAtmavAda kI gUMja hai, vahA~ bhautikavAda kI svIkRti bhI apabhraMza ke dArzanika kavi sarahapAda kI yaha dehavAdI svIkRti dRSTavya hai grataH ettha se surasira sovaNAha etthu se gaMgA - sAyarU / vArANasa pAga ethu se canda- divAnarU kheta piTha, upiTha, ethu maI bhamizra samiTa Thau / dehAtafrasa tittha maI suragau Na diTa Thau / / zarIra ko tIrtha mAnakara calane vAle ina kaviyoM ne naisargika jIvana jIne meM rasa liyA hai, taba kahA hai ki yaha zarIra sabhI azuciyoM kA bhaNDAra hai / ataH anubhava ke AdhAra para inakA lekhana gatizIla huA hai /

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jaina sAhitya meM jIvana mUlya 123 (i) prema sAmAjika mUlyoM meM prema kI bhAvanA eka pramukha jIvana-mUlya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kI gaI hai / mAnava mana meM rati kA jo bhAva hai, vaha aneka rUpoM meM ubharakara sAmane AtA hai / kAma ke prati prAsakti, romAnsa evaM prema kA vikAsa jIvana kI anivArya vRttiyoM meM se hai, isa tathya ko prAkRta kathAkAra svIkAra karake Age bar3he haiM / kAmavRtti kI samyaka abhivyakti ho sake isake lie unhoMne sAhitya kI eka vidhA kA nAma hI 'kAmakathA' rakha diyA thaa| unake anusAra rUpa saundarya, yuvAvasthA veza, dAkSiNya, kalAnoM meM nipuNatA, zruta, anubhUta aura pratyakSa prema sambandhI viSayoM kA nirUpaNa karanA kAma-kathA hai / yathA ruvaM vapro ya vesA dakkhattaM sikkhiyaM ca vises| diTa ThaM suyamaNa bha yaM ca saMthavo ceva kAmakalA / / dazakAlika, gA0 192 kAmakathA ke mAdhyama isa yuga ke sAhitya meM prema ke aneka citra upalabdha haiN| bhAI-bahina, pati-patnI, mAtA-putra Adi ke prema sambandhoM kA yathArtha citraNa ina kaviyoM ne kiyA hai| ina prema-sambandhoM kI utkRSTatA prakaTa karane ke lie unhone aneka lokakathAnoM ko sAhitya kA viSaya banAyA hai / apabhraza ke kaviyoM ne prema ke jitane prasaMga upasthita kie haiM, unheM ina rUpoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai- (1) vivAha ke lie prema. (2) vivAha ke bAda dAmpatya prema (3) asAmAjika prema-yathA kisI rAnI kA apanI hastazAlA ke kurUpa naukara se prema-sambandha Adi, (4) romANTika prema tathA (5) viSaya prema / ina saba ke udAharaNa prastuta karanA yahA~ saMbhava nahI hai / kintu apabhraMza kathAkAroM ke dRSTikoNa ko avazya samajhA jA sakatA hai / svayambhU se lekara puSpadanta taka sabhI kathAkAra Adarza prema ke pakSapAtI haiM / ve dAmpatya-prema kI vRddhi meM una sabhI bAtoM kA varNana kara jAte haiM, jo kAmavRtti se sambandhita haiM / prAyaH ina kaviyoM ne saMyoga kI apekSA vipralambha zrIMgAra kA adhika varNana kiyA hai| rati kA bhAva vahA~ dUsare kI apekSA apanI prAtmA kA pAlambana banakara rahatA hai / asAmAjika prema ke prasaMgoM ke varNana meM ina kaviyoM ne use caramopalabdhi taka nahIM pahu~cane diyA / anucita prema karane vAle premI ko yA to apanI bhUla samajha meM A jAtI hai athavA koI mAdhyama bIca meM A TapakatA hai| parapuruSa se cAhe vivAhitA strI kA prema ho athavA kanyA kA, donoM ko hI aniSTakArI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| svayambha ko azaMkA thI ki jo kanyA para-puruSa ko cAhane lagatI hai, vaha vivAha hone para kyA isa bAdata ko chor3a degI? jA kaSNa hovi para-Naru-varai / sA ki ghar3e DhantI pariharii // -pa.ca. 36-13-8

