Tulnatmak Dharma Vichar

Author(s): Rajyaratna Atmaram
Publisher: Jaydev Brothers
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032770/1

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra... RAirinol AddioxiiHawaiiandook missiOSE Mastesaniya Od Nilamkeo ANSARIANOKenye zrI javAnI sahita paNAlA

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zrI sayAjIsAhityamAlA-puSpa 80 va ( dharmaguccha ) tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra AK-- anuvAdaka rAjyaratna AtmArAma ( amRtasarI) ejyukezanala inspekTara bar3audA racayitA saMskAracandrikA, sRSTivijJAna, vaidikavivAhAdarza, brahmayajJa, zarIravijJAna, AtmasthAna vijJAna ityAdi ityAdi jayadeva bradarsa bar3audA i. sa. 1921 / saMvat 1977 / prathamAvRtti prati 500 mUlya ... sajilda 1) vinA jilda 0-14-.

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prakAzaka AnandApriya B. A , LL. B. vyavasthApaka jayadeva bradarsa-bar3odoM mudraka ke. jI. paTela. lakSmIvilAsa prI. prasa,- bar3odA : tA. 12-7-21

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. zrI vijJapti apane dezI bhASA ke sAhitya kI abhivRddhi karane ke saduddezya se zrImaMta mahArAjA sAheba sara sayAjIrAva gAyakavAr3a senAkhA-sakhela, zamazera bahAdura, jI. sI. esa. AI. jI. sI. AI. I, ne kRpA kara do lAkha rupae kI jo rakama surakSita rakhI hai usa ke vyAja meM se zrI sayAjI sAhityamAlA dvArA aneka viSayoM ke pustaka tayyAra kie jAte haiN| __ yaha " tulanAtmaka dhamavicAra" nAmaka pustaka dhI keMbrija menyuala Apha sAyansa enDa liTarecara nAmaka granthamAlA ke DA. epha. vI. jevansakRta kampereTiva rIlijana nAmaka aMgrejI pustaka kA hindI anuvAda hai aura ukta granthamAlA ke dharma guccha ke 80 veM puSpa ke rUpa meM rAjaratna AtmArAmajI dvArA tayyAra karavA kara vidyAdhikArI kI bhASAMtara zAkhA dvArA saMzodhana karA kara prasiddha karate haiN| vidyAdhikArI kacerI, bhASAMtara zAkhA. | ja. pu. jozIpurA. A. M. MASANI bar3odA . bhA. ma. vidyAdhikArI. 2-7-1921 .

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra . . . viSayAnukramaNikA prakaraNa viSaya hindI anuvAdakakI bhUmikA .... 1 prastAvanA 2 yajJa 3 jAdu .... 4 pitRpUjA 5 bhAvI jIvana 6 dvaMdvavAda .... 7 bauddha dharma 8 ekezvaravAda . . . .

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o3m (hiMdI anuvAdakakI bhUmikA) * prakI stuta pustaka ' tulanAtmaka dharma vicAra' yaha mahAzaya S TS epha. bI. jevansa liTTa. DI. * Darahama yUnivarsITI meM philosophI ke prophesara kI kampaireTiva rilIjana nAmI pustaka kA anuvAda hai| isa meM jo mata darzAyA gayA hai vaha ukta prophesara mahodaya kAhI mata hai| ahamadAbAda ke prasiddha prophesara dhruva ne apane dharma saMbaMdhI do gujarAtI granthoM meM jo zrImanta mahArAjA sAhaba gAyakavAr3a sarakAra kI AjJA se tayyAra karAe gae haiM jo kucha uttama vicAra dharmAnveSaNa saMbaMdhI darzAe haiM usa ke anusAra hama kaha sakate haiM ki AryoM ke prAcIna dharma ke mUla grantha veda haiM, aura vedoM kI bar3I bhArI vizeSatA aura anokhApana yaha hai ki una meM jJAna karma aura upAsanA tIna kAMDa haiN| jitane ___ * Comparative Religion by F. B. Jevons Litt. D. Professor of Philosophy in the Unio. versity of Durham, published at the Cambridge University Press.

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bhUmikA. bhI saMsAra meM anya mata pantha saMpradAya vidyamAn haiM vaha vizeSa kara upAsanA athavA bhakti eka hI kANDa ke pracAraka tathA bodhaka haiM / kaI mata bhAkta ke atirikta kucha aMzataka karma kANDa arthAt sAMsArika vyavahAroM kA bhI upadeza karate haiM parantu brahmajJAna ke viSaya ko chor3akara vaha padArtha vijJAna ko bahuta kama chUte haiN| prAyaH saMsAra ke anya matoM meM yaha bhI dekhA jAtA hai ki una ke madhya meM ukta tIna viSayoM kA paraspara virodha hotA hai| vedoM kI vizeSatA prathama to yaha hai ki inameM tIna kANDa sampUrNa rIti se varNita haiM yathA veda ke jJAna kANDa meM bhautika padArthoM ke guNa varNana hone se padArtha vijJAna kA bhI varNana hai sAtha hI jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA kaa| isI bAta ko upaniSad ke jIvanmukta tapodhana RSiyoM ke vacana meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki veda kI vidyA do prakAra kI hai eka aparA dUsarI praa| * aparA meM padArtha vijJAna ke zAstra haiM aura parA meM brahmavijJAna saMbaMdhI zAstra / usa RSyokta vibhAga se nirvivAda siddha ho gayA ki vedoM kA jJAna kANDa aparA aura parA vidyAoM meM vibhakta tathA pUrNa hai| usakA bhAvArtha yaha huA ki vedoM kA jJAna kANDa anya matoM ke dharma granthoM se vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai| __* dekho brahmayajJa arthAt stuti prArthanA upAsanA kI mImAMsA prakAzaka jayadeva bradarsa bar3audA /

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tulanAtmaka dharbha vicAra. saMsAra ke matoM meM parivAra samAja Adi saMbaMdha kaI upayogI karmoM kA varNana uttamatA se milatA hai paraMtu veda meM koI bhI sAMsArika vyavahAra aisA nahIM jisakA bodha uttamatA se na karAyA gayA ho / yajJa bhI veda ke karma kANDa ke aMdara hai| isa zabda ke samajhane meM jagat meM bahuta prAnti phaila rahI hai / saMskRtajJa paMDita mAnate haiM ki saMskRta zabdoM kA anUThApana eka mAtra yaha hai ki isake zabda dhAtuoM se bane hue aura sadaiva artha bodhaka rahate haiN| svayaM saMskRta yaha zabda bhI darzA rahA hai ki jo bhASA * bhalI prakAra se kI gaI ' vahI isakA artha hai / isI lie saMskRtake koSoM meM hamako pahale yajJa zabda ke dhAtvika artha para vicAra karanA hogA aura yaha kabhI nahIM ho sakatA ki jo artha pIche isa ko diyA gayA ho vaha kabhI bhI isa ke mUla artha kA virodhI ho sake / sarva koSoM meM yajJa bhAve ke artha meM diyA gayA hai / isa meM hiMsA Adi kisI bhI duSTa karma kI gandha taka nahIM ataH yaha bAta balapUrvaka kahI jA sakatI hai ki prAcIna samaya meM yajJa zabda hiMsA rahita karmoM ke lie upayukta hotA thA / hama isI bAta kI puSTi meM yaha bhI kathana karanA cAhate haiM ki saMskRta zabdoM ke do bhAga maharSi pANinI ne kie haiM eka vaidika dUsare laukika / vaidika zabda vaha haiM jo cAroM vedoM meM Ae haiM, ina vaidika zabdoM saMbaMdhI eka aura zabda zAstrI maharSi yAskAcArya niruktakAra darzAte haiM ki vedoM ke saba zabda yaugika haiM arthAt artha bodhaka haiN|

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bhUmikA. veda meM rUr3hi zabda nhiiN| isa dUsare niyama ke AdhAra se hama yajJa zabda kI par3atAla karanA cAhate haiM kyoMki yajJa zabda vedoM meM AyA hai aura eka veda jisakA nAma yajurveda hai, saca pUcho to isI viSaya ko lie hue hai| yajJa zabda ke artha maharSi yAskAcArya niruktakArane jo usa ke yaugika bhAva ko darzAne ke lie kie haiM vaha saMgatikaraNa devapUjA aura dAna trividha haiN| isakA matalaba yaha hai ki saMgatikaraNa yajJa kA prathama dhAtvika artha hai jo sarva koSakAra bhAva zabda se Aja taka pragaTa kara rahe haiN| devapUjA aura dAna yaha artha usa ke prAcIna samaya meM lie jAte the parantu ina tInoM zabdoM meM kahIM bhI hiMsA vA pazu balidAna kI gandha taka nhiiN| vedoM ke zabda jahAM yaugika haiM vahAM eka darzanakAra maharSi ke vacanAnusAra isake artha buddhipUrvaka * haiN| yahI nahIM ki eka darzanakAra RSi kA hI mata ho kintu maharSi manu ne bhI dharma anusandhAna ke lie tarka kI avazyakatA batalAI hai aura isa bAta ko ehamadAbAda ke prophesara dhruva ne bhI apane ukta granthoM meM yaha kahate hue svIkAra kiyA hai ki dharma meM bhI tarka kA dakhala hai / banArasa hiMdu vizvavidyAlaya ke staMbha aura saMskRta ke * dekho-sRSTivijJAna A Scientific Exposition of the Purushisukta prakAzaka jayadeva bradarsa bar3audA

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. bhArI paMDita zrIyuta bhagavAnadAsa jI ne abhI 'svArtha' nAmI kAzI ke prasiddha mAsika meM cAturvaNya para eka nibandha likhate hue bhI tarka se anusandhAna karane ke niyama ko svIkAra kiyA hai| ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki veda ke kisI zabda athavA maMtra ke artha sRSTi niyama ke viruddha nahIM ho sakate / balidAnoM ki kalpanA vaidika nahIM hai / svayaM yajurveda ke pahale maMtra meM zreSThatama karma ' * ko hI yajJa darzAyA hai / isI maMtra meM pazurakSA kA itanA spaSTa vidhAna hai, ki usakA dUsarA artha ho hI nahIM sakatA yathA pazUna pAhi arthAt pazuoM kI rakSA karo / harSa kA viSaya hai ki yuropa ke niSpakSa paMDita bhI prophesara maiksamUlara Adi, RSiyoM ke purAne arthoM kI puSTi meM spaSTa likha rahe haiM ki prAcIna kAla meM yajJa meM pazu balidAna nahIM hote the| yaha bAta prophesara maiksamUlara ne apane prasiddha grantha phijIkala besiz2a Apha rilIjana meM likhI hai ki yajJa zabda ke artha kArya vA karma ke haiM pazu balidAna ke nhiiN| eka aura vidvAn kolabuka isa viSaya meM isa prakAra likhate haiM jisase siddha ho jAyagA ki azvamedhAdi yajJoM meM hiMsA nahIM hotI thii| "The Ashwamedha and Purushmedha cele. brated in the manner directed by this Yajurveda are not really sacrifices of horses & men." * dekho saMskAracaMdrikA arthAt 16 saMskAroM kI vyAkhyA prakAzaka jayadeva bradarsa bar3audA

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bhUmikA. ( artha ) " azvamedha aura puruSa medha jo isa rIti para isa yajurveda anusAra kiye jAte the vaha vAstava meM ghor3oM aura manuSyoM ke balidAna nahIM haiN|" yaha ThIka hai ki buddhadeva ke samaya bhArata meM aneka sthaloM para svArthavaza loga yajJa ke sAtha pazu balidAna bhI karane laga gae the aura isI lie buddhadeva ne tadviSayaka sudhAra kiyA / aba jaba ki pUrva aura pazcima ke paMDita jijJAsu hokara anusandhAna karane lage haiM to zIghra hI yaha bAta dRr3ha ho jAegI ki yajJa meM pazu balidAna Adi kAla meM nahIM thA aura Age ko na honA cAhie / vaidika kAla kI devapUjA jaisA ki yAskAcAryyane likhA hai sRSTi ke padArthoM kA upayoga thA / vaidika upAsanA kANDa ke viSaya meM hameM isa zabda ke dhAtvika arthoM para vicAra karanA hogA isakA artha nikaTavartI honA hai| Izvara jo sarva zubha guNoM kA bhaNDAra hai usake nikaTa vartI honA athavA usake guNoM ko dhAraNa karanA yahI upAsanA hai| Izvara eka bhUgola kA pati hI nahIM kintu vizva kA svAmI aura vizva se saMbaMdha rakhane vAlA, vedoM meM darzAyA gayA hai / yathA (1) ya AtmadA baladA yasya vizva upAsate............ (2) pAdo'sya vizvA bhUtAni........................ ( 3 ) IzAvAsyamidaM sarva yatkiJca............ityAdi maMtroM meM vaha vizvapati vizva racane hArA aura vizva meM vyApaka

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra darzAyA gayA hai, isa lie vedameM mA mitrasya cakSuSA sarvANi bhUtAni samIkSantAm mitrasyAhaM cakSuSA sarvANi bhUtAni samIkSe mitrasya cakSuSA samIkSA mahe / isa meM sarva bhUta arthAt prANimAtra vA manuSya pazu ityAdi sarva ke sAtha prema kA vyavahAra karane kA Adarza dikhAyA gayA hai aura sarva manuSya samAja paraspara prema kA vyavahAra kareM yaha bhI bodhana karAyA hai| isI saMbaMdha meM mA gRdhaH kasya sviddhanam veda ke isa maMtra meM kisI bhI manuSya mAtra ke dhana ko anyAya se lenA varjita kiyA gayA hai aura upAsanA kA phala zAnti usI ko prApta ho sakatI he jo sarva manuSya mAtra tathA prANimAtra se prema kA vyavahAra karatA hai jaise " yastu sarvANi bhUtAnyAtmAnyevAnupazyati sarva bhUteSucAtmAnaM " ityAdi / isa lie vaidika upAsanA kANDa zAntiyuga parivartaka hai yaha bAta nirvivAda hai| manuSya mAtra se jo prema karane kA upadeza tathA Adarza isameM hai vaha adbhuta hai| Izvara bhakta saMnyAsI athavA brA upAsaka sadaiva samayadarzI ho kara sarva manuSya mAtra se prema kA vyavahAra kareM yaha zrIkRSNadeva ne gItA meM upadeza kiyaa| kRSNadeva gItA meM kahate haiM ki ' avazyameva bhoktavyaM kRtaM karma zubhAzubham ' he manuSyo tumako zubha yA azubha karma bhogane par3eMge aura veda meM o3m krato smaraH kRtespara arthAt he svataMtratA se karma karanevAle jIva tU sarva rakSaka Izvara ke guNoM ko yAda rakha bhUla nahIM aura yAda rakha ki jo

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bhUmikA. tUne karma kie haiM usakA phala avazya milegA / Arya prajA Adi kAla se lekara Aja taka karma siddhAnta ko mAnatI calI ArahI hai / pazu balidAna vahI kara sakatA hai jo apanekie hue pApoM ke badale kisI dUsare prANI kA pApa bhoganA samajhatA hai / Arya prajA kabhI yaha bAta svIkAra nahIM kara sakatI ki vyakti athavA samAja ke kie hue pApa kisI pazu kI hiMsA se kabhI kSamA kie jA sakate haiN| Arya prajA kA aTala vizvAsa hai ki kRSNa deva se yogirAja usako sanmArga darzA sakate haiM kintu usake pApoM ko kSamA kara vA karA nahIM sakate kAraNa ki vaha gItA meM spaSTa kaha rahe haiM ki manuSyo tumako apane karma bhogane pdd'egeN| ) bar3odA 1 mArca 1920 AtmArAma

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/ since o3m * tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra prathama prakaraNa prastAvanA a pane devatAoM se manuSyoM kA kaisA saMbaMdha hai, - isa prazna ko vyavahArika anubhava dvArA nirNaya -- karane ke prayatna meM pratyeka kAla meM manuSya lage hue pAe gae haiM / isa prakAra ke bahutase tajurve ho cuke haiM, aura abhI jArI haiM, aura yaha bhUtakAlameM gae bIte aura vartamAna kAlameM maujUda aneka dhammoM ke rUpa meM mAne jAte haiN|

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prastAvanA. aise tajurbe bahuta ho cuke haiM tathA pratyeka tajurbA dUsare tajurve se bilakula bhinna prakAra kA hone se unameM sAmAnyatA bhI pAI jAtI hai aura isa taraha se unameM bheda aura sAmAnyatA ke maujUda hone para hI unakI tulanA ho sakatI hai| una ke bheda meM rahe hue sAmAnyatA ke kAraNa aura unakI sAmAnyatA meM rahe hue bheda ke kAraNa, tulanAtmaka paddhatise athavA tulanAtmaka dharma vicAra paddhati dvArA unakA adhyayana karanA Avazyaka hai| isa paddhatiko kAma meM lAne se, tulanA karane kA uddezya kevala saMsAra ke bhinna bhinna dharmoM meM rahI sAmAnyatA kA phaisalA karanA jo mAnA jAve to isa meM bhaya rahatA hai / parantu isa prakAra mAnanA yaha vaijJAnika upayoga ke lie tulanAtmaka paddhati se pragaTa honevAle bheda bhI sAmAnyatA jaise jarUrI aura vaijJAnika dRSTi se adhika amUlya haiM, isa spaSTa bAtako dRSTi se dUra rakhane ke samAna hai| tulanAtmaka bhASA zAstra meM bhASAoMkI tulanA karane meM vaijJAnika dRSTi se sAmAnyatA jitanI khAsa z2arUrI mAlUma hotI hai utane hI z2arUrI bheda gine gae haiN| vyavahAra meM to pratyeka kI apanI bhASA aura dUsarI bhASA meM rahe hue bhedase ve eka dUsare se bhinna haiM yaha bAta Apa samajha sakate haiN| jaise dUsarI bhASA kA jJAna Apa apanI bhASA dvArA acchI taraha prApta kara sakate haiM, vaise hI Apa apanI bhASA meM adhika spaSTatA se vicAra kara sakate haiM, isa bAta meM jarA bhI saMzaya

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. nahIM tathA pratyeka kI apanI bhASA meM uccAraNa aura vyAkaraNa ke doSa rahane kI saMbhAvanA kama rahatI hai| ___ manuSyoM kA apane devatAoM se kaisA saMbaMdha hai, isa prazna kA vyavahArika nirNaya karane meM prAcIna tathA vartamAna kAla meM manuSya lage hue pratIta hote haiM / jina prajAoM ke itihAsa vRttAnta likhe gae haiM, una prajAoMne isa viSayameM kisa mArga kA avalaMbana kiyA hai, yaha bAta hama unake itihAsa para se jAna sakate haiN| jinake aise itihAsa haiM una prajAoM ko saMsAra kI unnata prajA ke rUpa meM ginA gayA hai / jina prajAoM ke aitihAsika vRttAnta nahIM milate vaha saMsAra meM anArya prajA ginI gaI haiM / yadyapi aisI prajAoM kA likhita itihAsa nahIM milatA to bhI dUsare prakAra se unakI prAcIna dazA kA zuddha azuddha vRttAnta mila jAtA hai| manuSya jAti ke AraMbhakAla se jitanA unakA bheda hai utanA hI bheda usa kAla kI bahuta kucha unnata prajAoM kA bhI hai / hama unakI prAcIna dazA kI kalpanA tathA anumAna se unakI racanA kara sakate haiM / parantu aisI kalpanAeM aura racanAeM unnata prajAoM ke apane surakSita prAcIna aitihAsika lekhoM dvArA upalabdha jJAna kI apekSA bahuta kama vizvasanIya aura atyaMta tuccha kImata kI hotI haiN| vAstava meM devatAoM se apanA kaisA saMbaMdha hai isa prazna ke nirNaya ke lie manuSyoM ne kaisA prayatna kiyA hai aura

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prastAvanA. tuma kaisA karate ho isa kA nirNaya karane kI jo icchA ho to usake lie hameM sudharI huI prajAoM ke aitihAsika lekha saba se bar3ha kara z2arUrI hoNge| ___ lekhI itihAsa rakhane vAle dharmoM ke do vibhAga ho sakate haiN| prAcIna ijipTa ( misara deza ) baibiloniyA, asIriyA prAcIna grIsa aura roma tathA TyaTana prajA ke dharmoM jaiso jo dharma aba nahIM rahe haiM unakA hama pahale vibhAga meM rakheMge aura dUsare vibhAga meM hama vartamAna pracalita dharmoM ko rakheMge jaisA ki cInI, yAhUdI dharma, vaidika dharma, brAhmaNa dharma, hiMdu dharma, islAma dharma, bauddha dharma aura IsAI dharma / jina dharmoM kA likhita itihAsa nahIM aise dharma apharIkA, amerikA ke prAcIna rahavAsiyoM meM, AsTreliyA meM dakSiNa samudra ke dvIpoM meM aura maMgoliyA meM milate haiN| ____ eka prakAra se sRSTi krama ke niyamoM meM Atma saMrakSaNa kA niyama mukhya ginA jAtA hai / vaha aisA hai ki jo manuSya va itara prANI isa niyama kA pAlana nahIM karate unakI santAna kA anta unake jIvana ke sAtha hI ho jAtA hai| isa niyama ke pAlana kie vinA Age silasilA nahIM clegaa| manuSyoM ke bar3e bhAga kA isa niyama ke pAlana karane se bhI usako sRSTi krama kA prathama niyama gina sakate haiM / to bhI kaI prasaMgoM para aura kaI manuSyoM ke saMbaMdhameM isa niyama ko vAstavika rIti para mukhya

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tulanAtmaka dhamavicAra. sthAna nahIM milatA paisA bahuta se mAnate haiN| apane Upara par3I huI athavA par3anevAlI kaThinAiyoM meM se apanA bacAva karane ke lie pratyeka manuSya pUrA yatna karatA hai / AraMbha se hI manuSya sAmAjika prANI thA ki nahIM isa prazna ko eka tarapha rakheM to bhI yaha siddha hI hai ki usako bahuta sI kaThinAiyoM meM se surakSita rahane ke lie prathama se hI athavA kaI anubhavoM ke pariNAma se samAja kA Azraya lene ke lie sahakArya se tathA kArya vibhAga se utpanna hue pratyakSa lAbha prApta kie haiN| samAja kA bacAva hI usakA apanA bacAva aura samAja kA saMrakSaNa yahI apanA saMrakSaNa thaa| samAja athavA manuSyoM ko trAsa dene vAle kaI bhayoM ke tathA pIr3ita karane vAle kaI ApattiyoM ke utpAdaka pratyakSa dekhane meM Ate the paraMtu dUsarI kaI ApattiyoM ke utpAdaka dekhane meM nahIM Ate the / yadi aisI ApattieM samAja athavA vyakti para AjAtIM to samAja athavA vyakti ko unake dUra karane ke lie una ke gupta utpAdakoM ko zAnta karanA cAhiye aisA mAnA jAtA thA, kAraNa ki jo jo AphateM samAja para A par3atI haiM usakA koI bhI to kAraNa honA cAhie, aisI dhAraNA pahale thI aura aba bhI hai| choTe bar3e saba dharmoM meM bahuta karake aisA mAnA gayA hai ki koI bhI vyakti athavA zakti ke saMcAra se samAja para ApattieM AtI haiN| jina prajAoM ke likhita itihAsa prApta hote haiM unameM ucca sthiti ko prApta hue dharmoM meM aisI vyakti athavA zakti ko devatA ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai aura unake

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14 prastAvanA. nAma aura unakI kathAeM bhI kI jAtI haiN| jina prajAoM ke likhita itihAsa nahIM milate una meM bhI thor3I bahuta unnati ko prApta hue matoM meM jo vyakti athavA zakti Aphata bhejatI hai aura khuda prajA meM unakA saMcAra karatI hai unakA nAma athavA unakI kathAeM nahIM hotIM yaha spaSTa hI hai| unnata dazA ko pahuMce hue matoM meM bhI eka samaya aisA honA cAhie jaba ki unake devatAoMkA nAma tathA kathAeM nahIM banAI gaI ho / isa para se hama jAna sakate haiM ki prajA para isa prakAra se par3I huI Aphata, kisI mUrtimAn vyakti athavA zakti ke rUpa meM mAnI jAtI hai, AraMbha meM isa vyakti athavA zakti kI ThIka kalpanA karane meM nahIM AtI parantu pIche se use nizcaya rItipara mUrtimatI zakti ke rUpa meM mAnI jAtI hai| unake saMcAra se mukta honekI icchA prajA karatI hai aura prajA kI ora se usa kA mukhiyA usa duHkhadAyinI zakti ko cale jAne ke lie vinaMti karatA hai aura aisI bAta ho jAne ke liye balidAna dete haiN| parantu kAraNa vinA koI kArya hotA nahIM isa lie. kalpita mUrtimatI vyakti ke saMcAra ke kAraNa DhUMDane lagate haiM aura una vyaktioM ke samAja para Aphata ke DAlane se hama meM se kisIne apakRtya kiyA hogA jisa se usako krodha huA, aisA mAnakara vaha baiThe rahate haiN| samAja kI sAmAnya rUr3hi ke bhaMgahone ke Darase jina bAtoM ko samAja niSiddha mAnatA hai unako svIkAra karane se tathA devatAoM ke lie pavitra rakhI vastuoM ke

Page #20
tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. bhraSTa karane se aisA apakRtya hotA hai aisA bhI vaha mAna lete haiN| isa prakAra samAja jise svayaM niSiddha mAnatA hai usakA niSedha samAja meM Apatti lAne vAlI kisI anizcita mUrtimatI zaktine kiyA hai aisA pariNAma nikAlA jAtA hai| cIna meM aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki " prajA kI ora se jo anAdara hotA hai isa ke pariNAma meM AkAza devatA ke krodha hone se plega, mahAmArI aura akAla par3atA hai|" __ abataka hamane prajA para par3ane vAlI ApattiyoM aura jahAM taka ho sake samasta prajA kI orase rokane ke upAyoM saMbaMdhI vicAra kiyA hai| bImArI mRtyu vagaire ApattieM aisI haiM ki jo mAtra eka vyaktipara A par3atI haiM ora usa ko dUra karane kA prayatna usa ke mitra tathA nikaTa saMbaMdhI hI karate haiN| aisI ApattiyoM ke bhI utpAdaka hote haiM aura jo ina ko nirmUla karanA ho to ina uptAdakoM ko DhUMDa nikAlanA caahie| aisI zodha prajA ke agragantA kI orase nahIM parantu duHkha bhogane vAlI vyaktiyoM kI orase karane meM AtI hai| isako nijUbAta samajheM parantu samasta prajA kA isa ke sAtha koI saMbaMdha nhiiN| __ isa para jAdu tathA kaI dhArmika vidhioM kA eka prakAra se bheda spaSTa rIti se samajha meM AtA hai| jAdu kA vyakti gata saMbaMdha hai aura dharma kA samAja tathA prajA ke sAtha saMbaMdha hai| jaba zikSaNa bahuta thor3A hotA hai taba sAdhAraNa rIti

Page #21
prastAvanA. se kisI manuSya ke abhicAra karma ko hI eka vyakti kI bImArI athavA maraNa kA nimitta ginane meM AtA hai| aisA manuSya apane khAsa pragaTa rUpa vartAva athavA guNa para se pahacAnA pahacAnA jAtA hai aura aisA manuSya hI anartha karane ke lie zaktimAn aura icchA karane vAlA ho sakatA hai yaha samAja mAnatA hai / apane andarahI anartha karane kI zakti hai aisI sUcanA milane para svayam hI tAkata rakhatA hai aisA mAnane tathA vaise hI ajamAne kA prayatna karane ke lie vaha manuSya pravRtta ho yaha saMbhava hai / vaha apanI tAkata aneka prakAra se ajamAne ke lie tayyAra hotA hai aura usane apanI tAkata kA upayoga karanA zuru kiyA hai aisA samAja khyAla karatA hai| bahuta karake vaha manuSyoM para apanI tAkata ajamAtA hai aisA pahale mAnA jAtA hai / tatpazcAt manuSya atirikta anya vyaktioM para bhI apanI zakti calAne ke lie vaha dUsarA kadama uThAtA hai / azurbanIpAla ke pustakAlayameM se eka pazcAtApa kIrtana meM eka baibilonI bhakta apanI sahAyatA ke lie bulAe hue jAdugara kI niSphalatA viSayaka apane devatA se pharyAda kara kahatA hai / ki " jAdugarane jAdu dvArA merI Aphata dUra nahIM kI, TUnA bAja merI bImArI kA ilAja karane meM saphala nahIM huA tathA dharmaguru bhI mere duHkhako miTA nahIM sakA" / purAne misara meM jisa prakAra abhicAra karmoM aura unake pratikAroM ne prajA ke dharma meM apanA pada prApta kiyA thA

Page #22
tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. vaise hI baibiloniyA meM bhI huA mAlUma par3atA hai aura isa para vahAM, usa ke dharma meM antarbhAva kiyA huA pratIta hotA hai| __ jo jAdu ke tajurve samAja ko hAni pahuMcAneke lie vyaktikI tarapha se az2amAe jAte haiM una se samAja ke devatAoM ko kopa hotA hai aisA mAnA jAtA hai| aura aisI kriyAoM ko adhArmika samajha kara dUSita ThaharAyA jAtA hai| para jaba taka sarvasAmAnya upadravoM se pIr3ita samAja una ke nivAraNa karane ke lie balidAna dekara una ke utpAdakoM ko visarjana hone kI prArthanA karane ke uparAnta kuchabhI vizeSa kara nahIM sakatA, vahAM taka Upara batAe hue doSa kamaz2ora aura vyartha haiN| aisI dazAmeM bhI jAdu athavA tatsaMbaMdhI pratikAra kriyA karake apane Atmabala se manuSyoM ko devatAoM ko athavA bhUta Adi ko AdhIna rakhanevAle manuSya aura apane netAdvArA AI huI Aphata ko dUra karane ke lie prArthanA karane vAlA samAja, ina donoM ke daramyAna kA acchI taraha pharaka mAlUma hotA hai| ___ abhI taka hamane manuSyoM para par3ane vAlI AphatoM tathA upadravoM ke hone vAle kAraNa pUre taura se nahIM likhe bhUta preta ke viSaya meM hamako abhI kucha kahanA bAkI hai| devatAoM aura jAdugaroM jitanA hI unakA bhI vistAra duniyA meM dekhane meM AtA hai aura bhUtAdi ke AvirbhAva hone se AphateM AtI

Page #23
prastAvanA. haiM ki nahIM yaha prazna eka tarapha rakhA jAe to bhI itanA to siddha hI hai ki unakA svarUpa mAtra trAsajanaka hotA hai| aise prasaMga para unako cale jAne ke lie lAlaca kA yatna karanA yaha svAbhAvika aura vyavahArika upAya prAcIna kAla se kiyA jA rahA hai aura bahuta kucha preta kriyAoM kA yahI uddezya dekhane meM AtA hai| isa prakAra vyaktioM aura samAjoM para AnevAlI vipa. ttiyoM ke tIna kAraNa ho sakate haiM; (1) kSobhayukta preta ( 2 ) manuSyoM kI vaira buddhi vAlI jAdubharI zakti aura ( 3 ) kopAyamAna alaukika vyaktioM kI sattA / jAdugaroM vA cuDailauM ke prayogoM dvArA vyaktioM para jo AphateM paidA kI jAtI thIM, vaha kisI manuSya kI vaira buddhi kA pariNAma hai aisA mAnA jAtA thA aura dUsare do kAraNoM se samAja para AI huI AphatoM ke saMbaMdha meM hamase samAja ke pracalita rivAja meM kucha parivartana huA hai aura isa lie yaha Aphata AI hai aisA mAnA jAtA thA, samAja meM pracalita nIti ke niyamoM kA ulaMghana karane se athavA devAdi nimitta pavitra rakhI huI vastuoM ko bhraSTa karane se samAja ke rIti kA bhaMga hotAthA aura pracalita rivAja ko badalane kI bandiza kI gaI ho aisA mAlUma hotA hai| aise khyAla ke lie ho nIti ke sarva prAcIna niyama niSedhAtmaka svarUpa meM race gae hoMge jaise ki ' tumheM amuka nahIM karanA ' aura saba prAcIna dhamoM meM, duHkha jo

Page #24
tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. samAja para AtA hai vaha kisI jAti ke dhArmika niyama ko bhaMga karane se AtA hai| manuSya apane para duHkha kisI varjita kAma ko karane se lAtA hai yA kisI rIti rivAja ko tor3ane se| krodhita vyakti athavA zakti ke kevala cale jAne ke nimitta prArthanA kI jAtI hai aura aisA karane se vaha lAlaca meM Ae isa lie usako balidAna diyA jAtA hai| parantu vaha sadaiva dUra rahane ke lAlaca meM par3e isa lie punaH punaH aise balidAna die jAte haiN| vAstavika rIti se yadi dekhA jAya to pratyeka sthAna meM devatAoM ke yajJa aura mRtaka zrAddhAdi kriyAeM niyata RtuoM meM punaH punaH kI jAtI haiM yA bahuta karake isakA prAraMbha hotA hai usI samaya se samAja tathA zaktiyoM ke saMbaMdha kA dhIme dhIme parivartana paraMca vikAsa hotA dikhAI detA hai| jaba balidAna karane kI kriyA samAja kI rIti bana jAtI hai to jisa vyakti ke lie balidAna kiyA jAtA hai vaha vyakti bhI samAja ke mana meM dRr3ha hotI dekhI jAtI hai| una vyaktiyoM ko aba parAI nahIM samajhA jAtA to virodhI kisa prakAra ginI jAMe ? Upara nirdiSTAnusAra balidAna dene para bhI yadi samAja para AphateM AtI raheM to prArthanA ke rUpa meM parivartana karane meM AtA hai aura utpAdaka zakti ke cale jAne ke badale meM krodha zAnta karake bhagatoM para kRpA karane kI prArthanA kI jAtI hai| saMsAra ke bahuta kucha itihAsa rakhane vAle dharmoM meM isa prasaGgapara bhUta preta Adi ko kevala cale

