Apbhramsa Bharti 1996 08

Author(s): Kamalchand Sogani, Gyanchandra Khinduka, Gopichand Patni
Publisher: Apbhramsa Sahitya Academy
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/521856/1

Page #1
navambara, 1996 apabhraMza bhAratI zodha-patrikA apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI rAjasthAna 8

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apabhraMza bhAratI vArSika zodha-patrikA navambara, 1996 sampAdaka maNDala zrI navInakumAra baja zrI ratanalAla chAbar3A zrI mahendrakumAra pATanI DaoN. kailAzacanda jaina zrI jJAnacanda bilTIvAlA sampAdaka DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI zrI jJAnacandra khindUkA DaoN. gopIcanda pATanI sahAyaka sampAdaka suzrI prIti jaina prabandha sampAdaka zrI kapUracanda pATanI maMtrI, prabandhakAriNI kameTI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvArajI prakAzaka apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI . jainavidyA saMsthAna prabandhakAriNI kameTI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI (rAjasthAna)

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vArSika mUlya 30.00 ru. sAmAnyataH 60.00 ru. pustakAlaya hetu phoToTAipa saiTiMga kaoNmprinTa, jayapura mudraka jayapura prinTarsa prA. li. jayapura

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viSaya sUcI lekhaka kA nAma kra.saM. viSaya prakAzakIya mahAkavi svayambhU zrI mizrIlAla jaina DaoN. zambhUnAtha pANDeya DaoN. (zrImatI) puSpalatA jaina muni nayanandI DaoN. trilokInAtha 'premI' sampAdakIya jaya tuhu~ gai jaya ho, deva! tumhArI 1. apabhraMza sAhitya kI saMskRti aura samAja-zAstra 2. apabhraMza kathA sAhitya ke pariprekSya meM hindI sAhitya . kI mithakIya kathAnaka rUr3hiyA~ 3. diNiMdu huu teyamaMdu 4. apabhraMza kA lAr3alA chanda dohA aura usakI kAvya-yAtrA 5. apabhraMza sAhitya meM vastu-varNana . 6. para atthamiu 7. saMta sAhitya aura jaina apabhraMza kAvya 8. apabhraMza khaNDakAvyoM meM prakRti-varNana 9. bahupahArehi~ sUru atthamiyau 10. apabhraMza sAhitya aura usakI kRtiyA~ 11. paumacariu ke hindI anuvAda para kucha TippaNiyA~ 12. karakaMDacariu meM nidarzita vyasana-mukti-svara kI vartamAna sandarbha meM upayogitA DaoN. indra bahAdura siMha muni nayanandI DaoN. rAmamUrti tripAThI ku. renU upAdhyAya muni nayanandI pro. DaoN. saMjIva pracaNDiyA zrI devanArAyaNa zarmA DaoN. (ku.) ArAdhanA jaina 'svataMtra' 75

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apabhraMza bhAratI . (zodha-patrikA) sUcanAe~ 1. patrikA sAmAnyata: varSa meM eka bAra mahAvIra nirvANa divasa para prakAzita hogii| 2. patrikA meM zodha-khoja, adhyayana-anusaMdhAna sambandhI maulika aprakAzita racanAoM ko hI sthAna milegaa| 3. racanAe~ jisa rUpa meM prApta hoMgI unheM prAya: usI rUpa meM prakAzita kiyA jaaegaa| svabhAvataH tathyoM kI prAmANikatA Adi kA uttaradAyitva racanAkAra kA hogaa| 4. yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki prakAzaka, sampAdaka lekhakoM ke abhimata se sahamata hoN| 5. racanAe~ kAgaja ke eka ora kama se kama 3 seM. mI. kA hAziyA chor3akara suvAcya akSaroM meM likhI athavA TAipa kI huI honI caahie| 6. asvIkRta/aprakAzita racanAe~ lauTAI nahIM jaaeNgii| 7. racanAe~ bhejane evaM anya saba prakAra ke patra-vyavahAra ke lie patA - sampAdaka apabhraMza bhAratI apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI digambara jaina nasiyA~ bhaTTArakajI savAI rAmasiMha roDa jayapura-302004 (iv)

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prakAzakIya apabhraMza sAhitya aura bhASA ke adhyetAoM ke samakSa apabhraMza bhAratI kA AThavA~ aMka saharSa prastuta hai| chaThI zatAbdI se pandrahavIM zatAbdI taka sampUrNa bhArata meM apabhraMza bhASA meM sAhitya-racanA hotI rhii| apabhraMza sAhitya meM loka-jIvana ke tathya bahuta adhika ghule-mile haiN| isa sAhitya meM sAMskRtika tatvoM ko bar3I viziSTatA ke sAtha pallavita kiyA gayA hai| samUcA apabhraMza sAhitya AsthA va anubhUti se ota-prota hai| apanI inhIM vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa apabhraMza sAhitya ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI prAsaMgikatA Aja bhI banI huI hai| apabhraMza sAhitya ke bahuAyAmI mahatva ko samajhate hue hI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI dvArA apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI kI sthApanA san 1988 meM gii| apabhraMza bhASA ke adhyayana-adhyApana ko samucita dizA pradAna karane ke lie apabhraMza racanA saurabha, prAkRta racanA saurabha, apabhraMza kAvya saurabha, pAhuDa dohA cayanikA Adi pustakeM prakAzita haiN| isI krama meM praur3ha apabhraMza racanA saurabha va apabhraMza abhyAsa saurabha atizIghra prakAzya haiN| patrAcAra ke mAdhyama se akhila bhAratIya stara para apabhraMza sarTiphikeTa pAThyakrama tathA apabhraMza DiplomA pAThyakrama vidhivata saMcAlita haiN| apabhraMza meM maulika lekhana ko protsAhana dene ke lie prativarSa 'svayaMbhU puraskAra' pradAna kiyA jAtA hai| apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya ke pracAra ke lie 'apabhraMza bhAratI' patrikA kA prakAzana eka samayocita pahala hai| vidvAnoM dvArA apabhraMza sAhitya para kI jA rahI zodha-khoja ko 'apabhraMza bhAratI' ke mAdhyama se prakAzita karanA hama apanA kartavya samajhate haiM / isa aMka meM apabhraMza sAhitya ke vividha pakSoM para vidvAna lekhakoM ne apane vicAra prastuta kiye haiN| hama una sabhI ke prati AbhArI patrikA ke sampAdaka, sahayogI sampAdaka evaM sampAdaka maNDala dhanyavAdAha haiM / isa aMka ke mudraNa ke lie jayapura prinTarsa prAiveTa limiTeDa, jayapura dhanyavAdAha hai| kapUracanda pATanI / maMtrI narezakumAra seThI adhyakSa prabandhakAriNI kameTI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI (v)

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sampAdakIya "apabhraMza ko Adhunika bhAratIya Arya-bhASAoM kI jananI hone kA zreya prApta hai| apabhraMza kI kukSi se utpanna hone ke kAraNa hindI kA usase atyanta Antarika aura gaharA sambandha hai| ataH rASTrabhASA hindI kI mUla prakRti aura pravRtti se paricita hone ke lie apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI anivAryatA sudhI adhyetAoM aura anusaMdhitsuoM ke lie hamezA banI rhegii|" "apabhraMza kA kavi apane samaya aura samAja kI pratigAmI zaktiyoM ko pahacAnate hue gatizIla prakriyA ko zakti aura sAmarthya detA rahA hai| sAmAjika dharAtala para sarvottama kI sthApanA kA pUrA prayAsa karatA rahA hai| sAMskRtika prayojana meM devacarita ke sthAna para zalAkA puruSoM ke carita, sAmantI jIvana kI jagaha lokajIvana kI upasthiti aura dArzanika pariveza meM mAnavatAvAdI dRSTikoNa ko rekhAMkita karatA rahA hai|" "apabhraMza kA sAhitya cAhe jaina ho yA siddha athavA ihalaukika, sarvatra uparyukta sAmAjika bhAvanA se saMcarita-sampreSita huA hai| usakA sAhitya samAja ke hita ke lie samarpita hai, usakA tyAga samAja-sApekSa hai| usake sAhitya kA samAjazAstra lokahita kI bhAvanA se otaprota hai|" "apabhraMza ke kavi kA samAjazAstra laukika dharAtala para sudRr3ha hai| tathAkathita jo mUlya haiM unakI tulanA meM ve jIvana-mUlya kahIM adhika sArthaka haiM jo sevA, tyAga, samarpaNa meM apane sira ko navAte haiM, usakA pAlana karate hoM - vaha cAhe mA~ ho yA maatRbhuumi|" ___ "apabhraMza kaviyoM kI bhASA kI pratibaddhatA hai - sAdhAraNa logoM taka apanI racanA ko phuNcaanaa| bhale hI isake lie unheM vyAkaraNa, alaMkArazAstra aura piMgalazAstra chor3anA pdd'e| isa mahAna uddezya meM apabhraMza kaviyoM kA AtmavizvAsa dekhate hI banatA hai| loka-sukha meM hI apabhraMza kaviyoM kA Atma-sukha hai| yahI unakA samAja hai, yahI unakI sNskRti| unakA pUrNa vizvAsa thA ki isake binA sAmAjika-sAMskRtika rUpAntaraNa kiyA hI nahIM jA sktaa| isake lie ve apane se bAhara nikalakara vRhattara anubhava-saMsAra meM gye| samAja meM gAI jAnevAlI pracalita lokadhunoM ko kAvya kA svarUpa diyaa| saMdhi, kulaka, caupaI, caupAI, ArAdhanA, rAsa, cA~cara, phAga, stuti, stotra, kathA, carita, purANa Adi kAvyarUpoM meM sAmAjika jIvana aura jagata kI aneka bhAvanAoM, vicAra-saraNiyoM, cintana kI cintAmaNiyoM,sahaja sAdhanA evaM siddhi paddhatiyoM, dhArmika AdarzoM, sAskRtika saraNiyoM ko sazakta evaM rAgaraMjita vANI pradAna kii| "prAkRta-apabhraMza kathA sAhitya kI eka lambI paramparA hai jisakA prAraMbha Agama kAla se dekhA jA sakatA hai| usameM upadezAtmakatA aura AdhyAtmikatA kI pRSThabhUmi meM AcAryoM ne lokAkhyAnoM kA bharapUra upayoga kiyA hai|" (vi)

Page #8
"apabhraMza kAla meM kathAoM kA phalaka aura vistRta ho gyaa| unameM lokajIvana ke tattva aura adhika ghula-mila gye| kAlpanika kathAoM ke mAdhyama se jIvana ke hara bindu ko vahA~ gati aura pragati milii| pArivArika saMgharSa, vaiyaktika saMgharSa, premAbhivyaMjanA, samudra-yAtrA, bhaviSyavANI, priyamilApa, svapna, sarpadaMza, karmaphala, apaharaNa jaise sAMsArika tattvoM kI sundara abhivyakti ina kathAoM meM huI hai| isa dRSTi se bhavisayattakahA, vilAsavaIkahA, siripAlakahA, jiNayattakahA, mahApurANa, NAyakumAracariu, jasaharacariu, karakaNDacariu, dhammaparikkhA Adi kathAkAvya smaraNIya haiN|" "kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM ke avadhAraNa ke pIche kathAnaka ko manoraMjaka aura gatizIla banAne kA uddezya chipA huA hai| isa uddezya kI pUrti ke lie lokAkhyAna, loka-vizvAsa aura lokarItiyoM kA samucita upayoga kiyA jAtA rahA hai| yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki lokAkhyAnoM meM yathArthatA aura vaijJAnikatA rahe para itanA avazya hai ki unake garbha meM saMbhAvanA aura manovaijJAnikatA avazya bharI rahatI hai / cAmatkAritA, asaMbhavanIyatA, atimAnavIyatA aura tathyAtmakatA jaise tattvoM kA AdhAra lekara kathAnaka ko rucikara banA liyA jAtA hai aura sAmudrika yAtrA, apaharaNa, kASThaphalaka dvArA prANarakSA, nAyaka-nAyikA kA vivAha yA milana jaisI nijaMdharI ghaTanAoM ko antarbhUta kara svapna, zakuna Adi se sambaddha vizvAsoM ke mAdhyama se AdhyAtmikatA kA saMniveza kiyA jAtA hai| isI saMniveza meM jIvana kI manorama vyAkhyA kara dI jAtI hai|" "ye rUr3hiyA~ kAvyAtmaka, kalAtmaka aura kathAnaka-rUpa huA karatI haiN| kAvyAtmaka rUr3hiyoM ko'kavi-samaya' kahA jAtA hai jinakA upayoga kavigaNa apane abhijAta sAhitya meM karate Aye haiN| kalAtmaka rUr3hiyoM kA prayoga saMgIta, mUrti aura citrakalA ke kSetra meM hotA AyA hai| isI taraha kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM meM lokAkhyAnagata anya aise kalpita tattva Ate haiM jinakA upayoga tatkAlIna saMskRti ko digdarzita karAne meM kiyA jAtA hai| inameM se kalAtmaka rUr3hiyoM ko chor3akara zeSa donoM prakAra kI (kAvyAtmaka aura kalAtmaka) rUr3hiyoM kI yAtrA prAkRta kathA sAhitya se prAraMbha hotI hai aura saMskRta, apabhraMza aura hindI jaisI Adhunika bhASAoM ke sAhitya meM unake vibhinna AyAma dikhAI dene lagate haiN|" "apabhraMza-sAhitya vividha kAvyarUpoM tathA mAtrA-chandoM kA preraka aura janmadAtA rahA hai| isake praNetA jaina-ajaina kaviyoM aura muniyoM ne loka-mAnasa se niHsRta na jAne kitane lokagItoM kI dhunoM, layoM aura tukoM ke AdhAra para ajAne-anaginatI mAtrA-chandoM ko nAma diyA aura isa prakAra eka nUtana chanda-zAstra hI gar3ha diyaa| paravartI hindI sAhitya isake lie isakA ciraRNI rhegaa| chanda-zAstra ke sAtha loka-saMgIta kA yaha nUtana paripAka inakI nita-navIna maulika udbhAvanA thii| ina mAtrA-chandoM meM isa kAla meM dohA sarvAdhika lokapriya huA aura apabhraMza kA lADalA chanda bana gyaa| (vii)

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"apane vikAsa-krama meM dohA do kAvyarUpoM meM prayukta huA hai - eka muktaka kAvyarUpa aura dUsarA prabandha praNayana kI dRSTi se, aura donoM hI rUpoM meM yaha pazcimI apabhraMza kA hI prabhAva hai| tabhI to rAjasthAnI ke 'DholA-mArU-rA-dUhA' loka-gItAtmaka-prabandha kA prANAdhAra bnaa| pUrvI apabhraMza meM siddhoM kI paramparA nauvIM-dasavIM sadI meM nAtha-sAhitya meM pariNata huI, kintu isameM bhI dohA-chanda kA prayoga nahIM miltaa| spaSTa hai dohA pazcimI apabhraMza kA chaMda hai aura vahIM se paravartI sAhitya meM isakA vikAsa huaa| isa prakAra yaha apanI kAvya-yAtrA meM eka ora muktaka ke rUpa meM jainoM ke AdhyAtmika aura nItiparaka sAhitya kA vAhaka banA, tadupari hindI ke muktakakAvya ko dUra taka prabhAvita kiyA aura dUsarI ora kabhI apabhraMza kI kar3avaka-zailI ke rUpa meM prabandha-praNayana kI paramparA ko vikasita karatA rahA to kabhI 'rolA' chanda ke sAtha nUtana zilpa kA vidhAna karatA rhaa|" "apabhraMza kaviyoM ne mahAkAvyoM, caritoM aura kathAkAvyoM meM bharapUra vastu-varNana kiyA hai| jaunapura ke zAhI mahala ke varNana meM vidyApati ne bhAratIya aura musalamAnI bhavana-nirmANa kalA kI jAnakArI kA sUkSma paricaya diyA hai|" "mahApurANa puSpadanta dvArA racA gayA mahAkAvya hai| isameM janapadoM, nagaroM aura grAmoM kA varNana bar3A hI bhavya bana par3A hai| kavi ne navIna aura mAnava-jIvana ke sAtha saMbaddha upamAnoM kA prayogakara varNanoM ko bar3A sajIva banAyA hai|" "apabhraMza ke kavi jAgarUka evaM sUkSma-draSTA kavi the| ve jahA~ bhAratIya vastu-varNana kI zailI ko pUrNataH hRdayagaMma kiye the, vahIM para turkI jIvana-praNAlI evaM vastu-varNana se bhI paricita the| ve rAjadarabAroM kI paddhati, bhavana-nirmANa kalA, udyAna, yuddha, astra-zastra Adi se pUrNata: paricita the| apabhraMza sAhitya meM jahA~ zRMgAra ke vividha rUpoM kA sUkSma aura maMjula-manohara citraNa milatA / hai, vahIM prazasti kAvyoM kA camatkArapUrNa, TaMkArabharI ojasvI citra bhI dekhane ko milatA hai| inhIM kAraNoM se apabhraMza-sAhitya ko madhyakAlIna bhAratIya jIvana kA sAMskRtika darpaNa kahA jAtA hai|" "apabhraMza ke khaNDakAvyoM meM prakRti-varNana paramparAgata rUpa meM viSaya kI AvazyakatAnasAra hI parilakSita hotA hai| kAvya-saundarya evaM vastu-varNana kI dRSTi se apabhraMzakAlIna kaviyoM ke ye varNana yathAsthAna apanI sArthakatA siddha karane meM samartha haiN|" __ "katipaya apabhraMzabaddha racanAoM meM 'saMta' kA-sA svara zrutigocara hotA hai| caramalakSya se vicchinna phalataH vijar3ita evaM rUr3ha prAya: AcAra-bAhulya ke prati eka tIkhI pratikriyA aura antaryAga ke prati lagAva kA saMta-saMvAdI vidrohI svara katipaya racanAoM meM vidyamAna hai| pAhuDadohA, yogasAra, paramAtmaprakAza, vairAgyasAra, ANandA, sAvayadhamma dohA Adi racanAe~ aisI hI haiN| inameM saMta-saMvAdI mana:sthiti kA prabhAva yA pratibimba spaSTa dikhAI par3atA hai| jisaprakAra anya rahasyavAdI racayitAoM ne kramAgata rUr3hiyoM evaM bAhyAcAroM kA khaNDana karate hue pAramArthika (viii)

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- tattvoM kI upalabdhi ke anurUpa paloM aura dizAoM ko mahatva diyA hai yahI sthiti ina jaina muniyoM kI bhI hai / lagatA hai ki isa avadhi meM AcAra yA sAdhana ko hI sAdhyatA kI koTi prApta hotI jA rahI thI, phalataH kaTTara sAmpradAyika lakIroM aura rekhAoM ke prati inake mana meM bhI ugra Akroza thA aura usa jhuMjhalAhaTa ko ve usI ugra svara meM vyakta karate haiM jisa svara meM siddhoMnAthoM aura nirguNiyoM ne Akroza / garma udgAra vyakta kiye the| pro. hIrAlAla jaina ne ThIka likhA hai - ina dohoM meM jogiyoM kA Agama, acit - cit, deha, devalI, ziva-zakti, saMkalpa, vikalpa, saguNa-nirguNa, akSara bodha - vibodha, vAma-dakSiNa adhva, do patha ravi zazi, pavana, kAla Adi aise zabda haiM aura unakA aise gahanarUpa meM prayoga huA hai ki unameM hameM yoga aura tAntrika granthoM kA smaraNa hue binA nahIM rahatA / " " bhAratIya sAmAjika, dhArmika AcAra saMhitA meM jahA~ mahApApa rUpa durAcAra se paraheja kiyA gayA hai vahIM pArivArika, sAmAjika, dhArmika saMskRti / paramparA meM sadAcAra kI AvazyakatA aura mahattva sahaja svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isIlie bhAratIya saMtoM, nItikAroM, sAhityakAroM ne apane upadezoM dvArA, sAhitya-sRjana dvArA sadAcAramaya jIvana jIne kI preraNA dI hai jisase mAnava sabhya - sAmAjika jIvana kI sthApanA ke sAtha khataranAka bAdhAoM se bhI mukta rahe / use durAcAra/ anaitika duSkRtyoM ke duSprabhAvoM ko hRdayaMgama karAte hue unase bacane kI preraNA/sujhAva bhI diye haiN| isakA mUlakAraNa hai ki ve janajIvana ke cAritrika evaM naitika stara ko unnata karane ke AkAMkSI the| bhAratIya saMta paramparA meM jainAcAryoM/nItikAroM/vidvAnoM/lekhakoM ne sadAcAra kI prarUpaNA karanevAle zramaNAcAra / zrAvakAcAra granthoM kA praNayana kiyA hai, granthoM kI TIkAe~ kI haiM, subhASitoM ke mAdhyama se use spaSTa kiyA hai tathA kathAoM ke mAdhyama se bhI sadAcAra ke mahattva kA pratipAdana kara diyA hai| aise hI eka kavi haiM muni kanakAmara jinhoMne apabhraMza meM 'karakaMDacariu' kAvya kI racanAkara pAThakoM ko sAhitya kA rasAsvAdana to karAyA hI hai sAtha hI use nIti, sadAcAra evaM dhArmika tattvoM se puSTakara amAnavIya, asAmAjika, anaitika, hiMsaka AcaraNa ko chor3akara mAnavIya satya AcaraNa apanAkara sukhI evaM svastha jIvana-nirmANa hetu nidarzana diyA hai|" jina vidvAna lekhakoM ne apanI racanAe~ bhejakara aMka ke prakAzana meM hameM sahayoga kiyA hai| hama unake AbhArI haiM / saMsthAna samiti, sampAdaka maNDala evaM sahayogI kAryakarttAoM ke bhI AbhArI haiN| mudraNa hetu jayapura prinTarsa prA. li., jayapura dhanyavAdArha hai / ( ix ) - DaoN. kamalacanda sogAnI

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stuti jaya tuhu~ gai tuhu~ mai tuhu~ srnnu| tuhu~ mAya vappu tuhu~ vandhu jnnu|| tuhu~ parama-pakkhu prmtti-hru| tuhu~ savvahu~ parahu~ praahipru|| taha~ daMsaNe-NANe-caritte thiu| tuhu~ sayala-surAsurehi~ nnmi|| siddhanteM manteM tuhu~ vaayrnne| sajjhAe jhANe tuhu~ tvcrnne|| arahantu vuddha tuhu~ hari haru vi tuhu~ annnnaann-tmoh-riu| tuhu~ suhumu NiraJjaNu paramapau tuhu~ ravi vambhu sayambhu siu|| - mahAkavi svayambhU (pa.ca. 43.19.5-9) - jaya ho, tuma (merI) gati ho, tuma (merI) buddhi ho, tuma (merI) zaraNa ho| tuma (mere) mA~-bApa ho, tuma baMdhujana ho| tuma paramapakSa ho, durmati ke haraNakartA ho| tuma saba anyoM se (bhinna ho), tuma parama AtmA ho| ___- tuma darzana, jJAna aura cAritra meM sthita ho| sakala sura-asura tumheM namana karate haiM / siddhAnta, mantra, vyAkaraNa, svAdhyAya, dhyAna aura tapazcaraNa meM tuma ho| - arahanta, buddha tuma ho, viSNu aura mahAdeva aura ajJAnarUpI timira ke ripu (zatru) tuma ho| tuma sUkSma, niraMjana aura mokSa ho, tuma sUrya, brahmA, svayaMbhU aura ziva ho| (x)

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jaya ho, deva! tumhArI jaya ho ... - zrI mizrIlAla jaina, eDavokeTa jaya ho, deva! tumhArI jaya ho, gati ho tuma, prajJA ho merI, tuma hI mAtra zaraNa ho, mAta-pitA-bandhu tuma mere, deva tumhArI jaya ho, jaya ho...| paramapakSa hai deva! tumhArA, kumati ke hartA ho, parama AtmA bhinna sarva se, deva tumhArI jaya ho, jaya ho ... / darzana-jJAna-cArita meM sthita, sura-nara se vandita ho, chaMda, bhAva saba ba~dhe ho jisameM, tuma vaha vyAkaraNa ho, deva tumhArI jaya ho, jaya ho . . . / taMtra-maMtra, siddhAnta-dhyAna meM, sAmAyika meM tuma ha tAla-chanda nazvara sA~soM para tuma ajara-amara ho, deva tumhArI jaya ho, jaya ho . . . / mahAdeva tuma, buddha tumhI ho, viSNu tuma, tuma arahaMta ho, saMsRti ajJAna-timira ke zatru, tumhI mAtra zaraNa ho, __ deva tumhArI jaya ho, jaya ho ... / - Adarza vidyAlaya mArga purAnA posTa oNphisa roDa gunA-473001 (ma.pra.) (xi)

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svayaMbhU puraskAra digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrImahAvIrajI (rAjasthAna) dvArA saMcAlita apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura dvArA apabhraMza sAhitya se sambandhita viSaya para hindI athavA aMgrejI meM racita racanAoM para 'svayaMbhU puraskAra' diyA jAtA hai| isa puraskAra meM 11,001/- (gyAraha hajAra eka) rupaye evaM prazasti-patra pradAna kiyA jAtA hai| __puraskAra hetu niyamAvalI tathA Avedana-patra prApta karane ke lie akAdamI kAryAlaya ( digambara jaina nasiyA~ bhaTTArakajI, savAI rAmasiMha roDa, jayapura-4 ) se patra-vyavahAra kreN| ___ yaha sUcita karate hue harSa hai ki varSa 95 kA 'svayaMbhU puraskAra' DaoN. trilokInAtha "premI' (AgarA) ko unakI kRti 'hindI ke AdikAlIna rAsa aura rAsaka kAvyarUpa' ke lie mahAvIra jayantI mele ke avasara para dinAMka 4.4.96 ko zrImahAvIrajI meM pradAna kiyA gyaa|

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 navambara, 1996 apabhraMza sAhitya kI saMskRti aura samAja-zAstra - - DaoN. zambhUnAtha pANDeya apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya prArambha se vikSobha, asaMtoSa, asahamati aura pratipakSa kA pakSadhara rahA hai| apabhraMza kA kavi apane samaya aura samAja kI pratigAmI zaktiyoM ko pahacAnate hue gatizIla prakriyA ko zakti aura sAmarthya detA rahA hai| use apane pariveza aura paristhitiyoM se pUrNata: saMtuSTi nahIM hai / ata: vaha bhASA, bhAva-saMpadA aura mAnavIya mUlya ke dharAtala para behatara aura zreyaskara kI mA~ga karatA rahA hai| sAmAjika dharAtala para sarvottama kI sthApanA kA pUrA prayAsa karatA rahA hai| sAMskRtika prayojana meM devacarita ke sthAna para zalAkA puruSoM ke carita, sAmaMtI jIvana kI jagaha lokajIvana kI upasthiti aura dArzanika pariveza meM mAnavatAvAdI dRSTikoNa ko rekhAMkita karatA rahA hai| yadyapi yaha apabhraMza kaviyoM ke lie eka bar3A durUha aura kaThina kArya thA para ve apanI nirbhrAta dRSTi, aDiga evaM nirbhaya vizvAsa se tathA apanI racanAtmaka kSamatA se use saMbhava banAte rahe haiN| yahI kAraNa hai apabhraMza kA jo bhI sAhitya milA usI se paravartI sAhitya ko na kevala sahI DhaMga se samajhane kI zakti hI milI hai, apitu pUrA aitihAsika dRSTikoNa hI badala gayA hai| kar3I hI nahIM jur3I hai varana nIMva bhI pukhtA huI hai| eka kramika vikAsa, aitihAsika bhUmikA kI pRSThabhUmi taiyAra huI hai, aba yaha bAta prAyaH sabhI sAhityetihAsakAroM ne mAna lI hai / Akhira vaha kaunasI zakti hai apabhraMza kI, kaunasA vRhattara anubhava racanA-saMsAra hai usakA jisane yaha mahatI bhUmikA taiyAra kI hai ?

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 44 - sarvaprathama savAla uThatA bhASA kA / sAhitya mUlataH vANI kA vidhAna hai aura vANI kI bhUmikA bahuAyAmI hotI hai| paM. rAmacandra zukla ke zabdoM meM 'kAvya zabda - vyApAra hai| vaha zabda-saMketoM ke dvArA hI aMtas meM vastuoM aura vyApAroM kA mUrti-vidhAna karane kA prayatna karatA hai / " isa vividha rUpa meM bhASA sarvaprathama dainika prayojana ke lie apekSita bhAva- vicAra - ciMtana ke sampreSaNa kA mAdhyama banatI hai to dUsarI ora pIr3hI-dara-pIr3hI jJAna ko saMcita karate hue use bhAvI pIr3hI ke lie surakSita karatI hai aura tIsarI ora vaha sarjana kA upAdAna banatI hai aura 'jJAnarAzi ke saMcita koza' kA AdhAra siddha hotI hai| para usakA mUlya vizeSarUpa meM isa bAta para nirbhara karatA hai ki vaha loka-jIvana ke vividha AyAmoM, mAnava jIvana kI antarvedanAoM aura samAja kI sAMskRtika, sAmAjika, rAjanItika, Arthika sthitiyoM kA kitanA vAstavika udghATana tathA sahI sarjanAtmaka svarUpa de pAtI hai| yahIM saMvedanazIla racanAkAra bhASA se saMgharSa aura asaMtoSa kA anubhava gahare staroM para barAbara karatA AyA hai| DaoN. rAmasvarUpa caturvedI ke zabdoM meM "yaha saMgharSa aura asaMtoSa vastutaH usakA apane-Apase hai, kyoMki bhASA usake saMpRkta vyaktitva kA anivArya aura avibhAjya aMga hai - manuSya ko zeSa prANijagat se pRthak karanevAlA AdhArabhUta upakaraNa aura vyakti kI saMsAra ke prati samasta pratikriyAoM kA kula yoga hai| aspaSTa saMvedanoM ke rUpa meM pratibhASita anubhava ko hama vAstavika artha meM ' apanA' bhASA ke mAdhyama se hI banA pAte haiM, arthAt bhASA ke rUpa meM sAkSAtkRta hone para saMvedana hamAre viziSTa anubhava kSetra kA aMga bana pAtA hai| phalataH kRtikAra ke navInatama vikAsa kI dizAe~ pramukharUpa se usakI bhASA prayoga vidhi meM pratiphalita hotI haiN|"" jaba yaha bhASA - saMgharSa loka- bhAvabhUmi samAja ke nicale stara jur3atA hai to pUrva bhASA racanAkAroM ko vaha dUSaNa ke rUpa meM dikhAI par3atA hai| para samAjazAstra kI bhUmikA ko sahI rUpa meM samajhanevAle racanAkAra ko vaha bhUSaNa ke rUpa meM dikhAI par3atA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki apabhraMza bhASA ke sAmAjika sambandha ko pAMDitya nakAratA rhaa| para bhASA kI vAstavika sArthakatA samAja ke pravAha ke sAtha jur3ane meM hai| apabhraMza kI isI vizeSatA ke kAraNa paM. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne ise dUSaNa nahIM bhUSaNa btaayaa| paM. hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne likhA ki 'hindI sAhitya ke janma ke bahuta pahale apabhraMza yA lokabhASA meM kavitA hone lagI thI / zurU-zurU meM isako AbhIroM kI bhASA jarUra mAnA jAtA thA, para bAda meM calakara yaha lokabhASA kA hI rUpAntara ho gyaa| isa prakAra loka se jur3akara kUpa-jala ke ghere ko tor3atI huI vaiyaktika pAMDitya yA AkAMkSA se paricAlita na hokara eka bahuta bar3I jAtIya sAmAjika Azaya se jur3atI hai| nijI anubhava-saMsAra se bAhara nikalakara sArvajanIna banatI hai| apabhraMza kaviyoM lie jaise pUrA samAja hI usake sAmane upasthita hai| AbhijAtya se mukti pAkara jaina, siddhanAtha, aihika evaM mukta sAhitya kA svarUpa grahaNa karatI hai| apabhraMza ke mahAkavi svayaMbhU aise samAja ke lie jo paMDitAI ke garva meM cUra nahIM haiM, samAja ke sAtha rAgAtmaka sambandha se jur3A huA hai, sAmAnya bhASA meM apanI racanA racane kI vRtti ko chor3ane ke lie taiyAra nahIM hai| gAmella yA grAmINa bhASA ko chor3akara Agama-nigama kI bhASA meM gar3hiyA-jar3iyA banane kA usakA utsAha nahIM hai| yadi aise pAkhaMDI ko yaha bhASA na ruce to use hAtha se uchAlakara pheMka dene ke sivA aura koI rAstA nahIM hai - - 2 - -

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 sAmaNNa bhAsa chuDu mA vihaDau / chuDu Agama- jutti kiMpi ghaDau / chuDu hoMti suhAsiya-vayaNAi~ / gAmella bhAsa pariharaNAi~ // jaM eva~vi rUsai kovi khalu / taho hatthutthalliu leu chalu // rAmAyaNa 1.3 svayaMbhU ke zabdoM meM - - yahI nahIM isa dezI bhASArUpI nadI ke donoM taTa ujjvala haiN| isake Age duSkara kaviyoM ke ghanIbhUta zabda bhI zilAtala kI bhA~ti rasa se AplAyita ho jAte haiN| isameM artha-chaviyoM kI lahareM uThatI rahatI haiM jisameM saikar3oM AzAoM ke samAna varSA ke bAdala samarpita hote rahate haiN| aisI hI surasari ke samAna rAma kI kathA suzobhita hotI hai, vaise hI jaise tulasI kA yaha pratimAna kIrati bhaniti bhUti bhali soI / surasari sama saba kara hita hoI // desI - bhAsA - ubhaya taDujjala / kavi-dukkara- ghaNa- sadda- - silAyala / attha- vahala - kllolaannitttthiy| AsA-saya- sama- tUha pariTThiya // eNha rAma kahA sari sohaMti / apabhraMza ke vAlmIki svayaMbhU ne bhASA kI sArthakatA ko sAmAjika, sAMskRtika prayojana se jor3akara dekhA aura unakI pratibaddhatA hai sAmAjika hita kA mahAbhAva / - 3 isI prakAra saMdezarAsaka ke kavi abdula rahamAna bhI kahate haiM ki paMDita loga apane ahaMkAra kAraNa lokabhASA kI kavitA nahIM sunanA cAhate aura mUrkha logoM ko kevala prayojana kI bhASA cAhiye / ataH jo loga isake bIca ke haiM arthAt sAmAjika haiM unake sAmane merI kavitA sarvadA par3hI jAyegI hu rahai buhaha kukuvitta resu, abuhattaNi abuhaha Nahu pavesu / jiNa mukkha Na paMDiya majjhayAra, tiha purau paDhibbau savvavAra // 21 // kalikAla - sarvajJa zrI hemacandra ne apabhraMza bhASA kI isI sAmAjika pratibaddhatA aura lokonmukhatA ko dekhate hue hI isake bAre meM kahA thA ki sira para jarA-jIrNa lugarI aura gale bIsa maNiyA~ bhI nahIM hai to bhI goSThI meM mugdhA ne (apabhraMza bhASArUpI nAyikA) baiThe (paMDita) logoM ko uThaka-baiThaka karA diyA, jhumA diyA, jaise cAhA vaise nacA diyA sari jara-khaMDI loaDI, gali maNiyaDA na bIsa / to vi goTThaDA karAviyA, muddhae uTTha-baIsa // - isa prakAra apabhraMza kaviyoM kI bhASA kI pratibaddhatA hai sAdhAraNa logoM taka apanI racanA ko phuNcaanaa| bhale hI isake lie unheM vyAkaraNa, alaMkArazAstra aura piMgalazAstra chor3anA par3e / isa mahAna uddezya meM apabhraMza kaviyoM kA Atma-vizvAsa dekhate hI banatA hai| loka-sukha meM hI apabhraMza kaviyoM kA Atma-sukha hai| yahI unakA samAja hai, yahI unakI saMskRti / unakA pUrNa vizvAsa thA ki isake binA sAmAjika-sAMskRtika rUpAntaraNa kiyA hI nahIM jA sakatA / isake lie ve apane se bAhara nikalakara vRhattara anubhava - saMsAra meM gaye / samAja meM gAye jAnevAle