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya isI prakAra akAraNa prema pradarzita karane vAle vyakti se, cAhe vaha mitra hI kyoM na ho, anaitika prema-sambandha panapane kI AzaMkA ina kaviyoM ke sAhitya se pragaTa hotI hai / spaSTa zabdoM meM nIti kA ciMtana karate hue rAma socate haiM 124 jo mitta prakAra ei gharu / so pattipaTTha kalatta haru || 36-13-8 ke prAkRta kathAkAra prema sambandha meM kucha adhika anubhavI pratIta hote haiM / unhone yadyapi anaitika prema ko prazraya to nahIM diyA, kintu premI-premikAoM ke prema ko Adarza rUpa meM bikasita hone dene ke lie vAtAvaraNa taiyAra kiyA hai / haribhadra ne kahA hai saidaMzaNAu pemmaM paimmAu rai raIe vissaMmbhoM / visaMbhA paNa pacavihaM baDDhae paimmaM // nirantara darzana, prema, rati, vizvAsa aura praraNaya ina pA~ca kAraNoM se prema vRddhi ko prApta hotA hai : samarAiccakahA meM prema ke ina sabhI kAraNoM kA vikAsa huA hai / kuvalayamAlAkahA meM eka premakathA kA sundara udAharaNa haiM / prema kI upalabdhi ke lie kevala bhAvuka honA hI paryApta nahIM hai, apitu jo parAkramI eva vAna hai, vahI dUsare ke prema ko prApta kara pAtA hai / prAkRta kathAkAroM ne premIpremikAoM ke ghaMrya evaM unakI dRr3hatA kI aneka parIkSAe~ lekara unheM zArIrika sambandha sthApita karane ke yogya mAnA hai / prathama darzana va milana meM vAsanA kI tRpti kara lenA ina kathAkAroM ko svIkAra nahIM thA / usa yuga kI yuvatiyA~ bhI sAmAnya rUpa se cunautI svIkAra karane vAle yuvakoM kI aura AkarSita hotI thIM / ataH parizrama aura sAhasa prema jaise mUlya ke poSaka tatva the / inase puNyArjana hotA thA aura usase jIvana ke lakSya ko prApti paribha u 'jau na yANai lacchiM pattaM pi puNyaparihINo / vikkamaratA hu purisA bhajaMti paresu lacchozro / / - kathAkoSaprakararaNa prAkRta-sAhitya meM prema-vyApAra kI pramukha vizeSatA yaha hai ki prAyaH sabhI kathAoM meM prema kA prAraMbha nArI kI prora se huA hai, jo prema ke vikAsa kI vizuddha bhAratIya paddhati hai / prema kI saphalatA ke lie premikA ke tyAga, nisvArthatA Adi guNoM kA pUrNa paripAka huA hai / kaI prema-prasaMgoM meM to mAnasika aura Atmika yoga kA itanA Adhikya hai ki zArIrika saMyoga nagaNya-sA ho gayA hai| taraMgavatI kI prema-kathA isa DhaMga kI anokhI kathA hai / dAmpatya prema ke donoM rUpa isa sAhitya meM prApta haiM- vivAha ke bAda eka dUsare ke lie sarvasva nichAvara karane vAlA prema evaM pati-patnI ke kalaha aura kapaTapUrNa

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jaina sAhitya meM jIvana-mUlya 125 prema / AcArya haribhadra ne sArthavAha-putra dhana aura usakI patnI lakSmI kI kathA dvArA nArI ke ye sabhI rUpa upasthita kie haiM, jo pati ke jIvana evaM pratiSThA ke lie ghAtaka haiM / kuvalayamAlAkahA meM dAmpatya prema ke AdarzarUpa ko prastuta kiyA hai / zreoSThiputra priyakara aura usakI patnI sundarI meM itanA agAdha prema thA ki vyAdhi se priyaMkara kI mRtyu ho jAne para bhI sundarI use jIvita mAnatI rahI / jaba usake parivAra vAloM ne use samajhAne kI koziza kI to vaha apane matapati ko lekara gharabAra chor3akara ekAntavAsa karane lagI / isI taraha kI anya kathAe~ bhI dAmpatyaprema kI puSTi karatI haiN| (ii) parivAra dAmpatyaprema