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152
THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY.
(MAT, 1910.
Telaga uses this, i, as the genitive singular suffix of :-(1) all masculine nouns ending in n-du (when the du drops and 1 is added to n): e. g. tammundu younger brother, tammuni (gen.). (2) all irregular nouns ending in du, ru, -l and -y (when du, -tu and -Iu are changed to ! (?) and y is changed to ! () and i is added to these changed forms): e. g., peradu a yard perasi (gen.). Yeru a river Yelli (gen.), pagalu, day, pagati (gen.), chey hand cheti (gen.). Irregular nouns ending in Ilu and nou form the genitive singular by changing these letters into nti, s, being the possessive suffix. For example, illu a house, inti (gen.). Kannu an eye, kanļi (gen). All other nouns have the genitive singular the same as the nominative singular: e. g. gurramu a horse (nom.-gen.). Bid da a child (nom.-gen). stri woman (nom.-gen). These nouns are chiefly amahat or non-masculine nouns. Sometimes, a is added to form the declinable base of the dative case of masculine nouns, singular, ending in n, du. This a is decidedly the genitive sign a, though in singular it is used, in Telugu, only to form the declinable base of the dative. For example, tammunaku to a brother and also tammuniki. Influenced by the analogy of these masculine singular noans ending inn, du, even amahat or non-masculine nouns ending in u and ! () form their dative singular by adding ni or na. Here nis due to false analogy. For example: we have not only gurramulu bat gurra-ni-ki and gurrā-na-kou. Note the vowel lengthening here. Gurramuku and gurramunaku are Northern Circar's dialect. And the other two are Ceded-districts' dialect. Hence it may be stated that a too was used as genitive singular suffix in very early Telaga. But in all periods of Telagu, the plural genitive of all nouns is always formed by adding a :e. g., tammula of younger brothers, gurramula of horses, biddala of children strila of women. In New Telugu, the word yokka is usually added to the genitive. Yokka means 'together and has come to give the genitive meaning thus: nä yokka pustakamu means the book with me' i. e.,' the book that belongs to me' or my book.' In colloquial Tamil oleka also means together' okka ppoifu akkudal means
cooking together.' Hence yokka' is really instrumental in origin. Though yokka is largely used in New Telugu conversation and prose, it is not found in the literary dialects of Mid, and Old
Teluga.
In must be stated here before passing on to the other languages that Dr. Caldwell, too, following the native grammariang, thinks that the genitive singular suffix of masculine nouns is ni. Perhaps he did not note that * in ni is radical and is no part of the suffix. Further he seems not to have taken into consideration the so-called irregular nouns, which regularly form the genitive singular by the addition of only i. Irregular' words in any grammar are the most regular and retain faithfully the original suffixes. Dr. Caldwell does not also explain how in becamo ni.
In Kai also as in Telugu, i is used to form the genitive of all nouns, singular and plural: e. 9., tāvenju A youth lārēni (gen.), dādāru elder brothers dādāri (gen.). But tänu self has tānā (gen.) and the plural täru has furā (gen.). This is the only word that forms its genitive by adding a.
In Kurukh and Malto, the i is greatly influenced by k, the dative suffix which is the strongest Case-termination in these languages. Hence they use ki (Malto), hai or gahi (Kurukh). In Karukh, sometimes the dative ke or ge entirely replaces these genitive signs. For example in Kurukh we have: älgahi of a man, enhai my. Kamiyāke of a servant, aege his (L. S. 433). In Malto, male a man, has maleki (gen.). In the specimens given in Dr. Grierson's Linguistic Survey, we find two Kurukh words that form their genitive by adding a attrantā of country (420) rajita of country (p. 426). The nominative forms are attrant and rajit as easily inferred from raji-nu in the country' (page 428). The tin rajit is the augment equivalent to Tamil attu. This clearly establishes that a too was once a genitive suffix in Kurukh,
In some of the dialects that used in as genitive suffix, it became too weak in force; and hence the old primitive genitive suffix a was also added to it, thus making it ina. But the i of ina after changing a to' (as in Kolāmi, Naiki, and Burgandi) or without doing so (as in Tõda, Kota, Badaga, and Irrula, the dialects of Canarese and also in Brahui), finally dropped, thus reducing the