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apabhraMza bhAratI -8 pracalita lokadhunoM ko kAvya kA rUpa diyaa| saMdhi, kulaka, caupaI, caupAI, ArAdhanA, rAsa, cA~cara, phAga, stuti, stotra, kathA, carita, purANa Adi kAvyarUpoM meM sAmAjika jIvana aura jagata kI aneka bhAvanAoM, vicAra-saraNiyoM, cintana kI cintAmaNiyoM, sahaja sAdhanA evaM siddhipaddhatiyoM, dhArmika AdarzoM, sAMskRtika saraNiyoM ko sazakta evaM rAgaraMjita vANI pradAna kii| nAnA zalAkA puruSoM, tIrthaMkaroM, cakravartiyoM, baladevoM, vAsudevoM aura prativAsudevoM ke caritroM se saMskRti kA madhuchatra taiyAra kara diyaa| RSabhadeva, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha tathA mahAvIra svAmI ke tyAga evaM ahiMsAmaya jIvana se bhAratIya kAvya jAjvalyayAna ho utthaa| laukika rasa kI dhArA pravAhita hii| vaNika patroM tathA aise hI sAdhAraNajanoM ke jIvana kI gAthA gAI gii| eka aise samAja aura saMskRti kA nirmANa huA jisase paravartI sAhitya ko jIvanta prANadhArA hI nahIM milI apitu aitihAsika kar3I kI aisI lar3I jur3I ki vaha jIvanta aura prANavanta bana gyaa| . kisI bhI bhASA ke sAhitya kA samAjazAstra samagratA athavA 'ToTeliTI' kI apekSA rakhatA hai| isa apekSA meM yaha ciMtanA nihita hai ki jIvana kA kitanA vistAra apanI saccAI aura gaharAI ke sAtha umaDA aura ubhaDA hai| samAja kI sthiti sarvatra sapATa nahIM hotii| vaha aneka taMtaoM se kahIM bikharI, kahIM jur3I, kahIM vizliSTa, kahIM saMzliSTa hotI hai| arthAt sAmAjika jIvana anekavarNI aura bahuAyAmI hotA hai| yahI jIvana jaba kavi kI racanA meM utaratA hai to kalAtmaka punarracanA kA AkAra letA hai| usameM jIvana rahatA hai aura jIvana kA saMskAra bhii| usameM samAja rahatA hai aura samAja kA pragatizIla rUpAntaraNa bhii| apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya ina donoM rUpoM se ota-prota hai| jaina apabhraMza kA adhikAMza bhAva dharma evaM saMskRti kI bhAvanA se ota-prota hai| paM.rAmacandra zukla isI pravRtti ke kAraNa sAhitya ke kSetra meM isakA samAveza nahIM karanA cAhate the| dUsarI ora siddha-nAtha sAhitya ko yoga-sAdhanA, taMtra-maMtra kA jAla batAte hue inheM bhI sAhitya se bAhara rakhanA cAhate the| para Age ke vidvAnoM ko yaha bAta zreyaskara nahIM pratIta hii| isa bhAvanA kA samucita prativAda karate hue paM. hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne mUlyAMkanaparaka dRSTikoNa ke sAtha kahA ki jisa apabhraMza sAhitya meM dharma-bhAvanA preraka zakti ke rUpa meM kArya kara rahI ho aura sAtha hI jo hamArI sAmAnya manuSyatA ko Andolita, mathita aura prabhAvita kara rahI hoN| isa dRSTi se apabhraMza kI kaI racanAe~ jo mUlataH jainadharma-bhAvanA se prerita hokara likhI gaI haiM, niHsandeha uttama kAvya haiN| isa para aura jora dete hue unhoMne kahA ki idhara jaina apabhraMza-caritakAvyoM kI jo vipula sAmagrI upalabdha huI hai vaha sirpha dhArmika sampradAya kI muhara lagAne mAtra se alaga kara dI jAne yogya nahIM hai| svayambhU, caturmukha, puSpadanta aura dhanapAla jaise kavi kevala jaina hone ke kAraNa hI kAvyakSetra se bAhara nahIM cale jaate| dhArmika sAhitya hone mAtra se koI racanA sAhityika koTi se alaga nahIM kI jA sktii| yadi aisA samajhA jAne lage to tulasIdAsa kA rAmacarita mAnasa bhI sAhitya kSetra meM avivecya ho jAyegA aura jAyasI kA padmAvata bhI sAhitya-sImA ke bhItara nahIM ghusa skegaa| prAcIna sAhitya kA hara marmajJa vidvAna samAja-zAstra ke isa pahalU se paricita hai ki apabhraMza sAhitya kI gativarddhaka preraNA dharma-sAdhanA hI rahI hai| svayaM zuklajI ne jina cAra vizeSa pravRttiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai usameM pahalA sthAna dharma kA hI hai; nIti, zRMgAra, vIra kA bAda meN| parantu isa dharma kA jo sAhityazAstra banA vaha loka ke sAtha jur3akara samAja ke sAtha ghul-milkr| cAhe harSa ho yA viSAda, duHkha ho yA sukha, prema ho athavA

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 5 yuddha, IrSyA ho yA DAha, pArasparika saMgharSa ho yA yuddha sabhI meM laukika nijandharI (lijenDarI) kahAniyoM kA sarasa sahArA liyA gayA hai| yaha apane deza kI, apanI khAsa, ciraparicita prathA rahI hai| paM. hajArIprasAda dvivedI kA to yahA~ taka kahanA hai ki "kabhI-kabhI ye kahAniyA~ paurANika aura aitihAsika caritroM ke sAtha ghulAdI jAtI haiN| yaha to na jainoM kI nijI vizeSatA haina sUphiyoM kI / hamAre sAhitya ke itihAsa meM eka galata aura bebuniyAda bAta yaha cala par3I hai ki laukika prema-kathAnakoM ko Azraya karake dharma-bhAvanAoM kA upadeza dene kA kArya sUphI kaviyoM ne Arambha kiyA thaa| bauddhoM, brAhmaNoM aura jainoM ke anake AcAryoM ne naitika aura dhArmika upadeza dene ke lie loka-kathAnakoM kA Azraya liyA thA / bhAratIya saMtoM kI yaha paramparA paramahaMsa rAmakRSNadeva taka avicchinna bhAva se calI AI hai kevala naitika aura dhArmika yA AdhyAtmika upadezoM ko dekhakara yadi hama granthoM ko sAhitya-sImA se bAhara nikAlane lageMge to hameM AdikAla se bhI hAtha dhonA par3egA, tulasI - rAmAyaNa se bhI alaga honA par3egA, kabIra kI racanAoM ko bhI namaskAra kara denA par3egA aura jAyasI ko bhI dUra se daNDavat karake vidA kara denA hogA / " eka prakAra se dekhA jAya to apabhraMza kI racanAe~ loka aura samAja se jur3akara . apanA phalaka hI vistRta nahIM karatI, mana- citta aura mastiSka ko udvelita aura prabhAvita bhI karatI haiN| dharma kI rasAtmaka anubhUti banatI hai / citta ko pariSkRta aura udAtta banAtI haiN| samAjasaMskRti aura sAhitya kA anyonyAzraya sambandha banAtI haiM / saMskRti kA uddezya sanAtana kAla se zreSTha kI sAdhanA aura satya kA saMdhAna rahA hai| satasat, iSTa-aniSTa, zreya - preya, zubha -azubha, tyAga-bhoga, aihika-AdhyAtmika Adi ke bIca honevAle zAzvata saMgharSa meM vaha zreyaskara sArthakatA kI khoja karatA rahA hai / andhakAra se prakAza, aviveka se viveka aura apUrNatA se pUrNatA kI ora bar3hatA rahA hai| divya AnandabhUmi taka pahu~cane kI ceSTA karatA rahA hai| mAnava kI isa vikAsadharmI jayayAtrA kA maMgalagAna sAhitya ke mAdhyama se hI hotA rahA hai| paM. hajArIprasAda dvivedI aise ciMtaka aura vicAraka haiM jinhoMne sAhitya samAjazAstra ke bahutere vicAra-binduoM ko jagaha-jagaha saMketita kiyA hai para saMkIrNatA ke sAtha nahIM apitu gahana ciMtana aura udAttatA ke saath| unhoMne sAhitya ko sAmAjika vastu mAnate hue use sAmAjika maMgala kA vidhAyaka mAnA / unakA spaSTa mata hai ki " jo sAhitya hamArI vaiyaktika kSudra saMkIrNatAoM se hameM Upara uThA le jAya aura sAmAnya manuSyatA ke sAtha eka karAke anubhava karAve, vahI upAdeya hai| yaha satya hai ki vaha vyakti vizeSa kI pratibhA se hI racita hotA hai; kintu aura bhI adhika satya yaha hai ki pratibhA sAmAjika pragati kI hI upaja hai| eka hI manorAga jaba vyaktigata sukha-duHkha ke lie niyojita hotA hai to choTA ho jAtA hai, parantu jaba sAmAjika maMgala ke lie niyojita hotA hai to mahAna ho jAtA hai; kyoMki vaha sAmAjika kalyANa kA janaka hotA hai| sAhitya meM yadi vyakti kI apanI pRthak sattA, usakI saMkIrNa lAlasA aura moha hI prabala ho uTheM to vaha sAhitya bekAra ho jAtA hai| bhAgavata meM manorogoM ke isa sAmAjika upayoga ko uttama batAyA gayA hai; kyoMki isase sabakA mUla-niSecana hotA hai, isase manuSyatA kI jar3a kI siMcAI hotI hai - sarvasya tadbhavati mUlaniSecanaM yata / " apabhraMza kA sAhitya cAhe jaina ho yA siddha athavA ihalaukika, sarvatra uparyukta sAmAjika bhAvanA se saMcarita-sampreSita huA hai| usakA sAhitya samAja ke hita ke lie samarpita hai, usakA

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6 jIviu kAsu na vallahau~, dhaNu puNu kAsu na for a avasara nivaDiai~, tiNa-sama gaNai visi apabhraMza bhAratI tyAga samAja sApekSa / usake sAhitya kA samAjazAstra lokahita kI bhAvanA se ota-prota hai| apabhraMza ke kavi - AcArya saMgrAhaka evaM puraskartA kalikAla sarvajJa hemacandra kA eka dohA isa saMdarbha meM dekhanA samIcIna hogA - yaha to sarvavidita hI hai ki apanA jIvana kise pyArA nahIM hotA aura dhana kise iSTa nahIM ? kintu avasara ke A jAne para viziSTa jana donoM ko hI tRNasamAna samajhatA hai du 1 - vAsu mahArisi eNu bhaNai, jai sui-satthu pamANu / mAyaha~ calaNa navantAhaM, divi divi gaMgA-hANu // " - 110 sAmAjika hita kA avasara Ane para, manuSyatA ke saMkaTagrasta hone para akAla, mahAmArI, duHkha-dAridrya ke prakopa para viziSTa puruSa apanI kSudra sImAoM kA atikramaNa karate haiM aura apane jIvana ko sarvahita meM nyochAvara kara dene meM raMcamAtra saMkoca nahIM krte| tulasIdAsa aise hI jIvana, kIrtibhUti ko bhalA mAnate haiM jo surasari ke samAna sabakA hita karanevAlA hotA hai kIrati maniti bhUti bhali soI / surasari sama sabakara hita hoI / 8 apabhraMza ke kavi kA samAjazAstra laukika dharAtala para sudRr3ha hai| tathAkathita jo haiM mUlya unakI tulanA meM ve jIvana-mUlya kahIM adhika sArthaka haiM jo sevA, tyAga, samarpaNa meM apane sira ko navAte haiM, usakA pAlana karate hoM - vaha cAhe mA~ ho yA mAtRbhUmi / apabhraMza ke vyAsa jaise mahARSi kahate haiM ki cAhe zruti ho athavA zAstra sabhI isa bAta kA pramANa upasthita karate haiM ki mAtA ke caraNoM meM sevAbhAva se namratA ke sAtha sira navAte haiM siri caDiyA khaMti - pphalaI, puNu DAlai~ moDaMti / to vi mahaduma sauNAha~, avarAhiu na karaMti // jaina apabhraMza sAhitya meM zalAkA puruSoM ke jIvanacarita kI gAthA, purANa, mahApurANa, carita, capaI, phAgu Adi kAvyarUpoM meM to gAI hI gaI hai, kathA ke mAdhyama se sAmAnya vaNikajanoM kI bhI kathA kahI gaI hai| dhanapAla kI 'bhaviSyadatta kathA' prasiddha hI hai| isameM bhaviSyadatta kI kathA zuddha laukika AdhAra para kahI gaI hai jo apane sautele bhAI baMdhudatta ke dvArA kaI bAra dhokhA dene ke bAvajUda apane acche karmoM ke kAraNa sukhI jIvana vyatIta karane meM saphala hotA hai / jaisA kahA gayA hai ki kSamA bar3ana ko cAhiye, yadi ise apabhraMza kI ukti ke mAdhyama se kaheM to hemacandra kA yaha dohA barabasa yAda A jAtA hai ki 'zakuni ( pakSIgaNa ) mahAna druma ke sira para car3hate haiM usake phala ko bhI khAte haiM, phira cahalakadamI karate hue usakI zAkhAoM ko bhI tor3a dete haiM phira bhI mahAna vRkSa (puruSa) pakSiyoM kA koI aparAdha nahIM ginate, unakA ahita nahIM cAhate bhaviSyadatta aura aise hI aneka mahApuruSa isa cAritrikagarimA se bhare par3e haiM para isake lie jo sAmAjika pRSThabhUmi hai vaha asAmAjika tatvoM ke ghere ko tor3atI huI ubhar3atI hai / dvandvAtmaka sthiti ko tor3atI huI burAI para bhalAI kI jIta hAsila karatI hai| dhanapati kI dUsarI patnI jahA~ apane bacce baMdhudatta ko sautiyA DAha ke kAraNa burI zikSA detI hai vahIM kamala zrI apane putra dhanapAla

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apabhraMza bhAratI -8 ko kisI bhI paristhiti meM burA kAma na karane kI maMtraNA detI hai| isa dRzya kA eka udAharaNa jahA~ mA~ kahatI hai - "vahI zUra aura paMDita hai jo yauvana vikAra meM nahIM par3atA, zRMgAra rasa ke vaza meM nahIM hotA, kAmadeva se caMcala nahIM hotA, khaMDita vacana nahIM bolatA aura jo para striyoM ko khaMDita nahIM karatA, puruSa vahI hai jo puruSatva kA pAlana karatA hai, dUsare kA dhana aura dUsare kI strI ko grahaNa nahIM krtaa| avinAzita dharma hI usakA dhana hai, pUrvakRta zubhakarma prApta karatA hai| sukha se pANigrahaNa-vihita nArI hI usakI strI hotI hai| jisase apane mana meM zaMkA utpanna ho, usa kAma ko marakara bhI nahIM karanA caahie| he putra ! kucha aura paramArtha kI bAteM kahatI hU~, yadyapi tuma pUrNa mahArtha (samartha, samajhadAra) ho, taruNi ke tarala locanoM meM mana na lagAnA, prabhu kA sammAna karanA, dAna ke guNa gaanaa| usa samaya mujhe yAda karanA, (punaH Akara) eka bAra mujhe darzana denaa| para dhana ko paira kI dhUli ke samAna mAnanA, dUsare kI strI ko mAtA ke samAna ginnaa|" jovvaNa-viyAra-rasa-vasa-pasari so sUrau so paMDiyau / cala mammaNavayaNullAviehi~, jo paratiyahi~ Na khaMDiyau / purisiM purisivvau paalivvu| paradhaNu parakalattu Nau libvau / taM dhaNu jaM avinnaasiy-dhmeN| labbhai puvvakkiya suha-kamma / taM kalattu priosiy-gttu| jaM suhi pANiggahaNi viDhattau / Niya-maNi jeNa saMka uppji| maraNaMti vi Na kammu taM kijai / aNNu vi bhaNami putr| paramattheM , jaivi hohi paripuNNa mahanthe / taruNi tarala loyaNa maNiM bhaaviu| pahu-sammANa-dANa guNagAviu / tahi~ mi kAli amhahi~ sumirijhi| ekkavAra mahudaMsaNu dijahi / para-dhaNu pAyadhUli bhnnijhiN| parakalattu maI samau gaNijahi // 2 mahAkavi svayaMbhU kA yaza paumacariu, riDhaNemicariu tathA paMcamicariu ke kAraNa apabhraMza sAhitya meM apanA zIrSa sthAna rakhatA hai| ve apabhraMza ke vAlmIki kahe jAte haiN| svayaMbhU kI khyAti samAja, caritra aura pariveza ke vyApaka phalaka ke yathArthaparaka citraNa meM hai| mahAkAvya kI udAtta bhUmikA se hI laga jAtA hai ki svayaMbhU ko sAhitya ke samAja zAstra ke vyApaka pRSTha-bhUmi kA mahAkavi mAnA jA sakatA hai| prArambha ke Atma-nivedana se hI patA cala jAtA hai ki unameM aDiga Atma-vizvAsa hai| 'paumacariu' meM rAma kA caritra pradhAna hai parantu na to vaha Adarza caritra kA kAlpanika pratimAna khar3A karatA hai aura na alaukikatA kA indrajAla hii| yathArtha mAnava kI adbhuta sRSTi hai yaha, caritra jahA~ binA kisI lAga-lapeTa ke, doSoM para binA pardA DAle sampUrNa mAnavIya durbalatAoM aura mAnavIya zakti kA adbhuta pratinidhi banakara prakaTa huA hai| jahA~ unameM daivI ApattiyoM-vipattiyoM ko jhelane kI kSamatA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora zaktihata lakSmaNa ke maraNAsanna zarIra para bilakha-bilakhakara rone kI mAnavIya durbalatA bhii| loka saMpRkti aisI ki mandodarI kA vilApa rAjataMtrIya aura sAmaMtIya pariveza ke sAtha citraNa meM bhI mAnavIya karuNA udvelita ho uThatI hai| svayaMbhU ke zabdoM meM - 'laMkApurI kI paramezvarI maMdodarI vilApa karatI huI kahatI hai ki hA tribhuvana-jana ke siMha rAvaNa! tumhAre binA samara-tUrya kaise bajegA? tumhAre binA bAlakrIr3A kaise suzobhita hogI ? tumhAre binA navagrahoM kA ekIkaraNa kauna karegA, kaNThAbharaNa kauna pahanAyegA? tumhAre binA vidyA kI ArAdhanA kauna karegA? tumhAre binA candrahAsa (talavAra) ko kauna sAdhegA?

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8 apabhraMza bhAratI jalu galai, jhalajhalai / dari bharai, sari sarai / taDayass, taDi paDai / giri phuDai, sihi NDai / yaru calai, taru ghulai / jalu thalu vi goulu vi / Niru rasiu, bhaya tasiu / tharaharai, kiramarai / jAva tAva, thira bhAva / dhIreNa vIreNa / sara-lacchi - jayalacchi-taNheNa kahaNeNa / sura thuiNa, bhuya juiNa | vitthariu uddhariu / mahiharau, dihiyruu| taya jaDiu~, pAyaDiu~ / mahi-vivaru phaNi Niyaru / phuphphuvar3a visu muyai / parighulai, calavalai / taruNAi~, i~ dvAi~ / kAyarai~, hiMsAla - caMDAla - caMDAi~, hariNAi~ / vayai~ / kaMDAi~ / tAvasai~, prvsiN| dariyAi~ jariyAi~ / go-vaddhaNa-pareNa-go-gopi NibhAru va joiu / giri govaddhaNau govaddhaNeNa uccAiyau // - karNa kI sahasra- chavi ko kauna kSubdha karegA? tumhAre binA kubera ko maMjita kauna karegA? trijagavibhUSaNa ziva kisake vaza meM hoMge? tumhAre binA yama kA vinivAraNa kauna karegA ? ' rovai laGkanapura paramesari / hA rAvaNa! tihuyaNa jaNa kesari / up viNu samara tUru- kaha vajjai / pai viNu bAlakItA kaho chajjai / pai viNu Navagaha ekkIkaraNau / ko parihesai kaMThAharaNau / pai viNu ko vijjA ArAhai / pai~ viNu caMdahAsu ko sAhai / ko gaMdhavva-vApi ADohai / kaNNahoM chavi sahAsu sakhohai / pai viNu ko kuberu maMjesai / tijaga- vihusaNu kaho vase hosai / pai viNu ko jayu viNivAresai / ko kailAsuddharaNu karesai 13 8 I puSpadanta dUsare aise kavi haiM jinake kAvya kA sAmAjika phalaka vistRta aura loka-sApekSa hai| unhoMne kRSNa ke naTakhaTapane ke sAtha 'kAliyAdamana', 'govarddhana-dhAraNa' jaisI pauruSamayI lIlAoM kA bhI sajIva citraNa kiyA hai / indra ke pralayaMkArI vRSTi aura kRSNa kA gvAla-bAloM ko bacAne kA adbhuta prayAsa govarddhana dhAraNa, sAhityika nAdAnuraMjitatA ke sAtha'jala par3a rahA hai, jhalajhalA rahA hai, guphAe~ bhara rahI haiM, nadiyA~ baha rahI haiN| bijalI tar3aka rahI hai / parvata phUTa rahe haiM, coTiyA~ nAca rahI haiN| havA cala rahI hai| taru Dola rahe haiM / jala-thala gokula DUba rahe haiN| loga bhayagrasta kA~pa rahe haiN| jaba-taba sthira ho jAte haiN| dhIra-vIra kRSNa DhAr3hasa baMdhAte haiM / Arta hokara zrIlakSmI, jayalakSmI, kRSNa ko pukArate haiN| donoM bhujA uThAkara devatAoM ke ghane aMdhakAra ko dUra karane, caMcala pRthvI ko dhAraNa karane, uddhAra karane kI stuti karate haiM / pRthvI ke vivara se phaNidhara nikalakara phuphakArate hue viSa chor3a rahe haiM, taruNa hariNa caMcala ho paribhramita ho rahe haiM / vanacara apane sthAna ke naSTa ho jAne se kAtara ho gaye, girakara cillAte haiM, vanyajAtiya tathA tApasa paravaza ho gaye haiN| unakA hRdaya vidIrNa ho rahA hai, ve jIrNa dikhAI par3a rahe haiN| gauvoM, gopa-gopiyoM aura govarddhana para par3e isa bhAra ko dekhakara govarddhanadhArI ne govarddhana parvata ko U~cA kiyA -

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 joindu Adi kaviyoM ne to samAja ko isa prakAra chuA hai jaise vaha Aja bhI hameM sajaga kara rahe hoM, hamase jur3a rahe hoM, hamAre lie prAsaMgika bana rahe hoM, varNabheda kI viSaya samasyA kA samAdhAna Aja bhI nahIM nikala pAyA hai| yaha kalaMka abhI taka nahIM dhulA hai| joindu jaise Aja bhI samAja ko cetAvanI de rahe hoM ki maiM gorA hU~, maiM sA~valA hU~, maiM vibhinna varNa kA hU~, maiM tanvAMga hU~, maiM sthUla hU~, he jIva! aisA to mUrkha hI mAnate haiM - hau~ gorau hau~ sAmalau, hau~ ji vibhiNNau vaNNu / hau~ taNu-aMgau thUlu hau~, ehau~ mUDhau maNNu // 80 // isI prakAra ke jAti-pA~ti ke bheda-bhAva ko mUrkhatApUrNa mAnate haiN| yaha bhI sAmAjika abhizApa hI hai| isakA bhI nirAkaraNa hue binA samAja gatizIla nahIM bana sktaa| yaha svara kabhI purAnA nahIM pdd'aa| madhyakAlIna kaviyoM ke lie hI preraNA kA srota banA rhaa| joindu ke zabdoM meM - 'maiM zreSTha brAhmaNa hU~, vaizya hU~, kSatriya hU~, zeSa (zUdra) hU~, puruSa, napuMsaka yA strI hU~, aisA mUrkha vizeSa hI mAnatA hai| tAtparya yaha ki AtmA meM varNabheda yA liMgabheda nahIM mAnA jAnA cAhiye - hau~ varu baMbhaNu vaisu hau~, khattiu hau~ sesu / purisu NauMsara itthi hau~, maNNai mUd visesu // 81 // prema kI saMskRti kA pATha apabhraMza ke kaviyoM kI adbhuta dena hai| kabIra kA 'pothI par3hi par3hi jaga muA paMDita bhayA na koii| DhAI Akhara prema kA par3haya so paMDita hoI // isako rAmasiMha ne bahuta pahale saMketita kiyA thaa| apabhraMza kA samAjazAstra isakI vyApakatA meM vizvAsa karatA hai| isake binA saba vyartha hai - he prANI bahuta par3hA jisase tAlU sUkha gayA para tU mUr3ha hI banA rhaa| usa eka hI akSara ko par3ho jisase zivapurI ko gamana hotA hai| kalyANa kI bhAvanAe~ milatI haiM - bahuyaiM paDhiyai mUDha para, tAlU suki jeNa / ekku ji akkharu taM paDhau sivapurI gammai jeNa // siddha-nAtha apabhraMza kaviyoMkA sAhityika samAjazAstra to sIdhe samAja para kazAghAta karatA hai| ye pUrI taraha pratipakSa ke kavi haiN| inheM na to DhoMga pasanda hai na kRtrimtaa| ve saMkIrNatA meM ba~dhe jIvana ko sahaja jIvana kA rUpa denA cAhate the aura isake lie samAja ke ThekedAroM kI kitanI hI rUr3hiyoM ko vaha tor3a-pheMkanA cAhate the| vastutaH ye siddha purAnI rUr3hiyoM, purAne vicAroM aura pAkhaMDoM ke bar3e virodhI the| ve AzAvAda ke kavi the aura samAja ko sahajatA kI ora le jAnA cAhate the| nAthoM meM yoga aura saMyama kA bar3A mAna thaa| guru-mahimA, satasaMgati kA bar3A mAna thA - guru uvaese amia-rasu dhAva Na pIau jehi / bahu-satthattha-marutthalahiM, tisie mariau te hi //

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 isa prakAra apabhraMza sAhitya kA samAjazAstra bahuAyAmI hai| isake adhyayana se naye tathyoM kA udghATana to hogA hI sAhitya tathA saMskRti kI kaI parateM khulatI haiM / gaharAI meM paiThakara dekhane para A~kha khola denevAlI chaviyA~ dikhAI pdd'eNgii| 1. bhASA aura saMvedanA, DaoN. rAmasvarUpa caturvedI, pR. 1 / 2. hindI kAvyadhArA, paM. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, pR. 5 / 3. hindI sAhitya kI bhUmikA, paM. hajArIprasAda dvivedI, pR. 16, 18 / 4. hindI kAvyadhArA, pR. 26 / 5. hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla, pR. 11 / 6. vhii| 7. hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa, sAtavAM saMskaraNa, pR. 3 / 8. hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla, pR. 11 / 9. vicAra-pravAha, pR. 142 / 10. siddhahema prAkRta vyAkaraNa, AcArya hemacandra 4.358 / 11. vahI, 4.399 / 12. hindI kAvyadhArA, paM. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, pR. 268 / 13. hindI kAvyadhArA, pR. 110 / adhyakSa hindI vibhAga kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 navambara, 1996 11 apabhraMza kathA sAhitya ke pariprekSya meM hindI sAhitya kI mithakIya kathAnaka rUr3hiyA~ - DaoN. (zrImatI) puSpalatA jaina prAkRta- apabhraMza kathA sAhitya kI eka lambI paramparA hai jisakA prAraMbha Agama kAla se dekhA jA sakatA hai| usameM upadezAtmakatA aura AdhyAtmikatA kI pRSThabhUmi meM AcAryoM ne lokAkhyAnoM kA bharapUra upayoga kiyA hai| yadyapi vahA~ kathA - zaithilya aura pravAha - zUnyatA dikhAI detI hai para upamAna, rUpaka aura pratIka ke mAdhyama se usakI kamI adhika mahasUsa nahIM hotii| yaha kamI TIkAyugIna prAkRta kathAoM se dUra hotI najara AtI hai| naitikatA ke dharAtala para ArUr3ha hokara ye kathAeM loka-paramparA kI cetanA ko saMdarzita karatI haiM aura mAnavIya pravRttiyoM ko spaSTa karatI huI cAritra kI pratiSThA karatI haiN| unameM jIvana ke madhurima tattva abhivyaMjita haiN| unakI sArvabhaumikatA, saMgItAtmakatA aura cAritrika niSThA praznAtIta hai / janazrutiyoM aura paurANika itivRttoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM unakA jo Alekhana huA hai usameM sAMskRtika tattvoM kA pallavana bar3I khUbI se huA hai / isa dRSTi se paumacariu, taraMgavatI - kathA, vasudevahiNDI, samarAiccakahA, lIlAvaIkahA, kuvalayamAlA Adi prAkRta kathA-grantha draSTavya haiN| ina kathA-graMthoM meM aprAkRtikatA, atiprAkRtikatA, aMdhavizvAsa, upadezAtmakatA jaise tattva bhare par3e haiM aura inhIM tattvoM se sambaddha kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM kI sRSTi huI hai| apabhraMza kAla meM kathAoM kA phalaka aura vistRta ho gyaa| unameM loka jIvana ke tattva aura adhika ghula-mila gaye / kAlpanika kathAoM ke mAdhyama se jIvana ke hara bindu ko vahA~ gati aura pragati milii| pArivArika saMgharSa, vaiyaktika saMgharSa, premAbhivyaMjanA, samudra - yAtrA, bhaviSyavANI, priya milApa, svapna, sarpadaMza, karmaphala, apaharaNa jaise sAMsArika tattvoM kI sundara abhivyakti

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12 apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 ina kathAoM meM huI hai| isa dRSTi se bhavisayattakahA, vilAsavaIkahA, siripAlakahA, jiNayattakahA, mahApurANa, NAyakamAracariu, jasaharacariu, karakaNDacariu. dhammaparikkhA Adi kathA-kAvya smaraNIya haiN| prAkRta aura apabhraMza kA yaha samUcA kathA sAhitya lokAkhyAnAtmaka hai jo Aja hindI sAhitya meM mithaka bana gayA hai| hindI meM mithaka (Myth) zabda ke prathama prayoga kA zreya DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI ko jAtA hai aura sAhityika saMdarbha meM usakI upayogitA, mahattA tathA upayuktatA kI pratiSThA meM DaoN. rameza kuntala megha kA yogadAna ullekhanIya hai| vastuta: mithaka kA saMbaMdha purAkhyAna, purANa, purAvRtta, dantakathA, nijadharI, dharmakathA Adi jaise samAna bhAva vyaMjaka tattvoM se prasthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai| AnuSaMgikarUpa se bhale hI ina AkhyAnoM meM aitihAsikatA kA praveza ho jAye para tathyata: unakA saMbaMdha itihAsa kI paridhi se bAhara rahatA hai| AsthA aura anubhUti usase avazya jur3I rahatI hai para rahasyAtmakatA ke sAtha hI vyaMgyAtmakatA, kautuhala, naitikatA, lokatattvAtmakatA, pratIkAtmakatA, sAmAjikatA jaise tattva bhI usake aMtara meM pracchanna rahate haiN| ina tattvoM kI pUrti ke lie lokapriya kathAnaka gar3hA jAtA hai jise manoraMjaka banAne ke lie vividha tattvoM kA upayoga/prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| ye hI tattva kAlAntara meM kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM ke rUpa meM prasiddha ho jAte haiN| kathAnaka rUr3hi ko aMgrejI meM 'phiksana moTiva' kahA jAtA hai| isa zabda kA sabase pahalA prayoga viliyama je. thAmasa ne san 1846 meM kiyA thaa| AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne isa zabda kI bar3I sundara vyAkhyA kI hai - "hamAre deza ke sAhitya meM kathAnaka ko gati aura ghumAva dene ke lie kucha aise 'abhiprAya' bahuta dIrghakAla se vyavahRta hote Aye haiM jo bahuta dUra taka yathArtha hote haiM aura jo Age calakara kathAnaka rUr3hi meM badala jAte haiN"| isase spaSTa hai ki kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM kI avadhAraNA ke pIche kathAnaka ko manoraMjaka aura gatizIla banAne kA uddezya chipA huA hai| isa uddezya kI pUrti ke lie lokAkhyAna, loka-vizvAsa aura loka-rItiyoM kA samucita upayoga kiyA jAtA rahA hai| yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki lokAkhyAnoM meM yathArthatA aura vaijJAnikatA rahe, para itanA avazya hai ki unake garbha meM saMbhAvanA aura manovaijJAnikatA avazya bharI rahatI hai| cAmatkArikatA, asaMbhavanIyatA, atimAnavIyatA aura tathyAtmakatA jaise tattvoM kA AdhAra lekara kathAnaka ko rucikara banA liyA jAtA hai aura sAmudrika yAtrA, apaharaNa, kASThaphalaka dvArA prANa- rakSA, nAyaka-nAyikA kA vivAha yA milana jaisI nijaMdharI ghaTanAoM ko antarbhUta kara svapna, zakuna Adi se sambaddha vizvAsoM ke mAdhyama se AdhyAtmikatA kA saMniveza kiyA jAtA hai| isI saMniveza meM jIvana kI manorama vyAkhyA kara dI jAtI hai| __ ye rUr3hiyAM kAvyAtmaka, kalAtmaka aura kathAnaka-rUpa huA karatI haiN| kAvyAtmaka rUr3hiyoM ko 'kavi samaya' kahA jAtA hai jinakA upayoga kavigaNa apane abhijAta sAhitya meM karate Aye haiN| kalAtmaka rUr3hiyoM kA prayoga saMgIta, mUrti aura citrakalA ke kSetra meM hotA AyA hai| isI taraha kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM meM lokAkhyAnagata anya aise kalpita tattva Ate haiM jinakA upayoga tatkAlIna saMskRti ko digdarzita karAne meM kiyA jAtA hai| inameM se kalAtmaka rUr3hiyoM ko chor3akara zeSa donoM prakAra kI (kAvyAtmaka aura kalAtmaka) rUr3hiyoM kI yAtrA prAkRta kathA

