Jain Vidyalay Hirak Jayanti Granth

Author(s): Kameshwar Prasad
Publisher: Jain Vidyalaya Calcutta
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/012029/1

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zrI jaina vidyAlaya hIraka jayantI 1934 - 94 For Privale & Personal Use Only

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hIraka jayantI smArikA sampAdaka-maMDala kAmezvaraprasAda varmA ridhakaraNa botharA, padmacanda nAhaTA, zaradcandra pAThaka, DaoN0 Ara0 pI0 upAdhyAya, rAdhezyAma mizra, lakSmIzaMkara mizra, bhUparAja jaina saMyojana bhUparAja jaina zrI jaina vidyAlaya (zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA dvArA saMcAlita) 18-DI, sukiyasa lena, kalakattA - 700 001

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prakAzaka: zrI jaina vidyAlaya 18-DI, sukiyasa lena, kalakattA-700 001 phona - 242-4958 AvaraNa citra : bIkAnera (rAja0) ke palla grAma meM khudAI se prApta sarasvatI kI pratimA kA chaayaaNkn| mUlya: ru. 400/ prathama AvRtti : 3000 disambara, 1994 mudraka: prinTavela (inDiyA) 46, jaya mitrA sTrITa, kalakattA-700 005 phona : 30-8423

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vidyAlaya san 1930 bhAratIya svAdhInatA saMgrAma ke itihAsa kA eka samujjvala krAntikArI pRsstth| rAvI nadI ke kinAre AhUta kAMgresa kA adhiveshn| yuvA hRdaya samrATa paM. javAharalAla neharU dvArA adhyakSa pada se sampUrNa AjAdI ke lie yuvakoM kA AhvAna / samagra deza meM pUrNa svAdhInatA prApti ke lie jabardasta Andolana / Asetu himAcala pUrNa svarAjya ke lie eka prabala lhr| AbAla yuvA vRddha kA eka nArA- eka udghoSa- sampUrNa AjAdI hamArA lakSya / kabhI asta na hone vAle briTiza sAmrAjya kA sUrya astaaclgaamii| durdharSa svAtaMtrya saMgrAma kI isa pRSThabhUmi para prakhara rASTrIya cetanA se udvelita zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA ke kAryakartAoM dvArA samyak jJAna, darzana evaM cAritrya ko dRSTigata rakha zikSA sevA evaM sAdhanA ke prakalpa zrI jaina vidyAlaya kI san 1934 meM sthaapnaa| rASTra kI bhAvI AzA ke jIvana ke sarvAMgINa vikAsa kI siddhi hetu pAMcA galI ke kirAye ke eka kamare meM zikSaNa kA krama AraMbha / eka bIja kA vapana / anukUla havA, pAnI evaM rozanI pAkara bIja aMkurita ho uThA evaM paudhe se vaTa vRkSa kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyaa| samprati 2500 chAtroM ko vijJAna, vANijya kA zikSaNa pradAna karane meM baMgAla ke zikSaNa saMsthAnoM meM yaha vidyAlaya na kevala mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA kA nirvAha kara rahA hai apitu apane zata-pratizata parIkSA phala, uccastarIya zikSaNa evaM dRr3ha anuzAsana ke kSetra meM agraNI sthAna rakhatA hai| vidyAlaya jJAna-vijJAna ke Adhunika saMsAdhanoM se yukta hai tathA vartamAna yuga kI AvazyakatA anubhUta karate hue kakSA pAMca se kampyUTara zikSA bhI pradAna kara rahA hai| zikSA kA uddezya kevala chAtroM ko AjIvikA hetu zikSaNa pradAna karanA hI nahIM hai balki jIvana ke sarvAMgINa vikAsa ke sAtha aise sunAgarika taiyAra karanA hai jo samaya par3ane para samAja evaM rASTra ke AhvAna para apanA sarvasva samarpita kara skeN| zikSA kA uddezya eka aise caritra kA nirmANa karanA hai jo AvazyakatA par3ane para saba kucha utsarga karane ke lie kaTibaddha ho ske| isa dRSTi se jaba dekhate haiM to eka nirAzA caturdika dRSTigata hotI hai| lagatA hai dizAhIna aura niruddezya hai vartamAna zikSA prnnaalii| bhaTakAva aura nairAzya se grasita hokara aMdhakAra meM hAtha pAMva paTaka rahI hai hamArI yuvA piiddh'ii| berojagArI, bhaya, AtaMka aura becainI ne eka aise Akroza ko janma diyA hai jo samagra rASTra evaM vizva ko lIlatA jA rahA hai| bhraSTAcAra, beImAnI, atyAcAra aura anAcAra ke antahIna cakkara meM phaMsA hai sampUrNa vizva / jJAna vijJAna ke aneka naye AyAmoM evaM kSitijoM ke udghATana ke bAda bhI naitika evaM cAritrika hrAsa ke kAraNa samagra vizva bhayAvaha vibhISikA se saMtrasta evaM pIr3ita hai| Aja AvazyakatA hai vijJAna kI durdamya AkAMkSA ke sAtha AdhyAtmikatA ke samanvaya kii| jJAna vijJAna kI isa udagra UrjA ko yadi saMyama, niyama evaM maryAdA kI valgA se niyaMtrita nahIM kiyA to sarvanAza ke jvAlAmukhI kA visphoTa sunizcita hai, nirvivAda hai| aura vizva meM isa bAra jo trAsadI ghaTita hogI, vaha saMbhavata: sarvanAza kA hI kAraNa hogii| yaha usa khaNDa pralaya se bhI adhika pracaNDa evaM bhayAvaha hogA jo viSNu purANa meM varNita hai, yaha sampUrNa pralaya hI hogaa| isa rAzi-rAzi aMdhakAra meM, prabhUta ghana aMdhakAra meM AzA kI kiraNa AdhyAtmikatA ke pracAra-prasAra meM sannihita hai| AdhyAtmikatA, sucAritrya evaM naitikatA ke kendra banakara ye vidyAlaya AzA, vizvAsa kI samujjvala kiraNoM ko caturdika vikIrNa kara sakate haiN| ye vidyA mandira hI jJAna-vijJAna evaM adhyAtma ke samanvaya sthala banakara vizva meM zAnti, sauravya evaM samRddhi ke sthApana meM sakSama ho sakate haiN| vastuta: jJAna-vijJAna evaM adhyAtma kA samucita samanvaya hI Aja kI mahatI AvazyakatA

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hai aura yadi aisA saMbhava ho sakA to nirAzA, bhaya aura AtaMka kA yaha aMdhakAra tAra-tAra hokara rhegaa| 'nirAlA' ne kahA- tama ke amALa re taar-taar| zikSaka, abhibhAvaka evaM prabandhaka kI sammilita bhUmikA hI isameM vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hogii| jo zikSaka brahmA, viSNu aura maheza ke samAna pUjyanIya evaM vaMdanIya haiM, usa para isakA vizeSa dAyitva hai| yadi zikSaka isake lie kamara kasa leM, to phira vaha saba kucha saMbhava hai jo asaMbhava pratIta hotA hai| AvazyakatA hai mAtra dRr3ha nizcaya kI, saMkalpa kI aura taba sArthakatA evaM saphalatA sunizcita hai| _ vidyAlaya kI cha: dazakIya zaikSaNika yAtrA kI sampUrti ke upalakSya meM hIraka jayantI smArikA ke prakAzana kA nizcaya kiyA gyaa| usI nizcaya kI pUrti svarUpa yaha smArikA Apako sauMpate hue hameM bar3I prasannatA hai| smArikA ko paThanIya evaM saMgrahaNIya banAne hetu hamane vidvAnoM, cintakoM evaM manISiyoM se Alekha AmaMtrita kiye| hamAre anurodha evaM Agraha ko svIkAra kara jina vidvAnoM evaM vicArakoM ne vibhinna viSayoM para apane Alekha bheje, hama unake prati hArdika kRtajJatA jJApana karate haiN| hama vizvAsa karate haiM ki bhaviSya meM bhI unakA yaha sahayoga hameM sadaiva prApta hogaa| isa smArikA meM vidyAlaya khaNDa, vidyArthI khaNDa evaM adhyApaka khaNDa kA saMyojana bhI kiyA hai, jisameM vidyAlaya evaM sabhA ke padAdhikAriyoM, vidyArthiyoM evaM zikSaka bandhuoM kI racanAeM evaM Alekha prakAzita kiye gaye haiN| ina racanAoM ke mAdhyama se vidyAlaya kI chavi ke darzana sahaja hI ho sakate haiN| inakI racanAoM ke lie bhI AbhAra vyakta karate haiN| vidvat khaNDa meM vidvAnoM kI racanAeM prakAzita kI gaI haiN| smArikA ke mukha pRSTha para jaina sarasvatI kA citra aMkita hai| yaha kalAkRti bIkAnera (rAja0) ke gaMgAnagara jile ke pallU gAMva se khudAI meM prApta huI hai jo bArahavIM zatI kI hai| isa kalAkRti ke bhAmaNDala meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAeM utkIrNa haiN| yaha citra rAjasthAna sarakAra ke sUcanA evaM samparka nidezAlaya se prakAzita dvai mAsika patra 'sujasa' ke saujanya se prApta hai, hama isake lie hArdika AbhArI haiN| smArikA ke prakAzana meM jina mahAnubhAvoM kA pratyakSa apratyakSa sahayoga prApta huA hai, tadartha kRtajJatA-jJApana hamArA karttavya hai| isake mudraNa evaM samaya para prakAzana hetu prinTavela (inDiyA) ke zrI o.pI. siMhAniyA evaM unake sahayogiyoM ke prati hArdika AbhAra vyakta karanA nitAnta samIcIna hai| paryApta sAvadhAnI ke pazcAt kahIM kisI taraha kI truTi athavA bhUla raha gaI hai, to sujJa pAThakagaNa kSamA kreNge| isa smArikA para ApakI sucintita rAya evaM pratikriyA jAnakara hameM prasannatA hogii| kimadhikam -sampAdakagaNa

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39 39 7. 1. zrI mohanalAla bhaMsAlI, 2.,, sohanarAja siMghavI, 3. 4. saradAramala kAMkariyA, kAmezvaraprasAda varmA, 5. rikhabadAsa bhaMsAlI, "" 99 " zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA prabaMdha samiti ke yazasvI adhyakSa evaM maMtrI san adhyakSa maMtrI zrI ajItamala pArakha munAlAla rAMkA phUsarAja bacchAvata 6. kizanalAla botharA, 7... ridhakaraNa bodharA, 99 1934 35 1935 36 1936 - 52 1952 58 1958 63 1963 67 1967 82 1982 - 86 1986 - 89 1989 93 1993 se niraMtara san 1934 1958 zrI baccana siMha 99 - 1. zrI kizanalAla botharA, 2. 3. saradAramala kAMkariyA, maMtrI "" 4. zrImatI olgA ghoSa, 5. zrI jayarAma siMha, 6. rikhabadAsa bhaMsAlI, ridhakaraNa botharA, 1987 - 1993 zrI kanhaiyAlAla gupta 23 33 zrI bhairuMdAna golachA bhaidAna golachA 97 pradhAnAdhyApikA pradhAnAdhyApaka sadasya 99 99 77 "" 99 93 37 93 kizanalAla kAMkariyA sohanalAla bAMThiyA phUsarAja bacchAvata jayacandalAla rAmapuriyA jayacandalAla rAmapuriyA sUrajamala bacchAvata rikhabadAsa bhaMsAlI kizanalAla botharA mohanalAla bhaMsAlI pradhAnAcArya 99 35 33 99 27 97 zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA vartamAna prabaMdha samiti adhyakSa upAdhyakSa maMtrI pradhAnAcArya evaM saMyukta maMtrI sadasya " 99 97 37 "" 97 33 8. zrI vinodacanda kAMkariyA, sadasya 9.,, vinoda mizrI, 10. rAmasureza pAMDeya, 97 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. zrImatI kAntA zarmA, sadasya 99 zrI jaina vidyAlaya, havar3A vartamAna prabaMdha samiti adhyakSa surendrakumAra bAMThiyA, upAdhyakSa ,, saradAramala kAMkariyA ridhakaraNa bodharA saradAramala kAMkariyA saradAramala kAMkariyA 99 sUrajamala bacchAvata saradAramala kAMkariyA 99 sUrajamala bacchAvata saradAramala kAMkariyA san 1958 1987 zrI rAmAnanda tivArI 1993 se nirantara zrI kAmezvaraprasAda varmA - hRdayAnanda upAdhyAya, 8. zrI subhASa bacchAvata, 9. kaMdaralAla mAlU 10. premacanda mukIma, 11. 12. 13. rAdhezyAma mizra 23 14. zrImatI ziprA mitrA, devendra tivArI, pI. ke. mukharjI, jI, vaidya, lalita kAMkariyA, gopAlacanda bhUrA, "" 23 33 sadasya 11

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zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA saMsthApita 1928 TrasTa borDa (vartamAna) 1. zrI saradAramala kAMkariyA 2. zrI mANakacanda rAmapuriyA 3. zrI jayacandalAla minnI 4. zrI bhaMvaralAla karNAvaTa zrI zve sthA0 jaina sabhA vartamAna prabaMdha samiti 1. zrI rikhabadAsa bhaMsAlI, adhyakSa 2. zrI baccharAja abhANI, upAdhyakSa 3. zrI ridhakaraNa bodharA, maMtrI 7. zrI sUrajamala bacchAvata 8. zrI jayacaMdalAla rAmapuriyA 9. zrI bha~varalAla baida 10. zrI bhaMvaralAla dassANI 11. zrI zikharacanda minnI 12. zrI bAlacanda bhUrA 13. zrI pArasamala bhuraTa 14. zrI mohanalAla bhaMsAlI 15. zrI premacanda mukIma 16. zrI zAntilAla jaina 28. zrI bha~varalAla botharA 29. zrI jayacaMdalAla mukIma 30. zrI cAMdamala barar3iyA 31. zrI kizanalAla botharA 32. zrI tanasukharAja DAgA 33. zrI kamalasiMha koThArI 4. zrI kaMvaralAla mAlU, saMyukta maMtrI 5. zrI azoka mizrI, saMyukta maMtrI 6. zrI kezarIcanda gelar3A, koSAdhyakSa sadasya 27. zrI sohanalAla golachA sthAyI AmaMtrita sadasya 17. zrI subhASa bacchAvata 18. zrI sundaralAla dUgar3a 19. zrI subhASacanda kAMkariyA 20. zrI prakAzacandra koThArI 21. zrI ugamarAja mehatA 22. zrI gopAlacanda bhUrA 23. zrI cAMdamala abhANI 24. zrI sohanarAja siMghavI 25. zrI surendrakumAra bAMThiyA 26. zrI zAntilAla DAgA 34. zrI megharAja jaina 35. zrI azoka bacchAvata 36. zrI lalita kAMkariyA 37. zrI kizora koThArI 38. zrI azoka bhaMsAlI 39. zrI rAjakumAra DAgA

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anukramaNikA sampAdakIya zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA evaM havar3A prabandha samiti zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA prabandha samiti AzIrvacana evaM zubhAzaMsA vidyAlaya khaNDa : mahopAdhyAya mANakacanda rAmapuriyA : sUrajamala bacchAvata : rikhabadAsa bhaMsAlI : saradAramala kAMkariyA : ridhakaraNa botharA : mohanalAla bhaMsAlI : Kishanlal Bothra 1. karate haiM hama svAgata - 2. bAta kI bAta meM saMsthA banI 3. vikAsa evaM unnayana kA mUla maMtra 4. pragati patha kA rAhI 5. ki dAnA khAka meM milakara,gule gulajAra hotA hai 6. vidyAlaya ke bar3hate caraNa 7. Shree Jain Vidyalaya : My Impression 8. Shree Jain Vidyalaya : A Pride for the Community 9. A School with a difference 10. The Role of the Educator 11. Environmental Pollution 12. Our School: A Journey down the memory lane 13. unnati ke zikhara para ArohaNa 14. vidyA ke kSetra meM abhUtapUrva saphalatA 15. prathama chAtra ke avismaraNIya saMsmaraNa 16. zrI jaina vidyAlaya, eka sunAma vidyA mandira : Sohanraj Singhavi :K.P.Verma :Smt. Olga Ghosh :J. R. Singh : Sampatraj Bachchhawat : motIlAla mAlU : kezarIcanda seThiyA : sohanalAla golachA : kamalasiMha kocara vidvat khaNDa : AcArya mahAsatI zrI candanAjI mahArAja : pro0 mahAvIrasaraNa jaina : kanhaiyAlAla DUMgaravAla : AcArya viSNukAnta zAstrI 1. aisI ho nIMva utkarSa ke zikharoM kI 2. hindI bhASA ke vividha rUpa 3. rASTra ke vikAsa meM samAjavAda kA yogadAna 4. kAlidAsa kI viraha-vyaMjanA 5. hindI patrakAritA : virAsata kI rozanI aura sAmpratika dazA 6. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana : cintana kI dizAyeM 7. jaina Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNaka graMthoM ke sthAna 8. pAramparika lokakalAyeM aura unakA AjAdIkaraNa 9. zoka sabhA eka yuvA tapasvinI kI 10. sazakta upanyAsakAra : amRtalAla nAgara 11. ahiMsA kA arthazAstra 12. muskurAhaTa : DaoN0 kRSNabihArI mizra : pro0 zrI nArAyaNa pAMDeya : DaoN0 sureza sisodiyA : DaoN0 mahendra bhAnAvata : alakA dhADIvAla : DaoN0 premazaMkara tripAThI : DaoN0 nemIcanda jaina : alakArAma

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13 vINApANi zArade ambe 14. bhASA rI amarabela 15. vartamAna yuga ko eka aura gAMdhI kI AvazyakatA 16. yuvA pIr3hI aura samAjasevA 17. prabhu mahAvIra (reDiyo rUpaka) 18. sAmpradAyikatA aura itihAsa dRSTi 19. nirdoSa 20. mahAvIra kA Arogya : merA roga 21. rASTrabhASA hindI : samasyAyeM va samAdhAna 22. zAsana devI ambikA 23. appA so paramappA 24. bhAmAzAha kAvar3iyA 25. jaina dharma meM sAmAjika cintana 26. jaina sAhitya aura usakA hindI se sambandha 27. bhAratIya sikkoM ke vikAsa kI kathA 28. kalpasUtra aura citrakalA 29. jaina kalA kA purAtAtvika mahatva 30. eka kapardaka 31. abhizapta nAlandA : mahopAdhyAya mANakacanda rAmapuriyA : kanhaiyAlAla seThiyA : yazapAla jaina : puSkaralAla ker3iyA : DaoN0 vasumati DAgA : vimala varmA : mUla kahAnI : sAraMga vAroTa nATya rUpAntara : madana sUdana : DaoN0 bhAnIrAma : rAdhAmohana upAdhyAya : bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA : mahopAdhyAya lalitaprabha sAgara : rAmavallabha somAnI : pro0 sAgaramala jaina : DaoN0 premasumana jaina : indrakumAra kaThautiyA : puSpA baida : DaoN0 ramezacandra zarmA : rAjakumArI beMgAnI : gaNeza lAlavAnI 102 adhyApaka khaNDa 1. bhAratIya gaNita kA saMkSipta itihAsa 2. ajJeya- vyaktitva aura kartRtva 3. rAvaNa kA lakSmaNa ko upadeza 4. zAntiniketana : eka paridarzana 5. bhagavat prApti kA sarvottama sAdhana : janasevA 6. gosvAmI tulasIdAsa : yuga evaM vyaktitva 7. nAnya: paMthAvidyate'yanAya 8. Significance of Regulation of Temperature in Mammals 9. Spread of Jainism in Ancient India 10. All for a Photograph : Ara. esa. pAMDeya : zaradcandra pAThaka : baMzabahAdura siMha : ajaya rAya : rAdhezyAma mizra : DaoN0 Ara. pI. upAdhyAya : indrasena siMha : H. N. Upadhyay : Ram Bachan Singh : Vishwesh Ranjan Verma vidyArthI khaNDa 1. kursI 2. kitanA sundara, kitanA vizAla 3. kyoM Aja kA saca asamAna hai 4. mujhako pAsa karA do rAma 5. Adhunika bhArata aura saMskRti 6. nAma merA chapa jAye 7. AkAMkSA tathA puruSArtha :: bhAratendu surekA XIIA : dhIrendra kumAra jhA XIB : ambara khemakA XIIA : abhiSeka kAjariyA Xi-c : deveza jaina Xi-c : rIteza DAgA XIA : nRpendrapratApa siMha XI-C

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8. kyA isIlie unhoMne AjAdI ko sAkAra kiyA? 9. Heart Attack 10. Shree Jain Hospital and Research Centre 11. bhAratIya saMskRti saMkaTa kI ora 12. daheja samAja kA abhizApa 13. bhAratIya saMskRti 14. Career or Carrier 15. yA devI sarvabhUteSu 16. Problem of Brain Drain in India 17. Danger of Drug Addiction 18. Status of Women in India 19. Latest Science Jerminology 20. Woman 21. Life in Calcutta 22. Blood Donation is the Highest Development of Humanity 23. eka vyaMgya 24. vidyArthI jIvana : ajita lUNiyA XI-B : Dr. Subhas Duggar : Dr. Subhas Dugar : maMgeza rAMkA XI-C : rUpeza siMha Ix-c : AnandazaMkara pAMDeya XII-B :Piyush Baid XISc. : amitakumAra tApar3iyA XIIA : Gyan Veer Daga XII-B : Vikash Hirawat IX-C : Pankaj Maloo XI-C : Rajeev Kumar Singh XIISc. : Saurabh Golash IX-C : Ashwini Kumar Goel XIB : Gaurav Chaudhary XIISc. : devendra pugaliyA XII Sc. : varuNa bhaMsAlI VB

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AzIrvacana evaM zubhAzaMsA kA viSaya hai| saMsthA kA vyavasthApaka maNDala evaM pradhAnAcArya sahita zikSaka samAja isa hetu sAdhuvAda kA pAtra haiN| maiM saMsthA kI nirantara samRddhi kI kAmanA karatA huuN| -jayacandalAla rAmapuriyA, pUrva adhyakSa zrI jaina vidyAlaya prabaMdha samiti, kalakattA zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA dvArA saMcAlita zrI jaina vidyAlaya meM vidyArthI, adhyApaka evaM samAja ke zikSA premI karNadhAra zrAvakoM kA aisA sukhada sumela hai jisane zikSA jagata meM jyotirmaya Adarza prastuta kiyA hai| hama saMsthAna kI saphalatA meM purAne rikArDa TUTate dekheMge, naye kIrtimAna sthApita hote dekheNge| isakA zreya hogA vidyArthI, adhyApakavRnda evaM saMsthA ke samartha kAryakartAoM ko sabhI ke ujjvala evaM yazasvI bhaviSya meM merA pUrNa vizvAsa hai| phira bhI jJAna sAdhanA ke pavitra anuSThAna ke prati sahaja maMgala bhAva se merA mAnasa bhara jAtA hai| merI samagra zubhAzaMsA saMsthAna kI pragati ke lie arpita hai| -- AcArya mahAsatI zrI candanAjI maharAja vIrAyatana, rAjagIra " ke zrI jaina vidyAlaya ke sAtha merA lagabhaga pAMca dazaka purAnA saMbaMdha rahA hai| maiM usake svarNa jayantI samAroha meM sammilita huA thaa| vidyAlaya ke chAtroM kI yogyatA, usake zikSakoM kA prema bharA vyavahAra tathA vahAM anuzAsana kI mere mana para gaharI chApa hai| bhArata ke bahuta se vidyAlaya maine dekhe haiM, lekina zrI jaina vidyAlaya kA unameM nirAlA sthAna pAyA hai / vidyAlaya kI hIraka jayantI samArohoM ke samApana meM zAmila hone meM mujhe bar3I prasannatA hogii| maiM AzA karatA hUM ki ye samAroha vidyAlaya kI garimA ko bar3hAne meM sahAyaka hoNge| usa maMgala avasara ke lie merI zubha kAmanAeM svIkAra kreN| vidyAlaya kI uttarottara unnati ho, yahI merI se prArthanA hai| yaha jAnakara aura bhI harSa huA ki Apa usa prabhu zubha prasaMga para eka smArikA kA prakAzana kara rahe haiN| usake lie bhI merI zubha kAmanAeM preSita haiN| - yazapAla jaina, sastA sAhitya maNDala, naI dillI zrI jaina vidyAlaya kA yaha hIraka jayantI varSa cala rahA hai, yahI sabase bar3I upalabdhi hai| ina varSoM meM isa vidyAlaya ne kaI aise honahAra chAtra diye haiM jo jJAna-vijJAna ke viziSTa kSetroM meM samAja evaM rASTra kI mahatvapUrNa sevAoM ke lie abhinandanIya bane hue haiN| jaina vidyAlaya hone se yahAM chAtroM ko pothI par3hAI meM hI pAraMgata nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai apitu sArthaka jIvana jIne kI cAritrika kalA kI bhI sAMgopAMga zikSA-dIkSA sulabha karAI jAtI hai jo AdamI ko pUrA AdamI, pUrNa puruSa banAtI hai| - DaoN. mahendra bhAnAvata, udayapura yaha jAnakara hArdika prasannatA huI ki vidyAlaya isa varSa hIraka jayantI smArikA prakAzita kara rahA hai| hamArI isa Adarza zikSaNa saMsthA meM vistAra ke sAtha guNAtmakatA meM bhI vRddhi huI hai, yaha atirikta prasannatA zrI jaina vidyAlaya apanI pATha dazakIya zaikSaNika yAtrA kI sampUrti ke zubha upalakSa meM hIraka jayantI mahAnuSThAna anuSThita kara zikSA aura saMskRti ke kSetra meM abhUtapUrva mahAyajJa sampanna kara rahA hai| isa zubha sukIrti kA saMkalpa jJAta kara anirvacanIya prasannatA ho rahI hai| tadartha sabhA evaM samAja se jur3e sabhI vyaktiyoM ko koTizaH dhanyavAda / sabhA tathA vidyAlaya kI vibhinna gatividhiyoM meM merA yathAyogya sahayoga aura sevA meM kevala apanA karttavya pAlana hI abhISTa rahA hai aura bhaviSya meM bhI merI sevA bhAvanA sadA sakriya rhegii| yaha to sabhA kI siddhi aura saphalatA hai / " paropakArAya satAM vibhUtayaH / " sabhA dvArA saMcAlita yaha labdha pratiSTha zikSaNa saMsthAna samaya aura samAja kI hI upalabdhi hai| maiM to bhagavAna jinendra se satata yahI prArthanA karatA hUM ki sabhA aura samAja kA yaha kIrti stambha, uttarottara bhaviSya meM bhI sarvAMgINa vikAsa aura pragati se nirmala vimala candrikA-sA zata sahastra varSoM taka Alokita hotA rhe| spaSTa hai "sarveSAmeva dAnAnAM vidyA dAnaM vishissyte| " - anuSThita zubha hIraka jayantI mahAnuSThAna ke zubhAvasara para sabhI siddhi, upalabdhi aura pUrNatA kI prApti ho, inhIM zubha kAmanAoM sahita"kIrati bhaniti bhUti bhala soii| surasari sama saba kahaM hita hoI // " -mANakacanda rAmapuriyA, kalakattA karIba 60 varSa pUrva pUjya pitAjI svargIya kucha karmaTha kAryakartAoM ke pUrNa sahayoga se gaI thii| jisakA mUla uddezya samAja sevA, dhArmika kAryakalApa va zikSA kA pracAra-prasAra thaa| isI uddezya kI pUrti ke lie vartamAna kAryakarttA tatparatA se kArya kara rahe haiN| vidyAlaya kA parIkSA phala bhI prAya: zata-pratizata hotA hai| havar3A meM bhI bahuta hI jalda alpa samaya meM vidyAlaya kA bhavana banAkara vidyAlaya cAlU kiyA gayA hai| yaha bhI apane Apa meM mahAn upalabdhi hai| aba apanI saMsthA kI tarapha se aspatAla ke bhavana nirmANa ke lie jamIna kharIda kara nirmANa kArya prArambha kara diyA gayA sarAjajI bacchAvata evaM yaha saMsthA sthApita kI

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hai| AzA hai ki aspatAla kA bhavana zIghra bana jaaegaa| jisase samAja ko cikitsA kI suvidhA Adhunika stara para pradAna kI jA skegii| hIraka jayantI varSa meM maiM apanA zubha kAmanA saMdeza bheja rahA huuN| AzA hai ki saMsthA dvArA saMcAlita vidyAlaya dina pratidina unnati kI ora agrasara hotA rhegaa| aura samAja sevA ke kAryoM meM agraNI rhegaa| isI AzA ke sAtha vartamAna kAryakartAoM kA abhinandana karatA huuN| yaha jAnakara atyanta pramoda huA ki zrI jaina vidyAlaya dinAMka 25-12-1994 ko hIraka jayantI manAne jA rahA hai| vidyAlaya ne saphalatAeM arjita kI haiM, vaha apane Apa meM eka kIrtimAna hai| kalakattA jaise audyogika nagara meM samAja sevI, viziSTa vyaktiyoM se hI samAja kI saMsthAeM evaM samAja anuprANita hotA hai| saMsthA to svayaM meM nirjIva hotI hai, lekina kAryakartAoM ke athaka prayAsa se hI vaha puSpita evaM pallavita hotI hai| dhanya hai kalakattA kI aisI jaina sabhA jo itanA utsAhaprada kArya kara rahI hai| gumAnamala corar3iyA, jayapura -hIrAlAla bacchAvata, bhUtapUrva chAtra : zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA /

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vidyAlaya ke saMsthApaka evaM karmaTha kAryakartA zrI phUsarAja bacchAvata For Privale & Personal Use Only

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anakavAsIla lA mahotsada sabhA kI svarNa jayaMtI ke avasara para saMbodhita karate hue zrI phUsarAja bcchaavt| sAtha meM zrI mANakacanda rAmapuriyA, zrI gaNapatarAja boharA evaM zrI gumAnamala corar3iyA / zrI phUsarAja bacchAvata ke abhinandanArtha Ayojita samAroha meM zrI bha~varalAla koThArI, zrI campAlAla bAMThiyA Adi / sabhA kI svarNa jayaMtI para Ayojita vAda-vivAda para puraskAra pradAna karate hue zrI phUsarAja bacchAvata, zrI pArasamala kAMkariyA evaM sabhA ke maMtrI zrI jhaMvaralAla baida /

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vidyAlaya ke vartamAna maMtrI zrI saradAramala kA~kariyA

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zrI jaina vidyAlaya dvArA Ayojita samAreha meM dAnavIra seTha zrI sohanalAla dUgar3a evaM pro0 kalyANamala lor3hA Adi atithignn| vidyAlaya samAroha meM atithigaNa bAyeM se dAyeM- sarvazrI phUsarAja bacchAvata, harakhacanda kAMkariyA, dIpacaMda kAMkariyA, pArasamala kAMkariyA, phUsarAja kAMkariyA, rikhabadAsa bhaMsAlI aadi|

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prathama paMkti meM dvitIya paMkti meM tRtIya paMkti meM caturtha paMkti meM - baccharAja abhANI, je. ela. minnI, bhavaralAla vassANI, kezarIcanda gelar3A -premacanda mukIma, lalita kAMkariyA, kamalasiMha bhaMsAlI, subhASa bacchAvata - phAgamala abhANI, kanhaiyAlAla lUNiyA, kizora koThArI, aruNa mAlU -sohanalAla golachA, ambikAprasAda bhUta, azoka bhaMsAlI, ajaya botharA .

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zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA evaM havar3A ke adhyakSa tathA upAdhyakSa bhairUMdAna golachA pUrva adhyakSa kizanalAla kAMkariyA pUrva adhyakSa sohanalAla bAMThiyA pUrva adhyakSa jayacandalAla rAmapuriyA pUrva adhyakSa GO sUrajamala bacchAvata pUrva adhyakSa rikhabadAsa bhaMsAlI pUrva adhyakSa kizanalAla botharA pUrva adhyakSa, kalakattA adhyakSa, havar3A mohanalAla bhaMsAlI adhyakSa, kalakattA sohanarAja siMghavI upAdhyakSa, kalakattA surendrakumAra bAMThiyA upAdhyakSa, havar3A

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2 prathama paMkti meM dvitIya paMkti meM tRtIya paMkti meM caturtha paMkti meM sabhA ke utsAhI kAryakartA gaNa vijayasiMha nAhara, sva0 phUsarAja kAMkariyA, harakhacanda kAMkariyA, bhaMvaralAla karNAvaTa mANakacanda rAmapuriyA, sundaralAla dugar3a, sva0 dIpacanda kAMkariyA, sva0 pUranamala kAMkariyA - sva0 jIvarAja baida, zikharacandra caudharI, nirmalakumAra bAMThiyA, ratana caudharI vinoda kAMkariyA, vinoda baida, vinoda mintrI, indrakumAra kaThautiyA

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32 san 1967 meM Ayojita svatantratA divasa samAroha / vidyAlaya adhyApakoM kA samUha citra 1974 vidyAlaya kI vijayI vAlIbaoNla TIma zrI harihara tivArI ke saath| .

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kAmezvaraprasAda varmA zaradacandra pAThaka DA0 Ara. pI. upAdhyAya sampAdaka maMDala bhUparAja jaina ridhakaraNa botharA pra padmacanda nAhaTA rAdhezyAma mizra lakSmIzaMkara mizra

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zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA ke pUrva evaM vartamAna padAdhikArI gaNa ajItamala pArakha pUrva maMtrI ridhakaraNa botharA bhUtapUrva maMtrI baccana siMha bhUtapUrva pradhAnAdhyApaka rAmAnaMda tivArI bhUtapUrva pradhAnAdhyApaka kanhaiyAlAla gupta bhUtapUrva pradhAnAdhyApaka kAmezvaraprasAda varmA pradhAnAdhyApaka, kalakattA jayarAma siMha pradhAnAdhyApaka, havar3A zrImatI olgA ghoSa pradhAnAdhyApikA, havar3A .

