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THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY.
[MAY, 1910.
Malayalam uses in as genitive suffix, in some cases; but generally this in is followed by Re. In other words, the genitive suffix becomes in re: e. g., maganre of a son. This re is only de the modified form of Tamil adu, n + de naturally becomes n re. In fact, after nasals we have re and after any other letter de. Thus re and de are identical. Dr Caldwell says, "The Malayalam de, like the Tamil adu is used as a genitive suffix of the singular alone, a confirmation of the fact that it is derived from adu, which in its original signification is the neuter singular of the demonstrative. In the genitive plural, Malayalam uses ude answering to the colloquial Tamil uḍaiya (from uda). Compare the Malayalam en re, endre, en de, of me, with the corresponding Tamil enadu. The Malayalam possessive noun, mine' or that which is (mine) is endṛedu. This is surely a double form, the origin of dre being forgotten." In modern Malayalam ude is used even in the singular and tends to replace even re or de: e. g., Maga fu de of a daughter Të lin re of a scorpion (L. S. 356).
(B) Secondary Cases.
20. It has been already noticed that the secondary cases have three important features distinguishing them from the Primary cases :-namely: (1) These have a great tendency to interchange; (2) they are post-positions, traces of whose original independent existence as auxiliary nouns or participles are still to be found in all the languages; (3) different languages use different words as suffixos of these cases.
Primitive Dravidian used the following words as the post-positions of these cases:-kil (instrumental-locative-ablative); to dan (conjunctive case); in and il (ablative-locative and also instrumental); iru (n) du and u ! du (ablative).
The Post-Position: käl.
21. The word käl has in Tamil two meanings :-(1) place (2) path or way; and it had these two meanings also in Primitive Dravidian. Hence it was used both as the locative and the instrumental suffix. For, place' denotes 'location' and 'path or way' instrumentality or agency. If the two meanings be combined, we would naturally get the idea proceeding from the place.'. Hence kal was also in some cases used as ablative of motion. In late Primitive Dravidian kal was in some cases changed to l; the initial guttural dropping. This al readily changed to an (as the il of àgil Tamil, is changed poetically to ayin and as il the sign of the locative becomes in the ablative of motion either il or in). The dropping of the initial guttural is seen also in Tamil arugu, a grass which has, in Canarese and Teluga, Tulu and Malayalam, an initial guttural: e. g., karuka (Mal.); karike (Can.); garika (Tel.); kadike (Tala). Thus in late Primitive Dravidian, kal, al and an were all used to denote the locative, the instrumental, or the ablative case.
In Tamil, kal is always locative suffix; and al and an are instrumental suffixes. Thus a division of labour among these is introduced. Old Tamil prefers an to al; but al has gradually gained over an and is now the regalar one. For example: urkkal in the village; Ramanal, by Rama; avanan ayadu, that which was done by him.'
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The only other language in which käl is preserved, is Malayalam. In this dialect, kal and its shortened form kzl are alternative signs of the locative. The Malayalam instrumental suffix is al as in Tamil.
22. In Brahui the ablative suffix is an ; and the locative termination is al: e. g., lammah mother, has lammahin (abla.); lammahal (loc.).
In Gondi too the ablative use of al is preserved. Chhauva a child has chhauvatal (abl. instr.). This al is also used as instrumental suffix, but this is very largely replaced by the Sanskrit word sanga'.
