Bharatiya Samvato Ka Itihas

Author(s): Aparna Sharma
Publisher: S S Publishers
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/023417/1

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa aparNA zarmA kasa vikramIsa ca. mA. ce. mA kAra pew

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pustaka ke viSaya meM prastuta pustaka bhAratIya itihAsa meM pracalita hue saMvatoM kA vistRta adhyayana hai / Adi kAla se hI manuSya kI jijJAsA eka aisI vyavasthita va pariSkRta samaya-mApana paddhati ko vikasita karane kI rahI hai jo usake jIvana krama ko gati pradAna kara sake tathA vyatIta samaya kI gaNanA karane meM sahAyaka ho / isI pariprekSya meM vizva ke alaga-alaga konoM meM khagola-zAstra va jyotiSazAstra kA vikAsa huA tathA svatantra rUpa se gaNanA paddhatiyA~ vikasita huIM jinhoMne paraspara eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita bhI kiyaa| prastuta pustaka meM bhAratIya gaNanA paddhati ke vikAsa va usa para videzI prabhAva kA adhyayana karate hue bhArata meM prAcIna kAla se svatantratA prApti taka Arambha hone vAle cauvAlIsa saMvatoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / pustaka kA mukhya uddezya pAThakoM ko rASTrIya saMvat ke viSaya meM jAnakArI denA hai / isa saMvat kA prArambha bhArata sarakAra dvArA svatantratA prApti ke pazcAt tatkAlIna pracalita vibhinna savatoM tathA gaNanA paddhatiyoM kA adhyayana kara gaNanA kI dRSTi se pariSkRta kara, kiyA gayA thA / parantu, jina kAraNoM se yaha bhArata ke rASTrIya saMvat kA sthAna nahIM le pAyA unakA vivecana pustaka ke niSkarSa meM kiyA gayA hai / itihAsa va saMvat kA kyA sambandha hai ? eka rASTrIya saMvat kI rASTrIya ekatA meM kyA bhUmikA hai ? isa pustaka ke pAThakoM ko aise kitane hI anya praznoM ke uttara mileMge / Rs.400

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa DaoN0 aparNA zarmA No - 000628 esa0 esa0 pablizarsa dillI-31

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prakAzaka esa0 esa0 pablizarsa IX/5572, pazcimI sIlamapura gAMdhI nagara, dillI-110031 ISBN 81-85396-10-8 prathama saMskaraNa 1664 (c) lekhaka prAyaH 4.4.... mUlya : ru. 400.00 mudraka prIti priMTarsa maujapura, dillI-110053

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prAkkathana prastuta zodha prabandha bhAratIya itihAsa meM pracalita samvatoM kA eka vizleSaNAtmaka adhyayana hai / isameM bhAratIya itihAsa kA tAtparya prAcIna bhArata se bhAratIya svataMtratA prApti 1947 I0 taka ke itihAsa se hai tathA svatantratA pUrva jo bhArata kI sImAyeM thIM, una sabhI kSetroM se sambandhita samvatoM kA vivecana isake antargata huA hai cAhe aba ve bhArata kI sImAoM meM haiM yA nahIM / zatAbdiyoM kA mAnavIya itihAsa yaha batAtA hai ki manuSya ko sadaiva hI eka nizcita tithi- gaNanA kI AvazyakatA rahI hai| isa saMdarbha meM nirantara prayAsa va sudhAra hote rahe haiM / vizva ke aneka sthAnoM para pRthak-pRthak gaNanA-paddhatiyoM kA vikAsa huA tathA bhArata meM bhI saptarSikAla, bRhaspatikAla, parazurAma cakra, graha parivartI cakra, candramAna, sauramAna va candra- saura mAna gaNanA-paddhatiyoM kA vikAsa huA, asaMkhya samvatoM kI sthApanA kI gayI tathA dainika vyavahAra kI suvidhA ke lie aneka prakAra ke paMcAMgoM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA / yadyapi gaNanApaddhati, samvat va paMcAMga samaya nApane ke hI sAdhana haiM, parantu unameM thor3A-thor3A antara hai tathA prastuta prabandha meM unameM se pratyeka zabda kA apanA nijI artha rakhatA hai | ataH inake artha kA samajhanA Avazyaka hai / gaNanA-paddhati ke antargata samaya mApane kI choTI-bar3I ikAiyoM kA nirdhAraNa va ina ikAiyoM ke lie grahoM, nakSatroM, candra, sUrya kI cAloM kA adhyayana AtA hai / isa kArya ko khagolazAstriyoM va paMcAMga nirmAtAoM dvArA kiyA jAtA hai / isa prakAra nirdhArita kI gayI gaNanA-paddhati ko AdhAra mAnate hue, kisI bhI smaraNIya ghaTanA se varSoM kI ginatI Arambha kara denA tathA isa gaNanA ko eka nAma de denA samvat kahalAtA hai / na kevala bhArata meM varan vizva bhara meM gaNanA-paddhati ke nirmAtA va usako vikasita karane vAle vyakti va samvat Arambha karane vAle vyakti alaga-alaga haiM / jaise ki bhAratIya gaNanA-paddhati kA vikAsa vaidika yuga meM huA va vedoM meM isakA ullekha hai / isake bAda siddhAnta jyotiSa kA vikAsa huA, isake bAda islAma ke anuyAyiyoM ke bhArata Agamana ke sAtha bhAratIya jyotiSa para islAmI

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(kha) paddhati ne prabhAva ddaalaa| IsAIyoM ke Agamana ke bAda pAzcAtya paddhati kA prabhAva bhAratIya paddhati para pdd'aa| apane vikAsa ke ina vibhinna staroM se gujarate samaya gaNanA-paddhati kA sambandha nakSatroM tathA candra va sUrya kI gaNanAoM se rhaa| AryabhaTTa, vArAhamihira, bhAskarAcArya, gaNeza, devajJa Adi bar3e-bar3e jyotiSI va khagolazAstrI hue / jyotiSa ke aneka mahattvapUrNa graMthoM kI racanA kI gaI, lekina ina jyotiSiyoM athavA khagolazAstriyoM meM se kisI ne bhI kisI samvat kI sthApanA nahIM kI, apane nAma se athavA ki pI khagolazAstrIya ghaTanA se koI nayA samvata prArambha nahIM kiyaa| samvatoM kA Arambha rAjAoM dvArA kiyA gyaa| yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki samvat Arambha karane vAle ina rAjAoM ko gaNanA-paddhati kA bahata sakSmatA se jJAna thA varana ye loka prasiddha the aura inake jIvana kI ghaTanAyeM itanI mahatvapUrNa thI ki sadiyoM taka unakI smati logoM meM banI rahI tathA ye prasiddha rAjA va vyaktitva samvatoM ke ArambhakartA rahe va mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAyeM saMvatoM ke Arambha ke lie uttaradAyI rhiiN| paMcAMga kA tAtparya pAMca aMgoM vAle se hai / tithi, vAra, nakSatra, yoga tathA karNa paMcAMga ke pAMca aMga haiM / paMcAMga gaNanA-paddhati kA vaha rUpa hai, jisameM isako sarvasAdhAraNa ke dainika vyavahAra ke lie sarala rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAtA hai / sAdhAraNa vyakti ke lie khagola va jyotiSa ke pUre siddhAntoM ko samajhanA va unake AdhAra para tithi, mAha va varSa ke svarUpa ko nirdhArita karanA sambhava nahIM hai / ataH dainika vyavahAra ke lie gaNanA kI sabase choTI ikAI se eka varSa taka kI ikAiyoM, mukhya tyohAroM, muhUrtoM, utsavoM, mausama, vyApAra, kRSi yA udyogoM se saMbaMdhita bhaviSyavANiyoM ko eka patra yA patrikA ke rUpa meM chApA jAtA hai| yaha paMcAMga kahalAtA hai| paMcAMga adhikatara vArSika banate haiN| kabhI-kabhI paMca. varSIya, dasavarSIya athavA pUrI zatAbdI ke lie bhI paMcAMga banA liyA jAtA hai| eka paMrcAga kaI saMvatoM kA sammilita pacAMga bhI ho sakatA hai yA eka hI gaNanA paddhati se bane paMcAMga para aneka saMvatoM ke cAla varSoM ko bhI likha diyA jAtA hai| prastuta zodha prabandha pAMca adhyAyoM meM vibhAjita haiM : prathama adhyAya meM kAla gaNanA kA saMkSipta itihAsa, ikAiyAM va vibhinna cakra yahAM die gae haiM, isameM vizva meM paMcAMga va kAla gaNanA ke vikAsa kA saMkSipta ullekha karate hue bhAratIya gaNanA-paddhati ke itihAsa va usa para videzI prabhAva kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya kAla-gaNanA meM kyA apanA hai va kina tattvoM para videzI prabhAva hai isa

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(ga) saMbaMdha meM videzI va svadezI vidvAnoM ke vicAra diye gae haiN| isa adhyAya meM bhAratIya kAla-gaNanA ke cakroM kA ullekha hai jo aneka bhAratIya saMvatoM kA AdhAra rahI hai| isameM paMcavarSIya cakra, saptarSi cakra, bRhaspati kAla (cakra), parazurAma kA cakra ba grahaparivartI cakra kA ullekha hai / dvitIya adhyAya meM dharma caritroM se saMbaMdhita saMvat hai| isameM aise saMvatoM kA ullekha hai jo aneka sampradAyoM ke dharma-netAoM athavA devI-devatAoM kI jIvana-ghaTanAoM se jur3e haiM / inameM bahuta se Aja bhI pracalita haiN| parantu ve dharmakAryoM ke lie prayoga hote haiM, tathA jisa sampradAya se saMbaMdhita haiM usa sampradAya ke mAnane vAloM taka hI sImita haiM / isake atirikta inakA vizeSa mahattva nahIM hai| tRtIya adhyAya meM aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se Arambha hone vAle saMvata haiM, isameM aise saMvatoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai jo bhAratIya itihAsa kI aisI ghaTanAoM se Arambha hote haiM, jinakI prAmANikatA itihAsa ke dRSTikoNa se nizcita kI jAtI hai / yadyapi ina ghaTanAoM ke saMbaMdha meM bhArI mata-bhinnatA hai phira bhI vibhinna sAkSyoM se prApta niSkarSoM ke AdhAra para yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki ve sambhAvita tithi ke karIba ghaTita avazya huii| isa adhyAya meM varNita saMvatoM meM adhikAMza ke Arambha kA uddezya apane Arambha karane vAle rAjA kI rAjanaitika prabhusattA darzAnA hai| kucha saMvatoM ke Arambha kA uddezya rAjanaitika zakti-pradarzana ke sAtha-sAtha dhArmika pracAra bhI rahA hai| caturtha adhyAya meM aneka pramukha saMvatoM ke aise tatvoM kA ullekha hai jo saba meM eka jaise hI grahaNa kie gae haiN| isameM vartamAna gaNanApaddhati ke AdhArabhUta tattvoM candra mAna, saura mAna, candra-saura mAna kA ullekha huA hai tathA bhArata meM vartamAna samaya meM pracalita kucha paMcAMgoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| vartamAna hindU paMcAMgoM kI kyA paddhati va avasthA hai, isakA bhI varNana huA hai| paMcama adhyAya meM aise kAraNoM kA jikra kiyA gayA hai, jinhoMne bhArata meM saMvatoM kI vizAla saMkhyA ko janma diyaa| sAtha hI kucha aise tathya bhI die haiM jo ina saMvatoM kI saMkhyA ko sImita kara dene ke lie uttaradAyI haiN| bhArata sarakAra ne zaka saMvat ko rASTrIya paMcAMga ke rUpa meM grahaNa karate samaya usake pUrva pracalita svarUpa meM kisa prakAra parivartana kiyA hai, isakA ullekha hai| sAtha hI vartamAna rASTrIya paMcAMga kI mAlocanA dI gayI hai / "niSkarSa" nAmaka adhyAya meM isa saMdarbha meM sujhAva die gae haiM ki vartamAna rASTrIya paMcAMga meM kisa prakAra ke sudhAra kie jAye jisase ki vaha bhArata rASTra kA pratinidhitva kara ske| bhAratIya rASTrIya saMvat kA svarUpa kyA ho-isa para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| pariziSTa meM dI tAlikAyeM haiM, jinameM bhArata meM pracalita hue saMvatoM ke AraMbhika

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(gha) varSa IsAI saMvat meM die gae haiM tathA vibhinna paMcAMgoM ke AdhAra para saMvatoM ke vartamAna pracalita varSa die gae haiM, jo saMvat aba pracalana se vAhara hai unake anumAnita vartamAna varSa die gae hai| prastuta zodha prabandha kA uddezya bhAratIya saMdatoM kA vizleSaNAtmaka adhyayana tathA gaNanA-paddhati ke vikAsa kA adhyayana karanA hai| bhAratIya itihAsa meM praca. lita hue vibhinna saMvatoM ne itihAsa ko kisa prakAra prabhAvita kiyA tathA varta. mAna sapaya meM bhAratIya paristhitiyoM ke anusAra kisa prakAra kI gaNanA-paddhati va saMvat vikasita kiyA jAye jisase ki vaha bhArata kI rASTrIya ekatA meM sahAyaka ho tathA itihAsa-lekhana va prAcIna itihAsa ke adhyayana meM sahAyaka ho sake-ina uddezyoM ko lekara yaha zodha prabandha likhA gayA hai| ___ maiM apane isa zodhakArya ke lie sarvaprathama pUjya dAdAjI zrI bhagavata prasAda zarmA ko dhanyavAda detI haiM jinakI preraNA va AzIrvAda se maiM yaha zodhakArya karane meM samartha huii| maiM DaoN0 esa0 ke0 zarmA sahAyaka prAdhyApaka, pantanagara vizvavidyAlaya, zrImatI zazI kAntA, zrI aniruddha zarmA, zrI rAjIva zarmA va zrI ajaya zarmA ko dhanyavAda detI hUM, jinhoMne viSaya se saMbaMdhita mahatvapUrNa sAmagrI prApta karane, anuvAda karane tathA zodha prabandha ke TAipa karAne meM merI mahatvapUrNa sahAyatA kI hai| maiM DaoN0 DI0 esa0 triveda, DaoN. vIrendra varmA, DaoN. satyasavA evaM DaoN0 satyaketu vidyAlaMkAra ke prati apanA AbhAra vyakta karatI hUM, jinake dvArA nirdezita pustakoM va zodha-patroM se mujhe mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI upalabdha huI tathA inake svayaM likhita graMthoM va zodha-patroM se bhI vibhinna saMvatoM ke saMbaMdha meM mujhe jAnakArI milI hai| maiM apane parivAra ke una sabhI sadasyoM vizeSakara DaoN0 bI0 DI0 zarmA (mere zvasura) va zrImatI rAjabAlA zarmA ke prati kRtajJa haM, jinhoMne mere aneka pArivArika dAyitvoM ko vahana kara mujhe zodha-kArya ke lie samaya pradAna kiyA tathA unake preraNAdAyaka udgAroM ne mere utsAha ko bddh'aayaa| maiM tilaka pustakAlaya meraTha, Ara0 jI0 kaoNlija pustakAlaya meraTha, meraTha vizvavidyAlaya pustakAlaya meraTha, gavarnameMnTa pustakAlaya meraTha, senTrala saMkreTeriyeTa pustakAlaya dillI, dillI vizvavidyAlaya pustakAlaya dillI, iNDiyana egrIkalcara risarca insTITyUTa pustakAlaya dillI, pantanagara vizvavidyAlaya pustakAlaya pantanagara, senTrala ArkelAjikala lAyabrarI dillI, rASTrIya abhilekhAgAra pustakAlaya naI dillI Adi pustakAlayoM ke karmacArI varga ko dhanyavAda detI haM, jinhoMne viSaya saMbaMdhI mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI prApta karane meM merI sahAyatA kii|

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() maiM zraddheya DaoN0 ke0 ke0 zarmA jI ko hArdika dhanyavAda detI hUM, jinhoMne apanA bahumUlya samaya dekara tathA sabhI prakAra se merA mArgadarzana va nirdezana kara zodhakArya pUrA karane meM merI sahAyatA kii| maiM una sabhI mitroM va saMbaMdhiyoM ke kAryoM va bhAvanAoM ke prati apanA AbhAra jApita karatI hUM jo pratyakSa athavA apratyakSa rUpa meM lezamAtra bhI mere zodhakArya se saMbaMdhita rahe haiN| anta meM maiM zrI je0 pI0 guptA jI ko dhanyavAda detI hUM jinhoMne bahuta lagana va zrama se isa zodha prabandha kA TaMkaNa kiyA hai| DaoN. aparNA zarmA I/43-e-28, lAla bAga go0 ba0 panta vizvavidyAlaya pantanagara (nainItAla) 263145

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anukramaNikA krama saM0 pRSTha saM0 prAkkathana __ (ka) 81 1. kAlagaNanA kA saMkSipta itihAsa, ikAiyAM va vibhinna cakra paMcavarSIya cakra 22, saptarSi cakra 23, bRhaspati kAla (cakra) 25, parazurAma kA cakra 28, graha parivartI cakra 30 2. dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat sRSTi saMvata 34, kAlayavana saMvat 36, kRSNa saMvat 41, yudhiSThira saMvat 42, kaliyuga saMvat 44, laukika saMvat 53, buddha nirvANa saMvat 55, mahAvIra nirvANa saMvat 56, IsAI saMvat 64, hijrI saMvat 71, bahAI saMvat 75, maharSi dayAnaMda saMvat 78 3. aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle saMvat maurya saMvat 81, sailyUsIDiyana saMvat 83, pArthiyA saMvat 87, vikrama saMvat 88, zaka saMvat 100, kalcurI cedI saMvat 106, gupta saMvat 113, amalI saMvat 123, vilAyatI saMvata 123, phasalI saMvat 124, baMgAlI san 128, zrI harSa saMvat 130, bhaTTikA saMvat 137, mAgI saMvat 140, gaMgA saMvata 141, barmI komana saMvat 144, bhaumAkara saMvat 146, kollama saMvat 147, nevAra (nepAla) saMvat 150, cAlukya vikrama saMvat 151, lakSmaNa sena saMvat 154, zivasiMha saMvat 158, zAhUra san 160, pur3avaippu saMvat 162, tArIkha ilAhI saMvat 162, julusI saMvat 167, rAja zaka saMvat 168, vividha saMvat 169 4. vibhinna saMvatoM kA pArasparika sambandha va vartamAna avasthA 5. bhArata meM saMvatoM ko adhika saMkhyA kI utpatti ke kAraNa tayA __ vartamAna rASTrIya paMcAMga 6. niSkarSa 7. pariziSTa 8. saMdarbha grantha sUcI nirdezikA 173 186 221 226 235 238

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prathama adhyAya kAla gaNanA kA saMkSipta itihAsa, ikAIyA~ va vibhinna cakra kAla gaNanA kA itihAsa sabhyatA kI sIr3hI para pahalA kadama rakhate hI manuSya ko samaya kI gaNanA karane va samaya ko vibhAjita karane kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa huii| Arambha meM manuSya ne dhUpa va chAyA ke sahAre dina ko bA~TA' / zana-zana dinoM ke samUhoM, pakSa, mAha, varSa Adi kA vikAsa huA / gahana adhyayana va vijJAna kI unnati ke sAtha hI isa kSetra meM bhI pragati huI tathA samaya gaNanA kI sUkSmatama ikAI pratipala, vipala, pala-se yuga va mahAyuga taka vibhinna ikAIyoM kA vikAsa huaa| vizva kI vibhinna sabhyatAoM meM yaha vikAsa bhinna-bhinna tarIkoM se huA / sabhyatAoM ke paraspara samparka va vicAroM ke AdAna pradAna ne bhI dUsare ke siddhAntoM ko prabhAvita kiyaa| samaya gaNanA ko adhikAdhika spaSTa, vyavahArika va vaijJAnika banAne ke saMdarbha meM aneka sudhAra hue| Adhunika samaya meM vizva bhara meM aneka tattva samaya gaNanA ke lie samAna rUpa se hI prayukta hone lage haiM va kucha tathyoM meM Azcaryajanaka bhinnatA hai| bhAratIya khagola-zAstra kA itihAsa bhI hajAroM varSa purAnA hai| samaya-samaya para isameM aneka parivartana kiye gaye / prastuta adhyAya meM kAla gaNanA ke saMkSipta itihAsa, vibhinna kAla cakroM va samaya gaNanA ke AdhArabhUta stambha candramAna va sUryamAna kA ullekha hai / tithikrama ke adhyayana meM paMcAMga ke vikAsa kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai kyoMki isakA sambandha samaya kA hisAba lagAne, niyamita vibhAga karane tathA ghaTanAoM kI tithi nizcita karane ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| "prathama paMcAMga mizra dvArA 1. 'bAibila' ke prathama adhyAya vyutpatti meM likhA hai, "- aura bhagavAna ne rozanI ko dina aura aMdhere ko rAta kahA isa prakAra zAma aura subaha pahalA dina thaa|" (vyutpatti 1:5) aura isa prakAra dinoM ko ginate hue bhagavAna ne bAibila ke anusAra isa saMsAra kI racanA kii|

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa nirmita huA jisako romavAloM ne juliyana paMcAMga ke lie vikasita kiyA tatpazcAt gragoriyana paMcAMga ne aura adhika unnati kii|" vibhinna kaleNDara yUropa meM jUliyana, gragoriyana, phrAMsIsI krAnti kA kalaMnDara, amerikA meM mAyA, maiksikana, inkA va uttarI amerikA kA kalainDara, sudUra pUrva meM prAcIna kAla ke hindU kalanDara, cInI kalainDara, yahUdI kalanDara, islAmika kalanDara, madhya pUrva kA kalainDara Adi vibhinna kalenDaroM kA vikAsa vizva ke vibhinna sthAnoM para huaa| yUropa meM kalainDara sudhAra kA kArya roma se Arambha huaa| pUrva pracalita kalanDara ko jUliyasa sIjara ke samaya punaH sthira va zodhita kiyA gayA, jisase isakA nAma jUliyana kalainDara pdd'aa| isake bAda jo antara par3A usako popa gragorI 13veM ne ThIka kiyA / ataH kalainDara kA nAma gragoriyana kalanDara pdd'aa| vartamAna samaya meM gragorI dvArA kiye gaye sudhAra para hI yUropiyana kalainDara AdhArita hai| vaha vyavasthA 1582 I0 meM kI gayI thI, 1786 meM phrAMsIsI krAnti ke samaya vAstIla ke patana ke bAda phrAMsIsI kalainDara kA bhI navInIkaraNa kiyA gayA / cArlsa gilbarTa rome ko kalanDara sudhAra samiti kA pradhAna banAyA gayA / 1792 se phrAMsa meM phreMca ripablika kalainDara kArya karane lgaa| isameM 30-30 dina ke 12 mAha tathA 5 dina utsavoM va chuTTiyoM ke liye the / ataH varSa kI lambAI 365 dina hI rahI tathA lauMda kA mAha bhI grigorI kalanDara ke samAna hI rahA, 7 dina ke saptAha ke sthAna para dasa-dasa dina ke 3 upabhAgoM meM mAha ko bA~Ta diyA gyaa| dinoM ke nAma punaH rakhe gaye / kintu, yaha kalainDara mAtra phrAMsa meM hI calA aura vaha bhI bahuta kama samaya taka / 1806 se naipoliyana ne punaH grigoriyana kalainDara ko apanA liyaa| amerikA meM mAyA, maiksikana, inkA va uttarI amerikA ke kalaMnDaroM kA vikAsa huA / mAyA kalainDara meM bhI varSa kI lambAI 365 dina hI hai tathA 52 varSIya arthAt 18,680 dina kA cakra hai| maiksiko kalainDara maiksiko kI ghATI se nikalA hai aura mAyA kalaiNDara ke hI samAna hai| cakra bhI dhArmika mAyA kalainDara ke samAna hI hai parantu usakA nAma mAyA na hokara TohanA pohalI hai tathA mahInoM ke nAmoM meM mAyA kalanDara se bhinnatA hai| inkA kalainDara ke sambandha meM itihAsakAroM kA vizvAsa hai ki perU ke inkA logoM kA eka kalainDara thA 1. 'insAiklopIDiyA briTenakA', volyUma tRtIya, Tokyo, 1967, pR0 565

Page #17
- kAla gaNanA kA saMkSipta itihAsa, ikAIyA~ va vibhinna cakra jisameM candra saura donoM se gaNanA hotI thI, 12 candra mAsa the, samaya kI gaNanA * dasamalava meM kI jAtI thI / uttarI amerikA ke kalaMnDara meM samaya kI gaNanA ke lie char3iyoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / dina pramukha ikAI thA jise sabhI janajAtiyAM svIkAra karatI thiiN| varSa ko kabhI cAra va kabhI pAMca mausamoM meM bAMTA jAtA thA / varSa kA Arambha pUrNimA se mAnA jAtA thA / sudUra pUrva meM hindU va cInI kalainDaroM kA vikAsa huA / hindU kalenDara kA * vikAsa hajAroM varSa pUrva se pUrNa vikasita avasthA meM hai| vaidika yuga meM hI paMcavarSIya cakra kA Arambha kiyA gayA jisameM niyamita dina mAha va saptAha kA krama thA / isake pazcAt bRhaspati cakra, parazurAma kA cakra, saptarSi cakra Adi vibhinna paddhatiyoM kA vikAsa paMcAMga vyavasthA ke saMdarbha meM kiyA gayA / siddhAnta jyotiSa kA vikAsa huA / sUrya siddhAnta dvArA varSa kI lambAI punaH nirdhArita kI gayI / aba Adhunika samaya meM hI 1655 meM bhArata sarakAra dvArA kalainDara sudhAra ke lie niyukta kI gayI samiti kI riporTa meM sampUrNa bhAratIya gaNanA paddhati kA zodhita rUpa prastuta kiyA gayA hai jisako bhAratIya rASTrIya kalainDara ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| cInI kalainDara kA Arambha I0 se 1400 varSa pUrva se mAnA jAtA hai / isameM varSa 365, 1/4 dina kA mAnA gayA, 12 mAha kA varSa hotA thA tathA pratyeka 16 varSa bAda eka atirikta mAha hotA thA, arthAt 13 mAha kA varSa hotA thA / yahUdI kalainDara candrasaura hai / isake varSa saura va mAha candrIya haiM / yaha 16 varSIya cakra hai / ataH tIsarA, chaThA, AMThavA, gyAharavAM, caudahavAM, satrahavAM va unnIsavAM varSaM lauMda kA hotA hai / sAdhAraNa varSa meM 353, 54, 55 dina tathA 12 candramAha hote haiM jabaki lauMda ke varSa meM 383, 84, 85 dina tathA 13 candramAha hote haiM / islAmika kalainDara (hijrA kalainDara) pUrNa rUpa se candrIya paddhati para AdhArita hai jisake sAdhAraNa varSa meM 354 tathA lauMda ke varSa meM 355 dina hote haiM / saUdI araba va IrAna Adi meM yaha rAjakIya saMvat hai / vizva ke anya sthAnoM para jahAM bhI islAma ke anuyAyI rahate haiM yaha dhArmika paMcAMga ke rUpa meM pracalita hai / misra va grIsa ke atirikta madhya pUrva ke sabhI dezoM meM candrasaura kalainDaroM kA pracalana hai / isa kSetra se 2700 I0 pUrva taka kI gaNanA kI tAlikAyeM pAyI gayIM haiM / ina tAlikAoM se siddha hotA hai ki inake nirmAtAoM ne mAnava kI tatkAlIna AvazyakatAoM ke anusAra samaya kA vibhAjana kiyA thA /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa paMcAMga kA vikAsa paMcAMga kA artha "nAgarika jIvana meM suvidhA, aitihAsika, vaijJAnika, sAmAjika va dhArmika kAryoM kI vyavasthA ke liye dinoM ke sAmUhikIkaraNa kI prakriyA se hai " " | paMcAMga kI AvazyakatA pratyeka aisI sabhyatA ke lie sarvamAnya rUpa se hai jo kRSi, vyApAra tathA gharelU athavA anya kAraNoM ko nApanA cAhatI hai / bhArata meM vaidika yuga meM paMcAMga banAnA Arambha huA / vedoM, sUtroM va brAhmaNa sAhitya se isa saMdarbha ke tathya upabladha hote haiM / bhArata meM hindI paMcAMga vijJAna ke vikAsa kI cAra avasthAyeM haiM--- 1. vedAMga jyotiSa kA samaya 2. vedAMga jyotiSa se siddhAnta jyotiSa taka kA samaya 3. Arambhika saiddhAntika yuga 4. antima saiddhAntika yuga meM samApta hotA hai / 2 366 bhAratIya khagola zAstra ke mukhya siddhAntoM kA vikAsa vaidika yuga meM huA sAhitya kI eka prathaka zAkhA ke rUpa meM yaha vijJAna rahA / isI ko vedAMga jyotiSa kahA jAtA hai / bhArata meM vedAMga jyotiSa ke samaya paMcavarSIya cakra kA prayoga hotA thA / jyotiSa siddhAnta ke anusAra paMcavarSIya cakra jo ki mAha ke zveta arddha se Arambha hotA hai tathA pUsa ke kRSNa pakSa dina, 1 varSa, 6 RtueM, 2 Ayana, 12 mAha saurya mAnI jAnI cAhiye / inheM pAMca bAra ginane para eka cakra banatA hai / parantu isa vyavasthA ke kucha doSa the jisase ise tyAga diyA gayA, 300 I0 pUrva se 300 I0 taka paMcAMga vyavasthA meM kucha sudhAra huA tathA siddhAnta jyotiSa kA vikAsa huaa| brAhmaNa varSa basaMta se, kSatriya grISma se va vaizya patajhar3a se Arambha hotA thA / pazcimI bhArata ke sAtavAhana zAsakoM ke guhA lekha inhIM paMcAMgoM meM hai / inakI gaNanA paddhativa 1. 'insAiklopIDiyA briTenakA', volyUma-tRtIya, Tokyo (jApAna) 1967, pR0 565 2. DA0 Ara0 samAzAstrI, 'vedAMga jyotiSa', gavarnameNTa brAMca presa, maisUra, 136, pR0 2 3. vahI, pR0 30 4. pI0 sI0 sena gupta, eMziyeMTa iNDiyana kronolojI', kalakattA yUnIvarsiTI kalakattA, 1947, pR0 206

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kAla gaNanA kA saMkSipta itihAsa, ikAIyAM va vibhinna cakra dinoM kI saMkhyA Adi kisa prakAra thI yaha jJAta nahIM hai| ina lekhoM meM grISma, varSA va hemaMta tIna hI RtuoM kA ullekha hai| pratyeka 4-4 mAha kI hai| grIsa ke loga 18 varSIya cakra kA prayoga karate the, ATha vaSIya cakra meM tIna lauMda ke varSa hote the / isa paMcAMga kI zuddhi ke lie grIsa ke logoM ne 16 varSIya cakra kA bhI vikAsa kiyA / pUre grIka sAmrAjya meM bhI eka samAna gaNanA paddhati pracalita nahIM thii| IsA kI dUsarI sadI ke karIba bhAratIya khagolazAstriyoM dvArA zaka saMvat kA prayoga kiyA jAne lagA tathA adhikAMza abhilekhoM kI tithi bhI isI meM aMkita kI jAne lgii| pazcima meM khagola zAstra ke kSetra meM huyI nayI khojoM ne bhAratIya khagolazAstra ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA, 432 bI0 sI0 meM maiTana cakra kI khoja huyii| tIsarI zatAbdI ke anta taka gaNita ke AdhAra para khagola zAstra kA vikAsa kara liyA gyaa| grIsa meM jyotiSa vijJAna kI pragati huI / ise grIsa va bebI. loniyA kA khagola zAstra kahA jAtA hai| isI paddhati para paMcAMgoM kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| bhArata meM bhI kuSANa rAjAoM ke abhilekhoM meM isI paMcAMga kA prayoga huaa| parantu bhAratIya paMcAMga vyavasthA grIsa va bebIlona kI paMcAMga vyavasthA se kAphI bhinna thI tathA bhArata meM pUrva pracalita paMcavarSIya cakra se adhika sUkSma va truTirahita thI / isI ko saiddhAntika paMcAMga vyavasthA kahA gayA hai| yaha candrasaurya vAlA paMcAMga thaa| pArAzara saMhitA, kazyapa saMhitA, bhRgusaMhitA, bhAgavat purANa, divyAvadAna Adi granthoM meM bhAratIya tithi gaNanA kI paddhati kA ullekha milatA hai / pI0 sI0 saina ke anusAra saiddhAntika paMcAMga kI khoja kA zreya Arya-bhaTTa ko jAtA hai / jabaki apUrva kumAra cakravartI Arya bhaTTa se kAphI pahale saiddhAntika paMcAMga kA pracalana mAnate hai| gupta kAla meM paMcAMga nirmAtA 1. apUrva kumAra cakravartI, 'iNDiyana kalenDarikala sAiMsa', kalakattA 1675, pR0 16 2. vahI, pR0 20 3. vahI, pR0 30 / 2. Calendarical Science. 5. pI0 sI0 saina gupta, 'eMziyeMTa iNDiyana kronolaoNjI', kalakattA, 1647, pR0 38-36 / 6. apUrva kumAra cakravartI, 'iNDiyana kaileNDarikala sAiMsa', pR0 31 /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa saiddhAntika niyamoM kA hI prayoga karate the| saiddhAntika paMcAMga kI Arambhika sthiti meM caitra paddhati kA prayoga karate the| sAtha hI isa samaya taka kaliyuga ne bhI nizcita rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA thaa| bhAratIya jyotiSiyoM meM saiddhAntika paMcAMga ke saMdarbha meM do pramukha bAtoM para mata bhinnatA hai / prathama-grahaNa kI vAstavika sthiti va dvitIya-nakSatrIya mAdhya gati kA kalainDarIya uddezyoM ke lie prayoga / Arambha meM jyotiSa siddhAnta meM caitra paddhati kA prayoga thA, bAda meM usameM raivataka kA prayoga hone lagA aura usake bAda ke samaya meM jaba mahAviSuva ina donoM se hI haTa gayA taba bhI bhAra. tIya jyotiSI caitra athavA raivataka paddhati kA hI prayoga karate rahe sambhavataH isakA kAraNa viSuva kA apUrNa jJAna thaa| isakA sIdhA pariNAma yaha hai ki candra va saurya donoM ke hI varSa aura mAsa tathA malamAsoM meM antara A gayA hai| isa kAraNa raivataka va caitra siddhAntoM se alaga-alaga gaNanA Arambha hii| aneka khagola zAstriyoM ke hAthoM meM jyotiSa kI sthira bAteM badalatI rahIM aura thor3e-thor3e virodha ke sAtha anumAnita kI jAtI rahI / bhinna-bhinna jyotiSiyoM ne vibhinna sudhAroM kA prayoga kiyaa| Adhunika sUrya siddhAnta ke nirmANa se isa sthiti meM thor3A sudhAra aayaa| saiddhAntika paMcAMga ke bAda isa kSetra meM aneka sudhAra huye, 10 vIM zatAbdI ke anta taka Adhunika sUrya siddhAnta kA vikAsa ho gyaa| isake sAtha hI sAtha muslima zAsakoM ne candra paMcAMga lAgU kiyaa| tatpazcAt bhArata meM pAzcAtya zikSA ke prasAra se Adhunika vaijJAnika khagola zAstra kA bhArata meM prArambha huA, 16 vIM zatAbdI meM anya sAmAjika tathA sAMskRtika sudhAroM ke samAna hI paMcAMga sudhAra Andolana bhI calAye gaye / isa samaya ke sudhAroM kI eka vizeSatA yaha rahI ki na kevala khagola zAstriyoM ne paMcAMga nirmANa kA kArya kiyA balki dharma netAoM ne bhI usameM bhAga liyaa| "jyotiSa gaNanA kArya meM suvidhA ke lie kAraNA nAma kI tAlikAyeM banAI gaI inameM se do tAlikAyeM makaranda tathA rAmavinoda jo sUrya siddhAnta para AdhArita hai, aba bhI bahutAyAta meM paMcAMga nirmAtAoM dvArA prayoga kI jAtI hai, 10 vIM zatAbdI e. DI. meM Arya bhaTTa dvitIya dvArA vAkya karana tathA karana prakAza jyotiSa ke mahatvapUrNa granthoM kI racanA kI gaI jinakA prayoga dakSiNa bhArata ke kucha bhAgoM tathA mAlavAra meM bahutAyAta se hotA hai / "2 1. apUrva kumAra cakravartI, 'iNDiyana kaileNDarikala sAiMsa', kalakattA, 1975, pR0 36 / 2. vahI, pR0 44 /

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kAla gaNanA kA saMkSipta itihAsa, ikAIyA~ va vibhinna cakra pAzcAtya prabhAva ke kAraNa isa paMcAMga kI zuddhatA para punaH prazna cinha lagAye gaye tathA sudhAra kI AvazyakatA anubhava kI gii| 16 vIM zatAbdI meM purAnI paMcAMga tAlikAoM ke sthAna para naI paMcAMga tAlikAoM kA prayoga kiyA gyaa| esa0 dIkSita, bI0 bI0 ketakara tathA bI0jI0 tilaka ina navIna tAlikAoM ke praNetA the| 1905 meM jagadaguruzaMkarAcArya dvArA bambaI meM eka sabhA kA Ayojana isa saMdarbha meM kiyA gayA ki naI athavA purAnI paddhati meM se kisako grahaNa kiyA jAye, isameM darzAyA gayA ki purAnI va naI tithiyoM tathA tAroM sambandhI saMkrAntiyAM catra vidhi ke anusAra saba paMcAMgoM meM hoM / 1610 meM TrAvanakora ke eka zahara meM sabhA Ayojita kI gii| isameM bhI vidvAna eka mata nahIM ho sake / banArasa ke ema0 ema0 sudhAkara dvivedI ne pAramparika sUrya siddhAnta kI vidhiyoM kA dhArmika kAryoM ke lie prayoga kiyaa| zaka saMvat ke Arambha se bhArata meM paMcAMgoM para kSetrIya prabhAva rahA hai| vibhinna sthAnoM para varSa kA Arambha vibhinna avasaroM se kiyA jAtA hai / siMdhu va kannauja ke loga mArga zIrSa kI amAvasyA se, mulatAna va kAzmIra ke loga caitra kI amAvasyA se varSa Arambha karate haiN|' prAyaH bhArata ke pratyeka bhAga meM kSetrIya paMcAMga pracalita rhaa| inameM samAnatA va ekatA kA abhAva thA pratyeka kSetrIya paMcAMga kI apanI aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi thii| una para sthAnIya rivAjoM va prathAoM kA prabhAva thaa| sabhI kSetrIya paMcAMga, varSa Arambha, mahInoM ke nAma Adi meM bhinna the| bhAratIya paMcAMgoM ke isa gahana vivAda ke kAraNa bhArata sarakAra ne 1652 meM meghanAtha sAhA kI adhyakSatA meM paMcAMga sudhAra samiti kI sthApanA kii| isa samiti ne vibhinna kSetrIya paMcAMgoM kA adhyayana kara eka naye rASTrIya paMcAMga kA nirmANa kiyaa| isakA uddezya sampUrNa rASTra ke lie eka paMcAMga nirmANa karanA thaa| bhArata kA rAjapatra, AkAzavANI se samAcAra prasAraNa, bhArata sarakAra dvArA jArI kiyA gayA kalenDara tathA bhArata sarakAra dvArA nAgarikoM ko sambodhita patra Adi ke saMdarbha meM isa paMcAMga kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| rAjA jaya siMha kA nAma bhI bhAratIya jyotiSa vijJAna ke itihAsa meM 1. alberunI, 'alberUnI kA bhArata', anuvAdaka saMtarAma, bhAga-3 prayAga, 1628, pR0 10 2. vArSika saMdarbha grantha, 'bhArata' bhArata sarakAra mudraNAlaya, pharIdAbAda, 1976 pR0 25 /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa avismaraNIya hai| unhoMne dillI, vArANasI, mathurA, ujjana tathA jayapura meM yaMtra, jinheM jantara mantara kahA jAtA hai, banavAye / ' bhAratIya jyotiSa para videzI prabhAva pUrvI va pAzcAtya jyotiSa vijJAna ke aneka maulika tattvoM meM samAnatA ke kAraNa vidvAnoM ke lie yaha nizcita karanA ki kauna tattva kahAM vikasita huA tathA pUrva va pazcima meM se kisane dUsare ko adhika tatva diye, vidvAnoM ke lie kaThina samasyA banA rahA hai| ina samAnatAoM ko dekhakara aneka pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne isa prakAra ke vicAra diye ki bhArata jyotiSa vijJAna ke kSetra meM pUrNatayA videzoM kA RNI hai tathA yahAM apanA maulika kucha bhI vikasita nahIM huaa| ataH bhAratIya jyotiSa tathA paMcAMga ke itihAsa kA adhyayana karate samaya yaha bhI eka mahatvapUrNa vicAraNIya tathya ho jAtA hai ki isameM videzI yogadAna kyA hai aura svayaM bhAratIyoM dvArA kiyA gayA prayAsa kitanA hai / isa sambandha meM katipaya vidvAnoM dvArA diye gaye vicAra isa prakAra haiM : zaMkara bAla kRSNa dIkSita ne bhAratIya jyotiSa ke aneka tatvoM kA vistRta adhyayana kiyA tathA cAra vidvAnoM kolabuka, hviTane barjesa tathA thIboM ke matoM kI samIkSA kI hai| isameM kolabuka ke vicAroM ko madhyama mArga kA kaha sakate haiM kyoMki krAntivRtta ke 12 bhAga karane kI paddhati ko pahale grIka se hinduoM ne grahaNa kiyA, phira hinduoM se araboM ne grahaNa kiyA, kolabra ka kA aisA mAnanA hai / sAtha hI gola yantra kI kalpanA ke kSetra meM hinduoM ke agraja hone kI sambhAvanA bhI kolabuka ne mAnI hai| "gola yantra kI kalpanA yA to hinduoM ne grIka logoM se sIkhI yA grIka logoM ne hinduoM se lii|" isake sAtha hI kolabraka kA vizvAsa hai ki bhAratIyoM ne grIka logoM se jyotiSa kA jJAna prApta kara apane apUrNa jJAna ko bddh'aayaa| vhiTane ne bhAratIya jyotiSa ko pUrNatayA 1. apUrva kumAra cakravartI, 'iNDiyana kaileNDarikala sAiMsa', kalakattA, 1675, pR0 44 / 2. bAla kRSNa dIkSita, 'bhAratIya jyotiSa', anu0 zivanAtha jhArakhaNDI, prayAga, 1663, pR0 645-84 / 3. bAla kRSNa dIkSita dvArA uddhRta, pR0 646 / 4. bAla kRSNa dIkSita, 'bhAratIya jyotiSa', 1963, pR0 646 / 5. bAla kRSNa dIkSita dvArA uddhRta pR0 651 /

Page #23
kAla gaNanA kA saMkSipta itihAsa, ikAIyAM va vibhinna cakra videzI mAnA hai / inake mata meM hindU paddhati naisargika nahIM hai tathA pUrNataH kRtrima hai / hviTane ke anusAra hinduoM meM svabhAva se hI vicAra karane, avalokana karane vastubhUta bAtoM kA saMgraha karane aura unase niSkarSa nikAlane kI kSamatA itanI hai hI nahIM ki ve maulika rUpa se isa prakAra ke vijJAna kA vikAsa kara pAte / barjasa' ke vicAra isa sambandha meM viTane se kucha udAra hai / barjesa ne viTane dvArA hinduoM kI bhartsanA ko acchA nahIM mAnA / hviTane kA kahanA hai ki hinduoM ne apane jyotiSa gaNita aura jAtaka mUla rUpa meM grIkoM se lie aura unakA kucha aMza arebiyana, khAlDiyana aura cIniyoM se liyaa| usake anusAra viTane ne hinduoM ke sAtha nyAya nahIM kiyA aura viTane ne ucita mAtrA se adhika grIka logoM ko mAna diyA hai / itanA hI nahIM barjesa kA mata hai ki na kevala hinduoM ne grIkoM se isa zAstra ke mUla tathyoM ko liyA balki grIkoM ne hI hinduoM se isa zAstra kI zikSA paaii| krAntivRtta ke 12 bhAga, jAtaka kI kalpanA, grahoM ke nAmoM se vAroM ke nAma rakhanA Adi kA zreya barjesa ne hinduoM ko hI diyA hai| darzana, dharma aura janmAntara ke sambandha meM jisa prakAra hindU ziSya nahIM zikSaka the usI prakAra jyotiSa kSetra meM bhI yahI vizvAsa barjesa ne kiyA hai / thIbo kA bhAratIya jyotiSa para videzoM ke prabhAva ke sambandha meM vicAra hai ki grIka se hinduoM ne jyotiSa kA jJAna liyA avazya parantu sAtha hI uttama hindU granthoM kI paddhati grIka granthoM se vaisI kI vaisI hI grahaNa na karake usameM naye sudhAroM ko apanAyA gayA hai arthAt thIboM ke vicAra meM bhAratIya jyotiSa grIka va bhAratIya jJAna kA mizraNa hai| uparokta cAroM vidvAnoM ke vicAroM kA adhyayana kara zaMkara bAla kRSNa ne kucha niSkarSa diye hai jo saMkSepa meM isa prakAra haiM : sarva prathama bAla kRSNa isa bAta kA virodha karate haiM ki vedha paramparA, vedha kauzala tathA avalokana kI zakti bhAratIyoM meM nahIM thI, yaha Aropa mithyA hai : "vedhasiddha bAte bhAratIyoM ko sUjha hI nahIM sakatIM / yaha kahanA vyartha siddha hotA hai" / varSamAna, mandocca aura pAta, mandakarNa vikSepoM ke mAna, ayana calana, ravicandra paramamanda phala, pAMcoM grahoM ke paramamanda aura aura zIghraphala, krAntivRttayiktva, sUryacandra lambana, 1. bAla kRSNa dIkSita dvArA uddhRta, 'bhAratIya jyotiSa', anu0 zivanAtha ___ jhArakhaNDI, prayAga, 1963, pR0 656 / / 2. vahI, pR0 656 / / 3. vahI, pRSTha 668 /

Page #24
bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa udayAsta, kAlAMza Adi mahattvapUrNa tathyoM kA vikAsa bhAratIyoM ne svayaM kiyA, videzoM se inheM nahIM sIkhA, bAla kRSNa kA aisA vizvAsa hai ki prativRtta paddhati ko hamane hirpAkasa tathA TAlamI ke granthoM se grahaNa kiyA hai / ' bAla kRSNa Age kahate hai, " ravicandra spaSTIkaraNa aura paMcagraha spaSTIkaraNa ye do jyotiSa meM mahatva ke viSaya hai / inakA jJAna hipArkasa ke pahale pAzcAtyoM ko thA hI nahIM, yaha sabhI yUropiyana granthakAra svIkAra karate haiM / mandaphala saMskArapUrvaka candra sUrya spaSTIkaraNa karane kI prakriyA romaka siddhAnta ke yahAM Ane ke pUrva racita puliza siddhAnta meM dI huI hai / isa para se yaha spaSTa avagata hotA hai ki vaha hipArkasa ke pUrva siddha kI gayI thI / ataH yaha prazna anuttarita raha jAtA hai ki hamane grIka logoM se kyA liyA ?"" kendra saMjJA mahatvapUrNa tathya hai aura isake sambandha meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki isako bhAratIyoM ne yavanoM se prApta kiyA bAlakRSNa kA isa sambandha meM kathana hai : "yadi parakIyoM se hama logoM ko kucha milA bhI ho to grIka athavA ba~biloniyana logoM se hameM uparyukta niyama kA digdarzana mAtra huA thA, dUsarA kucha nahIM milA / vedhaprApta bAtoM ityAdi kA koI kramabaddha jJAna hameM prApta nahIM huA / jitanA ki yUropiyana loga samajhate hai itane hama parakIyoM ke mukhApekSI nahIM rahe hai / "3 bAla kRSNa kA vicAra hai ki AvAgamana ke aparyApta sAdhanoM tathA anya bahuta sI kaThinAIyoM ke kAraNa prAcIna kAla meM isa prakAra ke jJAna ke AdAna-pradAna kI sambhAvanA bahuta kama thI : "prAcIna kAla meM jaba jyotiSa zAstra jAnane vAle vidvAnoM se bheMTa honA prAya : asambhava mA thA aura bheMTa ho bhI gayI to bhASAntara rUpI ar3acana kA ullaMghana karanA to sAmbhAvya bAtoM ke pare thA, taba kucha sthUla viSayoM ko chor3akara eka dUsare se zAstrIya sUcanA mAtra milane ke atirikta aura kyA ho sakatA thA ?"4 10 bAla kRSNa ke samasta vivecana kA mUla yahI hai ki bhAratIyoM ne svatantra rUpa meM jyotiSa kA vikAsa kiyA hai, aneka mahatva ke tatva jinako bhArata meM vedha kiyA gayA pAzcAtya jyotiSa siddhAntoM se kisI bhI prakAra kama mahatva ke nahIM 1. zaMkara vAla kRSNa dIkSita, 'bhAratIya jyotiSa', anu0 zivanAtha jhArakhaNDI, prayAga, 1663, pR0 666 / 2. vahI, pR0 670 / 3. vahI, pR0 671 / 4. vahI, pR0 172 /

Page #25
kAla gaNanA kA saMkSipta itihAsa, ikAIyAM va vibhinna cakra haiM / bhArata meM jyotiSa kA vikAsa isase kAphI pahale ho gayA thA, jabaki videzoM se isa sambandha meM AdAna-pradAna Arambha huaa| yadyapi yavanoM se prApta jJAna bhI mahatvapUrNa hai aura bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne use svIkAra kiyA hai, parantu isa kAraNa bhArata meM vikasita hue jJAna kA mahatva kama nahIM ho jAtA varan bhAratIyoM kA nijI prayAsa bhI mahatvapUrNa va sarAhanIya hai| gauraMganAtha banarjI ne kolabuka, esa0 Devisa, baiTale, je0 vAlena, bele DelAmbara ke matoM kA adhyayana kara isa sambandha meM apanA mata isa prakAra diyA hai, "yahAM yaha kahanA kAphI hai ki hinduoM ne apanA vijJAna svatantra rUpa se vikasita kiyA, kintu usameM vaijJAnikatA AMzika rUpa se isa kAraNa se AyI ki usakA samparka yUnAniyoM se huA / " "ina saba bAharI saMketoM tathA sambhAvanA ke bhItarI tarkoM ko milAkara dekhane se hama isa niSkarSa para Ate haiM ki bhAratIyoM kI vaijJAnika khagola vidyA yUnAnI vijJAna se phUTI huyI eka zAkhA hai|" gauraMganAtha banarjI ke vicAroM ko bhI madhyama mArgI hI kahA jA sakatA hai| nakSatra krama athavA candrIya cakra kA vikAsa bhArata meM hI huA jabaki rAzIkrama ko bhAratIyoM ne yUnAniyoM se grahaNa kiyA-banarjI ne aisA vizvAsa vyakta kiyA hai| bhAratIya jyotiSa meM jina tatvoM para videzI hone kI sambhAvanA kI jAtI hai ve isa prakAra haiN| (1) "candramA kI gati ke lie ravimArga kA sattAIsa yA aTThAIsa nakSatroM meM bAMTA jaanaa| thor3A heraphera ke sAtha aisA vibhAjana hindUoM kI, araba vAloM kI aura cIniyoM kI paddhatiyoM meM hai| (2) "ravi kI gati ke liye ravi mArga kA 12 rAziyoM meM bAMTA jAnA aura pratyeka kA nAma, ina nAmoM kA artha hindU va yavana donoM paddhatiyoM meM eka hai / "3 (3) "hindU, yavana aura araba kI phalita jyotiSa paddhatiyoM meM samAnatA aura kahIM-kahIM pUrNa abhinnatA se prabala dhAraNA hotI hai ki 1. gauraMga nAtha vanarjI. 'helenijma ina eMziyeNTa iNDiyA', naI dillI, 1961, pR0 146 / 2. vahI, pR0 150 / 3. barajesa, gorakha prasAda dvArA uddhata, 'bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsa', lakhanaU, 1956, pR0 166 /

Page #26
bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa prAthamika aura sArabhUta bAtoM meM ye paddhatiyAM eka hI mUla se utpanna huyI hai| (4) "prAcIna logoM ko jo pAMca graha jJAta the unake nAma, aura una para saptAha ke dinoM kA nAma eka honA"' / candramA kI gati ke lie ravi mArga kA 27 yA 28 bhAgoM meM vibhAjana hinduoM meM prAcIna samaya se pracalita thA aura pUrNa vikasita avasthA meM thA / sUrya kI gati ke lie ravi mArga kA 12 bhAgoM meM vibhAjana (rAzI krama) bhArata meM usa samaya se pracalita thA jabaki dUsare dezoM meM usakA lezamAtra bhI nahIM pAyA jAtA thaa| maMda paridhiyoM kA siddhAnta hinduoM meM pracalita thA, aneka kAraNa isa dhAraNA ke anukUla hai / ina tathyoM ke sambandha meM bAyo tathA aneka vidvAnoM ke mata isake viruddha hote hue bhI barajesa ne inakI mUla utpatti bhArata meM hI mAnI gorakha prasAda ne kolabuka ke isa kathana se ki bhAratIya darzana ke kSetra meM zikSaka the na ki ziSya, apanI sahamati prakaTa kI hai aura bhAratIya jyotiSa ko pAzcAtya se unnata mAnA hai / isa prakAra bhAratIya jyotiSa para videzI prabhAva ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM ke vicAroM ke AdhAra para unheM tIna zreNI meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai| prathama ve vicAraka haiM jo yaha mAnate haiM ki bhAratIya jyotiSa pUrNatayA videzoM se udhAra lI gaI hai / jyotiSa jaise zAstra ko janma dene kI kSamatA bhAratIyoM meM thI hI nahIM, na hI ve isake lie vedha kara sakate the aura na hI isake jaTila niyamoM kA banAnA, parakhanA athavA prayoga meM lAne kI yogyatA unameM thii| ataH yaha zAstra pUrNa rUpa se videzoM meM janmA va vikasita huA hai tathA bhAratIyoM ne ise dUsare logoM se hI sIkhA hai / isa varga meM hiTane ke vicAroM ko rakhA jA sakatA hai| dUsare de vicAraka haiM jo bhArata meM hI jyotiSa kI utpatti mAnate haiM tathA unakA vizvAsa hai ki zAstra ke mUla tatvoM kI utpatti na ki pazcima meM balki pUrva meM huI / pUrva meM utpanna hokara ye siddhAnta pazcima meM gaye / isa varga meM barajesa kA nAma liyA jA sakatA hai| tIsarA varga una vidvAnoM kA hai jo ina donoM ke bIca kA mArga apanAte haiM / ina vicArakoM ke mata meM jyotiSa ke kucha tatvoM kA vikAsa bhArata meM hI huA aura kucha ko videzI jJAna ke AdhAra para punaH zodhita kiyA 1. barajesa, gorakha prasAda dvArA uddhata, 'bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsa', lakhanaU, 1956, pR0 166 /

Page #27
kAla gaNanA kA saMkSipta itihAsa, ikAIyA~ va vibhinna cakra gayA tathA unheM adhika vaijJAnika banAyA gayA / isa varga meM gorakha prasAda, zaMkara bAla kRSNa, thIbo, kAlabruka, va gorakhanAtha banarjI ke matoM ko rakhA jA sakatA isa samasta vivecana se aisA jAna par3atA hai ki vizva ke vibhinna sthAnoM para jyotiSa kA vikAsa svatantra rUpa se haA tathA grahoM va nakSatroM kA nirantara lambe samaya taka eka hI sAtha vedha karate rahane se alaga-alaga sthAnoM para vikasita hue isa zAstra ke aneka mUla tatva eka jaise hI vikasita hue aura bAda meM AvAgamana ke vikAsa ke sAtha ina vibhinna sthAnoM meM janmI jyotiSa kI eka dUsare se tulanA kara logoM ne apanI-apanI galatiyoM ko sudhArane kA prayAsa kiyA tathA saMskRti ke aneka tatvoM kI bhAMti jyotiSa ke niyamoM kA bhI AdAna-pradAna huaa| isa sthiti meM bhAratIya jyotiSa ko pUrNa rUpa se videzoM se udhAra lI mAna lenA athavA vizuddha bhAratIya hI kahanA ucita nahIM hai| isa sambandha meM hameM madhyama mArga hI apanAnA cAhie aura yaha samajhanA cAhie ki bhAratIya jyotiSa zAstra mUla rUpa meM bhArata meM hI janmA, vedhoM dvArA isake siddhAntoM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA tathA bAda meM ina niyamoM ko aura adhika dRr3ha karane ke lie hamAre jyotiSiyoM ne videzI jyotiSa kA adhyayana kara kucha sudhAra bhI kiye haiN| vizva meM kaba aura kahAM jyotiSa kA Arambha huA yaha nizcita kara pAnA kaThina hai / lekina bhAratIya sAhitya meM vaidika kAla se hI jyotiSa ke siddhAntoM aura unake prayoga kI vidhi kA ullekha milatA hai / ataH yaha kahanA ki bhArata ne nakSatra krama athavA zazI cakra jaise jyotiSa ke mahattvapUrNa tattvoM ko grIsa se grahaNa kiyA nyAyocita nahIM hai| bhArata meM nakSatrIya gaNanA kA vikAsa kAphI pahale ho cukA thA / bRhaspati cakra, parazurAma cakra va kaliyuga samvat isake spaSTa pramANa hai| hama yaha to nahIM kaha sakate ki jahAM se ina gaNanA paddhatiyoM kA Arambha mAnA jAtA hai usI samaya se ye gaNanAyeM Arambha huii| parantu itanA abazya hai ki IsA se zatAbdiyoM pUrva se inakA prayoga ho rahA thA / kaliyuga samvat kI gaNanA paddhati, usakI vaijJAnikatA va prayoga isakA pratyakSa udAharaNa isa prakAra bhAratIya paMcAMga aneka videzI va sAmpradAyika prabhAvoM se prabhAvita hotA huA vikAsa ke aneka staroM se gujarA hai lekina Aja bhI aneka rUpatA, sthAnIya prabhAvoM va sAmpradAyika vibhAjanoM kA zikAra hai| pUre rASTra ke liye eka sarvamAnya paMcAMga kA abhAva Aja bhI bhArata meM hai / kAla gaNanA ke vikAsa kA saMkSipta adhyayana karane ke pazcAt usake vAsta. vika svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie isakI ikAIyoM ko dekhanA anivArya hai / samaya

Page #28
bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa kI ikAI ke saMdarbha meM do mukhya bAteM rahatI hai : prathama kitanA sUkSma se sUkSma ikAI kA vibhAjana hama prApta kara pAte haiM tathA isake sAtha hI samaya ke ananta parimApa ko bAMdhane ke lie bar3I-se-bar3I ikAI kyA rahatI hai| bhArata kI prAcIna kAla gaNanA meM ina donoM hI tathyoM para paryApta bala diyA gayA hai / ___ DaoN0 DI0 esa0 triveda ne apanI pustaka iNDiyana kronolojI meM bhArata kI prAcIna samaya gaNanA kI do paddhatiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai : prathama ke anusAra' sarvAdhika sUkSma ikAI paramANu hai| 2 paramANu = 1 aNu 3 aNu = 1 sAreNu 3 trasAreNu = 1 truTi 100 truTi = 1 tatpara 30 tatpara = 1 nimeSa 3 nimeSa 1kSaNa 6 kSaNa = 1 kAsThA (3.2 saikiMDa) 15 kASThA = 1 laghu 15 laghu = 1 nADikA 2 nADikA = 1 muhUrta (48 minaTa) 7, 1/2 nAr3ikA = 1 prahara yA yama 4 yama = 1 dina yA rAta (12 ghaNTe) 8 yama == eka dina va eka rAta (24 ghaNTe) 15 dina = 1 pAkha (pakSa) 2 pAkha = 1 mAha yA 1 pitra dina (amAvasyA) 2 mAha = 1 Rtu 6 mAha = 1 Ayana (dakSiNAyana rAta tathA uttarAyaNa devoM kA dina hai) 2 Ayana = 1 varSa (devoM kA eka rAta dina) 12000 devavarSa = 1 caturyuga (1200 varSa kaliyuga, 2400 varSa dvApara, 3600 varSa tretA yuga, 4800 varSa sata yuga) 1. DaoN0 DI0 esa0 triveda, 'iNDiyana kronolojI', bambaI 1963, pR0 1

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-kAla gaNanA kA saMkSipta itihAsa, ikAIyAM va vibhinna cakra 1000 caturyuga 100 caturyuMga dUsarI paddhati isa prakAra hai' : 60 pratipala 60 vipala 60 pala 2 ghATI 1/4 nimeSa 2 tuTa 2 lava -5 nimeSa 30 kASThA 40 kalA 2 nAr3ikA 15 muhUrta - = = = pArAzara saMhitA, kazyapa saMhitA, bhRgu saMhitA, maya saMhitA, pAlakAvya mahApATha, sUrya siddhAnta, vAyu purANa, bhagavat purANa, dvivyAvadAna, samarAMgaNa sUtradhAra, kauTilya arthazAstra, suzruta va viSNu dharmottara Adi granthoM meM bhAratIya kAla mAna kA ullekha milatA hai / = kauTilya arthazAstra va suzruta ke anusAra samaya ke vibhAga isa prakAra hai : kauTilya suzruta 1 tuTa 1 lava 1 nimeSa = 1 kASThA = 1 kalA = = = = 1 15 brahmA kA eka dina (brahmA kI Ayu 100 varSa mAnI gayI hai) 14 manu 1 Tipala pala ( vinADikA) 1 ghATI, nAr3ikA yA daNDa 1 muhUrta 1 nAr3ikA 1 muhUrta 1 ahorAtra 1 laghu akSara uccAraNa 15 nimeSa 30 kASThA 20 kalA 30 muhUrta 15 ahorAtra 2 pakSa 1 nimeSa 1 kASThA = 1 kalA 1 muhUrta 1 ahorAtra 1 pakSa 1 mAsa = = - = = == 1. (a) DaoN0 DI0 esa0 triveda, 'iNDiyana kronolojI', bambaI, 1963, pR0 1 (ba) isa gaNanA ke sambandha meM paMDita bhagavaddatta kA vicAra hai ki Adhunika yUropa meM eka ghaNTe kA 60 minaTa aura 1 minaTa kA 60 saikiMDa vibhAjana isI ke anukaraNa para hai / paM0 bhagavaddatta, 'bhArata varSa kA vRhada itihAsa', naI dillI 1950, pR0 153 2. saimuala baila ne bhI isI prakAra se samaya kI ikAIyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai : kSaNa, tatkSaNa, lava, muhUrta kalA Adi / saimuala baila, 'buddhisTa rikArDsa oNpha da vesTarna varlDa', dillI 1666, pR0 71

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa 15 ahorAtra 1 pakSa 2 pakSa = 1 mAsa 2 mAsa = 1 Rtu viSNudharmottara ke anusAra samaya ke vibhAga isa prakAra hai : 1 laghu akSara uccAraNa 1 nimeSa 2 nimeSa 1 truTi 10 truTi 1 prANa 6 prANa 1 vinADikA 60 vinADikA 1 nAr3i kA 60 nADikA 1 ahorAtra 30 muhUrta 1 ahorAtra sUrya va candra kI gati ke AdhAra para samaya kI uparokta ikAIyoM kA nirdhAraNa kiyA gayA hai / na kevala bhArata ke varan vizva bhara ke paMcAMga inhIM se sambandhita gaNanAoM para AdhArita hai / sUrya va candra kI gati meM barSa meM kucha dinoM kA antara rahatA hai| ataH adhikAMza paMcAMga nirmAtAoM ne donoM kI mizrita paddhati candra saurya paddhati kA prayoga kiyA hai / sUrya ke meSa se mIna taka 12 rAziyoM ke yoga ko saura varSa kahate haiM / saura varSa bahudhA 365 dina 15 ghar3I, 31 pala va 30 vipala kA mAnA jAtA hai| saura varSa ke 12 hisse kiye jAte haiM, jinheM saura mAsa kahate haiM / saura mAna meM 12 saMkrAntiyAM mAnI gayI hai parantu saurya mAna ke varSa kI lambAI kA vibhinna granthoM meM pRthaka-pRthaka ullekha hai, jisase isakI sahI gaNanA ke saMdarbha meM matabheda haiN| sauryamAna kI truTiyoM va aspaSTatA ke kAraNa bhArata meM candra saurya kI mizrita paddhati kA vikAsa huaa| varSa ke dinoM tathA mahInoM kI lambAI nizcita karane kI dUsarI paddhati candramAna arthAta candramA kI gati se niyaMtrita hone vAlI hai / isameM varSa meM 12 candramAsa hote haiM, jo kramazaH 30 va 26 dinoM ke hote haiM, ataH sAdhAraNa varSa 354 dina kA hotA hai, yaha 30 varSIya cakra hai tathA isameM 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 21, 24, 26 va 26 vAM varSa lauMda ke haiM, jisameM antima mahInA 26 1. rAya bahAdura paMDita gaurIzaMkara hIrAnAtha ojhA, 'bhAratIya prAcIna lipi mAlA', ajamera, 1618, pR0 186

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kAla gaNanA kA saMkSipta itihAsa, ikAIyA~ va vibhinna cakra 1 dina ke sthAna para 30 dina kA hotA hai tathA varSa 355 dina kA hotA hai / hijrI samvat isI para AdhArita hai / hinduoM kA candra saurya paMcAMga gaNanA kI vistRta paddhati / yaha candra tathA saurya mAnoM kI mizrita paddhati hai / isameM varSa sUrya ke anusAra jabaki mAsa candra kI gati se niyaMtrita hote haiM / isameM 16 varSIya cakra kA prayoga hotA hai jo prAyaH candra ke 235 cakkaroM ke barAbara hai athavA candra kI 26.5306 dinoM vAlI parikramA ke barAbara hai / candra va saurya ke varSa meM jo antara rahatA hai usake lie isa paddhati meM lauMda kA varSa rakhA gayA hai / 16 varSIya cakra meM lauMda ke mAha rahate haiM' / uttarI bhArata meM candrasauyaM varSa kA Arambha caitra zudI prathama arthAt naye candra se Arambha hotA hai / dina rAta mAha, Rtu, saptAha varSa Adi aisI ikAiyAM haiM jo prAcIna samaya se Adhunika samaya taka bhAratIya va aneka videzI paMcAMgoM meM sAmAnya rUpa se prayukta hotI rahI hai tathA kAla gaNanA kA AdhAra rahI hai / inameM pramukha isa prakAra hai : samasta paMcAMga vyavasthA kA mukhya AdhAra dina hai / dina ke samUhoM se bar3I ikAIyoM va dina ke baTavAre se samaya kI sUkSma ikAIyoM kA nirdhAraNa kiyA gayA / Adhunika yuga meM dina yadyapi AdhI rAta se AdhI rAta taka nApe jAte haiM, parantu sadaiva aisA nahIM thA / " khagola zAstrI dUsarI sadI se 1925 taka dina kI gaNanA dopahara se dopahara taka karate the / " prAcIna kAla meM jaba vizva meM vibhinna sthAnoM para sabhyatAoM kI Arambhika avasthA thI, AvAgamana ke sAdhana sImita the tathA sAMskRtika AdAna-pradAna Arambha nahIM huA thA taba dina kI gaNanA ke lie bhinna-bhinna paddhatiyAM prayoga kI jAtI thIM / " Adi mAnava samAja meM prAtaH se prAtaH taka dina kI gaNanA kI jAtI thI / bebIlona va grIsa vAsI isI paddhati kA prayoga karate the, sUryodaya se sUryodaya taka kA eka dina mAnA jAtA thA / mizra ne AdhI rAta se AdhI rAta taka dina kI gaNanA kI, iTalIvAsiyoM va yahUdiyoM ne sUryAsta se sUryAsta taka dina kI gaNanA kI / 3. 1. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, 'e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja', vArANasI, 1676, pR0 61 2. insAiklopIDiyA briTenakA, volyUma - tRtIya, Tokyo, 1967, pR0 565 // 3. vahI /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa hindU paMcAMgoM meM dina ko tithi kahA gayA hai / ' bhAratIya saMvatoM meM dina kA vibhAjana prahara, ghar3I pala, vipala, pratipala Adi meM kiyA gayA jabaki pAzcAtya paMcAMgoM meM ghaMTA, minaTa, saikiMDa Adi bhAga kiye gye| prAcIna bhAratIya khagola zAstriyoM ne do prakAra ke dinoM kA ullekha kiyA hai--prathama mAnava dina tathA dvitIya devoM kA dina / devoM kA dina arthAt eka ayana kA dina va eka ayana kI rAta, eka ayana mAnavIya dinoM ke cha: mAha ke barAbara hai arthAt devoM kA eka dina eka mAnavIya varSa ke barAbara hai| isake atirikta hindU dharma granthoM meM "1000 caturyugI ke barAbara brahmA kA eka dina mAnA gayA hai aura itanI hI bar3I rAta hotI hai / brahmA jI kA eka dina eka kalpa kahalAtA hai / " dina kA nAma hindU dharma granthoM meM ahan bhI milatA hai / "prAtaH brahmamuhUrta se rAtri ke lagabhaga 10 baje taka kA samaya adyatana mAnA jAnA caahie| dina ko divA aura rAtri ko doSA bhI kahate haiN| dina ko kaI bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA thA / yathA prAtaH pUrvAhna, madhyAhna, aparAhna va sAyAhna / rAtri kA prArambha pradoSa se honA mAnA jAtA thA aura use pUrvarAtra evaM aparAtra ina do bhAgoM meM bAMTA jAtA thA kAla gaNanA kA mukhya ghaTaka dina yA ahana thaa|"4 dina aura rAta ko milAkara ahorAtra kahate the / ahorAtra se pakSa va mAsa gine jAte the| Arambha meM manuSya saptAha ko nahIM ginate the, sIdhe candramA ke dinoM ko ginate the lekina zIghra hI yaha anubhava kiyA jAne lagA ki mahInoM se adhika suvidhAjanaka dinoM ke choTe samUhoM ko ginanA hai| ataH bAjAra samayAvadhi grahaNa kiye gye| inameM bhinnatA thii| "pazcimI aphrIkA meM 4 dina kA, madhya eziyA meM 5 dina kA, mizra meM 10 dina kA saptAha mAnA jAtA thaa|" 1. "kisI bhI sUrya dina se tithi kA Arambha ho sakatA thA, vyAvahArika prayojana ke lie tithi kA nirNaya sUryodaya se hotA thA, jo tithi sUryodaya ke samaya hotI thI, vahI sampUrNa dina pracalita rahatI thI aura pakSa meM vaha dina usI tithi kI saMkhyA mAnA jAtA thaa|" e0ela0 baoNzama, 'adbhuta bhArata', anu0 vekaTezacandra pANDeya, AgarA, 1967, pR0 506 / 2. DaoN0 DI0esa0 triveda, 'iNDiyana kronolaoNjI', bambaI, 1963, pR. 1 / / 3. muralI manohara jozI, 'hamArI prAcInatama kAlagaNanA kitanI Adhunika __ aura vaijJAnika', 'dharmayuga', 25 disambara, 1983, pR0 26 / 4. prabhu dayAla agnihotrI, 'pataMjalikAlIna bhArata', paTanA, 1963, pR0 485 5. 'insAiklopIDiyA briTenakA', volyUma-tRtIya, Tokyo, 1967, pR0 566 /

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kAla gaNanA kA saMkSipta itihAsa, ikAIyA~ va vibhinna cakra 16 bebIlona vAle candra kalAoM ko adhika mahatva dete the| sAta dina kA saptAha mahIne kI kalAoM se sambandhita hai| 'Arambha meM bebIlona meM ise 8 dina kA mAnA gayA. lekina 8 kI saMkhyA ko zubha na mAnakara yaha 7 dina kA rakhA gayA jo sambhavataH sAta grahoM se sambandhita hai| samasta isAI jagat meM prathama zatAbdI IsA pUrva meM isakA prayoga hone lagA thA / "1 saptAha ke sambandha meM yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki Arambha meM bhAratIya isakA prayoga nahIM karate the| pazcima se yaha vicAra bhArata AyA parantu paM0 bhagavad datta kA vicAra hai ki bhAratIya Arya pahale se hI saptAha kA prayoga paMcAMga meM karate the| bhAratIya paMcAMgoM meM Adi kAla se hI pakSa kA prayoga hotA thA / pandraha dinoM ke samUha kI gaNanA isameM kI jAtI hai| pakSa yAni pakhavAr3A candramA ke cakroM para AdhArita hai| kRSNa pakSa amAvasyA se samApta hotA hai| zukla pakSa pUrNa mAsa se samApta hotA hai| mAha kI gaNanA lagabhaga sabhI paMcAMgoM meM kI jAtI thii| mAha mukhya rUpa se do prakAra ke rahe haiN| prathama candra mAsa dUsarA saurya mAsa / candra va saurya mAsa meM jo dinoM kA antara raha jAtA hai, vibhinna paMcAMga paddhatiyoM meM vibhinna tarIkoM se lauMda ke mAha ke antargata pUrNa kara liyA jAtA hai arthAt eka nizcita samayAvadhi ke bAda eka atirikta mAha jor3a diyA jAtA hai, jise mala mAsa, lauMda kA mAha, nija mAsa athavA saMkrAnti rahita mAha Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai / "saurya mAha vaha samayAvadhi hai jo sUrya eka rAzI se dUsarI meM jAne meM letA hai / candramAsa vaha samaya hai jo ki candramA eka pUrNamAsI se dUsarI taka letA hai / "5 zaka vikrama, isAI, hijrI aneka samvatoM meM 1. 'insAiklopIDiyA briTenakA', volyUma-tRtIya, Tokyo, 1967, pR0 566 / 2. paM0 bhagavad datta, 'bhArata varSa kA vRhada itihAsa', dillI, 1650, 3. "naye candramA se pUrNa candramA (pUrNimA) taka kA samaya zuklapakSa kahA jAtA hai, pUrNa candra se candramA kI anupasthiti (amAvasyA) taka kA samaya kRSNa pakSa kahA jAtA hai, kRSNa pakSa kabhI 14 va kabhI 15 dinoM kA hotA hai kyoMki mAha choTA bar3A hotA rahatA hai| eka ujAlA va eka aMdherA milakara eka mAha kA nirmANa karate haiM / " saimuvala vaila, 'buddhisTa rikArDa oNpha da vaisTarna varlDa', dillI 1966, pR072| 4. Ara0 samAzAstrI, 'da vaidika kalaiNDara', naI dillI, 1976, pR0 76 / 5. vhii|

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa varSa ko 12 mahInoM meM vAMTA gayA hai / candramAna meM 25 se 31 tathA sUryamAna meM 26 dina eka mAha meM ho sakate haiM / kinhIM paMcAMgoM meM 30, 26, 31 Adi mAha ke dinoM kI saMkhyA rahatI hai / tithiyoM tathA dinoM kA samUha mAsa hotA hai 12 mAsa eka varSa banAte haiM / sUrya mAsoM meM kabhI-kabhI varSa meM eka mAha saMkrAntirahita hotA hai va kabhI-kabhI eka mAha meM do saMkrAntiyAM hotI hai / bar3e varSa ke avayava kucha mAha ke samUha ko Rtu kahA jAtA hai / ye mAsa se hai / Arambha meM jAr3A, garmI va varSA tIna hI RtuoM ko isake pazcAt cAra, para phira hindU paMcAMga meM cha: RtuoM kA lagA / "vizva ke vibhinna hissoM meM RtuyeM prathaka prathaka rahIM / uSNa kaTibaMdhIya pradezoM meM mAtra varSA va zuSka mausama hI hote haiM / mizra meM tIna RtuyeM mAnI gayIM, lekina yUnAna ke uttarI pradeza meM cAra RtuyeM thor3e-thor3e antara vAlI hotI. haiM / "3 hindI paMcAMgoM meM do-do mAha kI chaH RtuoM kI vyavasthA hai : zaizira, vAsantika, grISma, varSA, zarada va hemanta / Rtu nirdhAraNa kA sambandha saurya paddhati para AdhArita rahatA hai / candra paddhati para RtuoM kA nirdhAraNa ucita nahIM hai / 20 ginA jAtA thA / ullekha kiyA jAne saurya varSa kI lambAI ke sambandha meM matabheda hai, vibhinna sAkSyoM se saurya varSa ke dinoM kI saMkhyA bhinna-bhinna upalabdha hotI hai / 500 e0 DI0 meM sUrya siddhAnta ke anusAra varSa kI lambAI 365.258756 dina dI gayI / Adhunika sUrya siddhAnta ke anusAra yaha 365.242166 dina hai / isa prakAra isameM .01656 dina kA antara hai / yaha truTi gahana adhyayana ke abhAva ke kAraNa ho sakatI hai / prativarSa 0.01656 dina kA antara rahatA hai jo 1400 varSa meM 23.2 dina kA ho jAtA hai / eka saurya varSa meM 12 mAha hote haiM / candramAna meM varSa ke dinoM kI saMkhyA 354 rahatI hai / candramAna 30 varSIya cakra hai jisameM pratyeka 3 varSa bAda lauMda kA varSa hotA hai arthAt lauMda ke varSa meM dinoM kI saMkhyA 355 dina rahatI hai / " brAhmaNa graMthoM meM varSa ko prajApati kahA gayA hai yaha prajAoM kA pAlana karatA hai / vAyu purANa ke anusAra varSa cAra prakAra kA hai : 1. 'insAiklopIDiyA briTenakA', volyUma - tRtIya, Tokyo, 1667, pR0 566 / 2. paM0 bhagavad datta, 'bhArata varSa kA vRhada itihAsa', naI dillI, 1950pR0 155 / 3. 'insAiklopIDiyA briTenakA', volyUma tRtIya, Tokayo, 1667, pR0 155 4. paM0 bhagavaH datta, 'bhArata varSa kA vRhad itihAsa', naI dillI, 1950, pR0 155 /

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kAla gaNanA kA saMkSipta itihAsa, ikAIyA~ va vibhinna cakra 21 saurya, candra, nakSatra aura sAvana / " " hinduoM ne varSa ko do bhAgoM "ayanoM" meM bAMTA hai jo chaH-chaH mAha kA hotA hai / nAkSatra varSa 2 - - sUrya se milane ke pazcAt jaba nakSatra sUrya se kAphI dUrI para pahuMca jAtA hai to vaha jisa rUpa meM pahalepahala Upara uThatA huA dRSTigocara hotA hai vaha rUpa kuMDalita hotA hai / " Aditya varSa - yaha saMkrAnti se prArambha hotA hai tathA pRthvI ke sUrya ke eka cakkara ke samaya ke barAbara hotA hai / yaha caitra meM zurU hotA hai / vizva meM vibhinna kSetroM meM va vibhinna paMcAMgoM ke anusAra varSa kA Arambha vibhinna avasaroM para kiyA jAtA hai / muslima paMcAMgoM meM varSa kA Arambha naurojA se hotA hai / akele bhArata meM hI 40 prakAra ke samvat haiM jinake varSoM ke Arambha hone ke pRthak-pRthak samaya haiM aura isase bhI adhika Azcarya kI bAta yaha hai ki eka hI samvat zaka samvat ke varSa kA Arambha bhArata ke vibhinna prAntoM meM vibhinna avasaroM se kiyA jAtA hai / yahI sthiti vikrama samvat ke saMdarbha meM bhI hai / "yadi bhAratIya paMcAMga kA Arambha candrasaurya paddhati ke AdhAra para hogA taba varSa kA Arambha sadaiva amAnta caitra zukla prathama se hogA / yadi saurya hai taba meSa saMkrAnti se Arambha hogA / sabhI pustakoM meM madhya meSa saMkrAnti ko suvidhA ke dRSTikoNa se varSa prArambha kA dina mAnA jAtA hai / bahuta kama pustakoM meM jo vAstavika tathya hai, liyA jAtA hai / baMgAla va tamilanADu meM jahAM ki saurya gaNanA hai varSa kA Arambha dhArmika va khagolazAstrIya uddezyoM se meSa saMkrAnti se mAnA jAtA hai / jabaki dainika vyavahAra va nAgarika varSa meSa mAha ke prathama dina se Arambha hotA hai / "" uttarI 1. paM0 bhagavad datta 'bhAratavarSa kA vRhad itihAsa', naI dillI, 1650, pR0 157 "nAkSatra varSa meM 27 12 = 324 dina aura cAndra varSa meM 360 dina hote haiM / ataH prati nAkSatra varSa meM cAndra varSa se 36 dina nyUna hote haiM / isa prakAra 10 nAkSatra varSa 6 cAndra varSoM ke tulya hote haiM" / paM bhagavad datta, vahI, pR0 164. 3. Ara0 samAzAstrI, 'vaidika kalaiNDara' naI dillI, 1676, pR0 76 2. 4. vahI, 5. (a) robarTa sIvela 'di iDiNyana kaleNDara' landana, 1866, pR032 (ba) alberunI ne bhI bhArata meM varSa ke vibhinna ArambhoM kA varNana kiyA hai / alberUnI, 'alberUnI kA bhArata' anu0 santarAma, bhAga-3, prayAga, 1628, pR0 10.

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa bhArata meM hindU varSa kA Arambha caitra se hotA hai| "parantu samasta bhArata meM caMtra se hI varSa Arambha nahIM hotaa| dakSiNa bhArata va vizeSa rUpa se gujarAta meM vikrama saMvat ke varSa Ajakala kArtika zukla pratipadA se Arambha hote haiN| kAThiyAvAr3a va gujarAta ke kucha bhAgoM meM vikrama varSa ASAr3ha zukla pratipadA se Arambha hotA hai / gaMjama va ur3IsA ke kSetroM meM bhAdrapada zukla dvAdazI (22 vIM tithi) se Arambha hotA hai| ur3IsA meM amalI varSa bhAdrapada zukla dvAdazI se Arambha hotA hai / vilAyatI varSa jo ki mukhya rUpa se ur3IsA meM pracalita hai kanyA saMkrAnti se Arambha hotA hai / phasalI varSa jo baMgAla meM candra saurya hai vaha pUrNimAnta Azvina prathama ko Arambha hotA hai (arthAt vilAyatI ke cAra dina bAda) / " kAla gaNanA ke vibhinna cakra sampUrNa vizva meM lagabhaga 60 prakAra ke paMcAga pracalita hai jinameM se 30 ke lagabhaga akele bhArata meM hI pAye jAte haiM / ataH una sabhI kI gaNanA paddhati, samaya vibhAjana kI ikAiyoM, paMcAMga nirmANa ke niyamoM, lauMda ke varSa kI vyavasthA Adi kA ullekha kara pAnA yahAM asambhava hai / sAtha hI, itanA vistata varNana vizeSa upayogI bhI nahIM hogaa| isa adhyAya meM pustaka ko samajhane ke uddezya se saMkSepa meM hI vizva ke vibhinna paMcAMgoM meM pracalita paddhati kA paricaya diyA gayA hai kyoMki dUsare va tIsare adhyAya meM vaNita vibhinna samvat inhI paddhatiyoM para AdhArita hai| isase samvatoM ke svarUpa ko samajhane meM sahAyatA milegii| isa vizva vyApI paddhati ke atirikta pratyeka rASTra va paMcAMga kI apanI pRthaka gaNanA vyavasthA hai jisake aneka tatva eka dUsare se bhinna haiN| bhArata meM bhI isa prakAra kI aneka paddhatiyAM haiM jinameM kucha kA vikAsa hindU paMcAMga kI unnati va vaijJAnikatA ke lie kiyA gyaa| inheM hama kAla gaNanA ke vibhinna cakra kaha sakate haiM / inameM se aneka saptarSikAla, vRhaspati kAla, parazurAma kA cakra, graha parivati cakra Adi Aja bhI bhArata ke vibhinna kSetroM meM paMcAga nirmANa ke AdhAra haiN| paMcavarSIya cakra hindU paMcAMga vyavasthA ke Arambhika kAla meM paMcavarSIya cakra kA Arambha kiyA gyaa| isakA ullekha vedAMga jyotiSa se milatA hai : "366 dina, eka varSa, 6 RtuyeM 2 Ayana, 12 mAha saurya mAnI jAnI cAhiye / inheM pAMca bAra 1. robarTa sIvaila, 'di iNDiyana kalaiNDara' landana, 1866, pR0 32

Page #37
kAla gaNanA kA saMkSipta itihAsa, ikAIyA~ va vibhinna cakra ginane para eka cakra banatA hai|'' isa vicAra ke pIche khagola zAstra ke jo niyatAMka kArya kara rahe haiM, ve ye haiM : 5 saurya varSa =54366=1830 dina 62 candramAha =62x26, 32/62=1830 dina yaha paddhati bhArata meM 300 e0 DI0 taka calatI rhii| "isakI candra ba saurya donoM paddhatiyoM meM galatI thii| saurya cakra 1830.8664 dina meM pUrNa hotA thA tathA candracakra 1826.2818 dina meM hI pUrNa ho jAtA thA jisase pUre cakra meM donoM se galatI do gunI ho jAtI thI arthAt 4 dina kA donoM meM antara rahatA thA jo chaH cakroM meM eka mAha ke lagabhaga ho jAtA thA / ataH ghaniSTha nakSatra meM sUrya va candra ke pahuMcane ke sAtha hI nayA cakra Arambha kara dene kI vyavasthA thii|"2 nayA cakra Arambha karane meM pahale varSa kA Arambha naye candra se mAnA jAtA thA aura jisa dina ghaniSThAtArA nikalatA thA usa dina ko zIta mausama kA Arambha mAnA jAtA thaa| paMcavarSIya cakra kA ullekha kauTilya arthazAstra, vedAMga jyotiSa, mahAbhArata ke virATa parva va jaina jyotiSa meM bhI haA hai / eka cakra arthAt pAMca varSoM ko eka yuga kahA jAtA thA / candra va saurya kI gati kA jo antara chaH cakroM meM AtA thA use lauMda ke mAha ke rUpa meM pUrA kara liyA jAtA thA arthAt 30 candramAsa athavA DhAI varSa bAda eka atirikta mAha jor3a diyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra 5 varSIya cakra meM 62 candra mAha hoNge| isa vyavasthA kA prayoga rASTra ke vyApaka kSetra meM huA / siddhAnta jyotiSa ke vikAsa ke sAtha hI yaha vyavasthA samApta ho gayI / parantu abhI bhI paMcAMga vijJAna para isakA gaharA prabhAva hai| saptarSi cakra sAta tAroM vAle saptarSi maNDala kI gatividhiyoM para yaha AdhArita hai ataH ise saptarSi cakra kahA jAtA hai / "yaha samvat 2700 varSa kA kalpita 1. Ara0 zravaNa zAstrI, 'vedAMga jyotiSa' maisUra, 1636, pR0 2 2. apUrva kumAra cakravartI, 'iNDiyana kalaiNDarikala sAiMsa' kalakattA, 1975, pR0 7 3. vahI 4. vahI, pR01.