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zrI jaina vidyAlaya, havar3A kI bahuAyAmI prvRttiyaaN|

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zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA kI hIraka jayantI ke upalakSya meM zrI jaina vidyAlaya, havar3A kI ora se Ayojita saMgIta saMdhyA ke vibhinna dRzya /

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vidyAlaya khaNDa

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zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA

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zrI jaina vidyAlaya, havar3A

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NamA AyArayANa mA uvamAyANa molAe sabda sAtA zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA ke zikSaka prabandha samiti ke padAdhikAriyoM ke saath| pradhAnAdhyApaka zrI ke.pI. vrmaa| caturtha zreNI krmcaariignn|

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SHREE JAIN VIDYALAYA (CALCUTTA) zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA prabandha smiti| SHREE JAIN VIDYALAYA (CALCUTTA) LEECE 19 -1994 zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA prabandha smiti| zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA zikSaka vRnda evaM shkrmii|

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gaNataMtra divasa samAroha (1994) ke avasara para maMca para virAjamAna zrI mohanalAla bhaMsAlI, zrI kamala minnI, zrI ke.pI. varmA, le. janarala ke.DI. sinhA, (jIosI, baMgAla eriyA), zrI vIrendra siMha bAMThiyA, Ayakara Ayukta aadi| mmA ubakAyANA zrI jaina zilpa zikSA kendra (nezanala opana skUla) kI chAtrAoM kA samUha citra pradarzanI ke avasara para (1993) / SHREE SHWETA MBAR STHANAKVASI 7" FREE EYE OPERATION CANP + SHREE SH OFFICE sAtaveM ni:zulka netra-zalya cikitsA zivira ke avasara para sabhA ke karmaTha kaarykrtaagnn|

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NamAtrae savasAhaNaM 'zrIrAmAnandutivArIabhinandanasamAroha lokapriya pradhAnAcArya zrI tivArI jI kI bidAI ke avasara para maMcastha atithi AcArya zrI viSNukAMta zAstrI, zrI puSkaralAla ker3iyA evaM zrI lalitA prasAda tripaatthii| PHILATELIC ROOTH CALCUTTA GPO prathama divasIya AvaraNa TikiTa para muhara jArI karate hue phileTika bUtha, kalakattA jI.pI.o, zrI indra kumAra kaThotiyA evaM vidyAlaya ke pdaadhikaariignn| chAtra ko pratibhA puraskAra se sammAnita karate hue zrI sUrajamala bcchaavt| Jain Education Interational

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zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA svarNa jayantI mahotsava ke vibhinna dRshy| Muna JISA

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netAjI iNDora sTeDiyama meM Ayojita svarNa jayantI samAroha (1984) ko sambodhita karate hue zrI azoka gahalota, tatkAlIna nAgarika uDDayana maMtrI, bhArata sarakAra / pramukha atithi zrI azoka gahalota, kendrIya nAgarika evaM uDDayana maMtrI ko abhinandana patra samarpita karate hue zrI saradAramala kAMkariyA / svarNa jayantI mahotsava (1984) ke avasara para Ayojita jaina patrakAra pariSad kA eka dRshy|

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citra paricaya LI mahAvIra jayantI para Ayojita prabhAta pherii| NTOSH SON2 sAmUhika vAdya yaMtra dala ke bIca pradhAnAdhyApaka zrI rAmAnanda tivaarii| 3 yUnivarsiTI iMsTITyUTa meM Ayojita vArSikotsava ke avasara para pro0 sudhIna caTopAdhyAya, zrI devarAja mehatA, posTamAsTara janarala evaM anya atithignn| 4 anta: vidyAlaya vAlIbaoNla pratiyogitA kA eka dRshy| 5 anta: vidyAlaya vAlIbaoNla pratiyogitA meM vijayI vidyAlaya TIma kA kaptAna saMjaya DUMDalodiyA TrAphI ke saath| YALAYA SHREE JAIN VIDYALAYA (UNDETS WISHES 3

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jayantI samAroha puraskAra vitaraNa samAroha vArSika khelakUda 1994 puraskAra pradAna karate hue zrI zikhara canda minnI evaM zrI palAza nndii|

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5 S.J.V S.JV SHIV SAIN. antaH vidyAlaya vAlIbaoNla pratiyogitA (1983-1984) udghATanakartA zrI azoka ghoSa, akhila bhAratIya phuTabaoNla pheDarezana ke ceyaramaina evaM zrI bha~varalAla karNAvaTa, pramukha atithi| antaH vidyAlaya vAlIbaoNla pratiyogitA kA eka dRshy| antaH vidyAlaya vAlIbaoNla pratiyogitA meM sammilita vidyAlaya kI TIma

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sabhA ke TrasTI zrI kanhaiyAlAla mAlU chAtra ko puraskAra pradAna karate hue| vidyAlaya bAlacara dala ke chAtra svastika cinha kI mudrA sabhA ke variSTha kAryakartA zrI jasakaraNa botharA kA mAlyArpaNa dvArA svaagt| For Private & Personal use only

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vidyAlaya ke vArSikotsava ke avasara para pramukha atithi udyogapati zrI choTUlAla nAhaTA kA tilaka dvArA svaagt| jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA evaM havar3A ke vArSikotsava ke avasara para maMcastha atithi zikSA saciva zrI je.Ara sAhA, AI.e.esa., zrI bajaraMga jaina, zrI rikhabadAsa bhaMsAlI evaM zrI saradAramala kaaNkriyaa| gaNataMtra divasa samAroha para chAtroM ko puraskAra pradAna karate hue DA0 rameza candra zarmA, nidezaka, iNDiyana myUjiyama /

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zrI pArasamala kAMkariyA apane abhinandana para AbhAra prakaTa karate hue, sAtha meM pramukha atithi zrI vimala canda jhAbaka, Ayakara aayukt| pradhAnAcArya zrI kanhaiyA lAla gupta ko sevA nivRtti ke avasara para Ayojita bidAI samAroha meM sabhA ke adhyakSa zrI rikhaba dAsa bhaMsAlI vAgdevI kI pratimA pradAna karate hue| sabhA kI hIraka jayantI (1988-89) para Ayojita vidvat pariSada meM prakhyAta patrakAra evaM sampAdaka zrI gaNeza lalavANI sabhA ke upAdhyakSa zrI bhaMvaralAla karNAvaTa se sammAna pratIka grahaNa karate hue|

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pAThyakrama kI niHzulka pustaka vitaraNa samAroha ke avasara para pro0 divyendu hotA, pro0 kalyANamala lor3hA, sTeTsamaina ke janarala mainejara zrI vAsudeva re aura Ajakala ke upasaMpAdaka / raktadAna zivira ke avasara para sabhA ke kAryakarttAoM dvArA raktadAna kA eka dRshy| nezanala opana skUla kI chAtrAeM adhyApikAoM ke saath|

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SHREE J VIDY (UNDER THE AII 25/1, BON citra paricaya / zrI jaina vidyAlaya, havar3A ke gaNataMtra divasa samAroha ke pramukha atithi zrI bAdala bosa kA zrI sUrajamala bacchAvata dvArA svAgata evaM smmaan| 2 zrI jaina vidyAlaya, havar3A ke vArSikotsava para pramukha YREF. vaktA zrI bajaraMga jaina se puraskAra grahaNa karatI huI chaatraa| OWRA 3 vidyAlaya ke pradhAnAdhyApaka evaM pradhAnAdhyApikA se parAmarza karate zrI saradAramala kaaNkriyaa| 4 zrI saradAramala kAMkariyA abhinandana prasaMga para zrI jaina vidyAlaya, havar3A ke prAMgaNa meM sampUrNa bhArata se padhAre hue atithiyoM ke sammAna kA dRshy| 2Rables For Privale & Personal Use Only

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mahopAdhyAya mANakacanda rAmapuriyA hIraka jayantI smArikA karate haiM hama svAgata Aja yahI saubhAgya aparimita karate haiM hama svAgata // Apa vijJa jana suhRda padhAre jAga gae haiM bhAga hamAre, yaha anukampA bar3I ApakI nava jIvana kI Agata / hama saba kA saubhAgya aparimitakarate haiM jo svAgata // bhAvoM kA mRdu sumana sajA hai, randhra - randhra meM veNu bajA hai, moda magana hai jana-jana sabakAkhilA kamala mana zata-zata / hama saba kA saubhAgya aparimitakarate haiM jo svAgata // Apa sabhI kA saMbala pAkara, bar3hate raheM niraMtara patha para, uccAdarzoM se anuprANita, jIvana kA ho abhimata / hama saba kA saubhAgya aparimitakarate haiM jo svAgata // Aja jayantI hIraka - bhUSita, bane dharA para puNya - vibhUSita, jana-jana meM devatva bhAva kI kareM pratiSThA vidhivat / Aja yahI saubhAgya aparimitakarate haiM hama svAgata // 41 - DI, zyAmAprasAda mukharjI roDa, kalakattA - 26 vidyAlaya khaNDa / 1

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sUrajamala bacchAvata bAta kI bAta meM saMsthA banI bahuta arse, karIba 70 varSa pUrva kI bAta hai, jaina samAja kI eka sabhA ho rahI thI usameM eka sajjana ne majAka meM kaha diyA ki sthAnakavAsI samAja kA yahAM kyA hai ? hamAre mandira haiM, upAzraya haiM, dharmazAlA haiN| yaha bAta mere pUjya pitA zrI sva0 phUsarAja bacchAvata ko bar3I burI lagI aura usI samaya unhoMne nizcaya kiyA ki jaba taka kalakattA meM eka saMsthA sthApita nahIM kareMge taba taka caina se nahIM rhuuNgaa| unhoMne mere kAkAjI zrI nemacandajI ko bulAyA aura kahA ki tuma par3he-likhe ho, eka saMsthA khar3I karanA hai| bAta Age bar3hI aura / nambara pAMcAgalI meM udayacaMdajI DAgA kI gaddI khAlI thI, vaha unase mila gaI aura vahIM se saMsthA ke gaThana kA kAma zurU karane kA vicAra taya huA / pahile saMvatsarI pratikramaNa kinhIM membaroM kI gaddI meM huA karatA thaa| yaha jagaha ho jAne se logoM kA sahayoga milane lagA zrI sujAnamalajI rAMkA, zrI munAlAlajI rAMkA, zrI IzvaradAsajI challANI, zrI rAvatamalajI botharA, zrI bhairUMdAnajI golachA, zrI kizanalAla jI kAMkariyA, zrI tolArAmajI mintrI, zrI jAnakIdAsajI mizrI, zrI cAMdaratanajI mitrI zrI abhayarAjajI bacchAvata, zrI badanamalajI bAMThiyA, zrI saubhAgamalajI DAgA aadi| pratyeka ravivAra ko eka sabhA hone lagI jisameM gujarAtI bhAI zrI mIdAsa kA bahuta bar3A sahayoga thA / ve zAstroM ke jAnakAra the| isa prakAra kucha varSoM bAda sabhA ne eka vidyAlaya prArambha karane kA nizcaya kiyaa| eka adhyApaka zrI baccana siMhajI kI niyukti kii| jaise-jaise chAtroM kI saMkhyA bar3hatI gaI aura adhyApakoM kI niyuktiyAM kI gii| hIraka jayantI smArikA bihAra meM bhUkampa huA usameM sabhA ke sadasya gaNa khAdya sAmagrI, kambala Adi lekara gaye evaM pIr3itoM meM usakA vitaraNa kiyA gyaa| isI bIca mohanalAla galI sutApaTTI meM eka makAna kharIdA gayA usameM 5-6 kakSA taka par3hAI hone lgii| bar3I jagaha lene kI sadasyoM kI prabala icchA thii| isI bIca phU jayaMtilAlajI mahArAja kA caumAsA huA aura vyAkhyAna meM saba loga Ane-jAne lge| gujarAtI bhAiyoM se prema bddh'aa| hamalogoM ne eka dina prabhudAsa bhAI bhavAnIpura vAloM se bAta kii| unhoMne hameM bhavAnIpura bulAyA meM aura zrI harakacaMdajI kAMkariyA donoM unase milane gye| prabhudAsa bhAI ke mitra kI eka jagaha thI manamohana bhAI kii| unhoMne unako bulAyA aura jagaha kI bAta pakkI kii| karIba 8 kaTThA jamIna thii| hamalogoM ne kahA ki hamAre pAsa itanI rakama to hogI nhiiN| unhoMne kahA ki 25000 rupayA binA byAja ke bAkI rheNge| kyoM ghabar3Ate ho, karo pakkA hamane bAta pakkI kara lii| phira logoM se ceSTA karane lge| bahuta khuzI samAja meM chA gaI aura jamIna kI rajisTrI bhI ho gii| isake bAda manamohana bhAI ne karIba 8 kaTThA jamIna maganamala jI pArakha ko becane kA nakkI kiyaa| hameM jaba mAlUma huA to hamalogoM ne manamohana bhAI se kahA ki yaha jamIna Apa hameM de deveN| hameM to skUla banAnA hai| hama logoM ne maganamalajI pArakha ke pAsa jAkara unase vaha saudA sabhA ke nAma se karavAne kI svIkRti le lii| isa taraha se karIba 17 kaTThA jamIna ho gii| vidyAlaya bhavana kI nIMva lagA dI gii| aura kAma joroM se hone lgaa| eka sAla meM bagala kA hissA bana gayA aura vidyAlaya cAlU ho gyaa| usa vakta sImenTa kI bahuta muzkila thI lekina zrI vijayasiMhajI nAhara ne Avazyaka sImenTa kA paramiTa pAsa karavA diyA aura nakzA pAsa karavAne meM bhI unhoMne bahuta sahayoga diyaa| isI bIca logoM ne pradhAnAdhyApaka zrI rAmAnanda tivArI ko niyukta kiyA aura kAma bar3hatA gyaa| kakSA 10vIM taka kA zikSaNa dene kI hameM anumati mila gaI phira hAyara sekeNDarI kI kakSAeM prArambha karane kI anumati zrI vijaya bAbU ne dilavA dii| kAryakartAoM kA tathA adhyApakoM kA bahuta bar3A sahayoga rahA aura karIba 2500 vidyArthI par3hane lge| parIkSA pariNAma zata-pratizata rahane lgaa| bar3AbAjAra meM zrI jaina vidyAlaya kA bahuta nAma ho gyaa| aura isI taraha logoM kA hausalA bar3hatA gayA aura eka nayA skUla havar3A meM banAne kA nizcaya kiyaa| vaha bhI eka sAla meM banakara taiyAra ho gyaa| subaha lar3akiyAM evaM dopahara meM lar3ake zikSA prApta karate haiN| kula milAkara 2300 lar3ake-lar3akiyAM zikSA prApta kara rahe haiM aura kakSA 10 taka kI par3hAI cAlU hai| yahAM bhI ucca mAdhyamika taka kI zikSA dene kA nizcaya hai| hamArI saphalatA kA mukhya kAraNa hai yahAM ke kAryakarttAoM kA joza aura saMgaThana sabhI bar3e prema se kArya karate haiN| cunAva yahAM saleksana se hotA hai| kabhI voTiMga kI jarUrata nahIM par3atI hai| parivAra ke rUpa vidyAlaya khaNDa / 2

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meM yahAM sabhI kAma karate haiN| yahAM eka dUsare kI TAMga nahIM khIMcate haiN| isI taraha eka hAspITala nirmANa kI yojanA cala rahI hai bahuta bar3e paimAne pr| karIba tIna karor3a rupae ke vacana logoM ke mile haiN| ummIda hai yaha kAma bhI zIghra pUrA ho jaaegaa| anta meM prabhu se prArthanA hai ki hamArA saMgaThana banA rhe| hamArI kaI aura pravRttiyoM bahuta saphala rahI haiN| buka baiMka, kampyUTara zikSaNa aadi| Apa sabake AzIrvAda se kAleja karane kI kAmanA hai, vaha bhI zIghra pUrI hogii| Apa sabakA pyAra evaM sneha sahayoga banA rahe, yahI prArthanA hai| -pUrva adhyakSa : zrI zve0 sthA0 jaina sabhA evaM zrI jaina vidyAlaya hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyAlaya khaNDa / 3

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rikhabadAsa bhaMsAlI vikAsa evaM unnayana kA mUla maMtra : niSkAma sevA evaM sAdhanA zrI jaina vidyAlaya kI hIraka jayantI ke pAvana prasaMga para maiM namana karatA hUM evaM zraddhA sumana arpita karatA hUM una saMsthApakoM ko jinhoMne sAdhanA, zikSA aura sevA kA saMkalpa lekara isa vidyAlaya kI sthApanA kI jo Aja vaTa vRkSa ke rUpa meM hamAre samakSa vidyamAna hai| na jAne kitane manISI, samAja sevI, ciMtaka, lekhaka, DAkTara evaM vaijJAnika isa saMsthA kI prArambhika dena rahe haiN| maiM bhI vidyAlaya kI gatividhiyoM se vigata 37 varSoM se jur3A huA hUM evaM svayaM ko gauravAnvita mahasUsa karatA hUM ki mujhe merI prArambhika zikSA bhI isI vidyAlaya se prApta huii| svapna meM bhI maiMne yaha nahIM socA thA ki mahAyuddha kI vibhISikA meM bhI yaha vidyAlaya kAyama raha paayegaa| kintu niSkAma sevA bhAvanA aura sahayoga se jisa saMsthA kI nIMva rakhI gaI ho usakA kabhI vinAza nahIM hotaa| jisa saMsthA kA sRjana hI aham se pare rahakara huA ho, usakA vighaTana kabhI saMbhava nhiiN| san 1946 se maiM vidyAlaya kI prabandha samiti se niyamita rUpa se jur3A huA huuN| yahAM pUrNa sadbhAvanA kA vAtAvaraNa pUrvajoM ke AzIrvAda se isa saMsthA ko prApta hai| samprati 2400 chAtra samyak jJAna, samyak darzana aura samyak cAritra ke AdhAra para yahAM zikSA prApta kara rahe haiN| zikSA ke kSetra kA aura adhika prasAra evaM vistAra ho, isa hetu sabhA kI hIraka jayantI ke pAvana prasaMga para yaha saMkalpa liyA gayA ki eka aura vidyAlaya kI sthApanA kI jaay| samAja kA sahayoga evaM AzIrvAda prApta huA evaM 10 mAha kI svalpa avadhi meM havar3A meM eka navanirmita bhavana vidhivat vidyAlaya kA rUpa lekara upasthita huA evaM tIna varSa kI alpa avadhi meM hI pazcima baMga zikSA pariSada se mAnyatA prApta kara 2300 chAtra evaM chAtrAoM ko samucita zikSA pradAna kara rahA hai| kampyUTara zikSaNa jo Aja ke yuga meM zikSA kA eka mahatvapUrNa aMga hai, vaha bhI yahAM pradAna kiyA jA rahA hai| __saMsthA ko sthApita karanA sahaja hai kintu AvazyakatA par3atI hai ise sucAru rUpa se zAlInatA pUrvaka calAne kii| eka pIr3hI hamArI AMkhoM se ojhala ho gaI evaM dUsarI pIr3hI bhI zithilatA mahasUsa karane lagI hai| dAyitva AtA hai samAja kI yuvA zakti para jo Aja hara kArya karane meM sakSama hai| hIraka jayantI ke isa pAvana prasaMga para unakA AhvAna karatA hUM ki ve apane dAyitva ko samajheM evaM prAmANikatA ke sAtha niSkAma bhAva se ise sNbhaaleN| ___ hara vyakti samAja kA RNI hai aura RNa cukAne ke lie AvazyakatA hai niSkAma sevA bhAvanA kI evaM lagana kii| mujhe pUrNa vizvAsa hai ki samAja kA koI bhI varga abhI bhI kartavyacyuta nahIM hai evaM pUrvajoM kI isa amAnata ke, dharohara ke satata vikAsa evaM unnayana meM sadaiva sahayoga pradAna kregaa| maiM vidyAlaya parivAra ke sabhI sadasyoM se bhI anurodha karUMgA ki jisa niSThA ke sAtha Apa sabhI ne baccoM ke caritra nirmANa meM sahayoga pradAna kara unakA bhaviSya ujjvala kiyA hai, vahI AzIrvAda bhaviSya meM bhI unheM pradAna karate rheNge| yahI merI zubhakAmanA hai| -adhyakSa, zrI zve0 sthA0 jaina sabhA, kalakattA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyAlaya khaNDa /4

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saradAramala kAMkariyA Aja ke yuga meM khAsakara bhAratavarSa meM zikSA ke lie yogya evaM acche skUloM kI atyadhika kamI hai| bar3e zaharoM meM jamIneM itanI mahaMgI ho gaI haiM ki naye skUla banane baMda jaise ho gaye haiN| kucha bar3e udyogapati apane nAma se jarUra vidyAlaya banAte haiM, lekina unakI zulkoM kA stara itanA UMcA rahatA hai ki janasAdhAraNa ke lie ina vidyAlayoM meM praveza pAnA duSkara kArya ho gayA hai jabaki ucca zikSA kI Aja ke yuga meM atyanta AvazyakatA hai| acche skUloM kI kamI evaM zikSA ke abhAva meM kaI pratibhAeM vikasita hI nahIM ho pAtI haiN| svAmI vivekAnanda ke anusAra saMsAra ke zreSTha kAryoM meM acchA skUla banAnA evaM calAnA hai| sevAbhAva se tAki yogya bAlaka acchI zikSA prApta karake apanA jIvana hI nahIM apitu deza ko bhI unnata banAveM / aisI viSama sthiti meM bhI kalakattA jaise mahAnagara meM zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA dvArA vidyAlayoM kA saMcAlana niSkAma sevA bhAvanA evaM niSThA se kiyA jA rahA hai| zrI jaina vidyAlaya kalakattA meM vizeSakara bar3A bAjAra meM atyanta lokapriya evaM uccastara kA vidyAlaya hai| Aja se 60 varSa pahale jina sevA samarpita sajjanoM ne isa vidyAlaya kI nIMva rakhI usa vakta unakA zikSA ke prati sammAna dekhakara sara zraddhA se jhuka jAtA hai| Aja se 60 varSa pahale kucha vyavasAyI sajjanoM ne bhaviSya kI kalpanA kI thI / ye kitane dUradarzI the, jinhoMne bhaviSya meM zikSA kI anivAryatA mahasUsa hIraka jayantI smArikA pragati patha kA rAhI : zrI jaina vidyAlaya kI thI tathA bIja ke rUpa meM eka kamarA kirAye para lekara eka zikSaka kI niyukti kI tathA 2-4 chAtroM se yaha vidyAlaya prArambha kiyA gayA / zikSA ke prati ruci tathA AvazyakatA dekhate hue kucha dinoM pazcAt utsAhI sajjanoM ne pagaiyApaTTI meM saMsthA kA eka makAna kharIdA tathA kakSA 5 taka vidyAlaya zurU kiyaa| vahAM kaI varSoM taka zrI jaina vidyAlaya calatA rahA lekina zikSA kI Age bhI AvazyakatA hai evaM bar3hatI huI chAtra saMkhyA mahasUsa kara san 1958 meM navIna vizAla bhavana 18-DI, sukiyasa lena meM vidyAlaya prArambha kiyA gyaa| naye bhavana meM kakSA 8 taka adhyayana adhyApana zuru kiyA gyaa| zrI rAmAnanda tivArI ko prinsipala niyukta kiyA gyaa| yogya adhyApakoM kA cayana karake naye bhavana meM naI kAryakAriNI samiti ko bhAra sauMpA gayA ki yaha skUla unnata ho / kAryakAriNI samiti meM bujurga evaM navayuvaka donoM prakAra ke sadasya the| kAryakarttAoM meM joza dhA, Age bar3hane kI tamannA thii| zikSaka bhI aise yogya evaM niSThAvAna mile ki skUla ko unnata karanA hI unakA lakSya thA / phira 10vIM kakSA ke lie mAnyatA milii| kucha samaya bAda kakSA 12 taka kI mAnyatA prApta huI / zanai: zanai: skUla bar3A bAjAra meM hI nahIM sAre kalakattA meM mazahUra ho gyaa| jaina vidyAlaya meM bhartI honA kAphI kaThina kArya ho gayA eDamIzana ke samaya jo bhIr3a juTatI hai vaha isakI lokapriyatA kA pramANa hai| vidyAlaya meM kama se kama phIsa rakhI huI hai| zikSakoM ko sarakAra evaM borDa dvArA nirdhArita vetana milatA hai| vijJAna evaM vANijya kI zikSA sabhI jAti ke chAtroM ko yahAM binA kisI bhedabhAva ke dI jAtI hai| skAuTiMga, vaiNDa evaM Adhunika vijJAna prayogazAlA se yukta yaha skUla kalakattA ke zikSA jagata meM viziSTa sthAna banA cukA hai| isa varSa kampyUTara zikSA bhI bhaviSya kI AvazyakatA dekhate hue prAraMbha kara dI hai| yaha skUla madhyama zreNI evaM sAdhAraNa zreNI ke parivAroM ke lie eka Adarza skUla hai| yahAM nimna Aya vAle parivAra ke chAtroM ke lie phIsa mApha kI jAtI hai| zikSA sabako mile, aisA lakSya isa skUla ke saMcAlakoM kA hai| Aja ke yuga meM jaba prasiddha skUloM kI phIseM AsamAna chU rahI haiM, zrI jaina vidyAlaya zikSA ko vyavasAya mAnakara nahIM apitu sevA bhAvanA se calA rahI hai| skUloM kI mahatI AvazyakatA ko dekhate hue zrI zve0 sthA0 jaina sabhA ne bar3A meM Adhunika jJAna-vijJAna ke sabhI sAdhanoM se yukta eka navIna jaina vidyAlaya kA nirmANa kiyaa| 125 lAkha rupayoM kI lAgata se banA yaha skUla alpa samaya meM hI havar3A meM atyanta lokapriya ho gyaa| do varSa ke andara 2500 chAtra chAtrAeM kakSA eka se kakSA dasa taka kI zikSA grahaNa kara rahe haiN| kakSA 5 se kampyUTara zikSaNa anivArya hai khelakUda ke bhI sabhI sAdhana yahAM upalabdha haiM yogya zikSakoM kI dekharekha meM isa skUla ne havar3A meM apanI alaga pahacAna banAI hai| kama se kama phIsa dvArA janatA kI sevA meM yaha skUla binA kisI bhedabhAva ke sabhI jAti ke baccoM ko samAna bhAva se zikSA de rahA hai| jaina, vidyAlaya khaNDa / 5

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hindU, musalamAna, IsAI sabhI dharma ke chAtra yahAM zikSA pA rahe haiN| zikSaka bhI sabhI prAntoM evaM jAtiyoM ke haiM jinakI yogyatA ke bala para niyukti kI gaI hai| skUla meM ThaMDe pAnI kI mazIna evaM chAtroM ke lie vAjiba mUlya para khAne-pIne kI vastuoM ke lie eka kainTina bhI hai| prArthanA, bhASaNa evaM sAMskRtika kAryakramoM ke Ayojana ke lie vizAla hAla bhI banA huA hai| bhaviSya meM isa skUla ko kakSA 12 taka karane kI yojanA hai| isake bAda kAleja banAne kI hArdika icchA hai| zikSA kI AvazyakatA ko dRSTigata rakhate hue zrI zve0 sthA0 jaina sabhA kAphI sakriya hai tathA bhAvI yojanA meM sAyaMkAlIna kAleja evaM kalakattA ke upanagaroM meM vidyAlaya banAne kI yojanA hai| sabhA dvArA havar3A meM 180 zayyAoM kA Adhunika suvidhAyukta eka hAspITala nirmANAdhIna hai jo bhaviSya meM havar3A nivAsiyoM ke lie vizeSa upayogI hogaa| vidyAlaya kI hIraka jayantI ke upalakSa meM maiM skUla ke sarvAMgINa vikAsa kI hArdika kAmanA karatA huuN| -mAnad maMtrI : zrI jaina vidyAlaya prabaMdha samiti, kalakattA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyAlaya khaNDa/6

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OridhakaraNa botharA ki dAnA khAka meM milakara, gule gulajAra hotA hai miTA de apanI hastI ko, gara tu martabA caahe| ki dAnA khAka meM milakara, gule gulajAra hotA hai| yadi Apako kucha ijjata, sammAna cAhie to Apako, khuda ko apane kArya meM pUrNa rUpeNa ni:svArtha bhAva se samarpita honA hogaa| dAnA (bIja) jaba jamIna meM giratA hai, apanA astitva khatma karatA hai tabhI vaha bAga gulajAra hotA hai| isI saMdarbha meM nIMva ke patthara ke rUpa meM eka nAma mahatvapUrNa hai, vaha hai hamAre isa vidyAlaya ke saMsthApaka sadasya zrI phUsarAjajI bacchAvata kA- hama unheM namana karate haiN| aksara hamAre vidyAlaya ke zikSakoM ke mukha se yaha sunane ko milatA hai ki isa vidyAlaya kI ijjata hI hamArI ijjata hai| isakI pratiSThA ke lie hama kucha bhI tyAga evaM utsarga karane ke lie taiyAra haiN| ye mAtra zabda hI nahIM the| isa varSa bhI eka udAharaNa hameM dekhane ko milA, vidyAlaya ke isI kArya ke lie hamAre eka zikSaka ne eka bahuta bar3e pada kA tatkSaNa binA kisI jhijhaka ke tyAga kara diyaa| kucha zikSaka to aise haiM jo isa vidyAlaya kI unnati ke lie sarvato bhAvena samarpita haiN| hameM nAja hai hamAre ina zikSakoM pr| ___ zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA eka saMsthA nahIM hai, eka parivAra hai| yahAM pada kA vizeSa mahatva nahIM hai-- choTe bhAiyoM ko protsAhana dekara taiyAra kiyA jAtA hai ki ve bhaviSya meM ina gatividhiyoM ko saMbhAla kara samAja ke nAma ko gauravAnvita kreN| sabhA va vidyAlaya parivAra ekajuTa hokara unnati kI ora agrasara hai| isI kA pariNAma hai varSa bhara calane vAlI yaha hIraka jyntii| ye jayantiyAM hamAre lie mAtra manoraMjana kA hI kAraNa nahIM hotI haiM varan eka naye kArya ke lie cunautI va preraNA detI haiN| sabhA va vidyAlaya parivAra ne isa jayantI para eka aisA hI saMkalpa isI bhavana meM zrI jaina kAleja sAyaMkAlIna satra meM calAne kA liyA hai| parivAra meM bujurgoM kI kArya praNAlI unakA caritra va sneha hI choToM ke lie kArya karane kA sambala hotA hai| hamArI isI zrRMkhalA meM Ate haiM hamAre bujurga zrI sUrajamalajI bacchAvata, karmaTha kAryakartA zrI saradAramalajI kAMkariyA va niSpakSa vicAraka zrI rikhabadAsajI bhNsaalii| zrI kAMkariyA ne ina cAra dazakoM se vidyAlaya ko jisa niSkAma sevA bhAvanA, samarpaNa evaM athaka adhyavasAya se saMbhAlA hai, Ane vAlI pIr3hI ke lie vaha sadaiva preraNA srota banakara utsAhavarddhana kregaa| sabhA va vidyAlaya parivAra ke loga karttavya niSThA va sneha se zikSA va sevA ke kAryoM meM barAbara lage raheM, yahI merI jinezvara bhagavAna se kAmanA hai| -maMtrI, zrI zve0 sthA0 jaina sabhA, kalakattA-1 hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyAlaya khaNDa /7

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mohanalAla bhaMsAlI vidyAlaya ke bar3hate caraNa zrI jaina vidyAlaya kI sthApanA san 1934 meM kalakattA ke vyAvasAyika sthala bar3AbAjAra meM eka kirAye ke kamare meM huI thI / vidyAlaya kI sthApanA kA mUla uddezya rahA hai chAtroM meM naitika zikSA kA pUrNarUpa se pracAra-prasAra evaM chAtroM kA jIvana anuzAsita hokara pragati kre| zrI jaina vidyAlaya kI sthApanA ke samaya bhArata gulAmI kI jaMjIroM meM jakar3A huA thaa| deza kA vAtAvaraNa svataMtratA ke lie Andolita thaa| anta meM vibhinna balidAnoM ke bAda deza san 1947 meM svataMtra huaa| sthAnakavAsI samAja ke pramukha netAoM ne kAphI vicAra-vimarza ke bAda vidyAlaya kI sthApanA bahuta hI choTe rUpa se kI thI / dina pratidina chAtroM kI bar3hatI huI saMkhyA ko dekhakara vidyAlaya ke lie bhavana kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa hone lagI / ataH mohanalAla galI (sutApaTTI) meM skUla ke lie makAna kharIda liyA gyaa| cUMki bar3AbAjAra kalakattA mahAnagarI kA pramukha vyAvasAyika kendra hai yahAM ke hindI bhASI vyavasAyiyoM ke chAtra drutagati se praveza lete rahe haiN| ataH chAtroM kI bar3hatI huI saMkhyA evaM vidyAlaya kI satat vartamAna pragati ko dekhate hue isa bhavana meM bhI vidyAlaya kI kAryavAhI sucArU rUpa se calAne meM kamI mahasUsa hone lagI / sthAnakavAsI samAja ke pramukha kAryakartAoM svargIya phusarAjajI bacchAvata, svargIya maganamalajI koThArI, svargIya badanamalajI bAMThiyA Adi ke athaka prayAsoM se 18-DI, sukiyasa lena, kalakattA meM skUla bhavana hetu san 1952 meM jagaha kraya kI gii| bhavana nirmANa ke lie kalakattA ke sabhI sthAnakavAsI mahAnubhAvoM se artha saMgraha ke lie sahayoga karane kA Agraha kiyA gyaa| sabhI ke sahayoga se artha saMgraha kara bhavana nirmANa ke kArya kA zubhArambha huA / hIraka jayantI smArikA san 1958 meM bhavana nirmANa kA kArya pUrNa karake vidyAlaya naye bhavana meM sthAnAntarita kiyA gyaa| chAtroM kI saMkhyA abAdhagati se bar3hatI rahI evaM paThana-pAThana kakSA 1 se kakSA 12 taka calane lagA / vidyAlaya ko mAdhyamika aura uccatara mAdhyamika kI parIkSAoM ke lie pazcima baMgAla sarakAra dvArA anumodana mila gyaa| gata do dazaka se mAdhyamika aura uccatara mAdhyamika parIkSAoM kA pariNAma zata-pratizata rahA hai| yaha apane Apa meM eka khAsa upalabdhi hai| isakA pUrNa zreya yahAM ke karmaTha zikSaka vRnda ko hai| skUla kI prabandha samiti kA bhI pUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| san 1984 meM vidyAlaya kI svarNa jayantI ke avasara para vizvamitra dainika patrikA ke sampAdaka zrI kRSNacandra agravAla ne samAja ke netRvRnda ke samakSa cunautI bhare zabdoM meM kahA ki, "jo svarNa jayantI Apa manA rahe haiM yaha sirpha pUrvajoM kI hI dena hai| Apa saba samAja ke jAgarUka kAryakarttA haiN| Apa logoM ne 50 sAloM meM kyA nayI upalabdhi kI hai, aba koI nayA kAryakrama lekara eka aura vidyAlaya kI sthApanA kreN| " samAja ke gaNamAnya kAryakarttAoM ne uparyukta cunautI ko svIkAra kiyA evaM zrI saradAramalajI kAMkariyA, zrI rikhabadAsajI bhaMsAlI, zrI riddhakaraNajI botharA Adi kAryakartAoM ne athaka prayAsa kara san 1991 ke maI mahIne meM 25/1, bana bihArI bosa roDa, havar3A meM vidyAlaya bhavana hetu jagaha kraya kI / san 1992 meM bhavana nirmANa kArya sampanna huA evaM vidyAlaya prArambha kiyA gayA / isa vidyAlaya meM chAtrAoM hetu kakSA 1 se kakSA 10 taka kA zikSaNa prAta: kAla meM zurU kiyA gayA evaM dina meM chAtroM kA zikSaNa prArambha kiyA gyaa| vartamAna meM chAtra-chAtrAoM kI saMkhyA karIba 2400 ke lagabhaga hai| yahAM bhI suyogya evaM karmaTha zikSakoM dvArA zikSA dI jAtI hai| vartamAna yuga kI AvazyakatAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue kampyUTara zikSA kA prArambha zrI mANakacandajI rAmapuriyA ke sahayoga se zrI jaina vidyAlaya, havar3A meM Arambha kiyA gyaa| zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA ke bhavana meM sthAnAbhAva se yaha kampyUTara zikSA dinAMka 10 julAI, 194 ko "zrImatI vimalA mitrI kampyUTara senTara" ke rUpa meM 20 kampyUTaroM se susajjita vAtAnukUlita hAla meM zurU kI gayI hai| vidyA ke kSetra meM zikSakoM kA yogadAna sadaiva mahatvapUrNa rahA hai| hIraka jayantI varSa ke pAvana prasaMga para vidyAlaya ke mAdhyamika evaM uccatara mAdhyamika parIkSAphala ne eka kIrtimAna sthApita kiyaa| pichale sAre rekArDa tor3akara isa varSa hindI skUloM meM isa vidyAlaya ne prathama sthAna arjita kiyA hai| hIraka jayantI ke upalakSa meM maiM samagra jaina vidyAlaya parivAra ko hArdika badhAI dete hue kAmanA karatA hUM ki vidyAlaya bhaviSya meM dina-pratidina pragati ke patha para calatA rhe| adhyakSa, zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA vidyAlaya khaNDa / 8

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Kishanlal Bothra SHREE JAIN VIDYALAYA : MY IMPRESSION I am sure that all of us are quite pleased to learn about the Diamond Jubilee Celebration of Shree Jain Vidyalaya, Calcutta this year. It also gives us some satisfaction that during this year, the Vidyalaya has scaled new heights. Not only there has been a spectacular improvement in the results of Class-X and XII Examinations, 1994 of our Vidyalaya under Board and Council of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, W.B., but also our students have been able to do exceptionally well in several other fields. The activities witnessed during past years in respect of results and discipline of school students, have been not only outcome of the strenous efforts put in by the talented Teaching-Force of our Vidyalaya, but also is a reflection of the buoyant vision and ardent desire of the Predecessors of Shree Shwetambar Sthanakvasi Jain Sabha, Calcutta in the past (about sixty-five/seventy years ago) to create a team of dedicated workers, though they had less education, having little knowledge of reading, writing arithmetics (Three RRR). They had acquired considerable steam, driven principally by a steady growth in the field of education and service to the hIraka jayantI smArikA mankind, irrespective of caste and creed, and to bring about revolution/reformation in achieving RIGHT KNOWLEDGE RIGHT VISION RIGHT CONDUCT in the streamline of Jain Philosophy. That stream has generated right climate in our Shree Jain Vidyalaya and surprisingly captured up-beat mood among the students & teachers of school and members of the Managing Committees of Shree Jain Vidyalaya and Shree S.S. Jain Sabha. From the trends in the current year so far, it looks that the results achieved this year may not be an aberration, it may be beginning of a new era. As it moves into a different trajectory, much higher levels of energy will be required in the infra-structure. Setting up of schools and colleges, of course, is a necessity, but to keep the same in right climate and in order requires proper systems to scale up its operations, significantly under high quality of co-ordination, unanimity and team work spirit which run to create the opportunity of success. Here at Shree Jain Vidyalaya, I have found such team-spirit among our fellow-members and teaching force and members of the Sabha to meet the challenges in the past and ahead of all, reflecting continued confidence. I would like to place on records their gratitude for such active support to act like member of only one very good united family on this grand occasion of the Diamond Jubilee of Shree Jain Vidyalaya, Calcutta. I also feel proud to remain working with such a high graded team since long when it was a "Small Pathsala at Mohanlal Galli." Jamunalal Bazaz Street. (Cloth Market Area of our Burrabazar). I like to pay my high and heart-felt regards to those predecessors who had a bright-dream for this Vidyalaya to serve mankind in the field of education to all irrespective of any cast & creed. Under the team-spirit, Shree Jain Vidyalaya could scale such heights with the setting of its second unit at Howrah in 1991, which also got its independent recognition by the W.B. Board of Secondary Education this year, completing an important phase and very likely to have its Higher Secondary Division too and very soon, it will also emerge as a well integrated educational institute, well accepted and greeted by the people of Howrah. vidyAlaya khaNDa / 9

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Sidhas and all good souls and also like to add I am confident that the spirit, in a sense inbuilt of Shree Jain Vidyalaya, both in Calcutta and Howrah, will foster the growth of harmony, solidarity and integrity among the citizens of these twin cities and I would like to conclude herewith with a sincere trust that Noble Message of our "NAMASKAR MAHA MANTRA" will be well adopted by our fellow members which always preaches to respect and salute the teaching force in all areas alongwith the Arihants, President - Managing Committee, Shree Jain Vidyalaya, Howrah hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyAlaya khaNDa / 10

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Sohan Raj Singhvi SHREE JAIN VIDYALAYA : A PRIDE FOR THE COMMUNITY It is with deep gratitude that I share with the school its happiness of celebrating its Diamond Jubilee. The occasion not only makes me look back upon the past years but also to the dedicated efforts of founding members. The achievements are so significant and overwhelming that it's a pride for the community. I appreciate the stride the school has taken in maintaining a consistency of excellence in all fields. The tradition that it has built up over years, through intense hard work, can be mentioned with pride. Along with the regular syllabus, the emphasis is more on discipline, curricular activities and cultural fields have reached new hights. This has given the students a well rounded education, catering to all aspects of a child's personality-mental, physical and spiritual. Adding the computer courses has been of great significance, a demand of modern time. This aspect is of utmost importance as the school's contribution to the students formative years is undeniable. All along the school management have one thought in mind, to prepare the students to be worthy citizens and be of good moral character, so that they can be successful in whatever, field they choose. There is an excellent relationship of love and respect among the teachers and students. It is this bond that has evolved so many bright students. I end with my very best wishes to the students and the school for many more successful and blooming years to come. Vice President - Shree Jain Vidyalaya Managing Committee, Calcutta hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyAlaya khaNDa/11

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OK. P. Verma and experienced teachers. The school is well-equipped with all the modern facilities of education; large Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Botany laboratories are there. It has a computer centre to impart training to students. its library has nearly 20,000 books. The Vidyalaya runs methodically all its sections - Primary, Secondary and Higher Secondary (Plus Two stream). Now more additions have been made to them. One is the National Open School, classes X and XII, for girls. Another is the C.A. Foundation Course classes, Shree jain Vidyalaya has recently been affiliated to the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India to teach C.A. Foundation courses. These courses are run daily after 4-30 p.m. There are also classes for Arts and Handicrafts for girls students on Saturdays and Sundays. In this way, the school building is vibrant with activities right from 6-30 a.m. to 8-45 p.m. everyday. A SCHOOL WITH A DIFFERENCE Indeed, Shree Jain Vidyalaya is a school with a difference. Started with the motto of Shiksha (Education), Seva (Service) and Sadhana (Dedication) six decades ago by Shree Swetambar Sthanakvasi. Jain Sabha, the school has stuck to these noble purposes. They have been vigilant in imparting and spreading good education. The Vidyalaya bears the name "Shree Jain" no doubt. but it is open to students of all castes and creeds. So students from different religions and social communities, including Muslims and Christians are here every year. It is heartening to watch students right from an industrial tycoon's family to a poor peon's home or a hawker's son. Thus, the Vidyalaya is serving the purpose for which it was started. The emblem of the school carries three principles, Samyak Darshan (right perception), Samyak Gyan (right knowledge) and Samyak Charitra (right conduct). Every effort is made to see that these noble principles are inclucated into the day-to-day activities of every student. With this end in view moral classes are held and great scholars and saints are invited from time to time to preach, so that by their right perception and conduct they may be object lessons to our students. So here we put great emphasis on right conduct and discipline. Discipline, we want not to be imposed, but to become ingrained as a part and parcel of life. This is popularly called by the local people and students SJVian culture. The Vidyalaya has come a long way since its inception. Ever since it shifting to its present premises (18/D, Sukeas Lane, Brabourne Road, Calcutta-1) in 1958, the Vidyalaya has carved out a niche for itself among great and prestigious institutions of the State, in terms of its pass records at Madhyamik and Higher Secondary Examinations first divisions, high marks and ranks each year. Not only in these examinations but also in IIT, JEE, C.A., Costing and other professional examinations, our students qualify in appreciably large numbers. Today, we may say with great pride that our former students are doing very well in every field. The spirit of srvice can be felt in the various activities and regulations of the Vidyalaya. The management of the school is so munificient that it grants even 10 percent of its total roll strength full free and half free studentships to needy students and it has kept the tuition fees of all classes much lower than what other institutions of equal standards charge when the Vidyalaya has on its staff most qualified I must admit that we suffer from space constraints. hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyAlaya khaNDa / 12

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The compound of the Vidyalays is large, but is not adequate for outdoor games. Still on our compound, boys play volleyball and basketball. For other sports and athletic activities we have to move to the Maidan. Sabha, is a vigilant institution too. On the last day of the weeklong golden jubilee celebration of Shree Jain Vidyalaya at the Netaji Indoor Stadium recently, it pledged to start of new unit of Shree Jain Vidyalaya in Howrah. A fine rapport exists among the Management, staff members, students and the S.S. Jain Sabha. The result is the creation of a family-like atmosphere in which it is a joy to work. The teachers of the Vidyalaya, thus, are treated as members fo the large Jain family. This amiable ambience enables every issue - whether it is the question of higher pay or better benefits that the government has given to other aided institutions of the State, to be amicably resolved. The six-storeyed building, the Howrah unit of Shree Jain Vidyalaya (at 25/1, Bon Behari Bose Road, near Sandhya Bazar), is a dream come ture. It has started off very well and bright future awaits it with nearly 2,500 students in the second year. The girls section is in morning and the boys' in the day. The Sabha's scheme to distribute texbooks free among needy students of rural Bengal is very heartening. Some 20 or 25 schools are selected each year and the Headmasters recommend the names of the needy students. They come to Shree Jain Vidyalaya and receive the sets of complete texts at a function. During my long tenure I have found one thing: where there is goodness, a sincere will to work, an intimate and open deal and consultation about how to work and what to work on, things get smoother and move faster, in spite of hurdles on the way. It may be noted that the former Principal, Mr Ramanand Tiwari, appointed in 1958, retired only in 1987, having completed his five-year term of extension after 60 and the next, Mr K.L. Gupta, too, enjoyed his full extension. The idea is to set up large book banks in district of West Bengal so that more and more students may be benefited. The Sabha's munificence also goes to the disabled who are supplied with Jaipur foot. Behind its success story one man's contribution is outstanding. During these three decades and a half of the Vidyalay's existence on the present premises, Mr. Sardarmal Kankaria has been with us, barring only just a few years, as its honorary secretary. An industrialist, he has a clear parception and deep understanding of eduactional problems. Principal Shree Jain Vidyalaya, Calcutta The parent-body of the Vidyalaya, Shree S.S. Jain hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyAlaya khaNDa / 13