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prastAvanA. jAne ke lie nahIM para kabhI bhI najara nahIM Ave isI lie. dUra rahane kI prArthanA kI jAtI hai| svapna meM athavA pizAca rUpa meM usakA punarAgamana hotA hai to vaha bahuta burA samajhA jAtA hai aura yathAvidhi preta saMbaMdhI kArya na hone se unakI avanati huI hai aisA mAnA jAtA hai / isa prakAra mare hue ko lakSya banA kara kI jAne vAlI preta kriyAoM ko bhUta preta Adi ke pIr3A se manuSyoM ko bacA rakhane ke sAdhana rUpa mAne gae haiN| manuSyoM ko bhUta preta Adi se kucha bhaya honekI saMbhAvanA hai. para unase kucha bhI lAbha prApta hone kI AzA nahIM hotii| samAja apanI AvazyakatA ke pUrA karane ke lie tathA apanI icchAoM kI pUrti nimitta jina vyaktioM kI vaha bhakti karatA hai una kI hI sahAyatA mAMgatA hai| pitR bhAkti ko alaga karane vAlI dhArmika unnati kI isa dizA meM prAcIna misara baibiloniyA asIriyA kI prajA tathA yahUdI prAcIna IrAnI aura bauddhoM (jo isa kAraNa se nahIM parantu dUsare kAraNa se ) ne Age unnati kI hai / para dhArmikonnati kI. pravRtti eka hI tarapha na hone se tathA pratyeka dharma svataMtra prakAra se unnati prApta karane se adhikAMza cInI logoM meM aura thor3e aMza meM bahuta kucha Arya prajA meM prAcIna kAla se pitR aura devatAoM kI bhakti karane kA rivAja pracalita rahA mAlUma par3atA hai / yadyapi pitR pUjA kA mukhya uddezya Apatti rokane kA

Page #26
tulanAtmaka dharma vicAra. 21 hotA hai tathApi laukika sukha prApta karane ke sAdhanarUpa meM bhI usakA upayoga dekhane meM AtA hai|| hama sAmAnya rIti se kaha sakate haiM ki samAja para par3ane vAlI AphatoM ko, samAjakI pracalita nIti vA rItike kisI manuSya dvArA bhaMga hone se, amAnuSa vyakti tathA zakti ke saMcAra rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai, aura jisa zakti vA devatA kA aparAdha huvA ho usake kopa ko zAnta karane, anugraha prApta karane aura apanA prAyazcitta dUra karane ke lie usako balidAna diyA jAtA hai| siloma ke minAra ke girane kA kAraNa, kisI ke kiye ArAdha para se kisI amAnuSa vyakti athavA zakti kA huA kopa hai aisA hetu diyA jAtA hai / prAcIna rItirivAja ke atikramaNa aura samAja kI pracalita nIti viruddha AcaraNa karane se manuSya apane Upara laukika AphateM lAtA hai isa dRSTi se jahAM taka hamane Age unnati nahIM kI taba taka Upara ke hetu apane ko yadyapi svAbhAvika mAlUma hote haiM tathApi bahuta kucha bhArI likhita itihAsa vAle dharmoM meM aparAdha kA prAyazcitta karake balidAna aura yajJa se devatAoM ko zAnta karane ke nimitta adhika dhyAna diyA gayA hai yaha bAta lakSya rakhane yogya hai| buddhane jo upadeza diyA hai usameM aparAdha ko hI nirmUla karane se manuSya pIr3A se dUra rahatA hai aisA batAyA gayA hai yathA pracalita nIti kA ati

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prastAvanA. kramaNa na karo, kevala aparAdha karatehI ruko nahIM para jisa se aparAdha jarUra hote haiM aisI tRSNAoM ko chor3o aura sarva aparAdhoM kA mUlarUpa jIvana kI tRSNA meM se nivRtta ho jaao| isa prakAra karane se aparAdha hohI nahIM sakeMge, aisA bhI buddha bhagavAna batAte haiN| jisa niyama para calakara devatA ityAdi ke lie pavitra rakhI huI vastuoM ko bhraSTa nahIM karane kI AjJA kI gaI hai, jisake anusAra ' tuma mata karo' aisI manAhI karane meM hI nItivacanoM kI maryAdA rakhI gaI hai aura jisake lie devAdi kA bhaya pradhAna rakhakara hI kaI dharmoM ke siddhAnta race gae haiM aise dhamoM aura nIti ke niSedhAtmaka niyamoM kI parAkASThA rUpa buddha bhagavAna ke Upara darzAe hue siddhAnta haiM, aura yaha tArkika dRSTi ke pariNAma hone se unakA ullekha vAraMvAra dekhane meM nahIM AtA / isa niSedhAtmaka siddhAnta ko sarvAMza meM lagAeM to niSedhAtmaka siddhAntoM para racita saba dhArmika aura naitika saMpradAyoM kA tArkika paddhati se khaMDana svayameva ho jAtA hai| jahAM devatAoM ko kevala atikramaNa kA daMDa karane ke lie hI svIkAra kiyA hai vahAM atikramaNa kA niSedha hone se devatA nirupayogI hote haiM, aura devatAoM kA svIkAra karanA vyartha hotA hai / buddha kA aisA mata hai aura buddha svarUpa deva ke rUpameM pUjA jAtA hai usakA kAraNa yaha nahIM ki vaha atikramaNa ke daMDakA denevAlA hone se usako deva mAnanA cAhie parantu ThIka kAraNa to yaha hai ki tArkika pRthakkaraNa kI paddhati anusAra

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. 23 buddhane IzvarakA jo vicAra diyA hai usake pramANameM usake anuyAIyoMne Izvara ke viSayameM kaI vizeSa khyAla race hue haiN| buddhadharma ke staMbha rUpa buddhake upadazoMkI garbhita pratijJA jo spaSTa zabdoM darzAI nahIM gaI hai, vaha yaha thI ki -- Izvara saMbaMdhI vicAra karanekI AvazyakatA nahIM' aisA honepara bhI buddhadharmakA itihAsa dikhAtA hai ki Izvarako mAne vinA cala nahIM sktaa| ___ mUrtimAn Izvara ko nahIM mAnane ke pariNAma meM niSphala hue hoM aise prayatna prAcIna IrAnameM jarathustra ke upadezoM meM kiyA gayA dekhane meM AtA hai| yaha samajhane ke lie hama pUrva nirdiSTa matoM kA ekavAra punaH digdarzana kara Age likheMge / manuSya vyaktipara aura jana samudAyapara jo AphateM A par3atI haiM yaha aspaSTa rItise kalpanA kI gaI vyaktiyoM athavA zaktiyoM ke kRtya haiM / jAdugaroM ke prayoga tathA bhUta preta Adi athavA koI bhI mUrtimatI vyakti athavA zakti ke saMcAra dvArA AphateM AtI haiM aura jo sattA AphateM bhejatI hai usako yathAvidhi saMtuSTa karanese AnevAlI AphateM rukatI haiM aura AI huI dUra hotI haiM / isameM yaha khyAla kiyA jAtA hai ki AphatoM kA paidA karane vAlA naramadila hai aura usake kopa ke kAraNa ko dUra karanese vaha AphatoM ko pIche haTAletA hai / vaha svAbhAvika hI dveSabuddhi vAlA hai yaha mAnA nahIM jAtA / usakI sahAyatA lenevAlA jAdugara athavA koI dUsarA manuSya dveSI

Page #29
prastAvanA. ho sakatA hai aura vaise hI aisA manuSya marakara bhUta preta Adi yoni meM bhI dveSabuddhivAlA raha sakatA hai / manuSyoM aura bhUtapreta bhAdike sivAya dUsarI vyaktiyoM meM svAbhAvika dveSabuddhi hotI hai ki nahIM isa prazna kA pahelese hI nirNaya ho nahIM sakatA parantu vaisI vyaktiyoM ko zAnta karane ke pIche yadi saphalatA prApta hove to vyakti ko zAnta mAnakara kAla ke vyatIta hone para usakI nitya ArAdhanA karanemeM AtI hai| aura vaha prayatna yadi niSphala jAe to vaisI vyakti ko svAbhAvika dveSabuddhivAlI aura ugra mAnane meM AtI hai| agnidevatA ke pUjaka dharmaguru jarathustrane apane samaya meM isa prakAra ke vicAra maujUda paaye| kitanI zaktieM ugra aura dveSabuddhivAlI honese duSTa mAnIjAtIM aura dUsarI pavitra agni devatA jaisI, mukhya rUpa meM pavitratA vAlI azuddhi ko zuddha karanevAlI aura ImAnadArI ki zaktieM zubha mAnI jAtI thiiN| jarathustra ke upadezAnusAra duniyAM ke saba vyavahAroM kA saMgaThana malInatA aura pavitratA ina do virodhI tatvoM para racA huA hai / tatvoM ke dvandva bhAva ko hI usakA siddhAntarUpa mAnA jAtA hai aura gAthAoM meM daivI zakti mUrtimatI vyakti ke rUpa meM nahIM para eka tatva rUpa meM mAnI gaI hai / ahuramajhada yaha vizeSa nAma athavA puruSavAcaka nAma nahIM parantu yaha 'prajJAna' ke artha meM liyA gayA zabda hai|

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tulanAtmaka dhAvecAra. parantu isa dharma ke anuyAyI mUrtimAn Izvara bahAdegAMdhImaka tatva ko hI Izvara mAna kara saMtuSTa nahIM hue aura mithai aura, anAhita kA dharma meM aMtarbhAva hone se ahuramajhada barnimANa svarUpa kI kalpanA kI gaI hai aura aisA karane se jarathustra ke gUDha tatva aneka devavAda rUpI nicalI z2amIna para par3a ge| ___ aba taka hamane isa jIvana meM manuSyoM kA unake devoM ke prati kaisA saMbaMdha hai usakA vicAra kiyA, kAraNa ki likhita itihAsa rakhane vAle duniyAM ke bahuta se dharmoM meM AraMbha meM tathA pIche bhI isa maryAdA kA pAlana kiyA gayA hai| 'kabara meM manuSya terI stuti karate nahIM ' aisA dRr3ha vizvAsa kevala yahUdiyoM meM hI dekhane meM AtA hai aisA nahIM parantu gupta prayogoM ke AraMbha hone ke pUrva grIka tathA romana logoM meM, hamezA baibiloniyA meM, asIriyA ke logoM meM tathA abhI taka cInIoM tathA hiMdu dharma ke kaI saMpradAyoM meM aisA vizvAsa pAyA jAtA hai| mRta manuSya yaha saMsAra chor3a kara cale jAte haiM, aura jIvita manuSyoM ko, unako bhUta pretAdi ke svarUpa meM punaH Ane se rokanA par3atA hai / cAhe kisI kAraNa se mRta manuSya kI dazA athavA sthiti ke saMbaMdha meM vicAra nahIM kiyA jAtA / brAhmaNa tathA buddha dhammoM meM dRSTigata punarjanma kA vizvAsa bhI hama ko isa duniyA ke pAra nahIM lagAtA, kAraNa ki unake matAnusAra punarjanma pAne vAlA jIvAtmA isa duniyA meM punaH jIvana dhAraNa karatA hai|

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prastAvanA. dUsare jIvana meM arthAt mRtyu ke pazcAt manuSyoM kA apane devoM ke sAtha kaisA saMbaMdha hotA hai, isa viSaya meM prathama prAcIna misara aura IrAna kA dhyAna AkarSita huaa| pIche buddha ke upadeza meM to nahIM parantu bauddha dharma ke caitanyamaya aura Anandamaya jIvana ko nirvANa kahane meM AyA aura islAma tathA IsAI dharmoM meM dUsare jIvana ko bhinnabhinna kalpita kiyA gayA hai aura isa saMbaMdha meM yaha kalpanAeM mahatva kA kAma karatI haiN| duniyAM ke saba dhammoM meM prathama se hI manuSyoM kA apane devatAoM ke sAtha saMbaMdha ko samAja ke apane devatAoM ke sAtha saMbaMdha kI taraha mAnane meM AyA hai / devatA samAja kI rakSA karate haiM aura samAja kI sahAyatA karate haiM aura samAja devatAoM ko pUjatA hai| jApAnI prajA aura yahUdI jaisI prajAeM jo aisA batAtI haiM ki yaha saMbaMdha pratijJApatra ke AdhAra para utpanna huA hai, una meM bhI aisA vizvAsa hai ki prajA tathA deva athavA devatAoM ke madhya meM jo pratijJA huI hai, usa se devatAoM kI samAja kI amuka vyakti ke sAtha svataMtra saMbaMdha nahIM hotA / vAstavika rIti se usa samaya yaha vyakti kA nahIM parantu samAja kA kArya thA arthAt dharma prajA kA thA kisI khAsa manuSya kA nhiiN| isa prakAra dharma saMbaMdhI samAja se diyA huA vyakti ko gauNa sthAna jaisA ki rAjakIya viSayoM

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra meM bhI ati tIvra svadezAbhimAna kI lAgaNI se sthAna diyA huA dekhane meM AtA hai vaisA-yAhudioM aura pIche ke samaya ke grIka logoM jaisI choTI jAtioM meM bahuta AsAnI se nibha sakA, parantu bar3I jAtioM meM nibha nahIM skaa| bahuta karake isI kAraNa ke lie jina meM rAjakIya maMDala ko pIche se milA liyA gayA hai, aisA prAcIna ijipTa ke sAmrAjya meM apanA astitva banAe rakhane ke uparAMta manuSyoM ko dUsarI bAtoM para bhI vicAra karane kA avasara milA thA aura isa se unhoM ne apane vartamAna jIvana ko hI nahIM parantu bhAvI jIvana kA bhI vicAra kiyA thA / vartamAna jIvana ko mAnate aura apane bhAvI jIvana ke vaibhava kA AdhAra vartamAna jIvana ke vartAva para hI hai aisA mAnane para bhI unako bhAvI jIvana acchA hogA aisA nizcaya thaa| IrAna meM dvaMdvavAda anusAra pavitra aura duSTa tatvoM ke virodha kI kalpanA hone para bhI aise prakAra ke zubhAzA kI puSTi kI gaI thI kAraNa ki IrAna ke loga aisA mAnate the ki vaha anta meM vijaya pAne vAle Aramajhada ke anuyAyI hone se unakA bhAvI jIvana sukharUpa hogA aura dUsare saba manuSya ahimAna ke anuyAyI hone se anta meM vaha jala kara bhasma honevAlI ami kI jvAlAoM ke bhoga hogeN| samagra rUpa meM isa viSaya meM musalamAnoM kA bhI mata aisA hI hai| isa prakAra ke zubhAzAvAda meM vizeSa yaha dekhane meM AtA hai ki usa meM Upara nirdiSTAnusAra vaise manuSya apane ko svarga sukha prApta hogA

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prastAvanA. aisA nizcaya rakhatA hai aura apane matAnusAra jo nAstika haiM una ke bhogane kI pIr3AoM se saMtoSa mAnatA hai athavA zAnta rahatA hai / bauddha mata meM to nirAzAvAda hI vizeSa rUpa se dekhane meM AtA hai| pIr3A bhogane kA sthAna bhAvI jIvana hai aisA dUsare dharmoM meM mAnane meM AyA hai| parantu bauddha matAnusAra yaha jIvana duHkhamaya hai aura yahI naraka hai aura isa meM se pAra honA hI nirvANa hai| icchAoM ko sarvAMza meM chor3ane se hI nirvANa mila sakatA hai aisA mAnA gayA hai / ' tuma mata karo, aise dharma aura nIti ke niSedhAtmaka svarUpa kI yaha paramAvadhi hai aura vyavahArika rIti para to nahIM parantu kAlpanika rIti para hone vAle nirdayatA pUrvaka yaha siddhAnta sarva sAdhAraNa ke lie kiyA gayA hai| icchAoM ke rokane aura nirmUla karane para hI bauddha dharma kA lakSya hai| vartamAna samaya meM islAma dharma meM tathA prAcIna misara aura IrAna meM to sadA tRSNAoM kI zAnti karane kA sthAna hI dUsarI duniyA samajha rakhA hai| parantu jIvana kA antima uddezya isa loka meM athavA paraloka meM icchAoM ko bilakula nirmUla karane se yA paritRpta karane se siddha hotA hai aisA jo mAnate haiM vaha itanA to svayameva hI svIkAra kareMge ki manuSya kI 'icchAoM ko' lekara hI dhArmika vicAroM kA AraMbha hotA hai aura ina icchAoM kI yogya

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. vyavasthA karane meM hI aMtima uddezya samAyA hai| isa uddezya se devatA gauNa ho jAte haiN| mukhya karake AphatoM se bacAne athavA AphatoM ko rokane meM manuSya ko sahAyatA karanA unake dharmoM meM mAnA gayA hai aura gauNa rUpa se manuSya ko mAne hue kArya meM sahAyatA dene ke lie bhI usakA upayoga hai| IsA ke upadeza meM duniyA kA yaha krama bilakula ulaTA ho jAtA hai, aura isa prakAra kI duniyA kA madhyabiMdu manuSya miTa kara Izvara hotA hai| manuSya kI icchAoM ko lekara AraMbha nahIM hotA usI taraha se una icchAoM kI tRpti yaha aMtima uddezya rahatA nhiiN| manuSya kI nahIM parantu Izvara kI hI icchA paripUrNa karane kA antima uddezya rahatA hai / isa meM pravRtti karAne vAlA prema hai isa ke lie 'tuma mata karo' aise niSedhAtmaka upadeza ke badale 'tuma apane par3osI para tathA Izvara para prema karo' aisA vidhyAtmaka upadeza karane meM AyA hai| bauddhadharmAnusAra IsA ne isa jIvana ko naraka rUpa mAnA nahIM parantu isa duniyAM meM Izvara kA sAmrAjya phira lAne ke lie tathA usakI icchAnusAra saba kucha honA saMbhava hai aisA mAnA hai| pratyeka manuSya ke saMbaMdha meM Izvara kI icchA paripUrNa hotI hai aura prema se sArA kArya siddha hogA aisI zraddhA IsAiyoM ke bhAvI jIvana se nizcita rUpa meM milatI hai| jo nyAya ke liye zora macA rahe haiM aura jina ko niyamoM ke bhaMga hone se hote hue aparAdha

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prastAvanA. kSamA karane vAle dayAlu prabhu kI z2arUrata nahIM unake lie bhAvI 'jIvana yahI bhAvI daMDa aura puNya phala prApta karane kA sthAna hai aisA nirUpaNa aba bhI mAlUma hotA hai| aisA hone para bhI manuSya aura devatAoM ke sAtha kaisA saMbaMdha hai isa prazna kA IsAI dharma meM aisA nirNaya kiyA gayA hai ki unake bIca prema kA hI saMbaMdha hai| eka manuSya kA dUsare manuSya se kaisA saMbaMdha hai isa prazna kA bhI IsAI dharma meM yahI nirNaya kiyA hai| jaba se manuSyoM ne jaMgalI dazA meM se unnati karake samudAya rUpa meM ekatra ho kara rahanA AraMbha kiyA taba se sAmAjika saMgaThana calatA rahe isa lie pratyeka samAja meM manuSyoM ne eka dUsare para vizvAsa rakhA hogA isI prakAra puruSoM tathA striyoM ke prati, tathA mAtA pitA aura saMtati ke prati prema baMdhana bhI honA caahie| " vicAroM ke AraMbha hone para isa se pUrva unake upadeza AraMbha hoM bahuta samaya se tatvoM ke AcaraNa meM lAe hue dekhane meM Ate haiM / " isa siddhAntAnusAra pratyeka samAja ke vyavahAra meM prema ko sthAna milatA hai aura milA huA hai kAraNa ki yadi aisA na ho to samAja, aisA nAma hI na diyA jA sktaa| parantu sirpha * itanA dekhane meM AtA hai ki thor3I unnati prApta kI huI samAjoM meM prema bhI thor3e aMza meM hotA hai|

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. . 31 nIti kA prathama darzana hamako samAja kI rItiyoM meM hotA hai / parantu AraMbha meM rUr3hidvArA bahutasI bAtoM ko mAnA jAtA hai aura usako nIti niyamAnusAra pIche nikAla diyA jAtA hai athavA to usI niyama se phira niSedha kiyA jAtA hai| samAja kI rUr3hi kA tathA pracalita nIti ke TUTane ko, Aphata meM bacAne vA Aphata ko rokane ke lie samAja jina devatAoM kA Azraya letA usa devatA ke aparAdha kA svarUpa diyA jaataa| isa lie nIti ke viSaya meM kevala aise aparAdha aura atikramaNa na karanA aisI devatAoM kI icchA hotI hai aisA mAnane meM aataa| isI kAraNa se dharma aura nIti ke prAcIna itihAsa meM bhaya ko mukhya sthAna diyA gayA hai parantu yaha bhaya to 'IzvarIya bhaya' hone se usI se 'vivekabuddhi kA AraMbha' hotA hai| aisA hone para usa bhaya meM se mukta hone kA mArga DhUMDA jAtA aura brAhmaNa dharma meM to isa se Age bar3ha kara jisa se manuSya devatAoM ke vaza kara sake aisI yajJa kriyAoM kA mArga DhUMDa nikAlA hai| yUnAna meM devatAoM ko manuSya prakRti kA mAnane se vahAM bhaya kA sthAna raha gayA para aise vizvAsa se devatAoM ke prati pUjya buddhi sthira rakhane kA kAma adhika adhika muSkila hotA gayA /

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yaza. dvitIya prakaraNa. yajJa NAGDA sarI saba dhArmika kriyAoM se yajJa kriyA ko OMda pratyeka dharma meM adhika mahatva kA sthAna diyA SHOOTS jAne se hama prathama yajJoM kI utpatti una kA mUla svarUpa tathA una meM hue parivartana tathA unake bhinna bhinna prakAroM kA nirIkSaNa kareM / prAcIna kAla se manuSyoM ne yajJa ko devatAoM ke sAtha saMbaMdha rakhane, tAz2A karane tathA nibhAne kA sAdhana mAna rakha hai| usI prakAra devatAoM ke prati saMsarga rakhane kA sAdhanarUpa bhI yajJa ko hI ginA gayA hai| yadyapi bauddha dharma, islAma dharma aura IsAI dharma meM yajJoM kA pracAra dekhane meM nahIM AtA tathApi dhArmika itihAsa para se itanA to nizcita jAnA jAtA hai ki prAcIna dharmoM ke saMzodhana parIvartana ke rUpa meM ina dharmoM ko mAnA jAtA hai ki prAcIna dhammoM meM yajJoM kA pracAra thA aura vahAM yajJoM ko mahatva pUrNa samajhA jAtA thaa| ina yajJoM se pratyeka samAja apane devatAoM kI samIpatA prApta kara aura unake saMsarga meM raha sakatA, aise yajJoM ko sArva

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. 33 janika yajJa kahane meM aataa| tadanantara jina yajJoM dvArA samAja kI vyaktieM svayam svataMtra rIti se apane devatAoM kI samIpatA prApta karake apane aMgata kArya kara sakate aise svakIya yajJa pracalita hue / isa prakAra deva yajJa ke do bhAga kie gae dekhane meM Ate haiN| likhita itihAsa rakhane vAle dharmoM meM sArvajanika deva yajJoM kA jitanA pracAra dekhane meM AtA hai utanA sArvajanika pitRyajJa kA pracAra dekhane meM nahIM Ane se hama bhI yaha anumAna kara sakate haiM ki pitRyajJa dharma meM pIche se dAkhala huA hogA aura bhinnabhinna pitaroM ke vaMzaja apane pitaroM ke nimita aise yajJa kara sakane se tathA dUsare kulotpanna manuSya isa meM bhAga na le sakane se yaha yajJa svakIya yajJoM ke rUpa meM pracalita rahe / ___ bauddha, islAma aura IsAI ina tIna dharmoM ke sivAya bAkI ke saba dharmoM meM sAmAnya rIti para devayajJa karane meM Ate haiM aura aise yajJa saba samAja ikaThThA mila kara karatI hai athavA apane pratinidhi rUpa adhikArI dvArA karAtI hai| aise yajJoM meM bahutAyata se samAja anna kA hI balidAna dete haiN| parantu bahuta kara ke pazuoM tathA vanaspatioM kA balidAna bhI kiyA jAtA hai| jApAna ke zinto dharma ke anuyAyI aise sArvajanika devayajJoM meM bali ke rUpa meM bhAle, DhAla, tIra tathA vastrAlaMkAra

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34 yaza dete haiN| parantu aise balidAna adhikAMza meM samAja kI vyaktioM kI ora se die jAne se usa para abhI hamAre dhyAna dene kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai kAraNa ki sArvajanika deva yajJoM meM samAja kI ora se niyamAnusAra kisa prakAra kA balidAna diyA jAtA hai usI ke saMbaMdha meM hameM vicAra karanA hai / ___Upara batAe hue anna pazu tathA vanaspatioM ke balidAna se yajJa karane vAle apanI zakti anusAra balidAna de nahIM sakate parantu rIti kA anukaraNa karake jisa deva ko jo vastu balidAna dI jAtI hai usa devatA ko vahI balidAna denA par3atA hai| AphateM dUra karane ke liye tathA samRddhi zAlI banane ke lie, kie jAne vAle aise sArvajanika devayajJoM meM devatAoM ko prasanna karane ke nimitta kevala balidAna kI hI AvazyakatA ho to cAhe kisI vastu ke balidAna se devatA prasanna hone cAhieM / parantu aisA na hone kA kyA kAraNa hogA aisA prazna svAbhAvika rIti se pratyeka ke mana meM utpanna hotA hogA yaha saMbhava hai| isa prazna kA nirNaya karane se pUrva eka aitihAsika viSaya samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| dhArmika itihAsa meM kaI vAra apane dekhane meM AtA hai ki usa deva ko usa pazu athavA vRkSa kA balidAna denA nizcit kiyA hotA hai usa deva ko usa pazu athavA vRkSa ke nAma se pahicAnA jAtA hai, udAharaNa rUpa,

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tulanAtmaka dhammavicAra. meksiko meM jisa devI ko makaI kI bali dI jAtI hai usa devI ko makaI mAtA kahate the isI prakAra prAcIna grIsa meM jisa devI ko dhAnya kI bali dI jAtI thI tathA jisa ke pratinidhi dhAsa ke pUle mAne jAte the vaha dhAnya-mAtA yuropa kI daMta kathAoM meM suprasiddha hai / eka eka pUle meM dhAnya mAtA kA nivAsa hai aisA dhAnya mAtA ke pUjaka mAnate the aura ise kisI bhI pUrva ko dhAnya mAtAke AvirbhAtra rUpameM mAnakara saMbhAlakara rakhate the| isa prakAra surakSita rakhe hue pUle ko devatA ke rUpa meM tathA devatA ko arpaNa karane vAlI balI ke rUpa meM bhI mAnate the| isake atirikta dhAnya ke ATe kI pUrI ko tathA putaloM ko vaha donoM prakAra kA mAnate the / maiksiko meM makaI mAtA ke pUjaka balirUpa meM arpaNa kI huI pUriyoM ko bAMTa lete aura phira saba ikaTe hokara makaI mAtA ke samakSa bhojana karate / yaha dhArmika kriyA bhojanAraMbha ke rUpa meM deva ke nimitta karane meM AtI aisA hama ko maiksiko ke jItane vAle spena ke logoM ke Azcarya bhare vRttAnta se mAlUma par3a jAtI hai| isa prakAra maiksako meM die jAte dhAnya balidAna kI samaja hama karA sakate haiM parantu isI prakAra pazu yajJoM ko samajhAne ke lie hameM kaI kaThinAiyAM par3atI haiM kAraNa ki ina yajJoM kA pracAra kRSi karma aura pazu pAlana ke AraMbha se pUrva bhI

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yajJa. dekhane meM Ane se, pIche paidA hue annamaya yajJoM ke anusAra inakA samajhAnA ThIka nahIM mAnA jAyagA / saba jagaha pazu yajJoM ke sAtha bali bhakSaNa kI tathA bhojana samAraMbha kI kriyAeM lagAI jAtI haiM aura yaha kriyAeM dhAnya devatAoM kI pUjA zuru hone se pUrva samAja meM sarva mAnya ho cukI honI cAhiye / dhAnya devatA tathA makaI mAtAoM kI pUjA ke anusAra pazupUjA meM bhI pazujAti kI pratyeka vyakti meM samAna rIti se devatAoM kA AvirbhAva mAnane meM AyA huA hogA aisI kalpanA hama kara sakate haiN| prAcIna kAla meM vRSa jAti kI pratyeka vyakti ko vRSa isa nAma se sabakA samAveza hone se usa jAti kI pratyeka vyakti ko vRSa-devatA athavA vatsa devatA mAnakara kisI bhI vyakti meM vRSa devatA kI pUjA kI jAtI hogI / phira jisa prakAra se dhAnya yajJoM meM balidAna rUpa meM utpanna hue paudoM kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thA usI prakAra pazu yajJoM meM bhI pAle hue pazu balidAna ke upayoga me lAejAne se hamako yaha mAnane ke sabala kAraNa mila jAte haiM ki jina devatAoM ko pazuoM kI bali dI jAtI hai vaha AraMbha meM pazu devatA hI the aura pUle makaI pUrI ATe ke putaloM kI taraha pazuoM ko hI balidAna rUpa tathA devatA rUpa mAnane meM Ate the| isa ke atirikta dyauH-devatA, sUrya candra tArA ityAdi anya devatA bhI apane dRSTigata hote haiM aura vaha bhI pazu devatA

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tulanAtmaka dhamAvecAra.. jitane hI purAne haiN| ina devatAoM meM se bahutoM ke balidAna dene ke padArtha nizcita kie gae haiN| amuka devatAko amuka padArtha kI bali dene kA kyA kAraNa hogA usakI kalpanA hama saba prasaMgoM para kara nahIM sakate / isaliye hameM aise nizcaya para AnA par3atA hai ki isa samaya ke loga svecchAnusAra athavA ghunAkSara nyAya se amuka devatA ko amuka padArtha kI hI bali caDhAnI cAhie aisA nizcaya kiyA hogaa| prAcIna itihAsa se hamako pratIta hotA hai ki prathama devatAoM ko sAmAnya rIti ke khAdya padArthoM kI bali dI jAtI hogI aura isI ke anusAra dhAnya pakatA taba dhAnya ke, pazu pAle jAte taba pazuoM kI aura ina donoM ke abhAva meM dUsare padArthoM kI bali usa samaya devatAoM ko dI jAtI thiiN| Upara kI hakIkata se kRSi karma aura pazupAlana ke AraMbha hone se pUrva anizcita pramANa meM bhakSya padArthoM kI prApti hone se apane nirvAha kA parama sAdhana mAna kara prAcIna kAla ke manuSyoM ne unheM pavitra mAnA hogA tathA unhIM ko devatA ke rUpa meM mAna liyA hogA aisA bhI hama mAna sakate haiN| hama pUrva batA cuke haiM usI ke anusAra pratyeka prajA ko usa para par3ane vAlI AphateM rokane ke lie devatAoM kI sahAyatA kI AvazyakatA par3atI thI aura devatAoM ko prasanna karane ke

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yajJa. lie balidAna diyA jAtA thA; prathama to koI bhI devatA apane upAsakoM ko icchAnusAra dene kI zakti rakhatA thA aisA mAnA jAtA thaa| parantu pIche se prajA meM kArya vibhAga ke praveza hone se logoM kA vizvAsa badala gayA aura amuka deva meM amuka vastu hI dene kI zakti hai aisA mAnane meM AyA / isa para se hama dekha sakate haiM ki logoM meM kArya vibhAga ke pracalita hone se yaha niyama devatAoM ko bhI lagAe gae hone caahieN| ___ apanI abhISTa vastu prApta karane ke lie uttama se uttama padArthoM kA isa devatA ko balidAna dene meM manuSya prerA jAya yaha svAbhAvika hai isa lie jisa samaya meM dhAnya atyaMta durlabha hone se sarvottama balidAna ginA jAtA thA usa samaya sAmAnya balidAna rUpa meM manuSyoM ne pazuoM kI bali car3hAnI tathA dhAnya kA naivedya rakhanA AraMbha kiyA hogA aisA hama mAna .. sakate haiN| aba tulanAtmaka paddhati se prApta pramANoM se hama yaha sAmAnya phaisalA kara sakate haiM ki AphateM lAne vAlI vyakti ko cale jAne ke lie kI jAtI prArthanA se, usa kI tRpti ke liye dhAnya ke balidAna die jAte hoMge aura AphateM dUra hone ke bAda usa vyakti ke sAtha hamArA acchA saMbaMdha jur3atA hai aisA mAnane se punaH balidAna dekara usa meM se kaI aMza saba prasAda

Page #44
tulanAtmaka dharma vicAra. rUpa lete haiN| isa prakAra samAja aura devatAoM ke sAtha acchA saMbaMdha punaH sthira ho jAtA hai, yaha batAne ke lie bhojana samAraMbha kie jAte haiM aura usa ke pariNAma meM devatA ke sAtha prasAda lenA yaha bhI eka bhArI dharma kArya vidhi hai aisA mAnA gayA hai| isI svarUpa meM japAnI aura yAhUdI apane vahAM bhI bhojana samAraMbhoM ko mAnate haiN| parantu aisA nirNaya saba devoM ke saMbaMdha meM ho sakatA nahIM kAraNa ki duniyA ke bahuta se aitihAsika dharmoM meM kaI devatAoM ko rakhA huA naivedya kA prasAda liyA nahIM jA sakatA aisA hame pratIta hotA hai| Aphata lAnevAle devatAoM ko visarjana hone ke lie, lobha dene ke lie prAcIna racita yajJa vidhei sthira honI caahie| Aphata DAlane vAle devatAoM tathA yamapurI ke ugra devoM ko hI die jAne vAle balidAna sarvatra samAja ke upayoga meM lAe jAte na the yaha bAta siddha hotI hai| prAcIna samaya meM jaba jaba samAjapara AphateM A par3atI taba taba una AphatoM ko dUra karaneke lie yajJa kie jAte the| vaise hI AphateM dUra honepara devatAoMkA upakAra mAnane ke lie bhI una una devatAoMke yajJa punaH kie jAte the isa lie ina yajJoM ko hama aniyamita yajJa kheNge| isake uparAMta dUsare kaI

Page #45
40 yaza. yajJa varSakI amuka hI Rtu pratyeka varSa kie jAte the| aise yajJoMko hama niyamita yajJa kaheMge / aitihAsika dharmoM meM niyamita yajJoMse aniyamita yajJoMkA pracAra thor3A dekhanemeM AtA hai / niyamita yajJa prati varSa vasanta RtumeM tathA pratyeka zarada RtumeM kie jAte the| aitihAsika dharmoM meM yaha yajJa bIja bote vakta manAe jAne vAle vasaMta utsava ke sAtha tathA phasala kATane ke samaya manAe jAne vAle zarada Rtuke utsavake sAtha milA die ge| dhAmika paMcAMgakI utpatti bhI ina yajJoM meM se hI huI aura kucha samayake bAda jabase sUrya, candra graha tathA nakSatroMkA pUjanA AraMbha huvA usa samaya se zAstrIya paMcAMga bhI banAe ge| aba taka hamane aisI dhArmika kriyAoM para dhyAna diyA hai ki jinameM devatAoM ko annakA naivedya aura pazuoMkA balidAna dene AyA thA, parantu aba hama Age calakara una dhArmika kriyAoMkA avalokana kareMge jinameM manuSyakI bali dI jAtI hai| aitihAsika dharmoM meM yaha dhArmika kriyA vizeSa aMzameM nahIM dikhAI par3atI parantu likhita itihAsa nahIM rakhanevAle dharmoM meM usakA pracAra vizeSa dekhane meM AtA hai| samAja ke kisI bhI manuSyake apakRtya se krodhita alaukika vyakti athavA zakti samAjapara Aphata DAlatI hai| isa siddhAntako

Page #46
tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra prAcIna kAlake manuSyoMne svataH siddha mAnA thaa| aisA mAnaneke lie vaha aisA apakRtya karanevAle manuSya ko DhUMDate aura yogya daMDa dete the aura samAjapara A par3I Aphatake anusAra vaha yaha daMDa nirdhArita karate / jaba samAjapara bar3I bhayaMkara Apatti A par3atI taba aise manuSyako vaha mRtyu daMDa kI saz2A dete| aise mRtyu daMDa kI saz2A se samAjakI zuddhi ho sakatI hai tathA devatAoM ke sAtha samAjakA saMbaMdha punaH hotA hai aisA gAla* loga mAnate the isa prakAra prathama apakRtya karanevAleko hI mRtyu daMDa kI sajA dekara arthAt krodhita hue devatAko usakI bali car3hAkara samAja apane devako prasanna karatA parantu pIchese niraparAdhI manuSyake balidAnase devatAkA krodha zAnta hotA hai aisA mAnA jAtA aura usake lie samAja ke manuSyake badale lar3AI meM pakar3e hue kaidI kI bali car3hAnekA rivAja pracalita huA thaa| jaba aise kaidI nahIM mila sakate the taba devatAkA bhoga honeke lie kisI bhI manuSyako lAlaca diyA jAtA / jaba mArselsameM manuSya mahAmArI se pIr3ita hue the taba unhoMne samAjake vyayase eka varSa taka eka bhikhArI ko aizaArAmameM rakhane kI lAlacase devatAkA bhoga honeke lie lAlaca diyA thA aura usake balidAnase sarva samAjakI zuddhi kI / * gAla arthAt phrAMsa nivAsI.