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apabhraMza bhAratI -8 13 sAhitya se prAraMbha hotI hai aura saMskRta, apabhraMza tathA hindI jaisI Adhunika bhASAoM ke sAhitya meM unake vibhinna AyAma dikhAI dene lagate haiN| yahA~ hama unhIM AyAmoM kI ora saMketa karanA caaheNge| kAvyAtmaka rUr3hiyA~ ___ kAvyAtmaka rUr3hiyAM mUlata: azAstrIya aura alaukika hotI haiM para kavigaNa deza-kAla ke aMtara kA dhyAna na rakhakara bhI paramparAvaza unakA varNana karate haiM - "azAstrIyamalaukikaM ca paramparAyAtaMyamarthamupanibadhnanti kavaya; dezakAlAMtaravazena anyathAtve'pi, sa kvi-smyH||2 bhAmaha, daNDI tathA vAmana azAstrIya aura alaukika varNana ko kAvyadoSa ke antargata mAnate haiM para rAjazekhara unheM 'kavi samaya' kI sImA ke bhItara rakhakara svIkRta kara lete haiN| rAjazekhara ke samaya taka prAkRta, saMskRta aura apabhraMza kAvya sAhitya sthira ho cukA thaa| isa samUce sAhitya ke AdhAra para kucha aisI kAvya-rUr3hiyoM kA nirmANa huA jinakA saMbaMdha lokAkhyAna yA lokAcAra yA aMdhavizvAsa se rhaa| ye sabhI tattva kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM meM bhI pratibimbita hue haiN| rAjazekhara ne aise hI tattvoM ko kavi-samaya ke rUpa meM vistAra se paryAlocita kiyA hai| ina kAvyAtmaka rUr3hiyoM kA prayoga sabhI kaviyoM ne apane-apane kathAnakoM ke vikAsa meM kiyA hai parantu hama vistAra-bhaya se unakA vivecana yahA~ nahIM kara rahe haiN| kathAnaka rUr3hiyA~ __kathAnaka saMskRti-sApekSa hote haiM isalie kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM kA phalaka bahuta vistRta ho jAtA hai| prAkRta-apabhraMza kathA sAhitya meM ye kathAnaka rUr3hiyA~ isa prakAra upalabdha hotI haiM - prAkRta kathA sAhitya kI pRSThabhUmi meM haribhadra ke prAkRta kathA sAhitya ke AdhAra para DaoN. nemicaMdra zAstrI ne viSaya kI dRSTi se kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai - (1) ghaTanApradhAna, (2) vicAra yA vishvaas-prdhaan| (1) ghaTanA pradhAna - ghor3e kA AkheTa ke samaya nirjana vana meM pahu~ca jAnA, mArga bhUlanA, samudra-yAtrA karate samaya yAna kA bhaMga ho jAnA aura kASTha-phalaka ke sahAre nAyaka-nAyikA kI prANa-rakSA jaisI rUr3hiyA~ isa koTi ke antargata haiN| (2) vicAra yA vizvAsa pradhAna - svapna meM kisI puruSa yA kisI strI ko dekhakara usa para mohita honA athavA abhizApa, yaMtra-maMtra, jAdU-TonA ke bala se rUpa-parivartana karanA Adi vicAra yA vizvAsa-pradhAna rUr3hiyoM ke antargata Ate haiN| . DaoN. zAstrI ne ina donoM prakAra kI kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM ko dasa bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai aura phira unake bheda-prabhedoM ko vistAra se spaSTa kiyA hai| ye dasa bheda isa prakAra haiM - 1. loka-pracalita vizvAsoM se sambaddha kathAnaka ruuddh'iyaaN| 2. vyaMtara, pizAca, vidyAdhara athavA anya amAnavIya zaktiyoM se sambaddha ruuddh'iyaaN| 3. devI, devatA evaM anya atimAnavIya prANiyoM se sambaddha ruuddh'iyaaN| 4. pazu-pakSiyoM se sambaddha ruuddh'iyaaN| 5. taMtra-maMtroM aura auSadhiyoM se sambaddha ruuddh'iyaaN|

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apabhraMza bhAratI -8 6. aisI laukika kathAnaka rUr3hiyAM jinakA saMbaMdha yauna yA prema vyApAra se hai| 7. kavi-kalpita kathAnaka ruuddh'iyaaN| 8. zarIra vaijJAnika abhipraay| 9. sAmAjika paramparA, rIti-rivAja aura paristhitiyoM kI dyotaka rUr3hiyA~ / 10. AdhyAtmika aura manovaijJAnika ruuddh'iyaaN|' ye sArI kathAnaka rUr3hiyA~ apabhraMza kathA sAhitya meM kucha aura vikasita hokara ubharI haiM jinheM nimna rUpa meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai - 1. AdhyAtmika aura dhArmika kathAnaka ruuddh'iyaaN| 2. sAmAjika kathAnaka rUr3hiyA~ aura 3. prabaMdha saMghaTanAtmaka ruuddh'iyaaN| 1. AdhyAtmika aura dhArmika kathAnaka rUr3hiyA~ Agama yugIna prAkRta kathA sAhitya mUlataH upadezAtmaka aura AdhyAtmika hai| usameM rUpakoM aura pratIkoM ke mAdhyama se jIvana-satya ko pahacAnane kA bharapUra prayatna kiyA gayA hai| ye kathAeM AkAra meM choTI hone para bhI hRdaya para amiTa prabhAva chor3atI haiN| TIkA yuga taka Ate-Ate inameM kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM kA DhA~cA banane lagatA hai aura nItiparakatA kI pRSThabhUmi meM lokAkhyAnoM para dhArmikatA kA AvaraNa car3hA diyA jAtA hai, isa dRSTi se cUrNI-sAhitya vizeSa draSTavya hai| Age calakara taraMgavatI, vasudevahiNDI kAvyakathA graMthoM meM nAyakoM kI caritrasRSTi ke saMdarbha meM sAhasa, prema, camatkAritA, chala-kapaTa, pazu-pakSiyoM kI vizeSatAeM, kautuhala Adi jaisI kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM kA upayoga kara kathAoM ko manoraMjaka banAyA jAne lagA aura apabhraMza taka Ate-Ate unameM AdhyAtmikatA kA samAveza aura adhika ho gyaa| isa kathAnaka rUr3hi ke antargata guru-prApti, nirveda kA kAraNa, jAti-smaraNa, pUrvabhava, panarjanma-zraMkhalA. tapa. upasarga. kevalajJAna prApta hone para Azcaryadarzana jaisI kathAnaka rUDhiyoM kA parigaNana kiyA jAtA hai| dazavaikAlika kI haribhadra vRtti tathA anya prAkRta-apabhraMza graMthoM meM vyaMtara dvArA prasAdanirmANa, vyaMtarI dvArA 'dharaNa' ke prANa-haraNa kA prayatna, vyaMtara ke prabhAva se hAra ko nigalanA aura ugalanA, vidyAdharoM dvArA vipanna logoM kI sahAyatA, duSkara kArya karane ke lie alaukika divyazakti dvArA camatkAra-pradarzana, tIrthaMkaroM kI mahattA prakaTa karane ke lie laukAMtika devoM ke vividha kAryoM kA ullekha Adi aisI kathAnaka rUr3hiyAM haiM jinakA upayoga nAyaka-nAyikA ke cAritrika utkarSa, kathAnaka meM gati evaM mor3a tathA karmaphala kI anivAryatA ke pradarzana ke lie kiyA gayA hai| __ bhakti sAdhanA kA aTUTa tattva hai| mAnava to apane iSTadeva kI bhakti karake phalAkAMkSI hote hI haiM para pazu-pakSI bhI apanI bhakti aura zubha pariNAmoM se uttama phala prApta karanA cAhate haiN| meMDhaka kamala kI pAkhaMDI lekara mahAvIra kI pUjA karane jAtA hai to vAnara zivajI kI bhakti karatA dikhAI detA hai| totA jina-pUjA ke phala se rAjakumAra ke rUpa meM janma dhAraNa karatA hai|

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apabhraMza bhAratI -8 15 isI prakAra vidyA aura maMtra-siddhi se samudra pAra karanA, kuSTha roga se mukti pAnA, candrezvarI, rohiNI, padmAvatI, jvAlA-mAlinI, kSetrapAla, ambikA Adi yakSa-yakSaNiyoM kI sthApanA, sarasvatI kI ArAdhanA Adi tattva bhI dhArmika vizvAsa ke pariNAma haiN| ____ alaukika zaktiyoM kA samAveza apabhraMza kathA-kAvyoM kA pramukha AkarSaNa rahA hai| hAthI kA rUpa dhAraNakara madanAvalI kA apaharaNa, atimAnava dvArA sudarzana kI rakSA, yakSa kI sahAyatA se bhaviSyadatta dvArA apanI patnI kI prApti Adi ghaTanAe~ hamAre kathana ko pramANita karatI haiN| hindI premAkhyAnaka kAvyoM meM bhI isI taraha kI alaukika zaktiyoM kA ullekha thor3e aMtara se huA hai| vahA~ nAyaka kabhI-kabhI nAyikA se bhinna kisI yuvatI kI rAkSasa, dAnava Adi se rakSA karate haiN| mRgAvatI meM rAjakuMvara rukmina kI rakSA eka rAkSasa se karatA hai aura phira usase vivAha bhI karatA hai| isa taraha aura bhI aneka ullekha madhyakAlIna hindI ke prabaMdha kAvyoM meM milate haiN| 2. sAmAjika kathAnaka rUr3hiyA~ samAja vyaktiyoM kA samudAya hai aura samudAya vividhatA kA pratIka hai isalie samAja meM ghaTanA aura vicAra-janya anaginata rUr3hiyoM kA prayoga huA hai jinakA saMbaMdha, deza, kAla, kSetra aura bhAva se rahA hai| isake antargata loka-pracalita vizvAsa, taMtra-maMtra, auSadhiyoM, pazu-pakSiyoM aura sAmAjika paramparAoM se sambaddha kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| samarAiccakahA, bhavisayattakahA Adi kathA graMthoM meM ye rUr3hiyA~ upalabdha haiN| hindI ke sUphI premAkhyAnoM meM apabhraMza kI sAdhanA-paddhati kA vikAsa huaa| mRgAvatI kA rAjakuMvara, padmAvata kA ratnasena, madhumAlatI kA manohara, citrAvalI kA sujAna tathA jJAnadvIpa kA jJAnadIpa, ye sabhI nAyaka mUlataH sAdhaka haiM, premapathika haiM jo 'sva' ko miTAkara apane meM samAhita hone ke prayatna meM lage haiN| padmAvata kI nAyikA-nAyaka kramazaH brahma aura jIva ke rUpa meM citrita haiN| sAdhanoM kI sAta sIr3hiyoM para ArUr3ha hone ke lie, rAjaku~vara mRgAvatI kI khoja ke lie aura ratnasena padmAvatI pAne ke lie yogI banakara nikala par3ate haiN| __ adhyAtma aura dharma se saMbaMdha hai AtmA, paramAtmA, karmaphala, punarjanma, guruprApti, amAnavIya zaktiyoM kI upalabdhi, devI-devatAoM kI atimAnavIyatA jaise aneka tattvoM kaa| inase sambaddha kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM kA prayoga prAkRta-apabhraMza ke kathA kAvyoM tathA hindI ke sUphI-asUphI kAvyoM meM bahutAyata se huA hai| karmaphala aura punarjanma - karmaphala aura punarjanma kI mAnyatA apabhraMza kAvyoM kI rIr3ha hai| saMskAroM ko vizuddha banAne ke lie kathAoM ke mAdhyama se vahA~ aneka AdhyAtmika sAdhanoM kA upayoga batAyA hai| bhavisayattakahA, vilAsavaIkahA, jiNayattakahA, siddhacakkakahA Adi kathAkAvyoM meM zubhAzubha karma,karmArjana ke kAraNa, karmabaMdha kI vyavasthA Adi kA suMdara nirUpaNa huA hai| zrIpAla-kathA meM pitA se jeThI putrI aura karmaphala donoM abhiprAya ekasAtha prayukta hue haiN| samudradatta jinadatta ke sAtha vizvAsaghAta karane se kuSTharoga ko AmaMtrita karatA hai aura alpAyu meM hI prANa tyAga detA hai| pUrvajanma meM haMsa-haMsI ko viyuktakara sanatakamAra isa janma meM vilAsavatI kA viyoga sahana karatA hai| pUrvajanma ke karma-vipAka se zrIpAla ko kuSTharoga hotA hai| pUrvajanma ke saMskAravaza sanatakumAra aura vilAsavatI meM prema hotA hai aura pUrvajanma ke puNya phala se

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16 apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 bhaviSyadatta kI rakSA usake mitra karate haiM / isI taraha karma kA mAhAtmya aura bhI anya ghaTanAoM se siddha kiyA gayA hai| islAma meM punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA isalie sUphI kavi karmaphala aura punarjanma kA prasaMga apane kAvyoM meM nahIM lA pAye, itanA avazya hai ki vahA~ nAyaka AtmA kA pratIka hai aura apanI AdhyAtmika yAtrA meM eka guru kA cayana karatA hai / guru aura paramezvara usake lie paryAya mAtra hai| hIrAmana isI artha meM ratnasena aura padmAvatI kA guru hai / kevala maMjhanakRta 'madhumAlatI' meM kavi janma-janmAMtara taka prema nibhAne kI bAta avazya karatA hai| amAnavIya zaktiyoM kI upalabdhi - bhAratIya darzanoM ke anusAra AtmA meM aparimita zakti mAnI gayI hai jisakA prasphuTana pavitra sAdhanA dvArA saMbhava hai / isI sAdhanA se vidyAsiddhi aura amAnavIya zakti kI upalabdhi jur3I huI hai| kahA jAtA hai vyaMtara, bhUta-preta, vidyAdhara Adi devoM meM amAnavIya zakti hotI hai jisakA upayoga ve mAnavoM kI surakSA aura vinAza meM kiyA karate haiM / loka-pracalita vizvAsoM se sambaddha kathAnaka rUr3hiyA~ loka- pracalita vizvAsoM ke pIche vaijJAnikatA kama aura aMdhavizvAsa adhika hotA hai / kavi inake sahAre kathAnaka kA vikAsa karatA hai| svapna, zakuna-apazakuna, bhaviSyavANI, dohada, vivAha, janma-saMskAra Adi jaise vizvAsoM evaM utsavoM ko isa paridhi meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| prAkRta aura hindI sAhitya meM ina vizvAsoM kA AdhAra lekara kathAnaka ko gati dI gayI hai / - svapna aura zakuna * svapna bhAvI ghaTanAoM kA sUcaka mAnA jAtA hai| treSaTha zalAkA puruSoM kI tathA anya mahApuruSoM kI mAtAyeM svapna dekhatI haiM aura apane patiyoM tathA jyotiSiyoM se unakA phala jAnatI hai| siMha, hAthI aura pazu-pakSiyoM kA svapna meM darzana honA aura phira pratIka ke rUpa meM unakI vyAkhyA karanA eka Ama bAta thii| zrIdevI, lIlAvatI Adi nAyikAyeM isa saMdarbha meM udAharaNIya haiN| zubha-azubha svapnoM para bhI yahA~ vicAra huA hai| dakSiNa netra kA sphuraNa zubha zakuna aura vAma netra kA sphuraNa azubha mAnA jAtA hai| azubha ghar3I meM bhaviSyavANI yA AkAzavANI dvArA nAyaka kA ulajhAva dUra hotA hai| bhaviSyadattakathA meM subhadrA ke zIla kI parIkSA ke samaya campAnagarI ke deva ne nagara dvAra ko kholane ke lie AkAzavANI kA upayoga kiyaa| svapna-darzana evaM usakA rahasya udghATana tathA svapna meM devatA athavA kisI vRddha puruSa kA darzana denA, isa prakAra kI svapna viSayaka kathAnaka rUr3hi kA prayoga sUphI sAhitya meM huA hai 1 jJAnadIpa meM nAyaka sUphI kAvya meM svapna meM kavi ko eka tapasvI darzana detA hai aura usI kI aMtaHpreraNA se kAvya-racanA hotI hai / vivAha aura prema saMdeza - citra dekhakara mohita ho jAnA bhAratIya AkhyAna sAhitya kI eka sazakta rUr3hi hai / puSpadaMta ke NAyakumAracariu meM citradarzana se prema kI utpatti kA ullekha hai / lIlAvaIkahA ke anusAra lIlAvatI kA citra dekhakara siMghala kA rAjA zIlAmegha mohita ho gayA / isI taraha jyotiSiyoM kI bhaviSyavANI ke anusAra bhI vivAha sambandha kI bAta kahI gayI hai / udAharaNArtha jo sahasrakUTa caityAlaya ke phATaka ko khola degA vahI kanyA kA pati hogA athavA jo samudra pAra karatA huA dvIpa ke taTa para AyegA yA madonmatta hAthI ko vaza meM karegA vahI kanyA kA pati hogA (bhavisayattakahA) / isa prakAra kI vivAha saMbaMdhI kathAnaka rUr3hiyA~ apabhraMza kathA

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 17 sAhitya se hindI sAhitya taka phuNcii| citrAvalI aura puhupAvatI meM nAyaka citra-darzana ke mAdhyama sehI nAyikA se prema karatA hai| padmAvata meM ratnasena tote se rUpa-guNa-zravaNa karake padmAvatI ke prema se dagdha ho uThatA hai| kAsima zAha ne haMsa javAhira meM prema kA AvirbhAva svapna-darzana tatpazcAt guNazravaNa ke AdhAra para karAyA hai| apabhraMza kathAkAvyoM ke samAna hindI prema gAthAoM meM bhI sAkSAt darzana dvArA bhI prema jAgRti kA varNana mRgAvatI, madhumAlatI, jJAnadIpa Adi meM milatA hai| saMdeza pahu~cAne ke lie apabhraMza kAvyoM meM zuka aura kAga kA prayoga huA hai / bhavisayattakahA meM kamalazrI apane putra bhaviSyadatta ko dvIpAMtara se bulAne ke lie kAka dvArA saMdeza bhejatA hai / yahI kathAnaka rUr3hi hindI ke premAkhyAnaka kAvya meM milatI hai / padmAvata kA hIrAmana totA saMdezavAhaka kA kAma karatA hai aura (nUramuhammada kRta) indrAvatI kI kathA meM bhI rAjaku~vara aura ratanajota indrAvatI ke bIca saMdeza bhejane kA kAma zuka ne hI kiyA hai| sAmAjika prathAeM sAmAjika prathAoM se sambaddha kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM meM dohada, gaMdharva vivAha, janma-saMskAra, devopAsanA se saMtAna kI prApti, maMdira meM vivAha Adi rUr3hiyAM vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| bhAratIya lokAkhyAna meM sarpa-pUjA bhI eka prathA jaisI bana gayI isalie apabhraMza kI vilAsavaI kahA meM nAyaka sanatkumAra ko dekhakara pairoM se kU~ce jAne para bhI ajagara kuMDalI sikor3akara karttavyabuddhi kA paricaya detA hai / isI taraha dohadapUrti garbhiNI kI icchApUrti kA upakrama hai| vRkSa dohada tathA tithi dohada ina tInoM prakAroM se sambaddha sAmagrI apabhraMza aura hindI ke kathA-kAvyoM meM milatI hai| vaise yaha rUr3hi saMskRta sAhitya se calI A rahI hai / tithi dohada ke udAharaNa mAdhavAnala kAmakaMdalA, rasaratana Adi premakAvyoM meM bahuta milate haiN| samAja meM kahIM-kahIM mAnava-bali dene kI prathA thI / manorathadatta (samarAiccakahA) ko bali dene ke lie rAjAoM ke anucaroM ne pakar3A thaa| I - 3. prabaMdha saMghaTanAtmaka rUr3hiyA~ prabaMdha kAvyagata rUr3hiyoM ke saMdarbha meM paramparAgata tattvoM para bhI vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai jinakA paripAlana saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza aura madhyayugIna hindI kAvyoM meM huA hai| ina tattvoM meM vizeSa ullekhanIya haiM maMgalAcaraNa, vinayapradarzana, kAvyaprayojana, sajjana - durjana-varNana, iSTadeva-stuti, zrotA-vaktA zailI, nagara, dvIpa, hATa-sarovara, jala-krIr3A, samudra- yAtrA, citrazAlA, Rtu, vana, prakRti, bArahamAsA, nakha-zikha varNana, yuddha aadi| ina tattvoM kA kAvyAtmaka varNana hara kavi ke lie Avazyaka ho gayA thaa| usI se usa kavi kI pahicAna ho pAtI thI / prAkRtaapabhraMza kathA- kAvyoM ke AdhAra para hI mRgAvatI, padmAvata, madhumAlatI, citrAvalI, indrAvatI, puhupAvatI Adi hindI premAkhyAnakoM meM tathA rAmacaritamAnasa, rAmacandrikA Adi anya kAvyoM meM ina kathA rUr3hiyoM kA AkarSaka prayoga huA hai| isI taraha bArahamAsA, dohA-chanda nidhAna, tukAMta racanA ko bhI hindI sAhitya ke lie apabhraMza sAhitya kI dena ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara sakate haiN| ina sAre tattvoM para prastuta nibaMdha meM vicAra karanA saMbhava nahIM hai kevala namUne ke taura para ekado tattvoM para hI prakAza ddaaleNge| ina tattvoM meM se kaviyoM ko yAtrA-varNana vizeSa rucikara lgaa| isake pIche kadAcit unakA uddezya atizayokti-garbhita premAbhivyaMjanA tathA parAkrama kI parAkASThA dikhAnA rahA hai|

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18 apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 vimAnayAtrA, samudrayAtrA aura rathayAtrA kA suMdara citraNa lagabhaga hara kAvya meM kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM mila jAtA hai| pA~ca sau vyApAriyoM ke saMgha kI yAtrA kA ullekha eka aisI kathAnaka rUDhi bana gayI thI jisakA prayoga apabhraMza kaviyoM ne bahuta kiyA hai| itihAsa kI dRSTi se ise ' zreNI' kahA jAtA rahA hai| jAtaka kathAoM meM bhI zreNiyoM kA vizeSa ullekha huA hai| isI taraha samadrayAtrA kA bhI prasaMga AtA hai| bhaviSyadatta pA~ca sau vaNikoM ke sAtha yAtrA karatA hai aura unakA sAtha chUTa jAne para mainAga dvIpa kI ujAr3a nagarI meM pahu~ca jAtA hai jahA~ usakA vivAha eka sundarI se ho jAtA hai| prAkRta-apabhraMza meM aisI aneka kathAeM milatI haiM jinameM samudra-yAtrA kA varNana hai aura usa yAtrA meM jalayAna ke dhvaMsa ho jAne kI kalpanA hai| hindI sUphI kAvyoM meM bhI yaha kathAnaka rUr3hi bar3I lokapriya rahI hai| samudra meM yAtrA karate samaya nAyaka vahA~ tUphAna meM pha~sa jAte haiM, kisI prakAra nAyaka kI prANa-rakSA hotI hai| padmAvatI ke sAtha ghara Ate samaya tUphAna meM ratnasena kI naukA kSata-vikSata ho jAtI hai aura donoM pravAha meM bahakara vibhinna dizAoM meM pahu~ca jAte haiN| isI prakAra madhumAlatI kA nAyaka manohara aura citrAvalI kA nAyaka sujAna bhI samudrI bhaMvaroM ke thaper3e khAte rahate haiN| isI prakAra siMhala dvIpa kI yAtrA bhI eka manoraMjaka kathAnaka rUr3hi bana gayI thii| (kutuhala kI) lIlAvaIkahA kI ratnAvalI aura lIlAvatI donoM siMhala kumAriyA~ thIM jinakA vivAha sAtavAhana rAjA se huaa| bhaviSyadatta, jinadatta, karakaNDu ne bhI isI taraha samudra-yAtrA kI, siMhala dvIpa pahu~ce aura siMhala kanyAoM se vivAha-saMbaMdha kiyaa| jAyasI ke padmAvata meM bhI isa kathAnaka rUr3hi kA pAlana huA hai vahA~ rAjA ratnasena siMhala deza ke rAjA, gaMdharvasena kI putrI padmAvatI ke varaNa karane ke lie sAta samudra pAra karake pahu~catA hai| kavi husena alI-kRta puhupAvatI meM siMhala ko padminI striyoM kA utpatti sthAna mAnA gayA hai| siMhala dvIpa kauna hai aura kahA~ hai ? yaha prazna bhale hI vivAdAspada ho, para use kathAnaka rUr3hi ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiye jAne meM koI vivAda nahIM hai| isa prakAra prAkata kathA sAhitya se ina kathAnaka rUDhiyoM kI yAtrA prAraMbha hotI hai aura sAdhAraNa taura para hindI ke madhyakAla meM unakA avasAna-sA ho jAtA hai| ina kathA rUr3hiyoM kI utpatti kI pRSThabhUmi aitihAsika aura sAMskRtika kAraNa rahe haiN| videzI AkramaNa aura sAmantavAdI vyavasthA jaise katipaya kAraNa jaise-jaise parivartita hote gaye, kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM meM antara AtA gyaa| itihAsa aura bhUgola jahA~ hameM vibhinna saMskRtiyoM ke udaya aura vikAsa kI kahAnI batAte haiM vahIM ye kathAnaka rUr3hiyA~ lokagata sAmAnya vizvAsoM kA vizleSaNakara dezavizeSa kI saMskRti aura sabhyatA kA prAcIna paurANika rUpa nirdhArita karatI haiN| __ Adhunika yuga meM ina kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM ne apanA mArga badala diyA hai| 15vIM-16vIM zatI meM yUropa meM vijJAna kA unmeSa huA jisase paramparAgata jIvana-mUlya lar3akhar3Ane-se lage, cintana kI svataMtratA AyI, nirIkSaNa-parIkSaNa kI vidhi kA anubhUtijanya vikAsa huA aura sArvadezikatA kA tattva jAgRta huaa| viveka aura itihAsa-bodha kI dhAraNA ne AdhunikatA ko janma diyA aura purAnI avaijJAnika paramparAoM para praznacihna khar3A kara diyaa| sAhitya bhI isase aprabhAvita nahIM raha sakA isalie Adhunika hindI sAhitya meM mithakIya kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM kA

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 19 prayoga adRzya ho gyaa| vaijJAnika sabhyatA kI cakAcauMdha ne logoM ke dRSTikoNa ko adhyAtmaparaka se badalakara bhautikatAvAdI banA diyA isIlie paurANika itivRttoM kI Adhunika saMdarbha meM vyAkhyA kA janma huaa| yaha eka svataMtra ciMtana kA viSaya hai| ___ apabhraMza ke paurANika kAla meM jahA~ mahApuruSoM ke caritrakAvyoM ke mAdhyama se zrAvakoM meM dhArmika evaM AdhyAtmika ruci jAgRta kI jAtI thI vahA~ Adhunika hindI sAhitya meM inhIM purAvRttoM dvArA yugIna samasyAoM ko uThAkara Adhunika yuga-bodha diyA jAtA hai| vaijJAnika sabhyatA ke thaper3oM meM dharAzAyI jIvana-mUlyoM ke hrAsa ko rokane kA prayAsa Aja ke kAvya-nATakoM meM jArI hai| urvazI, kanupriyA AtmajayI, saMzaya kI eka rAta, mahAprasthAna, andhAyuga, eka kaMTha viSapAyI Adi kAvya nATaka tathA priyapravAsa, sAketa, kurukSetra, ekalavya Adi kAvya isa saMdarbha meM vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| nizcita hI donoM dRSTiyoM meM koI vizeSa aMtara nahIM hai| aMtara hai kevala vistRta dRSTi phalaka kA jo Aja bahuAyAmI hokara bhI usa aMtima kendrIya satya para aTala nahIM ho rahA hai jisase dharma, adhyAtma evaM saMskRti ko surakSita rakhA jA sakatA hai| 1. hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla, DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI, pR. 74 / 2. kAvyamImAMsA, rAjazekhara, 14vA~ adhyAya, pR. 198 / 3. haribhadra ke prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana, pR. 262-286 / rIDara evaM vibhAgAdhyakSa hindI vibhAga esa. epha. esa. kaoNleja sadara, nAgapura

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20 ghattA - diNiMdu huu teyamaMdu maMdu | sovayavicittu / vahA~ te / to vahahi~ rAu / jANivi bhavitti / etahi~ didui NaM atthavaMtu NiDDahaNaheu mANiNi vitAu jha NahataruvarAsu kANa khuDi jaNaNiya u hasiritiyAhe ravikaNayakuMbhu phalu Ai~ tAsu / apakku paDiu | kaMdapparAu | pahAvaMtiyA / lhasiyaDa susuMbhu / apabhraMza bhAratI paharAhau Arattau saMtAvajuo ravi sAyare jAma Nimajjai / pecchoM kammahoM taNiya gai so uddhavai Nisirakkhie tAma gilijjai / - 8 sudaMsaNacariu, 5.7 itane meM hI dinendra (sUrya) maMda-teja ho gayA va asta hote hue aisA vicitra dikhAI diyA jaise arthavAn (dhanI) zoka - cintAoM se vicitta (udAsa) ho jAtA hai| (usa samaya mAno DUbate sUrya se) nirdahana hetuka (jalAnevAlI) agni meM teja A gayA; tathA mAninI striyoM ne bhI rAga dhAraNa kiyaa| mAnoM (DUbate sUrya ne) bhavitavyatA ko jAnakara nabharUpI taruvara kA phala jhaTapaTa de DAlA ho, jo yathAkAla atipakva hokara TUTa gayA aura gira par3A evaM kAmarAga ke rUpa logoM meM anurAga utpanna karane lgaa| athavA mAnoM nabhazrIrUpI strI ke snAna karate samaya usakA ravirUpI sundara kanaka - kuMbha khisaka par3A ho| phira prahararUpI prahAroM se Ahata aura Arakta (lAla va lohUluhAna) huA vaha saMtApayukta ravi sAgara meM nimagna ho gyaa| (dekhiye to isa karma kI gati ko) usa urdhvaloka ke pati ko bhI nizA rAkSasI ne nigala liyaa| anu. - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 navambara, 1996 21 apabhraMza kA lAr3alA chanda dohA aura usakI kAvya-yAtrA - DaoN. trilokInAtha 'premI' apabhraMza-sAhitya vividha kAvya-rUpoM tathA mAtrA - chandoM kA preraka aura janmadAtA rahA hai| isake praNetA jaina-ajaina kaviyoM aura muniyoM ne loka-mAnasa se niHsRta na jAne kitane lokagItoM kI dhunoM, layoM aura tukoM ke AdhAra para ajAne-anaginatI mAtrA - chandoM ko nAma diyA aura isa prakAra eka nUtana chanda-zAstra hI gar3ha diyaa| paravartI hindI-sAhitya isake lie isakA ciraRNI rhegaa| chanda-zAstra ke sAtha loka-saMgIta kA yaha nUtana paripAka inakI nita-navIna maulika udbhAvanA thii| ina mAtrA - chandoM meM isa kAla meM dohA sarvAdhika lokapriya huA aura apabhraMza kA lAr3alA chanda bana gyaa| yaha bhI loka - chanda hI hai; jisa prakAra 'gAhA' yA 'gAthA' prAkRta kA lokachaMda thA aura 'zloka' laukika saMskRta kA / isake lie chanda-granthoM meM aneka nAma prayukta hue haiM; yathA, 'duvahaa' (svayaMbhU chandas, vRttajAti - samuccaya), 'dohaka' (chandonuzAsanam), 'dodhaka' (prAkRta-paiMgalam ) tathA 'dohA' (chandaH koza, chanda prabhAkara) / isI prakAra paravartI hindI - sAhitya meM isake lie aneka nAmoM kA saMketa milatA hai; yathA, 'pRthvIrAjarAso' meM 'dohA', 'duhA' tathA 'duuhaa'| kabIra Adi saMtoM kI sAkhiyA~ tathA nAnaka ke 'saloku' vastutaH dohA ke hI nAmAntara haiM / tulasIdAsajI ne 'sAkhI, sabadI, doharA' kahakara isake 'doharA' nAma kA saMketa kiyA hai| isa prakAra yaha 'dohA' chanda apabhraMza aura paravartI hindI-sAhitya meM atyadhika pracalita huA / jahA~ isa dohA chanda ne apabhraMza ke jaina-kaviyoM kI nItiparaka tathA AdhyAtmika-vANI ko saMgIta kI mAdhurI se anuprANitakara loka- hRdaya kI vastu banAyA, vahA~ siddhoM ne bhI apane

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22 apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 loka-vyApI prabhAva ke lie apanI abhivyakti kA sAdhana bnaayaa| siddha sarahapA ne to 'Nau Nau dohAcchande kahavi na kimpi gopya' kahakara isake prati apanI vizeSa abhiruci vyakta kii| rAjasthAnI ke 'DholA-mArU-rA-dUhA' jaise lokapriya gIta-kAvya meM bhI isakA prayoga kiyA gyaa| vastutaH apabhraMza ke anya mAtrika-chandoM kI bhA~ti yaha bhI loka-gIta-paddhati kI dena hai aura vahIM se ziSTa-sAhitya meM praviSTa huA hai| 'prAkRta-paiMgalam' meM isake teIsa nAmoM kA saMketa hai| AcArya hemacaMdra ne apane 'chando'nuzAsanam' meM eka 'upadohaka' nAma kA bhI saMketa kiyA hai| jagannAthaprasAda 'bhAnu' ne 'chanda-prabhAkara' meM dohe ke sAtha dohI ke bhI lakSaNa batAye haiN| DaoN. motIlAla menAriyA ne DiMgala meM pracalita dohA ke pA~ca bheda ginAye haiM - dUho, soraThiyo dUho, bar3o dUho, tUMberI dUho aura khor3o duuho| ye sabhI dohe rAjasthAnI sAhitya kI nidhi haiN| sAhitya yA kAvya hRdaya kI vastu hai jisakA lAvaNya loka-mAnasa meM pratibiMbita hotA hai| yahI loka-mAnasa vividha kAvya-rUpoM tathA chandoM kI ekamAtra nitya-bhUmi hai| ziSTa-sAhitya yahIM se preraNA lekara apanA mArga prazasta karatA hai aura isI se sAhitya ke loka-tAttvika adhyayana kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| ataeva 'dohA' apabhraMza kA eka loka-chanda hI hai| svarUpa kI dRSTi se 'dohA' nAma svayaM isake dvi-padAtmaka-rUpa kA paricAyaka hai jisa prakAra 'caupaI' yA 'caupAI' kahane se isake cataSpAdAtmaka rUpa kA aura 'chappaya' kahane se SaTa-pAdAtmaka rUpa kA paricaya milatA hai| vikAsa kI daSTi se ise prAkata ke 'gAhA' yA 'gAthA' chanda se vikasita kahA jAtA hai, para aisA hai nhiiN| apabhraMza ke mAtrA-chandoM meM tuka kA prayoga, loka-gItoM aura nRtyoM ko vividha tAloM kA prayoga apanI maulikatA thii| prAkRta ke gAthA chanda meM tuka kA vidhAna nahIM hai, lekina yaha apabhraMza ke dohA chanda kI vizeSatA hai| astu, yaha dohA chanda pUrvavartI prAkRta ke 'gAthA' kA vikAsa nahIM, balki apabhraMza kA hI lokapriya chanda hai aura isI rUpa meM apane paravartI hindI-kAvya meM prayukta huA hai| chAMdika-vidhAna kI dRSTi se 'dohA' 48 mAtrA kA mAtrika chaMda hai jisameM 24-24 mAtrAoM ke do caraNa hote haiM, 13, 11 mAtrAoM para yati kA niyama hai evaM aMta meM eka laghu (1) hotA hai| prAyaH sabhI chanda-zAstrakAroM ne isI krama ko pradhAnatA dI hai| kintu, isake bahulazaH lokaprayoga ne prastuta krama meM vyatikrama utpanna kara diyA hai aura yaha lokAbhivyakti meM bahudhA hotA hai| siddha-sAhitya meM bhI DaoN. dharmavIra bhAratI ne isake 13+11; 13+12 tathA 14+12 tIna rUpoM kA saMketa kiyA hai| kintu, apabhraMza ke isa lAr3ale chaMda kA sarvaprathama prayoga mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke 'vikramorvazIya' nATaka meM milatA hai| DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne isa dohe kI bhASA ko apabhraMza hI mAnA hai aura ise prakSipta mAnane ke AdhAra kA khaMDana kiyA hai| saMskRta ke aneka nATakoM ke bIca-bIca meM lokabhASA prAkRta tathA apabhraMza kI gItiyoM kA vidhAna milatA hai| isa prakAra cauthI-pA~cavIM sadI meM bhI apabhraMza-sAhitya kI chuTa-puTa vidyamAnatA kA AdhAra hAtha laga jAtA hai| tadupari to hemacandrAcArya ke prAkRta-vyAkaraNa meM aneka vIra aura zRMgArarasapUrNa dohe upalabdha hote haiN| isake atirikta pazcima meM jaina-muniyoM ke apabhraMza ke kaI dohA-kAvya milate haiM jinameM 'pAhuDa-dohA', 'sAvayadhamma dohA' tathA paramAtma-prakAza' ullekhya haiN| bArahavIM sadI kI abdula