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Mrs. Olga Ghosh THE ROLE OF THE EDUCATOR IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY future! The great Alexander of Macedonia has himself acknowledged, "I am indebted to my father for living, but to my teacher for living well." All educators should cater to the need of society. They are the arbiters of social change and in today's complex world the role of the educator is a multifarious one. In a world of shifting loyality he must strive to instil a sense of values in the children. As the best way of inculcating values and morals in young minds is by practising them oneself. The educator has to be very disciplined, and like Caesar's wife, be above reproach ! He or she must play an active role in moderating the syllabus of study so that it helps and does not hinder the growth and development of the child. Neither should this growth be one dimensional nor geared only towards material benefits. No one could have expressed the role of the educator better than the apostle of scientific knowledge in the 20th Century; Albert Einstein says, "It is essential that the student acquires an understanding of and a lively feeling for values. He must acquire a vivid sense of the beautiful and of the morally good. Otherwise he with his specialized knowledge-more closely resembles a welltrained dog than a harmoniously developed person." The efforts of the educator therefore should be towards producing intelligent, aware, creative, enthusiastic, tolerant, well-informed and well-behaved students with a sense of culture and of values. Only then can be laid the foundations of a free, rational, democratic and secular world order. The educator's role in the task of nation building is of paramount importance. The health and welfare of a nation is determined by the health of its people and to develop a healthy attitude in people is the role of the educator, for the child is the father of man. In order to fulfil his role of guiding, directing and educating, the teacher-educator must be imaginative, encouraging, of sound moral character, free from superstitions and biases, honest, inspiring, articulate, caring, original and impartial. He must be aware of the social changes that are taking place all over the world, must open himself to correction and be able to motivate his pupils to work towards the betterment of both the underprivileged sections of society and of the environment. This apparently is a tall order but one that can be realized if one takes the task of educating to be a vocation and not a profession and if one approaches one's duties and responsibilities in a spirit of humanism. (Guru Brahmah, Guru Vishnuh, Gurudeva Maheshwarah, Guru Hi Sakshat Parabrahmah, tasmay Shri Guruvay namah.) This ancient Sanskrit shloka very beautifully expresses the position of the teacher or the Guru in our society. He is placed above all the gods in the Hindu Trinity for it is he who enables the child to perceive the divine. And hidden in this shloka is an eternal truth, that the Guru or the teacher, or, if one wishes to use a more grandiloquent term, the educator is the guide and the pathfinder, who helps the child in his or her quest for beauty and truth. Modern society is a complex one, one that seems to be constantly in a state of flux; and if the adult with his wisdom and maturity often finds himself floundering in the choppy seas of life, one can well imagine the condition of the child! He is confused, frightened, insecure and yet the future of mankind rests on his tiny, frail shoulder! What an onerous responsibility for one so young and what a mammoth task it is for the modern educator to rid the pupil of his fears and complexes and prepare him for the hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyAlaya khaNDa / 14

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The role of the Principal and the administrator is a special one for it is he who creates a free and healthy environment in his school, where the child, in the nurturing hands of capable teachers, can realize his full potential and grow to freedom and maturity. And in order to allow the winds of change to blow freely through his institution, the Principal can organize meaningful seminars and refresher courses which are well represented by educators, students and parents. The structure of education is a triangular one where the teacher, the pupil and the parent all have a significant role to play and the Principal, instead of operating in an ivory tower, should co-ordinate their various ideas and view-points in a coherent and socially useful manner. He should not be averse to hosting workshops dealing with new, hIraka jayantI smArikA innovative techniques in education, for example the National School of Drama(NSD) programme on the use of drama in education, so that the personalities of his teachers and pupils may continue to remain fresh and enthusiastic. It is only then that the student can continue in his search for the ideals of "Satyam, Shivam, Sundaram", in a spirit of dynamic enquiry. guru govinda doU khar3e, kAke lAgUM pAMya, / balihArI gurudeva kI, govinda diyo batAya // Principal, Shree Jain Vidyalaya For Girls, Howrah. vidyAlaya khaNDa / 15

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J.R. Singh ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION : A MENACE TO HUMANITY land pollution, noise pollution, radio-active pollution and thermal pollution etc. These forms of pollution have caused many visible and invisible harms to mankind. There is release of materials through various sources in atmosphere making air unfavourable for breathing. Different kinds of substances mixing with water destroy its purity and cause danger to life. Reckless human acts have made landscape naked that generates several problems for a peaceful life. Man is mad with his scientific knowledge and skill. He tries to win over nature and nature reacts to his unfolded sufferings. Man has deepened the problem of pollution with high mechanisation, speedy transportation and over industrialisation. Pollution is the creation of man beacuse it is he who has polluted the environmental conditions, i.e. air and water, soil and topography, climate and vegetation. Chemical reactions caused by nuclear explosions and many scientific devices of man have brought about undesirable changes in environment. Pollution is rampant in air, water and land. The industrial units pour in atmosphere, Sulphur di-Oxide i.e. highly injurious to health. The smoke that comes out after burning of coal is highly harmful. The Chloride that emits from Alluminium factories pollutes air and causes immature death to plants and trees. Various insecticides produced by scientists have fatal effects upon our health. Due to water pollution millions of fishes are killed as a result of toxic sewage and industrial wastes. The excess use of chemical fertilisers has made food stuffs non-eatable. The smoke from ovens, chimneys and vehicles pollutes environment. The foul smell from drains and garbage in urban areas affect our free movement. The metropolitan cities are hard-hit by the problem of pollution. In wake of modern facilities of life the number of vehicles has gone up enormously. New factories are being opened in suburbs to meet the demand of teeming population. The drainage and sewrage system is not upto the mark. The problem of water pollution is acute. Calcutta is a glaring example of air, water and noise pollution. Pollution has disturbed the peace and happiness of all big cities of the world. Bhopal Gas Tragedy is still alive in our mind-a horrible picture of human destruction. In modern scientific world man has immense materialistic attainments, but he is living under great stress and strain. Human life has become more complex and there is no peace of mind. Man has to face many problems i.e. unemployment and indiscipline, malnutrition and corruption, chaos and anarchy. He perceives no end of his problems and life has no taste and colour. It is of late that human mind further is laxed with a new grave problem--the problem of environmental pollution. It has made human life miserable. Now pollution has become a global issue-a burning question of the time. Man strives tirelessly for a clean environment but finds no easy way to maintain it. In general terms "Environment" means our surroundings that comprise of air, water, land etc. while 'pollution' refers to the acts of polluting, destroying the purity and sanctity of our habitat. Thus environmental pollution means making our surroundings unhealthy and unfavourable for living by our various reckless acts. Environmental pollution is in different forms-air pollution, water pollution, The sudden explosions have change the cycle of seasons and whether conditions. It has resulted into poor yield from farms and orchards. Tastelessness has developed in citrus fruits and food stuffs. Pollution hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyAlaya khaNDa / 16

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has caused immature death to younger plants. It has affected not only the living beings like man and animals, birds and insects, flowers and plants but also the symbols of our heritage like grand memorials, tombs, monuments and other historical buildings. They are in the process of decay and destruction. They are losing their original colour and are subject to ruin. Acidic air pollutants particularly Sulphur dioxide and Sulphuric Acid corrode metals and damage building structure. They have caused erosion of building sulface, blackening of building paints, weakening and disintegrating of building construction. The effect of pollution is quite evident in the monuments and palaces of Rajasthan, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh where the government machinery finds it too hard to maintain the historical buildings. Pollution has caused more decay than the wear and tear of time. Gaseous pollution has direct effects on our health. Gaseous pollutants include Carbon dioxide, Mono oxide, Sulpher dioxide and gases from automobile exhausts. They cause acute illness leading to death. They bring upon chronic diseases i.e. Bronchitis, Asthma, Nervous impairment, eye irritation and hard hearing. Air pollution produces eye irritation and respiratory troubles in animals, too. The most serious effect is in the poisoning of livestock by Fluorides and Arsenic. They affect seriously digestion, bones and teeth causing loss of weight among animals, sanctines leading to lameness. Air pollution is also vital in affecting plant life. It causes widespread damage to trees, plants, fruits, vegetables and ornamental flowers. Fluorides and other pollutants which act as cumulative poisons to plants cause collapse of leaf-tissues, drying and discolouring of sepals and cheeking growth of petals that cure inward. Pollutants discharged into the enviroment like Carbon dioxide enter the atmosphere automatically. It may raise atmospheric temperature by about 1.30c. The exhaust gases from fried rockets may pollute the upper layer of atmosphere and Ozone layer when affected cannot protect earth surface from harmful Ultra-violet radiation. Reckless clearance of forests has caused change in the local pattern of heating of ground and atmosphere. Pollution has disturbed not only atmosphere but also human activities. Soil and Land pollution is largely caused by industrial operations and building constructions. It further originates from industrial and urban wastes, radio-active materials, defective system of sanitation, waste water and unscientific methods of agriculture. The introduction of nuclear fuel into the reactor also contributes to pollution. The explosion test of nuclear weapons also affects atmospheric composition. Thermal pollution mars the quality of environmental air and water. Noise or sound pollution is man made menace that originates from defective transport systems. The speady road vehicles and faster aircrafts have been the source of 'Sonic Boom' that creates mental imbalance and anguish. It also causes impairment of hearing. There are many factors relating to the varied effects of atmospheric or environmental pollution. Some of their global effects are known but many of their long effects are still unknown. Our knowledge of atmospheric composition and the interface between air and water is inadequate. There is need of bringing to light some more pollutents and channelising active research work to fight against pollution. We must find out some long term solution of this great menace to humanity. It is now open secret that environmental pollution has fareaching effects. So the seriouness of the problem must arouse global consciousness for an effective solution. it is a mattter of some solace that a global summit conference was held recently by 178 nations in which the Heads of 115 nations participated and out of discussion between 13th and 14th June, 1992 a proposal was made to set up a Global Reserve Fund to fight against pollution. Many developing and non-developing countries of the world agreed to contribute 0.7% of their income to this fund. The only exception was U.S.A. that did not accept any conditional contribution. Environmental Pollution is serious problem that needs kind gesture of all and apathy of none. Active co-operation by all nations of the world will alone solve this problem. If the problem of environmental pollution is solved a bit, it will be a step forward in service of distressed humanity. Let this problem be treated as a great humanitarian problem that may invite global interest. Principal, Shree Jain Vidyalaya, Howrah hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyAlaya khaNDa / 17

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Sampatraj Bachhawat Our School : A Journey down the Memory Lane give fifty thouand within two years without any interest." That time fund raising was a difficult task. Donation came and Ms. Chaturbhuj Hanuman Mal asked only as trickles his brothers to donate. Phusharajji went to Bikaner twice or thrice to have the sanction of a loan of fifty thousand from Sadhu Margi Sabha. Shri Jeth Matji Sethia sanctioned the loan and told my father that he was giving it on his behalf to the Sabha. Some loans were collected from the local people of which some of it was given as donation. The foundation stone was laid by Shri Deep chandji Kankaria, a good personality and clean hearted. As the time of construction members appointed Suraj Malji Bachhawat to see the construction work. Shri Uday Chand Daga was appointed manager, a very honest man. One day he came and said that the fund had exhausted. Hiralal Bachhawat asked his fellow ex-students to give some money that was promptly given and ladies also collected money. One day at a meeting Suraj Malji met Shanti Prasadji Jain and asked him to visit the school. He said "I have no time". Then the brother told him, "Well Sahuji, when you have no time, people will come to you. When you will have time no one will come." Sahuji laughed and came to school. The construction was closed owing to lack of funds. Sahuji asked what amount was required to finish that. He gave the money and that part of construction was completed. After completion of school we had to approach Shri Vijay Singhji Nahar for helping the school in all departments. He was very helpful and came to school many times. He was Deputy Chief Minister so his help was most needed. Now the search for a Principal began. The appointment of Shri Ramanandji Tewari was a wonderful job. He retired recently. He was man of good personality and discipline. He maintained a good standard during his tenure. Decoration of hall was taken by Shri Deep Chandji Kankaria. He sent his artists and masons to beautify the hall. The hall is a unique one. All the members who have helped the school in any way are welcome and to be thanked. Memory goes to the past when at a meeting students sang a song asking the members of the Society to have a beautiful shcool. After that the working Committee passed a resolution to seek a plots of land for a school. Shri Kishan Lalji Kankaria, Ajit Malji Parakh, Sri Phushrajji Bachhant, Tolaramji Mini consulted among themselves and authorised Shri Phush Rajji Bachhawat to look for the land. On going to 27th College Street he met Prabhu Das Bhai and asked him to help in getting a plot for a school. He promptly siad that, "Come along". He took him to his freind and asked him to show the plot. After seeing the plot, father advised to consult other members, too Prabhu Das Bhai asked father to take the land. But a difficulty arose. The land was already given to Shri Magan Malji Parakh. A deputation went to the office of Magan Malji Parakh and after much persuasion he agreed to give the land. He gave some money as donation also. There was a paucity of fund. So the land lord was told about this difficulty. He promptly agreed, "you hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyAlaya khaNDa / 18

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* motIlAla mAla, hIraka jayantI smArikA unnati ke zikhara para ArohaNa zrI jaina vidyAlaya apanA hIraka jayantI mahotsava manA rahA hai, yaha mere lie bar3I prasannatA kI bAta hai| vidyAlaya kI sthaapnaa| yA 2 vidyArthI evaM eka adhyApaka zrI baccanasiMhajI se 1934 meM huI thii| phira jApAna kI lar3AI ke kAraNa vidyAlaya kucha samaya ke lie baMda kara denA pdd'aa| kucha varSoM bAda vApisa jamunAlAla bajAja sTrITa ke choTe se makAna meM prArambha kiyA gyaa| bAda meM zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA ne jisake antargata yaha vidyAlaya cala rahA hai, socA ki yaha sthAna aba choTA par3atA hai to sukiyasa lena kI jamIna kraya kI gaI evaM samAja ke sadasyoM ke artha sahayoga se bhavana nirmANa kA kArya zurU kiyA gayA, bhavana kI nIMva zrI dIpacandajI kAMkariyA ke kara kamaloM dvArA lagAI gii| 1 apraila, 1958 se arddha nirmita bhavana meM hI mAdhyamika parIkSA (hAI skUla) kA pAThyakrama prArambha kara diyA gyaa| taba se lagAtAra vidyAlaya unnati ke zikSara para ArohaNa kara rahA hai| sabase bar3I gaurava kI bAta to yaha hai ki hamAre isa vidyAlaya ke chAtroM, zikSakoM, abhibhAvakoM evaM vyavasthApakoM kA sauhArdapUrNa saMbaMdha prArambha se lekara aba taka kAyama hai| yahAM Aja taka kabhI har3atAla yA pradarzana vagairaha nahIM hue| isake alAvA yahAM hara tabake ke chAtra zikSA prApta karate haiN| chAtroM kI bhartI bhedabhAva rahita kI jAtI hai| vidyAlaya meM hindU, sikha, musalamAna, harijana, jaina Adi saba dharmoM ke chAtra bhedabhAva rahita zikSA prApta karate haiN| chAtroM ko dhArmika zikSaNa bhI diyA jAtA hai| vidyAlaya kA parIkSA phala bhI sadaiva gauravapUrNa rahA hai tathA yahAM se zikSA prApta chAtra acche-acche vyApArI, vakIla, DAkTara evaM prazAsaka hue haiM tathA kaI chAtra ucca sarakArI padoM para pratiSThita haiN| maiM isa vidyAlaya ke kArya saMcAlana se bahuta varSo taka saMbaMdhita rahA hUM evaM mujhe padAdhikAriyoM, adhyApakagaNa evaM chAtroM se jo agAdha prema evaM Adara prApta huA hai use maiM kabhI bhUla nahIM sakatA huuN| maiM parama pitA paramAtmA se prArthanA karatA hUM ki yaha vidyAlaya dina dunI rAta caugunI unnati karatA rhe| ahamadAbAda vidyAlaya khaNDa / 19

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kezarI canda seThiyA vidyA ke kSetra meM abhUtapUrva saphalatA yaha jAnakara hArdika prasannatA va pramoda huA ki Apa "zrI jaina vidyAlaya" kI hIraka jayantI manA rahe haiN| kisI bhI saMsthA kI hIraka jayantI usakI pragati, prasiddhi, upayogitA tathA kAryakalApoM kA eka sunaharA jItA jAgatA itihAsa hai| pAThazAlA ke rUpa meM prArambha huA yaha vidyAlaya eka vaTavRkSa ke rUpa meM vikasita, pallavita ho rahA hai| kalakattA mahAnagara kI atyanta ghanI bastI meM sthita hone ke kAraNa isakI mahattA aura bhI adhika bar3ha gaI hai| hajAroM-hajAra chAtroM kA yaha sarasvatI maMdira vidyA ke kSetra meM abhUtapUrva saphalatA va zraddhA kA kendra banA huA hai| sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki binA kisI Donezana ke baccoM ko dAkhilA mila jAtA hai| varnA dAkhilA aura vaha bhI binA Donezana ke milanA eka sAtavAM Azcarya hai| vidyAlaya ke chAtra na kevala ucca zreNI meM uttIrNa hote haiM apitu apanI zikSA pUrNa karane ke pazcAt apane-apane kArya kSetra meM bhI saphala nAgarika sAbita hue haiN| kisI bhI saMsthA kI saphalatA, vikAsa usake samarpita kAryakartAoM para nirbhara hai| chAtroM ke dhArmika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika evaM zArIrika vikAsa meM inakA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| merA bacapana isI mahAnagarI meM bItA hai| ata: saMsthA aura kAryakartAoM ko najadIka se dekhane kA avasara mujhe satata milA hai| eka se eka bar3hakara laganazIla karmaTha kAryakartAoM ke sad prayatnoM se hI yaha saMsthA phalI-phUlI hai| skUla kI svarNa jayantI ke avasara para zAmila hone kA suyoga milA thaa| Aja usI saMsthA kA hIraka jayantI samAroha manAne jA rahe haiN| pUre samAja ko isa para nAja hai vizeSakara jaina samAja ko| maiM saMsthA kI hIraka jayantI ke isa zubha avasara para apanI zubha kAmanAeM preSita karatA huuN| -upAdhyakSa, bhagavAna mahAvIra ahiMsA pracAra saMgha, madrAsa hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyAlaya khaNDa / 20

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sohanalAla golachA hIraka jayantI smArikA prathama chAtra kA avismaraNIya saMsmaraNa zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA dvArA saMcAlita zrI jaina vidyAlaya kI hIraka jayaMtI manAI jA rahI hai, yaha sunakara merI prasannatA atyadhika bar3ha gii| kAraNa yaha hai ki isa saMsthA ke sAtha merA pAMca pIr3hiyoM se sambandha hai| mere svargIya pUjya dAdAjI bhairUMdAnajI golachA sabhA ke TrasTI tathA sabhApati hote hue bhI isa vidyAlaya ke "prathama sabhApati" cune gae the svargIya pUjya pitAjI pUnamacandajI golachA eka kAryakartA the| maiM, mere putra tathA pautra bhI isa skUla meM par3he hue haiN| zrI jaina vidyAlaya kI sthApanA tA0 17 mArca, 1934 kI zubha ghar3I meM eka chAtra tathA eka adhyApaka zrI baccana siMhajI ko lekara huI thii| mujhe isa vidyAlaya kA prathama chAtra hone kA garva hai| 142 e, jamunAlAla bajAja sTrITa ke eka makAna meM do tallA para yaha skUla prArambha huA thaa| 1934 se 1942 taka usameM chAtra tathA chAtrAeM donoM hI eka sAtha par3hate the| usa samaya kucha chAtrAeM bhI pahalI kakSA meM bhartI huI thIM jinameM merI bhAvI patnI bhI thiiN| mujhe jaina sabhA ne prathama pradhAnAdhyApaka svargIya baccana siMhajI ke sAnnidhya meM pUrNa zArIrika, mAnasika evaM bauddhika vikAsa ke lie sabhA meM rahane kI chUTa tathA saba taraha kI suvidhA pradAna kI thii| maiMne karIba sAr3he cha:- sAta varSa taka sabhA meM rahakara apanA vikAsa kiyaa| maiM jaina sabhA kA AbhArI huuN| 1934-42 taka vidyArthiyoM ko pIne kA pAnI chanA huA milatA thA aura Aja bhI mila rahA hai| usa samaya meM skUla meM koI phIsa nahIM lI jAtI thii| dvitIya vizvayuddha ke kAraNa skUla 3 varSa banda rhii| kintu punaH prArambha ho gii| maiM isa sabhA tathA vidyAlaya ke karNadhAroM ke prati sammAna tathA vidyAlaya ke adhyApakoM ke prati pUrNa zraddhA vyakta karatA hUM evaM kAmanA karatA hUM ki abhI vidyAlaya jisa sammAna ke sAtha pragati patha para bar3ha rahA hai bhaviSya meM aura bhI tIvragati se agrasara hotA rahe vidyAlaya meM isa 1 samaya karIba 2500 chAtra par3ha rahe haiM, yaha prasannatA kI bAta hai| skUla ke prati lagAva hone ke kAraNa maine san 1936, 1939 tathA 1984 ke grupa phoTo bhI saMbhAla kara rakhe haiN| -60 - e, nalinI seTha roDa, kalakattA-7 vidyAlaya khaNDa / 21

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kamala siMha kocara zrI jaina vidyAlaya saphala chAtra jIvana susaMskAra pradAna karane kI sunAma paramparA kA eka sundara pratIka hai| yaha vidyA mandira apane chAtroM ko samyak jJAna, samyak darzana va samyak caritra kI trimukhI zikSA pradAna kara unheM saphala, sArthaka, sukhI va sampanna jIvana banAne meM apekSita bhUmikA kA nirvAha karatA hai| zrI jaina vidyAlaya : eka sunAma vidyA mandira zrI jaina vidyAlaya apanA chAtra jIvana nirmANa kAryArambha prabhu stuti se karatA hai| yaha prabhu arcanA chAtroM ko AdhyAtmika zakti pradAna karatI hai| AdhyAtmika zakti sarvopari zakti hai| yaha hameM ucita va sahI mArga para calane ke lie agrasara karatI hai tathA galata mArga para calane se rokatI hai| prabhuvandana ke pazcAt zrI jaina vidyAlaya apane chAtroM ko zaikSaNika zikSA pradAna karatA hai| yaha zikSA sAdhAraNa paramparAgata tarIkoM se haTakara Adhunika, hRdayasparzI va kAragara rUpa se dI jAtI hai| adhyApana kArya meM dakSa adhyApaka gaNa prAyaH pratyeka chAtra se aisA manaH samparka rakhate haiM jaisA ki bhagavAna apane bhaktoM se rakhatA hai| pratyeka chAtra kucha aisA mahasUsa karane lagatA hai mAno adhyApaka mahodaya usakA vyaktigata rUpa se dhyAna rakha rahe haiN| usakI gatividhi para ve nigAha rakhe hue haiN| vaha apanI hara ulajhana va samasyA ke nirAkaraNa hetu niHsaMkoca apane saMbaMdhita adhyApaka ke pAsa jAtA hai tathA pUrNataH saMtuSTa hotA hai| isI ati uttama paramparA kA saphala pariNAma vidyAlaya kA borDa kA parIkSA phala hai| zata-pratizata chAtra uttIrNa hote haiM tathA unameM se kAphI adhika saMkhyA meM chAtra prathama zreNI prApta karate haiN| zrI jaina vidyAlaya apane chAtroM kI bahuAyAmI unnati meM pUrNa sakriya hai| yahAM yaha prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki pratyeka chAtra meM chipI huI pratibhA ko ujAgara kiyA jaae| bhagavAna bhAskara jaba udita hote haiM to sArI dharA prakAzamAna hotI hai| aise mahasUsa hotA hai ki prakRti svataH prakAzayukta hIraka jayantI smArikA hai lekina rAtri ke samaya yaha sArA prakAza lupta ho jAtA hai| zrI jaina vidyAlaya yaha prayAsa karatA hai ki isake chAtra usa prakAza se prakAzita na hokara apanI pratibhA se apane sulakSaNoM se, apane kAryakalApoM se prakAzamAna raheM / AdhyAtmika, zaikSaNika zikSA ke sAtha-sAtha pUrNa svastha raheM, yaha dhyAna meM rakhate hue zArIrika zikSAeM bhI dI jAtI hai| chAtroM ke bahumukhI vikAsa ke lie anya kAryakrama jaise vAda-vivAda, khelakUda, paryaTana, sevAkArya ityAdi nirantara paramparAgata rUpa se calate rahate haiN| aisA hai hamArA vidyAlaya - zrI jaina vidyAlaya / sAmAjika saMsthA kI saphalatA tabhI mAnI jAtI hai jaba vaha una uddezyoM kI pUrti meM sArthaka hotI hai jinake lie usakA gaThana kiyA jAtA hai| ina uddezyoM kI pUrti ke lie saMsthA ke kAryakartAoM ko tana-mana-dhana se sahayoga denA hotA hai / hamArA zrI jaina vidyAlaya isa mApadaNDa para pUrNata: saphala utaratA hai| isa saMsthA kI zaikSaNika paramparA ke tIna stambha haiM, zrI rAmAnandajI tivArI, zrI kanhaiyAlAlajI gupta tathA zrI kAmezvaraprasAdajI varmA yAnI hamAre tInoM pradhAnAcArya inake kAryakAla meM vidyAlaya nirantara unnati kI ora agrasara huA hai evaM ho rahA hai| zrI sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA hamAre vidyAlaya kA hRdaya hai| yaha saMsthA vastutaH vidyAlaya kA jIvana, prANa hai| isa saMsthA ke sevAbhAvI kAryakartAoM kA suphala pariNAma hai, Aja kA zrI jaina vidyAlaya / zikSA pUrNa hone ke pazcAt jaba chAtra vyAvahArika jIvana meM praveza karatA hai taba vaha apane mAtA-pitA ke isa nirNaya para gauravAnvita hotA hai ki use zrI jaina vidyAlaya meM zikSA dilAI gaI thii| yahAM chAtroM meM eka aisA ghara jaisA vAtAvaraNa banatA hai ki Age kAryakArI jIvana meM bhI saba eka dUsare ke pUraka va sahayogI banate haiN| samAja eka-dUsare ke sahayoga se agrasara hotA hai| -- merA va anya bahuta logoM kA yaha anubhava rahA hai ki zrI jaina vidyAlaya ke chAtra apane vyAvahArika jIvana meM apane vidyAlaya ke chAtroM se vyApArika va sAmAjika saMbaMdha banAeM rakhane meM garva anubhava karate haiN| phalata: sabakI unnati svAbhAvika hai| mujhe garva hai ki maiM zrI jaina vidyAlaya kA eka chAtra rahA huuN| apane chAtra jIvana meM kaI vAda-vivAda pratiyogitAoM meM maiMne zrI jaina vidyAlaya kI tarapha se bhAga liyaa| mere ko dI huI zikSA kA saphala pradarzana karate hue aneka puraskAra maine prApta kiye| maiM apane gurujanoM kA atipriya chAtra rahA huuN| unake AzIrvAda svarUpa zrI jaina vidyAlaya kA "prathama chAtra" heDa bvAya banA tathA Aja maiM zrI jaina vidyAlaya kA hisAba parIkSaka bhI (ADiTara) bana sakA / maiM pratyeka chAtra ko yaha sujhAva evaM parAmarza denA cAhatA hUM ki ve zrI jaina vidyAlaya se bahuta kucha sIkha samajha kara apanA bhAvI jIvana saphala banA sakate haiN| jarUrata hai mana lagAkara isa vidyA maMdira meM tanamana se par3hane likhane evaM samajhane kI apane pUre jIvana kAla meM apane mana maMdira meM isa vidyAlaya kA sadA-sarvadA Adara kareM, yahI kAmanA hai| vidyAlaya khaNDa / 22

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vidvat khaNDa

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zrI saradAramala kAMkariyA abhinandana samAroha zrI svetAmbara sthAna zrI saradAramala kAMkariyA abhinandana samAroha zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina sabhA saMyojaka: kalakattA, dinAMka 8 apraila ghanazyAma dAsa bir3alA sabhAgAra meM Ayojita "zikSA aura sevA" ke nAyaka zrI saradAramala kAMkariyA ke abhinandana ke avismaraNIya dRzya / zrI saradAramala kAMkariyA abhinandana samAroha zrI zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI sabhA dinAM nandana samA

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tilaka evaM mAlyArpaNa dvArA sabhA ke TrasTI zrI kanhaiyAlAla mAlU kA svaagt| zrI saradAramala kAMkariyA abhinandana samAroha ke avasara para saMpanna vidvat goSThI meM zrI bhUparAja jaina ko sammAnita kara rahe haiM sabhA ke TrasTI zrI jayacanda lAla raampuriyaa| mahilA utthAna evaM vikAsa samiti kI saha-saMyojikA zrImatI lIlA botharA ko sammAnita kara rahe haiM zrI sUrajamala bcchaavt|

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sabhA dvArA Ayojita niHzulka vikalAMga zivira kA udghATana karate hue mahAmahima rAjyapAla pro0 nurula hasana, sAtha meM krIr3A evaM yuvA kalyANa maMtrI zrI subhASa cakravartI evaM sundaralAla dugdd'| vimalA minnI kampyUTara kendra ke udghATana samAroha ke avasara para yuvA udyogapati zrI vinoda baida kampyUTara zikSA kA mahatva pratipAdita karate hue| vidyAlaya sabhAgAra meM Ayojita keriyara evaM gAiDensa semInAra meM sujhAva prastuta karate hue zrI manISa bothraa|

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rAjasthAna sarakAra ke ucca zikSA maMtrI paM0 lalita kizora caturvedI ke sAtha sabhA evaM vidyAlaya privaar| tAmbara sthAnaka-vAsI jaina samAna jApakA hArdika svAgata karatA hai sabhA dvArA pUrvI bhArata meM Ayojita niHzulka prathama vikalAMga zivira ke avasara para zrI pUraNamala kAMkariyA kA abhinndn| sabhA dvArA Ayojita snehabhoja kA yaha prasaMga kitanA sukhada evaM avismaraNIya hai|

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SHREE JAIN VIDYALAYA (CALCUTTA) MAMOND JUBI EE CELEBRATION 193994 vidyAlaya kI hIraka jayantI ke upalakSya meM Ayojita citramaya saMgIta sNdhyaa| EE JAIN VIDYALAYA CALCUTTA) (MOM JUBILEE EBRI -2341954 gIta saMdhyA SHREE JAIN VIDYALAYA (CALCUTT EE CELEBRI DIANONE -1994

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vizva maitrI divasa para zrI gaNeza lalavANI dvArA likhita "varddhamAna mahAvIra" pustaka ko lokArpita kara rahe haiM lokasabhA adhyakSa zrI zivarAja pATila / lokArpita pustaka para hastAkSara kara rahe haiM lokasabhA adhyakSa zrI zivarAja pATila sAtha meM zrI saradAramala kAMkariyA / vizva maitrI divasa para netAjI iNDora sTeDiyama meM zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA ke chAtra sAmUhika vAdya yaMtra kA vAdana karate hue|

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zrI jaina vidyAlaya, havar3A meM hindI divasa para Ayojita paricarcA meM upasthita shrotaagnn| vidyAlaya ke hitaiSI zrI vinaya modI kA zAla or3hAkara sammAna kara rahe haiM zrI saradAramala kaaNkriyaa| hindI divasa para zrI jaina vidyAlaya, havar3A ke chAtra-chAtrAeM svAgata gIta kA gAna karate hue|

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sabhA ke hIraka jayantI mahotsava (1989) ke adhyakSa prasiddha udyogapati zrI navalamala phirodiyA kA sabhA kI ora se sammAna kara rahe haiM zrI sUrajamala bcchaavt| sabhA kI hIraka jayantI ke avasara para sampanna vidvat goSThI meM carcA karate hue DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, zrI gaNapata rAjaboharA, zrI bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA, DaoN0 bhAnI rAma varmA, DaoN0 narendra bhaanaavt| sabhA kI hIraka jayantI ke avasara para prasiddha udyogapati evaM samAjasevI zrI gaNapatarAja boharA sabhA ke TrasTI zrI kanhaiyAlAla mAlU ko abhinandana patra samarpita karate hue|

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gaNataMtra divasa samAroha para zrI jaina vidyAlaya, havar3A meM jhaMDottolana karate hue zrI bAdala bos| prasiddha udyogapati zrI rAjendra bAMThiyA kA zrI jaina vidyAlaya, havar3A meM abhinndn| zrI jaina vidyAlaya, havar3A meM gaNataMtra divasa samAroha para zrI rAjendra bAMThiyA ke sAtha sabhA evaM vidyAlaya ke pdaadhikaariignn|

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dAna SHREE JA zrI jaina vidyAlaya, havar3A sabhAgAra meM hindI divasa para Ayojita paricarcA kA saMyojana karate zrI bhUparAja jaina, maMca para virAjamAna DaoN kRSNa bihArI mizra, AcArya zrI viSNukAMta zAstrI, zrI akSaya candra zarmA, zrI rikhaba dAsa bhaMsAlI evaM havar3A jilA vidyAlaya nirIkSaka zrI vimAna mukhrjii| hindI divasa paricarcA para sneha bhoja kA eka dRshy| rAjasthAna ke prasiddha loka gAyakoM ke lokagItoM ke rasa sAgara meM avagAhana kara rahe haiM samAroha ke adhyakSa zrI abhaya siMha surANA, pramukha atithi zrI zyAma sundara AcArya, zrI saradAramala kAMkariyA evaM zrI revatI ramaNa shaah| .

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SHREE JAIN HOSPITAL RESEARCH CENTRE [of Stress] Jan Sabha) sabhA dvArA nirmANAdhIna zrI jaina hAspITala evaM risarca senTara, havar3A ke bhUmi pUjana ke vihaMgama dRzya / .