Page #47
yajJa. ___isa prakAra samAja meM se Aphata dUra karane ke lie die jAne vAle manuSyake balidAnakA rUpa prAcIna yajJa bhAvanA se milatA huA pratIta hotA hai to bhI sabase pahale aise hI manuSyayajJa hote hoMge aura dUsare yajJa nahIM yaha kalpanA hama kara nahIM skte| dhammoM kI tulanAse prakaTa honevAlA manuSya yajJa kI kriyAoMkA sAmAnya itihAsa upalikhita prakAra milatA hai / parantu bhinnabhinna dharmoM meM isa kriyA kI jitane aMza meM sAnyatA dIkhatI utane hI aMzakA hamane dhyAna diyA hai| aba hama usake bhinna bhinna aMzoMkA avalokana kreNge| unnatimeM Age bar3he hue meksiko meM paMdrahavI zatAbdI taka manuSya yajJa kiyA jAtA thaa| vahAMke ez2aksa logoMne isa kriyAko kamatI na karate hue atyaMta hI bhayaMkara pramANa meM bar3hA diyA thA / I. sa. 1445 se AraMbha hue bhArI duSkAlameM unhoMne devatAoMko prasannakaraneke lie bahutase manuSya yajJa kie the / isake atirikta unake sAmrAjya kI vRddhi karanevAle pratApI vijaya prApta karaneke lie bhI aneka manuSya yajJa kiethe| pratyeka utsava pratyeka vijaya prasaMgapara pratyeka RtukI AraMbha meM pratyeka rAjyAbhiSekake samaya meM aura pratyeka devasthAna devatAoM ke arpaNa karate samaya vaha manuSya bali car3hAte aura utsavakI mahattAke anusAra balidAna kI saMkhyA meM vRddhi karate / yahAM

Page #48
tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. bhI mArselsa kI taraha balidAna rUpa meM caDhAe jAne vAle manuSya ko eka varSa taka vaha aiza ArAma meM rakhate aura vizeSa kara vaha aise manuSya ko jo devatA ke bhoga banane vAle hote haiM unako devatA ke avatAra rUpa mAnate arthAt dhAnya ke balidAnoM kI taraha manuSya ke balidAnoM ko bhI vaha devatA svarUpa mAnate the| ez2aksa loga zUravIra the aura vaha hamezA yuddha meM pakar3e hue kaidiyoM kA devatAoM ke lie bhoga dete the| usI prakAra baibiloniyA ke asIriyA aura misara ke loga bhI vaisA hI karate the / ez2aksa logoM meM dhIme dhIme dhArmika kriyAoM kI sImA se adhika vRddhi ho gaI aura una vRddhi karane vAle pAdariyoM kA bala paMdrahavIM zatAbdI meM to vizeSa jama gayA / vaha itanA taka ki ina para usI samaya jIta pAne vAlI spena prajA kA 'dhanveiSaNa maMDala ' kI krUratA. se bhI ez2aksa ke pAdarioM kA atyAcAra adhika krUra mAnA jAtA / veda dharma athavA brAhmaNa dharma meM bhI isa prakAra dharmaguruoM ne yajJa kriyA meM asAdhAraNa vRddhi kI hai yaha hamAre dekhane meM AtA hai| isa dharma kI kriyAoM meM huI huI vRddhi jo ki hamArI manovRtti ko AghAta nahIM pahuMcAtI kAraNa ki usa meM manuSya vadha kI bU taka nahIM aatii| 1 rAmana kaitholika paMtha se viruddha mata rakhane vAloM ko saz2A denevAlI sabhA /

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'44 yajJa. dUsare dharmoM kI taraha veda dharma meM bhI prathama devatAoM ko car3hAe jAne vAle balidAnoM kI kriyA ko yajJa nAma diyA gayA hai| alaukika vyaktioM ke visarjana ke lie una ko uddezya kara ke hI -- dakSiNAgni ' meM homa kiyA jAtA vaha ' dakSiNAgni ' kI kriyA prAcIna yajJa kriyA se sarvAMza meM milatI hai aura usa meM yajJa vidhi kA mUla svarUpa hamAre dRSTi gocara hotA hai| yajJoM meM mukhya azvamedha bhI prAcIna yajJa. vidhioM ke parama avadhi rUpa hone para samAja ke rakSaNa ke lie kie jAne para sArvajanika yajJa ke rUpa hameM milatA hai| ___ isa ke uparAMta bone aura kATane ke samaya kie jAne vAle vArSika mahotsava bhI hamAre dRSTigocara hote haiN| mAtra isa deza ke logoM ke jIvana, vRSTi ke hI AdhIna hone se varSARtu ke prAraMbha meM yahAM eka vizeSa yajJa kiyA jAtA hai| jo prakRti ke tatva athavA zaktiyoM dvArA prakRti ke devatAoM kA AvirbhAva hotA hai una tatvoM kA devatAoM ke sAtha abheda bhAva mAnA huA hai, isa prakAra hone se ' agni' zabda kA artha agni bhI hotA hai tathA agni devatA bhI / -- indra' ko vidyut ke rUpa meM vaise hI vidyut ko devatA ke rUpa meM mAnane meM AtA hai aura ' dyauH ' zabda AkAza ke artha meM bhI vartA jAtA hai aura AkAza devatA ke artha meM bhI /

Page #50
45. tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. maksiko meM bhI isI prakAra ke vizvAsa ke lie ' jhIlonena' zabda makaI DoDe ke artha meM tathA makaI mAtA ke artha meM vartA jAtA thA aura perU meM bhI isa ke lie devatA ko zaramAtA ( makaI mAtA ) kahate the| veda dharma meM yathA samaya die jAne vAle peya padArthoM ke balidAnoM ko anna ke balidAnoM jitanA hI mahatva pUrNa samajhA. jAtA thA / dUsare dharmoM kI taraha aise balidAnoM ko isa dharma meM tuccha nahIM ginaa| isa prakAra peya padArthoM ke balidAnoM ko isa dharma meM jitanA mahatva diyA gayA hai utanA hI mahatva jarathostI dharma meM diyA huA dekhane meM AtA hai| isa para se tathA soma aura homa ina zabdoM kI vyutpatti kI samatA para se yaha siddha ho sakatA hai ki ina do prajAoM ke pUrvaja jaba ikaTThe rahate hoMge taba peya padArthoM kI bali ko mahatva diyA gayA hogA yahAM taka hamane vedadharmoM kI dUsare itanI hI unnati kie hue dharmoM ke sAtha tulanA kI hai aba hama tulanAtmaka paddhati se mAlUma par3ane vAle bhedoM kI ora dhyAna deNge| ___isalie hameM vizeSa yatna karanA par3e aisA nahIM hai brAhmaNa dharma isa eka hI zabda meM saba bhedoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| -- brahman ' arthAt stuti karane vAle brAhmaNa haiM arthAt brAhmaNa dharma kA madhyabiMdu stuti hai / brAhmaNa dharma stuti se AraMbha

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.. yaza. hotA hai / stuti ke lie hI usakA astitva hai aura usakI samApti bhI stuti meM hI hai / vedoM meM varNita saba devatAoM meM brahma sarvopari mAnA jAtA hai aura brahma kA artha mAtra hI stuti hai / yaha stuti Apatti meM se bacane ke lie tathA aihika samRddhi prApta karane ke lie kI jAtI hai| parantu dhanyavAda pradarzita karane ke lie stuti nahIM kI jAtI / veda ke zabda koSa meM AbhAra - mAnane kA zabda hI milatA nhiiN| AraMbha meM devatAoM ke samIpa pahuMcane tathA iSTa vastu saMpAdita karane ke sAdhanarUpa isa stuti ko pIche sAdhya rUpa mAnA gayA aura isase tarpaNa aura yajJakI kriyAeM pUjanIya mAnI jAne lagIM / pIche ke samaya meM jaisA eka hI zabda kA agni aura ami devatA athavA dyauH aura dyau-devatA aise do artha kie gae vaise hI stuti ke bhI stuti tathA stuti devatA arthat brahma yaha do artha kie gae haiM / isa prakAra stuti rUpa dhArmika kriyA ko hI brahma ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai aura isa brahma kI pUjA karane vAle brAhmaNa hote haiN| isa para se yaha to spaSTa samajhA jA sakatA hai ki jo brAhmaNa jAti kI abhivRddhi ke anukUla dazA na milatI to isa prakAra kI dhArmika unnati bhAgyavazAt hI hotI / hiMdusthAna meM bane hue jJAti nirmANoM ke vikAsa se aise saMyoga mile hone se hama isa para dRSTipAta kareMge / yahAM para sAmAnya rIti se

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. jJAti ke lie varNa zabda vartA jAtA hai / varNa arthAt raMga / raMga arthAt hiMdusthAna para car3hAI karane vAle AryoM kA tathA ina AryoM se jIte hue bhArata ke mUla rahavAsiyoM ke zarIroM meM samAyA huA raMga bheda / jItI huI prajA zUdra rUpa meM mAna kara lakar3I phAr3ane vAle tathA pAnI bharanevAloM kI dazA meM rakhe hue Arya prajA ke paraspara bheda batAne meM 'varNa' zabda liyA jAne se phira isa kA upayoga vijayI prajA meM bhinna bhinna dhaMdhe roz2agAra karane vAle bheda darzAne ke lie bana gayA arthAt kArIgara varga vaizyoM kA aura rAjasattAdhArI varga arthAt kSatriyoM kA tathA purohita varga brAhmaNoM kA paraspara bheda bhI varNa zabda se hI darzita hue| aisI varNa vyavasthA hI brAhmaNa jAti ke unnati kA kAraNa huii| hama Upara jaise batA cuke haiM vaise jaba purohita varga ke prAbalya ke kAraNa stuti athavA yajJa ko sAdhana rUpa nahIM mAnane se sAdhya vastu ke rUpa meM hI mAnA gayA taba devatAoM kA mahatva bilakula kama ho gayA aura vaha purohita ke hI AdhIna ho gayA / purohitoM kI devatA ke prati aisI bhAvanA veda maMtroM se pratIta ho jAtI hai| . " jisa prakAra eka zikArI apane zikAra ke pIche bhAgatA hai usI prakAra yajJa karane vAlA brAmaNa indra ke pIche

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yajJa. par3atA hai| jisa prakAra pacchImAra pakSI ko pakar3atA hai usI taraha brAhmaNa indra ko pakar3atA hai| devatA rUpI cakra ko kisa prakAra se phirAnA vaha yaha brAhmaNa jAnatA hai|" / punaH maMtroM meM bhI aisI kalpanA kI gaI hai ki devatA balidAna lene ke lie yajJa meM pratyakSa hAz2ara hote haiM aura bhakSya tathA peya padArthoM ke balidAna se vaha baliSTha hote haiN| " jaise baila varSA ke lie vikala hotA hai vaise hI indra somarasa ke lie tar3aphatA hai" ina uddhata vAkyoM se hama dekha sakate haiM ki yajJa kriyA kA gaurava brAhmaNoM ne itanA bar3hA diyA aura yajJa kriyA hI devatAoM kI utpatti kA Adi kAraNa hai tathA ina kriyAoM para hI una ke astitvakA AdhAra hai aisA unhoMne upadeza kiyA hai| " yajJameM se jagat kI utpatti huI hai aura devatA bhI yajJa dvArA hI utpanna hue haiM " svarga se yajJa samApta huA hai aura svarga kA yaja saba laukika yajJoM kA Adarza rUpa mAnA gayA hai isa prakAra brAhmaNa dharma meM yajJa ko saba kA Adi tathA aMta mAnA gayA hai| yaha yajJa brAhmaNoM se hI karAe jA sakate haiN| brAhmaNa dharma kI taraha dUsare kisI dharma meM Izvara ke samakSa pahuMcane kA sAdhana rUpa yajJa kriyA ko itanA gaurava nahIM

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tulanAtmaka dhammavicAra. diyA gyaa| yaha AryoM ke sabhIpastha pArasI bhI yajJa kriyAse manuSyako IzvarIya sahAyatA milatI hai aura devatAoMko arthAt ahuramajada aura ahirmAnake vigraharUpa mAnate haiM / aura yajJa kriyA se ina sArI zaktiyoM ko sahAyatA milatI hai tathA aisI madada se burI zaktiyoMko harAne meM samartha hote haiM aisA bhI mAnate haiM / aise vizvAsa ke lie vahAM yajJa kriyA sAdhanarUpa hI rahatI hai| duniyAM kI utpatti yajJa kriyA meM se nahIM huI parantu duniyA utpanna huI usa samayase hI yajJa kriyA kA AraMbha huA hai aisA upadeza asIriyA aura baibiloniyA ke pAdariyoM ne kiyA hai| roz2a dina meM do vAra devatAoM ko naivedya dene kI kriyA ko vaha yajJa kahate haiM aura " devatA isa yajJa ke AsapAMsa makkhiyoM kI taraha saMkhyA baMdha ikaTThe hote haiM " aisA vaha mAnate haiN| prAcIna misara kI yajJa vidhi ke saMbaMdha meM hama ko jo thor3A bahuta jJAna mila sakatA hai usa parase hama aisA anumAna kara sakate haiM ki vahAM para yajJa kriyA kA adhika pracAra nahIM huA, vahAM to apane AtmA kI paraloka meM kyA dazA hogI isa viSaya meM hI sabako vizeSa dhyAna rahatA thaa| anya saba dharmoM meM jisa vidhi se jina kAraNoM ke lie tathA jisa jisa samaya devatAoM ke prasanna karane ke lie yajJa

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50 yajJa. kie jAte the usI vidhi se unhIM kAraNoM ko lekara usI usI samaya cIna meM bhI yajJa kie jAte the parantu vahAM pitR pUjA ko vizeSa gaurava denese yajJa kriyA meM vizeSa vRddhi na ho skii| . anya dharmoM kI taraha yAhudI dharma meM bhI apakRtyoMkA prAyazcitta kara Aphata dUra karane ke lie yajJa kie jAte the tathA kitane hI yajJa to bhojana samAraMbha ke svarUpa meM bhI kie jAte the / isa meM prathama devatAoM ko naivedya denA punaH pUjA karane vAloM kA samAja bhojana karatA / dUsare dharmoM meM jina kAraNoM se yajJa kriyAoM kA vistAra aTakA vaha kAraNa yahAM nahIM milate / cInIoM kI taraha yAhUdI pitR pUjA kI ora AkarSita nahIM hue the usI prakArase misara dezavAsioM kI taraha unakA citta paraloka kI ciMtAmeM nahIM lagA thA tathA asIriyA kI taraha unhoMne jAdugaroM kA bhI Azraya nahIM liyA thA to bhI yAhUdiyoM meM yajJa kriyA kA pracAra honA banda ho gayA / isa lie jina kAraNoM se aisI rukAvaTa ho sakI hai vaha kAraNa dhArmika itihAsa kI dRSTi se bahuta hI mahatva ke mAne vinA nahIM rheNge| aisA hone se hama usa para savistara dRSTipAta kreNge| ___yAhUdI dharma meM jo jeremiyAha aura aijekiyala siddha zuruSa ho gae haiM unhoMne apane upadeza se isa kriyA ko bar3hane nahIM diyaa| unake samaya taka yAhUdI dharma meM aisA mAnA

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. jAtA thA ki sArA samAja milakara hI Izvara kI pUjA kara sakatA hai aura kevala yajJa se hI Izvara prasanna ho sakatA hai| paraMparA se pracalita isa bhAvanA ko dRr3ha karane ke lie yAidI dharma ke pAdarI tatpara rahate aura vaha logoM ko samajhAte ki yAhUdI prajA aura isake Izvara yahovAha ke saMbaMdha ko banAe rakhane tathA tAz2A karane ke sAdhanarUpa yajJa anuSThAna se hI Izvara kI kRpA mila sakatI hai aura aise yajJa eka vyakti se nahIM ho sakate parantu saba samAja milakara kara sakatA hai| isa bhAvanA ke kAraNa hI yAhUdI apanI prajA ko Izvara kI abhISTa prajA ke rUpa meM mAnate aura dUsarI prajA ko grAmya prajA mAnate the| jarathustI dharma meM bhI aisA vizvAsa hamAre dekhane meM AtA hai| isa para se hama dekha sakate haiM ki prAcIna samaya meM rAjakIya samAjoM ko hI dhArmika samAja mAnA jAtA thA aura isake pariNAma meM rAjakIya samAja kI avanati ke sAtha hI dharma kI bhI avanati hotI / isa prakAra baibiloniyA ke sAmrAjya kA anta hote hI aneka deva pUjaka baibiloniyanoM kA bhI aMta A gayA aisA dekhane meM AtA hai / prAcIna vizvAsa ke anusAra samAjake devatAoM . ke krodhake kAraNa hI rAjakIya samAja kI avanati hone se, samAja kI dhArmika kriyAoM ko banAI rakhane para, samAja aura samAja ke devatAoM ke saMbaMdha ko sthira rakhane vAle dharma gurumakA mahatva bar3hatA hai aura samAja unake vacanoM kA pUrNa vizvAsa rakhatA hai|

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52 yaza. yAhUdiyoM kI prathama aisI hI sthitI thI, parantu pIche se jeremiyAha, akila ityAdi siddha mahAtmAoM ne yAhUdI pAdariyoM ke upadezoM ke viruddha upadeza karanA AraMbha kiyaa| unhoMne aisA upadeza kiyA ki Izvara bakariyoM tathA bher3oM ke balidAna se prasanna hotA nahIM parantu usakI AjJAoM ke pAlana karane se hI prasanna hotA hai| aura pratyeka manuSya svataMtra rIti se Izvara kI pUjA kara sakatA hai| aisA upadeza karane meM kitane aMza meM phalIbhUta hone se vyakti ke svataMtra dharma kI jo bhAvanA aba taka azakya mAnI jAtI thI vaha zakya mAnI gaI aura sArvajanika yajJoM kI kriyA kA pracAra rukA / parantu isase vizeSa vaha kucha kara na sake / dharmAcusta yAhUdI prajA meM pazu yajJa, sunnata aura khAne pIne kA niSedha to pracalita hI rahA / isa prakAra duniyA ke saba dharmoM se brAhmaNa dharma aura yAhUdI dharmoM meM dharma guruoM kI prAbalyatA se phaile hue yajJa kriyA ke vistAra ko rokane kI navIna pravRttieM khar3I huI yaha dekhane meM AtI haiN| yajJa kriyA ko dhArmika jIvana kA sAdhanarUpa na mAnane vAlI aisI pravRttiyoM meM se duniyAM ke do bar3e z2abaradasta bauddha aura IsAI dharmoM kA janma hone se una ko hama dhArmikonnati karanevAlI pravRtti mAneMge / parantu isa prakAra utpanna hue dono dharmoM ko antameM apane utpattisthAna ko chor3anA par3A aura vaha dhammopaidazaka hokara apane kArya kara sake haiM / ' dhArmikasamAja ko apane astitva ke lie eka

Page #58
tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra rAjakIya samAja ke rUpa meM hI rahanA cAhie ' aisI sarvamAnya bhAvanAko ina do dharmoM ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA hone se usakA vizeSa pracAra huA hai aura rAjakIya samAja para apane astitva kA AdhAra nahIM rakhane vAle dharma hI manuSya jAti ke sAmAnya dharma ho sakate haiM isa satyako unhoM ne apane dRSTAnta se hI siddha kiyA hai| buddha dharma samAjakA dharma hai ki vyakti kA hai isakA nirNaya usake vAhya svarUpa se nahIM ho sakatA isI taraha isameM Izvara nahIM mAnane se usa. dharma ko eka dharma ke rUpa meM ginavAyA nahIM, isameM bhI matabheda rahatA hai| parantu vAstavika dazAke dekhane se isakA nirNaya ho sakatA hai| buddha dharma vyaktiyoM ke lie hI utpanna huA hai aura vyaktiyoM meM hI phailA hai isa lie sAmAjika dharmoM meM isakI gaNanA nahIM ho sakatI aura isI kAraNa ke lie bauddha samAja ko rAjakIya samAja ke rUpa meM mAnA nahIM jaataa| mAtra bauddha dharma pAlanevAle mAtA pitA se janme hue manuSya ko bauddha dharma meM praveza nahIM karate parantu usameM praveza karane ke lie jisa samaya se vaha buddha ke upadeza ko mAnane kA saMkalpa karatA hai aura aisA karake vaha buddha dharma kA Azraya letA hai usI samaya se use bauddha ginA jAne lagatA hai| aisI dazA hone se hama ko patA lagatA hai ki bauddha dharma meM buddha

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54 yajJa. svayaM hI Izvara ke rUpa meM pUjA jAtA hai aura isa lie isako eka dharma ke rUpa meM mAnane se koI hAni nahIM aatii| brAhmaNa dharma meM tathA yAhUdI dharma meM honevAlI yajJa kriyA ke pracAra ko rokane ke lie jo naI pravRttieM calI haiM unhoMne vyaktigata svataMtra dharma bhAvanA ko uttejana diyA hai| yajJoM ke saMbaMdha meM itanI bAteM batAkara aba hama isa para se prAcIna kAla ke yajJoM kI bhAvanA kaisI thI usakA nirNaya kreN| apattiyoM se mukta hone para tathA apane nirvAhArtha sAdhana prApta karane ke lie manuSya ko devatA kI zaraNa jAnA cAhie aura balidAna dekara use prasanna karanA cAhie aisA vizvAsa saba dharmoM meM sAmAnya rIti para dekhanemeM AtA hai| isI prakAra saba dharmoM meM AphatoM ko dUra karane kI tathA laukika sukha dene kI zakti rakhane vAle vyakti kI devatA ke rUpa meM kalpanA kI gaI hai| aura aise devatAoM ko balidAna dene kI kriyA ko yajJa ke rUpa meM ginA gayA hai| jApAna ke zinto dharma meM tathA yAhUdI dharma meM bhI aisI kalpanAeM kI gaI haiM ki samAja aura devatA ke bIca meM kI gaI pratijJA ke AdhAra para samAja kA devatA ke prati saMbaMdha banA rahane se kI huI pratijJAnusAra samAja ko usI devatA kI prajA ke rUpa meM rahanA par3atA hai| aura devatA ko usI samAja ke deva ke rUpa meM rahanA par3atA hai jaura isa pratijJA ke anusAra yajJAdi bhI karane par3ate haiN| aisI

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. pratijJA Izvara ne apanI prajAse kI hai aisA yAhUdI loga mAnate haiN| yadyapi yajJa kriyA meM pravRtta manuSyoM ko hama ina kriyAoM kA rahasya isa prakAra samajhA sakate haiM to bhI isa se saba ko pUrA saMtoSa na hogA isa lie aisA samajha kara anya prakAra se isakA vivecana kreNge| yajJa kriyA meM eka ora samAja hotA hai aura dUsarI tarapha usakA devatA aura samAja hAtha meM bheTa lekara isa devatA ke pAsa Akara khar3A rahatA hai aura svayam devatA ke AdhIna hai aisA dikhAtA hai| yaha bheTa usa devatA ko dene vAle balidAna hote haiN| samAja kI rAjakIya paristhiti ke anusAra unake devatAoM ke aizvarya kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai| tathA isa kalpanA ke anusAra devatAoM kI bheToM meM bhI pheraphAra kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra jaba samAja sAmAnya sthiti meM se Age bar3hakara sAmrAjya kI prApti karatA hai taba devatAoM ke prabhAva aura aizvarya meM bhI vaise hI gaurava kI kalpanA kI jAtI aura jisa prakAra samrATa ko uttama prakAra kI bheMTa dI jAtI hai vaisI bheTa samAja usa samaya apane devatAoM ko detA hai| aisI bheTa avazya rakhanI cAhie aisI bhAvanA sAtha sAtha utpanna hotI hai aura ina devatAoM ko bheMTa dene kI kriyA ko yajJa rUpa kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai| isa prakAra sArvajanika yajJoM kA vivecana kiyA jA sakatA hai|

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yajJa. aba hama devatAoM kI kalpanA se nijU yajJoM kA kyA asara huvA usakA vicAra kareM / hama pUrva batA cuke haiM ki jahAM dharma guruoM kI prabalatA adhika hotI hai aura yaha varga jahAM vyavasthita hotA hai vahAM sAmAnya rItipara nijU yajJoM ko uttejana nahIM milatA / parantu jaba dharma guruoM kA bala TUTa jAtA hai taba nijU yajJa AraMbha hote haiM aura aise yajJoM ke AraMbha hote hI vyakti ke svataMtra dharma kI bhAvanA udaya hue vinA nahIM rahatI tathA kaI sthAnoM para aisA bhI hotA hai ki manuSya apane niju lAbha ke liye dharma guruoM kI mAraphata yajJa karAte haiM parantu aisI pravRtti vyAkta ke svataMtra dharma kI bhAvanA ko nirmUla karane kA prabala kAraNa rUpa ho jAtI hai / isa prakAra nijU yajJa do prakAra ke ho sakate haiM aura unase devatAoM kA gaurava ghaTatA jAtA hai| yUnAna meM aise yajJoM ko manuSya kI abhilASAoM ko pUrNa karane tathA apanA icchita kArya karane kA sAdhana mAnA gayA thA / aise yajJoM se manuSya vyakti kA tathA devatA kA svataMtra saMbaMdha banatA aura jisa lAbha ke lie devatA ko tayyAra rahanA par3atA / isa prakAra nijU yajJoM kI utpatti se devatA manuSya koTi meM Agae arthAt unakA aizvaryA eka rAjA athavA pradhAna vyavasthApaka kI ucca koTise adhogati pAtA huA bAz2Ara meM mAla becane vAle vyApArI kI koTi meM A par3atA hai / yUnAna

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tulanAtmaka dhammaivicAra. ke manuSyoM jaise mAne hue devatAoM kI to isa se bhI adhika adhogati huI hama dekhate haiN| ___ isa prakAra jaba taka saba samAja yajJa kriyA milakara kara sakatA hai taba taka to manuSya nijU yajJa nahIM kara sakate the aura taba taka devatAoM kA gaurava bhI banA rahA thA / parantu jabase manuSya nijU yajJa karane lage tabase yajJa unakI mahatvAkAMkSAoM ko tRpta karane kA nahIM parantu unakI icchAoM ko tRpta karane kA sAdhana rUpa ginA jAne lagA aura isase devatAoM kA gaurava bhI ghaTa gayA / tRtIya prakaraNa jAdu. a pane Upara AphateM athavA duHkha A par3eM unake * nivAraNa ke lie iSTa devatAoM ko prArthanA kara ke taiyAra rahane kA kartavya pratyeka samAja kA hai aisA saba jagaha mAnA jAtA hai / jApAna tathA yAhUdioM kI taraha jahAM devatAoM aura manuSyoM ke bIca ke saMbaMdha ko eka pratijJArUpa mAnate haiN| vahAM pratijJA, samAja ke kisI bhI manuSya kI nahIM, parantu sAre

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58 samAja se kiyA gayA hai aisA mAnA jAne se usa pratijJA ko lekara devatA samAja kI AphateM dUra karane ke lie baMdhe haiM parantu vaha samAja ke kisI eka hI manuSya para Aphata par3ane se usake bacAne ke liye baMdhe nahIM haiM aisA mAnA jAtA thA / roga aura mRtyu jaise eka vyakti para A jAte haiM unase bacane ke lie manuSya ko svayam hI prayAsa karanA par3atA hai manuSyatva ke vikAsa ke pUrvAvasthA meM jaba aisA samajhA jAtA thA ki pratyeka viSaya kisI vyakti ke karane para hI hotA thA taba roga aura maraNa bhI kisI vyakti se hI utpanna hote the aisA mAnA jAtA thA isalie roga aura mRtyu lAne vAlI zakti rakhane vAle kisI manuSyane dveSa bhAva se aisA kiyA hogA aisA mAnate the / aise manuSya kA khoja nikAlane ke lie jo aisA duSkarma karatA ho usakI zodha kI jAtI aura DhUMDanevAle ko aise manuSya kA patA bhI laga jAtA / aisA manuSya vicitra dekhAva puSTa rItabhAta tathA kudRSTi para se pahicAnA jAtA aura isake lie hI vaha manuSya adbhuta pApa karma karatA hogA aisI dhAraNA utpanna hotI aise puruSa yA aisI strI meM adbhuta zakti hogI aisA mAnA jAtA arthAt vaha yadi puruSa hoto use jAdugara tathA yadi strI ho to use cuDaila ke rUpa meM mAnate / roga aura mRtyu ke mukha meM par3e hue kisI bhI manuSya ke saMbaMdhI, yaha kisane kiyA hogA isa viSaya kI zodha karate taba aise manuSya para vahama AtA / aise vahamI puruSa bhI hamAre meM adbhuta zakti hai aura isa lie

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. saba hamAre pAsa Ane se Darate haiM aura kAMpate haiM aisI logoM kI mAnyatA hone se eka prakAra se saMtoSa mAnate / apane meM adbhuta zakti hai aisA manAne ke liye bhI yaha tatpara rahate haiM aura apane meM adbhuta zakti kI saMbhAvanA karane vAle manuSya ThIka haiM aisA anta meM unako vizvAsa hotA / inameM jisa manuSya ko apane mahAn saMkalpa bala kA jJAna rahatA hai tathA jo manuSya ati AnaMda se athavA jo samAdhi dazAse anubhava kara sakatA hai usa manuSya kI logoM para adhika zraddhA rahatI / isa prakAra hone se logoM kI icchAnusAra amuka zakti usa meM hai aisA vaha jaba svayam mAne taba apane tathA logoM kI dhAraNA anusAra apane andara kI zakti ko az2amAnA hI bAkI rahatA / kevala use amuka khAsa ceSTAoM se maMtra rUpa meM apanI icchA mukhase batAnI par3atI / use itanA hI karanA par3atA kAraNa ki manuSyoM kA aisA vizvAsa thA kI usane zabda mAtra kA hI uccAraNa kiyA ki kArya siddha ho jaataa| vaha jo amuka ko coTa lagAne kA bahAnA bhI karatA to use coTa lagatI hI aura yadi vaha bahUta dUra bhI hoto bhI isa prakAra hotA isakA nAma jAdu hai| yadi use apanepara pUrA vizvAsa na ho to svayaM lagAI huI coTa dUsare ko lagatI hai isakA vizeSa nizcaya karane ke liye vaha retImeM manuSya kA citra khIMcatA athavA maTTI yA moma kA buta banAtA aura jaise ki vaha buta yA citra para coTa mAratA vaisI hI coTa pratyakSa lagI hai aisI pIr3A