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24 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa cakra hai jisake viSaya meM yaha mAna liyA gayA hai ki saptarSi nAma ke sAta tAre azvinI se revatI paryanta 27 nakSatroM meM pratyeka para kramazaH sau-sau varSa taka rahate haiM / 2700 varSa meM eka cakra pUrA hokara dUsare cakra kA prArambha hotA hai jahAM-jahAM yaha samvat pracalita rahA yA hai vahAM nakSatra kA nAma nahIM likhA jAtA kevala eka se 100 taka ke varSa likhe jAte haiM / 100 varSa pUre ho jAne para zatAbdI kA aMka chor3akara phira eka se prArambha karate hai|" kAzmIra ke itihAsa meM isakA prayoga mukhya rUpa se huA hai / kalhaNa kI rAjataMragiNI meM bhI isakA varNana hai / Aja bhI pahAr3I pradeza tathA dakSiNa pUrvI kAzmIra Adi kSetroM meM isa samvat kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / "kaniMghama ne isake Arambha kI tithi 6777 I0 pUrva dI hai|"2 saptarSi cakra para AdhArita samvat ko saptarSi samvat athavA loka kAla kahA jAtA hai parantu donoM kI Arambhika tithi meM kAphI antara hai| kaniMghama donoM ko eka hI mAnate haiN| kalaiNDara sudhAra samiti ke anusAra saptarSikAla kA Arambha 3176 I0 pUrva meM huaa| yaha candra saurya paddhati para AdhArita hai isameM mAha pUNimAnta hai tathA isakA pracalana mukhya rUpa se kAzmIra meM thaa| sI0 mobela Dapha ne isa sambandha meM adhika spaSTa vicAra vyakta kiye haiM : "3076 I0 pUrva, kali samvat 26 caitra zudI prathama se laukika athavA saptarSi samvat kA Arambha hai / kAzmIra meM yaha paramparAgata rUpa se prayukta hotA rahA hai / isakI gaNanA 100 varSIya cakra se kI jAtI hai|'' saptarSi kAla ko divya kAla mAnA gayA hai / vArAha mihira ne vRhatsaMhitA meM isa gaNanA ko ThIka mAnA hai| "jaba sAdhAraNa gaNanA aura isa gaNanA krama se koI ghaTanA tithi ThIka nikale to tathyatA meM aNu mAtra doSa nahIM raha sktaa|" yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki 2700 varSa meM saptarSi apanA eka cakra pUrA 1. rAyabahAdura paNDita gaurIzaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, 'prAcIna bhAratIya lipi mAlA', ajamera 1618, pR0 156 2. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, 'e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja,' vArANasI, 1667, pR0 265 3. saptarSi kAla kaniMghama ke anusAra- 6777 I0 pUrva lokakAla, kalaiNDara sudhAra samiti ke anusAra 7221 I0 pUrva 4. riporTa oNva di kalaiNDara riphorma kameTI' dillI, 1955, pR0 258 5. sI0 mobela Dapha, 'di kronolaoNjI ava iNDiyA' bhAga-prathama, vArANasI, 1955, pR0 4 6. paM0 bhagavad datta, 'bhAratavarSa kA vRhad itihAsa' naI dillI, 1950, pR0 165

Page #39
kAla gaNanA kA saMkSipta itihAsa, ikAIyA~ va vibhinna cakra 25 kara apanI usI avasthA meM A jAte haiM jisase eka dina ginanA Arambha kiyA jAye / "saptarSi eka - eka nakSatra ke sAtha sau-sau varSa Thaharate haiM / sattAIsa nakSatra ke sAtha ve 2700 varSa ThaharegeM / isa prakAra 2700 varSa kA eka yuga ho jAtA hai, yaha divya saMkhyA ke anusAra hai / yaha yuga nakSatra va saptarSiyoM ke yoga se calatA hai / " saptarSi gaNanA ke vibhinna nAma pracalita rahe haiM / kAzmIra Adi meM zatAbdiyoM ke aMkoM ko chor3akara Upara ke varSoM ke aMka likhane kA logoM meM pracAra hone ke kAraNa isako laukika samvat yA laukika kAla kahate haiM / vidvAnoM ke zAstra sambandhI granthoM tathA jyotiSa zAstra ke paMcAMgoM meM isake likhane kA pracAra hone ke kAraNa isako zAstra samvat kahate haiM / kAzmIra aura paMjAba ke pahAr3I pradeza meM pracalita hone se isako pahAr3I samvat kahate haiM / isa samvat ke zatAbdiyoM ko chor3akara Upara ke hI varSaM likhe jAne se kaccA samvat kahate haiM / kalhaNa kI rAjataraMgiNI, caMbA se mile eka lekha Adi se isa cakra ke viSaya meM ullekha milatA hai / bRhaspati kAla (cakra) bRhaspati kAla, bRhaspati graha kI cAla tathA usakI nizcita samayAvadhi ke cakra para AdhArita vyavasthA hai jisakA prayoga bhAratIya jyotiSiyoM tathA khagola zAstriyoM dvArA samaya gaNanA ke lie kiyA jAtA hai / bRhaspati cakra ke do rUpa haiM, prathama 60 varSIya, dUsarA 12 varSIya, 60 varSIya cakra meM varSa gaNanAoM se nahIM jAne jAte balki 60 nAmoM kI tAlikA meM se kramazaH liai jAte haiM / isa sUcI ko bRhaspati saMvatsara kahate haiM jisakA tAtparya hai bRhaspati varSoM kA pahiyA athavA cakra / inameM se pratyeka varSa saMvatsara kahalAtA hai / saMvatsara kA artha varSa hai / " isakA eka varSa eka saurya varSa ke barAbara nahIM hotA / yaha bRhaspati kI mAdhya gati ke Upara nirbhara karatA hai / eka bRhaspati varSa kA samaya vaha samaya hai jisameM graha bRhaspati eka rAzi meM praveza karatA hai tathA apanI mAdhya gati ke anusAra isameM se pUrA gujara jAtA hai / prabhavA se cakra Arambha hotA hai / " "bArhaspatya saMvatsara (varSa) jo 361 dina 2 ghar3I aura 5 pala kA hotA hai aura saura varSa 365 dina 15 1. paM0 bhagavad datta, 'bhAratavarSa kA vRhad itihAsa' naI dillI, 1650 pR0 165 2. robarTa sIvala, 'di iNDiyana kalaiNDara', landana, 1866, pR0 32

Page #40
26 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa ghar3I, 31 pala va 30 vipala kA hotA hai, ataeva vArhaspatya saMvatsara saura varSa se 4 dina 13 ghar3I aura 26 pala ke karIba choTA hotA hai jisase prati 85 varSa meM eka saMvatsara kSaya ho jAtA hai / "" bArhaspatya saMvatsara eka saurya varSa se 4.232 dina kama hotA hai isakA artha huA ki eka saMvatsara yadi saurya varSa ke ThIka sAtha Arambha hotA hai to agalA saMvatsara 4 232 dina pahale zurU ho jAyegA / isa prakAra pratyeka Ane vAle varSa meM saMvatsara kI zurUAta 4 232 dina pahale hI ho jAyegI aura nizcita rUpa se eka aisA samaya AyegA jabaki do saMvatsara eka hI saurya varSa meM Arambha hogeM / isa prakAra niyama hai ki jaba do bArhaspatya saMvatsara eka hI saurya varSa meM Arambha hoM to pahale ko nikalA huA kahA jAtA hai yA kSaya kahA jAtA hai / isa taraha se 85 saurya varSa ke samaya meM eka niSkAsana nizcita hai ataH do niSkAsanoM ke bIca kA samaya kaI bAra 85 varSa va kaI bAra 86 varSa hotA hai / dakSiNa meM bArhaspatya saMvatsara likhA to jAtA hai parantu vahAM isakA bRhaspati kI gati se koI sambandha nahIM / vahAM vAle isa bArhaspatya saMvatsara ko saura varSa ke barAbara mAnate haiM jisase unake yahAM kabhI saMvatsara kSaya nahIM mAnA jAtA / kaliyuga kA pahalA varSa pramAthI saMvatsara mAnakara prativarSa caitra zuklA eka se kramazaH navIna saMvatsara likhA jAtA hai / elegjeNDara kaniMghama ne bRhaspati ke 60 varSIya cakra meM samaya gaNanA kI tIna bhinna paddhatiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / isameM sarvAdhika prAcIna vArAhamihira dvArA dI gayI paddhati hai isake anusAra kaliyuga kA prathama varSa " jo viyana" kA 27 vAM varSa hai arthAt isakA Arambha kaliyuga se 27 varSa pUrva huA / dUsarI paddhati spaSTataH vArAha mihira ke siddhAnta kA zuddhikaraNa hai jo "jyotizatvA" meM diyA gayA hai isameM kaliyuga kA prathama varSa tathA isakA prathama varSa eka hI mAnA gayA hai / "uttarI bhArata meM ye donoM paddhatiyAM prayukta hotI rahI haiM / jahAM joviyana ke pratyeka 86 veM varSa kA lopa kara diyA gayA hai / tIsarI paddhati dakSiNa bhArata meM pracalita hai jisameM sUrya varSa tathA joviyana varSa ko eka hI mAnA gayA hai / isameM bRhaspati mAna kA vizeSa mahattva nahIM raha jAtA / 1. rAyabahAdura paMDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, 'bhAratIya prAcIna lipi mAlA', ajamera, 1618, pR0 187-88 2. rAbarTa sIvala, "di iNDiyana kalaiNDara", pR0 0 33 3. vahI 4. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, 'e iNDiyana oNpha erAja', vArANasI, 1676, pR0 18

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kAla gaNanA kA saMkSipta itihAsa, ikAIyA~ va vibhinna cakra 27. eka rUpa meM use sUrya varSa hI mAna liyA gayA hai / ' kaniMghama ne sUrya siddhAnta ke AdhAra para bRhaspati mAna kI 60 varSIya gaNanA paddhati ke lie kaliyuga ke bIte varSoM ko 86 se bhAga dekara cAlU varSa tathA cakra jJAta karane kI paddhati dI hai / bRhaspati mAna kI 60 varSIya gaNanA paddhati ke lie kaliyuga ke bIte varSoM ko 86 se bhAga deM / bhajana phala meM bhAjya arthAt kali ke bIte varSoM ko jor3a 60 se bhAga deM, jo zeSa bace yadi vaha 31 se kama hai taba usameM 28 jor3eM, yadi 31 se adhika hai taba 27 jor3eM isase cakra kA cAlU varSa nikala AyegA / udAharaNa - kaliyuga 3324 = 223 I0 3324/86-38; 8 + 3324 = 3362 3362/60=56 + 2 adhika ; jor3eM 2-1-28= 30 isa prakAra kaliyuga kA 3324 vAM varSa bRhaspati ke 60 varSIya cakra ke 57 veM cakra kA 30 vAM cAlU varSa hai / uttarI hindustAna meM zilA lekha Adi meM bArhaspatya saMvatsara likhe jAne ke udAharaNa bahuta hI kama milate haiM, parantu dakSiNa meM isakA pracAra adhikatA ke sAtha milatA hai / lekhAdi meM isakA sabase pahalA udAharaNa dakSiNa ke cAlukya rAjA maMgaleza ke samaya ke bAdAmI ke stambha lekha meM milatA hai jisameM "siddhArtha " saMvatsara likhA hai / bRhaspati kA eka dUsarA cakra 12 saMvatsara kA hai / jisake varSoM ke nAma candra mahInoM para diye gaye haiM / isake varSoM ke nAma kArtikAdi 12 mahInoM ke anusAra hai / parantu kabhI-kabhI mahInoM ke nAma se pahale mahA lagAyA jAtA hai, jaisA ki mahAcaitra, mahAvaisAkha Adi / " "yaha 12 varSIya cakra do prakAra kA hai / 1. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, 'e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja', vArANasI, 1676, pR0 16 2 . vahI 3. rAya bahAdura paMDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, 'bhAratIya prAcIna lipi mAlA, ' ajamera, 1618, pR0 186 4. vahI, pR0 186

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itisAsa eka meM saMvatsara bRhaspati ke 'sahasUryodaya' se Arambha hotA hai tathA karIba 400 saurya divasoM kA hotA hai / eka saMvatsara pratyeka 12 varSoM meM niSkAsita ho jAtA hai dUsare meM jisakA nAma hamane 'mAdhya rAzI vyavasthA' rakhA hai / varSa 60 varSIya cakra ke varSoM kI lambAI ke barAbara hI hote haiM va ThIka 60 varSIya cakra vAle varSa ke sAtha hI Arambha hote haiM / donoM prakAra purAne samaya meM pracalita the / dUsare vAle kA prayoga Adhunika dinAMkoM ke lie kiyA jAtA thA vizeSa rUpa se kolama samvat ke liye / " " 28 isa prakAra bRhaspati ke 60 varSIya cakra kA 1/5 bhAga 12 varSIya cakra hai / isa 12 varSIya cakra kA 1 / 12 vAM bhAga eka varSa kahalAtA hai / isakI gaNanA kA siddhAnta isa prakAra hai : "zaka kA samAnavarSa DhUr3he, use 22 se guNA kareM tathA usameM 4261 jor3e, use 1875 se bhAga deM, bhajana phala ko bagaira bhinna ke zaka varSa meM jor3e, yoga ko 60 se bhAga deM, isase bIte hue cakra nikala AyegeM aura jo zeSa bacegA vaha agale cakra ke bIte varSa hoNge| isI zeSa ko 12 se bhAga dekara isase 12 varSIya cakra nikala AyegeM, tathA zeSa bacI saMkhyA pUrNa varSa va usase agalA cAlU varSa hogA / " 2 udAharaNa - 166 I0 = 88 zaka 88 x 22 = 1936+4291 6227 : 1875= 3 3---88=61; 61/60=1/31 ( zeSa bacA ) 31 / 12=2 pUrNa tathA 7 zeSa isa prakAra 88 zaka varSa bRhaspati ke 12 varSIya cakra ke 2 pUrNa cakra tathA 7veM cAlU varSa ke barAbara hai / parazurAma kA cakra parazurAma kA samvat 1000 varSoM kA eka cakra hai / aisA mAnA jAtA hai| ki isakA Arambha 1175, 3/4 athavA 1176 I0 pUrva meM huA / karnala vArena kA kathana hai ki isakA pracalana prAyaH dvIpa ( bhArata ) ke dakSiNI bhAga taka hI 1. rAbarTa sIvela 'di iNDiyana kalaiNDara' landana, 1866, pR0 37 2. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, 'e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja', vArANasI, 1976, pR0 26

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kAla gaNanA kA saMkSipta itihAsa, ikAIyAM va vibhinna cakra 26 sImita thA jisameM malayAlama tathA TrAvanakora sahita kanyA kumArI taka kA pradeza sammilita thaa| parazurAma cakra ke tIsare cakra kA 977 vAM varSa 3677 azvina prathama, 1723 zaka thA tathA 14 sitambara, 1800 I0 se mela khAtA thaa| parantu kaniMghama kA vicAra hai ki yaha galata hai aura yaha 1801 honA cAhiye jo zaka 1723 se mela khAtA hai| kAvasajI paTela ne bhI ise varSa 677=15 sitambara, 1801 I0 mAnA hai / kaniMghama kA vicAra hai ki yaha cakra kolama saMvat se saMbandhita hai / ise kolama saMvat athavA kolama aMdu bhI kahA jAtA hai / DA0 vargIja ne ise kolama aMdu saMvat kahA hai| isa lekha ke anusAra pichalA cakra samApta hone para nayA cakra 25 agasta, 825 I0 meM AraMbha huA javaki kAvasajI paTela ne yaha tithi usI varSa kI 26 agasta dI hai| kalaiNDara sudhAra samiti ne kolama saMvat ke do rupoM kA varNana kiyA hai tathA isakA AraMbha 825 I0 se mAnA hai| uttarI mAlAbAra meM pracalita kolama saMvat kA AraMbha 17 sitaMbara se hotA thA tathA yaha "kanyAdI" thA tathA kolama saMvat kA dUsarA rUpa jisako dakSiNa mAlAbAra meM 17 agasta se grahaNa kiyA gayA "sImahAdI" thaa| kaniMghama ne parazurAma cakra kI pramukha tithiyAM isa prakAra dI haiM : cakra tithi prathama 1176 I0 pUrva dvitIya 176 I0 pUrva tRtIya 825 I. caturtha 1825 I. yaha saMvat uttarI bhArata meM kabhI prayoga nahIM kiyA gayA tathA jyotiSiyoM 1. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, 'e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja', vArANasI, 1976, pR0 33 2. 'riporTa oNpha di kalaNDara riphorma kameTI', dillI, 1955, pR0 258 3. elagjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha inDiyana erAja," pR0 33

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa ko bhI nAma bhara se hI isakA jJAna hai|' kaniMghama dvArA dI gayI parazurAma cakra kI tithiyoM se spaSTa hai ki prati eka hajAra varSa bAda isakA nayA cakra AraMbha hotA hai / uparokta tAlikA meM prathama cakra 1176 I0 pUrva tathA dUsare cakra 176 I0 pUrva meM 1000 varSoM kA antara hai parantu dUsare cakra 176 I0 pUrva thA tIsare cakra 825 I0 meM 1001 varSoM kA antara hai jabaki tIsare cakra 825 I0 se cauthe cakra 1825 I0ke bIca 1000 varSoM kA hI antara hai| aisA kisa kAraNa hai, spaSTa nahIM / prathama cakra 1176 I0 pUrva se AraMbha huA tathA tIsare cakra 824-25 I0 meM ise kolama saMvat ke nAma se saMbodhita kiyA jAne lgaa| graha parivartI cakra graha parivartI saMvatsara 60 varSa kA cakra hai jisake 60 varSa pUre hone para phira varSa 1 se likhanA zurU karate haiN| isakA pracAra bahudhA madrAsa ihAte ke madurA jile meM hai / isakA AraMbha vartamAna kaliyuga saMvat 3076 (I0 sa0 pUrva 24) se honA batAyA jAtA hai / vartamAna kaliyuga saMvat meM 72 jor3akara 60 kA bhAga dene se jo bace vaha ukta cakra kA vartamAna varSa hotA hai athavA vartamAna zaka saMvat meM 11 jor3akara 60 kA bhAga dene se jo bace vaha vartamAna saMvatsara hotA hai| isameM saptaSi saMvata kI nAMI varSoM kI saMkhyA hI likhI jAtI hai / purtagAlI mizanarI bezI jo mathurA meM 40 varSa rahA, ke AdhAra para vArena ne isakA varNana kiyA hai| "isakA AraMbha kaliyuga 3078 athavA 24 I0 pUrva se hotA hai / dUsarA cakra 76 I0 meM par3A hogA / yaha sambhava pratIta hotA hai ki bRhaspati ke jyotiSa cakra se isakA koI sambandha rahA hogA jo isI samaya se AraMbha hotA hai / " 24 I0 pUrva se cakra AraMbha hone para 66 I0 meM vaha pUrNa ho jAnA cAhie thA (24+66=10) kyoMki isa cakra ko 1. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, 'e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja', vArANasI, 1676, pR0 33 2. rAya bahAdura paM0 gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, 'bhAratIya prAcIna lipi mAlA,' ajamera, 1618, pR0 186 3. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, 'e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja', pR0 51

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kAla gaNanA kA saMkSipta itihAsa, ikAIyAM va vibhinna cakra 31 kaniMghama ne 60 varSa kA likhA hai| phira prathama cakra ko 76 I0 meM samApta kisa liye AyA hai yaha spaSTa nahIM hai / eka cakra meM 60 saurya varSa hote haiM / pratyeka varSa kI lambAI 365 dina, 15 ghar3I, 31 pala hai tathA varSa meSa se AraMbha hotA hai / "cakra meM sUrya ke eka cakra kA, maMgala ke 15 cakkaroM kA, marakarI ke 22 cakkaroM kA, bahaspati ke 11 cakkaroM kA, zukra ke 5 cakkaroM kA tathA zanI ke 26 cakkaroM kA jor3a hai / " graha parivartI cakra para AdhArita samvat or3ako hai / isakA pracAra madrAsa rAjya ke gaMjama jile meM hai / isake mAha pUNimAnta haiN| lekina 12 bhAdrapada zukla se varSa kA AraMbha hotA hai tathA yaha 12 vAM hI dina kahalAtA hai, na ki pahalA / dUsare zabdoM meM pratyeka bhAdrapada zuddha ke 12 veM dina varSa badalatA hai| or3ako gaNanA kA AraMbha kaba huA isa sandarbha meM nizcita sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hote / kucha sAkSyoM se patA calatA hai ki yaha gaNanA chor3AgaNA jo ki gar3aga vaMza kA pravartaka thA ke samaya AraMbha hayI / usakI tithi adhikAMzataH 1131-32 e0 DI0 mAnI jAtI hai / saTana ne ur3IsA ke itihAsa meM likhA hai ki yaha 1580 e0DI0 meM Arambha huA / paralAkimeDI, paDAkimeDI cinna kimeDI, kI jamIMdArI ke hissoM meM or3ako paMcAMga hI mAnA jAtA hai| lekina ye loga ise vizeSa rUpa se apane tarIke se hI mAnate haiM / ye varSoM ke nAma apane jamIMdAroM ke nAmoM para hI rakhate haiM / jo eka bAta ina sabhI meM sAmAnya rUpa se hai, vaha yaha hai ki ve inake lipikaraNa meM jina varSoM kA aMka 6 hai yA jina varSoM kA aMta 6 yA 0 se hotA hai (10 ko chor3akara)vaha chor3a diye jAte haiN| udAharaNa ke lie 5veM va dazaveM or3ako (rAjakumAra yA jamIdAroM ke) ke agale or3ako ko 7 vAM 21 vAM kahegeM na ki chaThA va bIsavAM / isa taraha kI gaNanA kA kyA bhAdhAra hai, batAnA kaThina hai lekina vahAM ke logoM kA vizvAsa hai ki unake zAstroM va rIti-rivAjoM ke anusAra ye burI saMkhyAyeM haiM jo chor3a dI jAtI haiN| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki yaha varSoM meM rAjya bar3hAne ke lie kiyA jAtA hai / eka aura vizeSa bAta yaha thI ki or3ako varSa 56 ke bAda nahIM gine jAte the usake bAda ke varSoM ke lie ve dvitIya zreNI, eka dvitIya zreNI Adi prakAra se ginate the| yaha bhI dhyAna dene yogya bAta hai ki jaba eka rAjakumAra kisI or3ako varSa ke bIca meM mara jAtA thA to usake uttarAdhikArI kA pahalA or3ako jo 1. rAbarTa sIvela, 'di iNDiyana kalaiNDara', landana, 1866, pR0 37 2. vahI

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32 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa ki usakI gaddI para Ane se zurU hotA thA, pUre eka varSa taka nahIM calatA thA balki Ane vAlI bhAdrapada zuddha ke 11 veM dina samApta ho jAtA thaa| isa taraha se pahale rAjA kA antima rAjya kAla kA varSa tathA dUsare ke rAjya kAla kA pahalA varSa milAkara eka varSa hotA thaa| isa prakriyA meM eka varSa chUTa jAtA thaa| isa taraha se eka or3ako varSa kA samakAlIna aMgrejI varSa nikAlane ke lie prathama yaha Avazyaka thA ki yaha kauna sA or3ako hai arthAt jagannAtha hai yA pAlikameDI hai athavA koI anya / dvitIya yaha ki jo varSa chor3e gaye haiM unakA ghaTanA (arthAt pahalA, chaThA, solahavAM, bIsavAM, chabbIsavA~, tIsavAM, chattIsavAM, cAlIsavAM, pacAsavAM, va chappanavAM) ur3IsA ke rAjakumAroM kI sUcI upalabdha hai lekina 1767 I. taka kI gaNanA bilkula vizvasanIya nahIM haiN|' 1. rAbarTa sIvana, 'di inDiyana kalaNDara', landana, 1896, pR0 38-36)

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dvitIya adhyAya dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat bhArata meM kucha samvatoM kA sambandha dharma pracArakoM, dharmaM pravartakoM athavA AdhyAtmika caritroM jinheM bhagavAna mAna liyA gayA hai, ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM se hai / inameM janma, jJAna prApti athavA mokSa prApti kI ghaTanA se Arambha hone vAle samvat haiM / prastuta adhyAya meM aise hI samvatoM kA ullekha huA hai / isa adhyAya meM varNita samvat isAI va hijrI aise haiM jinakI utpatti bhArata se bAhara videza meM huI parantu unake anuyAyiyoM dvArA bhArata meM zAsana kiyA gayA tathA unake dvArA ina saMvatoM kA prayoga bhArata ke prazAsanika kAryoM meM kaI zatAbdiyoM taka kiyA gayA / Aja bhI dhArmika va dainika vyavahAra ke kAryoM ke lie ina saMvatoM kA prayoga ho rahA hai, sAtha hI ina saMvatoM kA prayoga bhAratIya itihAsa ke purna-lekhana ke lie bhI huA hai / ata: bhAratIya saMvatoM kA ullekha karate samaya inheM chor3A nahIM jA sakatA / bhArata meM apane nirantara pracalana ke kAraNa inakI ginatI bhI aba bhAratIya saMvatoM meM hI kI jAne lagI hai / isa adhyAya meM varNita isAI, hijrI, bahAI va maharSi dayAnandAbda saMvat yadyapi tithikrama ke AdhAra para kAphI bAda ke haiM tathA inase pahale Arambha huye saMvatoM kA ullekha tRtIya adhyAya meM huA hai parantu inakA Arambha dharma pravartakoM se jur3A hone ke kAraNa unheM isI adhyAya meM denA anivArya ho gayA / ataH tithikrama ko najaraandAja karate hue ina saMvatoM kA ullekha isI adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi buddha va mahAvIra aitihAsika caritra hI haiM kyoMki unake janma, maraNa tathA jIvana kI anya ghaTanAoM ke viSaya meM paryApta pramANika sAkSya upalabdha haiM / unakI tithi nirdhAraNa ke sAtha hI aneka ghaTanAoM va rAjavaMzoM kA tithikrama prApta hotA hai tathA ina mahAtmAoM kI zikSAoM ne rAjanaitika, sAmAjika va dhArmika itihAsa ko prabhAvita kiyA hai tathApi unake sAtha eka dharma vizeSa kA nAma jur3A hai| eka sAmAjika varga dvArA unheM bhagavAna ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai ataH ina donoM samvatoM ko isI dhArmika caritroM se sambandhita adhyAya meM rakhA

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34 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa gayA hai, na ki "aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se Arambha hone vAle saMvat" nAmaka adhyAya meM / sRSTi samvat sRSTi ke nAma para hI yaha samvat sRSTi samvat ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / sRSTi samvat ke atirikta yaha kalpa samvat va Arya samvat bhI kahA jAta hai / sRSTi samvat kA pracalana kSetra hindU dharma sAhitya hI hai / hindU dharma granthoM va paMcAMgoM para isa samvat kA aMkana rahatA hai / sRSTi samvat kI gaNanA hinduoM ne eka bahuta bar3e samaya se kI hai jisameM sabase choTI ikAI dina, mAha athavA varSa nahIM balki pUrA eka yuga hai / ataH isa samvat kA vartamAna yuga kyA hai, isa sambandha meM eka uddharaNa nimnavat hai : "brahmA ke eka dina meM 14 manvantara hote haiM / 71 caukar3I kA eka manvantara hotA hai / Azaya yaha hai ki 14 manvantara meM se 6 manvantara (1 svAyambhuva:, 2 svarociza, 3 uttama, 4 tAmasa, 5 raivata, 6 cAkSuva ) samApta hokara sAtavAM manvantara cala rahA hai jisakI 27 caukar3I pUrNa, 28vIM caukar3I meM 3 yuga (satyuga, tretA, dvApara ) samApta hokara cauthA yuga yaha kaliyuga cala rahA hai, jo samApta hone para 28 caukar3iyoM ko pUrNa karegA / isake pazcAt vaivasvat manvantara meM (71-28 = ) 43 caukar3iyAM zeSa raheMgI"" / sRSTi samvat kA sambandha hindU dharma se hai ataH isake Arambha ke lie hindU dharma pracArakoM ko hI uttaradAyI samajhanA cAhie, kisI viziSTa vyakti ko nahIM / sRSTi kI Ayu ke sambandha meM vibhinna vidvAnoM va vibhinna sampradAya ke dharma granthoM se aneka uddharaNa prApta hote haiM / sRSTi kI Ayu kA nirNaya hI sRSTi samvat ke Arambha samaya kA nirNaya hai / sRSTi utpatti kA samaya kyA hai ? kitane varSoM taka rahatI hai ? usake kyA vibhAga haiM ? Adi viSayoM para dharma granthoM meM vicAra upalabdha hote haiM / yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki caitya mAsa ke pakSa ke prArambha meM dina, mAsa, varSa, yuga Adi eka -sAtha prArambha huye / aisA vizvAsa vidyamAna hai ki caitra zukla pakSa ke prathama dina sUryodaya ke samaya brahmA ne jagata kI racanA kI / yajurveda meM Aye eka zloka kI maharSi dayAnanda dvArA pradatta vyAkhyA meM sRSTi ke nirmANa ke milatA hai / "manuSya, pRthvI aura jala meM jo moSadhiyAM utpanna hotI haiM, jaba ve tIna varSa purAnI ho jAyeM taba unheM grahaNa karake vaidyaka zAstra kI vidhi se sevana karate haiM / ve sevana kI huyI saba marma sthaloM meM vyApta hokara rogoM ko haTAkara samaya kA saMketa 1. 'zuddha bhAradvAja paMcAMga', meraTha, 1988-86, pR0 1 /

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dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat .35 zArIrika sukhoM ko zIghra utpanna karatI haiN|" isa vyAkhyA meM tIna varSa kA tAtparya tIna yugoM se liyA jAtA hai|' atharvaveda ke eka zloka se bhI kucha vidvAna sRSTi kI Ayu kA anumAna lagAte haiM / jisakA tAtparya yaha hai ki10 lAkha taka bindu rakhakara usase pUrva 2, 3, 4 ke aMka rakha dene caahiye| yaha saMkhyA isa prakAra hogI-4320000000 varSa / veda ke AdhAra para yaha sRSTi kI Ayu hai / manu-smRti meM bhI sRSTi kI Ayu kA varNana huA hai| sUrya siddhAMta ke anusAra sRSTi kI Ayu meM 14 manvantara tathA usakI 15 saMdhiyoM kA samaya lagatA hai| sUrya siddhAnta ke racayitA ke samaya saSTi kI kitanI Ayu ho cukI thI, kitanI zeSa thI, isakA varNana isa prakAra upalabdha hai- "isa kalpa sRSTi kI utpatti aba taka saMdhiyoM ke svAyambhuva manu se lekara cAkSuva manu taka 6 manu to pUrNa aura sAtaveM vaivasvat manu kI eka saMdhi tathA 27 cartuyuga to sampUrNa aura 28ve isa vartamAna cartuyuga, ke satayuga, tretA dvApara ke bItane para yaha kaliyuga cala rahA hai| jisake 5075 varSa bItakara yaha 76vAM varSa cala rahA hai|"3 ___ isa sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| svAmI dayAnanda ne sRSTi samvat ke sambandha meM likhA hai-"yaha jo vartamAna saSTi hai isameM sAtaveM vaivasvata manu kA vartamAna hai / isake pUrva chaH manvantara ho cuke haiM aura sAThavAM vaivasvat cala rahA hai tathA spaNi Adi sAta manvantara Age hoNge| saba milAkara 14 manvantara hote haiM aura 71 catuyugiyoM kA nAma manvantara rakhA gayA hai / aise 14 manvantara eka brahma dina meM hote haiM aura itanA hI parimANa brahma rAtri kA bhI hotA hai|" svAmI jI Age likhate haiM-"brahma dina aura brahma rAtri arthAt brahma jo paramezvara-usane saMsAra ke vartamAna aura pralaya kI saMjJA kI hai isIlie isakA nAma brahma dina hai| isI prakAra asaMkhya manvantaroM meM jinakI saMkhyA nahIM ho sakatI aneka bAra sRSTi ho cukI hai, aneka bAra hogii| so isa sRSTi ko sadA se sarvazaktimAna jagadIzvara, sahaja svabhAva se racanA, pAlana aura pralaya karatA hai, aura sadA aise hI karegA / jaba eka manvantara samApta hokara dUsarA Arambha 1. nirUpaNa vidyAlaMkAra, 'maharSi dayAnanda aura sRSTi samvat', 'smArikA', meraTha Arya samAja zatAbdI samAroha, 1978, pR0 66 / 2. vhii| 3. vahI, pR067| 4. vahI, pR0 68

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36 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa 1 hotA hai taba khaNDe pralaya hotI / khaNDa pralaya va mahApralaya kaba taka rahatI hai yaha niyata hai tathA candra, sUrya, grahoM Adi kI gati kA jo anAdi kAla se niyama calA AtA hai vaha niyata hai / " DA0 triveda ne sRSTi ke vyatIta samaya kI gaNanA kI vyavasthA isa prakAra dI hai - "hama Adhunika sRSTi ke vyatIta samaya kA isa prakAra bhI hisAba lagA sakate haiM kyoMki brahmA ke dina athavA kalpa meM 14 manu hote haiM / pratyeka samayAvadhi ko manu athavA manvantara kahate haiM / yaha sAtavAM manvantara cala rahA hai, anumAnata: 71 caturyugoM kI gaNanA nimna prakAra hogI - 12000 x 360 X 27 = 1166,40,000 tathA 5027 varSa kali ( arthAt 4800 + 3600+2400 x 360 = 3888000 isa prakAra kula yuga = 1,66,08,53,058 varSaM hogI / yaha gaNanA 1657 I0 kI hai / 2 alaberunI ne brahmA kI kula Ayu kI gaNanA isa prakAra kI hai-- "hamAre mApa ke pahale brahmA kI Ayu ke hamAre 2 nIla, 62 kharaba, 15 araba, 73 karor3a, 26 lAkha 48 hajAra, 132 varSa bIta cuke haiM (2,62,15,73,26,48,132 varSa ) / brahmA ke ahorAtra arthAt dina ke kalpa ke 1 araba, 67 karor3a, 26 lAkha, 48 hajAra, 132 tathA sAtaveM manvantara ke 12 karor3a 5 lAkha 32 hajAra 132 varSa bIta cuke haiM / "3 isAIyoM kI paramparAnusAra vizva kA nirmANa 4004 I0 pUrva athavA 710 jUliyana yuga meM huaa| jUliyana yuga kA Arambha 4714 I0 pUrva mAnA jAtA hai / " jaina paramparAoM ke anusAra saMsAra anaMta hai na isakA Adi hai na ant| isake anusAra saMsAra pahiye ke samAna ghUmane vAlA cakra hai / Upara calane vAlA samaya utsarpinI tathA nIce calane vAlA avasapanI kahalAtA haiM / jaina dharma kA Arambha bhI kaba huA isa sambandha meM bhI nizcita tithi jJAta nahIM haiM / jaina 1. nirUpaNa vidyAlaMkAra, 'maharSi dayAnanda aura sRSTi samvat', 'smArikA', meraTha Arya samAja zatAbdI samAroha, 1678, pR0 18 / 2. DI0 esa0 triveda, 'iNDiyana kronolojI', bambaI. 1663, pR0 2 // 3. alaberUnI, 'alaberUnI kA bhArata' (anu0 rajanIkAMta), ilAhAbAda, 1967, pR0 264 / 4. DI0 esa0 triveda, 'inDiyana kronolojI', pR0 2 /

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dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat 37 rivAjoM ke anusAra prathama jaina tIrthaMkara RSbhadeva kA nirvANa mAgha ke mahIne meM caturdazI ke dina huA thA / jainiyoM ke anusAra taba se jo samaya vyatIta huA hai vaha samajha ke bAhara hai tathA vaha vAstava meM bahuta bar3I saMkhyA hai / ise isa prakAra gina sakate haiM__41,34,52,63,03,08,20,31,77,74,65,12,161X6451 __ saSTi ke nirmANa se vartamAna yuga taka ke samaya kI gaNanA ke lie DA0 triveda ne eka aura paddhati dI hai| unake anusAra-saSTi ke nirmANa se aba taka ke samaya kI gaNanA zataraMja ke pratyeka khAne meM dUnI saMkhyA rakhane se kI jA sakatI hai / jaise 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 arthAt-1+2+2+23+2+2+2+2+...+264 +264-1=73,70,65,51,615 varSa isake atirikta kucha vicArakoM ne saSTi kA jIvana kAla 58 biliyana varSa mAnA hai| arthAt-58,000,000,000,000,000 varSa / 'atharvaveda', kANDa 8 sUkta 2 mantra 21 ke anusAra kSemakaraNa dAsa trivedI ne yuga varSa gaNanA ke sambandha meM yaha sAraNI dI hai / noTa - sAraNI pRSTha 38 para dekhe / __ isa prakAra vibhinna sampradAyoM ke rivAjoM para AdhArita siddhAnta saSTi kI Ayu kI gaNanA karane ke lie diye gaye haiM, parantu isa sambandha meM nizcita rUpa se kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| maharSi dayAnanda, AcArya catura sena tathA DA0 DI0 esa0 triveda Adi svadezI vidvAnoM ne sRSTi samvat kI vyAkhyA kI hai / isake atirikta videzI lekhaka alberUnI ne apane samaya meM pracalita hindU rivAjoM ke AdhAra para saSTi kI Ayu kA anumAnita samaya batAyA hai / hindU dharma granthoM ke atirikta jaina va isAI dhArmika granthoM meM bhI sRSTi kI Ayu ke sambandha meM vyAkhyA milatI hai| sRSTi samvat kA mukhya uddezya sRSTi kI Ayu kA anumAna lagAnA hai isI 1. DI0 esa0 triveda, 'iNDiyana kronolojI', bambaI, 1963, pR0 2-3 / 2. vahI, pR0 3 / 3. 'atharvaveda', (anu0 kSema karaNa dAsa trivedI), dillI, vikramAbda 2038, pR0 17 /

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W dvApara sUcanA-mantra meM kevala (so, daza sahatra, varSa, do yuga, tIna aura cAra) pada haiM, kali Adi padoM kI kalpanA kI gaI hai| eka devavarSa meM 360 (tIna sau sATha) mAnuSa yA saura varSa hote haiN| kali / tretA kRtayuga / caturyugI mAnuSa vA / deva varSa ... mAnuSa vA deva varSa | mA ' saura varSa | dava 15 | saura varSa 511 saura varSa 100/ 36,000 200 72,000 300 1,08,000 400 1,44,000 1,000 3,60,000 | 10,000 36,00,000 20,000/72,00,000/ 30,0001,08,00,000/ 40,0001,44,00,000/1,00,000,3,60,00,000 yoga | 10,100 36,36,000/ 20,200/72,72,000/30,300/1,06,08,000/ 40,400 / 1,45,44,000 / 1,01,000/ 3,63,60,000 mAnuSa vA | deva varSa saura varSa | saura varSa / deva varSa | . saura varSa 2-manu adhyAya zloka 66-70 aura sUrya siddhAnta adhyAya 15-17 ke anusAra yuga varSa gaNanA // ___sandhi aur| kRtayuga / tretAyuga / dvAparayuga / kaliyuga / caturyugI / yuga sa mAnuSa vA / mAnuSa vA / mAnuSa vA / mAnuSa vA | | mAnuSa vA saura varSa / deva varSa | saura varSa / | saura varSa 11 / deva varSa | saura varSa sandhyA varSa | 400 1,44,000 300/ 1,08,000 200 72,000 100 36,000 1,000/ 3,60,000 yuga varSa / 4,000 14,40,000/ 3,00010,80,000/ 2,000 7,20,000 1,000 3,60,00010,00036,00,000 saMdhyAMza varSa / 400 1,44,000 300 1,08,000 200 72,000 100/ 36,000' 1,000 3,60,000 yoga... | 4,80017,28,000/ 3,600 12,66,000 2,400 8,64,000 1,200/ 4,32,000/ 12,000/43,20,000 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa

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dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat uddezya se aneka sampradAyoM va dharma granthoM meM isakA ullekha huA hai, dharma granthoM (hindU) meM aisI gaNanA paddhati ko sRSTi samvat kA nAma de diyA gayA hai / sRSTi samvat kA eka mukhya uddezya hindU gaNanA paddhati kI prAcInatA ko darzAnA bhI hai, jaisA ki aneka dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvatoM kA rahA hai / sRSTi samvat kI upayogitA dharma granthoM, dharma caritroM va dharma netAoM se sambandhita ghaTanAoM ke samaya ko AMkane meM rahI haiM tathA hindU dharma sAhitya meM isa samvat ko paryApta sthAna milA hai / sRSTi samvat aba bhI hindU dhArmika anuSThAnoM tathA paMcAMga nirmANa ke lie prayukta ho rahA hai| ___ yaha samvat kalpanA para adhika nirbhara hai kyoMki sRSTi ke nirmANa kA koI sAkSI nahIM hai / sRSTi nirmANa ke bAda hI, usa para bhI manuSya kA Adima avasthA se Upara uThakara susaMskRta hone ke pazcAt hI sRSTi kI nirmANa tithi tathA usase sambandhita anya ghaTanAoM ko tithyAMkita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA / kAlayavana samvat kAlayavana rAkSasa ke nAma se isa samvat kA nAma kAlayavana samvat par3A hai| isa samvat ke saMdarbha meM do sAkSya upalabdha hote haiM-prathama megasthanIja kA lekha tathA dUsarA alaberUnI kA bhAratIya saMvatoM saMdarbha meM varNana / megasthanIja ke lekha jinheM usake dezavAsiyoM ne surakSita rakhA, ke AdhAra para paMDita bhagavad datta ne kAlayavana samvat kA Arambha tretA yuga se batAyA hai| "yavana zabda DAyonosiyasa athavA bekasa dAnavAsura vipracita kA vikRta rUpa hai| usake bAda surakuleza viSNu huaa| viSNu vipracitti se 15 sthAna pazcAt hai / bAraha bhrAtAoM meM vaha sabase kaniSTha thaa| 11 sthAna ina bhrAtAoM ke aura 4 sthAna anya, isa prakAra vipracitti 15 sthAna pahale thaa| vipracitti danu kA putra thA, ataH vaha dAnavAsura khlaayaa| vipracitti tretAyuga ke Arambha meM thA, usase lekara bhArata yuddha taka 100 rAjA the| bhArata yuddha se ripuMjaya taka 22 rAjA, tatpazcAt 5 pradyota rAjA, tadantara 10 zaizunAga rAjA, tadandara 6 nanda huye / ye saba 146 baneM / sambhava hai magadha ke rAjAoM kI jo purAnI gaNanA ho, usameM kucha antara ho / tathApi itanI bAta ThIka hai ki tretA ke Arambha se arthAt vipracitti ke kAla se nandoM ke anta taka 6451 varSa avazya bIta cuke the| yaha varSa saMkhyA megasthanIja ne bhArata ke rAjavRttoM se lii| purANoM ke tuSAroM athavA deva putroM ke rAjya kA eka varSamAna 7000 varSa kA hai| yaha varSamAna tratA ke Arambha se ginA gayA pratIta hotA hai|"' alaberUnI ke varNana se bhI 1. bhagavaddatta, 'bhAratavarSa kA vRhada itihAsa', naI dillI, 1650, pR0 160 /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa kAlayavana nAmaka samvat kA ullekha milatA hai / vaha isakA Arambha dvApara yuga se batAtA hai -"hinduoM kA eka samvat kAlayavana nAma kA hai| isake viSaya kI pUrNa jAnakArI mujhe nahIM ho skii| ve isakA gaNanArambha antima dvApara yuga ke anta meM karate haiM / kAlayavana nAmaka rAkSasa ne unake deza tathA dharma donoM ko ghora rUpa se pIr3ita kiyA thaa|" kAlayavana samvata ke sambandha meM upalabdha donoM sAkSyoM meM samvat ke Arambha ke sambandha meM diye gaye samaya meM do yugoM kA antara hai| megasthanIja ke varNana ke AdhAra para bhagavad datta isakA Arambha tretA ke Arambha se mAnate haiM tathA alaberUnI ne isa samvat kA Arambha dvApara ke anta ko batAyA hai, arthAt pUrA dvApara va pUrA tretA do yugoM kA antara hai / ___ bhAratIya dhArmika paramparAoM ke anusAra ina donoM yugoM meM mAnava jAti ke uddhAra va asuroM ke vinAza ke lie bhagavAna ne avatAra liyA aura yaha samvat tabhI eka aisI ghaTanA se jur3A hai jabaki eka pIr3aka asura kA vinAza kiyA gayA jo deza va dharma ko pIr3ita karane vAlA thaa| isa saMdarbha meM yadi catura sena ke rAma ke samaya ke sambandha meM diye gaye mata ko rakheM to kAlayavana rAkSasa kI matyu va usase Arambha hone vAle samvat kA samaya tretA kA anta va dvApara kA Arambha ho sakatA hai arthAt donoM yugoM kA saMdhi kA samaya / "rAma tretA dvApara kI sandhi meM upasthita the| yaha kAla bahuta karake masIha pUrva satrahavIM va aThArahavIM zatAbdI hai, arthAt aba se 3850 varSa pUrva rAma kA rAjya kAla hai| kAlayavana samvat ke sambandha meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhagavAna viSNu ke avatAra rAma ne tretA dvApara kI sandhi ke samaya kAlayavana nAmaka rAkSasa ko mArA va isI se kAlayavana samvat kA Arambha huaa| isa samvat ke sambandha meM sabase bar3I samasyA yaha hai ki isake sambandha meM upalabdha donoM sAkSya videzI lekhakoM ke haiM tathA alaberUnI dvArA zaka, gupta va harSa sambat ke sambandha meM diye gaye vicAroM kA, jisameM vaha ina samvatoM kA Arambha rAjA zaka kI mRtyu, gupta vaMza kI samApti va harSa kI mRtyu se batAtA hai, khaNDana ho jAne ke bAda kAlayavana 1. alaberUnI, 'alaberUnI kA bhArata', (anu0 rajanI kAMta), ilAhAbAda, 1967, pR0 265 / 2. AcArya catura sena, 'bhAratIya saMskRti kA itihAsa', meraTha, 1658, pR0 262 /

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dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat 41 samvat ke Arambha ke saMdarbha meM bhI yahI samajhanA cAhie ki yaha kAlayavana kI mRtyu para usI ke nAma se calA samvat nahIM ho sakatA / yaha sambhava hai ki kisI duSTAtmA kI hatyA kI gayI ho va kAlayavana koI dUsarA vyakti ho jisane duSTAtmA ke anta meM sahAyatA dI ho tathA usake sammAna meM isa samvat kA nAma kAlayavana par3A ho / aura yadi vAstava meM isa samvat kA nAma deza dharma ke pIr3aka rAkSasa kAlayavana ke nAma para hI hai bhale hI vaha usakI mRtyu ke avasara para hI diyA gayA ho to yaha samvat bhAratIya samvat Arambha kI paramparA ke pratikUla hai kyoMki bhArata meM kisI zubha avasara para athavA mahAn AtmAoM ke nirvANa para samvat Arambha kI paramparA rahI hai / kAlayavana samvat kA ullekha bhAratIya sAhitya meM nagaNya hai / videzI sAkSyoM se hI usakA paricaya milatA hai / ataH isakI arambhika tithi, gaNanA paddhati, varSa, mAha, dina Adi ke saMdarbha meM vizeSa jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai / kRSNa samvat bhagavAna viSNu ke avatAra zrI kRSNa ke nAma para yaha samvat pracalita hai / ise kRSNa samvat ke nAma se hI jAnA jAtA hai tathA kRSNa ke janma ke samaya se isa samvat kA Arambha mAnA jAtA hai / hinduoM dvArA deza ke vibhinna sthAnoM para isa samvat kA prayoga apane dhArmika kAryoM ke lie kiyA jAtA hai tathA vartamAna samaya meM yaha paMcAMgoM para bhI aMkita milatA hai / vizva hindU pariSad ke kumAyUM vibhAga se prakAzita nava varSa badhAI patra meM isakA cAlU varSa 5212vAM diyA hai jo 1686 I0 ke barAbara hai / yaha kaliyuga samvat 5088, zrI vikrama samvat 2043 tathA zrI zAlIvAhana samvat 1908 ke barAbara hai / " hindU paMcAMgoM para bhI kRSNa samvat kA aMkana milatA hai / bhAradvAja paMcAMga meM aneka sambatoM ke vartamAna cAlU varSa ke sAtha kRSNa samvat kA cAlU varSa bhI diyA gayA hai- "zrI kRSNa janma samvat 5225, zaka 1e11, vikramAditya rAjyAbda 2046 tathA I0 san 1986e0 192 kRSNa samvat kA prayoga to deza meM vibhinna sthAnoM para raha rahe hinduoM dvArA ho rahA hai tathA paMcAMgoM para isakA aMkana bhI ho rahA hai, parantu aisA pratIta 1. vizva hindU pariSad, (kumAyUM vibhAga), 'nava varSa maMgalamaya ho', zrI vikrama samvat 2043 (1986) / 2. nareza datta zarmA, 'zuddha bhAradvAja paMcAMga', meraTha, 1989-90, pR0 1 /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa hotA hai ki isake saMdarbha meM koI prAcIna mAnya sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hai aura na hI koI aisI vaijJAnika gaNanA paddhati hai jisako deza ke vibhinna sthAnoM para rahane vAle loga apanAte hoM, kyoMki uttara pradeza ke meraTha nagara se prakAzita hone vAle zuddha bhAradvAja paMcAMga meM zaka 1611, kRSNa samvat 5225 tathA I0 san 1686-60 diyA hai jo 5225-1986=3236 I0 pUrva AtA hai arthAt 3236 kRSNa samvat kA Arambha varSa hai, jabaki uparokta vaNita kumAyUM maNDala ke nava varSa badhAI patra meM yaha krama isa prakAra hai- zaka 1608, kRSNa samvat 5212 jo I0 san 1986 ke barAbara hai arthAt 5212- 1986= 3226 I0 pUrva kRSNa samvat kA Arambha huaa| isa prakAra kumAyUM va meraTha ke paMcAMgoM meM kRSNa samvat Arambha kA antara 10 varSa hai| isa antara kA mUla kAraNa kyA hai, jJAta nhiiN| sambhavata: isa samvat kI gaNanA kSetrIya hai, ataH alaga-alaga sthAnoM para svatantra rUpa se gaNanA kI jA rahI hai va pUre deza meM isameM samarUpatA lAne kA koI prayAsa nahIM hai / yaha bhI sambhava hai ki deza ke anya sthAnoM para yaha antara aura bhI adhika ho / ___ kRSNa samvat dhArmika caritra se sambandhita samvat hai ataH isakA prayoga dhArmika kAryoM ke lie hI kiyA jA rahA hai / yudhiSThira samvat ___ mahAbhArata yuddha kI vijaya ke bAda rAjA yudhiSThira ne zAsana Arambha kiyA tathA apane nAma se yudhiSThira samvat kA pracalana kiyaa| kintu isa samvat ko kucha vidvAna kaliyuga samvat hI mAnate haiM tathA kucha kaliyuga samvat se pRthaka / isa sambat ke sambandha meM bahuta kama sAkSya upalabdha haiM / isa taraha se yaha mahAbhArata kI hI kisI ghaTanA se sambandhita hai athavA mahAbhArata ke pramukha pAtra yudhiSThira ke jIvana kI kisI ghaTanA se sambandhita hai| kalhaNa ke anusAra mahAbhArata yuddha kI tithi 2446 I0 pUrva hai| vArAhamihira ke anusAra bhI mahAbhArata 2446 I0 pUrva meM huA tathA kaleNDara sudhAra samiti ne yudhiSThira samvat kA Arambha 2448 I0 pUrva diyA hai| jisase kali va yudhiSThira samvatoM ko eka hI mAnane kI sambhAvanA ho sakatI hai parantu isa samiti kI riporTa meM kali va yudhiSThira samvatoM ko pRthak-pRthak diyA gayA hai tathA pahale kali samvat kA Arambha va bAda meM yudhiSThira samvat kA Arambha diyA hai / lekina anya sAkSyoM se spaSTa hai ki rAjA yudhiSThira mahAbhArata yuddha ke samaya svayaM yuddha 1. 'riporTa oNpha da kalaiNDara riphomaM kameTI', dillI, 1955, pR0 258 /

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dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat meM sammilita the tathA yuddha samApti ke eka dama pazcAt zAsaka bane, isake bAda apane uttarAdhikArI parIkSita ko rAjya dekara vana gye| taba yudhiSThira kA yuga athavA samvat kaliyuga ke bAda kaise AyA kyoMki kaliyuga kA Arambha parIkSita ke rAjyArohaNa se hI mAnA jAtA hai / ataH spaSTa rUpa meM nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki yudhiSThira va kali samvat eka hI haiM athavA pRthak-pRthak tathA unameM kisakA Arambha pahale huaa| kali va yudhiSThira samvatoM ko eka hI mAnane vAle vidvAnoM meM gaurI zaMkara ojhA kA nAma mukhya rUpa se liyA jA sakatA hai / "bhArata ke yuddha (bhArata yuddha samvat) aura zaka samvat ke bIca kA antara (3753-556=) 3167 varSa AtA hai| ThIka yahI antara kaliyuga samvat aura zaka samvat ke bIca honA Upara batAyA gayA hai| ataeva ukta lekha (cAlukya rAjA pulakezI dvitIya ke samaya kA aihola pahADI para sthita jaina mandira kA zilAlekha) ke anusAra kaliyuga samvat aura bhArata yuddha samvat eka hI haiN| bhArata ke yuddha meM vijaya pAne se rAjA yudhiSThira ko rAjya milA thA jisase isa samvat ko yudhiSThira samvat bhI kahate haiN|"1 "kaliyuga samvat ko bhArata yuddha samvat va yudhiSThira samvat bhI kahate haiN| isa samvat kA mukhya upayoga jyotiSa ke granthoM tathA paMcAMgoM meM hotA hai / to bhI zilAlekha Adi meM bhI kabhI-kabhI isameM diye huye varSa milate haiN| isakA prArambha I0 samvat pUrva 3102 tArIkha 18 pharavarI ke prAtaHkAla se mAnA jAtA hai / "2 yudhiSThira samvat ke saMdarbha meM eka anya srota kA jikra karate hue eka vicAraka ne likhA hai-sumati tantra nAmaka grantha jo san 576 ke AsapAsa likhA gayA, se yudhiSThira samvat kA ullekha milatA hai| isakI eka prati briTiza myUjiyama meM surakSita hai| isa grantha meM isake likhe jAne kI tithi dI gayI hai-"yudhiSThira rAjyAbda 2000, nanda rAjyAbda 800, candra gupta rAjyAbda 132, zudraka deva rAjyAbda 247 varSa, zaka rAjyAbda 468 / "3 jo bhI ho paddhati donoM kI lagabhaga samAna hai tathA kali samvat jisakA prayoga khagola zAstriyoM ne kiyA thA likhita rUpa meM lagabhaga 1000 I0 pUrva se milatA hai tathA donoM hI kA ullekha hindU dharma granthoM meM huA hai| zrI kRSNa janma samvat, kaliyuga Arambha samvat va yudhiSThira samvat, ina tInoM samvatoM kA ullekha vibhinna lekhoM se milatA hai| ye tInoM hI mahAbhArata 1. rAya bahAdura paMDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, 'bhAratIya prAcIna lipi___ mAlA', ajamera, 1618, pR0 161 / 2. vhii| 3. aruNa, 'bhAratIya purAitihAsakoSa', meraTha, 1678, pR0 7 /

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44 bhAratIya saMbatoM kA itihAsa yuddha se sambandhita haiN| inameM kRSNa samvat sabase pahale Arambha huA, isake bAda yudhiSThira samvat kA Arambha mAnA cAhie taduparAnta kali samvat kA Arambha / 'parantu vibhinna sAkSyoM se upalabdha tithiyAM va tithikrama pahale kRSNa samvat isake bAda kali samvat va isake bAda yudhiSThira samvat kA Arambha darzAte haiM, jo ucita nahIM hai| yudhiSThira samvat ke Arambha ko kisaliye kali samvat ke Arambha ke bAda rakhA gayA hai, isa sambandha meM koI kAraNa jAta nahIM hai| kaliyuga samvat kAla vibhAjana ke cAra yugoM meM se eka yuga kaliyuga ke nAma para isa samvat kA nAma kaliyuga samvat par3A hai| kaliyuga samvat kA prayoga hindU dharma sAhitya meM huA hai tathA yaha hindU dharma se hI sambandhita hai / ataH isakA prayoga hinduoM ke dhArmika kAryoM va paMcAMgoM meM hotA hai / isa sambandha meM kisI kSetra vizeSa ko iMgita karanA ucita nahIM hai| yaha mAnanA cAhie ki deza bhara meM jahAM bhI mahAbhArata yuddha kI ghaTanA va usase sambandhita tathyoM meM loga AsthA rakhate haiM vahIM mahAbhArata yuddha se sambandhita samvat bhI vidyamAna haiN| __ kali samvat kA vartamAna pracalita varSa 31.1+1989=5090' hai jo vikramAditya samvat 2046, zaka 1911, zrI kRSNa janma samvat 5225, bauddha 2562, mohammada hIjarI 1406-10, fasalI san 1367-68 tathA I0 san 1986-60 ke barAbara hai| kali samvat ke ArambhakartA ke rUpa meM kisI vyakti vizeSa kA nAma nahIM liyA gayA hai| mAtra samvata Arambha kI ghaTanA va samaya kA hI ullekha vibhinna paramparAoM meM huA hai| isase yahI artha nikalatA hai ki kaliyuga samvat kA Arambha isake vAstavika Arambha bindu se kucha samaya bAda hI kiyA gayA hogA tathA isake Arambha kI tithi nirdhAraNa, gaNanA paddhati kA nizcaya Adi tathyoM ko taya karane kA kArya vidvAnoM kI kimI sabhA ke dvArA haA hogA na ki kisI vyakti vizeSa dvaaraa| jaisI ki Ajakala bhI vibhinna aitihAsika ghaTanAoM kI tithi nizcita karane ke lie aneka sabhAyeM va vidvAnoM kI samitiyAM niyukta kI jAtI haiM, aisI hI kisI sabhA yA samiti dvArA kali samvat kA bhI Arambha kiyA gayA hogA isI se kisI vyakti vizeSa kA nAma isa samvat ke Arambha ke sAtha nahIM jur3A hai| 1. 'zuddha bhAradvAja paMcAMga', meraTha, 1989-90, pR0 1 /

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dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat sabhI vidvavagaNa kaliyuga kA Arambha mahAbhArata yuddha se mAnate haiM, parantu mahAbhArata yuddha kaba huA, isa prazna para una sabhI meM vyApaka matabheda haiN| bhArata meM kucha paramparAyeM pracalita haiM jinake AdhAra para mahAbhArata yuddha kI tithi va kaliyuga kA Arambha kA nirdhAraNa karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai(1) Arya bhaTTa paramparA (2) vRddha garga paramparA (3) saptarSi paramparA (4) bhAskara paramparA (5) kRSNa janma paramparA (6) kalhaNa kI paramparA (7) ehola abhilekha paramparA Arya bhaTTa kI sUcanAyeM khagolazAstrIya tathyoM para AdhArita haiN| inakA AdhAra sUrya siddhAnta hai| "ujjaina meM arddharAtri ke samApta hone para 17 pharavarI, 3102 I0 pUrva ko kaliyuga kA Arambha huaa| Arya bhaTTa ne grahoM kI sthiti kA khaNDana kiyaa| yaha mAnA huA satya hai ki Arya bhaTTa dvArA dI gayI apane janma kI tithi sahI hai / 3 yuga va kaliyuga ke 3600 varSa vyatIta hone para vaha 23 varSa kA thaa| yadi 466 I0 Arya bhaTTa ke janma kI mAnya tithi hai taba isake anusAra kaliyuga kA Arambha 3101 I0 pUrva meM huA tathA mahAbhArata yuddha kI tithi 3137 I0 pUrva AyI / Arya bhaTTa kI eka dUsarI paramparA ke anusAra kaliyuga Arambha kI tithi 3078 I0 pUrva tathA kurukSetra yuddha kI tithi 3114 I0 pUrva AtI hai / paurANika saMdarbha meM kali ke Arambha se 3600 varSa pUrva yuddha huaa| isa prakAra Arya bhaTTa paramparA meM 3137 va 3114 I0 pUrva kI do tithiyAM kurukSetra yuddha ke saMdarbha meM milatI haiN| ata: Arya bhaTTa paramparA meM kaliyuga Arambha kI tithi tathA kurukSetra yuddha kI tithi pUrNa rUpa se nizcita nahIM ho pAtI hai / vRddha garga paramparA meM kali ke Arambha va kRSNa kI mRtpu kI tithi 3101 I0 pUrva milatI hai| isI samaya yudhiSThira ne saMsAra ko tyaagaa|"3 purANoM meM rAjA parIkSita ke samaya saptIrSa tArAmaNDala kI sthiti dI gayI hai jisake AdhAra para kaliyuga ke Arambha kA anumAna lagAyA jAtA hai| hastinApura ke yudhiSThira ke uttarAdhikArI parIkSita ke lie sena gupta ne 371 I0 pUrva yA 300 I0 pUrva kI tithiyAM dI haiM / sena gupta ke vicAra meM ye adhika vizvasanIya nahIM hai-"paurANika tathyoM meM saptarSi ke lie jo sthiti 1. e0 ena0 candrA, 'da DeTa oNpha kurukSetra vAra', kalakattA, 1978, pR076 2. vahI, pR0 78 / 3. vahI, pR0 82 /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa parIkSita ke samaya batAyI gayI hai vaha na to parIkSita se sambandhita hai aura na hI khagola zAstra se|" saptarSi cakra kI dUsarI vyAkhyA ke anusAra saptarSi cakra pratyeka sau varSa meM dina aura rAta barAbara karane vAle bindu ke Age-pIche haTane se sambandhita haiM / 27000 varSoM kA saptaSi kA eka cakra hai, isake AdhAra para parIkSita kA samaya 1400 I0 pUrva ke karIba AtA hai| vibhinna vidvAnoM ne vibhinna tarIkoM se saptarSi paramparA kA ullekha kiyA hai| jisase isake dvArA kisI nizcita va vizvasanIya niSkarSa para pahuMcanA kaThina ho jAtA hai / "purANoM meM saptarSi kI pAramparika tithi kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, lekina purANoM meM samvatoM kA ullekha kurukSetra yuddha kI tithi nizcita karane meM aba hamArI vizeSa madada nahIM krtaa|"2 ___ khagolazAstrI bhAskara ne 'siddhAnta ziromaNi' meM kaliyuga Arambha kA ullekha kiyA hai| "zaka rAjA ke anta taka 3176 varSa kaliyuga ko Arambha hue bIta cuke the| yadi 78 I0 kA zAlIvAhana zaka mAnA jAye taba aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bhAskara ke anusAra kaliyuga 3101 I0 pUrva meM Arambha huaa| paristhitiyoM ke anusAra kurukSetra yuddha kI tithi 3137 I0 pUrva AtI hai|" kRSNa janma ke samaya sUrya kI sthiti kA varNana khagolazAstrIya pustakoM meM huA hai, isake AdhAra para khagolazAstrI kurukSetra yuddha kI tithi tathA kali ke Arambha ke viSaya meM anumAna lagAte haiM / "kRSNa janma paramparA ke AdhAra para kurukSetra yuddha kI tithi 3137 I0 pUrva prApta hotI hai| jo pAramparika tithi ke karIba kI tithi hai / kAzmIra ke vidvAna kalhaNa ne pAramparika tithi se kAphI bAda kI tithi kurukSetra yuddha ke lie dI hai-"kaliyuga Arambha ke 653 varSa bAda kaurava-pANDava astitva meM Aye / " isa prakAra yadi 3101 I0 pUrva kaliyuga Arambha mAnA jAye taba kaurava-pANDavoM kA samaya 2448 I0 pUrva AyA tathA yuddha kA samaya isake 36 varSa pahale thaa| Adhunika vidvAnoM kA vicAra hai ki kalhaNa kA siddhAnta kisI bhrAnti para AdhArita hai| "kalhaNa kA tarka sahI nahIM hai kyoMki vaha 35 godarAja rAjAoM ke nAma nahIM batA pAyA aura na hI 1. pI0 sI0 senagupta, 'eMziyeMTa iNDiyana kronolaoNjI', kalakattA, 1647, pR0 57 / 2. e0 ena0 candrA, 'da DeTa oNpha kurukSetra vAra', pR0 85 / 3. vahI, pR0 86 / 4. vahI, pR0 86 /

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dharmaM caritroM se sambandhita samvat 47 unake zAsana kAla ke viSaya meM kucha kahatA hai / "" spaSTa hai ki kalhaNa 653 varSoM kA koI spaSTIkaraNa nahIM de pAyA / kalhaNa kI isa bhUla kA kAraNa sambhavataH yaha rahA hogA ki vaha bhAratIya itihAsa ke una tIna kAloM kA, jo rAjAoM rahita the, unakA anumAna nahIM lagA pAyA jinameM eka 300 varSoM kA, dUsarA 120 varSoM kA thA, tIsare kA samaya nizcita nahIM hai / 2 dakSiNa ke cAlukya vaMzI rAjA pulakezI dvitIya ke samaya ke, ehola kI pahAr3I para ke jaina mandira ke zilAlekha meM bhArata yuddha se 3735 aura zaka rAjAoM ke ( zaka samvat ) 556 varSa bItane para ukta mandira kA bananA batAyA hai / ukta lekha ke anusAra bhArata ke yuddha aura zaka samvat ke bIca kA antara (3753- - 556 = ) 3157 varSa AtA hai / ThIka yahI antara kaliyuga samvat aura zaka samvat ke bIca honA Upara batAyA gayA hai / ataeva ukta lekha ke anusAra kaliyuga samvat aura bhArata yuddha samvat eka hI hai / - isa prakAra vibhinna paramparAoM ke AdhAra para 2400 se 3137 I0 pUrva taka kI vibhinna tithiyAM mahAbhArata yuddha kI tithi ke lie prApta hotI haiM / 3101 I0 pUrva kali Arambha va 3137 I0 pUrva bhArata yuddha kI tithi kI puSTi adhikAMza sAkSyoM se hotI hai / "abhI hAla meM bijanaura meM huI mahAbhArata sabhA jisameM vibhinna vidvAnoM ne bhAga liyA tathA apane-apane svatantra vicAra diye jo pAramparika tithi ke karIba kI tithi kI hI puSTi karate haiM / purANoM meM vibhinna rAjAoM tathA unake zAsana kAla ke viSaya meM eka tAlamela hai, isake AdhAra para bhI pAramparika tithi ke karIba kI hI tithi nizcita kI gayI hai / ina saMdarbhoM ke bIca kA antara jo bahuta sAdhAraNa hai, kA dhyAna rakhate hue tathyoM kA jhukAva pAramparika tithi 3137 I0 pUrva kI tarapha jAtA hai / "" svAmI 1. a - e0 ena0 candrA, 'da DeDa oNpha kurukSetra bAra', kalakattA, 1678, pR0 1, paMDita ojhA ne bhI kalhaNa ke siddhAnta kI AlocanA kI hai / ba - rAyabahAdura paMDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, 'bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA', ajamera, 1918, pR0 162 // 2. e0 ena0 candrA, 'da DeTa oNpha kurukSetra vAra', pR0 62 / 3. rAyabahAdura paMDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, 1918, pR0 161 / 4. e0 ena0 candrA, "da DeTa oNpha kurukSetra vAra", 1978, pR0 96 /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa bI0 eca0 bona ne apane sabhApatitva bhASaNa meM kahA thA - "3136 I0 pUrva amAvasyA kI tithi bhArata yuddha kI tithi hai / isake anusAra ( mUlaparva ke anusAra) yaha lar3AI kali se 36 varSa pUrva lar3I gayI tathA kRSNa kI mRtyu ke sAtha hI kaliyuga kA Arambha huA / isa prakAra pharavarI mAha kI amAvasyA 3136 I0 pUrva kI tithi bhArata yuddha kI tithi hai / "" e0 ena0 candrA ne vibhinna khagolazAstrIya AdhAroM para mahAbhArata yuddha ke lie 3137 I0 pUrva kI tithi kA samarthana kiyA tathA yaha mata pratipAdita kiyA ki mahAbhArata yuddha koI " mithaka" nahIM varan eka aitihAsika ghaTanA hai / 48 mahAbhArata yuddha ko dvApara va kaliyuga ke sandhikAla meM honA mAnA jAtA hai / yuddha ke bAda hI kaliyuga kA Arambha huA / lekina kaliyuga Arambha kI nizcita tithi tathA ghaTanA ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai / kucha vicAraka parIkSita ke rAjyArohaNa (DA0 DI0esa0 triveda), kucha kRSNa kI mRtyu ( vRddha garga paramparA) kucha yudhiSThira ke gRha tyAga kI ghaTanA (vRddha garga paramparA) se kaliyuga kA Arambha mAnate haiM tathA isI ke sAtha unake anusAra kali samvat kA Arambha hotA hai / "parIkSita kA rAjya sarasvatI tathA gaMgA nadI ke pradeza meM sthita thA / Adhunika thAnezvara, dehalI evaM gaMgA nadI ke doAba kA uparilA pradeza usameM samAviSTha thA / kaliyuga kA Arambha evaM nAgarAja takSaka ke hAthoM isakI mRtyu huyI thI / ye parIkSita ke rAjya kAla kI do pramukha ghaTanAyeM thIM / bhAratavarSa ke prAyaH sabhI rAjAoM ne mahAbhArata yuddha meM kaurava pANDavoM kI ora se bhAga liyA / bhArata yuddha kAla hI paurANika vaMza gaNanA hai tathA Age pIche gaNanA kA AdhAra hai / bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra yaha yuddha kali sambat ke Arambha hone se 36 varSa pUrva yA pRSTha pUrva 3137 meM huA / DA0 triveda ke anusAra pANDavoM dvArA parIkSita ko rAjya diyA jAne kI ghaTanA se kaliyuga kA Arambha huA tathA isake 36 varSa pUrva mahAbhArata huprA / mahAbhArata ke yuddha ke bAda adhikAMza vidvAnoM ke kaliyuga kA Arambha mAnA hai / jisa dina zrI kRSNa ne isa pRthvI ko tyAgA usI dina avivekiyoM ko mohita karane vAle kaliyuga kA adhikAra 1. "da sTeTsamaina", naI dillI, 28 akTUbara, 1975 / 2. siddhezvarI zAstrI, 'bhAratavarSIya prAcIna caritrakoSa' pUnA, 1964, pR0 366 / 3. DA0 triveda ne I0 pUrva ke lie pRSTha pUrva kA prayoga kiyA hai / 4. DA0 deva sahAya triveda, 'prADa0 mauyaM bihAra, paTanA, 1954, pR0 171 / 5. DA0 deva sahAya triveda, 'iNDiyana kronolaoNjI', bambaI, 1663, pR0 13 /

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dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat 46 saMsAra para ho gyaa| pratyeka ghara, rAjya aura bastI meM lobha, asatya bhASaNa, kuTilatA, chala, kapaTa aura hiMsA Adi ke rUpa meM adharma ko phalate dekha rAjA yudhiSThira ne samajha liyA ki rAjya meM kaliyuga kA praveza ho gayA hai / adharma ke sahAyaka kaliyuga ne Akara logoM ke citta para adhikAra jamA liyA hai, yaha jAnakara aura dharma, artha Adi kA bhalI bhA~ti sampAdana karake bhagavAn ke caraNa kamaloM ko hI apanA kalyANakArI samajhakara arjuna Adi cAroM bhAI zarIra chor3ane kA nizcaya karake yudhiSThira ke pIche bhagavAna kA dhyAna karate hue cale arthAt kRSNa kI mRtyu, pANDavoM kA gRha tyAga, yuddha kI samApti tathA kaliyuga kA Arambha sabhI eka hI samaya kI ghaTanAyeM haiN| "4000 varSoM ke aMtarAla ne yaha mulA diyA ki 3102 I0 pUrva meM kyA huA thA, lekina yaha nizcita hai ki usa varSa koI mahatvapUrNa ghaTanA ghaTI thii| bahuta sambhava hai ki usa varSa "zatapatha brAhmaNa" meM varNita pralaya AyI ho, isa pralaya kA saMsAra kI hara sabhyatA meM varNana hai| pralaya kA nAyaka vaivasvata manu hai aura isa prakAra donoM ullekhoM ko milAne se 3102 I0 pUrva pralaya kI tArIkha patA laga jAtI hai|" "bebIlona meM AyI pralaya kA samaya bhI lagabhaga 3100 I0 pUrva vahAM pAye gaye lekhoM meM milatA hai|" isa tithi ke do anya pramANa bhI milate haiN| Aine akabarI meM abula phajala samvat 1652 meM likhatA hai ki nagara balkha kA granthakAra abbU mazara jalaplAvana kI jo tithi likhatA hai usake anusAra jala plAvana ko 4666 varSa ho gaye haiN| 4666-1652=3044 vikramI samvat pUrva+57 =3101 I0 pUrva / bhArata yuddha se pUrva bhArata meM kauna-kauna se samvat pracalita the, yaha spaSTa nahIM kahA jA sakatA / parantu bhArata yuddha dvApara va kali kI sandhi meM huA, yaha nirvivAda hai / paMDita bhagavaddatta ne mahAbhArata ke aneka parvo se udAharaNa lekara isa vicAra kI puSTi kI hai : "bhArata yuddha dvApara ke anta athavA kali dvApara kI sandhi meM huaa| kali ke Arambha se kali samvat pracalita huA yaha nirvivAda hai|" kali sambat kA Arambha kaliyuga Arambha ke sAtha hI mAnA jAtA hai tathA DA0 triveda ne isa samvat kI gaNanA kali se pUrva tathA kali samvat meM kI 1. aruNa, "bhAratIya purA itihAsa koSa", meraTha, 1978, pR0 6 / 2. vahI, pR07 / 3. vhii| 4. paM0 bhagavad datta, "bhAratavarSa kA vRhad itihAsa", naI dillI, 1950, pR0 161 /

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50 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa hai|' isa prakAra "kurukSetra yuddha ke pUrva ke varSa" tathA "kurukSetra yuddha ke bAda ke varSa" kI bhI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| esa0 bI0 rAya ne apanI pustaka meM bhI isI kI puSTi kI hai| kali samvat rUpa se khagolazAstrIya kAryoM ke lie vikasita kiyA gyaa| isakA Arambhika samaya bhI khagolazAstrIya dRSTi se atimahatvapUrNa hai tathA bAda meM bhI khagolazAstriyoM ne isakI ikAI paddhati tathA varSa Adi kA prayoga khagolazAstrIya gaNanAoM ke liye kiyA / "isake varSa caitrAdi candra saurya tathA mAsAdi saurya donoM haiN| isakA prayoga khagolazAstrIya tathA paMcAMga nirmANa donoM kArya meM huA hai / bAda meM kabhI isakA "gujarA varSa" tathA kabhI cAlU varSa diyA gayA va kabhI donoM sAtha-sAtha diye gaye / isakA prayoga bahudhA zilAlekhIya kAryoM ke lie nahIM huA hai|"4 yaha bAta sahI hai ki kaliyuga sambat kA prayoga zilAlekhIya kAryoM ke lie nagaNya hI hai tathA yaha jyotiSiyoM va khagolazAstriyoM kA hI samvat rhaa| phira bhI yadA-kadA abhilekhoM meM isakA paricaya mila jAtA hai / udAharaNa ke lie : "cambA ke abhilekhoM meM tithiyoM ko tIna bhinna prakAra se darzAyA gayA hai zAstra samvat, kaliyuga samvat tathA rAjyapAla ke rAjya varSa meM / kaliyuga kA prayoga kucha vizeSa ruci kA hai kyoMki isakA prayoga kucha purA lekhoM meM muzkila se hI kiyA jAtA hai / vAstavika varSa 4270 likhA gayA hai tathA bAkI varSa bhI likhe gaye haiN| yadi donoM saMkhyAoM ko jor3e taba 43000 aayegii| yaha saMkhyA pApa ke yuga ko pradarzita karatI hai / kali 4272, 1168-66 I0 ke samakakSa hai / "5 esa0 pillayI ne bhI kali samvat Arambha kI 3102 I0 pUrva kI tithi kA samarthana kiyA hai tathA sampUrNa bhArata meM isake pracalana ko saurya mAsAdi tathA candra saurya caitrAdi ke rUpa meM mAnA hai| Arya 1. DA0 deva sahAya triveda, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", bambaI, 1963, pR0 13 / 2. esa0 bI0 rAya, "DeTa oNpha mahAbhArata baiTala", naI dillI, 1976, pR0 100 / 3. esa0 bI0 rAya, "ena ziyeMTa iNDiyA : e kronolojikala sTaiDI', dillI, 1675, pR0 10 / 4. robarTa sIvaila, "da iNDiyana kalaNDara", landana, 1866, pR0 40-41 / 5. je0 vogala, "enTikveTIja oNpha cambA sTeTa", kalakattA, 1611, pR076 / 6. ela0 DI0 svAmI pillaI, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", madrAsa, 1611, pR. 43 /

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dharmaM caritroM se sambandhita samvat 1 bhaTTa ke samaya taka kali samvat kA prayoga jyotiSiyoM dvArA kiyA jAtA thA tathA kaliyuga ke Arambha se kAla gaNanA kI prathA thI / Arya bhaTTa ke vicAra se yuga varSa, mAsa, divasa Adi sabhI kA Arambha eka hI samaya se huA hai / kAla anaMta evaM anAdi hai, grahoM ke AkAza meM gamana karane se usakA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai / prAcIna bhAratIya jyotiSa granthoM evaM paMcAMgoM meM kaliyuga ke prArambha ke samaya kI grahasthiti kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / " vArAha mihira ke samaya se jo Arya bhaTTa kA lagabhaga samakAlIna hI thA kaliyuga kA prayoga samApta ho gayA / vArAha mihira ne sarvaprathama khagolazAstrIya kAryoM meM zaka samvat kA prayoga kiyA / "java kaliyuga samvat akelA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai to mAha ke dinoM ko saurya varSa athavA canda saurya ke dvArA pradarzita kiyA jAtA hai / sAdhAraNataH varSa ko do kAloM meM vyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai jisameM eka sUrya varSa se tathA dUsarA candra se jor3A jA sakatA hai / uttarI bhArata meM zaka samvat va kali samvat sAdhAraNataH sUrya kI gati se bAdhita haiM parantu hamezA nahIM / 2 51 mahAbhArata ke pazcAt yudhiSThira ke uttarAdhikArI parIkSita ke rAjyArohaNa ke samaya se kali samvat kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai / parantu mahAbhArata va purANa parIkSita nAma ke do rAjAoM kA ullekha karate haiM / abhimanyu putra parIkSita tathA vaidika parIkSita / hemacandra rAya caudharI ne vibhinna sAkSyoM kA paricaya dete hue ina donoM ko eka hI mAnA hai / "yadi hama usa tathya para dhyAna deM ki na kevala parIkSita nAma, varan usake adhikAMza putroM ke nAma eka jaise haiM to hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ceMge ki parIkSita prathama va parIkSita dvitIya eka hI vyakti ke do nAma haiN| unase sambandhita vyakti tathA kahAniyAM samAna haiM / ataH sambhAvanA yahI hai ki kuruvaMza meM kevala eka hI parIkSita hue the jinake putra ne tura va indrota donoM purohitoM ko prazraya diyA thA / "" maikaDonala, kItha aura pAjiTara Adi ne yaha mAnA hai ki parIkSita prathama janamejaya ke pitA tathA pANDu ke pUrvaja the / DA0 ena0 datta ne isa mata kA samarthana kiyA hai parantu rAya caudharI 1. DA0 muralI manohara jozI, 'hamArI prAcInatama kAla gaNanA kitanI Adhunika va vaijJAnika', "dharmayuga, disambara 25 - 31, 1983, pR0 27 / 2. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1676, pR0 32 / 3. hemacandra rAya caudharI, "prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanaitika itihAsa", ilAhA bAda, 1680, pR0 14-15 /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa ne ina vicAroM kA khaNDana karate hue eka hI parIkSita ke astitva para bala diyA hai / "prathama to parIkSita ke sambandha meM koI Thosa pramANa nahIM miltaa| dUsare donoM meM adhikAMza tathyoM kI samAnatA milatI hai| jaise kururAjya kI samRddhi kA varNana, do azvamegha yajJoM kA honA tathA kazyapoM se yuddha Adi / " mahAbhArata yuddha ke sambandha meM pracalita vibhinna paramparAoM se yuddha ke lie 3137 I0 pUrva kI tithi kI puSTi hotI hai / yuddha samApti ke pazcAt kaliyuga kA Arambha huA tathA isI samaya se kali samvat kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai / yadyapi kucha vidvAn aisA mAnate haiM ki kali ke Arambha se kaI zatAbdI pazcAt kali sambat kI gaNanA Arambha huI, parantu gaNanA kA AdhAra vahI samaya va varSa mAnA jAtA hai jisase kaliyuga kA Arambha huaa| adhikAMza samvatoM ke sambandha meM yahI bAta rahI hai ki jisa ghaTanA se unakI gaNanA kI jAtI hai usase kAphI samaya pazcAt samvat kI sthApanA kI gyii| yaha pravRtti na kevala bhAratIya samvatoM meM sAmAnya rUpa se pAyI jAtI hai varan vizva ke aneka pramukha sambatoM ke sambandha meM isa prakAra kI dhAraNAyeM pracalita haiN| udAhaNArtha, aneka vidvAna isAI samvat kA Arambha isa samvat kI 10vIM zatAbdI meM pracalita kiyA mAnate haiN| mahAbhArata kI ghaTanA ne na kevala bhAratIya itihAsa ko varan vizva itihAsa ko prabhAvita kiyaa| aneka rASTroM ke sAhitya se isa ghaTanA ke sambandha meM varNana milatA hai tathA vahAM yaha samaya gaNanA kA AdhAra rahI hai| DA0 triveda ke anusAra kali ke Arambha se 36 varSa pUrva mahAbhArata kA yuddha lar3A gayA / prAcIna grIsa, cIna, mizra, arebiyA tathA maiksiko Adi meM yaha tithi itihAsa kI AdhArazilA hai tathA vahAM ke sAkSyoM se bhI isa tithi kI puSTi hotI hai| __ kali sambat ke Arambha ke lie 3201-2 I0 pUrva kI tithi kI puSTi aneka vidvAnoM ne kI hai| inameM DA0 DI0 esa0 triveda, elegjeNDara kaniMghama', sI0 mobala Dapha (zukravAra 18 pharavarI, 3102 I0 pUrva kaliyuga kA Arambha 1. hemacandra rAya caudharI, "prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanaitika itihAsa" ilAhAbAda, 1980, pR0 18 / 2. DI0 esa0 triveda, "bhArata kA nayA itihAsa", vArANasI, pR0 6 / 3. DI0 esa0 triveda, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", bambaI, 1963, pR0 13 / 4. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1976, pR0 16 / 5. sI0 mobala Dapha, 'da kronolaoNjI oNpha iNDiyA", volyUma-prathama, vArANasI, 1975, pR0 4 /

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dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat athavA bhAratIya jyotiSa samvat jo juliyana ke 588, 466 dina Thate haiM, athavA vikrama samvat se 3044 varSa pUrva athavA zaka samvat se 3176 varSa pUrva kaliyuga kA Arambha huA), DA0 muralI manohara jozI', raghunAtha siMha, hemacandra rAya caudharI, esa0 pillayo', aruNa, rAya bahAdura paMDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, Adi ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| bhAratIya kalaiNDara sudhAra samiti ne bhI 3101 I0 pUrva kaliyuga ke Arambha kI tithi mAnI hai tathA yahI tithi aba sarvAdhika mAnya va pramANita samajhI jAtI hai| yaha candra saurya paddhati para AdhArita hai, caitra zudI prathama se varSa Arambha hotA hai tathA krizciyana sambat ke samAna hI bAda meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai / __ bhAratIya kAla gaNanA ke itihAsa meM kalisamvat ko prathama gaNanA paddhati mAnA jA sakatA hai| vAstava meM gaNanA paddhati kA vikAsa zanaiH-zanaiH huaa| paMcAMga sudhAra ke liye samaya-samaya para aneka Andolana cale / parantu isa sabakA AdhAra yahI Arambhika kalisamvat gaNanA paddhati rahI hai / tithi, pakSa, mAha, Ayana (uttarAyaNa va dakSiNAyana) RtuyeM tathA varSa Adi kI jo vyavasthA kalisambat gaNanA paddhati kI hai vahI bhArata meM Arambha hone vAle vibhinna samvatoM kA AdhAra rahI tathA Aja bhI hindU paMcAMga nirmANa meM isakI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA hai tathA khagolazAstrIya kAryoM kA AdhAra hai| laukika samvat isako saptarSi samvat, laukika kAla, laukika samvat, zAstra, samvat pahAr3I sambat yA kaccA samvat Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai / isa samvat kA pracalana multAna va kAzmIra va Asa-pAsa ke kSetra meM rhaa| yaha 2700 varSoM vAle 1. muralI manohara jozI, 'hamArI prAcInatama kAla gaNanA kitanI Adhunika ___ va vaijJAnika', "dharmayuga", disambara 25-31, 1983, pR0 27 / 2. raghunAtha siMha, "e DikzanarI oNpha varlDa kronolaoNjI", volyUma-prathama, vArANasI, 1977 / / 3. ela0 DI0 svAmI pillayo, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", madrAsa, 1911, pR0 43 / 4. rAya bahAdura paMDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1918, pR0 161 / 5. "riporTa oNpha da kalaNDara riphorma kameTI", dillI, 1655, pR0 252 /

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54 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa saptarSi cakra para AdhArita hai isakI paddhati kA ullekha adhyAya prathama meM "saptarSi cakra" nAmaka zIrSaka se kiyA jA cukA hai / ___ loka kAla vAstava meM pUrva pracalita saptarSi kAla kA hI nayA nAma thaa| loka kAla samvat ke Arambha kI tithi 724 I0 pUrva dI gayI hai| isa prakAra loka kAla samvat kA vartamAna pracalita varSa 724+1986=2713 : 2700 =1 pUrNa va 13 zeSa, arthAt eka cakra pUrNa hokara dUsare kA 13-14 varSa cAlU hai| yaha vartamAna varSa anumAnita hai| saptarSi samvat kA prayoga abhilekhoM ke lie bhI huA hai / "11vIM zatAbdI meM hameM aise lekha milate haiM jina para sarvamAnya samvat meM tithiyAM likhI haiM / yaha loka kAla yA lokapriya samvata hai| ise saptarSi kAla jise kalhaNa ne rAjataraMgaNI meM prayoga kiyA hai, kahate haiN| cambA lekha meM isa samvat ke varSoM ko zAstra yA zAstrIya saMvatsara kahA gayA hai, kabhIkabhI sirpha samvat bhI likhA milatA hai| mathurA se pAye jAne vAle kuSANa rAjAoM ke lekhoM meM pAye jAne vAle samvat jisakI tithiyAM sadaiva sau se kama rahatI haiM, ko bhI kucha loga saptarSi samvat hI mAnate haiN| parantu, katipaya mata isako kaniSka dvArA calAye gaye kisI samvata kI tithi mAnane ke pakSa meM bhI haiM / ataH isa saMdarbha meM matabhinnatA hai, spaSTa niSkarSa nahIM hai| jo bhI ho yadA kadA abhilekhoM meM isa sambata kA aMkana huA hai / kalhaNa dvArA isa samvat kA prayoga to nizcita hI hai, ataH isakI sAhityika va aitihAsika upayogitA hai| ise kAzmIra ke paMcAMgoM meM bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai / isa samvat kI Arambha tithi ke sambandha meM hI ullekha milate haiM, ArambhakartA ke rUpa meM kisI vyakti vizeSa kA nAma nahIM AtA, arthAt yaha paramparAgata rUpa meM saptarSi cakra ko nayA nAma de dene ke kAraNa hI naye rUpa meM jAnA jAne lagA, kisI viziSTa ghaTanA para vyakti vizeSa ne isakI sthApanA nahIM kii| saMkSepa meM loka kAla samvat ko isa prakAra samajhA jA sakatA hai ki pUrva pracalita saptarSi cakra jisakA Arambha 3176 I0 pUrva ke lagabhaga huA 724-25 I0 pUrva meM loka kAla ke nAma se sambodhita kiyA jAne lgaa| bhArata ke uttarI pazcimI kSetra meM isakA prayoga kiyA gayA, loka kAla kA vizeSa mahattva kAzmIra itihAsa meM hai| 1. "riporTa oNpha da kalaNDara riphorma kameTI", dillI, 1955, pR0 258 / 2. je0 vogala, "enTIkveTIja oNpha cambA sTeTa", kalakattA, 1911, pR. 66 //

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dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat buddha nirvANa samvat bauddha dharma pravartaka gautama buddha ke parinirvANa se Arambha hA yaha samvat buddha nirvANa samvat ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| buddha nirvANa samvat kA pracalana kisI kSetra vizeSa meM nahIM varan sampradAya vizeSa meM hai / isakA Arambha bauddha dharma ke pravartaka ke parinirvANa se hotA hai ataH isa dharma ke anuyAyiyoM ke lie dhArmika dRSTi se yaha mahatvapUrNa tithi hai| vizva bhara meM jahAM bhI bauddha dharma ke anuyAyI basate haiM, ve buddha nirvANa samvat kA prayoga karate haiN| kisI bhI kSetra ke sabhI loga isa samvat kA prayoga nahIM karate, ataH kisI nagara, prAnta yA rASTra kA nAma buddha nirvANa samvat ke pracalana ke lie nahIM liyA jA sakatA varan isa sambandha meM yahI kahanA ucita hai ki buddha nirvANa samvat kA pracalana bauddha sampradAya meM hai / buddha nirvANa samvat kA vartamAna cAlU varSa 2533 hai, jo I0 san 1989 vikrama 2046, zaka 1611, zrI kRSNa janma samvat 5225 mauhammada hijrI 1406-10 ke barAbara hai| vuddha nirvANa samvat kA Arambha eka mahApuruSa kI puNya tithi ke rUpa meM huA, joki eka jana samudAya athavA pUre eka sampradAya dvArA eka sAtha svIkAra kI jAtI hai va manAyI jAtI hai| ataH isake Arambha ke lie koI vyakti vizeSa nahIM varan pUrA hI bauddha sampradAya uttaradAyI hai / isake sambandha meM yaha sambhAvanA adhika hai ki Arambha meM yaha tithi mAtra puNya tithi ke rUpa meM hI manAyI jAtI hogI tathA bAda meM ise puNya tithi ke samaya se gaNanA karate hue eka saMvat kA rUpa de diyA gayA hogaa| AdhyAtmika rUpa se vizva ko eka nayI dizA dene vAle tathA eka lambe samaya taka sAhitya kA kendra bane rahane vAle mahAtmA buddha ke parinirvANa kI tithi Aja vyaktigata tathA saMghoM kI rUr3hiyoM va pUrva pracalita dhAraNAoM ke bIca eka gahana vivAda kA viSaya banI huyI hai| mahAtmA buddha ke parinirvANa kI jitanI adhika tithiyA~ upalabdha hotI haiM, zAyada hI anya kisI vyakti yA ghaTanA ke viSaya meM hoM / vibhinna sthAnoM para pracalita paramparAoM ne isa saMdarbha meM vibhinna tithiyAM dI haiN| buddha nirvANa ke saMdarbha meM upalabdha sAkSyoM ko, jinakA prayoga tithi nirdhAraNa ke lie kiyA jAtA hai, svadezI va videzI sAkSyoM meM ginA jA sakatA hai| buddha nirvANa samvat ke sambandha meM videzI sAkSyoM meM sarvaprathama nAma kaiMTana paramparA kA AtA hai / isa paramparA kA ullekha DA0 triveda va esa0 bhaTTAcArya 1. esa0 bhaTTAcArya, "e DikzanarI oNpha iNDiyana hisTrI", kalakattA, 1967, pRSTha 174 /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa ne kiyA hai / "upAlI ne vinaya grantha buddha nirvANa ke bAda saMgrahIta kiye / ve nirvANa ke bAda ke sAMtaveM mahIne se pUrNimA ke dina usakI pUjA karate the tathA prati varSa eka bindu diyA karate the| 460 I0 meM vahAM 675 bindu the, jo 975 varSoM kA pratinidhitva karate the| yogya ziSyoM ke abhAva meM vahAM koI bindu nahIM rakhe gye| ata. bhagavAna buddha kI nirvANa tithi upAlI ne 675460 =485 I0 pUrva mAnI hai| kaiMTana paramparA ko DA0 triveda ne avizvasanIya batAyA hai tathA isakI AlocanA kI hai : "keMTana paramparA aba vizvasanIya nahIM rahI, kyoMki yaha nizcita nahIM ki pUrva meM dharma pracAra kA kArya upAlI ko sauMpA gayA thaa| zatAbdiyoM ke dIrghakAla meM eka yA do bindu bhUla jAnA yA miTa jAnA sambhava hai / suyogya anuyAyiyoM ke abhAva meM yaha bhI sambhava hai ki bindu rakheM hI na gaye hoN|"2 DA. triveda kA vicAra hai ki vicArakoM ne buddha ke kAla ko apane samIpa rakhane lie ina paramparAoM kA sahArA liyA hai / DA0 triveda ne svayaM buddha nirvANa kI tithi 1763 I0 pUrva mAnI hai| parantu DA0 triveda ke vicAroM ko bhI adhika mAnyatA prApta nahIM sIlona, brahmadeva tathA zyAma paramparAoM ke anusAra buddha ne 543 I0 pUrva meM nirvANa prApti kii| ina paramparAoM ke sambandha meM bhI triveda kA kahanA hai : buddha nirvANa kI tithi dIpavaMza va mahAvaMza ke anusAra kramazaH 543 I0 pUrva tathA 522 I0 pUrva hai| elagjeNDara kaniMghama ne vibhinna bauddha va anya dUsare sAkSyoM kA vizleSaNa karane ke bAda 544 I0 pUrva buddha ke parinirvANa kI tithi svIkAra kI hai| "sabhI bauddha sAkSya isa bAta para ekamata haiM ki buddha kA nirvANa azoka ke rAjyArohaNa se 214 varSa pUrva huaa| isa prakAra yaha tithi 214+264 = 478 I0 pUrva baiThatI hai / "5 kaniMghama dvArA aura dUsare sAkSyoM se buddha nirvANa kI tithi 544 I0 pUrva pAyI gyii| "buddha sAkSyoM ke atirikta dUsare sAkSya buddha nirvANa kI tithi 544 I0 pUrva dete haiM / isa prakAra ina donoM sAkSyoM meM 1. DI0 esa0 triveda, "bhArata kA nayA itisAsa", vArANasI, pR0 13 / 2. vhii| 3. vahI, pR0 15 / 4. vahI, pR0 12 / 5. elagjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1976, pR0 35 /