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navanirmita zrI jaina vidyAlaya, havar3A kA bhUmi pUjana kara rahe haiM zrI ridhakaraNa botharA, zrI sUrajamala bacchAvata tathA zrI evaM zrImatI saradAramala kaaNkriyaa| navanirmita zrI jaina vidyAlaya, havar3A ke zubhArambha avasara para Ayojita havana kA dRshy| zrIzvetAmbara sthAnaka-vAsI jaina samA ApakA hArdika svAgata karatI hai isI prasaMga para maMca para virAjamAna sAhitya manISI zrI kanhaiyAlAla seThiyA, zrI ratana caudharI, zrI rikhaba canda jaina evaM zrI jagadIza rAya jain| For Privale & Personal Use Only

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hIraka jayantI ke upalakSya meM Ayojita anta: vidyAlaya vAda vivAda, rAmacarita mAnasa evaM bhaktAmara stotra sasvara pATha pratiyogitA 19941 in gamA AdhariyANa jamA bakAyANa pAmA dvArA satasAtA anta vidyAlaya sasasvaramAta pratiyogita ma jana lina vAda-vivAdapra SILEE CEL vikA SHREE JAIN VIDYALAYA CALCUTTA, MODULEECELERITE kAmarasAta For Privale & Personal Use Only

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rAjasthAna ke prasiddha kavi zrI harIza bhAdANI zrI jaina vidyAlaya, havar3A dvArA Ayojita kalA evaM zilpa pradarzanI kA udghATana karate hue| hindI divasa para adhyakSa zrI akSaya candra zarmA kA sabhA ke adhyakSa dvArA sammAna / vidyAlaya kI pradhAnAdhyApikA kakSa meM zrI harIza bhAdANI se antaraMga carcA ke madhura kSaNa /

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zrI jaina vidyAlaya, havar3A meM Ayojita hindI divasa evaM vArSika khelakUda tathA puraskAra vitaraNa 1994 orma VED For Privale & Personal Use Only

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zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA ke zrImatI bimalA minnI kampyuTara kendra kA nirIkSaNa karate hue atithigaNa STMLAMIN MpHANDERLICENT nizulka raktadAna zivira kA eka dRzya zrImatI bimalA minnI kampyuTara kendra zrI jaina vidyAlaya meM liphTa kA udghATana karatI huI zrImatI amarAva devI kAMkariyA

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- AcArya mahAsatI zrI candanAjI mahArAja aisI ho nIMva, utkarSa ke zikharoM kI jJAna amRta hai aura vaha hara AtmA meM vidyamAna hai| vastuta: jJAna hI AtmapratIti hai| AtmapratIti se saMvedanazIlatA aura saMvedanazIlatA se upajatI hai ahiMsA, anukampA, karuNA, maitrI evaM saha-astitva kI bhaavnaa| inakI virATatA jIvana kA carama utkarSa hai| ata: mAnava jAti kI vikAsa yAtrA usakI jJAna vikAsa kI yAtrA se Antarika rUpa se saMbaMdhita hai| jJAna kA vikAsa mAnava jIvana kA vikAsa hai| jIvana kA koI aisA kSetra nahIM hai, jisameM jJAna kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| adhyAtma, kalA, vyApAra, khetI, vijJAna Adi jIvana ke sabhI kSetroM meM zikSArthI banakara hI praveza pAnA hotA hai| AjIvikA ke sabhI sAdhana, abhiruciyoM ke naye AyAma, racanAdharmitA ke naye kIrtimAna zikSA ke binA nirjIva haiM, niSprANa haiN| niSprANa karma karanA, jIvana ke lie sabase bar3A bhAra DhonA hai| jIvana rasapUrNa sajIvatA se bhara jAe aura rasapUrNa sajIvatA sRjanazakti kA kendra bane, yahI hetu hai zikSA prApti ke lie saMcAlita saMsthAnoM kaa|| vidyAlaya eka aisA zubhaMkara saMsthAna hai, jahAM vidyArthI sahastroM kI saMkhyA meM eka sAtha dharma, jAti, varga se Upara uThakara "egAmanussa jAI" manuSya jAti eka hai kI udAtta bhAvanA se jJAnArAdhanA karate haiN| prAcIna kAla ke gurukula hoM athavA Aja ke vidyAlaya inake uddezyoM meM koI antara nahIM hai| badalAva jo AyA hai vaha zikSApaddhati meM, zikSA ke sAdhanoM meM, sthAna, pariveza evaM vyavasthA meM AyA hai| kintu zikSArthI jo jJAna pipAsu hai, jijJAsu hai usakI cittavRttiyoM meM arthAt zikSArthI ko kaisA honA cAhie, isa saMbaMdha meM cintana na taba badalA thA na ab| jIvana kA prathama caraNa jIvana kA prArambhika samaya jJAna kI ArAdhanA ke lie samarpita hai| jIvana ke prArambha kA samaya jIvana ke utkarSa kI nIMva hai, buniyAda hai| nIMva kitanI majabUta, susthira honI cAhie utkarSoM ke gaganacumbI zikharoM ke lie? yaha Aja bhI vicAraNIya viSaya hai aura prAcIna yuga meM bhI thaa| tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra kI dharmadezanA zikSArthI ke jIvana ke svarNakAla ko samalaMkRta karatI hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra kA ||vaaN adhyayana bahuzruta pUjA ke nAma se suvidita hai| usameM ullikhita sabhI sUkta manuSya jIvana kI samagra saMbhAvanAoM ko prasphuTita karane vAlA saMgaThita vidhAna hai| vilakSaNa pratibhAeM ujAgara hotI haiM taba jIvana-dIpa kA jJAna-prakAza jagata ko Aloka se bhara detA hai| usI kI pratibhA ujAgara hotI hai, jo zikSAzIla hai| aha aTThahiM ThANehiM, sikkhAsIle tti vucci| ahassire sayA dante, na ya mmmmudaahre|| NA sIle Na visIle, Na siyA ailolue| akkohaNe saccarae, sikkhAsIle tti vuccdd'| __ jo haMsI-majAka (vyaMga) nahIM karatA hai, jo dAnta, zAnta rahatA hai, jo kisI kA marma (rahasya) prakAzita nahIM karatA hai, jo AcaraNahIna na ho, jo doSoM se kalaMkita na ho, jo krodha na karatA ho, jo satya meM anurakta ho- ina ATha guNoM se vyakti zikSAzIla hotA hai| isI prakAra pandraha kAraNoM se suvinIta kahalAtA hai| aura vinIta ko jJAna prApta hotA hai- 'vidyA dadAti vinayaM / ' nIyAvattI acavale, amAI akutUhale, appaM ca hikkhivai pabandhaM ca na kuvvi| mittijamANo bhayai suyaM labhu na mjji| na ya pAvaparikkhevI, na ya mittesu kuppai appiyassavi mittassa rahe kallANa bhaasi|| kalaha Damaravajie, buddheya abhijaaie| hirimaM paDisaMhalINe, suviNIetti vucci| ___ jo namra hai, acapala evaM asthira nahIM hai, dambhI nahIM hai, tamAzabIna nahIM hai, kisI kI nindA nahIM karatA hai, jo krodha lambe samaya taka pakar3a kara nahIM rakhatA, jo mitroM ke prati kRtajJa hai, jJAna prApta karane para ahaMkAra nahIM karatA hai| galtI hone para dUsaroM kA tiraskAra nahIM karatA hai, mitroM para krodha nahIM karatA hai| jo vAk, kalaha evaM hAthApAI nahIM karatA hai| kulIna hai, lajjAzIla hai, vyartha ceSTA nahIM karatA hai vaha buddhimAna mAna prApta karane meM tallIna rahatA hai| "piyaMkare piyavAI" jo priya karane vAlA aura priyabhASI hai, vaha jJAna prApta karatA hai| eka prakAra se vidyArthI jIvana kI yaha AcAra saMhitA hai| jo jJAna sAdhanA meM ukta guNoM ko AtmasAt kiye hue hai, vaha svayaM prajJApuMja bnegaa| ukta cintana ke Aloka meM vidyArthiyoM ke jIvana saMskAroM ko vikasita, pallavita, puSpita karane meM suvijJa adhyApakoM ke sAtha-sAtha samAja ke vareNya kAryakartAoM kA sneha saMbandha bhI vidyAlaya ke aura vidyArthiyoM ke bhaviSya ko jyotirmaya banAtA hai| -vIrAyatana, rAjagIra hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa /1

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prophesara mahAvIra sarana jaina hindI bhASA ke vividha rUpa musalamAnoM ke bhArata Agamana se pUrva phArasI tathA arabI sAhitya meM 'z2abAne-hindI' zabda kA prayoga bhASika saMdarbha meM bhAratIya bhASAoM ke lie prayukta huaa| bhArata Agamana ke bAda inhoMne 'jubAne-hindI', 'hindI z2abAna' athavA 'hindI' kA prayoga dillI ke caturdika madhya deza kI bhASAoM ke lie kiyaa| amIra khusaro ke samaya yahI sthiti milatI hai| saMskRta se bhinna janapadIya bhASika rUpoM ke lie bhASA athavA bhAkhA zabdoM kA prayoga prApta hotA hai| kabIradAsa ne 'saMskRta hai kUpa jala, bhASA bahatA nIra' kahakara inhIM bhASika rUpoM ke sAmarthya kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| jAyasI ne apane padmAvata ke bhASA rUpa ko bhASA ke nAma se hI pukArA hai 'likha bhASA caupAI kheN'| tulasIdAsa ne bhI mAnasa ko saMskRta meM nahIM apitu bhASA meM nibaddha kiyA- 'bhASA nibaddha mati maMjula maatnoti'| tAtparya yaha hai ki saMskRta se bhinna madhyadeza ke jina janapadIya bhASika rUpoM ko mAtra bhASA ke nAma se pukArA jA rahA thA, unameM se dillI ke caturdika madhya deza ke janapadIya bhASika rUpoM ko musalamAnoM ne bhArata Agamana ke bAda 'jubAne-hindI', 'hindI z2abAna' athavA 'hindavI' zabdoM se pukaaraa| 18vIM sadI taka hindI, hindavI, dakkhinI, urdU, rekhtA, hindustAnI, dehalavI Adi zabdoM kA samAnArthI prayoga milatA hai| isI kAraNa nAsika, saudA tathA mIra Adi ne ekAdhika bAra apane zeroM ko hindI zera kahA hai tathA gAliba ne apane qhatoM meM urdU tathA rekhtA kA kaI sthaloM para samAnArthI prayoga kiyA hai| yadyapi 18vIM zatAbdI taka braja athavA avadhI bhASA rUpoM ko hI mAnaka mAnA jAtA rahA tathApi isa avadhi meM dillI kA rAjanaitika dRSTi se mahatva banA rhaa| isa dehalavI ko avadhI aura braja ke samAna mAnaka banane kA gaurava to prApta na ho sakA, kintu phira bhI vyAvahArika dRSTi se isa bhASA rUpa ko mahatva prApta huaa|apnii bAta ko adhikAdhika vyaktiyoM taka saMpreSita karane ke lie samAja ke pratyeka vyakti ne isa bhASA rUpa kA prayoga kiyaa| Aja yaha bAta spaSTa ho gaI hai ki saMtoM kI bhASA meM khar3I bolI ke pracura tatva vidyamAna haiN| sAhitya kI pAramparika abhivyakti braja bhASA meM hone ke kAraNa inhoMne kendraka bhASA ke rUpa meM bhale hI braja bhASA ko apanAyA ho , kintu cUMki inakI racanAoM kA mUla lakSya sAhityika nahIM apitu apane kathya evaM saMdeza ko janamAnasa ke pratyeka varga taka saMpreSita karanA thA, isa kAraNa tathA tatkAlIna khar3I bolI evaM dakkhinI hindI meM sAhityika sarjana karane vAle bahuta se sUphI saMtoM se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa khar3I bolI ke bahuta se tatva anAyAsa inakI bhASA meM samAhita ho ge| saMtoM ke atirikta anya bahuta se zAyara evaM kavi hue jinhoMne khar3I bolI ko apanI sAhityika racanAoM kA AdhAra bnaayaa| isa bolI ke atirikta 17vIM zatAbdI taka jina sAhityakAroM ne sAhitya sarjana kiyA unameM aise nAma bhI haiM jinheM hindI ke itihAsakAra hindI ke sAhityakAra kahate haiM tathA urdU vAle urdU ke shaayr| amIra khusaro ke atirikta valI kutuba zAha (1565-1611) ko donoM hI apane sAhitya ke itihAsa meM sthAna dete haiN| yaha tathya isa bAta ko siddha karatA hai ki urdU evaM Adhunika sAhityika hindI kI mUlAdhAra eka hI bolI hai| isa bolI ke AdhAra para 17vIM zatAbdI taka racita sAhitya janajIvana kI bhAvanAoM se anuprANita adhika rahA hai, saMskRta evaM arabI-phArasI ke sAhityika prabhAvoM se saMpRkta kama rahA hai| aisI bahuta-sI sAhityika kRtiyAM haiM jinakI bhASA ke vizleSaNa evaM vivecana se isa bAta kI puSTi hotI hai| eka ora pAramparika sAhityika braja bhASA kI kalAtmaka evaM alaMkRta paramparA se haTakara tathA dUsarI ora saMskata kI tatsama zabdAvalI kA moha tyAgakara bahata se sAhityakAroM ne khar3I bolI ke janasulabha rUpa ko kAvya racanA kA AdhAra bnaayaa| mIra (1722-1810) tathA gAliba (1797-1859) ne isI bhASA ko AdhAra banAkara sAhityika racanA kI, kintu inhoMne arabI phArasI bhASAoM kI zabdAvalI tathA zailIgata upAdAnoM kA prayoga bahuta adhika mAtrA meM kiyaa| isa kAraNa inakI racanAoM meM eka bhinna raMga A gyaa| 19vIM sadI meM phorTa viliyama kaoNleja ke padAdhikAriyoM evaM aMgrejI zAsakoM ke sunizcita prayAsa ke kAraNa hindI evaM urdu zabdoM kA prayoga bhinnArthaka rUpoM ke lie hone lgaa| aMgrejoM ne ina bhASika rUpoM ke sAtha sAmpradAyika bhAvanA ko jor3ane kA abhUtapUrva prayAsa kiyaa| hindI evaM hindustAnI athavA rekhtA kI bhinnatA kA pratipAdana sarvaprathama 1812 meM phorTa viliyama kaoNleja ke vArSika vivaraNa meM kepTana Telara ne yaha kaha kara kiyA ki maiM kevala hindustAnI athavA rekhtA kA z2ikra kara rahA hUM jo phArasI lipi meM likhI jAtI hai| isa hindustAnI evaM rekhtA se hindI kI bhinnatA ko sthApita karane ke uddezya se unhoMne bala dekara kahA ki maiM hindI hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa /2

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kA jikra nahIM kara rahA hUM jisakI apanI lipi hai tathA jisameM arabI, phArasI zabdoM kA prayoga nahIM hotA hai| isa prakAra phorTa viliyama kaoNleja meM eka bhASika rUpa kA nirmANa saMskRta kI tatsama zabdAvalI ke bahula prayoga ke sAtha devanAgarI lipi tathA dUsare rUpa kA nirmANa arabI phArasI zabdAvalI kI bahulatA ke sAtha phArasI lipi meM karAkara eka hI bhASA ke do rUpoM ko do bhinna bhASAoM ke rUpa meM mAnyatA pradAna karane ke lie SaDyaMtra racA gyaa| pratyeka bhASA kA jana samudAya apanI bhASA ke vividha rUpoM ke mAdhyama se eka 'bhASika ikAI' kA nirmANa karatA hai| eka bhASA ke samasta bhASika rUpa jisa kSetra meM prayukta hote haiM use usa bhASA kA bhASA kSetra kahate haiN| pratyeka bhASA meM aneka kSetrIya evaM vargagata bhinnatAeM hotI haiN| ina samasta bhinnatAoM kI samaSTigata amUrtatA kA nAma bhASA hai| yaha prazna upasthita ho sakatA hai ki hama yaha nirNaya kisa prakAra kareM ki vibhinna bhASika rUpa eka hI bhASA ke bhinna rUpa haiM athavA alaga-alaga bhASA rUpa haiN| vyAvahArika dRSTi se jisa kSetra meM bhASA ke vividha rUpoM meM bodhagamyatA kI sthiti hotI hai tathA jinheM usa kSetra ke bahumata bhASI eka bhASA ke vividha rUpa mAnate haiM, vaha kSetra usa bhASA kA bhASA-kSetra' kahalAtA hai| bhinna bhASA-bhASI vyakti paraspara vicAroM kA AdAna-pradAna nahIM kara pAte tathA apane-apane bhASA rUpoM ko bhinna bhASAoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| aisI sthiti meM una bhASA rUpoM ko alaga-alaga nAmoM se pukArA jAtA hai| jaba koI tamila bhASI vyakti hindI bhASI vyakti se tamila meM bAta karatA hai to hindI bhASI vyakti usakI bAta saMketoM, mudrAoM, bhAvabhaMgimAoM ke mAdhyama se bhale hI samajha jAve, bhASA ke mAdhyama se nahIM samajha paataa| isake viparIta jaba braja bolane vAlA vyakti avadhI bolane vAle se bAteM karatA hai to donoM ko vicAroM ke AdAna-pradAna meM kaThinAI to hotI hai kintu phira bhI ve kisI na kisI mAtrA meM vicAroM kA AdAna-pradAna kara lete haiM, eka dUsare kI bAtoM ko samajha lete haiN| bhASAoM kI bhinnatA athavA bhinna bhASA rUpoM kI eka bhASA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA kA yaha vyAvahArika AdhAra hai| do bhASika rUpoM ko eka hI bhASA ke rUpa meM athavA bhinna bhASAoM ke rUpa meM mAnyatA pradAna karane meM aitihAsika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika, manovaijJAnika Adi kAraNa tathA una bhASika rUpoM kI saMracanA evaM vyavasthA kI samatA athavA bhinnatA kI sthiti mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA kA nirvAha karate haiN| eka bhASA kSetra meM ekatva kI dRSTi se eka bhASA hotI hai kintu bhinnatva kI dRSTi se usa bhASA kSetra meM jitane vyakti nivAsa karate haiM usameM utanI hI 'vyakti boliyAM hotI haiN| vyakti boliyoM evaM usa kSetra kI bhASA ke bIca prAyaH bolI kA stara hotA hai| kisI bhASA kI kSetragata evaM vargagata bhinnatAeM hI usakI boliyAM haiN| isako isa prakAra bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhASA kI saMracaka boliyAM hotI haiM tathA bolI kI saMracaka vyakti-boliyAM hotI haiN| pratyeka bhASA kSetra meM kisI bolI ke AdhAra para mAnaka bhASA kA vikAsa hotA hai| bhASA ke isa mAnaka rUpa ko samasta kSetra ke vyakti mAnaka athavA pariniSThita rUpa mAnate haiM tathA usa bhASA-kSetra ke par3he-likhe vyakti aupacArika avasaroM para isakA prayoga karate haiN| isa prakAra kisI bhASA kA mAnaka bhASA rUpa usa bhASA kSetra meM sAMskRtika dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa bana jAtA hai| isa bhASA rUpa kI zabdAvalI, vyAkaraNa evaM uccAraNa kA svarUpa adhika nizcita evaM sthira hotA hai| kalAtmaka, sAMskRtika evaM zaikSika abhivyakti kA mAdhyama bhI yahI bhASA rUpa hotA hai| cUMki usa bhASA kSetra ke adhikAMza zikSita vyakti aupacArika avasaroM para isakA prayoga karate haiM, isa kAraNa yaha saMpUrNa bhASA kSetra ke vyaktiyoM ke lie mAnaka bana jAtA hai| jo vyakti usa samAja ke par3he-likhe evaM sAdhana-sampanna vyaktiyoM ke saMparka meM Ate haiM ve bhI isa mAnaka bhASA rUpa ko sIkhane kA tathA prayoga karane kA prayAsa karate haiN| ___ vyavahAra meM mAnaka bhASA ko bhASA kSetra kI mUla bhASA athavA kendraka bhASA ke nAma se pukArA jAtA hai tathA bola-cAla meM adhikAMza vyakti isa mAnaka bhASA rUpa ko bhASA ke nAma se tathA bhASA kSetra kI samasta kSetragata evaM vargagata bhinnatAoM ko isa mAnaka bhASA kI boliyoM ke nAma se pukArate haiN| kintu tatvata: bhASA apane kSetra meM vyavahRta hone vAlI samasta kSetragata bhinnatAoM, vargagata bhinnatAoM, zailIgata bhinnatAoM tathA vibhinna prayuktiyoM kI samaSTi kA nAma hai| boliyoM, zailiyoM evaM prayuktiyoM se itara jisa bhASika rUpa ko vyAvahArika dRSTi se athavA prayatna lAghava kI dRSTi se 'bhASA' ke nAma se pukArA jAtA hai vaha bhASA nahIM apitu usa bhASA ke kisI kSetra vizeSa ke bhASika rUpa ke AdhAra para vikasita mAnaka bhASA hotI hai| isI mAnaka bhASA ko mAtra bhASA abhidhAna se pukArane tathA bhASA samajhane kI galata dRSTi ke kAraNa hama boliyoM ko bhASA kA apabhraSTa rUpa, apabhraMza rUpa, gaMvArU bhASA jaise nAmoM se pukArane lagate haiN| vastutaH boliyAM prakRta athavA prAkRta haiN| bhASA kA mAnaka rUpa usa bhASA kSetra kI samasta boliyoM ke madhya saMparka sUtra kA kAma karatA hai| isI dRSTi se yadi hindI bhASA zabda para vicAra kareM to isake do prayoga haiN| eka vyAvahArika tathA dUsarA saiddhaantik| vyAvahArika dRSTi se athavA bolacAla meM hindI bhASA ke mAnaka rUpa ko athavA pariniSThita rUpa ko hama hindI bhASA ke nAma se pukArate haiM, kintu saiddhAntika dRSTi se sampUrNa hindI kSetra meM prayukta hone vAle samasta kSetrIya bhASA rUpoM, vargagata rUpoM, zailIgata prabhedoM tathA vividha vyavahAra kSetroM meM prayukta hone vAle prayoga rUpoM kI samaSTi kA nAma hindI bhASA hai| ___ mAnaka hindI kI mUlAdhAra bolI hindI bhASA kI khar3I bolI hai kintu khar3I bolI evaM mAnaka hindI samAnArthaka nahIM haiN| jAne-anajAne bahuta se vyakti hindI zabda kA prayoga khar3I bolI ke artha meM karate haiN| hindI zabda kI arthavattA ko sImita karane ke prayAsa isa deza meM niyojita rUpa se hote rahe haiN| julAI 1965 meM "AlocanA" ke tatkAlIna sampAdaka zivadAna siMha cauhAna ne apane saMpAdakIya meM isa prakAra kI vicAradhArA se prerita hokara yaha pratipAdita kiyA ki "hindI kSetra ke samasta kSetrIya rUpa hindI bhASA se alaga evaM pRthaka haiN"| unake vicAroM ko unhIM ke zabdoM meM uddhRta karanA samIcIna hogA jisase yaha samajhA jA sake ki hindI ko usake apane hI ghara meM khaMDa-khaMDa kara dene kA SaDyaMtra kitanA gaMbhIra ho sakatA hai: "hindI ko mAtRbhASA batAnA cUMki deza-bhakti kA paryAya batAyA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa /3

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jAtA hai isIlie yahAM hindI se jIvikA kamAne vAle yA hindI bhakta ke nAma se voTa mAMgane vAle aura badale meM hindI ko mAtRbhASA ghoSita karane vAle aise deza-bhaktoM kI saMkhyA nitya bar3hatI jAtI hai yadyapi unakI mAtRbhASA hindI nahIM hai- paMjAbI, rAjasthAnI, maithilI, bhojapurI, avadhI, braja, chattIsagar3hI, hariyANavI, kumAunI, DogarI, gar3havAlI Adi cAhe koI aura ho para hindI (khar3I bolI) nahIM hai"| 1965 ke bAda sAhitya akAdamI ne bhI hindI kSetra kI bahuta sI upabhASAoM ko hindI bhASA se alaga svataMtra darjA dilAne kI dizA meM vizeSa prayatna kiyaa| hindI ko usake apane hI ghara meM tor3ane kI vikhaMDanavAdI nIti ke virodha meM aneka ciMtakoM kA dhyAna AkarSita huaa| 1971 meM bhAratIya hindI pariSad ke 25veM vArSika adhivezana meM upasthita vizvavidyAlayoM ke 300 se bhI adhika hindI prAdhyApakoM kI sabhA ne sAhitya akAdamI kI bhASA nIti kI tIvra AlocanA kI tathA eka prastAva pArita karake sAhitya akAdamI ke sabhApati se anurodha kiyA ki ve hindI kSetra kI saMzliSTa bhASA, sAhitya aura saMskRti kI paramparA ko kSetroM meM khaMDita karane kA upakrama avilamba samApta kraaveN| hindI ke vyApaka aura saMzliSTa rUpa kA nirmANa usake sAhitya kI eka hajAra varSa kI lambI paramparA ne kiyA hai aura kisI akAdamI ko yaha adhikAra nahIM hai ki vaha isa prakRti ko ulTI dizA meM modd'e| ___ vastuta: hindI bhASA kA kSetra bahuta bar3A hai tathA hindI kSetra meM aisI bahuta sI upa bhASAeM haiM, jinameM pArasparika bodhagamyatA kA pratizata bahuta kama hai kintu aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika dRSTi se saMpUrNa hindI bhASA kSetra eka bhASika ikAI hai tathA isa hindI bhASA kSetra ke bahumata bhASA-bhASI apane-apane bhASA rUpa ko hindI bhASA ke rUpa meM mAnate evaM svIkAra karate Ae haiN| isa hindI bhASA kSetra meM mAnaka hindI ke bolacAla vAle bhASika rUpa kA prakAryAtmaka mUlya bahuta adhika hai| sampUrNa hindI bhASA kSetra ke do upa bhASI athavA bolI bhASI jaba apanI upa bhASAoM athavA bolI rUpoM ke mAdhyama se vicAroM kA AdAna-pradAna nahIM kara pAte to ve bhASA ke isI rUpa ke dvArA saMpreSaNa kArya karate haiN| jina bhASAoM kA kSetra hindI bhASA kSetra ke samAna vizAla hotA hai tathA jisa bhASA ke bolane vAloM kI saMkhyA hindI bhASA ke prayoktAoM ke / samAna bahuta adhika hotI hai una bhASAoM meM isI prakAra kI sthiti milatI hai| hindI, cInI evaM rUsI bhASAoM ke bhASA kSetroM kI bhASika sthiti kA adhyayana bhASA kSetra ke kSetragata bhinna bhASika rUpoM meM paraspara bodhagamyatA ke AdhAra para nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| hindI, cInI evaM rUsI bhASAoM meM se kisI bhI bhASA ke 'bhASA kSetra meM prApta sabhI kSetragata bhASA rUpoM meM pArasparika bodhagamyatA kI sthiti nahIM hai| ina tInoM bhASAoM meM unakI kSetragata bhASA rUpoM ke atirikta bhASA kA eka aisA rUpa milatA hai jisake mAdhyama se vibhinna kSetroM ke vyakti paraspara vicAroM kA AdAna-pradAna kara pAte haiN| bhASA ke kSetragata bhASA rUpoM meM pArasparika bodhagamyatA kI sthiti honA eka bAta hai tathA kisI bhASA ke sabhI bhASA-kSetroM ke vyaktiyoM kA apanI bhASA ke kisI viziSTa rUpa ke mAdhyama se paraspara bAtacIta kara pAnA dUsarI bAta hai| isa dUsarI sthiti meM 'pArasparika bodhagamyatA' nahIM hotI, 'eka taraphA bodhagamyatA' hotI hai| ___isa sthiti meM kSetra vizeSa ke vyaktiyoM se kSetrIya bhASA rUpa meM bAteM hotI haiM kintu bhASA ke dUsare bhASA kSetroM athavA bolI kSetra ke vyaktiyoM se athavA aupacArika avasaroM para usa bhASA ke mAnaka rUpa kA athavA mAnaka bhASA ke AdhAra para vikasita vyAvahArika bhASA kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| bhASA kI upa bhASAoM athavA boliyoM se mAnaka bhASA ke isa prakAra ke sambandha ko phargyusana ne boliyoM kI parata para mAnaka bhASA kI Urdhva prasthApanA mAnA hai tathA gamparja ne isa prakAra kI bhASika sthiti ko 'bAilekTala' ke nAma se abhihita kiyA hai| prazna uThatA hai ki hindI bhASA kA kSetra kyA hai ? isa dRSTi se hamAre saMvidhAna meM jo rAjya hindI bhASI rAjyoM ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM unake AdhAra para hindI bhASA kI pahacAna kI jA sakatI hai| bihAra, uttara pradeza, rAjasthAna, madhya pradeza, hariyANA, himAcala pradeza tathA dillIye samasta rAjya hindI bhASI rAjya haiN| ina sampUrNa hindI bhASI rAjyoM kA kSetra hI hindI bhASA kA kSetra hai| isa kSetra meM kahIM-kahIM anya bhASAoM kI boliyoM ke bhASAdvIpa avazya haiM tathA ina hindI bhASI rAjyoM kI sImAoM se jahAM-jahAM hindItara bhASI rAjyoM kI sImAeM lagatI haiM vahAM hindI evaM ahindI bhASAoM ke saMkramaNa kSetra' bhI haiN| tathApi adhikAMza kSetra hindI bhASA kA kSetra hai tathA isa kSetra meM jitane bhASika rUpa bole jAte haiM ve hindI bhASA ke hI aMga haiN| hindI kI do pradhAna sAhityika zailiyAM haiMI. khar3I bolI ke AdhAra para vikasita saMskRtaniSTha sAhityika rUpa jise sAhityika hindI bhASA ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| 2. khar3I bolI ke hI AdhAra para vikasita arabI phArasI niSTha sAhityika rUpa jise urdU ke nAma se pukArA jAtA hai| yaha bAta spaSTa rUpa se samajha lenI cAhie ki khar3I bolI hindI bhASA kA eka kSetra vizeSa meM bole jAne vAlA bhASA rUpa hai- usI prakAra jisa prakAra braja, avadhI, bhojapurI Adi bhASA rUpa hindI bhASA ke kSetrIya rUpa haiN| khar3I bolI hindI bhASA kA vaha kSetrIya rUpa hai jo meraTha, rAmapura, murAdAbAda, bijanaura, mujaphpharanagara, sahAranapura Adi jiloM tathA deharAdUna Adi ke sImita bhAgoM meM vyavahRta hotA hai| khar3I bolI kSetra meM rahane vAle sabhI vargoM ke vyakti jo kucha bolate haiM vaha khar3I bolI hai kintu hindI kI anya upa bhASAoM (braja, hariyANavI, avadhI, chattIsagar3hI, bhojapurI, maithilI, magahI, gar3havAlI, kumAU~nI, mevAtI, mAravAr3I, jayapurI, nivAr3I Adi) kI bhAMti isa kSetra meM bhI hindI kI ucca zikSA prApta vyakti paraspara saMbhASaNa athavA aupacArika avasaroM para mAnaka bhASA kA prayoga karate haiN| mAnaka bhASA kA prayoga hindI kSetra ke anya upa bhASA kSetroM meM bhI hotA hai| isa mAnaka hindI kA vikAsa khar3I bolI ke AdhAra para huA hai| mAnaka hindI kI mUlAdhAra khar3I bolI hai| khar3I bolI ke AdhAra para mAnaka hindI vikasita to huI hai kintu khar3I bolI hI mAnaka hindI nahIM hai| mAnaka hindI banane ke bAda isa para braja evaM hariyANavI kA bhI prabhAva par3A hai tathA hindI kI anya upa bhASAoM ke zabda rUpoM ko bhI isane AtmasAt kiyA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa/4

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hai akhila bhAratIya saMparka bhASA hone ke kAraNa isane hindItara bhAratIya bhASAoM ke zabdoM, rUpoM evaM zailI tatvoM ko bhI apane meM pacA liyA hai| hindI bhASA kSetra ke pratyeka upa bhASA evaM bolI kSetra meM mAnaka hindI para vahAM kI sthAnIya bhASika vizeSatAoM kA prabhAva par3atA hai tathA bhArata ke hindItara bhASI kSetroM meM mAnaka hindI vahAM kI bhASika vizeSatAoM se raMjita ho jAtI hai| hindI bhASA ke mAnaka hindI bhASA rUpa ko hindI abhidhAna se pukArane kA kAraNa kevala vyAvahArika hai| isa tathya se paricita na hone ke kAraNa hI 'urdU hindI kI sAhityika zailI hai'- jaise vAkya ko sunakara yA par3hakara urdU ke sAhityakAroM ke mana meM isa prakAra kA bhAva-bodha jAgRta hotA hai ki urdU ko Adhunika sAhityika hindI kI eka zailI mAtra kahA jA rahA hai| vastutaH urdU hindI kI usI taraha se eka sAhityika zailI hai jisa prakAra se Adhunika sAhityika hindI usakI eka dUsarI zailI hai| khar3I bolI ke AdhAra para jisa mAnaka hindI kA vikAsa huA hai usakA mUlya bhASika dRSTi se bahuta adhika hai| yaha to spaSTa hai i khar3I bolI, mAnaka hindI evaM sAhityika hindI ina tInoM meM antara hai| khar3I bolI hindI bhASA kA kSetrIya rUpa hai, sAhityika hindI Adhunika hindI sAhitya meM prayukta hone vAlI sAhityika bhASA hai tathA hindI bhASA ke pratyeka kSetra meM hindI kI ucca zikSA prApta vyakti aupacArika avasaroM para tathA bhinna upa bhASA athavA bolI kSetra ke vyaktiyoM se jisa bhASika rUpa ke mAdhyama se vyavahAra karate haiM vaha mAnaka hindI athavA mAnaka hindI kA vyAvahArika rUpa hai| hindI kSetra kI vibhinna sudUravartI upabhASAoM evaM boliyoM meM pArasparika bodhagamyatA kA tathA unakI bhASika saMracanAtmaka vyavasthAoM meM samAnatA kA pratizata bhale kama ho phira bhI mAnaka hindI bhASA athavA usake vyAvahArika upa-mAnaka rUpa ke atyadhika ucca prakAryAtmaka mUlya ke kAraNa sampUrNa kSetra meM saMpreSaNIyatA sambhava hai| sampUrNa hindI bhASA kSetra meM pArasparika bhAvAtmaka evaM sAmAjika ekatA tathA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika saMzliSTa paramparA ne bhI sampUrNa kSetra ko eka bhASika ikAI ke rUpa meM vikasita karane meM mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA kA nirvAha kiyaa| dUsare zabdoM meM aitihAsika, sAMskRtika, sAhityika evaM sAmAjika kAraNoM se sampUrNa hindI bhASA kSetra meM mAnaka hindI ke vyAvahArika rUpa kA prasAra adhikAdhika sambhava ho sakA hai| koI bhI vyakti sampUrNa hindI bhASA kSetra meM isa vyAvahArika hindI ko bolakara apanI yAtrA pUrI kara sakatA hai, hindI kSetra ke kisI bhI bhUbhAga ke bAjAra meM jAkara sAmAna kharIda sakatA hai, kisI bhI relave sTezana para utarakara kulI tathA rikzevAle se bAteM kara sakatA hai, kisI bhI hoTala meM jAkara bAtacIta kara sakatA hai, kisI bhI sarakArI athavA ardhasarakArI kAryAlaya meM jAkara sUcanA prApta kara sakatA hai| vyAvahArika hindI kA pUre bhArata rASTra meM pracAra, prasAra evaM vikAsa hone ke kAraNa bhASA vyavahAra kI uparyukta sthitiyoM meM se bahuta sI sthitiyAM hindItara bhASI rAjyoM meM bhI upalabdha haiN| isa kAraNa mAnaka hindI kA yaha vyAvahArika rUpa sampUrNa bhArata kI (tathA pAkistAna kI bhI) samparka bhASA ke rUpa meM vyavahRta hai| hindI bhASA kSetra kI to yaha sthiti hai ki isa kSetra hIraka jayantI smArikA ke kisI bhI gAMva meM jAkara koI vyakti vyAvahArika hindI bolakara kisI prAthamika zikSA prApta vyakti se bAteM kara sakatA hai tathA usa gAMva ke kisI bhI aise vyakti se jisakA apane janapada se itara hindI ke anya bhASI kSetra se sAmAjika samparka banA rahatA hai, vArtAlApa kara sakatA hai| isa prakAra hindI kI do bhinna upa bhASAoM athavA boliyoM ke vyakti jaba apanI-apanI upa bhASAoM athavA boliyoM ke mAdhyama se paraspara saMbhASaNa nahIM kara pAte to ve mAnaka hindI athavA vyAvahArika hindI ke dvArA paraspara bAtacIta karate haiN| hindI ke do sImAMta kSetroM meM rahane vAle maithilI evaM mAravAr3I bolane vAle vyakti apane kSetrIya bhASika rUpoM ke mAdhyama se paraspara vicAroM kA AdAna-pradAna bhale hI na kara pAeM phira bhI ve apanI kSetrIya upa bhASAoM kI parata para Urdhva prasthApita mAnaka - hindI athavA vyAvahArika hindI ke dvArA paraspara bAtacIta kara lete haiN| mAnaka hindI athavA vyAvahArika hindI ke atyadhika prakAryAtmaka mUlya ke kAraNa hindI bhASA kA jana samudAya hindI bhASA ke vividha rUpoM ke madhya saMbhASaNa kI sthiti ke kAraNa eka bhASika ikAI kA nirmANa karatA hai| hindI bhASA ke vividha bhASA rUpoM ke madhya mAnaka hindI athavA vyAvahArika hindI ke kAraNa sambhASaNa prakriyA se bhASika ekatA kI cetanA kA nirmANa huA hai| sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika samanvaya ke pratimAna ke rUpa meM yaha mAnaka athavA vyAvahArika hindI sampUrNa hindI kSetra ke sAmAjika jIvana meM paraspara Azrita saha sambandhoM kI sthApanA karatI hai sampUrNa hindI bhASI kSetra meM sAhityika dharAtala para bhI sAhityika hindI kI avirala paramparA rahI hai| hindI sAhitya ke itihAsakAroM ne maithilI, avadhI, braja, rAjasthAnI Adi sabhI upa bhASA rUpoM meM racita sAhitya ko hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa kI sImA rekhA meM Abaddha kiyA hai aura hindI sAhitya ke Adhunika kAla ke Arambha se hindI ke pratyeka upa bhASA kSetra ke sAhityakAra Adhunika sAhityika hindI meM sAhitya racanA kara rahe haiN| isa prakAra hindI bhASA kSetra meM vyavahRta hone vAle kSetragata, vargagata, zailIgata, prayuktiparaka bhASika rUpoM tathA mAnaka hindI, vyAvahArika hindI, Adhunika sAhityika hindI tathA urdU sAhitya sabhI kI samaSTigata amUrtatA kA nAma 'hindI bhASA' hai| 'hindI' kI vyApaka arthavattA hai aura isa kAraNa urdU, phArasI lipi meM likhI jAne vAlI isakI usI prakAra eka sAhityika zailI hai jisa prakAra 'Adhunika sAhityika hindI ' devanAgarI lipi meM likhI jAne vAlI isakI dUsarI sAhityika zailI hai aura isI kAraNa bhojapurI, maithilI, magahI, mAravAr3I, jayapurI, mevAtI, nimAr3I Adi samasta bhASika rUpa hindI bhASA ke aMga haiM, hindI bhASA ke upa bhASika rUpa haiN| nidezaka, kendrIya hindI saMsthAna AgarA (u0 pra0) vidvat khaNDa / 5

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kanhaiyAlAla DUMgaravAla "samAjavAdI Andolana kI zuruAta bhArata meM aura duniyA meM eka artha meM to bahuta pahale ho jAtI hai| vaha artha hai anAsakti kI milakiyata aura aisI cIjoM ke prati lagAva khatama karane kA, yA kama karane kA, moha ghaTAne kaa| isa artha meM samAjavAdI Andolana kA Arambha bhArata meM aura vizva meM bahuta pahale se hai kintu jaba se samAjavAda ke Upara kArla mArksa kI chApa bahuta par3I, taba se eka dUsarA artha sAmane A gyaa| vaha hai sampatti kI saMsthA ko khatama karane kA, saMpatti rahe hI nahIM, cAhe kAnUna se cAhe janazakti se pahalA artha thA sampatti ke prati moha nahIM rahe aura aba artha huA hai ki sampatti rahe hI nhiiN| rUsa apanI krAnti karake sampatti ko miTA cukA 1919 meN| usake bAda se sArI duniyA meM samAjavAdI Andolana kI eka dhArA aisI bahI ki jo sampatti ko miTAnA cAhatI thI lekina "usake sAtha-sAtha, rUsa ke sAtha jur3a jAtI thI / sAmyavAdI usako kaheMge ki vaha aMtarrASTrIya dhArA thI / mere jaisA AdamI kahegA ki vaha paradezamukhI dhArA thI / " ... rAmamanohara lohiyA / rASTra ke vikAsa meM samAjavAda kA yogadAna hindustAna meM asalI samAjavAdI dhArA 1934 meM Arambha huii| pahale alaga dhArAoM ke logoM ne milakara kAMgresa meM hI kAMgresa samAjavAdI dala kA nirmANa kiyA, unameM AcArya narendradeva, jayaprakAzanArAyaNa, rAmamanohara lohiyA, nArAyaNa gore, acyuta paTavardhana Adi aneka netA the / unhoMne kAMgresa meM deza kI sampUrNa AjAdI aura samAjavAdI samAja hIraka jayantI smArikA kI sthApanA ko apanA uddezya bnaayaa| yaha guTa kAMgresa ke andara adarakI ( mirca) guTa thA, garama dl| AjAdI ke lie saMgharSa karane, sattA va samajhaute ke khilApha jUjhane vAlA gutt| isakA netRtva javAharalAla neharU karate the, kintu jaba garama logoM ke prastAva gira jAte the to neharUjI kAMgresa ke bahumata ke sAtha sattA Adi prApta karane meM bhAgIdAra ho jAte the asala meM deza ke sabase bar3e samAjavAdI kahe jA sakate haiM, kintu ve kaI mAmaloM meM samAjavAdiyoM se matabhinnatA rakhate the kintu unakI bahAdurI se prabhAvita the aura isIlie deza kI AjAdI ke saMgharSa meM khAsakara 1942 kI krAMti meM samAjavAdiyoM kA bahumUlya yogadAna rhaa| "bhArata chor3o AMdolana meM" samAjavAdiyoM ke yogadAna kI bahuta mahAn bhUmikA hai, jisakI tarapha isa lekha meM kevala izArA kiyA gayA hai| san 1942 ke "aMgrejoM bhArata chor3o AMdolana' meM samAjavAdI logoM ne rUsa mitra rASTroM ke sAtha yuddha meM hone ke kAraNa use "janayuddha" kI saMjJA dI aura isalie ve AMdolana ke virodha meM rahe aura briTiza hukUmata kA sAtha diyaa| sAmyavAdiyoM ke kaI bar3e netAoM ne apanI isa mahAn bhUla ko bAda meM svIkAra kiyA hai, sAtha hI ApAtakAla meM dakSiNa paMthI kamyunisToM ne iMdirA gAMdhI kA sAtha diyA aura vAmapaMthI kamyunisTa taTastha rhe| Aja donoM kamyunisTa eka nahIM ho rahe samAjavAdiyoM ke kaI Tukar3e ho gae aura Aja deza meM vyApaka samAjavAdI AMdolana kI kamI hai| prayAsa jArI haiN| rUsa meM sAmyavAdI vyavasthA ke patana aura pUMjIvAdI upabhoktA saMskRti ke dastaka dene aura vighaTana hone se logoM ne aisA mAnanA zurU kara diyA hai ki samAjavAda kA aMta ho gayA, kintu aisA nahIM hai| amarIkI sAmrAjyavAda aura naI pUMjIvAdI artha-vyavasthA ne duniyAM meM garIba aura pichar3e rASTroM ke zoSaNa kA nayA lubhAvanA rAstA nikAlA hai| videzI bahurASTrI kampaniyoM ke prAdurbhAva va naI artha-vyavasthA ne AjAdI ke AMdolana meM upajI tyAga aura samatA kI saMskRti aura samAjavAdI AMdolana kI upalabdhiyoM ko bhArI cunautI dI hai aura vizva vyApAra saMgaThana ke cakkara meM deza phaMsa gayA hai| aisI viSama paristhiti | bhArata rASTra kI mukti aura nirmANa meM samAjavAdI AMdolana ke bahumUlya yogadAna ko yAda karanA prAsaMgika hai / khAsa-khAsa mudde nimna haiM:1: deza ke baMTavAre kA virodha kintu sakriyatA se AMdolana na kara pAne ke kAraNa bAda meM baMTavAre ko nakalI banAkara bhArata pAka ekA aura DhIlA-DhAlA mahAsaMgha banAne kA vicAra diyA jo aMtatogatvA bhArata-pAka baMgalAdeza - kAzmIra Adi samasyAoM kA sthAI aura zAMtipUrNa hala hogA aura yuddha tathA sAmpradAyika jhagar3oM se sabako mukti dilaayegaa| 2: deza meM AjAdI milane ke bAda samAjavAdI artha vyavasthA aura niyojana kI ora jhukane ke lie saMgharSa / phalasvarUpa kAMgresa ne samAjavAdI mukhauTA or3hA aura baiMka, bImA kampaniyoM kA rASTrIyakaraNa huA tathA kaI mUla udyoga sArvajanika kSetra meM lage / sArvajanika aura nijI udyogoM ke doSa ginaaye| : | 3 kisAna majadUra yuvajanoM ke AMdolana unheM apane haka dilAne meM kAphI hada taka kAmayAbI / 4: govA mukti AMdolana meM sakriya bhUmikA / 1946 meM DaoN. lohiyA vidvat khaNDa / 6