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60 - jAdu usa manuSya ko hotI / aisA eka krama dekhane meM AtA hai aura dUsare aneka krama se AbhicAra karma ho sakatA hai| yaha krama batAnevAle vacanoM ke artha karane meM itanA dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki jAdugara svayam jo coTa mAratA hai usI coTakI pIr3A usake vazIbhUta manuSya ko hotI hai| AraMbha meM itana mAne vinA jAdu mAnA nahIM jAyegA parantu saba jAdu ko mAnate Ae haiM aura mAnate haiM aura sabajagaha jAdu mukhya karake aisA hI hotA hai aura usake rUpAMtara bhI bahuta milate haiM / isa sthAna para isake udAharaNa dekara samajhAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM / isa liye jAdukA dharma ke sAtha kyA saMbaMdha hai isa prazna para punaH hama AjAveMge / hama sAmAnya rIti se kaha sakeMge ki aitihAsika dharmoM meM jAdu aura dharma ina do meM bhrama hone kI saMbhAvanA hI nahIM rahatI / sAmAjika deva pUjA kI saMsthA, samAja ke manuSyoM se apane nijU kArya siddha karane ke upayoga meM lAe jAte jAdu se bilakula bhinna hI haiN| aisA bheda buddhipUrvaka DAlA gayA parantu vyavahArameM aisA bheda dikhAI detA hai / jo manuSya jAdukA upayoga karatA hai aura jisa para usakA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai una donoM manuSyoM ko itanA jJAna hotA hai| jAdu kA upayoga aise kAryoM meM hotA hai jaise ki sahAyatA karane meM jisa meM samAja ke devatAoM ko prArthanA na kI jAsake kAraNa ki aise kArya sAmAjika hita virodhi hote haiM aura samAja unako hAnikAraka samajhatA hai| jaba samAja ke kisI

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tulanAtmaka dhammavicAra. manuSya ko bImAra karane athavA mArane ke lie jAdu kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai jaisA ki sAdhAraNa rIti para kiyA jAtA haitaba svAbhAvika rIti se samAja use dhikkAratA hai aura jAdugara ko DhUMDa nikAla kara use mRtyu kI saz2A dene ke lie usa kArya meM nipuNa manuSyoM ko lagAyA jAtA hai itanA to ThIka hai ki saba jAduoM ke prayogoM kA aise ' abhicAra karmoM ' meM hI hotA nahIM / manuSya kI apanI icchAeM aura apane kArya siddha karane ke lie jAdu kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai yaha saba sAmAjika hita ke viruddha athavA samAja ko hAnikAraka nahIM hote| vazIkaraNa cUrNa jinakA adhikAMza meM balki saba jagaha upayoga kiyA jAtA hai vaha dhikkAra yogya nahIM mAne jAte / manuSya ke nijU kAmoM meM isa prakAra jAdu kA upayoga hone se prAcIna misara kI jahAM bhAvI jIvana ke lie sAmagrI ikaTThI kara rakhane kI mahattA mAnI jAtI thI vahAM mara gae manuSya kA usake bhAvI jIvana meM Avazyaka sAmagrI ko pUrNa karane ke lie jAdu kA upayoga kiyA jAtA yaha bAta Azcaryajanaka pratIta nahIM hogii| prAcIna misara ke dharma meM aisA upadeza kiyA gayA thA ki mRtyu ke pIche preta kA devatAoM kI nyAya sabhA meM insApha kiyA jAtA hai| parantu isa se vizeSa mahatva kI bAta yaha hai ki pratyeka preta saMhitA meM (Book of the dead buka Apha dI DeDa) pretako daMDa milane kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai aisA

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jAdu. darzAnevAlA eka bhI zabda dekhane meM nahIM AtA paraMtu preta ko nirdoSa karake chor3a diyA jAyagA aise vacana milate haiM aura usake chuTakAre ke lie Agese hI kArya kie jAte haiM aura jAdu ke maMtra tathA yaMtra use Agese hI de die hote haiN| paraloka meM usakA kalyANa ho isalie usa kI dIvAloM para jAdu ke citra baiMce jAte haiM aura ina citroM para isa duniyA meM jo apane anukUla dhaMdhA karake vaha gujArA calAtA thA vahI dhaMdhA paraloka meM bhI calatA rahegA aisA vizvAsa dilAyA jAtA thaa| isa lie isa viSaya meM misara meM jAdu kA aura dharma athavA nIti kA virodha nahIM pratIta hotA / ThIka prakAra se dekhate hue isa para se misara ke rahavAsI aisA mAnane laga par3e ki unake para loka ke jIvana ke bhAvI nirNaya isa lokameM dharma aura nItikA anukaraNa karate hue athavA usake viruddha AcaraNoM se nahIM hotA parantu paraloka meM isa para yadi kucha A par3atA hai usakA sAmanA karane ke lie jAdu ke jina maMtroM aura yaMtroM se use tayyAra kiyA jAtA hai usI se hotA hai / kevala jahAM sAmAjika hitakA aura jAdu kA virodha hotA hai vahAM hI samAja ke jina devoM para samAja apane hita kA AdhAra rakhatA hai vaha deva jAdu se viruddha haiM aisA vaha samAja mAnatA hai / ___ prAcIna misara meM jAdu aura dharma kA paraspara virodha pratyakSa dIkha nahIM par3atA thA |bai bilona meM misara se bhI adhika

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tulanAtmaka dharma vicAra. 63 dharma kI bhAvanA prabala hone se jAdu aura dharmakA paraspara virodha thA aura aisA pragaTa bhI kiyA gayA thA to bhI baibilona meM jAdu kA mUla misara deza jitanA hI gaharA gayA thA aura yadyapi baibilona meM dhArmika bhAvanA kA prAbalya dIkha par3atA thA to bhI yaha bhAvanA jAdu ko nikAla nahIM sakI parantu mAtra usakA samAdhAna karane ko hI samartha thI, asIriyA kI unnati ke samaya taka isa vicArane jAdu ko nikAla dene ke lie sAmarthya nahIM pAyA thaa| _ baibilona meM jAdu aura dharma ke bIca kA samAdhAna bahuta rocaka hai / dharma aura devatAoMko dUra rakha kara jAdu kI nivRtti pratikArarUpI jAdu se kara sakate haiM aura jAdugara kA ara bhUta nikAlanevAle (syAne ) para nahIM ho sakegA isa dhAraNA para vahAM samAdhAna huA hai| syAne kA kArya pratikArarUpI jAdu DhUMDane kA thaa| vaibiloniyA meM jAdu kA asara dUra karane ke lie mukhyatayA pAnI kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thA aura pAnI jAdu ke a ra vAle manuSya ko zuddha karatA tathA jAdu ke asara ko dho DAlatA isa ke atirikta agni ko bhI isI kAma meM lAte jo agni dUsarI azuddhiyoM tathA maloM kI taraha jAdu ke asara ko bhI sApha kara detA aura jalA detA usa Aga kI bImAra AdamI ke bistare ke pAsa eka aMgIThI rakhI jAtI aura jAdu kA asara jalakara nAza hotA aura bhar3Ake meM jala

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jAdu.. jAe isa lie syAnA dhIme dhIme maMtra par3ha kara usa aMgIThI meM judI judI taraha ke padArtha jalAtA / bImAra AdamI ko peTI bAMdhI jAtI aura isakA kAraNa yaha thA ki jisa prakAra vaha DhIlA hotA jAe vaise vaise jAdugara kI bImArI se mukta hotA jAtA / jAdugara athavA cuDaila ke pratinidhi rUpa maTTI ke, ATe ke moma ke athavA to lakar3I ke putale banA kara bImAra AdamI ke mAthe ke Age athavA pAMoM ke Age rakhe jAte aura phira una putaloM ko tor3a diyA, jalA diyA yA nadI meM pheMka diyA jAtA athavA aise sthAnoM meM dabA diyA jAtA jaise ki daravAje meM, kabarastAnameM / baibiloniyA ke jAdu kI athavA prativAda rUpI jAdu ke ina saba vidhioM meM aura dUsare sthAnoM ke jAdu kI vidhioM meM koI pharaka nahIM dIkha pdd'taa| baibiloniyA meM pracalita pratyeka jAdu kA prayoga dUsare dezoM tathA dUsare samaya ke jAduoM se milatA hai| bANa ke phala yA bhAlA ke pattoM ke AkAra kA akSaroM meM likhA huA baibilona dharma ke dhArmika sAhitya kA antima khaMDa kA bar3A bhAga aise pratikAra rUpI jAdu ke prayogoM se bharapUra hai / ina prayogoM meM tathA anya sarva sAmAnya jAdu ke prayogoM meM itanA phera hai ki ina prayogoM kA upayoga karate hue amuka amuka maMtra par3hane par3ate hai aura aisA karane se maMtra meM nirdiSTa devatA kI zakti se ina prayogoM ko puSTi milatI hai| isa se spaSTa

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. pratIta hotA hai ki dhArmika pragogoM se bhinna prayoga bhI pracalita vyavahAra meM upayoga kie jAte hoMge aura jaba inheM dhArmika prayogoM meM lAyA gayA hogA taba samAja ke dharma se vaha saMmata haiM aura yaha dharma unako svIkRta hai aisI prastAvanA banA kara hI yuktipUrvaka una prayogoM kA mizraNa kiyA gayA hogA aisI sammati aura svIkRti kevala vAhya nahIM thii| vAstava meM inakA artha itanA hI hai ki pratikAra rUpI jAdu samAja kA rakSaNa karane meM kAma meM lAyA jAne se samAja ke hita ke lie hAnikAraka jAdu se use alaga hI prakAra kA ginA jAtA, isa prakAra pratikAra rUpI jAdu ke upayoga se jo samAja ke sukha ke lie kiyA jAtA, samAja kI rakSA karane vAle devatA bhI use svIkAra kara skte| to bhI aise jAdu ke prayogoM se devatAoM kI ora se bala milatA aisI dhArmika bhAvanA karanI hI par3atI / isI kAraNa ke lie una prayogoM ke maMtra banAe gae haiN| AghAta aura pratyAghAta barAbara hisse meM hI hote haiM / jaba isa pratikAra rUpI jAdu ko isa prakAra nIti ke UMce Asana para lAe taba utane hI pramANa meM dharma DhIlA par3atA hai / pratikAra rUpI jAdu ke saMbaMdha ke liye devatA bhI jAdugaroM kI zreNI meM A ge| dhArmika prastAvanAoM ke saMbaMdha bhI dRSya mAtra ke lie nahIM raha sake balki rahe hI nahIM aura pariNAma aisA AyA ki jAdu ko niSphala karanA yahIM baiMbiloniyA ke mukhya deva meroDAka kA mahatva

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6 jAdu. pUrNa kartavya mAnA gyaa| itanA hI kevala meroDAka ke saMbaMdha meM na huaa| pratikAra rUpI jAdu ko jaisA meroDAka kI tarapha se bala milA vaisA meroDAka ko sarvajJa aura gupta bAtoM kA adhIzvara usake pitA iyA kI ora se bala miltaa| isa prakAra iyA nivAraka jAdugaroM kA mukhiyA ginA gyaa| usa se kucha chupa nahIM sakatA aura jo par3ade ke pIche jAdugara apane AdhIna hue hue mukha se gupta rakha sakatA hai, usa par3ade ko tor3a dene ko iyA zaktimAn hai aisA bhI mAnA gayA hai| jaise meroDAka prAtaHkAla ke sUrya rUpa samudra meM se udaya hotA hai aura duSTa jAdu ke asara ko dho DAle aisA pravitra jala lAtA hai vaise ani deva girU bhI apanI pavitra jvAlAoM meM jAdu ke asara ko jalA kara bhasma kara detA hai| isa lie meroDAka jaise iyA ko prArthanA karatA hai vaise girU bhI jAdu ko niSphala karane ke lie zakti prApta karane kI prArthanA karatA hai aisA maMtroM meM unakA varNana kiyA hai| . aba taka baibiloniyA meM jina sAdhanoM se jAdugaroM ke abhicAra karma karane vAloM kI tathA cuDailoM ko harAyA jAtA thA usake saMbaMdha meM hI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| parantu inake jAdu ke atirikta dUsare jAdu ko bhI baibiloniyA nivAsI mAnate the aura usa se bhI apanA bacAva karanA Avazyaka hai aisA unakA khyAla thA / jAdu ko niSphala karane ke lie upayoga meM lAyA jAne vAlA pratikAra jAdu ke maMtroM meM sAta

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. 61 rAkSasoM ke nAma vahuta daphA Ate haiN| saba bImArI aura AphatoM kI sAkSAt mUrti svarUpa unako ginA gayA hai| manuSya para par3ane vAlI saba prakAra kI AphatoM ke vaha mUla kAraNa haiM aura ve hI saMhAraka zaktieM haiM / vahI utpAta kI bhI zaktieM haiM aura manuSya tathA pazuoM para A par3atI haiN| ve nAka kI prajA haiN| ve na hI puruSa aura nahIM strI haiN| yahAM para vaha Ujar3a pradezoM meM vAsa karate haiN| ve apane sAtha grahaNa bAr3ha roga tathA mRtyu lAte haiN| vaha AMdhI meM utpanna hone vAle cAra prakAra kI pavanoM ke paMkhoM para savAra hote haiN| ina sAta bhUtoM ke svarUpa ko yathArtha meM samajhane ke lie yadi hama tulanAtmaka paddhati kA upayoga kareMge to mAlUma hogA ki vaha duniyA ke saba dharmoM meM pAe jAne vAle AMdhI ke sAta devatA haiN| TayUTana logoM ke purANoM meM aura jApAna ke zinto dham meM ve dekhane meM Ate haiM / sAdhAraNa rIti para aneka devavAda ke devatAoM meM unako sthAna milA hotA hai| cIna meM ve thInazena ke rUpa meM pUje jAte haiM / jApAna ke zinto dharma meM aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki vahAM ke samrATa ko svapna Ane se samAja ke deva rUpa meM unako mAna liyA jAtA hai| veda meM, AMdhI ke devatA marutoM ko indra kI sahAyatA karane vAle tophAnI devatAoM kI phauja ke rUpa meM varNana kiyA hai| grIka logoM meM boriAsa aura TayUTanoM kA vAlakIrIz2a bhI deva ke rUpa meM pUje jAne vAle AMdhI devatA haiN| jaba isa prakAra

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68 jAdu. dUsare saba AMdhI apa devatAoM ko devatA mAna kara pUjA jAtA hai taba baibiloniyA meM unako rAkSasa rUpa meM kyoM mAnA jAne lagA hogA aisA prazna svAbhAvika hI utpanna hotA hai| yadi aisA dUsarI kisI jagaha na huA ho to isakA nirNaya karane kA kAma hama ko ati kaThina ho jAe / parantu jaba hama prAcIna IrAna ke dharmoM ko zodhege aura jarathustra ke kie hue dhArmika parivartana para vicAra kareMge to hameM pratIta hogA ki purAne dharma ke devatAoM ko rAkSasa rUpa mAna kara girA diyA gayA hai / yaha bAta dharmoM ke itihAsa meM aparicita nahIM hotii| pArasioM tathA hiMdusthAna ke AryoM ke pUrvaja jina devoM ko prathama devatAoM ke rUpa meM mAnate the vaha devatA jarathustra ke dharmopadeza meM rAkSasa mAne gae isa lie tulanAtmaka paddhati ke anusAra aisA anumAna kara sakate haiM ki devatAoM kI jo dazA IrAna meM huI hai vaisI hI dazA AMdhI ke devatAoM kI baibiloniyA meM bhI huI hogii| baibiloniyA ke sAmAjika dharma meM devatAoM ke rUpa meM pUje jAne vAle vizva devatAoM ke samUha meM AMdhI ke apa devatAoM ko sthAna nahIM milA thA parantu unako roga aura mRtyu lAne vAle rAkSasa mAna kara una meM se nikAla die gae the / unake lAe hue roga aura mRtyu se bacane ke lie jAdugaroM ke sAmane jo prayoga kie jAte the unhIM prayogoM kA upayoga kiyA jAtA / jAdugaroM athavA rAkSasoM ke lAe hue roga aura mRtyu ke mukAbale meM pratikAra jAdu ke prayogoM kA hI

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tulanAtmaka dhamavicAra. 69 upayoga kiyA jAtA aura sAmAjika devatA jinheM vizva devatA gaNa meM ina rAkSasoM ko dAkhala nahIM hone diyA thA unakA khAsa karttavya yaha thA ki vaha rAkSasoM kI duSTatA ke viruddha udyoga kareM, isa prakAra sAmAjika dharma meM jo pratikAra jAdu se loga roga aura mRtyu roka sakate to usako dAkhala karane kA yaha eka dUsarA kAraNa hotA aura isa taraha pratikAra jAdu ko dharma meM dAkhala karane se pariNAma yaha AyA ki prathama jisa jAdu ko hamezA manuSya ke kArya rUpa mAnA jAtA thA vaha aba rAkSasoM tathA cuDailoM ke jAdu ke samakSa pratikAra jAdu saphala ginA jAtA thA; taba sAta rAkSasoM ke jAdu ke bala ke sAmane honA, pratikAra jAdu ke uparAMta usake sAtha maMtroM ke devatAoM ke bala lagAne kI jarUrata rahatI thii| yadyapi kucha kAla taka baibiloniyA kI dhArmika bhAvanAne apane pradeza meM dAkhala hue hue jAdu ke prayogoM ko sahana kiyA to bhI anta ko asIriyA kI unnati ke samaya meM usakA pratyAghAta huA / roga aura vipattieM lAne vAle rAkSasa, sAta rAkSasa jaise hote haiM athavA to unako lAne vAlA eka hI duSTa vyakti hotA hai aura prAcIna IrAna ke dvaMdvavAda ke ahirmAna kI taraha vaha roga aura vipattieM lAte haiN| kisI eka devatA ke aparAdha hone se hI aisI vipattieM AtI haiM aisA bhI pariNAma nikala sakatA hai| samAja aura usake devatAoM ke saMbaMdha kI

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jAdu. prAcIna kalpanA meM usakA samAveza hotA hai| samAja ke manuSya kI orase kie gae samAja ke devatA ke aparAdha ke pariNAma meM samAja para Aphata A par3atI hai| aisA vivecana hama kara hI cuke haiM / asIriyA ke prAyazcitta ke stotra meM manuSya kA tathA devatA ke isa prakAra ke saMbaMdha kA punaH pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| ina stotroM meM aisA mAnA gayA hai ki aparAdhI manuSya ke rakSaka devatA kI prArthanA karanI cAhie aura usa ke sAmane pazcAttApa karanA cAhie / pratikAra jAdu ke prayogoM se jAdugara athavA rAkSasa ko niSphala karane kI pravRtti karanI yaha batAyA nahIM / parantu yahAM manuSyoM ke unake devatAoM ke sAtha ke saMbaMdha kI prAcIna bhAvanA meM mahatva pUrNa parivartana hue athavA to unameM bhArI vikAsa dekhane meM AtA hai / prAcIna bhAvanA ke anusAra samAja ke devatA kA aparAdha honA cAhie aisA samAja para par3I huI Aphata se mAlUma par3a jAtA parantu asIriyA ke prAyazcitta ke stotroM meM pazcAttApa karane vAle kI aisI bhAvanA batAI hai ki usake apane aparAdha se vaha Aphata meM A phaMsA hai aura samAja ke devatA jo samAja ke sivAya anya kisI kI paravAha nahIM karate, samAja kA hI hita saMrakSaNa karate haiM unakI zaraNa meM na jAte vaha apane rakSaka amuka devatA kI zaraNa meM jAte haiM /

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caturtha prakaraNa pitR pUjA mama za rIra ke nAza hue bAda bhI jIvAtmA rahatA hai aisI * kalpanA duniyA ke saba aitihAsika dharmoM meM kI gaI hai / tarka zAstrAnusAra anumAna karane se athavA jIvAtmA kI akhaMDa dazA ko sAkSAtkAra karake aisI kalpanA kI gaI hogii| ___ jo jIvAtmA vyavahAra meM pravRtta hotA hai aura kArya karatA hai use jIvita manuSya kA sUkSma zarIra athavA liMga deha ke rUpa meM tathA mRta manuSya ko bhUta ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai aura vaha svapna meM dIkhatA hai / isa prakAra mRtyu ke pazcAt manuSya kA jIvana sthita rahatA hai isa ke mAnane se pUrva, paraloka ko mAnA gayA hai| arthAt pratyeka vyakti ko prathama apanA jJAna nahIM hone se, apane jJAna ke viSaya kA hI jJAna hotA hai aura isa prakAra pratyeka bAlaka ke itihAsa meM dekhA jAtA hai / bAlaka prathama manuSyoM kA vicAra athavA buddhi ke viSaya rUpa samajhatA hai / ThIka rIti se apane saMbaMdha meM bhI bAlaka ko ahaMvRtti pUrvaka apane svataH kA jJAna nahIM hotA aura vaha apane Apa ko apane se bhinna viSaya ke rUpa meM samajhatA hai / ' maiM aisA karatA hUM vaha vaisA karatA hai ' aise

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pitRpUjA. zabdoM ke vyavahAra se bAlaka ko kitanA samaya cAhie aura apane bAhya svarUpa deha iMdriya ityAdi ke uparAnta -- maiM ' zabda se jo jJAna hotA hai vaha vastu bhI hai aisA samajhane ke lie bhI kitanA samaya lagatA hai| Upara batAyA hai vaise mRtyu ke pIche paraloka kI gati hotI hai aisA saba se pahale mAnA jAtA hai| arthAt vyakti ke jJAna ke viSaya rUpa jIvita manuSya ke sUkSma svarUpa kA aura mRta manuSya ke bhUta kA jIvana kAyama rahatA hai aisA pahale mAna liyA jAtA hai / aura isa para vAdavivAda kiyA jAtA hai / dUsare manuSyoM ke bAhya svarUpa meM zarIra kA grahaNa zIghra hone se vaha adhika mahatva rakhatA hai aura vaha itanA adhika ki prAcIna misara meM mRtyu ke bAda ke AtmA ko jIvana kA adhikAra manuSya ke mRta zarIra ke saMrakSaNa para rahatA hai aisI kalpanA kI jAtI thI / isAI dharma meM deha kA punarjIvana bhI mRtyu pazcAt jIvana kI eka prakAra kI avasthA hai| isa dRSTi se dekhane se jisa prakAra rekhA ko rekhA samajhane ke lie do prakAra ke sire hone Avazyaka haiM aura ina do siroM ke milApa se jaise rekhA banatI hai isI prakAra vyakti kA Antarika svarUpa aura bAhya svarUpa yaha donoM kevaLa akhaMDa jur3e hue mAne gae haiM / itanA hI nahIM paraMca dUsare manuSya kA jo bAhya svarUpa hama ko zIghra hI pratyakSa hotA hai usake bhI zarIra ke sAtha aikya ginA jAtA hai| dUsare manuSyoM ke zarIra ko hI

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra ekadama AtmArUpa mAnakara vaha aisA mAnate haiM aura aisA mAnane bAloM ke saMbaMdha meM rekhA ke do sire nahIM hote parantu eka hI hotA hai| dUsare bahuta se aitihAsika dharmoM meM jIte rahe manuSyoM kA-mRtyu ke bAda bhAvI kyA hogA-yaha prazna bahuta hI thor3e kAma kA aura nIrasa pratIta hotA thA parantu mRta manuSya bhUta hokara jIvita manuSyoM ko Akara taMga kareM aisI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai usa kA kyA karanA ? isa praznane una kA dhyAna vizeSa aMza meM baiMcA thaa| vyavahArika prazna aisA thA ki bhUta jAtA rahe aura sadA ke lie dUra rahe to acchA aura use kisa taraha se lalacAnA cAhie ! sAmAnya rIti se mRtyu ke bAda kI kriyAeM aura vidhieM sadA AraMbha se hI bhUta ko dUra rakhane ke lie hI ghar3I gaI hoMgI aura pracalita kI gaI hoNgii| mRta manuSya yaha loka chor3a jAte haiM, vaha cale gae haiM vaha mAtra kacit bhUta ke rUpa meM punaH Ate haiM aura vaha bhI taba jaba unheM dabAyA nahIM jAtA thA yA vidhi pUrvaka dabAe nahIM jAte the| jaba eka vAra mRtyu uparAnta kIjAnevAlI kriyAeM pracalita ho jAtI haiM taba jo mara gayA huA manuSya svapna meM athavA bhUta rUpa meM dikhAI detA hai to usa ke saMbaMdha meM aisA nirNaya kiyA jAtA hai ki usa ke zarIra kI yathArtha rIti se vyavasthA nahIM kI gaI ho usa kA yaha pariNAma hai aura isa prakAra prAcIna samaya ke manuSyoMne mRta manuSya ke lauTa Ane kA aisA kAraNa DhUMDa

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74 pitRpUjA. nikAlA hai ki usa ke marane ke bAda bArabAra Avazyaka kriyAeM nahIM kI gaI aisA mAna kara mRta manuSya ko gussA AtA hai aura isI lie vaha lauTa kara AtA hai| __aba bhI kitane manuSya bhUta ko aura mRta manuSyoM ke punarAgamana ko mAnate haiM aura kaI nahIM mAnate / isI prakAra saMsAra ke kitane aitihAsika dharmoM meM aisI kalpanA dekhI jAtI hai aura baibiloniyA, asIriyA aura yAhUdioM jaise kaI dharmoM meM to nizcaya pUrvaka aisA upadeza kiyA gayA hai ki mRta manuSya paraloka se lauTate nahIM alabata jina dharmoM meM aisA mAnA ho ki jIvAtmA eka deha se dUsare deha meM jAte haiM vahAM vaha bhUtarUpa meM prakaTa nahIM hote aisA mAnanA yogya hai| . jina dharmoM meM aisA upadeza kiyA hai ki paraloka ke pravAsiyoM kA punarAgamana nahIM hotA unako pitRpUjA kA avakAza hI nahIM rahatA; aura jahAM pitRpUjA dekhI jAtI hai vaha pitRpUjA ke AraMbha hone se pUrva bhAvI jIvana kI avasthAoM kA nirNaya kiyA jAtA hai| isa saMsAra ke vyavahAra meM mara gae manuSyoM kA bhUtAdirUpameM hone kI pravRtti para hI jIvita manuSyoM kA dhyAna AkarSita hotA hai / Adhunika cInIoM kI taraha prAcIna roma aura yUnAne vAne mRta manuSyoM kI kaisI dazA hogI athavA to unako rahane kA sthAna kaisA milegAisa viSaya se pUrva-mRta manuSya unheM kyA kareMge isa viSaya para adhika dhyAna diyA hai|

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tulanAtmaka dhammavicAra. mRta manuSya ko AvazyakatA par3e utanI sAmagrI usa ke. muDade ke sAtha kabara meM rakhane kA rivAja ina tInoM dezoM meM / pracalita thA aura mRta manuSya kA punarAgamana na ho isa lie. aisA kiyA jAtA thaa| vaha calA jAe aura sarvadA ke lie, dUra rahe aisI icchA kI jAtI thii| isa uddezya ko phalIbhUta karane ke lie eka dUsarA rivAja kaI jaMgalI prajAoM meM dekhane meM AtA hai aura vaha kucha aMza meM cIna meM bhI dekhane meM AtA hai / mur3ade ko dabAne kI kriyAse bhI yaha rivAja prAcIna ho aisA pratIta hotA hai| / jaMgalI prajAoM meM kevala mRta manuSya kA ghara tathA usa kI khuda kI saba jAyadAda chor3a kara cale jAne kA rivAja thaa| cIna meM bhI aba jisa ghara meM mRtyu hotI hai usa ghara ko chor3a jAne kA logoM meM rivAja hai| prAcIna kAla meM to usa ghara ko vAstava meM thor3e samaya ke lie chor3a kara cale jAte aura prathama kabhI aisA bhI hogA ki usa ghara ko hamezA ke lie chor3a kara cale jAte hoNge| mRta manuSyoM ke ghara ko tathA usakI malkiyata ko tyAga diyA jAtA hogA ki usa ke sAtha dabA diyA yA jalA diyA jAtA hogA, to bhI usa kA uddezya kevala itanA hI thA ki mRta manuSya ko lauTane ke lie koI bahAnA na mile| isa prakAra choDI huI vastueM, mRta ko dI gaI bali ke rUpa meM

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pitRpUjA. svAbhAvika rUpa meM mAnI jAne lagIM, aise balidAna prathama vAra amisaMskAra athavA pRthivI bhUsaMskAra karate samaya die jAte aura mRta manuSya dUra hI rahegA aisA nizcaya hone para thor3e samaya ke bAda bArabAra die jAne lge| cIna meM eprila mahine tathA makara saMkrAMti para kabaristAna meM jAkara bali dene kA rivAja hai, aisI hI kriyA roma meM phebruarI aura disambara meM kI jAtI haiN| grIsa ke vArSika balidAna phebruarI meM kie jAte haiN| ___ aba taka balidAna dene kA kAraNa sirpha itanA hI mAlUma hotA hai ki bhUtoM ko cale jAne aura sadaiva ke lie dUra rakhane ke lie lalacAyA jAe aura hama prathama batA cuke haiM usI ke anusAra bahuta karake jo zaktieM samAja para Aphata lAtI haiM, aisA mAnA jAtA hai, aura jinako anta meM devatA ke rUpa meM mAnate unheM bahuta karake isI kAraNa ke lie balidAna diyA jAtA hogA aura unhIM ke lie yajJa karAte hoNge| isa prakAra devatAoM aura pUrvajoM ke bhUtoM ke bIca meM sAmAnyatA dekhane meM AtI hai to bhI una meM bahuta mahatva pUrNa bheda dekhe jAte haiN| devatAoM kI ora se Aphata AegI aisA bhaya samAja ko nahIM rahatA aura isa lie yogya kArya karane kA samaya bhI samAja kA hI thA parantu pUrvajoMkI ora se Aphata Ane kA bhaya kevala mRta manuSyoM ke kuTumbiyoM ko hI hotA aura isa lie yogya tajavIja karane kAma bhI unhIM ko hotaa| isa bheda

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77 yakSa tulanAtmaka dhammaivicAra. ke lie zuru se Akhira taka pitRpUjA devapUjA se alaga hotI hai| samAja ko hI devapUjA karane kA hI adhikAra hai vaise hI usakA dharma thA aura isa kriyA meM sArA samAja hI bhAga le sakatA tathAca aisI pUjA se lAbha bhI saba samAja ko hI hotA aura mRta manuSyoM ke sambaMdhI kuTumbiyoM ko pitRpUjA karane kA adhikAra thA aura vaha unhIM kA kartavya hai vahI pitRpUjA kara sakate aura usa kA lAbha bhI unako miltaa| yaha bahuta hI mahatva pUrNa bheda hama dhyAna meM rakheMge to hI duniyAM ke saba dharmoM meM se kevala cIna ke hI dharma meM pitRpUjA pracalita kyoM rahI yaha bAta samajha sakeMge / dUsare saba mukhya dhArmika saMpradAyoM meM devapUjA ne jaldI yA dera se pitRpUjA ko baMda kara diyA / isakA kAraNa itanA hI hai ki devapUjA meM samAja ke manuSyoM kA barAbara hita samAyA hotA hai aura pitRpUjA meM amuka hI kuTumba ke hitakA samAveza hotA hai| jaba eka samaya daivI zaktiyoM kI prArthanA apanI ApattieM dUra karane ke uparAMta pratyakSa sukha prApta karane kA rivAja samAja meM dAkhala ho jAtA hai taba samAja apane devatAoM ke pAsa se sukha samRddhi prApta karane kI AzA rakhatA hai| amuka kuTumba apane pUrvajoM se bhI samRddhi pAne kI AzA rakhatA hai parantu jaba taka samAja svayam aise rivAja ko svIkAra nahIM karatA taba taka bahuta aMza taka aisA nahIM. ho sktaa|

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pitapajA. aitihAsika dharmoM meM aisA mAnA gayA hai ki mAtra devatA hI isa prakAra laukika sukha samRddhi dene kI zakti rakhate haiM / grIsa meM pitR pUjA kA jaldI aMta ho gayA aura roma meM bhI to kevala nijU pUjA ke rUpa meM pracalita rahI, parantu cIna meM to itane mahatva kI ho gaI hai ki dharmoM ke itihAsa meM use advitIya mAnanA par3atA hai| to bhI cIna meM deva pUjA kI apekSA pitR pUjA kA mahatva adhika hai aisA khyAla na karanA / cIna meM devatAoM ke hajAroM maMdira haiM aura unakI lAkhoM pratimAeM dekhane meM AtI haiM devatAoM ke maMdira cInIoM ke dhArmika jIvana kA kendrasthAna hai / jina devatAoM ko adhika mAnA jAtA hai una maMdiroM meM asaMkhya puruSa tathA strI hamezA jAte haiM aura abhISTa vastuoM kI prApti ke lie prArthanA karate haiM tathA unake lAbha milane para amuka yajJa karane tathA bali denA bhI mAnate haiN| dUsare dharmoM kI taraha cIna meM bhI megha, pavana, vRSTi, megha garjana ityAdi ke devatA haiM / vahAM vanaspati devatAoM ke yajJa kie jAte haiM aura isI prakAra prati varSa vRSTi ke liye tathA pAka ke lie bhI yajJa kie jAte haiM / anya dharmoM ke anusAra cIna ke dharmoM meM svarga pRthivI sUrya, caMdra tArAgaNa nadI aura agni inakI pUjA kI jAtI hai aura devatAoM ko manuSya ke jaisA guNa dharmavAlA samajhA jAtA hai| unake maMdiroM meM unakI pratimAeM bhI manuSyoM jaisI dekhane meM AtI haiM /