ko nIMva para sudRDha. parivAra vyavasthA kI AkAMkSA kA svara isa yuga ke prAkRta-apabhraza sAhitya meM hai / sayukta parivAra kI upayogitA sAmAjika evaM dhArmika dRSTi se svIkAra kara lI gayI thii| parivAra meM kalaha na ho isake lie parivAra kA pratyeka sadasya tyAga ke lie prastuta rahatA thaa| jIvana ke isa pramukha mUlya kI sthApanA bhAratIya samAja meM prAraMbha se hI rAmakathA ke mAdhyama se hotI AyI hai / apabhraza kaviyoM ne use to apanAyA hI, kucha naye Adarza bhI prastuta kie / paumacariu ke rAma ko dazaratha vana jAne kI AjJA nahIM dete, apitu rAma svayaM isalie ghara se nikala par3ate haiM ki unake rahate hue bharata kA vyaktitva nahIM ubhregaa| ThIka usI prakAra jaise sUrya kI kiraNoM ke rahate hue candramA zobhA ko prApta nahIM hotA jiha ravi-kiraNeMhi sasi Na pahAvai / tiha maI honte bharahu Na bhAmai / / / te kajje vaNa-vAseM vasevau / -pa. ca. 25-5-3 parivAra meM sadasyoM kI nisvArthatA jitanI sthiratA lAtI hai, utanA hI sukha nArI ke prati saujanyapUrNa vyavahAra se prApta hotA hai / yadyapi parivAra se ghaTaka meM patipatnI evaM sAsa-baha ke kalaha ke kama udAharaNa isa sAhitya meM nahI milate, tathApi parivAra ke kalyANa kI kAmanA hI ina sAhityakAroM ne kI hai| jahAM-kahIM pArivArika sambandhoM meM zithilatA Adi kA prasaMga hai, nArI kI azucitA eva kapaTa kA varNana hai, vaha saba saMsAra kI asthiratA evaM moha-mAyA kI tIvratA kA bodha karAne ke lie hai| prArthika mUlya isa sAhitya meM jIvana ke Arthika pakSa kA jitanA varNana haiM, zAyada dUsare kisI sAhitya meM nahIM hai / vaNikaputroM ko sAhasapUrNa yAtrAoM ke mAdhyama se tatkAlIna arthavyavasthA kI vistRta jAnakArI isa sAhitya meM milatI hai / kintu artha ke

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jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya prati isa yuga kA dRSTikoNa kyA thA, isakI vyAkhyA isa sAhitya meM pratIkoM ke mAdhyama se huI hai / rAjakumAroM zra eSThiputroM, sAmantoM kI dIkSA Adi ke jahA~ prasaMga haiM, vahA~ unakI samRddhi kA vistRta varNana bhI hai, jo isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki itakI sampadA hone para bhI ve bhautika sukha se saMtuSTa nahIM ho sake | unheM adhyAtma ke dharAtala para utaranA pdd'aa| pU~jIvAda evaM samAjavAda jaise zabdoM kA prayoga bhale isa yuga meM na huA ho, kintu inake prAzaya ko saMpreSita karane meM mAtra eka zabda hI paryApta thA - 'davva' (dravya ) / artha kI upayogitA mAtra itanI hai ki vaha dravita hotA rahe / eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para calatA rhe| isakI niSpatti hai aparigraha | samAjavAda kI pUrNa vyAvahArikatA / ataH prAkRta apabhraMza sAhitya meM artha kI, sampatti kI jo nindA kI gaI hai, vaha usakI upayogitA kI nindA nahIM hai, apitu usake saMgraha ke prati virodha kA nArA hai / isI lie artha kathAnoM meM vibhinna zilpa, vidyA upAya Adi ke dvArA na kevala dhanArjana kie jAne ke ullekha haiM, apitu samRddhi kA kaise vibhAjana ho isake sAdhana bhI nirdiSTa kie gae haiM / zrAdhyAtmika mUlya prAkRta apabhraMza sAhitya kA sabase mukhara svara prAdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI sthApanA ke prati hai, kyoMki isake lekhaka sAhityakAra hI nahIM, jIvana ke paramalakSya