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ne vahAM jAkara saMgharSa kiyA, giraphtAra hue| 5 : nepAla ko rANAzAhI se mukti kA AMdolana / 6 : haidarAbAda ko nijAma se mukta kara bhArata meM vilaya kA aaNdoln| 7 : deza kI yojanAoM ko dizAhIna batAkara unheM deza meM viSamatA bar3hAne ke lie jimmedAra btaayaa| khetI, pIne kA sApha pAnI, mahilAoM ke lie pAkhAne, zikSA, rojagAra, siMcAI Adi janatA kI buniyAdI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke bajAya yojanAoM ne caMda paise vAle kAlAbAjArI, ThekedAra, bhraSTa aphasara aura netA paidA kiye| isa para bAhara aura saMsada meM tIna Ane banAma paMdraha Ane kI bahasa calAkara DaoN. lohiyA ne yojanAoM kA pardAphAza kiyaa| 8 : deza meM aura prajAtaMtra meM rAjanaitika dala na kevala cunAvI prakriyA meM lage balki racanAtmaka kAma, saMgharSa, voTa, phAvar3A aura jela ko pratIka ke rUpa meM sthApita kiyA aura zrama kI pratiSThA ke lie hara samartha vyakti eka ghaNTA deza ke lie zrama kareM, yaha nArA diyA, kAma bhI huaa| 9 : prajAtaMtra meM bhI apanI sarakAra ke khilApha balki hara anyAya aura atyAcAra ke khilApha ahiMsaka satyAgraha aura sivila nApharamAnI kA siddhAMta pratipAdita kiyA jise sarakArI aura maThI gAMdhIvAdiyoM ne asvIkAra kara rakhA thaa| duniyA ke sAmane 20vIM sadI meM do ' hI vikalpa haiM gAMdhI yA eTamabama / beleTa yA buleTa nahIM buleTa yA sivila nApharamAnI, ye badalAva kA vikalpa hai| 10 : videza nIti meM atalAMtika aura soviyata guToM ko samAna rUpa se nirarthaka mAnate hue tIsare guTa prajAtaMtra aura samAjavAda kA guTa taiyAra krnaa| saMyukta rASTra saMgha meM sabhI dezoM ko barAbarI kA adhikaar| vITo kA khAtmA aura vizva sarakAra kI sthaapnaa| || : pUMjIvAda aura sAmyavAda eka hI sikke ke do pahalU haiN| donoM goroM kI saMskRti aura Arthika kendrIkaraNa ke pratIka haiN| sahI duniyA ke nirmANa ke lie samAjavAda, lokataMtra, ahiMsA, vikendrIkaraNa aura sivila nApharamAnI ke siddhAMtoM ko apanAne para jor| samAjavAda ko aMtarrASTrIya svarUpa pradAna karanA aura vizva maitrI kAyama krnaa| 12 : aMgrejI ke calate samAjavAda kI kalpanA nirarthaka hai| isalie sArvajanika upayoga, zikSA ke kSetra se aMgrejI haTAne evaM rASTrabhASA hindI aura samasta dezI bhASAoM ko mAdhyama bnaanaa| isa hetu sakriya AMdolana saphala hue kintu puna: aMgrejI kA varcasva bar3ha rahA hai| 13 : nadiyAM sApha kro| kRSi aura grAmINa vyavasthA se saMbaMdhita mele dillI meM nahIM, kumbha mele meM lagAo tAki koTi-koTi grAmINa janatA usakA lAbha utthaaye| 14 : vikendrIkRta artha-vyavasthA, choTI mazIna kI takanIka apanAnA yAnI jahAM jarUrI ho jaise deza kI surakSA aura niryAta ke lie bar3I mazIna aura jahAM-jahAM saMbhava ho choTI mazIna tAki rojagAra mile| 15 : caukhambhA raaj| paMcAyata, jilA, rAjya aura kendra meM sattA kA vikendrIkaraNa aura pAMcavAM khambhA vizva paMcAyata / 16 : aThAraha sAla ke yuvajanoM ko voTa kA adhikaar| 17 : bur3hApe kI peMzana aura berojagAroM ko peNshn| 18 : bhUmi senA aura anna senA kA gtthn| 19 : himAlaya bcaao| tibbata para cIna ne kabjA kiyA usakA virodha / tibbata para cIna kI sArvabhaumikatA mAnakara rASTra ne apanI phaujeM va saMcAra vyavasthA haTA lI aura cIna ne AkramaNa kiyA, hAra huI aura Aja bhI lAkhoM vargamIla jagaha usake kabje meM hai| mekamohana rekhA AjAda hindustAna aura AjAda tibbata ke bIca sImArekhA hai anyathA hamArI sImA kailAza mAnasarovara aura pUrvavAhinI brahmaputra nadI taka hai| 20 : ArakSaNa diyA jAve kintu uddezya jAti vinAza ho| aMtarajAtIya vivAha ko bar3hAvA denaa| ArakSaNa zikSA ke kSetra meM nahIM honA caahie| aurata, zudra, harijana AdivAsI aura alpasaMkhyaka pichale vargoM ko naukarI, netAgirI meM 60 saiMkar3A aarkssnn| 21 : mahaMgAI bhatte bar3hAne se mahaMgAI kama nahIM hogii| dAma baaNdhnaa| khetI aura kArakhAne kI vastuoM ke bIca bhAvoM kA sNtuln| kArakhAne kI cIjeM lAgata mUlya se Der3he se adhika na bikeN| 22 : dharma dIrghakAlIna rAjanIti hai aura rAjanIti alpakAlIna dhrm| rAjanIti aura dharma kA vivekapUrNa smishrnn| dharmanirapekSa raajy| 23 : jayaprakAzajI ne sarvodaya AMdolana apanAyA, samAjavAdI AMdolana vighaTita huA kintu bAda meM phira unhoMne gujarAta-bihAra AMdolana kA netRtva kiyA aura ApAtakAla lagA, jisameM vipakSa ko jeleM huiiN| janatA pArTI unake dabAva meM banI aura kendra se kAMgresa kI eka chatra sattA httii| 24 : 1967 meM gaira kAMgresa vAda kI raNanIti se 9 rAjyoM meM kAMgresa haarii| 25 : 1989 meM bophorsa kAMDa, janatA dala kA udaya aura vI.pI. siMha kI sarakAra kendra meM bnii| ___ Aja bhI samAjavAdI abhiyAna cala rahA hai| kAMDalA meM kAragila kampanI ke khilApha namaka satyAgraha saphala rhaa| janatA dala meM bhraSTAcAra aura niSkriyatA ke khilApha bagAvata / janatA dala (samatA dala) kA gtthn| Aja bhI deza meM samAjavAdI rUjhAna ke kaI saMgaThana cala rahe haiM, kintu eka vizAla samAjavAdI saMgaThana ke abhAva meM deza meM bahurASTrIya kampaniyoM, bhraSTAcAra, anaitikatA, viSamatA, pUMjIvAda ke khilApha kAragara AMdolana nahIM cala pA rahA hai| rASTra kA vikAsa avaruddha hai| kyA naI pIr3hI isa virAsata kA lAbha uThAkara nayA netRtva degI? kyA deza ko pUMjIvAda aura amarIkI tathA yUropIya Arthika sAmrAjyavAda se chuTakArA dilAne aura naI samatAvAdI samAja kI racanA ke lie deza meM sabhI samAjavAdI aura sAmyavAdI apane-apane taMga dAyaroM ko chor3akara eka hoMge aura deza aura duniyA ko naI rAha dikhAeMge? sahI soca, karma aura saMgaThana kI jarUrata hai, use pUrA karane kA saMkalpa kreN| gAMdhI vATikA, nImaca (ma0 pra0) hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa /7

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AcArya viSNukAnta zAstrI, thaka-thaka kara au cUra-cUra ho, amala-dhavala giri ke zikharoM para, priyavara, tuma kaba taka soye the? royA yakSa ki tuma roye the? kAlidAsa, saca-saca btlaanaa|' yaha kavitA yaha dhvanita kara rahI hai ki aja yA rati yA yakSa ke mAdhyama se jisa viraha kI vyaMjanA kAlidAsa ne kI hai, vaha unake apane antara ke viraha kI anubhUta vedanA thii| kavi kI apanI bhogI huI virahapIr3A kI pratyakSatA aura virahapIr3ita svajanoM kI pIr3A kI sAkSitA sammilita rUpa se usakA vaha anubhava-koSa hai jisake AdhAra para vaha apane pAtroM kI viraha vedanA kA citraNa karatA hai| apane anubhavoM ko vANI dene ke lie, tallInatA ke sAtha-sAtha jisa taTasthatA kI kucha dUrI kI AvazyakatA hotI hai usakI siddhi ke lie kAlidAsa ne ina pAtroM ke mAdhyama se apane virahAnubhava ko vyaMjita kiyA thaa| ata: kAlidAsa ke pAtroM kI virahavyaMjanA meM svayaM kAlidAsa kI virahAnubhUti aura viraha sambandhI tAttvika dRSTi samAhita hai, isa mAnyatA kA aucitya svIkArya kAlidAsa kI viraha-vyaMjanA 'kAlidAsa kI viraha-vyaMjanA', isa zIrSaka kA thor3A spaSTIkaraNa apekSita hai| isa zIrSaka se eka artha yaha dhvanita hotA hai ki apane sAhitya ke pAtroM ke dvArA kAlidAsa ne viraha kA jo rUpa aMkita kiyA hai usakI vivecanA isa lekha meM kI jaayegii| isakA eka artha yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki svayaM kAlidAsa ne viraha kA jo anubhava kiyA hai usakI vyaMjanA karane kA duSprayAsa isa lekha kA abhISTa hai| yaha dUsarA artha kucha aTapaTA lagatA hai lekina merA vizvAsa hai ki ye donoM artha paraspara pUraka haiN| kAlidAsa ne viraha kA jo mArmika tIvra anubhava kiyA hogA vahI anubhava bhinna-bhinna pAtroM ke mAdhyama se bhinna-bhinna kRtiyoM meM bhinna-bhinna sthitiyoM meM pratiphalita huA hogA, yaha anumAna asaMgata nahIM kahA jA sktaa| apanI isa mAnyatA ke samarthana meM hindI ke vidagdha kavi nAgArjuna kI eka marmasparzI kavitA ke kucha aMza uddhRta kara rahA hU~ kAlidAsa, saca-saca batalAnA, indumatI ke mRtyuzoka se, aja royA yA tuma roye the? kAlidAsa, saca-saca btlaanaa| rati kA krandana suna A~sU se, tumane hI to dRga dhoye the? kAlidAsa, saca-saca batalAnA, rati royI yA tuma roye the? kAlidAsa, saca-saca batalAnA, para-pIr3A se pUra-pUra ho, ___ isa vivecana ko Age bar3hAne ke pahale viraha sambandhI kAlidAsa kI tAttvika dRSTi para thor3A vicAra karanA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| kAlidAsa kI viraha sambandhI dhAraNA prema sambandhI unakI mAnyatA para avalambita hai| prema apane zithila artha meM vizeSa kara kavitA ke zRMgArI sandarbha meM manonukUla nara yA nArI ke prati mana kI pravaNatA ko vyakta karatA hai| prema ke aura vyApaka tathA gaMbhIra artha bhI hote haiM kintu uparyukta artha meM nara-nArI kI kAmAsakti usameM anAyAsa antarnihita rahatI hai| isa sambandha meM yaha smaraNIya hai ki kAlidAsa kI dRr3ha mAnyatA thI ki kAmAsakti eka satahI sthiti hai| kevala zArIrika rUpa kA piMDa AkarSaNa manuSya ke hRdaya meM jisa utkaMThA ko janma detA hai vaha bhogaparAyaNa hai aura usake dvArA usa gaMbhIra anubhUti kA udaya nahIM hotA jise prema kahA jA sakatA hai| aprApta priya kI prApti hone ke bAda agara usake prati AkarSaNa zithila ho jAya, usameM sAtatya na banA rahe to yaha mAnanA par3egA vaha prema na hokara kAma hI thaa| ___ kAlidAsa prema meM zarIra ke milana ko nakArate to nahIM kintu usI taka sImita nahIM rhte| kAlidAsa nara-nArI ke milana ko bahuta sUkSmatA se, spaSTatA se kalAtmaka rUpa meM aMkita karate haiN| aisA karate samaya kisI bhI prakAra kI kuMThA kA ve bodha nahIM krte| phira bhI kAlidAsa kI dRSTi meM zarIra ke dharAtala kA atikramaNa kara jaba prema 'bhAvanibandhanA rati' kI bhUmikA para adhirohaNa karatA hai, tabhI sArthaka hotA hai| 'bhAvanibandhanA rati' zabda kAlidAsa kA hI hai| indumatI ke prati aja ne apane prema kI abhivyakti isI zabda ke mAdhyama se kI thii| jaba taka aisA nahIM hotA taba taka yauvana aura saundarya donoM vAstavika prema ko uddIpta karane meM samartha nahIM hote| yauvana to jIvana ke eka kAla hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa /8

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vizeSa kI saMjJA hai, jisameM viSaya bhoga ke prati mana unmukha hotA hai| 'yauvane viSayaiSiNAm'3, yaha ukti kAlidAsa ne raghuvaMza ke rAjAoM ke varNana ke prasaMga meM svayaM kahI hai| arthAt ve svIkAra karate the ki yauvanakAla meM viSaya kI eSaNA svAbhAvika hotI hai| isa eSaNA ko rUpa-saundarya aura ukasA detA hai| yaha eSaNA saundarya ke prati yaha AkarSaNa kAlidAsa kI dRSTi meM taba taka prema saMjJA prApta karane meM samartha nahIM, jaba taka maMgalamaya na ho| yaha smaraNIya hai ki yauvana mUlata: viSayagata hai, saundarya viSaya meM bhI hotA hai aura viSayI kI dRSTi meM bhI kintu prema to bhAva meM hI balki bhAvavizeSa hI hai| viSayaiSaNA yA bhogalAlasA kI tRpti to paNyastriyoM yA puruSoM ke dvArA bhI kI jA sakatI hai| aisA karane vAloM ke prati kAlidAsa ke mana meM sammAna nahIM thaa| meghadUta meM vidizA ke nikaTa 'nIca' nAmaka pahAr3I kI guphAoM meM isa prakAra kI kAmakeli kA saMketa kAlidAsa ne kiyA thaa| mujhe lagatA hai ki yaha 'nIca' nAma sAbhiprAya hai jo AdhAra taka hI sImita na hokara Adheya ko bhI apanI lapeTa meM le letA hai| anta:puroM meM vilAsI rAjAoM kI premakrIr3A kA citraNa bhI kAlidAsa ko karanA par3A thaa| apane AzrayadAtAoM kI ruciyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhanA rAjAzrita kaviyoM kI vivazatA hai| kAlidAsa bhI usase mukta nahIM the| 'mAlavikAgnimitram' nAmaka apane nATaka meM kAlidAsa ne agnimitra kI praNayalAlasA kA citraNa kiyA hai jo dhAriNI evaM irAvatI jaisI rAniyoM ke rahate hue mAlavikA ke saundarya se AkRSTa hotA hai| vidUSaka kI caturAI aura paristhitiyoM kI anukUlatA se vaha use pA bhI letA hai, kintu isa nATaka meM prema kI vyaMjanA satahI hI hai, udAtta evaM Urjasvita nhiiN| jisakI siddhi ke lie koI bar3I cIja dA~va para nahIM lagAyI jAye, vaha vRtti Antarika hai, gaMbhIra hai, maMgalamayI hai, kAlidAsa saMbhavata: ise nahIM mAnate the| unakI dhAraNA thI ki sRSTiracanA kI icchA se bhagavAn ziva ne apane Apako strIpuruSa ina do mUrtiyoM meM vibhakta kara diyaa| ina strI-puruSoM meM rUpAsakti ke kAraNa AkarSaNa ho yaha svAbhAvika hai kintu yadi yaha Asakti kevala dehaparaka hai, upabhogaparaka hai to andhI kAmAsakti hai jo upabhoga ke bAda zithila ho jA sakatI hai aura apane svAbhAvika pariNAma navIna sRSTi se katarA sakatI hai yA use avAMchita... duHkha-bhAjana mAna sakatI hai| isIlie ve pratipAdita karate haiM ki jaba kAmAsakti ko tapasyA se bhasma kara diyA jAtA hai tabhI zuddha prema kI dIpti prakaTa hotI hai| kumArasaMbhavam evaM abhijJAnazAkuntalam apanI ina donoM praur3ha kRtiyoM meM kAlidAsa ne zArIrika AkarSaNa ke prathama Avega ko maMgalamaya nahIM batAyA hai| kAma jaba pArvatI ke saundarya ko sambala banAkara zivajI ke hRdaya meM kSobha utpanna karanA cAhatA hai taba use bhasma ho jAnA par3atA hai| pArvatI jaba apane rUpa se zivajI ko rijhAne meM asamartha hokara tapasyA se unheM pAne kA saMkalpa karatI haiM tabhI kAlidAsa unheM udAtta prema kI upalabdhi kI adhikAriNI mAnate haiM:- 'avApyate vA kathamanyathA dvayaM tathAvidhaM prema patizca taadRshH| kisI anya taraha.. vaisA prema aura vaisA pati kaise pAyA jA sakatA hai| jisa prema ko tapasyA ke dvArA prApta nahIM kiyA jAtA, vaha prema maMgalamaya nahIM hotaa| vaha rUpa bhI maMgalamaya nahIM hotA jo tapasyA se parizodhita na ho| kAlidAsa ke matAnusAra vAstavika udAtta priya arUpahArya hotA hai, rUpa ke dvArA use bhulAyA nahIM jA sktaa| pArvatI ko isIlie lagA ki kevala AkarSaNa ke cAkacikya dvArA ziva jaise pati ko prApta karane kA dAvA karane vAlA rUpa vAstavika prema ko prApta karane kA upayukta upakaraNa nahIM hai| isa rUpa ko bhI tapa se pavitra honA caahie| kAlidAsa kA nirNaya hai ki 'bhAvanibandhanA rati' ke lie tapa karanA, tapanA, tApa jhelanA Avazyaka hai| mahAdevI varmA kI paMktiyA~ yAda A gayIM tApa binA khaMDoM kA mila pAnA anahonA, binA agni ke jur3A na lohA, mATI, sonA! le TUTe saMkalpa-svapna, ura-jvAlA meM pighlo|' jaba lohA, mATI, sonA jaise jar3a padArtha bhI binA agni-tApa ke jur3a nahIM sakate taba zivajI ke khaMDoM ke rUpa meM vibhAjita nara-nArI ke jo jor3e sacce prema ke tapa rUpI tApa se apane hRdayoM ko jor3a nahIM pAte ve zarIra ke stara para jur3a kara bhI vAstava meM jur3a nahIM paayeNge| isa prema tapa ke antargata priya ko prApta karane ke lie sarvasva samarpaNa rUpI ekaniSTha tapa bhI hai, virahatApa bhI aura bhUla ho jAne para usake saMzodhana ke lie Antarika pazcAttApa bhii| binA sacce pazcAttApa ke agara zakuntalA ko prApta kara liyA hotA duSyanta ne to zakuntalA kI kyA sthiti hotI ? anta:puroM meM eka kSaNa ke AkarSaNa se apane ko dhanya mAnane vAlI aisI sundariyoM ke jIvana kA karuNa avasAna hama bAra-bAra dekhate rahe haiM, sunate rahe haiM, jinakI ora rAjA dUsarI bAra A~kha uThAkara bhI nahIM dekhtaa| kyA zakuntalA kI pariNati bhI vaisI hI nahIM ho jA sakatI thI? kAlidAsa ne isa tathya ko rekhAMkita kiyA hai ki jo tathAkathita prema karttavya meM bAdhaka banatA hai vaha svAmI ke dvArA daMDita aura RSi ke dvArA abhizapta hotA hai| yakSa svarNakamala lAnA bhUla jAye, zakuntalA Atithya-dharma ko vismRta karake kevala apane priya kI smRti meM lIna rahe, yaha apekSita nahIM hai| yaha to Asakti hai jo dhikkRta kI jAnI caahie| isIlie isa Asakti ke preraka kAmadeva ko usakI kuceSTA ke kAraNa bhagavAna ziva dagdha kara dete haiN| jaba rUpa kA AkarSaNa apane ko tapa se pavitra karatA hai, jaba premI tapa rUpI virahatApa yA pazcAttApa se Asakti kI samasta zyAmatA ko dagdha kara vizuddha kAMcana ke rUpa meM nikhara uThatA hai tabhI usakA prema sArthaka hotA hai| pArvatI kI tapasyA se rIjha kara ziva ko bhI kahanA par3atA hai, he avanatAMgi! tumhAre isa apUrva tapa ke kAraNa maiM Aja se tumhArA mola liyA dAsa adyaprabhRtyavanatAni tavAsmi dAsa: krItastapobhiriti vAdini cndrmaulo| isa dRSTi se viraha kI vAstavika mahimA yahI hai ki vaha tapAgni se Asakti ko bhasma kara maMgalamaya prema ko ubuddha karatA hai| hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa /9

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isa vicArakrama meM maiM kAlidAsa ke nirUpaNa ke anusAra hI viraha ko kucha vyApaka artha meM grahaNa kara rahA hU~ / sAmAnyataH kAvyazAstra ke anusAra zRMgAra ke antargata vipralaMbha meM hI viraha ko sImita kiyA jAtA hai / mRtyujanita viccheda ko zoka kA hetu mAnakara usakA vivecana karuNa rasa ke antargata kiyA jAtA hai| kintu kAlidAsa ne mRtyujanita viccheda ko viraha hI kahA hai| indumatI kI Akasmika akAlamRtyu se marmAhata aja kI ukti hai| 9 zazinaM punareti zarvarI dayitA dvandvacaraM patattriNam / iti tau virahAntarasamau kathamatyantagatA na mAM daheH // candramA ko zarvarI aura cakave ko cakavI punaH prApta ho jAtI hai| ataH ve unake viraha ko saha lete haiM, kintu he atyantagatA indumatI ! tuma to phira mujhe nahIM milogI, batAo phira virahAmi mujhe bhasma kyoM na kara de| yaha atyantagatA bahuta mArmika zabda hai / atyantagatA... jo sadA ke lie calI gayI, jo phira lauTa kara nahIM AyegI, jisako puna: nahIM pAyA jA skegaa| usa atyantagatA ke prati nivedita prema kyA mRtyu ke dvArA khaMDita ho jAyegA ? bhAvanibandhanA rati ko kyA mRtyu naSTa kara sakatI hai? kyA prema deha ke mAdhyama se udbhUta hI nahIM, dehasImita bhI hotA hai ? kyA prema videha nahIM ho sakatA ? aura yadi ho sakatA hai to daihika milana kI saMbhAvanA mRtyu ke dvArA khaMDita ho jAne para usa videha prema ko viraha kI anubhUti kyoM nahIM ho sakatI ? kyoM use kevala zokAnubhUti hI kahanA cAhie ? apane prANoM ko priya ke cira anajAna prANoM se bAMdha dene ke anantara prANoM kI bar3hatI viraha vyathA ko vANI dene ke vivaza prayAsa meM sumitrAnandana panta ne kahA hai yaha videha prANoM kA bandhana, antarjvAlA se tapatA tana, mugdha hRdaya saundarya jyoti ko, dagdha kAmanA karatA arpaNa / nahIM cAhatA jo kucha bhI AdAna prANoM se| 10 panta jI ne isa kavitA meM svIkArA hai ki prema kI videha sattA bhI ho sakatI hai maiM mAnatA hUM ki kAlidAsa ne aja ke vilApa meM (aura rati ke vilApa meM bhI) jisa viraha ko rekhAMkita kiyA hai, vaha bhAvanibandhanA rati kI dehAtIta viraha vyaMjanA hai| use prema ke antargata hI mAnanA cAhie, nire zoka ke antargata nhiiN| premI hRdaya ko apane premapAtra kI sattA kA AbhAsa prakRti ke vividha rUpoM meM hotA hI rahatA hai| aja ko lagatA hai ki indumatI use bahalAne ke lie koyala ko apanI bolI, haMsinI ko apanI cAla, hariNI ko apanI citavana aura latA ko apanI lacaka de gayI hai kintu priyA ko akhaMDa... samagra rUpa meM pAne ke icchuka hRdaya ko inameM usakI AMzika jhalaka pAkara saMtoSa kaise ho sakatA hai, 'viraha taba meM guruvyartha hRdayaM na vavalambituM kSamAH / karuNa rasa ke isa prasaMga meM bhI viraha kI vyApti kara kAlidAsa ne apUrva sahRdayatA kA pramANa diyA hai| bhAvanibandhanA rati ke lie yadi zarIra AraMbhika sAdhana mAtra hai, usake paravartI astitva kI anivArya zarta 11 hIraka jayantI smArikA nahIM to zarIra kA bandhana TUTa jAne para bhI bhAva kA bandhana nahIM TUTegA aura apane premapAtra ke viraha kA anubhava karane kA adhikAra premI kA banA rahegA, yaha bAta samajha meM Ane lAyaka hai / kAlidAsa ne eka aura adbhuta sthApanA kI hai| ve viraha ko saundarya aura prema donoM kI kasauTI mAnate haiN| viraha ko prema kI kasauTI mAnane vAle kAlidAsa ne bar3e bhole andAja meM kahA hai : snehAnAhuH kimapi virahe dhvaMsinaste tvabhogAdiSTe varatunyupacitarasA: premarAzI bhavanti / 12 hAM, kahate haiM kucha loga ki viraha meM sneha naSTa ho jAtA hai, para mAlUma nahIM kaise kahate haiN| zAyada ve hI loga kahate hoMge jinakI dRSTi zarIra sImita hai| 'A~kha se ojhala to mana se ojhala' aisI bAta jo kaha sakatA hai vaha vAstavika premI hai, kAlidAsa aisA nahIM mAnate the / ve to mAnate the ki viraha meM prema aura bar3ha jAtA hai| sIdhI sI bAta hai premapAtra ke sulabha na hone ke kAraNa usa para jisako ur3elA nahIM jA sakatA vaha to saMcita ho, hokara rAzibhUta ho hI jAyegA / isa taraha kAlidAsa isa satya ko rekhAMkita karate haiM ki jo prema viraha kAla meM bhI bar3hatA jAtA hai, vahI saccA prema hai| ataH yaha nirvivAda hai ki viraha hI prema ke khare yA khoTe hone kI kasauTI hai| isase eka kadama Age bar3hakara kAlidAsa kucha cauMkAne vAlI bAta kahate haiM ki viraha hI saundarya kI bhI kasauTI hai| unakI prasiddha ukti hai, 'priyeSu saubhAgyaphalA hi cAstA'13 arthAt cAstA kA... saundarya kA phala yahI hai ki vaha priya ke prati saubhAgya ko pradIpta kre| A. hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne batAyA hai ki saubhAgya eka viziSTa pAribhASika artha meM prayukta zabda hai / subhaga kA vaha Antarika vazIkaraNa dharma jo premapAtra ko AkRSTa karane meM samartha hai, saubhAgya hai| 14 vaha Antarika vazIkaraNa dharma vAstava meM kisI rUpavAna yA rUpavatI meM hai ki nahIM, isakI bhI kasauTI viraha hI hai| isIlie kAlidAsa ne kahA hai, 'saubhAgyaM 15 te subhaga virahAvasthayA vyaMjayantIm arthAt he subhaga, tumhAre Antarika vazIkaraNa dharma ko viraha kI avasthA hI vyojita karatI hai| jisakA priya usake viraha meM usake saundarya ko smaraNa nahIM karatA, usake saundarya ko apanI kalpanA se raMjita nahIM karatA, apanI bhAvanA se bhAvita kara AtmIya nahIM banA letA aura isa taraha apane vazIkRta hRdaya kA pramANa nahIM detA kAlidAsa kI dRSTi meM usakA saundarya vAstavika saundarya hI nahIM hai / kAlidAsa kI yakSiNI ho yA zakuntalA, urvazI ho yA indumatI yA koI aura nAyikA usake vAstavika saundarya kA AsvAdana usakA premI viraha meM usake rUpa ke romanthana ke dvArA karatA hai / kAlidAsa kI dRSTi ke anusAra yadi prema kI zArIrika prakriyA ramya hai to usakI smRti ramyatara hai / yathArtha jagat meM premakeli ke dvArA jo kucha kiyA vaha to sImita hai lekina usakI kalpanAmizrita smRti kI vyApti to asIma hai| jaba hama priyA ke saundarya kA bAra-bAra smaraNa karate haiM to usameM kevala priyA kA vastugata saundarya nahIM AtA, usameM apanI samasta kalpanA, bhAvanA ke sAtha hama Ate haiN| ravIndranAtha ne isa prakriyA ko ujAgara vidvat khaNDa / 10

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karate hue kahA hai zudhu vidhAtAra sRSTi naha tumi nArI! puruSa gar3eche tore saundarya saMcAri, Apana antara hate! par3eche tomAra pare pradIpta vAsanA, ardheka mAnavI tumi ardheka klpnaa|16 arthAt he sundarI nArI, tuma kevala vidhAtA kI sRSTi nahIM ho| puruSa ne apane hRdaya se saundarya kA saMcAra kara tumheM gar3hA hai| tumhAre rUpa ko Alokita karatI rahI hai puruSa kI vAsanA kI pradIpta razmiyAM! tuma AdhI mAnavI ho aura AdhI klpnaa| isa AdhI kalpanA ko premI apanI smRti ke dvArA rUpAyita karatA hai| jisa prakAra puruSa apanI kalpanA se apanI priyA ko saMvAratA hai, usI prakAra nArI bhI apanI kalpanA se raMjita kara apane priya ko apanAtI hai| premI hRdaya apane priya yA apanI priyA ke saundarya ko saubhAgya-samalaMkRta karake hI smaraNa karatA hai| viraha meM to priya ko pAne kA eka hI upAya hai sampUrNa sattA se usakA smrnn| ata: yaha virahAvasthA hI smaraNIya priya ke saundarya kI kasauTI banakara usako samyak rUpa se urehane kA avasara pradAna karatI kA prayAsa karatI hogI taba merI smRti kI kauMdha ke kAraNa usake sadhe hue svaroM kA Aroha-avaroha asaMtulita ho jAtA hogaa| dina to phira bhI kisI taraha kaTa jAtA hogA lekina rAta... / dina meM use kabhI akelI na chor3ane vAlI usakI pyArI sakhiyAM bhI jaba rAta meM so jAtI hoMgI taba bhI vaha dharatI para eka karavaTa par3I jAgatI hogI, hAra ke TUTe motiyoM ke samAna usake AsapAsa bikhare hoMge AMsU aura vaha bar3he hue nakhoM vAle hAtha se apanI ikaharI veNI ke rukhe, ulajhe bAloM ko apane gAloM para se bAra-bAra haTAtI hogii| dIvAla kI jAliyoM se chanakara Ane vAlI candra kiraNoM ko pUrva anubhavoM ke anurUpa amRta zItala samajha kara apanA mukha unakI ora vaha jyoM hI karatI hogI tyoM hI unakI dAhakatA se jhulasa jAne ke kAraNa apanI AMsU bharI AMkhoM ko palakoM se DhaMka letI hogI mAno vaha megha ghire dina kI sthala kamalinI ho jo na khila sakatI ho, na muMda sakatI ho! aura bhI kitanI kitanI kalpanAeM karatA hai apanI priyA kI viraha kAtarA sthiti ke bAre meM yakSa kA premI hRdaya ! use lagatA hai ki vaha apane mana ko TaTola-TaTola kara apanI priyA ke mana kI bAta ko jAna sakatA hai... donoM kA mana eka hI jo ho gayA hai| tabhI to premI kahatA hai, 'apane mana se jAna lo mere mana kI bAta!' isI vizvAsa kI kalAtmaka abhivyaMjanA kAlidAsa ne uttara megha ke anekAneka chandoM meM kI hai| vilakSaNa hai virahI yakSa kA priyA ke nAma saMdeza! pahale priyA ko Azvasta karane ke lie vaha apanI kuzala kahakara priyA kI kuzalatA jAnanA cAhatA hai| kaisI kuzala hai bhalA yaha! bairI brahmA roke huA hai milana kA mArga, ata: abhI milanA to saMbhava nahIM, kintu apanI aMgakRzatA se tumhArI aMgakRzatA kA, apane pragAr3ha viraha tApa se tumhAre tadanurUpa viraha tApa kA, apane nirantara azru pravAha se tumhAre azru pravAha kA, apanI milanotkaMThA se tumhArI utkaMThA kA, apanI jalatI huI lambI-lambI sAMsoM se tumhArI usAMso kA ThIka-ThIka anumAna to kara hI rahA huuN| yaha bhI mata samajhanA ki tuma dUra ho to mujhe tumhArA AbhAsa nahIM hotaa| nahIM, nahIM, AbhAsa to hotA rahatA hai| priyaMgulatA meM tumhAre aMgoM kA, cakita hariNI kI AMkhoM meM tumhArI citavana kA, candramA meM tumhAre mukha kA, mayUrapiccha meM tumhArI keza rAzi kA, nadI kI laghu lola lahariyoM meM tumhAre bhrUvilAsa kA AbhAsa to hotA rahatA hai, kintu samagratA meM to koI bhI tumhAre sadRza nahIM hai| kitanA marmasparzI chanda premI kI smRti meM premapAtra kA jo saundarya nikharatA hai, usakA marma-madhura citraNa kAlidAsa ne bahuta rasa lekara kiyA hai| jisa prakAra kAlidAsa aisA citraNa karate nahIM thakate, usI prakAra sahRdaya pAThaka bhI una jIvanta bhAvapUrNa citroM kA rasAsvAdana karate nahIM thkte| prastuta hai kAlidAsa ke sAhitya se uddhRta virahakAtara premiyoM dvArA apane premapAtroM ke kalpanAraMjita, smRtyAdhArita kucha manohArI citra! tanvI zyAmA zikharidazanA pakvabimbAdharoSThI, madhye kSAmA cakita hariNI prekSaNA nimnanAbhiH / zroNIbhArAdalasagamanA stokanamrA stanAbhyAM, yA tatra syAdhuvati viSaye sRSTirAdyeva dhAtuH / / saMyoga ke samaya kI khilI kamalinI kI zobhA vAlI priyA kI chavi yakSa ke smRti paTala meM ubharatI hai, charaharA tana, choTe-choTe dAMta, kuMdarU jaise lAla oTha, patalI kamara, cakita hariNI ke se netra, gaharI nAbhi, bar3e nitamboM ke kAraNa manda-manda cAla, kuca bhAra se namita kalevara... arthAt brahmA kI sarvotkRSTa kalAkRti ! kintu aba, aba vaha kaisI laga rahI hogI! yadi maiM viraha kAtara cakave ke samAna chaTapaTA rahA hUM to vaha bhI virahiNI cakavI ke samAna akelI, alpa bhASiNI, kisI kisI taraha kaThina viraha ke dinoM ko jhelate-jhelate pAle kI mArI kamalinI ke sadRza niSprabha ho gayI hogI kyoMki vaha merA dUsarA prANa hI to hai| rote-rote sUjI AMkheM, garma usAMsoM se phIke par3e oTha, hAtha para TikA kapola, lambe bAloM se DhaMkA AdhA dikhane vAlA usakA mukha... megha se adhaDhaMke, dhuMdhale udAsa candramA jaisA lagatA hogaa| vaha malina vasanA mana bahalAne ke lie jaba lagAtAra bahate AMsuoM se bhIMgI vINA ko poMcha kara goda meM lekara use bajA kara mere nAma kA gIta gAne zyAmAsvaMgaM cakitahariNIprekSaNe dRSTipAtaM, vaktracchAyAM zazini zikhinAM bahabhAreSu keshaan| utpazyAmi pratanuSu nadIvIciSu bhUvilAsAn, hantaikasminkvacidapi na te caNDi saadRshymsti| prakRti ke vividha upakaraNa priyA ke aMgoM kI jhalakeM bhale de leM kintu apanI samagratA meM to vaha advitIya hI hai, kAlidAsa ko isakA pakkA vizvAsa thaa| unake dvArA citrita virahI premI bAra-bAra isa satya ko duharAte haiN| indumatI ke zoka meM aja kI ukti hai: hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 11