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 23 rahamAna - kRta 'saMdeza- rAsaka' nAmaka apabhraMza kI jainetara racanA meM bhI dohA-chanda kA saphala prayoga draSTavya hai / anya vividha jaina tathA jainetara rAsa yA rAsau-kAvyoM meM bhI yaha prayoga darzanIya hai / rAjasthAnI ke to 'DholA-mArU-rA- dUhA' Adi aneka loka-gItoM meM yaha dohA-zailI maukhikarUpa meM dUra taka prasAra pAtI hai| pUrva meM bauddha-siddhoM kI vANI kA pracAra bhI dohA ke mAdhyama se huA thA / unake 'dohA-koza' isa tathya ke paricAyaka haiM tathA vajragItiyoM meM bhI ve dohA-chanda kA prayoga karate the aura unheM vizeSa utsavoM ke samaya gAyA karate the| phira bhI, isa chanda ke zAstrIya vidhAna kA jitanA nirvAha jaina aura jainetara kAvyoM meM milatA hai, utanA bauddha-siddha nahIM kara pAye / kAraNa, , bauddhoM kI guhya sAdhanA ne inheM jana-jIvana se alaga kara diyA thA, jabaki apabhraMza kA sAhitya janatA ke hitArtha lokajIvana ke madhya likhA gayA, isalie usameM jana-jIvana kA spandana thA / astu, siddhoM kI dohAkozavAlI paraMparA adhika dina taka na Thahara sakI aura AThavIM dasavIM sadI meM nAtha-paMthiyoM ke udaya ke sAtha kSaNa-kSaNe samApta ho gii| vastuta: sAhitya vahI jIvita raha sakatA hai jisameM lokasaMvedanA kA pravAha ho aura abhivyakti meM chandoM kI saMgItamayI mAdakatA ho| isa vicAra se pazcima kI jaina paraMparA adhika puSTa thI / ataH vikAsa kI dRSTi se dohoM kI muktaka-paraMparA bauddhoM kI pUrvI paraMparA na hokara, jaina tathA jainetara kaviyoM kI pazcimI apabhraMza kI ciraMtana paramparA hai aura paravartI hindI-sAhitya meM madhyakAlIna nirguNapaMthI kabIra Adi saMta kaviyoM meM darzanIya hai / tathA bAda meM tulasIdAsajI kI 'dohAvalI', matirAma 'dohAvalI' aura rahIma Adi ke dohoM meM hotI huI satrahavIM - aThArahavIM sadI ke madhya se Adhunika kAla taka bar3ha jAtI hai| muktaka kAvya-rUpa kI abhivyakti meM jitanA dohA chanda saphala rahA hai, utanA koI anya chanda nahIM / muktaka-kAvya rUpa se tAtparya usa svataMtra aura svayaMpUrNa kavitA se hai jisameM pUrvApara saMbaMdha nahIM hotA, atha ca pratyeka chanda rasAnubhUti meM pUrNa sakSama tathA saphala hotA hai| ghanAkSarI jaise bar3e tathA vistRta chandoM meM to bhAva kI vyaMjanA karake aneka rItikAlIna kaviyoM ne apanI kalAcAturI kA paricaya diyA hai; kintu dohA jaise laghu-kAya chaMda meM bhAva kI gaMbhIratA aura kalAsaujanya kI sRSTi meM bihArI ke sAtha matirAma jaisA viralA kavi hI saphala ho sakA hai| bhAva kI sUkSma kintu paripUrNa abhivyakti meM jo sthAna prAkRta meM 'gAhA' yA 'gAthA' chanda kA rahA, saMskRta meM 'AryA' chanda kA rahA, vahI sthAna apabhraMza aura hindI meM 'dohA' chanda kA rahA 'gAhA' yA 'gAthA' chanda kA prayoga hindI ke AdikAlIna 'pRthvIrAja - rAsau' tathA ' sandeza - rAsaka' meM bhI kiyA gayA hai| rAsau meM AryA chanda kA bhI prayoga huA hai| kintu, AdikAla ke uparAMta ina donoM chandoM kA prayoga nahIM miltaa| 'dohA' jahA~ tuka-yukta aura hasvAMta hotA hai, vahA~ 'gAhA' tuka - hIna aura dIrghAnta hotA 1 1 muktaka rUpa meM dohe kA prayoga sUra Adi kRSNa-bhakta kaviyoM meM bhI milatA hai / parantu, una rasika-bhakta-kaviyoM kI saMgIta-priyatA tathA kalA-kalpanA kI svacchaMdatA ne use pRthaka kAvyarUpa ke saujanya se maMDita kiyA hai jise 'pada - kAvya-rUpa' kahA gayA hai aura jo gIta-kAvya kI paraMparA kA hI paravartI vikAsa hai| vastutaH pada koI chanda nahIM hai atha ca, usake vidhAna meM aneka chandoM kA prayoga apane DhaMga bhakta-kaviyoM kara DAlA / isI se isake rUpa-vidhAna meM jahA~-tahA~ bhinnatA ke darzana hote haiM / yathA -

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24 apabhraMza bhAratI -8 (1) sAmAnya rUpa meM - gaila na chAMDai sAMvarau, kyoM kari panaghaTa jAuM / ihi sakucani Darapati rahauM, dharai na kou nAuM // ' (2) loka-gItAtmaka paddhati ke sAtha - kahu dina braja auro rahau, hari horI hai| aba jina mathurA jAhu, aho hari horI hai // paraba karaha ghara Apane. hari horI hai| kusala chama nirabAhu, aho hari horI hai // prastuta pada meM se loka-gItAtmaka ardha paMkti ko haTA diyA jAya to vizuddha dohA apane pUrNa muktaka-rUpa meM samakSa A jAtA hai - kahu dina braja-auro rahau, aba jina mathurA jAhu / paraba karahu ghara Apane, kusala chama nirabAhu // isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki dohA chanda ne apabhraMza kI muktaka-kAvya-paraMparA ko hindI meM bahuta dUra taka vikasita kiyA hai| viSaya-pratipAdana kI dRSTi se eka ora yaha vIra tathA zrRMgAra-rasa kI abhivyakti kA AdhAra banA hai aura dUsarI ora dhArmika, upadezAtmaka tathA nItiparaka kathanoM kI preSaNIyatA kA bhI mUlabhUta abalamba siddha huA hai| paravartI hindI-kAvya meM isake ye donoM hI rUpa darzanIya haiN| eka kA carama vikAsa 'vIra-satasaI' tathA 'bihArI-satasaI' ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai, to dUsare kA utkarSa santa-kaviyoM ke mAdhyama se rahIma ke dohoM tathA tulasI-dohAvalI Adi meM draSTavya hai| chAMdasika-vidhAna kI dRSTi se siddha tathA kabIra Adi saMtoM meM isake apavAda bhI milate haiN| vahA~ kahIM anta meM eka laghu ke sthAna para eka dIrgha bana gayA hai to kahIM caraNoM kI mAtrAoM meM vRddhi ho gaI hai| yathA - (1) bariyAM bItI bala gayA, aru burA kmaayaa| hari jina chAMDai hAtha thai, dina ner3A AyA // " (2) Nau ghareNau baNe bohi hiu eha pariANahu bheu / Nimmala citta sahAvatA karahu avikala seu // 2 phira bhI, isa dohA chaMda ne svayaM ko loka-gItoM kI zailI meM saMpRkta karake muktaka-rUpa ke svarUpa ko aura adhika labhAvanA tathA mohaka banA diyA hai| rAjasthAnI ke lokapriya praNayagIta 'DholA-mArU-rA-dahA' meM isa chaMda kA isa rUpa meM prayoga adhika saphala tathA vyaMjanApUrNa rahA hai| loka-saMsparza ne usake mArdava meM cAra cA~da lagA diye haiN| kabIra kI aneka sAkhiyoM para isakI chAyA spaSTa dIkha par3atI hai - rAti ju sArasa kuraliyA, guMji rahe saba tAla / jinakI jor3I bIchar3I, tir3akA kavaNa havAla // 53 // - DholA-mArU-rA-dUhA (sabhA) pR. 17 aMbara kuMjA kuraliyAM, garaji bhare saba tAla / jini pai govinda bIchuTe, tinake kauNa havAla // - kabIra-graMthAvalI (sabhA) viraha kau aMga, pR. 7

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 muktaka ke atirikta prabaMdha praNayana meM bhI isakA prayoga hindI-kAvya meM dekhA jAtA hai aura isakA sUtrapAta bhI apabhraMzakAlIna vividha racanAoM meM ho gayA thA / vahA~ katipaya arddhAliyoM bAda kisI dvipAdAtmaka - chanda ke prayoga kI paraMparA milatI hai| jinapadmasUri ke 'sthUlabhaddaphAgu' nAmaka kRti meM kucheka arddhAliyoM ke bAda dohe kA prayoga isa rUpa meM sarvaprathama darzanIya hai| apabhraMza - sAhitya meM isa prakAra kI zailI ko kar3avaka-zailI kahA gayA hai aura vaha tatkAlIna jaina muniyoM dvArA praNIta vividha rAsa - kAvyoM, cariu-kAvyoM kI prabaMdhaparaka pradhAna zailI rahI hai| yahI paramparA paravartI hindI - sAhitya meM jAyasI Adi sUphiyoM tathA kabIra kI ramainiyoM ke mAdhyama se tulasIdAsa tathA anya rAma kRSNa - zAkhA ke bhakta kaviyoM taka bar3ha AtI hai| isa paraMparA kA saMketa apabhraMza kI hI pUrvI siddha-paraMparA meM mila jAtA hai| yathA ebaku na kiMjjai manta na tanta / Nia dhariNI lai keli karanta // Nia ghare ghariNI jAva Na majjai / tAva ki paMcavaNa viharijjai // - jima loNa vilijjai pANisahi tima ghariNI lai citta / samarasa jAi takkhaNe jai puNu te sama Nitta // 13 25 kabIra meM ye kahIM saptapadI, kahIM aSTapadI aura kahIM bArahapadI milatI haiN| prabaMdha praNayana ke vikAsa meM dohA chaMda kA yaha zailIgata prayoga nisaMdeha navIna aura maulika hai| apabhraMzakAlIna prabaMdhoM meM ina kar3avakoM kI racanA meM dohA-caupAI yA arddhAlI ke atirikta anya samAna chaMdoM kA bhI prayoga hotA rahA thaa| parantu, hindI ke madhya yuga taka Ate-Ate caupAIdohA kA pracalana aura prayoga hI pradhAna ho gayA thaa| kyA jAyasI Adi sUphiyoM ke premAkhyAnoM meM aura kyA tulasIdAsa ke 'rAmacarita mAnasa' meM aura kyA kRSNa-bhakta naMdadAsa kI 'maMjarI' nAmaka prabaMdhAtmaka kRtiyoM meM, sarvatra yahI prayoga darzanIya hai| naMdadAsa ne to kar3avaka ke prArambha meM bhI katipaya dohoM kA prayoga apabhraMza ke puSpadaMta kI bhA~ti kiyA hai aura 'rAmacarita mAnasa' meM caupAiyoM ke bAda aneka dohoM tathA soraThA kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| 'soraThA' apabhraMza kA priya chaMda to nahIM, para muni joiMdu ke 'paramAtmaprakAza' meM isakA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| vastuta: yaha dohe kA hI pratirUpa hai| kisI bhI dohe ko ulaTakara soraThA banAyA jA sakatA hai| kahIM-kahIM siddhoM meM isakA prayoga apavAda - jaisA hai / parantu, hindI meM isakA bahulaza: prayoga dekhA jAtA hai| isa prakAra dohA-chaMda yahA~ taka Ate-Ate muktaka ke sAtha prabaMdha-paraMparA kA bhI pramukha aMga bana jAtA hai| katipaya caupAiyoM ke bAda yaha vahI kArya karatA hai jo pUrvavartI apabhraMza ke prabandhoM meM 'ghattA' Adi chanda / caupAI - mizrita apane isa prabaMdhagata prayoga ke atirikta 'rolA' ke sAtha bhI dohA kA prabaMdhAtmaka rUpa hindI ke kRSNa-bhakta kavi naMdadAsa ne 'bhramaragIta' meM kiyA hai| prathama dohA aura tadupari rolA kA prayoga rAjazekhara sUri ne 'neminAthaphAgu' meM kiyA hai| apabhraMza ke phAgu-kAvyoM kI yaha viziSTa zailI rahI hai aura varNanapradhAna hI adhika hai / yathA - sarala tarala bhuyavallariya sihaNa pINaghaNa tuMga / udaradesi laMkAulI ya sohai tivalaturaMga // 10 //

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26 aha komala vimala niyaMbabiMba kiri gaMgApuliNA, karikara Uri hariNa jaMgha pallava karacaraNA, malapati cAlati vela hIya haMsalA harAvai, sajhArAgu akAli bAlu nahakiraNi karAvai // 11 // 4 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki apane vikAsa-krama meM dohA do kAvyarUpoM meM prayukta huA hai eka muktaka kAvyarUpa aura dUsarA prabaMdha praNayana kI dRSTi se, aura donoM hI rUpoM meM yaha pazcimI apabhraMza kA hI prabhAva hai| tabhI to rAjasthAnI ke 'DholA-mArU - rA dUhA' loka-gItAtmaka-prabandha ACT prANAdhAra banA / pUrvI apabhraMza meM siddhoM kI paramparA nauvIM dasavIM sadI meM nAtha-sAhitya meM pariNata huI, kintu isameM bhI dohA-chanda kA prayoga nahIM miltaa| spaSTa hai dohA pazcimI apabhraMza kA chaMda hai aura vahIM se paravartI sAhitya meM isakA vikAsa huaa| isa prakAra yaha apanI kAvyayAtrA meM eka ora muktaka ke rUpa meM jainoM ke AdhyAtmika aura nItiparaka sAhitya kA vAhaka banA, tadupari hindI ke paravartI muktaka-kAvya ko dUra taka prabhAvita kiyA aura dUsarI ora kabhI apabhraMza kI kar3avaka - zailI ke rUpa meM prabandha- praNayana kI paraMparA ko vikasita karatA rahA to kabhI 'rolA' chanda ke sAtha nUtana zilpa kA vidhAna karatA rhaa| 1. chanda-prabhAkara, jagannAthaprasAda 'bhAnu', pR. 92 / 2. rAjasthAnI bhASA aura sAhitya, DaoN. motIlAla menAriyA, pR. 82 1 apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 - 3. chanda - prabhAkara, jagannAthaprasAda 'bhAnu', pR. 92 / prAkRta-paiMgalam, saMpA. DaoN. vyAsa, pR. 781 4. siddha- sAhitya, DaoN. dharmavIra bhAratI, pR. 293-2941 5. maI jANiaM miyaloyaNI, Nisayaru koi harei / jAva Na Nava jali sAmala, dhArAharu barasei // - vikramorvazIya, kAlidAsa, 4 aMka / 6. hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla, DaoN. ha. pra. dvivedI, pR. 98 / 7. siddha-sAhitya, DaoN. dharmavIra bhAratI, pR. 294 1 - 13. vahI, Vol. XXVIII, pR. 27 1 14. phAgu-saMgraha, neminAtha phAgu, pR. 35 / 8. pRthvIrAja - rAsau meM 'gAhA' aura 'gAthA' donoM nAma prayukta hue haiN| yathA, samaya 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 23, 24, 25, 44, 48, 57, 61, 66 tathA 68. saMdeza - rAsaka meM 'gAhA' nAma kA hI prayoga huA hai / yathA, prathama prakrama 1-17 chanda, dvitIya prakrama meM 32-40, 72, 84, 90, 93, 126 - 129; tRtIya prakrama meM 149, 152 153 172, 213 tathA 221 / 9. sUra - sAgara (sabhA), dazama skaMdha, pada 1443, pR. 7591 10. vahI, pada 2915, pR. 12631 11. kabIra - graMthAvalI (sabhA), kAla kau aMga, pR. 751 12. jarnala oNpha dI DipArTameMTa oNpha leTarsa, yUnivarsiTI oNpha kalakattA, Vol. XXVIII, pR. 23 / 49- bI, Aloka nagara AgarA - 282010

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apabhraMza bhAratI -8 navambara, 1996 27 apabhraMza sAhitya meM vastu-varNana - DaoN. indra bahAdura siMha pataMjali ke samaya taka una saba zabdoM ko apabhraMza samajhA jAtA thA jo saMskRta bhASA se vikRta hote the| bhAmaha' aura daNDI ne apabhraMza ko kAvyopayogI bhASA aura kAvya kA eka vizeSa rUpa mAnA hai| daNDI ne samasta vAGmaya ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai - tadetad vAGmayaM bhUyaH saMskRtaM prAkRtaM tathA / apabhrazaMzca mizraM cetyAhurAryAzcaturvidham // ' yahA~ taka Ate-Ate apabhraMza vAGmaya ke eka bheda ke rUpa meM svIkRta ho gayA thaa| lekina AbhIroM ke sAtha usakA saMbaMdha banA huA thaa| isI se apabhraMza bhASA 'AbhIrokti' yA 'AbhIrAdigI'kahI gayI hai| AbhIrokti hote hae bhI daNDI ke samaya taka isameM kAvyahone lagI thii| isI prakAra 'kuvalayamAlA kathA' ke lekhaka udyotana sUri bhI apabhraMza-kAvya kI prazaMsA karate haiN| 'kAvyAlaMkAra' meM rudraTa apabhraMza ko anya sAhityika prAkRtoM ke samAna gaurava dete hue deza-bheda ke kAraNa vividha apabhraMza bhASAoM kA ullekha karate haiN| apane 'mahApurANa' meM puSpadanta ne saMskRta aura prAkRta ke sAtha apabhraMza kA bhI spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai| usa samaya rAjakumAriyoM ko saMskRta aura prAkRta ke sAtha apabhraMza kA bhI jJAna karAyA jAtA thaa| rAjazekhara ne apabhraMza bhASA ko pRthaka sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai - zabdArthoM te zarIraM, saMskRtaM mukhaM, prAkRtaM bAhuH / jaghanamapabhraMzaH, paizAcaM pAdau, uro mizram //

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28 apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 isake anantara nami sAdhu (1069 I.), mammaTa (11vIM zatAbdI), vAgbhaTa (1140 I.), viSNudharmottara kA kartA, hemacandra, nATyadarpaNa meM rAmacandra tathA guNacandra (12vIM zatAbdI) aura 'kAvyalatA parimala' meM amaracandra (1250 I.) Adi ne apabhraMza ko saMskRta aura prAkRta kI zreNI kI sAhityika bhASA svIkAra kI hai| "AbhIrI bhASApabhraMzasthA kathitA kvacinmAgadhyAmapi dRzyate -" se spaSTa hotA hai ki 1069 I. ke AsapAsa apabhraMza kA koI rUpa magadha taka phaila gayA thA aura usakI koI bolI magadha meM bhI bolI jAne lagI thii| amaracandra SaD bhASAoM meM apabhraMza kI bhI gaNanA karate haiM - saMskRtaM prAkRtaM caiva zaurasenI ca maagdhii| paizAcikI cApabhraMzaM SaD bhASA: parikIrttitAH // ' apabhraMza zabda kA prayoga yadyapi mahAbhASya se bhI kucha zatAbdI pUrva milatA hai, phira bhI apabhraMza zabda kA prayoga bhASA ke rUpa meM kaba se prayukta hone lagA, nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sktaa| bhASA-vaijJAnikoM ne apabhraMza-sAhitya kA Arambha 500 yA 600 I. se mAnA hai| kintu apabhraMza bhASA ke jo lakSaNa inhoMne nirdhArita kiye haiM unake udAharaNa azoka ke zilAlekhoM te haiN| isI prakAra 'dhammapada' meM bhI aneka zabdoM meM apabhraMza-rUpa dikhAyI detA hai| 'lalita-vistara' aura mahAyAna sampradAya ke anya bauddha graMthoM kI gAthA saMskRta meM bhI apabhraMza kA rUpa dRSTigata hotA hai| prasiddha aitihAsika vidvAna tArAnAtha ne likhA hai - "bauddhoM ke sammitIya samudAya ke 'tripiTaka' ke saMskaraNa pAli, saMskRta aura prAkRta ke atirikta apabhraMza meM bhI likhe gye|" uparyukta vivecana evaM vizleSaNa se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kI uttarakAlIna avasthA ko apabhraMza kA nAma diyA gayA hai| sAhityika prAkRtoM ke vyAkaraNa bana jAne ke kAraNa usakA svAbhAvika vikAsa ruka gyaa| sAhityika prAkRtoM ke vikAsa ruka jAne para bolacAla kI bhASAe~ aura Age bar3hI aura apabhraMza ke nAma se vikhyAta huiiN| dhIre-dhIre apabhraMza ne bhI sAhitya ke kSetra meM sthAna pAyA aura apabhraMza meM bhI sAhitya racA jAne lgaa| saMskRta aura prAkRta vyAkaraNoM ke samAna hemacandra, trivikrama, lakSmIdhara, mArkaNDeya Adi vaiyAkaraNoM ne apabhraMza ko bhI vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se bA~dhane kA prayatna kiyaa| phalataH apabhraMza kI vRddhi bhI ruka gyii| kAlAntara meM apabhraMza se hI bhinna-bhinna vartamAna bhAratIya prAntIya-sAhityoM kA vikAsa huaa| bhAratIya vAGmaya meM vastu-varNana kI paramparA bar3I prAcIna hai| vastu-varNana kI yaha paraMparA dhIre-dhIre rUr3ha rUpa dhAraNa karatI gyii| madhyakAlIna kAvyagraMthoM meM vastu-varNana kavi-zikSA kA eka anivArya aMga bana gayA thaa| kavi ise kAvya ke dUsare avayavoM kI taraha sIkhate aura prayoga meM lAte the| yaha saca hai ki prAcIna vastu-varNana meM sUkSma nirIkSaNa-zakti kA darzana yatra-tatra hotA hai, kintu adhikAMza kaviyoM ne paraMparA kA hI anukaraNa kiyA hai| rAjazekhara ne 'kAvya-mImAMsA' meM kAvyoM kI zreSThatA kA mAnadaNDa nava-vastu kA cunAva aura varNana bhI mAnA hai -

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 29 zabdArthazAsanavidaH kavi no kavante yadvAGmayaM zrutighanasya cakAsti cakSuH / kintvasti yadvacasi vastu navaM sadukti sandarbhiNA sadhuri tasyagiraH pavitraH // prAraMbha meM saMskRta-kAvya meM vastu-varNana ke kSetra meM paryApta maulikatA aura navInatA dikhAyI detI hai| mahAkavi bANa isake advitIya udAharaNa haiM / saMskRta bhASA meM nagara-yojanA saMbaMdhI vipula sAhitya milatA hai| agni, garur3a, matsya aura bhaviSya purANoM meM nagara-yojanA para savistAra likhA gayA hai| 'mAnasAra' graMtha meM nagara-vinyAsa aura vyavasthA kA bahuta vistRta vivaraNa milatA hai| usameM nagara, kheTa, kharvaTa, pattana, kubjaka Adi kaI zreNiyA~ batAyI gayI haiM / taMtra aura Agama graMthoM meM bhI nagara-varNana dekhane ko milatA hai| kAmikAgama' aura 'suprabhedAgama' meM nagara-yojanA para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| mahArAja bhoja ke rAjyakAla meM likhA gayA 'samarAMgaNasUtradhAra' meM nagarayojanA kA vistRta vivaraNa hai| sabase sundara nagara varNana 'pAdatADitakama' bhANI meM milatA hai| isake racayitA zyAmalika haiN| zyAmalika ne nagara ko sArvabhauma mAnakara usakA varNana kiyA hai - 'bAz2Ara (vipaNi) meM strI-puruSoM kI bhIr3a lagI rahatI thI jo jala aura thala-mArgoM se lAye hue sAmAnoM ke becane meM vyasta rahate the| logoM ke dhakke-mukke aura hullar3a se aisA zora hotA thA jaisA carAgAhoM meM gAyoM kA yA saMdhyAkAlIna AvAsa para kauvoM kA hotA thaa| kArIgaroM kI dhar3adhar3a aura dastakAroM kI Tana-Tana kAnoM ko phor3atI thii| luhAroM ke kArakhAnoM meM nirantara khaTakhaTa hotI rahatI thii| kasere jaba baratanoM ko kharAdakara utArate the to kurarI jaisA zabda hotA thaa| zaMkhakAra jaba cheniyoM se zaMkhoM ko tarAsate the to saiM-saiM kI AvAz2a AtI thI, jaise ghor3e jora se sA~sa le rahe hoN| mAlAkAroM kI dukAnoM para phUla aura gaz2are saje the aura zauMDikoM kI zAlAoM meM surA ke caSaka calate the| bAz2Ara meM saba dizAoM se Aye hue logoM kI itanI bhIr3a hotI thI ki calane ko rAstA nahIM milatA thaa'|' ___ madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM varNita vastu-varNana kA eka mahattvapUrNa pakSa hai bhAratIya paddhati para musalamAnI prabhAva ke aMkana kA parijJAna / musalamAnI AkramaNa ne na kevala hindU rAjyoM ko naSTa kiyA balki hamArI sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika sthitiyoM meM krAntikArI parivartana bhI laayaa| musalamAnoM ke AkramaNa kA sabase adhika prabhAva bhAratIya nagara-jIvana para pdd'aa| DaoN. khalIka ahamada niz2AmI ne isa prabhAva para prakAza DAlate hue likhA hai - "uttarI bhArata para turkI AkramaNa aura Adhipatya kA sabase mahattvapUrNa prabhAva yaha par3A ki nagara-yojanA kI prAcIna paddhati chinnabhinna ho gyii| musalamAnoM ke sArvabhauma nagaroM ne rAjapUta yuga ke jAtIya nagaroM kA sthAna le liyaa| zramikoM, kArIgaroM aura cANDAloM ke lie nagaroM ke dvAra khola diye gye| nagaroM ke parakoTe nirantara sarakate aura bar3hate rhe| inake bhItara U~ca aura nIca saba prakAra ke logoM ne apane ghara banAye aura ve eka-dUsare ke sAtha binA kisI sAmAjika bhedabhAva ke rahane lge| yaha yojanA turka prazAsakoM ko pasanda AyI, jo apane kArakhAnoM, daphtaroM, gharoM meM kAma karAne ke lie sabhI zramikoM ko apane pAsa rakhanA cAhate the| phalataH nagaroM kA vistAra huA aura samRddhi bddh'ii|10 madhyakAlIna nagaroM meM caurAsI hAToM kA varNana vibhinna graMthoM meM milatA hai| mANikyacandra sUri ne vAgvilAsa (pRthvIcandra caritra) meM caurAsI hAToM ke nAma ginAye haiM, unameM se kucha isa prakAra

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30 apabhraMza bhAratI haiM - (1) sonI haTI, (2) nANAvara haTI, (3) saugaMdhiyA haTI, (4) phophaliyA, (5) sUtriyA, (6) SaDasUtriyA, (7) ghIyA, (8) telaharA, ( 9 ) dantarA, (10) balIyAra, (11) dosI, (12) maNIyArahaTI, (13) nestI, (14) gaMdhI, (15) kapAsI, (16) phaDIyA, ( 17 ) phaDIhaTI, (18) eraMDiyA, (19) rasaNIyA, (20) pravAlIyA, (21) sonAra, (22) trAMbahaTA (tAmra ), (23) sAMSahaTA, (24) pItalagarA, (25) sIsAhaDA, (26) motIproyA, ( 27 ) sAlavI, (28) mIgArA, (29) ku~ArA, (30) cUnArA, (31) tUnArA, (32) kUTArA, (33) gulIyAla, (34) parIyaTA, (35) dyAMcI, ( 36 ) mocI, (37) suI, (38) lohaTiyA, (39) loDhArA, (40) citraharA, ( 41 ) satUhArA ityAdi / ika soM bane dhavala AvAsa / maTha maMdira devala caupAsa // caurAsI cauhaTTa apAra / bahuta bhA~ti dIsa suvicAra // " isI prakAra sadhAra agravAlakRta 'pradyumnacarita' (1411 vi. samvat) meM bhI caurAsI hAToM kA varNana milatA hai - - - 8 - prAcIna vAGmaya meM vastuvarNana aneka rUpoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| unameM se kucha isa prakAra haiM upavana, daravAra, dAraSola, dArigaha, vArigaha, nimAjagaha, Soramagaha, prAsAda, pramadavana, puSpavATikA, kRtrima nadI, krIr3Azaila, dhArAgRha, zRMgAra-saMketa, mAdhavI - maNDapa, vizrAma - caurA, citrazAlI, khaTvAhiMDola, kusumazayyA, pradIpamANikya, candrakAnta zilA, catussamapallava, vezyAhATa, alakAtilakA, azvavarNana, hastisenA, sainya- saMcaraNa, yuddha-varNana aadi| apabhraMza kaviyoM ne mahAkAvyoM, carita aura kathAkAvyoM meM bharapUra vastu-varNana kiyA hai| jaunapura ke zAhI mahala ke varNana meM vidyApati ne bhAratIya aura musalamAnI bhavana-nirmANa kalA kI jAnakArI kA sUkSma paricaya diyA hai| vahA~ pramukha dvAra kI Dyor3hI meM naMgI talavAreM liye dvArapAla khar3e the| darabAra ke bIca meM sadara daravAje se calakara zAhI mahala kA lambA-caur3A maidAna, daragAha, darabAre Ama, namAja - gRha, bhojana gRha aura zayana - gRha bane hue haiM - aho aho Azcarya! tAhi dArakholahi karo davAla daravAla o // 2.238 // JeJona darabAra meJoNe dara sadara dArigaha vArigaha nimAjagaha SoAragaha, kareo citta camatkAra deSante saba bola jani adyaparyanta vizvakarmA yahI kArya chala // 2.241 // 2 Soramagaha // 2.239 // bhala // 2.240 // mahApurANa puSpadanta dvArA racA gayA mahAkAvya hai| isameM janapadoM, nagaroM aura grAmoM kA varNana bar3A hI bhavya bana par3A hai| kavi ne navIna aura mAnava-jIvana ke sAtha saMbaddha upamAnoM kA prayoga kara varNanoM ko bar3A sajIva banAyA hai| magadha deza kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai - - jahiM koilu hiMDai kasaNa piMDu vaNa lacchihe NaM kajjala karaMDu | jahiM saliI mArutha pelliyAiM ravi sosaNa bhaeNa va halliyAI // jahiM kamalahaM lacchii sahuM saNehu sahuM sasahareNa vaDDhi virohu / kira do vitAI mahaNu vbhavAiM jANaMti Na taM jaDa saMbhavaI // jujjhaMta mahisa vasahucchavAI maMthA maMthiya maMthaNi ravAI || 3

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 31 jahA~ vanalakSmI ke kajjala-pAtra ke samAna kRSNavarNa koyala vicaratI haiN| jahA~ vAyu se Andolita jala mAno sUrya ke zoSaNa-bhaya se hila rahe haiM / jahA~ kamaloM ne lakSmI ke sAtha sneha aura zazadhara ke sAtha virodha kiyA hai, yadyapi lakSmI aura zazadhara donoM kSIra sAgara ke manthana se utpanna hue haiM aura donoM jala-janmA haiM kintu ajJAnatA se isa bAta ko nahIM jaante| jahA~ mahiSa aura vRSabha kA yuddhotsava ho rahA hai| jahA~ manthana-tatpara bAlAoM ke manthanI-rava ke sAtha madhura gIta sunAyI par3ate haiM / yahA~ para prAkRtika dRzyoM dvArA kavi ne nagara kI zobhA zrI kA varNana kiyA hai| magadha deza meM rAjagRha kI zobhA kA varNana karate hue kavi kahatA hai - jahiM dIsaha tahiM bhallau Nayaru, Navallau sasi ravi anta vihUsiu / uvari vilaMbiyataraNihe saggeM, dharaNihe NAvai pAhuDu pesiu // 14 rAjagRha mAnoM svarga dvArA pRthvI ke lie bhejA huA upahAra ho| isI prakAra poyaNa (podana) nagara kA varNana karatA huA kavi kahatA hai ki vaha itanA vistIrNa, samRddha aura sundara thA mAnoM suraloka ne pRthvI ko prAbhRta (bheMTa) dI ho - tahiM poyaNa NAmu Nayaru asthi vitthiNNauM / suraloeM NAi dhariNihi pAhuDu diNNauM // 5 nagaroM ke ina vistRta varNanoM meM kavi kA hRdaya mAnava-jIvana ke prati jAgarUka hai mAno usane mAnava ke dRSTikoNa se vizva ko dekhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| dhavala kavi dvArA racita harivaMzapurANa meM kauzAmbI nagarI kA varNana milatA hai| ina varNanoM meM ekarUpatA hote hue bhI navInatA dikhAyI detI hai - jaNa dhaNa kaMcaNa rayaNa samiddhI, kausaMvIpurI bhuvaNa pasiddhI / tahiM ujjANa sughaNa sumaNohara, kamaliNi saMDihiM NAi mahAsara // bAviu devala tuMga mahAghara, maNi maMDiya NaM devaha maMdira / khAiya veDhiya pAsu payAraho, lavaNovahi NaM jaMvU dIvaho / tahiM jaNu bahuguNa siya saMpuNNau, bhUsiu vara bhUsaNahiM ravaNNauM / kusuma vattha taMbolahi suMdara, ujjala vaMsa asesa vi taha Nara / Nara NAriu suheNa NiccaMtaiM, Niya bhavaNihiM vasaMti vilasaMtaI // yaza:kIrti-racita harivaMzapurANa meM kavi ne sundara alaMkRta zailI meM hastinApura kA varNana kiyA hai| parisaMkhyAlaMkAra meM nagara kA varNana darzanIya hai - chatte sudaMDu jiNaharu vihAru, pIlaNu tilae sIikkhi phAru / satthe suvu mokkhu vi pasiddha, kaMdalu kaMdesu viNauM viruddha // chira cheu sAli chettaho pahANu, iMdiya Niggahu muNigaNa ho jANu / jaDayA jalesu maMsu vi diNesu, saMdhIsu surAgamu tahaM ? suresu //

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32 apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 NisiyA asidhArai sUiesu, kharadaMDu paumaNAleM asesu / kosa khau pahiya ha Nau jaNesu, vaMkattu uhave kuMcie // jar3a uddhAru vi paru vAlaesu, aviyaDDhattaNu govaya Naresu / khalu khalihANeM ahavA khalesu, para dAragamaNu jahiM muNivare // kavvalasu Nirasattu vipattharesu, jadbhuvikasAla thI purisaesu / dhammesu vasuNa pUyAsurAu, maNuUhaTTai dittaMhaM Na cAu / mANe mANu sIhesu kohu, dINesu mAya duddhesu dohu || satthesu lohu uM sajjaNesu, para hANi ciMtte dujjaNa jasu / turagAmiu mau NauM tiya samUhu, ai caMcalu aDaihiM mayaha johu / vivaha hi dAyArahiM vahujaNehiM, jaM sUhai jaNa dhaNa kaNa bharehi // 17 jasaharacariu meM puSpadanta ne yaudheya deza kA varNana karate hue likhA hai - yaudheya nAma kA deza aisA hai mAno pRthvI ne divya veza dhAraNa kiyA ho| jahA~ jala aise gatizIla hai mAno kAminiyA~ lIlA se gati kara rahI hoN| jahA~ upavana kusumita aura phalayukta haiM mAno pRthvI vadhU ne navayauvana dhAraNa kiyA ho / jahA~ gaue~ aura bhaiMseM sukha se baiThI haiN| jinake dhIre-dhIre romantha karane se gaMDasthala hila rahe haiM / jahA~ Ikha ke kheta rasa se sundara haiM aura mAnoM havA se nAca rahe haiN| jahA~ dAnoM ke bhAra se jhuke hue pakvazAlI khar3e haiN| jahA~ zatadala kamala pattoM aura bhramaroM se yukta haiN| jahA~ totoM kI paMkti dAnoM ko cuga rahI hai / jahA~ jaMgala meM mRgoM ke jhuNDa gvAloM se gAye jAte gAnoM ko prasanna mana se suna rahe haiM - joheyau NAmiM atthi desu NaM dharaNie dhariyau divvavesu / jahiM calaI jalAI savibbhamAI NaM kAmiNikulaI savibbhamAI // kusumiya phaliyaiM jahiM uvavaNAiM NaM mahi kAmiNiNava jovvaNAI / maMthara romaMthaNa caliya gaMDa jahiM suhi NisaNNa gomahisi saMDa // jahiM ucchuvaNaiM rasa daMsirAI NaM pavaNa vaseNa paNaccirAI / kaNabhara paNaviya pikka sAli jahiM dIsai sayadalu sadalu sAli // jahiM kaNisu kIra riMcholi cuNai gaha vai suyAhi paDivayaNu bhaNai / jahiM diNNu kaNNu vaNi mayauleNa govAla geya raMjiya maNeNa // 18 isI prakAra kavi ne rAjapura kA bhI bar3A sarasa varNana kiyA hai| " puSpadanta kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai ki vaha ina saba varNanoM meM mAnava-jIvana kI upekSA nahIM karatA / kavi kI dRSTi nagaroM bhoga-vilAsamaya jIvana kI hI ora nahIM rahI, apitu grAmavAsiyoM ke svAbhAvika, sarala aura madhura jIvana kI ora bhI gayI hai| gvAla-bAloM ke gIta, gAya-bhaiMsoM kA romantha, Ikha ke kheta Adi dRzya isI tathya kI ora saMketa karate haiM / avantI kA varNana karate hue kavi kahatA hai etthathi avaMtINAma visau mahivahu bhu~jAviya jeNa visau / NaM daMtahiM gAmahiM biDalArAmahiM saravara kamalahiM lacchisahi // galakala kekkArahiM haMsahiM morahiM maMDiya jetthu suhAi mahi / jahiM cumucumaMta keyAra kIra vara kalama sAli surahiya samIra // -