Page #71
dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat 66 varSa kA antara hai / "" " inhIM kAraNoM se maiM ( kaniMghama ) to buddha nirvANa kI svIkRta tithi 544 I0 pUrva hI svIkAra karatA huuN| jaisAki barmA va laMkA ke itihAsakAroM ne svIkAra kI hai| sAtha hI meM yaha bhI socatA hUM ki nizcaya hI isameM karIba 66 varSa kI truTi hai / "2 kanighama ke kathana se spaSTa hai ki ve svayaM hI apane nirNaya se santuSTa nahIM haiM / buddha nirvANa kI 544 I0 pUrva kI tithi ko kaniMghama ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai, sAtha hI usakI truTi kI ora bhI saMketa kiyA hai tathA isameM truTi hai yaha bhI mAnA hai / 57 uparokta varNita paramparAoM ke atirikta kucha videzI vidvAnoM ne buddha nirvANa ke saMdarbha meM apane svatantra mata bhI diye haiM : kena 368, 370, 380, 388 I0 pUrva, roja DeviDsa 412 I0 pUrva, epha0 maiksamUlara 477 I0 pUrva, svAmI kannupillaM 470 I0 pUrva, olDana varga 480 I0 pUrva, je0 epha0 phlITa 482 I0 pUrva, phaMcU 483 I0 pUrva, vI0 e0 smitha 457 I0 pUrva, smitha 508 I0 pUrva, mahAvamasA 520 I0 pUrva, dvIpavamasA 543 I0 pUrva / buddha nirvANa kI tithi nirdhAraNa ke kSetra meM bhAratIya vidvAnoM kA bhI yogadAna hai / inake mata isa prakAra haiM : DA0 triveda ne buddha nirvANa ke lie kucha tithiyAM isa prakAra dI haiM : 1807 I0 pUrva, 2135 I0 pUrva, 2139 I0 pUrva, 2148 I0 pUrva, 2422 I0 pUrvaM / jAyasavAla ne 544 I0 pUrva tithi batAyI hai tathA gayA lekha ke anusAra 633 I0 pUrva kI tithi dI gayI hai / rAdhA kumuda mukharjI ne 544 I0 pUrva kI tithi kA samarthana kiyA hai : " 544 I0 pUrva buddha nirvANa kI tithi hai jaisI ki siMhalI tathyoM se milatI hai tathA isI ke AdhAra para nirvANa samvat calAyA hai / pUrNa rUpa se asvIkAra nahIM kI jA sakatI / " " DA0 majUmadAra ne isa saMdarbha meM 457 I0 pUrva kI tithi kA hI samarthana kiyA hai / buddha kI chaH janma kuNDaliyAM haiM / inase bhI nirvANa tithi kA patA calatA hai : 463 I0 pUrva, 477 I0 pUrva, 543 I0 pUrva tathA 1807 I0 pUrva kI cAra tithiyAM ina kuNDaliyoM se prApta hotI haiM / " 1. elegjeNDara kaniMghama "e buka Apha iNDiyana erAja", varANasI 1976, pR0 35 / 2. vahI, pR0 36 / 3. rAdhA kumuda mukharjI, "di eja oNva impIriyala yUniTI", jilda, do bambaI, 1653, pR0 38 4. rameza candra majUmadAra, "prAcIna bhArata", dillI, 1962, pR0 82 / 5. DI0 esa0 triveda, "bhArata kA nayA itihAsa, vArANasI, pR0 15 /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa rAdhA kumuda mukharjI ne buddha va ajAt zatru kI samakAlInatA ke AdhAra para buddha nirvANa kI tithi taya karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / "jo bhI vivAda rahA ho parantu buddha va ajAt zatru kI samakAlInatA ko sabhI bauddha sAkSyoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai / ajAta zatru ke zAsanakAla ke 8veM varSa meM buddha mare, aura yaha samakAlInatA anya vidvAnoM ne bhI svIkAra kI hai / "" "kaiMTana paramparA ke AdhAra para 486 I0 pUrva kI tithi buddha nirvANa ke lie dI gayI hai / yadyapi ise yA anya kisI bhI tathya ko pUrNa mAnyatA nahIM hai tathApi 486 I0 pUrva kI tithi svIkAra kara lI gayI hai tathA adhikAMza vicAraka buddha ke nirvANa kI tithi isI ke Asa-pAsa pAMca varSoM ke bIca svIkAra karate haiM / "" DA0 hemacandra rAya caudharI ne bhI vibhinna sAkSyoM ke vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para buddha ke nirvANa kI tithi 486 I0 pUrva svIkAra kI hai| 3 58 isa prakAra vizva bhara meM sAhitya, abhilekhoM va anya sAkSyoM se buddha nirvANa kI tithiyAM prApta hotI haiM jo I0 pUrva 368 se I0 pUrvaM 2422 ke bIca kI haiM / kaleNDara riphorma kameTI dvArA buddha nirvANa kI tithi 544 I0 pUrva dI gayI hai / yahI tithi adhika vizvasanIya va mAnanIya hai / isakA nirdhAraNa aneka sAhityika va abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ke vizleSaNa ke bAda kiyA gayA hai / isake atirikta buddha janma kuNDalI (543 I0 pUrva), rAdhA kumuda mukharjI (544 I0 pUrva), dIpavamasA (543 I0 pUrva ), kaniMghama (544 I0 pUrva ), sIlona, brahmadeva va zyAma paramparAyeM (543 I0 pUrva), Adi vidvAnoM va paramparAoM dvArA svIkRta tithiyAM bhI 544 I0 pUrva kI tithi ke AsapAsa hI eka-do varSa ke antara haiM / bauddha sampradAya meM pracalita bauddha nirvANa samvat kI tithi se bhI 544 I0. pUrva kI tithi kA hI samarthana hotA hai jaisA ki 1986 I0 meM 'buddha nirvANa samvat kA 2530vAM varSa cAlU thA / arthAt 2530 - 1986 = 544 I0 pUrva / buddha nirvANa samvat kA prayoga sAhitya va abhilekha donoM ke "boddhoM meM (zAkyamuni) ke nirvANa se jo samvat mAnA jAtA hai lie huA / usako buddha 1. rAdhA kumuda mukharjI, "di eja oNva impIriyala yUniTI", jilda do, pR0 37 // 2 . vahI / 3. hemacandra rAya caudharI, "prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanaitika itihAsa", ilAhAbAda, 180, pR0 166 / 4. "rASTrIya paMcAMga", naI dillI, 1986 /

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dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat nirvANa samvat kahate haiN| yaha bauddha granthoM meM likhA milatA hai aura kabhI-kabhI zilAlekhoM meM bhii|"1 buddha nirvANa samvat bauddha sampradAya ke dhArmika anuSThAnoM meM prayoga hotA hai tathA unakI dhArmika sabhAoM va tyohAroM ke aMkana va tithi nirdhAraNa ke kAma AtA hai ataH isa samvat kA dhArmika mahatva hai / isake atirikta buddha nirvANa samvat itihAsa lekhana va itihAsa ke ulajhe praznoM ko sulajhAne meM sahAyaka hai| buddha kA nirvANa svayaM eka mahatvapUrNa aitihAsika ghaTanA hai jisake sAtha aneka rAjadhaMzoM kA itihAsa jur3A hai jabaki buddha nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa va khoja kI jAtI hai taba isake samakAlIna aneka rAjyoM kA itihAsa svayaM hI sAmane A jAtA hai tathA unake tithikrama ko nirdhArita karane meM sahAyatA milatI hai| parantu isakA koI sAkSya nahIM milatA ki buddha nirvANa samvata kA prayoga rAjanaitika kAryoM ke lie bhI kabhI kiyA gyaa| jina zAsakoM ne bauddha dharma aMgIkAra bhI kiyA unhoMne isako mAtra dhArmika dRSTikoNa se hI mahatva diyaa| rAjanaitika kSetra meM yA to pUrva pracalita gaNanA ko hI apanAye rakhA athavA apane naye samvat kI sthApanA kii| vaise rAjanIti meM bauddha nirvANa samvat kA na dikhanA isa bAta kA bhI saMketa ho sakatA hai ki isa samvat kA nirdhAraNa abhI kucha zatAbdiyoM pUrva hI huA ho| jisa samaya bhArata meM bauddha dharma ke prasAra va rAjAoM dvArA bauddha dharma apanA liye jAne kI prathA thI, taba bauddha nirvANa samvat athavA buddha se sambandhita anya kisI gaNanA paddhati kA astitva hI na ho, phira rAjanaitika kSetra meM isa samvat ke prayoga kA prazna hI nahIM raha jaataa| apane dhArmika mahatva ke lie Aja bhI buddha nirvANa samvat pracalita hai| isakA prayoga vizva bhara meM jahAM bhI bauddha dharma ke anuyAyI raha rahe haiM, apane dhArmika kRtyoM ke liye karate haiN| mahAvIra nirvANa samvat jainoM ke antima tIrthAMkara mahAvIra ke nirvANa athavA mokSa prApti ke samaya se Arambha huA yaha samvat mahAvIra nirvANa samvat athavA vIra nirvANa samvat ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| yaha samvat jaina dharma ke tIrthAkara ke nirvANa se Arambha hotA hai ataH yaha ghaTanA jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ke lie dhArmika dRSTikoNa se mahattvapUrNa hai / isa samvat kA prayoga isI dharma ke logoM dvArA dhArmika anuSThAnoM kI pUrti ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| kisI kSetra vizeSa kA nAma isa samvat 1. rAya bahAdura paMDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1918, pR0 168 /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa ke pracalana ke lie nahIM liyA jA sakatA kyoMki kisI bhI kSetra vizeSa ke sabhI logoM dvArA isakA prayoga nahIM ho rahA hai, balki isa saMdarbha meM yahI kahanA ucita hai ki jahAM bhI deza bhara meM jaina dharma ke anuyAyI haiM unake dvArA isa samvat kA prayoga apane dhArmika kRtyoM ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| __ mahAvIra nirvANa samvat kA vartamAna cAlU varSa 2515-16 hai jo I0 san 1986, vikrama 2046, zaka 1611, zrI kRSNa janma samvat 5225, mohammada hijrI 1406-10 ke barAbara hai| jaina sampradAya ke 23veM tIrthIkara vartamAna mahAvIra ke parinirvANa kI tithi prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa kI dUsarI ghaTanAoM kI tithi nizcita karane ke lie eka mahatvapUrNa AdhAra stambha ke rUpa meM grahaNa kI jAtI hai / isI tithi se jaina sampradAya ke dhArmika anuSThAnoM ke lie mahAvIra nirvANa samvat grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai tathA yaha samvat anya dUsarI ghaTanAoM kA samaya nizcita karane meM mahatvapUrNa rUpa se sahAyaka hai| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra kA parinirvANa zakoM ke ujjayinI kSetra meM pahalI bAra praveza ke 461 varSa pahale, vikrama samvat ke Arambha hone se 470 varSa pahale, zaka samvat ke Arambha hone se 605 varSa tathA 5 mAha pahale tathA prathama kalki ke yuga ke 1000 varSa pahale huaa| mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI do mahatvapUrNa tithiyAM prApta hotI haiM / "zvetAmbara sampradAya mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI tithi vikrama se 470 varSa pUrva arthAt 527 I0 pUrva mAnate haiM / lekina digambaroM ke anusAra yaha tithi vikrama se 605 varSa pUrva arthAt 662 I0 pUrva hai| isa prakAra ThIka 135 varSoM ke antara vAlI do tithiyAM prApta hotI haiN| isa prakAra zaka samvat se 605 varSa pUrva va vikrama se 470 varSa pUrva vAlI tithi haiN| kaniMghama ne isI truTi kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| unake anusAra "digambaroM dvArA dI gaI tithi sambhavataH 605 vikrama na hokara zaka honI cAhie taba donoM tithiyoM kA sAmaMjasya ho sakatA hai"|2 isI saMdarbha meM unhoMne Age likhA hai : "maiMne isa sambandha meM uttarI bhArata ke jaina vidvAnoM se pUchatAcha kI aura pratyeka kA yahI uttara rahA ki yaha tithi vikrama se 470 varSa pUrva kI hai"| 1. elagjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1676, pR0 37 / 2. vhii| 3. vhii|

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dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat DA0 jAyasavAla ne je0 bI0 o0 Ara0 esa0 meM likhe apane eka lekha meM mahAvIra nirvANa kI tithi 545 I0 pUrva batAyI hai / isakA khaNDana jyoti prasAda ne nimna rUpa meM kiyA hai : "jAyasavAla ke siddhAnta kI mukhya kamI yaha hai ki unhoMne jaina zrotoM kA mAtra AMzika upayoga kiyA hai aura kevala usa sImA taka kiyA hai jisa sImA taka ki ve unake siddhAnta kA samarthana karate haiM tathA zeSa kI ora koI dhyAna nahIM diyaa| ho sakatA hai ki jaina lekhakoM meM isa bAta para matabheda ho ki vikrama ne samvat apane jIvana kI kisI tithi ko Arambha kiyA kintu isa bAta para pUrNa sahamati hai ki yaha samvat mahAvIra nirvANa ke 470 varSa bAda Arambha huaa|"1 esa0vI0 veMkaTezvara 437 I0 pU0, pro0 jArja cArvenTIyara 477 I0 pUrva, eca0sI0 rAya caudharI 486 I0 pUrva yA 536 I0 pU0 (kainTanI yA laMkA kI gaNanAoM ke AdhAra para), pro0sI0DI0 caTarjI 486 I0pUrva, pro0 eca0 sI0 seTha 488 I0 pUrva, ena0 govinda pAI 546 se 501 I0 pUrva ke madhya, paMDita je0 ke0 mukhtAra va pro0 hIrA lAla paramparAgata tithi 527 I0 pUrva, muni kalyANa vijaya 528 I0 pUrva Adi vibhinna vidvAnoM ne mahAvIra nirvANa ke lie aneka tithiyAM dI haiN| ina vibhinna tithiyoM kA vizleSaNa kara jyoti prakAza isa niSkarSa para pahuMce : ye mUla rUpa se kucha dhAraNAoM yA pUrvAgrahoM aura adhikatara bAhya aura thor3e se Antarika sAkSyoM para AdhArita hai / yadi hama isa tithi ko vizeSarUpa se buddha kI tithi (joki abhI bhI bhArI vivAda kA viSaya hai) ke AdhAra para taya kareM yA yUnAnI samakAlInatA (joki pUrNataH nirApada kiyA huA tathya nahIM hai) ke AdhAra para taya kareM to hama isa samasyA ke sAtha nyAya nahIM kara rahe hoNge| vizeSarUpa se isa kAraNa se ki jaina, bauddhoM va brAhmaNoM kI vibhinna paramparAyeM isa viSaya meM ekamata nahIM haiM ki mahAvIra yA buddha kI mRtyu aura candragupta maurya ke siMhAsanAsIna hone ke bIca kitane varSa kA samaya biitaa| AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki mahAvIra kI tithi svatantra rUpa se taya kI jAnI cAhie aura aise AMkar3oM ke AdhAra para taya kI jAnI cAhie jo adhika Thosa hoM aura jinameM parivartana na ho sake aura tabhI hameM isakA anya paramparAoM tathA itihAsa ke jAne mAne aura siddha hue tathyoM ke sAtha mela baiThAne kA prayAsa karanA caahie|' 1. jyoti prasAda jaina, "da jaina sosija oNpha da hisTrI oNpha eMziyeMTa iNDiyA", dillI, 1964, pR0 36 / 2. vahI, pR0 41 /

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62 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa karnala ToDa ne mahAvIra nirvANa 477 varSa vikrama se pUrva mAnA / jaina rivAjoM se mahAvIra nirvANa ke lie 545 tathA 467 I0 pUrva kI tithiyAM bhI prApta hotI haiM, parantu ye tithiyAM buddha paramparAoM tathA sAhitya se mela nahIM khaatiiN|' DA0 DI0 esa0 triveda ne mahAvIra nirvANa kI tithi 1765 I0 pUrva nizcita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| unhoMne apane mata kI puSTi meM vibhinna sAkSyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai parantu, yaha mata adhika mAnya nahIM hai / mahAvIra nirvANa samvat ko vIra nirvANa samvat ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| "jainoM ke antima tIrthIkara mahAvIra ke nirvANa se jo samvat mAnA jAtA hai usako vIra nirvANa samvata kahate haiM usakA pracAra bahudhA jaina granthoM meM milatA hai to bhI kabhI-kabhI usameM diye haye varSa zilAlekhoM meM bhI mila jAte haiN| 3 ojhA ne apane tarkoM ke lie nimna tIna sAkSya diye haiM : "zvetAmbara meru tuMga ne apanI vicAra zreNI nAmaka pustaka meM vIra nirvANa samvat aura vikrama samvat ke bIca kA antara 470 diyA hai / isa gaNanA ke anusAra vikrama samvat meM 470, zaka samvat meM 605 aura I. samvat meM 527 jor3ane se vIra nirvANa samvata AtA hai / zvetAmbara ambadeva upAdhyAya ke ziSya nemicandrAcArya racita mahAvIra caritra nAmaka prAkRta kAvya meM likhA hai : "mere (mahAvIra ke) nirvANa ke 605 varSa va 5 mAha bItane para zaka rAjA utpanna hogaa|" digambara sampradAya ke nemicandra racita trilokasAra nAmaka pustaka meM bhI vIra nirvANa se 605 varSa aura 5 mAha bAda zaka rAjA kA honA likhA hai| ina saba sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para paMDita ojhA isa niSkarSa para pahuMce haiM : "isase pAyA jAtA hai ki digambara sampradAya ke jainoM meM bhI pahale vIra nirvANa aura zaka samvat ke bIca 605 varSa kA antara honA svIkAra kiyA jAtA thA, jaisAki zvetAmbara sampradAya vAle mAnate 1. sI0 mobala Dapha, "da kronolaoNjI oNpha iNDiyA", volyUma-prathama, vArANasI, 1675, pR0 5 / 2. DI0 esa0 triveda, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", bambaI, 1963, pR0 17 / 3. rAya bahAdura paMDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 163 / 4. vhii| 5. vhii|

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dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat 63 varddhamAna mahAvIra ke parinirvANa kI tithi jaina rivAjoM se 545 I0 pUrva tathA 467 I0 pUrva bhI prApta hotI hai tathA 707 I0 meM padma purANa kI racanA kI gayI, jisakI tithi vIra 1204 hai, jo 544 yA 545 I0 pUrva baiThatI hai / yahIM se vIra samvat kA Arambha hotA hai / DA0 triveda ne yaha tithi 362 I0 athavA 248 zaka samvat dI hai / parantu DA0 triveda dvArA dI gayI tithiyoM ko abhI vizeSa mAnyatA nahIM hai / Adhunika samaya meM jaina sampradAya meM pracalita mahAvIra kI janma tithi ke AdhAra para bhI 525 I0 pUrva hI mahAvIra nirvANa kI tithi AtI hai, jisakA samarthana anya bahuta se sAkSyoM se hotA hai / udAharaNArtha jaisAki 25-4-83 ko mahAvIra nirvANa kI 2581vIM jayantI (janma dina) manAyI gayI / yadi isameM se I0 samvat ke 1983 varSa ghaTA diye jAyeM taba mahAvIra kA janma 567 I0 pUrvaM AtA hai tathA isameM se mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla ke 72 varSa ghaTA dene para mahAvIra kA nirvANa kAla 525 I0 pUrva AtA hai jo 527 I0 pUrva kI tithi ke karIba hai | hemacandra rAya caudharI, sI0 mobala Dapha, Adi ne bhI isI tithi kA samarthana kiyA hai arthAt 527 I0 pUrva athavA zaka samvat ke 605 varSa pUrva hI mahAvIra parinirvANa kI tithi nizcita kI jA sakatI hai tathA yahI jaina samvat kI Arambha tithi hai| muni nAgarAja ne bhI ise svIkArate hue likhA hai : "mahAvIra nirvANa samvat joki Ajakala jaina rIti-rivAjoM meM pracalita hai, bhI 527 I0 pUrva para AdhArita hai / dhyAna dene yogya bAta hai ki sAre jaina isako ekamata se tathA binA kisI vivAda ke svIkAra karate haiM / Ajakala ( 1963 I0 meM) mahAvIra kA nirvANa varSaM 2490 hai arthAt IsAI samvat se 527 varSa Age, jaisAki ise honA cAhie / "5 1. sI0 mobala Dapha, "kronolaoNjI oNpha iNDiyA", volyUma - prathama, vArANasI, 1975, pR0 55 / 2. DI0 esa0 triveda, " iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", bambaI, 1963, pR0 33 / 3. hemacandra rAya caudharI, "prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanaitika itihAsa", ilAhAbAda, 1680, pR0 166 / 4. sI0 mobala Dapha, "kronolaoNjI oNpha iNDiyA", volyUma prathama, pR0 55 / 5. muni zrI nAga rAja jI, "da kanTamaprererIniTI eNDa da kronolaoNjI Apha mahAvIra eNDa buddhA", dillI, 1680, pR0 8 /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa mahAvIra nirvANa samvat ke lie kisI pRthaka gaNanA paddhati kA ullekha nahIM hai, isameM varSa kI lambAI IsAI samvat ke varSa ke barAbara hI hai kyoMki mahAvIra ke nirvANa se aba taka IsAI samvat ke jitane varSaM vyatIta hue haiM utane hI varSa usa samvat ke bhI mAne jAte haiM jabaki IsAI samvat kI vartamAna gaNanA paddhati IsAI samvat kI lagabhaga 10 zatAbdI bItane para nirdhArita huyI hai / isase yahI anumAna lagAnA cAhie ki mahAvIra nirvANa samvat isase bhI bAda meM Arambha kiyA gayA / mahAvIra nirvANa samvat ke varSa kA Arambha hindU gaNanA paddhati ke bhI kisI nizcita samaya se Arambha honA nizcita nahIM hai / ataH gaNanA paddhati ke abhAva meM isa samvat ko samvat na kahakara mAtra varSa gaNanA kA eka tarIkA kaheM taba adhika ucita hai / 64 jaina sAhitya, dharma granthoM tathA anya tatkAlIna sAhitya meM mahAvIra nirvANa samvat kA prayoga kAphI mAtrA meM huA hai / jaina logoM dvArA mahAvIra nirvANa samvat kA prayoga aneka paramparAoM meM, vyaktiyoM kI va ghaTanAoM kI tithiyAM : ke lie kiyA gyaa| sAtha hI kucha jaina granthakAroM ne apanI kRtiyoM ke pUrNa hone kI tithiyAM batAne tathA kucha zilAlekhoM ke lie bhI kiyaa| zilAlekhoM ke lie isa samvat kA prayoga sImita hI hai / isa bAta ke koI pramANa nahIM milate ki yaha samvat kabhI zAsakIya bhI rahA athavA rAjanaitika uddezyoM ke lie isakA prayoga huA / jaina sAhitya meM ullikhita ghaTanAyeM jo isI samvat meM aMkita hai, aneka mahatvapUrNa aitihAsika gutthiyoM ko sulajhAne meM madada karatI haiM arthAt isa samvat kA aitihAsika mahatva hai / svayaM mahAvIra kA parinirvANa eka aitihAsika ghaTanA hai jisase tatkAlIna aneka rAjavaMzoM kA itihAsa jur3A hai / dhArmika anuSThAnoM ke lie mahAvIra nirvANa samvat kA prayoga Aja bhI jaina sampradAya dvArA kiyA jA rahA hai / IsAI samvat IsvI samvat kA nAma IsAI dharma ke pravartaka IsA masIha ke nAma para par3A hai / jIsasa krAisTa kA jisa varSa janma huA, tabhI se samvat kA Arambha huA mAnA jAtA hai aura isI kAraNa isa samvat ko IsvI san kahA jAtA hai / Arambha meM IsAI samvat kA pracalana roma meM huA / zanaiH-zanaiH isake paMcAMga meM parivartana hote rahe tathA pahale yUropa meM isa samvat kA pracAra huA, phira vizva meM jahAMjahAM bhI isake anuyAyI gaye va vizva ke vibhinna sthAnoM meM jahAM bhI unhoMne apane upanivezoM kI sthApanA kI, vahIM IsAI samvat kA prasAra bhI kiyA aura aba lagabhaga sampUrNa vizva meM rAjanaitika ghaTanAoM kI gaNanA tathA dainika vyavahAra kI choTI-bar3I AvazyakatAoM ko pUrA karane ke lie IsAI samvat kA

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dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / yadi kaheM ki Aja sampUrNa vizva meM hI IsAI samvat kA pracalana hai to ucita hI hogaa| lagabhaga apanI 16 zatAbdiyAM bItane para yaha samvat bhArata AyA aura pUre bhAratavarSa meM isakA prasAra huaa| apane Arambha ke samaya se Aja taka IsAI samvat nirantara pracalana meM hai| isake Arambha kA samaya vivadAspada hai / krAisTa ke janma ke varSa ko IsAI samvat kA Arambhika varSa mAnA jAtA hai parantu IsA masIha kA janma kisa varSa meM huA yaha anizcita hai| "isa san ke utpAdaka DAyonIsiyasa eksiguasa ne IsA kA janma roma nagara kI sthApanA meM 765veM varSa meM honA mAnakara isa samvat ke gata varSa sthira kiye, parantu aba bahuta se vidvAnoM kA mAnanA hai ki IsA kA janma IsvI san pUrva 8 se 4 ke bIca huA thA, na ki IsvI san 1 meM / "1 "IsAI sambat kA sarvaprathama pracalana Diyonisiyasa ne kiyA jo romana pAdarI thaa| jisane krAisTa kA janma 45 jUliyana samvat athavA e0 yU0 sI0 753 romana kaileNDara ke anusAra nizcita kiyA / aba 4 I0 pUrva IsAI samvat ke Arambha kI satya tithi mAnI gayI hai| kucha hI varSoM pahale landana meM do vizeSajJoM ne eka zodha kiyA tathA krAisTa kI janma kI tithi nizcita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| "landana 22 disambara briTena ke do vizeSajJoM ne kahA hai ki IsA masIha zukravAra 3 apraila san 33 I0 meM sUlI para car3hAye gaye the| unhoMne batAyA ki kampyUTara Adi kI sahAyatA se hamane yaha hisAba lagAyA hai| aba isa bAre meM sAre vivAda samApta ho jAne caahie| zrI ojhA isakA Arambha isa san kI pAMcavI zatAbdI meM mAnate haiM / "IsvI san kI chaThI zatAbdI meM iTalI meM, AThavIM meM iMglaiNDa meM, AMThavIM tathA navIM zatAbdI meM phrAMsa, belajiyama, jarmanI aura sviTjaralaiNDa meM aura IsvI san 1000 ke AsapAsa taka yUropa ke samasta IsAI dezoM meM isakA pracAra ho gayA, jahAM kI kAla gaNanA pahale bhinna-bhinna prakAra se thii|" 1. gaurI zaMkara ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1918, pR0 194 / 2. elagjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1976, pR0 85 / 3. "navabhArata TAimsa", naI dillI, 23 disambara, 1983,10 7 / 4. gaurI zaMkara ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1918, pR0 164 /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa IsAI samvat kA vartamAna pracalita varSa 1986 hai| Arambha kabhI kI huA ho, lekina vartamAna samaya meM isa samvata ke 1688 varSa vyatIta va 1689vAM varSa cAlU hai tathA isake mAnane vAle sabhI loga isa bAta se sahamata haiM ki samvat kI 16 zatAbdiyAM bItakara yaha 20vIM zatAbdI cala rahI hai| IsAI samvat kA yaha vartamAna pracalita varSa hindU samvat zaka ke varSa 1911 va vikrama ke varSa 2046 ke samAna hai| apanI pAMca zatAbdiyAM bIta jAne ke uparAnta yaha san Arambha huA, IsAI samvat ke viSaya meM aisA mAnA jAtA hai| "IsvI samvat 527 ke AsapAsa romanagara ke rahane vAle DAyonisiasa eksiguas nAmaka vidvAn pAdarI ne majahabI san calAne ke vicAra se hisAba lagAkara 164, olipiaD ke cauthe varSa arthAt roma nagara kI sthApanA se 765 varSa meM IsA masIha kA janma honA sthira kiyA aura vahAM se lagAkara apane samaya taka ke varSoM kI saMkhyA niyata kara IsAIyoM meM isa san kA pracAra karane kA udyoga kiyaa| yadyapi DAyonisiyasa dvArA IsAI samvata ke lie jo paMcAMga diyA gayA thA, usameM bAda meM bahuta parivartana kiyA gayA parantu IsAI samvat ke ArambhakartA kA zreya DAyonisiasa ko hI hai aura tabhI se yaha samvat pracalana meM hai, aisA mAnA jAtA hai / prArambha meM roma logoM kA varSa 304 dina kA thA jisameM mArca se disambara taka ke 10 mahIne the, julAI ke sthAnApanna mAsa kA nAma krinkrilis aura oNgasTa ke sthAnApanna mAsa kA nAma se sTilis thaa| numA pApilias rAjA ne (I0 pUrva 715-672) varSa ke prArambha meM janavarI aura anta meM pharavarI mAsa bar3hAkara 12 candra mAsa arthAt 355 dina kA varSa bnaayaa| IsvI san pUrva 452 se cAndra varSa ke sthAna para saura varSa mAnA jAne lagA jo 355 dina kA hI hotA thA, parantu prati dUsare varSa kramazaH 22 aura 23 dina bar3hAte the| jisase cAra varSa ke 1465 dina aura eka varSa ke 366, 1/3 dina hone lge| yaha varSa vAstavika saura varSa se lagabhaga 1 dina bar3A thA / isa varSa gaNanA se 26 varSa meM karIba 26 dina kA antara par3a gayA ataH grIkoM ke varSamAna kA anukaraNa kiyA gayA jisameM samaya-samaya para adhika mAsa mAnanA par3atA thaa| isase bhI antara bar3hatA rahA aura jUliyasa sIjara ke samaya vaha antara 60 dina ho gayA jisase usane IsvI san pUrva 46 ko 455 dina kA varSa mAnakara vaha antara miTA 1. gaurI zaMkara ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 164 /

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dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat 67 diyaa| isake bAda bhI IsAI samvata ke paMcAMga meM aneka parivartana kiye gaye / jUliyasa sIjara ne adhika mAsa kA jhagar3A miTAkara 365, 1/4 dina kA varSa niyata kara diyA tathA janavarI, mArca, maI, julAI, sitambara aura navambara mahIne to 31-31 dina ke, bAkI ke (pharavarI ko chor3akara) 30-30 dina ke tathA pharavarI 26 dina kA, parantu prati cauthe varSa 30 dina kA sthira kiyaa| juliyas sIjara ke pazcAt oNgasTas ne, jo roma kA pahalA bAdazAha huA, seksaTAilisa mAsa kA nAma apane nAma se oNgasTa rakhA aura usako 31 dina kA, pharavarI ko 28 dina kA, sitambara aura navambara ko 30-30 dina kA aura disambara ko 31 dina kA bnaayaa| lekina juliasa sIjara kA sthira kiyA huA 365, 1/4 dina kA saura varSa vAstavika saura varSa se 11 minaTa aura 14 sakeMDa bar3A thA, jisase karIba 128 varSa meM eka dina kA antara par3ane lgaa| isa antara ke bar3hate-bar3hate IsvI san 325 meM meSa kA sUrya, jo juliyasa sIjara ke samaya 25 mArca ko AyA thA, 21 mArca ko A gayA aura IsvI san 1582 meM 11 mArca ko A gyaa| isa bhUla kA sudhAra popa gregarI 13veM ne kiyaa| usane AjJA dI ki : "isa varSa 1582 ke akTUbara mAsa kI cauthI tArIkha 15 akTUbara mAnI jAye, isase lokika saura varSa vAstavika saura varSa se mila gyaa| phira Age ke lie 400 varSa meM tIna dina kA antara par3atA dekhakara usako miTAne ke lie pUrI zatAbdI ke varSoM (1600, 1700 Adi) meM se jisameM 400 kA bhAga pUrA laga jAve, unhIM meM pharavarI ke 26 dina mAnane kI vyavasthA kii|" popa dvArA kiyA gayA yaha sudhAra romana kaitholika anuyAyiyoM ne to svIkAra kara liyA, lekina proTesTeMTa vAloM ne Arambha meM isakA virodha kiyA arthAt popa dvArA nirdiSTa 5 akTUbara ke sthAna para 15 akTUbara ko iTalI, spena, purtagAla Adi meM to svIkAra kara liyA gayA lekina iMglaiNDa meM yaha sudhAra 1752 meM huaa| isa samaya taka eka dina aura bar3ha cukA thA ataH "2 sitambara ke bAda kI tArIkha 3 ko 14 sitambara mAnanA pdd'aa|"2 "jarmana vAloM ne IsvI sana 1666 ke anta ke 10 dina chor3akara 1700 ke prArambha se isa gaNanA kA anukaraNa kiyaa|"3 "rUsa, grIsa Adi grIka carca sampradAya ke anuyAyI dezoM meM kevala abhI-abhI isa zailI kA anukaraNa huA hai| unake yahAM ke dastAveja 1. gaurI zaMkara ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 165 / 2. vhii| 3. vhii|

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa Adi meM pahale donoM taraha arthAta juliana evaM gregarI kI zailI se tArIkheM likhate rahe, jaise ki 20 apraila tathA 3 maI Adi / " IsvI sana kI gaNanA bI0sI0 tathA e. sI0 athavA e0 DI0 saMketoM se kI jAtI hai| bI0 sI0 se tAtparya hai biphora krAIsTa arthAt yIzU ke janma ke pUrva kI ghaTanAyeM / e0 DI0 yA e0 sI0 kA artha hai, AphTara Daitha yA AphTara krAIsTa arthAt yIzU se bAda kI ghaTanAyeM / "e0 DI0 va bI0 sI0 kA prayoga bAThavIM sadI meM mahAna vidvAn bIDa Apha jaro ne Arambha kiyA jisase gaNanA kI suvidhA ho gayI tathA prathama janavarI varSa kA Arambha nizcita kara diyA gyaa|"2 e0 DI0 kA tAtparya ennoDominI bhI lagAyA jAtA hai| "e0 DI0 laiTina bhASA ke ennoDominI kA saMkSiptIkaraNa hai / jisakA artha aMgrejI meM pramu ke varSa meM hai|'3 yIzU ke jIvana kAla se jaba se ki IsAI samvat kI gaNanA bhArambha hotI hai, ke samaya se hI samvat Arambha nahIM huA varan kaI zatAbdI bAda samvat calAyA gayA tathA pahale kI ghaTanAoM kI bhI gaNanA kara IsvI samvat meM batAyA gayA / "isakI puSTi aneka sAkSyoM se hotI hai / yozU ke paMdA hone ke samaya roma sattA meM the tathA aksara apanI sArI ghaTanAoM ko roma kI sthApanA se tithyAMkita karate the| chaThI zatAbdI meM popa ne eka nayA kaileNDara yIzU ke janma ko AdhAra mAnakara taiyAra karAyA, ataH sArI tithiyAM yIzU ke janma se tithyAMkita kI jAnI thIM, isa kArya ke lie usane DAyonosiyasa nAma ke sAdhu ko cunA / kalaNDara ke bana jAne para use sAre IsAI rASTroM ne svIkAra kara liyaa|"4 prathama janavarI se varSa Arambha kI vyavasthA bhI IsAI samvat meM kAphI bAda meM grahaNa kI gayI / Arambha se hI aisA nahIM thaa| "IsvI samvat ke utpAdaka DAyonisipras ne isakA prArambha tArIkha 25 mArca se mAnA thA aura vaisA hI 1. gaurI zaMkara ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 165 / 2. "insAiklopIDiyA briTenakA", volyUma-tRtIya, Tokyo, 1967, pR0 603 / 3. "oNksaphorDa eDavAMsDa lanaMrasa DiksanarI oNpha kanTemparerI iMgliza", oNksa phorDa yUnivasiTI presa, oNksaphorDa, pR0 1007 / 4. "insAIklopIDiyA briTenakA", volyUma-tRtIya, Tokyo, 1967, pR.

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dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat 66 IsvI samvat kI 16vIM zatAbdI ke pIche taka yUropa ke adhikatara rAjyoM meM mAnA jAtA thA / phrAMsa meM I0 samvat 1663 se varSa kA prArambha tArIkha 1 janavarI se mAnA jAne lgaa| iMglaNDa meM IsvI samvat kI sAtavIM zatAbdI se krismas ke dina (tArIkha 25 disambara) se mAnA jAtA thaa| 12vIM zatAbdI se 25 mArca se mAnA jAne lagA aura IsvI samvat 1752 se, jabaki popa gregarI ke sthira kiye hue paMcAMga kA anukaraNa kiyA gayA, tArIkha 1 janavarI se sAmAnya vyavahAra meM varSa kA prArambha mAnA gayA / IsAI samvat meM loMda kA varSa pratyeka cauthe varSa AtA hai arthAt kula vyatIta varSoM kI saMkhyA ko 4 se bhAga dene para, yadi pUrNa baMTa jAye taba lauMda kA varSa hogA, lekina zatAbdiyoM ko pUrNa karane vAle varSoM ko 400 se bhAga dekara pUrNa baTa jAne para hI lauMda kA varSa hogaa| isa prakAra varSa 1600, 2000 Adi to lauMda ke varSa hoNge| parantu 1700, 1800, 1600 Adi 4 se pUrNa baTane para bhI sAdhAraNa varSa hI hoMge / kaniMghama ne IsAI samvat ke lauMda ke varSoM kI sAraNI apanI pustaka "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja" meM dI hai| IsAI samvat ke paMcAMga kA Arambha jisa samaya huA, usa samaya nirdhArita usake svarUpa meM nirantara parivartana hote rahe haiN| khagolazAstrIya tathyoM ke AdhAra para bhUloM ko sudhArA jAtA rahA hai, lekina abhI bhI yaha pUrNa vizvAsa ke sAtha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki isakA vartamAna pracalita paMcAMga bilkula truTirahita hai, na kevala bhAratIya vidvAn balki svayaM isake anuyAyI va pAzcAtya vaijJAnika bhI isake Arambha kI tithi ko nizcita nahIM kara pAye haiN| IsAI samvat ke sandarbha meM sabase bar3I viDambanA yaha hai ki isake anuyAyI svayaM yIzU ke janma kI tithi ko sthira nahIM kara pAye jisa para ki samvat AdhArita hai| udAharaNa ke lie : "romana rikArDa sa ke anusAra yIzU ke paidA hone ke samaya jor3A ke rAjA hairoDa mahAn kI mRtyu varSa 750 annau auravisa meM huyI, DAyonAsiyasa ne yIzU ke janma kI tithi ko 754 annI auravisa mAnA hai|"2 ina viSamatAoM ko dekhate hue Adhunika pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne yaha mata sthApita kiyA ki "sarvamAnya kalaNDara meM dI gayI tithi ke cAra yA pAMca varSa pahale arthAt 1. gaurI zaMkara ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1918, 10 165 / 2. vahI, pR0 164 /

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70 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa 4-5 I0 pUrva yozU kA janma huaa| kaniMghama ne bhI isako mAnA hai / arthAt vibhinna sAkSyoM meM patA calatA hai ki yIzU ke zatAbdiyoM bAda IsAI samvat kI sthApanA huyii| yIzU ke janma ke bAda vyatIta jina ghaTanAoM kI tithiyAM nirdhArita kI gayIM, unameM eka ghaTanA svayaM yIzU ke janma kI thii| bhAratIya itihAsa meM zatAbdiyoM pahale se isa samvat kA prayoga ho rahA hai| briTiza zAsana ke Arambha ke sAtha hI IsAI samvat ko bhAratIya prazAsanika va lekhana sambandhI kAryoM ke lie grahaNa kara liyA gayA aura zanaiH-zanaiH antarrASTrIya samvat ke rUpa meM aba isako mAnyatA de dI gayI hai| IsAI samvat kI isa antarrASTrIya mAnyatA kA kAraNa sambhavataH isake anuyAyiyoM kA vizAla bhUbhAga para zAsana karanA tathA apanI saMskRti kA pracAra karanA thaa| bhArata meM bhI sadiyoM ke nirantara prayoga ke bAda aba yaha sarvAdhika loka pracalita samvat ho rahA hai| aba svatantra bhArata sarakAra dvArA zaka samvat ko rASTrIya paMcAMga ke rUpa meM grahaNa kara liye jAne para bhI IsAI samvat pahale ke samAna hI prazAsanika va dainika vyavahAra meM prayukta ho rahA hai / IsAI samvat kA bhAratIya itihAsa lekhana meM pracura mAtrA meM prayoga huA hai| prAcIna itihAsa ko tithikrama dene aura vilupta adhyAyoM ke punaH lekhana ke kArya meM briTiza tathA anya pAzcAtya itihAsakAroM kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai aura ina itihAsakAroM dvArA IsAI samvat kA hI prayoga kiyA gayA, ata. Aja bhAratIya itihAsa ko kramabaddha rUpa meM dekhane ke lie bI0sI0 va e0DI0 donoM ko hI AdhAra samajhA jAtA hai| IsAI samvat kA isI prakAra prayoga vizva ke aneka rASTroM ke itihAsa meM huA hai| IsAI samvat kA vartamAna svarUpa 17vIM zatAbdI ke bAda hI nirdhArita huA hai| ataH isase pUrva abhilekha itihAsa, paMcAMga Adi ke lie isakA prayoga kisI bhI rUpa meM huA ho parantu vartamAna samaya meM paMcAMga nirmANa ke lie IsAI samvat kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| IsAI samvat ke kalaiNDara vizva bhara meM chapate haiM aura hindU zaka, vikrama ke paMcAMga meM bhI IsAI samvat kI tithiyAM, varSa va vAra likhe hote haiN| hindU paMcAMgoM meM isako isa rUpa meM kaba grahaNa kiyA gayA, yaha to nahIM kahA jA sakatA parantu Aja bhaviSyavANiyAM karane, muhUrta sujhAne, grahoM 1. "navabhArata TAimsa", naI dillI, 23 disambara, 1983, pR0 7 / 2. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1676,, pR0 85 /

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dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat kI cAla, rAziyoM ke phala Adi ko batAne ke lie IsAI samvat kA prayoga hotA hai / na kevala hindU paMcAMga meM varan dUsare sampradAyoM meM bhI apane samvat ke paMcAMga ko likhate samaya IsAI samvat kI tithiyAM likhI jAtI haiM / bahAI sampradAya dvArA diye gaye bahAI kaleNDara kA svarUpa to pUrNa rUpa se IsAI samvat para hI nirbhara hai, apane tithi, mAha va vAra ko gauNa tathA IsAI tithi va mAha ko mukhya rUpa meM likhA gayA hai jo eka najara dekhane para IsAI paMcAMga hI jAna par3atA hai, bahAI nhiiN| khagola zAstriyoM va jyotiSiyoM dvArA bhI IsAI samvat kA prayoga rASTrIya va antarrASTrIya stara para ho rahA hai| rAjanaitika kAryoM ke lie bhI IsAI samvat kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| mAtra dhArmika kSetra hI aisA hai jisameM abhI bhArata ke vibhinna sampradAya apane hI samvat kA prayoga karate haiM, unhIM ke AdhAra para muhUrta nikAlane, zubha lagna sujhAne kA kArya hotA hai / yadyapi unakI tithiyoM ko bhI sAtha-sAtha hI IsAI samvat kI tithi meM parivartita kara bhI likhA jAtA hai parantu usakA AdhAra unakA apanA prAcIna samaya se calA A rahA samvat hI rahatA hai| hinI samvat islAma dharma ke dhArmika netA (paigambara) mohammada ke jIvana kI eka mahatvapUrNa ghaTanA se isa samvat kA Arambha huA / jaba mohammada ne makkA se madInA ke lie palAyana kiyA usI subaha se hijrI samvat kA Arambha mAnA jAtA hai| "hijrI" zabda kA artha palAyana hai aura palAyana kI ghaTanA se hI samvat Arambha hotA hai ataH samvat kA nAma hijrI samvat hI rakhA gayA hai| isake Arambha kI tithi nizcita hai| 16 jolAI, 622 I0 se hijrI samvat kA Arambha hotA hai| ___ Adhunika samaya meM vaha pUrNa rUpa se candramAsa para AdhArita hai| isake eka varSa meM 12 candramAsa hote haiM jo kramazaH 30 va 26 dina ke hote haiM / ataH sAdhAraNa varSa 354 dina kA hai / isake pratyeka 30 varSIya cakra meM 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 21, 24, 26 tathA 26vAM varSa lauMda kA varSa hotA hai jisameM antima mahInA 26 ke sthAna para 30 dina kA hotA hai / Arambha meM islAma kalaNDara pUrNa candrIya nahIM thA, balki candra saura va saura thaa| bAda meM 1. gulAma mohammada raphIka ne apanI pustaka, "islAma krUseDa phaoNra kalaiNDara", (paTTana, 1981) saura va candra saura kaleNDaroM ke lie kurAna kI Ayata 9 : 36, 37; 10 : 5 tathA 17 : 12 kA havAlA dete hue kahA hai ki unhoMne saura islAmika kaleNDaroM ko khoja nikAlA hai| (pR0 115-117) /

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10 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa candrIya paddhati grahaNa kI gyii| isa prakAra ke parivartana ke kucha kAraNa DA0 mohammada hamIda ullAha ne batAye haiM : (1) ramajAna kA samaya va dulahijjA kI tIrtha yAtrA kA samaya alaga-alaga RtuoM meM AtA rahe, eka hI mausama meM bArabAra na Aye / jisase logoM ko na bahuta adhika kaSTa ho aura na hI loga bahuta adhika ArAma-talaba ho pAyeM / (2) islAma pUre saMsAra ke lie banAyA gayA thA, isalie vibhinna jalavAyuoM ko bhI dhyAna meM rakhA gyaa| (3) "jakAta" joki dhAmika va bacata sambandhI kara thA vaha saura paMcAMga kA prayoga kara 36 varSa meM 36 bAra hI liyA jAtA thaa| isake sthAna para candra paMcAMga kA prayoga kara 36 varSa meM 37 bAra liyA jAne lgaa| (candrIya varSa, saura varSa se 10 dina choTA hone ke kAraNa 36 saura varSa 37 candra varSoM ke barAbara hote haiN|) __kula milAkara hamIda ullAha ke do hI kAraNa islAma dvArA candra paddhati ko apanAne ke lie de pAye haiM : logoM kI suvidhA tathA dharma netAoM kI caalaakii| hajarata mohammada ne kAphI soca-vicAra kara apanI jindagI kI AkhirI tIrtha yAtrA ke samaya ko (joki unhoMne apanI mRtyu ke cAra mahIne pahale kI) taya kiyA thA, aisA DA0 hamIda kA mata hai| mohammada ne bhI yaha parivartana kinhIM vaijJAnika kAraNoM se kiyA hogA, isakA koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| vaise bhI kevala logoM kI suvidhA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kiyA gayA parivartana svIkArya taba taka nahIM honA cAhie, jaba taka ki usakA vaijJAnika AdhAra na ho / vaise bhI gulAma mohammada isa bAta ko svIkAra hI nahIM karate ki hajarata mohammada ne yaha parivartana kiyA thaa| unake vicAra se to hajarata mohammada ne 6 e0 eca0 meM kurAna meM diye gaye saura kalaNDara ko hI prakhyApita kiyA thaa| bhArata meM islAma ke anuyAyiyoM ke Agamana ke bAda isakA pracalana haA, arthAt IsA kI 8vIM, 8vIM zatAbdI ke bAda / yadyapi Ara0 sI0 majUmadAra 1. mohammada hamIda ullAha, "inTroDakzana TU islAma", berUta, 1977, pR0 234 / 2. gulAma mohammada raphIka, "islAma krUseDa phaoNra kaleNDara", paTTana, 1981, pR0 117 / 3. mAra0 sI0 majUmadAra, 'harSa erA', "AI0 eca0 kyU.", 1651, volyUma 27, pR0 187 //

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dharmaM caritroM se sambandhita samvat ne kucha abhilekhoM ko jo isakI Arambhika zatAbdI ke karIba ke haiM, hijrI kI tithi meM hI aMkita mAnA hai / lekina isa mata kI AlocanA DA0 DI0 sI0 sarakAra ne kI hai tathA ina lekhoM ko hinrI samvat kI tithi meM aMkita na mAnakara harSa samvat kI tithi meM aMkita mAnA hai / ' 73 moharrama mAsa se varSa kA Arambha hotA hai / araba, IrAna, IrAka Adi meM yaha rAjakIya samvat haiM / khAr3I ke dezoM sIriyA, jorDana, morakko Adi meM IsvI samvat ke sAtha-sAtha muslima samvat kA bhI prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / yadyapi bhArata meM yaha samvat lokapriya nahIM ho pAyA, lekina kaI zatAbdiyoM taka prazAsanika tathA dhArmika kAryoM ke lie isakA prayoga kiyA gyaa| Aja bhI hindustAna bhara meM jahAM bhI islAma ke anuyAyI basate haiM, ve apane dhArmika kRtyoM ke lie hijrI samvat kA hI prayoga karate haiM / bhArata kI uttarI-pazcimI sImA taka isa sambat kA prayoga vizeSarUpa se kiyA jAtA hai / yUropiyana nakSatravidoM ke anusAra " musalamAnoM kA cAndra varSa jo 354, 11/30 yA 354.366 dina kA hotA hai, vaha 365.25 dina ke juliyana saura varSa kA 0.670202vAM hotA hai / "" kintu yaha sAmAnya truTi hai jo adhikAMza samvatoM meM rahatI hai tathA isake lie varSo bAda lauMda kA varSa rakhA jAtA hai / hijrI ke 30 varSIya cakra meM bhI nizcita varSa hai, jo loMda ke hote haiM, jinameM varSa 354 dina ke sthAna para 355 dina kA hotA hai / isameM zukravAra kA vizeSa mahattva hai / isI dina se varSa kA Arambha hotA hai / hijrI samvat kA varSa pUrNa rUpa se candrIya paddhati para AdhArita hone ke kAraNa anya saura athavA candra saura ( IsAI va hindU) samvat ke varSa se 10 dina choTA rahatA hai / ataH nirantara vaha anya paMcAMgoM se ghaTatA jA rahA hai / isa samaya ko pUrA karane tathA anya paMcAMgoM ke sAtha isakA sAmaMjasya biThAne ke lie koI niyama athavA paddhati islAma gaNanA paddhati meM nahIM dI gayI hai / lauMda ke varSa meM 354 ke sthAna para 355 dina kA varSa hotA hai, jo candrIya cakra ko hI pUrA 1. DI0 sI0 sarakAra, 'harSAja ekzesana eNDa erA', "AI0 eca0 kyU0 ", 153, pR072-76 / 2. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1676, pR0 66 / 3. "insAiklopIDiyA briTenakA", volyUma-tRtIya, Tokyo, 1967, pR0 600 /

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74 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa karatA hai, saura ko nahIM / isa prakAra 622 I0 meM Arambha hue hijrI samvat ke atra taka (1988 I0 taka) 1407 varSa vyatIta ho cuke haiM tathA 1408vAM varSa cAlU hai, jabaki saura IsAI samvat ke 1688- 622 = 1366 varSa vyatIta huye haiM, arthAt hijrI samvat ke aba taka vyatIta samaya meM IsAI samvat se 41 varSa adhika vyatIta ho cuke haiM / yaha antara Age bhI isI prakAra bar3hatA rahegA / jaisA ki DA0 mohammada hamIda ullAha' dvArA dI gayI tAlikA se spaSTa hai : hitrI varSa 1406 1407 1408 1406 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418 1416 1420 prathama moharrama I0 san meM 16 sitambara, 1985 6 sitambara, 1986 1687 26 agasta, 14 agasta, 1988 4 agasta, 1986 24 jaulAI, 1660 13 jaulAI, 1661 2 jaulAI, 1962 21 jUna, 1963 10 jUna, 1964 31 maI, 1665 16 maI, 1666 maI, 1667 28 apraila, 1668 17 apraila, 166e saura varSa kI lambAI ko pUrA na kara pAne kI samasyA prArambhika romana paMcAMga meM bhI thI / "prArambha meM romana logoM kA varSa 304 dina kA thA jisameM mArca se disambara taka ke 10 mahIne the / phira numA paoNpilias ( I0 samvat pUrva 715-672) rAjA ne varSa ke prArambha meM janavarI aura aMta meM pharavarI mAsa bar3hAkara 12 cAndra mAsa arthAt 355 dina kA varSa banAyA / IsvI samvat pUrvaM 452 se cAndra mAsa ke sthAna para saura varSa mAnA jAne lagA jo 355 dina kA hI hotA thA parantu prati dUsare varSa ( ekAMtara se ) kramazaH 22 ra 23 dina bar3hAte the |***unkaa yaha varSa vAstavika saura varSa se karIba eka dina bar3A thA / 1. hamIda ullAha, "inTroDakzana TU islAma", berUta, 1977, pR0 248 /

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dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat gayA / ... jUliyasa isa varSa mAna se 26 varSa meM karIba 26 dina kA antara par3a sIjara ke samaya vaha antara 60 dina kA ho gayA, jisase usane IsvI san pUrva 46 ko 455 dina kA varSa mAnakara vaha antara miTA diyA / "" isI prakAra kA antarAla islAma kalaiNDara meM bhI AtA jA rahA hai aura koI Azcarya nahIM jaba islAma kalaiNDara kA varSa apanI kama lambAI ke kAraNa dUsare samvatoM se pRthaka par3a jAye aura usakI antarrASTrIya upayogitA khatma hone lage, kyoMki jaba antarrASTrIya stara para saura kalaiNDara ko mAnA jAyegA va islAma kalaiNDara mAtra candrIya hogA to jo samaya dUsare kalaiNDaroM dvArA 100 varSa kI avadhi ginI jAyegI vaha islAma kalaiNDara dvArA 103 varSa ginA jAyegA / yadi kisI vyakti kI Ayu 100 varSa hai taba islAmika kaleNDara usakI Ayu 103 varSa batAyegA / yaha samasyA janma-mRtyu athavA anya kisI bhI ghaTanA ke tithi aMkana meM bhI A sakatI hai| jaba taka dUsare kalaiNDara kisI vartamAna varSa meM amuka ghaTanA kI gaNanA kareMge taba taka islAma kaleNDara kA varSa badala jAyegA aura usake anusAra vaha ghaTanA agale varSa meM ginI jAyegI jabaki adhikAMza samvatoM kA AdhAra saura varSa hogA taba candrIya varSa kucha aTapaTA va hAsyAspada sA mahasUsa hogA / 75 bhArata meM aneka zAsakoM ko jo rAjakIya kAryoM ke lie islAmika kalaiNDara kA prayoga karate the, vittIya kAryoM ko pUrA karane ke lie phasalI paMcAMgoM ko grahaNa karanA par3A / candrIya varSa hone ke kAraNa saura varSa se vaha choTA rahatA thA, jisase kisAnoM ko adhika bAra lagAna cukAnA par3atA thA, sAtha hI prati varSa eka mAha usI Rtu meM nahIM par3atA thA, jisase lagAna vasUlI ke lie islAmika kalaiNDara kA koI mAha taya kiyA jA sake / ataH zAhajahAM akabara va anya dUsare prAntIya rAjAoM dvArA hijrA varSa ke sthAna para phasalI paMcAMgoM ko grahaNa karanA par3A / bahAI sambat bahAI kalaiNDara bAba dvArA diyA gayA tathA bahA ullAha dvArA satyApita kiyA gayA / bahA ullAha ke nAma para hI isa samvat ko bahAI samvat kahA jAtA hai | bahAI samvat kA pracalana bahAI sampradAya meM hai / yaha sampradAya apane dhArmika utsavoM ke lie isakA prayoga karatA hai / " bahAI samvat kA Arambha 1. paMDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1918, pR0 165 / 2. johana pharebI, "oNla thiMgsa meDa nyU", naI dillI, ti0 anu0, pR0 280 //

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76 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa 1844 I0 meM bAba kI ghoSaNA se haa|" ataH isakI eka zatAbdI 20 mArca, 1944 I0 ko pUrI huyii| mArca ke mahA viSuva se bahAI samvat kA nayA varSa Arambha hotA hai, ata: 1986 I0 ke mArca mahIne meM bahAI samvat ke 145 varSa pUre ho cuke haiM aura aba 1986-60 I0 kA yaha bahAI samvat kA 146vAM vartamAna pracalita varSa hai| ___ bahAI samvat meM saura varSa kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / "pUre varSa ko 16 mahInoM meM bAMTA gayA hai tathA pratyeka mahInA 16 dina kA hotA hai tathA pratyeka varSa ko pUrA karane ke lie 4 dina atirikta jor3a diye jAte haiN| pratyeka cAra varSa bAda lauMda kA varSa hotA hai, jisameM eka atirikta dina jor3a diyA jAtA hai, pratyeka dina kA Arambha sUryAsta se mAnA jAtA hai|" __bahAI kaleNDara meM atirikta dinoM ko jor3ane kI eka viziSTa vyavasthA hai, isameM anya dUsare kalaNDaroM kI bhAMti atirikta dinoM ko antima mahIne meM na jor3akara 18veM mAha ke anta meM jor3A jAtA hai| "ye atirikta dina 18veM va 19veM mahIne ke bIca jor3e jAte haiM, jisase ki isakA (bahAI kalaiNDara kA) saura varSa ke sAtha sAmaMjasya kiyA jA sake / bAba ne mahInoM ke nAma bhagavAna ke guNoM ke AdhAra para rakhe / 16vAM mahInA 22 mArca se Arambha hokara 21 mArca (mahA viSuva) ko pUrA hotA hai / "2 bahAI kalaiNDara meM dina kI gaNanA sUryAsta se sUryAsta taka kI jAtI hai| yaha eka viziSTa prathA hai, bhAratIya kalaiNDaroM meM sUryAsta se dina ko Arambha karane kI prathA nahIM hai| isa prakAra kI dina kI gaNanA prAcIna samaya meM pracalita kalaNDara vyavasthA ke antargata thI aura isakA pracalana iTalI meM thaa| sambhavataH bahAI kalaNDara meM yaha pravRtti vahIM se grahaNa kI gayI ho| ___ bahAI kalaiNDara ke 16 mahInoM ke jo nAma hote haiM, vahI nAga mahIne ke 16 dinoM ke hote haiM / "pratyeka mahIne ke prathama dina adhikatara 19 dina kI dAvata hotI hai, lekina apavAda svarUpa yaha kisI aura dina bhI hotI hai|" 16 dina kI dAvata kA tAtparya, 16 dina meM pUrI hone vAlI dAvata hai, arthAt pratyeka mahIne ke prathama dina yaha hotI hai aura pUre varSa ke 16 mahInoM meM 16 dina 1. johana pharevI, "oNla thiMgsa meDa nyU" naI dillI, ti0 anu0, pa0 280 / 2. je0 I0 islemaoN, "bahA ullAha eNDa da nyU erA", landana, 1674, pR0 166 / 3. johana pharebI, "oNla thiMgsa meDa nyU", naI dillI, ti0 anu0, pR0 281 /

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dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat 77 hotI hai, kabhI kisI kAraNavaza mahIne ke prathama dina na hokara anya kisI dina bhI ho sakatI hai| bahAI kalaiNDara ke mahInoM ke nAma tathA inakI Arambha kI prathama tithi IsAI samvat meM isa prakAra rahatI hai : bahAI mahIne arabI nAma IsAI samvat kI tithiyAM bahA 21 mArca jalAla 6 apraila jamAla 28 apraila ajamata 17 maI nUra rahamata 24 jana kalImAta 13 jolAI kamAla 1 agasta asamA 20 agasta ijjata 8 sitambara mazIyyata 27 sitambara ilma 16 akTUbara kudarata 4 navambara kanla 23 navambara mazAila 12 disambara zarapha 31 disambara sultAna 16 janavarI mulka 7 pharavarI 26 pharavarI se 1 mArca taka ke atirikta dinoM ko jor3akara alA 2 mArca 1955 I0 meM bhArata sarakAra kI kalaNDara sudhAra sImita dvArA dI gaI riporTa meM bahAI kaleNDara kA ullekha nahIM hai (jabaki isa sampradAya ke sAhitya dvArA vidita hai ki bahAI samvat apane 145 varSa pUre kara cukA hai), jabaki isa samiti dvArA bhArata ke uttarI dakSiNI, pUrvI pazcimI, prAcIna va vartamAna samaya meM pracalita aneka kalaNDaroM kA ullekha hai| isa sthiti meM yahI mAnA jA sakatA hai ki bahAI sampradAya kI utpatti videza meM huyI aura bhArata meM isakA

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78 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa pracAra abhI bahuta alpa hai, athavA anya dUsare sampradAyoM meM apane-apane kaleNDaroM kI riporTa kalaiNDara sudhAra samiti ko bhejI aura isa sampradAya dvArA isa prakAra kA koI prayAsa nahIM huaa| isI kAraNa isa sambat va isake kalaiNDara kA ullekha kalaNDara sudhAra samiti kI riporTa meM nahIM huA hai| bahAI samvat kA prati varSa kalaiNDara chapatA hai, jisameM IsAI kalaNDara para hI bahAI dhArmika utsavoM kI tithiyAM va bahAI mahInoM ke Arambha kI tithiyoM ko rekhAMkita kara diyA jAtA hai aura isako bahAI kaleNDara nAma diyA jAtA hai / bahAI kaleNDara ke mahInoM ke nAma isa para nahIM diye jAte aura na hI jaisA ki bahAI kalaiNDara ke lie batAyA gayA ki usake varSa ke 16 mahIne hote haiM, kalaNDara ko pRthaka-pRthaka 16 mahInoM ke nAma ke anusAra vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra yaha kalaiNDara bhI apanI maulika pahacAna nahIM banA pA rahA hai, balki IsAI samvat kA pratirUpa mAtra hI dRSTigocara hotA hai| vaise isa sampradAya ke logoM kA vizvAsa hai ki eka dina pUrA vizva bahAI kaleNDara ko isakI saralatA ke kAraNa apnaayegaa|' kintu apanI gaNanA paddhati ko paMcAMga meM na darzA pAne ke kAraNa yaha logoM ko kahAM taka samajha AyegA aura kisa prakAra naye logoM ko AkarSita kara sakegA, yaha sandehAspada hI hai| maharSi dayAnanda samvat Arya samAja ke pravartaka maharSi dayAnanda ke nAma para hI isa samvat kA nAma maharSi dayAnanda samvat hai / ise dayAnandAbda va maddayAnaMdAbda nAmoM se bhI likhA jAtA hai| isakA pracalana kSetra vahI samajhanA cAhie jo Arya samAja sampradAya kA hai| jahAM bhI Arya samAjI basate haiM, ve maharSi dayAnanda samvat kA proyaga karate haiN| isa samvat kA Arambha maharSi ke janma ke samaya se mAnA jAtA hai| maharSi ke janma ke sambandha meM isa prakAra kI dhAraNA hai : "jahAM taka maharSi kI janmatithi kA sambandha hai. yaha to nirvivAda hai ki unakA janma savamt 1881 (san 1824) huA thA, kyoMki unhoMne apane Atmacaritra meM svayaM isakA ullekha kiyA hai, para samvat 1881 meM unakI janmatithi kauna sI thI, isa sambandha meM aneka mata haiN| abhI isa viSaya meM pramANika rUpa se koI mata nirdhArita nahIM kiyA jA sakA hai|"2 aisA pratIta hotA hai ki maharSi kI eka varSa Ayu hone (prathama janma divasa) 1. je0I0 islemaoN, "bahA ullAha eNDa da nyU erA", landana, 1974, pR0 167 / 2. satyaketu vidyAlaMkAra, "Arya samAja kA itihAsa", prathama bhAga, naI dillI, ti0 anu0, pR0 162 /

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dharma caritroM se sambandhita samvat 76 se maharSi dayAnanda samvat kA Arambha mAnA gayA hai| isa saMdarbha meM kapila bhaTTa kA mata hai : "Arya samAjiyoM ne maharSi dayAnanda kI janma tithi 16 pharavarI, 1825 I0 se maddayAnaMdAbda samvat kI zurUAta kii| ina kathanoM se yahI vidita hai ki 1824 I0 meM maharSi kA janma huA tathA unake prathama janma divasa 16 pharavarI, 1825 se isa samvat kA Arambha mAnA gyaa| jaisAki anya dUsare dhArmika samvatoM, mahAvIra nirvANa, buddha nirvANa ke Arambha ke lie pUrA sampradAya hI uttaradAyI hai, vyakti vizeSa nahIM, ThIka isI prakAra maharSi dayAnanda samvat ke ArambhakartA ke rUpa meM pUrA Arya samAja hI uttaradAyI hai, kisI viziSTa vyakti kA nAma nahIM liyA jA sktaa| maharSi dayAnanda samvat vikrama samvat ke hI samAna hai, isake lie pRthaka rUpa se kisI gaNanA paddhati kA nirdhAraNa nahIM kiyA gayA hai, mAtra vyatIta varSoM va vartamAna cAlU varSa kI hI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| isa samvat kA vartamAna cAlU varSa 165vAM hai tathA pharavarI, 1986 taka isa samvat ke 146 varSa vyatIta ho cuke haiN| 1986-1825=164 maharSi samvat ke vyatIta varSa / isa samvat kA prayoga Arya samAja ke bhavanoM ke nirmANa varSa tathA pustakoM ke prakAzana varSa ko batAne ke lie kiyA jAtA hai / bhavanoM va pustakoM para sRSTi samvat va vikrama samvat ke maharSi dayAnanda samvat kA ullekha isa prakAra rahatA Arya samvat 1972646073 vikramAbda 2030 dayAnandAbda 146 / 1. kapila bhaTTa, 'kaise-kaise sambat bhArata ke', "kAdambinI", dillI, apraila 1986, pR0 88 / 2. maharSi dayAnanda, "Rgveda", (Arya bhASA-bhASya), dillI, 1973 /

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tRtIya adhyAya aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat maurya samvat 'muriyakAla' ke nAma se isa samvat kA ullekha abhilekhoM meM huA hai jisase vidvAna yahI anumAna lagAte haiM ki mauryavaMza se sambandhita samvat hai| isa samvat viSaya meM jAnakArI kA ekamAtra srota udayagirI kA hAthIgumphA meM jaina rAjA khAkhela kA lekha hai / yaha abhilekha muriyakAla 165 kA hai / "naMdavaMza ko naSTa kara rAjA candragupta ne IsvI pUrva 321 ke Asa-pAsa maurya rAjya kI sthApanA kI thI ataeva anumAna hotA hai ki yaha samvat usI ghaTanA se calA ho / yadi yaha anumAna ThIka ho to isa samvat kA Arambha I0 samvat pUrva 321 ke AsapAsa honA caahie|"1 maurya samvat ke saMdarbha meM khAkhela ke lekha ke atirikta anya koI pramANa upalabdha nahIM hotaa| zrI raipsana, bhagavAna lAla indra jI, kAzI prasAda jAyasavAla, candra bhAna pANDeya Adi vidvAnoM ne bhI muriya kAla ko maurya samvat ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai / hAthI gumphA abhilekha maurya samvat 165 kA hai, jisase yaha spaSTa hai ki lagabhaga 2 zatAbdiyoM taka to yaha samvat pracalana meM thA hI aura isase bAda meM bhI rahA ho to koI Azcarya nhiiN| maurya vaMza ke kisa zAsana dvArA aura vaMza ke kisa zAsana varSa meM samvat Arambha kiyA gayA, isa saMdarbha meM tathya upalabdha nahIM hai / maurya vaMza ke prathama zAsaka candra gupta maurya jo vaMza saMsthApaka bhI thA aura zaktizAlI bhI thA ne sambhavata: apane vaMza kI pahacAna ko banAne ke lie samvat kI sthApanA kI ho / parantu candra gupta maurya ke zAsana kAla kI ghaTanAoM, usakI nIti va 1. rAya bahAdura paMDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda aujhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipi mAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 165 / 2. candra bhAna pANDeya, "AMdhra sAtavAhana sAmrAjya kA itihAsa", dillI, 1963 pR0 27 /

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82 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa rAjanaitika ghaTanAoM kA ullekha koTilya ke arthazAstra se milatA hai / yadi candra gupta kisI naye samvat kI sthApanA karatA taba kauTilya usakA ullekha bhI avazya krtaa| maurya vaMza kA dUsarA zaktizAlI zAsaka azoka rahA, usake dvArA bhI samvat kI sthApanA kI jA sakatI hai, lekina azoka kA darzana jo bauddha dharma se prabhAvita thA, "vasudhaiva kuTumbakam" kI nIti ko mAnatA thA ataH azoka se yaha AzA karanA ki usane svayaM apanI yA apane vaMza kI viziSTatA pradarzita karane ke lie kisI naye samvat kI sthApanA kI hogI, ucita nhiiN| candra gupta va azoka ke bIca kA eka zAsaka aura rahatA hai, bindusAra / isake zAsana kAla meM bhI sAmrAjya zaktizAlI banA rahA thA sambhava hai isake dvArA hI maurya samvat kI sthApanA huyI ho aura usake Arambha kA samaya candra gupta maurya ke samaya se mAnA gayA ho, jaisAki harSa, gupta Adi dUsare samvatoM ke sambandha meM bhI rahA hai| parantu yadi bindusAra dvArA maurya samvat kI sthApanA kI gayI mAna liyA jAye taba yaha samasyA sAmane AtI hai ki svayaM bindusAra usake uttarAdhikArI azoka tathA anya bAda ke maurya zAsakoM dvArA maurya samvat kA abhilekhoM meM aMkana na kiye jAne kA kyA kAraNa hai ? yaha svAbhAvika sI bAta hai ki yadi kisI vaMza ke saMsthApakoM dvArA nayA samvat calAyA jAye to usa vaMza ke zAsaka usakA prayoga apane abhilekhoM tathA anya lekhoM meM kareM, samakAlIna sAhitya meM bhI samvat kA ullekha ho, parantu maurya samvat kA prayoga kisI mauryavaMzI zAsaka dvArA nahIM huA hai| svayaM bindusAra dvArA bhI nahIM aura uttarAdhikArI azoka dvArA bhI samvat kA prayoga nahIM huA hai, yadyapi azoka ne bar3I saMkhyA meM abhilekha utkIrNa kraaye| maurya samvat ke sambandha meM yaha isase bhI bar3I visaMgati hai ki kaliMga rAjya ko maurya zakti se mukta karAne vAle zAsaka khAkhela dvArA samvat kA prayoga apane abhilekha meM huA hai jo ucita nahIM lgtaa| isakA kAraNa hai ki koI bhI zAsaka jisa sattA se mukti pAtA hai va svataMtra rAjya kI sthApanA karatA hai vaha svayaM ko AdhIna rakhane vAle ke cinhoM kA bhI prayoga karanA pasanda nahIM krtaa| phira vizeSakara hAthIgumphA jaise abhilekha meM jisameM khAkhela apanI zakti pradarzana va vijaya kA ullekha karatA hai, khAkhela dvArA maurya samvat kA prayoga anucita hI lagatA hai| "hAthIgumphA abhilekha maurya samvat 165 kA hai| isa lekha ke AdhAra para do tathya dIkha par3ate haiM jisake AdhAra para hAthIgumphA abhilekha para aMkita samvat 1. satyaketu vidyAlaMkAra, "maurya sAmrAjya kA itihAsa" naI dillI, 1986, pR0 676 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 83 ko maurya samvat kahA jA sakatA hai| prathama rAjamuriyakAla zabda kA prayoga, tathA dUsarA khAkhela kA maurya samvat 165 meM rAjyakAla / ina samasta viSamatAoM va visaMtagiyoM kA niSkarSa yahI diyA jA sakatA hai ki candra gupta maurya yA bindusAra dvArA maurya samvata kI sthApanA kI gyii| apane vaMza kI kisI viziSTatA ke pradarzana se bacakara abhilekhoM para vinIta bhAva se mAtra zAsana varSa kA aMkana mazoka ne kiyaa| usake uttarAdhikAriyoM ne bhI usakA anukaraNa kiyaa| cUMki khAkhela ke samaya maurya vaMza kA anta ho cukA thA ataH niyamita zAsana varSa ke rUpa meM usakA prayoga nahIM rhaa| sambhavataH maurya vaMza ke pazcAt ke rUpa meM isakA saMdarbha diyA jAne lagA isase yaha sambhAvanA hotI hai ki maurya samvat hAthIgumphA abhilekha ke aMkana ke samaya taka pracalana meM thA ataH kaliMga rAja khAkhela ne apane zAsana varSa ke sAthasAtha maurya samvat kA aMkana bhI abhilekha meM kiyA ho| maurya samvat kA prayoga mAtra abhilekhoM taka hI sImita rahA rhaa| abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para hI samvat ke astitva kI sambhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai / tatkAlIna sAhitya meM isa sambat kA ullekha nahIM huA hai| maurya samvat eka aise vaMza dvArA calAyA gayA jisake zAsana ke Arambha kI tithi svayaM hI vivAda kA viSaya hai / isase bhI adhika vivAda kA viSaya yaha hai ki isa vaMza ke kisa zAsaka ne samvata kA Arambha kiyA ? maurya vaMza kisa jAti athavA varNa se sambandhita thA ? vidvAnoM kA eka varga isa vaMza kA sambandha zUdra athavA dAsa varga se jor3atA hai| ina saba viSamatAoM kA pariNAma sambhavataH yahI rahA hogA ki samAja meM isa vaMza dvArA diye gaye samvat ko adhika sammAna prApta na huA ho| sAtha hI isa vaMza kI samApti ke sAtha hI sambhavataH yaha samvat bhI samApta ho gayA ho / maurya samvat kI zIghra samApti kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki vAstava meM yaha samvat vyApaka rUpa meM prayukta nahIM huaa| yaha to mAtra zAsana varSa kI gaNanA thI, ataH maurya samvat ko koI nayA athavA pRthaka samvat nahIM kahA jA sakatA ata: isake prayoga kA dIrghakAlika na honA bhI svAbhAvika hI thaa| sailyUsIDiyana samvat sailyUsIDiyana nAma se hI aisA lagatA hai ki isa samvat kA sambandha sikandara ke uttarAdhikArI sailyukasa se hai, kintu isa sambandha meM vivAda yaha hai ki isa samvat kA Arambha svayaM sailyUkasa ne kiyA jisake kAraNa yaha sailyUsIDiyana sambat kahalAyA athavA kisI anya vyakti ne isakA Arambha kiyA aura isakA

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa nAma selyUkasa ke nAma para selyUsIDiyana samvat rkhaa| sailyUsIDiyana samvat kA pracalana kSetra baikTriyA tathA hindustAna ke kAbula va paMjAba pradeza mAne jAte haiM / "selyUkasa ke rAjya pAne ke samaya arthAt 1 akTUbara IsvI samvat pUrvaM 312 se usakA samvat calA jo bAkaTriA meM bhI pracalita huA / hindustAna ke kAbula tathA paMjAba Adi hissoM para bAkaTriA ke grIkoM kA Adhipatya hone ke bAda ukta samvat kA pracAra bhArata ke una hissoM meM kucha-kucha huA ho, sambhava hai|" 84 sailyUkasa ke rAjya pAne ke samaya se sailyUsIDiyana samvat kA Arambha mAnA jAtA hai arthAt 312 IsvI pUrva / isakA vartamAna pracalita varSa 2343 hai jo I0 1689 ke samAna hai / yaha samvat zatAbdiyoM pahale pracalana se nikala gayA hai aura aba isakI gaNanA paddhati va varSa kI lambAI kA ThIka patA nahIM hai / ata: isake vartamAna pracalita varSa ke sambandha meM bhAradvAja paMcAga kA sAkSya kahAM taka pramANika hai, kahA nahIM jA sktaa| paMcAMga meM mAtra vartamAna pracalita varSa diyA gayA hai, isake srotoM kA ullekha nahIM hai / sAtha hI isa paMcAMga meM samvat ke lie sikandarI nAma kA prayoga huA hai jabaki trivedI va kaniMghama sailyUsIDiyana nAma kA ullekha karate haiM / yaha spaSTa nahIM hai ki saMlyUsIDiyana samvat hI hai athavA koI aura saMlyUsIDiyana samvat ke ArambhakarttA ke rUpa meM do nAma liye jAte haiM : prathama gupta vaMzI nareza samudra gupta ( triveda) tathA dUsarA sailyUkasa ( kaniMghama ), isa samvat ke sambandha meM kaniMghama kA mata hI adhika mAnanIya hai / triveda ke anusAra selyUkasa candragupta maurya kA nahIM varan samundra gupta ko samakAlIna thA / samudra gupta ne selyUkasa ko 305 I0 pUrva meM parAsta kara usakI putrI helenA se vivAha kiyA tathA sailyUsIDiyana samvat kA Arambha kiyaa| DA0 triveda gupta vaMza kA zAsana bhI 320 I0 pUrva meM mAnate haiM, isI AdhAra para samudra gupta ko saMlyUkasa kA samakAlIna mAnA hai va isI AdhAra para samudra gupta ko saMlyUsIDiyana samvat kA ArambhakartA batAyA hai parantu DA0 triveda ke mata kA vidvAn khaNDana karate. haiM tathA sailyUsIDiyana samvata kA ArambhakartA sailyUkasa nikATAra ko mAnate 9. rAya bahAdura paMDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1913, pR0 165 / 2. "zuddha bhAradvAja paMcAMga", meraTha, 1686 - 60, pR0 1 / 3. DI0 esa0 triveda, "iNDiyana konolaoNjI", bambaI, 1963, pR0 27 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 85 haiN| I0 pUrva 323 meM sikandara kA dehAnta hone para uttarAdhikArI ke abhAva se usake senApatiyoM meM rAjya ke lie saMgharSa huaa| anta meM tIna rAjya kAyama huye : masiDoniyA, misra aura siiriyaa| sIriyA kA svAmI sailyUkasa banA, isI ko sailyUsIDiyana samvata kA ArambhakartA mAnA jAtA hai / ulaghabega ne sikandara kI mRtyu ke 12 varSa pazcAt arthAt mauhammada ke hijrI samvata 16 julAI, 622 I0 ke 340700 dina pUrva isa samvat kA Arambha mAnA hai, isa prakAra ulUgha ke anusAra 3 akTUbara, 312 I0 pUrva meM samvat kA Arambha huaa| tIsarI gaNanA sikandara kI mRtyu ke 12 varSa pazcAt jisameM mRtyu kI tithi nahIM dI gayI hai (navonsAra ke 425veM varSa arthAt 12 navambara, 324 I0 pUrva ko mAnI jAtI hai) isake anusAra isa samvat kA Arambha 312 I0 pUrva ke prAyaH anta meM AtA hai| ina vibhinna vicAroM kA ullekha karate hue kanighama ne likhA hai : "vAstava meM samvat sailyUkasa dvArA senApati nikAnora kI hAra se Arambha huaa| isa prakAra isase bhI isa samvat kA Arambha 312 I0 pUrva baiThatA hai| isake atirikta aneka sikkoM se bhI isakA ullekha milatA hai|" uparokta uddhaharaNoM se itanA to nizcita hai ki sailyUsIDiyana samvat kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM sailyUkasa se sambandhita thaa| DA0 triveda joki isa samvat kA ArambhakartA samudra gupta ko mAnate haiM, ne bhI isa bAta ko svIkAra kiyA hai / ojhA ne svayaM sailyUkasa ko hI samvat ArambhakartA mAnA hai / kaniMghama sailyUkasa dvArA senApati nikAnora kI parAjaya kI ghaTanA se samvat kA Arambha mAnate haiN| tAtparya yahI hai ki sailyUkasa ne isa samvat kA Arambha kiyaa| isameM DA0 triveda dvArA diye gaye tathya, jisameM ve gupta vaMza kA zAsana 320 I0 pUrva mAnate haiM aura samudra gupta ko sailyUkasa kA samakAlIna mAnate haiM, vivAdAspada haiM / ataH unake dvArA diyA gayA tathya ki sailyUsIDiyana samvat kA Arambha samudra gupta dvArA kiyA gayA pramANika sAkSyoM para AdhArita nahIM hai / isI mata kI sambhAvanA adhika hai ki apanI tAjapozI ke samaya svayaM sailyUkasa dvArA hI isa samvat kI sthApanA kI gayI hai jaisAki samvat ke nAma 1. rAya bahAdura paMDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipi. __ mAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 165 / 2. elegjeNDara kaniMghama dvArA uddhata, "eka buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1676, pR0 40 / 3. vhii| 4. vhii|

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa se bhI AbhAsa hotA hai aura jaba sailyUkasa bhArata vijaya kI lAlasA se yahAM AyA taba anya sAMskRtika tathyoM ke AdAna-pradAna ke sAtha hI kAla gaNanA ke tathyoM kA bhI paricaya hinduoM kA videziyoM se aura videziyoM kA hinduoM se huA ho tathA isI avasara para bhAratIyoM kA paricaya sailyUmIDiyana samvat se bhI huA ho / sambhavata: kucha samaya taka bhArata ke bhI yavana prabhAvita pradezoM meM isa samvat kA pracalana rahA ho| ulagabega va kaniMghama jaise videzI vidvAnoM tathA ojhA va DA0 DI0 esa0 triveda jaise bhAratIya vidvAnoM ke lekhana se sailyUsIDiyana samvat ke viSaya meM jAnakArI milatI hai| zaka tathA kuzANa vaMziyoM ke kharoSThi lekhoM meM likhe yUnAnI mahInoM ke viSaya meM yaha sambhAvanA kI jAtI hai ki kyoMki yaha videzI zailI meM haiM, ataH yaha kisI videzI sambat se hI sambandhita hoNge| "jo loga videzI masIDoniyana (yUnAnI) mahIne likhate the, ve sambat bhI videzI hI likhate hoMge, cAhe vaha sailyUkIDI (zatAbdiyoM ke aMka sahita) pAthiyana yA koI anya (zaka) samvat ho| yadyapi abhI yaha pUrNa pramANita nahIM hai ki sailyUsIDiyana samvata kA prayoga bhArata meM kisa rUpa meM huA lekina jaisAki zrI ojhA ke uparokta kathana se vidita hai : abhilekhoM ke lie sailyUsIDiyana samvat kA bhArata meM prayoga huA, aisI sambhAvanA hai| kyoMki yaha samvat bhAratIyoM ke lie videzI hI thA aura AkramaNakAriyoM dvArA bhArata lAyA gayA thA prataH janamAnasa ke lie isakI gaNanA paddhati ko samajhanA aura ise sammAnapUrvaka grahaNa karanA sambhava na ho skaa| mAtra rAjanaitika sambandhoM ko bala dene ke lie hI alpAvadhi meM hI yaha bhArata meM jAnA gayA hogA aura candragupta ke zAsana samApti ke sAtha hI sailyUsIDiyana samvat kA prabhAva bhI bhArata meM samApta ho gayA hogaa| bhArata meM isake prayoga va Arambha ke sambandha meM nizcita pramANa upalabdha na hone ke kAraNa bhArata sarakAra kI kalaiNDara sudhAra samiti kI riporTa meM to ise bhAratIya saMvatoM kI zreNI meM bhI nahIM rakhA gayA hai| salyusIDiyana samvat kI gaNanA paddhati maisIDoniyana tathA artha niyana paddhati para AdhArita hai| arthAt pUrNa rUpa se videzI paddhati pr| isameM 16 varSIya cakra kA prayoga huA hai / "selyusoDiyana samvat meM arthaniyana tathA masIDoniyana paMcAMgoM ke samAna hI candra saura paddhati ko grahaNa kiyA gayA hai tathA 16 varSIya cakra arthAt 235 candramAsoM ko mAnA gayA hai / "2 / / 1. rAya bahAdura paMDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipi mAlA", ajamera, 1918, pR065 / 2. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1976, pR0 40 /

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c19 aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat pAthiyA samvat isa samvat ko pAthiyA ke atirikta pArada, pAthiyana, athavA eresiMDa Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai / isa samvat kA pracalana paMjAba ke pazcimottara pradeza meM rahA / jArja sthimatha ne bebIlona se prApta tIna pAthiyana sAraNiyoM ke AdhAra para 248 I0 pUrva pAthiyana samvat kA Arambha maanaa| parantu kaniMghama isase sahamata nahIM haiM : "pAthiyana samvat kA Arambha apraila 247 I0 pUrva meM hunA hogA na ki akTUbara 248 I0 pUrva meM / "2 kaniMghama ne pAthiyana svatantratA kI tithi 247 I0 pUrva mAnI hai aura yahIM se pArthiyana samvat kA Arambha mAnA hai tathA kaniMghama kA vizvAsa hai ki 246 I0 pUrva taka prathama varSa pUrNa humA hogaa| bhArata meM yaha maurya vaMzI samrATa azoka ke zAsana kA samaya thA / paMDita bhagavad datta ne pAthiyana samvat kA Arambha "zaka vikrama samvat se 186 varSa (246 varSa pUrva) pahale calA"4 mAnA hai| isa sambandha meM yahI samajhanA cAhie ki 248 I0 pUrva ke karIba hI pAthiyA samvat kA Arambha huaa| yadi eka-do varSa kA antara cAlU yA vyatIta varSa likhe jAne ke kAraNa raha sakatA hai jaisAki anya bahuta se bhAratIya samvatoM meM rahatA hai| isa samvat ke viSaya meM adhika vistRta varNana upalabdha nahIM hai ataH isakI gaNanA paddhati, pracalana kSetra va pracalana samaya ke viSaya meM nizcita rUpa se kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / isa samvat se sambandhita eka lekha kA ullekha paMDita bhagavad datta ne 'progresa oNpha iNDika sTaDIja' ke AdhAra para isa prakAra kiyA hai : "pahalavI bhASA kA eka ati purAnA lekha san 1606 meM kudistAna se milA thA usa para harvatat mAsa kA isa zaka kA 300 varSa aMkita hai|"5 isa abhilekha ke uddharaNa se yahI tAtparya nikalatA hai ki selyusIDiyana samvat ke samAna hI pArthiyana samvata bhI videzI thA / yadAkadA rAjanItika prabhAva se abhilekoM ke liye bhArata meM isakA 1. kaniMghama dvArA apanI pustaka, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", meM uddhRta, vArANasI, 1976, pR0 46 / 2. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1976, pa046 / 3. vhii| 4. paMDita bhagavada datta, "bhAratavarSa kA vRhada itihAsa", dillI, 1950, pR0 170 / 5. vahI, pR0 171 /

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88 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa prayoga huA parantu janamAnasa meM isakA pracAra nahIM huA aura inhIM kAraNoM se yaha bhAratIya itihAsa meM koI sthAna na pA sakA tathA zIghra lupta ho gayA / kalaiNDara sudhAra samiti ne sailyusI Diyana samvat kI bhAMti ise bhI bhAratIya sambatoM meM nahIM ginA hai| vikrama samvat hinduoM ke dhArmika anuSThAnoM meM mukhya sthAna pAne vAlA samvat vikrama samvat hai| ise kRta samvat, mAlava samvat, mAlava kAla athavA mAtra samvat ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| sambat ke nAmoM meM isa prakAra kA parivartana kaba aura kaise huA ? vikrama samvat kA abhilekhoM meM prayoga kisa prakAra kiyA gayA? samvat kI gaNanA paddhati usakI mukhya ikAIyAM, vistAra kSetra tathA lokapriyatA Adi tathyoM ko hI isa adhyAya meM adhyayana karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai aura anta meM, kyA vikrama samvat ko rASTrIya samvat mAnA jA sakatA hai, isa prazna kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / kisI bhI vaMza ke saMsthApaka se usa vaMza kI zakti ko carmotkarSa para pahuMcAne vAlA vyakti adhika mahAna hotA hai| vibhinna vaMza jaba apane carmotkarSa para the, to unake zAsakoM ne isa ghaTanA ko mahatva pradAna karate hue samvatoM kI sthApanA kI / vikrama samvat bhI eka aisA hI samvat hai / bhArata meM aneka samvatoM kA pracalana rahA kintu ina sabhI ke bIca jIvita rahakara vikrama samvat ne sarvAdhika jIvanI zakti pradarzita kI hai| yaha Aja bhI bhArata ke bar3e bhU-bhAga para pracalita hai| aneka zatAbdiyoM se prazAsanika kAryoM meM isakA prayoga banda kara diye jAne para bhI bhAratIyoM ke dhArmika va sAmAjika kAryoM meM yaha abAdha gati se pracalita hai| svatantra bhArata sarakAra dvArA zaka samvat ko sarakArI samvat svIkAra kara liye jAne para bhI vikrama samvata nirantara pracalita hai| vikrama sambat kA vartamAna pracalita varSa 2046 hai jo isAI samvat 1986-60, zaka samvat 1911, hijrI samvat 1406-10, buddha nirvANa samvat 2562, mahAvIra nirvANa samvat 2515-16 ke barAbara hai| isase vyatIta varSoM kA saralatA se anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| parantu Arambha se hI samvat ko vikrama samvat nAma na diye jAne ke kAraNa isakI utpatti ke sambandha meM aneka dhAraNAeM pracalita rahI haiM tathA vibhinna vidvAnoM ne vikrama samvat kI utpatti ke sambandha meM aneka siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| isa sambandha meM sarvaprathama phargusana ke vicAra ko liyA jA sakatA hai| unakA mata hai ki vikrama samvat kI sthApanA 545 IsvI meM huyii| unake anusAra, "ujjayinI ke vikramAditya ne haNoM ke viruddha

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 86 korUla ke yuddha meM nirNAyaka vijaya prApta kI tathA isI vijaya ko zAzvata banAne ke liye eka samvata kI sthApanA kI aura isa samvat ko kAlapUjita banAne ke liye isakI sthApanA kI tithi 600 varSa pIche 56 IsvI pUrva meM Thela dii|"" phargusana ke isa mata ke samarthaka maiksamUlara the tathA kAphI samaya taka yaha vicAra mAnya rahA parantu kucha abhilekhoM kI prApti ke prazcAt yaha vidita huA ki 545 IsvI se pUrva bhI vikrama samvat kA pracalana thA ataH phargusana ke siddhAnta kI AlocanA kI jAne lagI / DA0 rAjabalI pANDeya ne phargasana ke siddhAnta kI AlocanA nimna AdhAroM para kI hai : prathama chaThI zatAbdI meM ujjayinI meM harSa vikramAditya nAma kA koI rAjA nahIM thaa| mandasaura kA yazodharmana hI pramukha rAjA thaa| mandasaura meM upalabdha do stambha lekhoM meM usakI vijayoM kA varNana milatA hai kintu unameM usakI vikramAditya upAdhi kahIM bhI nahIM hai aura na hI kisI pramANika lekha se isakA patA calatA hai| dUsare, vikramAditya samvat kA saMsthApaka zakAri (zakoM kA zatru) thA, haNoM kA nahIM jaisAki phargusana kA harSa vikramAditya hai| tIsare, isa mata ke pratipAdaka ne isa bAta kI santoSajanaka vyAkhyA nahIM kI ki ukta samvat kA saMsthApana anya zatAbdiyoM meM nahIM balki 600 varSa pUrva hI kyoM Thela diyA gyaa| caturtha, vikrama samvat kI tithi meM bahuta se pramANika lekha prakAza meM Aye jo samvat saMsthApana kI kalpita tithi se pUrva ke haiM / phargusana ke siddhAnta kI AlocanA harinivAsa dvivedI tathA vijaya govinda dvivedI Adi vidvAnoM ne bhI kI hai| vikrama sambat kI sthApanA ke sambandha meM kaniMghama ne isa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA ki vikrama samvat kA Arambha kaniSka ne kiyaa| bAda meM phlITa ne isa tathya kI puSTi kii| unhoMne kaniSka kI rAjyArohaNa kI tithi ko prathama zatI IsvI pUrva rakhA aura apane tarka upasthita kiye ki kaniSka jaise samrATa ne jo rAjanIti va dharma meM samAna rUpa se mahAna thA, eka sambat kA Arambha kiyA 1. rAjabalI pANDeya dvArA uddhRta, "vikramAditya samvat pravartaka', vArANasI, 1960, pR0 47 / 2. vahI, pR048| 3. hari nivAsa dvivedI, "madhya bhArata kA itihAsa", prathama khaNDa, 1656, pR0 433 /