ke anveSaka bhI the / ve jAnate the ki Arthika zoSaNa utanA hAnikAraka nahIM hai, jitanA prAdhyAtmika zoSaNa / adhyAtma se vimukha ho jAne para jana-mAnasa kA bhAvajagat hI Usara ho jAtA hai / ataH unhone dharma-kathAoM ke mAdhyama se prAdhyAtmika mUkha jagAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| isalie prAkRta kathAeM pahale pAThaka ko jagat kI vastusthiti se paricita karAtI haiM aura phira use chor3a detI haiM / vaha svatantra hai ki vaha apane hita kI bAta cuna le / prAyaH azubha ko azubha jAna lene ke bAda usa prora kadama nahIM uThate / isa kAraNa isa sAhitya meM una vikRtiyoM ke prati pUrNa zrAkroza kA svara milatA hai, jo prAtmika utthAna ke mArga meM bAdhA haiM, cAhe ve dhArmika kriyAkANDa hoM athavA sAmAjika andha-vizvAsa | 126 isa yuga ke sAhitya meM jina AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kA varNana hai, unameM se pramukha haiM - ( 1 ) karma siddhAnta kA pratipAdana ( 2 ) jagat ko nazvaratA (3) manuSya jIvana kI sArthakatA tathA (4) zAzvata sukha kI talAza / yadyapi ina sabhI mUlyoM ke kendroM meM sadvRttiyoM ke prati AsthA aura prasada vRttiyoM ke parizodhana kA cintana nihita hai / kintu isakI pRSThabhUmi jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM dvArA nirmita huI hai / yadi ina kathAoM se paribhASika zabdajAla ko nikAla diyA jAya, to ina mUlyoM kI sArvajanIna pratiSThA ho jAtI hai / inake sambandha meM kiMcit vistAra se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai /

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jaina sAhitya meM jIvana-mUlya 127 isa sAhitya kA karma-siddhAnta kA pratipAdana pradhAna svara hai / vyakti jo kucha apane mana-vacana-karma ke sahayoga se karatA hai usakA acchA-burA pariNAma use avazya bhoganA par3atA hai / isa bhogane kI prakriyA meM vaha akelA hotA hai / ata: yadi vaha cAhe to apane sada prayatnoM dvArA, isa kama zRkhalA ko tAr3a bhI sakatA hai / isa ke lie use kisI Izvara Adi ko anukampA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| isa prakAra prAkRta apabhraza sAhitya meM yadyapi Izvaratva ke prati AsthA hai, kintu usake kRtatva eva hastakSepa kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / isase eka ora Izvara kI mahimA aura gaurava surakSita banA rahA; kyoMki use choTa aura bure kArya ke lie uttaradAyI nahIM honA par3A dUsarI ora vyakti ke prAtmavizvAsa meM vRddhi huI / kama-siddhAnta ke pratipAdana ke sAtha punarjanma kI lambI zRkhalA jur3I huI hai| haribhadra kI samarAiccaka hA meM 9 janmoM taka pratizodha kI bhAvanA vyakti ko parezAna karatI hai / jAti-smaraNa karAnA ina sAhityakAroM kI apUrva dena hai| pichale aneka janmoM ke smaraNa dvArA ve vyakti ko yaha samajha dete hai ki azubha kArya karanA kitanA dukhadAyI hai tathA kisI bhI zubha phala kI prApti itanI sarala nahIM hai ki kisI kI manautI mAMgI yA ArAdhanA kI aura sukhI ho ge| isake lie kaI janmoM taka sAdhanA karanI hotI hai| isa siddhAnta ke pratipAdana dvArA vyakti kA ahakAra bhI tirohita hotA hai, jo sabhI burAiyoM kI jar3a hai / pUrva janmoM ke itihAsa ko dekhakara spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kitanI bAra sundara deha prApta kI hai, kitanI sampati ajita ko hai tathA