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 33 jahiM goulAI pau vikkiraMti puMDucchu daMDa khaMDaI caraMti / jahiM vasaha mukka DhekkAradhIra jIhA vilihiya NaMdiNi sarIra // jahiM maMthara gamaNaiM mAhisAI daharamaNuDDAviya sArasAI / kAhaliyavaMsa rava rattiyAu vahuau gharakamiM guttiyAu // saMkeya kuDuMgaNa pattiyAu jahiM jhINau virahiM tattiyAu / jahiM hAlirUba Nivaddha cakRkhusImAvaDuNa muai ko vijakRkhu // jimmai jahiM evahi pavAsiehiM dahi kUru khIru ghiu desI ehiM / pava pAliyAi jahiM bAliyAi pANiu bhiMgAra pnnaaliyaai|| ditie mohiu Niru pahiyaviMdu caMgau dakkhAlivi vayaNa caMdu / jahiM cau payAI tosiya maNAiMdhaNNaiMcaraMti Na hu puNu tiNAI // hi Nayari asthi jahiM pANi pasArar3a matta hatthi // 20 muni kanakAmara karakaMDa cariu meM aMgadeza kA varNana karate hue kahate haiM - aMgadeza aisA sundara hai mAno pRthvIrUpI nArI ne divya veza dhAraNa kara liyA ho| jahA~ sarovaroM meM uge hue kamala pRthvI-mukha para nayanoM ke samAna pratIta ho rahe haiN| jahA~ kRSaka bAlAoM ke saundarya se AkRSTa ho divya dehadhArI yakSa bhI staMbhita aura gatizUnya ho jAte haiN| jahA~ carate hue hariNoM ko gAna se mugdha karatI huI bAlAe~ zAlI kSetroM kI rakSA kara rahI haiM / jahA~ drAkSAphaloM kA upabhoga karate hue pathika mArga ke zramajanya duHkha ko kho dete haiN| jahA~ mArga sarovaroM meM khile kamaloM kI paMkti zobhAyamAna ho rahI hai mAno ha~satI huI pRthvI zobhAyamAna ho rahI ho - chakhaNDabhUmi rayaNahaM NihANu rayaNAyaro vva sohAyamANu / etthatthi ravaNNau aMgadesu mahi mahilaI NaM kiu divvavesu // jahiM saravari uggaya paMkayAI NaM dharaNivayaNi nnynnullyaaii| jahiM hAliNirUvaNivaddheNeha saMcallahi~ jakkha NaM divvadeha // jahiM bAlahiM rakkhiya sAlikhetta moheviNu gIyaeM hariNakhaMta / jahiM dakkhaI jividuhu muyaMti thala kamalahiM paMthiya suhu suyaMti // jahiM sAraNisalili saroyapaMti airehai meiNi NaM hasaMti // divyadRSTi dhAhila ne paumasirIcariu meM madhya deza kA alaMkRta bhASA meM varNana karate hue * likhA hai - iha bharahi atthi ujjala suvesu supasiddhau nAmi majjhadesu / tahiM tinni vi hari-kamalAulAi~ kaMtAra-sarovara rAulAi~ // dhammAsatta naresara muNivara sa hu suyasAli loga guNi diyavara / gAmAgara pura niyara maNohara viula nIra gaMbhIra sarovara // udaliya kamala saMDa ubbhAsiya keyai kusuma gaMdha parivAsiya / vahuviha jaNa dhaNa dhanna khAulu go mahisa ula khAula goulu // bhUsiu dhavala tuMga varabhavaNehi saMkula gAma sIma uccharaNehi / komala keli bhavaNa kaya sohihi phalabhara nAmiya tuMga dumohihi //

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34 apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 phopphala nAgavelli dala thAmehi maMDiu gAmujjANArAmehi / kayavara cakkamAli kusumAlihi vajjiu irAula dukkAlihi // paMthiyajaNa vinna varabhoyaNu vivihUsava ANaMdiya jaNa maNu / kaivara naDa naTTahi cAraNa vaMdihi nacciu supurisaha~ cariu / vara geya ravAulu rahasa surAulu mahihiM saggu naM avayariGa || 2 isa varNana meM kavi kI dRSTi madhyapradeza ke kAMtAra, sarovara aura rAjakuloM ke sAtha-sAtha vahA~ ke grAmoM para bhI gayI, go-mahiSa-kula ke ramya zabda, grAma-sImAvarttI ikSu-vana, grAmodyAna Adi bhI usakI dRSTi se ojhala nahIM hue| varNana karate hue madhyadeza meM supArI aura nAgavela (pAna) kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| varNana kI samApti meM kavi kahatA hai ki madhyadeza aisA pratIta hotA thA mAno pRthvI para svarga avatIrNa huA ho| isI prakAra kavi kA vasaMtapura varNana bhI ramaNIya bana par3A hai / kavi ke vastu - vastuta meM vastu-varNana zailI milatI hai| - pAsaNAhacariu meM zrIdhara kavi ne dillI nagara kA varNana bhI alaMkRta zailI meM kiyA hai| vahA~ kI U~cI-U~cI zAlAoM, vizAla raNamaMDapoM, sundara maMdiroM, samada gaja ghaTAoM, gatizIla turaMgoM, striyoM kI pada nUpura- dhvani ko sunakara nAcate hue mayUroM aura vizAla haTTa mArgoM kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai jahiM gayaNAmaMDalA laggu sAlu, raNa maMDava parimaMDiu visAlu / goura siri kalasA haya payaMgu, jala pUriya parihA liMgi yaMgu // jahi jaNa maNa NayaNANaMdirAI, maNiyara gaNa maMDiya maMdirAI / jahiM caudisu sohahiM ghaNavaNAI, NAyaraNara khayara suhAvaNAI // jahiM samaya karaDi ghaDa-ghaDa haDaMti, paDisacheM disi vidisi viphuDaMti / jahiM pavaNa gamaNa dhAvira turaMga, NaM vAri rAsi bhaMgura taraMga // pavilu aNaMga saru jahiM vihAi rayaNAyaru saI avayariu NAI / jahiM tiya payaNeura rau suNevi, hariseM sihi Naccai taNu dhuNevi // jahi maNuharu rehai haTTa maggu NIsesa vatthu saMviyasa maggu / kAtaMtaM piva paMjI samiddhu, Nava kAmi jovvaNa miva samiddhu // sura ramaNi yaNu va varaNettavattu, pekkhaNayara miva vahu vesa vaMtu / vAyaraNu va sAhiya vara suvaNNu, NADaya pakkhaNayaM piva sapaNNu // cakkavai va varahA apphalillu, saMccuNNa NAI saddaMsaNillu / dappubbhaDa bhaDa toNu va kaNillu, saviNaya sIsu va vahu gora sillu // pArAvAru va vitthariya saMkhu, tihuaNa vai guNa Niyaru va asaMkhu // yaNamiva satAra, saruva sahArau, paura mANu kAmiNi yaNu va / saMgaru va saNAyaDa, gahu va sarAyau, Nihaya kaMsu NArAyaNu va // 24 isI prakAra zrIdhara - racita bhavisayattacariu meM hastinApura 25 varNana, siMha - viracita pajjuNNacariu meM saurASTradeza " - varNana, dhanapAla - likhita bAhubalicarita7 meM rAjagRha-varNana aura addahamANa - viracita saMdeza - rAsaka meM sAmoru nagara, udyAnoM aura vahA~ kI vAravanitAoM kA

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 35 varNana kiyA hai| isake atirikta paumacariu meM svayaMbhU-varNita jalakrIr3A-varNana", NAyakumAracariu meM puSpadanta-likhita jalakrIr3A-varNana, jasaharacariu meM krIr3odyAna-varNana aura vIra kaviracita jaMbusAmicariu meM udyAna-varNana, pAsacariu meM jalakrIr3A Adi kA varNana bar3I svAbhAvikatA ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra vidyApati ne kIrtilatA meM jaunapura kA sArvabhauma varNana karate hue likhA hai - usa nagara ke saundarya ko dekhate hue, saikar3oM bAjAra-rAstoM se gujarate, upanagara tirAhoM aura caurAhoM meM ghUmate gopura (dvAra), vakrahaTI (sarAphAhATa), maMDapoM, galiyoM, aTTAlikAoM, ekAnta gRhoM, rahaTa, ghATa, kapizIrSa (kiloM ke Upara ke guMbaja), prAkAra, pura-vinyAsa Adi kA kyA varNana karU~, mAno dUsarI amarAvatI kA avatAra huA hai - avaru punu tAhi nagaranhi karo pariThava Thavante zatasaMkhya / hATa bATa gamante zAkhAnagara zRMgATaka AkrIDante, gopura // vakahaTI, valabhI, vIthI, aTArI, ovarI rahaTa ghATa / kausIsa prAkAra puravinyAsa kathA kahajo kA jani // dosarI amarAvatI ka avatAra bhA // 4 bAz2Ara kI gatividhiyoM kA varNana karatA huA kavi Age kahatA hai ki hATa meM prathama praveza karane para, aSTadhAtu se (bartana) gar3hane kI TaMkAra tathA bartana becanevAle kaseroM kI dukAnoM para bartanoM kI keMkAra dhvani ho rahI thii| kharIda-pharokhta ke lie ekatra logoM ke Ane-jAne se kSubdha dhanahaTA, sonahaTA, panahaTA (pAna-darIbA), pakvAnahATa, machahaTA ke AnaMda-kalarava kI yadi kathA kahU~ to jhUTha hogA, lagatA hai jaise maryAdA chor3akara samudra uTha par3A hai aura usakA gaMbhIra guraggurAvartta kallola kolAhala kAnoM meM bhara rahA hai - avi avi a, hATa kareo prathama praveza aSTadhAtu / ghaTanA TaMkAra, kaserI pasarA kAMsya keM kAra // pracura paurajana pada saMbhAra saMbhinna, dhanahaTA, sonhttaa| panahaTA, pakvAnahaTA, machahaTA kareo sukha rava kathA // kahante hoia jhUTha, jani gaMbhIra gurgurAvarta kallola kolaahl| kAna bharante maryAdA chA~r3i mahArNava U~Tha // vidyApati ne jaunapura ke vibhinna bAjAroM kA varNana kiyA hai| unameM nirantara uThanevAlI khAsa prakAra kI AvAz2oM ko vizeSarUpa se citrita kiyA hai| bAz2Ara meM aura nagara meM honevAlI bhIr3a kA varNana karate hue yaha batAyA hai ki isa bhIr3a meM eka sAtha brAhmaNa-cANDAla, vezyA-yatI Adi kA sparza hotA hai| unake mana meM honevAlI pratikriyAoM kA bhI kavi ne bar3A sarasa varNana kiyA hai - madhyAnhe karI belA saMmadda sAja, sakala pRthvIcakra / kareo vastu vikAibA kaaj| mAnusa ka mIsi pIsa // bara A~ge A~ga, UMgara Anaka tilaka AnakA lAga / yAtrAhutaha parastrIka valayA bhaaNg| brAhmaNa ka yajJopavIta //

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36 apabhraMza bhAratI cANDAla ke A~ga lUra, vezyAnhi karo payodhara / jatI ke hRdaya cUra / ghane saJcara ghola hAthaM, bahuta // vApura cUri jAthi / Avarta vivarta rolahoM naara nahi nara samudra o // 36 - nagaroM meM pattharoM kA pharza banAyA jAtA thaa| Upara gire pAnI ko dIvAloM ke bhItara se kramabaddha bAhara girAne kI praNAlI kI tarapha bhI vidyApati ne saMkSepa meM upavana kA bhI varNana kiyA hai dhyAna diyA thA / isI varNana krama meM kavi peSkhiau paTTana cAru mekhala jaJona nIra pakhAriA / pAsAna kuTTima bhIti bhItara cUha Upara DhAriA // pallavia kusumia phalia upavana cUa campaka sohiA / maaranda pANa vimuddha mahuara sadda mAnasa mohiA // vakavAra sAkama bA~dha pokhari nIka nIka niketanA / ati bahuta bhA~ti vivaTTabaTTahiM bhuleo vaDDeo cetanA // sopAna toraNa yaMtra joraNa jAla gAoSa khaMDiyA / dhaa dhavala hara ghara sahasa peSkhia kanaka kalasahi maMDiA // thala kamala patta pamAna nettahi mattakuMjara gAminI / cauhaTTa vaTTa palaTThi herahiM saththa saththahiM kAminI // kappUra kuMkuma gaMdha cAmara naana kajjala aMbarA / bevahAra mullAha vaNika vikkaNa kIni AnahiM vabbarA // sammAna dAna vivAha ucchava mIa nATaka kavvahIM / Atithya vinaya viveka kautuka samaya pellia savvahIM // 37 - 8 vahula vaMbhaNa vahula kAatha / rAjaputra kula vahula, vahula jAti mili vaisa cappari // sabe suana sabe sadhana, Naara rAa sabe naara uppari / jaM sabe maMdira dehalI dhani peSkhia sAnanda // tasu kerA mukha maNDalahiM ghare-ghare uggiha canda // 38 vidyApati dvArA varNita nagara-yojanA se tatkAlIna samAja-vyavasthA para bhI prakAza par3atA hai / usa nagara meM jahA~ rUpavatI, yuvatI aura catura vaniyAineM saikar3oM sakhiyoM ke sAtha galiyoM ko maMDita karatI baiThI thIM vahIM para bahuta se brAhmaNa, kAyastha, rAjapUta Adi jAtiyoM ke loga mile-jule baiThe hue the, sabhI sajjana, sabhI dhanavAna maithila kavi vidyApati kA vezyA - varNana bahuta hI sarasa evaM vistRta hai| una hAToM meM ka hATa sabase sundara thA aura yaha hATa vezyA hATa thaa| isa vezyA hATa kA varNana karatA huA kavi likhatA hai - rAjamArga ke pAsa se calane para aneka vezyAoM ke nivAsa dikhalAyI par3ate the, jinake nirmANa meM vizvakarmA ko bhI bar3A parizrama karanA par3A hogaa| unake keza ko dhUpita karanevAle agaru ke dhue~ kI rekhA dhruvatArA se bhI Upara jAtI hai / koI-koI yaha bhI zaMkA karate haiM ki unake kAjara se cA~da kalaMkita lagatA hai| unakI lajjA kRtrima hotI hai, tAruNya bhramapUrNa / dhana ke lie prema karatIM, lobha se vinaya aura saubhAgya kI kAmanA karatIM binA svAmI ke hI sindUra

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 37 DAlatIM, inakA paricaya kitanA apavitra hai| jahA~ guNI logoM ko kucha prApta nahIM hotA, vezyAgAmI bhujaMgoM ko gaurava milatA hai| vezyA ke mandira meM nizcaya hI dhUrta logoM ke rUpa meM kAma nivAsa karatA hai - eka hATa kareo ora aukA hATa ke kor| rAjapatha ka / sannidhAna saJcarante aneka deNia vezyAnhi karo nivAsa // janhi ke nirmANe vizvakarmahu bhela vaDa prayAsa / avaru vaicitrI kahajo kA, janhi ke kesa dhUpa-dhUpa karI rekhA // dhruvahu uMghara jaa| kAhu-kAhu aisano saGka, okarA kAjara / cA~da klNk| lajja kittima, kapaTa taarunn| dhana nimitte // dharu pema; lobhe vinaa sau bhAge kaamn| vinu svAmI / sindura parA paricaya apAmana // jaM guNamantA alahanA gaurava lahai bhuvaMga / vesA maMdira dhua basai dhuttai rUpa anaMga // " . isI prakAra kA vezyA-varNana jaMbusAmicariu meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| kavi ziSTa zailI meM vezyAvarNana prastuta karatA hai - jahA~ vibhUSita rUpavatI vezyA rUpyakarahita manuSya ko virUpa mAnatI hai| kSaNabhara dekhA huA puruSa yadi dhanI hai to priya siddha hotA hai aura nirdhana praNayI aisA mAnA jAtA hai jaisA janma se bhI kabhI nahIM dekhaa| vaha vezyA kulahIna hotI hai aura bhujaMgoM - viToM ke daMta aura nakhoM se viddha hotI hai| kAma ko uddIpta karanevAlI hotI hai aura sneha se zUnya hotI hai| anurakta kAmukoM ke AkarSaNa meM dakSa hotI hai| jisakA nitamba meru parvata kI bhUmi ke samAna hotA hai, madhyabhAga - kiMpuruSAdi deva yoniyoM se yA kutsita puruSoM se sevita hotA hai| vaha narapati kI nIti ke samAna anartha saMyoga ko dUra se hI chor3a detI hai| jisake adhara meM anurAga hone para puruSa vizeSa ke saMga meM pravRtta nahIM hotI - vesau jattha vihUsiya rUvau, naru maNNaMti virUu virUvau / khaNa dido vi parisa piu.siddhau paNayArUDhana janma vi didtthu|| Naulavbhavau tAuMkira maNiyau, to vi bhuyaMga daMta nahi vaNiyau / vammahaM dIviyAu avibhayattau, to vi siNeha saMga paricattau // laggira sAyaNi sattha saricchau, kAmua rattA karisaNa dacchau / meru mahIhara mahi paDiviMvau, seviya bahu kiM purisa niyaMvau // naravaDa NIDa samANa vihoyau, darujjhiya aNattha saMjoyau / ahare rAu pamANu vi jahuM vaTTai, purisa visesa saMgi na payaTTai // 10 ye vezyAeM zrRMgAra karatI haiN| mukha ko candana Adi ke lepa se maNDana karatI haiN| alakoM meM tathA kapola-stanAdi para kuMkama-candanAdi se patrAvalI banAtI haiN| divya vastra dhAraNa karatIM, ubhAra-ubhAra kara keza-pAza bA~dhatI, dUtiyoM ko prerita karatIM ki ve nAyaka ke pAsa jaayeN| ha~sakara dekhtiiN| taba una sayAnI, lAvaNyamayI, patalI, kRzodarI, taruNI, caMcalA, caturA, parihAsapragalbhA, sundarI nAyikAoM ko dekhakara icchA hotI hai ki tIsare puruSArtha (kAma) ke lie anya tInoM chor3a diye jAyeM -

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38 apabhraMza bhAratI - 1 tAnhi vezyAnhi karo mukha sAra maMDante alaka tilakA patrAvalI khaMDante / divyAmbara pindhante, ubhAri-ubhAri kezapAza baMdhante sakhi jana // prerante, ha~si hernte| saAnI, lAnumI, pAtarI, patoharI, trunnii| taraTTI, vanhI, viapkhaNI parihAsa peSaNI, sundarI sArtha // jave dekhia, tave mana kare tesarA lAgi tInU upeSkhia // 1 apabhraMza sAhitya meM vezyA hATa ke sAtha hI turka saudAgaroM aura kharIda-pharokhta karanevAle gulAmoM Adi kA bhI sundara varNana milatA hai| kIrtilatA meM azva-varNana meM ghor3oM kI jAti, zarIra-gaThana, sAja-sAmAna tathA unakI vividha prakAra kI cAloM kA vizada varNana hai - kaTaka cAMgare caaNgu| vAMkule vAMkule vaane / kAcale-kAcale nane| a~Tale-a~Tale bAdhA, tIkhe tarale // kaaNdhaa| jAhi karo pIDhi Apu karo ahaMkAra sAria / parvata olA~ghi pAra ka maaria| akhila seni sattu karI // kIrtikallolinI lA~ghi bheli pAra. tAhi karo jala samparke cAraha pAje / toSAra saralI murulI kaMDalI, muMDalI nA gati // karante bhAsa kasa, jani pAya tala pavana devatA vs| padma kare / AkAre mu~ha pATa jani svAmI karo yazazcandana tilaka lalATa // " vidyApati ne azva senA ke sAtha-sAtha hasti senA kA bhI bar3A sundara varNana kiyA hai - aNavarata hAthi mayamatta jAthi / bhAgante gAcha cApante kAcha / torante bola mArante ghola / saMgrAma thegha bhUmaTTi megha // andhAra kUTa digvijaya chUTa / sasarIra gavva dekhante bhavva // cAlante kANa pavavvaa samANa // senA ke calane kA bhI pAraMparika varNana milatA hai| sUrya ne apanA prakAza saMvRta kara liyaa| AThoM digpAloM ko kaSTa huaa| dharatI para dhUla se aMdhakAra chA gyaa| preyasI ne priya ko dekhA ki sUrya isa samaya candramA ke samAna komala-maMda kaise laga rahA hai ! jaMgala, durga ko dala ne tahasanahasa kara diyA tathA pada-bhAra se pRthvI ko khoda diyaa| hari aura zaMkara kA zarIra eka meM mila gyaa| brahmA kA hRdaya Dara se DagamagA gayA - jASaNe caliana suratAna lekha pariseSa jAna ko| dharaNi teja sambaria aTTha digapAla kaThTha ho / dharaNi dhUla andhAra, choDDa peasi pia heraba / inda canda AbhAsa kavana pari rahu samaya pellaba // kantAra dugga dala damasi kahu~ khoNi khunda paa bhAra bhare / harizaMkara tanu ekka rahu vambha hIa Dagamagia Dare // 4

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 39 yuddha-yAtrA ke samaya yA yuddha-bhUmi meM bajAye jAnevAle raNavAdya kA bhI varNana apabhraMza sAhitya meM pracura mAtrA meM pAyA jAtA hai| tatkAlIna bAjoM meM bherI, mRdaMga, paTaha, tUrya, nIsAna, kAhala, Dhola, tabala, raNatUrA Adi kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai - pairi turaMgama bhelipAra gaNDaka kA pANI / para vala bhaMjana garua mahamadda magAnI // aha asalAne phaude-phaude nijasenA sajjiya / bherI kAhala Dhola tavala raNa tUrA vajjiya // 5 uparyukta vivecana evaM vizleSaNa se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki apabhraMza ke kavi jAgarUka evaM sUkSma-draSTA the| ve jahA~ bhAratIya vastu-varNana kI zailI ko pUrNataH hRdayaMgama kiye the, vahIM para turkI jIvana-praNAlI evaM vastu-varNana se bhI paricita the| ve rAjadarabAroM kI paddhati, bhavana-nirmANa kalA, udyAna, yuddha, astra-zastra Adi se pUrNataH paricita the| apabhraMza sAhitya meM jahA~ zrRMgAra ke vividha rUpoM kA sUkSma aura maMjula-manohara citraNa milatA hai, vahIM prazasti-kAvyoM kA camatkArapUrNa, TaMkArabharI ojasvI citra bhI dekhane ko milatA hai| inhIM kAraNoM se apabhraMzasAhitya ko madhyakAlIna bhAratIya jIvana kA sAMskRtika darpaNa kahA jAtA hai| 1. zabdArthoM sahitau kAvyaM gadyaM padyaM ca tad dvidhA / saMskRtaM prAkRtaM cAnyadapabhraMza iti tridhA // - kAvyAlaMkAra - 1.16, 28 2. AbhIrAdigiraH kAvyeSvapabhraMza iti smRtAH / zAstreSu saMskRtAdanyadapabhraMzatayoditam // - kAvyAdarza - 1.36 3. apabhraMza sAhitya, DaoN. harivaMza kochar3a, pR. 3 / 4. tA kiM avahaMsaM hohii ? hU~! taM pi No jeNa taM sakkayapAya-ubhaya suddhAsuddha payasama taraMga raMgaMta vaggiraM Nava pAusa jalaya pavAha pUrapavvAliya giriNai sarisaM sama visamaM paNaya kuviya piyapaNaiNI samullAva sarisaM mnnohrN| - apabhraMza kAvyatrayI, saM. lAlacanda bhagavAnadAsa gA~dhI, pR. 97-98 / 5. savakkau pAyau puNa avahaMsau vittau uppAiu spsNs| - mahApurANa, saM. pI. ela. vaidya, 5.18.6 / 6. apabhraMza sAhitya, DaoN. harivaMza kochar3a, pR. 5 / 7. vahI, pR. 6 / / 8. kAvyamImAMsA, rAjazekhara, gAyakavAr3a ArieNTala sirIja, saMkhyA 1, adhyaay-13| 9. kIrtilatA aura avahaTTa bhASA, DaoN. zivaprasAda siMha, pR. 212 / 10. sama AspekTsa oNva rilijana eNDa sosAiTI ina iNDiyA DyUriMga da tharTietha saiMcurI, DaoN. qhalIka ahamada niz2AmI, pR. 85 /

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40 11. kIrtilatA aura avahaTTha bhASA, DaoN. zivaprasAda siMha, pR. 213 / 12. vahI, pR. 274 13. mahApurANa, saM. DaoN. pI. ela. vaidya, 1.121 14. vahI, 1.15 / apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 15. vahI, 92. 2. 11-121 16. apabhraMza sAhitya, DaoN. harivaMza kochar3a, pR. 105 / 17. vahI, pR. 124 18. jasaharacariu, puSpadanta, saM. DaoN. parazurAma lakSmaNa vaidya, 1.3.1-14 / 19. rAyauru maNohara rayaNaMciya gharu tahiM puravaru pavaNuddhayahiM / calaciMdhahi miliyahiM Nahayali ghuliyahiM chivai va saggu sayaMbhu ahiM // jaM chaNNauM sarasahiM uvavaNehiM NaM viddhauM vammaha maggaNehiM / kayasaddahiM kaNNasuhAvaehiM kaNai va surahara pArAvaehiM // gaya vara dANolliya vAhiyAli jahiM sohai ciru pavasiya piyAli / sarahaMsaiM jahiM Neura raveNa gau cikkamaMti juvaI paheNa // jaM vibhuyAsi vara NimmaleNa aNNu vi duggaDa parihA jaleNa / paDikhaliya vairi tomara jhaseNa paMDura pAyAriM NaM jaseNa // NaM veDhiu vahusobhagga bhAru NaM pu~jIkaya saMsAra sAru / jahiM viluliya maragaya toraNAiM caudAra NaM paurANaNAI | jahiM dhavala maMgalucchavasarAI duti paMcasatta bhomaI gharAI / Nava kuMkuma rasa chaDayAruNAI vikkhitta ditta mottiya kaNAI // guru deva pAya paMkaya vasAIM jahiM savvaraM divvaI mANusAI / sirimaMta saMtaI sutthiyAiM jahiM kahiM pi Na dIsahi dutthiyAI // * jasaharacariu, puSpadanta, saM. parazurAma lakSmaNa vaidya, pR. 4-5 | 20. vahI, pR. 16-171 21. karakaMDacariu, muni kanakAmara, saM. pro. hIrAlAla jaina, 1.3, 4-101 22. paumasirIcariu, divyadRSTi dhAhila, saM. madhusUdana modI tathA harivallabha bhAyANI 1.21 23. vahI, 1.31 24. apabhraMza sAhitya, harivaMza kochar3a, pR. 2121 25. vahI, pR. 215-2161 26. vahI, pR. 222-2231 27. vahI, pR. 2381 28. saMdeza rAsaka, addahamANa, saM. A. hajArIprasAda dvivedI evaM vizvanAtha tripAThI, q. 155-1571

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 29. apabhraMza sAhitya, harivaMza kochar3a, pR. 57-581 30. NAyakumAracariu, puSpadaMta, saM. hIrAlAla jaina / 31. jasaharacariu, puSpadaMta, saM. DaoN. parazurAma lakSmaNa vaidya, 1.12.1-161 32. apabhraMza sAhitya, harivaMza kochar3a, pR. 155 1 33. vahI, pR. 208-2091 34. kIrtilatA aura avahaTTha bhASA, DaoN. zivaprasAda siMha, pR. 253 35. vahI, pR. 253-254 / 36. vahI, pR. 255 37. vahI, pR. 2511 38. vahI, pR. 2561 39. vahI, pR. 2581 40. apabhraMza sAhitya, DaoN. harivaMza kochar3a, pR. 152-1531 41. kIrtilatA aura avahaTTha bhASA, DaoN. zivaprasAda siMha, pR. 2601 42. vahI, pR. 315 / 43. vahI, pR. 3111 44. vahI, pR. 225 45. vahI, pR. 330 1 vyAkhyAtA hindI vibhAga rAmaniraMjana jhunajhunavAlA kaoNleja ghATakopara (pa.) bambaI - 4 41 -400 086

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apabhraMza bhAratI -8 para atthamiu mittavioe~ NaliNi mahAsai, kaNNiya cUDullauNa payAsai / aisoe~ laliyaMgai~ siDhilai aliNayaNau paMkayamuhu mailai / tahuheNa duhiyAi~ va cakkai~, itthiyasaMgu vivajjivi thkkiiN| ajja vi so taheva kamu cAlai, iya paDivaNNau viralau pAlai / kumuasaMDa dujaNasamadarisia, mittaviNAsaNeNa | viyasiya / pahAivi loyAyAre suihara, saMjhAvaMdaNakajjeM diyavara / sUrahoM dehi~ jalaMjali NAvai, para atthamiu Na taM phuDu pAvai / Nisivellie Naha maMDau chAiu, jalaharamAla' NAi~ virAiu / ghattA - to sohai uggamiu NaheM sasiaddhau vimalapahAlau / NAvai loyaha~ darisiyau Nahasirie~ phalihakaccolau // - sudaMsaNacariu, 8.17 - mitra (sUrya) ke viyoga meM murajhAI huI nalinI ke puSpa-koSa kA vikAsa usI prakAra nahIM huA jisa prakAra apane mitra (priyatama) ke viyoga meM eka mahAsatI lajjita hokara apanA cUr3AbaMdha prakaTa nahIM krtii| vaha atyanta zoka se apane lalita aMgoM ko zithila aura bhramararUpI nayanoM se yukta paMkajarUpI mukha ko malina kara rahI thii| usI ke duHkha se dukhita hokara mAnoM cakave apanI cakaviyoM kA saMga chor3akara raha rahe the| Aja bhI cakavA usI krama ko calA rahA hai| isa prakAra apanI svIkRta bAta ko koI viralA hI pAlana karatA hai| kumudoM ke samUha durjanoM ke samAna dikhAyI diye, cU~ki ve mitra (sUrya yA suhRda) kA vinAza hone para bhI vikasita hue| snAna karake zrutidhara, lokAcAra se tathA dvijavara (zreSTha brAhmaNa) sandhyA-vandana hetu sUrya ko mAnoM jalAJjali dene lge| kintu asta ho jAne ke kAraNa spaSTata: vaha use pA to nahIM rahA thaa| rAtri kA samaya ho jAne se nabhomaNDala (aMdhakAra se) AcchAdita ho gayA, mAnoM vaha meghamAlAoM se virAjita ho gayA ho| usa samaya AkAza meM apanI vimala prabhA se yukta arddhacandra udita hokara aisA zobhAyamAna huA mAnoM nabhazrI ne logoM ko apanA sphaTika kA kaTorA dikhalAyA ho| anu. - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 navambara, 1996 saMta sAhitya aura jaina apabhraMza kAvya - DaoN. rAmamUrti tripAThI madhyakAlIna hindI nirguNa sAhitya ke lie aba 'saMta sAhitya' zabda rUr3ha ho gayA hai| madhyakAlIna samasta bhAratIya sAdhanAe~ Agama-prabhAvita haiM, saMta sAhitya bhii| saMta sAhitya ko prabhAvita kahane kI apekSA maiM to yaha kahanA cAhatA hU~ ki vaha 'Agamika dRSTi' kA hI lokabhASA meM sahaja prasphuraNa hai| ataH 'prabhAvita' kI jagaha use 'Agamika' hI kahanA saMgata hai| 'Agamika dRSTi' ko yadyapi Ara. DI. rAnADe ne apane 'Mystitism in Maharastia' meM vaidika siddhAnta kA sAdhanAtmaka avicchedya pArzva batAyA hai| isa prakAra ve Agama ko yadyapi naigamika kahanA cAhate haiM para isase Agama ke vyaktitva kA vilopa nahIM hotaa| prAcIna Arya RSiyoM kI eka dRSTi kA jaisA vikAsa aura pariSkAra AgamoM meM milatA hai vaisA naigamika darzanoM' meM nhiiN| isalie maiM jise 'Agamika dRSTi' kahanA cAhatA hU~ usakA saMketa bhale hI vaidika vAGmaya meM ho para usakA svataMtra vikAsa aura pratiSThA AgamoM meM huI - yaha vizeSarUpa se dhyAna meM rakhane kI bAta hai| _ 'Agama' yadyapi bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM pracalita aura prarUr3ha zabda hai tathApi yahA~ eka vizeSa artha meM vAMchita hai aura vaha artha hai - dvayAtmaka advaya tattva kI pAramArthika sthiti| dvaya haiM - zakti aura shiv| vizvanirmANa ke lie spandanAtmaka zakti kI apekSA hai aura vizvAtIta sthiti ke lie niSpaMda shiv| spaMda aura niSpaMda kI bAta vizvAtmaka aura vizvAtIta dRSTiyoM se kI jA rahI hai, dRSTi-nirapekSa hokara use koI saMjJA nahIM dI jA sktii| taba vaha vizvAtIta to hai hI, vizvAtmaka pariNati kI saMbhAvanA se saMjJAtIta hone ke kAraNa vizvAtmaka bhii| vaijJAnika bhASA