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80 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa jise vyApaka rUpa se logoM ne svIkAra kara liyaa| yaha mata nimnalikhita tathyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakA : prathama, paMjAba tathA pazcimottara sImA prAnta meM prApta purAtatvIya pramANa donoM abhilekhIya va mudrA zAstrIya, isa bAta ko siddha karate haiM ki kaniSka varga ke rAjAoM ko kaiDaphisasa varga ke rAjAoM ke pUrva nahIM rakhA jA sktaa| ataH kaniSka kA rAjyArohaNa bhI prathama sadI I0 pUrva meM nahIM rakhA jA sktaa| kaniSka kA samaya prathama I0 sadI kA uttarArddha mAnA jAtA hai / ataH kaniSka vikrama samvat kA pravartaka nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| dvitIya, vikrama samvat meM aMkita sabhI lekha dakSiNa pUrvI rAjapUtAnA tathA madhya bhArata meM hI pAye gaye jahAM para kaniSka kA rAjya nahIM thaa| ina tathyoM se spaSTa hai ki kaniSka kA samaya 58 I0 pUrva nahIM anyatra hai| spaSTa hai usane vikrama samvat kI sthApanA nahIM kI jo 57 I0 pUrva meM Arambha huaa| phlITa ne yaha mata vyakta kiyA thA ki kaniSka ne vikrama samvat prArambha kiyA thA, "kintu takSazilA meM jo purAtana sAmagrI milI hai usase yaha saba nirvivAda rUpa se siddha ho gayA hai ki kaniSka kA rAjya pahalI zatI I0 pUrva nahIM hai isIlie kaniSka bhI prakAra se vikrama samvat kA calAne vAlA nahIM ho sktaa|"2 phlITa ke mata kA samarthana kaineDI, baraneTa tathA lAMgabartha DenIja Adi ne kiyA hai| katipaya vidvAna jaise vI0e0 smitha, beDela aura thAmasa ne isa mata ko asvIkAra kiyA hai| sarajAna mArzala ne jisa mata kA pratipAdana kiyA usake anusAra 58-57 I0 pUrva meM Arambha hone vAle samvat ko gAndhAra ke prathama zaka rAjA aja se pravartita kiyaa| isa mata ke sandarbha meM kucha ApattiyAM uThAyI gayI haiM : paMjAba se prApta koI lekha aisA nahIM hai jisameM 57 I0 pUrva meM sthApita samvat kA ullekha ho, aja kI mahAnatA va kRtiyoM kI koI bhI lokamAnya paramparA nahIM hai / bhAratIya paramparAoM ke anusAra vikrama samvat kA saMsthApana mAlavA meM huA, paMjAba meM nahIM / sAtha hI yaha bhI prAcIna paramparA hai ki samvat kA ArambhakartA zakAri (zakoM kA zatru) thA, vaha svayaM zaka nahIM thaa| 1. rAjabalI pANDeya dvArA uddha ta, "vikramAditya samvat pravartaka", vArANasI, 1660, pR0 46 / 2. oma prakAza dvArA uddhRta, "prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa", dillI 1967, pR0 166 / 3. rAjabalI pANDeya, "vikramAditya samvat pravartaka", pR0 51 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 91 ayyara mahodaya ne apane grantha kronolaoNjI oNpha eMziyeMTa iNDiyA meM isa mata kA pratipAdana kiyA ki vikrama samvat kA pravattaMka ujjayinI kA mahAkSatrapa caSTana thaa| "ayyara mahodaya kA mata kaI anumAnoM para AdhArita hai tathA svIkAra karane yogya nahIM / Aja kI hI bhAMti caSTana bhI zaka rAjA thaa| sabhI bhAratIya anuzrutiyAM eka mata haiM ki vikrama samvat kA pravartaka zakAri (zakoM kA zatru) thA svayaM zaka nhiiN| ataH koI bhI zaka vikramAditya upAdhi kA dAvA nahIM kara sktaa|" kIlahIna kA mata hai ki vikramAditya nAmaka koI rAjA I0 pUrva 57 meM nahIM thaa| vikrama kAla kA artha unhoMne yuddha kAla mAnA hai aura cUMki mAlava samvat kA prArambha zarada Rtu meM hotA hai jaba rAjA loga yuddha ke lie nikalate the, isIlie usakA nAma vikrama samvat rakhA gyaa| isa mata ko mAnane meM bhI aneka bAdhAyeM haiM / eka to vikrama aura yuddha zabdoM meM artha sAmAnya nahIM haiM, dUsare vikrama samvat zarada Rtu meM hI sarvatra prArambha nahIM hotaa| jAyasavAla ke anusAra lokapriya kahAniyoM aura anuzrutiyoM kA vikramAditya gautamI putra zAtakarNI thaa| unake vicAra meM prathama zatI I0 pUrva meM zakoM ke viruddha do mahatvapUrNa bhAratIya saphalatAyeM haiM : prathama Andhra rAjA gautamI putra zAtakarNI dvArA nahapAna kI parAjaya, dUsarI mAlavoM dvArA zakoM kI parAjaya / jAyasavAla kA vicAra hai ki isa saMyukta morce kA nAyaka gautamI putra zAtakarNI thaa| ataH vahI zakAri vikramAditya hai| mAlavoM ne bhI isa yuddha meM bhAga liyA tathA isa ghaTanA kI smati ko banAye rakhane ke lie unhoMne mAlava samvat kI sthApanA kI / kyoMki unakA nAyaka gautamI putra zAtakarNI (vikramAditya) thA ataH usakA viruda vikramAditya samvat se sambandhita ho gyaa| parantu jAyasavAla ke mata ke sambandha meM kaI ApattiyAM haiM : prathama nahapAna kI rASTrIyatA tathA tithi abhI taka nizcita nahIM hai, dvitIya na to purANa aura na Andhra pradeza ke abhilekha isa bAta kA ullekha karate haiM ki gautamI putra athavA isa vaMza ke anya kisI rAjA ne 1. rAjabalI pANDeya, "vikramAditya samvat pravartaka", vArANasI, 1960, pR0 53 / 2. hari nivAsa dvivedI, va anya, "madhya bhArata kA itihAsa",prathama khaNDa 1956, pR0433 / 3. rAjabalI pANDeya, "vikramAditya samvat pravartaka", vArANasI, 1960, pR054 /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa vikramAditya kI upAdhi dhAraNa kI thI, tRtIya bhAratIya anuzrutiyoM ke anusAra vikramAditya ujjayinI ke zAsaka the, jabaki gautamI putra pratiSThAna kA zAsaka thaa| bhaNDArakara ne vikramAditya kA samIkaraNa candra gupta vikramAditya se kiyA hai, jisane lagabhaga 375 I0 se 413 I0 taka pATalI putra meM rAjya kiyA thA / sarvaprathama isa mata kA pratipAdana DA0 dattAtreya rAmakRSNa bhaNDArakara ne kiyA thaa| bAda meM vI0 e0 smitha, beraDila, kItha tathA bhAratIya itihAsakAroM ke eka varga ne ise svIkAra kiyaa| kucha vidvAnoM ne vikramAditya kA samIkaraNa samudra gupta se kiyA hai / DaoN0 bhaNDArakara ke mata kI AlocanA karate hue DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya ne likhA hai : vikramAditya ujjayinI ke zAsaka kA vyaktigata nAma thaa| usakI upAdhi sahasAMka tathA zakAri thii| dvitIya candra gupta tathA anya gupta rAjAoM ne vikramAditya upAdhi dhAraNa kI thI yaha usakA vyaktigata nAma nahIM thaa| isake sAtha hI gupta rAjAoM kA apanA eka samvat thA, jisakI sthApanA 316-20 I0 meM candra gupta prathama dvArA huyI thii| sabhI gupta zAsakoM ke lekhoM kI tithi gupta samvat meM haiM tathA gupta samvat ke hrAsa ke eka dama bAda mAlavA se prApta lekhoM meM svatantra rUpa se mAlava samvat kA prayoga milatA hai| ata: yaha vizvAsa karanA kaThina ho jAtA hai ki dvitIya candra gupta athavA anya kisI gupta rAjA kI vikrama upAdhi kaise mAlava samvat se sambandhita ho sakatI hai / isake sAtha hI mUla vikramAditya kI zakti kA kendra ujjayinI thA, jabaki gupta samrAToM ne pATalI putra meM zAsana kiyA tathA ujjayinI usakI prAdezika rAjadhAnI thI, jahAM rAjyapAla zAsana karate the| vikramIya samvat ko vikramAditya nAmaka vyakti dvArA pravartita na mAnane vAloM meM DaoN. ananta sadAziva altekara bhI haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki vikrama samvat kA mUla nAma kRta samvat hai aura use mAlava gaNa ke kRta nAmaka 1. bhaNDArakara, "je0 bI0 Ara0 esa0", 20, 1600, pR0 368 / 2. vI0 e0 smitha, "arlI hisTrI oNpha iNDiyA", 1614 (tRtIya saMskaraNa), pR0 260 / 3. rAjabalI pANDeya, "vikramAditya samvat pravartaka", vArANasI, 1960, pR0 56-57 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 63 senAdhyakSa kI zaka vijaya ke upalakSa meM kRta-samvat kI saMjJA dI gayI / "aba yaha bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai ki jisa kRta nAmaka prajAdhyakSa ne isa samvat kI sthApanA kI usakA upanAma vikramAditya thaa|"1 altekara ke vicAra ke sambandha meM hari nivAsa dvivedI kA mata hai : "jaba yahAM taka anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai to aise AdhAra bhI haiM jinake kAraNa yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sake ki I0 pUrva 58 meM vikramAditya ne hI mAlavagaNa nAga tathA anya zaka virodhiyoM kA saMgha banAkara usakA netRtva kiyA hogaa| mAlava bhI use apanI vijaya mAna sakate the tathA anya bhii|"2 harihara nAtha dvivedI kA mata hai : "mAlava vaMza meM vikramAditya nAma kA koI rAjA thA jisane 58 I0 pUrva meM apane vaMza ko phira se sthApita kiyA isIlie yaha vikrama samvat khlaayaa| parantu yaha mata isIlie grAhya nahIM hai ki AThavIM sadI I0 pUrva se kisI abhilekha meM isa samvat ko vikrama samvat nahIM kahA gayA hai|"3 isa prakAra vikrama samvat ke ArambhakartA ke sambandha meM aneka vidvAnoM ne vibhinna rAjAoM ke nAma ginAye haiM tathA apane-apane siddhAnta kI puSTi ke lie aneka tarka diye aura inameM aneka matoM kI puSTi dUsare vidvAnoM ne bhI kI, kintu kisI bhI nizcita niSkarSa para pahuMcane se pahale mudrA va abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ko dekhanA tathA unake AdhAra para vidvAnoM dvArA prApta kiye gaye niSkarSoM ko samajhanA bhI Avazyaka hai / kyoMki vikrama samvat kI Arambha tithi tathA ArambhakartA donoM hI tathyoM ke sambandha meM mata bhinnatA hai| dhaulapura se cAhamAna (cauhAna) caMda mahAsena kA abhilekha vikrama samvat 868 (I0 san 841) kA zilAlekha prApta huA yaha prathama lekha hai jisameM samvat ke sAtha vikrama zabda jur3A huA milatA hai / isase pUrva lekhoM meM vikrama kA nAma to nahIM milatA kintu samvat bhinna-bhinna rIti meM diyA huA isa prakAra milatA hai : (1) maMdasaura se prApta naravarmana ke samaya ke lekha meM "mAlavagaNa 1. hari nivAsa dvivedI dvArA uddha ta, "madhya bhArata kA itihAsa", prathama khaNDa, 1656, pR0 434 / 2. vhii| 3. oma prakAza, "prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa", dillI, 1967, pR0 166 / 4. rAya bahAdura paNDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1918, pR0 166 /

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64 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa pracalita kiye hue prazastakRta saMjJA vAle 461veM varSa ke lagane para varSA Rtu meN"| (2) rAjapUtAnA meM rakhe hue nagarI ke lekha meM "kRta (nAmaka) 481veM varSa (samvat) meM ima mAlava pUrvA kArtika zuklA pazcimI ke dina" ( 3 ) maMdasaura se mile hue kumAra gupta prathama ke samaya zilAlekha meM : "mAlavoM ke gaNa (jAti) kI sthiti se 463 varSa bItane para pauSa zukla 13 ko'| (4) maMdasaura se mile yazodharmana ke samaya ke zilAlekha meM : "mAlavagaNa (jAti) kI sthiti ke vaMza se kAla jJAna ke liye likhe hue 586 varSoM ke bItane pr"| (5) koTA ke pAsa ke kaNasvA ke ziva mandira meM lage hue zilAlekha meM : "mAlavA yA mAlava jAti ke rAjAoM ke 765 varSa bItane para" / ina sabhI avataraNoM se yahI pAyA jAtA hai ki : (a) mAlavagaNa (jAti) athavA malava (mAlavA) ke rAjya yA rAjA kI svatantra sthApanA ke samaya se isa samvat kA prArambha hotA thaa| (A) avataraNa eka aura do meM diye hue varSoM kI saMkhyA "kRta" bhI thii| (i) isakI mAsa pakSa yukta tithigaNanA bhI mAlavoM kI gaNanA ke anusAra hI kahalAtI thii| prAcIna abhilekhoM meM vikrama samvat ko dekhate hue hari nivAsa dvivedI ne kucha niSkarSa isa prakAra diye haiM : samvat 1200 vikramIya taka ke lagabhaga 261 abhilekha prApta huye haiM inameM sambat 600 se pUrva ke kevala 33 hI haiN| (1) 282 se 481 taka ise kRta sambat kahA gayA hai| (2) samvat 461 se 636 taka ise mAlava samvat kahA gayA hai| samvat 461 ke mandasaura ke abhilekha meM ise kRta tathA mAlava donoM saMjJAyeM dI gaI haiN| (3) samvat 794 ke DhimakI ke abhilekha meM isa samvat ko sabase pahale vikrama samvat kahA gayA hai / parantu DaoN0 altekara ne isa abhilekha yukta tAmra patra ko jAlI siddha kara diyA hai / ataH vikrama samvat ke nAma se yaha sarvaprathama dhaulapura ke caNDa mahAsana ke 868 ke abhilekha meM abhihita kiyA gayA hai| (4) mAlava tathA kRta nAmoM ke prayoga kI bhaugolika sImA, udayapura, jayapura, koTA, bharatapura mandasaura tathA jhAlAvAr3a haiN| vikrama nAma sampUrNa bhArata meM prayukta huA hai| zilAlekhoM ke sAtha-sAtha kucha mudrA lekha bhI prApta hue haiM, jina para vikrama samvat aMkita haiM / jo isa samvat ke Arambha tithi va ArambhakartA ke viSaya meM anumAna lagAne meM sahAyaka haiN| mAlava prAnta meM mAlavagaNa kI mudrAyeM prApta huI haiM, unameM kucha mudrAoM para eka ora sUrya yA sUrya kA cinha hai tathA dUsarI ora 1. hari nivAsa dvivedI evaM anya, "madhya bhArata kA itihAsa", prathama khaNDa, 1956, pR0 435 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 'mAlavAnAM jayaH" athavA "mAlavagaNasya jaya" athavA "jaya mAlavAnAM jaya" likhA huA hai| ina mudrAoM ke sambandha meM zrI jaya canda vidyAlaMkAra likhate haiM : "pahalI zatAbdI I0 pUrva ke mAlavagaNa ke sikkoM para mAlavAnAM jaya : aura mAlavagaNasya jayaH kI chApa rahatI hai| ve sikke spaSTataH kisI bar3I vijaya ke upalakSa meM calAye gaye the aura vaha vijaya 57 I0 pUrva kI vijaya ke sivAya aura kauna sI ho sakatI thI ?" isa prakAra Arambha meM abhilekhoM meM kRta samvat nAma kA prayoga kiyA gayA, ye lekha 282 se 481 ke bIca ke haiN| isake bAda 461 va 481 ke lekhoM meM mAlavagaNa tathA kRta nAmoM ko sAtha-sAtha darzAyA gayA hai / dasavIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga eka darjana lekhoM meM kevala mAlavA yA mAlavagaNa kA prayoga huA hai, 770 ke karIba ke do lekhoM meM na kRta zabda kA aura na mAlava zabda kA prayoga huA hai, lekina samvat ko saMvatsara zabda se nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai| 864 meM vikrama kAla kA prayoga huA isake bAda mAlava kA sthAna vikrama zabda ne le liyA tathA usake bAda ke adhikAMza lekhoM meM vikrama zabda hI prayukta huaa| samvat ke lie pahale kRta, phira mAlava tathA isake bAda vikrama zabdoM kA prayoga yaha prazna upasthita karatA hai ki yadi samvat kA ArambhakartA vikramAditya hI thA taba Arambha se hI sambat ko vikrama samvat ke nAma se kyoM nahIM likhA gayA ? Arambha meM kRta, phira mAlava tathA anta meM vikrama nAma grahaNa karane kI kyA AvazyakatA thI? vibhinna vicArakoM ne isa samasyA kA samAdhAna diyA hai tathA una kAraNoM para prakAza DAlA jinase sambat ke nAmoM meM parivartana kiyA gyaa| ___ "kRta yuga" kA artha kucha vidvAnoM ne sat yuga (svarNa yuga) se lagAyA hai| barbara zakoM para mAlavagaNa kI vijaya ke smAraka svarUpa samvat calAyA gyaa| bhArata se zakoM ke niSkAsana se deza videzI AkramaNa se mukta ho gayA, zakti aura sampannatA kA yuga udghATita huA, jise alaMkArika rUpa se kRta yuga (satayuga) samajhA jA sakatA thaa| isIlie pahale samvat kA kRta nAma sArthaka thaa| bhAratIya jyotiSa meM kRta kevala yuga kA kramika vibhAga nahIM apitu sukhI va samRddha yuga kA bhI bodhaka hai / zakoM ke niSkAsana ke bAda mAlavagaNa kI sudRr3ha nIMva ke samaya alaMkArika bhASA meM kRta yuga Arambha kiyA gyaa| bAda meM yaha samvat mAlava samvat yA mAlavoM kA samvat yA mAlavezoM kA samvat kahA gyaa| 1. hari nivAsa dvivedI dvArA uddha ta, "madhya bhArata kA itihAsa", prathama khaNDa, 1656, pR0 437 /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa antatogatvA navIM sadI ke madhya meM isa sambat ko vikrama samvat yA rAjA vikrama samvat kahA jAne lgaa|' pI0 sI0 sena gupta ne khagolazAstrIya tathyoM ke vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para kRta kA artha isa prakAra diyA hai : "sUrya-candramA-bRhaspati va tAroM se milakara kRta yuga ke Arambha ke jo cinha banate haiM jinheM ki 63 I0 pUrva meM dekhA jA sakatA thaa| isa varSa sUrya zIta makara saMkrAnti meM 24 disambara ko pahuMcA tathA pauSa kA pUrNamAsI kA dina isase agalA dina thaa| kRta, mAlava athavA vikrama samvat kI vAstavika zurUAta isa prakAra pAMca varSa bAda pUrNamAsI ke dina 28 disambara, 58 I0 pUrva se huyii| isa prakAra samvat 0 varSa karIba-karIba 57 I0 pUrva hI thA tathA samvat varSa kI saMkhyA cAlU varSa ko darzAtI hai, jaisAki krizcana sambat meM haiN|"2 aisA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki videzI AkramaNoM se mukta bhArata ne 57 I0 pUrva se 78 I0 taka 135 varSa zAnti aura samRddhi kA upabhoga kiyaa| isake bAda zakoM ke punaH AkramaNa Arambha hue| avanti kA bhU bhAga mAlavoM ke hAtha se china gayA phira bhI unakI rASTrIyatA vidyamAna rahI tathA avanti ko punaH jItane tathA phira eka bAra kRta yuga kI sthApanA karane kI AzA meM, ve avanti ke uttara pUrva meM haTa gaye jahAM eka naye mAlava deza kA nirmANa kiyA tathA 57 I0 pUrva meM sthApita samvat aba bhI kRta kahalAtA rahA / zakoM ke sAtha unakA yuddha calatA rahA, kintu zakti ke saMgaThana ke abhAva meM ve apanI khoyI bhUmi va kIrti na pA sake / kRta yuga sthApanA kA vicAra dhUmila hone lagA, kintu mAlava rAjya aba bhI jIvita thA ataH samvat ko aba mAlava samvat, mAlavagaNa samvat tathA mAlaveza samvat nAmoM se pukArA jAne lgaa| IsA kI AThavIM, navIM zatAbdI taka bhArata meM rAjatantra pUrNa rUpa se sthApita ho gyaa| gaNarAjya kI kalpanA bhI bhAratIyoM ke mastiSka kSitija se pare haTa gyii| mAlavagaNa kI smRti bhI dhUmila par3ane lagI, lekina vikramAditya kI smRti aba bhI logoM ke mAnasa paTala para sthira rahI tathA samvat kA nAma bhI vikramAditya ke nAma ke sAtha jor3akara vikrama samvat kahA jAne lgaa| abhI taka hamane pharagUsana, kaniMghama, mArzala, ayyara, altekara Adi aneka vidvAnoM ke vicAra dekhe, jinhoMne vikrama samvat kI pracalita mAnyatA se pRthaka 1. rAjabalI pANDeya, "vikramAditya samvat pravartaka", vArANasI, 1960, pR0 86 / 2. pI0 sI0 sena gupta, "eMziyeMTa iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", kalakattA, 1947, pR0 241 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 67 apane mata prastuta kiye tathA sarvathA bhinta tithiyAM samvat Arambha ke lie diiN| isake sAtha hI ina siddhAntoM kI AlocanA bhI dI gyii| samvat ke Arambha kI nizcita tithi ko jAnane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki una aneka vidvAnoM ke matoM ko dekhA jAye jo 58 I0 pUrva kI nizcita tithi para eka mata haiM tathA apane vicAra kI puSTi meM paryApta sAkSya prastuta karate haiN| "vikrama samvat kA Arambha kaliyuga samvat ke 3044 varSa vyatIta hone para mAnA jAtA hai / jisase isakA gata eka varSa kaliyuga samvat 3045 ke barAbara hotA hai / isa samvat meM se 57 yA 56 ghaTAne se IsvI san aura 135 ghaTAne se zaka samvat AtA hai / "' isa prakAra kali, vikrama tathA IsAI samvatoM ke pArasparika milAna se vikrama samvat ke prArambha hone kI tithi prApta ho sakatI hai : kali samvat-5088; vikrama samvat-2044.45; IsAI samvat-1988 / isa prakAra kali samvat (5088-2044 =)3044.45 meM vikrama samvat kA Arambha tathA vikrama samvat, IsAI samvat (2045-1988=57 I0 pUrva) ke 57 I0 pUrva se bhArambha huaa| vikrama samvat ke Arambha kI 57 I0 pUrva meM Arambha kI tithi kA samarthana jina vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai unameM pramukha DaoN0 triveda, sI0 mobala Dapha, raghunAtha siMha, oma prakAza,5 Adi haiN| sAtha hI kalaNDara riphorma kameTI kI riporTa joki vibhinna vidvAnoM dvArA aneka sAhityika, aitihAsika, purAtatvIya tathA khagolazAstrIya tathyoM ke vizleSaNa ke mAdhAra para taiyAra kI gayI hai, meM bhI vikrama samvat Arambha ke liye isI tithi ko grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya itihAsa meM vikrama samvat eka aisA samvat hai jise nizcita rUpa se bhAratIya kahA jA sakatA hai jisakA prayoga vibhinna samayoM para prazAsanika 1. rAya bahAdura paMDita gaurI zaMkara ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1918, pR0 166 / 2. DI0 esa0 triveda, "iNDiyana kronolAjI", bambaI, 1963, 10 31 / 3. sI0 mobala Dapha0, "kronolaoNjI oNpha iNDiyA", prathama bhAga, vArANasI, 1975, pR0 18 / 4. raghunAtha siMha, "e DikzanarI oNpha varlDa kronolaoNjI", volyUma-prathama, __ vArANasI, 1977, pR0 381 / 5. oma prakAza, "prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa", dillI, 1967, pR0 165 / 6. riporTa oNpha da kaleNDara riphorma kameTI, dillI, 1955, pR0 254 / /

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18 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa tathA rAjakIya kAryoM ke liye bhI kiyA gayA aura hinduoM ke dhArmika kAryoM ke liye apane janma se Aja taka nirantara prayukta ho rahA hai / vikrama samvat kA ullekha kevala zrI samvat nAma se bhI kiyA jAtA hai / sampUrNa uttarI bhArata meM paMcAMga nirmANa, vrata, tyohAra ke nirdhAraNa tathA vivAha Adi zubha avasaroM kI tithiyAM nizcita karane ke liye vikrama samvat kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / "vartamAna samaya meM isakI do prakAra kI gaNanA caitrAdi va kArtikAdi pracalita haiN| caitrAdi gaNanA meM varSa kA Arambha 20 caitra se hotA hai / jisakA pracalana uttarI bhArata meM hai tathA kAtikAdi gaNanA meM varSa Arambha 12 kArtika se hotA hai jisakA pracalana dakSiNI bhArata meM hai| vikrama samvat 2043 kA Arambha caitra 20 (10 apraila 1986 IsvI) kArtika 12 (3 navambara 1986 IsvI)" naye varSa kA Arambha navarAtri prathama se hotA hai joki caitra ke 15 dina bItane para caitra mAha ke madhya meM par3atA hai| phira yahAM isa paMcAMga meM caitra 20 va kArtika 12 se nava varSa Arambha kisa Azaya se likhA hai, samajha nahIM par3atA / kArtikAdi nava varSa kA Arambha bhI kArtika prathama se hI honA cAhiye na ki kArtika 12 se / vikrama samvat candra mAsa AdhArita hone para bhI isameM saura mAsoM kA samAveza rahatA hai| adhikAMza parva va tyohAra candra mAsoM para hI AdhArita hote haiN| hamArI saMskRti aura sabhyatA vibhinna tIja tyohAroM, parvo evaM utsavoM ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hotI hai| isa vibhinnatA meM bhI vikramI samvat ke rUpa meM ekatA kI bhAvanA sarvatra lakSita hotI haiN| vikrama samvat ke mAha pUrNarUpeNa candrIya haiM tathA prathama mAha caitra hai| pUrNacandra ke bAda se nayA mAha Arambha hotA hai| do zahastrAbdiyoM se bhArata meM pracalita zatAbdiyoM taka prazAsanika, dhArmika va sAmAjika kAryoM meM prayukta vikrama samvat deza ke eka bar3e bhU-bhAga meM lokapriya rahA / sAhitya, abhilekhoM, mudrAaMkana va prazastiyoM meM sambat ne sthAna paayaa| itanI saba viziSTatAmoM ke hote huye bhI prazna yaha uThatA hai ki kyA vikrama kI ye viziSTatAeM usako bhArata kA rASTrIya samvat kahalAne ke liye paryApta haiN| isake liye rASTrIya samvat ke guNoM ko dekhanA anivArya hai / "jo samvat sampUrNa deza meM prayukta hoM, rASTrIya bhAvanAeM jisake sAtha jur3I hoM tathA jo itihAsa kA 1. rASTrIya paMcAMga, dillI, 1986-87, bhUmikA 4 / 2. vikrama sambat Ajakala bhI pracalana meM hai ataH isakI gaNanA praddhati kA vistRta vivaraNa caturtha adhyAya "vibhinna samvatoM kA pArasparika sambandha va vartamAna avasthA" meM diyA gayA hai|

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat pramukha AdhAra rahA ho tathA adhikAMza janamAnasa jisako saharSa svIkAra karatA ho aise samvat ko rASTrIya samvat kaha sakate haiM / " " && vikrama samvat ke viSaya meM yaha nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki eka lambI samayAvadhi taka bhArata ke bar3e bhU-bhAga para pracalita rahA / isakA sarvAdhika puSTa pramANa yahI hai ki Aja bhI uttara va dakSiNa meM dhArmika va sAmAjika anuSThAnoM kI pUrti ke liye isI samvat ko apanAyA jAtA hai aura yaha bhI nizcita hai ki prazAsanika kAryoM meM isakA prayoga huA kyoMki yaha sAmrAjya saMsthApaka dvArA videziyoM se deza ko mukta karAne ke harSa ke avasara para hI sthApita kiyA gayA / ataH navanirmita rASTra meM isakA prayoga pracura mAtrA meM kiyA gayA hogA / vikrama samvat ke sAtha rASTrIya bhAvanAoM ke jur3e hone ke tathya para bhI zaMkA nahIM kI jA sakatI kyoMki saMsthApaka svayaM rASTrIya bhAvanAoM se otaprota thA tathA kisI bhI bAhya zakti kA dakhala deza meM sahana karanA usake liye asambhava thA / svAbhAvika rUpa meM prajA ne bhI samvat ko rASTra ke pratIka rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA hogA / vikrama samvat ko sAhitya, paramparAoM va lokakathAoM meM paryApta sthAna milA isake sAtha hI abhilekhoM va mudrAoM para samvat kA aMkana isa samvat ko bhAratIya itihAsa kA mahatvapUrNa tathya banA detA hai jisake aneka mahatvapUrNa aitihAsika tithiyoM ke aMkana tathA tithi nirdhAraNa meM sahAyatA milatI hai / samvat kA jana sAdhAraNa dvArA saharSa svIkAra kiye jAne ke praznoM ke sambandha meM yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki samvat ke Arambha ke samaya isako jana-sAdhAraNa ne avazya hI svecchA se svIkAra hogA / "vikramAditya kA artha hai saurya kA putra, yaha usa vyakti ko dI jAtI thI jo apane sAhasa se bahAdura jAnA jAtA thA / vikrama samvat candramA kI gati para AdhArita hai ataH yaha bilkula sIdhA va sahI hai / eka azikSita kisAna bhI isase artha nikAla sakatA hai / "" ataH yaha gaNanA meM bhI sarala hai / apane mArambha ke samaya yaha dainika, dhArmika va vyAvahArika rASTrIya va aMtarrASTrIya AvazyakatAoM ko pUrA karane meM sakSama hogA parantu dhIredhIre bhArata kI badalI paristhitiyoM, aneka videzI AkramaNoM, aneka saMvatoM kI sthApanA tathA ina samvatoM ko prazAsana dvArA svIkAra kiye jAne Adi tatvoM ne vikrama samvat kI mAnyatA ko bhI Thesa phuNcaaii| Aja bhArata meM aneka jAti, 1. aparNA zarmA, "bhAratIya rASTrIya samvat", zodhaka, jayapura, volyUma, 15, pArTa e, krama saMkhyA 43, 1985, pR0 36 / 2. anila mAthura, "da hindustAna TAimsa", dillI, mArca 26, 1987, pR0 6 //

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100 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa dharma va sampradAya ke loga basate haiM tathA vikrama sambat ko hinduoM kA dhArmika sambat mAnA jAtA hai ata: Anunika bhArata ke liye vikrama samvat kA vartamAna svarUpa rASTrIya samvat kA sthAna pAne yogya nahIM raha gayA hai / isa sabake atirikta sahastrAbdiyoM ke antarAla ne vikrama samvat meM bhI anya samvatoM kI bhAMti truTiyAM utpanna kara dI haiN| isa saM0 ko rASTrIya samvat kA sthAna dene meM bAdhA yaha bhI hai ki kabhI bhI khagolazAstra meM isakA prayoga nahIM huaa| khagolazAstriyoM dvArA prayukta sambat zaka samvat rahA, vikrama samvat kA prayoga khagolazAstriyoM ne nahIM kiyA / ataH rASTrIya sambat ke rUpa meM vikrama samvat ko svIkArane ke liye usameM khagolazAstrIya adhyayana dvArA sudhAra kI AvazyakatA bhArata meM nayA sAla holI se 15 dina bAda manAyA jAtA thaa| ye 15 dina holI va naye sAla ke bIca sambhavataH isIliye rakhe gaye tAki rAjA phasala kA anumAna lagA le tathA usI ke AdhAra para naye varSa kA bajaTa banA le| durgA pUjA se varSa kA Arambha hotA hai tathA yaha navarAtrI durgA pUjA kA tyauhAra sampUrNa rASTra meM manAyA jAtA hai jo rASTrIya ekatA kI bhAvanA ko dikhAtA hai| pahale isa avasara para yajJa aura balI bhI dI jAtI thii| yaha vaha samaya mAnA jAtA thA jabaki bhaviSya meM samRddhi ke liye prArthanA kI jAye va purAne varSa kI burAIyoM ko bhulA diyA jaaye| holI jalAnA bhI isI bAta kA pratIka hai| Aja bhI ina tyohAroM kI mAnyatA vaisI hI banI huI hai| yaha sambat jise Ajakala vikrama samvat ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai candrIya caitra ke zukla pakSa se Arambha hotA hai| yaha zurUAta vaijJAnika siddhAntoM yA khagola zAstra kI anya pustakoM joki vibhinna samaya para likhI gayI haiM lekina jinameM koI bhI 466 e0 DI0 se pahalI nahIM hai, ke AdhAra para haiN| itihAsa lekhana va sAhitya meM bhI vikrama samvat kA prayoga humA hai / vartamAna samaya meM yaha dhArmika kRtyoM ke liye vyApaka rUpa meM prayukta hai| zaka samvat abhilekhoM meM isa sambat ke liye zaka, zakanRpa saMvatsarA, zakanRpati, saMvatsarA, zaka nRpati rAjyAbhiSeka saMvatsarA, zakanapa kAlAtIta saMvatsarA, zakendra kAla, zaka kAla, zaka samaya, zakAbda, zakAbde, zaka samvat. zaka zAlIvAhana, zAlIvAhana niramitA, zaka varSA Adi nAmoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / isa samvat ne bhAratIya jana mAnasa meM sarvAdhika ucca sthAna paayaa| yaha tIna pramukha staroM se hokara gujraa| prathama avasthA, jise purAnA zaka samvat kahA jAtA hai

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat use zaka rAjA kaniSka ne zastrAbdiyoM se zaka samvat sarakAra ne deza bhara ke liye samAna samvat kA tIsarA caraNa hai / 123 IsvI pUrva se Arambha huA / samvat kI dUsarI avasthA vaha rahI jabaki 78 IsvI meM naye rUpa meM grahaNa kiyaa| bhArata meM do Aja taka pracalita hai / tathA 1657 ko bhAratIya rASTrIya paMcAMga ke liye grahaNa kiyA, yaha -101 purAne zaka samvat ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki vaha kaniSka se zatAbdiyoM pahale pracalana meM thA / kaniSka ne kisI naye samvat kA Arambha nahIM kiyA, varan pUrva pracalita zaka samvat ko hI apane nAma se grahaNa kara punaH nayI tithi se gaNanA Arambha kii| raMpsana kA vicAra hai ki "dUsare videzI AkramaNakAriyoM kI bhAMti zaka bhI bhArata Ate samaya apanI gaNanA paddhati sAtha lAye hoMge tathA usakA prayoga yahAM kiyA hogA / aisI dhAraNA atArkika nahIM hai / "" purAne zaka samvat ke Arambha meM dI gayI kucha tithiyAM isa prakAra haiM : DA0 jAyasavAla mAnate haiM ki isakA prArambha 145 tathA 100 IsvI pUrva ke bIca huaa| bAda meM ise 123 IsvI pUrva taya kara liyA gyaa| Ara0DI0 banarjI 100 IsvI pUrva, jAna mArzala 65 IsvI pUrva, vAna vijaka 84 IsvI pUrva isakA Arambha mAnate hai / harSa phailTana ne 100 IsvI pUrva se pu0 za0 samvat kA Arambha mAnA hai jabaki maithADeTsa dvitIya dvArA zakoM kA sistAna meM sthApana kiyA gayA / repsana 150 I0 pUrva meM sistAna meM zaka rAjya kI sthApanA se isa samvat kA Arambha mAnate haiM / Tarna 155 I0 pUrva maithADeTsa prathama dvArA sistAna meM zaka apravAsiyoM ke basane taka / DI-lyU ke anusAra purAnA zaka samvat 126 I0 pUrva meM Arambha huA jabaki zaka jAtiyoM ne yU-cI ke netRtva meM baikTriyA kI ora prasthAna kiyA tathA pArthiyana rAjA unheM rokane ke prayAsa meM mArA gayA / vAna- lo hijana - DI-lyU kA vizvAsa hai ki tithi gaNanA kI prAcIna bhAratIya prathA 100 kA aMka chor3akara gaNanA karane kI rahI hai / mathurA ke aneka brahmI abhilekhoM meM 5 se 57 varSa taka kI tithiyAM haiM jinameM prAcIna bhAratIya prathA kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai tathA 100 kA aMka chor3a diyA gayA hai / 5 (1-05), 14 (114) kuSANa samvat ke liye prayukta huA hai / mathurA ke pAsa ke prathama zatAbdI ke lekhoM kI tithi ke sambandha meM yahI dhAraNA hai / ema0 ena0 zAha ke 1. jyoti prasAda jaina dvArA uddhRta, "da jaina sosija zraoNpha da hisTrI oNpha aiMziyaMTa iNDiyA ", dillI, 1964, pR0 83 / 2. vahI, pR0 82-83 / 3. "riporTa oNpha da kalaiNDara riphorma kameTI", dillI, 1955, pR0 232 //

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102 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa anusAra kaniSka kA prathama varSa purAne zaka samvat kA 201 varSa hai| kaniSka 78 I0 meM siMhAsanArUr3ha huA tathA nayA zaka samvat claayaa| vAna-lohijanaDI-lyU tathA ema0 ena0 zAha ke vicAroM se kucha tathya isa prakAra nikAle jA sakate haiM : zaka samvata sambhavataH 123 I0 pUrva meM Arambha huA hogA, jaba zaka hUNoM ke sAtha baikTriyA meM sAta varSa yuddha karane ke bAda Aye hoMge taba unakA netA ejeja prathama rahA hogaa| sambhavataH isI kAraNa isa samvat kA nAma ejeja sambat bhI pdd'aa| jyoti prasAda purAne zaka samvat kI tithi sadI I0 pUrva batAte haiN| unake vicAra se bhArata meM zakoM ke praveza kI tithi kisI bhI prakAra se 84.80 I0 pUrva se pahale kI nahIM ho sktii| ataH isI ke karIba samvata kI sthApanA bhI huI hogii| "purAne zaka samvat kI tithi prathama sadI I0 pUrva ke 60veM yA 70veM dazaka se pIche nahIM khisakAI jA sakatI jo isa se pahale kI tithi kA samarthana karate haiM ve apane sujhAvoM ko yA to aprAsAMgika gaNanAoM para AdhArita mAnate haiM yA sambat ko bhArata ke bAhara Arambha huA mAnate haiN| yaha mata vyakta kiyA jAtA hai ki purAnA zaka samvat 123 I0 pUrva meM prArambha kiyA gayA tathA 70 I0 pUrva se 65 I0 taka prayukta hotA thaa| isa prakAra tithi krama kA vaha bar3A bhAga jo anizcaya kI sthiti meM rahA hai, ko spaSTa samajhane meM madada mila sakatI hai| Adhunika aphagAnistAna tathA uttarI-pazcimI paMjAba se prApta kucha Adhunika khojeM isa parikalpanA kI cAritrika viziSTatAoM ko sthApita karatI haiM / ema0ena0 zAha kI parikalpanA ke anusAra "kaniSka kA prathama tithyAMkita rikArDa purAne zaka samvat ke varSa 201 meM hai tathA IsAI sambat ke 78 I0 meM, isa prakAra kaniSka sambat tathA zaka samvat eka samAna haiN|"2 78 I0 se Arambha hone vAle zaka samta se pUrva bhI eka zaka samvat pracalita thA isakA paricaya bhAratIya paramparAoM se bhI milatA hai| saMskRta sAhitya meM isa saMdarbha meM udAharaNa milate haiN| 1. jyoti prasAda jaina, "da jana sosija oNpha da hisTrI oNpha aiMziyaMTa iNDiyA", dillI, 1964, pR0 88 / 2. ema0 ena0 zAha, 'DipharenTa methaDasa oNpha DeTa-rikArDiMga ina aiMziyaMTa eNDa meDivala iMDiyA eNDa di orijina oNpha da zaka airA', "jarnala oNpha aiziyATika sosAyaTI", volyUma, 16, 1953, pR0 18 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat vibhinna vicArakoM ke matoM ke adhyayana ke bAda yahI nirNaya diyA jAtA hai ki purAnA zaka samvat (78 I0 meM Arambha hone vAle samvat ko kucha varSa pUrva taka nayA zaka samvat nAma se jAnA jAtA rahA hai| aba 1655 meM bhArata sarakAra ne zaka samvat ko punaH zodhita kara rASTrIya samvat ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA hai / ataH naye zaka samvat se tAtparya isa sudhare rASTrIya paMcAMga se bhI lagAyA jA sakatA hai) se 200 varSa pUrva Arambha huA arthAt kaniSka kA prathama varSa purAne zaka samvat kA 201 varSa hai| 78 I0 meM Arambha hone vAlA zaka samvat nayA zaka samvat kahA jAtA hai| vidvAnoM kA eka varga joki alberUnI ke bhArata varNana se prabhAvita hai zakoM ke vinAza se zaka samvat kA Arambha mAnatA hai, jabaki dUsarA varga zakoM kI zakti ke carmotkarSa ke samaya se zaka samvat kA Arambha mAnatA hai| alberUnI 11vIM zatAbdI ke samaya bhAratIya lekhakoM ke bAre meM batAtA hai aura sAtha hI yaha bhI sUcanA detA hai ki zaka samvat kA Arambha prajApIr3aka zaka rAjA ke vidhvaMza ke samaya se huA / isI se milate huye vicAra usa samaya ke kucha lekhakoM ne bhI diye / prasiddha khagolazAstrI bhAskara ne grahagaNitA meM likhA hai : kali ke 3179 varSa bItane para zaka rAjA kI mRtyu huyI / siddhAnta ziromaNI ke lekhaka zrIpati ke anusAra zaka kAla kI samApti para kali ke 3176 varSa bIta cuke the| brahmagupta, vAtyavArA Adi ne bhI isI prakAra ke vicAra vyakta kiye haiN| ina sabhI vicArakoM ke vicAra usa kathA se milate haiM jo alberUnI' ne zaka rAjA ke sambandha meM dI hai| alberUnI ke anusAra zaka sambat vikrama samvat se 135 varSa bAda Arambha huA tathA zaka rAjA jo prajApIr3aka va atyAcArI thA, ko vikramAditya dvArA mAra diye jAne para isa samvat kA Arambha huaa| parantu isa siddhAnta kI AlocanA isIlie kI jAtI hai ki zaka samvat kA ArambhakartA svayaM zaka rAjA thA, zaka rAjA ko parAsta karane vAlA nahIM / vikramAditya ne vikrama samvat kA Arambha kiyA zaka samvat kA nhiiN| alberUnI ne apane kathana meM zaka va vikrama samvat ke saMsthApakoM ke antara ko spaSTa karate hue likhA hai : "ve jijetA kA zrI lagAkara svAgata karate haiM tathA use zrI vikramAditya kahate haiM jo samvat kahalAtA hai| (vikrama samvat) usake aura zaka ke mAre jAne ke bIca lambA antarAla hai| isIliye 1. alberUnI, "malberUnI kA bhArata", anuvAdaka rajanIkAMta, ilAhAbAda, mArca 1667, pR0 266-67 /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa hama samajhate haiM ki vaha vikramAditya jisase samvat kA vaha nAma par3A hai vahI vyakti nahIM jisane zaka ko mArA thA varan kevala usakA samanAmadhArI hai / 1 104 isa prakAra uparokta varNita sabhI vidvAnoM ke vicAra yaha batAte haiM ki zaka samvat kA Arambha atyAcArI zaka rAjA kI zrI vikramAditya dvArA hatyA kiye jAne ke samaya se huA / eka anya mata pro0 DUthiyA kA joki 78 I0 meM zaka rAjA dvArA samvat kI sthApanA ke virodha meM jAtA hai ki AlocanA hemacandra rAya caudharI ne kI hai tathA isa mata kI puSTi kI hai ki zaka samvat kA Arambha 78 I0 meM huA / aura Aja adhikAMza vidvAna phargusana, olDenabarga, banarjI, raippana, je 0I0 pAna lI huijana, DI-lyU, DI0esa0 triveda Adi isI mata kA samarthana karate haiM / ataH aba isa varga ke vidvAnoM ke vicAroM kA ullekha Avazyaka hai / naye samvat ke Arambha ke saMdarbha meM bhI samaya-samaya para abhilekhIya va mudrA sambandhI va sAhityika khojoM ke AdhAra para aneka tithiyAM nirdhArita kI jAtI rahI hai / eka hI vidvAna ne aneka tithiyoM kI sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai / silvena levI ne kuSANa tithikrama kI samasyA ko cInI itihAsakAroM dvArA diye gaye varNana ke AdhAra para nirIkSaNa kiyA hai tabhA kaniSka ke rAjya kA Arambha 5 I0 pUrva se mAnA hai / triveda ne kalhaNa kI rAjataraMgaNI meM diye gaye mAMkar3oM ke AdhAra para gaNanA kI hai tathA isa ghaTanA kI tithi 1356 I0 pUrva batAyI hai / aneka vidvAnoM ke niSkarSo ke bhinna-bhinna AdhAra haiN| isa prakAra 1356 I0 pUrva se 278 I0 (DA0 Ara0jI0 bhaNDArakara ) taka aneka virodhI tithiyAM kaniSka ke zAsana kAla tathA unake dvArA tithi nirdhAraNa ke saMdarbha meM dI gayI haiM / phargusana, olDenabarga, banarjI, raMpsana, je0 I0 pAna lo huijena, DI-lyU, vaizophara Adi vidvAnoM ke anusAra kaniSka ne 78 I0 meM zaka samvat kA Arambha kiyA / e0 kaniMghama likhate haiM ki zaka samvat kI gaNanA kali samvat ke 3176 yA I0 78 se kI jAtI hai kyoMki bhAratIya pUrNa varSoM se hI gaNanA karate haiM (kitane varSaM vyatIta ho cuke ) / ataH prathama varSa kaliyuga ke 3180 yA I0 76 se Arambha hotA hai / uttarI tathA dakSiNI bhArata meM isakA prayoga prAya: 1. alberUnI, "alberUnI kA bhArata", anuvAdaka rajanIkAMta, ilAhAbAda, mArca 1967, pR0 266-67 / 2. hemacanda rAya caudharI, "prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanaitika itihAsa", ilAhAbAda, 1980, pR0 346-46 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 105 candasaura varSa se kiyA jAtA hai|' isI saMdarbha meM kaniMghama ne 5 apraila I0 san 1886 se 24 mArca I0 san 1887 kI avadhi ko zaka samvat 1808 ke sAtha saMgati rakhate huye sAraNiyAM prastuta kI haiN| ata: zaka tithi ko IsAI samvat meM badalane ke liye zaka kI jJAta tithi meM 78 varSa jor3ane cAhiye tathA krizcayana tithi ko zaka meM badalane ke liye krizcayana kI jJAta tithi meM se 78 varSa ghaTAne cAhiye / "78 I0 kI tithi sAdhAraNataH kuSANa zAsaka kaniSka se sambandhita hai / isake ArambhakartA ke rUpa meM dUsare nAma bhI sujhAye jAte haiN|"2 pI0sI. sena gupta ne vibhinna khagolazAstrIya tathyoM va grahaNoM ke hisAba ke AdhAra para kaniSka kI tithi batAyI hai : "isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki yaha parikalpanA ki rAjA kaniSka kA samvat 25 disambara 76 I0 meM Arambha huA thA yA varSa 2 zaka samvat se Arambha huA thaa| DA0 konova ke kharoSThI meM diye gaye lekha se prArambha hone vAle samasta tathyoM kI puSTi karatA hai / hamArI khoja yaha dikhAtI hai ki zaka rAjA kaniSka zaka samvat ke Arambha meM rahatA thaa| yaha vicAra mujhe pUrNa vizvAsa hai sabhI sahI dimAga vAle itihAsakAroM dvArA mAnA jAyegA / " zaka samvat ke liye nagaroM, prAntoM athavA kisI zAsaka ke zAsana kSetra ko AMkana kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| isakA prasAra kSetra sampUrNa bhAratavarSa meM huA aura Aja bhI ho rahA hai| apane janma sthala se kitane samaya bAda yaha pUre deza meM phaila gayA yaha batA pAnA to kaThina hai, lekina zatAbdiyoM se yaha sampUrNa bhArata ke kone-kone meM prayoga ho rahA hai aura aba bhArata sarakAra dvArA ise rASTrIya sambat mAna liye jAne para usake prasAra ko aura bhI bala milA hai| zaka samvat kA vartamAna pracalita varSa 1911 hai jo IsAI samvat 1986.60, vikrama 2046, hijrI 1406-10, buddha nirvANa 2562, mahAvIra nirvANa 2515-16 ke barAbara hai| 1. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1676, pR0 52 / 2. ema0 bhaTTAcArya, "e DikzanarI oNpha iNDiyana hisTrI", kalakattA, 1967, pR0 174 / 3. pI0sI0 sena gupta, "aiMziyaMTa iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", kalakattA, 1947, pR0 223 /

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106 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa Ajakala paMcAMga nirmANa ke liye kali, vikrama va zaka samvatoM kI mizrita paddhati kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| ataH ina tInoM kI gaNanA paddhati ke tatvoM ko pRthaka-pRthaka rUpa meM iMgita kara pAnA kaThina hai| aura isakA bhI nizcita patA nahIM lagatA ki ina tInoM samvatoM kI paddhati kA yaha mizraNa aba se kitane varSa pahale ho gayA thaa| Ajakala hindU paMcAMgoM meM prayukta ho rahI gaNanA paddhati ke anusAra varSa kI lambAI candramAna ke anusAra hai| varSa ko 12 mahInoM meM bAMTA jAtA hai| eka mAha ko do pakhavAr3oM meM tathA donoM pakSoM ko 13 se 15 taka tithiyoM meM bAMTA jAtA hai| prati tIsarA varSa lauda kA varSa hotA hai jisa meM varSa kI lambAI 13 mAha hotI hai| mahInoM kA AraMbha pUrNimAMta va amAMta do tarIkoM se kiyA jAtA hai| tathA deza ke alaga-alaga sthAnoM para varSa kA AraMbha alaga-alaga mahInoM se kiyA jAtA hai| yahI paddhati sampUrNa hindU paMcAMga meM prayoga kI jAtI hai| isameM mAtra zaka, vikrama, va kali samvatoM ke vartamAna cAlU varSoM ko likha diyA jAtA hai / isake atirikta ina tInoM sambatoM kA koI antara nahIM dIkha pdd'taa| abhilekhoM meM naye va purAne donoM hI zaka samvatoM kA pracura mAtrA meM prayoga huA hai| purAlekha zAstra mAnatA hai ki pazcima meM surASTrA ke kSatrapa, bAdAnI ke cAlukya, tAkakanda ke gAMgeya, kAMcI ke pallava, vanavAsI ke kadamba, mAnyaketA ke rASTra kUTa tathA anya sabhI bAda ke choTe-bar3e rAjavaMzoM ne isa samvat kA prayoga apane bahuta se zilAlekhoM tathA dAna sambandhI tAmrapatroM meM kiyaa| zanaiH-zanai: zaka zabda kA prayoga yuga ke samAnArtha prayukta hone lgaa| vibhinna samvatoM ke sAtha zaka kA prayoga huaa| vikrama zaka hijrI zaka krizcayana zaka Adi / kucha siddhAntoM ke anusAra kuSANa kAlIna abhilekha isa samvat meM aMkita haiM jisameM saikar3oM kI saMkhyA chor3a dI gayI hai| Ara0jI0 bhaNDArakara ke anusAra abhilekha zaka samvat meM diye gaye haiM, 200 haTA diyA gayA hai| vAUcara kA kathana hai ki kaniSka dvArA prayoga kiyA gayA samvat vaha thA joki 322 I0 pUrva meM Arambha huA tathA jisameM se saiMkar3e chor3ane haiN| lyU-I-ja DI-lyU kA mata hai ki kuSANa abhilekha meM zaka samvat kA prayoga hai lekina kucha brahmI abhilekhoM meM jaise ki varSa 14, 20 yA 22 meM eka saiMkar3e kA aMka chor3a diyA gayA hai / ina vicArakoM ke matoM kA khaNDana karate huye baladeva kumAra ne yaha kahA hai kiyadi hama Upara diye gaye siddhAntoM kA AlocanAtmaka dRSTi se dekheM to hama pAte haiM ki vibhinna vidvAnoM ne kevala gaNatIya tarIke ko hI khojane kA prayAsa kiyA hai jisameM ki kucha saiMkar3e chor3a diye gaye haiN| isase vaha kuSANa tithikrama kI pahale se hI nirdhArita tithiyoM para pahuMca jAtA hai| unameM se kisI ne bhI yaha siddha

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 107 nahIM kiyA hai ki usa samaya gaNanA ke tarIke meM saiMkar3e chor3a diye jAte the| dUsarI ora hameM aise bhI kaI abhilekha milate haiM jinameM seMkar3e ke aMka diye gaye haiN| udAharaNArtha paMjatara patthara abhilekha meM varSa 122 diyA hai| takSazilA rajata patra meM tithi 136 varSa likhI hai yaha siddhAMta aisI tithiyoM kI vyAkhyA ke liye koI hala nahIM detaa|' abhilekha ke vizleSaNa se pratIta hotA hai ki kaniSka ne tithi aMkana ke liye apane rAjakIya varSoM kA prayoga kiyA, jise usake uttarAdhikAriyoM ne jArI rkhaa| adhikAMza abhilekhoM meM tithi aMkana meM zAsanArUr3ha rAjA kA nAma, saMvatsara zabda ke bAda varSa kI saMkhyA, Rtu yA mAsa kA nAma, mAsa ke dina kI saMkhyA Adi dI gayI hai| kucha abhilekhoM meM nakSatroM ke nAma bhI haiN| kucha abhilekhoM meM upAdhiyoM ke sahita rAjA kA nAma tithi paraka vivaraNa ke bAda diyA gayA hai / tithi aMkana kI vidhi Andhra sAtavAhanoM tathA dakSiNI-pazcimI bhArata ke zakoM ke abhilekhoM meM apanAyI gayI vidhi ke samAna hI hai| bhArata ke prAcIna samvat meM zaka samvat hI aisA hai jise khagolazAstriyoM va paMcAMga nirmAtAoM dvArA sAtha-sAtha apanAyA gyaa| sAhitya meM bhI mukhya rUpa se saMskRta) isa samvat ko sthAna milaa| bhArata sarakAra ne jisa zaka saMvat ko rASTrIya saMvat ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA usakA svarUpa 78 I0 meM Arambha hone vAle zaka samvat se bhinna hai| isameM grigoriyana kaleNDara kI tithiyoM ke sAtha sthAyI anurUpatA sthApita kI gayI hai| "grigoriyana kalaNDara ke sAtha-sAtha deza bhara ke liye zaka samvat para AdhArita samAna rASTrIya paMcAMga jisakA pahalA mahInA caitra hai aura sAmAnya varSa 365 dina kA hai, 22 mArca 1957 ko ina sarakArI uddezyoM ke liye apanAyA gayA : 1. bhArata kA rAjapatra ; 2. AkAzavANI ke samAcAra prasAraNa; 3. bhArata sarakAra dvArA jArI kiye gaye kalaiNDara; aura 4. bhArata sarakAra dvArA nAgarikoM ko sambodhita patra / sudhare rASTrIya paMcAMga aura grigoriyana kalaNDara kI tithiyoM meM sthAI anurUpatA hai|"2 caitra sAmAnya varSa meM sAdhAraNatayA 22 mArca ko aura lauMda ke varSa meM 21 mArca ko par3atA hai| zaka samvat ke vikAsa ke isa tIsare caraNa ke sambandha meM adhika vistRta vivaraNa paMcama adhyAya rASTrIya paMcAMga meM diyA gayA hai| 1. baladeva kumAra, "di arlI kuSAnsa", dillI, 1673, pR0 63 / 2. vArSika saMdarbha graMtha "bhArata", bhArata sarakAra mudraNAlaya, pharIdAbAda, 1976,. pR0 25 /

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106 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa uparokta vivecana se yaha tathya sAmane Ate haiM ki 1. prasiddha zaka samvat 78 I0 se prArambha huaa| 2. yaha ujjayinI se sambandhita hai| 3. yaha koI dharma vizeSa se sambandhita dhArmika saMvat nahIM hai, balki adhAmika sambat hai tathA anya adhArmika samvatoM kI bhAMti hI isake AraMbha kI saMbhAvanA bhI rAjyArohaNa vijaya yA kisI mahatvapUrNa rAjA ke rAjyArambha kI ghaTanA se kI jAtI hai / 4. isakA ArambhakartA rAjA zaka pramukha yA rAjA thaa| 5. usakA nAma vikramAditya nahIM thA aura kaniSka tathA uttarI pazcimI bhArata ke kuSANa zAsaka yA aura koI samakAlIna sAtavAhana rAjA yA aura koI bhAratIya zAsaka kA isa samvat ke prArambha se koI sambandha nahIM thaa| isa samvat kA Arambha kisane kiyA ? isa sambandha meM jaina srotoM se madada milatI hai|' zaka samt ke sambandha meM eka pramukha Apatti yaha uThAyI jA sakatI hai ki kaniSka svayaM kuSANa thaa| phira usake dvArA calAyA gayA samvat zaka samvat kyoM kahalAyA ? isakA kAraNa sambhavataH yahI rahA hogA ki kaniSka adhIna zaka kSatrapoM ne aneka varSoM taka isa samvat kA prayoga kiyA / ataH dhIre-dhIre zakoM kA nAma samvat ke sAtha jur3a gayA / apanI Arambhika zatAbdiyoM meM zaka nAma isa samvat ke sAtha jur3A nahIM thaa| yaha lagabhaga 500 varSa bItane ke bAda jor3A gyaa| kintu yaha bhI adhika vizvanIya tathya nahIM lagatA ki jo sambat kA ArambhakartA thA usakA nAma va jAti kA nAma lupta ho gayA / tathA usake adhInastha zAsaka jo mAtra sambat kA prayoga karane vAle the unhIM ke nAma se samvat ko jAnA jAne lagA va nAma bhI zaka samvat hI par3a gyaa| jabaki isakI samakAlIna anya samvatoM kA prayoga vibhinna jAtiyoM va rAjavaMzoM ne kiyA lekina ve Aja taka bhI apane ArambhakartAoM ke nAma se hI jAne jAte haiM / isa prakAra samvat ke nAma parivartana ke mUla meM kyA vizeSa kAraNa the spaSTa patA nahIM cltaa| isa saMdarbha meM mAtra anumAna hI lagAye jA sakate haiN| zaka samvat bhAratIya itihAsa kA ekamAtra aisA samvat hai jisakA prayoga itihAsa lekhana, sAhitya, abhilekhoM ke aMkana, sAmAjika va dhArmika kRtyoM ke nirdhAraNa, muhUrta nikAlane, rAjakIya kAryoM ko pUrA karane tathA khagolazAstrIya dAyitvoM ko pUrA karane ke liye eka sAtha kiyA gyaa| rAjakIya kAryoM ke liye kabhI yaha prayoga huA va kabhI lupta ho gyaa| lekina dhArmika, sAmAjika va khagolazAstrIya kAryoM ke liye apane Arambha se Aja taka nirantara prayukta ho 1.jyoti prasAda jaina, "da jaina sosija oNpha da hisTrI oNpha eMziyeMTa iMDiyA", dillI, 1964, pR0 77 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 106 rahA hai / 1655 meM bhArata sarakAra dvArA zaka saMvat ko rASTrIya sambat ke rUpa meM grahaNa kara liye jAne ke bAda isakA rAjakIya kAryoM meM prayoga punaH bar3ha gayA hai| tathA Ajakala isakA prayoga sampUrNa bhArata meM rAjanaitika, dhArmika, sAmAjika, khagolazAstrIya va paMcAMga nirmANa ke kAryoM ke lie kiyA jA rahA hai| aura yadyapi katipaya vidvAnoM dvArA zaka samvat para videzI hone kA Aropa lagAyA jAtA hai parantu aba bhAratavAsiyoM dvArA isako isa prakAra aMgIkAra kara liyA gayA hai ki isakI paddhati ke viSaya meM yaha batA pAnA ki isameM se kauna tatva bhArata meM pahale se vidyamAna the aura kina naye tatvoM va sudhAroM ko isake ArambhakartAoM ne diyA, sambhava nahIM hai / kalcurI cedo samvat bhArata ke prAcIna itihAsa meM kalcurI narezoM kA sthAna kaI dRSTi se vaiziSTya pUrNa hai| lagamaga 550 varSoM taka bhArata ke kisI na kisI pradeza para unakA zAsana rahA / abhilekhoM meM kalatsurI athavA kalcurI nAmoM se isa vaMza kA ullekha milatA hai / ataH isa vaMza se saMbandhita samvat kA ullekha bhI kalcurI samvat, cedI samvat tathA vaikuTaka samvat Adi nAmoM se milatA hai| kalcurI samvat ke pracalana kSetra ke saMbandha meM zrI ojhA kA kahanA hai ki-"yaha samvat dakSiNI gujarAta koMkaNa evaM madhya pradeza ke lekhAdi meM milatA hai| ye lekha gujarAta Adi ke cAlukya gurjara, sendraka, kalcurI aura kuTaka vaMziyoM ke evaM cedI deza para rAjya karane vAle kalcurI (haihaya) vaMzI rAjAoM ke haiM / " arthAt isa samvat kA pracalana kSetra bhArata kA madhya tathA pazcimI bhAga rahA / kalcurI samvat ke Arambha ke saMdarbha meM dI gayI tithiyAM 248 I0 (majUmadAra), 26 agasta 246 I0, 246 I0=0 kalcurI samvat, 250 I0 = 1 kalcurI samvat (kaniMghama), 5 sitambara san 248 I0 (jAyasavAla),5 sitambara 248 I0 (pro0 kIlahorna) haiN| ina tithiyoM meM kucha mAha kA hI aMtara hai yA 48 athavA 46 I0 varSa hai jo kisI bhI samvat ke viSaya meM vyatIta tathA cAlU varSa likhane ke kAraNa dIkhane lagatA hai vaisA hI antara yaha bhI hai / ata: 248 I0 kA varSa kalcurI samvat ke Arambha ke liye diyA gayA jo ucita hI hai| kalcurI samvata kA vartamAna cAlU varSa ajJAta hai kyoMki yaha pracalana meM nahIM 1. rAya bahAdura paNDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 173 /

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110 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa hai aura sAtha hI gaNanA paddhati kA sahI tarIkA bhI jJAta nahIM hai jisase vartamAna pracalita varSa nikAla pAnA sambhava nahIM hai / isa samvat kA ArambhakartA kauna thA isa sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai / DA0 bhagavAna lAla indrajI' ne mahAkSatrapa Izvaradatta ko aura DA0 ke0e0 zAstrI ne amIra Izvaradatta ko isa samvat kA pravartaka mAnA hai / ramezacandra majUmadAra ne isako kuzANa vaMzI rAjA kaniSka kA calAyA huA mAnA tathA kaniSka, vAsiSka, huviSka aura vAsudeva ke lekhoM meM milane vAle varSoM kA kalcurI samvat kA honA anumAna kiyA hai| parantu ye sabhI mata anumAna mAtra haiN| inake samarthana ke lie pramANika sAkSya prastuta nahIM kiye jAte / bhaNDArakara ne isa samvat kA Arambha tIsarI sadI IsvI batAyA tathA kalcuriyoM ko videzI mAnA / jabaki majUmadAra kA vizvAsa hai ki kaniSka ne 248 I0 meM kuTaka-kalcurI-cedI samvat kI sthApanA kI thii| sI0 mo0 Dapha ne yaha tithi 246 I0 pracalita, ravivAra agasta 26, Azvina sudI prathama, kali samvat 3350 dI hai| kanidhama ne kalcurI samvat kA Arambha (246 I0=0 tathA 250 I0=1) 246 I0 se tathA 250 I. meM prathama pUrNa varSa mAnA hai| pro0 kIlahorna ne isa samvat se sambandhita 763 se 934 taka ke dasa lekhoM kA parIkSaNa kiyA tathA yaha pariNAma pAyA ki cedI ke prathama cAlU varSa kA pahalA dina Azvina zukla pratipadA, caitrAdi vikrama ke 306 cAlU varSa ke barAbara thA joki zaka 171 cAlU tathA 5 sitambara, 248 I0 ke barAbara thaa| isa samvat ke mAha pUrNimAMta the| tathA cedI varSa kA Arambha 247-48 I0 meM huA / paNDita bhagavaddatta isa samvat ke sambandha meM eka naye 1. rAya bahAdura paNDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 173 / 2. vhii| 3. vhii| 4. sI0 mobala Dapha, "da kronolaoNjI oNpha iNDiyA", bhAga-1 vArANasI, 1975 pR0 26 / 5. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1976, pu. 60 / 6. ke0e0 nIlakaMTha zAstrI likhate haiM : 'usa rAjavaMza ke bAre meM isase adhika kucha bhI nahIM mAlUma ki usa vaMza ne 246-50 I. meM eka samvat zurU kiyA jisase bAda meM kalAcarI (aisA hI) yA cedI kahA gayA hai', "dakSiNa bhArata kA itihAsa", anu0 vIrendra varmA, paTanA, 1972, pR0 68 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 111 tathya kA udghATana karate haiN| unake vicAra se kalcurI va traikuTaka pRthaka-pRthaka do samvat haiM eka nahIM / "paralokagata zrI ojhA aura dUsare lekhakoM ke anusAra trakuTaka samvat bhI kalcurI samvat hai / kuTakoM ke samvat kA saMvatsara 245 kA eka lekha likha cakA hai / dhyAna rahe isa lekha kA saMvatsara zabda pAzcAtya zakoM ke lekhoM ke anukaraNa para likhA gayA hai| hamArA vizvAsa hai ki kalcurI samvat kA AmIra rAjAoM se koI sambandha na thaa| vartamAna lekhakoM kI yaha korI kalpanA hai|" uparokta uddharaNoM meM mahAkSatrapa Izvara datta va kuzANavaMzI rAjA kaniSka kA nAma kalcurI samvat ke ArambhakartA ke rUpa meM AyA hai / isake atirikta dakSiNI gujarAta tathA madhya pradeza se prApta lekhoM ke AdhAra para zrI ojhA kA anumAna hai : "ye lekha gujarAta Adi ke cAlukya, gurjara, seMdraka, kalcurI aura vaikuTaka vaMziyoM ke evaM cedI deza (madhya pradeza ke uttarI hisse) para rAjya karane vAle kalcurI (haihaya) vaMzI rAjAoM ke haiN| isa samvat vAle adhikatara lekha kalcuriyoM ke milate haiM aura unhIM meM isakA nAma kalcurI yA cedI samvat likhA milatA hai, jisase yaha bhI sambhava hai ki yaha ukta vaMza ke kisI rAjA ne calAyA hai|"3 isa saMdarbha meM vibhinna matoM va abhilekhoM ke adhyayana ke bAda jAyasavAla ne apanA mata isa prakAra diyA hai: "248-49 vAle samvat ko, jisakA Arambha 5 sitambara san 248 I0 ko huA thA, hama cedI kA vAkATaka samvat kheNge|" vibhinna vidvAnoM ke matoM ke vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para yahI ucita jAna par3atA hai ki kalcarI vaMzI kisI zAsaka dvArA kalcurI samvat kA Arambha kiyA gayA jaisAki zrI ojhA kA mata hai / samvat ke nAma ke sAtha kalcurI zabda kA prayoga hI isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki yaha kalcurI vaMza se sambandhita hai / isake atirikta yadi kaniSka ko isa samvat ke Arambha ke liye uttaradAyI mAneM taba samasyA yaha hai ki kaniSka ke pAsa pahale se hI eka samvat zaka samvat thA jo gaNanA 1. robarTa sIvaila dvArA uddhRta, "di iNDiyana kaleNDara", landana, 1866, pR0 176 / 2. paNDita bhagavad datta, "bhAratavarSa kA vRhada itihAsa", dillI, 1650, pR0 176 / 3. rAya bahAdura paNDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipi mAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 137 / 4. kAzI prasAda jAyasavAla, "bhAratavarSa kA aMdhakArayugIna itihAsa", kAzI, 1632, pR0 205 /

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112 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa paddhati meM kAphI unnata thA tathA rASTrIya stara para vyavahAra meM bhI AyA, phira isa naye samvat kA Arambha karane kI kaniSka ko kyA AvazyakatA thI / eka zAsaka eka se adhika saMvatoM ko Arambha kareM yaha vyAvahArika nahIM lagatA aura yadi kaniSka ne kisI kAraNavaza aisA kiyA bhI ho taba usake nAma ke sAtha apanA nAma kyoM nahIM likhA, yaha bAta bhI samajha nahIM aatii| ataH ucita yahI hai ki kalcurI vaMza ke kisI zAsaka dvArA 248-46 meM kalcurI samvat kI sthApanA kI gyii| kalcurI samvat kI gaNanA paddhati pUrva pracalita paddhati ke samAna hI thii| "yaha samvat candrasaura paddhati para AdhArita thA, varSa kA Arambha Azvina zudI prathama se hotA thaa| isake mAha pUrNimAMta the / pro0 kIlahonaM, ojhA va kaniMghama ke lekhana se patA calatA hai ki isa samvat kA prayoga abhilekhoM ke aMkana ke liye hamA, abhilekhoM meM isa samvat ke prayoga ke AdhAra para hI ina vibhinna vidvAnoM ne kalcurI samvat ke viSaya meM aneka abhidhAraNAoM kA pratipAdana kiyaa| isake atirikta yaha bhI sambhava hai ki tatkAlIna paMcAMgoM meM bhI isakA prayoga huA ho| itihAsa lekhana ke liye yaha samvat kitanA upayogI rahA, yaha spaSTa nhiiN| phira bhI itanA to mAnA hI jA sakatA hai ki jisa vaMza ke dvArA isa samvat kA Arambha kiyA gayA usa vaMza vizeSa ke itihAsa meM yaha mahatvapUrNa rahA hogA aura vibhinna ghaTanAoM va abhilekhoM kA aMkana isameM kiyA gayA, tabhI bAda meM isake astitva ko khoja pAnA sambhava huaa| apane Arambha se lagabhaga sAta zatAbdiyoM taka yaha samvat pracalana meM rahA / "isa samvat vAlA sabase pahalA lekha kalcurI samvat 245 (IsvI san 464) kA aura antima 658 kA milA hai, jisake pIche yaha samvat asta ho gyaa| isake varSa bahadhA vartamAna likhe milate haiN|"2 7 zatAbdiyoM taka samvat kA prayoga isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki vyAvahArika rUpa se yaha samvat upayogI thA tathA eka bar3e bhU-bhAga para janamAnasa ne isakA prayoga kiyaa| kintu isake pazcAt isakI samApti ke kyA kAraNa rhe| isa sambandha meM yaha samajhA jA sakatA hai ki sambhavataH gaNanA paddhati meM kucha truTi A gayI ho va usako zodhita na kiyA gayA 1. "riporTa oNpha da kalaiNDara riphorma kameTI", dillI, 1655, pR0 258 / 2 rAya bahAdura paNDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA, ajamera", 1918, pR. 174 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 113 ho athavA anya dUsare samvatoM kA prabhAva bar3ha gayA ho, jaisAki bhAratIya itihAsa kA yaha nayA mor3a thA jisameM hindU zAsana kI samApti tathA islAma dharma ke anuyAyiyoM kA zAsana Arambha huaa| rAjanaitika pramAra ke sAtha islAma dharma va rIti-rivAjoM kA prabhAva bhI bhArata meM bar3hA aura yaha to nizcita hI hai ki islAma ke anuyAyiyoM ne yahAM pracalita samvatoM ko chor3akara rAjakAryoM meM apane hijrA samvat kA prayoga Arambha kiyaa| ataH yaha sambat vyavahAra se nikala gyaa| gupta samvat ___ gupta rAjavaMza ke nAma para isa samvat kA nAma gupta samvat hai| abhilekhoM meM isake liye guptakAla va gupta varSa nAmoM kA prayoga huA hai / vala bhI narezoM dvArA bhI isa sambata kA prayoga kiyA gayA ataH yaha valabhI samvat bhI khlaayaa| kintu DA0 phlITa jo isa samvat ko licchivIyoM dvArA Arambha kiyA gayA mAnate haiM, isake gupta va valabhI nAmoM se sahamata nahIM haiM / "kisI bhI prAcIna abhilekha meM hameM kahIM bhI isa bAta kA saMketa prApta nahIM hotA ki isa samvat kI sthApanA guptoM ne kI thI, na hI isa bAta kI koI pAribhASika abhivyakti milatI hai / ulajhana se bacane ke lie isa samvat ko kucha nAma denA Avazyaka hai aura isIliye suvidhA ke lie maiM pichale 40 varSoM kI paramparA ke anusAra ise gupta samvat kahakara pukArUMgA aura cUMki parivartI kAla meM kAThiyAvAr3a meM yaha samvat valabhI sambat kahA jAne lagA ataH saMdarbha ke anusAra maiM ise binA bheda karate huye kabhI gupta saMvat kabhI valabhI saMvat tathA kabhI gupta valabhI saMvat khuuNgaa|" uttarI bhArata ke kAphI bar3e kSetra meM gupta saMvat pracalita rahA / svayaM gupta narezoM ne isakA prayoga kiyA tathA unake sAmaMta rAjavaMzoM ne bhI isa saMvat kA prayoga kiyaa| "yaha saMvat uttarI bhArata meM saurASTra se baMgAla taka 316 se 550 I0 taka pracalita rahA, parantu unake sAmrAjya ke patana ke pazcAt unake prayoga valabhI ke maitrakoM tathA gujarAta va rAjapUtAnA meM kiyA gayA yadyapi baMgAla meM isakA prayoga 510 I0 meM banda ho gyaa| uttara pradeza va prAcIna madhya pradeza meM yaha harSa saMvat taka calatA rahA / isake bAda vikrama saMvat hI uttarI bhArata kA pramukha saMvat bana gyaa|"2 gupta saMvat kA vistAra kSetra uttarI bhArata thaa| dakSiNa bhArata meM yaha saMvat pracalita nahIM huaa| 1. jAna phedaphula phlITa, "bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha", anu0 girajA zaMkara prasAda mizra, jayapura, 1974, pR0 21 / 2. "riporTa oNpha da kalaiNDara riphorma kameTI", dillI 1955, pR0 256 /

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114 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa gupta saMvat sadiyoM pahale pracalana se bAhara ho cukA hai| ata aba isake vartamAna pracalita varSa ko ThIka-ThIka batA pAnA sambhava nhiiN| pI0 sI0 sena gupta ke kathana ke AdhAra para anumAnita vartamAna pracalita varSa hI nikAlA jA sakatA hai / pI0 sI0 sena gupta' ne I0 varSa 1940 taka gupta saMvat ke 1621 vyatIta varSa mAneM / arthAt I0 1640-316 gupta saMvat 1621 gupta saMvat ke vyatIta varSa / isa uddharaNa se spaSTa hai ki sena gupta ne gupta saMvat ke varSa kI lambAI utanI hI mAnI hai jo IsAI saMvat ke varSa kI hai / isa praddhati ke AdhAra para aba taka gupta saMvat ke 1988-316-1666 varSa vyatIta hokara, I0 saMvat kA 1686 kA yaha varSa gupta saMvat kA 1670vAM cAlU varSa hai| yaha sambhAvita gaNanA hI hai| gupta saMvat ke Arambhika samaya va ArambhakartA ke sambandha meM gahana vivAda hai| isase sambandhita aneka viparIta dhAraNAeM pracalita haiM / isa saMdarbha meM kucha pramukha vicArakoM ke mata isa prakAra haiM : alberunI ne gupta vaMza ke vinAza ke samaya se gupta saMvat kA AraMbha mAnA hai| unake vicAra se gupta duSTa va atyAcArI the tathA unake vinAza kI khuzI meM yaha nayA saMvat calAyA gyaa| alberunI likhate haiM : "gupta kAla ke viSaya meM loga kahate haiM ki gupta duSTa aura balavAna loga the| jaba unakA astitva naSTa ho gayA taba yaha tithi eka saMvat ke Arambha ke rUpa meM prayukta ho gyii| jAna par3atA hai ki balabha (aisA hI) unameM se antima thA, kyoMki, valabha saMvat ke sadRza, guptoM ke saMvat kA Arambha zaka kAla ke 241 varSa pazcAt hotA hai|" alberunI ke kathana kA mukhya tathya yaha hai ki gupta saMvat kI sthApanA duSTa guptoM kI samApti ke samaya se huI / yaha bhAratIya saMvat Arambha paramparA ke viparIta hai| bhArata meM naye saMvatoM kA Arambha janma, siMhAsanArohaNa athavA vijaya prApti ke saMdarbha meM kiyA jAtA thA jabaki alberunI kA kahanA hai ki gupta saMvat kA Arambha guptoM ke antima zAsaka balabha kI mRtyu ke bAda kiyA gyaa| yaha bhI ucita nahIM lagatA ki jina duSTa guptoM se chuTakArA pAne ke uparAnta nayA saMvat calAyA gayA usa saMvat kA nAma atyAcArI guptoM ke nAma para hI gupta saMvat kyoM rakha diyA gyaa| isa prakAra Arambha hone vAle saMvat kA nAma vijetA ke nAma para rakhA jAnA cAhiye thA na ki parAsta hone vAle ke nAma para / alberunI kI 1. pI0 sI0 sena gupta, "eMziyeMTa iNDiyana kronolojI", bambaI, 1963, pR0 27 / 2. alberunI, "alberunI kA bhArata", anu0 rajanIkAMta zarmA, ilAhAbAda, 1667, pR0 267 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 115 bhAratIya saMvatoM ke saMdarbha meM yaha Ama dhAraNA hai ki adhikAMza bhAratIya saMvatoM kA Arambha unake ArambhakartA ke anta samaya se haa| zaka va harSa savatA kA Arambha bhI alberunI inake ArambhakartAoM ke anta samaya se batAtA hai ki jabaki ina saMvatoM ke viSaya meM huye anusaMdhAnoM ne yaha siddha kiyA hai ki ina saMvatoM kA Arambha unhIM rAjAoM ne kiyA jinake nAma para inakA nAma par3A hai tathA unake vinAza se saMvat Arambha nahIM kiye gaye haiN| elegjeNDara kaniMghama ne gupta va valabhI do alaga-alaga saMvat mAne haiM / kaniMghama ke vicAra se 167 I0 meM gupta saMvat kI sthApanA huI tathA gupta vaMza kI samApti para 316 I0 se valabhI saMvat kA Arambha huaa| kaniMghama dvArA gupta saMvat ke Arambha ke 167 I0 kI tithi dene kA AdhAra bRhaspati kA 12 varSIya cakra hai tathA gupta vaMza kI samApti se valabhI saMvat ke Arambha mAnane kA AdhAra abbu rihA kA varNana hai / ' DA0 phlITa ne gupta saMvat ko licchivIM saMvat mAnA hai / isa vidvAna ke anusAra licchivo vaMza ne saMvata kI sthApanA kI tathA bAda meM ise gupta vaMza ne grahaNa kara liyaa| isa saMbaMdha meM phlITa kA kathana isa prakAra hai: isameM koI saMdeha nahIM ho sakatA ki prArambhika gupta zAsaka nepAla meM apane licchivI sambandhiyoM dvArA prayukta hone vAle saMvat ke svarUpa tathA udbhava se bhalI-bhAMti paricita rahe hoMge / guptoM ko aise rAjavaMza ke saMvat ko aMgIkAra karane meM koI Apatti nahIM ho sakatI thI jisake sAtha sambandha hone meM ve vizeSa garva kA anubhava karate the / ataH mere vicAra se sarvAdhika sambhAvanA isa bAta kI hai ki tathAkathita gupta saMvat eka licchivI saMvat thA jisakA prArambha yA to licchiviyoM ke gaNataMtrAtmaka athavA gotrIya gaNatantra kI samApti ke pazcAt rAjataMtra ke pratiSThApana ke samaya se huA athavA jayadeva prathama ke zAsana kAla ke prArambha se hamA, jisane isa vaMza kI nepAla meM avAsIta eka zAkhA meM eka naye rAjavaMza kI sthApanA kI thii| 1. elagjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1976, pR0 57 / 2. jAna phedaphula phlITa, "bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha", anu0 girajA zaMkara prasAda mizra, jayapura, 1974, pR0 134 /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa DA0 DI0 esa0 triveda ne gupta saMvata ke sambandha meM nayA hI siddhAnta prastuta kiyA hai / unhoMne gupta vaMza kA zAsana kAla 327 I0 se 82 I0 pUrva taka batAyA hai / tayA gupta saMvat ke Arambha kI tithi 306 I0 pUrva mAnI hai| apane mata kI puSTi meM DaH0 triveda dvArA aneka sAkSya diye gaye haiN| vidvAnoM kA eka varga yaha mAnatA hai ki nizcaya hI gupta vaMza ke hI kisI zakti sampanna zAsaka dvArA gupta saMvat kI sthApanA kI gayI thii| isa varga ke vidvAnoM kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki vaMza ke zakti vinAza se nahIM, varan zakti sampannatA va vaMza utthAna ke samaya se saMvat kA Arambha kiyA gyaa| ye vidvAna 316 I0 ko hI gupta saMvat kA 0 varSa mAnate haiM tathA adhikAMza kA vizvAsa hai ki gupta va valabhI donoM nAma 316 I0 meM Arambha hone vAle saMvat ke hI haiM / inameM pI0 sI0 sena gupta, sI0 mobela Dapha, Ara0 sI0 majUmadAra tathA DA. vAsudeva upAdhyAya pramukha haiM / parantu isa varga ke vicArakoM kI pramukha samasyA yaha hai ki gupta vaMza kI zakti kisa zAsaka ke samaya meM itanI bar3I thI ki vaMza ko apane pRthaka saMvat kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa huyii| isa saMbaMdha meM sarvaprathama majUmadAra ke mata ko dekhA jA sakatA hai / jo yaha mAnate haiM ki gupta saMvat kA ArambhakartA gupta vaMza kA zaktizAlI zAsaka samudra gupta thA / "sAdhAraNata: yaha vicAra kiyA jAtA hai ki gupta saMvat jo candra gupta dvArA apane rAjyArohaNa ko manAne ke liye calAyA gayA, kA prArambha 26 pharavarI 320 I0 meM huA parantu isakI satyatA ke koI nizcita pramANa nahIM haiM / sAtha hI hama isa bAta kI satyatA ko bhI nahIM nakAra sakate ki gupta saMvat kA Arambha samudragupta ke rAjyoharaNa se huA, jo isa vaMza kA saMsthApaka tathA sarvAdhika mahAna zAsana thaa| 2 DA0 majUmadAra ne apanA yaha mata gayA va nAlaMdA abhilekhoM - AdhAra para diyA parantu ina abhilekhoM kI pramANikatA saMdigdha hai / ataH goyala majUmadAra ke mata se bhI sahamata nahIM haiM :". nAlaMdA va gayA ke ye dAna patra vivAdAspada haiM, hamArA vizvAsa hai ki ye vAstavika dAna patra kI pratilipiyAM haiM / yadi majUmadAra ke vicAroM ko mAna liyA jAya, taba samudra gupta kA zAsana 324 I0 ke karIba thA parantu isakI puSTi nahIM hotii|" apane mata ke samarthana meM goyala Age likhate haiM : 1. DI0 esa0 triveda, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", bambaI, 1963, pR0 27 / 2. Ara0 sI0 majUmadAra, "guptaerA : da klAsIkala eja", bhAratIya vidyA bhavana graMtha mAlA, bambaI, 1653, pR0 4 / 3. esa Ara0 goyala, "e hisTrI oNpha di impIriyala guptAja", isAhAbAda, 1667, pR0 105 /

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117 aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat yaha bAta siddha nahIM hotI ki samudragupta 324 I0 meM zAsana kara rahA thA / yaha bAta prAyaH svIkArya nahIM hai ki jaba yaha dAna diyA gayA to usa samaya candragupta itanI Ayu kA rahA hogA ki zAsana kAryoM meM bhAga letA ho, kyoMki usameM usakA bhI nAma hai / yadi candragupta ko usa samaya zAsana kAryoM meM hastakSepa karane yogya mAna liyA jAya to vaha 20 varSa se kama na rahA hogA jabaki candragupta dvitIya 375 I0 meM siMhAsanArUr3ha humA tathA 413 I0 meM usakA svargavAsa huA tathA 304 I0 meM janma huA / ye tithiyAM asaMgata sI lagatI haiM / ataH yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki nAlaMdA dAna patra kI tithiyAM samudragupta ke kSetrIya varSa kI tithiyAM haiM na ki gupta saMvat kI tithiyAM | isase yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki samudragupta ne apane zAsana kAla ke Arambha meM gupta saMvat kA prayoga nahIM kiyA / ' Ara0 esa0 goyala ne 316 I0 ko hI gupta saMvat ke Arambha kA varSa mAnA hai / sarvAdhika mAnya vicAra candragupta prathama dvArA gupta saMvat kI sthApanA kA hai / aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki candragupta prathama apane vaMza kA prathama zAsaka thA jisane svatantra gupta sAmrAjya kI nIMva DAlI tathA mahArAjAdhirAja kI upAdhi dhAraNa kI / sambhavata: isI ne apane rAjyArohaNa ke samaya gupta saMvat kI sthApanA kI / isakI puSTi meM udaya nArAyaNa rAya va bI0 ena0 lUniyA" dvArA isa sambandha meM kucha niSkarSa isa prakAra diye gaye haiM : (1) alberunI ke varNana ke anusAra gupta saMvat zaka saMvat ke 241 varSa bAda arthAt 78 / 241=316 I0 meM Arambha huA / (2) khoha abhilekha kI tithi 156 gupta saMvat hai / isI abhilekha ke anusAra usa varSa mahAvaizAkha saMvatsara thA / vArAha mihira kI gaNanA ke anusAra zaka saMvat 367 meM mahAvaMzAkha saMvatsara par3atA hai / isa gaNanA ke anusAra zaka saMvat 367 tathA gupta saMvat 156 eka hI varSa meM par3e / ata: donoM meM 367 - 156 = 241 varSoM kA antara hai / isase bhI alberunI ke kathana esa0 Ara0 goyala, "e hisTrI Apha di impIriyala guptAja", ilAhAbAda, 1967, pR0 106-07 / 2. vahI, pR0 403 // 3. udaya nArAyaNa rAya, "gupta rAjavaMza tathA usakA yuga", ilAhAbAda, 1677, pR0 628-30 / 4. bI0 ena0 lUniyA, "gupta sAmrAjya kA rAjanaitika evaM sAMskRtika itihAsa ", indaura, 1674, pR0 127-30 //

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118 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa kI puSTi honI hai tathA gupta saMvat ke Arambha kI tithi 319 I0 AtI hai / (3) moravI kI tAmrapatra tithi 585 gupta saMvat hai / isI varSa phAlguna zudI paMcamI meM sUrya grahaNa par3A thA ataH saMvat kI tithi 905 - 585= 320 I0 siddha hotI hai / ( 4 ) tejapura zilAlekha meM kAmarUpa ke zAsaka hajjara varmana ke zAsaka kI tithi gupta saMvat 510 utkIrNa hai / kAmarUpa ke zAsakoM kA krama isa prakAra haiM - bhAskara varmA, zAlastambha, isake bAda navIM pIr3hI meM hajjara varmana bhAskara varmA harSa kA samakAlIna thA / isakI mRtyu lagabhaga 650 I0 meM huI / bhAskara varmA aura hajjara varmA ke bIca 6 pIr3hiyAM AyIM / yadi pratyeka pIr3hI ke lie lagabhaga 20 varSa kA kAla mAna liyA jAye to 6 pIr3hiyoM kA kAla 180 varSa huA / ataH hajjara varmana kA kAla 650 + 180 = 830 I0 huA / hajjara varmana kA lekha 510 gupta saMvat kA hai / ataH gupta saMvat kI sthApanA lagabhaga 830-510= 320 I0 meM huyI hogI / (5) jinasena nAmaka jainAcArya ne 705 zaka saMvat meM harivaMza purANa kI racanA kii| yaha 705 + 78 = 783 I0 meM huI / isa graMtha meM likhA hai ki bhaTTavANa kula ke loga 240 varSa taka rAjya kareMge tathA usake bAda 231 varSa taka gupta vaMza ke loga rAjya kareMge / isa prakAra gupta vaMza ke saMvat kI sthApanA kA kAla 783 - 231-240=312 I0 baiThatA hai / parantu vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki gupta vaMza ne 224 varSa rAjya kiyA na ki 231 varSa, jaisAki harivaMza purANa meM likhA hai / yadi harivaMza purANa kI yaha 7 varSa kI bhUla sudhAra lI jAye to phira gupta saMvat kI tithi 316 I0 hogI / (6) jainAcArya vRSabha dvArA likhita, tiloma paNNati nAmaka graMtha ke anusAra guptoM kA udaya bhaTTa bANoM ke 240 yA 241 varSa pazcAt huA / bhaTTavANoM kA samIkaraNa zakoM se kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra guptoM kA udaya 241+78=316 I0 meM huA / yahI gupta saMvat ke Arambha kI tithi hai / (7) mAlava ke mandasaura abhilekha meM mAlava saMvat va vikrama samvat ko eka hI mAnA gayA hai / isa prakAra ye do tithiyAM 463 57=436 I0 tathA 526 - 57 = 472 I0 huyI / mandasaura abhilekha se yaha bhI vidita hotA hai ki kumAra gupta prathama ke zAsana kAla meM 117 gupta saMvat meM eka sUrya maMdira kA nirmANa huA / usI abhilekha ke dUsare bhAga meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki kumAra gupta dvitIya ke zAsanakAla meM hI 153 gupta saMvat meM usa maMdira kA jIrNoddhAra huA thA / isase yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki yadi hama mAna leM ki gupta saMvat kI sthApanA 316 I0 meM huyI to mandasaura kI kumAra gupta prathama kI gupta saMvat kI tithi 117 + 316= 436 I0 ho jAtI hai / yaha mandasaura abhilekha meM dI gayI mAlava saMvat kI tithi 493 - 57 =436 I0 AtI hai jisameM sUrya maMdira nirmANa kI tithi 117 gupta saMvat ghaTAne para 319 I0 tithi AtI hai jo dUsare sAkSyoM se puSTa hai / candragupta prathama dvArA -