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tulanAtmaka dhammAvecAra. ina saba bAtoM meM bhI cIna kA dharma dUsare aitihAsika dharmoM se itanA milatA hai ki isa para se hama sahaja meM anumAna kara sakate haiM ki asIriyA aura baibiloniyA ki jahAM pitR pUjA kabhI bhI unnati ko prApta nahIM huIthI vahAM jaise deva pUjA kA pitR pUjA ke sAtha kucha saMbaMdha na thA usI prakAra cIna meM bhI prathama deva pUjA kA pitR pUjA ke sAtha koI saMbaMdha na hogaa| kevala cIna meM yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki jahAM pitR pUjA devapUjA ke jitanI hI bar3ha gaI hai aura usake jitanI hI mahatvapUrNa ho gaI hai| jisa kAraNa se aisA pariNAma AyA hai vaha yaha hai ki pitR pUjA ke sAtha saMbaMdha na rakhane vAle aise kaI kAraNoM ke lie devapUjA kama ho gaI / anya dharmoM kI taraha cIna meM samAja kI ora se devatAoM ke yajJa huA karate the aura aba bhI samAja kI ora se samrATa dyauH devatA kA yajJa karatA hai athavA cIna ke prajA taMtra rAjya kI sthApanA hone se pUrva karatA thA / parantu jaise dUsarI jagaha meM huA hai vaise hI cIna meM bhI manuSya apane nijU lAbha ke lie svataMtra yajJa karane lage aura isa se deva pUjA kA gaurava kama ho gayA aura vaha pitR pUjA ke barAbara ho gii| aisA hone para bhI deva aura pitaroM ke bala aura aizvarya meM to bheda rahA hI hai aura cIna ke dharma meM vaha pratyakSa dekhane meM AtA hai / sUrya candra aura dUsare saba devatAoM aura isake atirikta samrATa ke pitaroM se bhI bar3ha kara dyauH devatA

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80 pitRpUjA. ko dharmAdhikAra meM vizeSa mahatva kA sthAna diyA huA hai| arthAt samrATa ke pitaroM ko bhI pradhAna devatA ke rUpa meM mAnA nahIM gayA hai pitR pUjA kA mahatva bar3hAne ke liye kaI prakAra kI yuktieM kI gaI haiN| sUrya candra jo khuda AraMbha se hI devatA ke rUpa mAne gae the unakI samrATa ke pitaroM kI pUjA ko prAcIna sUrya candra kI pUjA ke sAtha milA diyA gayA hai aura dharmAdhikAra meM samrATa ko dyauH devatA ke putra rUpa meM sthAna diyA gayA hai tathA dUsare prakAra se bhI deva pUjA tathA pitR pUjA kA mizraNa kiyA gayA hai / dUsare sthAnoM meM varSA Rtu ke AraMbha meM vRSTi devatA kA yajJa kiyA jAtA hai parantu cIna meM to isa prasaMga para vRSTi aura megha garjana ke rAkSasoM ke, vaise hI samrATa ke pitaroM ke yajJa kie jAte haiN| isake atirikta anAvRSTi akAla ityAdi AphateM vRSTi devatA ke krodha se A par3atI haiM aisA na mAnate jina kI dahana kriyA barAbara nahIM kI jAtI unake pretoM. ke gusse se aisI AphateM AtI haiM aisA mAnA jAtA hai| isI prakAra naI dhAnya kI baliyoM ke vidhi se khetI ke devatAkoM kI pUjA ke aMga ke rUpa na mAna kara use pitR pUjA ke aMga ke rUpa meM mAnate haiM / anya dharmoM meM tathAca cInameM bhI pazuoM kI bali devatAoM ko car3hAI jAtI hai| devatAoM ko dene ke bAda pUjA kI naivedya kA prasAda lete haiM aura aisA karane se apane devatAoM ke saMbaMdha ko punaH tAjA karate haiN| vIna meM samrATa ke pitaroM kI pUjA deva pUjA kI rItise tathA

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tulanAtmaka dharmaveicAra. usake svarUpa se kI jAtI hai / samrATa ke pitaroM ko sUara tathA bakare kI bali dIjAtI hai isa ko svIkAra karane ke lie pitaroM kA AvhAna kiyA jAtA hai aura naivedya rakhakara unakA visarjana kie jAne ke bAda kuTumbIjana naivedya kA prasAda lete haiN| dUsarI eka bAta yaha hai ki usa se cIna meM bhI devatAoM aura pitaroM ke bIca meM mAnA huA bheda mAlUma par3atA hai / mRta manuSyoM ko dene vAle balidAna unake rahane sahane tathA unakI padavI batAnevAlA paTTA Age rakhe jAte haiM tathA rAjamaMdiroM meM aura rAjavediyoM ke pAsa devatAoM kI pratimAeM tathA pratimA na sthApana karane para unake paTe rakhe jAte haiM / isa rAjakIya niyama kA uddezya deva pUjA aura pitRpUjA ko mizraNa karane kA hotA hai / jahAM para lAkhoM pUjA karane vAle Ate jAte haiM aise hajAroM devatAoM ke maMdiroM meM manuSya kI AkRti kI pratimA ke badale paTTe rakhane para kucha bhI asara huA ho aisA pratIta hotA nahIM hai / pitaroM aura devatAoM meM jitanA bheda hai utanA hI paTTe aura pratimAoM meM hai aura rAjakuTumba kI ora se aise bheda nikAla dene kA prayAsa hone para bhI jana samAja ke magaz2a meM to aisA bheda rahA huA hI hai| prathama bhUtako cale jAne tathA hamezA ke lie dUra rahane ke lie lalacAne ke lie mRta manuSya ko lakSya meM rakha kara use paraloka meM avazya anna vastroM ke balidAna die jAte hoMge

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pitRpUjA. yaha vastueM yadyapi usa kI zaba ke sAtha vidhi pUrvaka na dabAI jAeM to agale pichaloM ko hairAna karane ke lie vaha lauTe aise vizvAsa se mRta kI sAmagrI meM bar3hatI hotI gaI / mRta ko prasanna rakhane, usa kA sadbhAva saMpAdana karane tathA usake droha miTAne ke lie adhika adhika vastueM sAtha dabAI jAne lagI / inako balidAna kahate / ethansa meM yaha pravRtti itanI adhika bar3ha gaI ki pichale manuSya kI pUMjI meM se amuka hI rakama amuka kArya meM kharacane kI hada banAne ke lie solana ko niyama banAne kI z2arUrata par3I / cIna meM yaha pravRtti bhayaMkara pramANa se bar3hI parantu eka yukti se isa ko rokA gayA / mRta manuSya ke sAtha dabAne athavA jalAne meM jo anna kImatI vastra gulAma aura upa palieM AtIM unake badale meM kAgaz2a ke gulAma aura upa palieM, dravya ke badale sone athavA cAMdI ke kAgaz2a aura anna vastra ke badale miTTI ghAsa athavA kAgaz2a kI vaisI AkRtieM jalAI jAne lgiiN| isa prakAra pitaroM ko dene vAle baliyoM kA punaruddhAra hone lagA / yadyapi usakA svarUpa jaise ke taisA hI hai to bhI vaha dikhAvaTa mAtra ho gyaa| dUsarI ora devatAoM ko dene vAlI balieM kRtrima nahIM parantu vAstavika hI haiN| aisA bheda rahane kA kAraNa yaha hai ki cInI devatAoM se pUrA ThIka lAbha lene kI AzA rakhate haiM / yadi pitara vAstava meM lAbha de sakate te unhoM bhI bali car3hAI jAtIM / apane lAbha hone kI AzA se

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tulanAtmaka dhammavicAra. 83 nahIM parantu kevala pitR bhakti ke lie hI cIna meM pitR pUjA kAyama rahI hai pitR pUjA yaha kartavya hai aura mukhya karttavya hai| vRtti kI kalpanA kI jAe utanI niHsvArtha vRtti se pitRpUjA kI jAtI hai aura vaha cInIoM kA apane mAtA pitA ke prati pUjya bhAva hai| paMcama prakaraNa bhAvI jIvana UP mmmmmm kti ke astitvakA anta usakI mRtyu ke sAtha hotA hai aisA duniyA ke kisI bhI aitihAsika dharma meM nahIM mAnA gayA / yadyapi baibiloniyA asIriyA yahUdiyoM meM dharma tathA samAja aura usake deva aura devatAoM ke bIca huI huI pratijJAoM ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA thA aura isalie bhAvI jIvana ke viSaya meM vicAra karanekA unako avakAza nahIM thA yaha hone para bhI mRtyu ke pIche vyakti kA astitva kisI aMza meM rahatA hai aisA mAnA jAtAthA / cIna grIsa aura roma jaise dezoM meM bhI pitRpUjA kA pracAra bar3ha rahA thA yA banda ho rahA thaa| una dezoM meM jo ki baibiloniyA, asIriyA aura yahUdiyoM ke dharmoM kI taraha hI aspaSTa rIti se bhAvI jIvana ko batAyA gayA thA to bhI pitRpUjA kI bhAvanA meM hI bhAvI jIvana kA samAveza apane Apa hI ho jaataa|

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bhAvI javina. hiMdusthAna ke Adi nivAsI jinhoMne kI hiMdu dharma ke bhinna bhinna saMpradAyoM ko svIkAra kiyA huA hai vaha kevala bhakti rUpa dharma se hI saMtoSa mAne dikhAI dete haiM / isa lokameM hI vaha bhakti se mukti pAte haiM aura isase bhAvI jIvana kI ora unakI manovRtti nahIM jAtI / hiMdusthAna aura IrAna meM dAkhala hone se pUrva ikaThe rahane vAle hiMdu aura pArasioM ke pUrvajoMne-paraloka meM manuSyako acche bure phala bhogane haiM-aisI bhAvI jIvana saMbaMdhI kalpanA kara rakhIthI / isa kalpanA kA pArasI dharma meM itanA pracAra huA ki pArasiyoM ko hI punajIvana aMtima nyAya aura svarga kA lAbha milegA aura anya dharmI naraka meM par3eMge aisA mAnate haiN| hiMdusthAna para car3hAI karane vAle AryoM ne bhAvI jIvana kI kalpanA ko itanA gauNa banA diyA ki vaidika dharma saMpradAya meM use mahatva kA sthAna nahIM milasakA / pAzcAtya dezoM kI taraha bhAvI jIvana kI kalpanA ke badale brAhmaNa dharma meM punarjanma kI arthAt saMsAra cakra kI kalpanA pracalita huI dekhane meM AtI hai| ____ prAcIna upaniSadomeM punarjanmako mAnA huA hone se yaha kalpanA upaniSad kAla meM hI utpanna huI hogI aisA mAlUma hotA hai| parantu isa kalpanA kA mUla kyA hogA use nizcaya nahIM ho sktaa| jIvAtmA eka mAnava deha meM se dUsare meM jAtA hai aisA AsTreliyA ke Adi nivAsI mAnate haiM paraMtu dehAMtara prApti ke sAtha hI apane acche bure karmoM ke phalakA

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. saMbaMdha hai aisA vaha nahIM mAnate / brAhmaNa dharma meM to aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki apane kAnusAra hI dUsarA janma prApta hotA hai aura duSTa jIvAtmAoM kI zikSA ke rUpameM koI bhI pazu ke deha ko dhAraNa karanA par3atA hai jisameM raha kara vaha apane kAnusAra hI dUsarA janma prApta hotA hai aura duSTa jIvAtmAoM ko zikSA ke rUpa meM koI bhI pazu ke deha ko dhAraNa karanA par3atA hai jisameM raha kara vaha apane duSTa karmoM kA phala bhogate haiM aura phira punaH manuSya svarUpa meM Ate haiN| pratyakSa dRSTigata hone vAle isa apAra saMsAra cakra meM se kisa prakAra chUTa sakeM yahI hiMduoM ke vicAra kA gUr3ha viSaya hai| brAhmaNa dharma eka dharma ke rUpa meM isakA uttara diyA jA sake aisA pratIta nahIM hotA; parantu eka darzana zAstra ke rUpa meM tatva jJAna ke niyama se usakA nirNaya karatA hai vaha isa prakAra ki AtmA athavA svayam brahma se abhinna haiM aura eka brahma hI satya hai aura janma janmAMtara ke baMdhanoM se AtmA ko mukta karanA hI mokSa kahalAtA hai| yaha prazna buddha bhagavAn ko adhika mahatva pUrNa lgaa| janma janmAMtaroMke baMdhanoM se manuSya ko kisa prakAra mukti dilAnA ? yaha eka hI prazna manuSya ke hita ke lie mahatvakA hai aisA usakI buddhi meM AyA aura saMsAra meM se mukti prApta karane ke lie usane nirvANa kI kalpanA kI / nirvANa prApta

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bhAvI jIvana. karane se vyakti ke astitva kA aMta AtA hai ki nahIM isa viSaya para buddhane apanA abhiprAya batAne se sApha inkAra kara diyA / isa praznane tathA Izvara hai ki nahIM aise aneka dhArmika mahatva ke dhArmika praznoM ko usane ajJeya mAne hue haiM / usake anuyAyI aisI sthiti ko kAyama nahIM rakha sake / vaha buddhako Izvara mAnate haiM aura astitva ke aMta ko nahIM parantu kRtArtha manuSyoM ke jIvana ko vaha nirvANa kahate haiM / aitihAsika dharmoM meM pratIta hotI bhAvI jIvana kI bhAvanAoM kA isa saMkSipta avalokana se itanA to spaSTa samajha meM AtA hai ki kisI bhI dharma meM mRtyu ke bAda vyakti ke astitva kA aMta AtA hai aisA nahIM mAnA gayA / kevala bhinna bhinna dharmoM meM bhAvI jIvana para thor3e bahuta pramANa meM dhyAna diyA gayA hai| hiMdu dharma ke bhinna bhinna saMpradAyoM meM isa viSaya meM bahuta thor3A vAdavivAda kiyA gayA hai| cIna aura prAcIna grIsa tathA roma meM mRtakoM kI kyA gati hogI tathA unakI kyA dazA hogI isa para dhyAna na dete hue mRtakoM ke bhUta pIche jIvita rahe hue manuSyoM kA kyA hAni lAbha kara sakeMge isa viSaya para pUrNa dhyAna diyA hai| baibiloniyA aura asIriyA meM tathA yAhUdioM meM dharma vyakti kA nahIM parantu saba samAja kA hai aisA khAsa mAnA jAtA hai aura isa se devake sAtha vyakti kA nahIM parantu samAja kA saMbaMdha hai aisA bhI mAnA gayA hai tathA rAjakIya samAja aura dhArmika samAja

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. 87 kA astitva usI duniyAM meM hone se samAja aura usa ke devatAoM ke bIca kI pratijJA isa jIvana ke lie hI thA aisA mAnA jAtA / yAhUdioM jaisI choTI samAjane apanI samAja ke rAjakIya aura dhArmika astitva ke lie hI bhArI prayatna karane kI AvazyakatA hone se svAbhAvika rIti se apanI samAja ko kAyama rakhane ke vyavahArika kArya meM hI unakI saba zaktioM kA kharca hotA aura isa se bhAvI jIvana ke UhApoha meM unakA upayoga nahIM kiyA gayA thaa| prAcIna pArasI jo vyavahAra dakSa tathA vijaya zAlI bhI the aura vijaya prApta karane se yaha bhAvI jIvana aura paraloka kA vicAra karane kA avasara milA thA / unake vicAroM kA jhukAva unake saMyogoM ke anukUla huA / jaba pArasioM ke bIca ke saMbaMdha cAroM tarapha se jur3e hue the aura jaba vaha sarvatra vijayI the tabhI bhAvI jIvana ke vicAra unake manameM utpanna hue| paraspara andara mile hue isa samAja ke duniyA ke jIvana yuddha meM vijaya prApta kI thI unakI dRSTi se yaha yuddha ahuramaz2ada ke pUjakoM ke pavitra samudAya duSTa tatva ke (ahirmAna) anuyAhaoM arthAt duniyA kI dUsarI saba prajAoM ke sAtha kiyA thA isa parase paraloka meM bhI hamArI samAja ahirmAna ke anuyAioM para vijaya pAeMge aisA vaha mAnate / prAcIna pArasiyoM kI taraha Adhunika musalamAna bhI aisA mAnate haiM ki apane dharma ke manuSyoM ke lie hI svarga banA

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bhAvI jIvana. huA hai / dUsarI saba prAcIna rAjakIya samAjoM kI taraha yaha samAja bhI eka rAjakIya aura dhArmika saMsthA thI, aura isa dharma meM dAkhala hone ke lie prathama usake rASTra nirmANa meM praveza honA par3atA / islAma samAja meM isa prakAra dAkhala hue manuSyoM ko nAstika mAnA jAtA hai aura vaha naraka ke adhikArI haiM aisA musalamAna mAnate haiN| isa viSaya meM bauddha dharma aura IsAI dharma kA mata islAma dharma se bilakula alaga hI hai / pahale do dharmoM meM dhArmika samAja aura rAjakIya samAja kI aikyatA nahIM hone se unameM duniyA ke sarva sAmAnya dharma ke rUpa meM svIkAra kie jAne kA sAmarthya hai / nirvANa athavA svarga prApti ke lie una do dharmoM meM dAkhala hone vAle manuSyoM ko apane rAjakIya samAja chor3ane kI AvazyakatA nathI parantu kevala una dharmoM para vizvAsa lAne tathA dharma siddhAntoM ko svIkAra karane kI hI AvazyakatA rahatI hai| prAcIna misara meM aura Adhunika bauddha tathA IsAI dharmoM meM bhAvI jIvana kI bhAvanAoM meM rahe hue bheda una una dharmoM meM dAkhala hone ke lie AvazyakatAoM para se hI samajha meM Ate haiM prAcIna misara meM bhAvI jIvana ke viSaya meM savistara vicAra kiyA jAtA thA aura * piromiDa ' tathA preta saMhitA yaha do unake vicAroM ko AcaraNa meM rakhane ke lie bhArI prayatnoM ke sAkSI haiM / prAcIna misara meM IrAna ke prAcIna dharma

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. aura Adhunika bauddha tathA isAI dharmoM meM bhAvI jIvana saMbaMdhI vicAra bhinna bhinna niyamoM para bane hue dRSTi gata hote haiN| __ apane rAjA kI jItase tathA apanI prajA ke abhyudaya se prAcIna IrAna ke rahane vAloM ko aisA jJAna huA ki hama duzmanoM se bar3ha kara haiM isase unameM asAdhAraNa gaurava kI bhAvanA utpanna huI aura usake pariNAma meM aisA mAnane lage ki saba paradharmioM ke lie svarga kA dvAra baMda hai aura unako naraka meM DAlanA hai / dUsarI ora prAcIna misara ke rahavAsiyoMne paramioM ke bhAvI jIvana ke viSaya meM vicAra karane kA kaSTa hI na uThAyA / vaha to apane bhAvI jIvana ke lie sAmagrI tayyAra karane meM hI ruke hue the| isa para se pratIta hogA ki IrAna se bar3ha kara misara meM rAjA aura prajA ke udaya ke anta samaya meM bhAvI jIvana viSaya vicAra kiyA gayA hogA aura usameM vAstavika zraddhA bhI utpanna huI hogii| ___ bhAvI jIvana kI bhAvanA utpanna huI taba se prAcIna IrAna kI samAja paraspara saMbaMdha se milA huA thA aura usa samaya samAja kI barAbarI meM eka vyakti kA mUlya bahuta thor3A hotA thA parantu isa bhAvanA ke udaya hone ke samaya misara to eka sAmrAjya banA huA thA aura usameM alaga alaga samAjeM mila gaI thIM tathA pratyeka samAja apane apane deva aura devatA ko mAnatA / isa prakAra mi sara dharmI aura usake devoM ke bIca kI pratijJAeM zithila par3a gaI /

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10 bhAvI jIvana. pratijJAoM ke zithila hone se misara dharmI apanI paraloka kI dazA kaisI hogI usa para vicAra karane lage / parantu prAcIna IrAna meM to pratijJA banI rahane se usa dharma ke anuyAI aisA hI mAnane lage ki isa loka kI taraha para loka meM bhI usakA bhaviSya usakI samAja ke bhaviSya ke sAtha hI milA huA rahegA / misara dharmI jitanA adhika jAdu upayoga meM lAyA utane hI vizeSa aMza meM apane bhAvI jIvana ke vicAra karane kA avasara milA / vyakti para apanA adhikAra saMbhAla rakhane se sAmAjika dharma ko niSphalatA jo prApta huI usakA yaha eka dRSTAnta hai aura usake pariNAma meM apane paraloka meM jIvana sudhArane ke sAdhana svayaM saMpAdana kara sakeMge aisA dRr3ha vizvAsa eka vyakti ko apane Upara rahatA hai / isa jIvana ke anusAra bhAvI jIvana kA bhI AdhAra zarIrake saMrakSaNa para hI hai aisI usane kalpanA kii| isa kalpanA ke anusAra hI misara meM mur3adoM ko masAlA bhara kara yatna se rakSA kI jAtI thI aura vaha surakSita rahe isa lie minAra banA kara unameM rakhA jAtA thA / isa prakAra jina mur3adoM kI rakSA para bhAvI jIvana kA AdhAra mAnA jAtA thA una kA isa kriyA se vinAza nahIM ho aisI koI nizcayAtmaka bAta na kahI jA sakatI vaise hI sAdhAraNa manuSya isa kriyA se unakI rakSA karane kI zakti na rakhate aura isa se misara ke rahavAsioM ko anta meM jAdu kI sahAyatA lenI pdd'ii|

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91 tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. samAna AkRti vAlI vastueM mUla vastu kA upayoga detI haiM yaha jAdU ke mukhya siddhAnta anusAra mRta ke zarIra kI taraha kI AkRti vAle putale bhI mRta zarIra kA upayoga de sakate haiM aise vizvAsa se paraloka meM mRta kA jIvana adhika bar3he isa lie adhika se adhika putale banAte / jAdu kA itanA upayoga karake vaha ruke nahIM / jIvana ke lie isa loka tathA paraloka meM Avazyaka anna vastra aura dUsarI saba vastueM zabake sAtha dabAne kA rivAja prathama misara meM vaise hI anya dezoM meM pracalita thaa| parantu isake badale jAdu ke prayogAnusAra baiMcI huI AkRtioM kA upayoga kiyA jAtA aura aisI AkRtieM mUla vastu se bhI bar3ha kara TikAU hone se, mUla vastuoM se bhI adhika upakAraka mAnI jAtIM / nidAna mRta manuSya isa loka meM jo jo udyoga karatA aura jo jo bhoga bhogatA rahA vahI paraloka meM use mileMge; aisA nizcaya jAdu ke upacAroM se kiyA jAtA kAraNa ki amuka manuSya amuka kArya karatA hai aisA jAdu ke prayoga se likhe jAne se vaha manuSya paraloka meM usI kArya meM pravRtta hogaa| isa prakAra misara kI aura prAcIna IrAna kI paraloka kI bhAvanA meM itanA bheda hotA ki pArasI paraloka ko apanI samAja kA aMtima vijaya kA sthAna mAnate aura misara vAsI use laukika bhoga bhogane ke sthAna ke rUpa samajhate / bauddha aura IsAI dharma kI bhAvI jIvana kI kalpanA aisI thI ki use sudhArane ke lie

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92 bhAvI jIvana. manuSya ko sAmAnya jIvana chor3a kara ina dharmoM ko svIkAra kara apanA jIvana ucca banAne kI AvazyakatA rahatI hai parantu misara vAsiyoM ke matAnusAra to abhISTa phala prApta karane ke lie unake dharma ko svIkAra karane kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM rahatI parantu kevala unake jAdu ke prayogoM kI sahAyatA kI z2arUrata rahatI hai| to bhI hameM itanA mAnanA cAhie ki jAdu ne misara ke dharma ko bilakula nikAla hI nahIM diyA / mukta logoM ke sthAna meM praveza pAne ke lie unhoMne bhI kitanI zarateM rakhI haiM / svayaM isa loka meM nItimaya jIvana bitAyA hai aisA paraloka ke nyAyAdhIzoM ke sanmukha sAbita karane kI zakti para mRta manuSya ke bhAvI jIvana kI sthiti kA AdhAra rahA huA hai aisA vaha mAnate haiM / misara vAsI dUsaroM kI taraha, nIti aura dharma eka dUsare ke sAtha mile rahate haiM, aisA mAnate haiM / yadyapi paraloka aura bhAvI sukha kI kalpanA ne misaravAsI ke naitika aura dhArmika jIvana ko unnata banAyA thA to bhI jAdu para par3I huI unakI agAdha zraddhA se vaisA jIvana kAyama na raha sakA / yadyapi vaha nIti aura dharma jitanI hI zraddhA jAdu para na rakhI hotI to preta saMhitA meM jAdu ko itanI bar3I mahattA na dI jaatii| misara vAsiyoM pArasiyoM aura musalmAnoM kI paraloka viSaya meM aisI kalpanA dekhane meM AtI hai ki vahAM puNyazAlI

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2.2 tulanAtmaka dhammaivicAra. manuSya laukika sukha bhogate haiM aura pApI manuSya saz2A pAte haiN| paraloka meM apane isa janma ke karmAnusAra acchA burA phala milatA hai aisA aba bhI bahuta se manuSya mAnate haiM / apane ko isa duniyA meM nyAya na milA ho to vaha milanA hI cAhie aisI prabala icchA saba ko hone se bahuta se manuSya aura mukhya tayA upayogitA ke niyama mAnane vAle tatvajJa isI ko hI bhAvI jIvana mAnane kA ThIka kAraNa batAte haiM / isa matAnusAra jo baMdhu vizva nyAya ke siddhAntoM ke anusAra calAyA jAe vaha anta meM sabako nyAya milanA hI cAhie aisA hamArA nirNaya hI bhAvI acche aura bure phaloM meM zraddhA utpanna karane meM samartha hai| hamArI nyAya vRtti ko lakSya meM rakha kara pratipAdana kie hue isa siddhAMta meM itanA to prathama hI mAna liyA hai ki yadi nyAya milanA ho to jo duSTa manuSya apane duSkarmoM se isa duniyA meM nibha jAtA hai use nyAya kA barAbara haka rakhane ke lie paraloka meM usake duSkarmoM kA badalA milane kI AvazyakatA hai / IsAI dharma isI vizvAsa para AkSepa karatA hai| yadi eka tarapha se sArI duniyAkA lAbha hotA ho aura dUsarI ora apanA nAza ho to usameM duSkarma karane vAle ko kyA lAbha milegA ? isa dRSTi se vizeSa saz2A ko vyartha aura / asaMbhava mAnA hai aura pApa hI pApa kA daMDa rUpa hogA aisA batAyA hai|

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bhAvI jIvana. isa loka meM sabako apane kammoM kA phala nahIM milane se paraloka meM vaisA phala mile aisI pratyeka manuSya kI icchA hotI hai parantu usameM apane ko nahIM para dUsare saboM ko unake duSkarmoM kA badalA milanA cAhie aisI vizeSa icchA hotI hai| apane viSaya meM to manuSya apane aparAdha kSamA kare aisI prArthanA karate haiN| yaha prArthanA bhI nyAya kI prArthanA jitanI svAbhAvika aura AMtarika hotI hai / baibiloniyA ke pazcAttApa ke stotra meM batAyA hai ki mere prabhu mere pApa anaginata haiM, unheM eka vastra kI taraha phAr3a do mere aparAdha kSamA karo' ___ parantu IsAI dharma meM to jabataka manuSya apane aparAdhiyoM ke aparAdhoM ko kSamA nahIM karatA tabataka usa se isa prakAra prArthanA kI nahIM jA sakatI / khuda jaisI kSamA mAMgatA hai vaisI kSamA use prathama dUsaroM para kSamA karanA cAhie / yadi apane lie nyAya nahIM para kSamA mile aisA vaha icchA karatA ho to usI ke anusAra use dUsaroM para bhI nyAya se baDhakara prabala aura uttama aise snehakA vartAva karanA caahie| IsAI dharmAnusAra yahI prema kI bhAvanA hai ina bhAvanAoM ke anusAra IsAI dharma meM do mukhya AjJAeM kI gaI haiM ki manuSya ko sarva bhAva se Izvara para prema karanA cAhie aura apane Upara jaisA prema rakhatA hai vaisA hI prema use apane par3osI para karanA cAhie / bhAvI jIvana mAnane kA kAraNa pUrva batAI huI manuSya ke nyAya prApta karane kI icchA hI hai to hI paraloka ko isa

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra, loka meM kie hue kAmoM kA hisAba cukAne kA sthAna ke rUpa meM mAnA jAe, para IsAI dhammeM meM aisA nahIM mAnA jAtA / IsAiyoM kA aisA vizvAsa hai ki pratyeka manuSya ke saMbaMdha meM Izvara kI icchA siddha karanI aura prema kA samagra kArya paripUrNa honA cAhie / yaha vizvAsa IsAI dharma ke bhAvI jIvana ke vizvAsa kA svarUpa hai| ___aniSTa bhogane se kisI kA aniSTa karanA yaha adhika kharAba hai yaha bAta grIka logoM kI aura unameM arisToTala kI dRSTi se bAhara na thI / yadi kevala aniSTa karane se hI bacanA ho to vaha isa duniyA tathA jIvana meM se nivRtta hone se hI ho sakatA hai / bauddha dharma ne yaha niSedhAtmaka nirNaya batAyA hai / saba aniSTa kA mUla yaha jIvana meM se mukta hokara nirvANa prApta karane ke liye apanI saba icchAoM ko tyAga kara ke duniyA ke dUsare manuSyoM ke sAtha apanA saMbaMdha manuSya ko chor3a denA par3atA hai / isa prakAra buddhadharma aura IsAI dharma kI isa loka tathA paraloka kI bhAvanAeM bhinna haiM / buddha loga isa jIvana ko balki jIvana mAtra ko hI naraka rUpa mAnate haiM aura usase chUTane kA mArga DhUMDate haiN| IsAI loga mAnate haiM kI isa lokika jIvana meM hI prabhu kA sAmrAjya pratyakSa hone tathA usakI icchA paripUrNa honI saMbhava hai / yaha jIvana tathA bhAvI jIvana saMbaMdhI IsAI dharma kA upadeza pravRtyAtmaka hai / manuSya ko duniyA se nivRtta honA pApa se mukta honA tathA jIvana meM

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bhAvI jIvana. se chUTane kA mArga DhUMDanA cAhie esA kevala usameM batAyA nahIM parantu use apane par3osI tathA prabhu para prema rakhanA tathA anaMta jIvana ke mArga ko DhUMDa nikAlanA aisA pharmAyA hai| duniyAM ke bhinna bhinna dharmoM meM bhAvI jIvana kI jo bhinna bhinna kalpanAeM dekhI jAtI haiM unakA svAbhAvika rIti se vyakti ke svabhAva tathA gaurava kI bhinna bhinna kalpanAoM ke sAtha saMbaMdha hotA hai| jaba samAja ko apane jIvana yuddha meM atizaya bala lagAne kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai aura usa ke liye jaba manuSyoM kA bhoga dekara apanA astitva kAyama rakha sakatI hai taba usa samAja ke manuSyoM ke jIvana kI thor3I hI kadara kI jAtI hai| jaldI yA dera se saba ko maranA hI hai| samAja kA deva bhI samAja ke abhiprAya se milatA hI hotA hai / vaha deva ke sAmane samAja ke aMga ke rUpa meM hI manuSya pratiSThA pAte haiN| eka manuSya kI taraha usakA usa deva para haqa nahIM rahatA aura jaba isa loka meM nahIM rahate to paralokameM to kahAM se raheM ? asIriyA tathA baibiloniyA ke dharmoM meM yahUdI dharma meM aura prAcIna grIsa tathA roma ke logoM ke dharma meM aisA hI mAnA gayA hai| mRtyu ke bAda saba naraka meM jAte haiM aisA vaha mAnate haiN| prAcIna IrAna meM dharma kI taraha jahAM paraloka ke svarga aura naraka aise do vibhAga DAle hue haiM vahAM bhI unakI samAja meM dAkhala hone vAle ko hI svarga milatA hai aisI kalpanA

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. kI gaI hai / manuSya ko eka manuSya ke rUpa meM nahIM pAntu samAja ke aMga ke rUpa meM hI svarga meM praveza milatA hai| devatA samAja kA hI hotA hai aura usa devatA para manuSya kA manuSya ke rUpa meM koI bhI kisI prakAra kA hakka ho nahIM sakatA aisI kalpanA ekezvaravAda ke svIkAra karane vAle yAhUdI dharma meM tathA dvaMdvavAda kA svIkAra karane vAle pArasI dharma meM bahuta kAla taka kAyama rahI dekhane meM AtA hai / jeremiyA aura ejekiyala ke samaya taka bAhUdI dharma meM " dharma samAja kA hai aisI bhAvanA pracalita thii| yahovAha aura usakI prajA arthat yAhUdI samAja ina do kA saMbaMdha vaha dharma bhI yahovAha kA samAja kI vyaktiyoM ke sAtha saMbaMdha na thA isa vizvAsane dhArmika vyavahAra para bahuta hI asara kiyA hai| vyakti ke dhArmika vyavahAra aura usakI pavitratA ko usane hI vikAsa hone se roke hoMge" prAcIna misara tathA jisa samaya DImITara kI maunapUrvaka karAne vAlI upAsanAoM kA pracAra bar3ha gayA za usa samaya ke grIsa jaise hI dezoM meM bhAvI sukha kA AdhAra manuSya ke apane hI karmoM para rahatA hai aisA mAnA jAtA / vahAM vyakti ke dhArmika svataMtratA kI bhAvanA kA samAveza dekhane meM AtA hai / yaha vizvAsa samAja ke usake devoM ke sAtha ke saMbaMdha meM kisI aMza meM parivartana karane meM samartha huA hai / dharma meM manuSya ke deva ke sAtha ke svataMtra saMbaMdha kA bhI samAveza hotA

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bhAvI jIvana. hai vaise hI dharma mAtra samAja kA hI nahIM parantu manuSya kA hai aisI bhAvanA usane utpanna kii| Izvara kI bhAvanA kA vistAra karane se samAja kA aura samAja ke vyaktiyoM kA bhI hai aisA batAyA hai / jyUM jyUM Izvara saMbaMdhI manuSya kI kalpanA vistRta hotI hai tyUM tyUM apanI jAti ke saMbaMdha meM bhI usakI kalpanA vistRta hotI hai| apanI vyakti ke saMbaMdha meM manuSya kI kalpanA kA 'vistAra do prakAra ho sakatA hai / eka to jaba apane Apa ko vaha svataMtra vyakti ke rUpa meM mAnatA hai taba aura khuda vyakti ke rUpa meM hI apanA abhISTa siddha kara legA aisA mAnatA hai taba; aura dUsarA jaba vaha svayam eka samAja ke aMga rUpa mAnatA hai aura samAja ke aMga rUpa hI apanI vyakti kA use jJAna hotA hai tathA svayaM unnati karatA hai aisA mAnatA hai taba, apane saMbaMdha meM vaha jaisI kalpanA karatA hai usakA pratibiMba svAbhAvika rItise usakI paraloka kI bhAvanA meM hotA hai| prAcIna misara vAsiyoMne aisI kalpanA kI thI / paraloka meM vaha svayaM svataMtra rItise parama sukha prApta kareMge / prAcIna pArasiyoM kI taraha athavA to Adhunika musalamAnoM kI taraha unhoMne paraloka meM apanI samAja ko sthAna na diyA thA / ina tInoM dharmoM meM svarga meM laukika sukha bhogane ke sthAna kI kalpanA kI hai / svarga meM manuSya kI icchAeM paripUrNa hotI haiM aura vaha svayaM bhoga bhogatA hai / unakI manuSyatva kI kalpanA