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44 apabhraMza bhAratI kaha bhIkhA saba mauja sAhaba kI maujI Ayu kahAvata / - meM inheM hI RNAtmaka tathA ghanAtmaka tattva kaha sakate haiM / vizeSatA itanI hI hai ki 'Agama' meM inheM cinmaya kahA gayA hai| naigamika darzanoM (nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, pAMtajala, pUrvamImAMsA tathA uttaramImAMsA) meM koI bhI 'zakti' kI 'cinmayarUpa' meM kalpanA nahIM krtaa| kucha to aise haiM jo 'zakti' tattva hI nahIM mAnate, kucha mAnate bhI haiM to jdd'| Agama (advayavAdI) 'zakti' ko 'cintaka' kahate haiM aura 'ziva' kI abhinna kSamatA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM / advayastha vahI dvayAtmakatA Atma-lIlA ke nimitta vidhA-vibhakta hokara paraspara vyavahita ho jAtI hai - pRthak ho jAtI hai| isa vyavadhAna athavA pArthakya ke kAraNa samasta sRSTi asthira, becaina, gatimaya tathA khinna hai| isa sthiti se ubarane ke lie isa vyavadhAna ko samApta karanA par3atA hai, zakti se ziva kA milana yA sAmarasya apekSita hotA hai / 8 nirgunie saMta pahale sAdhaka haiM, isake bAda aura kucha aura inakI sAdhanA hai - surata zabda yog| yaha surata yA surati aura kucha nahIM, ukta 'zakti' hI hai jo Adima milana yA puganadvAvasthA ko stralAtmaka bIjarUpa meM sabhI baddhAtmAoM meM par3I huI hai| pratyeka vyakti meM yahI prasupta cinmayI zakti 'kuNDalinI' kahI jAtI hai| atharvaveda meM yahI 'ucchiSTa' hai, purANoM meM yahI 'zeSanAga ' sthUlata dhArmikAtmaka pariNati ke bAda kuNDalita 'zakti' vizva aura vyaSTi ubhayatra mUlAdhAra meM sthita hai| surati suhAginI ulaTi kai milI sabada meM jAya / milI sabada meM jAya kanta ko vasa meM kInhA / calai na siva kai jora jAya jaba saktI lInhA / phira saktI bhI nA rahai, sakti se sIva kahAI / apane mana kai phera aura nA dUjA koI / saktI ziva hai eka nAma kahave ko doI / palaTU saktI sIva kA bheda kahA alagAya / surati suhAgini ulaTi kai milI sabada meM jAya / bhIkhA sAhaba AgamikoM kI zaktimAna (ziva) aura zakti kI bhA~ti maujI aura mauja kI bAta karate haiN| eka anya saMta ne ziva tathA mauja ko spaSTa hI zakti kahA hai palaTUdAsa kI ina paMktiyoM ke sAkSya para ukta sthApanA ki Agamika dRSTi hI saMtoM kI dRSTi hai - siddha ho jAtI hai| Agama kI bhA~ti saMtajana bhI vahiryAga kI apekSA aMtaryAga kI hI mahattA svIkAra karate haiM aura isa aMtaryAga kI kAryAnviti guru ke nirdeza meM hI saMbhava hai / AgamoM kI bhA~ti saMtajana mAnate haiM ki guru kI upalabdhi pAramezvara anugraha se hI saMbhava hai| yaha gupta hI hai jisakI upalabdhi hone para 'sAdhanA' (aMtaryAga) saMbhava hai| yaha to Upara kahA hI jA cukA hai ki dvayAtmaka advaya sattA vizvAtmaka bhI hai aura vizvAtIta bhii| vizvAtmaka rUpa meM usake avarohaNa kI eka viziSTa prakriyA hai aura usI prakAra ArohaNa kI bhI / vicArapakSa se jahA~ AgamoM ne dvayAtmaka advaya tattva

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 45 kI bAta kI hai vahIM AcArapakSa se vAsanA (kASAya)-damana kI jagaha vAsanA-zodhana kI bAta bhii| saMtajana vicAra aura AcAra-donoM pakSoM meM 'Agama-dhArA' ko mAnate haiN| maujI aura mauja sarata aura zabda ke 'yoga' athavA 'sAmarasya' meM jahA~ saMtajana'dvayAtmaka adya' ko svIkAra karate haiM vahA~ 'kAma milAve rAma ko' dvArA prema kI mahattA kA jJAna karate hue tanmaya paramAtmA kI upalabdhi meM vAsanA ke zodhaka aura cinmayIkaraNa kI bhI sthiti svIkAra karate haiN| Agama-sammata saMta-paramparA se jaina dhArA kA eka tIsarA antara yaha bhI hai ki vaha jahA~ advayavAdI hai vahIM bhedavAdI bhii| vaha na kevala aneka AtmA kI hI bAta karatA hai apitu saMsAra ko bhI anAdi aura zAzvata satya mAnatA hai| isa prakAra aise aneka bhedaka tattva ubharakara sAmane Ate haiM jinake kAraNa 'saMta sAhitya' ke saMdarbha meM jaina sAhitya ko dekhanA asaMbhava lagatA hai| jainadhArA kRccha evaM achedavAdI hone se zarIra evaM saMsAra ke prati virakta dRSTi rakhatI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina sAhitya meM yahI nirvedabhAva puSTa hokara zAMta rasa ke rUpa meM laharAtA huA dRSTigocara hotA hai| zrRMgAra kA citraNa sarvadA unakI katiyoM meM virasAvasAnI aura vairAgyapoSaka rUpa meM haA hai| jaina kAvya kA pratyeka nAyaka nirveda ke dvArA apanI hara raMgIna aura sAMsArika mAdaka zakti kA paryavasAna 'zAMta' meM hI karatA hai| para ina tamAma bhedaka tattvoM ke bAvajUda chaThI-sAtavIM zatI ke tAMtrika mata ke prabhAva-prasAra ne jaina muniyoM para bhI prabhAva ddaalaa| phalataH katipaya apabhraMzabaddha racanAoM meM 'saMta' kA-sA svara zrutigocara hotA hai| caramalakSya se vicchinna phalataH vijar3ita evaM rUr3ha prAyaH AcAra-bAhulya ke prati eka tIkhI pratikriyA aura aMtaryAga ke prati lagAva kA saMta-saMvAdI vidrohI svara katipaya racanAoM meM vidyamAna hai| pAhuDadohA, yogasAra, paramAtmaprakAza, vairAgyasAra, ANaMdA, sAvayadhamma dohA Adi racanAeM aisI hI haiN| inameM saMta-saMvAdI mana:sthiti kA prabhAva yA pratibiMba spaSTa dikhAI par3atA hai| jisa prakAra anya rahasyavAdI racayitAoM ne kramAgata rUr3hiyoM evaM vAhyAcAroM kA khaNDana karate hue pAramArthika tattvoM kI upalabdhi ke anurUpa paloM aura dizAoM ko mahattva diyA hai - yahI sthiti ina jaina muniyoM kI bhI hai| lagatA hai ki isa avadhi meM AcAra yA sAdhana ko hI sAdhyatA kI koTi prApta hotI jA rahI thI, phalata: kaTTara sAmpradAyika lakIroM aura rekhAoM ke prati inake mana meM bhI ugra Akroza thA aura usa jhuMjhalAhaTa ko ve usI ugra svara meM vyakta karate haiM jisa svara meM siddhoM-nAthoM aura nirguNiyoM ne Akroza/garma udgAra vyakta kie the| pro. hIrAlAla jaina ne ThIka likhA hai - ina dohoM meM jogiyoM kA Agama, acit-cit, deha, devalI, ziva-zakti, saMkalpa-vikalpa, saguNa-nirguNa, akSara bodha-vibodha, vAma-dakSiNa adhva, do patha ravi-zazi, pavana, kAla Adi aise zabda haiM aura unakA aise gahanarUpa meM prayoga huA hai ki unameM hameM yoga aura tAMtrika granthoM kA smaraNa hue binA nahIM rhtaa| saMprati, Agama-saMta-saMvAdI svaroM meM se eka-eka kA paryavekSaka prakAnta hai| (1) paratattva saMbaMdhI vaicArika yA saiddhAMtika pakSa Upara yaha spaSTa kahA jA cukA hai ki jaina dhArA meM AtmA hI mukta dazA meM paramAtmA hai, vaha aneka hai aura anantajJAna, anantadarzana, anantasukha aura anantavIrya ke bhaNDAra haiN| azuddha dazA meM unake ye guNa karmoM se Dhake rahate haiN| para isa mAnyatA ke sAtha-sAtha ukta graMthoM meM aisI kaI bAteM pAI jAtI haiM - jo ni:saMdeha Agamika dhArA kI haiN| saMtoM kI bhA~ti jaina muniyoM ke srota

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46 apabhraMza bhAratI-8 bhI ve hI tAMtrika graMtha haiN| bauddhoM kI bhA~ti jainoM para bhI yaha prabhAva dRSTigata hotA hai| AgamikoM kI bhA~ti jaina muniyoM ne bhI paramAtmabhAva ko 'samarasa' hI nahIM kahA hai 'ziva-zakti' kA samarUpa yA advayAtmaka rUpa bhI kahA hai| muni rAmasiMha ne pAhuDa dohA meM kahA hai - siva viNu santi Na vAvarai, siu puNu santi vihINu / dohimi jANahiM sayalu jagu, vujjhai moha - vilINu // 55 // - zaktirahita ziva kucha nahIM kara sakatA aura na zakti hI ziva kA AdhAra grahaNa kie binA kucha kara sakatI hai| samasta jagat zivazaktimAna hai| jar3a paramANu apanI samasta saMracanA meM gatimaya saspaMda hai jo zakti kA hI sthUla pariNAma hai| dUsarI aura jIva bhI DI.ena.e. tathA Ara.ema.e. ke saMyukta rUpa meM dvayAtmaka hai| ekatra vahI zakti ziva RNAtmaka-dhanAtmaka avayava haiM anyatra strItva tathA puMstva kA sammilana - isa prakAra sArA jagat dvayAtmaka hai - jo apanI nirapekSa sthiti meM advayAtmaka hai| saMta sAhitya ke antargata rAdhAsvAmI sAhitya tathA gurunAnaka kI 'prAgasaMgalI' meM bhI isa siddhAnta kA bRhad rUpa meM nirUpaNa hai| paratattva yA paramAtmA ko samarasa kahanA dvayAtmakatA-sApekSa hI to hai| abhiprAya yaha ki mUla dhAraNA Agamasammata hai - vahI ina jaina muniyoM kI uktiyoM meM to pratibimbita hai hI, saMtoM ne bhI 'surata' tathA 'zabda' ke dvArA tAMtrika bauddha siddhoM ne 'zanyatA' aura 'karuNA' tathA 'prajJA' aura 'upAya' ke rUpa meM usI dhAraNA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| anyatra 'samarasIkaraNa' kI bhI uktiyA~ haiM - maNu miliyau paramesara ho, paramesaru ji maNassa / viNNi vi samarasi hui rahiya, pujju caDAvau kassa // 49 // pAhuDa dohA - mana paramezvara se tathA paramezvara mana se milakara samarasa ho jAtA hai aura jaba yaha sAmarasya ho gayA, taba dvaita kA vilaya bhI ho jAtA hai| dvaita kA vilaya ho jAne se kauna pUjaka aura kauna * pUjya ? kauna ArAdhaka aura kauna ArAdhya? phira to 'tubhyaM mahyaM namo namaH' kI sthiti A jAtI hai| isa taraha sAmarasya kI anekatra carcA upalabdha ho jAtI hai| deha mahelI eha vaDha tau sattAvai tAma / cittu NiraMjaNu pariNu siMhu samarasi hoi Na jAma // 64 // pAhuDa dohA - lakSya ke rUpa meM isI 'sAmarasya' kI upalabdhi bhI unheM iSTa hai| saMtoM ne jisa manonmatI dazA kI ora saMketa kiyA hai usakA pUrvAbhAsa ina logoM meM bhI upalabdha hai - tuTTai vuddhi tar3atti jahiM maNu aMthavaNahaM jaai| so sAmiya upaesu kahi aNaNahiM devahiM kAI // 183 // pAhuDa dohA - isa sAmarasya kI upalabdhi ho jAne para buddhi kA AhaMkArika 'adhyavasAya' tathA mana kI saMkalpa-vikalpAtmaka vRttiyA~ samApta ho jAtI haiN| Agama saMvAdI saMtoM ke svara meM Ama devatAoM kI upAsanA se virati tathA ukta gaMtavya kI upalabdhi hI svAmI kI ora se inheM mAnya hai| kahIM-kahIM to saMtoM aura ina jaina muniyoM kI uktiyA~ eka-dUsare kA rUpAntara jAna par3atI haiN| namaka aura pAnI ke eka hI dRSTAnta se jo bAta rAmasiMha kahate haiM vahI kabIra bhii|

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 jimi loNa vilijjai pANipaha timajar3a citta vilijja / samarasi hUvai jIvar3A kAha samagahi karijja // 176 // pAhuDa dohA ThIka isI kI pratidhvani kabIra meM dekheM - - mana lAgA unamana sau unamana manahiM vilaga / lU~Na vilagA pANayA, pAMNI lUNa vilaga // (2) vAsanA - damana kI jagaha vAsanA-zodhaka aura usakI sahajAnaMda meM svAbhAvika pariNati ke saMketa - bauddha siddhoM ke samakAlIna ina jaina saMtoM meM bhI caramAvasthA ke lie 'sahajAnaMda' zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| saMtoM ne to zatazaH sahasrazaH 'sahaja' kI bAta kahI hai| bhAratIya sAdhanadhArA meM jaina muniyoM ke 'kRcchU' ke viparIta hI 'sahaja' sAdhanA aura sAdhya kI bAta saMbhava hai pracalita huI ho| adhyAtma sAdhanA meM mana kA ekAgrIkaraNa vikSepa mUla vAsanA yA kASAya ke zoSaNa se to' zramaNa' mAnate hI the, dUsare pravRttimArgI Agamika sAdhaka aisI kuzalatA sahaja pA lenA cAhate the ki vAsanArUpI jala meM rahakara hI viparIta pravAha meM rahanA use A jAya / sAdhakoM ko yaha prakriyA damana kI apekSA anukUla lgii| tadartha vAsanA-jala kI adhovartI sthiti kA Urdhvaka apekSita thaa| jaina sAdhakoM ke apabhraMza kAvya meM to saMketa khoje jA sakate haiM para bhASAkAvya meM kabIra ke bAda spaSTa kathana milane lagate haiN| jaina-maramI AnaMdaghana kI racanAe~ sAkSI haiN| ve kahate haiM Aja suhAgana nArI, avadhU Aja suhAgana nArI / mere nAtha Aya sudha lInI, kInI nija aMgacArI / prema pratIti rAga ruci raMgata, pahire jhInI sArI / ma~hidI bhakti raMga kI rA~cI, bhAva aMjana sukhakArI / sahaja subhAva curI maiM pahinI, thiratA kaMkana bhArI // ityAdi ina paMktiyoM meM kyA 'saMtoM' kA svara nahIM hai ? saMtoM kI bhA~ti ina apabhraMza jaina kaviyoM meM bhI 'sahaja' zabda kA prayoga sAdhana aura sAdhya ke lie huA hai| AnaMdatilaka ne 'ANaMdA' nAmaqa kAvya meM spaSTa kahA hai ki kRcchU sAdhanA se kucha nahIM ho sakatA, tadartha 'sahaja samAdhi' Avazyaka hai X jApu java vahu tava tavaI to vi Na kamma haNei / X x sahaja samAdhihiM jANiyai ANaMdA je jiNa sAsaNisAru / x 47 chIhatA ne to carama prApya ko 'sahajAnaMda' hI kahA hai hauM sahajAnaMda sarUva siMdhu X isI prakAra muni jogIndu ne bhI yogasAra meM kahA hai ki sahajasvarUpa meM hI ramaNa karanA cAhie - sahaja sarUvai jai ramahi to pAvahi siva santu / sahaja svarUpa meM jo ramatA hai vahI zivatva kI upalabdhi kara sakatA hai| -

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48 rAmasiMha to sahajAvasthA kI bAta bAra-bAra kahate haiM / - isa prakAra jainadhArA jina bAtoM meM apanA prasthAna pRthak rakhatI A rahI hai 1. paratattva kI dvayAtmakatA, 2. dvaita ke samastavidha niSedha tathA 3. vAsanA-zodhana kA sahajamArga- una Agamika vizeSatAoM kA prabhAva jaina apabhraMza kAvyoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| madhyakAla kI bhASAbaddha anyAnya racanAoM meM AgamasaMvAdI saMtoM kI pAribhASika padAvaliyA~ itanI adhika udagra hokara AI haiM. ki jaina muniyoM yA kaviyoM kA nAma tarA dene para paryApta bhrama kI guMjAiza hai| - apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 ina mahattvapUrNa prabhAvoM ke atirikta aisI aura bhI aneka bAteM haiM jinheM 'saMtoM' ke saMdarbha meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie - 1. pustakIyajJAna kI niMdA, 2 bhItarI sAdhanA para jora, 3. guru kI mahattA, 4. vAhyAcAra kA khaMDana Adi / 1. Agama 'bahiryAga' kI apekSA 'aMtaryAga' ko mahattva dete haiM aura saiddhAntika vAkyabodha kI apekSA vyAvahArika sAdhanA ko / saiddhAntika vAkya bodha meM jIvana khapAne ko pratyeka sAdhaka vyartha samajhatA hai, yadi vaha kriyA ke aMgarUpa meM nahIM hai| saMtoM ne spaSTa hI kahA hai pothI par3hi par3hi jaga muA paMDita bhayA na koya / paramAtmaprakAzakAra kA kahanA hai - satthu paDhaMtu vi hoi jaDu jo Na haNei viyappu / dehi vasaMtu vi Nimmalau Navi maNNai paramappu // 214 // - zAstrAnuzIlana ke bAda bhI yadi vikalpa- jAla kA vinAza na huA to aisA zAstrAnuzIlana kisa kAma kA ? isI bAta ko zabdAntara se 'yogasAra' meM bhI kahA hai jo vi jaNa appu para Navi parabhAu caei / so jANa satthaI sayala Na hu siva suvasu lahei // 96 // * jisane sakala zAstra kA jJAna prApta karake bhI yaha na jAnA ki kyA upAdeya aura kyA heya hai, kyA AtmIya hai aura kyA parakIya hai, saMkIrNa spaSTa bhAva meM vyasta rahakara jisane parabhAva kA tyAga nahIM kiyA vaha zivAtmaka sukha kI upalabdhi kisa prakAra kara sakatA ? isI prakAra dohApAhuDakAra kA bhI vizvAsa hai ki jisa paMDita ziromaNi ne pustakIya jJAna meM to jIvana khapA diyA para AtmalAbha na kiyA usane kaNa ko chor3akara bhUsA hI kUTA hai - paMDiya paMDiya paMDiyA, kaNu chaMDivi tusa kaMDiyA / atthe gaMthe tuTTho si, paramatthu Na jANahi mUr3hosi // 85 // 2. pustakI jJAna kI avahelanA ke sAtha saMtoM kA dUsarA saMvAdI svara hai bhItarI sAdhanA mata aMtaryAga para bala / siddhoM, nAthoM aura saMtoM kI bhA~ti ina jaina muniyoM ne bhI kahA hai ki jo sAdhu vAhya liMga se to mukta hai kintu AMtarika liMga se zUnya hai vaha saccA sAdhakakartA hai hI nahIM, viparIta isake mArga - bhraSTa hai| saccA liMga bhAva hai, bhAva-zuddhi se hI AtmaprakAza saMbhava hai / mokSa pAhuDa meM kahA gayA hai vAhira liMgeNa judo abhyaMtaraliMgarahiya pariyammo / so sagacArittabhaTTo mokkha pahaviNAsago sAhU // 61 //

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 49 isI bAta ko zabdAntara se kuMdakuMdAcArya ne 'bhAvapAhuDa' meM bhI kahA hai - bhAvo hi paDhamaliMga na davvaliMga ca jANa paramatthaM / bhAvo kAraNavUdo guNadosANaM jiNAviti // 2 // 3. antaryAga para mala hI nahIM, usase vicchinna mUtra vahiryAga, vAhyaliMga athavA vAhyAcAra kA usI Aveza aura vidroha kI mudrA meM jaina muniyoM ne khaNDana bhI kiyA hai| Anandatilaka ne spaSTa hI kahA hai ki kucha loga yA to bAloM ko nucavAte haiM athavA vyartha meM jaTA-vahana karate haiM, parantu ina sabakA phala jo Atmabindu kA bodha hai, usase apane ko vaMcita rakhate haiM - kei kesa lucAvahiM, kei sira jaTabhAru / appabiMdu Na jANahiM, ANaMdA! kima jAvahiM bhavapAru // 1 // muni yogIndu ne bhI kahA hai ki jina logoM ne jinavaroM kA bAharI veSa-mAtra apanA rakhA hai, bhasma se keza kA luMcana kiyA hai kintu aparigrahI nahIM huA usane dUsaroM ko nahIM, apane ko ThagA hai| isI prakAra ina muniyoM ne tIrtha-bhramaNa tathA devAlaya-gamana kA bhI ugra svara meM virodha kiyA hai| muni yogIndu ne tIrtha-bhramaNa ke viSaya meM kahA hai - titthaI titthu bhamaMtAhaM mUr3hahaM morUva Na hoi| NANa vivajiujeNa jima muNivaru hoiNa soi // 216 // muni rAmasiMha ke devala-gamana tathA mUrti-pUjA ke vipakSa meM udgAra dekheM - pattiya pANiu dambha tila savvaiM jagaNi savaNNu / jaM puNa mokkhahaM jAivau taM kAraNu kui aNNu // 159 // pattiya toDi ma joiyA phalahiM ja itthu ma vahi / jasu kAraNi toDehi tuhu~ sou etthu caDAhi // 160 // devali pAhaNu tithi jalu putthaI savvaI kavvu / vatthu ju dIsai kusumiyau idhaNa hosai savvu // 161 // --- ityAdi ina paMktiyoM meM spaSTa hI kahA gayA hai ki devAlaya-gamana yA tIrtha-bhramaNa se kucha nahIM hone kA jaba taka mana meM kASAya zeSa hai| manogata kASAya kA saMcaraNa aura nirjaraNa pramukha vastu hai| 4. Agamika paramparA se prabhAvita ina jaina muniyoM kI saMtoM, siddhoM aura rahasyAvAdI nAthoM se cauthI samAnatA yaha hai ki ve bhI bahirmukhI sAdhanA se haTakara zarIra ke bhItara kI sAdhanA para bala dete haiN| deva saMtAcArya ne 'tattvasAra' meM spaSTa kahA hai - thakke maNa saMkappe rudde aruvANa visayavAvAre / pagaTai vaMbhasarUva appA jhANeNa joINaM // - Atmolabdhi karanI hai to manodarpaNagata kASAya mala kA apavAraNa Avazyaka hai| ratnatraya hI mokSa hai - kintu vaha pothiyoM se nahIM, svasaMvedana se hI saMbhava hai| svasaMvedana-apane se hI apanI ko jAnanA hai| isIlie ukta dohe meM kahA gayA hai ki yaha sva-saMvedana hI hai jisake dvArA

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 1 mana ke saMkalpa miTa jAte haiM, indriyoM viSayoM se uparata ho jAtI haiM aura Atma dhyAna se yogI athavA svarUpa jasa letA hai| 50 5. pA~cavA~ sAmya hai - guru mAhAtmya yA mahattva kA / Agama-sammata dhArA cU~ki sAdhana ko sarvAdhika mahattva detI hai ataH nirdezaka ke abhAva meM yaha kAryAnvita ho nahIM sktii| saMtoM ne 'guru' ko paramAtmA kA zarIrI rUpa hI kahA hai| jaina muniyoM meM bhI guru mahimA kA svara utanA hI udagra hai| muni rAmasiMha ne pAhuDadohA meM guru kI vaMdanA kI hai aura kahA hai. - guru diNayaru guru himakiraNu guru dIvau guru deu / appAparahaM paraMparahaM jo darisAvai bheu // 2 // arthAt guru dinakara, himakara, dIpa tathA deva saba kucha hai| kAraNa yahI to AtmA aura anAtmA ko bheda spaSTa karatA / yaha sadguru hI hai jisake prasAda se kevalajJAna kA sphuraNa hotA hai / usI kI prasannatA kA yaha pariNAma hai ki sAdhaka muktirUpI strI ke ghara nivAsa karatA hai / kevalaNANAvi upajjai sadguru vacana pasAvu / niSkarSa yaha ki apabhraMza-baddha jaina kAvyoM meM usa svara kA spaSTa hI pUrvAbhAsa upasthita hai jo saMtoM meM lAsita hotA hai| 2, sTeTa baiMka kaoNlonI devAsa roDa ujjaina (ma.pra.)

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 navambara, 1996 apabhraMza khaNDakAvyoM meM prakRti-varNana - ku. renU upAdhyAya ___ apabhraMza kAla ke mahAkAvyoM meM jahA~ prakRti-varNana kA vistRta rUpa dRSTigocara hotA hai, vahIM khaNDakAvyoM meM aise varNana saMkSipta rUpa meM milate haiN| inheM dRzyoM kI sthAnagata vizeSatA yA lokala kalara bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| cAroM ora vistRta prakRti ke sAtha hRdaya kA sAmaMjasya karanA AsAna nahIM hai| kalpanA ke Aropa kI paramparA kAlidAsa ke yuga se agrasara hokara apabhraMza kAla taka kAphI rUr3ha ho cukI thii| ___ apabhraMza ke pramukha kavi puSpadanta kA 'NAyakumAracariu' vizuddha dhArmika-bhAvanApradhAna khaNDakAvyoM meM se eka hai| isameM magadha deza ke rAjA jayaMdhara ke gRhastha jIvana tathA unake putra nAgakumAra ke jIvana-carita ke mAdhyama se usake apratima sauMdarya, zaurya, rAjya-saMcAlana tathA dhArmika AsthAoM kA paricaya milatA hai| DaoN. rAmagopAla zarmA ke matAnusAra - "jIvana aura prakRti ke aneka citra isa kAvya meM bhI aMkita kie gaye haiN|" pramANa ke lie nimna paMktiyA~ dekhie - sappurisu va thira mUlAhiThANu sappurisu va akusumaphala NihANu / sappurisu va kai sevijamANu sappurisu va diyavara diNNadANu // sappurisu va parasaMtAvahAri sappurisu va pattuddharaNa kAri / sappurisuva tahiM vaDaviDavi asthi jahiM karai gaMDa kaMDuyaNu hatthi //

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apabhraMza bhAratI -8 usa jinamandira ke samIpa satpuruSa ke samAna eka vaTa vRkSa hai jisakI jar3eM sthiratA se jamI huI haiM / ataeva jo usa satpuruSa ke samAna hai jisake vaMza kA mUla puruSa cirasthAyI kIrtimAna hai / usameM binA phUloM ke khUba phala- sampatti thI / ataH vaha usa satpuruSa ke samAna thA jo niSkAraNa upakAra karatA hai| vaha kapiyoM dvArA sevita thA jaise satpuruSa kaviyoM dvArA / vaha pakSiyoM ko phala kA dAna kiyA karatA thA jaise satpuruSa dvijoM ko| vaha pathikoM ke zrama ko apanI chAyA dvArA dUra karatA thA jaise satpuruSa dIna-dukhiyoM ke santApa ko apane dhana dvArA / vaha pattoM ko jharAyA karatA thA jaise satpuruSa pAtroM kA uddhAra karatA hai / usa vaTa vRkSa se ragar3akara hAthI apane gaMDasthaloM kI khujalI miTAyA karate the / 52 unakA 'jasaharacariu' nAmaka khaNDakAvya jasahara ( yazodhara) aura usakI mAtA candramati ke aneka janmoM kI kathA evam jainadharma kI mahimA para AdhArita hai| isa khaNDakAvya meM kavi ne prakRti evaM pazu-pakSiyoM ke prati pratyeka mAnava ke hRdaya meM karuNA evam sahAnubhUti utpanna karane kI dRSTi se hI jasahara tathA candramati ke bhinna-bhinna pazu-pakSiyoM kI yoni meM prApta janmoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| nadI, vRkSa, puSpa, sugandha, vAyu, pRthvI, jala, upavana, Ikha ke kheta, bhaMvare, prAtaH, saMdhyA, nizA, sUryodaya tathA candrodaya Adi prAkRtika upAdAnoM ke mAdhyama se prakRti-citraNa ko sAkAra rUpa pradAna karanA isa khaNDakAvya kI advitIya vizeSatA hai| nimnalikhita paMktiyoM meM saMzliSTa, prakRti-varNana ke antargata, taTavartI vRkSoM se patita puSparAzi se susajjita kSiprA nadI meM raMga-biraMge vastra dhAraNa kiye hue prakRtirUpI sundarI ke rUpa lAvaNya kI saMbhAvanA isa bAta kI pramANa hai tar3atarupaDiyakusumapuMjajjala pavaNa vasA calaMtiyA / dIsai paMcavaNNa NaM sAr3I mahimahilahi ghulaMtiyA / jalakIlaMta taruNighaNayaNa juyaviyaliya ghusiNapiMjarA / vAyAhayavisAla kallaula galacchiya mattakuMjarA / kacchavamacccha saMghaTTa vihATTiyasippisapuDA - vaha apane taTavartI vRkSoM se giranevAle puSpoM ke samUhoM se ujvala hai tathA pavana ke kAraNa - taraMgoM se calAyamAna hai, isa kAraNa vaha aisI dikhAI detI hai mAno pRthvIrUpI mahilA kI lahalahAtI huI pacaraMgI sAr3I ho| vAyu ke thaper3oM se uThanevAlI vizAla kalloloM dvArA vahA~ madonmata hAthI utprerita ho rahe haiN| vahA~ kachuoM aura machaliyoM kI pU~choM ke saMgaThana se sIpoM ke sampuTa vighaTita ho rahe haiM / apanI sundara kalpanA ko citrita karane ke lie kavi saMdhyA-varNana karate hue kahatA hai atthasiu rattau mittujahiM, disiNAri vi rajjai bappa tahiM / raNavIru visaru kiM tavai, bahu paharihiM NihaNu ji saMbhavai / ravi uggu ahogaiNaM gayau NaM rattau kaMdau Nikkhiyau / tahi saMjhA velli vaNIsariya, jaga maMDavi sA Niru vitthariya /

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 tArAvali kusumahiM pariyariya, saMpuNNa caMda phala bharaNaviya / NaM ratta govi chAiya hariNA, sA khaddhI bahala timirakariNA / NaM cakku tamoha vihaMDaNau, NaM surakari siya muha maMDaNau / NaM kitti dAviu yiyamuhu, NaM amaya bhavaNu jaNa diNNa suhu / NaM jasu puMjiu paramesara ho, NaM paDura chattu suresara ho / NaM rayaNI vahuhi NilAu tilau 14 - * jahA~ astAcala para sthita mitra (sUrya) anurakta huA (lAla huA) vahA~, bApa re, dizArUpa - 53 nArI bhI rakta (lAlAnurAgayukta) ho utthii| sUrya bhI kahA~ taka tapegA ? dinake cAra paharoM pazcAt usakA bhI asta honA nizcita hai, jisaprakAra raNa meM vIratA dikhAnevAlA sUra bhI aneka prahAroM se Ahata hokara mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai| sUrya udita huA aura phira mAno adhogati ko prApta huA, jaise kahIM boyA huA bIja lAla aMkura ke rUpa meM prakaTa huA ho| usake dvArA vahA~ sandhyArUpI latA nikalakara samasta jagatarUpI maNDapa para chA gii| vaha tArAvalIrUpI kusumoM se yukta ho uThI tathA pUrNacandrarUpI phala ke bhAra se jhuka gii| jaise mAno anurakta huI gopI kRSNa ke dvArA AcchAdita huI ho, aisI hI sandhyAkAlIna raktimA se lAla huI bhUmi pahale hare tRNa AcchAdita huI aura usa tRNa ko saghana andhakArarUpI hAthI ne cara liyaa| aba candramA kA udaya huaa| mAno vaha andhakAra - samUha ko khaNDita karanevAlA cakra ho, mAno devoM ke kRSNamukha kA maNDana ho, mAno kIrtidevI ne apanA mukha dikhalAyA ho, mAno logoM ko sukhadAI amRtakuNDa prakaTa huA ho, mAno paramezvara kA yaza: puMja ho, mAno indra kA zvetachatra ho, mAno rAtrirUpI vadhU ke mastiSka kA tilaka ho / vIra kavi dvArA racita 'jaMbusAmicariu' jaMbUsvAmI, unake bar3e bhAI aura unakI patniyoM ke pUrva janmoM kI kathA se susajjita khaNDakAvya hai| isameM bhI sUryodaya, sUryAsta, grAma, nagara, araNya, udyAna tathA basantAdi ke varNana ke dvArA prakRti ke uddIpaka rUpa kA citraNa huA hai| udAharaNa ke lie rAjA ke bhramaNa ke lie jAte samaya puSpa - makaranda se surabhita evam parAga-raja se raMjita udyAna meM bhauMroM kA gU~janA, vahA~ ke zAnta, zItala tathA manamohaka vAtAvaraNa se yukta prAkRtika sauMdarya kA adbhuta dRzya darzanIya hai| maMda maMdAra mayaraMda nandanaM vaNaM, kuMdakara vaMda vayakuMda candana ghaNaM / tarala dala tAla cala cavali kayalIsuhaM, dakkha paumakkha ruddakkhakhoNIruhaM / villa veilla virihilla sallaivaraM, aMba jaMbIra jaMbU kayaMbU varaM / karuNa kaNavIra karamaraM karIrAyaNaM, nAga, nAraMga nAgoha nIlaMvaraM / kusuma raya payara piMjariya dharaNIyalaM, tikkha nahu caMbu kaNayalla khaMDiyaphalaM / bhamiya bhamara ula saMchaDya paMkayasaraM, matta kalayaMThi kalayaTTha melliya saraM / rukkha rukkhami kappayaru siya bhAsiri, rai varANatta avayaNNa mAhavasiri / usa nandanavana meM maMdAra kI maMda makaraMda phaila rahI thI aura vaha kuMda, karavaMda (karauMdA), mucakuMda tathA caMdana vRkSoM se saghana thA / vahA~ tarala pattoMvAle tAla, caMcala lavalI aura sundara kadalI tathA drAkSA, padmAkSa evaM rudrAkSa ke vRkSa the / bela, vicikilla, cirihilla tathA sundara sallakI

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 aura Ama, jaMbIra (nIbU), jaMbU tathA uttama kadamba the| komala kanera, karamara, karIra (karIla), rAjana, nAga, nAraMgI va nyagrodha vRkSoM se nIlA aMbara (harita) ho rahA thA / kusumaraja ke prakara (samUha) se vahA~ kA bhUmibhAga piMgalavarNa ho gayA thA / zukoM ke tIkhe nakha va caMcuoM se vahA~ ke phala khaNDita the| ghUmate hue bhramarakuloM se paMkaja-sarovara AcchAdita thA aura matta kalakaMThiyoM ke madhura kaMTha se svara chUTa rahA thA / ratipati kI AjJA se vRkSa-vRkSa meM kalpavRkSa kI zobhA se bhAsvara mAdhava zrI basanta - zobhA avatIrNa huI / 54 nayanaMdIkRta'sudaMsaNacariu' meM vaNika-putra sudarzana ke janma-vRtAnta, usakA apratima sauMdarya, caritragata dRr3hatA aura AcAra-vyavahAra Adi kA ullekha milatA hai / khaNDakAvya meM prayukta upadezoM se kavi kI dhArmika pravRtti kA bhI paricaya milatA hai| prAkRtika citraNa kI dRSTi se kavi ne strI- puruSa, upavanoM, rAjahaMsoM, nadiyoM, sUryAsta, prabhAta tathA basanta Rtu ityAdi ke sundara evam alaMkRta citroM ko apane khaNDakAvya kA mukhya viSaya banAyA hai, jisakA spaSTa pramANa yaha prabhAtavarNana hai -- tAjaga saravarammi Nisi kumaiNi, uDDu paphulla kumuya ubbhAsiNi / ummUliya paccUsa mayaMgeM, gamu sahiu sasi haMsa vihaMgeM / vahala tamaMdhayAra vAraNa-ari, dIsai uyaya sihare ravikesari / puvva disAvahUya aruNa chavi, lIlA kamalu va ubbhAsai ravi / sohammAikappaphala joyaho, kosuma guMchu va gayaNA soyaho / diNa siri vidumavillihekaMDuva, Nahasiri ghusiNalalAmaya viduva / " tabhI jagarUpI sarovara se tArArUpI praphulla kumudoM se udbhAsita rAtrirUpI kumudinI ko pratyUSarUpI mAtaMga ne unmUlita kara ddaalaa| zazirUpI haMsa pakSI ne gamana kI taiyArI kii| saghanatama aMdhakArarUpI gaja kA vairI ravirUpI siMha udayAcala ke zikhara para dikhAI diyaa| pUrva dizArUpI vadhU ke lIlAkamala ke sadRza aruNavarNa ravi udbhAsita (udita) huaa| jaise mAno vaha yoga kA saudharmAdi svargarUpa phala ho, gaganarUpI azoka kA puSpaguccha ho, dinazrIrUpI pravAla kI bela kA kaMda ho tathA nabhazrI ke bhAla kA kezaramaya lalAmabindu ho / 'karakaMDacariu ' muni kanakAmara kA, mahArAja karakaMDa ke janma se jur3I aneka alaukika evam camatkArapUrNa ghaTanAoM aura unakI caritragata vizeSatAoM para AdhArita eka dhArmika khaNDakAvya hai| isa khaNDakAvya ke prAkRtika sauMdarya meM koI vizeSa camatkAra yA nayApana na hote hue bhI kavi ne prakRti kI jar3atA yA spandanahInatA ko asvIkAra karate hue use ha~sate-gAte, uchalate-kUdate tathA nAcate hue mahasUsa kiyA hai| jaisA ki usake nimnalikhita sarovara - varNana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai jalakuMbha kuMbha kuMbhaI dharaMtu taNhAura jIvahaM suhu karaMtu / udaMDa NaliNi uNaNai vahaMtu ucchaliya mINahiM maNu kahaMtu / DiMDIra piMDa rayaNahi hasaMtu aiNimmala paura guNehiMjaMtu / pacchaNNau viyasiyapaMkaehiM NacvaMtara viviha vihaMgaehiM / gAyaMta bhamarAvali kheNa dhAvaMtau pavaNAhaya jaleNa / NaM suyaNu suhAvau NayaNaiTTha jalabhariu sarovaru tehiM diTTha /

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 vaha jala hastiyoM ke kumbhasthaloM dvArA kalaza dhAraNa kiye thA aura tRSNAtura jIvoM ko sukha utpanna karatA thaa| vaha ucca- daNDa kamaloM ke dvArA unnati vahana kara rahA thA aura uchalatI machaliyoM dvArA apanA uchalatA mana prakaTa kaha rahA thaa| phena piNDarUpI dA~toM ko prakaTa karatA huA ha~sa rahA thA evaM ati nirmala va pracura guNoMsahita cala rahA thaa| phUle hue kamaloM dvArA vaha apanI prasannatA prakaTa kara rahA thA aura vividha vihaMgoM ke rUpa meM nAca rahA thA / bhramarAvalI kI guMjAra dvArA vaha gA rahA thA aura pavana se prerita jala ke dvArA daur3a rahA thaa| isa prakAra eka suhAvane va nayana-iSTa sajjana ke samAna usa jala se bhare hue sarovara ko unhoMne dekhA / - 55 dhArmika AvaraNa meM Abaddha divya-dRSTi dhAhila ke 'paumazrIcariu' meM padmazrI aura samudradatta ke pUrvajanmoM tathA una donoM kI premakahAnI evam praNaya-prasaMgoM kA varNana hai / kavi ne apane isa khaNDakAvya meM prakRti-varNana ke saMzliSTAtmaka, upadezAtmaka, nAyaka-nAyikA kI pRSThabhUmi ke rUpa meM aura prakRti ke bimba pratibimba bhAva kA bhI aMkana kiyA hai| pramANa-svarUpa sUryodayavarNana ke isa udAharaNa meM upadezAtmaka prakRti-citraNa ke darzana hote haiM parigalaya rayaNi uggamiu bhANu ujjoiu majjhima bhuyaNa bhANu vicchAya kaMti sasi atthamei sakalaMkaha kiM thiru udau hoi / maulaMti kumuya mahuyara muyaMti thira neha maliNa kiM kaha vi huMti rAta bIta gaI sUrya udita huaa| maMda kAntivAlA candramA asta ho rahA / kalaMkita kA udaya kyA sthira raha sakatA hai? kumuda mukulita ho rahe haiM, madhukara unheM chor3a ur3a rahe haiM, kyA malina-kAle kahIM sthira premI hote haiM / 'saMdeza rAsaka' addahamANa dvArA likhita eka laukika khaNDakAvya hai / " bhAratIya sAhitya meM, virahiNI nAyikA kA kisI anya ke dvArA pravAsI priya ke pAsa sandeza - preSaNa eka aisI mahattvapUrNa aura vyApaka kAvya rUr3hi rahI hai ki isakA upayoga premakAvya ke racayitAoM ne jI kholakara kiyA hai| yahI nahIM, kalpanA- pravaNa bhAratIya kaviyoM ne sandeza le jAne ke lie haMsa, zuka, bhramara, megha Adi mAnavetara jIvoM aura acetana vastuoM ko bhI isa kArya meM niyojita kiyA hai ? prema kI bhUmikA para jar3a-cetana ke ekatva kA yaha vidhAna bhAratIya kavi hRdaya kI mahattvapUrNa vizeSatA hai / ' isa khaNDakAvya meM prakRti-varNana kA pramukha uddezya nAyikA kI dAruNa virahavedanA kI abhivyaMjanA hai| sabhI Rtue~ usake lie apAra kaSTadAyaka aura virahoddIpaka bana gayI haiN| zarada Rtu - varNana kI nimna paMktiyA~ dekhie - 19 jhijjhau~ pahiya jalihi jhijjhatihi, khijjau~ khajjoyahi~ khajjaMtihiM / sArasa sarasu rasahiM kiM sArasi ! maha cira jiNa dukkhu kiM sArasi / 10 pathika! jala ke chIjane (kama hone) ke sAtha-sAtha maiM bhI chIjane lgii| khadyotoM ke sArasa ! mere camakane ke sAtha maiM khIjane ( khinna hone ) lagI / sArasa sarasa zabda karate haiN| cirajIrNa duHkha kA smaraNa kyoM karAtI ho ?