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 116 319 I0 meM gupta saMvat kI sthApanA kI puSTi aura bhI bahuta se vidvAnoM ne kI hai / udAharaNArtha: Dapha ke anusAra " 319 ravivAra, 8 mArca vikrama saMvat 375 caitra zudI prathama gupta athavA valabhI saMvat kA Arambha huA / isakI tithi candragupta prathama ke rAjyArohaNa se Arambha hotI hai / "" DA0 vAsudeva kA mata hai : guptoM ke tIsare gajA prathama candragupta ne apane bAhubala se rAjya kA vistAra kiyA tathA isI ne sarvaprathama mahArAjAdhirAja kI upAdhi dhAraNa kI / bahuta sambhava hai ki siMhAsanArUr3ha hone para isane yaha padvI dhAraNa kI tathA usI ke upalakSya meM apane nAma ke sAtha gupta saMvat kI sthApanA kI / yaha niHsandeha hai ki gupta saMvat yA gupta kAla saMvatsara kA prArambha I0 san 316-20 se huA / isI meM samasta gupta lekhoM tathA samakAlIna prazastiyoM kI tithiyAM dI gayI haiM / yaha saMvat lagabhaga 600 varSa taka pracalita rahA aura gupta vaMza ke naSTa ho jAne para kAThiyAvAr3a meM valabhI saMvat ke nAma se prasiddha huA / 2 zrI gupta kA putra ghaTotkaca gupta tathA usakA putra candragupta prathama thA | candragupta prathama ne vIratApUrNa kRtyoM dvArA gupta sAmrAjya kA vistAra kiyA tathA apane rAjya ke bhAvI utkarSa kA mArga prazasta kiyA / usane licchiviyoM ke sAtha vaivAhika sambandha sthApita kara apanI sthiti ko sudRr3ha kiyA tathA 320 I0 meM apane rAjyArohaNa kI tithi se gupta saMvat prArambha kiyaa| usake rAjya ke antagata bihAra kA eka bar3A bhAga aura sambhavataH uttara pradeza va baMgAla kA kucha hissA zAmila thA pI0 sI0 sena gupta ne khagola zAstra ke siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para vibhinna bhAratIya saMvatoM kA Arambha bindu nirdhArita kiyA hai / gupta saMvat ke viSaya meM unakA vicAra hai ki isakA Arambha " zaka saMvat 241 tathA 316-20 I0 ke samAna haiM / hama yaha mAnate haiM ki gupta saMvat 1 janavarI 316 I0 se pahale kI zIta saMkrAnti ko Arambha huA / 1640 I0 taka gupta saMvat ke bIte huye varSa 1. sI0 mobela Dapha, "kronolojI oNpha iNDiyA", bhAga 1, vArANasI, 1675, pR0 27 / 2. vAsudeva upAdhyAya, "gupta abhilekha ", paTanA, 1674, pR0 107 / 3. rAja kumAra zarmA, "madhya pradeza ke purAtatva kA sandarbha graMtha", bhopAla, 1674, pR0 26-30 /

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120 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa 1621 haiM / "" isake Age sena gupta ne sUrya kI dezAntara rekhAMza pUrvagamitA, saMkrAnti tathA grahaNoM Adi tathyoM kA vizleSaNa kara gupta saMvat ke saMdarbha meM kucha niSkarSa isa prakAra diye haiM: 2 (1) hamane 12 yA 11 Thosa kathanoM (joki abhilekhoM meM milate haiM tathA jinameM gupta yA valabhI saMvat kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai) ke AdhAra para pAyA hai ki gupta yA valabhI saMvat eka hI saMvat ke do nAma haiM / (2) yaha bhI sambhava hai ki carcita saMvat kA Arambha gupta rAjAoM ne kiyA tathA guptoM ke jAgIradAra valabhI rAjakumAroM ne ise nayA nAma diyA / (3) gupta saMvat 20 disambara 318 e0 DI0 se Arambha huA usI varSa zIta saMkrAnti se saMvat 0 varSa Arambha huA / (4) gupta saMvat krizcayana saMvat se 319 I0 se lekara 4e6 I0 taka milatA hai jo Arya bhaTTa prathama kI tithi hai / isa tithi taka varSa kI gaNanA pauSa ke zukta pakSa se prArambha hotI hai / (5) kisI varSa se jo 466 I0 ke bAda vibhinna ilAkoM meM bhinna thA varSa kA Arambha pauSa ke zukla pakSa se Age bar3hA dI gayI thI yA zIta saMkrAnti ke dina ko caitra ke zukla pakSa taka bar3hA diyA gayA thA / yaha AryabhaTTa prathama ke niyamAnusAra jisake anusAra varSa kA Arambha varanala ikyUnoksa dina se honA cAhiye, ke anusAra thA / niSkarSaM ke liye gupta saMvat kA 0 varSa 319 I0 ke samAna hI thA / 466 I0 ke pazcAt isa saMvat ko kucha sthitiyoM meM 319-20 I0 ke samakakSa mAna liyA gayA / gupta va valabhI saMvat eka hI haiN| aisI AzA kI jAtI hai ki isa saMvat se sambandhita Age kI bhaviSyavANiyAM yA parikalpanAeM svIkArya nahIM hoMgI / gupta saMvat kI gaNanA paddhati zaka va vikrama kI mizrita paddhati hai / "gupta saMvat kA prArambha caitra zukla 1 se hotA hai aura mahIne pUrNimAMta haiN| isa saMvat ke varSa bahudhAgata likhe milate haiM aura jahAM vartamAna likhA rahatA hai vahAM eka varSa adhika likhA rahatA hai / " eka varSa meM 12 mAha hote the tathA eka mAha meM do pakSa hote the / gupta saMvat kA prayoga gupta vaMzI narezoM dvArA sikkoM va abhilekhoM ke aMkana ke liye pracura mAtrA meM kiyA gayA / gupta narezoM ke isa saMvat meM aMkita bar3I mAtrA meM abhilekha upalabdha huye haiM / jinase isa vaMza ke itihAsa ko tathA 13 1. pI0 sI0 sena gupta, " eMziyeMTa iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", kalakattA, 1947, pR0 245 / 2. vahI, pR0 261-62 / 3. rAya bahAdura paNDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 175 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 121 samakAlIna vaMzoM va paristhitiyoM ko samajhane meM sahAyatA milI hai / gupta saMvat ke niyamita prayoga se bhAratIya itihAsa ke tithikrama nirdhAraNa meM bhI mahatvapUrNa sahAyatA milI hai| gapta saMvata meM aMkita niyamita abhilekha candragupta dvitIya ke zAsana kAla se prApta hote haiN| isase pUrva ke zAsakoM ke abhilekha upalabdha nahIM haiN| gupta saMvatoM se sambandhita kucha mahatvapUrNa abhilekha isa prakAra haiM : (1) dvitIya candragupta kA udayagirI guhAlekha-gupta saMvat 82, I0 saMvat 401 (2) prathama kumAra gupta kA dAmodara pura tAmra lekha- gupta saMvat 124, I0 saMvat 444 (3) buddha gupta kA eraNa stambha lekha-gupta saMvat 165, I0 saMvat 484 (4) bhAnuguptakAlIna eraNa kA stambha abhilekha-gupta saMvat 161, I0 saMvata 510 / inake atirikta aura bahuta se abhilekha haiM jinakI tithiyAM isI prakAra gupta saMvat meM dI gayI haiN| bar3I saMkhyA meM prApta ye gupta abhilekha apanI kucha viziSTatAeM rakhate haiM : prathama, ina abhilekhoM meM hUNoM dvArA anuSThita abhilekhoM ke atirikta anavarata saMvat kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| prArambhika varSoM meM gupta saMvat nAma saMvat ke sAtha nahIM lagA hai| dUsare, kabhI-kabhI niyamita saMvata ke sAtha-sAtha zAsana karane vAle rAjA kA zAsana varSa bhI diyA gayA hai| tIsare, tithi aMkana ke samaya saMvatsara, Rtu, pakSa, tithi tathA kabhI-kabhI nakSatra bhI diyA gayA hai| cauthe, prazasti va samarpaNa abhilekhoM meM tithi aMkana kAvyAtmaka tathA savistAra hai| kintu tAmrapatra lekhoM meM yaha saMkSipta, sarala tathA gadyamaya hai| pAMcaveM, bhAratIya tithi aMkana paddhati ke anya vivaraNoM ke sAtha hUNa AkrAntA toramANa aura mihirakula apane-apane zAsana saMvatsaroM kA prayoga kiyA karate the| "skandagupta kAlIna jUnAgar3ha ke zilAlekha se patA calatA hai ki gupta nareza tithiyoM kI gaNanA apane vaMza saMvat meM hI karate the / isa abhilekha meM gupta saMvat ko gupta prakAla kahA gayA hai / isake antara isa saMvat ke nAma kA punaH ullekha kumAra gupta dvitIya kAlIna sAranAtha ke boddha pratimA lekha meM huA hai|"1 gupta narezoM ke apane abhilekhoM meM apane vaMza ke saMvat kA hI prayoga kiyA isakA samarthana DA. vAsudeva ne bhI kiyA hai / tathA aisA hI sAkSya rAkhAla dAsa vaMdhopAdhyAya bhI dete haiN| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai 1. udaya nArAyaNa rAya, "gupta rAjavaMza tathA usakA yuga", ilAhAbAda, 1977, pR0 628 / 2. vAsudeva upAdhyAya, "prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha", paTanA, 1970, (dvitIya saMskaraNa), pR0 307 / 3. rAkhaladAsa baMdhopAdhyAya, "gupta yuga", vArANasI, 1670, pR0 167 /

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122 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa ki isa prakAra ke paryApta abhilekhIya sAkSya haiM jo gupta saMvat kA 316 I. meM candragupta dvArA Arambha kiye jAne kI puSTi karate haiN| alberUnI ne yadyapi gapta va valabhI do alaga-alaga saMvatoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| 18vIM sadI I0 ke vidvAna kanighama ne bhI gupta va valabhI nAma ke do saMvat mAne parantu isa saMdarbha meM huyI khojoM ke AdhAra para aba vidvAna gupta va valabhI saMvat ko eka hI mAnate haiM / ojhA kA mata hai : alberUnI ne valabhI saMvat ko valabhIpura ke rAjA valabha kA calAyA huA mAnA hai aura ukta rAjA ko guptavaMza kA antima rAjA batalAyA hai, parantu ye donoM kathana ThIka nahIM haiM kyoMki ukta saMvat ke sAtha jur3A huA valabhI nAma ukta nagara kA sUcaka hai na ki vahAM ke rAjA kA, aura na gupta vaza kA antima rAjA balabha thaa| sambhava hai ki gupta saMvat ke prArambha se 700 se adhika varSa pIche ke lekhaka alberUnI ko valabhI saMvat kahalAne kA ThIkaThIka hAla mAlUma na hone ke kAraNa usane aisA likha diyA ho athavA usako logoM ne aisA hI kahA ho|' sI0 mobela Dapha ne bhI gupta va valabhI saMvat eka hI the, isI mata kA samarthana kiyA hai| gupta saMvata ke saMdarbha meM abhilekhoM va vibhinna sAkSyoM ke vistRta vivecana ke bAda kucha niSkarSa isa prakAra diye jA sakate haiM : (1) gupta saMvat ke varSa kA Arambha caitra se hotA hai / (2) gupta tathA valabhI saMvat eka hI haiM / (3) valabhI yA gupta saMvat zaka saMvat se 241 varSa bAda Arambha hotA hai / (4) gupta saMvat kA vistAra kSetra uttarI bhArata hI rhaa| dakSiNa meM isakA pracalana nahIM huaa| (5) gapta saMvat ke pracalana kA samaya gupta narezoM kA zAsana kAla rhaa| isake kucha samaya pazcAt yaha lupta ho gyaa| 1. alberUnI, "alberUnI kA bhArata", anu0 rajanIkAMta, ilAhAbAda, 1667, pR0 267 / 2. elagjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1676, pa0 57 / 3. rAya bahAdura paNDita gaura zaMkarI hIrA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipi mAlA", ajamera, 1918,10 175 / 4. sI0 mobela Dapha, "kronolaoNjI oNpha iNDiyA", bhAga-1, vArANasI, 1975, pR0 27 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat amalI saMvat / isa saMvat ko amalI saMvat athavA kaTakI saMvat nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai / isa saMvat kA nAma amalI kisa kAraNa par3A, spaSTa nahIM hai / isakA pracalana ur3IsA meM rahA / " kalaiNDara sudhAra samiti kI riporTa meM isa saMvat ke Arambha ke liye nizcita rUpa se mAnya 562 I0 varSa diyA gayA hai / amalI saMvat kA 1954 I0 meM 1362 pracalita varSa thA arthAt 1954 -- 1362H .562 I0 / ataH I0 562 se Arambha hokara I0 1654 taka amalI saMvat ke utane hI varSa vyatIta huye, jitane IsAI saMvat ke / isase spaSTa hai ki amalI saMvat ke varSa kI lambAI IsAI saMvat ke varSa ke barAbara hai / ata 1954 se aba 1686 taka amalI saMvat ke bhI 35 varSa vyatIta ho cuke haiM / ataH amalI saMvat kA vartamAna pracalita varSa 1362 + 35 = 1367 hai / - 123 ur3IsA ke rAjA indradyumna ko amalI samvat kA ArambhakartA samajhA jAtA hai / "isa saMvat ke saMdarbha meM mAnA jAtA hai ki isakA Arambha ur3IsA ke rAjA indradyumna ke janma para bhAdrapada zukla 12 se huA tathA pratyeka mAha kA Arambha sUrya kI nayI saMkrAnti meM praveza ke sAtha hotA hai / amalI saMvat kA prayoga ur3IsA meM vyAvasAyika kAryoM ko pUrA karane ke liye tathA nyAyAlayoM meM kAnUna sambandhI kAryoM ke liye hotA thA / "* amalI saMvat ke mAha, varSa aura gaNanA para hI AdhArita hai / saMkrAnti se saMkrAnti taka mAha kI gaNanA kI vyavasthA rahI tathA varSa bhI pUrNa saura varSa ke barAbara hai jisase isakA varSa IsAI saMvat ke samAna hai / robarTa sI0 vaila ke kathana se vidita hai ki amalI saMvat kA prayoga vyAvasAyika va nyAyika kAryoM ke liye hotA thA / sambhava hai bAda meM yaha prayoga mAtra dhArmika kAryoM taka hI sImita raha gayA ho / vilAyatI samvat vilAyatI nAma sunane se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha saMvat videzI hai jise bhAratIyoM ne grahaNa kara liyA / parantu, kaleNDara riphorma kameTI ne ise bhAratIya 1. "riporTa oNpha da kalaiNDara riphorma kameTI", dillI, 1955, pR0 258 / 2 . vahI / 3. vahI / 4. robarTa sIvala, "di iNDilana kalaiNDara ", landana, 1862, pR0 43 /

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124 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa saMvatoM kI zreNI meM hI rakhA hai| ataH spaSTa nahIM hai ki isa saMvat kA Arambha bhArata meM hI kiyA gayA athavA bAhara se ise lAyA gyaa| yadi bhArata meM hI ise Arambha kiyA gayA taba isakA nAma vilAyatI kyoM rakhA gayA ? amalI saMvat ke samAna hI 1954 I0 meM isakA bhI pracalita varSa 1362 thaa| ata: 1654-1362=562 I0 kA varSa isakA prathama varSa mAnA jA sakatA hai / isakA prayoga mukhya rUpa se baMgAla aura ur3IsA meM huaa| isake mahInoM ke nAma candrIya mahInoM ke nAma ke samAna haiM tathA isakA Arambha baMgAla san ke karIba hI hai| lekina do bAtoM meM yaha baMgAlI san se bhinna hai : prathama, "isake varSa kA Arambha saura mAha kanyA se hotA hai joki baMgAla san ke Azvina ke samAna hai| dUsarA, isake mAha kA Arambha dUsare aura tIsare dina ke bajAya saMkrAnti se hotA hai|" spaSTa hai ki vilAyatI saMvat amalI saMvat kA samakAlIna thaa| donoM kI gaNanA paddhatiyAM bhI paraspara mela khAtI haiM / donoM hI ke0 varSa kA Arambha 562 I0 saMvata se hotA hai tathA ur3IsA va baMgAla inake pracalana ke mukhya kSetra the| ye candrasaura paddhati para AdhArita the| isakA koI patA nahIM calatA ki isa prakAra samAna gaNanA paddhatiyoM vAle eka hI samaya meM eka hI kSetra meM do saMvatoM ko pracalita karane kA kyA kAraNa thA ? athavA inakI upayogitA meM kyA koI bhinnatA thI jo inheM Arambha kiyA gayA ? vilAyatI saMvat kI gaNanA baMgAla ke phasalI sana se bhI kAphI mela khAtI hai| vilAyatI saMvat ke mAsa saura haiM aura mahInoM ke nAma caitrAdi nAmoM se haiN| isakA prArambha saura azvina arthAt kanyA saMkrAnti se hotA hai aura jisa dina saMkrAnti kA praveza hotA hai usI ko mAsa kA pahalA dina mAnate haiM / isa san meM 562-63 jor3ane se I0 san aura 646-50 jor3ane se vikrama saMvat banatA hai| phasalI samvat phasala sambandhI kAryoM ko pUrA karane ke uddezya se isa saMvat kA Arambha huA aura isI kAraNa isakA nAma bhI phasalI saMvat rakhA gyaa| saura phasalI va lanIsolara phasalI tathA dakSiNI phasalI va madrAsa phasalI do prakAra se phasalI saMvat kA vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| kSetrIya prasAra ke dRSTikoNa se zaka va vikrama saMvatoM ke bAda phasalI saMvat kA nAma liyA jA sakatA hai / isakA pracalana uttara se dakSiNa, pUrva se pazcima meM lagabhaga sampUrNa bhArata meM huA / parantu aisA 1. robarTa sIvela, "di iNDiyana kalaNDara", landana, 1866, pR0 43 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 125 samajhA jAtA hai ki deza ke eka bar3e bhU-khaNDa para phasalI saMvat kA pracalana hone para isakA prasAra prazAsanika hI rahA, yaha janamAnasa kA saMvat nahIM bana pAyA / phasalI san sampUrNa bhArata meM eka sAtha nahIM apanAyA gayA varan isakA prasAra zanaiH zanai huA / "pahale isa san kA pracAra paMjAba aura saMyukta pradeza meM huA aura pIche se jaba baMgAla Adi kSetra akabara ke rAjya meM mile taba se vahAM bhI isakA pracAra huA / dakSiNa meM isakA pracAra zAhajahAM bAdazAha ke samaya meM huA / ojhA ke samaya (1918 taka) yaha san kucha-kucha pracalita thA / parantu bhinna-bhinna hissoM meM isakI gaNanA meM aMtara rhaa| paMjAba, saMyukta pradeza tathA baMgAla meM isakA prArambha Azvina kRSNa eka (pUrNimAMta ) se mAnA jAtA hai jisase isameM 562-63 milAne se I0 san aura 646-50 milAne se vikrama saMvata hI banatA hai / ' "" vibhinna sthAnoM para alaga-alaga samaya meM phasalI paMcAMga meM sudhAra kiye jAte rahe / "madrAsa ihAte meM isa san kA pahile to ADi (karka) saMkrAnti se varSa Arambha hotA rahA parantu I0 san 1800 ke AsapAsa ke tArIkha 13 jaulAI se mAnA jAne lagA aura I0 sa0 1855 se tArIkha eka jaulAI prArambha sthira kiyA gayA hai / dakSiNa ke phasalI san meM 560-61 jor3ane se I0 san zraura 647-48 jor3ane se vikrama saMvat banatA hai / "" jemsa prisepa ne bhArata ke vibhinna prAntoM meM pracalita phasalI paMcAMgoM ko prakAzita kiyA thA / dakSiNa phasalI saMvat kA Arambha zAhajahAM dvArA 1636 I0 meM kiyA gayA / "phasalI saMvat eka prakAra kA mizrita saMvat hai jisake 663 varSa hijrI ke candrIya meM (candramAna meM ) par3ate haiM tathA isake bAda ke varSa sUryamAna meM par3ate haiM / " isa prakAra phasalI saMvat ke vibhinna Arambha tathA isake varSa ke bhI vibhinna Arambha binduoM kA ullekha milatA hai / meM DA0 triveda kA kathana ucita hI jAna par3atA hai : "nizcaya hI isa Arambha kI tithi 56263 I0 ke AsapAsa rahI hogI tathA vibhinna para alaga-alaga avasaroM para isakI paddhati meM aMtara Ate rahe hoMge athavA vibhinna kSetroM meM pRthaka rUpa meM ise grahaNa karate samaya kucha parivartana ke sAtha saMvat kA Arambha 0 varSa se kiyA gayA hogA / "" isa saMdarbha saMvat ke samayoM 1. rAya bahAdura paNDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 162 / 2 . vahI / 3. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1976, pR0 82 / 4. DI0 esa0 triveda, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", bambaI, 1963, pR0 43 /

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126 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa phamalI saMvat ko grahaNa karane kA mukhya kAraNa islAma paMcAMga kA pUrNa rUpa se candrIya honA mAnA jA sakatA hai| bhArata meM muslima zAsana ke samaya hijrI san rAjakIya san thA, parantu usakA varSa pUrNa candrIya hone ke kAraNa saura varSa se vaha lagabhaga 11 dina choTA thaa| isase phasaloM va varSoM ke tAlamela meM kaThinAI AtI thI / lagAna kA mAha nizcita nahIM ho pAtA thaa| ataH donoM phasaloM (rabI aura kharIpha) kA lagAna niyata mahIne meM lene ke uddezya se bAdazAha akabara ne hijrI san 177 (I0 saMvata 1563) se phasalI san Arambha kiyaa| isI se isakA nAma phasalI san pdd'aa| ataH kisAnoM kI suvidhA ke liye va lagAna nizcita krama meM vasUlI ke liye isa saMvat kA Arambha huaa| DA0 DI0 esa0 triveda ne phasalI san kA Arambha harSa ke janma se mAnA hai / "phasalI saMvat kA Arambha harSavardhana ke janma ke samaya huaa| isakI tithi 563 I0 athavA 515 zaka saMvat hai| bhArata ke vibhinna sthAnoM para ise apanAye jAne ke vibhinna kAraNa haiN|"1 kalaNDara sudhAra samiti ke anusAra-"1654 I0 meM baMgAla meM pracalita phasalI saMvata kA 1362vAM varSa cAla thA joki 13 sitambara bhAdra kanyAdi prathama se Arambha huA tathA yaha pUrNimAMta hai / dakSiNa phasalI kA 1364vAM varSa thA jo eka jolAI se Arambha huaa| bambaI meM pracalita phasalI saMvata kA 1364vAM varSa cAlU thA jo 8 jUna se sUrya ke mAgha nakSatra meM praveza ke sAtha Arambha huaa|"2 kaniMghama ne phasalI saMvat kA Arambha mugala bAdazAha akabara ke samaya se mAnA hai : "phasalI saMvat kA Arambha akabara kI naI dhAraNAoM ko sthApita karane kI pravRtti se sambandhita hai / isakA Arambha akabara ke rAjyArohaNa kI tithi se mAnA jAnA cAhiye athavA hijI varSa 663 meM dvitIya ravI-usa-sanI se lagAnA cAhiye yA 14 pharavarI 1556 I0 se / "3 1556 I0 meM akabara dvArA grahaNa kiye gaye phasalI saMvat kI yaha viziSTitA thI ki isako pUrNa rUpa se saura paMcAMga ke rUpa meM parivartita kara diyA gayA jabaki 1. (a) DI0 esa0 triveda, 'phasalI erA', "jarnala oNpha iNDiyana hisTrI", volyUma 16, kalakattA, pR0 262-301 / (ba) DI0 esa0 triveda, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", bambaI, 1963, pR0 34 / 2. "riporTa oNpha da kalaNDara riphorma kameTI", dillI, 1955, pR0 258 / 3. elagjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1976, pR0 82 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 127 isase pUrva yaha saMvata candrIya paddhati para AdhArita thaa| saMvat kA uddezya pUrvavata hI rahA, phasala sambandhI kAryoM ko pUrA karanA / niSkarSa ke rUpa meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki phasalI saMvata kA Arambha 562 I0 ke AsapAsa huA jaisAki kalaNDara riphorma kameTI kA nirNaya tathA DA0 DI0 esa0 triveda kA mata hai / vibhinna avasaroM para isakI paddhati meM antara Ate rahe tathA vibhinna kSetroM meM pRthaka rUpa se ise grahaNa karate samaya kucha parivartana ke sAtha saMvat kA Arambha 0 varSa se kiyA gayA aura bAda meM jina-jina zAsakoM ne isako apanAyA va prayoga kiyA unakA nAma bhI isake sAtha jur3atA calA gyaa| isa prakAra nAma ke jur3a jAne kA kAraNa ina zAsakoM dvArA isa saMvat meM kiye gaye kucha sudhAroM kA kiyA jAnA bhI ho sakatA hai / isake atirikta eka vajaha yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki saMvata kA apanA koI viziSTa nAma nahIM thA / ataH phasala se sambandhita kAryoM ko pUrA karane ke liye jisa bhI zAsaka ne isako kisAnoM athavA lekhA-jokhA rakhane ke kArya meM prayoga kiyA usakA nAma hI saMvata ke sambodhana ke liye likhA jAne lgaa| ___ phasalI saMvata kI gaNanA paddhati eka zahastrAbdI ke karIba candrIya rhii| usake bAda isake liye saura paddhati kA grahaNa kara liyA gyaa| isakA nAma islAma ke srotoM se liyA gayA thA parantu isakA varSa hindU paddhati para AdhArita thaa| deza ke vibhinna sthAnoM para isake varSa kA Arambha alaga-alaga samaya para kiyA jAtA rahA / baMgAla sana hinduoM ke vaizAkha kI pahalI tithi ko Arambha hotA hai, uttarI bhArata kA phasalI san cAndrika Azvina kI pahalI tithi ko Arambha hotA hai / isa prakAra phasalI saMvata ke vibhinna Arambha varSoM va usake varSArambha ke vibhinna mahInoM kA ullekha milatA hai jaisAki zaka saMvat ke varSa ke sambandha meM pAyA jAtA hai| robarTa sIvaila ne phasalI saMvat kI gaNanA paddhati kI viziSTitA batAte hue likhA hai: "isakI viziSTitA yaha hai ki isake mahInoM ko zukla pakSa va kRSNa pakSa meM nahIM bAMTA gayA hai / isakA sampUrNa DhAMcA bagaira pakSa ke baMTavAre ke hI calatA hai| tithiyAM bar3hAI nahIM jaatii| vilAyatI varSa ke samAna hI isakA Arambha hai / yaha pUrNa candra se Arambha hotA hai|" baMgAla meM pracalita tathA dakSiNa bhArata meM pracalita phasalI paMcAMgoM meM do varSa kA antara rahatA hai| dUsare sabhI candrasaura saMvatoM kI bhAMti phasalI san bhI 1. robarTa sIvala, "iNDiyana kaleNDara", landana, 1866, pR0 44 /

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128 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa agale saura san ke nambara letA hai / isa taraha se 1600 e0DI0 jaisAki hamane dekhA hai vaha pracalita baMgAla sena meM 1307 hai / lekina candrasaura phasalI Azvina kRSNa pratipadA jo 1600 e0DI0 se Arambha hotA hai vaha baMgAla san kA agalA naMbara letA hai jo vartamAna meM 1308 hai| isa taraha baMgAla phasalI saMvat prApta karane kA niyama yaha hai : "vartamAna I0 varSa meM se 562 dhaTAne para phasalI varSa prApta hogaa|"" dakSiNI phasalI san 1556 taka eka hijrA varSa ke anusAra thaa| isake pazcAt ise saura varSa mAna liyA gyaa| sUrya ke mArgazIrSa nakSatra meM praveza ke sAtha varSa Arambha hotA hai / arthAt bambaI meM 7 yA 8 jana se varSa Arambha hotA hai| mahIne, unake Arambha kA samaya va dina bhI vahI haiM jaise ki islAmika paMcAMga meM hote haiM / "madrAsI phasalI varSa eka kRSi sambandhI saura varSa hai tathA sAyana varSa hai / yaha pahalI jaulAI se Arambha hotA hai| isake varSa aura mAha kA koI vibhAjana nahIM hotaa| isakA cAlU varSa prApta karane kA niyama yaha hai : vartamAna phasalI-I0 varSa 560 / kRSi sambandhI yA lagAna sambandhI varSa 1 jaulAI 1610 se 30 jUna 1611 taka prakaTa karanA cAhiye / madrAsa meM phasalI varSa kA andhAnukaraNa hai / yaha una logoM ko bhramita karatA hai jo gAMva meM nahIM rahate / zanaHzanaiH yaha prayoga se bAhara hotA jA rahA hai| yaha aniyamita tithikrama baMgAlI san baMgAla prAnta ke nAma para isa saMvat kA nAma baMgAlI san par3A hai| isako baMgAlI sena athavA baMgAbda nAmoM se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| "isa saMvat kA pracalana baMgAla prAnta meM thaa|'4 baMgAlI san kA vartamAna pracalita varSa jJAta karane kI paddhati kalaNDara sudhAra samiti riporTa meM isa prakAra dI gayI hai : "baMgAlI san ke vartanAna cAla varSa ko jAnane ke lie 1556 ke hijrA varSa 663 ko leM aura usameM saurya varSa kI saMkhyA jor3a deM / "5 isa prakAra 1986 I0 san baMgAlI san 1. ela0 DI0 svAmI pillayI, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", madrAsa, 1611, pR0 45 ! 2. vhii| 3. rAya bahAdura paNDita gaurI zaMkara horA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 163 / 4. "riporTa oNpha da kaleNDara riphorma kameTI", dillI, 1955, pR0 258 / 5. vahI, pR0 257 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 126 kA 663+1986-1556=1366vAM vartamAna cAlU varSa hai| kaleNDara riphorma kameTI kI riporTa meM yaha kahIM nahIM diyA gayA hai ki baMgAlI san kA AraMbhika varSa kyA thA ? 1556 taka hijrI 663 varSa bIta cuke the inako kula vyatIta I0 saMvat ke varSoM ke sAtha jor3akara usameM se 1556 ghaTA diyA gayA hai va vartamAna cAlU varSa nikAlane kA tarIkA batAyA gayA hai / isakA koI ullekha nahIM hai ki 1656 I0 taka 663 vyatIta varSa tatkAlIna paMcAMgoM ke AdhAra para diye gaye haiM yA isakA koI Arambhika varSa nizcita kiyA gayA hai / isa siddhAnta kI sabase bar3I bhUla hai ki candrIya varSoM ko saura varSoM ke sAtha jor3a diyA gayA hai jo ki anucita hai| varSoM kI kula saMkhyA batAne ke lie unakA eka hI paddhati kA honA Avazyaka hai yA candrIya varSoM ko saura varSoM meM badalA jAye yA saura varSoM ko candrIya varSoM meM / taba unake kula yoga ko batAyA jAnA cAhie thaa| isa siddhAnta meM aisA nahIM kiyA gayA hai| aisA na kiye jAne se samasyA yaha AtI hai ki aba 1986 I. taka baMgAlI saMvat ke vyatIta varSoM ko jo ki 1366 hai na to candrIya gaNanA kA kaha sakate haiM aura na hI saura gaNanA kA / arthAt baMgAlI sana ke kula vyatIta varSoM ko kisa paddhati kA mAne ki baMgAlI san kI kArambhika tithi jJAta ho sake, yaha samasyA sAmane AtI hai| rASTrIya paMcAMga meM baMgAlI san kA vartamAna pracalita varSa 1366 (14 apraila san 1986 I. se Arambha) diyA gayA hai / isameM baMgAlI san kI gaNanA usI paddhati se kI gayI hai jo Upara kaleNDara sudhAra samiti kI riporTa ke anusAra dI gayI hai / ataH bhale hI paMcAMga isa saMvat ke pracalita varSa kA aMkana kare, lekina jaba taka saMvat ke Arambha kI tithi va varSa nizcita nahIM kara lie jAte taba taka yaha saMkhyA vizvasanIya nahIM mAnI jA sktii| baMgAlI sana ke ArambhakartA ke rUpa meM kisI vyakti vizeSa ke nAma kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| isase yahI tAtparya lagAnA cAhie ki apane AraMbhika varSoM meM yaha gaNanA paddhati ke rUpa meM pracalita haa| zanaiHzanai: isameM sudhAra hote rahe / taduparAnta isako eka saMvat ke rUpa meM paMcAMgoM meM grahaNa kara liyA gyaa| kisI viziSTa ghaTanA va kisI vyakti vizeSa ne isakA Arambha nahIM kiyaa| 1. "rASTrIya paMcAMga", bhArata sarakAra, da kanTrolara oNpha pablikezansa, dillI, 1986-60, bhUmikA, 6 /

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130 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa baMgAlI san kI gaNanA paddhati kA ullekha karate samaya do tathyoM ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai / prathama, isake viSaya meM dhAraNA hai ki yaha "mizrita paddhati"" vAlA saMvat hai / dUsarA, yaha phasalI san kA prakArAMtara mAtra hai| ina donoM bAtoM kA tAtparya eka hI hai kyoMki phasalI saMvat bhI mizrita paddhati vAlA hai aura yaha phasalI saMvat ke hI samAna hai| isase saMdarbha meM ojhA kA nimna mata hai : "yaha eka prakAra se baMgAla ke phasalI sana kA prakArAntara mAtra hai| baMgAlI san va phasalI san meM antara itanA hI hai ki isakA AraMbha Azvina kRSNa eka se kiMtu usase sAta mahIne bAda meSa saMkrAnti (saura vaizAkha) se hotA hai aura mahIne saura hai jisase unameM pakSa va tithi kI gaNanA nahIM hai| jisa dina saMkrAnti kA praveza hotA hai usake dUsare dina ko pahalA dina mAnate haiM / " __ paMcAMga nirmANa ke lie isa saMvat kA prayoga kiyA gyaa| vartamAna samaya meM bhI rASTrIya paMcAMga meM isakA varSa aMkita rahatA hai / baMgAla prAnta meM dhArmika dRSTikoNa se bhI yaha mahatvapUrNa hai| rASTrIya paMcAMga meM isa saMvat kA aMkana isa bAta kA dyotaka hai ki yaha vartamAna samaya meM bhI pracalita hai tathA isakA mahatva bar3ha rahA hai| zrI harSa saMvat isa saMvat kA nAma isake Arambha karane vAle rAjA harSa ke nAma para harSa saMvat par3A hai| harSa saMvat kA vistAra mathurA va kannauja meM huaa| harSa dvArA isa naye saMvat kA Arambha bhArata meM saMvat Arambha ke saMdarbha meM pUrva pracalita paramparA kA aMza thaa| yaha pahale saMvat ke samAna hI harSa ke cakravartI samrATa hone ke upalakSya meM calAyA gayA thA, ThIka usI prakAra jaise ki vikrama, zaka va gupta Adi saMvatoM kI sthApanA kI gayI thii| "vAstava meM eka naye saMvat kA Arambha usa samaya apane sAmrAjya kA vizeSa cinha samajhA jAtA thA aura harSa ne usI prathA ke prati uttara meM apanA saMvat 612 I0 meM Arambha kiyA, jabaki 1. phasalI saMvat ke sambandha meM mizrita paddhati kA artha candra saura kI mizrita paddhati nahIM hai varan isakA artha hai ki yaha saMvat kucha samaya kevala candra paddhati va kucha samaya kevala saura paddhati kA rhaa| 2. rAyabahAdura paNDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipi mAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 162-63 / 3. "riporTa oNpha da kaleNDara riphorma kameTI", dillI, 1955, pR0 258 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 131 usane apanI digvijaya pUrI kara lI thI, jo 606 I0 meM usake rAjyArohaNa se Arambha huyI thI / " " harSa saMvat ke vartamAna pracalita varSa kA aba anumAna kaThina hai kyoMki isakI gaNanA paddhati, varSa kI lambAI, mahInoM kI saMkhyA tathA bauMda ke varSa Adi kA ullekha nahIM milatA / ina sabake abhAva meM aba itanA samaya bIta jAne para isake vartamAna pracalita varSa ko batA pAnA saMbhava nahIM hai / isa saMvat ke Arambha kA samaya 526 cAlU zaka athavA 606-07 I0 hai / harSa vardhana apane vaMza kA eka zaktizAlI zAsaka thA / apane rAjyArohaNa ke samaya harSa ne isa nae saMvat kI sthApanA kI / saMvat kA vAstavika Arambha 612 I0 meM huA tathA isake Arambha kI tithi 606-07 I0 se mAnI gyii| jaisA ki gupta saMvat ke saMdarbha meM bhI samajhA jAtA hai / adhikAMza vidvAn isa vicAra se sahamata haiM ki harSa ke rAjyArohaNa ke samaya se harSa saMvat kA Arambha huA tathA abhilekhoM, sAhitya va tatkAlIna loka pracalana meM isa saMvat ko paryApta sthAna milA / lekina DA0 Ara0sI0 majUmadAra ne apane kucha lekhoM meM isa mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai / ve mAnate haiM ki isa sambandha meM na hI koI abhilekhIya sAkSya upalabdha hai aura na hI aitihAsika tathyoM se isakI puSTi hotI hai ki harSa ne kisI saMvat kA Arambha kiyA / majUmadAra kA vizvAsa hai ki harSa saMvat kI mAnI jAne vAlI samasta tithiyAM yA to bhaTTikA saMvat kI haiM jo isake lagabhaga sAtha hI Arambha huA athavA ve kinhIM kSetrIya saMvatoM se sambandhita haiM / " kisI smAraka, lekha, abhilekha athavA cinha meM harSa ke nAma kA isa saMvat se sambandha nahIM darzAyA gayA hai / yahAM taka ki bANa athavA hvensAMga jinhoMne isa mahAn samrATa ke viSaya meM itanI bAteM kahIM haiM, kahIM bhI saMvat kA lezamAtra bhI saMdarbha nahIM diyA hai / "2 majUmadAra ne harSa saMvat kI sthApanA kI sambhAvanA ko asvIkArate huye isa sambandha meM eka Apatti yaha bhI uThAI hai ki harSa ke pazcAt zIghra hI arAjakatA phaila gayI tathA svayaM bhI usane lambe samaya taka zAsana nahIM kiyA / isa prakAra donoM hI paristhitiyAM jo kisI saMvat kA mukhya sahArA ho sakatI haiM harSa saMvat ke sambandha meM upalabdha 1. sI0pI0 vaidya, 'harSA eNDa hija TAimsa', 'da jarnala oNpha da bombe brAMca oNpha da rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI", volyUma 24, 1917, pR0 235-76 // 2. Ara0 0sI0 majUmadAra, '6 harSa erA', 'iNDiyana hisTorikala kvArTaralI", volyUma 27, sitambara, 1951, kalakattA, pR0 183 /

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132 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa na rhiiN| iNDiyana hisTorikala kvArTaralI meM diye gaye apane lekha meM majUmadAra ne alberUnI ke vivaraNa kA sacAU dvArA kiye gaye anuvAda ke AdhAra para yaha siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki "isa saMvat kA sambandha vikrama ke 400 varSa pUrva arthAt 457 I0 pUrva meM Arambha hone vAle saMvat se hai jo mathurA va kannauja meM pracalita thaa| yaha sambhavata: naMdoM kA saMvat ho sakatA hai na ki harSa kA, kyoMki harSa usa kAla meM thA hI nhiiN| anta meM majamadAra pUrNa vizvAsa ke sAtha likhate hai : "hama alberUnI tathA jaisalamera ke do sAkSyoM se isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki siMdha athavA pazcimI bhArata meM eka athavA eka se adhika saMvat pracalita rahe hoMge, jinakI tithiyAM harSa saMvat se mela khAtI hoNgii| isa prakAra harSa saMvat kI jo tithiyAM dI gayI haiM ve iname se hI kisI saMvat kI rahI hoMgI na ki harSa ke rAjyArohaNa ke sambandha meM Arambha hone vAle saMvat kI / "2 majUmadAra harSa saMvat meM aMkita mAne jAne vAle adhikAMza lekhoM ko nepAlI saMvat kA mAnate haiN| DA0 devahUtI va DI0sI0 sarakAra ne majUmadAra dvArA harSa saMvat ke sambandha meM uThAyI gayI zaMkAoM kA khaNDana apane lekhoM meM kiyA hai / tathA adhikAMza rUpa se mAnya mata 606-07 I0 meM harSa saMvat kA Arambha kA samarthana kiyA hai / majUmadAra dvArA lagAye gaye Aropa ki harSa saMvat kA ullekha na bANa ne kiyA hai aura na hvensAMga ne, kA khaNDana karate haye DI0sI sarakAra ne likhA hai : agara harSa ne DhiDhorA pITa kara savat kI sthApanA nahIM kI aura vaha kevala kSetrIya gaNanA hI karatA rahA, taba usake uttarAdhikAriyoM ne ise avazya hI saMvat meM parivartita kara diyA hogaa| tathA bANa va hansAMga jo harSa ke samakAlIna hI the, unake dvArA saMvat kA ullekha na kiyA jAnA vizeSa mahattva nahIM rkhtaa|" majUmadAra kA dUsarA tarka yaha hai ki harSa ne apanA uttarAdhikArI niyukta nahIM kiyA va usake adhInasSa zAsaka svatantra ho gaye, taba ina svatantra rAjAoM ne bhI usake kAnUnI tithi krama ko jArI rakhA tathA saMvat kA svarUpa diyA, yaha abhilekhoM se spaSTa hai| adhikAMza vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki nepAlI saMvat bhI harSa saMvat hI thA kyoMki 1. Ara0 sI0 majUmadAra, 'da harSa erA', "iNDiyana hisTorikala kvArTaralI', volyUma 27, sitambara 1651, kalakattA, pR0 185 / 2. vahI, pR0 187 / 3. DI0sI0 sarakAra, harSAja ekseMzana eNDa da harSa erA', "AI0eca0kyU.", __volyUma 27, 1951, kalakattA, pR0 322 / 4. vahI, pR0 323 /

Page #147
aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat usakI adhikAMza tithiyAM harSa saMvat se hI mela khAtI haiM / ' anta meM DI0sI sarakAra likhate haiM: "isa prakAra bhAratIya paramparAoM meM harSa ne vikramAditya ke samAna hI savat kA pracalana kiyaa| maiM koI kathanIya tathya nahIM pAtA jisase pracalita dhAraNA ki 606 I0 meM harSa thAnezvara kI gaddI baiThA, tathA 612 I0 meM kannoja meM rAjadhAnI banAyI tathA saMvat kA Arambha kiyA, kI AlocanA kI jA sake / ata: 606 I0 meM hI harSa siMhAsanArUr3ha huA va saMvat kI sthApanA kI / "2 133 apane dUsare lekha meM bhI sarakAra ne majUmadAra dvArA harSa saMvat ke sandarbha meM uThAye gaye AkSepoM kA khaNDana kiyA hai / isa saMdarbha meM sarakAra ne likhA hai"majUmadAra harSa saMvat ke sambandha meM bauddhika tathA ucita tarkoM ko sunane ke liye bhI taiyAra nahIM haiM, jo alberUnI ke hai / "5 isa prakAra DI0sI0 sarakAra ne majUmadAra kI samasta zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna karate huye pUrNa vizvAsa ke sAtha harSa ke rAjyArohaNa 606 I0 ke sAtha saMvat sthApanA kA mata svIkAra kiyA hai / sarakAra ke mata ke samarthana meM aura bhI bahuta se sAkSya diye jA sakate haiN| sI0 mobela Dapha ne harSa saMvat ke Arambha ke sambandha meM nimna tithi dI hai - 606 I0 akTUbara 22, isa dina thAnezvara ke rAjA harSa vardhana ne apanA saMvat Arambha kiyA / zaka saMvat meM isakI gaNanA karane para, jo caitra zudI se AraMbha hotA hai yaha tithi, zukravAra dinAMka 3 mArca 607 I0 AtI hai / kannauja ke rAjA bhoja kA eka lekha milA hai, jo isI saMvat kA samajhA jAtA hai aura varSa 276 kA hai jise 606+276 = 882 I0 kA kahA jA sakatA hai / " dUsare vidvAnoM dvArA alberunI ke vivaraNa "AI0eca0kyU0", 1. DI0mI0 sarakAra, 'harSAja ekseMzana eNDa da harSa erA', volyUma 26, 1951 kalakattA, pR0 324 // 2. vahI, pR0 325 / 3. vahI, 1653, pR0 72-76 // 4. Ara0sI majUmadAra, 'harSa erA', 'AI0eca0kyU0", volyUma 28, 1652, kalakattA, pR0 28 / 5. DI0sI0 sarakAra, 'harSAja ekseMzana eNDa erA', "AI0eca0kyU", volyUma 26, 1953, kalakattA, pR0 76 / 6. sI0 mobela Dapha, "da kronolaoNjI oNpha iNDiyA", bhAga 1, vArANasI, 175, pR0 / 7. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1676, pR0 64 /

Page #148
134 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa se prApta kiye gaye niSkarSoM se bhI isI tithi kI puSTi hotI hai| alberUnI likhatA hai-"zrI harSa ke viSaya meM hindU mAnate haiM ki pRthvI ke peTa meM chipe koSoM kI prApti ke liye sAtavIM pRthvI taka nIce kI ora bhUmi kI parIkSA kiyA karate the, vAstava meM unheM aise koSa mile bhI the, aura isake pariNAma se, unheM kara Adi se prajA ko dabAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM rahI thii| unake saMvat kA vyavahAra mathurA kannauja ke deza meM kiyA jAtA hai| usa pradeza ke kucha AdivAsiyo se mujhe jJAta haA hai ki zrI harSa aura vikramAditya ke bIca 400 varSa kA antara hai sacAU ne isakA pATha vikramAditya se 400 varSa pUrva kiyA hai tathA isI AdhAra para DA0 majUmadAra ke tarka haiM, jinakA khaNDana DI0sI sarakAra ne kiyaa| parantu kAzmIra pacAMga meM meMne par3hA ki zrI harSa vikramAditya se 664 varSa pIche huye the|" isa vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki vikramAditya ke 664 varSa pazcAt arthAt 664-58=606 I0 meM harSa saMvat kI sthApanA huI / DA0 devahUti ne Ara0sI majamadAra va DI0sI0 sarakAra ke vivAda ko vizeSa mahatva nahIM diyA hai tathA harSa saMvat ke Arambha ke saMdarma meM apanA svataMtra va nizcita mata vyakta kiyA hai : harSa ne 606 I0 meM eka saMvat Arambha kiyA lekina Ara0sI majamadAra ne eka vi di utpanna kara diyaa| jabaki unhoMne kahA ki yaha vivAda bahata kamajora nIMva para khar3A huA hai jabaki DI0sI0 sarakAra ne pratyuttara meM kahA ki Amataura para svIkArya vicAra ke vipakSa meM muTikala se hI koI sAkSya jAtA hai| hama donoM vidvAnoM dvArA diye gaye vibhinna matoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara apanA hI mata spaSTa kareMge ki harSa ne apanA saMvat 606 I0 meM hI Arambha kiyA / harSa jisane ki rAjya 606 I. taka kAphI pA liyA thA tathA jisane rAjA kI upAdhi thAnezvara ke paramabhaTTAraka mahArAjAdhirAja kI upAdhi grahaNa kI tathA jisane apanI digvijaya kA jhaMDA usI varSa uThA liyA aise harSa ne apane rAjya kI zurUAta 606 I0 hI mAnI jo ki usake liye eka nayA saMvata Arambha karane ke liye eka sahI ghaTanA thii| 1. alberUnI, "alberUnI kA bhArata", anu0 rajanIkAMta, ilAhAbAda, 1967, pR0| 2. devahUti, "harSA", landana, 1970, pR0 235-37 /

Page #149
aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 135 harSa saMvat ke viSaya meM yahI adhika mAnya mata hai ki harSa kA zAsana 606 I0 se Arambha huA lekina Arambhika kucha varSoM meM vaha mAtra saMrakSaka ke rUpa meM rAjya kara rahA thA va svayaM svataMtra zAsaka nahIM thA / 612 I0 meM usane svayaM ko rAjA ghoSita kiyA tathA usake rAjyArohaNa ke sAtha hI harSa saMvat kA AraMbha huA, lekina isakI gaNanA 606 I0 se hI kI gayI / "haSaM ne sAhasapUrvaka svayaM ko 612 I0 taka jaba taka ki vaha 5, 1 / 2 athavA 6 varSa taka gaddI para raha cukA apane ko pUrNa svataMtra samrATa ghoSita nahIM kiyA / yadyapi jo saMvat usake nAma se calA usakA prArambha akTUbara 606 I0 se hai / arthAt isakA niyamita siMhAsanArohaNa 612 I0 meM huA tathA prathama bAra sihAsanAroNa va saMvat AraMbha 606 I0 meM huA 19 bhAratIya kalaiNDara sudhAra samiti ne bhI 606 I0 kI tithi harSa saMvat ke Arambha kI svIkAra kI hai / arthAt 528 zaka saMvat tathA 606 I0 saMvat harSaM saMvat ke Arambha kI tithi nizcita kI jAtI hai / elegjeNDara kaniMghama ne yaha tithi 607 I0 dI hai / jo sambhavataH bhAratIya saMvatoM meM sAmAnya rUpa se pAyI jAne vAlI Arambhika varSa kI tithi tathA pUrNa varSa kI tithi ke kAraNa hai / arthAt 606 I0 meM saMvat kA Arambha huA tathA usakA prathama varSa 607 I0 meM huA / jo zaka saMvat 526 hai / robarTa sIvala', ela0DI0 svAmI pillaMyI Adi ne bhI isI tithi kA samartha kiyA hai / harSa saMvat kA abhilekhoM meM paryApta prayoga huA hai / svayaM harSa ne samakAlika rAjAoM ne harSa saMvat meM abhilekhoM kA aMkana kiyA / aise 20 lekhoM jo uttarI bhArata meM pAye gaye, harSa saMvat meM aMkita tathA usake kIla horna ne batAyA hai / 1. vI0e0 smitha, 'di aralI hisTrI oNpha iNDiyA", oNksaphorDa, 1667 1624, pR0 / 2. "riporTa oNpha da kalaiNDara riphArma kameTI", sAriNI 27, dillI, 1655, pR0 258 / 3. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDina erAja", vArANasI, 1676, pR0 64 / 4. robarTa sIvala, "di iNDiyana kalaMNDara", landana, 1866, pR0 45 / - 5. ela0DI0 svAmI pillaMyI, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", madrAsa, 1911, pR0 45 /

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136 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa nepAla se bhI isa saMvat se sambandhita abhilekha mile haiM / harSa saMvat meM aMkita abhilekhoM kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra kiyA jAtA hai : (1) svayaM harSa dvArA aMkita karAye gaye do abhilekha (528- 26 ) (2), nepAla se prApta 11 abhilekha, (3) eka abhilekha magadha ke Aditya sena kA, (4) do pratihAra abhilekha (saM0 542, 544), (5) cAra anya abhilekha | isa prakAra kula 20 abhilekha haiM jina para aMkita tithi ko vidvAn harSa saMvat kI tithi mAnate haiM / " harSa ke apane abhilekhoM ko chor3akara kevala pAMca abhilekha harSa saMvat se sambandhita mAne jAte haiM / inameM se harSa saMvat ke sambandha meM koI bhI adhika nahIM batAtA / ina pAMca meM se tIna harSa ke zAsana kSetra meM Ate haiM / eka nizcita hai ( paMjAba meM kahIM se ) pAMcavAM bundelakhaNDa ke sImAvartI kSetra kA hai|" abhilekhoM meM harSa saMvat ke prayoga kA pramANa to isa saMvat meM aMkita abhilekhoM se mila jAtA hai kintu sAhitya athavA itihAsa lekhana ke liye bhI isa saMvat ko apanAyA gayA isa sambandha meM sAkSya upalabdha nahIM haiM / isase yahI samajhanA cAhiye ki sAhitya lekhana meM isako grahaNa nahIM kiyA gayA / yaha mAtra prazAsanika gaNanA hI rahA aura rAjakIya kAryoM tathA rAjanaitika ghaTanAoM ke aMkana ke liye hI saMvat kA prayoga huA jo ki abhilekhoM ke rUpa meM aMkita kI gayI / harSa saMvat ke sambandha meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki kucha zatAbdiyoM bAda hI isakA prayoga samApta ho gayA / harSa saMvat se sambandhita kannauja narezoM tAmrapatra haiM / "ina rAjAoM kA zAsana kAla 750 I0 se 1000 I0 taka thA / inameM pahalA patra bhoja deva ke putra mahendrapAla deva kA hai / isa tAmrapatra kI tithi 315 jaisI lagatI hai jo harSa saMvat kI 621 I0 baiThatI hai / dUsarA tAmrapatra mahendrapAla ke pote vinAyakapAla deva kA hai| isakI tithi 386 jaisI lagatI hai / isake AdhAra para tithi 662 I0 baiThatI hai / isake bAda kannoja ko rAThauroM ne jIta liyA aura unhoMne vikramAditya saMvat vahAM bhI calA diyA / kanighama 1. Ara0sI0 majUmadAra, 'harSa vardhana e kriTikala sTaDI', 'da jarnala oNpha da bihAra eNDa ur3IsA risarca sosAyaTI", volyUma 6, 1623, pR0 31025 / 2. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1976, pR0 64 /

Page #151
aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 137 ke isa kathana se spaSTa hai ki harSa saMvat 662 I0 arthAt apane Arambha se 385 varSoM taka pracalana meM rahA / dhIre-dhIre vilupta hotA huA saMvat kucha varSa aura logoM kI smRti meM rahA hogA / yaha svAbhAvika hai | ataH harSa saMvat kI pracalana avadhi cAra zatAbdI mAnI jA sakatI hai / harSa saMvat ke prayoga se bAhara ho jAne ke mukhya kAraNa ArambhakartA kI zakti kSINatA va vikramAditya saMvat kA prasAra mAne jA sakate haiM / bhaTTikA saMvat bhaTTika nAmaka vaMza athavA zAsaka ke nAma para isa saMvat kA nAma bhaTTika par3A hai| isa vaMza kA zAsana rAjaputAne meM thA ataH vahIM AsapAsa bhaTTika saMvat kA pracalana huA / bhaTTika saMvat ke Arambha kA samaya harSa saMvat ke ekadama karIba hai | vI0vI0 mirAzI' ne rAjaputAnA meM mevAr3a ke dhulevagrAma se prApta hue lekha ke AdhAra para bhaTTika saMvat ke Arambha kI tithi 623 I0 dI hai / DA0 DI0esa0 triveda ne bhI isI kA samarthana kiyA hai - bhaTTika saMvat ke Arambha kI tithi 623 I0 hai ra / harSa saMvat ke Arambha kA samaya 622 I0 mAnA jAtA hai tathA bhaTTika saMvat ke Arambha kA samaya 623 I0 mAnA jAnA hai isa prakAra donoM saMvat kA Arambha ekadama nikaTa hai / O bhaTTika saMvat ke sambandha meM do pramukha vicAradhArAyeM haiM / prathama to DA0 majUmadAra kI dhAraNA hai ki isa nAma kA koI saMvat kabhI pracalita nahIM huA / bhaTTika saMvat se sambandhita mAne jAne vAle abhilekha harSa athavA hijrA saMvat ke haiN| isa sandarbha meM DA0 majUmadAra ne jaisalamera se prApta do lekhoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / isameM prathama, vikrama saMvat 1464, bhaTTika saMvat 813 mAgha zudI, zukravAra, Azvina nakSatra hai / isako niyamita karane para zukravAra 31 janavarI 1438 I0 AtA hai / dUsarA, abhilekha ziva mandira se prApta huA hai, jisameM vikrama saMvat 1673, zaka saMvat 1538 tathA bhaTTika saMvat 193 uttarAyaNa maMgasirA diyA hai jo 28 disambara 1616 I0 AtA hai / isameM 1. vI0vI0 mirAzI, 'da harSa eNDa bhaTTikA erA', 'AI0eca0 kyU0", volyUma 26, 153, pR0 124 / 2. DI0esa0 triveda, " iNDiyana kronolaoNjI ", bambaI, 1963, pR0 34 / 3. Ara0sI0 majUmadAra, vI0vI0 mirAzI dvArA uddhRta, 'da harSa eNDa bhaTTikA erA', "AI0eca0kyU0 ", volyUma 26, 1953, pR0 162 //

Page #152
138 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa prathama lekha bhaTTika saMvat ke Arambha kI tithi 624-25 I0 tathA dUsare lekha se Arambha kI tithi 623-24 I0 AtI hai| ina donoM lekhoM se prApta tithiyoM meM eka varSa kA antara hai| jisake sambandha meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki yaha pUrNa varSa va cAla varSa kA anta ra hai jaisA ki bahuta se bhAratIya saMvatoM ke sandarbha me milatA hai| "ina lekhoM kA paricaya dete hue tathA tithi nizcita karate hue majUmadAra ne ise hijrA samvat batAyA hai, lekina yaha asambhava hai, yaha vAstava meM bhaTTika samvat hI hai|" majUmadAra apane mata ke samarthana meM apane eka lekha meM kahate haiM : "bhaTTika samvat kA Arambha nizcita jJAta nahIM hai| parantu yaha hijrI ke lagabhaga nikaTa hai tathA jaisalamera jahAM se isake lekha mile haiM vaha usa sthAna ke bahuta pAsa hai jahAM AThavIM sadI I0 meM musalamAnoM ne adhikAra kara liyA thA aura sambhava hai yaha hijrA samvat hI vibhinna nAmoM se prasiddha haA ho tathA saura varSa meM parivartita kara diyA gayA ho|"2 hijrA varSa pUrNa rUpa se candrIya hai / ataH usakI kisI bhI saura gaNanA vAle samvat se samAnatA vyartha hai tathA isI AdhAra para majUmadAra ke mata kA khaNDana kiyA jAtA hai jabaki ve yaha kahate haiM ki hijrA samvat ko saura varSa meM parivartita kara liyA gayA hogaa| vI0vI0 mirAzI ne majamadAra dvArA bhaTTika samvat ko hijrA samvat mAnane ke sandarbha meM dI gayI samasta sambhAvanAoM kA khaNDana karate hue yahI kahA ki yaha bhaTTika samvat hai aura yahI ucita bhI jAna par3atA hai kyoMki vI0vI0 mirAzI aise sthAnoM para bhI isake pracalana kA ullekha karate haiM jahAM muslima zAsana nahIM thA aura jina sthAnoM para hijrI samvat ke prayoga kI sambhAvanA nahIM kI jA sktii| sAtha hI samvat kA pRthaka nAma isake pRthaka Arambha va astitva kA pratIka hai| hijrA samvat Aja taka hijrA nAma se hI jAnA jAtA hai| harSa samvat bhI bAda taka harSa samvat nAma se hI calA / phira ina donoM meM se kisI ke lie anya kisI nAma kA prayoga huA ho, yaha ucita nahIM lagatA / ataH bhaTTika samvat ke sandarbha meM yahI dhAraNA adhika ucita jAna par3atI hai ki bhaTTika vaMza athavA svayaM bhaTTika nAmadhArI kisI zAsaka ne isakA Arambha kiyA, jisakA zAsana kSetra rAjapUtAnA meM thA / zrI ojhA ne bhI jaisalamera se 1. vI0vI mirAzI, 'da harSa eNDa bhaTTika erA', "AI0eca0kyU.", vo0 26, 1953, pR0 163 / 2. Ara0sI0 majUmadAra, 'da harSa erA', "AI0eca0kyU0", vo0 27, 1651, pR0 187 /

Page #153
aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 136 rAjA vairama siMha ke samaya ke upalabdha lekhoM kA ullekha kiyA hai tathA niSkarSa diyA hai ki "ina donoM lekhoM se pAyA jAtA hai ki bhaTTika samvat meM 680.81 milAne se vikrama samvat aura 623 24 milAne se IsvI samvat AtA hai| abhI taka jaisalamera rAjya ke prAcIna lekho kI khoja bilkula nahIM huI, jimase yaha pAyA nahIM jAtA ki kaba se kaba taka isa samvat kA pracAra rhaa| jaisalamera tAmrapatra se itanA to nizcita hai ki bhaTrika sambat kA prayoga abhilekha aMkana ke lie huaa| isake atirikta aura kucha lekhoM kI bhaTTika samvat kA hI hone kI sambhAvanA mirAzI ne vyakta kI hai : ' isase sambandhita lekha rAjapUtAnA ke nikaTavartI pradeza meM pAye gaye haiM-koTa abhilekha 40 varSa, tAzAI lekha, alavara rAjya varSa 184, udayapura saMgrahAlaya abhilekha varSa 184 Adi lekhoM ko ojhA tathA bhaNDArakara ne harSa samvat kA svIkAra kiyA hai parantu yaha sambhava hai ki ye bhI bhaTTika samvat meM hI rahe hoN|"2 ina uddharaNoM se spaSTa hai ki kama athavA adhika mAtrA meM isa samvat kA prayoga abhilekhoM kI tithi aMkana ke lie to avazya huA, parantu isake atirikta anya kisI uddezya, itihAsa lekhana, paMcAMga nirmANa, sAhitya, dhArmika, sAmAjika kRtyoM kI pUrti mAdi ke lie bhI isakA prayoga huA athavA nahIM yaha patA nahIM cltaa| phira bhI yaha to mAnA hI jA sakatA hai ki isake ArambhakartA dvArA kucha samaya taka isakA prayoga rAjakAryoM meM kiyA gayA hogaa| bhaTTika samvat kA prayoga kaba se kaba taka rahA isa sandarbha meM nizcita sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hai / "bhaTTika samvat ke lekha 15vIM va 17vIM sadI meM bhI milate haiM, parantu isakA koI sAkSya nahIM ki yaha samvat prArambhika kAla meM bhI pracalita rahA hogaa|" 1. rAya bahAdura paNDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 178 / 2. vI0vI0 mirAzI, 'da harSa eNDa bhaTTika erA', "AI0eca0kyU.", vo. 26, 1953, pR0 165 / 3. vhii|

Page #154
140 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa mAgI samvat mAgI samvat ke viSaya meM yaha abhidhAraNA hai ki isakA maga jAti ke nAma para par3A, kisI vyakti vizeSa ke nAma se yaha sambandhita nahIM hai / isa samvat ke viSaya meM bhI ojhA kA vicAra hai ki "ciTAgAMga vAloM ne baMgAla meM phasalI san kA pracAra hone se 45 varSa bAda usako apanAyA ho / isa san ke mAgI kahalAne kA ThIka kAraNa to jJAta nahIM haA parantu aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki ArAkAna ke rAjA ne I0 samvata kI havIM zatAbdI meM ciTAgAMga jilA vijaya kiyA thA aura IsvI samvat 1666 meM mugaloM ke rAjya meM vaha milAyA gyaa| taba taka vahAM para arAkAniyoM arthAt magoM kA adhikAra kisI prakAra banA rahA thaa| sambhava hai ki magoM ke nAma se yaha magI san kahalAyA ho|" robarTa sIvala ne mAgI samvat ko IsAI sambat ke hI samAna mAnA hai / DA0 triveda ne 538 I0 athavA 560 zaka samvat mAgI samvat ke Arambha kI tithi dI hai / mAgI samvat kA pracalana arAkAna va ciTagAMga meM rhaa| isa prakAra 638 I0 san, 45 baMgAlI san, 560 zaka samvat mAgI samvat ke Arambha kA varSa mAnA gayA hai / 638 I0 san se Arambha hokara kaba taka yaha pracalana meM rahA, isake nizcita pramANa prApta nahIM hote / ojhA ke kathana se jisameM ve kahate : "isakA pracAra baMgAla ke ciTAgAMga jile meM hai / "5 aimA pratIta hotA hai ki ojhA ke pustaka-lekhana ke samaya (1918 I. taka) yaha pracalana meM thaa| mAgI samvat meM anya bhAratIya samvatoM se yaha eka pRthaka vizeSatA hai ki isake ArambhakartA ke rUpa meM kisI vyakti vizeSa kA nAma nahIM liyA gayA hai, balki yaha eka jAti vizeSa se hI sambandhita hai arthAt eka samAja se dUsare ne ise grahaNa kiyA aura isa kriyA meM mAtra samvat kA nAma hI badalA hai zeSa kucha 1. rAya bahAdura paNDita gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna __lipimAlA", ajamera, 1616, pR0 163 / 2. robarTa sIvala, "iNDiyana kalaNDara", landana, 1866, pR0 45 / 3. DI0esa0 triveda, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", bambaI, 1963, pR0 35 / 4. "riporTa oNpha da kalaNDara riphorma kameTI", dillI, 1955, pR0 258 / 5. hIrA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 163 /

Page #155
aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat nahIM aura yaha samvat grahaNa kA kArya kisI vizeSa avasara para huA athavA sahaja rUpa meM hI apanA liyA gayA isa sambandha meM bhI koI vizeSa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI / 141 ojhA, robarTa sIvaila tathA kalaiNDara riphorma kameTI kI riporTa meM mAgI samvat ko baMgAlI san ke samAna batAyA gayA hai jisakA artha yahI lagAnA cAhie ki yaha gaNanA paddhati va varSa Arambha ke sandarbha meM baMgAlI san kA hI pratirUpa hai / gaMgA samvat gaMgA vaMza ke dvArA calAye jAne ke kAraNa yaha gaMgA samvat ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / kahIM-kahIM isakA ullekha gAMgeya samvat ke nAma se bhI huA hai / gaMgA samvat kA pracalana bhArata ke dakSiNa ke pUrvI bhAga meM rahA / ' anya dUsare samvatoM ke samAna hI gagA samvat ke Arambha ke lie aneka tithiyAM dI jAtI haiM / isake Arambha va astitva kA anumAna kucha dAnapatroM ke AdhAra para lagAyA jAtA hai / DA0 triveda ne gaMgA samvat kA Arambha 467 I0 yA 416 zaka samvat se mAnA hai / isa sambandha meM zobhA rAla ne 346 va 414 I0, ghoSA ne 466 I0, mirAzI ne 468 I0, somezvara zarmA ne 504 I 0 0 tathA 741-772, 577 I0 Adi tithiyAM dI haiM / DA0 vI0vI0 mirAzI ne indrA purA se prApta vikrama vardhana tathA govinda varmana ke do tAmrapatroM (jo dAna patra haiM) ke AdhAra para gaMgA samvat kI tithi nizcita kI hai / andhra pradeza ke nalagoDA jile ke tumAlA gAMva meM do dAna patra prApta huye / vI0 ena0 zAstrI ne unheM sarva prathama prakAzita kiyA / ina lekhoM se viSNu kunDina ke viSaya meM navIna jAnakAriyAM prApta huyiiN| vI0vI0 mirAzI ne eka lekha meM inheM vikrama vardhana kA indrapurA dAna patra tathA govinda varmana kA indrapurA dAna patra nAmoM se sambodhita kiyA tathA isake AdhAra para gaMgA samvat kI tithi nizcita karane kA prayAsa kiyA / viSNu kuNDina kI anya tithiyoM meM indrapurA kI tithiyAM viSNu kuNDina ke zAsana kAla se 50 varSa purAnI hai / jaina pramANoM se yaha spaSTa ho cukA hai ki ye tithiyAM jAlI haiM / sambhavataH ve zaka samvat kI I 1. "riporTa oNpha da kalaiNDara riphorma kameTI", dillI, 1955, pR0 258 / 2. DI0 esa0 triveda, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI, bambaI, 1963, pR0 33 /

Page #156
142 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa koI anya prAcIna tithi haiN| viSNa kuNDina ke godAvarI tathA jirajiMgI tAmrapatroM se mahArAjA viSNu kuNDina kA zAsana kAla spaSTa hotA hai / parantu 528 gaMgA samvat baiThatA hai jabaki DA0 rAmArAva, bI0ena0 zAstrI, ajaya mitra zAstrI Adi ne gaMgA samvat kA Arambha 486 I. diyA hai| lekha ke anta meM mirAzI ina sabhI matoM kA khaNDana karate hue likhate haiM : "yadyapi gaMgA samvat ke Arambha ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai, parantu tAmrapatra kI sAkSI se yaha bAta spaSTa siddha hotI hai ki gaMgA sambata kA Arambha 486 I0 meM huaa| donoM hI viSNu kuNDina dAnapatroM se bhI isakI tithi mela khAtI hai / "3 paNDita ojhA 570 I0 se Arambha hone vAle gAMgeya samvat kA ullekha apanI lipimAlA meM karate haiN| jisako ve gaMgA vaMza ke kisI rAjA kA calAyA huA mAnate haiM / isa samvat ke astitva kA AdhAra madrAsa ke godAvarI jile se mile hue mahArAjA prabhAkara vardhana ke putra rAjA pRthvI mUla ke rAjya varSa 25veM kA dAnapatra hai| isa sambandha meM ojhA kA vicAra hai : "yadi ukta dAnapatra kA indra bhaTTAraka ukta nAma kA veMgI deza kA pUrvI cAlukya rAjA ho, jaisA ki DA0 phlITa ne anumAna kiyA hai to usa ghaTanA kA samaya I0 samvat 663 honA cAhie, kyoMki ukta san meM veMgI deza ke cAlukya rAjA jaya siMha kA dehAnta hone para usakA choTA bhAI indra bhaTTAraka usakA uttarAdhikArI huA thA aura kevala 7 dina rAjya karane pAyA thaa| aise hI yadi indrAdhirAja ko veMgI deza ke par3osa ke kaliMga nagara kA gaMgAvaMzI rAjA indravarmana (rAja siMha) jisake dAnapatra (gAMgeya) samvat 87 aura 61 ke mile haiM, anumAna kareM to gAMgeya sambat 87 IsvI samvat 663 ke lagabhaga honA caahie|"4 ojhA isa vicAra se bhI sahamata nahIM hai / ve Age likhate haiM : "parantu indra bhaTTAraka ke sAtha ke yuddha ke samaya taka indrAdhirAja ne rAjya pAyA ho aisA pAyA nahIM jaataa| isalie uparyukta IsvI samvat 663 kI ghaTanA gAMgeya samvat 87 1. vI0vI0 mirAzI, 'phreza lAiTa Ana TU nyU grAnTa oNpha da viSNu kuNDina', "jarnala oNpha iNDiyana hisTrI", volyUma 50, 1972, pR0 2 / 2. vahI, pR0 2 / 3. vahI, pR0 8 / 4. gaurI zaMkara hIrA canda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 176 /

Page #157
aitihAsika ghaTanAoM ke AraMbha hone vAle saMvat 143 se kucha varSa pUrva kI honI cAhie / yadi Upara ke donoM anumAna ThIka hoM to gAMgeya samvat kA Arambha IsvI sana 663-87=576 se kucha pUrva athAt IsvI samvat 570 ke AsapAsa honA caahie|" __ isa sambat kI Arambha tithi ke sambandha meM dI gayI tithiyoM meM zatAbdiyoM kA antarAla hai / jahAM DA0 triveda 467 I0 kI tithi gaMgA samvat ke Arambha ke lie dete haiM vahI somezvara zarmA dvArA 504 IsvI tathA 741, 772, 877 IsvI kI tithiyAM bhI dI gayI haiN| isa antarAla ko dekhate hue nizcita rUpa se yaha batA pAnA ki itane se itane samaya meM gaMgA samvat pracalana meM thA, kaThina kArya isa samvat kA prayoga abhilekhoM ke aMkana ke lie kiyA gayA yaha vikramavadhana kA indrapurA dAnapatra tathA govinda varmana ke indrApurA dAna patroM se spaSTa hai| ___ gaMgA samvat ke viSaya meM anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki "yaha samvat 350 varSa se kucha samaya taka pracalita rahakara asta ho gyaa|"2 gaMgA samvat ke zIghra samApta ho jAne ke lie bhI unhIM sAmAnya kAraNoM ko uttaradAyI mAnA jA sakatA hai jo anya dUsare kSetrIya samvat kI samApti ke lie uttaradAyI rahe / gaMgA sambat meM kisI navIna gaNanA paddhati ke grahaNa kiye jAne va isakA rASTrIya prasAra hone ke sambandha meM koI pramANa upalabdha nahIM hote / ataH apane ArambhakartA ke prabhAva ke anta ke sAtha hI samvat bhI lupta ho gyaa| yaha sambhava hai ki gaMgAvaMza ke nijI itihAsa lekhana athavA vaMza se sambandhita ghaTanAoM ko aMkita karane ke lie isa samvat kA prayoga huA ho, parantu anya samakAlika rAjavaMzoM athavA rASTrIya stara ke lekhakoM ne gaMgA samvat kA prayoga kiyA, isake pramANa upalabdha nahIM hote / ata: yahI mAnA jA sakatA hai ki itihAsa lekhana ke lie gaMgA samvat kI upayogitA nagaNya hI thii| yaha kaha pAnA kaThina hai ki gAMgeya samvat va gaMgA samvat eka hI the athavA pRthaka-pRthaka / kyoMki gAMgeya samvat kA ullekha zrI ojhA karate haiM lekina ve svayaM hI isake viSaya meM koI nizcita mata athavA tithi prastuta nahIM krte| ve likhate haiM : "yaha samvat gaMgAvaMza ke kisI rAjA ne calAyA hogA, parantu 1. gaurI zaMkara ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 176 / 2. vahI, pR0 176 /

Page #158
144 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa isake calAne vAle kA kucha bhI patA nahIM cltaa| gaMgAvaMziyoM ke dAnapatroM meM kevala samvata, mAsa, pakSa aura tithi yA saura dina diye hae hone ke tathA vAra kisI meM na hone se isa samvat ke prAraMbha kA ThIka-ThIka nizcaya nahIM ho sktaa|"1 Age ojhA likhate haiM : "jaba taka anya pramANoM se isa samvat ke prArambha kA ThIka-ThIka nirNaya na ho taba taka hamArA anumAna kiyA huA isa samvat ke prAraMbha kA yaha san (570 I0) bhI anizcita hI samajhanA caahie|" ___ yaha saMbhava hai gaMgA va gAMgeya samvat eka hI samvat ke do nAma par3a gaye hoM tathA deza ke vibhinna sthAnoM para alaga-alaga tithiyoM meM samvat grahaNa kiyA gayA ho tathA phasalI sambat ke samAna vibhinna AraMbha-tithiyAM grahaNa kI gayI hoM / kalaNDara sudhAra samiti ne gaMgA samvat kA AraMbha 638 IsvI ke bAda hI rakhA hai / isa riporTa meM bhI gaMgA samvat kI na to koI AraMbha tithi dI gayI hai aura na hI 1954 IsvI meM isakA cAlU varSa kyA thA? yaha diyA gayA hai| ata: isa sambat ke sambandha meM itanA hI spaSTa hai ki yaha gaMgAvaMza ke kisI zAsaka dvArA calAyA gayA tathA isakA pracalana dakSiNa bhArata ke pUrvI pradeza meM thA aura anumAnataH "yaha samvat 350 varSa se kucha adhika samaya taka pracalita rahakara asta ho gyaa|" barmo komana samvat isa samvat kA nAma barmI komana saMbhavata: isIlie par3A ki isakA prayoga barmA meM hamA / barmI komana samvat kA zAbdika artha bhI yahI nikalatA haibarmA meM sAmAnya rUpa se pracalita samvat / bhArata meM buddha gayA va isake bAda barmA meM isa samvat kA prasAra huaa| "bhArata meM mahAbodhi mandira buddhagayA se prApta abhilekhoM se barmI komana samvat kI tithiyAM prApta hotI haiN| sarvAdhika prAcIna lekha eka patthara para hai, jisameM mandira ke nirmANa tathA jIrNoddhAra kI tithiyAM dI gayI hai| 1. gaurI zaMkara ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1918, pR0 176 / 2. vahI, pR0 177 / 3. vhii| 4. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1676, pR072|

Page #159
aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 145 barmI komana samvat kA ArambhakartA kauna thA, kisa ghaTanA ke sambandha meM samvat AraMbha kiyA gayA tathA isake Arambha ke kyA uddezya the, isa sambandha meM patA nahIM cltaa| isa samvata kI Arambha tithi ke sambandha meM kaniMghama ne mAtra itanA hI kahA hai : "isa samvat kI AraMbha tithi zanivAra 21 mArca, 638 IsvI hai / jo jUliyana gaNanA ke anusAra 21 mArca, 638 I0 tathA grigeriyana ke anusAra 24 mArca, 638 IsvI hai|" isa samvat kI gaNanA paddhati bhAratIya gaNanA paddhati ke samAna hai / "isameM varSa kI lambAI sUrya siddhAnta ke AdhAra para 365.875648 dina hai / sUrya varSa kI gaNanA hinduoM ke samAna hI kI jAtI hai / 1 varSa meM 12 candramAsa kramazaH 26 va 30 dina ke hote haiM / 16 varSIya cakra meM 7 varSa nizcita rUpa se lauMda ke hote haiN|"2 kaniMghama ne isa saMvata ke varSa kA lauMda kA varSa jJAta karane kI paddhati bhI batAyI hai| "koI varSa lauMda kA hogA athavA nahIM yaha jAnane ke lie taba taka vyatIta varSoM kI kula saMkhyA ko 16 se bhAga dene para yadi zeSa 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 18 hoM taba vaha varSa loMda kA hogaa|"3 kaniMghama ke varNana se itanA to spaSTa hai ki usa saMvat kA prayoga abhilekha aMkana ke lie huaa| jaisA ki pIche diye gaye eka uddharaNa meM mahAbodhi mandira se prApta lekha kA varNana hai tathA isI ke AdhAra para kaniMghama ne barmI komana saMvat ke bhArata meM pracalana kI saMbhAvanA prakaTa kI hai| barmI komana saMvat ke saMdarbha meM eka mAtra varNana kaniMghama kA hI milatA hai| bhAratIya saMvat se sambandhita anyatra kisI pustaka, lekha athavA vidvAn kA mata prApta nahIM huaa| barmI komana saMvat kA nAma isa bAta kA dyotaka hai ki yaha mukhya rUpa se barmA se saMbandhita hai / yA to saMvat kA AraMbha bhArata meM huA va zIghra hI isakA pracalana bhArata se khatma hokara barmA meM adhika samaya taka rahA athavA isakA AraMbha hI barmA meM huA tathA kisI rAjanaitika saMdhi ke pariNAmasvarUpa kisI samaya bhArata meM isakA abhilekhoM para aMkana kiyA gyaa| jaisA ki sailyUsIDiyana saMvat ke sambandha meM samajhA jAtA hai| 1. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI 1676, pR071| 2. vahI, pR0 71 / 3. vahI, pR0 72 /

Page #160
146 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa bhaumAkara samvat isa saMvat kA nAma bhImAkara vaMza ke nAma para bhaumAkara saMvat par3A hai| yaha vaMza ur3IsA meM zAsana karatA thaa| isa vaMza kI vaMzAvaliyoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jAtA hai ki isa vaMza meM strI-puruSa donoM zAsaka hote the| isa vaza ke karIba 18 rAjAoM ne 200 varSoM taka zAsana kiyaa| ina zAsakoM ne eka saMvat kA Arambha kiyaa| yahI saMvat bhaumAkara saMvat ke nAma se prasiddha huA / isa saMvata ke pracalana kSetra ke sambandha meM DI0sI0 sarakAra kA anumAna hai : "yaha saMvat sambhavataH kSetrIya hI thaa| zanaiH-zanaiH vaMza kI zakti bar3hane para saMvat bhI adhika kSetra meM pracalita hotA gyaa|"1 ___ isa samvat se sambandhita abhilekhoM para mAtra bhaumAkara samvat kA hI prayoga huA hai / isake sAtha dUsare kisI samvat kI tithi va varSa nahIM diyA gayA hai jisase isa samvat kA dUsare samvat ke sAtha sAmaMjasya kara isake Arambha kI sahI tithi jJAta karane meM kaThinAI hai| gaMga rAjAoM ke abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para bhaNDArakara va DI0sI0 sarakAra ne bhaumAkara samvat ke Arambha ke saMdarbha meM anumAna kiye haiN| gaMga rAjAoM ke itihAsa se yaha patA calA ki 1078 IsvI meM unhoMne bhImarAjAoM ko parAsta kiyaa| isI AdhAra para tathA cInI va abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para bhaNDArakara ne bhaumAkara samvat ke sambandha meM yaha kahA: "bhauma rAjAoM ne 750-650 yA 775.615 I0 taka zAsana kiyaa| vaha bhaumAkara samvat ko harSa samvat se puSTi karane kA sujhAva dete haiN|" parantu DI0sI0 sarakAra isase sahamata nahIM haiM, unhoMne vibhinna sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para isa sambandha meM apanA mata isa prakAra diyA : "bhaumAkara samvat kA Arambha 820 I0 kI kisI tithi ke pAsa athavA havIM zatAbdI ke prathama arddha ke madhya meM huA hogaa|" bhaumAkara samvat ke saMdarbha meM DA0 DI0sI0 sarakAra kA mata hI mAnanIya hai tathA isa samvat ke Arambha kI tithi 820 I0 ucita hai / anya dUsare lekhoM 1. DI0sI0 sarakAra, 'da erA oNpha da bhaumAkarasa oNpha ur3IsA', "AI0eca0 kyU0", 1653, pR0 143 / 2. Ara0jI0 bhaNDArakara, DI0sI0 sarakAra dvArA "AI0eca0kyU" meM uddhRta, 1953, pR0 143 / 3. DI0sI0 sarakAra, 'da erA oNpha da bhImAkarasa oNpha ur3IsA', "AI0eca0 kyU.", 1653, pR0 155 /

Page #161
aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 147 athavA bhAratIya samvatoM se sambandhita pustakoM meM isa samvat ke sambandha meM varNana nahIM hai| bhaumAkara samvat kA prayoga abhilekhoM ke aMkana ke liye kiyA gayA isakI puSTi DI0sI0 sarakAra ne kI hai tathA svayaM abhilekha ke AdhAra para unhone bhaumAkara vaMza tathA usake dvArA calAye gaye samvata ke astitva kA anumAna kiyA va isI ke AdhAra para havIM sadI I0 ke prathama arddha ke madhya ko isa samvat kA Arambha samaya batAyA hai| bhaumAkara samvat ke sambandha meM adhika abhilekhoM va sAkSyoM kA upalabdha na honA yahI siddha karatA hai ki apane Arambha ke kucha samaya bAda hI yaha pracalana se bAhara ho gayA arthAt anya dUsare kSetrIya samvatoM ke samAna hI isakA pracalana bhI apane ArambhakartAoM ke sattA meM rahane taka hI rhaa| ArambhakartAoM kI zAsana samApti ke sAtha hI samvat bhI pracalana se bAhara ho gyaa| kollama samvat ___ isa samvat ko saMskRta lekhoM meM "kolava samvata" (varSa) aura tamila meM "kollama AMDu" (kollama-pazcimI aura, AMDu-varSa) arthAt pazcimI bhArata kA samvat Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai| kollama samvat ke sambandha meM eka rocaka kathA hai ki kollama (kilona) jo ki eka prAcIna nagara va bandaragAha hai tathA dakSiNI bhArata ke pazcimI taTa para sthita hai ki sthApanA ke samaya se isa samvat kA pracalana huaa| IsvI samvat kI 7vIM zatAbdI ke nesTorian pAdarI jesujabasa ne kkilona kA ullekha kiyA hai / IsvI samvat 851 ke araba lekhaka ne "kollama malla" nAma se isakA ullekha kiyA hai| banala kA vicAra hai ki isa samvat kA prArambha IsvI samvat 824 ke sitambara se huaa| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki yaha kollama kI sthApanA kI yAdagAra meM calA hai / banala ke isa vicAra kI AlocanA karate hue zrI ojhA ne likhA hai : "kollama zahara I0 samvat 824 se bahuta purAnA hai aura IsvI samvat kI 7vIM zatAbdI kA lekhaka usakA ullekha karatA hai / isalie I0 samvat 824 meM usakA basAyA jAnA aura usakI yAdagAra meM isa samvat kA calAyA jAnA mAnA nahIM jA sktaa|"1 kollama samvat ke Arambha ke sambandha meM zrI ojhA kA kathana hai : "tuhaphatulamajAhiddIna" 1. hIrAcanda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 176 /

Page #162
148 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa nAmaka pustaka kA kartA usakA hijrI san 200 meM musalamAna honA batalAtA hai| araba ke kinAre ke japhahAra nAmaka sthAna meM eka kabra hai jisako mAlAbAra ke abdurrahamAna sAmirI kI kabra batalAte haiM aura aisA bhI kahate haiM ki usa para ke lekha meM cerUmAna kA hinI san 202 meM vahAM pahuMcanA aura 216 meM maranA likhA hai / parantu mAlAbAra gajeTiyara kA kartA innesa likhatA hai ki ukta lekha kA honA kabhI pramANita nahIM haa| mAlAbAra meM to yaha prasiddha hai ki cerUmAn bauddha ho gayA thaa| isalie cerUmAna ke musalamAna ho jAne kI bAta para vizvAsa nahIM hotA aura yadi aisA huA ho to bhI isa ghaTanA se isa samvat kA calanA mAnA nahIM jA sakatA kyoMki koI hindU rAjA musalamAna ho jAve to usakI prajA aura usake kuTumbI use bahuta hI ghaNA kI dRSTi se dekheMge aura usakI yAdagAra sthira karane kI kabhI ceSTA na kreNge|"1 kollama samvat ke Arambha kI ghaTanA ke sambandha meM eka dhAraNA yaha bhI hai ki zaMkarAcArya ke svargavAsa se yaha samvat calA / yadi zaMkarAcArya kA janma IsvI samvat 788 (vikrama samvat 845= kaliyuga samvat 3886) meM aura dehAMta 38 varSa kI avasthA meM mAnA jAve taba unakA dehAnta IsvI samvat (788+38)-826 IsvI meM honA sthira hotA hai / yaha samaya kollama samvat ke Arambha ke karIba hI hai / isa dhAraNA kA mukhya srota mAlAbAra se pracalita janazruti hai| __ isa samvat kA pracalana bhArata ke pazcimI taTavartI pradeza meM thaa| mAlAbAra, kocIna tathA TrAvakora mukhya rUpa se pracalana kSetra haiN| mAlAbAra ke loga isako parazurAma kA samvat bhI kahate haiM / kollama samvat ke Arambha ke lie 825 I0 kI tithi hI svIkRta hai| isakI puSTi svAmI pillayo, robarTa sIvaila Adi ne kI hai / kalaiNDara riphorma kameTI ne bhI isI tithi ko mAnA hai| kollama samvat ke do prakAra ke varSoM kA pracalana hai / uttarI mAlAbAra meM 17 sitambara (saura kanyAdi mAha) se varSa Arambha hotA hai tathA dakSiNI mAlAbAra meM varSa kA Arambha 17 agasta (siMhAdi mAha) se varSa kA Arambha hotA hai| isake 1. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR. 176 / 2. ela0DI0 svAmI pillayI, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", madrAsa, 1911, pR0 43 / 3. robarTa sIvaila, "da iNDiyana kalaiNDara", landana, 1866, pR0 45 / 4. "riporTa oNpha da kalaiNDara riphorma kameTI", dillI, 1955, pR0 258 /

Page #163
aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 146 varSa sadaiva saura va cAlU varSa hI likhe jAte haiN| "mAlAbAra meM mahInoM ke nAma saMkrAntiyoM ke nAma para hI haiM, parantu tinnevelli jile meM unake nAma caitrAdi mahInoM ke laukika rUpa se haiN| caitra ko zittira' yA 'cittirai' kahate haiN| vahAM kA saura caitra mAlAbAra vAloM kA 'meSa' hai| isa sambat ke varSa bahudhA vartamAna hI likhe jAte haiN| isa samvat galA sabase purAnA lekha kollama samvat 146 kA milA hai| __yaha samvat parazurAma cakra arthAt 1000 varSoM vAle cakra para AdhArita hai / "1000 varSa pUre hone para varSa phira eka se prArambha honA mAnate haiM aura vartamAna cakra ko cauthA cakra batalAte haiM, parantu IsvI samvat 1825 meM isa samvat yA cakra ke 1000 varSa pUre ho jAne para phira unhoMne eka se varSa likhanA zurU nahIM kiyA kintu 1000 se Age likhate cale A rahe haiM, jisase isa samvat ko 1000 varSa kA cakra nahIM mAna sakate / "2 kollama samvat ke sambandha meM yaha nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki kisa ghaTanA ke saMdarbha meM isakA Arambha huaa| lekina itanA nizcita hai ki isakA prayoga kaI zatAbdiyoM taka bhArata ke kucha pradezoM meM huA tathA anya samvatoM ke samAna hI isakA paMcAMga bhI jana sAdhAraNa meM paryApta rUpa meM prayoga hotA hai tathA isakA prayoga abhilekhoM ke tithi aMkana ke lie bhI kiyA gyaa| kollama samvat ke saMdarbha meM yaha viziSTatA hai ki uttarI mAlAbAra meM 17 sitambara se varSa Arambha hotA hai tathA dakSiNI mAlAbAra meM varSa kA Arambha 17 agasta se hotA hai| "1654 I0 meM kollama samvat kA 1130 pracalita varSa thaa|"3 kollama samvat ke Arambha ke sambandha meM yadi zaMkarAcArya kI mRtyu kI ghaTanA ko AdhAra mAnA jAye, jisakA ki samarthana zrI ojhA ne bhI kiyA hai, taba yaha tathya sAmane AtA hai ki yaha anya bhAratIya saMvat-AraMbha paramparA se haTakara hai, kyoMki aise bahuta kama saMvat haiM jo maraNa-smRti ke rUpa meM sthApita kiye gye| adhikAMza saMvatoM kA AraMbha rAjanaitika zakti-saMpannatA ke avasara para hI kiyA gyaa| 1. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 180 / 2. vhii| 3. "riporTa oNpha da kaleNDara riphorma kameTI", dillI, 1955, pR0 250 /