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kalamanyabhRtAsu bhASitaM, kalahaMsISu madAlasaM gtm| pRSatISu vilolamIkSitaM pavanAdhUtalatAsu vibhrmaaH|| arthAt he indumatI ! tumhArI mIThI bolI koyaloM ko, tumhArI manda-manda cAla kala haMsiniyoM ko, tumhArI caMcala citavana hariNiyoM ko aura tumhArA prIti dyotaka hAva-bhAva vAyudolita latAoM ko prApta ho gyaa| isI taraha pururavA ko bhrama huA thA ki kahIM usakI krodha zIlA priyA hI to nadI nahIM bana gayI hai kyoMki isakI lahareM usakI car3hI huI bhauhoM ke samAna, vyAkula pakSiyoM kI paMkti usakI karadhanI ke samAna aura isakI phena usakI DhIlI par3I, khIMcI jAtI huI sAr3I ke samAna laga rahI haiN|20 yakSa ko lagatA hai ki priyA ke viraha meM bhI maiM sakuzala hUM, yaha sunakara to priyA ko acchA nahIM lagA hogA, use krodha hI AyA hogA aura vaha ruTha gayI hogI to apanI pIr3A kA nivedana karate hue kahatA hai ki jaba maiM prastara zilA para gerU se tumhArI praNaya kupitA... ruThI huI chavi ko aMkita kara tumheM manAne ke lie apane ko tumhAre caraNoM meM girA huA citrita karanA cAhatA hUM tabhI AMsU isa prakAra umar3ate haiM ki kucha dekha hI nahIM paataa| dekho, krUra kAla ko citra meM bhI hamArA milanA nahIM suhaataa| jaba kalpita aparAdha se ruThI huI priyA kI bhAvanA itanA vigalita kara detI hai taba vAstavika aparAdha kI smRti hRdaya ko kitanA pIr3ita kara sakatI hai| isakA nirupaNa kAlidAsa ne abhijJAna zAkuntalam meM bahuta vidagdhatApUrvaka kiyA hai| aparAdha bodha kI jvAlA se dagdha ho rahA duSyanta atIta ke marmabedhI kSaNoM ko smaraNa ke mAdhyama se punaH jIne kI prakriyA meM kaha uThatA hai, jaba maiMne zakuntalA kA pratyAkhyAna kara diyA thA aura maharSi kaNva ke ziSyoM ne use DA~Takara yahIM rahane ko kahA thA taba usane AMkhoM meM AMsU bhara kara jisa dRSTi se mujha krUra ko dekhA thA, vaha dRSTi viSAkta zalya kI taraha mujhe dagdha kara rahI hai punardRSTiM vASpaprasara kaluSAmarpitavatI ___mayi krUre yatratsaviSamiva zalyaM dahati maam| 21 usane mujhe apanA vizvAsa diyA thaa| maiMne usake vizvAsa ko khaMDita kiyaa| vizvAsa khaMDana ke carama kSaNoM meM jisa dRSTi se usane mujhe dekhA thA, usameM jo vedanA thI, Akroza kI jo jvAlA thI vaha mere hRdaya ko aba jalA rahI hai| hAya, maine kyoM nahIM usa samaya usako phcaanaa| pramAda kA yaha zalya raha rahakara usake hRdaya meM cubhatA hI rahatA hai| yaha Antarika pazcAttApa usako isa yogya banAtA hai, vaha pAtratA detA hai ki vaha zakuntalA ko puna: prApta kara sake aura zakuntalA ke saundarya ko, usake samarpaNa ko saccA mAna de ske| isI mana:sthiti meM vaha zakuntalA kA citra banAtA hai| citra banAte samaya sAttvika bhAva sveda ke kAraNa usakI u~galiyAM pasIja jAtI haiM jisase citra koroM para usakI u~galiyoM ke kAle dhabbe par3a jAte haiN| bhavAveza ke kAraNa usakI A~khoM se A~sU citrita zakuntalA ke gAla para Tapaka par3ate haiN| sAnumatI aura vidUSaka ko jo citra bilkula jIvanta lagatA hai, duSyanta kI bhAvabharI A~khoM meM vaha adhUrA hai, kyoMki pariveza ko mUrta karane vAlI bahuta sI bAteM abhI taka urehI nahIM gayI haiN| zakuntalA citra meM bhI sajIva tabhI lagegI jaba usakI pUrI pRSThabhUmi ubhregii| duSyanta ko lagatA hai isake lie to mAlinI nadI aMkita karanI hogI jisake retIle taTa para haMsa ke jor3e hoM, donoM ora himAlaya kI talahaTI meM hariNa baiThe hoM, eka aisA per3a ho jisa para valkala TaMge hoM aura jisake nIce eka hariNI apanI bAIM A~kha kRSNa mRga ke sIMga se ragar3a kara khujalA rahI ho kAryA saikatalIna haMsa mithunA srotovahA mAlinI, pAdAstAmabhito niSaNNahariNA gaurIguroH paavnaaH| zAkhAlambitavalkalasya ca tarornirmAtumicchAmyadhaH zRMge kRSNamRgasya vAmanayanaM kaNDUyamAnAM mRgiim||2 isameM kRSNa mRga ke sIMga se hariNI kA apanI bAIM A~kha khujalAnA atyaMta mArmika hai| duSyanta saMketita karanA cAhatA hai ki jisa tapovana meM itane ghane vizvAsa kA vAtAvaraNa thA ki sAmAnya hariNI taka ko yaha pakkA bodha thA ki jaba maiM apanI A~kha apane priya ke sIMga se lagA dUMgI aura khujalI miTAne lagUMgI, usakA sIMga hile-DulegA nahIM, merI A~kha ghAyala nahIM hogii| usa carama vizvAsa kI bhUmi para maiMne zakuntalA ke sAtha pravaMcanA kI, dhikkAra hai mujhe! viraha kI pIr3A ke sAtha-sAtha aparAdha bodha kI jo marmantuda vedanA duSyanta ko jhulasAtI hai, vahI usake kAma ko dagdha kara prema meM rUpAntarita karatI hai| rAja sulabha vilAsa bhAva bhasma ho jAtA hai pazcAttApa kI usa Aga meM aura tapta kAMcana kI taraha zakuntalA ke prati usakA saccA anurAga nikhara uThatA hai| vikramorvazIyam meM urvazI ke viyoga meM pururavA kA jo vilApa hai, unmatta vilApa, vAstava meM vahI vikramorvazIyam ko uccakoTi ke nATaka kA gaurava pradAna karatA hai| usa vilApa ke mAdhyama se kAlidAsa mAnava hRdaya ko prakRti ke sAtha eka karate haiN| unhoMne bAra-bAra nirdiSTa kiyA hai ki prakRti jar3a nahIM cetana hai| zakuntalA pati gRha jAne lagatI hai to tapovana kI sArI prakRti usako AzIrvAda detI hai, usako anekAneka upahAra detI hai aura usake Asanna viraha ke bodha se kAtara hokara AMsU bahAtI hai| usI cetana prakRti se pururavA bAra-bAra apanI priyA urvazI kA patA pUchatA hai| hAM, kAlidAsa ko bhI jJAta hai ki bahuta se aise paMDita haiM, jo prakRti ko cetana nahIM maante| unhIM ko santuSTa karane ke lie unhoMne 'meghadUta' meM likha diyA hai : kAmArtA hi prakRti kRpaNAzcetanAcetaneSu arthAt kAmAta kahAM bhedakara pAte haiM cetana aura acetana meN| megha hogA sthUla laukika dRSTi se dhUma, jyoti, salila aura maruta kA sampuJja kintu premI usameM apanI cetanA kA Aropa kara use cetanavat mAnakara usake dvArA apanI priyA ko sandeza bheja hI sakatA hai| yaha ramya kavi kalpanA Aja bhI sahRdaya mana ko mohatI hai| kaThina bauddhikoM ko taba bhI yaha bacakAnI lagatI hogI, Aja bhI laga sakatI hai| kintu pururavA to yakSa ko bhI pAra kara jAtA hai|apnii prakhara viraha-Arti hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 12

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meM vaha eka-eka taru se, latA se, koyala se, haMsa se, gajarAja se, nirjhara se, nadI se apanI priyA ke bAre meM pUchatA phiratA hai| jarUra unhoMne vAlmIki rAmAyaNa kA AdhAra liyA hogaa| bAda meM tulasI ke rAma bhI latA, taru-pAMtI se, khaga, mRga madhukara zreNI se mRganayanI sItA kA sandhAna pUchate citrita kiye gaye haiN| bhAratIya cita sahaja hI svIkAra kara letA hai isa mana:sthiti kI kAruNikatA ko aura eka dRSTi se isakI saMgati ko bhii| yadi hama eka hI cetanA ko vizva brahmANDa meM prasArita mAnate haiM, to phira ye tarulatA, khaga-mRga kyoM nahIM vyAkula premI hRdaya kI pIr3A ke prati sahAnubhUti sampanna ho sakate, bola na pAne kI vivazatA dUsarI bAta hai| __ Aha, kaisI AzukopI thI pururavA kI priyA urvshii| Akhira kyA aparAdha thA pururavA kA? yahI ki usane vidyAdhara kanyA udayavatI ko eka najara dekha liyA thaa| 'najara Akhira najara hai, beirAdA uTha gayI hogI'! para mAninI urvazI ko yaha asahya thaa| rAjA ke anunaya-vinaya ko ThukarA kara krodhavaza kArtikeya ke vidhAna kA ullaMghana kara vaha kumAravana meM praviSTa huI aura zApavaza latA bana gyii| apane aparAdha kA itanA kaThora daMDa pAkara pururavA uddhAnta ho gyaa| kAlidAsa ne nepathya gItoM ke mAdhyama se pururavA kI mana:sthitiyoM ko saMketita karane kI apUrva kuzalatA dikhAyI hai| priyA viraha kI yaMtraNA se unmAda grasta gajarAja kI bhAMti pururavA caturtha aMka meM maMca para AtA hai| usakA sArA vyavahAra unmattavat hai| usakI hRdayadrAvI viraha pIr3A apanI priyA kA sAhacarya punaH prApta karane kI AturatA meM samajha hI nahIM pAtI hai ki vaha priyA kA patA kisase pUche aura kisase na puuche| kabhI kAle bAdaloM meM camakatI bijalI aura usase barasatI vAridhArA ko dekhakara use bhrama hotA hai ki koI rAkSasa bANa barasAte hue usakI priyA ko hara kara le jA rahA hai aura kabhI kandalI ke jala bhare lAla-lAla phUla use apanI priyA ke krodhAruNa, azrusikta netroM kA smaraNa karA dete haiN| kAlidAsa ne isa pUre viraha prakaraNa ke dvArA puruSa hRdaya ke AvegapUrNa, Akula-vyAkula, uphanate hue unmathita prema ko aMkita kiyA hai| pururavA ke viraha meM yadi bhAdoM kI pagalAyI nadI kA hara-harAtA prakhara pravega hai to aja ke viraha meM lohe ko pighalA dene vAle ghanIbhUta tApa kA antrdaah| nArada jI kI vINA se khisaka kara girI mAlA ke AghAta / se jaba indumatI kI mRtyu ho gayI taba apanI sahaja dhIratA kA tyAga kara aja krandana kara utthe| na kevala aja kA vilApa, usakA paravartI AcaraNa bhI indumatI ke prati usakI 'bhAvanibandhanA rati' kA mArmika pramANa hai| use lagatA hai ki yaha mAlA aisI krUra bijalI kI taraha girI jisane taru ko to tilatila kara dahane ke lie achUtA chor3a diyA, kintu usase lipaTI huI latA ko jalA diyaa| nirjIva indumatI kI phUloM se guMthI, bhauroM ke samAna kAlI laTeM jaba vAyu vega se hila uThatI thIM to aja ko lagatA thA ki zAyada vaha jI uThe kintu vaha apratibodhazAyinI priyA to sadA ke lie jA cukI thii| jo kabhI na lauTane vAlI ho, vahI to atyantagatA kahalAtI hai| hAM, vaha apane bahuta se guNa yahAM kI prakRti ko dAna kara gayI hai kintu samagra kI viraha vyathA kyA aMzoM ke sahAre jhelI jA sakatI hai! aja ko ThIka hI lagatA hai ki kevala vahI nahIM aura bhI bahutere indumatI ke isa apratyAzita bhAva se cale jAne se tilamilA uThe haiN| vaha ulAhanA detA huA sA kaha uThatA hai, priye indumatI ! tumhIM ne to isa Amra vRkSa ke sAtha usa priyaMgulatA ke vivAha kA saMkalpa kiyA thA, ve aba bhI pratIkSArata haiN| tumhAre komala padAghAta se phUla uThane vAlA azoka vRkSa sazoka hokara ro rahA hai, yaha adhaguMthI maulasirI kI mAlA pUrI honA cAhatI hai, tumhAre sukha-duHkha kI sahacarI sakhiyAM, pratipadA ke candramA ke sadRzavardhanazIla tumhArA yaha putra aura maiM tumhArA ekaniSTha premI hama saba tumhAre isa niSThura prayANa se marmAhata haiN| para mRtyu bhI kabhI kisI kA anunaya-vinaya sunatI hai| aja kaha uThatA hai, isa niSkaruNa mRtyu ne indumatI ke bahAne merA saba kucha hara liyA kyoMki vahI to merI gRhiNI thI, saciva thI, aikAntika sakhI thI, lalita kalAoM meM merI priya ziSyA thI ! usake cale jAne se merA dhairya chUTa gayA, prIti cuka gayI, gAna vAdya nirasta ho gaye, RtueM utsavahIna ho gayI, AbharaNa niSprayojana ho gaye, zaiyA sUnI ho gayI! priya ko hI sarvasva mAnane vAle prAmANika prema kI virahAnubhUti ko jhalakAne vAle ye zloka Aja bhI viraha kI kasauTI bane hue haiMdhRtirastamitA ratizcyutA virataM geymRturnirutsvH| . gatamAbharaNaprayojanaM parizUnyaM zayanIyamadya me|| gRhiNI, sacivaH, sakhI mithaH, priyaziSyA lalite kalAvidhau karuNAvimukhena mRtyunA haratA tvAM vada kiM na me hRtm||4 svAbhAvika hI thA ki aja ke vilApa se dravita hokara AsapAsa ke vRkSa bhI apanI zAkhAoM se rasa srAva kara rone lge| kAlidAsa ke sAhitya meM prakRti sarvatra mAnava kI saMvedanazIla sahacarI ke rUpa meM hI aMkita huI hai| indumatI kA kriyAkarma kara jaba aja nagara meM praviSTa hue to prAta:kAlIna niSprabha candramA ke samAna unake viyoga vidhura mukha ko dekhakara pauravadhuoM ke netroM se A~suoM kA pravAha phUTa pdd'aa| guru vaziSTha ke sAntvanAdAyI jJAna sandeza ke samakSa az2a natamastaka to rahe kintu usako pUrI taraha svIkAra nahIM kara paaye| kAlidAsa ne likhA hai ki isa upadeza ko vahana karane vAle vaziSTha jI ke ziSya ko aja ne isa prakAra vidA kiyA mAno apane zokapUrNa hRdaya meM sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa usa upadeza ko hI lauTA diyaa| para unakA vizuddha prema unake kartavya meM bAdhaka nahIM bnaa| ATha varSoM taka ve apane kizora putra dazaratha ke yuvA hone kI pratIkSA karate rahe, usako rAjadharma kI zikSA dete rhe| priyA ke viraha zoka kI barthI se viddha hRdaya liye ye ATha varSa unhoMne vyaktigata jIvana meM kATe priyA indumatI kA citra dekha dekhakara, svapnoM meM usakA kSaNika samAgama lAbhakara! tadanantara putra ko siMhAsana para baiThAkara anazana kara paraloka meM priyA se milane kI kAmanA liye aja ne zarIra tyAga diyaa| prema aura karttavya donoM ke nirvAha kA aisA marmasparzI udAharaNa vizva sAhitya meM virala hai| hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 13

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ekaniSThA ke samakSa zivajI ko bhI jhukanA pdd'aa| pArvatI kA prema sArthaka huaa| use mahAdeva ke sadRza pati milA aura unakA lokottara divya prema bhii| zivajI ke krodhAnala se kAmadeva ko bhasma hotA dekhakara rati mUrchita ho gayI thii| jaba vaha saceta huI taba taka mahAdeva antardhAna ho cuke the aura pArvatI ko usake pitA himAlaya le jA cuke the| sadyaH vidhavA huI rati apane pati tribhuvana jayI pati, kamanIya kalevara kAmadeva ke sthAna para puruSAkRti rAkha kI Dhera dekhakara vihvala ho dharatI para loTane lagI, usake bAla bikhara gaye, usakA kAtara krandana sunakara mAno vanabhUmi bhI rone lgii| use lagA ki usakA hRdaya atyanta kaThora hai, priyatama kI yaha sthiti dekhakara bhI abhI taka vaha vidIrNa nahIM huaa| vaha kAmadeva ko sambodhita karate hue kahane lagI ki maiMne to tumheM apane prANa sauMpa diye the, phira tuma setubandha ko tor3akara jala pravAha jisa taraha kamalinI ko pIche chor3akara tvarita baha jAtA hai, usI taraha mujhe chor3akara kahAM cale gye| tuma to kahA karate the ki maiM tumhAre hRdaya meM basatI hUM, lagatA hai vaha kevala chala thA, upacAra mAtra thaa| nahIM to batAo tuma to jalakara aMgahIna... anaMga ho gaye aura maiM abhAgina jyoM kI tyoM raha gyii| yadi maiM sacamuca tumhAre hRdaya meM basI hotI to tumhAre sAtha jalakara mujhe bhI rAkha ho jAnA cAhie thaa| bar3I pIr3A se bharI ukti hai yaha, jo priyatama ke kathana kI lAkSaNikatA ko abhidhA meM badala denA cAhatI nArI hRdaya kI viraha-vedanA bhI kAlidAsa ne bahuta sajaga, bahuta saMvedanazIla lekhanI se aMkita kI hai| vaise to nara aura nArI donoM ke hRdayoM meM prema kA prasphuTana bahuta sI bAtoM meM samAna hI hotA hai phira bhI donoM meM zIlagata kucha antara hotA hI hai| kAlidAsa ne puruSa kI tulanA meM nArI kA prema adhika maryAdita aura niSThAyukta citrita kiyA hai| tadanurUpa usake viraha varNana meM bhI adhika gaMbhIratA dRSTigocara hotI hai| kAlidAsa ne duSyanta, pururavA ke viraha varNana meM unheM apane aparAdha ke prati pazcAttApa parAyaNa bhI aMkita kiyA hai| yaha niSThA hInatA janya aparAdha bodha kAlidAsa ke kisI nArI pAtra ke viraha varNana meM nahIM hai| hAM, apane saundarya ke prati abhimAna kA tathA premagarvitA kI bhUmikA meM pati para kiye gaye praNaya zAsana kA aparAdha bodha jarUra unakI virahakAtara uktiyoM ko aura marmasparzitA pradAna karatA hai| pArvatI ko apane saundarya-sAmarthya kA ucita gaurava bodha thaa| jaba unhoMne dekhA ki unakA saundarya kAmadeva ke pUre sahayoga ke bAvajUda zivajI ke hRdaya para bahuta halkA prabhAva hI DAla sakA aura usase kSubdha hue zivajI ne kAmadeva ko bhasma hI kara diyA, taba unhoMne apane saundarya ko dhikkArA aura yaha svIkAra kara liyA ki mahAdeva kA prema kevala saundarya ke bala para nahIM pAyA jA sakatA... vaha vastuta: 'arUpahArya' hai| saca to yaha hai ki unheM bhI isa durghaTanA ke bAda hI prema ke aura gahare pakSa kA anubhava huaa| kAlidAsa ke anusAra zivajI ke Upara calAyA gayA kAmadeva kA bANa unakI huMkAra se Dara kara lauTA aura kAmadeva ke bhasma ho jAne ke bAvajUda vaha pArvatI ke hRdaya ko kSata-vikSata kara gyaa| usase dhadhakI viraha jvAlA ko zamita karane meM lalATa evaM mastaka para candana kA pragAr3ha pralepa evaM tuSArAcchAdita zilA para zayana bhI asamartha siddha hue| apane rUMdhe hue gale se jaba pArvatI ziva caritra ke gIta gAne lagatI taba usa karuNa svaralaharI ko sunakara vanavAsinI kinnara rAjakanyAeM ro par3atI thiiN| ziva ke dhyAna meM DUbI pArvatI sapane bhI zivajI ke hI dekhA krtii| muzkila se eka kSaNa ke lie AMkha lagane para svapna meM sAtha chor3akara jAte hue zivajI ko dekhakara pArvatI cauMkakara uThatI aura kahAM jA rahe ho nIlakaMTha! kahakara unake kaMTha meM apanI bAhueM DAlakara unheM rokane kA prayAsa krtii| apane hI banAye hue zaMkara ke citra ko vAstavika mAnakara unheM upAlaMbha dene lagatI ki vidvajana to tumheM sarvagata sarvajJa kahate haiM taba phira kaise tuma apane prema me DUbI isa jana kI pIr3A ko nahIM jAna pAte! adbhuta haiM ye donoM zloka :tribhAgazeSAsu nizAsu ca kSaNaM nimIlya netre sahasA vybudhyt| kva nIlakaNTha brajasItyalakSyavAgasatyakaNThArpita baahubndhnaa|| yadA budhaiH sarvagatastvamucyase na vetsi bhAvasthamimaM kathaM jnm| iti svahastollikhitazca mugdhayA rahasyupAlabhyata cndrshekhrH||25 ___ isI prakhara viraha vedanA ne pArvatI ko preraNA dI ki jise rUpa se nahIM rijhAyA jA sakA use sarva-samarpaNa-paraka tapasyA se prApta karane kA prayAsa karanA caahie| pArvatI kI kaThina tapasyA aura usakI sahaja hRdaye vasasIti matpriyaM, yadavocastadavaimi kaitvm| upacArapadaM na cedidaM, tvamanaGgaH kathamakSatA ratiH / / 26 __ smRti hamAre hRdaya meM chipe hue bhAvoM ko kaise ujAgara karatI hai, isakA eka atyanta prabhaviSNu udAharaNa prastuta kiyA hai kAlidAsa ne rati ke eka kathana ke dvArA! jisake prati kisI kA sahaja prema hotA hai, vaha dUsare kAma karatA huA bhI bIca-bIca meM anAyAsa hI use dekha letA hai| yaha svAbhAvika prakriyA binA kucha kahe hRdaya ke prema ko vyakta kara detI hai| rati ko yAda AtA hai ki kAmadeva jaba goda meM dhanuSa rakhakara basanta se haMsa-haMsakara bAteM karatA rahatA thA, apane bANa sIdhe karatA rahatA thA taba bIca-bIca meM nayanoM kI koroM se mujhe dekha bhI liyA karatA thARjutAM nayata: smarAmi te shrmutsnggnissnnnndhnvnH| madhunA saha sasmitAM kathAM nayanopAntavilokitaM ca tat / / 27 tulasI ne vana gamana ke samaya rAma-sItA ke prema kI eka aisI hI jhalaka dI hai| grAma vadhue~ lakSya karatI haiM ki vanamArga meM jAte samaya rAma svAbhAvika rUpa se bAra-bAra sItA kI ora dekha lete haiN| ve rAma ke isa sahaja snehapUrNa AcaraNa para mugdha hotI haiM aura jAnate hue bhI ki unase sItA kA kyA sambandha hai isa sRSTi ke lie pUcha hI to letI sAdara bArahiM bAra subhAya citai tuma tyoM hamaro mana mohaiN| pUchata grAmabadhU siya soM, kaho sAMvare se sakhi rAvare ko haiM ?28 hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 14

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kAlidAsa ne apane laghu mAnasa meM asIma jaga ko AmaMtrita kiyA hai ki hama saba unakI anubhUta viraha vedanA se gujara kara apanI saundarya cetanA ko, apanI prema-cetanA ko pavitra kareM, unheM tapa ke dvArA zuddha kareM aura vAstavika premI hone kI sAdhanA meM pravRtta hoN| yaha to sahaja prema kA anajAnA, prayAsa-nirapekSa vyavahAra hai, jaba-taba anya kAryoM ke bIca bhI priya ko svAbhAvika rUpa se dekha lenA evaM usake mAdhyama se usa taka apanA prema pahuMcA denA! isakI madhuratA ko premI hRdaya bhalIbhAMti jAnate haiN| isIlie rati ne apane priya ke isa vyavahAra ko yAda rakhA hai| usa prANazoSI viraha meM bhI apane prati kAmadeva ke sacce prema ko vyakta karane ke lie vaha isa madhura prakriyA kA ullekha karatI hai| apane priyatama ke sakhA vasanta kA smaraNa Ate hI rati ko isa kaThina samaya meM usakI anupasthiti khalatI hai aura vaha vyAkula hokara kaha uThatI hai, kahIM vasanta bhI to mahAdeva kI krodhAgni se bhasma nahIM ho gyaa| yaha sunate hI vasanta use AzvAsana dene ke lie vahAM upasthita hotA hai| use dekhate hI rati kA zoka aura bhar3aka uThatA hai| vaha chAtI pITa-pITakara, phUTa-phUTakara, phaphaka-phaphaka kara rone lagatI hai| kAlidAsa kI saTIka TippaNI hai, duHkha meM apane svajana ko dekhate hI duHkha usI prakAra vega se nikalane lagatA hai mAno dera se rukI huI jalarAzi ko bAhara nikalane ke lie khulA dvAra mila gayA hotamavekSya saroda sA bhRzaM stanasambAdhamuro jaghAna c| svajanasya hi duHkhamagrato vivRtdvaarmivopjaayte||29 isa manovaijJAnika ukti kI satyatA svataH pramANita hai| Ahata hRdaya jaba apane kisI sacce svajana kA sAnnidhya pAtA hai to apanI pIr3A usake sAtha bAMTa lenA cAhatA hai| ___ kyA kAlidAsa ne bhI apanI viraha vedanA apane zrotAoM-pAThakoM ke sAtha bAMTa lenI cAhI thI? kauna jAne! para yaha to nirvivAda hai hI ki kAlidAsa ne viraha vedanA ke mArmika anubhavoM kI jo kalAdIpta, samartha vyaMjanA kI hai, vaha sampUrNa mAnava jAti kI amUlyanidhi hai| milanajanya sukha kabhI-kabhI aisA ho sakatA hai ki dUsare ko IrSyAnvita kare kintu virahajanya duHkha? vaha yadi saccA hai aura use yadi sahI DhaMga se vyakta kiyA gayA hai to kabhI aisA nahIM hotA ki dUsare ke hRdaya ko urvara na kara de| mahAdevI varmA ne ThIka hI likhA haidukha ke pada chU bahate jhara-jhara, kaNa-kaNa se AMsU ke nirjhara, ho uThatA jIvana mRdu, urvara, laghu mAnasa meM vaha asIma jaga ko AmaMtrita kara laataa| sandarbha - nirdeza 1 nAgArjuna : cunI huI racanAeM khaMDa-2 pR. 25 2 raghuvaMzam 8/52 3 vahIM 1/8 4 meghadUtam pUrvamegha: 27 5 kumArasaMbhavam 5/2 6 vahI 5/53 7 mahAdevI sAhitya khaMDa-3 pR. 464 8 kumArasaMbhavam 5/86 1raghuvaMzam 8/56 10 Adhunika kavi (2) sumitrAnanda panta, kavi kI hastalipi 11 raghuvaMzam 8/60 12 meghadUtam uttara megha: 55 13 kumArasaMbhavam 5/1 14 kAlidAsa kI lAlitya yojanA pR. 69 15 meghadUtam pUrva megha: 31 16 saMcayitA-mAnasI pR. 285 17 meghadUtam uttara megha: 22 18 vahI 46 19 raghuvaMzam 8/59 20 vikramorvazIyam 4/52 21 abhijJAnazAkuntalam 6/9 22 vahI 6/17 23 meghadUtam pUrva megha: 5 24 raghuvaMzam 8/66-67 25 kumArasaMbhavam 5/57-58 26 vahI4/9 27 vahI4/23 28 kavitAvalI 2/21 29 kumArasaMbhavam 4/26 30 Adhunika kavi (1) mahAdevI varmA gIta 17 hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 15

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O DA0 kRSNa bihArI mizra hindI patrakAritA : hajakA patra virAsata kI rozanI aura sAmpratika dazA AjAdI ke bAda ke jAtIya paridRzya ko dekhakara sahaja hI dhAraNA banatI hai ki sAdhanA-saMgharSa kA kAla zeSa ho gayA aura hara kSetra meM kriyAzIla bhoga kI uddhata lIlA hI Aja kI saMskRti hai| mUlya-niSThA aura anuzAsana-Agraha ko aprAsaMgika purA rAga mAnakara apanA bhAgya jagAne ke lie usake viparIta patha se yAtrA karanA Aja kA cAlU kauzala hai, jisakI siddhi hI siddha hone kA pramANa samajhI jA rahI hai| anuzAsanahInatA kA aMdhar3a aura vilAsapriyatA kI sanakI sparddhA dina-dina samRddha hotI jA rahI hai| patrakAritA ke cehare-caritra meM AjAdI ke bAda ke pichale dazakoM meM ullekhanIya parivartana AyA hai| pUMjI kA varcasva puSTa huA hai| sAdhanA-suvidhA meM abhUtapUrva samRddhi AI hai| apane pada kI gurutA-mahattA se udAsIna Aja kA patrakAra deza ke durbhAgya ko apanA durbhAgya' mAnane aura apanI virAsata ke ujjvala adhyAya ko apanA Adarza banAne ko taiyAra nahIM hai| samAja ke dUsare varga ke logoM kI taraha vaha nijI samRddhi aura vilAsa - vaibhava meM jIne kI Akula spRhA se Andolita hokara raMgIna rAhoM - ghAToM para daur3atA najara A rahA hai| patrakAritA kI vikasita suvidhAoM aura anukUla sAdhanoM kA vidhAyaka dizA meM yadi niyojana nahIM ho rahA hai aura pIr3aka yathArtha hai ki samAja-saMskAra kI sajAtIya aura viziSTa bhUmikA se sAmpratika patrakAritA kAphI hada taka virata ho cukI hai, to yaha dhAraNA puSTa hotI hai ki patrakAra ke vyaktitva meM skhalana AyA hai aura patrakAritA kA dhavala dharAtala bar3I tejI se pradUSita ho rahA hai| vartamAna DhAhI ke lakSaNoM ko lakSya kara mUlya-bhittika patrakAritA ke purAne puraskartA Asanna aMdhakAra ke prati ciMtita the| bAbUrAva viSNu parAr3akara, gaNeza zaMkara vidyArthI aura zivapUjana sahAya ne patrakAra-kula kI dhavalatA kA bAra-bAra tIvra Agraha prakaTa kiyA thaa| magara pUMjI ke pratApa ne patrakAritA kI mUlya - maryAdA ko burI taraha kSata kara diyaa| vyavasAyavAda hI ekamAtra Adarza bana gyaa| skhalana ko naye muhAvaroM se mahimAnvita karate garvapUrvaka kahA jAne lagA hai ki patrakAritA Aja vyavasAya hai, Adarza kA savAla uThAnA aprAsaMgika rAga TeranA hai| AtmazlAdhA ke sAtha aisI ghoSaNA karane vAle nirApada jindagI ke kAyala, Aja ke suvidhAjIvI loga yaha bhUla jAte haiM ki hara vyavasAya kI svataMtra prakRti aura AcAra-saMhitA hotI hai| anya vyavasAyoM se bhinna prakRti hotI hai patrakAritA kii| isa bhinnatA meM hI usakI viziSTatA aura mahattA hai| magara samAja ke artha-sampanna logoM kI taraha upabhoktA saMskRti ko hI apane vilAsonmukha AcaraNa dvArA apanA dharma mAnane vAle Aja ke patrakAra vRtti-viziSTatA ke bodha aura usase jur3e gurutara dAyitva se udAsIna ho gaye haiN| pariNAmata: vyAvasAyika, rAjanItika pralobhanoM kI raMgIna mAyA meM bhaTakanA aura apanI vipathagAmI yAtrA se apane kulagotra ke prati anyathA dhAraNA ko janma denA unakI lAcArI bana gayI hai| cintAzIla jagat ko yaha sthiti unmathita karatI rahatI hai ki jo bhASA sAmAjika-rAjanItika kukarma para belAga TippaNI karatI thI, patrakAra vijJapta tathya hai ki jAtIya abhIpsA kI gatimAna USmA ne patrakAritA ke caritra ko prANa-puSTa bnaayaa| virAsata kI ujjvala sAdhanA yAda AtI hai ki sAmrAjyazAhItopa ke pratirodha meM kriyAzIla aura jayI bhAratIya patrakAritA ne apane samaya kI cunautI kA pUrI zaktimattA se mukAbalA kiyA thaa| Adi parva ke patrakAroM kI sAdhanA kA ekAMta lakSya thA sAmrAjyazAhI abhizApa se mukti| isake lie bar3I se bar3I yAtanA jhelane ko ve prastuta rahate the| aura jaba-taba vikaTa AtaMka racane vAlI paristhiti tathA bar3e se bar3e pralobhana unheM Adarzacyuta karane meM viphala rhe| mAMDale jela kI yAtanA jhelane vAle tilaka aura apanI gRhasthI ko jIvita rakhane ke lie starahIna paristhiti se Ahata hone vAle paM0 amRtalAla cakravartI kI AsthA-niSThA zeSa taka akSata rhii| lokamAnya tilaka ke pUrvavartI, unake samakAlIna samAnadharmA aura unakI Adarza-saraNi se yAtrA karane vAlI paravartI patrakAra-pIr3hI ne nijI svArtha ko tAka para rakhakara apanI prAtibha zakti aura jIvana-carcA ko deza ke mukti-saMgrAma meM niyojita kara diyA thaa| patrakAritA kI atIta pIr3hI ke kRtI puruSoM ko yaha bodha thA ki patrakAra kI bhUmikA lokanAyaka kI bhUmikA hotI hai| isI viveka aura gurutara bhUmikA se samRddha hai patrakAritA kI viraast| hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 16

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kI jo bhUmikA mUlyoM ke saMrakSaNa kA AzvAsana jagAtI thI, vaha Aja ke rAjanItikoM ke AcaraNa kI taraha saMdigdha ho gayI hai| bhASA kI vizvasanIyatA kA TUTa jAnA sAMskRtika saMkaTa kA saMketa hai| patrakAritA rAjanItikoM ke muhAvare kI pratidhvani jAna par3ane lagI hai| purAne patrakAra apane viveka aura samRddha vyaktitva se rAjanIti kA dizA-nirdeza karate the, rAjasattA ke pratipakSa kI bhUmikA meM agraNI the| ve sAmrAjyazAhI nRzaMsatA kA jisa dRr3hatA aura yuyutsu mudrA meM mukAbalA karate the, usI jAgarukatA se, aucitya ke Agraha se, svadezI rAjanetAoM kI cyuti para TippaNI karate unheM saMkoca nahIM hotA thaa| mahAtmA gAMdhI jaise lokanAyaka para bAbUrAva viSNu parAr3akara ne kar3I TippaNI kI thii| Aja ke patrakAra rAjanIti aura rAjasattA kA AnukUlya upalabdha karane ke lie unake muhAvare meM bolane lage haiN| upabhoktA saMskRti ke abhizApa ko lakSya kara rAjanetAoM kI taraha AvAja Terane vAle patrakAra svayaM vyAvasAyika cAkacikya ke prati satRSNa ho gaye haiM aura upabhoktA saMskRti hI inakI saMskRti banatI jA rahI hai| patrakAra buddhijIvI - varga kI usa saraNi ke yAtrI haiM, samAja ke lie jisakI bhUmikA pratyakSa - prabhAvI hotI hai| isalie isa patha ke yAtrI ke liye apekSAkRta adhika jAgarukatA kI jarUrata hotI hai| kiMcita anavadhAnatA loka ke amaMgala kA kAraNa bana sakatI hai| vRndAvana hindI sAhitya sammelana ke avasara para Ayojita prathama patrakAra sammelana ke adhyakSa bAbUrAva viSNuparAr3akara ne patrakAra - kula ko saMbodhita karate hue kahA thA, "patra becane ke lobha meM azlIla samAcAra ko mahatva dekara tathA durAcaraNamUlaka aparAdhoM kA cittAkarSaka varNana kara hama paramAtmA kI dRSTi meM aparAdhiyoM se bhI bar3e aparAdhI Thahara rahe haiM, isa bAta ko kabhI nahIM bhUlanA caahie| aparAdhI ekAdha para atyAcAra karake daNDa pAtA hai aura hama sAre samAja kI ruci bigAr3akara Adara pAnA cAhate haiN|" sAmpratika patrakAritA kI bhASA-mudrA loka-hitaiSI bhUmikA nahIM mAnI jA sktii| samAja kA bhASA - saMskAra patrakAritA kA mahatvapUrNa prayojana hai, jisake prati hindI kI purAnI patrakAra - pIr3hI saceta thii| hindI ke Adi patrakAra paM0 jugalakizora zukla taka meM bhASA zuddhatA kA Agraha aura saMkaratA- sajagatA thii| paravartIkAla meM bhASA-dharAtala kI dhavalatA ke prazna ko lekara patrakAroM ne itihAsa prasiddha vivAda kI sRSTi kI thI, jisakI vidhAyaka upalabdhi thI bhASA smRddhi| Aja apane vyavasAya ke lie loka kA vividha rUpoM meM upayoga karane vAle patrakAra bhASA viSayaka apane gurutara dAyitva ko kadAcita samajha nahIM rahe haiM aura ise apekSita gurutA dene ko taiyAra nahIM haiN| bhASA ke avikasita rUpa aura bhadeza-bhaMgimA ko saMskRta karane kI ora pravRtta na hokara lokapriyatA kA kAyala patrakAra patrakAritA kI pariniSThita bhASA - mudrA ko jAgarUka AyAsa dvArA saMkaratA kI usa paTarI se calAne lagA hai jo bhASA-saMskAra ko cir3hAtI hai tathA kathita janavAda kA kadAcit yaha bhI eka prayojana hai aura bhASA kI adhogAmI yAtrA kSipratara hotI jA rahI hai, jo patrakAroM ke dAyitva se jur3A eka mahatvapUrNa muddA hai| aitihAsika tathya hai ki purAne patrakAra anekamukhI pratikUlatA ke bAvajUda apanI niSThA se apane samaya kI cunautI kA sAmanA karate the| jisa samAja ko ve saMbodhita kara rahe the vaha unakI lar3AI meM sahayAtrI banane ko taiyAra nahIM thaa| usa samAja kA rAjanItika saMskAra avikasita thaa| ajJAna kI kaThora jamIna se unakI AsthA kI lar3AI thii| magara ve usa UMce jAtIya Adarza se preraNA-sphUrta the ki "rAjanIti aura samAjanIti kA saMzodhana jaisA samAcAra patroM se hotA hai, vaisA dUsare upAya se nahIM ho sktaa|" deza-prIti kI isa preraNA se unhoMne patrakAritA kI vikaTa-rAha ko apanI yAtrA ke liye cunA thaa| Aja sthiti pUrI taraha badala gayI hai| patrakAritA kI vikasita suvidhAoM ke AkarSaNa se isa vidhA se, nirApada aura vilAsapUrNa jIvana ke AkAMkSI jur3a rahe haiN| isalie svAbhAvika rUpa meM apane dharma kI buniyAdI AcAra-saMhitA kA bhI unheM dhyAna nahIM rhtaa| vilAsa kI amaryAdita bhUkha aura vyavasAyavAda kI prabhutA ke sAmane niSThA kI rakSA kara pAnA bar3I cunautI hai| Aja isa cunautI kA sahI koNa se sAmanA karane vAle patrakAra virala haiN| pariNAmata: patrakAritA kI svakIya sattA dina-dina niSpratibha ho rahI hai| takanIkI sAdhana-samRddhi loka-maMgala kA nimitta banakara hI sArthaka ho sakatI hai, isa samajha kA tiraskAra kara calane vAle Aja ke adhikatara patrakAra vyavasAya-prabhutA ke sAmane namita ho gaye haiN| kRtI sAhityakAra ajJeya, bhAratI, raghubIrasahAya aura manohara zyAma jozI ne pUMjIpati-pratiSThAna ke samRddha sAdhana kA vidhAyaka upayoga kara apane jAgarUka viveka tathA dakSatA kA pramANa diyA thaa| unameM sampAdaka kI garimA-rakSA kI apekSita sajagatA aura kauzala thaa| 'bhArata' se sambaddha zrI heramba mizra aura 'naI duniyA' tathA 'nava bhArata TAimsa' se jur3e sva0 rAjendra mAthura kI prakhara bhUmikA, AzvAsana ke kSINa AdhAra ke rUpa meM, smaraNIya hai| aura smaraNIya hai pIr3aka tathya vartamAna itihAsa kA ki sattA para baiThI svadezI rAjanIti ne buddhijIviyoM ke sAmane 'ApAtakAla' ke rUpa meM cunautI khar3I kI thI, jo AjAda deza kI patrakAritA ke sAmane sabase bar3I cunautI thI, to bar3e-bar3e aura nAmavara logoM kI gumAnI mudrA mlAna par3a gaI thii| kucheka apavAda rahe haiM, para sAmAnya sthiti yahI rahI hai / ki cunautI kA hara avasara unakI lokahita-vivarjita bhUmikA aura cAritrika daurbalya ko benakAba karatA rahA hai| patrakAroM ko kRtI bhUmikA kA AmaMtraNa dene vAlI svAdhIna bhArata kI aitihAsika ghaTanA thI, svadezI sarakAra ke kuzAsana svecchAcAritA aura dAmbhikatA ke pratirodha meM sakriya jayaprakAza nArAyaNa kA aaNdoln| usa AMdolanake pakSa-samarthana meM kriyAzIla iNDiyana eksapresa pratiSThAna kI bhUmikA AjAda deza kI smaraNIya yuyutsu bhUmikA thii| kucheka laghupatrikA ke udyoktAoM ke prakhara svara ne parAr3akara jI kI raNabherI' jaisI patrikAoM kI yuyutsA-mudrA kI yAda tAjA kara dI thii| hindI patrakAritA kI janmabhUmi kalakattA se prakAzita 'cauraMgI vArtA' aura usake udyoktA DaoN. rAjendra siMha tathA azoka sekasariyA kI bhUmikA jAtIya niSThA aura cAritrya-prerita bhUmikA thii| dUsare pradezoM aura dUsarI bhASAoM meM jAtIya udvelana ke usa aMdhakAra kAla meM samaya hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 17