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56 apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 jala ke chIjane ke sAtha chIjanevAlI nAyikA kA cirajIrNa dukha basanta meM bhI kama nahIM hotA - gayau gamhu ai dusaha varisu uvvinniyai, sarau gayau aikaTThi himaMtu pavanniyai / sisira pharasu vullINukahava rovaMtiyai, dukkaru gamiyai ehu NAhu sumaraMtiyai / ' - duHsaha grISma gayA, udvignatApUrvaka varSA bItI, ati kaSTa se zarada biitaa| hemanta AyA, paruSa zizira rotI huI maiMne kisI prakAra bitaayaa| nAtha kA smaraNa karatI huI mere lie isa basanta kA bitAnA duSkara hai| vidyApati kI 'kIrtilatA' meM rAjA kIrtisiMha kA yazagAna hai| isameM paramparA pAlana ke lie kucha sthAnoM para prakRti-varNana huA hai, kintu rUpa-varNana meM prAkRtika sauMdarya kI chaTA apekSAkRta adhika sauSThavapUrNa hai| kezoM meM baMdhe hue puSyoM kI aMdhakAra kI haMsI ke rUpa meM parikalpanA tathA bhRkuTi-bhaMgimA kI kAjala kI nadI ke bIca laharoM meM uchalatI huI machaliyoM ke rUpa meM kI gayI utprekSA paryApta prabhAvAbhivyaMjaka hai - tAnhi kesa kusuma vasa, jani mAnya janaka lajjAvalambita / mukhacandra candrikA karI adhogati dekhi aMdhakAra ha~sa // nayanAMcala saMcAre bhrUlatA bhaGga / jani kajala kallolinI karI vIcivivarta bar3a bar3I zapharI taraMga // 2 - unake kezoM meM ba~dhe puSpa aise lagate the mAno ziSTajanoM ke lajjA se jhuke hue mukhacandra kI candrikA kI adhogati dekhakara aMdhakAra ha~sa rahA ho| palakoM (nayanAMjala) ke saMcAra se bhRkuTI kI bhaMgimA aisI pratIta hotI thI mAno kAjala kI nadI ke bIca bha~varayukta laharoM meM uchalatI huI bar3I-bar3I zapharI machaliyA~ hoN| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki apabhraMza ke khaNDakAvyoM meM prakRti-varNana paramparAgata rUpa meM viSaya kI AvazyakatAnusAra hI parilakSita hotA hai| 'saMdeza rAsaka' meM kavi ko Rtu-varNana ke antargata prakRti-varNana kA paryApta avasara bhI milA hai| phira bhI kAvya-sauMdarya evam vastuvarNana kI dRSTi se apabhraMzakAlIna kaviyoM ke ye varNana yathAsthAna apanI sArthakatA siddha karane meM samartha haiN| 1. DaoN. rAmagopAla zarmA 'dineza', apabhraMza bhASA kA vyAkaraNa aura sAhitya, pR. 105 / 2. puSpadanta, NAyakumAracariu, 8.9.1-4 / 3. puSpadanta, jasaharacariu, 3.1 / 4. vahI, 2.2 / 5. vIra kavi, jaMbusAmicariu, 4.16 /

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apabhraMza bhAratI -8 6. nayanaMdI, sudaMsaNacariu, 5.10 / 7. muni kanakAmara, karakaMDacariu, 4.7.3-8 / 8. divyadRSTi dhAhila, apabhraMza sAhitya, harivaMza kochar3a, pR. 205 / 9. saMdezarAsaka, bhUmikA, vizvanAtha tripAThI, pR. 70 / 10. addahamANa, saMdezarAsaka, zarada varNana, 16.5 / 11. vahI, vasanta varNana, 2041 12. vidyApati, kIrtilatA, chanda saM. 141-144 / dvArA - DaoN. azoka upAdhyAya zugara phaikTrI galI, subhASa nagara barelI (yU.pI.)- 243001

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58 apabhraMza bhAratI-8 bahupahArehi~ sUru atthamiyau bahupahArehi~ sUru atthamiyau ahavA kAi~ sIsae / jo vAruNihi~ rattu so uggu vi kavaNu Na kavaNu NAsae / NahamaragayabhAyaNe varavaMdaNu, saMjhArAu ghusiNu sasi caMdaNu / sasimigu katthUrI Niru sAmala, viyasiya gaha kuvalaya uDutaMdula / leviNu maMgalakaraNaNurAiya, NisitaraTTi tahi~ samae~ parAiya / - sudaMsaNacariu, 5.8 - bahu prahAroM ke pazcAt sUrya astamita huA, (mAnoM) bahuta prahAroM se zUravIra nAza ko prApta huaa| athavA, kyA kahA jAya - jo vAruNi (pazcima dizA) se rakta huA, vaha vAruNi (madirA) meM rakta puruSa ke samAna ugra hokara bhI kauna-kauna naSTa nahIM hotA? nabharUpI marakata ke pAtra meM uttama vaMdanA hetu saMdhyArAgarUpI kezara, zazirUpI caMdana, candramRgarUpI atyanta zyAmala kastUrI vikasita graharUpI praphphula kamala tathA tArArUpI taMdula, ina maMgalakaraNoM (sAdhanasAmagrI) ko lekara anurAgayukta nizArUpI ramaNI usa samaya A phuNcii| anu. - DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 navambara, 1996 -- apabhraMza sAhitya aura usakI kRtiyA~ - - pro. DaoN. saMjIva pracaMDiyA bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke vikAsa kI jo avasthA apabhraMza nAma se jAnI jAtI hai usake lie prAcIna saMskRta granthoM meM apabhraSTa aura apabhraMza tathA prAkRta meM avabbhaMza, avahaMsa, avahattha, avahaTTha, avahaTha Adi nAma milate haiN|' Aja se lagabhaga 94 sAla pahile san 1902 I. meM jarmana vidvAna pizela ne apanA pahilA saMgraha 'mATe riyAliena tsurakeMTa nisa Desa apabhraMza' taiyAra kiyA jisameM unhoMne hemacandra prAkRta-vyAkaraNa ke sabhI apabhraMza chaMdoM ke atirikta paiMtIsa padya aura jodd'e| isI prakAra san 1918 I. meM jarmana ke hI yAkovI ne kavi dhanapAla racita 'bhavisayatta kahA' kA sampAdana kiyA / vAstava meM ye loga 'apabhraMza sAhitya' ko zodha-khoja kI dRSTi se ubhArakara lAne meM sahAyaka hue haiN| isa dRSTi se zrI jinavijaya muni kA kArya vizeSa mahattva kA hai| unhoMne puSpadaMta kA mahApurANa, svayaMbhUkRta paumacariu, harivaMzapurANa Adi kA saphala sampAdana kiyA thA / isI prakAra pro. hIrAlAla jaina kAraMjA jaina bhaMDAra ko jhAr3a-buhAra kara jasaharacariu, NAyakumAracariu, karakaMDacariu, pAhuDadohA Adi graMthoM ko prakAza meM lAye / 59 sAmAnya rUpa se apabhraMza sAhitya kI jJAta pustakoM kI saMkSipta kintu akArAdi krama meM sUcI dI jA sakatI hai jisase apabhraMza sAhitya kA sAhityika kRtiyoM kI dRSTi se paricaya prApta ho sake / yathA a amarasena- carita - mANikkarAja

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60 apabhraMza bhAratI -8 - jinaprabha sUri anAtha saMdhi ananta vrata kathAnaka anjanAsundarI kathA antaraMga rAsa antaraMga vivAha antaraMga saMdhi - jinaprabha sUri jinaprabha sUri ratnaprabha sUri (saMvat 1362 vi.) A - vIra - siMhasena (raidhU) ArAdhanA-sAra AdipurANa (meghezvara carita) AdinAtha phAga Atma-saMbodhana - puSpadaMta - jinaprabha sUri upadezaka kulaka devasUri : RSabhajina-stuti raidhU kanakAmara muni - zrI candra (saMvat 941-946) - jinadatta sUri brAuna dvArA sampAdita karakaMDacariu karakaMDacariu kathAkoSa (kathAkoza) kalAsvarUpa kulaka kAlikAcArya kathA (asthi iheva jambU) (aMzataH apabhraMza) kubalayamAlA-kahA (aMzataH apabhraMza) kumArapAla-pratibodha (aMzataH apabhraMza) - udyotana sUri (saM. 835 vi.) - somaprabha sUri (saMvat 1241 vi.) candraprabhacariu candraprabhacariu caityaparipATI carcarI carcarI carcarI yaza:kIrti - dAmodara - jinaprabha sUri - jinadatta sUri solaNa - jinaprabha sUri

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 61 jayati huaNa jayakumAra-caritra jambUsvAmI-caritra jambUcaritra jambUsvAmI rAsA jina rAtri-kathA jina-mahimA jinadatta-caritra jina janma-maha jIvAnuzAsti saMdhi - abhayadeva sUri (saMvat 1119 vi.) raidhU brahmadeva sena sAgaradatta (saMvat 1060 vi.) - vIra (saMvat 1299 vi.) - dharmasUri (saMvat 1266 vi.) - narasena - jinaprabha sUri raidhU - jinaprabha sUri - narasena - puSpadaMta triSaSThi - mahApuruSa guNAlaMkAra (mahApurANa) - siMhasena (raidhU) daGgaDa dazalakSaNa jayamAlA dAnAdI (dAnAdi) kulaka dohAkoza dohAkoza dohAnuprekSA dohApAhuNa/dohApAhuDa dohA mAtRkA pradyumna kANha saraha lakSmIcandra rAmasiMha dharmasUri stuti dharmAdharma kulaka dharmAdharma vicAra - jinaprabha sUri - jinaprabha sUri - puSpadaMta mANikka rAja navakAra phala kulaka nAgakumAra cariu nAgakumAra carita nirdoSa saptamI kathA neminAtha janmAbhiSeka neminAtha caupaI neminAtha cariu - jinaprabha sUri - vinayacandra sUri (saMvat 1257 vi.) - haribhadra sUri (8vIM se 12vIM zatAbdi ke lagabhaga)

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62 apabhraMza bhAratI -8 neminAtha carita neminAtha phAga neminAtha rAsa - dAmodara - lakSmaNa deva rAjazekhara sUri (saM. 1371 vi.) jinaprabha sUri padmacaritra/paumacariu padmapurANa padmazrI caritra paramAtmaprakAza pAMDavapurANa pArzvanAtha caritra pArzvanAtha janmAbhiSeka pArzvanAtha purANa purANa sAra - svayaMbhU aura tribhuvana - raidhU - dhAhila (saMvat 1191 vi.) yogIndra yaza:kIrti - vinayacandra sUri - jinaprabha sUri raidhU padmakIrti zrI candra muni - raidhU - merutuMga (saMvat 1361 vi.) pradyumna carita prabandha cintAmaNi (aMzata: apabhraMza) balabhadra carita bArahakhar3I dohA bAhubali rAsa raidhU mahAcanda - zAlibhadra sUri bhavissayatta kahA bhavya kuTumba bhavya-caritra bhAvanA kulaka bhAvanA saMdhi dhanavAla jinaprabha sUri jinaprabha sUri jinaprabha sUri jayadeva (saMvat 1606 vi.) madanarekhA carita - saMvat (1297 vi.) malaya sUri-stuti mallinAtha carita - jinaprabha sUri mahAvIra carita __ - jinezvara sUri ke ziSya mahAvIra stotra muni candrasUra-stuti - deva sUri munisuvrata svAmi stotra - jinaprabha sUri

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apabhraMza bhAratI 8 ya va meghezvara carita moharAja vijaya yazodhara caritra (jasahara cariu ) yugAdi jinacaritra kulaka yogasAra vRddhanavakAra vajrasvAmI caritra varddhamAna kAvya ( zreNika caritra ) varddhamAna caritra varAMga caritra viveka kulaka vIra jina pAraNaka za/Sa/sa saMyama maMjarI saMbhavanAtha carita SaTkarmApadeza zrIpAla carita zrIpAla carita zrAvakAcAra * zIla saMdhi zAlibhadrakakkA zAMtinAtha caritra saMdeza rAsaka sanmati jina caritra sukumAla svAmi carita sudarzana caritra subhadrA caritra sthUlabhadra phAga siddha hema zabdAnuzAsana ( saMkalita apabhraMza chaMda) - - - - -- - - raidhU jinaprabha sUri puSpadaMta jinaprabha sUri yogIndu zruti kIrti jinavallabha sUri jinaprabha sUri (saMvat 1316 vi . ) jayamitra idhU tejapAla jinaprabha sUri vardhamAna sUri mahezvara sUri tejapAla amarakIrti (saMvat 1274 vi . ) narasena idhU devasena Izvara gaNi padma zubhakIrti abdula rahamAna idhU puSpabhadra (pUrNabhadra) nayanandinI / nayanandina (saMvat 1100 vi . ) abhayagaNi (saMvat 1161 vi.) jinapadma sUri (1257 vi . ) hemacanda 63

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64 apabhraMza bhAratI-8 - raidha harivaMza purANa - svayaMbhU aura tribhuvana - zrutikIrti yadyapi uparyukta sUcI apabhraMza sAhitya ko sampUrNa nahIM darzAtI tathApi inase isa sAhitya kI sAmAnya sthiti kA AbhAsa lagAyA jA sakatA hai| saMdhi, kulaka, caupaI, ArAdhanA, rAsa, caoNsara, phAga, stuti, stotra, kathA, carita, purANa Adi vividha vidhAoM meM mAnava jIvana aura jagat kI aneka bhAvanAoM aura vicAroM ko saphalatApUrvaka isa sAhitya ne ukerA hai| isa dRSTi se kucheka udAharaNa yahA~ diye jA sakate haiM - 1. sAmANa bhAsa chuDu mA vihauDa / chuDu Agama - juti kiM pighaDau // chuDu hoMti suhAsiya - vayaNAi / gAmella - bhAsa pariharaNAI // tapaNu viyaktira timira - dhammilu parilha sira / tAraya-vasaNa kalamalaMta tarU sihara pakkhiya // parisaMdira kusuma-mahu-viMdu misiNae paiM vaDukkhiya // zrAvaNi saravaNi kaMDuya mehu gajjai, viri hini jhijai dehu / viju jhabakkai rakkhasi jevaM nemihi viNu sahi sahiyai ke vaM / bhrAdravi bhariyA sarapikkhevi sakaruNa roai rAjala devi // 4. kavi vesa ciMtai gae - suNNA / ye thaNa eyaho NahahiM Na miNNA / kAvi vesa ciMtai kiM vaDDhiya / NIlAlaya eeNa na kiDDiya // maNu miliyau paramesaraho, paramesara ji maNassa / viNNi vi samarasi hui rahiya, puMja caDAvau~ kassa // jo paramappA so ji hau~, jo hau~ so paramappa // 5 1. apabhraMSTaM tRtIyaM ca tadanantaMnarAdhipa, khaNDa 3, adhyAya 3; de. kiM. ci avaThabhaMsa- ka A dA ... alpheDa mAsTara - BSOASXIII.2 meM uddhRt| maMgalakalaza, 394, sarvodaya nagara AgarA roDa, alIgar3ha - 202001

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apabhraMza bhAratI -8 navambara, 1996 65 paumacariu ke hindI anuvAda para kucha TippaNiyA~ - zrI devanArAyaNa zarmA apabhraMza mahAkAvya 'paumacariu' kA hindI anuvAda sva. DaoN. devendrakumAra jaina' kA hai| DaoN. jaina apabhraMza aura hindI sAhitya ke prakhara utsAhI adhyetA ke rUpa meM svIkRta haiN| isa anuvAda ke krama meM unhoMne svayaM svIkAra kiyA hai ki "itane bar3e kavi ke kAvya kA pahalI bAra meM sarvAGga sundara aura zuddha anuvAda ho jAnA saMbhava nahIM hai|" ataH prastuta nibandha meM anuvAdaka ke doSAnveSaNa ke lie nahIM, apitu, jijJAsu chAtroM evaM zikSakoM kI tRpti hetu maiMne kucha TippaNiyA~ likhI haiM / samprati maiMne grantha ke usI prasaMga para vicAra kiyA hai jo vizvavidyAlayoM meM pAThyAMza ke rUpa meM svIkRta haiN| vicArita aMza 1. to taM vayaNu sunevi kaliyArau vaddhAvaNaha~ padhAiu NArau // 21.1.8 isa paMkti meM 'vaddhAvaNaha~' pada kA artha 'vardhamAnanagara' kiyA gayA hai| isaprakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha - "yaha jAnakara kalahakArI nArada vardhamAna nagara pahu~cA" kiyA hai| kintu, prasaMga tathA mUlasrotoM ke avalokana se 'vaddhAvaNaha~' kA artha 'vardhApana hetu' honA caahie| isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha - 'taba usa vacana ko sunakara kalahakAraka nArada vardhApana hetu daur3a par3e' prAsaMgika hogaa| 2. NandaNu tAheM doNu uppajjai kekkaya taNaya kAi~, vaNijjai // 21. 2.8

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66 apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 yahA~ doNu' kA artha 'do' kiyA gayA hai| phalasvarUpa pUrI paMkti kA artha 'rAnI se do santAna utpanna huI, unameM se kaikeyI varNana kisa prakAra kiyA jAya' karanA par3A hai| kintu, prasaMga tathA sambaddha granthoM ke anusAra 'doNu' zabda kA artha 'droNa' honA caahie| isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA prAsaMgika artha hogA - usa (rAnI) ke 'droNa' nAmaka putra aura 'kekayA' nAma kI kanyA utpanna huI jisakA varNana kyA kiyA jAye ? 3. 'varu AhaNahA~' kaNNa uddAlA~ rayaNai~ jema tema mahipAloM // 21.3.5 __ isakA hindI anuvAda kiyA gayA hai - "isa rAjA se kanyA vaise hI chInalo, jaise sarpa se maNi chIna liyA jAtA hai|" yahA~ anuvAda pUrA kA pUrA kAlpanika ho gayA hai| isakA. prAsaMgika artha honA cAhie - 'vara ko mAra DAlo aura rAjA ke kanyAratna ko jaise-taise ur3A lo|' yahA~ 'rayaNa'' kA sambandha 'kaNNa' se hai 'sarpa' se nhiiN| 4. taM NisuNevi pariosiya-jaNae~ // 21.4.1 isakA hindI anuvAda hai - "yaha sunakara janoM ko santuSTa karanevAlI (ne)---|" yahA~ 'jaNaeM' kA artha 'janoM ko kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH 'jaNaeM' kA saMskRta rUpAntara 'janakena' honA cAhie, isa kAraNa pUre samasta pada kA prAsaMgika artha hogA - 'pitA ko santuSTa karanevAlI (ne)|' 5. diNNu deva pai~ maggami jiyhuN| Niyaya-saccu pAlijai taiyahu~ // 21.4.5 isakA upalabdha hindI anuvAda hai - "deva, jaba maiM mA~gU taba denA, taba taka apane satya kA pAlana karate rhie|" yahA~ 'pai~' kA artha hai - 'aapne'| isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha honA cAhie - 'he deva! Apane diyA, kintu, jaba maiM mA~gU taba apane vacana (satya) kA pAlana kiyA jaaye|' 6. jaNau vi mihilA-NayareM paiTTha samau videhae~ rajeM NiviTThau // 21.5.3 isakA upalabdha hindI anuvAda hai - "janaka bhI mithilApurI meM jAkara videha kA rAjya karane lge|" yahA~ 'videhae~' pada kA sambandha 'rajjeM' ke sAtha jor3a diyA gayA hai, jaba ki usakA sambandha 'samau' ke sAtha honA cAhie aura 'videhA' (videhae~) kA artha 'janaka (videha) kI patnI' honA cAhie, rAjya nhiiN| isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha hogA - janaka bhI mithilAnagara meM praviSTa hue aura 'videhA' (rAnI) ke sAtha rAjyAsIna hue| veDhiya jaNaya-kaNaya duppecchehi vavvara-savara-pulindA-mecchehi // 21.6.1 garuyAsaGghae~ bAla-sahAyahA~ lehu visajiu dasaraha-rAyahA~ // 21.6.2

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apabhraMza bhAratI -8 67 ina paMktiyoM kA upalabdha hindI anuvAda hai - "barbara, zabara, pulinda aura mlecchoM se apanI senA ghira jAne para rAjA janaka ne bahuta bhArI AzaMkA se bAlakoM kI sahAyatA ke lie rAjA dazaratha ke pAsa lekhapatra bhejaa|" yahA~ 'kaNaya' zabda kI ora dRSTi nahIM gayI hai, sAtha hI 'garuyAsadhae~' tathA 'bAla sahAyahoM' ke prAsaMgika artha ko bhI dhyAna meM nahIM rakhA gayA hai| kaNaya' zabda kA artha rAjA janaka kA bhAI kanaka 'garuyAsadhae' kA artha 'bar3e vizvAsa ke sAtha' aura 'bAlasahAyahoM' kA 'bAlyakAla ke sakhA ko' honA caahie| isa prakAra uparyukta donoM paMktiyoM kA artha hogA - 'duSprekSya barbara, zabara, pulinda Adi mlekSoM ke dvArA janaka aura kanaka ghera liye gye| taba unhoMne bar3e vizvAsa ke sAtha apane bAlyakAla ke sakhA rAjA dazaratha ko patra bhejaa|' 8. dUsahu so ji aNNu puNu lakkhaNu // 21.7.2 isakA upalabdha hindI anuvAda hai - "unake sAtha dUsarA kevala duHsaha lakSmaNa thaa|" yahA~ paMkti ke sabhI zabdoM para dhyAna nahIM diyA jA sakA hai| isakA zabdAnurUpa artha hogA - eka to ve (svayaM) hI duHsaha the, phira unake sAtha dUsare lakSmaNa bhI the| 'so ji' kA artha - saH (svayam) hI - 'vaha (svayaM) hI' hai| 9. jaNaya-kaNaya raNe uvveDhAviya // 21.7.4 __isakA upalabdha hindI anuvAda hai - "unhoMne sItA kA uddhAra kiyaa|" yahA~ jaNaya-kaNaya' kA artha 'janaka-kanyA 'samajha liyA gayA hai / yathArtha meM yaha samastapada 'janaka aura kanaka' artha rakhatA hai| ata: isakA prasaMgAnukUla artha honA cAhie - 'unhoMne raNa meM janaka aura kanaka ko mukta karA diyaa|' 10. taM jai hoi kumArahoM AyahA~ to siya harai purandara-rAyoM // 21.10.5 isa paMkti kA anuvAda kiyA gayA hai - "vahI isa kumAra ke yogya hai, ataH purandararAja janaka se usakA apaharaNa kara laao|" yahA~ 'jai', 'hoi', 'siya' aura 'purandara-rAya' pada kA artha hI chor3a diyA gayA hai| jai' kA artha 'yadi', 'hoI' kA 'ho', 'siya' kA 'zrI' (zobhA) aura 'purandara-rAya' kA 'purandara-rAja' arthAt devarAja indra hai| isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha hogA - 'vaha yadi isa kumAra kI ho jAye, to yaha devarAja indra kI zobhA kA bhI apaharaNa kara le arthAt devendra kI zobhA bhI isake samakSa tuccha ho jaaye|' 11. jakkha-sahAsahu~ muhu darisAvai // 21.12.8 isakA upalabdha hindI anuvAda hai - "hajAroM yakSa bhI apanA mu~ha dikhAkara raha gye|" yahA~ vAkyaracanA para dhyAna nahIM diyA jA sakA hai| sAvadhAnI se dekhane para isakA prAsaMgika artha hogA - 'sahasroM yakSoM ko apanA mu~ha dikhA ske|' 12. dhaNuharAI allaviyai~ jakkheMhiM // 21.13.3

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68 apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 isakA anuvAda kiyA gayA hai - "yakSoM ne donoM dhanuSa batAte hue unase khaa|" yahA~ 'allaviyai~' kriyApada ke artha kI ora pUrA dhyAna nahIM diyA gayA hai| allaviyai~ kA artha hai - 'arpita kiye'| isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha hogA - 'yakSoM ne (donoM) dhanuSa arpita kiye|' 13. lakkhaNahoM aTTha parikappiyau / / 21.14.3 prastuta anuvAda meM isakA artha hai - "zeSa ATha lakSmaNa ko vivAha diiN|" yahA~ parikappiyau' kA artha honA cAhie - 'parikalpita kiyA' arthAt 'nizcaya kiyaa'| isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha hogA - 'zeSa ATha lakSmaNa ko dene kA nizcaya kiyaa|' 14. doNeNa visallA-sundariya kaNhahA~ cintaviya maNohariya // 21.14.4 isa paMkti kA artha kiyA gayA hai - "droNa ne bhI apanI sundarI kanyA lakSmaNa ko vivAha dii|" yahA~ 'cintaviya' pada kA artha 'vicAra kiyA' athavA 'nizcaya kiyA' honA caahie| 'visallA' kA rUpAntara 'vizalyA' hai| isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha hogA - 'droNa ne bhI manohAriNI vizalyAsundarI (ko) lakSmaNa ko dene kA vicAra kiyaa|' 15. pahu pabhaNai rahasucchaliya-gattu // 22.1.3 __ isa paMkti kA upalabdha anuvAda hai - "rAjA harSa se gadgada svara meM bole|" yahA~ 'rahasucchaliya-gattu' kA artha 'harSa se gadgada' kiyA gayA hai, jo prAsaMgika nahIM mAlUma pdd'taa| harSa kI sthiti meM viSAda kA dRzya cauMkAnevAle hotA hai, harSita karanevAlA nhiiN| ataH yahA~ 'rahasucchaliya-gattu' (rabhasucchalita-gAtra) kA artha 'sahasAprakampita-zarIra' honA caahie| isa prakAra prastuta paMkti kA artha hogA - 'acAnaka cauMka kara rAjA bole|' 16. gaya-dantu ayaMgamu daNDapANi // 22.1.8 isakA upalabdha artha hai - "dA~ta lambe, hAtha meM dnndd|" yahA~ gaya-dantu' kA artha saMbhavatayA 'gajadanta' kiyA gayA hai aura 'ayaMgamu' zabda ko sarvathA chor3a diyA hai| 'gaya-dantu' kA prAsaMgika artha 'gata-danta' arthAt dantarahita honA cAhie aura 'ayaMgamu' kA 'ajaMgama' arthAt calane meM asmrth| isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha hogA - 'dantarahita, calane meM asamartha aura hAtha meM daNDa liye|' 17. paDihanti Na vijAhara-tiyAu // 22.5.4 __ prastuta paMkti kA upalabdha artha hai - "use kisI bhI vicAradhArA kI icchA nahIM thii|" yahA~ 'paDihanti Na' kA artha hai - 'nahIM bhAtI hai' aura 'vijjAharatiyAu' kA 'vidyaadhr-kaaminiyaaN'| isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha honA cAhie - 'vidyAdhara-kAminiyA~ use nahIM bhAtI haiM (thiiN)|' 18. acchahu puNu vi ghareM sattuhaNu rAmu hau~ lakkhaNu / aliu ma hohi tuhu~ mahi bhujeM bhaDArA appuNu // 22.10.9

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 "" isakA upalabdha anuvAda hai 'athavA Apa ghara para hI raheM, zatrughna, rAma, lakSmaNa aura maiM vana ko jAte haiN|" yahA~ ' acchahu' kriyApada kA artha hai 'raheM' aura 'puNuvi' avyayapada nizcayasUcaka hai / isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha honA cAhie - zatrughna, rAma, lakSmaNa aura maiM sabake saba ghara para hI rheN| bhaTTAraka! Apa bhI asatyavAdI na baneM, Apa svayaM rAjya kA bhoga kreN| " 19. NIlakkhaNa NIrAmummAhiya // 23.4.5 isa paMkti kA upalabdha hindI anuvAda hai - "usakI A~kheM nIlI aura azrujala se DabaDabAI huI thiiN| yahA~ 'NIlakkhaNa' kA artha hai - 'nirlakSaNa' arthAt zubhalakSaNarahita tathA 'NIrAmummAhiya' kA 'nitarAmunmAdhita' arthAt srvthaavinsstt| isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha honA cAhie - 'zubha lakSaNarahita tathA sarvathAvinaSTa / ' 20. hari-vala janta NivArahi Naravai // 23.5.10 - isakA artha kiyA gayA hai " jAtI huI rAma kI senA ko roko / " yahA~ 'hari-vala' kA artha honA cAhie - lakSamaNa aura rAma, 'janta' kA 'jAte hue' tathA 'Naravai' kA 'narapati' / isa prakAra paMkti kA spaSTa artha hogA - 'he narapati! Apa jAte hue lakSmaNa aura rAma ko rokeM / ' upalabdha hindI - anuvAda meM 'hari-vala' kA artha 'rAma kI senA' le liyA gayA hai, jo prAsaMgika nahIM hai| 21. rAya - vAru valu voliu jAveMhi~ 69 lakkhaNu marNe Arosiu tAveMhi~ // 23.7.1 isakA upalabdha hindI anuvAda hai - "rAma ke rAjAjJA sunAte hI lakSmaNa ko mana hI mana asahya vedanA huii'| yahA~ ' rAya - vAru' kA artha hai - 'rAjadvAra' arthAt rAjabhavana kA mukhyadvAra, 'valu' kA 'rAma', 'voliu' kA 'pAra kiyA' aura 'Arosiu' kA 'AruSTa' / isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha huA - 'rAma ne rAjabhavana ke mukhyadvAra ko jyoMhi pAra kiyA, tyoMhI lakSmaNa antaH karaNa se (meM) kruddha ho uThe ' / 22. NAi~ maindu mahA-ghaNa-gajjieN tiha somitti kuviu garme sajjieN // 23.7.3 isa paMkti kA upalabdha anuvAda hai - "jaise mahAmegha garajate haiM, vaise hI lakSmaNa jAne kI taiyArI karane lagA / " yahA~ ' maindu' kA artha ' mRgendra', 'mahAghaNagajjie' kA 'ghora ghana-garjanA para ' aura 'kuviu' kA artha 'kruddha' hai / isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha hogA - 'ghora ghana-garjanA para uttejita mRgendra kI taraha rAma ke vanagamana hetu udyata ho cukane para lakSmaNa kruddha ho uThe / ' 23. keM palayANaleM appara DhoiDa keM AruTThau saNi avaloiDa // 23.7.5 isakA artha kiyA gayA hai - " pralaya kAla meM kauna apane ko bacA sakA hai, zani ko dekhakara kauna ucita ho sakA / " yahA~ 'palayANale' kA artha 'pralayAnala meM' 'Dhoiu' kA ' arpita,