Page #164
150 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa nevAra (nepAla) samvat "nevAra" zabda "nepAla" kA kSetrIya apabhraMza rUpa hai| abhilekhoM meM jahAM isa samvat ko sAmAnya rUpeNa prayukta zabda samvat se abhihita nahIM kiyA gayA vahAM isake lie "nepAla varSa", "nepAla sambat" tathA "nepAla abda" zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai / isa samvat kA pracalana nepAla meM huaa| isa kSetra ke rAjAoM ne sikkoM para bhI isa samvat kA aMkana kiyA / isa samvat ke saMdarbha meM nepAlI vaMzAvaliyoM tathA zAsakoM kI sUcI se jAnakArI milatI hai / DA. bhagavAna lAla indrajI ko nepAla se jo vaMzAvalI milI, usase pAyA jAtA hai ki dUsare ThAkurI vaMza ke rAjA abhayamalla ke putra jayadeva malla ne nevAra samvat claayaa| usane kAMtipura aura lalitapaTTana para rAjya kiyA aura usake choTe bhAI anaMda malla ne bhaktapura basAyA aura vaha vahIM rahA / zilAlekhoM aura pustakoM meM isa samvat ke sAtha die hae mAsa, pakSa, tithi, vAra, nakSatra Adi kI gaNitIya jAMca ke AdhAra para IsvI samvat 876 tArIkha 20 akTUbara arthAta caitrAdi vikrama sambat 636 kArtika zukla eka se isa samvata kA Arambha honA nizcaya kiyA hai| isase gata nepAla samvat meM 87876 jor3ane se IsvI samvat aura 635-36 jor3ane se vikrama samvat hotA hai| isake mahIne amAMta haiM aura varSa bahudhA gata (vyatIta) likhe milate haiM / yaha samvata nepAla meM pracalita thA / nevAra samvat ke prArambha ke lie uparokta tithi ko aneka vidvAnoM ne mAnA hai jaise--robarTa sIvaila,2 ela0DI0 svAmI pillayI, DA0 DI0esa0 triveda Adi / DA0 bhagavAna lAla indra jI ko prApta huI nepAla vaMzAvalI meM jayadeva malla dvArA nepAla samvat kA calAnA likhA hai / jisa samaya jayadeva malla aura AnaMda malla kA nepAla para saMyukta zAsana thA usI samaya karnATaka vaMza ko sthApita karane vAle nAnyadeva ne dakSiNa se Akara nepAla samvat 1. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 181 / 2. robarTa sIvaila, "da iNDiyana kaleNDara", landana, 1866, pR0 45-46 / 3. ela. DI. svAmI pillayI, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", madrAsa, 1911, 10 45 / 4. DI0esa0 triveda, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", bambaI, 1963, pR0 38 /

Page #165
aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 151 6 yA zaka samvat 811 zrAvaNa zudi saptamI ko nepAla vijaya kara jayadeva malla aura anaMda malla ko tirahuta kI tarapha nikAla diyA / isa kathana ke anusAra zaka samvat aura nevAra samvat ke bIca kA antara 811=6=802 tathA vikrama samvat va nevAra samvat ke bIca kA antara 646=6=937 varSa AtA hai / 1 nepAla samvat meM sampUrNa nepAla ko jItane tathA AnaMda malla va jayadeva malla ko harAne vAle nyAyadeva ko phlITa ne dakSiNa kA nahIM mAnA hai / phlITa ne yaha sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai : "satya sambhavataH yaha hai ki nAnyadeva jayadeva malla kA mantrI thA, jisane samaya kA lAbha uThAkara rAjasattA har3apa lI, jo vaMzAvalI ke anusAra usakI pAMca pIr3hiyoM bAda taka usake vaMzajoM ke hAthoM meM rahI / yaha batA pAnA kaThina hai ki nAnyadeva vastutaH dakSiNAtya thA athavA nhiiN| ho sakatA hai ki yaha abhikathana evaM rAjavaMza kA nAma managar3hanta ho aura usakI kalpanA kevala naye samvat se saMbaddha varSa ke rUpa se saMgati biThAne ke lie kI gayI ho, samvat kI sthApanA vastutaH usake dvArA huI thI, jayadeva malla dvArA nahIM / "" 1 nepAla meM naye samvat kI sthApanA ke sAtha hI paMcAMga meM bhI parivartana kiyA gayA / yaha parivartana thA " nepAla meM aba taka prayukta varSa ke sthAna para anya prAdezIya karnATaka varSa kI saMsthApanA huI / kalaiNDara sudhAra samiti ne bhI nevAra samvat ke Arambha kI tithi 878 I0 dI hai / kaniMghama ne rAjA rAghavadeva ko nepAla samvat kA ArambhakartA mAnA hai jisane 850 I0 meM nepAla meM isa samvat kA Arambha kiyA / parantu bhagavAna lAla indra jI ko prApta vaMzAvAliyoM se isa tathya kI puSTi nahIM hotI / cAlukya vikrama samvat abhilekhoM meM isa samvat ko "cAlukya vikrama kAla" yA "cAlukya vikrama varSa" ke nAma se aMkita kiyA gayA hai / kabhI kabhI isake lie "vIra vikrama 1. jaoNna phethaphula phlITa, "bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha", (hindI anu0 girajAzaMkara mizra), jayapura, 1674, pR0 74 / 2. vahI, pR0 74 / 3. "riporTa oNpha da kalaiNDara riphorma kameTI", dillI, 1655, pR0 258 / 4. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1676, pR0 74 /

Page #166
152 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa kAla", "vikrama kAla" aura "vikrama varSa" nAmoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / yaha samvat solaMkI rAjA vikramAditya ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke varSa se calA huA mAnA jAtA hai| __ isa samvata ke Arambha ke lie 1076 I0 kI tithi mAnya hai| elegjeNDara kaniMghama kA isa saMbaMdha meM vicAra hai : "usake sambat kA Arambha usake siMhAsanArohaNa zaka saMvat 198 arthAta 1076 I0 se hotA hai / " isa prakAra 14 pharavarI, 1076 I0 athavA phAlguna zudi paMcamI 668 zaka samvat cAlukya vikrama samvat ke Arambha kI nizcita tithi jJAta hai| aneka vidvAnoM ne isI tithi kA samarthana kiyA hai| sI0 mobala Dapha02, DA0 DI0esa0 triveda, robarTa sIvaila tathA svAmI pillayI ne 1076 I0 kI tithi ko hI mAnA hai| cAlukya vikrama samvat ke Arambha kA mukhya kAraNa solaMkI rAjA vikramAditya chaThe kI apane nAma se eka nayA samvat calAne tathA pUrva pracalita zaka samvat ko miTAne kI icchA mAnI jA sakatI hai| ataH pUrva pracalita vikrama sambat se isako bhinna dikhAne ke lie isake nAma ke sAtha cAlukya jor3a diyA gyaa| cAlukya vaMza ke abhilekhoM meM isa samvat kA prayoga huA hai / ojhA ne isa sambandha meM do abhilekhoM kurta koTi se prApta abhilekha va yevara gAMva se prApta abhilekha kA varNana kiyA hai| prathama-kutaM koTi se prApta lekha meM cAlukya vikrama varSa saptamI duMdubhi saMvatsara pauSa zukla 3 ravivAra uttarAyaNa saMkrAnti aura vyatipAta likhA hai| dakSiNa brahaspatya gaNanA ke anusAra duMdubhi saMvatsara zaka samvat 1004 thaa| dUsarA yevUra gAMva se prApta abhilekha hai / 1. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka Apha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1676, pR0 75 / 2. sI0 mobala Dapha, "da kronolaoNjI oNpha iNDiyA", bhAga-1, vArANasI, 1975, pR0 126-30 / 3. DI0esa0 triveda, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", bambaI, 1963, 10 38 / 4. robarTa sIvala, "da iNDiyana kaleNDara", landana, 1866, 10 46 / 5. ela0 DI0 svAmI pillayI, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", madrAsa, 1611, pR045| 6. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcaMda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1918, pR0 181-821

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 153 ina abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para zrI ojhA ne zaka samvat va cAlukya vikrama samvat ke bIca 667 varSa kA antara, vikrama samvat va cAlukya vikrama samvat ke bIca 1132 varSoM kA antara tathA IsvI samvat aura cAlukya vikrama samvat ke bIca 1075-76 varSoM kA antara batAyA hai / ' arthAt cAlukya vikrama samvat meM 1075 jor3ane se vartamAna I0 samvat banatA hai aura vartamAna I0 samvata, meM 1075 ghaTAne se cAlukya vikrama samvat kA vartamAna cAlU varSa banatA hai / pracalita rahA pa dakSiNI pazcimI bhArata meM cAlukya vikrama samvat anya dUsare kSetrIya samvat kI bhAMti yaha samvat bhI lagabhaga eka sadI bAda lupta ho gayA / "yaha samvat anumAnataH 100 varSa calakara masta ho gayA / isakA sabase pichalA lekha cAlukya vikrama samvat 14 kA milA hai / " cAlukyoM ke patana ke sAtha hI unake samvat kI samApti se yahI samajhA jA sakatA hai ki isa sambata kA pracalana kisI Thosa gaNanA paddhati para AdhArita nahIM thA / pUrvaM pracalita paMcAMgoM ko hI nayA nAma dene kA prayAsa kiyA gayA thA ataH vaMza kI samApti va samvat ke rAjakIya saMrakSaNa ke anta ke sAtha hI jana-sAdhAraNa ne ise tyAga diyA tathA pUrva pracalita zaka va vikrama samvatoM ko hI grahaNa kara liyA / cAlukya rAjA vikramAditya isa samvat kA ArambhakartA thA / yaha nirvivAda rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| " apane rAjyAbhiSeka kI smRti meM usane cAlukya vikrama samvat nAmaka eka nayA samvat calAyA / 14 cAlukya vaMza kA itihAsa jAnane meM isa samvata kI kAphI upayogitA hai kyoMki isa vaMza ke abhilekhoM para cAlukya bikrama samvat va dakSiNa meM pracalita brahaspati gaNanA ke varSa aMkita haiM jisase brahaspati gaNanA ke varSoM ke sAtha eka vikrama va IsAI samvat ke varSoM kI gaNanA kara cAlukya vaMza se saMbaMdhita ghaTanAoM kI tithiyAM nizcita kI jA sakatI haiM / 1. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcaMda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1981, pR0 152 / 2. "riporTa oNpha da kalainDara riphorma kameTI, dillI, 1955, pR0 258 / 3. hIrAcanda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 152 / 4. ke0e0 nIlakaMTha zAstrI, "dakSiNa bhArata kA itihAsa", ( anuvAdaka vIrendra varmA), paTanA, 1672, pR0 156 /

Page #168
154 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa ___ yaha samvat eka rAjA dvArA calAyA gayA thA aura usako rAjakIya saMrakSaNa prApta thA ataH isakA rAjanItika prayoga to vidita hI hai, parantu eka zatAbdI kI alpa avadhi meM dhArmika kAryoM meM bhI logoM ne isako grahaNa kara liyA hogA yaha sambhava nahIM lagatA, kyoMki ghAmika nItiyoM meM itanA zIghra parivatana ho pAnA sambhava nhiiN| lakSmaNa sena samvat sena vaMzI rAjA lakSmaNa sena dvArA calAyA gayA yaha samvata lakSmaNa sena samvata" ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / isa sambata kA nAma isake ArambhakartA ke nAma para hI rakhA gayA hai / ___ lakSmaNa sena samvata kA Arambha bhI vivAda kA viSaya hai| vidvAnoM ne kramazaH lakSmaNa sena ke janma (minahAja usa sirAja), rAjyArohaNa (abbula phajala), va mRtyu (e0 kaniMghama) kI ghaTanAoM se samvata ke Arambha ko sambaddha kiyA hai| lakSmaNa sena ke janma se hI samvat kA Arambha huA tathA isI samaya usakA rAjyAbhiSeka bhI kara diyA gayA--isa mata ko minahAjausa sirAja ne "tabakAtenAsirI" meM diyA hai : "rAya lakhamaNiyA (lakSmaNasena) garma meM thA usa samaya usakA pitA mara gayA thaa| usakI mAtA kA dehAnta prasava vedanA se huA aura lakhamaNiyA janmate hI gaddI para biThAyA gyaa| usane 80 varSa rAjya kiyaa| lakSmaNa sena samvat kA Arambha I0 samvat 1116 meM huA jaisA ki Age likhA gayA hai| isalie bakhtiyAra khilajI kI lakSmaNa sena para nAdiyA kI car3hAI lakSmaNa sena samvat (1166-1116) 80 meM huI jabaki lakSmaNasena kI umra 80 varSa kI thI aura utane hI varSa usako rAjya karate hue the|" lakSmaNa sena samvat kA Arambha rAjA lakSmaNa sena ke rAjyAbhiSeka kI ghaTanA se huA thA isa mata ko abbula phajala ne diyA hai| "akabaranAmA" meM abbula phajala ne likhA hai ki "baMga (baMgAla) meM lakSmaNa sena ke rAjya ke prArambha se samvat ginA jAtA hai / usa samaya se aba taka 465 varSa hue haiN| gujarAta aura dakSiNa meM zAlIvAhana kA samvat hai jisake isa samaya 1506 aura mAlavA tathA 1. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA dvArA apanI pustaka "bhAratIya prAcIna lipi mAlA, ajamera, 1618, pR0 184 meM uddhR ta /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 155 dehalI Adi meM vikrama kA samvata calatA hai jisake 1641 varSa vyatIta hue haiN| isase zaka saMvat aura lakSmaNa sena saMvata ke bIca kA antara (1506 =465) 1041 varSa prAtA hai|" lakSmaNa sena ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke samaya isa saMvat kA Arambha huA isakA samarthana svayaM projhA ne bhI kiyA hai / "yaha saMvata baMgAla ke sena vaMzI rAjA ballAla sena ke putra lakSmaNa sena ke rAjyAbhiSeka se calA huA mAnA jAtA hai / isa prakAra abbula phajala va ojhA rAjyAbhiSeka kI ghaTanA ko saMvat-AraMbha kA samaya mAnate haiM jabaki minahAja usa sirAja ne lakSmaNa sena ke janma va rAjyArohaNa kI ghaTanA kA samaya eka hI batAyA hai / ataH tInoM vidvAnoM ne eka hI tithi ko jisameM ki lakSmaNa sena kA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA gayA, lakSmaNa sena saMvat ke Arambha kA dina mAnA hai / inameM abbula phajala va ojhA dvArA mAtra rAjyArohaNa kI ghaTanA kA ullekha haA hai| isakA kAraNa saMbhavataH yahI rahA hogA ki ina vicArakoM ke janma va rAjyArohaNa kI ghaTanA eka hI hone ke saMbaMdha meM paryApta vivaraNa na pAyA ho tathA minahAja usasirAja ko isa saMbaMdha meM vivaraNa prApta huA tathA usane donoM ghaTanAoM kA nAma sAtha-sAtha diyA / ataH ye tInoM vicAra ka isa saMbaMdha meM eka mata haiM ki saMvat AraMbha kI ghaTanA va rAjyArohaNa kI ghaTanA eka hI thii| __ yaha bhI vivAdAspada vAta hai ki janma ke samaya hI lakSmaNa sena kA rAjyA. bhiSeka kara diyA gayA thA kyoMki manarAla va mittala lakSmaNa sena kA vAstavika zAsana AraMbha lakSmaNa sena saMvat ke AraMbha va usake janma kI ghaTanA se bahuta bAda meM mAnate haiN| tathA ve yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki ballAla sena ne svayaM apane putra lakSmaNa sena ko rAjyAdhikAra sauMpA thA aura lakSmaNa sena ke rAjA banane ke bAda bhI ballAla sena jIvita thaa| "ballAla sena ne apane jIvana ke antima varSoM meM rAjagaddI kA tyAga kara apane putra lakSmaNa sena ko rAjyAdhikAra sauMpa diyaa| saMbhavataH 1176 I0 meM lakSmaNa sena rAjA huaa|"3 isa kathana se spaSTa hai ki 1179 I. taka svayaM ballAla sena zAsana kara rahA thA jabaki minahAja ballAla 1. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 184 / 2. vhii| 3. manarAla, mittala "rAjapUtakAlIna uttara bhArata kA rAjanItika itihAsa", AgarA, 1978, pR0 78 /

Page #170
156 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa sena kI mRtyu lakSmaNa sena ke janma ke samaya hI batAtA hai tathA minahAja ke anusAra lakSmaNa sena 1116 I0 meM janma ke turanta bAda rAjA bana gayA thaa| ina do virodhI tatvoM kA samAdhAna gaurI zaMkara ojhA ke kathana se ho jAtA hai jisake lie ve "laghu bhArata" nAmaka saMskRta graMtha kA uddharaNa dete haiM / ojhA kA kahanA hai ki isa graMtha se hameM yaha patA calatA hai ki ballAla sena ke mithilA kI car3hAI meM mara jAne kI aphavAha hI phailI thI aura isI samaya lakSmaNa sena kA janma huaa| ataH saMbhava hai ki ballAla sena kI matyu kI aphavAha se hI lakSmaNa sena kA rAjyAbhiSeka kara diyA gayA ho aura apane putra ke janma kI khabara pAkara mithilA meM ballAla sena ne putra-janma kI khuzI meM yaha nayA saMvat calAyA ho / ' ina virodhI tathyoM ko dekhakara yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki lakSmaNa sena kA rAjyAbhiSeka ballAla sena kI mRtyu kI khabara phailane ke kAraNa janma ke sAtha hI kara diyA gayA aura ballAla sena ne isI samaya nayA saMvat bhI AraMbha kara diyA kintu ballAlasena jIvita thA ataH rAjA vahI rahA / parantu isa saMdarbha meM eka mahatvapUrNa tathya yaha hai ki lakSmaNasena kA janma 1116 meM huA aura usako rAjA 1176 me banAyA gayA jabaki usakI umra 60 varSa ho cukI hogI / taba kyA itane varSoM taka vaha mAtra rAjya-pratyAzI hI banA rahA jabaki usakA rAjatilaka ho cukA thA? vAstavika zAsana adhikAra prApti kI tithi cAhe jo bhI ho saMvat Arambha ke sandarbha ke dRSTikoNa se lakSmaNa sena ke janma kI tithi hI mahatvapUrNa hai kyoMki saMvat AraMbha kA saMbaMdha janma kI ghaTanA se hai / ata: 1116 I0 ko hI lakSmaNa sena saMvat ke prArambha ke lie ucita mAnanA caahiye| lakSmaNa sena saMvat kA Arambha lakSmaNa sena kI mRtyu ke samaya huA-isa mata kA pratipAdana e0 kaniMghama ne kiyA hai : "isa saMvat kI sthApanA lakSmaNa sena kI mRtyu para huI jo baMgAla ke rAjA ballAla sena kA putra thaa|"2 kaniMghama ke varNana kA AdhAra saMbhavataH alberUnI kA bhAratIya saMvatoM ke sandarbha meM apanAyA gayA rukha hai / alberUnI gupta saMvat kA Arambha gupta vaMza kI samApti se batAtA hai 1. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1918, pR0 184 / 2. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1976, pR0 76 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 157 aura usI kA anusaraNa kara kaniMghama ne bhI gupta vaMza ke vinAza se gupta saMvat kA Arambha mAnA tathA isI dhAraNA ko lekara zAyada kaniMghama ne lakSmaNa sena saMvat kA Arambha bhI usake ArambhakartA kI mRtyu se mAna liyaa| jabaki kisI bhI duHkhada ghaTanA se saMvat Arambha kI paramparA bhArata meM nahIM thI / naye saMvat kA Arambha usI ghaTanA se kiyA jAtA thA jisako loga smaraNa rakhane meM khuzI mahasUsa kareM tathA jo harSaM va Ananda se sambandhita ho / ataH bhAratIya paramparAoM ke anusAra rAjyArohaNa kI ghaTanA hI saMvat Arambha ke lie ucita lagatI hai / alberunI dvArA varNita aneka saMvatoM ke sandarbha meM isa prakAra kI galata vicAradhArAoM kA khaNDana unake sambandha meM upalabdha aneka pramANita srotoM ke AdhAra para kiyA jA cukA hai / alberunI bahuta kama samaya hI bhArata meM rahA ataH yahAM pracalita saMvatoM va paramparAoM ke viSaya meM usako gaharAI se jAnakArI prApta ho sakI hogI isa para adhika vizvAsa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / ataH lakSmaNa sena saMvat kA Arambha bhI lakSmaNa sena ke rAjyArohaNa ke samaya se huA hogA na ki mRtyu ke samaya se / isa saMvat kA pracalana tirahuta va mithilA prAntoM meM rahA / zaka va vikrama saMvatoM ke sAtha hI lakSmaNa sena saMvat kA prayoga bhI hotA rahA hai / aThArahavIM zatAbdI ke anta va 16vIM ke Arambha ke samaya ke lekhakoM ne lakSmaNa sena saMvata ke pracalana kSetra ke saMbaMdha meM lagabhaga samAna vicAra vyakta kiye haiM / ojhAjI kA vicAra hai - "yaha saMvat pahale baMgAla, bihAra aura mithilA meM pracalita thA / aura aba mithilA meM usakA kucha-kucha pracAra hai jahA~ isakA Arambha mAgha zukla 1 se mAnA jAtA hai / "" sIvaila kA vicAra hai : "yaha saMvat tirahuta va mithilA meM pracalita hai aura sadaiva zaka va vikrama saMvata ke sAtha usakA prayoga hotA hai / ' kaniMghama va zaMkara bAlakRSNa dIkSita ne bhI isI prakAra ke vicAra vyakta kie haiM / 2 1. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA" ajamera, 1618. pR0 186 | 2. robarTa sIvala, "di iNDiyana kalaMNDara ", landana, 1896, pR0 46 / 3. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1676, pR0 76 / 4. zrI zaMkara bAlakRSNa dIkSita, "bhAratIya jyotiSa", (hindI anuvAdaka - zivanAtha jhArakhaNDI), lakhanaU, 1663, pR0 466 /

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158 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa mithilA meM isa saMvata kA Arambha kiyA gayA tathA apane Arambha ke dinoM meM yaha baMgAla, bihAra aura mithilA meM pracalita thaa| isake pazcAta sambhavataH saMvat kA pracalana-kSetra sImita ho gayA aura yaha mithilA va tirahuta meM pracalita rhaa| uparokta kathanoM se yahI bAta spaSTa hotI hai tathA kalaiNDara sudhAra samiti kI riporTa meM isakA pracalana-kSetra mAtra mithilA hI batAyA gayA hai' arthAta saMvat kA prayoga-kSetra nirantara ghaTatA rahA hai / isake sAtha hI yaha kahIM bhI mukhya saMvat ke rUpa meM prayoga nahIM huA hai varana zaka va vikrama ke sAtha kSetrIya saMvata ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai / yaha saMvata aba pracalana meM nahIM hai, na hI isakI gaNanA paddhati ke viSaya meM spaSTa sAkSya upalabdha haiM / ataH isake kula vyatIta varSoM athavA vartamAna pracalita varSa batA pAnA saMbhava nhiiN| isa saMvat kA prayoga rAjanItika va aitihAsika mahatva ke sAhitya ke lie kiyA gayA jaisA ki minahAja usasirAja va abbula phajala kI pustakoM ke uparokta Aye uddharaNoM se vidita hai| ziva siMha saMvat __ yaha saMvat "ziva siMha saMvat'' athavA mAtra "siMha saMvat" nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai isa saMvata ke viSaya meM jAnakArI kA mukhya srota karnala jemsa TaoNDa dvArA racita "Tra vilja ina vesTarna iMDiyA" hai| karnala TaoNDa ne kAThiyAvAr3a ke dakSiNa meM gohiloM ko isa saMvat kA pravartaka mAnA hai / bhagavAna lAla indrajI kA kathana hai : "saMbhavataH I0 saMvat 1113.1114 (vikrama saMvat 1169-70) meM (cAlukya) jaya siMha (siddharAja) ne soraTha (dakSiNI kAThiyAvAr3a) ke (rAjA) kheMgAra ko vijaya kara apane vijaya kI yAdagAra meM yaha saMvat claayaa|"2 parantu isa kathana para zrI ojhA dvArA aneka ApattiyAM lagAI gayI haiN| prathama-I0 saMvat 1113-1114 meM hI jaya siMha ke kheMgAra ko vijaya karane kA koI pramANa nahIM hai / dUsarI Apatti yaha hai ki yadi jaya siMha ne yaha saMvat calAyA hotA to isakA nAma "jaya siMha saMvat" honA cAhiye the na ki "siMha saMvat" 1. "riporTa oNpha da kalaNDara riphorma kameTI", naI dillI, 1655, pR0 258 / 2. gaurIzaMkara horAcanda ojhA dvArA apanI pustaka, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipi__ mAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 182 meM uddha t| 3. vahI, pR0 162-83 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 156 kyoMki saMvatoM ke sAtha unake pravartakoM ke pUre nAma hI jur3e rahate haiM / tIsarI bAta yaha hai ki yadi yaha saMvat jayasiMha ne calAyA hotA to isakI pravRtti ke pIche usake evaM usake vaMzajoM ke zilAlekhoM tathA dAnapatroM meM mukhya saMvat yahI honA cAhie thaa| parantu aisA na honA yahI batalAtA hai ki yaha saMvat jayasiMha kA calAyA haA nahIM hai / kAThiyAvAr3a se bAhara isa saMvat kA kahIM pracAra na honA bhI sAbita karatA hai ki yaha saMvat kAThiyAvAr3a ke siMha nAma ke kisI rAjA ne calAyA hogA, jisakA nAma usake sAtha jur3A huA hai| kaniMghama gujarAta ke prAyadvIpa ke jaina rAjAoM kI niSkAsana kI tithi se isa saMvat kA Arambha mAnate haiN| sI0 mobala Dapha 16 mArca, 1113 I0 athavA 1166 vikrama saMvat gujarAta ke ziva siMha saMvat ke Arambha kI tithi mAnate haiM / mAMgarola kI sor3haDI vAva (bAbar3I) ke lekha meM vikrama saMvat 1202 aura siMha saMvat 32 Azvina badi 13 somavAra likhA hai jisase vikrama saMvata aura siMha saMvat ke bIca kA antara 1202-32 = 1170 AtA hai| caulukya rAjA bhImadeva ke dAna patra meM vikrama saMvat 1266 aura siMha saMvat 66 mArgazira zudi 14 guruvAra likhA hai| isase vikrama saMvata aura siMha saMvata ke bIca kA antara 1266-66=1170 AtA hai| caulukya arjunadeva ke samaya ke verAvala ke 4 saMvat vAle zilAlekha meM vikrama saMvata 1320 aura siMha saMvat 151 ASAr3ha kRSNa 13 likhA hai| ukta lekha kA vikrama saMvat 1320 kArtikAdi hai isalie caitrAdi aura ASAr3hAdi 1321. hogA jisase vikrama saMvata aura siMha saMvata ke bIna kA aMtara (1321151) 1170 hI AtA hai| __ isa saMvata ke adhikAMza lekha kAThiyAvAr3a se mile haiN| isa saMvat kA prAraMbha ASAr3ha zukla 1 (amAMta) se hai aura isakA sabase pichalA lekha siMha saMvat 151 kA hai / kaleNDara sudhAra samiti dvArA piha saMvata ke Arambha kI tithi 1113 I0 dI gayI hai jo ki pUrNatayA candrasaurya paddhati para AdhArita hai / mAha amAnta hai / isakA Arambha jaya siMha siddharAja ne kiyaa| DA0 triveda ne bhI 1. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyama erAja", vArANasI, 1976, pR0 81 / 2. sI0 mobela Dapha, "da kronolaoNjI oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1675, pR0 136 / 3. "riporTa oNpha dI kalaNDara riphorma kameTI", dillI, 1955, pR0 258 /

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160 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa ise kevala siMha saMvata ke nAma se likhA hai tathA Arambha hone kA barSa bhI 1113 I0 athavA 1035 zaka saMvata diyA hai|' vibhinna sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para ziva siMha saMvata ke saMbaMdha meM itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki I0 sana 1113 ke karIba isakA AraMbha huaa| AraMbhakartA kauna thA athavA kisa ghaTanA ke saMbaMdha meM isa saMvata ko calAyA gayA isa para nizcita rUpa se kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / ziva siMha saMvata kI aitihAsika upayogitA isa bAta se vidita hai ki isakA prayoga lekhoM ke lie kiyA gayA jo isake ArambhakartA aura AraMbha tithi ke viSaya meM anumAna lagAne meM vidvAnoM kI madada karatA hai| kyoMki yaha saMvata mAtra kSetrIya hI rahA aura eka vaMza vizeSa se saMbaMdhita thA / ataH vaMza samApti ke sAtha hI saMvata bhI lupta ho gyaa| zAhUra san "zAhara san" ko "sUra sana" aura "arabI san" bhI kahate haiN| isa sana kA mAraMbhakartA kauna thA nizcita rUpa se jJAta nahIM hai / yaha saMbhAvanA kI jAtI hai ki dehalI kA sultAna mohammada tugalaka isa saMvata kA AraMbhakartA rahA hogaa| isa saMvat ko calAne kA kAraNa zAyada niyata mahInoM meM rabI va kharIpha kI phasaloM kA kara vasUlanA thaa| arthAt yaha bhI phasalI saMvata ke samAna phasala ke pakane ke sandarbha meM hI calAyA gayA thaa| arabI bhASA meM mahIne ko "zahara" kahA jAtA hai ataH anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki "zahara" kA bahuvacana "zahUra" hai aura usI se "zAhara" zabda kI utpatti huI hai| hijarI san ke cAndra mAsa isameM saura mAne yaye haiM jisake san kA varSa saura ke barAbara hotA hai| aura isameM "mausama aura mahInoM" kA saMbaMdha banA rahatA hai| isa san meM 566-600 milAne se I0 saMvata aura 656-57 milAne se vikrama saMvata banatA hai| isase patA calatA hai ki tArIkha 1 muharrama hijarI san 745 (I0 saMvata 1344 tArIkha 15 maI= vi0 saMvata 1401 jyeSTha zukravAra) se (jabaki sUrya mRgazira nakSatra para AyA thA), usakA prAraMbha huA hai / "2 isake varSa ko "mRga sAla" bhI kahA jAtA hai kyoMki isakA nayA varSa sUrya ke mRgazira nakSatra para Ane ke dina se baiThatA hai / isameM 1. DI0esa0 triveda, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", bambaI, 1963, pR0 43 / / 2. hIrAcanda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 161 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 161 bahuta se arabI zabdoM ko bhI grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| "isa sana ke varSa aMkoM meM nahIM kintu aMka sUcaka arabI zabdoM meM hI likhe jAte haiM / marahaThoM ke rAjya meM isa san kA pracAra rahA / parantu aba to isakA nAma mAtra raha gayA hai aura marAThI paMcAMgoM meM bhI isakA ullekha milatA hai| jyotiSa pariSad ke niyamAnusAra rAmacandra pANDuraMga zAstrI moghe vasaIkara ke taiyAra kie hae zaka saMvata 1840 (caitrAdi vikramI saMvata 1975) ke marAThI paMcAMga meM vaizAkha kRSNa 13 (amAMta = pUrNimAMta jyeSTha kRSNa 13) zukravAra ko mRgArka likhA hai aura sAtha meM phasalI san 1328, arabI san 1316, sUra san "tilA azara sallAse mayA pa allapha" likhA hai| (tilA=6, azara=10, sallAse mayA=300, pa%= aura, allapha=1000) (ye saba aMka milAne se 1316 hote haiN)|2 kalaNDara riphorma kameTI jo ki 1650 I0 meM bhArata sarakAra dvArA bhAratIya paMcAMgoM kA adhyayana karane tathA vibhinna saMvatoM ke sthAna para eka rASTrIya paMcAMga nirmANa karane ke lie banAI gaI thI ki riporTa meM zAhara san kA ullekha nahIM hai| isakA varNana 1618 I0 meM gaurI zaMkara ojhA ne liyA hai / saMbhava hai ojhA ke samaya taka isakA pracalana mahArASTra meM thA kyoMki ojhA ne marAThI paMcAMgoM se isake saMbaMdha meM uddharaNa die haiM tathA aba pracalana banda ho gayA hai / isI se kalaiNDara sudhAra samiti kI riporTa meM isakA ullekha nahIM hai / isase yahI anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki isakA pracalana kSetrIya hI rahA hogaa| mauhammada tugalaka ko naye sudhAra karane va navIna kArya praNAliyoM ko apa. nAne vAlA mAnA jAtA hai| ataH isa san kA AraMbha bhI usane kiyA hogaa| isameM avizvasanIya jaisI koI bAta nahIM jAna pdd'tii| candrIya varSa meM do varSa 12-12 mAha va tIsare varSa 13 mAha hote haiM ataH varSa meM do bAra bhUmi kara vasUlane ke kArya meM asuvidhA ko dekhate hue isa prakAra kI saura varSa ko grahaNa karanA koI Azcaryajanaka bAta nahIM thii| isI samasyA ko lekara aura bhI bahuta se phasalI paMcAMgoM kA pracalana bAda meM kiyA gayA / ataH yaha ucita hI jAna par3atA hai ki mauhammada tugalaka ne pracalita hijarI candrIya paMcAMga ko arabI saura paMcAMga ke sAtha tAla mela viThAkara isa naye paMcAMga kA AraMbha kiyA hogA aura isa saMbaMdha meM zrI ojhA dvArA ullikhita uparokta vivecana vizvasanIya jAna par3atA hai| 1. vahI pR0 161 (ojhA ke pustaka lekhana ke samaya taka yaha marAThI paMcAMgoM ___ meM prayukta hotA thaa)| 2. vahI /

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162 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa pur3ave saMvat isa saMvat kA ullekha zrI ojhA ne kiyA hai| kocIna rAjya va Daca IsTa iNDiyA kaMpanI ke bIca jo saMdhi huI vaha tAMbe ke pAMca patroM para khudI milI hai jisameM pur3a vaippu saMvat 322, 14 mInam ( mIna saMkrAnti kA 14 dina = I0 saMvat 1663 tArIkha 22 mArca) likhA hai / isI ke AdhAra para isa savat kA AraMbhika dina nikAlA jAtA hai / 1663 - 322 = 1341 I0 se purvappu saMvat kA AraMbha huA / zrI ojhA ke zabdoM meM : " I0 saMvat 1341 meM kocona ke uttara meM eka TApU (13 mIla laMbA aura 1 mIla caur3A ) samudra meM se nikala AyA, jise "bIpIna" kahate haiM / usakI yAdagAra meM vahAM para eka nayA saMvat calA jisako puNDurvappu (puMDu = naI, vepa = AbAdI ; malayAlama bhASA meM ) kahate haiM |"" mAtra ojhA ne hI isa saMvat kA ullekha kiyA hai / isa saMbaMdha meM anya kisI sAkSya se koI ullekha prApta nahIM huA hai / ataH yahI saMbhAvanA hai ki isakA pracalana bIpIna TApU (jisakA ullekha zrI ojhA ne kiyA hai) taka hI sImita rahA hogA / deza ke anya hissoM meM pracalita nahIM ho pAyA / tathA dUsare aneka saMvatoM ke samAna hI kama samaya meM hI isakA pracalana banda ho gayA / tArIkha ilAhI savat 2 tArIkha-e-ilAhI kA artha hai khudA kA saMvat / kyoMki ilAhI dharma ke sAtha hI yaha nayA saMvat bhI AraMbha kiyA gayA thaa| ataH isakA nAma bhI isI dharma ke nAma para ilAhI saMvat par3A / "nauroja ke tyohAra 1584 meM akabara ne apane zaktizAlI saMvat yA IzvarIya saMvat kA prAraMbha kiyA isase saMbaMdhita sabhI cIjeM IzvarIya thIM / ' isa saMvat ko mahAn athavA IzvarIya saMvat bhI kahA jAtA hai / akabara tathA jahAMgIra ke samaya kI likhAvaToM, sikkoM tathA aitihAsika graMthoM para isa san kA aMkana pAyA jAtA hai / lagabhaga 72 varSaM taka yaha pracalana meM rahA / aisA samajhA jAtA hai ki zAhajahAM ne gaddI para baiThate hI isako samApta kara diyA / ilAhI saMvat ke pracalana kA kSetra akabara kA zAsana kSetra hI thA / 1. gaurIzaMkara ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 186 | 2. ela0DI0 svAmI pillaMyI, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", madrAsa, 1911, pR0 45 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 163 kaniMghama ne kucha sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahA ki 662 jabaki hijrA ke sahastra varSa apane anta para Ane lage taba akabara ne ilAhI saMvat kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| usake eka daravArI ne spaSTa likhA hai ki bar3e se bar3e rAjAoM kA saMvat bhI 1000 varSa se adhika nahIM calatA, isake lie usane kucha saMvatoM kA udA. haraNa diyA jo apane AraMbha ke 1000 varSa bAda samApta ho ge| ilAhI saMvat kA AraMbha 1584 I0 se kiyA gyaa| parantu pUrva vyatIta varSoM kI gaNanA kara isake AraMbha kI tithi 1556 meM hI nizcita kI gayI jo akabara ke rAjyArohaNa kI tithi thii| "bAdazAha akabara ne hijarI san ko miTAkara tArIkha-e-ilAhI nAma kA nayA san calAyA jisakA pahalA varSe bAdazAha kI gaddInazInI kA varSa thA / vAstava meM yaha san bAdazAha akabara ke rAjya varSa 26veM arthAta hijarI san 662 meM AraMbha huA athavA I0 saMvat 1584 se calA paraMtu pUrva ke varSoM kA hisAba lagAkara isakA prArambha akabara ke gaddInazInI ke varSa se mAna liyA gyaa| akabara kI gaddInazInI tArIkha 2 ravI ussAnI hijarI saMvat 663 (I0 saMvat 1556 tArIkha 11 mArca =vikrama saMvat 1612 caitra kRSNa amAvasyA) se, jisa dina ki IrAniyoM ke varSa kA pahalA mahInA pharavaradIna lagA, mAnA gayA hai|" "rAjyAbhiSeka ke 28 dina bAda arthAt budhavAra 28 rabI-usa-sAnI 663 hijarI ko naurojA thaa| pichale tathA buddhimAna loga isa bAta para sahamata haiM ki yadi kisI zubha ghaTanA se nayA saMvat AraMbha kiyA jAve to usakA AraMbha lagabhaga naurojA se honA caahiye| yaha ghaTanA kucha Age yA pIche huI ho, isakA vicAra na kiyA jaaye| akabara kA rAjyAbhiSeka naurojA se 25 dina pUrva huA thaa| yadyapi naye saMvat kA AraMbha naurojA se hI mAna liyA gyaa| ataH ilAhI saMvat kA Arambha naurojA se hI hotA hai|"3 kanighama, ojhA tathA abbula phajala ke uparokta ullikhita kathanoM kA tAtparya yahI hai ki ilAhI saMvat kA pracalana 1584 meM kiyA gayA, lekina 1. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1976, pR0 84 / 2. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 163 / 3. abbula phajala, "akabaranAmA" (hindI anuvAdaka mathurA lAla zarmA), gvAliyara, pR0 152 /

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164 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa isakI gaNanA tithi 1556 I0 hai jo ki akabara ke siMhAsanArohaNa kI tithi bhI mAnI gyii| ___ yaha bAta aneka saMvatoM meM sAmAnya rUpa se pAyI jAtI hai / aneka bhAratIya saMvat kali, yudhiSThira, maurya, gupta Adi tathA IsAI saMvat kA AraMbha bhI usa tithi se kAphI bAda meM kiyA gayA jaba se ki unakI gaNanA kI tithi mAnI jAtI hai / IsAI saMvat meM to yaha samayAntara 1000 varSoM kA samajhA jAtA hai / DA0 triveda' kA mata hai ki IsAI saMvat kI 1000 varSa bItane para usa saMvat kI gaNanA AraMbha kI gyii| ilAhI saMvat aba pracalana meM nahIM hai| na hI paMcAMgoM meM isakA ullekha milatA hai| ata: isake vartamAna pracalita varSa ko nizcita rUpa se bAtA pAnA saMbhava nahIM / hama kevala isa AdhAra para ki yaha saura paddhati para AdhArita saMvat thA isake vartamAna pracalita varSa ke saMbaMdha meM anumAna lagA sakate haiM / saura gaNanA meM varSa meM dinoM kI saMkhyA 365 rahatI hai tathA pratyeka cauthA varSa 366 dina kA hotA hai| yadi ilAhI saMvata ko pUrNa rUpa se isI paddhati para AdhArita mAna liyA jAye taba 11 mArca 1556 se AraMbha hokara aba taka isa saMvata ke 433 varSa bIta cuke haiM kyoMki IsAI saMvata ke vartamAna pracalita varSa 19861556 -433 AtA hai / ilAhI saMvata kA AraMbhakartA mugala bAdazAha akabara thaa| yaha nirvivAda hai / akabara ke samaya meM likhita sAhitya va itihAsa se isake viSaya meM paryApta ullekha milatA hai tathA isa saMvata ke Arambha kI tithi bhI 1556 I0 vidvAnoM dvArA nirvivAda rUpa se svIkAra kI gayI hai| rAhala sAMkRtyAyana', AzIrvAdIlAla zrIvAstava, kaniMghama', DI0esa0 triveda ne 11 mArca 1556 I0 kI tithi 1. DI0esa0 triveda, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", bambaI, 1963, pR0 31 / 2. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, "akabara", ilAhAbAda, 1657, pR0 320 / 3 AzIrvAdIlAla zrIvAstava, "akabara mahAn", (anuvAdaka bhagavAnadAsa guptA), AgarA, 1967, pR0 318 / 4. elaigjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1976, pR0 84 / 5. DI0esa0 triveda, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", bambaI, 1963, pR0 55 /

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 165 ilAhI saMvata AraMbha kI tithi dI hai| lekina ela0 DI0 svAsI pille yI' va robarTa sIvaila ne 14 pharavarI 1556 kI tithi yAnI hai| ilAhI saMvata kA AraMbha aneka mahatvapUrNa uddezyoM ko lekara kiyA gayA thaa| sarvaprathama akabara ko hijrA (palAyana) zabda pasanda nahIM thaa| ata: hijrA ke sthAna para ilAhI zabda grahaNa kiyA gyaa| parantu prAraMbha meM akabara una dhamandhi logoM ko, jo isa saMvata (hijrA) tathA islAma dharma kI abhinnatA meM vizvAsa karate the, nArAja nahIM karanA cAhatA thaa| isa saMvata ko apanAne ke saMbaMdha meM kucha kAraNa ye bhI mAne jA sakate haiM-prathama, hijrI saMvata kA truTipUrNa honA, dUsarA sabhI dharmoM, sampradAyoM va saMpUrNa rAjya meM akabara kI ekarUpatA lAne kI icchA, akabara dvArA apanI va apane sAmrAjya kI viziSTatA pradarzita karane kI bhAvanA, cauthe akabara dvArA sthApita navanirmita dharma ilAhI dharma ko adhika lokapriya banAnA bhI saMbhavata: isa naye saMvata kI sthApanA kA uddezya thaa| nayA saMvata grahaNa karanA isIlie. mahatvapUrNa thA "kyoMki abhI taka jo hijarI varSa kA rAja paMcAMga pracalita thA, usase janasAdhAraNa aura sarakAra ko bar3I asuvidhA hotI thii| hijarI varSa candra varSa hai aura saura varSa se 10-11 dina choTA hotA hai / yaha phasaloM ke samaya se bhI mela nahIM khAtA / isase varSa meM 10-11 dina kama raha jAne se 26 saura varSoM ke cakra meM 30 hijarI varSa hote haiN| phalasvarUpa kisAnoM ko 26 varSa ke bajAya 30 varSa kI mAlagujArI denI par3atI thii| 3 ataH isa vyavasthA ko samApta kara akabara kisAnoM ko isa anIti se bacAnA cAhatA thaa| isake atirikta usa samaya bhArata meM aneka saMvata hijarI, pArasI, vikramI, zaka, phasalI Adi pracalita the jo gaNanA meM asuvidhA utpanna karate the| ataH akabara ne saba rAjakIya kAryoM ke lie saura gaNanA para AdhArita pArasI varSa ko grahaNa kiyaa| ____ apane samaya ke anya pracalita saMvatoM ke mukAbale ilAhI saMvat kA mahatva isa kAraNa adhika hai kyoMki yaha jina uddezyoM ko lekara AraMbha kiyA gayA unameM isane kAphI saphalatA pAyI / saMbhavataH yaha pahalA bhAratIya saMvata thA jo 1. ela0DI0 svAmI pillayI, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", madrAsa, 1911, pa045 / 2. robarTa sIvaila, "iNDiyana kalaiNDara", landana, 1896, pR0 46 / 3. AzIrvAdI lAla zrIvAstava, "akabara mahAn", (anuvAdaka bhagavAna dAsa guptA), bhAga-1, AgarA, 1967, pR0 318 /

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166 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa rAjanItika va dhArmika uddezyoM ke lie sAtha-sAtha vyavahAra meM lAyA gayA aura apane AraMbha se hI isane ina donoM uddezyoM ko pUrA kiyA | jisa bhAMti ilAhI dharma ke sahayogI ke rUpa meM ilAhI saMvat kA sUtrapAta kiyA gayA thA usI bhA~ti ilAhI dharma ke sAtha hI yaha saMvat bhI lupta ho gayA / saMbhavataH isakA kAraNa bAda ke zAsakoM kA ilAhI dharma meM avizvAsa hI thA / ata: unhoMne isa dharma se saMbaMdhita saMvata ko bhI koI mahatva nahIM diyA / ilAhI dharma va ilAhI saMvat donoM hI akabara ke jIvanakAla taka hI prabhAvapUrNaM rahe, bAda meM samApta ho gae / . pUrvaM pracalita candrIya kaleNDara meM isa saMvat ke antargata kAphI parivartana kiyA gayA / tithiyoM kI bhinnatA ko miTAne va navIna tAlikAyeM banAne kA kArya isameM huA / candrIya paMcAMga ko haTAkara saura vaMcAMga apanAyA gayA, IrAnI mahInoM ke nAma grahaNa kiye gaye tathA lauMda ke mAha ko haTAkara mahInoM meM dinoM kI saMkhyA bar3hA dI gayI / "ilAhI san ke 12 mahInoM ke nAma isa prakAra haipharavaradIna, udibahizta, khurdAda, tIra, amaradAda, zaharevara, mehara, AvAMAjara, de, bahaman, asphaMdiAramada / ye IrAniyoM ke yajdajarda san se lie gae haiM / ' ilAhI saMvat meM dinoM, tArIkhoM athavA tithiyoM ko aMkoM meM na likhakara pratyeka ke lie alaga-alaga nAma diye gaye haiM tathA unake nAma hI likhe jAte the / ilAhI san ke mahIne kucha 26 dina ke, kucha 30, kucha 31 tathA eka 32 dina kA bhI mAnA jAtA thA tathA varSa 365 dina kA hotA thA evaM cauthe varSa eka dina aura jor3a diyA jAtA thA / "eka se 32 taka dinoM ke nAma isa prakAra the - (1) ahUrvajda, (2) bahamana, (3) udibahizta ( 4 ) zaharevara, (5) spaMdAramada, (6) khurdAda, (7) muradAda, (8) depAdara, ( 8 ) Ajada (Adara ), (10) AvA, (11) khurazeda, (12) mAha, (13) tIra, (14) goza, (15) depamehara, (16) mehara, (17) saroza, (18) raznaha, (16) pharabaradIna, (20) veharAma, (21) rAma, (22) govAda, (23) depadIna, (24) dIna, (25) arda, (26) AstAda, (27), AsmAn, (28) jamiAda, (29) meharespaMda, (30) aneza, (31) roja, (32) zaba / inameM se 30 taka ke nAma to IrAniyoM ke dinoM ke hI haiM aura aMtima do naye rakhe gaye haiM / 2 1. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 118, pR0 13 / 2. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, "akabara", ilAhAbAda, 1657, pR0 320 //

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aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat ilAhI saMvat bhAratIya saMvatoM kI zreNI meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai / yadyapi isakI samApti zIghra hI ho gayI phira bhI usa samaya kI AvazyakatAnusAra isa ke antargata paMcAMga kA jo saura paddhati para AdhArita svarUpa nirdhArita kiyA gayA vaha mahatvapUrNa thA jo ki pUrva pracalita candrIya gaNanA se adhika suvidhAjanaka thaa| julUsI samvat ___ isa saMvata kA pracalana bhI mugala bAdazAha akabara dvArA kiyA gayA / saMvat kA nAma julUsI kyoM par3A, yaha ajJAta hai / saMbhavata: anya dUsare saMvatoM ke samAna hI isakA nAma bhI isake ArambhakartA jalAluddIna mohammada akabara ke nAma se saMbaMdhita ho / akabara ne ilAhI samvata , phasalI va julUsI tIna samvatoM kA AraMbha kiyaa| isameM ilAhI to dIna ilAhI dharma ke nAma para ilAhI saMvat kahalAyA, dUsarA phasala kA lagAna vasUlane tathA kRSi saMbaMdhI kAryoM se saMbaMdhita thA ataH phasalI khlaayaa| ina donoM hI ke sAtha akabara ke nAma kA koI saMbaMdha nahIM thaa| isa paristhiti meM ho sakatA hai apane nAma se saMbaMdhita eka saMvata calAne kI icchA akabara kI rahI ho tathA isa sandarbha meM julasI saMvata calAyA gayA ho, kyoMki bhAratIya itihAsa meM yaha paramparA sI bana gayI thI ki jo bhI zAsaka apane sAmrAjya ko sudRr3ha va suvyavasthita mahasUsa karatA thA vaha apanI zakti-pradarzana ke lie apane nAma athavA apane vaMza ke nAma para eka naye saMvat kA AraMbha karatA thaa| ata: yaha saMbhAvanA hai ki akabara dvArA apanI zakti pradarzana ke uddezya se apane nAma se jur3e isa julUsI saMvat kA AraMbha kiyA gayA ho| julasI saMvat kA pracalana kSetra bhI akabara kA zAsana kSetra hI mAnA jA sakatA hai tathA akabara ke zAsakIya kAryoM meM isakA prayoga kiyA gayA hogaa| isase bAhara nahIM : isa saMbaMdha meM yahI anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai kyoMki julasI saMvat ke pracalana kSetra ke saMbaMdha meM koI Thosa pramANa upalabdha nahIM hai| isa saMvat kA AraMbhakartA akabara thaa| isa saMbaMdha meM kapila bhaTTa kA kathana hai : "akavara ne jula sI nAmaka eka ajIba saMvat claayaa| yaha saMvata zAsana kA eka varSa samApta karake manAyA jAtA thA / yaha Avazyaka nahIM thA ki rAjagaddI para baiThaka kI tithi se hI julasI saMvata prAraMbha ho|"1 1. kapila bhaTTa, "kAdambanI" (hindustAna TAimsa prakAzana) dillI, apraila, 1986, pR0 87-88 /

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168 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa akabara dvArA AraMbha kiye gaye isa saMvata ko dUsare mugala bAdazAhoM ne bhI grahaNa kiyaa| "bAda meM anya mugala bAdazAhoM ne bhI isa paripATI ko jArI rkhaa|" rAja-zaka saMvat marAThA zAsaka zivAjI ne apane rAjyArohaNa ke samaya "rAjyAbhiSeka zaka" nAmaka saMvata kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| "rAjyAbhiSeka saMvat" ko dakSiNI loga "rAjyAbhiSeka zaka" yA "rAjya zaka" kahate haiN| marAThA rAjya ke saMsthApaka prasiddha zivAjI ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke dina arthAt gata zaka saMvata 1566 (gata caitrAdi vikramI saMvata 1731) Ananda saMvatsara jyeSTha zuklA 13 (tArIkha jUna IsvI saMvata 1674) se calA thaa| isakA varSa jyeSTha zuklA 13 se palaTatA thA aura vartamAna hI likhA jAtA thaa| isakA pracAra marAThoM ke rAjya meM rahA / "2 isako "rAja-zaka" tathA "rAjyAbhiSeka zaka" donoM nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai / isake sAtha "zaka" kA prayoga eka saMvata kA dyotaka hai| "zaka saMvat" vizeSa se yaha saMbaMdhita nahIM hai| robarTa sIvaila, ela0DI0 svAmI pillayo', jadunAtha sarakAra, tathA grANTa Dapha Adi vidvAnoM ne rAjazaka saMvata ke AraMbha ke lie 1673-74 I0 kI tithi kA samarthana kiyA hai| yahI tithi zivAjI ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke lie mAnya hai| zivAjI ke rAjya mahArASTra meM isakA pracalana rahA tathA zivAjI ke zAsana kAla va usake kAphI varSoM bAda taka bhI saMvat kA prayoga kiyA gyaa| parantu aba yaha pracalana meM nahIM hai| isako zivAjI ke rAjyAbhiSeka kA varSa mAnA hai| zivAjI ke rAjyArohaNa 1673 1. kapila bhaTTa "kAdambanI" (hindustAna TAimsa prakAzana) dillI, apraila, 1986, pR0 88 / 2. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera, 1618, pR0 186-87 / 3. robarTa sIvala, "da iNDiyana kaleNDara", landana, 1896, pR0 47 / 4. ela.DI. svAmI pillayI, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", madrAsa, 1611, pR0 45 / 5. jadunAtha sarakAra, "zivAjI aura unakA kAla", (anu0 madana lAla jaina), AgarA, 1964, pR0 403 / 6. grANTa Dapha, "marAThoM kA itihAsa", (anu0 kamalAkara tivArI), ilAhAbAda, 1665, pR0 153 /

Page #183
aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 166 I0 se rAjazaka saMvat kA AraMbha huaa| isake varSa kA AraMbha jyeSTha sudI 13 le hotA hai tathA mAha amAnta (candra) hai / yaha saMvat mahArASTra meM pracalita huaa|' isa saMvata ko bhI bhAratIya saMvatoM ko usI zreNI meM rakhA jA sakatA hai jinakA AraMbha rAjanaitika zakti ke pradarzana ke uddezya se kiyA gayA tathA AraMbhakartA kI zakti ke hrAsa ke sAya hI saMvat kA mahatva bhI ghaTa gayA va kucha samaya bAda saMvata kA pracalana lupta ho gyaa| zivAjI ne naye svatantra rAjya kI sthApanA kii| ataH apanI zakti ke carmotkarSa ko darzAne ke lie pratIka rUpa meM "rAja-zaka saMvat" kI sthApanA kii| rAja-zaka saMvata kI gaNanA paddhati ke saMdarbha meM yaha navInatA lAne kA prayAsa huA ki isake naye varSa kA AraMbha hindU paMcAMga ke jyeSTha mAha kI zuklA 13vIM 'tithi se kiyA jAtA thA, jaisA ki ojhA ke kathana se vidita hai| isake atirikta isa saMdarbha meM vizeSa ullekha nahIM milatA ki isake lie pUrva gaNanA paddhati se pRthaka koI navIna tatva grahaNa kiye gye| ataH yahI mAnA jA sakatA hai ki yaha pUrva pracalita hindU gaNanA paddhati para hI AdhArita thaa| vividha saMvat aba inake atirikta kucha saMvata aise bhI haiM jinakA nAma hI patA calatA hai, inake viSaya meM jAnakArI ke srota nagaNya haiM / isa prakAra ke kucha saMvatoM kA varNana yahAM kiyA jAyegA / yadyapi tithikrama ke anusAra inakA ullekha pahale hI ho jAnA cAhie thA lekina inake viSaya meM prApta alpa jAnakArI va koI bhI nizcita tathya upalabdha na hone ke kAraNa inakA pRthaka-pRthaka zIrSakoM se ullekha na karake yahAM paricaya diyA gayA hai / ___ DaoN0 aruNa ne "sumatitantra" nAmaka graMtha ke AdhAra para kucha saMvatoM kA ullekha isa prakAra kiyA hai : "sumatitantra nAmaka grantha kI racanA san 576 ke AsapAsa kI gyii| isakI eka prati briTiza myUjiyama meM surakSita hai| isa graMtha meM likhane kI tArIkha dI hai-yudhiSThira rAjyAbda 2000, nanda rAjyAbda 800, candra gupta rAjyAbda 132, zudra kadeva rAjyAbda 247, zaka rAjyAbda 468 / "2 isa uddharaNa meM tIna aise saMvatoM kA nAma AyA hai jinakA abhI isa zodha prabandha 1. "riporTa oNpha da kalaNDara riphorma kameTI", dillI, 1955, pR0 258 / 2. DA0 aruNa, "bhAratIya purA itihAsa koSa", 1978, pR0 857 /

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170 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa meM ullekha nahIM huA hai / (1) nanda rAjyAbda (2) candragupta rAjyAbda tathA (3) zudraka deva rAjyAbda / nanda rAjyAbda kI tithi 576 I0 meM, grantha racanA ke samaya 800 dI gayI hai arthAta 800-576 =224 I0 pUrva nanda rAjyAbda kA AraMbha mAnA jA sakatA hai / isa saMvata kA saMbaMdha yadi mahApadmananda ke samaya se jor3A jAye taba isake AraMbha kA samaya 350 I0 pUrva ke lagabhaga AnA cAhie / 224 I0 pUrva nahIM / DI0esa0 triveda bhavadAsa kRta saMvata kA AraMbha mahApadmananda ke samaya se mAnate haiM / "bhavadAsa kRta saMvata kA kaliyuga saMvata 1465, I0 pUrva 1636 meM AraMbha huA isakA AraMbha mahApadmananda ke samaya se hotA hai tathA vAraruci, pANinI va kAtyAyana se isakA ullekha milatA hai|" uparokta ullikhita donoM sAkSyoM meM mahApadmananda ke samaya meM 1636224=1412 varSoM kA antara hai| ina donoM sAkSyoM meM ullikhita saMvatoM ke sAtha nanda kA nAma AyA hai / isI AdhAra para isako mahApadmananda se hI saMbaM. dhita mAnA jA sakatA hai / isa samayAntara kA kAraNa DA0 triveda dvArA bhAratIya itihAsa ke saMbaMdha meM dI gayI navIna vicAradhArAyeM va tithiyAM haiM / DA0 triveda ne nandavaMza kA zAsana kAla 1636 se 1536 I0 pUrva nizcita kiyA hai| isI AdhAra para mahApadmananda ke saMvat kA AraMbha 1636 I0 pUrva diyA hai, jabaki dUsare vidvAn rameza candra majUmadAra, harizaMkara koTiyAla, ramAzaMkara tripAThI Adi aneka Adhunika vidvAn nanda vaMza kA zAsanakAla 350 I0 pUrva ke lagabhaga mAnate haiN| ina tathyoM ke AdhAra para nanda saMvat kI sthApanA 350 I0 pUrva ke lagabhaga honI caahie| 1. DI. esa0 triveda, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", bambaI, 1963, pR0 18 / 2. "nanda vaMza kA anta 322 I0 pUrva meM candragupta maurya ne kiyaa|" rameza canda majUmadAra, "prAcIna bhArata", dillI punarmudraNa, 1686, (1962), pR0 83 / 3. harizaMkara koTiyAla, 'mauryakAla', "prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa", jhA evaM __ zrImAlI (sampAdaka) dillI, 1984 (1981), pR0 174 / 4. "343 I0 pUrva se 321 I0 pUrva meM nanda vaMza kA zAsana kAla rhaa|" ramAzaMkara tripAThI, "prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa", dillI, 1985, pR0 108 /

Page #185
aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle samvat 171 "sumatitantra" nAmaka grantha se candragupta rAjyAbda kI tithi I0 576 meM 132 patA calatI hai arthAt 576- 132= 444 I0 meM candragupta rAjyAbda kA AraMbha huA / isa saMvat ke candra gupta kA samIkaraNa yadi gupta vaMzI candragupta dvitIya se kiyA jAye taba isa saMvata kA AraMbha 376 I0 se honA cAhie jo ki luniyA ke anusAra candragupta ke rAjyArohaNa kI tathi hai / isa prakAra caMdra gupta ke rAjyArohaga va sumatitantra ke candra gupta rAjyAbda kI tithi me 68 varSoM kA antara raha jAtA hai| isa antara ko dekhate hue yahI lagatA hai ki yaha gupta vaMzIya candra gupta nahIM varan aura koI candragupta hai, jisake saMvat kA ullekha sumatitantra meM huA hai| 576 I0 meM zudraka deva rAjyAbda kI tithi 247 dI gaI hai arthAt 576247=326 I0 se zudraka deva rAjyAbda kA AraMbha humA mAnA jA sakatA hai / isa nAma ke kisI pratiSThita zAsaka kA ullekha 326 I0 ke karIba ke itihAsa se nahIM milatA hai / anumAnataH yaha koI kSetrIya zAsaka rahA hogA, jisane isa saMvata kI sthApanA kii| kumAUM kSetra meM pracalita aneka saMvatoM ke sAtha hI zrI jhule lAla jayantI va zrI guru nAnaka jayantI ke kula vyatIta varSoM kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai / inakI gaNanA bhI mahAvIra va buddha jamantI kI bhAMti eka saMvata ke rUpa meM hI kI jAne lagI hai yadyapi inake nAma ke sAtha abhI saMvata zabda nahIM jur3A hai| "zrI jhUle lAla jayantI 1036, jo vikrama saMvat 2043 tathA zaka 1608 ke barAbara hai|"2 arthAt 1986 I0 ke barAbara hai / isa prakAra isakA AraMbha 650 I0 se huaa| __"zrI gurU nAnaka jayantI 517, jo vikrama saMvata 2043 va zaka saMvata 1908 ke barAbara hai / " arthAt 1986 I0 ke barAbara hai / isa prakAra isakA AraMbha 1466 I0 se huaa| 1. bI0ena0 luniyA, "gupta sAmrAjya kA rAjanaitika evaM sAMskRtika itihAsa", indaura, 1974, pR0 260-61 / 2. nava varSa maMgalamaya ho, "nava varSa badhAI patra", vizva hindU pariSad kumAUM vibhAga, vikrama saMvata 2043, zAlIvAhana saMvata 1608 / 3. vhii|

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa ina saMvatoM ke AraMbhakartA, gaNanA-paddhati Adi ke saMbaMdha meM ullekha nahIM milatA hai | ataH ye mAtra varSa gaNanA hai tathA anya jayantiyoM kI bhA~ti sirpha 0 varSa se varSoM kI gaNanA AraMbha kI gii| alaga se kisI gaNanA paddhati athavA paMcAMga kA vikAsa nahIM huA hai / inake varSa kI gaNanA saura varSa meM hI hai kyoMki inakA varSa zaka saMvat ke barAbara hai, jisakA varSa lauMda ke bAda saura varSa kI lambAI kA ho jAtA hai / 172

Page #187
caturtha adhyAya vibhinna samvatoM kA pArasparika sambandha va vartamAna avasthA pichale do adhyAyoM meM dharmoM se jur3e vyaktiyoM se saMbaMdhita saMvat, adhyAya do tathA aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se mAraMbha hone vAle saMvat adhyAya tIna meM varNita hue haiN| ina saMvatoM ke ArambhakartA, Arambhika samaya va gaNanA meM bhinnatA hote hue bhI aneka samAnatAyeM haiM / dharmacaritroM se saMbaMdhita saMvatoM kI sAmAnya pravRttiyoM ko isa prakAra dekhA jA sakatA hai / ina saMvatoM kA saMbaMdha dharma pracArakoM, dharmaM pravartakoM athavA AdhyAtmika vyaktiyoM se hai jinheM bhagavAna mAna liyA gayA hai / jaise kRSNa saMvat, buddha nirvANa saMvata, mahAvIra nirvANa saMvata, IsavI saMvata, hijarI saMvat tathA bahAI saMvat / * inake AraMbha ke saMbaMdha meM dI gayI tithiyAM bahuta-bahuta antara vAlI haiM / inameM adhikatara saMvatoM kA AraMbha to aba se kucha zatAbdI pUrva hI nizcita kiyA gayA hai lekina unakI gaNanA kA samaya hajAroM, karor3oM varSa pUrva mAnA gayA hai / ata: dharma graMthoM meM varNita kathAyeM va dhArmika sAhitya hI ina saMvatoM ke AraM bhika samaya nirdhAraNa kA AdhAra hai jinameM hajAroM varSa kA antara sahaja hI A gayA hai / eka saMvat ke AraMbha ke saMbaMdha meM aneka tithiyAM to dI hI gayI haiM isake sAtha hI eka hI vidvAna dvArA eka saMvat ke Arambha ke lie alaga-alaga tithiyAM dI gaI haiM / buddha nirvANa saMvat ke lie lagabhaga 50 tithiyAM vibhinna vicArakoM ne dI haiM / sAtha hI eka vidvAna ne isa sambandha meM alaga-alaga tithiyAM dI haiM / kena' ne 368, 370, 380, 388 I0 pUrva tathA triveda ne 1760, 1763 I0 pUrva kI tithiyAM buddha nirvANa ke lie dI haiM / " " 1. DI0esa0 triveda dvArA uddhRta, "bhArata kA nayA itihAsa", vArANasI, tithi nahIM, pR0 12 / 2. DI0esa0 triveda, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", bambaI, 1963, pR0 17 /

Page #188
bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa dharma caritroM se saMbaMdhita saMvatoM ke pracalana kSetra ke lie kisI bhU-kSetra kA nAma nahIM liyA jA sakatA varan inakA pracalana dharma vizeSa va sampradAya vizeSa se haiM / dharma anuyAyiyoM ke deza-videza meM basane va dharma ke prasAra ke sAtha hI ina saMvatoM kA pracalana-kSetra bhI bar3hatA rahA hai / 174 ina saMvatoM ko sampradAyoM dvArA sAmUhika rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai / ataH inake ArambhakartA ke rUpa meM kisI viziSTa vyakti kA nAma nahIM liyA jAtA / mahAvIra nirvANa, buddha nirvANa, maharSi dayAnandAbda Adi saMvatoM ko inake anuyAyiyoM dvArA sAmUhika rUpa se manAyA jAtA hai tathA inheM kaba saMvata kA nAma de diyA gayA isa saMdarbha meM sAkSya upalabdha nahIM haiM / ina dharmaM caritroM se saMbaMdhita saMvatoM kA dhArmika mahatva hI adhika hai, zeSa kAryoM rAjanIti, abhilekhIya athavA itihAsa lekhana ke lie inakA prayoga nagaNya hI rahA hai / ina saMvatoM kA eka prayoga khagolazAstrIya va paMcAMga nirmANa ke lie bhI rahA hai / kali saMvat ke saMbaMdha meM eka kathana isakI puSTi karatA hai : "isakA prayoga khagolazAstrIya tathA paMcAMga nirmANa donoM kAryoM meM huA hai / isakA prayoga bahudhA zilAlekhIya kAryoM ke lie nahIM huA hai / " " ina saMvatoM (bhAratIya saMtratoM) ke sandarbha meM pRthaka-pRthaka gaNanA paddhati kA ullekha nahIM milatA tathA jo videzoM se Aye saMvat haiM aura unheM bhAratIya itihAsa meM grahaNa kara liyA gayA inake lie alaga gaNanA paddhati kA prayoga huA hai / hindU dharma ke saMbaMdhita saMvatoM kA AdhAra vaidika gaNanA paddhati hai / IsAI ke lie saura varSa va hijrA ke lie candrIya varSa kA prayoga huA hai / bAda meM ina paddhatiyoM meM bahuta se sudhAra bhI hote rahe haiM / ina dhArmika saMvatoM ke Arambha kA mukhya uddezya dharma-netAoM va devatAoM ko pratiSThita karanA va dUsare dharmoM se apane dharma ko adhika prAcIna darzAnA rahA hai / ina saMvatoM kA nAmakaraNa dharmaM ArambhakartA ke jIvana kI kisI ghaTanA athavA kisI devI devatA ke nApa para athavA dharma ke nAma para huA hai / saMvat kA nAma sunakara hI yaha anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki yaha kisa dharma se saMbaMdhita hai / inameM aneka saMvatoM ke saMbaMdha meM yaha zaMkA rahatI hai ki unakA pracalita varSaM likhA gayA hai yA vyatIta / kyoMki bahuta se saMvatoM kA pracalita varSaM likhane kI 1. robarTa sIvala, "di iNDiyana kalaiNDara ", landana, 1866, pR0 40-41 /

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vibhinna samvatoM kA pArasparika sambandha va vartamAna avasthA 175 prathA rahI va bahutoM kI vyatIta varSa likhane kI tathA kabhI-kabhI eka hI saMvat kA kahIM pracalita varSa likhA hai va kahIM vyatIta, to kahIM donoM hI / jahAM saMvat ke pracalita va vyatIta varSa sAtha-sAtha likhe milate haiM vahAM kaThinAI nahIM hai / lekina cAlU va vyatIta varSoM ke akele likhe hone para unakI pahacAna muzkila ho jAtI hai / kali saMvat ke cAlU vyatIta va donoM sAtha-sAtha likhe varSa milate haiM / "kabhI isakA gujarA varSa tathA kabhI cAlU varSa diyA gayA hai va kabhI-kabhI donoM sAtha-sAtha diye gaye haiM / " " ye kucha viziSTatAyeM aisI haiM jo lagabhaga sabhI dhArmika saMvatoM meM pAyI jAtI haiM / cAhe ve kisI bhI dharma athavA sampradAya se sambandhita hoM / dharma caritroM se saMvat kA Arambha jor3ane ke atirikta bhArata meM saMvat Arambha kA sambandha aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se jor3ane kI prathA bhI thI / isa pravRtti ne saMvatoM kI eka bar3I saMkhyA ko janma diyA / ina saMvatoM kI kucha viziSTatAyeM thIM jo eka-dUsare se mela khAtI thIM tathA inakI viziSTatAyeM dharma caritroM se sambandhita saMvatoM se thor3I pRthak thIM / saMvatoM kI utpatti ke kAraNoM meM samAnatA thI / adhikAMza saMvatoM kA Arambha rAjAoM dvArA zakti pradarzana va Atmika pratiSThA ko lekara kiyA gayA / saMvatoM kI utpatti ke samaya ke sandarbha meM vivAda hai jo adhikatara saMvatoM meM pAyA jAtA hai / ArambhakartA ke sandarbha meM vivAda bhI adhikAMza saMvatoM kI sAmAnya pravRtti hai / ina saMtoM kI eka viziSTatA yaha hai ki inakA nAma ArambhakartA ke nAma para par3A hai| bhAratIya saMvatoM kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM yaha pravRtti bahutAyata se pAyI jAtI hai ki jisa ghaTanA, varSa va samaya se unakA Arambha mAnA jAtA hai usake kAphI samaya bAda saMvat kA Arambha kiyA gayA tathA gaNanA kA samaya vahI mAnA gayA jisa samaya ghaTanA ghaTita huii| yaha pravRtti na kevala bhAratIya saMvatoM meM varan vizva ke aneka pramukha saMvatoM meM rahI hai / krizciyana saMvat kA Arambha isa saMvat kI 10vIM zatAbdI se mAnA jAtA hai / ina saMvatoM kA prayoga rAjanItika va dhArmika kAryoM ke lie sAtha-sAtha huA / zaka va vikrama do saMvat aise rahe jinakA prayoga dharma, rAjanIti, sAhitya, abhilekha aMkana va dainika vyavahAra ke lie huA / paMcAMga nirmANa ke lie bahuta kama saMvatoM kA prayoga huA hai / 1. robarTa sIvela, "di iNDiyana kalaiNDara ", landana, 1866, pR0 40-41 /

Page #190
176 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa bhAratIya saMvatoM kI eka mukhya samAnatA unakA samAna gaNanA paddhati para AdhArita honA hai| bhAratIya saMvatoM meM gaNanA ke lie nakSatra paddhati, candramAna, saura mAna va candrasaura mAna kI mizrita paddhati ko apanAyA gayA / / jaba kisI nakSatra vizeSa athavA tAroM ke samUha ke eka nizcita avadhi vAle cakra ko samaya-gaNanA ke lie apanAyA jAtA hai to vaha nakSatra paddhati kahalAtI hai| isake antargata bRhaspatimAna (12 varSIya cakra va 60 varSIya cakra) saptarSi cakra va parazurAma kA cakra paddhatiyAM AtI haiN| bahaspati cakra va saptarSi cakra (lokika saMvat ke rUpa meM kAzmIra meM) aba bhI bhArata meM pracalita haiN| jina saMvatoM meM varSa va mahInoM kI lambAI candra-cakra ke AdhAra para nirdhArita kI jAtI hai ve candrIya paMcAMga athavA saMvat kahalAte haiN| bhArata meM pracalita vikrama va hijarI saMvata isI paddhati AdhArita haiN| isa paddhati meM "varSa meM 12 candramAsa hote haiM jo kramaza: 30 va 26 dina ke hote haiN| ataH sAdhAraNa varSa 354 dina kA hotA hai| yaha 30 varSIya cakra hai tathA isameM 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 21, 24, 26 va 26vAM varSa lauMda ke hote haiM jinameM antima mahInA 26 ke sthAna para 30 dina kA hotA hai tathA varSa 355 dina kA hotA hai|" isa prakAra pratyeka 30 mahIne bAda isa paddhati meM eka mAha lauMda kA hotA hai| __ jina saMvatoM meM varSa va mahInoM kI lambAI sUrya-cakra para nizcita kI jAtI hai vaha saura gaNanA vAle saMvat kahe jAte haiM / sUrya 12 rAziyoM kA pUrA eka cakra karIba 365 dina meM pUrA karatA hai| isI avadhi ko varSa kI lambAI mAnA jAtA hai tathA isako 12 saura mAhoM meM bAMTA jAtA hai / "sUrya varSa kI sahI lambAI 365.258756 dina hai|" tathA "sUrya siddhAnta meM mahIne ke dinoM kI saMkhyA 26 se 32 taka ho sakatI hai|" "candra varSa saura varSa se 10.861701 dina choTA hai / isa prakAra saura varSa se lagabhaga 11 dina prati varSa pIche raha jAtA 1. elagjeNDara kaniMghama, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1676, 2. "riporTa oNpha da kaleNDara riphorma kameTI", dillI, 1955, pR0 246 / 3. vahI, bhuumikaa| 4. vahI, pR0 246 /

Page #191
vibhinna samvatoM kA pArasparika sambandha va vartamAna avasthA 177 phasalI, ilAhI, zAhara va vartamAna rASTrIya paMcAMga ke lie saura varSa ko hI apanAyA gyaa| IsAI saMvat bhI isI paddhati para AdhArita hai / vartamAna samaya meM adhikAMza bhAratIya dhArmika paMcAMgoM ke lie candrasaura kI mizrita paddhati ko apanAyA jAtA hai / yaha gaNanA kI vistRta paddhati hai| isameM varSa sUrya ke anusAra jabaki mAsa candra gati se niyaMtrita hote haiN| pratyeka tIsare varSa lauMda kA varSa hotA hai / isameM varSa kA mArambha caitra mAha ke bIca se hotA hai / "uttara meM candrasaura varSa kA Arambha caitra zudi prathama arthAt naye candra se Arambha hotA hai / hindU varSa meM yaha vicitra niyamaviruddhatA pAyI jAtI hai ki mAha ke bIca se barSa kA Arambha hotA hai / caitra kA prathama arddha bhAga arthAt badi athavA kRSNa pakSa to gujare hue varSa meM AtA hai, mAha ke aMtima 15 dina naye varSa meM gine jAte haiM jinheM zudi athavA zukla pakSa kahA jAtA hai|"' (yaha prathA aba bhI vidyamAna hai) kucha paMcAMgoM kA paricaya vartamAna samaya meM deza ke aneka sthAnoM para hindU dharma paMcAMga chapate haiM jinameM candramaura kI mizrita paddhati kA prayoga hotA hai| isake sAtha hI ina paMcAMgoM para aura bahuta sI bAtoM kA aMkana rahatA hai / isa sandarbha meM kucha paMcAMgoM kA ullekha yahAM karanA Avazyaka hai| hindU gaNanA paddhati meM paMcAMga nirmANa ke lie mukhya rUpa se zaka va vikrama saMvatoM ko apanAyA huA hai| isake atirikta kali, saSTi Adi saMvatoM kA bhI ullekha rahatA hai / kahIM-kahIM paMcAMgoM meM hijarI, IsAI va hindU tithiyoM ko eka dUsare ke sAtha tAlamela biThAkara sAtha-sAtha darzAyA jAtA hai| hindU paMcAMgoM meM kSetrIya prabhAva tathA kSetrIya saMvatoM va samaya kA bhI ullekha rahatA hai / alagaalaga prAntoM se aneka paMcAMga vibhinna gaNitakartAoM dvArA nikAle jAte haiM jinakA AdhAra aneka vedhazAlAoM meM ekatra kiye gaye nakSatrIya AMkar3e hote haiN| isa sambandha meM sarvaprathama banArasa se nikalane vAle paMcAMgoM kA ullekha isa prakAra hai| ye uttarI bhArata meM adhika pracalita hai| prathama mAlavIya jI kA paMcAMga hai| isakA sUtrapAta paM. madana mohanamAlavIya ne kiyA thaa| isakA gaNita banArasa hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke vidyArthI karate haiM tathA vahIM se yaha nikalatA hai / banArasa 1. elegjeNDara kaniMghama, "eka buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI, 1676, pa0 61 /

Page #192
178 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa se prakAzita dUsarA kAzI vizvanAtha paMcAMga hai| isakI viziSTatA yaha hai ki yaha sabase pahale taiyAra hotA hai tathA eka varSIya paMcAMga hai| tIsarA bApadeva zAstrI kA paMcAMga vArANasI ke saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya se nikalatA hai| isakI gaNanA bhI vidyArthiyoM dvArA kI jAtI hai| cauthA gaNezASA paMcAMga hai / isake prakAzaka rAjarAjezvarI paMcAMga kAryAlaya banArasa hai| zrI veMkaTezvara zatAbdI paMcAMga 100 varSIya paMcAMga hai| mukhya rUpa se yaha rAjasthAna meM pracalita hai parantu uttarI bhArata meM bhI isakA prayoga hotA hai| yaha saura graha-lAdhava paddhati para pAdhArita hai| isa paMcAMga kI kucha vizeSatAyeM isa prakAra haiN|' (1) ArSa sUktiyoM ke anusAra jayapura jyotiSa yantrAlaya dvArA bArambAra pratyakSAnubhava karake veda siddha sUkSmadRSya (zuddha prAcIna) gaNita se zrI sarasvatI paMcAMga ko taiyAra kara vidvAnoM kI sevA meM samarpita kiyA jAtA hai| (2) uttara bhArata va rAjasthAna meM yahI eka aisA paMcAMga hai jo jayapura jyotiSa yantrAlaya ke yantroM dvArA apane gaNita kI satyatA pratyakSa dikhAne meM samartha hai| ye donoM hI viziSTatAyeM paMcAMga kI kisI gaNitIya viziSTatA ko nahIM dikhAtIM kyoMki koI bhI paMcAMga nirmANa athavA prakAzaka usakI satyatA ko hI batAyegA usako asatya nahIM batAyegA / isa zatAbdI paMcAMga kI gaNanA sambandhI viziSTatAyeM ye haiM : (1) saMvat 2001 se 2015 taka tithyAdi (tithi nakSatra yoga evaM candramA) gaNita gRhalAghava se kI huyI hai| usake bAda saMvat 2016 se sUkSma gaNita (ketakI) se kiye gaye haiM / (2) saMvat 2001 se 2020 taka paMkti kA prathama sUrya saura varSIya hai aura antima dRSya pakSa se hai / 2021 se 2100 taka paMktistha prathama sUrya pakSIya tathA antima saura pakSIya hai| (3) saMvat 2001 se 2050 taka aMgrejI tArIkheM rASTrI (hindI) aura musalamAnI tArIkhoM se pahale dI gayI hai| 2051 ke bAda meM candramAoM se pUrva hai| 1. "zrI veMkaTezvara zatAbdI paMcAMga", gaNitakartA Izvaradatta zarmA, bambaI, 1987, sampAdakIya / 2. vhii|

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vibhinna samvatoM kA pArasparika sambandha va vartamAna avasthA 176 (4) saMvat 2020 meM dRSya gaNita se kArtika hI kSaya aura kArtika hI adhika mAsa hai / sthala gaNita meM Azvina adhika aura mArgazIrSa kSaya AtA hai| zatAbdI paMcAMga kA choTA rUpa bhI prakAzita hotA hai jo 10 varSIya paMcAMga hai| cakradhara jozI jyotiSa ke gar3havAlI vidvAna haiN| inake paMcAMga kA nAma mahIdhara hai| himAcala ke paNDita mukanda ballabha ke paMcAMga kA nAma mAtaMga paMcAMga hai / yaha paMcAMga paMjAba va himAcala meM pracalita hai| divAkara paMcAMga paNDita devIdayAla jI kA hai| yaha jAlandhara se nikalatA hai| paMjAba, hariyANA, rAjasthAna va uttara pradeza meM mukhya rUpa se pracalita paMcAMga tathA adhika mAnyatA prApta vizva vijaya paMcAMga hai jisako paM0 haradeva zarmA trivedI nikAlate haiN| isakA gaNita AdhAra solana (zimalA) kA hai| isa paMcAMga kI viziSTatA yaha hai ki isameM rAjanItika vArSika ghaTanA-caka ke sambandha meM bhI bhaviSyavANiyAM dI jAtI haiN| jinako jAnane ke liye janasAdhAraNa adhika utsuka rahatA hai| gaNita bhI vistAra se diyA jAtA hai / grahoM kI cAloM kA bhI ullekha rahatA hai jo anya paMcAMgoM meM nahIM milatA / ataH pAzcAtya paddhati meM vizvAsa rakhane vAle tathA iMgaliza paMcAMgoM kA prayoga karane vAle jo bhAratIya paMcAMga meM bhI ruci rakhate haiM isakA prayoga karate haiN| isakI gaNanA jayapura kI vedhazAlA ke AdhAra para kI jAtI hai| dillI se prakAzita paMcAMga rAjadhAnI paMcAMga hai / isake gaNitakartA premapAla kauzika haiM / isa paMcAMga kI viziSTatAyeM isa prakAra haiM : (1) zrI rAjadhAnI paMcAMga kA gaNita bhArata kI rAjadhAnI dillI ke uttara akSAMza 28/38 va grInavica se pUrva rekhAMza 77/14 ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| tithi se pUrva vAra va nakSatroM ke saMyoga se bacane vAle AnandAdi yoga diye gaye haiN| (2) ghaTyAdi dinamAna dillI kA hai| 60 meM se ghaTAne para zeSa rAtrimAna hogaa| dina va rAtrimAna kA AThavAM bhAga eka cau0 muhurta hotA hai| pratyeka sthAna kA dinamAna nyUnAdhika hotA hai| (3) tArIkheM kramazaH rASTrIyamiti, praviSThA, muslima aura aMgrejI dI gayI hai| praviSThA saura tArIkha ko hI baMgalA tArIkha kahate haiM / 1. "zrI rAjadhAnI paMcAMgama", gaNitakartA kauzala kizora kauzika, zrI rAjadhAnI paMcAMga kAryAlaya dillI, zaka 1910, I0 1988, prAkkathana /

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180 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa (4) sUrya se Age ke saMdarbha kA sabhI samaya bhAratIya sTaiNDarDa TAima ghaMTA minaToM meM likhA hai jo ki sarvatra bhAratavarSopayogI hai / uttara pradeza ke meraTha zahara se nikalane vAlA eka paMcAMga zuddha bhAratIya paMcAMga hai| AgarA nivAsI zaMkaralAla gaur3a isake gaNitakartA haiN| isameM vibhinna grahoM kI sthitiyoM ke sAtha hI rAjanaitika bhaviSyavANiyAM bhI kI jAtI haiM jaise : "samvat 2045 baizAkha kRSNa 12 juddhavAra dinAMka 13 apraila san 1988 I0 ko toSTam 37/08 para siMha lagna ke 20 aMzoM para bhuvana bhAskara bhagavAna sUrya kA eka meSa rAzI para saMcAra hogaa| isase bhArata ke virodhI rASTroM ke Sar3ayantra viphala hoNge| prajA meM sukha aura zAnti kA sAmrAjya rahegA tathA bhArata kI ekatA aura akhaNDatA akSuNNa rhegii|" meraTha se hI nikalane vAlA dUsarA paMcAMga asalI lAvar3a kA paMcAMga haiN| isake vartamAna gaNitakartA ravidatta zarmA the| isameM hinduoM ke vibhinna saMskAroM muMDana, karNachedana, janeU Adi ke lie zubha muhUrta diye jAte hai| isake sAtha hI dukAna kholane, yAtrA karane, gRha-praveza, karja dene Adi ke lie bhI zubha muhUrta diye jAte haiM / uttarI bhArata meM pahale yaha kAphI mAnya thA, parantu aba mUla gaNitakartA ke svargavAsa ho jAne se paMcAMga kI mAnyatA kama ho gayI hai / gaNita meM azuddhiyAM A gayI hai| mudraNa kI kAphI azuddhiyAM rahatI haiN| ataH aba isa paMcAMga kI mAnyatA ghaTa rahI hai| kaMDenjDa amarIja oNpha plaineTasa pajIzanja kA nirmANa nArAyaNa paddhati ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai / yaha 10 varSIya paMcAMga haiM, isake sUkSma rUpa pAMcavarSIya va eka varSIya bhI prakAzita hote haiN| isameM IsAI samvat ke sAtha bhAratIya sambatoM ko bhI likhA jAtA hai, jaise "1981 e0 DI0, zaka samvat 1602.3, vikrama samvat 2037-38, baMgAlI san 1387-88, kollama samvat 1156-57 / " 1. "zuddha bhAratIya paMcAMga", gaNitakartA zaMkaralAla gaur3a, zaka 1910, IsvI 1988-86, prAkkathana / / 2. "asalI lAnar3a kA paMcAMga", gaNitakartA ravidatta zarmA, meraTha, zaka 1610, IsvI 1988.86, 26 / 3. ena0 sI0 lAharI, "kanDenjDa aphamarIja oNpha pleneTsa pajIzanja," bhAga sAta e (kalakattA : esTro risarca byUro, 1985), pR0 10 /

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vibhinna samvatoM kA pArasparika sambandha va vartamAna avasthA 181 dillI se hI 'rASTrIya paMcAMga' prakAzita hotA hai| isakA nirmANa rASTra bhara meM pracalita saMvatoM ko mizrita kara kiyA jAtA hai / hindU, muslima, sikha, IsAI, sabhI ke tyauhAroM va paryoM kA isameM ullekha rahatA hai| yaha bhArata sarakAra dvArA prakAzita hai| aMgrejI, hindU, urda, saMskRta, baMgalA, telagu, tamila, kannar3a, malayAlama, or3iyA, gujarAtI, marAThI, asAmI ina 13 bhASAoM meM prakAzita hotA hai ? parantu abhI yaha adhika lokapriya nahIM ho pAyA hai kyoMki isake nAma va gaNanA paddhati se loga paricita nahIM haiN| sAtha hI yaha bahuta dera se lagabhaga AdhA varSa bItane ke bAda prakAzita hotA hai| samaya se logoM taka nahIM pahuMca paataa| ina sabake atirikta deza ke dUsare pradezoM baMgAla, bihAra va dakSiNa bhArata meM bhI bahuta se paMcAMga pracalita haiN| ___"graha lAghava va saura do prakAra kI paddhatiyAM mukhya rUpa se paMcAMga nirmANa ke lie prayoga kI jAtI haiN| tIsarA Adhunika ketakI siddhAnta hai, jo AcArya ketakara ke nAma para hai| yaha sUkSma paddhati hai jo loga pAzcAtya paddhati ko mahatva dete haiM ve bhAratIya paMcAMga paddhati meM isa paddhati ko pasanda karate haiN|" kyoMki isameM saura paddhati ko mahatva diyA jAtA hai tathA yaha pAzcAtya paddhati se mela khAtI hai| ___ jo paMcAMga jahAM pracalita hai vahIM ke kSetrIya pracalana va gaNita kI zuddhatA para usakI lokapriyatA nirbhara karatI hai / jayapura, banArasa, gar3havAla, gvAliyara, bambaI, kalakattA Adi sthAnoM para vedhazAlAyeM sthApita haiM ata: yahAM se nikalane vAle paMcAMga inhIM se prabhAvita rahate haiN| paMcAMga ke pAMca aMga mAne jAte haiN| paMcAMga kA artha-pAMca aMgoM vAle se hai arthAt (1) tithi-jo dinAMka arthAt tArIkha kA kAma karatI hai| (2) vAra--arthAn ravivAra, somavAra Adi meM se kauna-sA dina / (3) nakSatrajo batAtA hai ki candramA tAroM ke kisa samUha meM hai| (4) yoga-jo batAtA hai ki sUrya aura candramA ke rekhAMzoM kA yoga kyA hai| (5) karaNa-jo tithi kA AghA hotA hai|"2 inake sAtha hI hindI paMcAMgoM meM aMgrejI tArIkha, muslima tArIkha (sabhI meM nahIM) dinamAna (arthAt sUryodaya se sUryaasta taka lagane vAlA samaya) candramA kA udaya va asta kisa samaya hogA, AkAza meM grahoM kI sthiti Adi kA bhI ullekha rahatA hai| 1. yaha jAnakArI mujhe meraTha nivAsI zrI lakSmIcanda agravAla se prApta huyii| 2. gorakha prasAda, "sarala gaNita jyotiSa", ilAhAbAda, 1656, pR0 266 /

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182 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa vikrama, zaka va gupta samvatoM kI gaNanA paddhati meM kitanI samAnatA hai isakA pramANa phlITa dvArA dI gayI isa sAraNI se mila jAtA hai / isa sAraNI meM zaka, vikrama, gupta evaM IsAI samvatoM kA tulanAtmaka vivaraNa diyA gayA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki zaka kA 1186, vikrama kA 1321, gupta kA 644 tathA IsAI kA 126364 varSa barAbara hai| zaka, vikrama tatha gupta tInoM hI uttarI bhArata meM pUNimAnta tathA dakSiNI bhArata meM amAnta haiN| caitra, vaizAkha, jyeSTha, ASAr3ha Adi 12 mahIne haiM tathA mAha ke zukla va kRSNa do pakSa haiM / ye samvat candra saurya kI mizrita paddhati para AdhArita haiM, varSa sauryamAna va mAha candramAna se sambandhita hai / vikrama, zaka evaM gupta-vallabhI varSoM kI tulanAtmaka sAraNI uttarI bhArata mAsa tathA pakSa dakSiNI bhArata pUNimAnta amAnta 'zukla pakSa vaizAkha {kRSNa pakSa / vaizAkha jyeSTha zukla pakSa kRSNa pakSa zukla pakSa ASAr3ha {kRSNa pakSa jyeSTha zukla pakSa zaka saMvat 1186 zrAvaNa kRSNa pakSa }ASAr3ha 'zukla pakSa vikrama saMvat 1:21 bhAdrapada {kRSNa pakSa zrAvaNa zukla pakSa bhAdrapada Azvina (kRSNa pakSa 'zukla pakSa Azvina gupta vallabhI saMvat 644 zaka saMvat vikrama saMvat | 1886 I0 / 1320 kArtika RSNa pakSa zukla pakSa mArgazIrSa kRSNa pakSa kArtika I0 san 1263-64 | IsvI san / 1263-64 / 1262-63 zukla kRSNa pakSa poSa }mArgazIrSa zukla pakSa pauSa mAgha kRSNa zukla pakSa / phAlguna zukla pakSa mAgha phAlguna kRSNa pakSa phAlguna