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kI cunautI kA sAmanA karane vAle ullekhanIya Ayojana hue the| bAMglA meM zrI gaura kizora ghoSa kI bhUmikA svadezI AMdolana kAla ke patrakAroM kI udagra mudrA kI yAda tAjA karane vAlI bhUmikA thii| ni:saMdeha svAdhIna deza kI patrakAritA ne sAmAnyajana ko rAjanItika gatividhiyoM ke prati, rAjanItika aparAdhoM ke prati sumukha - saceta banAyA hai| lokatAMtrika zAsana-vyavasthA ke sAtha hI patrakAritA ne logoM ko amaryAdita rUpa se adhikAra sajaga banA diyA hai aura usI parimANa meM saMvedanA aura saMskRti bodha kSata huA hai| patrakAritA kI sAhityika-sAMskRtika bhUmikA behada kamajora huI hai| rAjanIti ke varcasva kA yaha eka zocanIya duSpariNAma hai| 'kalpanA' ke banda hone ke bAda hindI meM Aja vaisI eka bhI sAhityika patrikA nahIM hai, jise hindI ke viveka aura pratibhA kA sahI prastuti-mAdhyama kahA jA ske| 'kRti' 'kakhaga' aura 'yugacetanA' apane samaya kI starIya sAhityika patrikAeM thIM, jinakI yAtrA bahuta choTI thii| 'nayApratIka' ko vAtsyAyanajI pratIka' nahIM banA paaye| paM0 vidyAnivAsa mizra kI 'abhiruci' kI yAtrA kucha aMka ke bAda hI avaruddha ho gyii| 'AlocanA' kI taraha ye bhI prakAzanapratiSThAna kI patrikAeM thiiN| ilAhAbAda se bAlakRSNa rAva ke sampAdana meM prakAzita 'mAdhyama' kA stara aura rUpa-vinyAsa purAnI patrikAoM aura 'kalpanA' jaisA hI samRddha thA, lekina sAmAnya paridRzya ko dekhate hue yahI kahanA par3atA hai ki vijAtIya Adarza se prerita aura zivira - vizeSa se anuzAsita laghu patrikA - AMdolana vaha bhUmikA pUrI nahIM kara sakA, jisakI sahaja apekSA thI aura jise AjAdI ke pUrvavartI sAhityika udyotAoM ke Ayojana ne pUrA kiyA thaa| smaraNIya hai, laghu patrikA hI thI hindI kI prathama patrikA 'udanta mArtaNDa' aura paravartI kAla kI 'ucitavaktA' aura 'nRsiMha' jaisI rAjanItika patrikAeM tathA 'matavAlA' evaM 'haMsa' jaisI asaMkhya sAhityika ptrikaaeN| parAdhInatA kAla ke dainika patroM kI bhI sAhityika bhUmikA mahatvapUrNa thii| isa dRSTi se kAzI ke 'Aja' aura ilAhAbAda ke 'bhArata' kI bhUmikA agraNI thii| Aja vyAvasAyika gharAne ke dainika patroM ke ravivAsarIya aMka meM sAhitya - sAmagrI ke lie alaga. pRSTha jarUra rahatA hai, jo unakA dhana pakSa hai, lekina vicAra ghoSaNA dene vAlI sAmagrI yadAkadA hI dIkha par3atI hai| sAhitya aura vicAra sAmagrI chApane vAle patroM meM 'nava bhArata TAimsa' aura dillI kA 'janasattA' agraNI rahe haiN| isa dRSTi se jayapura, kAzI aura indaura ke dainika patra tathA rAMcI se zrI harivaMza ke sampAdana meM nikalane vAle 'prabhAta khabara' kI sAhitya-sumukhatA ullekhanIya hai| saMvedanA-vikAsa kI jaisI utkaTa AkAMkSA purAne patrakAroM meM thI vaisI Aja hotI to dainika patra se bhI sAhitya-saMskRti kA mahatvapUrNa prayojana eka aMza taka pUrA ho sakatA thaa| 'janasattA'-sampAdaka zrI prabhASa jozI ke sAhitya-kalA para kendrita nibandha, dainika 'prabhAta khabara' kI sampAdakIya TippaNiyoM ke upajIvya aura sAMskRtika saMvedanA, aparAdha bojhila yuga - pravAha ke bIca, kiMcit AzvAsa-bodha jagAtI hai ki sAhitya-saMskRti se patrakAroM kA sarokAra abhI pUrI taraha marA nahIM hai| samprati DaoN. vizvanAtha prasAda tivArI kA 'dastAveja' aura 'akSarA' viziSTa sAhityika laghu patrikAeM haiM, jo sampAdaka kI zivira mukta dRSTi, sampAdana-dakSatA evaM balavatI niSThA ke AdhAra para, kSINa rUpa meM hI sahI, Azvasta karatI haiN| AlocanA', 'abhiruci', 'mAdhyama' aura 'nayA pratIka' se bhinna kakhaga' kI taraha nitAMta nijI udyoga se nikalane vAlI patrikA 'dastAveja' apanI bhUmikA se sampAdaka-udAra-dRSTi kA paricaya detI hai| ziviravAda ke isa aMdhe yuga meM yahI vidhAyaka dRSTi hai aura yahI kAmya hai| smaraNIya hai ki deza kI asmitA-uddhAra kI sahaja cintA se rAjanIti se jur3anA jaba garva kA viSaya mAnA jAtA thA, taba bhI mUlyoM ke pakSadhara patrakAra sAhitya-saMskRti kI svataMtra sattA-mahattA se paricita the, usa dharAtala ko akSata aura puSTa rakhane ke lie sajaga-sakriya rahate the| patrakAritA ke usa mahatvapUrNa AyAma ko sAmpratika sampAdaka-patrakAra adhika samRddha kara sakate the| kintu hIna-sAdha sAdhana-AnukUlya kA bharapUra lAbha nahIM uThA paatii| saMdarbha-vizeSa meM ajJeya ne saTIka TippaNI kI thI, 'mUlataH samasyA vahI hai : eka svAdhIna vyaktitva kA nirmANa, vikAsa aura rkssnn|' vyaktitva-bala ke abhAva meM hI laghu patrikA AMdolana, mukhara dAvA-darpa ke bAvajUda, vaha prabhAva nahIM jagA sakA jo pUrvavartI udyoktAoM kI niSThA ne paidA kiyA thA aura jise itihAsa garvapUrvaka rekhAMkita karatA hai| kaI laghu patrikAoM ne vikalpa-maMca kA saMbhAvanA-saMketa diyA thA, kintu saMbhAvanA kAyade se rUpAyita nahIM ho skii| na kevala hindI balki duniyA kI sArI bhASAoM meM laghu patrikA kI bhUmikA mahatvapUrNa rahI hai| 'mUla meM ve hI saMpAdaka the jinase dhanI ghRNA karate the, zAsaka kruddha rahA karate the aura jo eka paira jela meM rakhakara dharmabuddhi se patra-saMpAdana kiyA karate the| unake parizrama aura kaSTa se patroM kI unnati huI, para unake vaMza kA lopa ho gyaa|vyktigt mahatvAkAMkSA aura zivira-pratibaddha durAgraha ne laghu-patrikA-AMdolana kI apekSita bhUmikA ko, jo udIyamAna pIr3hI ke lie varadAna siddha hotI, kamajora banA diyaa| isa prakAra pUMjI-pratApa ke kuprabhAva aura anAvazyaka rAjanItika dabAva ke pratirodha kA AzvAsana zithila ho gyaa| patrakAritA kI adhogati ko vartamAna durgata samAja kA svAbhAvika pariNAma mAnate pakSa-vizeSa para doSAropaNa karanA kucha jAgarUka logoM ko bhI galata lagatA hai| magara duniyA kA aura Adhunika bhArata kA itihAsa sAkSI hai ki mAnavIya saMvedanA ko kSata karane vAle auddhatya kA apane vyaktitva- bala se patrakAroM-saMpAdakoM tathA vidyAkula ke kRtIpuruSoM ne prakhara pratirodha kiyA thaa| svadharma ke sahaja Agraha se samAja ke adhomukhI pravAha para unhoMne belAga TippaNI kara apane dAyitva-bodha kA pramANa diyA thaa| samAja kI adhogati ko yugadharma mAnakara sAkSI-gopAla bane rahanA yA vilAsa-lIlA kA sahacara bana jAnA vidyA-vyaktitva ke saMdarbha meM lajjAspada hai| yaha korA Adarza vacana nahIM hakIkata hai ki viziSTa rAha ke yAtrI kI jimmedArI gurutara hotI hai aura svAbhAvika hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 18

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rUpa meM auroM kI apekSA usakI tapasyA bar3I hotI hai| patrakAra aura dUsare buddhijIvI dUsare varga kI bhoga-saMsakta jIvana-caryA ko hI apanA Adarza mAna leM to phira mUlyoM kI surakSA kA AzvAsana kyA raha jAegA? hara kAla meM bauddhika varga kI bhUmikA pratipakSa kI bhUmikA rahI hai| isI varga ne apane samaya kI cunautI-vAhinI kA apanI manISA aura dhavala caritra se mukAbalA kiyA hai, sAMskRtika sustI ke kAla meM naye caitanya kI racanA kI hai| isI viziSTa bhUmikA kI Aja apekSA hai| dhavala-caritra hI samAja kI apekSA pUrI kara sakatA hai| aura kRtI-puruSa AtmAvalocana ko vikAsa kI anivArya zarta mAnate haiN| apanI prAtibha-sAdhanA dvArA hindI patrakAritA ko viziSTa dharAtala para pratiSThita karane vAle ajJeya ne gahare mamatva ke sAtha sAmpratika patrakAritA-paridRzya para AtmAvalocana kI zailI meM vicAra kiyA thaa| zubha ciMtA ke Avega meM pIr3ita hokara ajJeya ne TippaNI kI thI, jo patrakAritA ke dharma se jur3e bandhuoM ke liye dhyAtavya hai, "hindI patrakAritA ke Arambha ke yuga meM hamAre patrakAroM kI jo pratiSThA thI vaha Aja nahIM hai| sAdhAraNa rUpa se to yaha bAta kahI jA hI sakatI hai, apavAda khojane caleM to bhI yahI pAveMge ki Aja kA eka bhI patrakAra, sampAdaka vaha sammAna nahIM pAtA jo ki paccAsa-paccahattara varSa pahale ke adhikatara patrakAroM ko prApta thaa| Aja ke sampAdaka, patrakAra agara isa aMtara para vicAra kareM to svIkAra karane ko bAdhya hoMge ki ve na kevala kama sammAna pAte haiM, balki kama sammAna ke pAtra haiM yA kadAcit sammAna ke pAtra bilkula nahIM haiN| jo pAte haiM vaha pAtratA se nahIM, itara kAraNoM se| apratiSThA kA pramukha kAraNa yaha hai ki unake pAsa mAnadaMDa nahIM hai| yahI harizcandra kAlIna sampAdaka-patrakAra yA utanI dUra na jAveM to mahAvIra prasAda dvivedI kA samakAlIna bhI hama se acchA thaa| unake pAsa mAnadaMDa the, naitika AdhAra the aura spaSTa naitika uddezya bhii| unameM se koI aise bhI the jinake vicAroM ko hama dakiyAnUsI kahate, to bhI unakA sammAna karane ko hama bAdhya hote the, kyoMki spaSTa naitika AdhAra pAkara ve una para amala karate the - ve caritravAna the| Aja vicAra kSetra meM hama agragAmI bhI kahalA leM to karma ke naitika AdhAroM kI anupasthiti meM nijI rUpa se hama caritrahIna hI haiM aura sammAna ke pAtra nahIM hai|" patrakAra-kula ke prakhyAta kRtI puruSa kI tIkhI TippaNI uddhRta karane kI merI lAcArI, AzA hai, kSamya samajhI jaaegii| patrakAra ke rASTrIya dAyitva-bodha para vicAra karate 'pratApa' sampAdaka gaNeza zaMkara vidyArthI ne jo bAta kahI thI, Aja ke zrIhIna saMdarbha meM anAyAsa yAda AtI hai| apane samAnadharmA patrakAroM ko unake gurutara jAtIya dAyitva ke prati saceta karane san 1930 meM gaNezazaMkara vidyArthI ne likhA thA, "paise kA moha aura bala kI tRSNA bhAratavarSa ke kisI bhI naye patrakAra ko UMce AcaraNa ke pavitra Adarza se bahakane na de|" hindI ke samAcAra patra bhI unnati ke rAjamArga para Age bar3ha rahe haiN| maiM hRdaya se cAhatA hUM ki unakI unnati udhara ho yA na ho, kintu kama-se-kama AcaraNa ke kSetra meM pIche na htteN| mUlyoM ke pakSadhara kisI bhI jAgaruka vyakti kI yaha nyUnatama apekSA ho sakatI hai| isa apekSA ke prati sumukha-saceta hokara hI patrakAra apane dAyitva kA nirvAha kara sakate haiM, apanI ujjvala virAsata ko samRddhatara kara sakate haiN| 7-bI, harimohana rAya lena, kalakattA - 700 015 hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 19

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zrInArAyaNa pANDeya, vyaktitva meM ye sArI vizeSatAeM vidyamAna thiiN| rAhula bhI eka sAtha hI bauddha tripaTakAcArya, purAtAtvika, sAhityakAra, ghumakkar3a, itihAsakAra, lipivizeSajJa, bhASAvid evaM samAjazAstrI the| bhAratIya asmitA kI talAza meM bhaTakane vAle rAhula tathA bihAra ke kisAna AMdolana meM sakriya rAjanItijJa rAhula eka hI the| sAmrAjyavAdI zikaMje se deza ko mukta dekhanA unakA sapanA thA aura sAmantI samAja vyavasthA ke duSpariNAmoM tathA kusaMskAroM se mukta samAja vyavasthA kA nirmANa unakI AkAMkSA thii| isa sabake lie unhoMne sAmyavAdI cintA-dhArA kA sahArA liyA thaa| isa lakSya kI prApti ke lie unhoMne AjIvana saMgharSa kiyaa| rAhula kI cintA-dhArA ne eka bar3e samudAya ko jAgaruka kiyaa| rAhula ne eka aise samaya meM yaha kAma zurU kiyA thA, jaba hindI bhASA meM isa viSaya kI pustakoM kA abhAva thaa| rAhula sAMkRtyAyana kI sAmAjika dRSTi kA dastAveja unakI pustakeM hai| rAhula jI kA janma 1893 meM huA thA aura mRtyu 1963 meM huI thii| yaha kAla bhAratIya itihAsa meM cunautiyoM kA kAla hai| aMgrejI sAmrAjyavAda kA utkarSa aura apakarSa, svAdhInatA saMgrAma, svAdhInatA prApti, bAda ke karIba 25 varSa, do vizvayuddha, rUsa meM samAjavAda kI sthApanA, hindU-muslima jhagar3e, hindU mahAsabhA aura muslima lIga kI sthApanA, bhArata vibhAjana, sAmpradAyika daMge, gAMdhIvAda aura samAjavAda, krAMtikAriyoM kA balidAna, kisAna majadUra AMdolana, sAmaMtI evaM pUMjIvAdI mUlyoM kI TakarAhaTa, varNa-vyavasthA, achUtoM kA ubhAra, maulavAda kI kaTTaratA, bhASAI evaM sAMskRtika AMdolana, itihAsa kI punarvyAkhyA, sAmyavAdI ciMtAdhArA kA prasAra, rAjanIti meM mUlyoM kI girAvaTa, bar3hatI avasaravAditA isa prakAra ke bahutere parivartana bhAratIya jIvana meM ho rahe the, jinakA prabhAva janamAnasa para par3a rahA thaa| rAhulajI una buddhijIviyoM meM nahIM the jo nirapekSatA kA bAnA pahana kara khuda ko aura dezavAsiyoM ko dhokhA dete haiN| rAhula aise buddhijIvI the, jinhoMne pragati kA samarthana aura pragativirodhI tAkatoM kA virodha kiyA hai| eka sAdhAraNa se nibandha ke dvArA unake vicAroM kA paricaya denA duSkara hai| isameM kucha aise vicAroM ko hI prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai, jise rAhula jI avaijJAnika evaM pragati virodhI mAnate the| unake ye vicAra Aja ke saMdarbha meM aura bhI prAsaMgika ho uThe haiN| ataeva unake zatIvarSa meM isa carcA kI vizeSa prAsaMgikatA rAhula sAMkRtyAyana : cintana kI dizAyeM rAhula sAMkRtyAyana hindI navajAgaraNa ke nirmita aura nirmAtA donoM the| rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke sambandha meM likhate hue unake bauddhika mitra DaoN. mahAdeva sAhA ne rAhula kI tulanA yUropIya navajAgaraNa ke agradUtoM ke sAtha kI hai| bauddha darzana ke adhyayana meM nimagnatA kA kAla ho athavA sAmyavAdI vicAra dhArA se prerita ho yAyAvarI kA kAla, rAhula apanI soca-samajha, vicAra-vivecana meM eka mahAn puruSa the| yUropIya navajAgaraNa ke agradUtoM kI hI taraha unake jJAna kI sImA nahIM thii| apane isa mantavya ke lie unhoMne phreDarika engelsa kI pustaka "prakRti kA dvandavAda" kI bhUmikA se uddharaNa diyA hai| engelsa ne yUropIya navajAgaraNa ke agradUtoM kI carcA karate samaya liunArdo dA vicI, albrekhTa Drezara, mekiyAvelI, lUthara jaisoM ke avadAna kA havAlA dekara kahA hai ki ye sabhI kevala eka viSaya meM pAraMgata rahe hoM, aisA nhiiN| eka hI sAtha bahutere viSayoM ke jAnakAra the| inakI saphalatA kA rahasya yaha thA ki ye tatkAlIna AMdolanoM se jIvanI zakti prApta karate the| jana saMgharSoM meM kabhI kalama to kabhI talavAra lekara zarIka hote the| jIvana kI isa vAstavikatA ke bIca ve taraha-taraha ke vaijJAnika sUtroM ke AviSkartA the to rAjanaitika cintAdhArA ke pravaktA evaM sAmAjika tathA dhArmika avarodhoM ke saMskAraka bhI the| eMgelsa ke mata kA sArAMza isalie denA par3A ki rAhula ke bahuAyAmI bhAratIya asmitA kI talAza, vaijJAnika cintAdhArA kA prasAra aura deza nirmANa, rAhula kI cintAdhArA kA trikoNa hai| jisake kendra meM bhAratIya jana ke pUrNa vikAsa kI kAmanA hI mukhya thii| cAhe itihAsa ho, cAhe dharma, saMskRti yA dArzanika ciMtAdhArA, samAja vyavasthA kA DhAMcA, bhASA, sabake prati rAhula kI vaijJAnika dRSTi eka-sI hai| jo tarka sammata nahIM hai, vaha agrAhya hai| isI se sthiratA yA jar3atA kA nAma-nizAna unake cintana meM gAyaba hai| zuruAta rAhula kI itihAsa saMbaMdhI avadhAraNA se kI jaay| rAhula hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 20

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bhArata kI prAcIna AryabhASAoM ke paMDita the| Akara granthoM ko par3hA thaa| dharma aura saMskRti kA adhyayana kiyA thaa| isake alAvA deza-videza kI aura bhI kaI bhASAoM ko jAnate the| itihAsa meM ruci thI, itihAsa lekhaka bhI the| Rgavaidika Arya, akabara, madhya eziyA kA itihAsa, kaI mahApuruSoM kI jIvaniyAM, purAtAtvika nibandha unake itihAsa prema ke pramANa haiN| bhAratIya manISA kI upalabdhiyoM para rAhula ko garva thA, kintu jhUThe dambha ke ve kaTu Alocaka the| rAhulajI bhI ravIndranAtha ThAkura kI hI taraha Aja ke pracalita itihAsa ko itihAsa nahIM mAnate the| ravIndranAtha ThAkura ne bhI itihAsa ke saMbaMdha meM prazna uThAkara kahA thA ki skUloM meM par3hAyA jAne vAlA itihAsa itihAsa nahIM hai| rAhula 'jana-itihAsa' ke pakSadhara the| unhoMne likhA hai ki, "hamArA itihAsa to rAjAoM aura purohitoM kA itihAsa hai jo ki Aja kI taraha usa jamAne meM bhI mauja ur3AyA karate the| una agaNita manuSyoM kA isa itihAsa meM kahAM jikra hai, jinhoMne ki apane khUna ke gAre se tAjamahala aura pirAmiDa banAye, jinhoMne ki apanI haDDiyoM kI majjA se nUrajahAM ko atara se snAna karAyA, jinhoMne ki lAkhoM gardana kaTAkara pRthvIrAja ke ranivAsa meM saMyogitA ko pahuMcAyA? una agaNita yoddhAoM kI vIratA kA kyA hameM kabhI patA laga sakatA hai jinhoMne ki san sattAvana ke svataMtratA yuddha meM apanI AhutiyAM dI? dUsare mulka ke luTeroM ke lie bar3e-bar3e smAraka bane, pustakoM meM unakI prazaMsA kA pula bAMdhA gyaa| gata mahAyuddha meM hI karor3oM ne kurbAniyAM dI, lekina itihAsa unameM se kitanoM ke prati kRtajJa hai? (tumhArI kSaya pR0 31-32) rAhula jana-itihAsa cAhate the, kintu itihAsa kA jhUThA daMbha unheM pasanda nahIM thaa| hara dRSTi se bhArata ko sabase gauravazAlI siddha karane kI jhoMka rASTrIya AMdolana ke daurAna dikhAI par3I thI aura Aja bhI kucha atirikta paramparA premiyoM meM yaha jhoMka vidyamAna hai jisakI eka tarkasaMgata pariNati phAsijma meM hotI hai| itihAsAzrayI isa rAjanItika cintAdhArA se rAhula sajaga the| itihAsa kI vikRta vyAkhyA unheM pasanda nahIM thii| isa jhoMka kA virodha karate hue unhoMne likhA hai ki, "jisa jAti kI sabhyatA jitanI purAnI hotI hai usakI mAnasika dAsatA ke bandhana bhI utane hI adhika hote haiN| bhArata kI sabhyatA purAnI hai, isameM to zaka hI nahIM aura isalie isake Age bar3hane ke rAste meM rukAvaTeM bhI adhika haiN| mAnasika dAsatA pragati meM sabase adhika bAdhaka hotI hai| ...vartamAna zatAbdI ke Arambha meM bhArata meM rASTrIyatA kI bAr3ha sI A gaI, kama se kama taruNa zikSitoM meN| yaha rASTrIyatA bahuta aMzoM meM zlAdhya rahane para bhI kitane aMzoM meM aMdhI rASTrIyatA thii| jhUTha saca jisa tarIke se bhI ho, apane deza ke itihAsa ko sabase adhika nirdoSa aura gauravazAlI siddha karane arthAt apane RSi muniyoM, lekhakoM aura vicArakoM, rAjAoM aura rAjasaMsthAoM meM bIsavIM zatAbdI kI bar3I se bar3I rAjanaitika mahatva kI cIjoM ko dekhanA hamArI isa rASTrIyatA kA eka aMga thaa| apane bhArata ko prAcIna bhArata aura usake nivAsiyoM ko hamezA duniyA ke sabhI rASTroM se Upara sAbita karane kI durbhAvanA se prerita ho hama jo kucha bhI anApa-zanApa aitihAsika khoja ke nAma para likheM, usako yadi pAzcAtya vidvAna na mAne to jhaTa se phatavA pAsa kara denA ki sabhI pazcimI aitihAsika aMgrejI aura phrAMsIsI, jarmana aura iTAliyana, amerikana aura rUsI, Daca aura cekoslAva sabhI beImAna haiN| sabhI SaDyaMtra karake hamAre deza ke itihAsa ke bAre meM jhUThI-jhUThI bAteM likhate haiN| ve hamAre pUjanIya veda ko sAr3he tIna aura cAra hajAra varSoM se purAnA nahIM hone dete (hAlAMki ve ThIka eka araba bAnave varSa pahale bane the)| ina bhalamAnasoM ke khyAla meM AtA hai ki agara kisI taraha se hama apanI sabhyatA, apanI pustakoM aura apane RSi muniyoM ko duniyA meM sabase purAnA sAbita kara deM, to hamArA kAma bana gyaa| isa bevakUphI kA bhI kahIM ThikAnA hai ki bApadAdoM ke jhUTha-mUTha ke aizvarya se hama phuleM na samAyeM aura hamArA AdhA joza usI kI prazaMsA meM kharca ho jaay|" (dimAgI gulAmI) ___ hamane Upara carcA kI hai ki rAhula kA itihAsa aura paramparA prema aMdha rASTrIyatA para AdhArita nahIM thaa| unakA kathana thA, "apanI mAnasika dAsatA kI ber3I kI eka-eka kar3I ko bedardI ke sAtha tor3akara pheMkane ke lie taiyAra honA caahie|" rAhula kI aitihAsika avadhAraNA vaijJAnika thii| Aja kI itihAsa carcA ke saMdarbha meM yaha avadhAraNA adhika upayogI hai| rAhulajI saMskRta, pAli, prAkRta, aprabhaMza ke paMDita the| unhoMne ina bhASAoM ke Akara granthoM kA adhyayana kara Rgavaidika Arya, bolgA se gaMgA, siMha senApati tathA jaya yaudheya, divodAsa jaise grantha likhe, jinameM prAcIna bhArata kI saMskRti kA citra milatA hai| itihAsa kI hI taraha Izvara aura dharma ke bAre meM bhI unakI avadhAraNA thii| bhAratIya itihAsa meM Aja Izvara aura dharma ko ahama muddA banA diyA gayA hai| rAhula vikAsavAda ke siddhAMta ko mAnane vAle the| ataeva Izvara aura dharma saMsthAnoM ke bAre meM ve maulavAdiyoM se ekadama bhinna the| unakI ina dhAraNAoM para vicAra karate samaya unake cintana ke vikAsa-krama ko dhyAna meM rakhanA hogaa| bacapana meM sanAtanI hindU saMskAroM meM pale rAhula kisa prakAra Arya samAja, bauddha dharma phira sAmyavAda kI ora bar3hate gaye aura anta meM kamyunisTa kI haisiyata se mre| yaha saba unakI mAnasikatA kA beromITara hai| AtmavAda se anAtmavAda kI ora unakI dArzanika pariNati hai| jisakA TheTha artha hai ki rAhula sAMkRtyAyana bhAratIya lokAyata darzana paramparA ke manISI the| prasiddha bauddha dArzanika dharmakIrti kA yaha kathana unheM bahuta priya thA :veda prAmANyaM kasyacit kartRvAdaH snAnedharmecchA jAti vAdAya lepH| saMtApAraMbhaH pApahAnAyacetidhvastaprajJA nAM paMcaliMgA ni jaaddye|| (pramANa vArtika svavRtti 1/342) "veda (graMtha) ko pramANatA kisI (Izvara) kA (sRSTi) kartApana (=kartRvAda), snAna (karane) meM dharma (hone) kI icchA rakhanA jAtivAda (=choTI-bar3I jAti pAMti) kA ghamaMDa aura pApa dUra karane ke lie (zarIra ko) saMtApa denA (upavAsa tathA zArIrika tapasyAeM karanA) - ye pAMca haiM akala mAre (logoM) kI mUrkhatA (=jar3atA) kI nishaaniyaaN|" darzana - digdarzana - pR0 803-4 pra0 saMskaraNa, hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 21

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para car3hA kara mandira, masjida kI talAza meM nirIhoM kA khUna bahA rahe dharmakIrti ko rAhula ne "bhAratIya hegala" kahA hai| dharmakIrti ke sAtha siddha sarahapA ke ina dohoM ko sAtha rakha lene para rAhula ke vicAroM ko aura saphAI se samajhA jA sakatA hai| sarahapA rAhula ke priya lekhaka haiN| atyukti na hogI agara kaheM ki rAhula Aja ke sarahapA hai vibhinna artho meN| jar3a NaggA via hoI mutti tA suNaha siaalh| lomu (3) pAMDaNeM asthi siddhi tA juvinniambh|| picchImahaNe diTTha mokkha (tA moraha camaraha) ucche bhoaNe hoi jANa tA kariha turNgh|| caryAmIti koza: pR0 188 saM0 prabodhacandra bAgacI, zAMti bhikSu, sarahapA ne yahAM jainiyoM ke bAhyAcAra para vyaMga kiyA hai| agara hama rAhula ke isa vAkya se unake dharma aura Izvara saMbaMdhI avadhAraNA kI carcA kareM ki "majahaba aura khudA garIboM kA sabase bar3A duzmana hai" to unake vicAroM ko samajhane meM sahUliyata hogii| apanI "sAmyavAda hI kyoM?" pustaka meM rAhula ne sAmyavAda tathA dharma aura Izvara para vicAra karate samaya likhA hai ki "manuSya jAti ke zaizava kI mAnasika durbalatAoM aura usase utpanna mithyA vizvAsoM kA samUha hI dharma hai| yadi usameM aura bhI kucha hai, to vaha hai purohitoM aura sattAdhAriyoM ke dhokhe phareba, jinase vaha apanI bher3oM ko apane galle se bAhara jAne denA nahIM caahte| manuSya ke mAnasika vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha yadyapi kitane hI aMza meM dharma ne bhI parivartana kiyA hai, kitane hI nAma bhI usane badale haiM, to bhI unase usake AMtarika rUpa meM parivartana nahIM huA hai| vaha Aja bhI vaisA hI hajAroM mUr3ha vizvAsoM kA poSaka aura manuSya kI mAnasika dAsatAoM kA samarthaka hai, jaisA ki pAMca hajAra varSa pUrva thaa|" ___ aura Izvara ? usake saMbaMdha meM rAhula kA kahanA hai ki "dharma aura Izvara kA prAya: aTUTa saMbaMdha hai- yaha bhI manuSya ke zaizava kAla ke bhayabhIta anta:karaNa kI sRSTi kA eka vikasita rUpa hai| vastuta: Izvara manuSya kA mAnasaputra hai|" Izvara kA khayAla hamArI sabhI prakAra kI pragati kA bAdhaka hai| mAnasika dAsatA kI vaha jabardasta ber3I hai| zoSakoM kA vaha astra hai, kyoMki usake sahAre vaha kahate haiM- "dhanI garIba usake banAye hue haiM vaha jo karatA hai, saba ThIka karatA hai usakI marjI para apane ko chor3a do|" rAhula samAjazAstrI the| hara vastu ke kAryakAraNa para gaMbhIratA se vicAra karate the| Izvara aura dharma kI carcA meM ve isa natIje para pahuMce ki "Izvara pUMjIpatiyoM ke bar3e kAma kI cIja hai| yadi Izvara kA khyAla pahale se na hotA to Aja vaha usakA AviSkAra krte| yahI vajaha hai ki thake dimAga vAle zoSakoM ke poSaka kitane hI vaijJAnika dharma aura Izvara ke samarthaka dekhe jAte haiN|" agara rAhula jindA hote to jora dekara itanA ve aura kahate ki "Izvara Aja ke rAjanItijJoM ke bhI bar3e kAma kI cIja hai| ve kitane Izvara bhakta haiM ki deza kI ekatA ko bhI dAMva Izvara aura dharma ke saMbaMdha meM yaha dhAraNA kisI eka majahaba yA sampradAya ke sambandha meM nahIM thii| vizva ke nakze meM dharma kA jo amAnavIya rUpa ubharA hai usI ke vizleSaNa para unhoMne yaha rAya kAyama kI thii| "tumhArI kSaya' pustaka meM unake vicAra ullekhanIya haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki yaha dalIla galata hai ki sabhI dharma samAna bhAva se sadupadeza dete haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki duniyA ke sabhI majahaboM meM bhArI matabheda hai| ye matabheda sirpha vicAroM taka hI sImita nahIM rahe, balki pichale do hajAra varSoM kA itihAsa batalA rahA hai ki ina matabhedoM ke kAraNa majahaboM ne eka-dUsare ke Upara julma ke kitane pahAr3a ddhaae| yUnAna aura roma ke amara kalAkAroM kI kRtiyoM kA Aja abhAva kyoM dIkhatA hai? isalie ki vahAM eka majahaba AyA jo aisI mUrtiyoM ke astitva ko apane lie khatare kI cIja samajhatA thaa| IrAna kI jAtIya kalA, sAhitya aura saMskRti kA nAmazeSa-sA kyoM ho jAnA par3A? kyoMki use eka aise majahaba se pAlA par3A jo iMsAniyata kA nAma bhI dharatI se miTA dene para tulA huA thaa| meksiko aura perU, turkistAna aura aphagAnistAna, misra aura jAvA jahAM bhI dekhiye, majahaboM ne apane ko kalA, sAhitya aura saMskRti kA duzmana sAbita kiyA aura khUna kharAbI ? isake lie to pUchiye mt| apane-apane khudA aura bhagavAna ke nAma para apanI-apanI kitAboM aura pAkhaMDoM ke nAma para manuSya ke khUna ko unhoMne pAnI se bhI sastA kara dikhlaayaa| popa aura petriyArka, eMjila aura IsA ke nAma para pratibhAzAlI vyaktiyoM ke vicAra svAtaMtrya ko Aga aura lohe ke jariye dabAte rhe| kitanoM ko jIte jI Aga meM jalAyA, kitanoM ko cI se dbaayaa| bhAratIya dhArmika madAndhatA para TippaNI karate hue unhoMne likhA ki "hindustAna kI bhUmi aisI dhArmika madAndhatA kI kama zikAra nahIM rhii| islAma se Ane ke pahale bhI kyA majahaba ne vedamaMtra bolane aura sunane vAloM ke kAnoM meM pighale rAMge aura lAkha ko nahIM bharA? ...islAma ke Ane ke bAda to hindU dharma aura islAma ke khUreja jhagar3e Aja taka cala rahe haiN| kahane ke lie islAma zakti aura vizvabandhutva kA dharma kahalAtA hai, hindU dharma brahmajJAna aura sahiSNutA kA dharma batalAyA jAtA hai| kintu kyA ina donoM dharmoM ne apane isa dAve ko kAryarUpa meM pariNata karake dikhalAyA hai?" rAhulajI ke prazna kA uttara hai nhiiN| na taba aura na aaj| rAhula ne bar3e kaThora zabdoM meM likhA- "hindustAniyoM kI ekatA majahaboM ke mela para nahIM hogI, balki majahaboM kI citA pr|" dharma kA yaha hiMsAtmaka aura pharebI rUpa rAhula ko pasanda nahIM thaa| jina dinoM rAhula sakriya rAjanIti kara rahe the una dinoM unhoMne nihita svArtho dvArA dharma kA ghRNita upayoga dekhA thaa| isa prakAra dharma aura Izvara ke masale para rAhula kaTu se bhI adhika kaTu the| sabhAoM meM ve apanI bAta kahane meM hicakicAte nahIM the| bihAra kI bahuterI janasabhAoM meM unheM sakriya virodha kA sAmanA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 22

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bhI karanA par3A thaa| dharma ke vyAvahArika rUpa ko dekhakara ve kaTu ho uThe the| navajAgaraNa ke bIca hara samajhadAra ko jina samasyAoM se TakArAnA par3A thA unameM hI eka hindU aura musalamAna kI samasyA thii| donoM dharmoM ke vyavahAra pakSa kI bhUmikA kA ullekha Upara kiyA gayA hai| kintu isake tala meM praveza kara rAhulajI ne kahA thA ki "isa samasyA kI buniyAda kisI majabUta patthara para nahIM hai| koI Arthika prazna aisA nahIM hai jo isa samasyA kI jar3a meM ho aura Arthika prazna hI kisI bAta ko majabUta banAtA hai| yaha sArA jhagar3A uccavarga aura madhyavarga kA banAyA hai| hindU muslima jhagar3oM se unakA (bar3oM kA) koI nukasAna nahIM hotaa| marate aura jela jAte haiM, to sAdhAraNa garIba log|" rAhula jI ke isa vizleSaNa meM ullekhanIya hai kisI vastu ke virodha meM artha kI bhUmikA evaM garIboM ko maulavAda se alaga karake dekhnaa| Aja kI rAjanIti meM vastuta: isa dhArmika mudde ko lekara jitanA parezAna uccavarga yA madhyavarga hai, utanA garIba yA kisAna majadUra nhiiN| pArasparika bhAI-cAre ke dvArA isa samasyA kA samAdhAna saMbhava hai bazarta maulavAdiyoM kI bhUmikA dhyAna meM rhe| rAhula kA kahanA hai, ucca aura madhyavarga ke caritra kA pardAphAza karanA Avazyaka hai| premacaMda ne apane kathA sAhitya tathA prabaMdhoM meM yaha kAma kiyA thaa| sAmantI samAja vyavasthA kI hI upaja eka aura samasyA hamAre bIca bAra-bAra AtI rahI hai aura hama usake sahI upacAra kI apekSA sAmayika marahama paTTI kara dete rahe haiN| rAhula ne likhA hai ki "samAja kI ber3iyAM jelakhAne kI ber3iyoM se bhI sakhta hai|" achUta yA harijana samasyA isI taraha kI eka sAmAjika vyAdhi hai| varNavyavasthA kI jaMjIroM se jakar3A abhizapta achUtoM kA vRhata varga apanI sAmAjika mukti ke lie tar3aphar3A rahA hai| na jAne kaba aura kisa azubha ghar3I meM isa vyavasthA kA prAdurbhAva huA thA magara Aja bhI vaha guMjalaka mArakara baiThI huI hai| kabhI hama usako dhArmika pUjA pATha ke bahAne maMdira praveza kI ora Thelate haiM to kabhI sAmAjika nyAya ke nAma para naukarI ke Tukar3e pheMkate rahe haiN| isa prakAra satahI samAdhAna kara apanI udAratA kA daMbha karate haiN| isa maMDala aura kamaMDala ke bIca unheM jhUThe aura sAmayika bhulAve meM rakhe hue haiN| rAhulajI ne isa para likhA hai ki "dharma pustakeM isa anyAya ke AdhyAtmika aura dArzanika kAraNa peza karatI haiN|" yaha bheda bhAva hindU-musalamAna donoM meM hai| musalamAnoM meM bhI momina aura gaira momina kA savAla paidA hotA hai| rAhulajI ne achUta samasyA ke mUla meM Arthika svataMtratA kA abhAva batAte hue likhA hai ki "(harijanoM) unake lie maMdiroM ke dvAra kholane ke lie pracAra karane meM hameM samaya nahIM khonA caahie| yaha kAma kevala vyartha hI nahIM, balki khuda harijanoM ke lie khataranAka bhI hai| yaha purohitoM kI cAlAkI aura dharmAndhatA hI hai jo ki unakI vartamAna adhogati kA kAraNa hai| ina sarala manuSyoM ko aisI sarala sastI auSadhi na diijie| pujArI, dharma aura mandira ko jahannuma meM jAne diijie| agara Apake sAmane apane deza aura apane lie koI Adarza hai to unakI (harijanoM) Arthika viSamatAoM kA adhyayana kIjie aura unako dUra karane kI ceSTA kiijie| audyogika yojanA meM sarakAra harijanoM ko adhika se adhika Age bar3hAne kA avasara pradAna kara sakatI hai|" ina viSayoM ke alAvA bhI rAhulajI ne jamIMdArI, kisAna, khetihara-majadUra, zikSA, sadAcAra, samAja jaise viSayoM para bhI vicAra kiyA hai| isa dRSTi se unakI pustaka "dimAgI gulAmI" evaM "tumhArI kSaya" paThanIya hai| isI taraha "sAmyavAda hI kyoM" pustaka meM unhoMne sarala bhASA meM sAmyavAda ke muddoM kA paricaya diyaa| ye tInoM pustakeM rAhulajI kI samAja cetanA ko samajhane meM bar3e kAma kI haiN| rAhula kI samAja cetanA ke darzanika AdhAra kI jAnakArI ke lie unakI pustaka "darzana digdarzana" kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| jisameM unhoMne vividha dArzanika dhArAoM kA mUlyAMkana kara anAtmavAdI lokAyata darzana kI ora dRSTi AkarSita kI hai| rAhula kA sArA prayAsa rUr3hiyoM se mukti kA prayAsa hai| mAnasika dAsatA se mukti pAne ke lie rAhula ne kahA hai ki "hameM apanI mAnasika dAsatA kI eka-eka kar3I ko bedardI ke sAtha tor3akara pheMkane ke lie taiyAra honA caahie| bAharI krAMti se kahI jyAdA jarUrata mAnasika krAMti kI hai|" mAnasika dAsatA se mukti kA prayAsa bhI navajAgaraNa kA prayAsa hai| prazna hai kyA hama mAnasika dAsatA kI ber3I tor3ane ko taiyAra haiM? hamAre mana meM isa prazna ko uThA dene meM hI Aja rAhula kI sArthakatA hai| rAhula ke cintana kA mukhya ullekhanIya AyAma hai, mAnava samAja ke vikAsa kI dvandvAtmaka prkh| isI ke AdhAra para unhoMne samAja kA vizleSaNa kara dukha aura dAridraya ko samajhane kA prayAsa kiyA thaa| kahanA na hogA ki yahI dvandvavAda unake cintana kI kasauTI thii| jisase unhoMne zoSaka, zoSita, amIra, garIba, upekSitoM ko dekhA thaa| zoSakoM ko rAhula ne joMka zabda se saMbodhita kiyA hai| paribhASA hai "joMkajo apanI paravariza ke lie dharatI para mehanata kA sahArA nahIM letiiN| ve dUsaroM ke arjita khUna para gujara karatI haiN| mAnuSI joMkeM pAzavika joMkoM se jyAdA bhayaMkara hotI haiN|" rAhula ina zoSaka joMko kA anta cAhate the| inhIM ne sAmAjika saMtulana bigAr3a rakhA hai, aisA unakA vizvAsa thaa| isI dRSTi se unhoMne do-do mahAyuddhoM meM lipta zaktiyoM kI pahacAna kI thii| rAhula kI cintana dhArA sAmantavAda, pUMjIvAda, sAmrAjyavAda ke virodha kI dhArA hai, jisane saMkIrNatA, maulavAda, vikRtivAda, rUr3hivAda, vicchinnatAvAda, sAmpradAyikatA ko vikAsa ke patha meM bAdhaka mAnA hai| ___ anta meM rAhula kI pustaka "bhAgo nahIM (duniyA ko) badalo" ke prathama saMskaraNa se eka uddharaNa dekara bAta khatma karanA caahuuNgaa| "maiM kisI eka AdamI ko doSI nahIM maantaa| Aja jisa taraha kA mAnukha jAti kA DhAMcA dikhAI par3atA hai, asala meM saba doSa usI DhAMce kA hai| jaba taka vaha DhAMcA tor3akara nayA DhAMcA nahIM banAyA jAtA, taba taka duniyA naraka banI rhegii| DhAMcA tor3anA bhI eka AdamI ke bUte kA nahIM hai, isalie una saba logoM ko kAma karanA hai, jinako isa DhAMce ne AdamI nahIM rahane diyaa|" ___ rAhula ne AjIvana DhAMce ko tor3ane kA prayAsa kiyaa| ThIka hI hai akele basa kA nahIM thaa| DhAMce ko tor3ane kA prayAsa karanA hI unako smaraNa karanA hai| hindI vibhAga, vardhamAna vizvavidyAlaya hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 23