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 'AruTThau' kA 'AruSTa' aura 'avaloiDa' kA artha 'avalokita' hai| isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha honA cAhie - "kisane pralayAnala meM apane ko arpita kara diyA hai, kisane AruSTa zanigraha para dRSTi DAlI hai / " 70 24. jiu kAlu-kiyantu mahAhaveM // 23.7.8 44 - isa paMkti kA upalabdha anuvAda hai 'yama kA kAla pUrA ho cukane para mahAyuddha meM kauna bacA sakatA hai|" yahA~ artha meM kAlpanikatA A gayI hai| vastutaH ' 'keM' kA artha 'kisane', 'jiu' kA 'jIta liyA', 'kAlu' kA 'kAla' aura 'kiyantu' kA 'kRtAnta' (yama) hai| isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA hindI anuvAda honA cAhie - 'kisane mahAyuddha meM kAla aura kRtAnta ko jIta liyA / ' 25. jasu paDanti giri siMha - NAeNNaM // 23.8.4 isakA anuvAda kiyA gayA hai - "pahAr3a, siMha aura hAthI taka gira par3ate haiN"| yahA~ bhI anuvAda kI zithilatA cintanIya hai| isa prasaMga meM 'jasu' kA artha 'jisake', 'paDanti' kA 'gira jAte haiM', 'giri' kA 'parvata' aura 'siMha - NAeNNaM' kA artha 'siMhanAda se ' hai / isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha huA 'jisake siMhanAda se parvata gira jAte haiM arthAt dharAzAyI ho jAte haiM / ' 26. dhaNaeN riddhi sohaggu vammarhe // 23.8.7 -- - isakA upalabdha hindI anuvAda hai "dhana meM riddhi, vAmA meM saubhAgya" / yathArtha meM ' dhaNaeN' kA artha ' dhanada (kubera) meM' aura 'vammahe' kA 'manmatha (kAmadeva) meM' honA caahie| isa prakAra paMkti kA artha hogA 'dhanada meM Rddhi (vibhUti) aura manmatha meM saubhAgya ( lAvaNya) / ' * 27. rajjeM kijjai kAi~ tAyoM sacca-viNAseM // 23.8.9 - paMkti kA upalabdha anuvAda hai| " tAtanAzaka rAjya ke karane se kyA ? yahA~ 'sacca' zabda sarvathA upekSita hai, jisa kAraNa artha meM vikRti A gayI hai / isake grahaNa karane para artha hogA pitA ke satya (vacana) ko vinaSTa karanevAle rAjya se kyA prayojana ? - 28. jagu gilei NaM suttu mahAiya // 23.9.4 isa paMkti kA artha kiyA gayA hai - "mAno variSTha usane sote hue vizva ko lIla liyA ho|" yahA~ paMkti ke antargata zabdoM ke anvaya para samucita dhyAna nahIM rakhA gayA hai, jisa kAraNa artha kI saMgati nahIM baiTha pAI hai| anvaya ke anusAra isakA artha honA cAhie - 'mAno mahAdRtA ( gariSThA) kAlarAtrI jaga (vizva) ko nigalakara so gayI ho / ' 29. vAsueva - balaeva mahavvala sAhammiya sAhammiya- vacchala // raNa-bhara - NivvAhaNa NivvAhaNa Niggaya NIsAhaNa NIsAhaNa // 23.9.7-8 prastuta paMktiyoM kA upalabdha anuvAda hai| - "to mahAbalI, yuddhabhAra uThAne meM samartha rAma aura lakSmaNa ne mAtAoM tathA snehIjanoM se vidA mA~gI aura savArI, zRGgAra tathA prasAdhana se hIna (nikale) / yahA~ prathamacaraNa kA artha to 'mahAbalI rAma aura lakSmaNa' ThIka hI hai, kintu, anya kA artha yathArthatA ke samIpa nahIM raha gayA hai / 'paumacariu' ke prAsaMgika TippaNa ke anusAra

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 - 'sAhammiya' kA artha hai - vibhinna mAtAoM se utpanna arthAt sautele bhAI aura sAmAnya artha hai sAdharmI (samAnadharmI) / isa prakAra ina paMktiyoM kA prAsaMgika artha honA cAhie - 'mahAbalI rAma aura lakSmaNa, jo paraspara sAdharmI (sautele bhAI), sAdharmiyoM ke prati snehabhAva rakhanevAle tathA raNabhAra ke nirvAhaka haiM, ve binA vAhana, binA sAdhana aura binA sainya ke nikala pdd'e| ' 30. jaM pAyAra-vAra- viSphuriyau potthAsittha- gantha - vitthariyau // 23.9.10 isakA upalabdha hindI anuvAda hai - "vaha maMdira parakoTA aura dvAroM se zobhita aura pothiyoM tathA granthoM se bharA thaa|" yahA~ dvitIya caraNa kA anuvAda zabdArtha ke anurUpa nahIM huA hai| 'potthAsittha' pada kA prAsaMgika artha - 'vastra se lipaTe hue' honA caahie| isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha hogA 'jo ( jina-maMdira) prAkAra aura dvAroM se udbhAsita tathA vastrAvRta granthoM se vistArita thA / ' 31. jaya dhamma - mahAraha - vIDhe Thiya jaya siddhi-varaGgaNa-raNa- piya // 23.10.6 71 isakA paMkti kA upalabdha hindI anuvAda hai - " dharmarUpI mahAratha kI pITha para sthita ApakI jaya ho / siddhirUpI vadhU ke atyanta priya ApakI jaya ho|" prastuta paMkti meM 'raNNa' zabda vicAraNIya hai / lakSaNA se 'raNNa' kA artha 'ekAnta' athavA 'atyanta' bhI ho sakatA hai| kintu, yahA~ jinezvara kI vandanA ke krama meM unakI upamA pUrNatayA Aditya (sUrya) se dI gayI hai / ata: yahA~ 'raNNa' kA artha ratnA (Aditya - bhAryA) honA caahie| isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA prAsaMgika artha hogA - dharmarUpI mahAn ratha para ArUDha ApakI jaya ho, siddhi-kAminIrUpI ratnA ke priya ApakI jaya ho|" huGkAra-sAra mellantai~ garua-pahAraha usa uDDantai~ // 23.11.4 32. sara isakA hindI anuvAda kiyA gayA hai- "huMkAra karane meM zreSTha ve kAmotpAdaka zabda kara rahe the, guru prahAra se ve use ur3A rahe the / yahA~ bhI anuvAda meM zithilatA huI hai| prasaMgAnusAra 'sara' kA artha 'smara' (kAma), 'sAra' kA 'svara' aura 'uru' kA 'jaMghA' hai| isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha honA cAhie - 've kAmajanya huMkAra svara chor3a rahe the aura bhArI AghAtoM se jaMghAoM ko ur3A rahe the| 33. je vi ramantA Asi lakkhaNa-rAmahuM saMkevi / NAvai surayAsatta AvaNa thiya muhu DhaGkevi // 23.11.9 prastuta ghattA kA upalabdha hindI anuvAda hai - "suratAsakta ramaNa karatI huI jitanI bhI ApaNastriyoM thI, rAma-lakSmaNa kI AzaMkA se mAno ve mu~ha Dhakakara raha gii|" yahA~ anuvAda meM na zabdArtha para dRSTi rakhI gayI hai aura na unake anvaya pr| isakA prAsaMgika artha honA cAhie - 'jo bhI (strI-puruSa) kAmakrIr3A meM anurakta the, ve lakSmaNa aura rAma kI AzaMkA se mu~ha Dhakakara nizcala ho gaye, mAno, suratAsakta ApaNa hI nizcala ho gayA ho / '

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72 34. Nisi - NisiyarieN Asi jaM giliyau NAi~ paDIvau jau uggiliyau // 23.12.6 isakA upalabdha anuvAda hai - "rAtarUpI nizAcarI ne jo sUraja ko pahale nigala liyA thA, usane aba use ugala diyaa|" yahA~ ' jau ' pada vicAraNIya hai, jisakI upekSA huI hai| prasaMgAnusAra 'jau' kA artha yahA~ 'jagata' honA caahie| isa taraha pUrI paMkti kA artha hogA - nizArUpI nizAcarI ne jise (pahale) nigala liyA thA, usa apriya ( arucikara) jagat ko mAno usane (aba) ugala diyA / uggantau 35. rehar3a sUra - vimvu NAvai sukai-kavvu paha-vantau // 23.12.7 isakA hindI anuvAda upalabdha nahIM hai| isakA anuvAda honA cAhie sualaMkRta kAvya kI taraha mAno udIyamAna sUrya-bimba suzobhita ho rahA hai|' 36. hesanta- turaGgama-vAhaNeNa pariyariu rAmu NiyasAhaNeNa // 23.13.1 37. kAraNDa - Dimbha - Dumbhiya-saroha apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 vara-kamala- karambiya - jalapaoha // 23.13.5 isakA artha kiyA gayA hai "rAma ha~sate hue ghor3oM kI savArI se sahita apanI senA se ghira gye|" yahA~ ' hesanta' kA artha prasaMgAnusAra 'hIMsate hue' (hin-hin zabda karate hue) honA caahie| isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha hogA - hin-hin zabdoM se pUrNa apane azvArohI sainya se rAma ghira gaye / 38. haMsAvali-pakkha samulhasanti kallola - vola - Avatta dinti // 23.13.6 - isa paMkti kA upalabdha anuvAda hai - "taraMgamAlA gajazizuoM se Andolita ho rahI thI / jalapravAha kamaloM ke samUha se bharA huA thA / prasaMgAnusAra yahA~ 'kAraNDa' zabda kA artha 'pakSI vizeSa' honA cAhie'gaja' nhiiN| isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha hogA - (jahA~) kAraNDa- zizuoM se vidolita taraMga - saMghAta tathA prazasta kamaloM se vyApta jalapravAha / 'sukavi ke 39. ohara - mayara - raudda sA sari NayaNa kaDakkhiya / - isakA paMkti kA upalabdha hindI anuvAda hai - "haMsamAlA ke paMkha usameM ullasita ho rahe the| taraMgoM ke prahAra se Avarta par3a rahe the / " yahA~ dUsare caraNa kI artha-vyavasthA pUrI zithila ho gayI hai| prasaMgAnusAra 'kallola' kA artha 'taraMga', 'bola' kA 'vyatikrama' aura 'Avatta' kA 4 'cakrAkAra paribhramaNa' honA cAhie / yoM ' paumacariu' kI zabda sUcI ke anusAra 'vola' kA artha 'samUha' hai / isa prakAra pUrI paMkti kA artha hogA ' (jahAM ) haMsasamUha paMkhoM ko Upara uThAye kallola - mAlA kA cakrAkAra paribhramaNa kara rahA thaa|' - duttara- duppaisAra NaM duggai duppekkhiya // 23.13.9

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 73 prastuta 'ghattA' kA artha kiyA gayA hai - "ohara aura magaroM se bhayaMkara aura duSpravezya usa nadI ko rAma ne aise dekhA mAno vaha durgati ho|" yahA~ bhI arthavyavasthA meM zithilatA A gayI hai| prasaMgAnusAra 'NayaNa-kaDavilaya' kA artha 'tirachI A~khoM se dekhI gayI' tathA 'duppekkhiya' kA avajJApUrvaka avalokita huI' honA caahie| isa prakAra sampUrNa ghattA kA artha hogA - 'ohara tathA magara-macchoM se bhayAvanI vaha nadI tirachI A~khoM se dekhI gayI, mAno, dustara tathA duSpravezya durgati (narakagati) hI upekSApUrvaka dekhI gayI ho|' 40. tumheMhi~ evahi~ ANavaDicchA / bharahahoM bhicca hoha hiyaicchA // 23.14.2 isa paMkti kA upalabdha artha hai - "AjJApAlaka tuma loga Aja se bharata ke sainika bno|" yahA~ anuvAda kucha kAlpanika-sA ho gayA hai| prasaMgAnurUpa 'evahi~' kA artha 'isI prakAra', 'ANavaDicchA' (AjJapratIkSakAH) kA AjJAkArI, bhicca (bhRtya) kA 'sevaka' tathA 'hiyaicchA' (hRdayeSTAH) kA manobhilaSita honA caahie| isa praka rI paMkti kA prAsaMgika artha hogA - tuma loga isI prakAra bharata ke bhI manobhilaSita AjJAkArI sevaka hovo| 41. lahu jalavAhiNi-puliNu pvnnnniiN| NaM bhaviyai~ NarayahA~ uttiNNa. // 23.14.8 isakA upalabdha hindI anuvAda hai - "zIghra hI ve nadI ke dUsare taTa para pahu~ca gaye mAno bhavyoM hI ko naraka se kisI ne tAra diyA ho|" yahA~ dUsare caraNa kI artha-vyavasthA thor3I zithila ho gaI hai| prasaMgAnukUla isa paMkti kA spaSTa artha honA cAhie - 've zIghra hI nadI ke (dUsare) taTa para pahu~ca gaye, mAno bhavyajana (zIghra hI) durgati (naraka gati) ke pAra ho gaye hoN|' 42. valiya paDIvA joha je pahu-pacchale laggA / ku-muNi ku-buddhi ku-sIla NaM pavvajaheM bhaggA // 23.14.9 prastuta ghattA kA artha kiyA gayA hai - "rAma ke pIche lage yodhA-loga bhI ayodhyA ke lie usI prakAra lauTa gaye jisa prakAra saMnyAsa grahaNa karane para kumati, kuzIla aura kubuddhi bhAga khar3I hotI hai|" yahA~ bhI arthavyavasthA bhAvukatA ke kAraNa zithila ho gayI hai| prasaMgAnusAra ina paMktiyoM kA artha honA cAhie - 've sabhI yoddhA vApasa lauTa gaye jo (abhI taka) prabhu (rAma) ke pIche lage hue the| mAno kubuddhi evaM kutsita caritravAle mithyAdRSTi muni pravrajyA se bhAga khar3e hue hoN|' ___43. valu bolAveM vi rAya NiyattA / NAvai siddhi ku-siddha Na pattA // 23.15.1 isa paMkti kA hindI anuvAda hai - "rAma ko vidA dete hue rAjA loga bahuta vyathita hue| ThIka usI taraha jisa prakAra siddhi prApta na hone para khoTe sAdhaka dukhI hote haiN|" yathArthataH prastuta paMkti meM vyathA tathA duHkha-sUcaka koI zabda hI nahIM hai| isakA prAsaMgika artha honA cAhie - 'rAma ko vidA dekara rAjA loga lauTa gaye, mAno, mithyAbhimAnI siddhoM ko siddhi prApta nahIM ho skii|'

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 44. valiya ke vi NIsAsu muantA / khaNe khaNe hA hA rAma' bhaNantA // 23.15.2 isa paMkti kA upalabdha hindI anuvAda hai - "koI ni:zvAsa chor3a rahA thaa| koI 'hArAma' kahatA-kahatA lauTa rahA thaa|" prasaMgAnurUpa isakA spaSTa artha honA cAhie - kitane niHzvAsa chor3ate hue aura kSaNa-kSaNa 'hArAma hArAma' kahate hue lautte| 45. ke vi mahanteM dukkhe laiyA / lou karevi ke vi pavvaiyA // 23.15.3 isakA upalabdha artha hai - "koI ghora duHkha pAkara pravrajita ho gye|" yaha anuvAda adhUrA ho gayA hai| isakA pUrNa spaSTa anuvAda honA cAhie - kitane (loga) bhArI duHkhagrasta ho gaye aura kitanoM ne pravrajyAgrahaNa kara lii| antataH merA yaha nissaMkoca nivedana hai ki Upara maiMne apane svAdhyAya aura anubhava kI sImA meM kucha vinamra TippaNiyA~ kI hai, kintu, jJAna kA kSetra asIma hai, jahA~ koI lakSmaNa-rekhA nahIM hotii| 1. paumacariu, mahAkavi svayaMbhU, saMpA-anu. - devendrakumAra jaina, pra. - bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillii| grAma - rahuA po. - musaharI phaoNrma ji. - mujaphpharapura, bihAra pina - 843154

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 navambara, 1996 75 karakaMDacariu meM nidarzita vyasana-mukti-svara kI vartamAna sandarbha meM upayogitA - DaoN. (ku.) ArAdhanA jaina 'svataMtra' bhAratIya sAmAjika, dhArmika AcAra-saMhitA meM jahA~ mahApApa-rUpa durAcAra se paraheja kiyA gayA hai vahIM pArivArika, sAmAjika, dhArmika saMskRti/paramparA meM sadAcAra kI AvazyakatA aura mahatva sahaja svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isIlie bhAratIya saMtoM, nItikAroM, sAhityakAroM ne apane upadezoM dvArA, sAhitya-sRjana dvArA sadAcAramaya jIvana jIne kI preraNA dI hai jisase mAnava sabhya sAmAjika jIvana kI sthApanA ke sAtha khataranAka bAdhAoM se bhI mukta rhe| use durAcAra/anaitika duSkRtyoM ke duSprabhAvoM ko hRdayaMgama karAte hue unase bacane kI preraNA/sujhAva bhI diye haiN| isakA mUla kAraNa hai ki ve janajIvana ke cAritrika evaM naitika stara ko unnata karane ke AkAMkSI the| bhAratIya saMta paramparA meM jainAcAryoM/nItikAroM/vidvAnoM/lekhakoM ne sadAcAra kI prarUpaNA karanevAle zramaNAcAra/zrAvakAcAra granthoM kA praNayana kiyA hai, granthoM kI TIkAeM kI haiM, subhASitoM ke mAdhyama se use spaSTa kiyA hai tathA kathAoM ke mAdhyama se bhI sadAcAra ke mahattva kA pratipAdana kara diyA hai| aise hI eka kavi haiM muni kanakAmara, jinhoMne apabhraMza meM karakaMDacariu' kAvya kI racanAkara pAThakoM ko sAhitya kA rasAsvAdana to karAyA hI hai sAtha hI use nIti, sadAcAra evaM dhArmika tattvoM se puSTakara amAnavIya, asAmAjika, anaitika, hiMsaka AcaraNa ko chor3akara mAnavIya satya AcaraNa apanA kara sukhI evaM svastha jIvana-nirmANa hetu nidarzana diyA hai| dvAdaza anuprekSAoM kA mana meM smaraNa karate hue jaba karakaNDa nandana vana meM pahu~cate haiM taba vahA~ unheM zIlagupta munirAja ke darzana hote haiN| ve munivara kA guNastavana tathA caraNa-vandanAkara unake Age baiThakara nivedana karate haiM -

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76 ghattA - * he bhaTTAraka, mujhe ajJAna ko dUra karanevAlA parama dharma samajhAiye jisake karane se duHkha kA samUha naSTa ho aura anupama mokSa sukha kI vRddhi ho / he bhaTTAraka, karuNA kara aisA dharma kahie jo lokamAtra ko hitakArI aura bhavyoM ko sadgamanakArI (svargamaya) ho / apabhraMza bhAratI -8 so bhaNai bhaDArA hariyachammu maho ko vi payAsahi parama dhammu / je kiyai paNAsai duhaNivahu parivaDDhai sivasuhu aNuvamau / taM kahahi bhaDArA karuNa kari iyaloyahaM bhavvahaM saggamau // 9.19 // karakaNDa kA vacana sunakara munivara use zrAvaka-dharma aura muni-dharma samajhAte haiN| zrAvakadharma ke antargata ve gRhastha ko SaTkarma samyagdarzana kA svarUpa batAkara sukha kI upalabdhi kA mArga prazasta karate haiM ghattA - - vi khelai u NaM piyai sIhu, jo hosai maMsaho Naru NirIhu / yaNaramma, pAraddhi NaM khelai jo ahamma / ru kayA vi, dUrAu vivajjai paratiyA vi / jo vajjai vesA jo hara NaM paradhaNu jo sattavivasaNaI pariharai bisata rUvarU jaha savvAyarai~ / so sokkha NiraMtara aNuhavai Na vi khajjai dukkha NisAyarai~ // 9.2.16-18 // * jo na juA khelatA hai, na madirA pItA hai, mAMsa kI icchA nahIM rakhatA hai, nayanaramya vezyA kA tyAga karatA hai, jo adharmarUpa AkheTa nahIM khelatA, jo nara parAyA dhana kadApi haraNa nahIM karatA evaM parastrI kA dUra se hI tyAga karatA hai, isa prakAra jo sAtoM vyasanoM kA viSavRkSa ke samAna pariharaNa karatA hai vaha nirantara sukhoM kA anubhava karatA hai evaM duHkharUpI nizAcara kA bhakSya nahIM banatA hai| yahA~ para kavi ne vyasanoM ko viSa-vRkSa kI upamA dI hai| jaise viSavRkSa aura usake phala dUsaroM ke jIvana ko samApta kara dete haiM usI taraha ye vyasana vyasanI vyakti kA jIvana to barabAda kara hI dete haiM usake parivAra ko bhI saMkaToM meM DAla dete haiM / ataH sarvaprathama vyasana ke svarUpa, vyasanI banane ke kAraNa, usake sevana se honevAle duSprabhAvoM ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai / - sAmAnyataH vyasana una burI AdatoM ko kahA jAtA hai jo mAnava ke tana-mana ko jarjara, rogagrasta aura parAdhIna banAne ke sAtha parivAra ko tahasa-nahasa kara detA hai / vyasana sAta haiN| juA khelanA, madirA pInA, mAMsa bhakSaNa, zikAra khelanA, corI karanA, vezyA gamana aura parastrI ramaNa / hAra-jIta kI zarta lagAkara tAza, zataraMja khelanA, lATarI, saTTA lagAnA Adi juA khelanA kahalAtA hai / elkohalayukta tathA anya mAdaka dravyoM kA sevana madirApAna kahalAtA hai| jIvoM kA mAMsa khAnA mAMsa bhakSaNa hai / vanya prANiyoM kA zikAra karanA AkheTa / zikAra khelanA hai| paradhana ke AharaNa ko corI se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| gaNikA se sambandha vezyAgamana aura apanI strI ke atirikta anya striyoM para kudRSTi DAlanA / samparka rakhanA parastrI ramaNa kahA jAtA hai| - mAnava ina vyasanoM kA zikAra kyoM ho jAtA hai ? isake kaI kAraNa haiM vaha vyasanoM ko khuzI kI vRddhi karanevAlA mAdhyama samajhakara, kucha samaya taka g2amoM, ghara kI tanAvagrasta sthitiyoM

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 77 se chuTakArA pAne ke lie, manoraMjana ke hetu, utsukatA - jijhAsA ke kAraNa, ghara meM bar3e bujurgoM kI kuTeva dekhakara, pitA/ pAlaka kI apanI saMtAna ke prati lAparavAhI se, kusaMgati meM pha~sane ke kAraNa, kabhI kisI ke dabAva meM Akara, pAzcAtya sabhyatA, TIvI Adi ke prabhAva ke kAraNa bhI vyasanI bana jAtA hai| vartamAna meM svayaM ko Adhunika, vikasita kahalAne ke lie bhI vyakti vyasana kA sevana karane lagatA hai aura jIvana ko sukha-zAMtipUrNa banAnevAle naitika mAnavIya sadAcAra ko rUr3hivAda samajha kara unase mukha mor3a letA hai / vyasana koI bhI ho, vyakti zAna se Arambha karatA hai aura anta meM usakA nAza ho jAtA hai| isalie sabake kalyANa kI bhAvanA se ota-prota saMtoM, RSi maharSiyoM, nItikAroM, upadezakoM ne vyasana se virata hone kI preraNA dI hai| ye vyasana mAnava ke lie kisa prakAra hAnikAraka haiM, jAnane kA prayAsa kareM / vyasana zArIrika, mAnasika, Arthika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika dRSTi se hAnikAraka haiN| 'zarIramAdyaM khalu dharmasAdhanam' tathA 'pahalA sukha nirogI kAyA' ukti ke anusAra sukhI jIvana ke lie zarIra kA svastha honA Avazyaka hai| prakRti ke anukUla AhAra-vihAra evaM saMyamitaniyamita jIvanacaryA hI zarIra ko rogamukta rakhane kA saccA upAya hai| vyasana amaryAdita - ucchRMkhala AhAra-vihAra kI pravRtti ko protsAhana dekara zarIra ko rogI banA detA hai| juA, saTTA, corI Adi vyasana pratyakSarUpa se zArIrika rogoM ke nahIM varan mAnasika rogoM ke kAraNa haiM / ye cintA, bhaya, tanAva, manastApa ko janma dete haiM, phalasvarUpa snAyutaMtra, rakta parivahana saMsthAna aura pAcanataMtra prabhAvita hotA hai jisase kabja, alsara, bavAsIra, ucca raktacApa, hRdayAghAta jaise aneka roga paidA ho jAte haiM / mAdaka padArthoM ke sevana evaM mAMsa bhakSaNa se sarvaprathama pAcanataMtra para asara par3atA hai / mAdaka padArthoM meM vidyamAna alkohala choTI A~ta, bar3I A~ta ke lie to ghAtaka hai hI, mastiSka kI cetanA - zakti ko bhI prabhAvita karatA hai jo mastiSka ke rogoM kA, kaiMsara kA evaM vaMza - vikRti kA bhI kAraNa hai| yaha vyakti ko rogI, parivAra ko kaSTa bhogI banAtA hai, yaha rASTra kI jarjara sthiti kA kAraNa hai / aNDe aura mAMsa ko pauSTika AhAra batalAkara usake sevana ke lie avaijJAnika vijJApana kiyA jA rahA hai| jaba isakA jaiva rAsAyanika vizleSaNa kiyA jAtA hai to jJAta hotA hai ki mAMsa meM proTIna kI tulanA meM kArbohAiDreTa na ke barAbara hai jisase DI.ena.e. aura Ara. ena. e. asantulita ho jAte haiM aura kolesTrola kI mAtrA adhika bar3ha jAtI hai / aNDe meM bhI kolesTrola kI mAtrA adhika hotI hai| mAMsa aura aNDe donoM meM hI proTIna kI mAtrA kama hotI hai / ata: ina donoM kA bhakSaNa mirgI, ucca raktacApa, dila kA daurA, gurde va pitta kI thailI meM patharI, A~ta ke kaiMsara jaise rogoM kA janaka hai / aNDe meM upasthita 30 pratizata DI.DI.TI. lakavA roga kA kAraNa hai / aNDe kI saphedI kA 'evIDIna' nAmaka z2ahara ekjImA, lakavA aura sUjana paidA karatA hai| murgiyoM evaM pazuoM meM ho rahI bImAriyA~ unake aNDe aura mAMsa ke mAdhyama se unake bhakSaNa karanevAloM taka pahu~ca jAtI haiN| inameM TI.bI. pramukha hai| isa prakAra mAdaka padArthoM kA sevana evaM mAMsa bhakSaNa zArIrika dRSTi se hAnikAraka hai / vezyAvRtti evaM parastrI sevana / avaidha sambandha jaise vyasana/duSkRtya sUjAka, apadaMza, eDsa Adi ghAtaka laiMgika saMkrAmaka rogoM kA

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78 apabhraMza bhAratI -8 kAraNa hai jisase jindagI aura mauta kI karAhatI vedanApUrNa sthiti banatI hai| anaitika sambandha se prApta garbha rokane ke lie garbhanirodhaka davAoM kA prayoga bhI mahilAoM meM vyasana bana gayA hai jo hAnikAraka hai| garbha-nirodhaka goliyoM meM pAye jAnevAle sTrojana aura pojesTrojana padArtha se vajana kA bar3hanA, stana-darda, stana-kaiMsara, gaMjApana, siradarda, masUr3hoM meM darda/sUjana, yoni se srAva aura raktavAhiniyoM meM avarodha paidA hotA hai| corI kI Adata cora ko bhaya, cintA evaM tanAvagrasta kara detI hai jisase vyakti zArIrika dRSTi se kamajora ho jAtA hai| zikAra khelane' kA vyasana bhI zramasAdhya aura kleza paidA karanevAlA hai| isase krUra pariNAma hote haiM jisase rakta meM rAsAyanika parivartana hote haiM zarIra meM kSAra kI mAtrA kI kamI aura amla kI mAtrA meM vRddhi hotI hai; pariNAmasvarUpa amlajanya rogoM kA janma hotA hai| isa prakAra sabhI vyasana svAsthya ke lie hAnikAraka haiN| vyasanoM se jur3A vyakti tanAvayukta hotA hai| tanAva se bhayagrasta aura cintAgrasta ho jAtA hai| aisA vyakti samAja meM mAna-sammAna kI AkAMkSA karatA hai aura vaha pratiSThA-hAni se bhayabhIta rahatA hai| pratikUla paristhitiyA~ manastApa va vikSiptatA kI janmadAyaka hai| carama AkAMkSA, avAMchita paristhitiyA~, hAni, asammAna hI manastApa ko utpannakara vyakti ko vikSiptatA taka pahu~cA dete haiN| yaha vyakti ko zArIrikarUpa se to jarjara banA hI dete haiM, nirAzA paidAkara vyakti ko AtmahatyA kI ora bhI le jAte haiM aura usakA dardanAka anta ho jAtA hai| __ vyasanoM ke kAraNa mAnava kI vRttiyA~ tAmasika ho jAtI haiN| tAmasika vRtti ke phalasvarUpa vaha bhoga-vilAsitA kI ora agrasara hotA hai| mAna kI bhAvanA meM vRddhi hotI hai aura svayaM ko zreSTha siddha karane ke lie nitya naye phaizana ko apanAtA jAtA hai| vilAsitA kI pravRtti usake svayaM ke tathA parivAra, samAja evaM rASTra ke vikAsa meM avarodhaka hai| kisI bhI parivAra, samAja aura rASTra kI saMtulita artha-vyavasthA usakI rIr3ha/AdhAra' hotI hai| vyasanoM ke kAraNa arthavyavasthA para pratyakSa evaM parokSa rUpa se AghAta pahu~catA hai| juA-lATarI Adi meM jItane para prApta Aya se anAvazyaka kharca aura vilAsitA kI pravRtti bar3hatI hai| yadi juA Adi meM hArane para Aya ke srota banda ho jAte haiM to kharca meM kaTautI karanI par3atI hai jo pArivArika kalaha kA kAraNa banatA hai aura parivAra ke lie kaSTadAyI bhii| mAdaka dravyoM kA sevana atyanta ma~hagA hotA hai, bArambAra prayoga se arthavyavasthA lacara-pacara ho jAtI hai| Aya ke srota sImita ho yA asImita. madyapAna vyakti ko nirdhanatA. abhAvoM aura kalahaparNa jIvana jIne ke lie majabUra kara detA hai| mAMsAhAra rogoM kA janaka evaM ma~hagA AhAra hai| Aja bhArata sarakAra adhikatama videzI mudrA-arjana hetu deza meM katlakhAnoM kI saMkhyA bar3hA rahI hai para isase Aya kama aura pazuvadha kI hAni adhika ho rahI hai| udAharaNArtha - pA~ca karor3a rupaye kI Aya prApta karane ke lie nau lAkha bAraha hajAra bhaiMseM aura aTThAIsa lAkha paccIsa hajAra bher3oM kA vadha karanA par3atA hai isase pA~ca sau karor3a kI hAni hotI hai| parastrI/avaidha sambandha aura vezyAvRtti/ deha vyApAra kA bhI sIdhA sambandha hai artha-vyavasthA se| corI, taskarI rASTra kA Arthika aparAdha

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apabhraMza bhAratI - 8 79 hai jo hiMsA, yuddha, zoSaNa, arAjakatA kI buniyAda khar3I karatA hai| zikAra paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kA kAraNa hai| isase vanya prANiyoM kI durlabha jAtiyA~ samApta ho jAtI haiN| ye hamAre jIvana ke astitva ke lie khatarA hai aura rASTrIya sampatti ko kSati uThAnI par3atI hai / vyasana vyakti kI dinacaryA ko parivartita kara detA hai jisase pArivArika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika svarUpa vikRta ho jAtA hai / vartamAna meM hamAre sAmane do bahuta bar3e saMkaTa haiM - nirmAnavIkaraNa (DI- hyamenAijezana) aura nirbhAratIkaraNa (DI-iMDiyanAijezana) ko nirmAnavIkaraNa ke tathya ko samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai / saba jAnate haiM ki manuSya saMsAra kA sarvottama/sarvocca vikasita sAmAjika astitva hai / yadi vaha 'vaha' nahIM rahegA to hamAre cAroM ora jo kucha astitva hai vaha saba caramarA kara Dhaha jAyegA / Aja hiMsA, krUratA, lobha, lipsA aura antahIna andhI icchAoM kI atRpti kA jo daura hai usane manuSya ko manuSya nahIM rahane diyA hai| katlakhAnoM aura mAMsa udyoga ke rUpa meM hiMsA aura krUratAe~ nirantara bar3ha rahI haiM / Aja hiMsA adhika suvyavasthita/vANijyIkRta/rAjyAzrita hai jabaki ahiMsA aura satya donoM hI anAtha/azaraNa haiN| isa bAre meM hameM cintita honA caahie| isa silasile meM hamArA pahalA kadama yaha ho ki hama binA kisI DhIla ke 'saMskRti' aura 'vikRti' ke antara ko samajheM aura bhAvAveza meM nahIM, apitu tarka saMgata zailI meM vikRtiyoM kA mukAbalA kreN| dUsarA saMkaTa nirbhAratIyakaraNa kA hai| hama bhArata ke nivAsI haiN| bhArata hamArI raga-raga meM hai/ ho| bhArata aura ahiMsA, bhArata aura karuNA, bhArata aura astitva, bhArata aura satya paryAya zabda rahe haiM / bahurASTrIya kampaniyoM ne bhAratIyatA para sIdhA prANAntaka prahAra kiyA hai| nirbhAratIyakaraNa kA sIdhA matalaba hai - bhAratIyoM ko bhAratIya paramparAoM se skhalita karanA / vyasanoM kA tejI se bar3hate jAnA aura sadAcArapUrNa jIvana kA lagAtAra lopa honA - bhArI cintA kA viSaya hai| keMTukI phrAiDa, cikana, pIjA haTa, maikaDonAlDa jaisI bahurASTrIya kampaniyoM ne hamAre khAna-pAna kI jo buniyAdI saMracanA thI, use tAra-tAra kara diyA hai| hamAre samudra taTa para zRMgAra-prasAdhanoM kI takanIkoM kA jo jakhIrA utara rahA hai usase AnevAlI pIr3hI meM vicalana kA sau phIsadI saMkaTa paidA ho gayA hai| vaha bhAratIya saMskRti ko heya aura pazcima kI saMskRti ko grAhya mAnane lagI hai| mAMsAhAra, aNDAhAra, matsyAhAra, zarAbakhorI, dhUmrapAna, nazIle padArthoM kA beroka-Toka sevana aura abrahmacarya ke andhe daura ne vikRtiyoM ke lie kAphI bar3I aura lambI darAra utpanna kara dI hai| yaha darAra hamArI sAMskRtika parAjaya kA sabase bar3A kAraNa banane vAlI hai / ' ina saMkaToM kA mUla kAraNa hai mAnava kA sadAcAra- vihIna jIvana / sadAcAra- vihInatA kA kAraNa hai usakA vyasanI honA / vyasana mAnava-jIvana, parivAra, samAja aura rASTra ke lie abhizApa hai; amAnavIya asAmAjika, anaitika hiMsaka AcaraNa hai; patana kA dvAra hai / patana se bacane ke lie, saMkaToM se mukta hone ke lie Avazyaka hai ki hama muni kanakAmara dvArA karakaMDacariu meM pratipAdita vyasana mukti ke sandeza ko vartamAna sandarbha meM samajheM / svayaM ko, apane parivAra ko vyasanoM se mukta rakhane kA prayAsa kreN| vyasana mukta hone para hI tana-mana nirmala evaM -

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apabhraMza bhAratI 8 svastha hogA, ahiMsA, dayA, karuNA, maitrI, mAnavatA Adi sAtvika bhAvoM kA udaya hogaa| aparAdhavRtti, rASTradroha jaise anaitika kAryoM se virata ho sakeMge, paryAvaraNa vizuddha, saMtulita evaM saMrakSita hogA tathA sabhI sadAcArayukta, sukha-zAntiyukta jIvana jI skeNge| 80 1. karakaNDacariu, muni kanakAmara, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, dillI, 9.19.19 / 2. vahI, 9 /2 / 16-18 / 3. vyasana mukti kA AhvAna, ailaka zrI siddhAntasAgara, pRSTha 17-18 / 4. vahI, pRSTha 241 5-6-7. 'tIrthaMkara' (mAsika), DaoN. nemIcanda, mArca 96, pRSTha 13-14 1 mIla roDa gaMjabAsodA, ma.pra. pina - 464221

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