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vibhinna samvatoM kA pArasparika sambandha va vartamAna avasthA vartamAna samaya meM na kevala bhAratIya samvatoM meM balki dUsare dezoM meM pracalita samvatoM meM bhI samaya ke vibhAjana kI bahuta sI eka jaisI hI ikAIyAM grahaNa kara lI gayI haiN| cAhe ve gaNanA kI kisI bhI paddhati (candra, saura, candrasaura athavA nakSatra paddhatiyAM) para AdhArita hoN| ye tatva sabhI meM prayoga ho rahe haiN| varSa, lauMda kA varSa vartamAna samaya meM pracalita sabhI samvatoM meM vidyamAna hai| candra va saura paddhatiyoM ke kAraNa isake samayAvadhi meM antara rahate hue bhI varSa adhikAMza samvatoM meM samaya-vibhAjana kI eka mukhya ikAI hai| varSa kA vibhAjana 12 mAhoM meM kiyA jAtA hai (bahAI samvat isakA apavAda hai, isameM varSa kA vibhAjana 16 mahInoM meM kiyA gayA hai)| mahIne se choTI ikAI pAkha (pakhavAr3A athavA pakSa) hai jo mahIne kA 1/2 bhAga yA 15 dina kI avadhi kA hotA hai parantu ava pAzcAtya prabhAva se saptAha bhI grahaNa kara liyA gayA hai jo mAha kA 1/4 bhAga athavA 7 dina kA hai| "saptAha ko Arambha meM bAjAra-samayAvadhi ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA gyaa| Arambha meM saptAha kI avadhi pRthaka-pRthaka thii| pazcimI aphrIkA meM 4 dina, madhya eziyA meM 5 dina, asIriyA meM 6 dina, mizra meM 10 dina kI yaha samayAvadhi grahaNa kI gyii|"1 "Arambha meM bebIlona meM 8 dina kA saptAha mAnA gayA lekina 8 kI saMkhyA ko zubha na mAnakara yaha saMkhyA 7 rakhI gayI jo sambhavataH sAta grahoM se sanbandhita hai| pakSa va saptAha se choTI ikAI dina hai| saura gaNanA vAle paMcAMgoM meM yaha dinAMka va hindU paMcAMgoM meM tithi kahI jAtI hai| saura gaNanA meM dina kI avadhi 24 ghaNTe mAnI gayI hai tathA isakI gaNanA 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 Adi 31 taka lagAtAra hotI hai / parantu hindU paMcAMgoM meM lod ke mAha kI vyavasthA karane ke liye tithiyoM ko ghaTAyA bar3hAyA jAtA hai arthAt eka dinAMka (Date) doharAyA nahIM jAtA jabaki eka hI tithi lagAtAra do dina bhI raha sakatI hai tathA eka dina meM do tithiyAM bhI pUrI ho sakatI haiN| (ise tithi kA lopa kahate 1. "insAIklopIDiyA briTenikA", volyUma 3, Tokyo, 1967, pR0 566 / 2. vhii|

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184 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa dina ke upabhAgoM ke lie aba lagabhaga sabhI bhAratIya samvatoM meM tathA paMcAMgoM ke nirmANa ke lie ghaNTA, minaTa, saikeNDa Adi ikAIyoM ko apanA liyA gayA hai| sAtha hI tithiyoM kA aMkana bhI paMcAMgoM para rahatA hai| dina kI avadhi AdhIrAta se AdhIrAta taka mAnI jAtI hai / grInavica sTaiNDarDa TAima ke anusAra ghar3iyoM va paMcAMgoM meM dinAMka ko badalA jAtA hai| rASTrIya paMcAMga meM bhI isI ko grahaNa kiyA gayA hai / "isa paMcAMga kA yAvat gaNita usa bhAratIya madhya rekhA bindu ke lie kiyA gayA hai, jo grInavica se pUrva-rekhAMza 82deg30 evaM uttaraakSAMza 23deg11 (ujjayinI ke akSAMza) para sthita hai evaM isa paMcAMga meM sarvatra tithyAdi ke samaya bhAratIya mAnaka samaya (iNDiyana sTaiNDarDa TAima) ke anusAra diye gaye haiM, jo ukta bhAratIya madhya rekhA bindu kA sthAnika madhyakAla hotA hai|" "yaha (iNDiyana sTaiNDarDa TAima) grInavica madhyama kAla yA vizva-kAla se 5 ghaNTA 30 minaTa Age rahatA hai| paMcAMga-gaNita bhAratIya madhya rekhA bindu kA hone se vaha samasta bhAratopayogI ho sakatA hai|"2 ghar3iyoM meM bhI samaya usI ke AdhAra para nizcita kiyA jAtA hai| "bhArata varSa kA sTainDarDa TAima pUrva ghaM0 mi0 5.30 diyA hai arthAt 82 aMza pUrva rekhAMza kA yaha samaya hai jo samasta bhAratavarSa meM pracalita hai| vahI TAima Ajakala bhAratavarSa bhara kI ghar3iyAM batalAtI haiN|" uparokta ullikhita gaNanA paddhati ke kucha aise tathya haiM jo aba zanaiH-zana: bhAratIya paMcAMgoM va vizva ke dUsare dezoM ke paMcAMgoM meM eka jaise hI grahaNa kara liye haiN| Adhunika samaya meM paMcAMgoM kA nirmANa karate samaya do uddezyoM kA dhyAna rakhA jAtA hai| prathama to paMcAMga jisa sampradAya va dharma se sambandhita hai, usakI dhAmika AvazyakatAoM ko pUrA kre| dUsarA vartamAna samaya meM antarrASTrIya stara para vikasita ho rahI paddhati se bhI paMcAMga kA sambandha banA rahe tathA vaha rASTrIya va antarrASTrIya stara para nAgarikoM kI dainika vyavahAra kI AvazyakatAoM ko prarA kara sake / sambatoM ke paMcAMgoM ke tathyoM kA isa prakAra AdAna-pradAna ho rahA hai tathA unameM samAna gaNanA paddhati vikasita ho rahI hai| 1. bhArata sarakAra, "rASTrIya paMcAMga", dillI, 1988, bhUmikA / 2. vhii| 3. bI.ela0 ThAkura, "jyotiSa zikSA", dvitIya ruNDa, bhAga-1, vArANasI, 1970, pR0 4 /

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vibhinna samvatoM kA pArasparika sambandha va vartamAna avasthA 185 bhArata meM AdikAla se bhAratIya svatantratA taka Arambha hue bahuta se samvatoM kA ullekha adhyAya do va tIna meM kiyA gayA hai / parantu aneka kAraNoM se inameM se bahuta se samvat aba pracalana meM nahIM haiM, lupta ho gaye haiM / kucha pramukha samvat hI vartamAna samaya meM pracalana meM haiM, ina vartamAna pracalita samvatoM kA saMkSipta varNana isa prakAra hai / vartamAna samaya meM pracalita samvat vartamAna samaya meM bhArata meM adhikAMza sampradAyoM ke apane nijI samvat haiM / eka hI sampradAya dvArA aneka samvatoM ke prayoga kI prathA bhI pracalita hai / eka hI samvata ke pRthaka-pRthaka rUpa bhI pracalita haiM / aneka kSetrIya samvatoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / isa prakAra bhArata meM aneka samvatoM kA prayoga Aja bhI ho rahA hai / 1 bhArata meM vartamAna samaya meM pracalita samvatoM meM tithikrama se sarvaprathama sRSTi samvata kA nAma AtA hai / sRSTi samvat meM sRSTi ke nirmANa se vartamAna samaya taka vyatIta varSoM kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai / Arya samAjI dhArmika kAryoM meM isakA prayoga karate haiM tathA isa sampradAya se sambandhita pustakoM va patra-patrikAoM Adi para sRSTi samvata likhA jAtA hai / hindU dharma paMcAMgoM para bhI isakA aMkana rahatA hai / sRSTi samvat ke bAda kRSNa samvat kA nambara AtA hai / yaha hinduoM kA dhArmika samvata hai tathA paMcAMgoM para isakA aMkana rahatA hai / kali samvata kI gaNanA bhI bhArata ke prAcIna samvatoM meM kI jAtI hai / isakA Arambha 3102 I0 pUrva se mAnA jAtA hai / vastutaH adhikAMza bhAratIya samvatoM kA yahI AdhAra hai / "isakA prayoga khagolazAstriyoM dvArA kiyA gayA, isakA likhita rUpa 1000 I0 pUrva se milatA hai / "" pratipala, vipala, pala, ghaTi, muhUrta Adi isakI gaNanA kI ikAIyA~ haiM / bAda meM Arambha hone vAle samvatoM meM isI paddhati ko AdhAra banAyA gayA tathA Aja bhI hindU jyotiSiyoM va paMcAMga nirmAtAoM dvArA kali samvat kA prayoga hotA hai / "kali samvata 5060 kA kA prArambha caitra 25 se huA hai jo 15 apraila, san 1986 I0 ke samAna hai| 12 * 1. "insAiklopIDiyA briTenikA", volyUma - tRtIya, 1667, Tokyo (jApAna), pR0 607 / 2. bhArata sarakAra, "rASTrIya paMcAMga", naI dillI, 1986-87, bhUmikA /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa buddha nirvANa samvat eka aisA samvat hai jisakA Arambha bhArata meM huA, lekina videzoM meM aba isakA pracalana adhika hai / 544 I0 pUrva meM bhArata meM Arambha hue buddha nirvANa samvat kA prayoga Aja bhI laMkA Adi dvIpoM tathA bhArata ke nikaTavartI dezoM meM phaile bauddha dharmAvalambiyoM dvArA kiyA jAtA hai / 186 mahAvIra nirvANa samvata kA prayoga jaina dharmAvalambiyoM dvArA dhArmika kRtyoM ke lie kiyA jAtA hai / 527 I0 pUrva meM bArambha hone vAlA mahAvIra nirvANa samvata . jaina varga taka hI sImita hai / "mahAvIra nirvANa samvat kA vartamAna pracalita varSa 2516 hai / jisakA Arambha kArtika 8 yA 30 akTUvara san 1986 I0 se huA hai|"" bhArata meM vartamAna samaya meM pracalita saMvatoM meM vikrama saMvat aisA hai jise pUrNatayA bhAratIya kahA jA sakatA hai / jisakA prayoga vibhinna samayoM para prazAsanika tathA rAjakIya kAryoM ke liye kiyA gayA aura hinduoM ke dhArmika kAryoM meM apane janma se Aja taka abAdha rUpa se prayukta ho rahA hai / 57 I0 pUrva meM AraMbha hone vAlA vikrama saMvat kevala zrI saMvat nAma se hI likhA jAtA hai / sampUrNa uttarI bhArata meM paMcAMga nirmANa, vrata-tyauhAroM ke nirdhAraNa tathA vivAha Adi zubha avasaroM kI tithiyAM nizcita karane ke lie vikrama saMvat kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / apanI utpatti ke AraMbha meM kRta, phira mAlava tathA isake bAda vikrama saMvat Adi nAmoM kA prayoga isake lie kiyA gayA / aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI yaha saMvata mahatvapUrNa hai / vartamAna samaya meM isake lie do prakAra kI gaNanA paddhati kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / catrAdi gaNanA tathA kArtikAdi gaNanA | caitrAdi gaNanA meM varSa kA AraMbha caitra se hotA hai jisakA pracalana uttarI bhArata meM hai tathA kArtikAdi gaNanA meM varSa kA AraMbha kArtika se hotA hai jisakA pracalana dakSiNI bhArata meM hai / "vikrama saMvat 2046 kA prAraMbha caitra 16 (6 apraila san 1986 I0) kArtika 8 (30 akTUbara san 1986 I0 ) / ' 2 IsAI saMvat videzI hote hue bhI zatAbdiyoM se bhArata meM nirantara prayukta ho rahA hai tathA isakA bhAratIya itihAsa lekhana ke lie upayoga huA hai / aba aneka bhAratIya sampradAyoM dvArA dainika vyavahAra va dhArmika saMvatoM ke paMcAMgoM meM tithi aMkana ke lie prayoga ho rahA hai tathA isakI lokapriyatA nirantara 1. bhArata sarakAra, "rASTrIya paMcAMga", dillI, 1686 / 2 . vahI, bhUmikA /

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vibhinna samvatoM kA pArasparika sambandha va vartamAna avasthA 187 bar3ha rahI hai / IsAI saMvata kA yaha 1689vAM varSa cAlU hai jo vikrama 2046 tathA zaka 1911 ke samAna hai| phasalI saMvata kA prayoga bhArata ke aneka kSetroM meM huA tathA vartamAna samaya meM bhI yaha saMvata pracalita hai| phasalI saMvata ke varSoM kA AraMbha alaga-alaga sthAnoM para alaga-alaga tithiyoM se hotA hai / "8 jUna se bambaI meM, 1 julAI se dakSiNa meM tathA 13 sitambara se baMgAla meM phasalI saMvata ke varSa kA Arambha hotA hai|" __ hijrA saMvata kA prayoga bhArata meM islAma ke anuyAyiyoM dvArA apane dhArmika kRtyoM ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| isameM zukravAra kA vizeSa mahatva hai| isI dina se naye varSa kA Arambha kiyA jAtA hai| "vartamAna hijrI san 1410 hai, jo 198660 I0 ke barAbara hai|" ___ ina pramukha saMvatoM ke atirikta bhI lakSmaNasena, kollama, baMgAlI san Adi kSetrIya saMvatoM kA prayoga bhArata meM ho rahA hai| baMgAlI san kA pracalana kSetra baMgAla hai| isake varSa kA Arambha caitra 25 se hotA hai / "baMgAlI san 1363 kA prAraMbha-25 caitra (15 apraila san 1986 I0) ko huaa|" uttarI va dakSiNI mAlAbAra meM kollama saMvata pracalita hai jisakA Arambha 823 I0 se huaa| uttarI mAlAbAra meM isake varSa kA Arambha 17 sitambara se hotA hai tathA kanyAdi hai / dakSiNI mAlAbAra meM varSa Arambha 17 agasta se hotA hai tathA siMhAdi hai| "kollama saMvat 1162 kA Arambha zrAvaNa 26 (17 agasta san 1986 I0) ko huaa|"5 unnIsavIM sadI I0 meM Arambha hue maharSi dayAnandAbda va bahAI saMvatoM kA prayoga bhI inase sambandhita sampradAyoM dvArA kiyA jA rahA hai| inameM maharSi dayAnandAbda to pUrNa rUpa se IsAI saMvata ke anurUpa hI hai| isake lie koI 1 "riporTa oNpha da kaleNDara riphorma kameTI", dillI, 1955, pR0 258 / 2. "rASTrIya paMcAMga", dillI : da kanTrolara oNpha pablikezansa 1686, bhUmikA pR0 6 / 3. vahI, 1986-87, bhuumikaa| 4. kanyAdi kA artha hai-kanyA rAzi se Arambha tathA siMhAdi kA artha hai siMha rAzi se aarmbh| 5. bhArata sarakAra, "rASTrIya paMcAMga", naI dillI, 1986-87, bhuumikaa|

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188 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa pRthak paMcAMga grahaNa nahIM kiyA gayA hai| bahAI saMvata ke lie naye paMcAMga kI vyavasthA kI gayI hai| isakA prayoga bahAI sampradAya dvArA kiyA jAtA hai tathA isakA apanA paMcAMga chapatA hai| vartamAna rASTrIya paMcAMga jo zaka saMvata ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai bhArata sarakAra ke prazAsanika kAryoM va AkAzavANI prasAraNa ke lie prayukta ho rahA hai| isakI paddhati prAcIna zaka saMvat se ekadama pRthaka hai lekina isakA nAma zaka saMvat hI hai tathA varSoM kI gaNanA bhI 78 I0 meM AraMbha hue zaka saMvata ke anusAra hI kI jA rahI hai| rASTrIya paMcAMga kA rASTrIya nAma hote hue bhI vyApaka rUpa meM prayukta nahIM ho rahA hai| isake naye varSa kA Arambha basanta mahAviSuva se (21 mArca) hotA hai va loMda kA varSa IsAI saMvata ke loMda ke varSa ke sAtha hI par3atA hai / isakA vartamAna pracalita varSa 1911 hai jo 1986-60 I0 ke samAna hai|

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paMcam adhyAya bhArata meM samvatoM kI adhika saMkhyA kI utpatti ke kAraNa tathA vartamAna rASTrIya paMcAMga bhArata meM itane adhika saMvatoM kA prAdurbhAva huA isake bahuta se kAraNa rahe, aneka tatkAlIna paristhitiyAM thIM jinhoMne naye-naye saMvatoM ko janma diyaa| sarvaprathama, dharma caritroM, devatAoM va dhArmika netAoM ko mahattA pradAna karane ke lie unake jIvana ghaTanAoM se sambandhita vibhinna saMvatoM kA Arambha kiyA gyaa| dhArmika kSetra meM yaha eka pratispardhA sI rahI ki apane dharmanetA ko dUsare se adhika prAcIna va viziSTa darzAyA jaaye| ataH, unake nAma para saMvat jArI kiye gaye / isa zreNI meM hinduoM ke sRSTi saMvat kA nAma liyA jA sakatA hai / prAcInatA kI hor3a meM yaha saMvat itanA bar3ha gayA ki isake vyatIta varSoM kI gaNanA karanA bhI sambhava na rahA tathA Ama janatA ko isake vyatIta varSoM athavA cAlU varSa kI saMkhyA yAda rakhanA bhI kaThina ho gayA / ataH isa saMvat kA vyAvahArika mahatva to nagaNya hI raha gayA, mAtra isakI prAcInatA hI eka vizeSatA rahI aura isane bhAratIya saMvatoM kI saMkhyA ko hI bar3hAyA, apane Apako upayogI nahIM banAyA / akele hindU dharma meM hI dharma ke nAma para sRSTi saMvat, kRSNa saMvat, yudhiSThira saMvat, kali saMvat Adi kA prAdurbhAva huA, phira aura dUsare sampradAyoM ne bhI jaina, bauddha, AryasamAja Adi ne apane dharma pracArakoM ke nAma para saMktoM kA Arambha kiyaa| saMvatoM kI adhikatA kA dUsarA kAraNa videziyoM kA bhArata meM Agamana tathA unake dvArA apanI gaNanA paddhati ko bhArata meM Aropita karanA rhaa| samaya-samaya para aneka videzI jAtiyAM bhArata meM AyIM / apanI saMskRti ke dUsare tatvoM ke sAtha ve gaNanA paddhati bhI sAtha lAyIM tathA usako bhArata meM sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| isa kAraNa bhArata meM sailyUsIDiyana, zaka, hijrA va IsAI saMvatoM kA Arambha humA / yadyapi ina jAtiyoM ne bhArata kI gaNanA paddhati se bhI

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160 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa kucha tatva grahaNa kiye, parantu inakA mukhya uddezya bhArata meM apanI saMskRti ko Aropita karanA thaa| ata: inake dvArA lAye gaye saMvata bhArata meM sthAI rahe va kAlAntara meM ve bhAratIya itihAsa va gaNanA paddhati kA hissA bana gaye / ina saMvatoM ko bhAratavAsiyoM ne pUrNa rUpa se aMgIkAra nahIM kiyaa| ataH ye apane molika rUpa meM bhI calate rahe tathA bhArata meM prAcIna gaNanA paddhati va naI gaNanA paddhatiyoM kI mizrita paddhati bhI calatI rhii| bhArata ke kramika itihAsa se yaha patA calatA hai ki bhArata eka zAsanataMtra ke nIce bahuta hI kama samaya rhaa| yahAM alaga-alaga prAntoM meM alaga-alaga rAjavaMzoM kI sthApanA huii| isa prAntIyatA kI bhAvanA ne bhI kucha naye saMvatoM ko janma diyA jaise ki baMgAlI sana, kollama, aNDu, barmI, komana va nevAra saMvatoM ke nAma se hI yaha anumAna ho jAtA hai ki ye kisI kSetra se sambandhita haiN| prAntIyatA kI bhAvanA ne hI alaga-alaga rIti-rivAjoM va bhASAoM ko bhI janma diyaa| ataH eka sthAna para pracalita gaNanA-paddhati ko dUsare prAntavAsiyoM ke lie samajhanA kaThina ho gayA, jisase vibhinna bhASA-kSetroM meM gaNanA kI alaga-alaga paddhatiyoM kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa kI gayI va aneka kSetrIya gaNanAoM kA janma huaa| ora nahIM to eka saMvat ke varSa Arambha meM antara kara diyA gyaa| usake saura va candrIya mahInoM meM antara kara diyA gayA tathA mahInoM ke Arambha va anta meM antara kara liyA gyaa| zaka saMvat va vikramI saMvat isakA acchA udAharaNa hai jinake uttarI va dakSiNI do alaga-alaga prakAra kI gaNanA paddhatiyAM Aja bhI pracalita haiN| __ bhAratIya itihAsa meM yaha eka prathA-sI bana gayI thI ki jo bhI zAsaka svayaM ko jarA bhI zaktizAlI mahasUsa karatA thA athavA usake kucha zAsana varSa zAnti se kaTa jAte the vaha svayaM ko mahAn va viziSTa dikhAne kA prayAsa karatA thaa| apane nAma se kisI zAsaka dvArA eka naye saMvat kA calAyA jAnA bhI isI ahaM bhAva kA pratIka thaa| maurya, gupta, gAMgeya, harSa, lakSmaNasena, zAhUra, julUsI, rAjyAbhiSeka Adi saMvatoM kA Arambha isI ahaMbhAva ko lekara huA / pUrva pracalita saMvat ko svIkAra na kara apanA nijI saMvat calAnA athavA zAsana kAla ke itanave (24veM, cauthe, tIsare Adi) varSa meM amuka kArya sampanna hA athavA amuka dAnalekha, zilAlekha va stambha lekha kI sthApanA huii| ye bhI isI pratiSThita karane kI hor3a ke dyotaka haiN| gautamI putra sAtakarNI kA nAsika guhAlekha 24vAM varSa, kaniSka kA sAranAya pratimA lekha tIsarA varSa Adi aneka udAharaNa isa sambandha meM itihAsa se milate haiN|

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bhArata meM samvatoM kI adhika saMkhyA kI utpatti ke kAraNa... 161 bhAratIya gaNanA paddhati ko rASTrIya stara para sudhArane va use calAne ke prayAsa nagaNya hI rahe / ataH jo kSetrIya saMvata Arambha kiye gaye ve bahuuddezIya na bana pAye / koI dhArmika, koI rAjanItika va koI sAhitya va abhilekhoM ke aMkana taka hI sImita raha gyaa| isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki aise bhI avasara Aye jaba eka hI zAsana ne alaga-alaga uddezyoM ke lie kaI saMvat calAye jaisAki bAdazAha akabara ne dhArmika kAryoM ke lie ilAhI saMvata , vittIya kAryoM ke lie phasalI saMvata tathA nijI pratiSThA ke lie julUsI saMvatoM kA Arambha kiyaa| isake atirikta hindU gaNanA paddhati meM candra va saura kA mizrita rUpa grahaNa kara lie jAne ke kAraNa vaha paddhati vaijJAnika to adhika ho gayI lekina usakA vyAvahArika rUpa jaTila ho gyaa| ataH sarala paddhati vAle mAtra saura athavA mAtra candrIya gaNanA vAle saMvatoM kA Arambha huaa| bhAratIya janamAnasa dvArA candrIya hijrA va saura IsAI saMvatoM ko grahaNa kara lie jAne kA yahI kAraNa hai| phasalI saMvat jaise naye saMvatoM kA prAdurbhAva bhI isI jaTilatA kA pariNAma thaa| sUryamAna, candramAna va nakSatrIya gaNanA paddhatiyoM ne bhI naye saMvatoM ko janma diyaa| rASTra ke uttarI-dakSiNI, pUrvI va pazcimI kSetroM meM paMcAMga-nirmAtAoM ne sayaMmAna, candramAna va nakSatrIya paddhatiyoM ko kama va adhika mahatva diyA / jisa kAraNa kisI kSetra ke loga eka paddhati se va dUsare kSetra ke loga dUsarI paddhati se va tIsare kSetra ke loga tIsarI paddhati se paricita hue| aura ve apane-apane gaNanA ke tarIkoM ko dUsaroM se ekadama bhinna mahasUsa karane lage / isa pravRtti ke mUla meM mukhya kAraNa rASTrIya stara para eka gaNanA paddhati kA taya na ho pAnA thaa| yadi rASTrIya stara para ina tInoM paddhatiyoM kI gaNanA kara eka vaijJAnika paddhati taya kara lI jAtI taba bahuta se kSetrIya saMvatoM kI saMbhAvanA kama ho sakatI thii| bhArata meM pracalita adhikAMza saMvatoM ko nAma nayA nAma dene kA hI kArya kiyA gyaa| inakI gaNanA paddhati ko kisI bhI taraha sudhArane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA gyaa| ata: janatA pUrva pracalita gaNanA paddhati kA prayoga karatI rahI / naye saMvat ke prati usameM koI AkarSaNa utpanna nahIM huA, jisase Arambha huA nayA saMvat zIghra hI apane ArambhakartA ke anta ke sAtha hI samApta ho gayA / punaH usI kSetra meM naye saMvat kA prAdurbhAva huaa| yadi pUrva pracalita saMvat ko janatA grahaNa kara letI taba sambhava thA ki itanI zIghratA se naye-naye saMvatoM kA pracalana na kiyA jaataa|

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192 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa zAsakoM kI pUrva-pracalita prathAoM ko miTAne va naye tatvoM ko lAgU karane kI pravatti bhI saMvatoM kI janmadAyinI rahI aura isa bAta kI saMbhAvanA taba aura adhika bar3ha jAtI thI jabaki eka rAjya dUsare ko vijita kara apanA zAsana sthApita karatA thA / dharma saMskRti ke samUla nAza meM gaNanA paddhati bhI achUtI nahIM rahatI thI va pUrva pracalita saMvat ke sthAna para naye saMyat kI sthApanA kara dI jAtI thii| cAlukya, vikrama, zAhUra va rAjyAbhiSeka saMvatoM kA prAdurbhAva isI bhAvanA kA phala thaa| isa pravRtti ko prAntavAda kA nAma bhI diyA jA sakatA hai / ina saMvatoM ke ArambhakartA prAntIyatA kI bhAvanA se prerita the / ataH apane prAnta ko zreSTha siddha karane ke lie unhoMne saMvatoM ke Arambha ko pratIka rUpa meM grahaNa kiyaa| inameM eka nayI paddhati dene kI bhAvanA va joza thA, jo naye saMvatoM kI janmadAyinI bnii| bhArata meM naye-naye dharmoM va sampradAyoM ke prAdurbhAva se bhI naye saMvatoM kI sthApanA huI / ye naye sampradAya apane dhArmika netA ko pratiSThita karane tathA bhArata meM pUrva pracalita dharma ke barAbarI meM apane dharma ko lAne ke lie naye saMvat Arambha karate rahe jaisAki bhArata meM pUrva pracalita sanAtana dharma ke devI-devatAoM ke nAma para saMvat pracalita the| mahAvIra-nirvANa, buddha-nirvANa, maharSi dayAnandAbda, bahAI saMvat Adi isI prakAra naye sampradAyoM dvArA Arambha kie gae saMvat haiN| aba taka aise kAraNoM kA ullekha haA hai jo bhArata meM itanI bar3I saMkhyA meM samvatoM ke prAdurbhAva ke lie uttaradAyI rhe| aba kucha aise kAraNoM ko bhI samajhanA jarUrI hai jinhoMne sambatoM kI isa vizAla saMkhyA ko sImita kara diyA tathA Aja bhArata meM kula Arambha hue samvatoM kA eka tihAI bhAga hI pracalita hai, zeSa apane Arambha kI kucha zatAbdiyoM bAda hI adRzya ho gye| isa saMdarbha meM kucha kAraNa isa prakAra ginAye jA sakate haiM : prathama, adhikatara samvatoM ke ArambhakartA zAsaka athavA rAjavaMzoM kA zAsanakAla sImita thA jaba taka ki loga unake dvArA dI gayI kisI nayI vyavasthA se bhalI-bhAMti paricita ho pAte ve use grahaNa karate, usase pUrva hI zAsaka vaMza badala gayA tathA prajA maye rAjA kI nItiyoM meM ulajha gyii| ataH pahale dvArA dI gayI paddhati ko sthAI rakha pAnA usake lie saMbhava na rahA / isase ArambhakartA ke zAsana-samApti ke sAtha hI adhikatara samvatoM kA bhI anta ho gyaa|

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bhArata meM samvatoM kI adhika saMkhyA kI utpatti ke kAraNa... 163 khagola zAstra, grahoM va nakSatroM kI gati kA parIkSaNa karane tathA unake AdhAra para paMcAMga paddhati ko zodhita karane kA ina saMvatoM meM abhAva rahA / jisa saMvat ke ArambhakartA va bAda meM usake anuyAyiyoM ne gaNanA-paddhati ke zodhana para bala diyA, vaha thor3A sthAyI rahA, zeSa lupta ho gye| janatA meM bhI ina saMvatoM ke prati koI AkarSaNa utpanna nahIM huaa| kSetrIya va dhArmika saMkIrNatA tathA rUr3hivAditA ne bhI saMvatoM ko pracalana se lupta ho jAne meM sahayoga diyaa| eka kSetra, prAnta athavA rAjya ke loga dUsare rAjya kI, eka dharma ke loga dUsare dharma kI va rur3hivAdI loga kisI bhI pragati kI bAta ko sunane, samajhane va apanAne ke lie kisI bhI rUpa meM taiyAra nahIM the| bhale hI apanI prathA truTipUrNa ho va dUsare kI, acchI ho, lekina dUsare dharma kA nAma Ate hI vaha ghRNAspada bana jAtI thii| ataH bahuta se saMvat vaijJAnika dRSTi se unnata hote hue bhI tathA unake ArambhakartAoM dvArA gaNanA-paddhati kA zodhana kara lie jAne ke bAda bhI adhika samaya pracalana meM na raha sake / akabara dvArA Arambha kiye dIna-e-ilAhI saMvat ko isI zreNI meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| bhArata meM aisI koI bhASA na rahI jo deza bhara meM Ama janatA kA vicAramAdhyama banatI tathA eka sthAna ke loga dUsarI jagaha ke tathyoM ko parakha pAte / yadyapi saMskRta bhASA thI jo pUre rASTra kA pratinidhitva karatI thI, lekina sadiyoM se zikSA ke abhAva ne use janasAdhAraNa se dUra kara diyA va sAhitya kI bhASA banA diyA / ata. alaga-alaga bhASA-bhASI kSetroM meM gaNanA kI pathaka paddhatiyoM kA Arambha huA / sImita kSetra va sImita bhASA-bhASI logoM meM hI pracalita rahane ke kAraNa ye paddhatiyAM zIghra hI samApta bhI ho gyiiN| bhArata meM videziyoM ke Agamana ne jahAM aneka naye saMvatoM ko janma diyA, vahIM pracalita aneka saMvatoM ko samUla naSTa karane kA bhI prayAsa kiyaa| ye apane saMvatoM ko calAnA cAhate the, ataH rAjakAryo, dainika vyavahAra ke kAryoM va sAvaM. janika sabhAoM, goSThiyoM va ghoSaNAoM meM videzI saMvat prayoga kiye jAne lage, aneka bhAratIya saMvatoM ko pracalana se bAhara kara diyA gyaa| isa avasthA meM mAtra ve hI saMvat jIvita raha pAye jinakI chApa janasAdhAraNa para bahuta gaharI thI, zeSa dhIre-dhIre lupta ho gaye / pahale yaha kArya musalamAnoM ke Agamana ke bAda hijrA saMvat ne kiyA, isake bAda yahI kArya IsAI saMvat ne bhI kiyaa| na kevala videziyoM ne bhAratIya saMvatoM va paramparAoM kA vinAza kiyA, varan svadezI zAsakoM ne bhI yahI kiyaa| eka prAnta ke zAsaka ne dUsare prAnta ko jIta lene para vahI vyavahAra kiyA lene jo eka videzI zAsaka ka ratA

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164 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa hai| vahAM pracalita saMvat ko samApta kara apane saMvat kA pracalana kiyA tathA usake samUla nAza kA prayAsa kiyA / Aja bahuta se saMvat aise haiM jinake viSaya meM mAtra eka-do lekha hI upalabdha haiM; bAkI sAhitya athavA itihAsa meM inakA ullekha nahIM miltaa| aisA svadezI zAsakoM kI pArasparika spardhA ke kAraNa huaa| janatA ke lie yaha sahaja prakriyA bana gayI ki jaba bhI koI zAsaka vaMza badalegA vaha apanI naI nItiyoM ko una para Aropita karegA / ataH janatA adhikAMza saMvatoM ke bAre meM yahI dhAraNA rakhatI ki yaha zAsaka dvArA una para lAga kiyA gayA eka nayA niyama hai| usake samajhane va apanAne kA rukha janatA kA nahIM thA balki vaha to apanI pUrva pracalita gaNanA paddhati se hI jar3I rahanA cAhatI thii| isa prakAra zAsakoM dvArA Aropita saMvat adhika dina sthAyI na raha sake tathA zIghra lupta ho gye| aneka saMvat mAtra rAjanaitika dabAva ke kAraNa bar3e rAjAoM se choToM ne ne grahaNa kara lie / ataH AdhIna deza kA zAsaka va janatA use ghRNA kI dRSTi dekhatI thI va aisI vyavasthA se zIghra chuTakArA cAhatI thii| aneka saMvat mAtra dhArmika uddezyoM ko lekara banAye gaye ataH unakI jaTila gaNanA paddhati va bar3I-bar3I saMkhyAoM ke kAraNa vyavahArika upayogitA na rahI, aneka saMvat vittIya uddezyoM ko lekara banAye gaye, jinakA rAjanaitika va dhArmika mahatva nagaNya thA ataH isa prakAra ke eka uddezIya saMvat adhika Ayu na pA sake / dUsare uddezyoM kI pUrti ke lie zIdhra hI naye saMvat Arambha karane par3e / yadi saMvat ke prArambha bahuta se uddezyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kiye jAte taba sambhava thA ki ve sthAyI hote / zaka va vikrama saMvat isI tathya kA pratIka hai ki unhoMne rAjanaitika, dhArmika, abhilekhIya, sAhityika va prazAsanika kAryoM ko sAthasAtha pUrA kiyA isIlie unakA astitva Aja bhI banA huA hai jabaki inake bAda meM Arambha hone vAle saMvat kaba ke samApta ho cuke haiN| bhArata meM vartamAna samaya meM aneka saMvat pracalita haiM kintu unameM se kisI meM bhI rASTrIya saMvat bana pAne kI kSamatA nahIM hai / kisI bhI saMvat ko rASTrIya banAne ke lie usakI kucha viziSTatAyeM honI caahie| rASTrIya saMvat kI paribhASA isa prakAra kI jA sakatI hai : jisa saMvat ko rASTra ke adhikAMza bhAga meM prayoga kiyA jAye, rASTrIya bhAvanAyeM jisake sAtha jur3I hoM tathA jo itihAsa kA pramukha AdhAra rahA ho-aise saMvat ko rASTrIya saMvat kaha sakate haiM / isa paribhASA ke sandarbha meM yadi dekhA jAye to mArata meM vartamAna samaya meM pracalita

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bhArata meM samvatoM kI adhika saMkhyA kI utpatti ke kAraNa 165 samvatoM meM eka bhI rASTrIya saMvat hone kI viziSTatAyeM nahIM rakhatA / tithikrama se ina samvatoM ko isa prakAra parakhA jA sakatA hai : sarvaprathama sRSTi samvat hai, jisakA Arambha sRSTi ke Arambha ke sAtha jor3a diyA gayA aura sRSTi kA Arambha svayaM vivAdAspada tathya hai jisake saMdarbha meM sAhityika, bhaugolika va dhArmika sAkSyoM se prApta tithiyoM meM karor3oM varSoM kA antara milatA hai / isake vyatIta varSoM kI vizAla saMkhyA ne ise avyavahArika banA diyA hai aura Aja mAtra hindU dharma paMcAMgoM meM hI isakA ullekha hotA hai / ataH aise saMvat ko jinake vartamAna samaya kI saMkhyA ko yAda rakhanA kalISTa ho, rASTrIya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / hindU dharma se hI sambandhita dUsarA saMvat kali saMvat hai jo apanI gaNanApaddhati kI sugamatA ke kAraNa hajAroM varSoM se pracalana meM hai tathA isakA Arambha bhI khagolazAstra kI gaharI zodhoM va nakSatroM ke milana kI mahatvapUrNa khagolazAstrIya ghaTanA se huA hai kintu isakI ikAIyAM aba antarrASTrIya stara para purAnI par3a cukI haiN| Adhunika samaya meM antarrASTrIya stara para samaya kI gaNanA ke mApakoM ke sAtha isakA sAmaMjasya nahIM kiyA gayA hai / ataH isako rASTrIya saMvat mAneM taba pUrI hI paMcAMga vyavasthA nayI ghar3iyoM ke nirmANa, naI taraha kI vedhazAlAoM kA nirmANa karanA hogA jo bahuta kharcIlA va kaThina kArya hai / isake pazcAt buddha nirvANa va mahAvIra nirvANa saMvatoM ko lete haiM / dharmaprarvattakoM ke nAma para AraMbha hone tathA unakI jIvana kI ghaTanAoM se sambandhita hone ke kAraNa ina saMvatoM kA rASTrIya prasAra na ho pAyA / mAtra ina sampradAyoM ke anuyAyiyoM ne hI, vaha bhI sirpha dhArmika uddezyoM ke lie inakA prayoga kiyA | sAtha hI ina saMvatoM ke lie koI nizcita va pUrva gaNanA paddhati se pRthaka gaNanA paddhati bhI AraMbha nahIM kI gaI, ataH inako rASTrIya saMvat kA stara prApta honA saMbhava nahIM / bhAratIya itihAsa meM vikrama samvat bhI apanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai / sAdhAraNa gaNanA ke anusAra vikrama saMvat kI sthApanA 57 I0 pUrva se Arambha hotI hai / Arambha meM kRta phira mAlava isake bAda vikrama saMvat ke nAma se isa saMvat, ko jAnA gayA / prAcIna kAla meM isa saMvat kA prayoga dakSiNI-pUrvI rAjapUtAnA, madhya bhArata tathA gaMgA ke uttarI maidAna meM pracalita thA / pAMcavIM zatAbdI se navIM zatAbdI taka isa saMvat kA prayoga mAlava nareza ne kiyA / isa samvat ke sAtha vikrama zabda dhIre-dhIre navIM zatAbdI ke bAda hI jur3A, zaka samvat ke

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166 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa samAna hI vikrama saMvata kA vistAra kSetra bhI sampUrNa bhArata eka sAtha nahIM bana pAyA / yadyapi yaha svadezI kahA jA sakatA hai para rAjakAryoM meM isakA prayoga adhika samaya nahIM ho pAyA, ataH isako bhI bhAratIya rASTrIya saMvat nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| inake bAda zaka saMvat kA nambara AtA hai| jisane bhAratIya itihAsa ko sarvAdhika prabhAvita kiyA ! isakA vikAsa tIna caraNoM meM huaa| prathama purAnA zaka saMvat / aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki kaniSka ne kisI naye saMvat kA Arambha nahIM kiyA, apitu yaha usase kaI zatAbdI pahale hI pracalita thaa| vAna lohijana DI lyU kA vicAra hai ki tithi gaNanA kI prAcIna bhAratIya prathA 100 kA aMka chor3akara gaNanA karane kI thii| mathurA ke aneka brAhmI abhilekhoM meM 5 se 57 varSa taka kI tithiyA~ haiM, jinameM prAcIna bhAratIya prathA kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai| vahAM 105 ke lie 5 tathA 114 ke lie 14 kUSANa saMvat ke lie prayukta hue haiM / mathurA ke pAsa ke prathama zatAbdI ke lekhoM kI tithi ke sambandha meM yahI dhAraNA hai| ema0ena0 zAha ke anusAra kaniSka kA prathama varSa purAne zaka saMvat kA 201 varSa hai| kaniSka san 78 I0 meM siMhAsanArUr3ha huA aura taba usane nayA zaka saMvat calAyA / vAna lohijana DI.lyU tathA ema0ena0 zAha ke vicAroM se yahI tathya sAmane AtA hai ki purAnA zaka saMvat 123 I0 pUrva meM AraMbha huA tathA isameM zatAbdiyoM kA aMka chor3akara gaNanA kI jAtI thii| 78 I0 meM AraMbha hone vAlA saMvat nayA zaka saMvat mAnA jAtA hai| yaha saMvat ke vikAsa kA dUsarA caraNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| isakA prayoga Aja bhI hindU dharma kAryoM ke lie kiyA jAtA hai / ise rASTrIya saMvat mAnane meM kucha kaThinAIyA~ haiM / prathama isake varSa kA AraMbha deza ke vibhinna prAntoM meM alaga-alaga RtuoM meM kiyA jAtA hai| dUsarA varSa kI hI bhAMti isake mahInoM kA Arambha bhI alaga-alaga sthAnoM para pRthaka rUpa se hai| pUNimAnta va AmAMta do prakAra ke mAha pracalita haiN| isake sAtha hI IsAI va hinI saMvatoM ke samAna hI zaka saMvat para bhI videzI hone kA Aropa lagAyA jA sakatA hai jaisA ki isake nAma se hI vidita hai| ataH zaka saMvat se isa svarUpa ko bhAratIya rASTrIya saMvat nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| zaka saMvat tIsare caraNa meM, svatantra bhArata kI sarakAra dvArA use rASTrIya saMvat ke rUpa meM grahaNa karane ke sAtha AraMbha hotA hai / bhArata sarakAra ne jisa zaka saMvat ko rASTrIya saMvat ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA usakA svarUpa 78 I0 meM Arambha hone vAle zaka saMvat se bhinna hai| 22 mArca, 1657 I0 ko ise bhAratIya rASTrIya saMvat ke rUpa meM grahaNa kara liyA gayA hai,

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bhArata meM samvatoM kI adhika saMkhyA kI utpatti ke kAraNa parantu tIna dazaka bIta jAne para bhI yaha rASTrIya mahatva prApta nahIM kara pAyA, anya dUsare rASTrIya cinhoM, rASTrIya gAna, rASTrIya dhvaja, rASTrIya gIta ke samAna rASTrIyatA kI bhAvanA isa saMvat ke sAtha nahIM jur3a pAyI hai (isake kAraNoM kA ullekha Age vartamAna rASTrIya paMcAMga kI AlocanA ke saMdarbha meM kiyA jAyegA ) | 197 yadyapi apane Arambha ke Der3ha sahastrAbda IsAI saMvat kA paricaya bhAratIya itihAsa se huA, kintu bhArata meM pUrva pracalita saMvatoM se adhika isakA prayoga prazAsanika, dainika vyavahAra tathA itihAsa lekhana ke lie huA hai / phira yaha bhI vicAraNIya viSaya hai ki IsAI saMvat ko hI bhAratIya rASTrIya paMcAMga ke rUpa meM grahaNa kara liyA jAe kintu isa saMdarbha meM sabase pahalI samasyA to yahI hai ki isakI paddhati ko bhI aneka bhAratIya saMvatoM kI paddhati ke samAna zodhana kI AvazyakatA hai / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki bhArata meM ise videzI AkrAnnAmoM va zAsakoM dvArA Aropita kiyA gayA hai / ataH isake sAtha rASTrIya gaurava va rASTra hita kI bhAvanA nahIM jor3I jA sakatI, jabaki kisI bhI tathya ko rASTrIya banAne ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai / lagabhaga cAra zatAbdiyoM se yaha bhArata meM pracalita hai kintu bhAratIya janatA abhI taka ise dhArmika kAryoM ke lie nahIM apanA pAyI hai / ata: yaha rASTrIya bhAvanAoM kA pratinidhitva karane meM samartha nahIM hai / islAma gaNanA paddhati para AdhArita hijrA saMvat bhI bhArata meM vartamAna samaya meM pracalita hai tathA kaI zatAbdiyoM taka bhArata ke prazAsanika kAryoM meM bhI prayukta huA hai| isako yadi bhAratIya rASTrIya saMvat ke rUpa meM parakhA jAe to isakI kucha kamiyAM isa prakAra dIkha par3atI haiM : prathama to yaha dharma pracAraka mohammada kI jIvana ghaTanA se sambandhita hai, ataH jo samasyA dUsare sampradAyoM dvArA saMvat ko grahaNa na kara pAnA anya sampradAyoM ke saMvatoM ke sAtha hai, vahI isameM bhI hai / dUsarA isake varSa kI lambAI candrIya cakra para AdhArita hai tathA kisI bhI samayAntara para isako saura varSa ke barAbara lAne kA prayAsa nahIM hai jabaki antarrASTrIya stara para varSa kI lambAI saura mAna para hai jisase vizva ke aneka saura paMcAMgoM se isakA varSaM va zatAbdI nirantara choTe rahate jA rahe haiM / isameM RtuoM va mahInoM kA sAmaMjasya nahIM hai / prati varSa RtuoM ke mahInoM ke nAma badala jAte haiM / sAtha hI bhArata -kI bahusaMkhyaka janatA ke lie yaha videzI hai ataH ise rASTrIya saMvat nahIM mAnA I jA sakatA /

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168 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa bahAI saMbat jo bahAI sampradAya se sambandhita hai, bhI bhArata ke vartamAna pracalita saMvatoM meM hai| yaha dharma netA bAba se sambandhita hai / yadyapi isa saMvat meM aba taka pracalita saMvat se kucha pRthaka paddhati apanAyI gayo hai tathA isako vaijJAnikatA pradAna karane kA prayAsa bhI huA hai, isameM 16-16 dinoM ke 16 mahInoM meM pUre saura varSa ko bA~TA gayA hai / parantu yaha bhI sAmpradAyika va dhArmika hI hai, tathA rASTrIya netatva nahIM krtaa| uparokta ullikhita kucha viziSTa saMvatoM ke atirikta zrI kRSNa, baMgAlI san, kollama saMvat, phasalI, Adi saMvat bhI bhArata meM pracalita haiM, kintu ina saMvatoM kI gaNanA paddhati spaSTa na hone va inake Arambhika samaya ke viSaya meM gaharA matabheda hone ke kAraNa ye zahastrAbdiyoM va zatAbdiyoM bAda bhI vahIM taka mImita haiM, jina sampradAya va kSetra meM inakA AraMbha huA thaa| ataH inameM rASTrIya saMvat bana pAne kI kSamatA nahIM hai| spaSTa hai ki uparokta ullikhita aneka saMvat yadyapi bahuta samaya taka bhArata ke rAjanaitika, prazAsanika va dhArmika kAryoM meM prayukta hue, parantu Aja kI bhAratIya paristhitiyoM meM una meM bhAratIya rASTrIya saMvat banane kI kSamatA nahIM hai| ina saMvatoM kI sabase bar3I kamajorI yaha hai ki ye bahuuddezIya nahIM bana pAye / jo dharma se sambandhita thA, mAtra dhArmika hI rahA, jo prazAsanika thA, prazAsanika hI rahA / dainika vyavahAra, dharma, prazAsana, bhArata ke samasta bhU-pradeza para pracalana tathA adhikAMza janatA dvArA eka sAtha grahaNa karane jaise vibhinna uddezyoM ko kisI ne bhI eka sAtha pUrA nahIM kiyaa| itihAsa isakA sAkSI hai ki aneka ghaTanAoM ne vizva ke aneka rASTroM ko samaya gaNanA paddhati ke sudhAra tathA nayA rASTrIya saMvat apanA lene ko prerita kiyaa| phrAnsa kA krAntikArI kaleNDara isakA udAharaNa hai| nepAla meM bhI vikrama saMvat ko lagabhaga rASTrIya saMvat kA sthAna prApta hai| "nepAla meM sArA vyavahAra vikrama saMvat ke anusAra hotA hai / rAjanIti se lagAkara baiMka taka saba jagaha isI rASTrIya saMvat ke hisAba se sArA kAma dhAma calatA hai| 1947 meM svatantratA prApti ke bAda bhArata sarakAra ne bhI yaha mahasUsa kiyA ki bhArata meM pracalita asaMkhya saMvatoM ke sthAna para eka rASTrIya paMcAMga grahaNa kiyA jaaye| isake lie zaka saMvat ko sarvAdhika ucita samajhA gyaa| eka nayA rASTrIya 1. banavArI, 'samaya kA jIvana se kaTA huA paimAnA', "janasattA", 1 janavarI, 1687, pR04|

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bhArata meM samvatoM kI adhika saMkhyA kI utpatti ke kAraNa... 166 saMvat AraMbha kiye jAne kA mUla kAraNa yahI thA ki prAcIna saMvatoM kI saMkhyA bahuta adhika ho gayI thI tathA usameM se kisI ko bhI rASTrIya nahIM mAnA jAtA thA, koI bhI pUre rASTra kA pratinidhitva nahIM karatA thA aura na hI kisI kI bhI gaNanA paddhati itanI sazakta thI ki vaha navIna dhAraNAoM, nAgarika, sAmAjika va dhArmika bhAvanAoM kA pratinidhitva kara paataa| bhArata varSa meM prArambhika saMvat dainika caritroM, dhArmika vizvAsoM tathA alauvi.ka vyaktiyoM se hI sambandhita the / isake atirikta inakI gaNanA vidhi atyadhika jaTila aura inake gaNaka bahuta bar3I bar3I saMkhyAoM vAle the, jisake kAraNa ye saMvata sAmAnya prayoga ke lie ucita na the| kyoMki ye saMvat adhika se adhika prAcInatA se jur3a jAnA cAhate the, ataH inake aMka bhI sahastroM meM Ane lge| isa zreNI meM mUla rUpa se sRSTi saMvat, rAma kA kAla, brahaspati kAla, kaliyuga, yudhiSThira saMvat, parazurAma kA cakra, laukika saMvat, graha parivartI cakra Adi Ate haiN| uparokta saMvat jo dhArmika caritroM se sambaddha the yA mithakoM para AdhArita the, apanI gaNanA paddhati ke kAraNa hI dhIre-dhIre sAmAnya prayoga se haTate cale gye| isake pazcAt bhArata meM saMvatoM ko aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se jor3ane kI prathA pracalita huyI / ina meM yadyapi gaNanA paddhati to prAcIna hI grahaNa kara lI gayI thI tathA bahuta se tathya paraspara mela khAte haiM, parantu vibhinna zAsakoM ne vibhinna avasaroM para inakA AraMbha kiyaa| isa prakAra bhArata meM bahuta se saMvatoM kA pracalana huaa| inameM aneka bhArata ke vibhinna kSetroM meM Aja bhI pracalita haiN| ataH svatantratA prApti ke bAda bhArata sarakAra ke samakSa yaha samasyA thI ki inameM se kisako rASTrIya paMcAMga ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA jAye / naye rASTrIya paMcAMga (saMvat kA svarUpa kyA ho? tathA nayA paMcAMga kina uddezyoM ko pUrA kare ? inhIM saba samasyAoM ko sulajhAne va bhArata ke lie rASTrIya paMcAMga kA nirmANa karane ke lie navambara, 1952 meM bhArata sarakAra dvArA eka kalaNDara sudhAra samiti kI sthApanA kI gyii| "samiti kI sthApanA kA mukhya uddezya rASTra meM pracalita vibhinna saMvatoM, jo paraspara bhinna haiM, kA adhyayana karanA thA tathA eka nayA va laiNDara banAnA thA jo pUre rASTra meM nAgarika va prazAsanika kAryoM ke lie prayoga kiyA jA ske| bhAratIya rASTrIya Andolana ke pramukha netA lokamAnya bAla gaMgAdhara tilaka ne sarvaprathama yaha Andolana Arambha kiyA ki samasta bhArata ke lie jyotiSa ke 1. 'iNDiyA, 1979' hindI rUpAntara, "bhArata vArSika saMdarbha graMtha", pharIdAbAda, 1676, pR0 25 /

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200 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa prAmANika AdhAra para eka kalaiNDara banAyA jaaye| bhArata sarakAra dvArA rASTrIya kalaNDara kA nirmANa kiye jAne kA eka mahatvapUrNa kAraNa grigoriyana kaleNDara kA truTipUrNa honA bhI hai| itihAsa lekhana kA pramukha AdhAra saMvat hai| ghaTanAoM kA kramika rUpa meM adhyayana karane va usake samayAntara ko samajhane ke lie saMvat kI AvazyakatA hai| eka rASTra kI rASTrIya pahacAna va rASTrIya ekatA ke lie rASTrIya saMvat kI AvazyakatA hai / "jisa saMvat ko rASTra ke adhikAMza bhAga meM prayoga kiyA jAye, jisake sAtha rASTrIya bhAvanA jur3I ho tathA jo itihAsa kA pramukha AdhAra rahA ho, aise saMvat ko rASTrIya saMvat kaha sakate haiN| kisI bhI rASTra kI pahacAna ke lie rASTra ke kucha vizeSa cinha hote haiM apane pRthaka-pRthaka svArthoM meM manuSyoM meM cAhe jo bhI bheda-bhAva hoM, lekina ina cinhoM ke prati una bhAvanAoM ke prati rASTra kA pratyeka nAgarika svayaM ko samAna rUpa se uttaradAyI mahasUsa karatA hai / inhIM kucha tatvoM ke prati manuSyoM kI bhAvanAyeM eka rASTrIyatA ko janma detI haiN| rASTrIya ekatA kI bhAvanA utpanna karatI haiN| jisa prakAra eka rASTra kI rASTrIya ekatA ko rASTrIya dhvaja, rASTrIya bhASA, rASTrIya gAna, rASTrIya cinha se saMbala milatA hai, isI pariprekSya meM yadi eka rASTrIya samvat bhI ho taba vaha rASTrIya ekatA ke nirmANa meM mahatvapUrNa sahAyaka ho sakatA hai| bhAratavarSa kI paristhitiyoM meM yaha tathya aura bhI adhika mahatvapUrNa hai / kyoMki yahA~ vibhinna sampradAyoM, dharma va jAti ke loga basate haiN| jo apane-apane sampradAyoM se sambandhita samvatoM va gaNanA paddhatiyoM kA prayoga karate haiN| itanA hI nahIM eka hI sampradAya dvArA vibhinna saMvat prayoga kiye jAne, eka hI saMvat kA vibhinna rUpa meM prayoga karane tathA eka hI saMvata ke varSa kA deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM pRthaka-pRthaka varSAraMbha manAne kI prathA bhI bhArata meM pracalita hai| isa prakAra kI pravRtti eka sampradAya ko dUsare sampradAya ke rIti-rivAjoM va tyauhAroM se anabhijJa rakhatI hai tathA vibhinna sampradAyoM meM pRthakatA kI bhAvanA panapatI hai| ata: bhAratIya paristhitiyoM meM yaha aura bhI anivArya ho jAtA hai ki eka vaijJAnika va sarva upayogI rASTrIya saMvat grahaNa kiyA jaaye| 1. aparNA zarmA, 'bhAratIya rASTrIya samvat', "zodhaka", volyUma 15, 1685, pR036|

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bhArata meM samvatoM kI adhika saMkhyA kI utpatti ke kAraNa vartamAna bhAratIya rASTrIya paMcAMga vartamAna rASTrIya kalaiNDara kA nirmANa karate samaya kucha prAkRtika dRzyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhA gayA tathA kucha pUrva pracalita siddhAntoM ko zodhita rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA gyaa| paMcAMga ke Arambhika avasthA meM inhIM prAkRtika dRzyoM ne manuSyoM ko samaya gaNanA ke lie prerita kiyaa| samaya ke ananta pravAha ko ye hI prAkR tika dRzya vibhAjita karate haiM / hamezA doharAye jAne vAle dina-rAta, candramA kI kalAoM kA punarAgamana, RtuoM kA doharAyA jAnA Adi inameM pramukha haiM / samaya ko mArane ke lie isI punarAgamana ko AdhAra mAnA gayA / ye dRzya manuSya ke lie mahatvapUrNa haiM kyoMki ye sAre mAnava jIvana va pazu jIvana ko nizcita karate haiM / sabhyatA ke AraMbha meM jaba manuSyoM ne nadiyoM kI ghATiyoM meM jIvana AraMbha kiyA to ina prAkRtika dRzyoM ko bahuta mahatva diyA / isa avasthA meM manuSya kRSi para nirbhara the tathA kRSi inhIM prAkRtika dRzyoM para nirbhara thI / isI ke AdhAra para sAmAjika va rASTrIya tyauhAra manAye jAte the, jo ki samyatA ke lie anivArya the, loga pahale se hI naye candramA va pUrNa candramA ke viSaya meM jAnanA cAhate the / kRSi ke vibhinna kAryoM mAnasUna kA AnA, bIja bonA, phasala kATanA Adi mukhya tyauhAroM ke rUpa meM manAye jAte the / isa prakAra rASTrIya kalaiNDara pUrva anubhavoM ke AdhAra para inhIM ghaTanAoM kI bhaviSyavANI ke rUpa meM vikasita huA I 201 dina ina prAkRtika dRzyoM se sabase choTI ikAI thI tathA yaha paMcAMga ke AdhAra rUpa meM grahaNa kI gyii| Aja bhI vibhinna paMcAMgoM meM vibhinna nAmoM se yaha samaya mApana kA mahatvapUrNa tathya mAnA jAtA hai / vibhinna rASTroM meM dina ke mApane ke lie alaga-alaga samaya prayoga kiye gaye / sUryodaya se sUryodaya taka, sUryAsta se sUryAsta taka, AdhI rAta se AdhI rAta taka dopahara se dopahara taka Adi / "saura dina ke atirikta khagolazAstriyoM ne eka nAkSatra dina bhI paribhASita kiyA hai jo ki do kramika, pAragamana kA kAla hai / pRthvI sUrya ke cAroM ora apanI dhurI para ghUmatI hai, usake samaya ko mApatA hai| saura dina sAiDriyala dina se bar3A hotA hai kyoMki pRthvI jaba taka apanI dhurI para eka cakkara pUrA karatI hai taba taka sUrya pUrva meM eka DigrI khisaka jAtA hai / pRthvI kI kakSA meM gati ke kAraNa yaha thor3A adhika samaya letA hai / ' 1. "riporTa oNpha da kalaiNDara riphArma kameTI", 1955, naI dillI, pR0 157 /

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202 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa mahInA mukhya rUpa meM candrIya tathya hai tathA isakI samaya tithi sUrya va candramA ke saMvega para nirbhara hai| "vartamAna candra mAha kI avadhi 26.5305881 dina yA 26 dina, yA 26 dina 12 ghaNTe 44 minaTa 2.6 sekeNDa hai| mahInoM ke aura bhI bahuta se prakAra haiM jo candramA va sUrya se liye gaye haiM ?" paMcAMga nirmANa kArya ko prabhAvita karane vAlA tIsarA mahatvapUrNa prAkRtika dRzya Rtu athavA varSa hai| varSa kI lambAI ke saMdarbha meM prAcIna dhAraNAyeM aspaSTa haiN| adhikAMza rASTra prAcIna samaya meM varSa kI lambAI 360 dina mAnate the jisameM 12 mAha 30-30 dina ke hote the| unakA vicAra thA ki candramA kI kalAeM 30 dina bAda punaH doharAyI jAtI haiM, anubhava ke AdhAra para pAyA gayA ki yaha paddhati galata hai, phira bhI isane paMcAMga itihAsa para gaharI chApa chodd'ii| mizravAsiyoM ne nIla nadI kI bAr3ha ke AdhAra para bahuta pahale hI yaha jAna liyA ki varSa kI lambAI 365 dina hai| bAda meM unhoMne varSa kI sahI lambAI 365.25 dina ke lagabhaga pA lii| arthAt prAkRtika dRzyoM ke nirantara parakhate jAne se hI Adi yuga meM manuSyoM ne samaya mApana paddhati ko pAyA tathA usake vibhAjana meM bhI unheM sahAyatA milii| vartamAna sAyana varSa kI lambAI yaha hai365.2421955 dina' / jaba sUrya punaH apane sahI rAste para loTa AtA hai, usameM jitanA samaya lagatA hai kucha rASTroM meM prAcIna samaya meM isI samayAvadhi ko eka nAkSAtrika varSa kI lambAI mAnA jAtA thaa| kaleNDara ke vikAsa ke aitihAsika krama kA prayoga do uddezyoM ke liye kiyA gyaa| prathama, nAgarika va prazAsanika jIvana meM sAmaMjasya sthApita karane ke liye| dUsarA, mAnavIya jIvana ko nirantaratA dene ke liye| prAcIna va madhya kAla meM samAja, carca (dhArmika saMsthAyeM) va zAsaka eka dUsare se guthe the| eka kaleNDara kA prayoga sabake liye hotA thA lekina Aja ke yuga meM antarrASTrIya stara para Arthika va sAmAjika nItiyoM ko taya karane kI AvazyakatA hai| ataH eka dhArmika saMsthA se jur3e kalaNDara kA prayoga prazAsanika, nAgarika va dhArmika tInoM kAryoM ke liye nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| Aja ke yuga meM eka antarrASTrIya saMvata kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa kI jA rahI hai| __ suvidhA ke liye dina ko bhI aneka upa-bhAgoM meM bAMTA gyaa| vibhinna paMcAMgoM meM yaha vyavasthA bhinna prakAra kI hai| eka ghar3I samaya ko vibhinna 1. "riporTa oNpha da kaleNDara riphArma kameTI", naI dillI, 1955, pR0 158 / / 2. vhii|

Page #217
bhArata meM samvatoM kI adhika saMkhyA kI utpatti ke kAraNa.. 203 barAbara hissoM meM bAMTatI hai| prAcIna bebIlona meM dina va rAta kI sammilita ikAI thii| mizra meM dina ko bAraha bhAgoM tathA rAtri ko bAraha bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA / bAda ke madhya yuga meM pUre dina va rAta ke samaya ke lie 24 ghaNToM kA vibhAjana apanA liyA gyaa| dina kA vistRta baMTavArA hinduoM dvArA do rUpa meM kiyA gayA / dina ko cAra barAbara bhAgoM meM jo ki prahara kahalAte the, bA~TA gayA tathA rAta kA bhI vibhAjana ThIka isI prakAra cAra praharoM meM kiyA gyaa| bhAratIya samaya mApana kI prahara mahatvapUrNa ikAI thii| loga prahara va Adhe prahara kA prayoga karate the / siddhAnta jyotiSa meM pUrNa rUpa se vaijJAnika vyavasthA dina ke upabhAgoM ke lie vikasita kara lI gayI thii| isakI mukhya ikAIyAM ghaTikA, prahara, yama va muharta Adi haiN| sUryodaya se agale sUryodaya kA eka dina thA jisako 60 barAbara ghaTikAoM meM bAMTA gayA, pratyeka ghaTikA 60 barAbara pala meM vAMTI gayI thI, pratyeka pala 60 vipala meM baMTA thA, isa prakAra eka dina meM 60 ghaTikA, 3600 pala, yA 216000 vipala hote the| kAla gaNanA ke lie varSa ko ikAI mAnA gayA / yaha itihAsa kAla kI bAta hai| prAgaitihAsika kAla meM kAla gaNanA varSa ke bajAya Rtu cakra dvArA kI jAtI thii| eka zarada Rtu ke Arambha hone se dUsarI zarada ke Arambha hone taka kA samaya zarada kahalAtA hai / varSa svayaM eka aisA zabda hai jisakA abhiprAyaH eka varSA kAla ke Arambha se dUsarI varSA taka ke Arambha taka kA samaya aMtanihita hai| Rgveda meM zarada, basanta aura hemanta zabdoM kA prayoga varSa yA saMvatsara ke artha meM haA hai| vaidika bhASA meM Rtu cakra ko yajJa aura prajApati bhI kahA gayA hai / isakI utpatti sUrya se hotI hai / arthAt RtuyeM sUrya se utpanna hotI hai isIlie sUrya ko RtuoM kA pitA tathA savitA kahA gayA hai aura usa savitA kA putra ukta Rtu cakra "vatsa", "saMvatsara" yA "vatsara" kahA gyaa| "ye saMvatsara pAMca prakAra ke hote the, isIlie sUrya ko paMcapAda pitaraM bhI kahA gayA hai / eka saMvatsara meM pAMca RtuyeM hotI haiM aura aise pAMca Rtu cakroM kA eka yuga mAnA gayA hai : (1) saMvatsara (2) parivatsara (3) iDAvatsara (4) anuvatsara (5) udvtsr| ina pAMca varSoM ke Rtu sambandhI sUkSma vibhAgoM kA anusaMdhAna gaNita dvArA kiyA jAtA thA yaha anusaMdhAna hI paMcAMga kahalAtA thaa|" varSa aura Rtu cakra meM tAlamela baiThAne ke lie yUropIya paMcAMga meM 'lIpaiyara" kI vyavasthA kI gayI tathA bhAratIya paMcAMga meM "adhimAsa" kI vyavasthA kI gyii| 1. "kAdambanI", janavarI 1987, dillI, pR0 22 /

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204 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa uparokta likhita dina, mAha va varSa tIna prAkRtika dRzyoM ko rASTrIya paMcAMga meM bhI grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| inake samaya meM thor3A parivartana huA hai tathA rAtadina kA vibhAjana 24 ghaNToM meM kiyA gayA hai| pratyeka ghaNTA, minaTa, saMkeNDa tathA isase bhI adhika sUkSma ikAI Aja prayoga kI jA rahI hai / yaha pAzcAtya kalaNDara vyavasthA kA prabhAva hai| rASTrIya paMcAMga ke dhArmika niyama ko adhikAdhika vistRta karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA / bhAratIya dhArmika vividhatA ke kAraNa pUre rASTra ke lie sAmAnya niyama banAnA asambhava hai / ataH dhArmika utsavoM va unase sambandhita chuTTiyoM ko taya karane ke lie kucha pUre rASTra ke lie sAmAnya niyama banAye gaye / jaisA ki kucha bar3e tyauhAra jo ki cakra saura paMcAMga para AdhArita hai, unake lie chuTTiyoM kI vyavasthA hai / isake atirikta hindU, muslima, IsAI Adi vibhinna sampradAyoM ke lie alaga dhArmika chuTTiyoM kI vyavasthA hai| isa sambandha meM kSetrIyatA kA bhI dhyAna rakhA gayA hai| jisa kSetra meM koI tyauhAra adhika mAnya hai vahAM usake lie adhika chuTTiyoM kI vyavasthA hai| isake atirikta bhAratIya sarakArI chuTTiyoM kI bhI pRthaka se vyavasthA kI gayI hai, jo ki pUre rASTra ke lie samAna rUpa meM mAnya hai| isa zreNI meM sarvaprathama chuTTI "naye varSa Arambha" kI, 22 mArca kI hai / isake alAvA svatantratA divasa, gaNatantra divasa, kucha mahApuruSoM ke janma divasa tathA rASTrIya stara para manAye jAne vAle aneka bar3e tyauhAroM kI chaTTiyAM sammilita haiN| dhArmika kSetra meM rASTrIya kalaiNDara meM apanAye gaye niyama va vyavasthAyeM vAstava meM sarAhanIya haiN| bhArata jaise dhArmika vividhatA vAle rASTra meM isI prakAra kI vyavasthA kI jA sakatI hai| isa saMdarbha meM vidvAnoM ne aneka bar3e tyohAroM ke paraspara sAmaMjasya dvArA sAmpradAyika sadbhAva juTAne kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hai| kintu sarakArI chuTTiyoM ke saMdarbha meM yadi unheM rASTrIya tyohAra va rASTrIya chuTTiyoM kA nAma diyA jAtA, taba sambhavata: adhika ucita hotaa| zAyada isa bAta ko mAnane meM hamAre kisI bhI sampradAya ko kaThinAI nahIM honI cAhie, kyoMki isa zreNI meM ve hI chuTTiyA~ haiM jo pUre rASTra ke lie samAna rUpa se mahatvapUrNa haiM / cAhe ve kisI rASTrIya netA se sambandhita haiM, cAhe rASTrIya paMcAMga se sambandhita haiM athavA mahAtmA buddha jaise netA ke janma dina se sambandhita haiM, jinakA mahatva hamAre sAMskRtika jIvana meM Aja bhI utanA hI hai jitanA 2 sahastrAbdiyoM pahale thA, tathA ve na kevala bhArata ke lie varan vizva bhara meM mAnavatA ke poSaNa ke lie mahatva kI haiM / kalaMNDara nirmANa ke kSetra meM prayoga hue

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bhArata meM samvatoM kI adhika saMkhyA kI utpatti ke kAraNa... 205 dhArmika adhikAra va niyama bhArata ke vibhinna kSetroM meM bhinna haiM va vibhinna hindU sampradAyoM meM bhinna haiM / koI bhI eka sAmAnya niyama pUre bhArata ke lie isa sambandha meM banA pAnA bahata kaThina hai| sambhavataH yahI kAraNa rahA ki dhArmika kSetra meM rASTrIya paMcAMga ko koI mahatva nahIM mila pAyA / apUrva kumAra kA to vizvAsa hai ki yadi samiti paMcAMga ko vaijJAnika nAgarika kaleNDara taka hI rahane dete taba adhika ucita hotA / "kalaNDara ke mukhya do uddezya, dhArmika va tithi krama haiM / kalaNDara sudhAra ke sambandha meM hue Andolana ina donoM uddezyoM ke bIca tAlamela nahIM baiThA paaye| isa AndolanoM ne logoM kI dhArmika bhAvanAoM ko Thesa phuNcaayii| kalaiNDara sudhAra samiti adhika saphala hotI, yadi isako eka samAna tathA vaijJAnika nAgarika kalaiNDara banAne taka hI sImita rakhA jAtA, lekina sudhArakoM ne isa taraha se calane ke sthAna para dhArmika bhAvanAoM ko vaijJAnika khagolazAstra se jor3ane kA prayAsa kiyA jisameM unheM asaphalatA hAtha lgii|"2 apUrva kumAra kI yaha AlocanA ucita nahIM hai / samiti dvArA dhArmika uddezyoM ko lekara calanA ucita hI thaa| bhArata meM dhArmika vividhatA ke kAraNa hI itane samvatoM ne janma liyaa| bagaira isa tathya ko samAhita kiye koI bhI paMcAMga rASTrIya ekatA lAne meM samartha nahIM ho sakatA hai, na hI prajA kA AkarSaNa pA sakatA hai, balki adhika ucita hotA, yadi samiti dvArA rASTrIya paMcAMga nirmANa ke lie dhArmika saMsthAoM va dharma netAoM kA bhI sahayoga liyA jaataa| isase dhArmika kSetra meM pracalita paMcAMgoM kI truTiyoM ko bhI sudhArA jA sakatA thA / (isakA ullekha isI madhyAya meM rASTrIya paMcAMga kI AlocanA ke saMdarbha meM Age kiyA jaayegaa|) samiti kI tIna baiThakoM meM kucha sujhAva taya kiye gaye tathA unakI siphAriza bhArata sarakAra se paMcAMga nirmANa ke saMdarbha meM kI gyii| ye prastAva rakhe gaye ki prayoga ke rUpa meM sampUrNa bhArata ke lie pAMca varSa kA rASTrIya kalaNDara banAyA jAye, jisameM tithi, dinAMka, dina, mAsa tathA candra-divasoM ko tathA nakSatroM ko darzAyA jAye / bhAratIya grahoM ke dainika adhyayana tathA gati sambandhita eka kramika patrikA saMkalita karane kA prayAsa kiyA jaaye| kisI ucita sthAna para eka rASTrIya vedhazAlA sthApita kI jAye, jisameM Adhunika yantra tathA sAdhana 1. "riporTa oNpha da kalaNDara riphorma kameTI", 1955, naI dillI, pR0 101 / 2. apUrva kumAra cakravartI, "orijana eNDa DavelapamenTa oNpha iNDiyana kalaiNDarIkala sAiMsa", kalakattA, 1675, pR0 4 /

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206 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa upalabdha hoN| ye prastAva svIkAra kara liye gaye / isa kArya ke lie ena0 sI0 lAharI tathA sI0 bI0 vaidya ko niyukta kiyA gayA, jinhoMne pAMca varSa arthAt 1654-55 se 1958-59 I0 (zaka samvata 1876 se 1880) taka ke lie prayogAtmaka bhAratIya rASTrIya kaleNDara taiyAra kiyaa| dUsarI baiThaka 8 mArca, 1954 ko sI0 sI0 esa0 AI0 Ara0 bilDiMga, naI dillI meM huyii| isa baiThaka meM sudharA paMcAMga banAne ke lie paddhati para vistAra se vicAra vimarza kiyA gyaa| isameM caitra ko varSa kA prathama mAha mAnane tathA mahInoM kI lambAI Adi ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA gyaa| isa baiThaka meM yaha bhI prastAva rakhA gayA ki samvat kA lauMda varSa grigeriyana paMcAMga ke lauMda varSa se mela khAnA caahie| sitambara, 1954 meM kaleNDara sudhAra samiti kI tIsarI antima nirNAyaka baiThaka meM samiti dvArA yaha siphAriza kI gayI ki "rASTra ke vibhinna prAntoM meM vibhinna paMcAMgoM kA prayoga ho rahA hai, jo paraspara bhinna hai| ataH eka rASTrIya paMcAMga samAna rUpa se sabhI rAjyoM meM nAgarika tathA dhArmika kAryoM ke lie prayoga kiyA jAnA cAhie, jahAM taka sambhava ho kSetrIya kAryoM ke lie bhI isakA prayoga kiyA jAnA caahie| isa baiThaka meM bhAratIya rASTrIya paMcAMga kA svarUpa nirdhArita kara diyA gyaa| samiti kI rASTrIya paMcAMga ke saMbandha meM kucha pramukha siphArizeM isa prakAra thIM : (1) sudhare rASTrIya paMcAMga meM zaka samvata kA prayoga karanA cAhie / (2) varSa kA Arambha mahAviSuva arthAt 21 mArca (rAta dina barAbara hone kA samaya) se honA caahiye| (3) sAdhAraNa varSa 365 dina tathA lauMda kA varSa 366 dina kA ho / zaka samvata ke pracalita varSa meM 78 jor3ane para yadi 4 se pUrNa baMTa jAye taba lauMda kA varSa hogA, lekina zatAbdiyoM ko 400 se bAMTane para pUrNa baMTa jAye, taba hI lauMda kA varSa hogaa| (4) caitra, varSa kA prathama mAha hogA tathA anya mahInoM kI lambAI isa prakAra hogI: caitra 30 dina vaizAkha 31 dina 1. "riporTa Apha da kalaNDara riphomaM kameTI", dillI, 1955, pR0 6 /

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bhArata meM samvatoM kI adhika saMkhyA kI utpatti ke kAraNa... 207 30 dina jyeSTha 31 dina ASAr3ha 31 dina zrAvaNa 31 dina bhAdra 31 dina Azvina 30 dina kArtika 30 dina agrahAyaNa 30 dina pauSa mAgha 30 dina phAlguna 30 dina isa rASTrIya paMcAMga kI tithiyAM Adhunika grigeriyana paMcAMga kI tithiyoM se isa prakAra mela khAyeMgI : caitra prathama 22 mArca (sAdhAraNa varSa meM 22 mArca tathA lauMda ke varSa meM 21 mArca) vaizAkha prathama 21 apraila jyeSTha prathama 22 maI ASAr3ha prathama 22 jUna zrAvaNa prathama 22 julAI bhAdra prathama 23 agasta Azvina prathama 23 sitambara kArtika prathama 23 akTUbara agrahAyaNa prathama 22 navambara pUsa prathama 22 disambara mAgha prathama 21 janavarI phAlguna prathama 20 pharavarI rASTrIya paMcAMga kI RtuyeM bhI sthAyI rUpa se nizcita haiM, jo isa prakAra haiN| grISma vaizAkha tathA jyeSTha varSA ASAr3ha va zrAvaNa zarada bhAdra va Azvina hemaMta kAtika va agrahAyaNa zizira pauSa va mAgha basanta phAlguna va caitra

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208 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa tyauhAroM ko mausama ke anukUla rakhane ke lie rASTrIya paMcAMga meM "sTaiNDarDa mIna TAima" ko rakhA gayA hai, jisameM pratyeka mAha meM 30 DigrI kA antara hogaa| adhikAMza paMcAMga nirmAtA isakA prayoga karate haiN| "isa paMcAMga kA yAvata gaNita usa bhAratIya madhya rekhA bindu ke lie kiyA gayA hai, jo grInavica se pUrva rekhAMza 82deg30' evaM uttara akSAMza 23deg11' (ujjayinI ke akSAMza) para sthita hai evaM isa paMcAMga meM sarvatra tithyAdi ke samaya bhAratIya mAnaka samaya (iNDiyana sTaiNDarDa TAima) ke anusAra diye gaye haiM, jo ki ukta bhAratIya madhyarekhA bindu kA sthAnika madhyama kAla hotA hai / ' 1 "aneka mahatvapUrNa dhArmika utsavoM ko vaisA hI rahane diyA gayA hai / buddha, jaina, hindU, sikha Adi ke tyohAra ko naye paMcAMga meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai tathA unakI mahatvapUrNa tithiyoM ko vaisA hI rakhane kA prayAsa huA hai| paMcAMga kI vibhinnatA ko miTAne ke lie pracalita tithiyoM ko sUrya siddhAnta meM badalA gayA tathA pUre bhArata ke lie samAna tithiyAM dI gayIM / "2 bhArata varSa kI dhArmika, kSetrIya va jAtIya bhinnatAoM ko samajhate hue bhAratIya rASTrIya paMcAMga ko adhikAdhika unake anukUla banAne kA prayAsa kiyA gyaa| bhArata meM Arambha meM candra saurya paMcAMga grahaNa kiyA gayA / 1200 I0 pUrva AryoM kA apanA candra saurya paMcAMga thA, jisameM "mala mAsa" athavA loMda ke mAha kI vyavasthA kI, lekina isa sambandha meM spaSTa pramANa nahIM milate ki lauMda ke mAha kisa prakAra Ate the| yaha sambhAvanA vyakta kI jAtI hai ki vedAMga jyotiSa yA paMcAMga pazcimI prabhAva se pUrNata: mukta the / 400 I0 se 1200 I0 taka lagabhaga pUre bhArata meM prayukta hone vAle paMcAMga siddhAnta jyotiSa para AdhArita the| sAre bhAratIya khagola zAstrI sahI gaNanA ke lie zaka saMvat kA prayoga karate the, lekina tithi aMkana ke lie isakA prayoga dakSiNa meM adhika thaa| sAmAnyataH vibhinna vaMza apane saMvatoM kA prayoga karate the, unake apane zAsakIya varSa hote the| 1200 I0 meM islAma ke Agamana ke sAtha candrIya paMcAMga bhArata aayaa| bhAratIya kaleNDara kA prayoga mAtra dhArmika kAryoM ke lie hI raha 1. "rASTrIya paMcAMga", DAirekTara janarala oNpha mITiyorolaoNjI, dillI, 1985, pa0 5.6 / 2. "riporTa oNpha da kalaNDara riphorma kameTI", dillI, 1955, bhUmikA /

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bhArata meM samvatoM kI adhika saMkhyA kI utpatti ke kAraNa gyaa| briTiza zAsakoM ke Agamana ke sAtha jUliyana va grigeriyana kaleNDara bhArata Aye / 206 bhAratIya rASTrIya paMcAMga meM kucha pUrva pracalita samaya nirdhAraNa kI ikAIyoM meM sudhAra bhI kie gaye tathA unheM navIna khagolazAstrIya khojoM ke AdhAra para nirdhArita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / sadiyoM se calI A rahI rUr3hiyoM ke kAraNa Adhunika mAnyatAoM meM phIke par3a rahe unake mUlyoM ko punaH AMkane kA kArya bhI bhAratIya paMcAMga sudhAra samiti dvArA kiyA gayA / I sUrya siddhAMta kA prayoga Aja bhI paMcAMga nirmANa ke lie kiyA jAtA hai / isakA prabhAva yaha hotA hai ki varSa kA Arambha .01656 dina prati varSa vikasita hotA hai| isa prakAra lagabhaga 1400 varSa meM varSa kA AraMbha 232 dina vikasita ho jAtA hai / isalie bhAratIya sUyaM varSa mahAviSuva ( varanala ikvInoksa athavA 22 mArca) se Arambha hone ke sthAna para 13 yA 14 apraila se Arambha hotA hai / sthiti vaisI hI hai jaisI yUropa meM huI thI, jahAM ki varSa kI lambAI ke lie 365.25 dina prayoga kiye jAne ke kAraNa jUliyasa sIjara ke samaya se krisamasa 10 dina " dakSiNa amAnta" kI tarapha bar3ha jAtA hai / yaha galatI jArja grigorI 30 veM ke samaya sudhArI gyii| isa bhUla ko sudhArane ke lie bhAratIya paMcAMga samiti ne yaha sujhAva diyA ki "nayA bhAratIya varSa mahAviSuva ke bAda vAle dina yA mahAviSuva ke dina se hI Arambha honA cAhie / "" lekina bhAratIya kalaiNDaroM ke bahuta se rUr3hivAdI nirmAtA isa bAta ko mAnane ke lie taiyAra nahIM haiM tathA ve varSa kA Arambha navarAtri Arambha 13-14 apraila se hI karate haiM / iNDiyana kalaiNDara riphorma kameTI ne yaha vicAra sUrya siddhAnta ke sAtha sAmaMjasya para hI nirdhArita kiyA / sUrya siddhAnta meM mahInoM kI sahI lambAI na likhe hone ke kAraNa hindU paMcAMgoM meM mahInoM kI asamAna lambAI pracalita hai tathA paMcAMga nirmANa ke samaya isa sandarbha meM aneka rUr3hiyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai / sUrya mahInoM kI ginatI 26 se 32 dina ke bIca hotI hai / kArtika, mArgazira, pauSa, mAgha, phAlguna ke mahIne 29 se 30 dina ke hote haiM, caitra, baizAkha, Azvina ke mAha 30 yA 31 dina ke hote haiM, bAkI mahIne jaise ki jyeSTha, ASAr3ha, zrAvaNa, bhAdrapada meM 31 se 32 dina hote haiM jinameM eka yA do mahIne meM prativarSa 32 dina hote hai / mahInoM 1. "riporTa oNpha da kalaiNDara riphorma kameTI", 1955, naI dillI, pR0 241 /

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210 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa kI lambAI nizcita nahIM hai| prati varSa badalatI rahatI hai| ataH kameTI ne mahasUsa kiyA ki-"saura mahIne ko khagolazAstrIya rUpa se paribhASita nahIM kiyA jAnA caahie| 30 yA 31 dinoM kI lambAI nAgarika dinoM ke lie ThIka hai / phira bhI mahInoM kA nizcita samaya kalaiNDara banAne meM sarvAdhika suvidhAjanaka hai|"1 ataH kameTI dvArA pAMca mahInoM kI lambAI 31 va bAkI kI 30 dina nizcita kara dI gayI hai / bhArata meM do prakAra ke candvIya mAha prayoga hote haiM-naye candramA ke khatma hone kA va pUrNa candramA ke khatma hone kA, paMcAMga kI gaNanA ke lie naye candramA ke anta ke mahInoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| varSa AraMbha ke lie candra-saurya vyavasthA meM tIna paddhati haiM / candrIya kalaNDara meM mahIne ko do Adhe bhAgoM meM bAMTA jAtA hai-zudi va badi / vAstava meM varSa 24 Adhe-Adhe mahInoM meM bAMTA jAtA hai| ataH Adhe mahIne meM 14 se 15 dina hote haiN| tithi ke prayoga meM tithi gaNanA uddezya meM kucha sudhAra hue haiM jo ki phasalI kalaiNDara meM uttarI bhArata ke kucha hissoM meM dekhe jA sakate haiN| isa kalaNDara meM mahInA pUrNa candra vAle dina se yA usase agale dina se AraMbha hotA hai / tathA usameM tithiyoM kI gaNanA 1 se 30 taka bagaira rukAvaTa ke pUrNa candra taka hotI calI jAtI hai / tithiyoM kI adhikatA "adhika" yA "kAsya" tithi ke rUpa meM hotI hai / vAstava meM isa kalaNDara kA una tithiyoM se saMbaMdha nahIM hai jo ki mahIne ke AraMbha hone ke bAda AraMbha hotI haiN| kameTI kA sujhAva thA ki candrasaura paMcAMga bhArata ke kisI bhI hisse meM nAgarika uddezyoM ke lie prayoga kie jA rahe haiM / "isake sthAna para kameTI ne sudhare saura paMcAMga kA sujhAva rakhA jo ki bhArata ke pratyeka hisse meM prayoga kiyA jAnA caahie|"2 vartamAna rASTrIya paMcAMga kA prArUpa agale pRSTha para diyA jA rahA hai / rASTrIya paMcAMga ke isa rUpa ko dekhane se aisA lagatA hai ki yaha zaka paMcAMga hI hai / isameM hue sudhAroM kA yahAM koI bhI cinha dikhAI nahIM de rahA jabaki isameM ekadama nayI paddhati prahaNa kI gayI hai| isakA pUrA itihAsa 1. "riporTa oNpha da kalaiNDara riphorma kameTI", 1955, naI dillI, pR0 245 / 2. vahI, pR0 251 / 3. bhArata sarakAra, "rASTrIya paMcAMga", dillI, 1986-60, pR0 176-78 /

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'bhArata meM samvatoM kI adhika saMkhyA kI utpatti ke kAraNa... 211 par3he binA ina parivartanoM ko samajhanA kaThina hai / eka sAdhAraNa manuSya ke lie vaha lagabhaga asambhava hai ki vaha kaleNDara sudhAra samiti kI riporTa ko gaharAI se samajhe va usake siddhAntoM kA adhyayana kreN| ata: adhikAMza loga ise zaka saMvat hI samajhate haiN| aura rASTrIya saMvat ko usase alaga nahIM samajhate / ___ bhArata sarakAra dvArA zaka saMvat ko rASTrIya saMvat ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai, kintu isa saMvat ke svarUpa meM bhI kucha isa prakAra kI kamiyAM vidyamAna haiM ki ise hama rASTrIya saMvata ke nAma se sambodhita nahIM kara sakate aura apanI inhIM durbalatAoM ke kAraNa cAra dazaka bIta jAne para bhI yaha rASTrIya pratinidhitva karane meM asamartha hai| ina kamiyoM ko isa prakAra dekhA jA sakatA hai : ___ kaleNDara sudhAra samiti kI prathama baiThaka meM eka vaijJAnika nAgarika saura kalaNDara ko rASTrIya kalaiNDara ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiye jAne kI to siphAriza kI gayI, jo ki dainika jIvana meM tithi gaNanA ke lie prayoga kiyA jAye tathA jisakA AraMbha mahAviSuva se kiyA gayA, lekina dhArmika kaleNDara kA AraMbha pUrva pracalita rivAjoM para chor3a diyA gyaa| isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki dhArmika kSetra meM pUrva pracalita azuddhiyAM vaise hI calatI rahIM, vibhinna sampradAya apane pUrva pracalita kalaiNDaroM kA hI prayoga karate rahe / dhArmika kalaNDaroM meM kisI bhI prakAra ke sudhAra kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa nahIM kI gyii| bhale hI unameM khagolazAstrIya dRSTikoNa se kitanI ho truTiyAM kyoM na hoM, aura na hI unakA koI pArasparika saMbaMdha sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gyaa| dhArmika saMsthAoM ko kalaiNDara sudhAra kAryakrama meM zAmila na kiye jAne kA eka duSpariNAma yaha huA ki bahuta bar3A jana-samudAya jo mAtra dhArmika kaleNDara ko hI jAnatA hai (hindU, muslima donoM) kalaiNDara sudhAra kAryakrama ko samajha nahIM pAyA / yadi sarakAra isa kAryakrama meM dhArmika netAoM ko bhI zAmila karatI tathA unake sampradAya ke mukhya tyohAroM kA sAmaMjasya rASTrIya paMcAMga se karane ke lie unakA sahayoga liyA jAtA taba saMbhava hai kaleNDara sudhAra kAryakrama adhika vyApaka va lokapriya hotA tathA jana-sAdhAraNa usako acchI taraha samajha paataa| kalaNDara sudhAra samiti ke vidvAna sadasyoM ne svayaM to dhArmika chuTTiyoM ko zreNIbaddha karane tathA alaga-alaga sampradAyoM ke lie dhArmika chuTTiyoM kI vyavasthA karane kA prayAsa kiyA usake lie alaga-alaga tAlikAyeM dI lekina isa saMbaMdha meM dhArmika saMsthAoM kA sahayoga nahIM liyA gyaa|

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa bhAratIya rASTrIya paMcAMga ke lie vibhinna vyaktiyoM tathA sampradAyoM se prApta hone vAle sujhAvoM meM kucha kali, kucha vikrama va kucha zaka saMvat ko rASTrIya paMcAMga ke rUpa meM apanA lene ke sandarbha meM the| inameM vicArakoM kA eka varga aisA bhI thA jisane ina prAcIna saMvatoM ke sthAna para sarvathA nayI paddhati kA sujhAva rASTrIya paMcAMga ke lie diyA / ( isa sandarbha meM kucha udAharaNa niSkarSa meM diye jAyeMge) paMcAMga banAte samaya ina sujhAvoM para dhyAna nahIM diyA gayA tathA saMvat kA nAma zaka saMvat va mahInoM ke nAma caitra, vaizAkha, jyeSTha, ASAr3ha jo pUrva pracalita the, grahaNa kara liye gaye / ina saba bAtoM ne logoM ko bhramita kiyA tathA rASTrIya saMvat pUrva pracalita zaka saMvat hI samajhA jAtA rahA / 212 bhArata sarakAra dvArA rASTrIya saMvat kA AraMbha kisI bhI lokapriya rASTrIya ghaTanA se jor3ane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA gayA hai jaisAki svataMtratA divasa, gaNatantra divasa athavA kisI mahAn puruSa kI janma zatAbdI Adi / yadi isa prakAra kA prayAsa hotA taba saMbhava hai ki usa mahatvapUrNa ghaTanA ko jAnane va usake mahatva ko samajhane ke sAtha hI rASTrIya saMvat ke mahatva ko bhI jana-mAnasa sahaja hI samajha jAtA / tathA isake viSaya meM adhika jAnakArI prApta karane kI jijJAsA logoM meM utpanna hotI / zaka saMvat ko "bhAratIya rASTrIya" saMvat ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai tathA usakA nAma rASTrIya saMvat ke rUpa meM bhI zaka hI rakhA gayA hai jisase isake pUrva pracalita zaka saMvat hone kA bhrama utpanna hotA hai / rASTrIya paMcAMga ko chApate samaya usa para nAma to rASTrIya paMcAMga likhA jAtA hai, parantu yaha nahIM likhA jAtA ki vartamAna pracalita varNa rASTrIya saMvat kA kauna sA varSa hai / zakAbda kA hI varSa likhA hotA hai / isase yahI vidita hotA hai ki bhArata sarakAra dvArA naye paMcAMga va gaNanA paddhati kA to nirmANa kiyA gayA, lekina use spaSTa rUpa meM eka saMvat kA nAma nahIM diyA gayA hai / ina bhUloM ke sAtha hI bhArata sarakAra dvArA rASTrIya paMcAMga ke sAtha aura bhI kucha aisI lAparavAhiyAM rahIM jo ise rASTrIya nahIM banane de rahI haiM / rASTrIya paMcAMga kA yaha svarUpa dekhane meM pUrva pracalita samvat kA hI prArUpa lagatA hai kyoMki isake sAtha pUrva pracalita zaka samvat kA hI varSa va mahInoM ke nAma likhe haiN| isameM hue parivartana kA koI spaSTa cihna nahIM dikhAI detA jisase kisI bhI manuSya jisane kalaiNDara sudhAra samiti kI riporTa kA va niyamoM kA adhyayana nahIM kiyA hai, ke lie yaha pUrva pracalita zaka samvat hI hai /