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tulanAtmaka dhammevicAra. meM apane hI sukha ko DhUMDane vAlI vyakti kA samAveza hotA hai| . IsAI dharma meM manuSyatva kI aisI kalpanA kI jAtI hai ki manuSya, dUsaroM ko, apane par3osI ko, aura apane Izvara ko cAhanA aura use apanI nahIM parantu Izvara kI icchA paripUrNa karane kA prayatna karanA caahie| jitane pramANa meM manuSya Izvara kI icchA paripUrNa karane kA prayatna karatA hai utane hI pramANa meM usakI yogyatA ginI jAtI hai| vaha apanI buddhikA svArtha meM upayoga kare athavA Izvara kI sevA meM lagAe to bhI bAkI rahe hue sevA karane ke lie use Adeza kiyA jAegA aura isa prakAra usake manuSyatva kA adhika vizvAsa hogaa| aura isa prakAra anta meM vaha Izvaratva ko adhika acchI taraha grahaNa kara sakegA / IsAI dharmAnusAra mAtra prema se hI manuSyatva kA vikAsa ho sakatA hai aura prabhutA kA jJAna prema se hI ho sakatA hai| SaSTha prakaraNa dvaMdvavAda skRta aura phArasI athavA IrAnI bhASA meM itanI sa samatA hai, tathA saba Arya athavA hiMdu yUropIya Aist bhASAoM meM, ina do bhASAoM kA Apasa meM itanA saMbaMdha dekhane meM AtA hai ki isa se ina do prajAoM ke

Page #105
- dvaMdvavAda... . dharmoM meM bhI itanI hI mahatvapUrNa samatA hogI aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai / parantu barAbara parIkSA karane se isa prakAra siddha nahIM ho sakate / yajJoM meM varNana kI jAne vAlI jisa soma kA hindu upayoga karate usI zabdase nikalA huA homa zabda pArasiyoM kI dharma pustaka meM dekhane meM AtA hai| rAkSasa aura devatAoM ke jAti vAcaka nAmoM kI taraha saMskRta meM ' asura' aura ' deva ' yaha do zabda prayoga meM Ate haiM aura phArasI meM bhI ' 'daiva' aura ' ahura' aise do zabda milate haiM parantu ina do bhASAoM meM koI bhI devatA ke lie eka hI zabda vartA huA nahIM dekhA jAtA aura yadyapi sAmAnya rIti se hiMdu tathA pArasI agni pUjaka ke rUpameM prasiddha haiM aura isa prakAra vaha agni pUjA bhI karate A rahe haiM to bhI ina donoM kI pUjA kA prakAra bhinna hI honA cAhie aisA hiMduoM ke varte hue 'agni' zabdase (leTina-imisa ) aura pArasiyoM meM upayoga kie hue ' Ata za' zabdase ( kaI eka vidvAnoM ke matAnusAra jisakA saMbaMdha laiTina eTriyama zabda ke sAtha hai ) mAlUma par3atA hai| ____ isa parase aisA anumAna ho sakatA hai ki do dharmoM kI pUrva bhUmikA meM dhArmika pragati kI pUrvAvasthAmeM jaisI vyaktiyoM ko lakSya meM rakha kara yajJa kie jAte haiM, vaisI daivI. vyaktiyoM ke sivAya dUsare kisI bhI bAta meM samatA nahIM dekhI jAtI / isase vaha pUrva bhUmikA hameM upayogI ho aisA nahIM

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. parantu usameM se jarathosti dharma kA udbhava kisa isa kA vicAra karanA ucita hai| jaba eka dezapara dUsarA dharmavAlA car3hAI kara vijayI ho taba usa deza ke purAne devatAoM ko ekadama bidA nahIM kara dete / nae dharma meM bhI una devatAoM ko mAnA jAtA hai kevala unakI pratiSThA meM parivartana ho jAtA hai| jina devatAoM para prajA kA adhika prema dekhane meM AtA hai vase devatAoM ko nae dharma kI sahUliyata ke lie amuka padavI dI jAtI hai aura bAkI ke saba devoM ko jhUThe devoM ke rUpameM athavA bhUta preta pizAca aura rAkSasa ke rUpameM ginA jAtA hai / hiMdu aura pArasiyoM ke sAmAnya pUrvajoM se pracalita dharma ke svarUpa kA jarathostI dharma meM rUpAMtara huA hai yaha bAta nirvivAda hai| vaise hI navIna dharma kI sthApanA karane vAlA jarathustra aitihAsika puruSa thA vaha bhI nirvivAda hai aura prAcIna IrAna meM dUsara dezoM kI taraha purAnA dharma nae dharma ke anukUla ho gayA hai yaha bhI spaSTa rIti se mAlUma ho jAtA hai| purAne dharma kI agni pUjA nae dharma meM pracalita rakhI gaI hai aura aisA pariNAma yadyapi vaha pUjA ke prabhAva se pArasI prajA kA citta usa tarapha AkarSita rahA hone se huA ho aisA mAlUma hotA hai to bhI hameM itanA to mAnanA par3egA ki jarathustra dharmaguru hone se tathA vaha AgnipUjaka hone se usakI bhI isa meM sahAyatA milii| usane agni kI upAsanA pracalita rakhI

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dvaMdavAda. hai itanA hI nahIM parantu usakA mahatva bhI usane bar3hAyA hai aura parApUrva se calatA hai aisA jarathotrI dharma meM bhI use mukhya dharma kriyA mAnA gayA hai| dUsare dhArmika sudhArakoM kI taraha vaha bhI nayA dharma kI sthApanA karane vAle ke rUpa meM apane bhApa ko mAnatA nahIM kevala vaha purAne dharma kA uddhAraka hone kA dAvA karatA hai| yadi ami devatA usake kula kA vaMza paraMparA se mAnA jAtA deva thA aura jisakA vaha svayam upAsaka thA vaha amidevatA eka 'ahura' arthAt daivI vyakti athavA deva thA aura usane ' ahuramajhada' ke rUpa meM mAna kara naba usane pratiSThA baDhAI taba 'ahuramajhada' nayA deva hai aisA usane kabhI bhI pragaTa nahIM kiyaa| usa ke vizvAsa ke anusAra vaha kevala purAne devatA kI upAsanAkA hI uddhAra karatA thaa| bahuramajhada ke saMbaMdha meM sarvadA zAstrIya kalpanA aisI kI gaI thI ki vaha svayaMbhU jyoti meM prakAza hone vAlI jvAlA rUpa hai| jarathusta ne apane vizvAsAnusAra dharma kA uddhAra karane kA jo kArya AraMbha kiyA thA usake sAtha sAtha dharma meM sudhAra karane kI bhI use AvazyakatA pratIta hone lagI aura sudhAra meM usane pArasiyoM ke hiMdu-pArasI ke bar3oM se pracalita kI tarapha se use sahArA milaa| isa prakAra * devoM' kI pUjA kA lopa kiyA gayA thA to bhI unakA astitva pArasI prajA kI vRtti meM to pracalita hI rahA aura unako jhUThe devatAoM ke

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. rUpa meM athavA rAkSasoM kI taraha mAnA gayA thaa| saMkSepa se unako duSTa rAkSasoM jaisA gina kara alaga kara diyA thaa| dhArmika vikAsa kI samAna dazA meM rahe hue dUsare logoM kI taraha prAcIna pArasI bhI unake duSTa AkramaNa kA bhaya rakhate aura aise rAkSasoM ko vaha 'dukha' khte| dhAmika itihAsa meM pArasioM ne jo dvaMdvavAdarUpa viziSTa aMza ko jor3A hai, usa dvaMdvavAda kI isI meM se utpatti huI hai| dhArmika vikAsa kI pUrvAvasthA meM bahutasI balki saba prajAoM ne jinake sAtha niyamita saMbaMdha baMdhA huA hai aura jinakI vaha pUjA karate haiM-vaisI zaktieM aura jinakI pUjA nahIM kI jAtI para yA jinakI tarapha se Apatti A par3egI aisA mAnA jAtA hai-una zaktiyoM ke vibhAga kie hue haiN| prAcIna IrAna meM bhI isa se vizeSa nahIM huA thaa| yadyapi AraMbha meM pArasI dharma meM dvaMdvavAda ke lie hI aise vibhAgoM se bar3hakara kucha na thA tathApi jyUM jyUM yaha dvaMdvavAda Age bar3hate gae tyUM tyUM vaha bahuta bar3hate gae / yaha ThIka rIti se samajhane ke lie prathama hameM, jina devoM kA pArasI samAja pUjA karatA thA una para nahIM parantu jina zaktiyoM kI tarapha se una AphatoMkA bhaya rahatA una zaktiyoM para dhyAna denA cAhie / dukha aura deva yaha aisI zaktieM thiiN| unake khAsa nAma na the aura unakI saMkhyA bhI bahuta hI thI / jagat ke droha karanemeM tathA sabake aniSTa karane meM hI vaha barAbara pravRtta rahate the|

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10 // .. dvaMdvavAda... . pArasI dharma ke dvaMdvavAda ke isa tatva kA athavA tatvoM ke saMbaMdha meM jarathusta ne aisA nahIM mAnA ki vaha zaktieM eka amuka dehadhArI vyakti ke AvirbhAva haiN| jina devoM kI pArasI tathA hiMduoM ke bujurga pUjA karate the, una devoM ko pArasI loga dukhoM jaisA mAne itanI hI jarathusta ko usa samaya z2arUrata thI aisA hama vAstavika rIti se anumAna kara skeNge| pArasiyoM ke purAne dharmagranthoM arthAt gAthAoM meM daiva aura drukha yaha do pApa ke hI avirbhAva haiM aisA batAyA hai| isa se adhika tatvajJAna meM Age bar3he nahIM / kevala avastA ke bahuta prAcIna vibhAga meM duSTa zaktiyoM ke nAyaka rUpa ahimAna kI guNadharbhavAlI mUrti hamAre sanmukha khar3I hotI hai| ____pArasI dharma ke dvaMdvavAda. ke dUsare tatva kI ora hama dRSTe DAleMge to hameM mAlUma par3egA ki jarathusta aura gAthAoM kA ahuramajhada ko eka svataMtra deva kI taraha mAnanA ki eka 'mizradeva' kI taraha mAnanA, isa ke nirNaya karane meM bar3I kaThinAI AtI hai| ahuramajhada ko ' mizradeva ' ginane kA yaha kAraNa hai ki vaha apane gurga kA avIva rUpa cha vyaktiyoM dvArA apanA vala tathA aizvarya az2amAte haiN| ina cha pArSadoM arthat pharistoM ko * amaSAspaMda' kahate haiN| vaha amara aura pavitra haiN| vaha agni pRthvI jala dhAtu pazu aura vanaspatiyoM ke adhiSThAtA haiM isa prakAra pArasI dharma ke dvaMdvavAda meM jitanA amapAspaMda kA 'spentameinyU' athavA bhrama zakti ke sAtha saMbaMdha

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. 105 hai utanA hI dukha aura daivoM kA aMgramainyu' athavA duSTa zakti ke sAtha saMbaMdha hai| gAthAeM aura arvAcIna avastA ke vibhAgoM meM kisI bhI kAraNa se bheda huA ho to bhI jaba aMgamainyu athavA duSTa zakti ko bahuta kAla bAda guNa dharma vAle mUrta rUpa meM ahimAna ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai taba usI prakAra -- spentamainyU' athavA bhrama zakti ko bhI kucha saya bAda guNadharma vAlA mUrta svarUpa meM ahuramajhada ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hogA aura prathama ahuramajhada ko svataMtra vyaktirUpa meM ginA nahIM jAtA hogaa| vizva ke saMbaMdha meM jarathustra kI aisI kalpanA hai ki vaha zubha zaktiyoM aura duSTa zaktiyoM ke tathA pavitratA aura apavitratA ke tathA jIvana aura maraNa kI yuddha ke raMgabhUmi hai| yadyapi yaha dvaMdvavAda sRSTikrama meM mAtra upari hI hai tobhI aMta meM satya aura nyAya kI vijaya hogI, saba prakAra kI apavitratA kA nAza hogA aura nayA svarga aura naI pRthivA racI jaaegii| jarathustrane ahura majada zabda vizeSa nAma ke rUpa meM vartA nahIM hai| pArasI majhada kA artha prajJA hotA hai usa ke Age ahura rakhane se ahuramajhada arthAt prajJA sarvezvarI hai aise sUcita kiyA jAtA hai / ahuramajhada kevala pavitratA, vizuddhatA aura nyAya kI mUrti hai| yaha nyAya acche bure karmoM kA phalarUpa hai| phira jarathustra ke matAnusAra antima nyAya ke dina bure kammoM kA burA aura acche karmoM kA acchA phala milegA / jarathustra

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106 dvaMdvavAda. kI antima nyAya kI yojanA meM yajJa tathA stuti ko avakAza hI nahIM rahatA dayA aura kSamA ke lie usa ke upadeza meM .eka bhI zabda istemAla kiyA huA dekhane meM nahIM AtA parama prajJA ko yajJa kI rizvata dI nahIM jA sakatI athavA stutidvArA dhokhA bhI diyA jA sakatA nahIM / avastA meM dharma ke lie mAtra dIna ( kAyadA ) zabda hI milatA hai / duniyA meM acchA hai aura burA bhI hai aura antima nyAya ke dina acchoM kA vijaya hogA aise vizvAsa para jarathustra kA nayA dhArmika siddhAMta racA huA thaa| puNya pApa ke dvaMdva meM manuSya phaMsA huA hai aura usake karmAnusAra antima nirNaya hogaa| vizuddha pavitra aura prAmANika rahane se manuSya antima vijaya kI ora prayANa kara sakatA hai aura pArasI jo dIna athavA kAyade ko dharma mAnate haiM usake anusAra antima dina unakA nyAya honA hai| balidAna aura yajJoM se nahIM parantu pramANika satya aura nyAya karma karane se hI manuSya baca sakatA hai isa prakAra jarathustra ke sudhAra karmakANDa kA anta laae| aura yajJa vidhi tathA stuti ko phajUla tathA Apatti banaka mAnA gayA / parantu parama prajJA athavA ahuramajhada ke tIna guNoM meM se eka guNa * vizuddhi' hone se prAyazcitta aura pazcAttApa ke karmoM kI vRddhi huii| ahuramajhada ko ' mizradeva' banAne pAle usake cha amaSAspaMdoM meM se agni pRthivI aura jala ina

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. tInoM ko azuddhi se rakSA karane kA Adeza kiyA gyaa| ina tInoM ko pavitra ginA gayA thA aura inako malina na kiyA jAe usakI rakSA karanI thii| prAcIna kAla se amuka vastu ko pavitra rakhane ke pracalita vizvAsa ko jarathustrane svIkAra kiyaa| Ajataka bhI pArasI loga purAne vicAra ke yAidiyoM kI taraha bahuta dhyAnapUrvaka isakA pAlana karate haiM / jaba ghara meM kisI kI mRtyu hotI hai taba usa ghara meM rakhA huA agni azuddha na ho isa lie use bujhA denA par3atA thaa| agni para mAMsa pakAne ko rakhA ho aura jo vaha ubharAe to bhI agni apavitra hotA hai| jala pavitra hai isase jaba varSA par3atI ho taba zava ko daphana karane ke liye nahIM le jAte / yadi manuSya kA athavA kuttekA zava jamIna ko chue to vaha jamIna apavitra hotI hai / jisa kheta meM aise zava par3e hue dekhane meM Ate haiM usa kheta meM eka varSa taka bone kA niSedha hotA hai isa prakAra dhAtu bhI apavitra hote haiN| - ahuramajhada ke guNoM meM vizuddhikA aMtarbhAva honese jarathustrane ina saba bAtoM ko mAnA hai / parama tatva vizuddhi hai aura azuddhi se usakI rakSA karane kI AvazyakatA hai aisI apanI samAja kI zraddhA meM usane vizvAsa karake kArya AraMbha kiyA hai| kevala ami ke adhiSThAtA kA nahIM paraMtu isa ke uparAMta pRthivI jala dhAtu, pAlatupazu aura boe hue paudhoM ke bhI adhiSThAtAoM kA bhI eka dhArmika kartavya ke rUpa meM azuddhi

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dvaMdvavAda... se rakSaNa karane kI z2arUrata hai| samAja kI zraddhA meM vaha dRr3ha rahA hai yaha adhiSThAtA arthAt cha amaSAspaMda athavA to ina chaoM ke milane se honevAlA 'mizradeva ' ahuramajhada aisI AjJA karatA hai ki manuSyoM ko hamArI vizuddhi kI sarva prakAra se rakSA karanI unako yajJoM kI z2arUrata nahIM aura unako stuti kA asara hogA nahIM parantu pApa ke sAmane lar3ane meM manuSya ko jo sahAyatA aise * mizradeva ' rUpa amUrta nirguNa tatva se milatI hai isa se adhika sahAyatA kI z2arUrata hai| isake lie pArasiyoM ko antameM jisa kI stuti tathA jisake yajJa kara sakeM aisI saguNa vyaktiyoM kA Azra lenA pdd'aa| pIchese ' ekImInAIDa' ke samaya meM arthAt i. sa. 400 se pUrva ke lagabhaga AraTekajharasIsa nemona ke zilAlekha meM ahuramajhada ke sAtha AryoM ke deva mizra kA tathA semeTika devI anahitA kA ullekha dekhane meM AtA hai| taba vaha Aramajhada ke sAtha hI milA huA hai parantu unako Aramajhada se nIce kI paMkti meM ginA gayA hai| ahuramajhada athavA usake kisI bhI amaSAspaMda se mizra adhika jAgRta saguNa aura mUrta devatA hai / una manuSyoM ko unake kammoM kA acchA burA phala milatA hai aura unako laukika samRddhi dete haiM tathA le bhI lete haiN| pArasiyoM ke devavAda meM aisI mUrti ke aMtarbhAva hone se unake mUla vizvAsa meM svAbhAvika parivartana huA hai aura jina kA jarathustra ko bhI dhyAna tathA vaise isa kAraNa ke lie parama

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tulanAtmaka dhammaivicAra. meM ginA jAne lagA hai| isI samaya meM bahuta pIche kI avastAoM meM duSTa tatva ahimAna rUpa mUrtimAn huA hai| __jina yajJoM aura tarpaNoM ko jarathustrane apane nae dharma meM se itanI caturatA se nikAla die the ki homa (soma ) kA bhI nAma gAthAoM meM usane na liyA thA aba yaha aura tarpaNoM kA punaH jaba mUrtimAn devatA mizra aura anahitA ke pUjA kA AraMbha huA taba svIkAra kie gae aura pArasI dharma tAMtrika pUjA aura karma kANDa kI sataha para A gayA / isa ke uparAMta dharma zAstroM kI bhI pUjA karAne lagA aura unako lakSya kara ke. bhI yajJa hone lge| isa se bhI Age bar3hakara pArasiyoM ne homa nikAla ne ke yaMtroM kI pUjA karanI AraMbha kI aura stutimAtra maMtroM ko par3ha jAne meM hI raha gii| pArasI dharma kI adhogati kA pArasiyoM kI rAjakIya adhogati ke sAtha saMbaMdha lathA aisA nahIM ho sakatA / Aramajhada aura usa ke nimakahalAla sevakoM ko pArasI samAja ke antima nyAya ke dina vijaya milegI. yaha vizvAsa bar3hatA gayA aura pariNAma meM dhArmika vicArane isa loka ke badale paraloka kA mArga pkdd'aa| jaba manuSya mara jAtA hai taba usakA deha bhinna bhinna tatvoM meM mila jAtA hai, haDDI pRthivI meM, rakta jala meM jIvana agni meM aura keza vanaspati meM / aMtima nyAya ke dina jIvoM ko unase deha ke aMga punaH mileMge aura pratyeka manuSya jisa jagaha vaha

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dvaMdvavAda. mara gayA hogA usI jagaha vaha uThakara khar3A hogA aura usake saba guNadharma usa meM phira A jaaeNge| isa punarjIvana ke prasaMga para puNyazAlI aura pApI uThakara khar3e hoMge aura pahale svarga meM jAeMge dUsare naraka meM / usa samaya puNyazAlI pApiyoM ke lie aura pApI apane lie bahuta hI pazcAttApa kareMge aura saba duniyA meM duHkha aura ronA ho jAegA / jitanA duHkha eka lele ko bher3ie se mAre jAne para hotA hai utanA hI duHkha sArI duniyA ko hogaa| taba saba pahAr3a aura coTiyeM galakara z2amIna para phaileMgI aura pratyeka ko isa pighale hue patthara ko pAra karanA par3egA isa parIkSA meM pratyeka ko pAra honA par3egA ImAnadAra manuSyoM ko yaha pravAha garama dUdha jaisA pratIta hogA aura pApiyoM ko camakate aMgAre jaisA lagegA yaha parIkSA pUrNa hue bAda jo loga jIte raheMge vaha saba milajula kara raheMge aura paraspara sneha rakheMge aura vaha eka mata se ahuramajhada kI prazaMsA kareMge aMta meM puNya kI zakti kA aura pApa kI zakti kA antima yuddha hogaa| ahimAna aura usake duSTa sainya ko pighalate patthara ke pravAha meM pheMka diyA jAyagA taba saba duniyA kI zuddhi hogI aura sArA bhUmaMDala ahuramjhada kI sattA se vyApta hogA aura usa samaya jo jo hogA vaha saba amara ho jAegA aura divya paripUrNatA paaeNge| __antima nyAya ke dina puNyazAlI manuSya kRta kRta hoMge aisA batAyA hai / yaha pArasiyoM ke lie hI hai / pApI manuSya

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. 111 jinako pralayAmi meM pheMka denA hai vaha dUsare saba manuSya haiN| amuka khAsa haka rakhane vAle samAja ko hI yaha yojanA anukUla ho sake yaha spaSTa hai isa samAja ke bAhara ke manuSyoM ko to yaha rucikara nahIM ho ske| aisA dharma phaila hI nahIM sakatA / usakA saMkoca honA cAhie aura vaha huA bhI hai| usakA dvaMdvavAda hI usake vinAza kA kAraNa hai| saptama prakaraNa bauddha dharma bauddha dharmasamAja ke sivAya, saba samAja HRA AraMbha meM rAjakIya the aura vaha apane hita saMrakSaNArtha Izvara kI pUjA karate the / isa se yajJa kI mukhya dhArmika kriyA rAjA ke athavA adhikArI varga ke hAtha meM rhtii| isa kakSA ke loga lar3Ake the| yaha kriyA yathArtha rIti para karane kI jyUM jyUM mahattA baDhatI gaI tyUM tyUM vaha adhikArI varga meM se purohita kA karma karane ke lie niyukta hue vibhAga ke hAtha meM jAne lgii| isI kAraNa se hiMdusthAna para caDhAI kara Ae hue AryoM ke adhikArI varga meM jAtioM kA samAvaze huA dekhane AtA hai / eka brAhmaNa athavA dharmaguru dUsare kSatriya athavA lar3Ake / isa kSatriya jAti meM se gauttama buddha ki jisa kA janma i. sa. 560 ke lagabhaga huA thA jisane lagabhaga 80 varSa kI

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112 bauddha dharma. Ayu bhogI thI aura jisane brAhmaNa dharma ke viruddha bauddha dharma kA pracAra kiyA thA vaha bhI apanI pravRtti se Upara janAe hue siddhAnta kA samarthana karatA hai| - jaba nae dharma kA sthApita karanevAlA jarathustra eka dharmaguru hotA hai taba use aisA pratIta hotA hai ki maiM dharma meM sudhAra kara rahA hUM athavA to purAne dharma kA uddhAra karatA huuN| jaba usa dharmaguru ke sthAnapara hote haiM taba vaha aisA mAnate hai ki maiM samAja ko unake devoM kA saMdeza kahane vAlA hUM' parantu buddha apane kona paigambara aura na hI devatA ke rUpa meM mAnatA thA vaise hI vaha brAhmaNa dharma kA sudhArakarane athavA to usa dhana ke uddhAra karane ke lie niyukta kiyA ho aisA bhI nahIM mAnatA thaa|braahmnn jAti ko athavA kisI eka jAti ko upadeza karane ke lie usakA janma nahIM huA thaa| usakA upadeza kAna se suna sakane vAle saba ke lie thA cAhe vaha kisI jAti kA ho athavA to kisI rAjakIya samAja kA kyoM na ho| jAtibheda tathA rASTra bheda ko usane mAnA hI na thA isa lie usakA apane deza meM mAna na huA isI lie usa ke bauddhadharma ko bhI apanA kArya karane lie apanI janma bhUmi kA tyAga karanA par3A / aisA hone para bhI vaha dharma kAyama raha sakA isa para se itanA pratIta ho jAtA hai ki vizva vyApaka hone ke lie dharma meM jo jo guNa cAhieM unameM se kaI guNa bauddha dharma meM vidyamAna haiM / cIna tathA jApAna meM pitR pUjA athavA zinto

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113 tulanAtmaka dharmAdhicAra. dharma manuSya kI dharma jijJAsA ko tRpta karane meM samartha nahIM isameM koI sandeha nahIM / isI lie vaha bhUmi bIja boe jAne ke lie tayyAra thI parantu isa para se bIja ke guNa dharma samajha meM nahIM A sakate yaha samajhane lie hameM itanA mAnanA par3egA ki bauddha dharma kA bodha vyavahArika thA aura manuSyoM ko lakSya meM rakha kara kiyA gayA thaa| ___ duHkha kyA hai ! aura kaise utpanna huA Ara manuSya usameM se kaise chUTa sakatA hai ! yaha prazna vyavahArika hai aura pratyeka ke lie hai / jo manuSya nivRttiparAyaNa hI hoM aura pravRtyAtmaka vRttiyoM se vimukha hoM, vaise hI unameM kevala duHkha sahana karane kI zakti ho aura duHkhoM ke nivAraNa karane meM azakta hoM to hI Upara ke praznoM ke saMtoSakAraka uttarase unakA samAdhAna ho, aura bauddha dharma vizva vyApaka dharma bana ske| jahAM kevala yaha prazna vyavahArika vyaktigata prazna mAne gae haiM vahAM logoMne bauddha dharma ko svIkAra kiyA hai / vaha hiMdusthAna ke pUrva bhAga meM phailA hai parantu pazcima kI ora usakA pracAra nahIM ho sakA / hiMdusthAna ke logoM kI saMsAra cakra meM arthAt punarjanma meM zraddhA hone se manuSya duHkha meM se kisa prakAra mukta ho sakatA hai yaha prazna vahAM adhika mahatva pUrNa mAnA jAtA thaa| punarjanma ke siddhAntAnusAra mRtyu hone se manuSya duHkha meM se chUTa nahIM sakatA kAraNa ki manuSya ko punaHjanma lenA par3atA hai abaira janma kabhI pazu yoni meM bhI lenA par3e aura

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14 . bauddhadharma. vahAM use isa janma se bhI adhika duHkha bhoganA par3e / isa krama kA aMta hI nahIM AtA aura manuSya isa prakAra niraMtara cakra meM phiratA hI rahatA hai| isa parase buddhane duHkha meM se chUTane kA vyavahArika prazna uThAliyA aura isakA nirNaya karane ke lie prathama to use devatAoM tathA unakI pUjA ko eka tarapha rakhane kI z2arUrata par3I / devatAoM kA niSedha karane kI nahIM parantu unakA durlakSya karane kI AvazyakatA hai / brAhmaNoMne devatAoM kI pUjA kI mukhya vidhirUpa yajJoM kI vidhi ko hada se adhika bar3hA diyA thA parantu manuSyoM ke duHkha kama nahIM kara sake the vaise hI usa ora vicAra bhI nahIM kiyA thA; isa se buddhadevane batAyA ki devatAoM para zraddhA rakhanA nirarthaka hai aura manuSya ko apane Apa hI mukti milanI cAhie / duHkha se mukta honA hI manuSya jIvana kA aMtima uddezya hai aura vahAM pahuMcane kA mArga bhI manuSya ko hI pAra karanA hai / devatAoM saMbaMdhI vi. cAra karanA bhI ThIka nhiiN| / isa prakAra buddha kA upadeza kevala adhArmika hai / yadi usake anuyAyI isa upadeza ko lage rahate, to bauddha dharma eka dharma ke rUpa meM mAnA na jAtA / deva ko na mAno aura pUjA na karo itane meM hI usa dharma kA samAveza ho jAtA parantu vAstava meM bauddha dharma eka dharma hai aura usa meM deva ko mUrtimAn deva mAnA jAtA hai / buddha kI vyakti para hI sAre bauddha

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tulanAtmaka dhammaivicAra. dharma kI racanA kI gaI hai aura duHkha meM se chUTane ke lie apane ziSyoM kA kisI bhI deva kI upAsanA karane kI ora pravRtti na ho aisA usane prayatna kiyA hai to bhI bauddha dharme kI unnati hone se pUrva buddha kI vyakti ko hI auroM se acchA mAnA gayA hai aura Age cala kara use divya mAnA gayA hai / isI vizvAsa ne hI bauddha saMpradAya ko dharma kA svarUpa diyA hai / aisI upAsanA se hI usameM se dhArmika bala utpanna hone se vaha duniyAM ke dharmoM meM sthAna prApta kara sakA hai / parantu bauddha saMpradAya ke vizvAsoM meM isa prakAra Izvara kI bhAvanA jor3ane se hI hama use dharma ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara sakate haiM arthAt eka dharma ke rUpa meM / bauddha dharma aise siddhAntoM para racA huA hai ki jisakA svIkAra buddhane svayaM nahIM kiyA / usakA tathA usake anuyAIoM kA uddezya to duHkha se chUTane kA hI thA parantu jaba usane isa uddezya ko pAra karane ke lie devoM ko tyAga dene kA upadeza kiyA taba usake anuyAIoMne apane apane anubhava se DhUMDa nikAlA ki manuSya jAti kI AvazyakatAeM pUrNa karane ke lie deva ko chor3a sakeM aisA nahIM / buddha kI divyatA se aura pIche se mAne jAne vAle svarga ke devatAoM meM usake anuyAyI zraddhA rakhate haiN| ____isa prakAra unakA dharma amuka rAjakIya samAja meM praveza hone para nahIM parantu kevala zradvA para hI racA huA hone se vaha

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116 bauddhadharma. saMcAraka dharma hai| buddha ko mAnane kA pratyeka ko adhikAra hai| mAtRbhAva arthAt samavedanA aura dayA ina do sAdhanoM dvArA rauddha dharmane manuSya jAti ko apane paMtha meM milAne kA prayatna kiyA hai aura isa sArvajanika balase logoM meM buddha dharma kA pracAra huA hai aura sAmAjika dharma kI tathA pitR pUjA jaise kula dharma kI bhAvanAoM se vaha bilakula alaga ho gayA hai aura isane jAdu ko to jar3a se ukhAr3a diyA hai| kAraNa ki jahAM vahAM jAdu dekhA jAtA hai vahAM vahAM manuSya kI icchAeM tRpta karane meM usakA upayoga dekhA jAtA hai parantu bauddha dharma kA to mukhya uddezya hI aisA hai ki icchA mAtra aura usameM jIne kI icchA bhI duHkha kA mUla hai / samavedanA aura bhrAtRbhAva meM bauddha dharma kA saMcAraka bala bharA huA hai aura usa dharma ke anuyAyI ina do siddhAMtoM ko Age rakha kara buddha ke satya ko svIkAra karane tathA usake patha para calane kA janasamAja ko upadeza karate haiN| ina do bAtoM ko svIkAra karane vAlA manuSya bauddhadharma meM dAkhala ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra divya vyakti ke sAtha manuSya kA apanA svataMtra saMbaMdha hotA hai aisA bauddhadharma pratipAdana karatA hai| yadi buddha ke saMpradAya ko calAne ke liye usake anuyAIoMne Izvara kI bhAvanA ko Avazyaka mAnA hai to bhI unhoMne usake mukhya siddhAntoM ke svarUpa meM parivartana nahIM

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. kiyaa| duHkha kA rokanA aura usake sAdhana to niSedhAtmaka hI rahe haiN| 'nivRtta ho' itane meM hI unakA samAveza ho jAtA hai| kisI bhI dina duHkha na ho aisA karanA ho to prathama duHkha kI utpatti kA kAraNa DhUMDa nikAlanA caahie| duHkha mAtra jIvana kI tRSNA meM se utpanna hotA hai isa lie isa tRSNA kA aMta hone se hI duHkha kA bhI aMta ho sakatA hai aura usI ko nirvANa kahate haiN| buddha ke upadeza kA sAra itanA hI hai| jisa prakAra sAre mahAsAgara meM eka hI lavaNa rasa sarvatra dekhane meM AtA hai vaise hI buddha ke upadeza meM bhI eka nirvANa rasa hI sarvatra vyApya ho rahA hai| 'sarva duHkhamaya hai' aisA nizcaya kara ke bauddhadhI apane siddhAnta ghar3ate haiM aura aimA azubha darzana sarva dezIya mAnA hai| jIvana meM duHkha tathA sukha donoM dekhe jAte haiM aisA mAnane se vaha dharma rukatA nahIM parantu vaha to aisA siddhAnta batAte haiM ki jIvana mAtra hI duHkhamaya hai aura usameM sukha to lezamAtra nhiiN| vyAdhi vRddhAvasthA aura mRtyu yaha tIna hI duHkha svarUpa nahIM parantu janma aura jIvana bhI duHkha svarUpa hI haiN| cAra mahAsAgaroM kA jala bhI yadi manuSyoM ke azrupAta ke sAtha jaba ki vaha apanA jIvana vyatIta karate hoM, tulanA kI jAe to tuccha pratIta hotA hai kyoMki vaha apane bhAgya meM jo par3A hai usako rote haiM, aura jise vaha cAhate haiM vaha unake bhAgya meM hI nahIM hai|