kitane priyajanoM kA sneha prApta kiyA hai, phira bhI santuSTi nahIM huii| ataH isa satya ko aba samajha lenA cAhie ki dehAbhimAna, sattAbhimAna evaM mamatva Adi para garva karane se saMsAracakra meM bhaTakanA par3atA hai / yaha mukti kA mArga nahIM hai / uddyotana sUri ne kuvalayamAlAkahA meM krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha evaM moha jaisI rAgAtmaka vRttiyoM ke parizodhana kA sundara citraNa kiyA hai / prAkRta-apabhraza sAhitya meM jagat kI nazvaratA kA jitanA tIvra svara hai, usakI anviti utanI hI prabhAvakArI hai| saMsAra kI vastue~, rAgAtmaka-sambandha, sampatti prAdi vyakti ke utthAna meM sahayogI nahIM haiM / isa sambandha meM rAjA dazaratha kI yaha ukti dRSTavya hai ko hakA mahi kaho taragau damvu / siMhAsaNa chattaI athiru savvu // jovvaraNasaroru jIviu ghigatthu / saMsAru prasAru agatthu pratthu // ityAdi / -pauma.-22-3 prAkRta sAhitya meM aneka dRSTAntoM dvArA isa dRSTikoNa ko aura adhika spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / jagat kI nazvaratA kA citraNa eka gahare artha kI aora saketa karatA

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128 jaina dharma aura jIvana-mUlya hai| saMsAra ko prasAra kahane kA artha yaha nahIM hai ki jagat kI vastueM ekadama anupayogI haiM, mAtA-pitA Adi ke sambandha kevala dukhadAyI haiM tathA samRddhi narakadAyinI hai. apitu isa asthiratA ke svara kA tAtparya yaha hai ki saMsAra kI ye samasta paristhitiyA~ itanI nirbala haiM ki vyakti ke utthAna meM inase koI rukAvaTa par3ane vAlI nahIM hai / vyakti kA puruSArtha jagat ke vAtAvaraNa se adhika zaktizAlI hai / ataH vaha jIvanotthAna ke mArga meM nizaMka hokara Age bar3ha sakatA hai| yadi nahIM bar3hatA to isake lie vAtAvaraNa yA jagat kA koI doSa nahIM hai / ghara-gRhasthI ke AkarSaNa kA vaha bahAnA nahIM kara sakatA / aura, jaba vyakti kisI bhI avanati ke lie kevala apane ko kAraNa mAnane lagatA hai, use unnati ke mArga para jAne meM dera nahIM lgtii| yaha ina sAhityakAroM kA pratipAdya thaa| prAkRta-apabhra za sAhitya me ina pramukha jIvana-mUlyoM kI pratiSThA ke lie pramukha rUpa se do zailiyA~ apanAI gaI haiM- (1) vibhinna pratIkoM kA prayoga aura (2) hAsya-vyaMga zailI kA pratipAdana / pratIkoM meM samudra yAtrA aura jalayAna-bhagna ke pratIka AThavIM sadI ke prAkRta-sAhitya meM sarvAdhika prayukta hue haiN| kuvalayamAlA meM kuDaMgaddhIpa kI yAtrA ke prasaMga meM jalayAna-bhagna kI ghaTanA dvArA dhArmika siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / samudra-yAtrA saMsAra kI yAtrA hai| jalayAna kA magna honA jIvana mRtyu kI zRkhalA hai aura kisI phalaka Adi ke dvArA taTa kI prApti dharmopadeza dvArA mukti kI prora gamana kA pratIka haiN| isI prakAra ghuNDarIka kA dRSTAnta madhu bindu, sarSapadAnA, kar3avI tumbI kA tIrthasthAna, Adi aneka pratIkoM kI yojanA ina sAhityakAroM ne kI hai| hAsya vyaMga zailI kA pratipAdana yadyapi pratyeka yuga ke prAkRta-apabhraMza sAhitya meM yatra-tatra upalabdha hai. kintu pAThavIM zatAbdI meM isa sAhitya kA yaha pradhAna svara ho gayA thaa| isakA pUrNa pratinidhitva huaA hai prAcArya haribhadra ke 'ghUrtAkhyAna' nAmaka prAkRta grantha meM / isameM sRSTi kI utpatti, pralaya, trideva ke svarUpa kI mithyA