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bhArata meM samvatoM kI adhika saMkhyA kI utpatti ke kAraNa... 213 sarakAra dvArA vyApaka rUpa meM paMcAMgoM kA nirmANa va vitaraNa nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| bhAratIya nAgarikoM ko bAlyAvasthA se ucca-starIya zikSA taka kahIM bhI rASTrIya saMvat kA bodha nahIM karAyA jaataa| uparokta ullikhita kucha tathya aise rahe jo bhArata ko eka rASTrIya saMvat meM vikasita karane meM bAdhaka the / jabaki bhArata kI vartamAna avasthA meM rASTrIya ekatA banAye rakhane va bhArata rASTra ke itihAsa ke kramabaddha adhyayana, punaH lekhana ke liye rASTrIya saMvat mahatvapUrNa hai| aba sarvaprathama hama yaha samajheM ki eka rASTrIya saMvata kisI bhI rASTra kI ekatA meM kisa prakAra sahAyaka ho sakatA hai| jaise ki eka manuSya kI nijI pahacAna ke lie usakA apanA eka vizeSa nAma hai, kucha vizeSa guNa haiM, apanA svabhAva hai pahanAvA hai, ThIka isI prakAra eka rASTra kI pahacAna ke lie rASTra ke kucha vizeSa cinha hote haiN| apane pRthaka-pRthaka svArthoM meM manuSyoM meM cAhe jo bhI bhedabhAva ho, lekina una cinhoM ke prati una bhAvanAoM ke prati rASTra kA pratyeka nAgarika svayaM ko samAna rUpa se uttaradAyI mahasUsa karatA hai / inhIM kucha tatvoM ke prati manuSyoM kI bhAvanAyeM eka rASTrIyatA ko janma detI haiM tathA rASTrIya ekatA kI bhAvanA utpanna karatI haiN| bhArata jaise vibhinna rIti-rivAjoM, bhASAoM, anekoM dharma va sampradAya vAle rASTra ke lie to yaha aura bhI Avazyaka ho jAtA hai ki kucha aise tatvoM kA vikAsa ho jo rASTra ko eka sUtra meM vAMdhane meM sahAyaka hoN| bhArata rASTra ke lie eka aise saMvata kI AvazyakatA hai jo bhArata meM uttara-dakSiNa, pUrva-pazcima meM samAna rUpa se prayukta ho sake, jisameM die gae tyauhAra sampUrNa rASTra meM rASTrIya parva ke rUpa meM manAye jAyeM, jisakA prayoga bhAratIya nAgarikoM dvArA dainika vyavahAra meM kiyA jA sake / bhArata meM yaha pravatti AdikAla se rahI hai ki pRthaka-pRthaka kSetroM meM pRthaka-pRthaka sampradAyoM dvArA pRthaka-pRthaka saMvata prayoga kie gae / uttarI bhArata meM vikrama saMvata , baMgAla meM baMgAlI sana, kannauja meM zrI harSa saMvata , uttarI mAlAbAra meM kollama saMvat, pazcimI dakSiNa meM cAlukya saMvata Adi saMvatoM kA prayoga bhArata ke vibhinna kSetroM meM kiyA gayA / hinduoM dvArA sRSTi, zrIkRSNa, kali, zaka va vikrama saMvatoM kA prayoga, bauddhoM dvArA buddha nirvANa saMvata kA prayoga, jainiyoM dvArA mahAvIra nirvANa saMvat kA prayoga tathA muslima sampradAya dvArA hijrI * saMvat kA prayoga kiyA gyaa| inameM aneka saMvatoM kA prayoga Aja bhI yathAvata ho rahA hai / itanA hI nahIM eka hI saMvat zaka saMvata ke varSa AraMbha ke lie

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214 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa vibhinna kSetroM meM vibhinna tithiyAM apanAyI gayoM / mAha ke AraMbha ke lie alagaalaga tarIke prayoga kie gae / zaka saMvata ke mAha uttarI bhArata meM pUrNimA ko samApta hote haiM arthAta pUrNimAMta haiN| dakSiNa meM amAvasyA ko samApta hote haiM arthAta amAMta haiM / kahIM catra, kahIM bhAdrapada, kahIM kAtika to kahIM mArgazIrSa mAha se zaka saMvata ke naye varSa kA AraMbha kiyA jAtA hai| saMvatoM ke prayoga kI sa prakAra kI bhinnatA kA mukhya pariNAma yaha rahA ki uttara meM ghaTita ghaTanA kA dakSiNa-vAsiyoM ko aura dakSiNa meM ghaTita ghaTanA kA uttara-vAsiyoM ko, samaya kA jAnanA kaThina rhaa| tathA videziyoM ke samakSa hamAre aneka mahatvapUrNa aitihAsika tathya isI kAraNa jhUThe par3a gae kyoMki hama unakA sahI samaya nahIM batA pAe, kyoMki rASTrIya stara para ghaTanAoM ko vaNita karane ke lie hamAre pAma gaNanA paddhati nahIM thii| kSetrIya rAjAoM ne apane-apane saMvata calAye / unhIM ke AdhAra apane rAjya kA itihAsa likhavAyA kintu unake rAjya se bAhara ke logoM ko unakI gaNanA paddhati kA jJAna nahIM thaa| ataH ve aneka ghaTanAoM ke samaya se anabhijJa rahe / saMvatoM kI vibhinnatA kA eka duSpariNAma yaha huA ki eka hI rASTra meM vibhinna prakAra ke rIti-rivAjoM, tyauhAroM va utsavoM kA janma huaa| bhArata ke lie eka saMvat kI AvazyakatA isIlie adhika hai ki yaha vibhinnatAoM kA deza hai| aneka jAtiyoM meM sampradAyoM meM ekatA bhAva utpanna karane ke lie anivArya hai ki unake pramukha tyohAra va utsava sAtha-sAtha manAye jAyeM, rASTrIya stara para manAye jAyeM aura aisA taba hI saMbhava hogA jaba hama rASTrIya saMvata ko grahaNa kreNge| kalaiNDara eka aisA sAdhana hai jisake dvArA dinoM ko isa prakAra ekatrita va sAmUhika kiyA jAtA hai ki vaha nAgarika va dhArmika kRtyoM ko karane meM suvidhA. janaka mahasUsa hoM, tathA usake dvArA aitihAsika va sAhityika kAryoM ko vyavasthita rUpa meM kiyA jA sake / paMcAMga kA vikAsa kAlakrama ke adhyayana ke lie mahatvapUrNa hai| dainika vyavahAra meM paMcAMga kA prayoga do prakAra ke mAnavIya kRtyoM ko vyavasthita karane ke lie kiyA jAtA hai : 1. nAgarika va prazAsanika tathA 2. sAmAjika va dhArmika / kalaNDara kisI bhI sabhyatA jisako ki kRSi, vyApAra, ghola yA anya kAryoM ke lie samaya ko mApane kI AvazyakatA hai, ke lie Avazyaka hai| saMvata rahita ghaTanAoM kA aMkana adhUrA hai| jaisAki hama likheM"uttara pradeza sarakAra va karmacAriyoM ke bIca khule TakarAva kI sthiti utpanna ho gyii| sarakArI karmacArI apanA vetana bar3havAne ke lie har3atAla kara rahe the|" parantu yaha sUcanA adhUrI haiM, isameM tithi aMkita nahIM hai| "22 navambara

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bhArata meM sambatoM kI adhika saMkhyA kI utpatti ke kAraNa... 215 1986 ko uttara pradeza sarakAra va karmacAriyoM ke bIca khale TakarAva kI sthiti utpanna ho gyii|" sUcanA kA yaha rUpa sahI hai| kyoMki bhaviSya meM jaba kabhI hama isa ghaTanA ko aMkita kareMge taba sabase pahalA savAla yahI hogA ki kitane samaya pahale kI yaha ghaTanA hai| yadi usameM tithi nahIM hai taba samaya batA pAnA saMbhava nahIM / ataH pratidina ke vyavahAra meM saMvata mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA adA karatA hai, manuSyoM ko aneka lekhe-jokhe va dhArmika-sAmAjika kAryoM ko nibaTAne meM sahAyatA karatA hai| jaise hI itihAsa lekhana kalA kA Arambha huA hogA, ghaTanAoM ko vyavasthita karane va Rmika rUpa meM unheM likhane ke lie vicArakoM ne eka saMvata kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa kI hogii| jaba kisI vaMza yA ghaTanA kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai taba yaha samajhanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai ki amuka ghaTanA kisa ghaTanA se pahale yA bAda meM ghaTI, anya mahatvapUrNa ghaTanAoM se usakA kitanA samayAntara hai, vartamAna samaya meM jaba hama adhyayana kara rahe haiM se kitane samaya pahale kI yaha ghaTanA hai aura isa sabakA adhyayana saMvata ke bagaira asambhava hai| yadi kahA jAe ki tithiyoM kA kramabaddha adhyayana karanA va kAla nirdhAraNa kA hI nAma itihAsa lekhana hai to atizyokti na hogii| itihAsa meM tithikrama kI AvazyakatA, vaMzakrama tathA ghaTanAkrama donoM ke lie samAna rUpa se hai| itihAsa lekhana va saMvata eka dUsare ke pUraka haiN| donoM kA sambandha anyonyAzrita hai| kisI bhI rASTra, jAti athavA vaMza kA itihAsa likhane ke lie eka sarvamAnya tathA vaijJAnika rUpa se nizcita kie hue saMvata kA honA anivArya hai| tithikrama ke abhAva meM likhA gayA itihAsa, itihAsa nahIM varana kathA mAtra raha jAtA hai / isase na to ghaTanAoM ke samayAntara ko samajhA jA sakatA hai aura na hI isa prakAra kA lekhana itihAsa lekhana ke uddezyoM ko pUrA kara pAtA hai / arthAta mAnava vikAsa ke kramika adhyayana kI jAnakArI bhI tithirahita itihAsa se nahIM mila pAtI hai| isake sAtha hI itihAsa lekhana ke abhAva meM saMvata kA astitva bhI asambhava hai| kyoMki jaba manuSyoM meM apane atIta ko kramabaddha rUpa meM samajhane kI jijJAsA arthAt itihAsa lekhana kI pravRtti nahIM hogI taba saMvat arthAta tithi krama ke vikAsa kI AvazyakatA bhI nahIM rhegii| bhAratIya zAsakoM dvArA pUrva pracalita saMvatoM ko grahaNa na karane tathA apanIapanI pratiSThA meM naye-naye saMvat pracalita karane kI pravRtti ne bhAratIya itihAsa lekhana ko eka ajIba ulajhana meM DAla diyaa| vibhinna kSetrIya ghaTanAoM ke lie mAtra kSetrIya tithi aMkita hone se rASTra ke dUsare kSetroM meM hone vAlI ghaTanAoM

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216 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa ke sAtha unakA sAmaMjasya biThAnA va inake lie nizcita tithi de pAnA itihAsakAroM ke lie eka samasyA bana gayA jo Aja bhAratIya itihAsa kI eka jvalaMta samasyA hai / aneka ghaTanAyeM jinake spaSTa pramANa haiM tathA jo bhAratIya itihAsa ko mor3a dene vAlI haiM vizva ke samakSa Aja isIlie jhUThI siddha ho jAtI haiM kyoMki unake lie nizcita tithi hamAre pAsa nahIM hai / itihAsa lekhana ke lie saMvat AdhArazilA hai / bhAratIya itihAsa lekhakoM ne kisI viziSTa va sarvamAnya saMvata ko itihAsa lekhana kA AdhAra nahIM bnaayaa| isI kAraNa Aja bhAratIya itihAsa ke saMdarbha meM itanI adhika viSamatAyeM haiN| pratyeka ghaTanA ke sambandha meM anumAnoM ke AdhAra para DheroM tithiyAM dI jAtI haiN| sAtha hI isI kAraNa bhAratIya itihAsa ke samAlocaka sadaiva isa bAta kA ullekha karate rahe haiM ki prAcIna bhAratIyoM ne itihAsa likhate samaya tithi kA aMkana Avazyaka nahIM smjhaa| isase unakI itihAsa lekhana ke prati udAsInatA parilakSita hotI hai|

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SaSTham adhyAya niSkarSa isase spaSTa hai ki bhAratavarSa meM saMvatoM kI vizAla saMkhyA rahI hai| ina saMvatoM ne dhArmika utsavoM va anuSThAnoM ke nirdhAraNa, abhilekhoM ke aMkana, sAhitya-lekhana va itihAsa-lekhana Adi aneka prakAra ke uddezyoM ko pUrA kiyA hai / tathApi unameM se koI bhI sarvamAnya hokara bhArata kA rASTrIya saMvat nahIM bana paayaa| yahAM taka ki bhArata sarakAra dvArA grahaNa kiyA gayA "rASTrIya paMcAMga" (jo abhI taka zaka saMvat ke nAma se hI sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai) bhI rASTrIya bhAvanAoM kA pratinidhitva nahIM kara paayaa| bhArata meM pracalita hue aneka saMvatoM kA vizleSaNAtmaka adhyayana karate hue unakI utpatti va vilupti ke mUla kAraNoM ko dikhAnA tathA bhAratavarSa ke lie eka rASTrIya saMvat ke mahatva ko batAnA hI pustaka lekhana kA AdhAra hai| bhAratIya saMvatoM ke adhyayana va unake Arambha kI paristhitiyoM tathA kAraNoM se yahI vidita huA hai ki bhArata meM eka aise saMvat kA sadaiva abhAva rahA jo sampUrNa rASTra meM samAna rUpa se prayukta ho paataa| saMvatoM kI isa bhinnatA ne itihAsa-lekhana meM ulajhana paidA kI / bahuta se saMvat vibhinna kSetroM se evaM sampradAyoM se sambaddha rahe haiN| saMvat kA AdhAra gaNanA paddhati hotI haiN| gaNanA paddhati kA vikAsa zanaiH-zanaiH hotA hai tathA vizva ke alaga-alaga sthAnoM para thor3e-thor3e antara vAlI gaNanA paddhatiyoM kA vikAsa prAgaitihAsika yuga se hI Arambha ho gayA thA aura aba taka ina paddhatiyoM meM nirantara sudhAra kie jAte haiM / eka deza kI paddhati kA dUsare deza kI paddhati ke sAtha AdAna-pradAna bhI huA hai / bhAratIya kAlagaNanA paddhati ke adhyayana se yaha patA calatA hai ki bhArata meM vaidika kAla meM hI samaya-mApana kI paddhati kA vaijJAnika svarUpa nirdhArita ho cukA thA va isa paddhati ke AdhAra para bahuta se saMvatoM kI sthApanA samaya mApane

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218 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa ke lie kara lI gayI thii| bAda meM videzoM se bhI isa sandarbha meM bahuta se tatvoM kA AdAna-pradAna huaa| bhAratIya gaNanA-paddhati ke itihAsa ko cAra pramukha staroM meM adhyayana kiyA jAtA hai : vedAMga jyotiSa kA samaya, vedAMga jyotiSa se siddhAnta jyotiSa taka kA samaya, AraMbhika saiddhAntika yuga tathA aMtima saiddhAntika yug| isake sAtha hI gaNanA ke lie nakSatroM ko alaga-alaga mahatva pradAna karate hue unake nAma para kucha samayacakroM kA nirdhAraNa kiyA gyaa| isameM saptarSi cakra, bRhaspati cakra, parazurAma kA cakra va graha parivargI cakra pramukha haiN| dhIredhIre ye cakra bhI aneka saMvatoM kA AdhAra bane / ___ bhArata meM saMvatoM kI sthApanA do mukhya uddezyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kI gayI / prathama, dharma kA mahatva pradarzita karanA va dhArmika AvazyakatAoM ko pUrA karanA, dUsarA rAjanItika prabhusattA pradarzita karanA tathA rAjA va rAjavaMza ke mahatva ko darzAnA / dhArmika mahatva ke saMvatoM kA saMbaMdha dharmanetAoM kI jIvana ghaTanAoM se jor3A gayA tathA ye saMvata kisI na kisI sampradAya vizeSa meM pracalita rhe| usameM bahuta se Aja bhI pracalita haiN| ina saMvatoM kA prayoga dhArmika hI adhika rahA / zeSa kAryoM ke lie inakA prayoga bahuta kama huaa| dUsare, prakAra ke saMvat jinakI sthApanA rAjanItika uddezyoM ke lie kI gayI unake Arambha kA sambandha aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se jor3A gyaa| yadyapi ina saMvatoM ke AraMbha kI ghaTanAoM kI tithi meM bhArImata bheda hai, phira bhI vibhinna sAkSyoM se prApta niSkarSoM ke AdhAra para yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki ve sambhAvita tithi ke karIba ghaTita avazya huii| ina saMvatoM kA prayoga abhilekhoM ke aMkana, sAhitya-lekhana, itihAsalekhana Adi kAryoM ke lie huaa| isake sAtha hI dhArmika uddezyoM ke lie bhI ina saMvatoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA / yadyapi dharma-caritroM va aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se Arambha hone vAle saMvat apanI AraMbhika tithi, ArambhakartA va upayogitA meM eka-dUsare se bahuta bhinna the, phira bhI gaNanA-paddhati ke sambandha meM inameM gaharI samAnatA thii| bhAratIya saMvatoM meM grahaNa kI gayI gaNanA-paddhati meM candramAna, sauramAna va candrasaura-mAna kI mizrita paddhati tathA nakSatrIya paddhatiyAM rhiiN| bhArata ke aneka sthAnoM para vibhinna saMvatoM ke saMdarbha meM ye Aja bhI prayukta ho rahI haiM jisa kAraNa gaNanA kI bahuta sI ikAiyAM va tatva lagabhaga sabhI saMvatoM meM eka jaise hI prayukta hue| dharma netAoM ko mahattA pradAna karanA, rAjAoM kI ahaM bhAvanA, videziyoM ke AkramaNa, eka rASTra-vyApI paddhati kA vikasita na ho pAnA Adi aneka

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niSkarSa 216 kAraNa the jinhoMne bhArata meM saMvatoM kI itanI bar3I saMkhyA ko janma diyaa| isake sAtha hI kucha aise tatva bhI rahe jinhoMne saMvatoM kI saMkhyA ko sImita kara diyA / bhArata sarakAra ne eka rASTrIya paMcAMga nikAlA jo bhArata meM vartamAna samaya meM pracalita sabhI saMvatoM kA sammilita paMcAMga hai tathA isake sAtha zaka saMvat kA nAma liyA jAtA hai| yadyapi isakA svarUpa prAcIna saMvat kI gaNanA paddhati se ekadama bhinna hai / bhArata meM eka sarvamAnya saMvat kI samasyA nirantara banI rahI hai jisane mukhya rUpa se itihAsa-lekhana ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| Aja bhI bhArata meM aneka sAmpradAyika ya kSetrIya savatoM kA pracalana hai| rASTrIya stara para sAmAjika, dhArmika va itihAsa-lekhana ke kAryoM ke lie sampUrNa rASTra meM eka rASTrIya saMvat grahaNa kiyA jAnA anivArya hai anyathA bhAratIya itihAsa meM tithikrama kI jo samasyA Aja taka banI huI hai vaha Age bhI vidyamAna rhegii| bhArata sarakAra dvArA apanAye gaye zaka saMvata ko jisake paMcAMga ko rASTrIya paMcAMga nAma diyA gayA hai tathA saMvat ke nAma meM na koI parivartana nahIM huA hai| isameM kucha sudhAroM kI AvazyakatA hai| ata: rASTrIya saMvat ko adhika lokapriya, sarvagrAhya tathA bahu-upayogI banAne ke sandarbha meM kucha sudhAra isa prakAra kie jA sakate haiM : 1. rASTrIya saMvat kI paddhati ko itanA vaijJAnika va upayogI banAyA jAye ki antarrASTrIya stara para bhI usako mahatva prApta ho sake tathA aba taka pracalita saMvatoM meM rahI truTiyAM isameM na rheN| 2. sarakAra dvArA vyApaka rUpa meM paMcAMgoM ko chApA va vitarita kiyA jAye va sikkoM, rupayoM para rASTrIya saMvat aMkita kiyA jaaye| 3. prAthamika stara va mAdhyamika stara para baccoM ko rASTrIya paMcAMga kI zikSA dI jAye / prAthamika zikSaNa se hI anya dUsare saMvatoM ke sAtha bAlakoM ko rASTrIya saMvata kA bodha karAye jAne se unameM rASTra-prema kI bhAvanA tathA rASTra-cinha ke rUpa meM saMvat ke prati anurAga utpanna hogaa| 4. mAdhyamika stara ke zikSaNa samaya taka ke bAlakoM kA mAnasika vikAsa isa stara kA ho jAtA hai ki ve paMcAMgoM ke AdhArabhUta tatvoM va caMdramAna tathA sauramAna ko samajha skeN| ata: mAdhyamika stara para ina bAtoM ko batAye jAne se rASTrIya paMcAMga meM grahaNa kiye gaye tatvoM kI jAnakArI

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220 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa unheM prApta hogI tathA paddhati ko vaijJAnikatA ko dekhate hue svayaM hI rASTrIya saMvat va paMcAMga ke prati unakA AkarSaNa bar3hegA tathA isase saMvat kA prasAra rASTravyApI ho sakatA hai / 5. sarakArI kAryAlayoM va zikSaNa saMsthAoM meM rASTrIya saMvata kA prayoga anivArya kara, rASTrIya stara para kucha prabuddha logoM, mukhya rUpa se adhyApakoM kI aisI samitiyAM gaThita kI jAyeM, jinheM rASTrIya saMvat va paMcAMga ke sandarbha meM jAnakArI dI jAye tathA ve sarvasAdhAraNa meM isakA pracAraprasAra kreN| 6. saMvat ke nAma se zaka saMvata nAma haTAkara bhAratIya rASTrIya saMvata nAma kA prayoga kiyA jAye tathA rASTrIya saMvata ke mahInoM va tithiyoM ko bhI isa prakAra nAmAMkita kiyA jAye ki ve rASTra ke hI kisI pratIka se jur3I hoM, pUrva pracalita kisI bhI saMvat ke mahInoM va tithiyoM ke nAmoM se nhiiN| 7. rASTrIya saMvat ke AraMbha ke saMdarbha meM nizcita tithi va ghaTanA kA nirNaya __ lekara usakI ghoSaNA sarvasAdhAraNa ke lie kI jAye / sAtha hI rASTrIya saMvat ke vyatIta varSoM va vartamAna cAlU varSa kI ghoSaNA kI jaaye| bhArata sarakAra kI rASTrIya saMvat ke prati udAsInatA, usake paMcAMgoM ke vyApaka vitaraNa na hone, spaSTa rUpa se rASTrIya saMvata kI ghoSaNA na kiye jAne, rASTrIya saMvata ko vartamAna bhAratIya rASTrIya paristhitiyoM ke anukala na banAne Adi kAraNoM ne bhArata sarakAra dvArA apanAye gaye rASTrIya paMcAMga kA cAra dazaka bIta jAne para bhI vyApaka prasAra-pracAra nahIM hone diyA hai| yaddhapi vartamAna rASTrIya paMcAMga bhArata meM pracalita aba taka ke dezI-videzI saMvatoM ke paMcAMgoM se adhika vaijJAnika hai, kintu isake nAma, mahInoM ke nAma Adi se isa prakAra kI bhrAnti utpanna hotI hai jaise yaha kisI viziSTa sampradAya se sambandhita ho / zaka saMvat zatAbdiyoM se hindU dharma-graMthoM va paMcAMgoM se jur3A hai / vartamAna samaya meM dUsare sampradAyoM ke lie vaha sambhavataH hindU saMvat hI hai| ataH saMvat kA nAma bhAratIya rASTrIya saMvat rakha denA hI adhika ucita hai / ___ isa taraha bhArata rASTra ke lie eka naye rASTrIya saMvat kI sthApanA kI bAta rASTrIya kI bhAvanA ko prerita kara sakatI hai / kintu Arambha meM pratyeka vicAra athavA kArya vyaktigata, saMsthAgata va rASTrIya hI hotA hai / kisI bhI vyavasthA kI vaijJAnikatA va vyAvahArikatA use antarrASTrIya banAtI hai / mAraMbha

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niSkarSa 221 meM IsAI saMvat bhI apanI janma-bhUmi taka hI sImita thA tathA rASTrIya thaa| isake anuyAyiyoM ne ise antarrASTrIya bnaayaa| hamArA prayAsa aisA ho ki bhAratIya rASTrIya saMvat kI paddhati itanI vaijJAnika va vyAvahArika banAyI jAye ki yaha antarrASTrIya dAyitvoM ko pUrA kara sake va vizva ke dUsare rASTra bhI usakI paddhati ko grahaNa kreN| gaNanA kI jo sUkSma se sakSma kamiyAM anya dUsare saMvatoM meM hai isameM ve bhI na raheM / tathA yaha apanI vyAvahAritA va vaijJAnikatA ke lie antarrASTrIya stara para prayukta ho ske| bhAratIya saMvat kI sthApanA va vaijJAnika paMcAMga nirmANa kA mahatva jitanA khagolazAstra va jyotiSa zAstra ke lie hai usase bhI adhika itihAsa ke lie hai isa saMdarbha meM abhI gaNanA kI aura sUkSma khojoM va nizcita ikAiyoM kI sthApanA kI AvazyakatA hai| yadyapi paMcAMga-nirmANa-kArya eka khagolazAstrIya kArya hai| aitihAsika nahIM, phira bhI yaha bAta sahI hai ki itihAsa kI AdhArazilA saMvat hI hai va bhAratIya itihAsa kI yaha jaTila samasyA rahI hai tathA itihAsa-lekhana ke lie eka saMvat kI AvazyakatA hai| ataH eka itihAsakAra jise khagolazAstra kA acchA jJAna hai, bhI paMcAMga nirmANa va saMvat kI sthApanA meM sahayoga kara sakatA hai| sAtha hI yadi khagolazAstrI ko bhI itihAsa kA jJAna ho taba kalaiNDara acchA bana par3egA, isameM koI do mata nahIM ho sakate / prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa-lekhana ke lie sAhitya, abhilekhoM, purAtatvIya sAmagrI va videzI yAtriyoM ke vivaraNa Adi sAkSyoM kA sahArA liyA jAtA hai| bhArata meM saMvat Arambha karane kI paramparA ati prAcIna samaya se rahI hai tathA ye vibhinna saMvat bhI bhAratIya itihAsa ke srota haiN| bhinna-bhinna saMvat ne itihAsadRSTi ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| kucha saMvat jinakA Arambha-kAla kAphI prAcIna ThaharAyA gayA hai bhAratIya itihAsa kI prAcInatA va saMskRti ke anantakAla purAnI hone ke sAkSI haiN| sRSTi saMvat, kRNNa saMvat, yudhiSThira saMvat, kaliyuga saMvat hindU dharma va prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa se jur3e haiN| inake Arambha kI tithiyAM pAMca hajAra varSa prAcIna mAnI gayI haiM / ata: ye bhAratIya saMskRti kI prAcInatA ke dyotaka haiM / kRSNa saMvat kA saMbaMdha bhagavAna kRSNa se hai, jo hindU dharmAvalambiyoM dvArA bhagavAna mAne jAte haiM tathA Aja bhI hindU dharma va darzana kA eka bar3A srota hai / yudhiSThira saMvat va kaliyuga saMvat kA sambandha mahAbhArata yuddha kI ghaTanA se hai / yaha yuddha adharma para vijaya tathA saMskRti ke punaH sthApana kA pratIka hai aura isakA aitihAsika mahatva bhI utanA hI hai jitanA dhArmika / buddha-nirvANa va mahAvIra

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222 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa nirvANa saMvatoM kA Arambha DhAI hajAra varSa purAnA ThaharAyA gayA hai| ina saMvatoM kA sambandha aise vyaktiyoM se hai jinhoMne hindU dharma va samAja ko eka nayA mor3a diyA tathA saMskRti ke vighaTita hote mUlyoM ko punaH sthApita kiyA / unake isa prakAra ke prayAsoM ne tatkAlIna rAjanIti ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA va inakA prabhAva zatAbdiyoM taka bhAratIya dharma va samAja para banA rhaa| isa prakAra ye saMvat una vyaktiyoM va ghaTanAoM kI ora saMketa karate haiM jinakA bhAratIya dharma, samAja, saMskRti va rAjanIti para gaharA prabhAva hai / bhArata meM samvatoM kA eka rUpa yaha bhI rahA hai ki unakA prayoga eka sampradAya vizeSa se jur3a gayA yA deza ke kisI bahuta sImita bhU-bhAga para hI unakA prayoga kiyA gayA, jisase pUre rASTra ke itihAsa se unakA sambandha sthApita kara pAnA kaThina ho jAtA hai tathA ve eka sImita kSetra se sambandhita ghaTanAoM kI ora hI saMketa karate haiM / isa rUpa meM samvatoM ne deza ke itihAsa ko saMkucita karane kA kArya kiyA / bhArata meM samvat Arambha kI paramparA aisI ghaTanAoM se jor3ane kI rahI hai jinakA mahatva aitihAsika dRSTi se kAphI hai / aura Aja jaba ina saMvatoM kI utpatti va inase sambandhita ghaTanAoM kA adhyayana kiyA jAtA hai taba yaha bAta adhika mahatva kI rahatI hai ki amuka saMvat ke sAtha jur3I ghaTanA kA aitihAsika mahatva kyA hai ? Aja buddha- nirvANa saMvat kA jo mahatva hai usase kahIM jyAdA mahatva itihAsakAra ke lie isa bAta kA hai ki isa saMvat kA saMbaMdha eka aise vyaktitva kI jIvana- ghaTanA se jur3A hai jisake kriyA-kalApoM ne deza-videza meM janamAnasa ko prabhAvita kiyA va kAlAntara meM isake siddhAntoM ne rAjanItika siddhAntoM ko nirdhArita kiyA va itihAsa ko nayA mor3a diyA / saMtoM se jur3I tithiyAM, unase sambandhita ghaTanAoM kI tithiyAM haiM tathA ina mahatvapUrNa ghaTanAoM kI tithi nirdhAraNa kA kArya saMvatoM ke mAdhyama se ho sakatA hai / isa prakAra saMvatoM se adhika mahatvapUrNa unase jur3I aitihAsika ghaTanAyeM haiM, jinakI tithi bhArata ke itihAsa ke lie mahatvapUrNa hai / saMvat kI aitihAsikatA hI una ghaTanAoM kI aitihAsikatA kA AdhAra hai aura vaha bhAratIya itihAsa kA AdhAra banatA hai / saMvatoM kA AraMbha jahAM rAjAoM ke rAjyArohaNa va unakI vijayoM athavA kisI nayI nIti sthApanA kI ghaTanAoM se jor3A gayA hai taba vaha spaSTa rUpa se itihAsa-lekhana hI hai / isa prakAra itihAsa ko eka kramika tithikrama prApta hotA hai / vikrama saMvat kI aitihAsikatA vikrama se aura usake kriyA-kalApa se jur3I hai / yadi vaha ghaTanA yA vyakti nahIM huA to usakI aitihAsika ghaTanA bhI vivAdAspada hai / bAda meM prayoga hone para bhI aitihAsika ghaTanA kA mahatva itihAsakAra ke lie hai /

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niSkarSa 223 saMvatoM se dhAmika vyavasthA kA aitihAsika adhyayana sambhava hai kyoMki unameM tatkAlIna dhArmika mAnyatA spaSTa ho sakatI hai aura dhArmika vizvAsa va sAmAjika vyavasthA kA jJAna ho sakatA hai| buddha va mahAvIra-nirvANa saMvatoM ke adhyayana ke sAtha isI prakAra kA sAmAjika va dhArmika adhyayana jur3A hai / jaba hama buddha-nirvANa kI tithi nirdhArita karane kA prayAsa karate haiM, to buddha ke siddhAntoM se prabhAvita dharma, samAja va rAjanIti kA bhI adhyayana karate bhArata meM lagabhaga sabhI dharma va sampradAyoM ke apane saMvat haiM jo ina sampradAyoM kA apane dharma pracArakoM va dharmopadezakoM ke prati vizvAsa va mAnyatAoM ke pratIka haiM / kaI bAra to saMvat kA nAma hI kisI sampradAya ke paricaya kA mAdhyama banatA hai tathA saMvat kA nAma bhara Ane se amuka sampradAya ke dharma va nAma kA bodha ho jAtA hai| ___ saMvatoM ke mAdhyama se na kevala dharma va rAjanItika jAgarUkatA kA paricaya milatA hai varana ye Arthika kSetra meM huyI pragati va nayI nIti-nirdhAraNa kA bhI pratIka hai| phasalI saMvata jisako vibhinna kSetroM meM alaga-alaga zAsakoM dvArA vibhinna avasaroM para grahaNa kiyA gayA isa bAta kA dyotaka hai ki zAsaka loga kRSi va artha sambandhI kaThinAiyoM se paricita the va unake nivAraNa ke lie bahutasI naI nItiyAM va yojanAyeM nirdhArita karate the| phasalI saMvat kA Arambha 600 I0 ke karIba huA tathA isakA mukhya uddezya kisAnoM ko suvidhA pradAna karanA thaa| candrIya paMcAMga ke anusAra kisAnoM ko 30 varSIya cakra meM lagAna kI do kizta adhika denI par3atI thiiN| sAtha hI lagAna kA samaya bhI parivartita hotA rahatA thaa| ataH isa Arthika samasyA ko sulajhAne ke uddezya se saura gaNanA vAlA phasalI paMcAMga mugala bAdazAha akabara va zAhajahAM dvArA grahaNa kiyA gyaa| bhAratIya saMskRti kI grAhya zakti dharma, jAti, rIti-rivAjoM ke saMdarbha meM vidita hai| saMvatoM ke kSetra meM bhI isakA mahatva kama nahIM / samayagaNanA kI bahutasI ikAiyoM ko bhAratIya gaNanA-paddhati va saMvatoM meM isa prakAra AtmasAta kara liyA gayA hai ki Aja unake maulika udgama sthAnoM ko batA pAnA sambhava nhiiN| isa saMdarbha meM sabase acchA udAharaNa zaka saMvat kA diyA jA sakatA hai| isa saMvata ko bhArata meM rAjanItika, dhArmika va abhilekhIya kAryoM ke lie sAtha-sAtha prayoga kiyA gyaa| isakI gaNanA-paddhati Aja pUrNa rUpa se bhArata meM utpanna hue vikrama saMvat kI paddhati meM ghula-mila gayI hai tathA inake pRthaka svarUpoM ko iMgita

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa kara pAnA asambhava hai / isa prakAra pahale grIka, phira islAma va isake bAda yoropIya saMvatoM va gaNanA-paddhatiyoM kA bhAratIya gaNanA-paddhati meM samAveza huA hai / isa rUpa meM videzI saMvat bhAratIya saMskRti kI grAhya zakti ko spaSTa karate haiM / 224 bhArata kA prAcIna jyotiSa, gaNita va khagolazAstrIya adhyayana unnata avasthA meM thA - isakA bodha bhI saMvatoM ke adhyayana se hotA hai / vaidika kAla meM hI gaNanA kI mahatvapUrNa ikAiyoM kA nirdhAraNa bhArata meM kara liyA gayA thA / kali saMvat kI paramANu, aNu, trisAreNu, truTI, lava va nimeSa Adi ikAIyAM samaya - mApana kI sUkSma va vyavasthita paddhati kI sAkSya haiM jinakA nirdhAraNa IsA se hajAroM varSa pUrva ho cukA thA / isa prakAra saMvatoM ke adhyayana se bhArata kI prAcIna gaNita, jyotiSa kI asAvAraNa vikasita paristhiti kA aitihAsika jJAna hotA hai / saMvatoM se prAcIna bhArata kI sRSTi, jagata parivartana, kAla-krama Adi ke bAre meM vidyamAna dhAraNAyeM vikasita huyI haiM / zanaiH-zanaiH vikasita va zodhita gaNanA paddhati kA vaijJAnika svarUpa Aja bhArata meM vidyamAna hai jisako vartamAna rASTrIya paMcAMga ke rUpa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai / isameM atyAdhunika va prAcIna ikAiyoM ke madhya eka saMtulita gaNanA-svarUpa nirdhArita kiyA gayA hai / tathA sabhI dharmoM va sampradAyoM ke logoM kI mAnyatAoM ko sthAna dene kA prayAsa huA hai / kintu bahuta se kAraNoM se isakA vyApaka prasAra abhI nahIM ho pAyA hai / AzA hai saMvatoM ke isa prakAra ke kramika va AlocanAtmaka adhyayana se itihAsa kI mahatvapUrNa ghaTanAoM kA adhyayana ho tathA unakI tithi nirdhAraNa meM sahayoga mile / gaNanA-paddhati ke aitihAsika adhyayana se usake maulika tatvoM, usa para videzI prabhAva va usake vartamAna vaijJAnika svarUpa kA adhyayana huA hai| sAtha hI yaha dhAraNA vyakta huI hai ki bhArata kI vartamAna paristhitiyoM meM kisa prakAra kI paddhati va saMvat kA kaisA svarUpa grahaNa kiyA jAnA lAbhaprada hai / saMvatoM ke isa AlocanAtmaka adhyayana se bhArata kA prAcIna itihAsa adhika spaSTa ho gayA hai /

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rASTrIya kaileNDara zakAbda 1915 (1963-64 I0)

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caitra (mArca-apraila, san 1993 I0) 23 24 4 25 26 27 9 is Www o n 26 m 8 10 Davar m m ~m 31 11 12 13 m 23 31 21 24 4 25 26 14 21 28 11 18 15 8 22 26 www 16 20 10 3 10 31 jyeSTha ( maI-jUna, san 1993 I0) w 30 11 Xxx wwwww rASTrIya kaileNDara zakAbda 1915, 1963-64 I0 14 22 12 23 30 13 20 24 14 25 15 26 16 27 17 www 29 is www 16 17 20 26 16 21 11 23 13 ravi soma maMgala budha 27 bRha 17 24 - 14 25 15 26 16 ravi soma maMgala budha bRha zukra zani 15 22 26 12 16 28 zukra 18 zani vaizAkha ( apraila-maI, san 1963 I0 ) 21 22 8 23 4 11 24 1 22 23 25 xx wu 25 5 26 Www w goo 7 28 no is w 26 w 11 15 5 16 'm Ww 17 7 18 12 1 Min 15 16 16 21 11 7 22 17 8 12 ASAr3ha (jUna-julAI san 1963 I0 ) 23 8 15 13 24 13 20 4 11 14 14 21 12 mo Xxx 25 vor o voor 22 13 rm m 23 14 22 20 25 26 16 16 26 17 27 18 r mr m 26 1 30 20 31 21 ywHw 27 rov 18 9 15 AAAWWA 24 31 15 22 16 Wwwvor 26 20 21

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zrAvaNa (julAI-agasta, san 1993 I0) over 31 22 1 23 2 24 ov 23 m 24 3 25 25 26 7 26 30 31 8 15 26 6 28 7 30 11 10 17 24 1 8 15 15 25 16 26 17 27 11 18 21 28 1 2 10 12 10 4 14 rASTrIya kaileNDara zakAbda 1615, 1963-64 I0 4 11 15 16 Azvina ( sitambara-akTUbara, san 1963 I0 ) 3 5 12 16 4 16 20 12 16 22 6 13 23 7 14 is ow 26 ww 20 m 14 30 21 16 5 15 17 24 16 o 23 xowugur & 25 11 15 17 20 27 26 12 16 21 28 13 20 15 22 26 m x x x x w 21 22 ravi soma maMgala budha bRha zukra za na ravi soma maMgala budha bRha zukra zafa bhAdrapada ( agasta-sitambara, san 1963 I0) 26 5 27 6 28 mo OM 7 26 30 1 11 2 12 21. 24 3 25 4 26 5 14 21 8 12 16 e 16 3 10 13 20 27 4 11 18 28 15. 16 1 23 30 IS 17 8 18 22 26 13 20 23 14 1 11 2 12 24 15 25 16 kArtika (akTUbara-navambara, san 1993 I0) 26 17 M mr m IS m 30 21 31 22 r e 16 23 31 7 14 10 17 24 8 15 18. 25 ha 16 16 26 10 17 13 20 27 4 11 18. 14 21 28 26 5 12 16 15 22 26 6 13 20 N

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rASTrIya kaileNDara zakAbda 1915, 1963-64 I0 agrahAyaNa (navambara-disambara, san 1993 I0) pauSa (disambara-janavarI, san 1963-64) Xxx or 2 " Runs 22 2MMMMMM. niconor | 24 | 31 23 25 . mAgha (janavarI pharavarI, san 1664 I0) phAlguna (pharavarI-mArca, san 1964 I0) " * * * xxx Rom * *

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krama saMvat kA nAma saM0 pariziSTa tAlikA naM. 1 bhAratIya itihAsa meM pracalita saMvat dharma caritroM se sambandhita saMvata mArambhika varSa vartamAna pracalita varSa (IsAI saMvat sambandhita sampradAya kA nAma (IsAI saMvat meM) ke varSa 1962-63 ke barAbara hai tathA bhAratIya rASTrIya saMvat ke varSa 45-46 ke barAbara hai) 1672646077 (Arya samAja ke hindU vaidika dharma dharmagraMthoM para ullikhita) 3236 I0 pU0 5226 (zuddha bhAratIya paMcAMga) hindU vaidika dharma 2448 I0 pU0 4441 (anu0) hindU vaidika dharma (kramazaH) 1. sRSTi saMvat 2. kAlayavana saMvat 3. kRSNa saMvat 4. yudhiSThira saMvat

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(1) (2) (3) 5. kaliyuga saMvat 6. laukika saMvat 7. buddha nirvANa saMvat 8. mahAvIra nirvANa saMvat 6. IsAI saMvat 3101 I0 pU0 724 I0 pU0 544 I0 pU0 527 I0 pU0 (4) 5064 (zuddha bhAratIya paMcAMga) hindU vaidika dharma 2717 (anu0) 2537 (rASTrIya paMcAMga) bauddha sampradAya 2520 (rASTrIya paMcAMga) jaina sampradAya 1963 (rASTrIya paMcAMga) IsAI sampradAya (dUsare sampradAyoM dvArA dainika vyavahAra meM prayukta) 1414 (rASTrIya paMcAMga) islAma sampradAya 166 (anu0) hindU Arya samAja sampradAya 150 (bahAI paMcAMga) bahAI sampradAya 10. hijarI saMvat 11. maharSi dayAnaMdAbda 12. bahAI saMvat 622 I0 1825 I0 1844 I0 tAlikA naM. 1 prastuta tAlikA ke prathama kAlama meM saMvat kI saMkhyA hai / dUsare meM saMvat kA nAma hai, tIsare meM Arambhika varSa hai| Arambhika varSa IsAI saMvata ke anusAra diye gae haiM / cauthe meM saMvat kA vartamAna pracalita varSa hai jo IsAI saMvat ke varSa 1963-64 ke barAbara hai tathA bhAratIya rASTrIya saMvat ke varSa 46-47 ke barAbara hai| pAMcaveM kaoNlama meM saMvat se sambandhita sampradAya kA nAma diyA gayA hai| saMvatoM ke Arambhika varSa aneka sAkSyoM ke vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para die gae haiM / saMvatoM ke vartamAna pracalita varSa do tarIke se die gae haiN| prathama, jo saMvat aba pracalana meM nahIM haiM unake anumAnita varSa die gae haiM tathA unake sAmane anu0 likhA hai| dUsare jo saMvata aba bhI pracalana meM haiM unake vartamAna pracalita varSa vibhinna paMcAMgoM ke AdhAra para die gae haiM tathA unake sAmane paMcAMga kA nAma likhA hai| bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa

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krama saMvat kA nAma saM0 1. maurya saMvat 2. sailyUsIDiyana saMvat 3. pArthiyana saMvat 4. vikrama saMvat 5. zaka saMvat 6. kalcurI cedI saMvat 7. gupta saMvat 8. amalI saMvat tAlikA naM0 2 bhAratIya itihAsa meM pracalita saMvat aitihAsika ghaTanAoM se AraMbha hone vAle saMvat ArambhakartA kA nAma videzI videzI vikramAditya kaniSka candragupta prathama indradyumna Arambhika varSa ( IsAI saM0 meM) 320 I0 pU0 312 I0 pU0 247 I0 pU0 57 I0 pU0 78 I0 pU0 248-49 I0 316-20 I0 562 I0 pU0 vartamAna pracalita varSa 2313 ( anumAnita) 2305 (anu0 ) 2240 (anu0 ) 2050 ( rASTrIya paMcAMga) 1915 (rASTrIya paMcAMga) 1745 (anu0 ) 1674 (anu0 ) 1401 (riporTa oNpha da pracalana kSetra kAbula va paMjAba saurASTra, baMgAla, uttarI bhArata ur3IsA (kramazaH) pariziSTa 227

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220 (1) (2) 6. vilAyatI saMvat / / / 623 I0 10. phasalI saMvat 11. baMgAlI saMvat 12. zrI harSa saMvat 13. bhaTTikA saMvat 14. mAgI saMvat 15. gaMgA saMvat 16. barmI komana saMvat 17. bhImAkara saMvat 18. kolama saMvat 19. nevAra saMvat 638 I0 / / / / / 633 I0 (3) kalaNDara riphomaM kameTI) 592 I0 1401 (anu0) baMgAla va ur3IsA 592 I0 1401 (anu0) uttarI bhArata, madrAsa 563 I0 (anu0) 1400 (rASTrIya paMcAMga) baMgAla zrI harSa 607 I. 1386 (anu0) mathurA va kannauja 1370 (anu0) rAjapUtAnA 1355 (anu0) baMgAla (ciTagAMga jilA) 1355 (anu0) dakSiNI-pUrvI bhArata 1355 (anu0) barmA va buddhagayA 520 I0 1173 (anu0) ur3IsA 824 I0 1166 (rASTrIya paMcAMga) mAlAbAra, kocIna jayadeva malla 878 I0 1115 (anu0) nepAla (isa saMvat ke Arambha ke samaya bhArata kI sImA yahAM taka thIM) saulako rAjA vikramAditya 1076 I0 617 (anu0) dakSiNI-pazcimI bhArata senavaMzI rAjA lakSmaNa sena 1107 I0886 (anu0) baMgAla, bihAra jayasiMha siddharAja 1113 I0 880 (anu0) 638 I0 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa 20. cAlukya vikrama saMvat 21. lakSmaNa sena saMvat 22. ziva siMha saMvat

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mauhammada tugalaka pariziSTa 23. zAhUra san 24. paNDuvaippU saMvat 25. tArIkha ilAhI saMvat 26. julUsI saMvat 27. rAjyAbhiSeka saMvat 28. vividha saMvat akabara akabara zivAjI 1325 I0 668 (anu0) 1340-41 I0 653 (anu0) 1556 I0 437 (anu0) 1556 I0 437 (anu0) 1673 I0 320 (anu0) 226

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230 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa tAlikA naM0 2 prastuta tAlikA bhAratIya aitihAsika sambatoM kI hai / isake prathama kaoNlama meM samvatoM kI saMkhyA dI gayI hai / dUsare meM samvat kA nAma hai, tIsare meM saMvat ArambhakartA kA nAma, cauthe meM Arambhika varSa hai| Arambhika varSa IsAI samvat meM diye gaye haiM, isase Age samvata kA vartamAna pracalita varSa hai tathA isase Age samvat kA pracalana kSetra hai| samvata ke vartamAna pracalita varSa paMcAMgoM va kalaiNDara sudhAra samiti kI riporTa ke AdhAra para diye gaye haiM tathA inake sAmane paMcAMga athavA riporTa kA nAma likhA hai jo sambat aba pracalana meM nahIM haiM tathA unakI gaNanA paddhati va Arambhika varSa ke sambandha meM Thosa pramANika sAkSya bhI upalabdha nahIM hai / unake vartamAna pracalita varSa anumAnita haiN| inake sAmane anu0 likhA hai| ina samvatoM ke vartamAna pracalita varSa IsAI sambat varSa 1963 ke AdhAra para nikAle gae haiM tathA inake varSa kI lambAI saura IsAI sambat ke varSa kI lambAI ke barAbara mAnI gayI hai| bahuta kama sambatoM ke sandarbha meM yaha jJAta hai ki inakA ArambhakartA kauna thA athavA kisa rAjA ke nAma para inakA nAma pdd'aa| kaoNlama do meM kucha samvatoM ke ArambhakartAoM ke nAma die gae haiN| samvatoM ke pracalana-kSetra kalaiNDara riphorma kameTI kI riporTa athavA samvat vizeSa ke sambandha meM upalabdha sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para batAye gaye haiN|

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saMdarbha grantha sUcI grantha, paMcAMga evaM lekha sUcI (ka) pustakeM agnihotrI, prabhu dayAla, "pataMjali kAlIna bhArata", paTanA : bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad 1963 / "atharvaveda", bhASyakAra kSemakaraNa dAsa trivedI, dillI : sArvadezika Arya pratinidhi sabhA, 2038 (vikrmaabd)| aruNa0, "bhAratIya purAitihAsa koSa", meraTha : anu prakAzana, 1978 / alberUnI, "alberUnI kA bhArata", anuvAdaka saMtarAma, prayAga : 1628 / alberUnI, "alberUnI kA bhArata" anuvAdaka rajanIkAMta, ilAhAbAda : Adarza, 1967 / "insAIklopIDiyA briTenikA", Tokyo, 1967 / islemaoN, je0I0, "bahAullAha eNDa da nyU erA", landana : bahAI pabliziMga TrasTa, 1974 / upAdhyAya, bhagavata zaraNa, "bhAratIya saMskRti ke srota", naI dillI : pIpulja pabliziMga hAusa, 1983 / upAdhyAya, vAsudeva, "gupta abhilekha", paTanA : hindI grantha akAdamI, 1974 / ----"prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha", paTanA : prajJA prakAzana, dvitIya saMskaraNa, 1670 / ullAha, mohammada hamIda, "inTroDakzana Tu islAma", berUta : 1977 / ojhA, gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda, "bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA", ajamera : 1618 / omaprakAza, "prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa", dillii| hindI mAdhyama maNDala, dillI vizvavidyAlaya, 1967 / "Rgveda", bhASyakAra maharSi dayAnanda, dillI : sArvadezika Arya pratinidhi sabhA, 1673 /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa kanighama, elegjeNDara, "e buka oNpha iNDiyana erAja", vArANasI : eNTIkviTI bukaselarja, 1676 / "kaimbrija hisTrI oNpha iNDiyA" jilda cAra (mugala kAla ) sampAdaka ricarDa banaM, dillI : esa0 caMda, tithi anupalabdha | kumAra, baladeva, "arlI kuSANAja", dillI : sTaliMga pablizarja, 1973 / koTiyAla, harizaMkara, 'maurya kAla', "prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa", sampAdaka dvijendra nArAyaNa jhA tathA kRSNa mohana zrImAlI, dillI : hindI mAdhyama kAryAnvayana nidezAlaya (dillI vizvavidyAlaya), san 1981 / 232 gahalota, sukhavIra siMha, "hisToriyanja kalaiNDara" (1544 I0 se 1643 taka ), jodhapura : hindI sAhitya mandira, 1676 / goyala, esa0 Ara0, "hisTrI oNpha di impIriyala guptAja", ilAhAbAda : 1667 / gorakha prasAda, "bhAratIya jyotiSa kA itihAsa", lakhanaU : prakAzana byUro, uttara pradeza sarakAra, 1956 / - "sarala gaNita jyotiSa", ilAhAbAda : 1656 / grIna, Ara0ema0, "TeksTa buka oNna spherikala esTronamI", landana Adi : kaimbrija yUnivarsiTI presa, 1977 / cakravartI, apUrva kumAra, 'iNDiyana kaleNDarikala sAiMsa ", kalakattA : mitrA, 1975 / ---- caturasena, AcArya, "bhAratIya saMskRti kA itihAsa", meraTha : 1658 / candra, e0 ena0, "da DeTa oNpha kurUkSetra vAra", kalakattA : ratna prakAzana, 1678 / caudharI, hemacandra rAya, "prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanaitika itihAsa", ilAhAbAda : kitAba mahala, 1680 / jaina, jyotiprasAda, "da jaina sosija oNpha da hisTrI oNpha eMzieMTa iNDiyA", dillI : ema0 ela0 jaina, 1964 / ThAkura, bI0 ela0, "jyotiSa zikSA", (khaNDa do bhAga eka), vArANasI : 1970 / Dapha, sI0 mobela, "da kronolaoNji oNpha iNDiyA", (jilda eka) vArANasI : caukhambA oriyeMTeliyA, 1675 / Dapha, grANTa, "marAThoM kA itihAsa", anuvAdaka kamalAkara tivArI, ilAhAbAda : itihAsa prakAzana saMsthAna, 1965 / datta, bhagavad, "bhAratavarSa kA vRhada itihAsa", naI dillI : itihAsa prakAzana maNDala, 1950 /

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saMdarbha grantha sUcI 233 dIkSita, bAlakRSNa, "bhAratIya jyotiSa", anuvAdaka zivanAtha jhArakhaMDI, prayAga : hindI samiti sUcanA vibhAga, uttara pradeza, 1963 / devahUti, "harSa : a paoNliTikala hisTrI", laMdana : kalareNDana presa, 1970 / dvivedI, harinivAsa, "madhya bhArata kA itihAsa", (prathama khaNDa) madhya bhArata, 1956 / nAgarAja, muni, "da kanTamprerIniTI eNDa da kronolaoNji oNpha mahAvIra eNDa buddha", sampAdaka va anuvAdaka muni mahendra kumAra, naI dillI : TuDe eNDa Tumoro buka ejensI, 1970 / paramAnanda zAstrI, "jaina dharma kA prAcIna itihAsa", (dvitIya bhAga), dillI : rameza caMdra jaina, vIra nirvANa samvat 2500 / __ pANDeya, caMdrabhAna, "AMdhra sAtavAhana sAmrAjya kA itihAsa", dillI : nezanala pabliziMga hAusa, 1963 / pANDeya, rAjabalI, "prAcIna bhArata", vArANasI : nanda kizora, vi0saM0 2018 / .--"vikramAditya samvat pravartaka", vArANasI : caukhambA vidyA bhavana, 1960 / ____pANDeya, zrInetra, "prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa", ilAhAbAda : loka bhAratI prakAzana, 1980 / pilleI, ela0DI0 svAmI, "ena iNDiyana ephemarIja", dillI : saMgama prakAzana, 1982 (1922) / pilleI, ela0DI0 svAmI, "iNDiyana kronolaoNji", madrAsa : grANTa, 1911 / phajala, abbula, "akabaranAmA", anuvAdaka mathurA lAla zarmA, gvAliyara : ti0 anu0 / pharebI, jona, "oNla thiMgja meDa nyU", naI dillI : tithi anupalabdha / phlITa, jaoNna phethaphula, "bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha", anuvAdaka girajAzaMkara prasAda mizra, jayapura : rAjasthAna hindI graMtha akAdamI, 1974 / banarjI, gauraMganAtha, "helenijma ina eMzieMTa iNDiyA", naI dillI : muMzIrAma manoharalAla, 1961 (tRtIya sNskrnn)| baMdyopAdhyAya, rAkhAladAsa, "gupta yuga", anuvAdaka Ananda kRSNa, vArANasI : kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, 1970 / __ "bAibila" (1911 I0 kA AdhikArika rUpa) bAzama, e0 ela0, "adbhuta bhArata" anuvAdaka-veMkaTezacaMdra pANDeya, AgarA : zivalAla agravAla, 1967 /

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bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa bhaTTAcArya, esa0, "e DikzanarI oNpha iNDiyana hisTrI", kalakattA : kalakattA yUnivarsiTI presa, 1967 / "bhArata (vArSika sandarbha graMtha ) pharIdAbAda : prakAzana vibhAga, sUcanA aura prasAraNa maMtrAlaya, bhArata sarakAra, 1676 / majUmadAra, rameza candra, "gupta erA : da klAsIkala eja", bambaI : bhAratIya vidyAbhavana graMtha mAlA, 1653 / 234 majUmadAra, rameza caMdra, "prAcIna bhArata", dillI : motIlAla banArasIdAsa, 1662 / mittala, manarAla, "rAjapUta kAlIna uttara bhArata kA rAjanItika itihAsa", AgarA : lakSmInArAyaNa agravAla, 1676 / mukharjI, bI0 ena0, "seMTrala eNDa sAutha eziyana DAkyUmaiMTsa oNna da molDa zaka erA", vArANasI : esa0 pANDeya, bhArata bhAratI, tithi anupalabdha | mukharjI, rAdhAkumuda, "di eja oNpha impIriyala yUniTI", jilda do, bambaI : bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, 1653 / raphIka, gulAma mohammada, "islAma' sa krUseDa phaoNra kaleNDara", paTTana : raphIka, 1681 / rAya, udaya nArAyaNa, "guptavaMza tathA usakA yuga", ilAhAbAda : loka bhAratI, 1677 / rAya, esa0 bI0, "eMzieMTa iNDiyA : e kronolojikala sTaDI", dillI : 1675 / - " DeTa oNpha mahAbhArata baiTla", naI dillI, 1676 / "riporTa oNpha da kalaiNDara riphorma kamiTI, dillI, 1655 / -- lAharI, ena0 sI0, "kanDainjDa aphaimarIja Ava plaeNneTsa pajIzanja", ( bhAga sAta e), kalakattA : esTro risarca byUro, 1985 / lUniyA, bI0 ena0, " gupta sAmrAjya kA rAjanItika evaM sAMskRtika itihAsa", indaura : kamala, 1674 / vijayA, muni kalyANa, "vIra nirvANa samvat aura jaina kAla-gaNanA", jalorA : ke0 vI0 zAstra samiti, 1630 / vela, saimuala, "buddhisTa rikAja oNpha da vesTarna varlDa", 1884, (punarmudraNa ) dillI : nirmala jaina, 1666 / vogala, je0 pI0, "enTIkviTIja oNpha cambA sTeTa", kalakattA, 1611 / zarmA, rAjakumAra, "madhya pradeza ke purAtatva kA sandarbha graMtha " bhopAla, 1674 /

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saMdarbha grantha sUcI 235 zAstrI, ke0 e0 nIlakaMTha, "dakSiNa bhArata kA itihAsa", anuvAdaka vIrendra varmA, paTanA : bihAra hindI graMtha akAdamI, 1972 / zAstrI, Ara0 zravaNa, " vedAMga jyotiSa", maisUra : gavarnamaiMTa brAMca presa, 1636 / zAstrI, siddhezvarI, "bhArata varSIya prAcIna caritra - koSa", pUnA : bhAratIya caritra koSa, 1964 / zAha, zAntilAla, "kronolaoNjikala probalamja", baoNna (jarmanI) : zAha, 1934 / zIla pAMDe, hindU esTrolaoNji", naI dillI : sAgara, 1968 / zrIvAstava, AzIrvAdIlAla, "akabara mahAna", anuvAdaka - bhagavAnadAsa gupta, AgarA: zivalAla agravAla, 1667 / satyaketu vidyAlaMkAra, "maurya sAmrAjya kA itihAsa", masUrI : sarasvatI sadana, 1687 / satyaketu vidyAlaMkAra tathA haridatta vedAlaMkAra, "Arya samAja kA itihAsa", prathama bhAga, naI dillI : Arya svAdhyAya kendra, tithi anu0 / zAmA zAstrI, ra0, "da vaidika kaleNDara ", dillI : gaMgA pablikezana, 1676 (1e12) / sarakAra, jadunAtha, "zivAjI aura unakA kAla", anuvAdaka - madana lAla jaina, AgarA : zivalAla, 1664 / sAMkRtyAyana, rAhula, "akabara", ilAhAbAda : kitAba mahala, 1957 / siMha, raghunAtha, "e DikzanarI oNpha varlDa kronolaoNji", jilda eka vArANasI : 1977 / sIvela, raoNbarTa, "di iNDiyana kalaiNDara ", landana : svAna svanaMzcina, 1866 / -" iNDiyana konolaoNji", landana : jyorja alaina, 1912 | sena, umApada, "da Rgvaidika erA", kalakattA : pharmA ke0 ela0 mukhopAdhyAya, tithi anu0 / senagupta, pI0sI0, "eMzieMTa iNDiyana kronolaoNji" kalakattA : kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya, 1647 / smitha, vI0e0, "arlI hisTrI Apha iNDiyA", landana : oNksaphorDa yUnivasiTI presa, 1967 (1e14) / tripAThI, ramAzaMkara, "prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa", dillI : motIlAla banArasIdAsa, 1985 /

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236 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa triveda, deva sahAya, "iNDiyana kronolaoNjI", bambaI / bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, 1663 / ---, "prAGa maurya bihAra", paTanA : 1954 / ----, "bhArata kA nayA itihAsa", vArANasI : ArSa bhAratI, tithi anuplbdh| (kha) paMcAMga "asalI lAvar3a kA paMcAMga", (vikramI samvat 2045) gaNitakartA ravidatta zarmA, meraTha : ravidatta zarmA, vi0saM0 2044 / "marAThI paMcAMga" vi0saM0 2032, gaNikartA-rAmacaMdra pAMDuraMga zAstrI moghe vasaIkara, vi0saM0 2031 / "rASTrIya paMcAMga" (1986-87 I0), raca0 bhArata sarakAra, dillI : da kanTrolara oNpha pablikezanja, 1986 ii0| ___ "rASTrIya paMcAMga", (1986-60 I0), raca0 bhArata sarakAra, dillI : da kanTrolara Apha pablikezanja, 1986 I0 / __ "vizva paMcAMgam", sampA0 rAmajanma mizra, vArANasI : banArasa hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vikrama saM0 2043 / "zuddha bhAratIga paMcAMga", (vi0 saM0 2045), gaNitakartA zaMkara lAla gaur3a, meraTha : javAhara buka Dipo, vi.saM. 2044, 2045, 2046 / "zuddha bhAradvAja paMcAMga", (vi0saM0 2041), raca0-khacer3a datta zarmA, meraTha : bhagavata buka Dipo, vi0saM0 2040, 2045, 2046 / ___"zrI rAjadhAnI paMcAgam", (zaka saM0 1910), gaNitakartA-kauzala kizora kauzika, dillI : zrI rAjadhAnI paMcAMga kAryAlaya, zaka saM0 1906 / "zrI veMkaTezvara zatAbdI paMcAMgam", (vi0saM0 2001 se 2100 paryanta), gaNitakartA-Izvara datta zarmA, bambaI : zrI veMkaTezvara presa, 1987 I0 / (ga) lekha jozI, muralI manohara, 'hamArI prAcIna gaNanA kitanI Adhunika aura vaijJAnika', "dharmayuga", 25 disambara, 1983 I0, pR0 26-27 / datta, yogendra, 'eka varSa meM kitane naye varSa', "kAdambinI", janavarI 1987, pR020-24 / nirUpaNa vidyAlaMkAra, "maharSi dayAnanda aura sRSTi saMvat", smArikA (meraTha : Arya samAja zatAbdI samAroha) 1976 I0 pR0 66-66 /

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saMdarbha grantha sUcI 237 banavArI, 'samaya kA jIvana se kaTA huA paimAnA', "janasattA" (dillI) 1 janavarI 1987, pR0 4 / bAlI, caMdrakAMta, 'kalki samvat', "zodha patrikA", (udayapura : sAhitya saMsthAna, rAjasthAna vidyApITha) 37:1 (1986) pR0 18-103 / bhaTTa, kapila, 'kaise-kaise samvat bhArata ke', "kAdambinI", (dillI), apraila 1986, pR0 84-88 / majamadAra, rameza caMdra, 'e paiseja ina alabarUnIja iNDiyA : Ananda erA', "janala Apha da bihAra eNDa ur3IsA risarca sosAiTI", (paTanA) 6 (1923) pR0 417-18 / ----'da harSa erA', "iNDiyana hisTorikala kvArTaralI", (kalakattA) 27 (sitambara 1951) pR0 183-160 / ---'harSa erA', "iNDiyana hisTorikala kvArTaralI", (kalakattA) 28 (1952). pR0 28 / majUmadAra, rameza caMdra, 'harSavardhana : e kriTikala sTaDI', "da jarnala oNpha da bihAra eNDa ur3IsA risarca sosAiTI", (paTanA) 6 (1923) 310-25 / mAthura, anila, 'glorI oNpha vikrama erA', "da hindustAna TAimsa", 26 mArca 1987, pR07| mirAzI, vI0vI0, 'phreza lAiTa oNna Tu nyU grANTa oNpha da viSNu kuNDina', "jarnala oNpha iNDiyana hisTrI", 50 (1972), pR0 2 / --'da harSA eNDa bhaTTikA erA', "da iNDiyana hisTorikala kvArTaralI", 26 (1953) pR0 161-165 / vaidya, sI0vI0, 'harSa eNDa hija TAimja', "da jarnala oNpha da bombe brAMca oNpha da raoNyala eziyATika sosAiTI", 24 (1917) pR0 235-76 / zarmA, aparNA, 'bhAratIya rASTrIya saMvat', "zodhaka", (jayapura) 15 : 43 (1985) / ___ zAha, ema0ena0, 'DiphenTa maithaDja oNpha DeTa rikArDiMga ina eMzieMTa eNDa maMDIvala iMDiyA eNDa di orIjina oNpha da zaka erA", "jarnala oNpha eziyATika susAiTI", 19:1 (1953 I0) pR0 1-24 / sarakAra, DI0sI0, 'harSaja ekseMzana eNDa da harSa erA', "iNDiyana hisTorIkala kvArTaralI", 27 (1951) pR0 321-327 /

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23.8 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa ----, 'da erA oNpha da bhaumAkarsa oNpha ur3IsA', "iNDiyana hisTorIkala kvArTaralI", (kalakattA) (1953) pR0 148-155 / / ---, 'harSaja ekseMzana eNDa erA', "iNDiyana hisTorikala kvArTaralI" (kalakattA) 26 (1953), pR0 72-76 / triveda, deva sahAya, 'phasalI erA', "jarnala oNpha iNDiyana hisTrI", pR0 262-301 /

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akabara, jalAluddIna mohammada ( mugala bAdazAha) 126, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 191 aja 60 aNu 14 adyatana (brahma muhUrta se rAtri dasa baje taka kA samaya) 18 adhimAsa 203 antima saiddhAntika yuga 218 nirdezikA aparAhna 18 aparAtra ( rAtrI kA antima AdhA bhAga ) 18 apUrva kumAra cakravartI 5, 6, 7 adurahamAna sAmirI 148 abhaya malla (rAjA) 150 abhilekha 5 AMdhra pradeza ke abhilekha 61 udayapura saMgrahAlaya abhilekha 139 kaniSka kA sAranAtha pratimA lekha 160 kumAragupta prathama ke samaya ke abhilekha 64 kurtakoTi se prApta abhilekha 152 koTa abhilekha 136 gayA ke abhilekha 116 gotamIputra zAtakarNI kA nAsika guhAlekha 160 caMda mahAsena kA abhilekha 63 faast kA abhilekha 64 tAzAI lekha 136 dhaulapura ke caNDamahAsena kA 86 kA abhilekha nagarI ke lekha 64 nAlaMdA ke abhilekha 116, 117 nepAla se prApta abhilekha 136 pratihAra abhilekha 136 paMjatara patthara abhilekha 107 brahmI abhilekha 106 bhoja kA abhilekha 133 magadha ke Aditya sena kA abhilekha 136 mathurA ke abhilekha 101, 166 maMdasaura abhilekha 118 mAMgarola kI sor3haDI bAbar3I kA lekha 156 bUra gA~va se prApta abhilekha 152 harSa ke do abhilekha hUNoM ke abhilekha abhilekhoM ke aMkana 218 amIra Izvaradatta 110

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240 amalI varSa 22 amalI saMvat 123, 124, 227 amAnta caitra zukla 21 amAvasyA 7, 16 amerikA kA mAyA kalaiNDara 12 ayyara 61 'kronolaoNjI Apha eMziyaeNTa iMDiyA' 1 ayana (uttarAyaNa, dakSiNAyana) 4, 14, 18, 21, 22 arabI san 160, 161 'arthazAstra' (kauTilya) 82 alberunI 7 avanti 66 avasthA 17 azoka 83, 87 ahan (dina) 12 ahorAtra 15, 16, 18 AkAzavANI 7 Adi mAnava samAja 17 Aditya varSa 21 Adhunika sUrya siddhAnta 6 AMdhra pradeza ke abhilekha 91, 107 AnaMda malla 150, 151 AmIra rAjA 111 Arya samAja 186 Arya bhaTTa prathama 120 ArAkAna 140 AraMbhika saiddhAntika yuga 4, 218 Ara0 samAzAstrI 4 ikAI 17, 22 itihAsa lekhana kalA 215, 216, 217, 218, 216, 221, 222 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa indradyumna 123 indra bhaTTAraka 142 indradhirAja 142 insAiklopIDiyA briTenikA 2, 4, 17 iTalI 17 inkA kalaMNDara 12 ilAhI dharma 166 ilAhI savat (IzvarIya saMvat) 162, 167, 177, 161, 163, 226 islAmika kalaiNDara 3, 21, 126 IsavI saMvat (IsAI saMvat) 16,88, 6, 7, 102, 114, 120, 123, 136, 143, 153, 160, 164, 173, 177, 180, 186, 186, 193, 226 ujjayinI, 86, 61, 62, 108 ur3IsA 82 uttarI amerikA ke kalaiNDara 2 udayagirI 81 udayagirI guhAlekha 121 unnIsa varSIya cakra 17 ejeja samvat 102 esiDa samvat (pAthiyA saM0) 87, SE esa0 dIkSita 7 eraNa stambha lekha ( buddhagupta kAlIna ) 121 eraNa stambha lekha ( bhAnugupta kAlIna ) 121 aitihAsika pRSTha bhUmi 7 ojhA, rAyabahAdura paNDita gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA 16, 24, 25. 26, 27, 30

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nirdezikA 241 or3ako samvat 31 kaliyuga samvat 13, 30, 97, 106, Rtu 4, 5, 17, 20, 22, 203 164, 170, 174, 175, 185, krAntikArI kaleNDara (phAMsIsI) 8 186, 165, 169, 213, 221, 226 krAntivRta 8 kaliMga 82 krizcana saMvat 16, 88, 66, 67, 102, 114, 120, 123, 175 / kalaNDara sudhAra samiti 88, 126, kronolAjI oNpha eMzieMTa iMDiyA 127, 156, 161, 166, 205, (ayyara) 61 206, 211 kaccA samvat 25 kalaiNDara sudhAra samiti kI riporTa kaTakI samvat 123 86, 67, 123, 128, 126, 135, kaNasvA, kaNasvA kA ziva mandira 64 141, 148 kaNasvA ke ziva mandira kA zilAlekha 'kazyapa saMhitA' 5 64 kArtika zuklA pratipadA 22 kadamba 106 kAThiyAvAr3a 158, 156 kannauja 130, 132, 133 kAraNA nAma kI tAlikAeM 6 kanyA saMkrAnti 22 kAla gaNanA, kAla gaNanA paddhati 1, 2, kaniMghama, elegjeNDara 17, 24, 26, 22, 217 27, 28, 29, 30 kAzmIra 24 kaniSka 86,90, 101,103, 105, kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla 81 108, 110, 111, 166 kaniSka saMvat 100, 106 kASThA 14, 15 karaNa 181 kAMcI 106 karnATaka varSa 151 kilona 147 karnATaka vaMza 150 kumAragupta prathama 118, 123 karana prakAza (jyotiSa graMtha le0 Arya kumAragupta prathama ke samaya ke abhilekha bhaTTa) 6 64 kalcurI cedI saMvat 106, 113, 227 / kumAragupta dvitIya 121 kalcurI nareza 106, 111 kuSANa rAjAoM ke abhilekha 5, 86, kalpa 18 106 kalhaNa ('rAjataraMgiNI') 24 ketakara, (AcArya) bI0 bI0 7, 181 kalhaNa 24, 25, 104 kaiDaphisasa varga 60 kalatsurI vaMza 106, 112 kocIna rAjya 162 kalA 15 korula, korula kA yuddha 86

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242 kollama 147 kollama AMDu 147, 146, 10, 118 kollama malla 147 kollama samvat 30, 147 46, 184, 213, 228 kolabruka 8, 11, 12, 13 kauTilya 'arthazAstra' 23, 82 'kaMDaijDa aphemarIja oNpha pleneTsapajIzanja' 180 kRta 63 kRta saMvat 88 - 100, 165 kRSNA saMvat 173, 185, 186, 196, 168, 221 khagola zAstra, khagolazAstrIya 4, 5, 23, 21 kharoSThi -- kharoSThi lekha 86 khAravela 81, 82, 83 kheMgAra (rAjA) 158 gregeriyana kalaMNDara 2, 107, 200, 207, 206 grahagaNitA 103 graha parivartI cakra 22, 30, 31, 166, 218 grahaNa 6 grISma Rtu 5, 20 grIsa 17 grIsa va bebIlona kI paMcAMga vyavasthA 5 gaNanA- - vRhaspati gaNanA 16, 24, 153 gar3havAlI 176 gaNanA paddhati 5, 16, 22, 86, 145, 182 arthaniyana gaNanA paddhati 86 bhAratIya gaNanA paddhati 145, 161 mesIDoniyana gaNanA paddhati 86 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa gAMgeya saMvat 141, 144, 160 gAMdhAra 60 gupta - guptakAla / gupta prakAla / gupta varSa / gupta saMvat 113, 122, 130, 156, 157, 164, 182, 160 gupta kAla meM paMcAMga 5 gupta nareza 120 gupta vaMza 84, 120, 156, 157 gurjara 1:1 gorakha prasAda 12, 13 gola yantra 8 gohila 158 gauraMganAtha banarjI 11 gaMgA saMvat 141, 144 gaMjama 22 gAMgeya saMvat 141 ghaTikA 203 ghaTotkaca gupta 116 ghaNTA 15, 18, 203 ghaTI 15 cakra 4, 5, 17, 16, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 26, 30, 31 unnIsa varSIya cakra 86 graha parivartI cakra 167 caMdrIya cakra 167 tIsa varSIya cakra 176 parazurAma cakra 22, 26, 146, 176 bRhaspati cakra 13, 22, 115, 176, 218 saptarSi cakra 176 sUryaM cakra 176 cartuyuga (kaliyuga, tretA, dvApara, satayuga) 14, 15 candrakalA 16

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nirdezikA 243 caMda mahAsena, caMDa mahAsena 63, 68 jantara mantara 7 candragupta maurya 81 jayadeva prathama 115 candragupta dvitIya 117, 121 jayadeva malla 150, 151 candragupta prathama 117, 116 jayapura 178, 179 candragupta rAjyAbda 170 jayapura jyotiSa yaMtrAlaya 178 candragupta vikramAditya 62 jayasiMha (cAlukya, siddharAja) 142, candrabhAna pAMDeya 81 158, 156 candramAsa 16, 23 jahAMgIra 162 candramAna, candrapaddhati 16, 23 jinasena (jana AcArya) 112 candra paMcAMga 6 julUsI saMvat 167-68, 160, 161, candra saurya paddhati 16, 21, 24 226 candra saurya varSa 17, 105 jUnAgar3ha ke zilAlekha (skaMdagupta candra saurya vAlA paMcAMga (candra saurya ___ kAlIna) 121 paMcAMga) 3, 5, 17 jaliyana kalaNDara 2, 206 'caSTana 61 jaina 186, 208 cAlukya 106, 111, 142 jaina jyotiSa 23 cAlukya vikrama kAla 151-54 jaisalamera 138 cAlukya vikrama varSa 151.54 / jhAlAvAr3a 94 cAlukya vikrama saMvat 151-54, 192, jhulelAla jayantI 171 228 "Traivilja ina vesTarna iMDiyA' 158 'cAlukya saMvat 213 Daca IsTa iMDiyA kampanI 162 cInI kalaNDara 3 DhimakI, DhimakI kA abhilekha 64 cehamAna 148 tamilanADu 21 cedI deza 111 takSazilA 60 cedI saMvat 106, 113, 227 takSazilA rajata patra 107 caitra vidhi 7 tAroM saMbaMdhI saMkrAntiyAM 7 caitra zudi prathama 16 tAmra patra 136 jyotiSa siddhAnta 6 indrapurA se prApta tAmrapatra 141 jyotiSa vijJAna 5 godAvarI kA tAmrapatra 142 jagadaguru zaMkarAcArya 7 goviMda varmana kA tAmrapatra 141

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244 jijiMgI tAmrapatra 142 jaisalamera kA tAmrapatra 136 vikrama vardhana kA tAmrapatra 141 tArIkha ilAhI saMvat 162-67, 226 tithi 18, 183 tithi gaNanA 5 tinnevelli 146 tirahuta 151, 157, 158 tiloma paNNati 112 tugalaka mohammada 160, 161 tuTa 15 tumAlA ( nalagoDA) se prApta dAnapatra 141 toramANa 121 thAnezvara 133 thobo 5, 6, 13 dayAnaMdAbda 174 dAnapAtra bhImadeva kA dAnapatra 156 dAmodara pura tAmralekha 121 dina 4, 5, 14, 17, 18, 16, 22, 23, 181, 201 divA (dina) 18 divyAvadAna 5 dillI 176, 181 durgApUjA 100 deva varSa 14 devoM kA dina 18 dehalI 155 doSA (rAtrI) 18 ghulavegrAma 137 dhaulapura 63, 64 nyAyadeva 151 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa naI paMcAMga tAlikAyeM 7 naravarmana 63 nahapAna 61 nakSatra 24 nakSatra 181 nakSatra krama 11 nakSatrIya mAdhyagati 6 nAga 63 nar3ikA 15, 16 nAdiyA 154 nAnyadeva 150 nAnaka jayantI 171 nAkSatra dina 201 nAkSatra varSa 21, 202 nimeSa 14, 15, 16 nepAla abda 150 nepAla varSa 150-51 nepAlI saMvat 150-51 nevAra saMvat 150 -51, 160 naMdarAjyAbda 166, 170 naMdavaMza 132 pratipala 1, 15, 18 pratimAlekha (sAranAtha kA bauddha pratimA lekha) 121 pratiSThAna 62 prathAoM 7 prabhAkara vardhana 142 prahara 18, 203 pradoSa 18 prAcIna bhAratIya khagolazAstrI 18 progresa oNpha iNDika sTaDIja 87 paddhati 5, 16, 23, 176, 178, 161

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nirdezikA 245 candramAna paddhati 166 candra saura mAna paddhati 176, 181, 162 nakSatra paddhati 176, 161 nArAyaNa paddhati 180 saura graha lAghava paddhati 178 saura mAna paddhati 176, 161 pakSa (pakhavAr3A, pAkha) 1, 16, 14, paNDuvaippu saMvata 162, 226 paramANu 14 parazurAma kA saMvat (parazurAma kA cakra) 28, 26, 218 pallava 106 pala 1, 15, 18 pazcima meM khagolazAstra 5 pahAr3I saMvat 25 pATaliputra 62 pArada saMvat 87, 88 pAthiyena saMvat 27, 88 pArasI saMvat 165 pArAzara saMhitA 5 pAzcAtya 18 pAzcAtya prabhAva 7 pI0 sI0 sena gupta 4, 5 purAnI paMcAMga tAlikAyeM 7 purANa 61 pUrvAhna 18 pUrvarAtra (rAtri kA AraMbhika AdhA bhAga) 18 pUrNimAnta 24 paMcavarSIya cakra 5, 23 paM0 bhagavadatta 16 paMcAMga 4, 5, 7, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 178, 176 asalI lAvar3a kA paMcAMga 180 kAzI vizvanAtha paMcAMga 178 gaNezASA paMcAMga 178 divAkara paMcAMga 176 bhAradvAja paMcAMga 84 mahIdhara paMcAMga 176 mAtaMga paMcAMga 176 rAjadhAnI paMcAMga 176 vizva vijaya paMcAMga 176 zrI veMkaTezvara zatAbdI paMcAMga 176 zrI sarasvatI paMcAMga 178 zuddha bhAratIya paMcAMga 180 sau varSIya paMcAMga 176 saura paMcAMga 204 paMcAMga paddhati (paMcAMga vijJAna) 16, 23, 181 ketakI paddhati, siddhAnta 181 lAghava paddhati 181 saura paddhati 181 paMcAMga nirmANa 7, 106, 204, 221 paMcAMga sudhAra samiti 7 paMcAMga sudhAra Andolana 6 paMjAla 176 pRthvImUla 182 phlITa 86,60 phargusana 88, 86 phasalI varSa 22 phasalI saMvat 124, 128, 130, 140, 160, 161, 165, 228, 167, 177, 187, 161, 198, 223

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246 phasalI kaleNDara 210 brahmA 15 brahmamurhata 18 brahmA jI kA eka dina 18 brAhmaNa graMtha 20 brAhmI 101 brahmI abhilekha 106 bakhtiyAra khilajI 15.4 barjesa barmI komana saMvat 144, 145, 160, 288 ballAla sena 15.5 balabha 114 bahAI sampradAya 168 bahAI saMvat 173, 183, 187, 188, 226 baMgAlI san 213 bekTriyA 101, 102, 103 bAdAmI 106 bAla gaMgAdhara tilaka 7, 168 bindusAra 82, 83 bI pIna TApU 162 buddha gayA 144 buddha gupta 121 buddha nirvANa saMvat 88, 105, 173, 174, 186, 12, 165, 221, 222, 223, 226 bebIlona 17, 16 bauddha 156, 208 baMgalA tArIkha 176 baMgAbda 128 - 120 baMgAla 21 baMgAlI san 128, 130, 141, 180, 187, 10, 168, 228 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa bRhaspati kAla (ca) 196 bhagavat datta 87 bhagavAna lAla indra 81 bharatapura 64 bhaTTavANa 118 bhaTTika 137 bhaTTikA saMvat 130, 137, 136, 228 bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA 16, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30 bhAgavat purANa 5 bhAratIya paMcAMga vyavasthA 5, 13 bhAratIya rASTrIya paMcAMga 212 bhArata 23 bhAratIya khagola zAstra 5 bhArata kA rAjapatra 7 bhArata sarakAra 7 bhArata sarakAra dvArA jArI kiyA gayA kalaiNDara 7 bhArata sarakAra dvArA nAgarikoM ko saMbodhita patra 7 bhAdrapada zukla dvAdazI 22 bhAratIya jyotiSa 12 bhAratIya gaNanA paddhati 218, 223, 224 bhAskara 'grahagaNitA' 103 bhAskara varmA 118 bhoja deva 136 bhaumAkara saMvat 146-47, 228 mRgu saMhitA 5 bhaga (jAti) 140 mathurA 130, 132 madhya bhArata 60

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nirdezikA 247 madhyAhna 18 mandasaura 89 malamAsa, loda kA mAsa, nijamAsa, saMkrAnti rahita mAsa 6 masIDoniyA 85 maharSi dayAnaMdAbda 174, 187, 162, 226 mahAcaitra 27 mahApadmanaMda 170 mahAbhArata 23 mahAviSuva 6 mahAvIra nirvANa saMvat 88, 105, 173, 186, 162, 165, 221, 223, 226 mahAvaisAkha 27 mahAkSatrapa Izvaradatta 110, 111 mahendrapAla deva 136 mAgI saMvat 140-141, 228 mAdhyagati 6 mAnyatA 106 mAnava dina 18 mAlava (jAti) 64 mAlava kAla 88-100 mAlava saMvat 88-100, 118, 165 mAlavA 60, 62, 65, 154 mAlAbAra 146 mAsa 6,16 mAha 1, 14, 17, 19, 20, 22 mithilA 156, 157, 158 minaTa 15, 18 mizra 17 misra 85, 202, 203 mihirakula 121 mudrA lekha 64 muriya kAla 81 muhUrta 15, 16 meraTha 180 meSa saMkrAnti 21 meghanAtha sAha 10 maMTana cakra 5 maiksamulara 86 maiksikana kalaiNDara 2 moravI kA tAmrapatra 118 moghe, rAmacandra pANDuraMga zAstrI vasaIkara 161 mauhammada, hajarata 85 maurya azoka 83, 87 candragupta 81, 83, 84, 76 maurya saMvat 81, 83, 164, 160, 227 maMdasaura 63, 64 yama 14 yazodharmana 89 yahUdI 17 yahUdI kalaNDara 3 yudhiSThira rAjyAbda (saMvat) 166, 164, 186, 166, 221 yoga 181 yoropIya saMvatoM 224 rAghava deva 151 rAjya zaka saMvat 168 rAjyAbhiSeka zaka saMvat 168, 160, 162, (rAjya zaka, rAjyAbhiSeka saMvat) rAta 17 rAjA jayasiMha 7

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246 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa rAjataraMgiNI 24, 25, 104 varSA Rtu 5, 20 rAjapUtAnA 10 varSa kA AraMbha 7 rAjamuriyakAla 83 valabhI saMvat 113, 122 rAma kA kAla 166 vAkATaka saMvat 111 rASTrakUTa 106 vAkya karana (jyotiSa graMtha, le0 Arya rASTrIya paMcAMga 7, 103, 107, 126, bhaTTa) 6 177, 184, 188, 168, 200, vAyu purANa 20 201, 204, 206, 208, 210, vArAhamihira (pustaka-vRhatsaMhitA) 217, 216, 216 24 rASTrIya saMvat 88,68,103, 107, 194, 165, 168, 211, 214, vAsiSka 110 217, 220 vAsudeva 110 rAzi krama (cakra) 11, 13 vikrama kAla 150, 154 riporTa oNpha da kalaNDara riphorma kameTI vikrama varSa 151-54 24, 26 vikrama saMvat 16, 22, 88-100, repsana 81 105, 113, 118, 120, 124, revataka 6 125, 130, 136, 136, 153, laghu bhArata 156 155, 157, 158, 156, 160, lava 15 165, 171, 175, 180, 182, laghu 14 186, 164, 165, 168, 213, lakSmaNa sena 154, 187 222,227 lakSmaNa sena saMvat 154.58, 160, vikramAditya solaMkI 152 228 vinAyaka pAla deva 136 licchavI rAjA 113, 115 vilAyatI varSa 22 licchavI saMvat 115 vilAyatI saMvat 123-24 lipimAlA 142 vivala 1,15, 16 loda kA mAha 23 vijJAna 1 loda kA varSa 5,22,183 lokika saMvat 25, 166 vIra vikrama kAla 151-54 laukika kAla 25 vedAMga jyotiSa 4, 22, 23, 218 vedha 12 vatsara 203 vanavAsI 106 varamasiMha (rAjA) 136 varSa 1, 4, 6, 14, 15, 16, 17, vRSabha (jainAcArya) 118 19, 20, 21, 22, 202 zrI kRSNa saMvat 41, 42, 213, 225

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nirdezikA 246 zrIgupta 116 zudraka deva rAjyAbda 168, 170, zrIpati 103 zrI saMvat 88-100 zaMkara bAla kRSNa dIkSita 8, 9, 10 zaka saMvat 5, 16,21,30, 88,67, 100-106, 117, 120, 121, sthAnIya rivAjoM 7 124, 130, 157, 158, 160, saptAha 17, 18, 16 161, 165, 166, 172, 175, 180, 182, 186, 164, 166, saptarSi 23, 24 168, 210, 211, 212, 213, saptarSi kAla 23, 24 214, 219, 227 saptarSi saMvat (saptarSi cakra) 24, 218 zaka vaMza 84 sabhyatA 17 zaka rAjyAbda 166 samaya cakra 218 zaka jAti 101 samudragupta 84, 85, 62, 116, 117 zaMkarAcArya 148, 146 sahasAMka 62 kAri 62 sATha (60) varSIya cakra 25, 26, 27, zatAbdI 5, 24, 25 28 zAla stambha 118 sAyAhna 18 zAli vAhana saMvat 154 sikaMdara 85 zAstra saMvat 25 sikaMdarI saMvat 84 zAhajahAM 125, 162 siddhAnta jyotiSa 23, 218 zAhUra san 160-61, 176, 160, siddhAnta ziromaNi 103 162 siMha saMvat 168-60 zilAlekha sI0 mobela Dapha0 24, 25 kaNasvA ke ziva maMdira kA zilA- sIriyA 85 lekha 64 sumita tantra 166, 171 kumAra gupta prathama ke samaya ke zilAlekha 64 surASTrA 106 tejapura kA zilAlekha 118 sUryamAna 20 berAvala kA (arjuna deva ke samaya kA) sUryamAsa 20 zilAlekha 156 sUrya siddhAnta 206 yazodharmana ke samaya ke zilAlekha 64 sUra san 160-61 zivasiMha saMvat 158-60, 228 / seMdraka 111 zivAjI, chatrapati 188 saikeNDa 15, 18 zukla pakSa 16 saMddhAntika paMcAMga

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250 selyUkasa 83, 84,85 sailyU sIDiyana saMvat 83-86, 145, 186 soraTha 158 saura varSa 16, 20, 23 saura mAsa 16, 16 saura paddhati (saura mAna) 23 saMkrAnti 16, 20, 21 saMdarbha 7 saMvat 18, 21, 22, 24 saMvatsara 203 sRSTi saMvat 185, 186, 165, 166, 213, 221, 225 sAMskRtika 17 hajjara varmana 118 harSa vikramAditya 86 harSa vardhana 126, 133 harSa saMvat 113, 130-137, 160, 213, 228 bhAratIya saMvatoM kA itihAsa harivaMza purANa 118 hAthI gumphA 81, 82, 83 hijrI saMvata 17, 16, 85, 88 105, 113, 126, 137, 138 160, 165, 173, 187, 186 13, 167, 213, 226 hindU kalaiNDara ( hindU paMcAMga) 3, 4, 18, 22 hindU, yavana aura araba kI phalita jyotiSa 11 hindU varSa kA AraMbha 22 himAcala 178 hUNa 88 hemaMta Rtu 5, 20 haihaya vaMzI rAjA 111 kSaNa 14, 15 kSatrapa 106 kSetrIya paMcAMga 7 trasAreNu 14 truTI 14 trai kuTaka saMvat 106, 111

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lekhikA DaoN0 (zrImatI) aparNA zarmA ne meraTha vizvavidyAlaya, meraTha se ema0 phila0 kI upAdhi 1948 meM, tatpazcAt pI0 eca0 DI0 kI upAdhi 1991 meM prApta kii| unake kaI zodha lekha evaM pustaka samIkSAeM prakAzita ho cuke haiM / DaoN0 (zrImatI) aparNA zarmA samprati zodha kArya meM rata haiN| unakA kArya-kSetra prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa hai| ISBN 81-85396-10-8

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