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118 __.bauddhadharma. :: jisake viSaya meM prazna hI na kara sakeM aise yaha sarva dezIya azubha darzana kA pariNAma aisA huA ki buddhadevane jIvana kI tRSNA ko duHkha mAtra kA mUlarUpa mAnA aura saMsAra meM athavA punarjanma meM rahI zraddhAne isa siddhAnta ko puSTa kiyaa| isa lie buddha ke saMpradAya meM saMsAra ko kaisA svarUpa diyA gayA hai tathA usakA kaisA upayoga kiyA gayA hai ina do bAtoM kI samajhane kI z2arUrata rahatI hai| vaise hI duHkha ke nivAraNa ke liya jaisI Izvara kI dhAraNA nirupayogI aura ulaTe raste para le jAne vAlI hai vaisA hI tatvajJAna bhI hai aisA buddha kA pUrNa vizvAsa hone para bhI usake saMpradAya meM jaise dhArmika mAvanA vinA calatA nahIM vaise tatvajJAna kA Azraya lie vinA bhI calatA nahIM, isa bAta kI bhI sAtha sAtha samajhane kI a.vazyakatA hai| : pUrNa anusandhAna karane se hamako yaha pratIta hotA hai ki buddhane tatvajJAna ko ur3A dene kA prayatna karate hue tatvajJAna ke badale adhyAtmajJAna ko mAna liyA hai| kSaNika saMskAroM tathA prakRttioM kA varNana usane adhyAtmajJAna meM kiyA hai| adhyAtmajJAna kA bAhara kI vastuoM se koI saMbaMdha nahIM parantu hamAre saMskAroM ke sAtha hai isa lie usa adhyAtmajJAna meM vAtha jagat kA vicAra taka nahIM kiyA gayA / yadi hama aisA mAne ki adhyAtmajJAna meM vAhyavastuoM aura vAhyajagat kI jarUrata nahIM rahatI to kevala jina jina saMskAroM aura jina

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. 119 jina pravRttiyoM ko adhyAtmajJAna meM upayogI mAnA gayA hai unakA vicAra karane meM hI bauddhadharma ke tatva darzana kA samAveza huA hai aisA hameM mAnanA pdd'egaa| kArya kAraNa krama meM yaha saMskAra aura pravRtti hameM kAryarUpa vaise hI kAraNarUpa pratIta hotI haiN| vaha isa janma ke pUrva saMskAroM kA athavA pichale janma ke saMskAroM kA kArya aura bhAvI pravRttiyoM kA kAraNa hai pratyeka karma kA phala milatA hI hai / duniyA kI saba . ghaTanAeM isa niyama ko arthAt dharma ko siddha karatI haiN| isa prakAra bauddhadharma ke adhyAtmajJAna kA AdhAra saMskAra aura dharma ina do para hai| parantu bauddhadharma kI mukhya kalpanA to vaha hai jo AtmA ke saMbaMdha meM kI gaI hai / isa kalpanA kA vicAra karane ke lie prathama yaha samajhane kI z2arUrata hai ki usa kalAnA meM ' maiM hUM' athavA ' maiM' kisI prakAra se eka satya vastu hai aisI pratijJA athavA dhani nahIM rhtii| Upara nirdiSTAnusAra adhyAtmajJAna meM mAtra kSaNika saMskAroM aura pravRttiyoM kA hI vicAra karanA rahatA hai| yadi aisA mAnA jAya ki ahaMkAra ina saMskAroM aura pravRttiyoM ke Upara nIce athavA to unase bhinna hai yA aisA mAnA jAya ki -- maiM ' yaha zabda ina saMskAroM aura pravRttiyoM ke samudAya kA ikaThThA jJAna karAne vAlA zabda hone ke uparAMta vaha kisI vizeSa artha kI sUcanA detA hai to isake uttara meM nAgasena kA, milinda ke rAjA ko diyA huA

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190 bauddhadharmaratha kA dRSTAMta basa hai| ratha paiyoM, dhurI aura lakar3I ke DhAMce kA banA huA hai| ina bhinna bhinna bhAgoM ke sivAya ratha meM bhaura kucha nahIM hotA aura jisa taraha 'ratha' yaha zabda usake bhinna bhinna bhAgoM kA ikaThThA jJAna karAne ke lie vartA jAtA hai usI prakAra ' maiM ' yaha zabda bhI bhinna bhinna saMskAroM aura pravRttiyoM kA ikaThe jJAna hone ke lie vartA jAtA hai| Upara nirdiSTita bauddhamatAnusAra deha ke anta ke sAtha 'maiM' kA bhI aMta honA cAhie kAraNa ki ' maiM ' se jisakA jJAna hotA hai usa ke AtmA ke saMskAra aura pravRttieM kSaNika hone se unakA AraMbha aura aMta tatkAla hI hotA hai; aura yaha saMskAra aura pravRttieM bhinna hoM aisA AtmA kA astitva nahIM hotaa| parantu yahAM aba tatvajJAna kI eka kalpanA athavA yukti kA Azraya lekara isa adhyAtma jJAna ke vitarka ko saMskAra cakra ke siddhAnta se milAyA gayA hai aura isase hI isa anAtmavAda kA aura lokasAnya punarjanma ke siddhAMta kI bhI aikyatA kI gaI hai| isa meM buddhane tatvajJAna ke karma ke siddhAnta kA upayoga kiyA hai| jina pravRttiyoM se mAyika 'maiM ' arthAt AtmA banatA hai una pravRttiyoM kA pariNAma karma meM hotA hai aura karma kSaNik nahIM parantu nitya haiN| usa mAyika AtmA kA nAza bhI punaH sthita rahatA hai aura isa prakAra sthita rahe hue karma meM se naI pravRttieM janma letI haiM

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221 tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. aura nayA vyakti utpanna hotA hai| aura jisa karma se usake jIvana kA aura prArabdha kA nirNaya huA hai usI karma kA vaha svayaM kSaNik svarUpa hai| ___ isa prakAra vyakti kA karma mAtra nitya aura satya hai| aba isakA jo aisA artha kiyA jAve ki yaha karma karane vAlA mAtra mAthika ' maiM ' nahIM to hameM koI bhI kaThinAI na rahe kAraNa ki kaI pAzcAtya tatvoM ko bhI aisA spaSTa pragaTa huA hai ki jisake jaise karma vaise hI vaha puruSa hotA hai| isa para se hama buddha ke adhyAtma jJAna se Age bar3ha kara usake naitika niyamoM kI ora jA sakate haiM kAraNa ki manuSya acchA aura burA karma kara sakatA hai aura vaha yA to dharma athavA avarma honA caahie| isa prakAra bauddha dharma meM nIti kA vistAra bahuta hI bar3hA diyA gayA hai| kAraNa ki manuSya ke acche bure karma se hI kevala usakA isa janma kA hI 'karma' nizcita nahIM hotA paraMtu usake bhAvI janma kA bhI hotA hai aura saMsAra cakra meM phirate phirate jahAM jahAM manuSya kA janma hogA vahAM vahAM isa janma ke karmAnusAra usakA bhAvI karma bhI usakI nIti aura anIti ke niyamAnusAra banegA aisA mAnA gayA hai| prathama se hI pracalita saMsAra cakra kI jo lokamAnya bhAvanA buddha ke dekhane meM AI vaha kevala punarjanma meM zraddhA ke rUpa meM astitva rakhatI thI; parantu buddha ke kie gae parivartana

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122 bauddhadharma. se usameM AtmA kI z2arUrata hI na rhii| 'maiM' yaha mAyika hai| jisake jaise karma vaisA vaha puruSa hotA hai aura mRtyu ke bAda karma hI rahatA hai, aura vaha karma saMskAra cakra meM phiratA hai| punarjanma kI lokamAnya bhAvanA meM bhI saMsAra cakra meM phirane ke lie amuka samaya ThaharAyA nahIM gayA thA parantu bauddha siddhAnta to mukti ke zubha samAcAra rUpa thA kAraNa ki vaha saMsAra cakra meM chUTane kI AzA detA thA aura usakA upadeza aisA thA ki janma janmAMtara kI prAptikA krama anaMta nhiiN| buddha kA upadeza aisI mAnyatA ke anusAra racA gayA thA ki apanI jIvita rahane kI icchA hone se manuSya jIvita rahatA hai| parantu usakA aba kA jIvana pUrA hone se ki 'mAyika maiM' kA nAza hone se vaha saMsAra cakra meM se baca nahIM sktaa| jaba taka use jIvana kI tRSNA rahatI hai taba taka usake astitva kA aMta nahIM AtA, usakA karma usakI mRtyu ke bAda bhI sthita rahegA aura saMsAra cakra kA bhramaNa huAhI kregaa| isa se jo saMsAra cakra meM se chUTanA ho to usake lie kevala tRSNArUpI agni ko bujhAne kI z2arUrata hai| bhinna bhinna tRSNAoM ko rokane se kucha hotA nahIM kAraNa ki tRSNAeM to jyU kI yUM banI rahatI haiM, ThIka to yaha karanA hai ki sukha tathA jIvana kI tRSNA ko bilakula nirmUla kiyA jaae| jisa bhavasthA meM tRSNA zAMta nahIM parantu nirmUla ho jAtI hai usa nirvANa kI avasthA ko prApta karane kI bauddha utkaMThA rakhate haiM

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. 123 prathama tRSNAoM ko rokA jAtA hai aura isa se bauddha dharma ke nItizAstra meM aisA na karo vaisA na karo kahA gayA hai| bauddha dharma kI pAMca mahAjJAoM arthAt pAMca zIla jo bhikSu tathA gRhasthoM ko avazya pAlane cAhieM vaha isa prakAra haiN| (1) hiMsA mata karo ( 2 ) corI mata karo ( 3 ) vyabhicAra / mata karo ( 4 ) asatya mata bolo (5) madyapAna mata karo dUsarI pAMca mahAjJAeM jo kevala bhikSuoM ko hI pAlanI haiM vaha bhI niSedhAtmaka haiN| - bauddha dharma saMyama se AraMbha hotA hai aura nirvANa taka pahuMcatA hai| astitva ke aMta ko arthAt AtmA ke laya ko nirvANa samajhanA ki nahIM ? isa viSaya para buddha ne svayaM koI nirNaya nahIM kiyA aura bauddha dharma meM sat aura asat , nitya aura anitya, tabhA parimita aura rimita isakA nirNaya karane kI athavA isakI carcA karane kI manAhI kI gaI hai| buddha kI nirvANa kI kalpanA viSaya nizcaya pUrvaka itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki jisa avasthA meM saMsAra kI samApti hotI hai aura punarjanma nahIM rahatA use vaha nirvANa mAnatA hai / manuSya ke bhaviSya ke saMbaMdha meM aisA kevala niSedhAtmaka nirUpaNa nirIzvaravAda kI taraha pichale bauddha dharma meM nibha nahIM skaa| vAstavika rItise dekhane se aisI kevala niSedhAtmaka vRtti ko chor3a dene se hI bauddha dharma eka dharma ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra cetana ke laya kI avasthA ko nahIM parantu Anandamaya

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:124 bauddharma. nIvana kI avasthA ko nirvANa rUpa mAnA gayA hai arthAt buddha ke anuyAIyoMne apane anubhavase dekhA ki AtmA ke avinAza rUpa meM aura mUrta devatA meM zraddhA rakhane kI jarUrata dharma mAtra meM rahI hai to bhI buddha ko svayaM to aisA lagA thA ki jIvana kI ghaTanAeM samajhane ke liye athavA jIvana kI bAtoM kA vyavahArika vyavasthA ke liye aisA kucha mAnane kI jarUrata nahIM rhtii| jIvana duHkha rUpa hai aura isase koI bhI manuSya athavA divya mUrti ko satya tathA nitya mAnane se jIvana meM se chUTane kA kAma sarala ho nahIM sakatA / dUsarI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to AtmA kA niSedha karane se koI bhI astitva nahIM raha sakatA aura astitva na rahane se usameM se chUTane kA mArga bhI koI le nahIM sktaa| isI se aisA mAnA gayA hai ki ' maiM , yaha mAyika astitva kA bodhaka zabda hai aura isa parase hI aisI kaThinAI utpanna hotI hai ki jo ' maiM ' kA astitva nahIM to astitva meM se chUTane kA mArga kisa taraha le sakeM / ___yadyapi manuSya aura divya vyaktioM ke saMbaMdha meM buddha ke niSedhAtmaka vicAroM kA anAdara karane kI usa ke anuyAIyoM kA kartavya ho gayA thA to bhI dUsarI bAtoM meM to buddha dharma bilakula niSedhAtmaka ho rahA hai| mAtra sukha aura duHkha kI hI nahIM parantu zubha aura azubha kI bhI jisameM

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tulanAtmaka dhammavicAra. 125 matyaMta upekSA kI jAtI hai aise AtmA kI parama zAMti ko bauddha dharma meM nIti kA paramapada mAnA hai isa lie bauddha dharma meM samavedanA aura bhrAtRbhAva yaha atyaMta upekSA kI samAna koTi meM Akara zithila ho jAte haiN| apane pyAre bAlaka kI mRtyu se vilApa karatI mAtA ko gautamane sirpha itanA kahakara zAnti dI thI ki ai mAtA tU gharaghara phira kara dekho koI bhI. ghara sage saMbaMdhiyoM ke marane se zoka vinA nahIM / mare huoM kI saMkhyA bahuta hai aura jIvitoM kI saMkhyA thor3I hai " karma kA striyoM kA aura jIvana kI sarva pravRttioM kA tiraskAra karane kA bauddha dharma ke sAdhuoM kA rukha hotA hai / bauddha dharma kA uddeza manuSya ko jIvana meM pravRtta karane kA nahIM parantu jIvana pravRtti meM se mukta karane kA hai / pratyeka manuSya kA yaha prathama karttavya hai ki use apane mokSasiddha karane ke lie saMmAra meM se nivRta ho / manuSyoM kA apanA svArtha siddha ho isa lie duniyA meM dhArmika saMsthA hotI hai aura paraloka meM aisI saMsthA bilakula nahIM ho sktii| aSTama prakaraNa ekezvara vAda FESTHA dhAraNa rIti se hama kaha sakeMge ki Adhunika unnata prajAeM ekezvaravAda ke mAnane vAlI haiM, aneka deva A NY vAda to bahuta karake unnata prajAoM meM nahIM dekhA

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126 ekezvara vAda. nAtA tathA avanata aura jaMgalI prajAeM bhUta preta rAkSasa Adi ko mAnatI haiM aura hama yaha bhI kaha sakeMge ki ekezvara vAda tathA aneka deva bAda ke pracAra hone se pUrva manuSya deva bhUta pretAdi kI pUjA karate the aisA dharma ke bhinna bhinna rUpAntaroM ke itihAsa se mAlUma par3atA hai| isa prakAra pUjA kie jAne vAle deva bhUta pretAdi ke AraMbha meM nAma na rakhe gae the| kucha . samaya ke bada jina jina padArthoM meM unakA AvirbhAva mAnA jAtA, una una padArthoM ke nAma unheM die jAte, udAharaNArtha sUrya caMdra dyau marut vanaspati aura prANI / anta meM jaba unake nAma bhUla gae aura artha jJAna naSTa huA taba yaha nAma vizeSa nAma ke rUpa meM mAne jAne lage aura unase padArthoM kA nahIM parantu kevala amuka mUrti hI kA bodha hone lgaa| isa para se hama aisA anumAna kara sakate haiM ki dharma 'rUpI maMdira timaMjalA hai / aura kaI loga bhUta pretAdi kI pUjA rUpI prathama maMjila ko bAMdhakara ruka kara hI raha gae haiN| bahutoM ne to aneka devatA rUpI dUsarI maMjila bAMdhI hai aura thor3one ekezvaravAda rUpI tisarI maMjila bAMdhakara usa maMdira ko * pUrNa kiyaa| isa anumAna ke viruddha aisA bhI vitarka ho sakatA hai ki manuSya prathama eka hI Izvara ko mAnate the aura isa 'vizvAsa se girakara vaha aneka devavAda ko tathA deva-bhUta preta rAkSasAdi ko mAnane lage / isa vitarka kA pariNAmavAda

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. tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. 127 ke sAtha virodha nahIM hotA, kAraNa ki krama se vRddhi hI honI cAhie aisA pariNAmavAda kA artha nahIM / manuSya ke dRSi kendra se athavA usake niyama se pratyeka parivartana mUla padArtha ke pariNAma ke krama kI amuka avasthA rUpa hai athavA avanati rUpa hai aisA vaha nahIM mAnatA / bhUtakAla meM dhArmika vizvAsa meM hue hue parivartana zAyada eka hI samaya pariNAma krama kI avasthA rUpa tathA ekezvara vAda ko hI mAnate the yaha bAta siddha karane ke lie yaha bhI kArya se kAraNa kA anumAna karane se isa vitarka ko hama eka tarapha rakha sakate haiN| kArya se kAraNa kA anumAna karane ke niyama ko yadi hama svIkAra kareMge to bhI dharmoM ke itihAsa kA usase virodha hotA hai| dharmoM ke itihAsa meM pragaTa ghaTanAoM tathA siddha bAtoM se hamAre anumAnoM kA samAveza ho sakatA hai| aba hameM itanA hI dekhanA hai ki usameM jo jo bAteM svIkAra kI gaI haiM athavA varNana kI gaI haiM unameM prAcIna kAla meM manuSya ekezvaravAda ko mAnate the aisI sUcanA karane vAlA koI bhI viSaya milatA hai ki nhiiN| ___ nIca jAtiyoM meM bhI bar3e devatA mAne jAte the isa viSaya kI puSTi meM tathA aura kaI bAtoM ke lie dhArmika vijJAna mi. enDyUlaiMga kA kRtajJa hai / nAma vinA ke bhUta preta rAkSasa ityAdi ko upAsanA se Age avanata jaMgalI manuSyoM meM bhI

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228 ekezvara vAda. bar3e aizvarya vAle amuka amuka nAma ke devatA mAne jAte the tathA unakI pUjA ko mahatva diyA jAtA thA aisA mi. laiMgane siddha kiyA hai / prAcIna dharmapracArakoM ke athavA saMzodhakoM ke sahavAsa se aise bar3e devatAoM kI bhAvanA unameM praviSTa huI hai aise vitarka kA mi. laiMgane saMteSakAraka rIti se khaMDana. kiyA hai / isa lie yaha bhAvanA unakI apanI hI ho aisA hama niHzaMka mAna kara Age cleNge| __aba isa para se hama yathArtha rIti meM kyA anumAna kara sakate haiM ? aisA prazna utpanna hotA hai / jaMgalI loga bar3e. devatAoM ko mAnate the aisA sAbita karane vAle mi. laiMga bhI kisI sthala para nahIM sUcita karate / vaha loga ekezvaravAdI the aisA bar3e devatA-saba pitA-jaise ki ' dara muluna' beiyAmaI aura TavonyinikA ke mAnane vAle AsTreliyA ke Adi rahavAsI nizcita rUpa se advaitavAdI nahIM / eniembe ke mAnane vAle pazcima aphrIkA nivAsI aneka devavAdI haiM vaise hI unakutunkulU eka hI juluoM kA deva nahIM / ina bar3e devatAoM kA aneka devavAda kI racanAmeM athavA bhUta preta rAkSasa ityAdi. ke samUha meM samAveza nahIM hotA parantu inake sAtha sAtha hI una devoM kI pUjA kI jAtI hai taba aise sAnnidhya para se kyA anumAna ho sakatA hai ! isameM aisA bhI ho sakatA hai ki aise bar3e devoM kI pUjA parApUrva se calI A rahI ho| unake nAma die hue hone se itanA to siddha hotA hai ki vaha

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tulanAtmaka dhammavicAra. prAcIna deva haiM aura isake atirikta yaha bhI kalpanA kara sakate haiM ki jisa kAla meM manuSya eka hI Izvara ko mAnate hoMge usI samaya ke yaha deva hoMge aura usI samaya se calakara Ajataka sthira rahe hoNge| parantu aisI kalpanA ke viruddha kitanIhI bAteM haiM jinakA hameM vicAra karanA par3atA hai| prathama to hameM yahI vicitra pratIta hogA ki AphrikA ke rahavAsI habazI, AsTreliyA ke kAle AdamI aura penTegoniyA ke bIsavIM sadI taka prAcIna ekezvaravAda kI smRti rakha sake aura tIna cAra hajAra varSa ke pUrva yuropIya prajAoM ke pUrvajoM ke manameM usakI smRti hI na rahI / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki yaha saba pitara athavA bar3e devatAoM kI pUjA nahIM kIjAtI aura usake nikaTa ke dUsare aneka devoM tathA bhUta pretAdi kI pUjA kI jAtI hai / isa parase yadi hama esA mAneM ki Adhunika samaya jaise prAcIna kAla meM bhI aise devatAoM kI pUjA nahIM kI jAtIthI to hameM aise siddhAMta para AnA par3egA ki prAcIna ekezvaravAda ke deva kI pUjA karane vAle na the tathA dUsarI ora hama aisA bhI mAnate haiM ki manuSya jisakI pUjA kareM use hI deva kahA jAya to hameM aise nirNaya para AnA par3egA ki eka samaya ina bar3e devoM kI pUjA kI jAtIthI aura aba vaha baMda ho gaI hai| aise bar3e devatAoMkI manuSyoM ke abhyudaya niHzreyasa meM bhAga nahIM le sakane se

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130 ekezvara vAda. unakI kisI bhI samaya pUjA nahIM kI jaatiithii| aisA pazcimIya aphrikAvAsiyoM kA nirNaya hama svIkAra nahIM kara skte| ____eka samaya aise bar3e devoM kI bhI pUjA kI jAtIthI aisA mAneM to usakA dhArmika itihAsa ke sAtha virodha nahIM ho / aba hameM kevala itihAsameM se hI aise dRSTAnta DhUMDa nikAlane paDegeM, ki jisameM amuka devatA ko prathama aneka devavAda ke devoM meM ginA jAtA ho, aura pIche se use vyavahArika dharma meM se nikAlakara usakI pUjA baMdakI, usake nAma ko hI devatAke rUpameM mAnA jAtA ho / aisA hI eka dRSTAMta veda meM se milatA hai / bar3e prabhAva vAle " dyauH pitara " kA vedameM kevala sAmAnya varNana kiyA gayA hai / pazcima AphrikA ke logoM ke ' aniembe' kI taraha vaha kucha karatA nahIM, tathA usakI pUjA bhI nahIM kI jaatii| vaha eka hI nAmakA deva rahatA hai aura usakI pUjA baMda hone ke pIche usake jaise dUsare devakI pUjA kI jAtI hai / dUsare bar3e devakI taraha bhI use mAnA jAtA hai| prAcIna choTe deva aura ese bar3e devoM meM itanA hI pharaka hai ki choTe devoM kA devatva bhI naSTa ho gayA hai aura bar3e deva utane aMza meM bhI sthita rahe haiN| jahAM eka dharma kA dUsare dharma se parAjaya huA hai vahAM aise choTe devoM ko bar3e devoM kI taraha mAnA gayA hai| aisA IrAna meM huA hai| aura vahAM prAcIna dharma ke devatAoM ko avastA meM 'daeva' arthAt bhUtapreta pizAca rAkSasAdi ke rUpa meM varNana kiyA gayA hai|

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. 131 dhArmika vikAsa kramameM tathA zArIrika ghaTanAoM ke vikAsakrama meM kitane avayava naSTa hote haiM aura kitane Tike rahate haiN| isa niyamAnusAra kisI kisI jagaha milane vAle bar3e devatAoM ke viSaya meM bhI huA hogA aisA hama kaha skeNge| prAcIna kAla meM ekezvaravAda mAnA jAtA thA aisA anumAna karane kI apekSA isa prakAra mAnanA adhika ThIka hai| bIsavIM zatAbdi taka azikSita prajAne aise bar3e devatAoM ke vizvAsa rUpa ekezvaravAda ko kisI aMza meM bhI pracalita rakhA hai aura hiMdu tathA yuropIya prajAoM meM to haz2AroM varSa se usakA nAma nizAna bhI nahIM rhaa| aisA anumAna karane meM bar3e devoM kA kucha upayoga nahIM hotA aise nirNaya para hama AeM to bhI yAhUdI dharma ke svarUpa para kitanI asara hotI hai isakA vicAra karanA bAkI rahatA hai| tulanAtmaka dharma vicAra kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para yAhUdiyoM kA dharma dUsare dharmoM se bilakula alaga ho jAtA hai aura kisI bhI viSaya meM vaha dharma ke sAtha milatA nahIM aisA hamase mAnA hI nahIM jA sakatA; vaise hI vaha dUsare dharmoM jaisA hI hai aura usameM kucha vizeSa zikSA grahaNa karane lAyaka nahIM aisA bhI mAna kara baiTha nahIM sakate / saba vRkSoM ke per3a zAkhA aura patte hone para bhI vaha eka dUsare se bhinna hote haiM, eka jAti dUsarI jAti se milatI hai aisA kahane se hI una do jAtioM ke bIca kA sthira bheda siddha hotA hai| kinhIM bhI do vastuoM kI tulanA karane se unakI samatA

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ekezvara vAda. yadyapi mAlUma par3a jAtI hai to bhI usa samatA se unakA bheda khula jAtA hai| patte to patte hI haiM eka parantu vRkSa ke pattoM se dUsare vRkSa ke patte bhinna hI hote haiN| hameM to kAraNa ke bIca kA bheda adhikAdhika sUkSma pratIta hogA yaha ThIka hai para vijJAna zAstra meM aisA vizvAsa hone lagA hai ki saba padArthoM kA AdikAraNa rUpa paramANuoM kI racanA bhI barAbara ho yaha saMbhava nahIM kAraNa ki eka hI prakAra ke kAraNa meM se bhinna bhinna prakAra ke padArtha utpanna nahIM ho skte| isa prakAra hone se hama AzA rakha sakate haiM ki mUsA ke pUrva yAhUdI dharma ke kitane viSaya dUsare dharmoM se milate hoMge aura usa meM se kaI bhinna viSaya bhI mAlUma ho jaaeNge| saba prAcIna prajAoM kI taraha yajJa kriyA ko yAhUdI apanI mukhya dhArmika kriyA ke rUpa mAnate the, arthAt yaha bAta dUsare dharmoM se milatI hai| isa yajJa se vaha samAja ke devatA kI pUjA karate aura dUsarI saba jagaha jasA kiyA jAtA usI prakAra yaha kriyA yAhUdioM meM bhI samAja ke netA dvArA hotI thI / devatA. samAja kI ApattiyoM se rakSA karate haiM tathA unakA aparAdha hotA hai taba ApattieM par3ane dete haiM aisA vaha maante| isa prakAra samAja meM jo AcAra pAlane kA rivAja pracalita hai vaha devatA kI icchAnusAra hai tathA jina aparAdhoM ko samAja daMDanIya samajhatA vaha aparAdha devatA ke anukUla nahIM aisA vaha maante| mUsA ke pUrva ke yAhUdI dUsare logoM kI taraha aisA bhI mAnate ki vyakti ke astitva kA

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tulanAtmaka dhamavicAra. 133 aMta mRtyu se nahIM AtA / aiziyA aura AphrikA kI kitanI jAtiyoM meM tathA madhya amerikA malAyA dvIpa nyu hebriDIz2a aura AsTreliyA kI kitanI jAtiyoM meM dekhA jAne vAlA sunnata kA rivAja prAcIna kAla se yAhUdioM meM pracalita thaa| yAhUdI dharma ke vikAsakrama kI jisa avasthA meM yaha yaha rivAja anivArya mAnA jAtA thA aura yAhUdI jAti kA cinha rUpa mAnA jAtA thA usa samaya vikAsakrama kI usI avasthA meM rahI huI dUsarI jAtiyoM kI taraha dUsare rivAja bhI yAhUdI dharma meM pracalita hoMge aisA hama mAna skeNge| yAhUdI samAja kA jo devatA rakSaNa karatA thA aura jisakI yAhUdI yajJa se pUjA karate the usa deva kA nAma rakhe jAne ke pUrva hI arthAt ' yahovAha ' nAma astitva meM AyA usake pUrva samaya se hI sunnata kA rivAja pracalita hai aisI kalpanA hama sthira kregeN| ___aba jo hama tulanAtmaka paddhati se yAhUdI dharma kI semeTika prajA kI dUsarI zAkhAoM kA dharma ke sAtha mukAbalA kareMge to hameM pratIta hogA ki isa meM kI eka zAkhA phinIzyana aneka devavAdI hone para bhI prAcIna paddhati para ArUr3ha rahane se devatA kA vizeSa nAma na rakhane se sAmAnya nAma hI rakhate the| sAmAnya rIti se phinIzyana apane devatAoM kA 'be Ala' arthAt prayukta varga kA tathA bhUmi kA pati aura donoM kA rakSaka khte| phinIzyanoM kI saba jAtieM apane

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134 ekezvara vAda. deva ko 'be' Ala kahatIM aura usakI pUjA krtiiN| vaise pratyeka 'be Ala' ko pahacAnane ke lie usa ke sAtha usa jAti kA nAma jor3a diyA jaataa| udAharaNArtha 'TAyara kA be Ala' 'sIDana kA be Ala' ' yA TArasasa kA be Ala' aura jisa jAti athavA bhUmi kA vaha adhipati mAnA jAtA usI para usa be Ala kA adhikAra bhI mAnA jaataa| jaba phinAzyanoM meM vizeSa nAma rakhane vAle devatAoM kI pUjA pracalita huI taba bhI 'be' Ala ko parama deva ke rUpa meM hI mAnate isa para se yaha anumAna ho sakatA hai ki 'be' Ala saba se prAcIna deva hone se pIche ke samaya meM bhI vaha parama deva ke rUpa meM ginA gayA hai aura prathama pratyeka jAti apane iSTa deva ko amuka mUrtimAn deva ke rUpa meM nahIM parantu 'be Ala ' arthAt adhipati ke rUpa meM mAnatI thii| ___ apanI bhUmi aura apane mAlika be Ala ' kI pUjA karane vAle phinIzyana kenenAiTa aura sIriyA ke loga aise nAma rahita devoM kI pUjA se Age bar3ha kara kisa prakAra aneka deva vAdI hue yaha hama acchI taraha samajha sakate haiN| semeTika dharma uparAMta dUsare dharmoM meM bhI inhIM kAraNoM ke lie aise parivartana hue haiM / prAcIna iTalI ke dharma meM kaI mUrtimAn aura kaI aMza meM manuSya ke guNa dharma vAle ' nyUminA ' ko kevala thor3e hI samaya ke bAda puruSa aura strI ke yugla rUpa mAnA gayA hai / parantu unake svarUpa kA saMpUrNa nirNaya nahIM

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. 135 hone se unakA eka dUsare ke sAtha kA saMbaMdha nahIM ghar3A gayA hai / unake amuka kuTumba haiM athavA to unakA eka samAja hai aisI kalpanA nahIM kI gaI aura yadyapi ina divya yugaloM ko mAtA pitA ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA thA to bhI pratyeka yugala ke strI puruSa dAMpatya saMbaMdha se jur3e hue the aisA vaha nahIM mAnate the / aise ' nyUminA' para hI unakI rakSA tathA pazu aura prajA vRddhi kA AdhAra thA / isa prakAra aura inhIM kAraNoM ke lie phinIzyana bhI apane devako be Ala arthAt svAmI aura be AleTa arthAt svAminI ke yugala rUpa mAna kara pUjA karate the| prathama baibiloniyA aura asIriyA meM aura pIche se saba prAcIna prajA meM ' esTArTa ' athavA ' Izvara' ke nAma se pUjA kI jAne vAlI 'be AleTa ' kI mahimA bahuta bar3ha gii| do bhinna nAmoM ke do bhinna padArtha hone cAhieM aisA manuSya svAbhAvika hI mAnane ko tayyAra hotA hai| vizeSa nAma rahita deva ko mAnanevAle phinIzyana ityAdi pIche se aneka devoM ko mAnane laga par3e / isakA yaha dUsarA kAraNa hai| sAdhAraNa rIti se 'be Ala ' kI rIti meM pUje jAne vAle deva ko vaha apane mAlika tathA rAjA ke rUpa meM mAnate / saba dharmoM meM anta meM aise kula devatAoM ko unake bhinna bhinna vizeSaNoM se bhinna bhinna devoM kI taraha kalpanA karane kI lagana dekhane meM AtI hai| isa para se hama sacamuca anumAn kara sakate haiM ki prathama -- aiDona' arthAt zeTha aura maleka arthAt

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136 ekezvara vAda. rAjA yaha do zabda kevala 'be Ala' ke paryAyavAcaka hI varte gae the aura pIche se vaha kula devatA ke artha meM varte jAne lage aura anta meM do bhinna bhinna devoM ke nAma rUpa vaha mAne nAne lge| semeTika jAti kI dUsarI prajAoM aura yAhUdioM ke bIca itanA pharaka hai ki yAhUdI apane deva ke sAtha lage hue the aura usa deva ko vaha be Ala, beAleTake rUpa meM mAnate na the tathA unhoMne apane deva ke bhinna bhinna nAma DAlakara una saba nAmoM kA bhinna bhinna kula devatAoM kI kalpanA karane lage the / dUsarI prajAoM ke devoM kI taraha unakA deva bhI prathama nAma rahita thaa| pIche se usakA nAma ' yaha vAha' DAlane meM AyA aura isa se vaha dUsarI semeTika prajAoM se alaga par3e / sAdhAraNa niyama aisA hai ki do padArthoM kA bheda DhUMDa nikAlanA yaha una do padArthoM kI tulanA ho sake aisA hai, aisA mAna lene ke barAbara hI hai| yahAM yaha bhI hameM mAna lenA cAhie ki yaho vAha dUsarI semeTika prajAoM ke deva jaise eka deva mAnA jAtA thA aura vaha sarvopari deva thA aisA kaheM to bhI dUsare deva the aisA hameM mAnanA par3atA hai / isa se anta meM apane ko aisA mAnanA na par3e isa lie yAhUdioMne dUsare kI tarapha tiraskAra dRSTi se dekha kara aisA pragaTa kiyA ki hamArA deva hI eka deva aura dUsaroM ke deva putale hI haiM / yaha hone para bhI yAidioM kA aisA hI dRr3ha