mAnyatAe~, andhavizvAsa, asvAbhAvika mAnyatAeM, jAtivAda, amAnavIya prasaMgoM Adi kA vyaMga ke mAdhyama se khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / grantha kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki isake hAsya aura vyaMga prahAra dhvaMsAtmaka na hokara nirmANAtmaka haiM / ve svastha sadAcArapUrNa jIvana kA nirUpaNa karate haiM / isa prakAra prAkRta-apabhraza sAhitya meM una jIvana-mUlyoM kI pratiSThA kI gaI hai jo vyakti ke prAtmika vikAsa meM sahAyaka haiM tathA jinase samAja kA naitika AdhAra dRDha hotA hai / isa sAhitya meM mUlyoM meM parivartana kI dhvani bhI sunAyI par3atI hai, jise sAhityakAroM ne sundara zailI meM rUpAyita kiyA hai| isa sAhitya kI mUlyoM ke prati yaha sajagatA vartamAna hindI-sAhitya taka sthAnAMtarita huI hai, yadyapi usake svarUpa aura prabhAva kA svara avazya badalA huA hai / 000

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DaoN. prema sumana jaina janma 1-1 agasta, 1942, sihaeNDI (jblpur)| zikSA :-kaTanI, vArANasI, vaizAlI evaM bodhagayA meM saMskRta, pAli, prAkRta, jainadharma tathA bhAratIya saMskRti kA vizeSa adhyyn| 'kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana' viSaya para pI-eca. DI. / aba taka 18 pustakoM kA lekhana-sampAdana evaM lagabhaga 125 zodhapatra bhI prakAzita / sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura ke jaina vidyA evaM prAkRta vibhAga ke adhyakSa pada para vigata 12 varSoM se kAryarata / deza-videza ke vibhinna sammelanoM meM zodhapatra vAcana / 1984 meM amerikA evaM 1990 meM yUropa-yAtrA ke daurAna vizvadharma sammelanoM meM jaina darzana kA pratinidhitva evaM jaina vidyA para vibhinna vyAkhyAna sampanna / samprati-prAkRta, apabhraMza pANDulipiyoM ke sampAdana-kArya meM saMlagna / prAkRta-adhyayana prasAra saMsthAna, udayapura ke mAnada nidezaka evaM traimAsika zodha-patrikA 'prAkRtavidyA' ke sampAdaka / Jacalle

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grantha-catuSTaya (DaoN. prema sumana jaina) - jainadharma aura jIvana-mUlya zramaNadharma kI paramparA, anekAnta, samatA, ahiMsA aparigraha, svAdhyAya prAdi jainadharma ke jIvana-mUlyoM para vartamAna sandarbho ke pariprekSya meM prakAza DAlane vAlI ciMtana pradhAna pustaka / ru. 90.00 0 prAkRta kathA-sAhitya parizIlana prAkRta kathA sAhitya ke udbhava evaM vikAsa, bheda-prabheda, pratIka kathAoM, pratinidhi kathA-granthoM evaM pramukha abhiprAyoM (Motifs) para abhinava sAmagrI prastuta karane vAlI zodhapUrNa pustaka / ru. 75.00 0 prAkRta, apabhraza aura saMskRti bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa meM prAkRta, apabhraMza bhASAnoM kA krama evaM yogadAna, prAkRta ke bheda-prabheda, bhAratIya bhASAoM ke sAtha sambandha, pramukha bhASAvidoM evaM granthakAroM kA avadAna, sAMskRtika mUlyAMkana aura loka saMskRti ko ujAgara karane vAlI pustaka / ru.75.00 jaina sAhitya kI sAMskRtika bhUmikA jaina sAhitya kA aitihAsika evaM sAmAjika mahatva, vibhinna sAmAjika saMsthAoM, saMskRta kI jaina racanAoM aura kaviyoM tathA vibhinna granthoM ke vaiziSTya ko rekhAMkita karane vAlI pustaka / ru. 75.00 saMghI prakAzana, jayapura Jain Education Intemational For Privale & Personal Use Only WWW ainelibrary.org