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. 137 vizvAsa na thA ki 'yaho vAha yAidioM kA hI deva hai aura yAhUdI hI usakI prajA haiM / aisA dharma saMkucita rahA hai aura 'ahura majhada' kI taraha -- yaho vAha ' kI pUjA sarvatra phaila nahIM sakI / apane deva kA nAma yahovAha rakha kara usakI vaha pUjA karate the unakA dharma sArvajanika dharma hone kA Avazyaka bala prApta nahIM kara sakA / jisa deva kA amuka nAma rakhA jAtA hai vaha deva amuka varga kA hI deva ho rahatA hai aura dUsare devoM kI taraha use mAnA jAtA hai isa prakAra aneka devavAda ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai aura anekezvaravAda saMpUrNa rIti se vRddhi nahIM paasktaa| taba yadi hama yahovAha kI pUjA ko ekezvaravAda kA aMza rUpa mAneM to usase prathama ke pUjA ke prakAra ko hameM ekezvaravAda ke alpAMza rUpa meM mAnanA par3egA / prathama samAja tarapha se kI jAnevAlI pUjA kA aisA prakAra thA ki usa samaya devakaH vizeSa nAma nahIM DAlA gayA thA parantu use phira . phinIzyanoM kI taraha ' mAlika ' athavA prAcIna ijipTa kI taraha 'pazcima kA nivAsI ' (cenTemenTeTa) aise sAmAnya nAmoM se bulAyA jAtA / jabataka samAja ke devakA vizeSa nAma nahIM DAlA jAtA thA tabataka vaha deva kara sakeM aisA saba kArya karane ke samartha mAne jAte the / yaha bAta batAne kA prayojana itanA hI hai ki saba devoM ke nAma pIche se hI DAle gaye hone se AraMbha meM aneka devavAda mAnA jAtA hogA vA ekezvaravAda mAnA jAtA hogA usake saMbaMdha meM koI prazna rahatA hI nahIM /

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228 ekezvara vAda. dharmarUpI maMdira kI alaukika vyaktioM kI pUjArUpI prathama maMz2ila bAMdhI gaI thI aura pIche kaI logoMne aneka devavAdarUpI dUsarI maMz2ila bAMdhI aura phira kaIyoMne ekezvaravAda rUpI tIsarI maMz2ila bAMdha kara makAna ko pUrA kiyaa| aise dRSTAMta se hama ulaTe mArga para cale jAeM yaha saMbhava hai isa liye hama manuSyoM ke unake devatAoM ke saMbaMdha ke viSaya meM arthAt dharma viSaya aisI kalpanA kareMge ki AraMbha meM samAja ke tathA eka alaukika vyakti ke saMbaMdha ko dharma aisA nAma diyA gayA thaa| yaha aspaSTa rIti se kalpanA kI gaI ki alaukika vyaktiyoM ko AraMbha meM pratyeka samAja mAnatA thA aisA hameM jisa para se mAnanA par3e aisI bAta bhI dhAmika itihAsa meM nahIM miltii| atizaya dhAmmika yAhUdI prajA ke dRSTAnta para se hama dekha sakate haiM ki dhArmika vikAsa krama meM eka hI nAma rahita alaukika vyakti ko mAnanA yaha pahalI sIr3hI hai| dUsarI tarapha eka hI deva ko usake bhinna bhinna vizeSaNoM ke kAraNa bhinna bhinna devoM ke rUpa meM mAnane kI kalpanA ekadama nahIM parantu kramazaH praveza hotI gaI hai / jaise bhI ho to bhI dhArmika vikAsa krama kI aisI avanata avasthA ko aneka devavAda athavA ekezvaravAda kahane se ulaTe raste cale jAne kI saMbhAvanA hai| hama itanA hI kaha sakate haiM ki jisameM se aneka devavAda yA ekezvaravAda utpanna ho sake vaisI yaha avasthA thii| hama itanA bhI kaha sakate haiM aura aisA bananA saMbhava hai aisA

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. 139 mAna bhI sakate haiM, ki AraMbha se hI aneka devavAda tathA ekezvaravAda ke udbhava hone kA krama bhinna bhinna ho gayA thaa| deva zabda ke artha meM usake pUjakoM kA bhI samAveza ho jAtA hai kAraNa ki jisakI pUjA karane vAle hote haiM usI ko deva kahate haiM sArI duniyAM kA eka hI Izvara hai aisA mAnane vAlA ekezvaravAdI IsAI kI dRSTi meM aisA AtA hai ki (1) satya aura alaukika vyakti kI pUjA karane vAle saba manuSyoM ne jJAnapUrvaka athavA ajJAna se ekahI Izvara kI pUjA kI huI hai aura ( 2 ) jisa Izvara kI unhoM ne ajJAna se khoja kI hai usa Izvara ko unhoMne abhI taka pahacAnA hI nahIM yA to usakI unhoMne asatya kalpanA hI kI hai| isa dRSTibiMdu se saba manuSya yadyapi vAstavika rItipara nahIM tathApi saMbhavita rIti se eka hI Izvara kI pUjA karane vAle siddha hote haiN| ekezvaravAdI apane Izvara ko manuSya mAtra ke Izvara ke rUpa meM mAnate haiM aura manuSya jAti meM kitane usakI pUjA karane vAle hote haiM aura bAkI ke usakI pUjA karane vAle hoM aisI saMbhAvanA hotI hai aisA vaha mAnate haiM, aura aise saMbhavita pUjA karane vAloM ko vAstavika pUjA karane vAle banAne kA kAma eka saMcAraka dharma ke rUpa meM IsAI dharmAne le liyA hai| jyUM jyUM ekezvaravAdI dharma kA vikAsa hotA jAtA hai yUM tyUM prathama saMkucita pUjA karane vAloM kI samAja kI.

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140 ekezvara vAda. kalpanA kA bhI vistAra bar3hatA jAtA hai| saba se prAcIna ekezvaravAdI yAhUdI dharma meM aisA mAnA jAtA thA ki unakI jAti ke manuSya hI apane Izvara kI pUjA karane vAle haiM / aisA hI vizvAsa islAma dharma meM bhI thA isa lie ina donoM meM se eka bhI dharma ko sarvAMza meM ekezvaravAdI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / yadyapi donoM dharmoM meM eka hI Izvara ko mAnA jAtA hai tathApi paradharmiyoM ko apane dharma meM lAnekA eka kA bhI uddezya nhiiN| logoM kI yaha bhUla hai ki vijayI musalamAna parAjita prajA ko mRtyu daMDa dene ke badale musalamAna dharma svIkAra karane kA avasara dete haiM / ThIka bAta to yaha hai ki musalamAnoM ke dharma yuddha kA uddezya dUsarI rAjakIya sattAoM ko tor3a girA kara apanI sattA sthita karane kA hotA hai / paradhamiyoM ko badalAkara apane dharma meM lenA yaha unakA mukhya uddezya nahIM hotA / parAjita manuSyoM ko musalamAna honA ki nahIM isakA AdhAra unakI apanI icchApara rahatA hai| vijaya pAne vAle ko isakA Agraha nahIM hotaa| vaha to ulaTA isako rokate haiN| pratyeka manuSya ko IsAI banAne kA prayatna karanA yaha IsAI dharma kA khAsa lakSaNa hai| Upara batAe hue do dharmoM se IsAI dharma manuSya kI vyakti ko bahuta hI bhinnasvarUpa meM dekhate haiN| yAhUdI aisA mAnate haiM ki yahovAha yAhUdiyoM kA hI Izvara hai aura khuda hI usakI prajA hai| aisA vizvAsa hone

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tulanAtmaka dhammaivicAra. 141 se unake dharma meM manuSya vyakti kA Izvara ke sAtha saMbaMdha jor3ane kA haka nahIM rhtaa| dharma meM eka vyakti ke rUpa meM unheM sthAna nhiiN| unakI yajJakriyA bhI saba samAja tarapha se hI kI jAtI thii| samAja kI vyakti ko yajJa karane kA adhikAra na thA isa se vaha kriyA manuSya vyakti ke svataMtra dharma ke aMtara rUpa thii| islAma dharma meM aisA bheda na thA usa meM yajJa nahIM kiyA jAtA aura mAnA jAtA / yajJa ke badale Izvara kI stuti kI jAtI hai / IsAI dharma meM jaisA stuti kA artha kiyA jAtA hai vaisA hI artha isa meM bhI kiyA jAtA to manuSya vyakti ke dhArmika svAtaMtrya viSaya ina do dharmoM meM bahuta mata bheda na rahatA / parantu islAma dharma meM stuti kI saphalatA kA AdhAra stuti karane vAle kI manovRtti para nahIM parantu jo vidhipUrvaka vaha kI jAnI cAhie usa vidhi ke yathArtha paripAlana para hai| isa stuti kA uddezya Izvara ke guNa gAne tathA use dhanyavAda dene kA hotA hai| manuSya vyakti ko apanI lAlasA meM se aura pApa karmoM meM se bacane ke lie usameM prArthanA nahIM kI jAtI parantu islAma samAja ko ApattioM se mukta karane ke lie prArthanA kI jAtI hai| isa prakAra islAma dharma meM bhI dUsare dharmoM kI tarahaIzvara kI upAsanA ko samAja kA karttavyarUpa mAnA gayA hai / Izvara kI upAsanA karane ke lie upAsaka kA Izvara ke. ke sAtha svataMtra saMbaMdha hone kI AvazyakatA nahIM pratIta hotii|

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.142 ekezvara vAda. - allA.' saba manuSyoM para prema karatA hai tathA unakI rakSA karatA hai aisI bhAvanA kA vaha usa dharma meM abhAva hI dekhane meM AtA hai / islAma dharma na mAnane vAle saba loga allA ke aura usake upAsakoM ke zatru haiM aura unakA vinAza karane ke lie dharmayuddha calAne kI pratyeka Astika manuSya kA pavitra kartavya hai aisA usa dharma kA vizvAsa hai| __apane rAjakIya samAja meM praveza hue vinA koI bhI manuSya apane dharma kA nahIM ho sakatA aisA vizvAsa jisa dharma meM dekhA jAtA hai usa dharma meM manuSya vyakti kA gaurava bahuta * kama mAnA jAtA hai| vahAM apanI samAja se bAhara ke manuSyoM kA tiraskAra kiyA jAtA hai aura prasaMga Ane para bhI manuSya rUpa meM mAna kara una ke mAna kI rakSA nahIM kI jAtI aura unheM dayA kA pAtra nahIM mAnA . jaataa| apane samAja ke manuSyoM ko bhI svataMtra vyakti ke rUpa meM nahIM likhA jAtA parantu samAja kA hita sAdhane ke sAdhana rUpa mAne jAte haiN| yAhUdI dharma meM vaise hI islAma dharma meM isa prakAra apane samAja ke tathA samAja se bAhara ke manuSyoM kI vyaktiyoM kA bahuta kama mAna kiyA gayA hai| isI lie unameM ekezvara vAda kA saMpUrNa vikAsa nahIM huA mAlUma par3atA hai| mUrtimAn Izvara para eka manuSya vyakti kI zraddhA rUpa ekezvara vAda mukhya tayA manuSya vyakti kA dharma hai isa liye usake vikAsa krama meM manuSya kI tathA usake IzvarakI vyakti adhikAdhika

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. . 153 spaSTa hotI jAtI hai / manuSya vyakti ko girAne vAle saba viSaya isa krama meM Apatti janaka hote haiN| rAjakIya samAja ke hita kI vRddhi ke liye jo dharma utpanna hue haiM usameM manuSya vyakti kA mUlya kama hI lagAyA gayA hotA hai aura isa liye divya vyAkta kI kalpanA bhI usameM ucca ho nahIM sakatI / jahAM divya zakti kI ucca se ucca kalpanA kI jAtI hai vahIM manuSya mAtra vyakti kA bhI yogya mUlya lagAyA jAtA hai aura pazcAttApa karane vAlA eka bhI aparAdhI kA prANa bacatA hai to unake Ananda kI sImA nahIM rahatI / jahAM vyakti se svataMtra dharma kI bhAvanA unnati para hotI hai vahAM bhI aisA dekhane meM AtA hai / parantu jahAM ekezvaravAda, kA saMpUrNa vikAsa nahIM huA hotA vahAM manuSya zakti kI kImata barAbara nahIM lagAI jAtI aisA nahIM hotA / jina dharmoM meM yajJa ko hI mukhya dhArmika kiyA ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai vahAM samAja ke hI hita ke liye yajJa kiye jAte haiM aura inakA uddezya samAjakI AphateM dUra karanA tathA samAja kI samRddhi ke rakSaNa karanekA hotA hai| aisA hone para devatAoM ko bhI samAja ke manuSyoM kI taraha apanI iSTa siddhi ke sAdhana rUpa samAja mAnatA hai| yAhUdiyoM ke ekezvaravAda meM vaha apane devako paramaaizvaryavAn mAnane para bhI usa deva ke sAtha vyakti kA saMbaMdha ho nahIM sakatA aisI bhAvanA ke lee vahAM manuSya vyakti kA mAna kama ho gayA hai| vahAM manuSya

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104 ekezvara vAda. vyakti kI gaNanA karane kA avakAza hI nahIM rahatA kAraNa ki usa dharma meM divya vyakti ko hI samAja ke hita ke sAdhana rUpa mAnA hotA hai / IsAI dharma ke ekezvaravAda meM manuSya vyakti ko samAjahita kA sAdhanarUpa kevala na mAnakara manuSya vyakti ke hita ko bhI sthAna milA huA hai / Izvara premamaya hai, isakA kAraNa yA to kalpanA athavA dRr3ha vizvAsa hai| eka vyakti prema kA viSaya bhI ho aura svayaM viSaya ho aisI kalpanA se manuSya aura divya vyakti kA gaurava bar3ha jAtA hai aura vyakti kevala sAdhanarUpa na mAnakara svataMtra bhI mAnA jAtA hai| Izvara ke manuSya para prema kI tathA manuSya kA apane par3osI tathA Izvara ke prema kI IsAI dharma meM aisI bhAvanA kI gaI hai ki usa bhAvanA se vyakti samAja aura Izvara pUjA kA vAstavika artha IsAI dharmAnuyAyI ko ThIka samajha meM AtA hai| manuSya kA Izvara ke sAtha kA saMbaMdha arthAt dharma kI aisI bhAvanA kisI bhI sthAna para dekhane meM nahIM AtI isase hama tatvajJAna kI dRSTi se aisA kaha sakeMge ki yaha bhAvanA bilakula naI hai / manuSyoM kA Izvara ke sAtha kaisA saMbaMdha hai isa' prazna kA nirNaya karane meM jina prayogoM kI yojanA apane apane samaya meM manuSyoMne kI hai una prayogoM ke lie isa bhAvanA ke kAraNa naI dizA khulI hai / hama aisA bhI kaha sakate haiM IsAI dharma mAnatA hai aise prema kA bala bhI eka nayA hI bala hai / prema zabda kA jo artha IsAI dharma meM kiyA gayA hai usI artha meM prema eka nae

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. 145 balarUpa manuSya kA usake par3osI ke sAtha kA tathA Izvara ke sAtha kA saMbaMdha kA nirNaya karane meM sahAyatArtha hotA hai aisA hameM z2ora se kahanA caahie| . dharma ke itihAsa meM IsAI dharma kA sthAna nizcita karane ke lie arthAt IsAI dharma ke sAtha mukAbalA karake tulanAtmaka paddhati se jina jina dharmoM ke svarUpoM kA nirIkSaNa kiyA gayA hai una svarUpoM meM kitanI samatA hai tathA kitanI viSamatA hai yaha samajhane ke lie prema para batAe hue artha para z2ora dene kI jarUrata hai| IsAI dharma utpanna huA isase pUrva haz2AroM varSa taka jahAM jahAM manuSyoM kA samAja banA hogA vahAM vahAM manuSya apane jAti ke bhAiyoM para prema rakhate hI hoMge aisA hameM mAna lenA par3atA hai kAraNa ki isake abhAva meM samAja ikaThThA raha hI na sake / hama premakA astitva kevala anumAna para se hI isa prakAra mAna lete haiM isa lie prema yaha samAja ke nirmANakA prayojaka bala hai aisA usa samaya kI prajA meM bahuta hI thor3e aMza meM honA cAhie aura prema ke alAvA dUsare bhI kaI prayojaka bala astitva rakhane vAle hoMge aisA isa para se siddha hotA hai| jIvana yuddha calAnA, AtmarakSA karanI aura samAja saMrakSaNa jo eka prakAra se Atma saMrakSaNa hai usa meM pravRtta rahanA yaha prakRti kA mukhya dharma hai| usa samaya ke manuSya yadyapi apanI hI samAja ke manuSyoM para jJAnapUrvaka yA ajJAna se thor3A bahuta prema kabhI rakhate hoMge

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146 ekezvara vAda. to bhI apanI samAja kA nirmANa dRr3ha rakhane ke lie tathA usake utkarSa ke lie apane virodhiyoM para vaha prema nahIM rakhate hoM aisA hameM mAnanA par3atA hai| yajJa ke aMga rUpa kie jAne vAle bhojana samAraMbha para se hama samajha sakate haiM ki jina devatAoM kI, samAja kI rakSA tathA abhivRddhi ke lie vaha prArthanA karate the una devatAoM para vaha thor3A bahuta prema rakhate the| parantu yajJa ko mukhya dharma kriyA rUpa mAnane vAle saba dharmoM ke itihAsa se pratIta hotA hai ki vaha devoM kA tathA unake pUjA karane vAloM kA paraspara prema iSTa siddhi kA AdhAra hai, aisA vaha nahIM mAnate the; parantu kriyA yathA vidhi karane para tathA pratijJA ke pAlana karane para iSTa siddhi kA AdhAra hai aisA vaha maante| isa prakAra prathama se hI manuSya apane par3osiyoM para tathA Izvara para thor3A bahuta prema rakhate the aura isa prema ke astitva se itane aMza meM IsAI dharma kI dUsare dharmoM ke sAtha samatA hai, yaha bAta bahuta hI sUkSma rIti para dekhane se pratIta ho jAtI hai| parantu prAcIna samAja ke manuSyoM meM rahe hue isa prema meM, aura IsAI dharma meM eka mukhya satya rUpa tathA mArgadarzaka siddhAnta rUpa svIkAra kie gae prema meM bahuta pharka hai tathA isa prema kI bhAvanA se pUjA kI, samAja manuSya aura divya vyakti kI kalpanA meM kie gae parivartana para se hama ko usakI mahattA kA khyAla AsakatA hai|

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. 147 jahAM pUjA vidhi kI samApti yajJa kriyA meM ho gaI dekhane meM AtI hai vahAM yajJa kriyA dvArA samAja apane Izvara ke samakSa jA sakatA hai / parantu yaha kriyA samAja ko vyakti aura Izvara ke bIca eka bheda rUpa hotA hai| aisA hamane yAhUdI dharma meM dekhA hai / brAhmaNa dharma meM yaha bheda rUpa yajJa kriyA ko hI eka parama tatva rUpa ginA gayA hai aura isa lie devatA bhI ati gauNa ho gae haiN| dUsare kaI prAcIna dharmoM meM samAja ke manuSyoM ko Izvara pUjA kA svataMtra adhikAra na milane se vaha apane hita ke lie nijU rIti para yajJa karane meM yA jAdu kriyAoM meM pravRtta dekhe jAte haiM / isa kI pUjA karane vAle tathA Izvara aura manuSya saMbaMdhI viSayaka kalpanA para kharAba asara huA hai| jina bAtoM ko samAja viruddha aura adhArmika mAna kara svayaM dhikkAra karatA hai una bAtoM ko siddha karane ke lie jAdu kA Azraya liyA jAtA hai aura jAdu kA upayoga karane vAle manuSya khuda dharma aura nIti ke niyama viruddha AcaraNa karane meM phatehamaMda hoMge aisA mAna baiThate haiM / isakA pariNAma aisA hotA hai ki jina ke astitva aura jina kI pravRttiyoM se samAja ko nuksAna ho aise manuSyoM kI saMkhyA bar3hatI hai aura isa ko rokA na jAe to samAja kI hAni hone kI saMbhAvanA hai| jAdu se nijU yajJa adhika hAnikAraka hote haiM kAraNa ki una para durlakSya kiyA jAtA hai / dhArmika bhAvanA ke kAraNa jAdu ko tatkAla dhikkAra diyA jAtA hai parantu nijU yajJoM ko

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148 ekezvara bAda. vaisA nahIM karate / kevala yAhUdI logoM meM hI nijU yajJoM kA hI kie jAte haiM tabataka AtmahitakA prazna eka ora rahatA hai| parantu jaba eka vyakti ke hita ke liye nijU yajJa kiye jAte haiM aura jaba aise dharma, kA aGga mAnejAte haiM taba dharma ke arthAt manuSyoM ke apane devatA saMbaMdhI svarUpa meM khAsa parivartana hotA hai aura dharma kI bhAvanA kI adhogati hotI hai| yajJa kriyA eka vyApAra rUpa hojAtI hai aura usameM sarvAMza meM vaNik vRtti praveza kara jAtI hai tathA mAtra svArtha siddha karane ke lie hI yajJa karanekI AvazyakatA hai aisA saba koI mAnane lagate haiN| isa prakAra manuSya kI aura devakI apratiSThA hotI hai / deva sAmAnya vyApArI ke darje para AjAtA hai aura manuSya kevala svArthI banajAtA hai| ____ isa prakAra hone se yajJa kriyA meM samAI huI upAsanA kI bhAvanA naSTa ho jAtI hai aura rUr3hi ke prAbalya se yadyapi kriyA vaisI kI vaisI rahatI hai to bhI usameM dhArmika aMza ur3ajAtA hai| aisI samAja ke manuSyoM kA svataMtra haka nahIM svIkAra karanevAlI athavA manuSya kI aura devakI apratiSThA ho isa prakAra manuSya vyakti kA svataMtra pUjA kA haka svIkAra karane kI dhArmika kriyA kA IsAI dharma meM aMtarbhAva nahIM huaa| manuSya kA apane par3osI para tathA apane Izvara para ke prema ke AdhAra para race hue saMpradAya meM svArtha vRtti ko sthAna nahIM rahatA /

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149 pUjA athavA upAsanA mAnasika hI ho sakatI hai aura nirAza aisA jisa dharma meM pragaTa kiyA gayA hai usa dharma meM pazu ityAdi kI bali ko dhArmika kriyA ke rUpa meM nahIM mAnA jaataa| isa vizvAsa ke anusAra IsAI dharma kI yajJoM dvArA apane Izvara kI pUjA karane vAle samAja kI bhAvanA meM parivartana tathA vistAra huA hai| jahAM taka yajJa aura upAsanA ko bhinna nahIM mAnakara eka mAnA jAtA thA taba taka yajJa meM bhAga lene vAlA samAja kI vyaktiyoM ko hI upAsaka ginA jAtA tathA samAja vRddhi hotI taba apane hI devakA yajJa karanevAlA dUsarI taraha ke upAsako meM bhI samAveza kiyA jaataa| yaha bAta hamako dhArmika itihAsa para se pragaTa hotI hai / arthAt pazu yajJoM meM bhAgalene vAloM kA hI upAsaka zreNI meM praveza ho sakatA thA / aise pratibaMdha ke liye aise dharma kA sarvatra pracAra nahIM ho sakatA thA parantu jaba IsAI dharma ne yajJa aura pUjA athavA upAsanA kA bheda pragaTa kiyA taba pUjA karane vAle athavA ' upAsaka ' ina zabdoM ke artha meM bhI parivartana huA aura usakA saMkucita artha haTa kara vaha zabda vistRta artha meM prayukta huA / pUjA kA artha AdhyAtmika saMbaMdha hai aura baddha aura mukta svadharmI tathA paradharmI koI bhI prabhu ke sAtha apanA saMbaMdha jor3a sakatA hai aisI pUjA kI bhAvanA ne usa zabda ke artha meM Upara batAe anusAra parivartana tathA vistAra kiyA /

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150 ekazvara vAda. . IsAI dharma kI pUjA kI kalpanAne samAja kI kalpanA meM isa se bhI vizeSa parivartana kiyA hai / duniyA ke saba dharmoM meM samAja ke manuSyoM kA tathA una ke deva kA ' samAja' meM samAveza kiyA gayA hai kAraNa ki yajJa meM kie jAne vAle bhojana samAraMbhoM me deva aura una ke pUjA karane vAle bhAga lete the aura yajJa dvArA pUjA karane vAle apane iSTa deva ke sAmane pahuMca sakate / parantu jyUM jyUM aneka deva vAda vRddhi karatA gayA tyUM tyUM manuSya vyakti ke hita kA nahIM paraMtu samAja ke hita kI rakSA karane vAle devoM kA bhI eka bhinna hI samAja mAnA jAne lagA aura taba bhI devoM kA aura samAja kA saMbaMdha yajJoM dvArA ho sakatA hai yaha vizvAsa to pracalita rahA / parantu jitane aMza meM yajJa kisI bhI prakAra ke lAbha ke lie kie jAne lage utane aMza meM una ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa meM parivartana hotA gayA / aisI dhArmika bhAvanA kA virodha saMbaMdha bahuta dera taka na sthita raha kara, manuSya aura devoM ko alaga kara de yaha saMbhava thaa| isa ke anusAra devoM kI samAja manuSyoM kI samAja se bhinna mAnI jAne lagI aura yajJa kI dhArmika kriyA ina do samAjoM ko ekatra nahIM rakha sakI / / Izvara premamaya hai aura manuSya apane par3osI para aura apane Izvara para prema rakhe isa IsAI dharma ke siddhAMtane pUjA karane bAloM ke samudAya ko jisa Izvara ke rAjya lAne ke lie 'lArDsa preyara ' meM pahale hI mAMgA hai usa Izvara ke rAjya meM aMtarbhAva

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tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. 151 kara diyA hai| pUjA karanevAloM kA samudAya Izvara ke sAtha vyavahAra kara sakatA hai aura pratyeka manuSya Izvara kA upAsaka ho sakatA hai / yajJa kriyA se nahIM parantu mAtra pUjA se hI jisa Izvara ke sAtha koI manuSya vyakti apanA saMbaMdha jor3a sakatA hai aisA Izvara amuka jAti kA ki amuka prajA kA Izvara nahIM parantu sArI duniyAM kA Izvara hai| ___sarvatra dRSTigata manuSyoM ke Izvara ke sAtha ke saMbaMdha ko dharma kahate haiM aura bhinna bhinna dharmoM meM isa saMbaMdha ko bhinna bhinna svarUpa diyA gayA hai / saba dharmoM meM isa saMbaMdha ke hI bhinna bhinna svarUpa haiM aisA hama kaha sakate haiN| jahAM samAja kA hI usa ke devatA ke sAtha saMbaMdha hai aisA mAnA gayA hai vahAM samasta samAja hI yajJase apane deva kI pUjA kara sakatA hai aura usa samAja ke manuSyoM ko svataMtra pUjA karane kA adhikAra nahIM hotA arthAt vahAM manuSyoM kA vyakti svAtaMtrya svIkAra nahIM kiyA jAtA / jahAM bahuta kara ke nijU yajJa kie jAte haiM athavA jahAM jAdu kA prayoga pracalita rahane dete haiM vahAM isa saMbaMdha para bahuta hI gaharA asara hotA hai aura devatAoM ko eka manuSya vyakti kI iSTa siddhi ke mAtra sAdhanarUpa hI mAnA jAtA hai 2sA hone se vyaktitva kI kalpanA meM svArtha kA samAveza hotA hai aura itane hI para nahIM rukakara vyaktitvakI kalpanA meM aura vyakti kI pravRtti me svArtha kI pradhAnatA ho jAtI hai / tathApi

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152. ekezvara vAda. vaha usake vyaktitva ke bhinna bhinna bhAvoM kA jo daivI aura manuSya saMbaMdhI hai bodhaka hai aura yaha bhAvanA isa mata kI vizeSatA hai| dUsare dharmoM meM jisa kA dhyAna bhI nahIM AyA aisI vyaktitva kI sarvotkRSTa bhAvanA ko batAne vAlI yaha AdhyAtmika athavA mAnasika pUjA kA aura svArtha rahita samAja kI bhAvanAeM haiN| IsAI dharmAnusAra pUrNatA ko prApta mAnuSa vyakti divya prema kA avatAra rUpa hai aura vaha divya vyakti arthAt Izvara premamaya hai / 'prema' yaha zabda vyaktitva kA saMpUrNa jJAna dene vAlA hai kAraNa ki IsAI dharmAnusAra prema yahI vyakti kA. AtmA hai| iti.

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zrI sayAjI sAhityamALA mUlya.. 0-10-.. 1- 0-0 0~11-0 0-11-0 1- 0-0 0-14-0 prakAzita pustakeM (gujarAtImeM) 1. vijJAna-gucchaH 2 bhUpRSTavicAra ( sacitra) 11 dehadharmavidyAnAM tattvo. 12 vijJAnapravezikA. 13 jiMdagIno vimo. 17 udbhijavidyAnuM rekhAdarzana ( sacitra ). 18 karoLIyA ( sacitra ). 22 prANIvidyAnuM rekhAdarzana ( sacitra ). 25 manuSyavidyAnA tattvo. 35 jIvavidyA ( sacitra). 38 tulanAtmaka bhASAzAstra. 46 rAjanItino saMkSipta itihAsa. 47 samAjazAstra pravozakA. 18 bALauchera. 50 bALasvabhAva ane bALauchera. 51 zarIrayaMtranuM rekhAdarzana ( sacitra ). 70 rasAyana pravezikA ( sacitra ). 75 vaDodarAnuM arthazAstra. 2 caritra-gucchaH 8 premAnaMda ( sacitra), 14 dayArAma. 10- 4-0 1-- 4-0 0.14-0 : 1- 8-0 1- 4-0 1- 4-.. 0-12-. 0-11-..

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0-11-0 0-14-0 1- 6-0 1 - 0 1- 6 1- 2-0 3- 8-0 0-12-0 10 mIrAMbAI. 30 giradhara. 33 bhAlaNa ( sacitra ). 41 mahArAjA zivAjI ( marAThI ) ( sacitra ). 45 viSNudAsa. 49 vIra zivAjI ( sacitra). 53 maNizaMkara kIkANI. - 62 dalapatarAma. 3 itihAsa-guccha:1 saMskRta vAGmayAcA itihAsa. ( marAThI ) 9 jagatno vArtArUpa itihAsa, bhAga 1 lo. 19 briTiza rASTrIya saMsthAo. 24 paeNlesTAInanI saMskRti. 26 jagatno vArtArUpa itihAsa, bhAga 2 jo 31 pArlAmeMTa. 34 itihAsa- prabhAta. 43 navIna japAnanI utkrAMti. 55 cInanI saMskRti. 65 hiMdusthAnAcA arvAcIna itihAsa-marAThI riyAsata ( madhyavibhAga ) ( marAThI ). 4 vArtA-gucchaH3 ApaNA laghubandhu aMgreja. 4 alakAno adbhuta pravAsa ( sacitra ). 16 vIra puruSo. 5 dharma-gucchaH6 hiMdustAnanA devo ( sacitra ). 4 1- 0-0 1. 6-0 2-12-0 1- 0-0 1-6-0 0-12-0

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'). 8-0 * -13-. 2-10-0 0-12-0 0-14-0 1- 0-0. 23 dIghanikAya ( bhA. 1 lA) marAThI 32 tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. 36 dharmanA mULatattvo. 42 vividha dharmonuM rekhAdarzana. 44 uttara yuropanI purANakathA. 80 tulanAtmaka dharmavicAra. (hiMdI) 6 nIti-gucchaH5 mAbApane be bola (trIjI AvRtti ). 7 nItizAstra 27 nItivivecana. 29 kaoNbeTano upadeza. 37 naitika jIvana tathA naitika utkarSa. 7 zikSaNa-gucchaH10 bAlodyAna paddhaticeM gRhazikSaNa ( sacitra ). 28 bAlodyAna paddhatinuM gRhazikSaNa ( sacitra). 52 zALA ane zikSaNapaddhati. 8 prakoNa-gucchaH15 sudhAraNA va pragati (marAThI). 21 zista( marAThI ). 39 hindustAnAcA laSkarI itihAsa va ( marAThI ) dostarASTrAcyA phaujA. 54 saMskRti ane pragati. 0-14-0 1- 2-0 0-15-.. 0-15-.. 0-10-0. 0-14-.. 0-15-.. : m . m m

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kiMmata. 0--6-0 zrI sayAjI bAlajJAnamALA. chapAyelA pustako:- (gujarAtI / * ( 1 ) giranAranuM gaurava (sacitra) . ( 2 ) RtunA raMga ( bIjI AvRtti ) 0-6-0 * ( 3 ) zarIrano saMco ( bIjI AvRtti) ( sacitra ) 0-6-0 ... ( 4 ) mahArANA pratApa (sacitra ) 0-6-0 (5) koSanI kathA . (sacitra) 0-6-0 (6) pATaNa-siddhapurano pravAsa 0-6-0 * (7) pAvAgaDha 0-6-0 .. (8) auraMgajheba (sacitra) 0-6-0 * (9) madhapuDo . (sacitra ) 0-6-0 . (10) raNajItasiMha (sacitra ) 0-6-0 . (11) sukhI zarIra . 0-6-0 * (12) zrIharSa 0-6-0 . (13) sUryakiraNa (sacina ) 0-6-0 . (14) vAtAvaraNa 0-6-0 (15) grahaNa (sacitra) 0-6-0 (16) bAlanepolIana 0-6-0

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