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0 DA0 sureza sisodiyA (13vIM zatAbdI) meM prApta hotA hai| sAmAnyatayA prakIrNakoM kA artha vividha viSayoM para saMkalita grantha hI kiyA jAtA hai| nandIsUtra ke TIkAkAra malayagiri ke anusAra tIrthaMkaroM dvArA upadiSTa zruta kA anusaraNa karake zramaNa, prakIrNakoM kI racanA karate the| paramparAgata mAnyatA hai ki pratyeka zramaNa, eka-eka prakIrNaka kI racanA karatA thaa| samavAyAMgasUtra meM "corAsIiM paNNagasahassAhaM paNNattA" kahakara RSabhadeva ke caurAsI hajAra ziSyoM ke caurAsI hajAra prakIrNakoM kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai? Aja yadyapi prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA nizcita nahIM hai, phira bhI Aja 45 AgamoM meM dasa prakIrNaka mAne jAte haiN| ye dasa prakIrNaka nimnalikhita jaina Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNaka granthoM kA sthAna pratyeka dharma paramparA meM dharma grantha kA eka mahatvapUrNa sthAna hotA hai| hinduoM ke lie veda, bauddhoM ke lie tripiTaka, pArasiyoM ke lie avestA, IsAIyoM ke lie bAibila, aura musalamAnoM ke lie kurAna kA jo sthAna aura mahatva hai, vahI sthAna aura mahatva jainoM ke lie Agama sAhitya kA hai| sampUrNa jaina Agama sAhitya- arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya aura zaurasenI Agama sAhitya, aisI do zAkhAoM meM vibhakta hai| inameM arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya na kevala prAcIna hai apitu vaha mahAvIra kI mUla vANI ke nikaTa bhI hai| zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kA vikAsa bhI arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke prAcIna stara ke inhIM Agama granthoM ke AdhAra para huA hai| ata: arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya zaurasenI Agama-sAhitya kA AdhAra evaM usakI apekSA prAcIna bhI hai| prAcIna kAla meM arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya- aMga praviSTa aura aMga bAhya, aise do vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA thaa| aMga praviSTa meM gyAraha aMga AgamoM aura bArahaveM dRSTivAda ko samAhita kiyA jAtA thaa| jabaki aMga bAhya, meM inake atirikta ve sabhI Agama grantha samAhita kiye jAte the, jo zrutakevalI evaM pUrvadhara sthaviroM kI racanAeM mAne jAte (1) catu:zaraNa (2) AturapratyAkhyAna (3) bhaktaparijJA (4) saMstAraka (5) taMdulavaicArika (6) candrakavedhyaka (7) devendrastava (8) gaNividyA (9) mahApratyAkhyAna aura (10) viirstv| ina dasa prakIrNakoM ke nAmoM meM bhI bhinnatA dekhI jA sakatI hai| kucha granthoM meM candrakavedhyaka aura vIrastava ke sthAna para maraNasamAdhi aura gacchAcAra ko ginA gayA hai| kahIM saMstAraka ko nahIM ginakara usake sthAna para gacchAcAra aura maraNasamAdhi ko ginA gayA hai| dasa prakIrNakoM ko zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya AgamoM kI zreNI meM mAnatA hai| parantu prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita ina granthoM kA saMgraha kiyA jAye to nimna bAIsa nAma prApta hote haiM (1) catu:zaraNa (2) AturapratyAkhyAna (3) bhaktaparijJA (4) saMstAraka (5) taMdulavaicArika (6) candrakavedhyaka (7) devendrastava (8) gaNividyA (9) mahApratyAkhyAna (10) vIrastava, (11) RSibhASita (12) ajIvakalpa (13) gacchAcAra (14) maraNasamAdhi (15) titthogAli (16) ArAdhanApatAkA (17) dvIpasAgaraprajJapti (18) jyotiSkaraNDaka (19) aMgavidyA (20) siddhaprAbhRta (21) sArAvalI aura (22) jiivvibhkti| isake atirikta eka hI nAma ke aneka prakIrNaka bhI upalabdha hote haiM, yathA- "AurapaccakkhANa" ke nAma se tIna grantha upalabdha hote haiN| nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra ke utkAlika sUtroM ke varga meM devendrastava, taMdulavaicArika, candrakavedhyaka, gaNividyA, maraNavibhakti, AturapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna- ye sAta prakIrNaka tathA kAlikasUtroM ke varga meM RSibhASita aura dvIpasAgaraprajJapti - ye do prakIrNaka, arthAt vahAM kula nau prakIrNakoM kA ullekha milatA hai| __yadyapi yaha satya hai ki prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA evaM nAmoM ko lekara jainAcAryoM meM paraspara matabheda dekhA jAtA hai| sAtha hI AgamoM kI zRMkhalA meM prakIrNakoM kA sthAna bhI dvitIyaka hai, kintu yadi hama bhASAgata prAcInatA aura adhyAtma-pradhAna viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to kaI prakIrNaka, kucha AgamoM kI apekSA bhI adhika mahatvapUrNa pratIta hote haiN| prakIrNakoM meM RSibhASita Adi aise prakIrNaka haiM, jo uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika jaise prAcIna stara ke AgamoM kI apekSA bhI prAcIna haiN| RSibhASita kI prAcInatA aura usakI viSayavastu kI vistArapUrvaka carcA karate hue the| vartamAna meM AgamoM ke aMga, upAMga, cheda, mUlasUtra aura prakIrNaka Adi vibhAga kiye jAte haiN| yaha vibhAgIkaraNa hameM sarvaprathama vidhimArgaprathA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 24

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pro. sAgaramala jaina likhate haiM, "yaha sunizcita satya hai ki yaha grantha jaina dharma evaM saMgha ke suvyavasthita hone ke pUrva likhA gayA thaa| isa grantha ke adhyayana se spaSTa rUpa se pratIta hotA hai ki isake racanAkAla taka jaina saMgha meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kA pUrNataH abhAva thA / ' suprasiddha jaina manISI zrI joharImalajI pArakha ke anusAra isa prakIrNaka kI prAcInatA evaM viSayavastu Adi kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattA hai| isake svayaM ke saMdarbhoM ke bala para yaha prakIrNaka Agama meM zumAra hone yogya 119 10 viSaya vastu kI dRSTi se sarvAdhika ATha prakIrNaka samAdhimaraNa se saMbaMdhita haiM, yathA ( 1 ) mahApratyAkhyAna (2) AturapratyAkhyAna (3) maraNa vibhakti ( 4 ) maraNasamAdhi ( 5 ) maraNavizuddhi (6) saMlekhanAta (7) bhaktaparijJA aura (8) ArAdhanA / samAdhimaraNa se saMbaMdhita ina sabhI granthoM ko eka grantha meM samAhita karake use "maraNavibhakti" nAma diyA gayA hai| upalabdha maraNavibhakti meM mahApratyAkhyAna, AturapratyAkhyAna Adi uparokta ATha prakIrNaka grantha samAhita haiN| ina ATha granthoM meM se maraNavibhakti, maraNasamAdhi, saMlekhanA zruta, bhakta parijJA, Atura pratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna ina granthoM ke nAma hameM nandIsUtra mUla aura usakI cUrNI meM milate haiN|" kintu zeSa do granthoM- maraNavizuddhi aura ArAdhanA ke nAma nandIsUtra mUla aura usakI cUrNI meM upalabdha nahIM haiN| samAdhimaraNa kA vivecana karane vAle ina prakIrNaka granthoM meM rAgAtmakatA evaM Asakti tyAga para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| ye samasta prakIrNaka samAdhipUrvaka maraNa karane kI prakriyA evaM usake mahatva kA pratipAdana karate haiN| sAdhaka ko samAdhimaraNa kI sthiti meM apanI manovRttiyoM ko kisa prakAra rakhanA cAhie, isakA bhI inameM sundara vivecana huA hai| candrakavedhyaka prakIrNaka adhyAtma sAdhanA pradhAna prakIrNaka hai| isameM mukhya rUpa se guru-ziSyoM ke saMbaMdhoM evaM ziSyoM ko vairAgya kI dizA meM prerita karane vAlI upadezAtmaka gAthAoM kA saMkalana hai| - devendrastava prakIrNaka adhyAtmaparaka athavA AcAraparaka na hokara stutiparaka grantha hai devaloka evaM devanikAya kI jAnakArI karAne vAlA yaha prAcIna grantha hai| isameM jaina khagola evaM bhUgola kA bhI AMzika vivaraNa prApta hotA hai| mAnuSottara parvata ke Age sthita dvIpa samudroM kA sAMgopAMga evaM suvyavasthita vivaraNa dvIpasAgara prajJapti prakIrNaka meM upalabdha hotA hai| jaina paramparA meM jagata kI saMracanA saMbaMdhI jAnakArI karAne vAlA yaha eka mAtra padyAtmaka grantha hai| taMdulavaicArika prakIrNaka meM mAnava jIvana ke vividha pakSoM, yathAgarbhAvasthA, mAnava zarIra racanA, usakI sau varSa kI Ayu ke dasa vibhAga, unameM hone vAlI zArIrika kriyAeM evaM usake AhAra Adi kA paryApta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha meM zArIrika vikRtiyoM ke sAtha hI nArI caritra kI vikRtiyoM ko bhI ubhAra kara prastuta kiyA gayA hai, tAki vyakti kA unake prati rAgabhAva evaM Asakti samApta ho / prastuta grantha hIraka jayantI smArikA ke granthakAra kI nArI nindA ke pIche mUlabhUta dRSTi manuSya kI kAmAsakti ko samApta karanA hai vahAM nArI nindA, nindA ke lie nahIM hai, apitu manuSya ko adhyAtma aura vairAgya kI dizA meM prerita karane ke lie hI hai| mahAnizIthasUtra, vRhatkalpasUtra tathA vyavahAra sUtra Adi chedasUtroM ke AdhAra para racita gacchAcAra prakIrNaka meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke gaccha kI AcAra paramparA kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana huA hai| grantha meM AcArya, sAdhu aura sAdhvI aise tIna bhAgoM meM unakI yogyatA aura guNoM kA sAMgopAMga varNana kiyA gayA hai| gaNividyA prakIrNaka meM divasa, tithi, nakSatra, muhUrta, zakula evaM jyotiSa va nimitta Adi kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| jyotiSkaraNDaka prakIrNaka meM bhI gaNita jyotiSa kI ati prAcIna va maulika sAmagrI upalabdha hai / isa prakAra pratyeka prakIrNaka prAya: susaMhata viziSTa viSaya-vastu vAlA hai| prakIrNaka granthoM kI viSaya-vastu kA zvetAmbara paramparA mAnya Agama granthoM evaM digambara paramparA mAnya zaurasenI sAhitya se tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane para yaha prazna bhI svAbhAvika rUpa se khar3A hotA hai ki isameM upalabdha hone vAlI samAna gAthAeM prakIrNaka sAhitya se Agama, niyukti tathA yApanIya paramparA mAnya mUlAcAra va bhagavatI ArAdhanA Adi granthoM meM gaI hai athavA unameM se ye gAthAeM prakIrNaka granthoM meM lI gaI haiM ? isa prazna kA spaSTa uttara de pAnA eka jaTila samasyA hai| Agama granthoM meM jahAM prakIrNaka sAhitya kI gAthAeM mUla aMga ke rUpa meM hI pratIta hotI hai| vahAM isa saMbhAvanA se asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki vahIM se ye gAdhAeM prakIrgakoM meM gaI ho kintu uttarAdhyayana, jJAtAdharmakathA tathA anuyoga dvAra Adi Agama granthoM meM prakIrNaka granthoM kI kucha gAdhAeM aisI milatI haiM jo yahAM anyatra se uddhRta kI gaI hI lagatI haiM, kyoMki vahAM vaha grantha yA granthAMza gadya rUpa meM hai aura ye gAthAeM padya rUpa meM hai, isalie una gAthAoM ko vahAM uddhRta mAnanA samIcIna hogaa| jahAM taka niyukti sAhitya meM upalabdha hone vAlI prakIrNaka granthoM kI samAna gAthAoM kA prazna hai, hameM sarvaprathama yaha nirNaya karanA par3egA ki niyuktiyoM kA racanAkAla kaba kA hai? yadi niyuktiyoM ko dvitIya bhadrabAhu kI racanA mAnA jAe taba to saMbhAvanA banatI hai ki ye gAthAeM prakIrNaka sAhitya se unameM gaI hoMgI, kintu vidvAnoM ne yaha mAnA hai ki kucha niryuktiyAM prAcIna haiM aura ve prathama bhAdrabAhu kI hI racanA haiN| aisI sthiti meM eka saMbhAvanA yaha bhI bana sakatI hai ki samAna upalabdha hone vAlI gAthAeM niyuktiyoM se prakIrNakoM meM gaI hoN| prakIrNaka sAhitya meM kaI aisI gAthAeM haiM, jo samAna rUpa se bhinna-bhinna prakIrNakoM meM upalabdha hotI haiN| ina samAna gAthAoM kI prApti ke AdhAra para yaha nirNaya kara pAnA kaThina hai ki kauna-sI gAthA kisa prakIrNaka se kisa prakIrNaka meM gaI hai| jahAM taka mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA jaise granthoM kA prazna hai, vidvat khaNDa / 25

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to yaha vizvAsapUrvaka kahA jA sakatA hai ki unameM ye gAthAeM prakIrNaka sAhitya se hI gaI hai, kyoMki mUlAcAra meM to AturapratyAkhyAna jaisA pUrA kA pUrA prakIrNaka hI samAhita kara liyA gayA hai| AcArya kundakunda ke sAhitya meM milane vAlI samAna gAthAoM ke saMbaMdha meM bhI hamArA niSkarSa yahI hai ki unameM prakIrNakoM kI gAthAeM mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke mAdhyama se gaI haiN| , nandisUtra meM ullikhita Agama sAhitya kI sUcI ke vibhinna vargoM meM jina nI prakIrNakoM ke nAma milate haiM12 ve sabhI prakIrNaka prAcIna stara ke pratIta hote haiN| inameM se koI bhI prakIrNaka aisA nahIM hai jo tIsarI cauthI zatAbdI ke bAda kI racanA ho / prakIrNaka sAhitya ko cAhe usakI prAcInatA kI dRSTi se dekhA jAye, cAhe viSaya vastu kI dRSTi se usakA Akalana kiyA jAye athavA vyakti ke AdhyAtmika sAdhanAtmaka evaM cAritrika mUlyoM ke vikAsa meM unakA mUlyAMkana kiyA jAye, prakIrNakoM kI mahattA kisI bhI prakAra se AgAma sAhitya se nimna siddha nahIM hotI hai| anuvAda ke abhAva meM Aja prakIrNaka grantha bhale hI Agama granthoM ke samatulya apanA sthAna na banA pAye hoM, kintu jaba sampUrNa prakIrNaka sAhitya anudita hokara janasAmAnya ke hAthoM pahuMcegA taba janasAmAnya inake mUlya evaM mahatva ko samajha paayegaa| jaina samAja kA yaha durbhAgya rahA ki adhyAtmapradhAna ina granthoM kI samAja meM upekSA hotI rahI hai aura inheM dvitIyaka stara kA mAnA jAtA rahA, jabaki AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki udAta jIvana mUlyoM ko pratipAdita karane vAle prakIrNaka sAhitya kA adhyayana karake hama inameM pratipAdita jIvana-mUlyoM ko jIvana meM AtmasAta kareM I hIraka jayantI smArikA - sandarbha grantha sUcI 1 vidhimArgaprathA sampA, jinavijaya, , pR0 55 2- samavAyAMgasUtra - sampA, muni madhukara, prakA. zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, prathama saMskaraNa 1982, 84vAM samavAya, pR0 143 3 * paiNNayasuttAI- sampA. muni puNyavijaya, prakA. zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, bhAga-1, prathama saMskaraNa 1984, prastAvanA pR0 20 4- prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa jaina, jagadIza candra, prakA. caukhambhA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, I. san 1961, pR0 123 5- dRSTavya hai- vahI, pR0 123 TippaNI / 6- paiNNayasuttAI- bhAga-1, prastAvanA pR0 18 7- (ka) nandIsUtra - sampA. muni madhukara, prakA. zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, I. san 1982, pR0 161-162 (kha) pAkSikasUtra prakA. devacandra lAlabhAI jaina pustakoddhAra, pR0 16 8- RSibhASita eka adhyayana- DaoN. sAgara mala jaina, prakA. prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI jayapura, prathama saMskaraNa 1988, pR0 4 9- vahI, pRSTha 5-6 10- Agama, ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura dvArA varSa 1994 meM Ayojita "prakIrNaka sAhitya : adhyayana evaM samIkSA saMgoSThI" meM zrI joharImala jI pArakha dvArA paThita evaM prastuta zodha patra " prakIrNaka Agama" pR0 9 11 (ka) nandIsUtra, sUtra 80 (kha) nandI sUtra, sUtra 80, cUrNI pR0 58 12- nandIsUtra, sUtra 76, 79-80 vidvat khaNDa / 26

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DaoN0 mahendra bhAnAvata pAramparika lokakalAe~ aura unakA AjAdIkaraNa lagA hai ki sArA vAtAvaraNa hakkAbakkA-sA ho gayA hai| saMkramaNa kI yaha sthiti kahIM-kahIM atikramaNa taka pahuMca gaI hai| ___ kaI kalAvidhAeM apanA aisA huliyA kara gaI ki ve aba pahacAnI hI nahIM jA rahI haiN| kucha kA to apaharaNa aura kaiyoM kA maraNa ho gayA hai| kaI nakalacI asalacI bana baiThe aura jo asalI haiM unake bhAva bhaMgar3e ke bhI nahIM rahe haiN| kucha acche kalAkAroM ko mAna-sammAna aura puraskAra kA bhabhakA dekara unheM apanI jamIna se bhI tor3a diyA gyaa| kucha jo vastuta: mAna-sammAna ke yogya the unheM vaha yogyatA nahIM milane se unakA dila mara gayA aura eka ajIba darda bar3ha gayA hai| bahuta se ejenTa, dalAla ina kalAoM ke unnAyaka, uddhAraka banakara prakaTa hue, jinhoMne kalAoM kA to halAla hI adhika kiyA balki apanA uddhAra kara kalAkAroM aura unakI kalAoM ko ulTA badaraMga kara diyaa| apane hI aMcala meM pUrA nahIM cala pAnevAlA kalAkAra reta ko bhI parasa nahIM kara jaba havAI jahAja meM ur3akara apane rASTra ko chor3a dUsare rASTroM meM calA gayA to usakA jIva roTale aura rAbar3I ke binA macamaciyAne lagA aura usakI kalA dekha suna apane logoM se jo mana-tana kA moda milatA thA, vaha use nahIM milA para jo kucha milA usakA caskA bhI eka aisI lAra de gayA ki use usakI jamIna aura usakA jIvana hI TATapaTA sA dikhAI dene lgaa| jo kalAkAra calana meM A gaye ve cAMdI to pA rahe haiM para unakI kalA sone se pItala-kathIra huI jA rahI hai| inhIM kalAkAroM se jaba maiM pUchatA hUM ki apane pIche kisI ko ve taiyAra bhI kara rahe haiM? to ve bolate haiM- "aba koI dama nahIM rahA hai|" kaI kalAkAra sAmaMtI yuga ko hI yAda kara sisakiyAM bharate haiN| kahate haiM- "taba adaba ijjata se hamArI kalAoM ko dekhA-sunA jAtA thaa| mUla bhAvanA to yaha hai ki aba koI asalI kalA samajhane vAlA bhI nahIM rahA aura yadi hama Aja kI samajha mAphika apane ko banAleM tA kalA kA kUDA hI ho jaay|" sAmUhika gAna aura nRtya ke ve jamAne jaise lada se gae haiN| taba samUha meM bhI pratyeka kalAkAra apane ko pragaTAtA huA samagra mAhaula ko eka ajIba aura adbhuta Ananda detA thaa| koI kalAkAra koI gIta paMkti gAtA to dUsarA usI paMkti ko pakar3a apanA kucha milaataa| tIsarA use aura nirAlA svara detaa| phira pahalA aura dUsarA aura tIsarA use pakar3atA huA apanA oja aura mAdhurya aura Thasaka aura aMga abhinaya detA rhtaa| aura isa taraha unakI bArI-bArI meM gIta ko jo raMga milatA vaha dekhate hI banatA thaa| aba jaise cIrAphAr3I kara dI gaI hai| hara cIja aisI banA dI gaI hai ki jaise usakA moNa to nikAla diyA gayA hai aura usa para aTyAvaNa hI aTyAvaNa lather3a diyA gayA hai| videzI logoM ne yahAM Akara ina kalAoM aura kalAkAroM ke sAtha mila baiThakara dhana Adi kA lAlaca de unameM kaI rUpoM kI vikRti ko janma diyaa| isase yahAM ke kalA adhyetA bhI unakI tulanA meM adhika kharca nahIM saba kalAoM meM lokakalAeM Ajakala bar3I carcA kA viSaya banI huI haiN| koI bhI sabhA, samAroha, utsava ho usakA lokakalAtmaka rUpa-raMga Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| bolIcAlI, pahanAvA, khAnapAna, lekhana, sajA sabake saba lokapana se pragAr3ha ho rahe haiN| lokamAna, lokaraMga, lokamAnasa, lokacarcA, lokArpaNa, lokotsava, lokAbhinaMdana, lokadhana, lokamana, lokanIti, lokagAyaka, lokakalA, lokazikSaNa, lokagIta, lokasaMskRti, lokadharma jaise tIsoM-pacAsoM zabda vajanI bane haiN| sAhitya ke itihAsa meM yaha pakSa jitanA nakArA gayA utanA hI aba jur3akara sAhitya / aura itihAsa aura anya viSayoM ko zrI pradAna kara rahA hai| lokazrI / aura kalAzrI kI tUtI aba cahuMora bolI jA rahI hai| __ yaha zubha lakSaNa hai ki lokakalAeM jo aba taka apane hI aMcala kI sImA aura zobhA banI huI thIM, aba unakA vistAra huA hai| ve apanI deharI se deza-dezAMtara meM chalAMgI haiN| unakI AMcalika gaMdha-sugaMdha meM kaI taraha kI havAeM A milI haiM para isase kaI khatare bhI khar3e ho gaye haiN| jo jamIna inako jakar3I huI thI usakI jar3eM aba jarjarAyamAna huI jA rahI haiN| eka ThaharAva, alagAva aura TUTa kI ajIba sthiti ne aise saMkramaNa ko janma de diyA hai, jisase lokakalAoM ke vividha rUpa ApAdhApA gaye haiN| ina kalAoM ke sAtha jo anuSThAna, AsthAeM, utsava aura yajamAna AjIvikA se jur3e hue the, unheM sahasA aisA dhakkA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 27

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karane para apane manamAphika adhyayana se vaMcita ho gye| gAMvoM meM maiM kaI jagaha jAtA huuN| gharoM meM, khalihAnoM meM logoM se bAteM karatA huuN| gIta sunatA hUM, nRtya dekhatA hUM para aba vaha bAta nahIM rahI jo 25-30 barasa pUrva thii| taba bar3I AtmIyatA thI logoM kI bAtacIta meM, milane milAne meM para aba jaise unheM phursata hI nahIM hai| ghumakkar3a jAtiyoM ke to hAla hI behAla ho gaye haiN| hara paMkti aura hara gIta kA jaba taka unheM pArizramika nahIM milegA ve Age ApakA kAma nahIM hone deNge| eka citra bhI khIMcA to binA usakA pArizramika lie ve Apako vahAM se hilane nahIM deNge| dinabhara baiThe raheMge magara koI jAnakArI ve binA kucha lie aura vaha bhI apanI marajI kA, ApakA koI kAma nahIM kareMge na anyoM se hI karavAne deNge| yaha saba una videzI adhyetAoM kA khela rahA jo jaldI phaldI meM Ate haiM aura manamAnA paisA luTAkara apanA kAma kara le jAte haiN| para hama isa satya ko bhI nahIM chupA sakate ki jo kAma videziyoM ne kiyA vaha kAma utane acche DhaMga se yahAM ke loga nahIM kara pAye / sAdhana suvidhAoM se sampanna hone ke kAraNa videzI loga AMkha mIMcakara paisA yahA to dete haiM para yahAM kI saMskRti, bhUmi, bhUgola aura samagra pariveza kA paricaya nahIM hone ke kAraNa ve jo kucha adhyayana - niSkarSa vahAM jAkara dete haiM usameM bar3e phor3e najara Ate haiN| kaI bAra bhArata meM bhI unheM sahI adhyetA nahIM mila pAne ke kAraNa ve kaI galata sUcanAoM ko baTora le jAte haiN| mujhe mAlUma hai, kaI loga eka hI vidhA kA adhyayana karane isIlie bAra-bAra Ate haiM ki unheM sahI sthAna, vyakti aura vidhA taka kI jAnakArI nahIM mila pAtI hai aura taba ve apanA sira Thokane lagate haiN| yaha ThIka hai ki lokakalAeM kisI bhU-bhAga vizeSa kI dharohara hotI haiM parantu unakI mUla udbhAvanAoM ke aMza aMza kora to vizva ke na jAne kitane bhU-bhAga ko nApate sameTate pAye jAte haiN| rAjasthAna ke sarvAdhika lokapriya paNihArI gIta kA kathA- biMdu vizva ke kaI bhAgoM meM pracalita hai| lokakathAoM kI, bAlagItoM kI, loriyoM kI bhI yahI sthiti dekhane ko milegii| koI ghumakkar3a adhyetA yadi lokakalAoM kI adhyayana-yAtrA meM antarrASTrIya dezATana kare to use yaha jAna bar3A acaraja hogA ki jahAM-jahAM manuSya haiM vahAM-vahAM kI lokakalA aura lokasaMskRti kA mUla uThAva samAnadharmA hai| kalAmaNDala meM Aye dina Ane vAle videzI anusaMdhitsu -adhyetAoM se jaba vArtA -vimarza hotA hai, to patA lagatA hai ki ina kalAoM kA sArA saMsAra eka hai| rAjasthAna kI par3oM para adhyayana kara rahe briTena ke DaoN. smitha kalA - maNDala meM bhI mile aura jodhapura meM komala koThArIjI ke ghara bhopoM ke sAtha rekArDiMga karate hue bhI mile pAbUjI kI par3a para inhoMne rAtadina eka kara bahuta hI samRddha aura acchI sAmagrI kA saMkalana kiyA hai jaba maine inase pUchA ki par3oM kI taraha unake udhara bhI aisI koI pracalita zailI hai kyA to unhoMne batAyA ki yUropa meM par3avAcana se hI milatI-julatI eka zailI hai jisameM citrAvalI meM sisalI ke DAkuoM hIraka jayantI smArikA kI kahAnI gUMthI hotI hai| par3a hI kI taraha isa citrAvalI ke citroM ko iMgita kara kara kahAnI gAI jAtI hai| pAbUjI devanArAyaNajI ke bhope bhI par3a - citrAvalI ke citroM ko iMgita karate hue eka-eka citra kI gAthA gAyakI dete haiM aura rAta-rAta bhara nAca-gAkara zraddhAlu bhaktoM kI manautI pUrI karate haiN| maiMne jaba DaoN. smitha ko batAyA ki rAjasthAna meM mAtAjI kI par3a eka aisI par3a hai jisakA vAcana nahIM kiyA jAtA para jise cora loga rakhate haiM aura jaba ve corI karane nikalate haiM taba usakI mAnatA karate haiN| usakI pUjA karate haiM aura zubha zakuna lete haiN| bAvarI va vAgarI loga ise khAsataura se mAnate haiN| isa par3a citrakArI ke citerA jozI khAnadAna ke haiM jo mUlataH bhIlavAr3A jile ke pura gAMva ke haiN| taba isakA nAma puramAMDala thaa| bAda meM zAhajahAM ne jaba zAhapurA basAyA to mevAr3a ke kalAkAra maaNge| mahArANa ne taba yahAM ke citeroM ko zAhapurA bhejaa| sabase pahale pAMcAjI gye| vartamAna meM par3a citrakArI ke lie zrIlAlajI jozI bar3e nAmI kalAkAra haiN| inhoMne pAramparika par3a zailI meM kaI naye prayoga kiye bArAmAsA rAgamAlA se lekara pratApa, padminI, haldIghATI, DholA mArU, pRthvIrAja jaise rAjasthAnI aitihAsika kathAnakoM para par3a-citrAMkana kiyaa| yaha prayoga bhitticitroM meM bhI kiyaa| silka para par3AMkana kara bhI kiyaa| mAsko, svIDana, jApAna, pAkistAna, nepAla meM bhI kiyaa| deza-videza ke kaI saMgrahAlayoM, bar3I bilDiMgoM, hoTaloM meM bhI kiyaa| isa kalA se prabhAvita ho bhArata sarakAra ke DAkatAra vibhAga ne devanArAyaNa ke par3a citra para zrIlAlajI ke bahuraMgI rekhAMkana kA DAka TikiTa bhI jArI kiyaa| haMgarI ke roDelpha vIga rAjasthAna kI ghumakkar3a jAtiyoM para adhyayana karane Ae to unheM udayapura kI kAlabeliyA kaoNlonI meM le gayA / ve yaha jAnanA cAhate the ki unake udhara jo ghumakkar3a jAtiyAM haiM ve bhArata se hI kabhI udhara pahuMcI dIkhatI haiM udhara kI una jAtiyoM ke lokasaMgIta para unhoMne gaharAI se adhyayana kiyA thaa| yahAM bhI ve mukhyataH ina jAtiyoM ke lokasaMgIta para hI adhyayana karanA cAhate the| maine jaba kucha kAlabeliyoM ke gItoM kA rekArDiMga karavAyA to ve idhara kI bhASA se paricita nahIM hote hue bhI uchala par3e aura kaha baiThe ki merA bhArata AnA sArthaka ho gayA hai| udhara kI jAtiyoM ke adhyayanoparAMta merA mana yaha kaha rahA thA ki ye loga bhArata se hI calakara yahAM A base haiN| Aja yaha bAta sahI utara gaI hai| vahAM kI ghumakkar3a jAtiyoM kA lokasaMgIta bhI ThIka isI prakAra kA hai| tAzakaMda meM jogiyoM kI eka bastI hai jo taMdUre para bhaktigIta gAkara apanA jIvana basara karatI hai| adhyayana karane para patA lagA ki udayapura kA Alama jogI vahAM pahuMca gayA aura basa gyaa| usI se dhIre-dhIre jogiyoM kI eka vastI ho gaI vahI pahanAvA, saMgIta, vAdya, saMskRti aura saba kucha pichale dinoM nyUyArka vizvavidyAlaya ke saMgIta prophesara TrAiTala ne jaba kalAmaNDala saMgrahAlaya ke vAdya kakSa meM rakhe registAnI mAMgaNihAroM kA moracaMga vAdya dekhA to kahA ki amerikA meM bhI yaha vidvat khaNDa / 28

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vAdya bar3A lokapriya hai| vahAM ise jusahArpha kahate haiM jo rAjasthAna kI hI dena hai| amerikA ke hI parAmanovijJAna vettA DaoN. iyAna sTIvensana ne naI dillI meM aNuvrata kI kisI vicAra goSThI meM baccoM meM pAye jAne vAle lAsaNa cinha ke bAre meM jAnakArI prApta karane kI jijJAsA rakhI to 'aNuvrata' patra ke tatkAlIna sampAdaka mere mitra bhAnIrAma 'agnimukha' ne 'raMgAyana' kA vaha aMka unheM diyA jisameM maine lAsaNa para likhA thaa| baccoM kI akAla mRtyu para marane ke pazcAt unakI mAtAeM bacce ke kUlhe, gAla, jaMghA yA jahAM kahIM bhI tela, kaMkU, meMhadI, kAjala Adi kisI kA nizAna lagA detI haiM, isa vizvAsa meM ki jahAM bhI isakA agalA janma ho yaha akAla mRtyu ko prApta na ho| aMguliyoM ke ye hI nizAna bacce ke agale janma para dekhane ko milate haiM jo 'lAsaNa' kahalAte haiN| bhAnIrAmajI ne mujhe jaba sUcanA dI ki raMgAyana meM dI gaI jAnakArI DI. sTIvensana ke liye bar3I upayogI siddha huI hai aura amerikA meM ve usa para bar3I gaharI zodha kara rahe haiM to mujhe isa bAta kA saMtoSa avazya huA ki kabhI-kabhI aisI cIjeM bhI bar3I mahatvapUrNa ho jAtI haiM jina para hamArA khAsa dhyAna nahIM jaataa| yahI kAraNa hai ki jo bhI sUcanAyeM mujhe milatI haiM, maiM sabase pahale unheM lipibaddha kara kahIM na kahIM ujAgara karane ko tatpara rahatA huuN| rUmAniyA kI 'dI insTIcyUTa oNpha ethanogrAphI eNDa phokalora oNpha bukhAresTa' kI priMsipala zrImatI ghIjelA san 72 kI aina dIvAlI para, udayapura aaii| unheM zahara tathA yahAM kI pAraMparika bastiyoM kI dIvAlI dikhAI gii| miTTI ke jhilamilAte dIpoM ko dekhakara pIjelA ne kahA ki unake udhara bhI kucha bastiyAM isI prakAra kA mATI dIpoM kA tyauhAra manAtI haiN| unheM jaya tIrthayAtrA se lauTane para pathavArI pUjA aura pathavArI ke saMbaMdha meM batAyA gayA to yahI prathA udhara bhI pracalita hai, jaanaa| prAta: kAla jaya bahuta jaldI kArtika nahAtI mahilAoM se unheM kahAniyAM sunavAI gaI to dhIjelA ne kahA ki ThIka yahI prathA udhara bhI pracalita hai| vahAM bhI mahIne mahIne bhara aurateM prAtaH isI prakAra nahAtI haiM, pUjA karatI haiM aura kahAniyAM kahatI haiM isI daurAna jaba unheM kucha lorIgIta Tepa karAye gae aura unakA bhAvArtha batAyA gayA to udhara bhI aise hI lorIgItoM kA prabhAva honA pAyA gyaa| dazAmAtA jaisI vratakathAeM udhara bhI pracalita haiN| merI suputrI DaoN. kavitA mehatA ne dazAmAtA vratakathAoM ke sAMskRtika adhyayana para pI-eca.DI. kii| phrAMsa kI pheDerIkA boskeTI bhI mere se milIM jo dazAmAtA kI kathAoM para zodha kara rahI haiN| kASThakalA kI dRSTi se kAvar3a kA bar3A nAma hai| koI dasa pIr3hI se cittaur3a jile kA basI gAMva isa kalA kA mukhya sthala banA huA hai| yahAM ke khairAdI apane kAvar3a citrAMkana dvArA deza-dezAMtara meM nAma kiye haiN| ye loga nAgaura se yahAM Akara base haiN| pahalA parivAra polUrAmajI kA thA / kAvar3a vividha kapAToM kA eka calamaMdira hai, jisake hara kapATa para hIraka jayantI smArikA taraha-taraha kI citrAvalI kI jAtI hai| ina citroM meM rAmajIvana kI bahulatA rahane ke kAraNa ise 'rAmajI kI kAvar3a' bhI kahate haiN| kAvar3iyA bhATa ise apanI bagala meM dabAye gAMva-gAMva ghara-ghara ghumAtA hai aura kapATa kholatA huA citroM se saMbaMdhita gAthA paMkti kA vAcana karatA hai| loga kAvar3a meM citrita mahApuruSoM, devI-devatAoM, bhaktoM, tIrthoM Adi ke darzana kara apanA jIvana sArthaka karate haiN| kAvar3iyA kI yahI AjIvikA hai| loga kAvar3a darzana para dhAnacUna Adi kI bheMTa bheMTAvaNa dete haiN| isa kAvar3a citarAvaNa meM yahAM ke mAMgIlAla mitrI ne bar3e acche prayoga kiye| mistrI ne mahAbhArata, kRSNalIlA, gAMdhI caritAvalI, pratApa, mIrAMbAI, gopIcandra, DholAmArU, prauDhazikSA, unnata khetI, svarga-narka Adi ko lekara kaI kAvar3eM banAIM jo deza meM hI nahIM, iMglaiMDa, phrAMsa, jarmanI, AsTreliyA, svITjaralaiMDa Adi meM bhI le jAI gaI jo vahAM ke saMgrahAlayoM kI zobhA banI huI haiN| polaiMDa ke yUja vizvavidyAlaya ke kalcarala enthropolojI ke prophesara DaoN. volaskI ne kalAmaNDala ke saMgrahAlaya ke AdivAsI kakSa meM bhIlI mahilA ko gheradAra ghAgharA colI tathA gale va hAtha pAMvoM ko AbhUSaNoM se ladA pAyA to kaha uThe ki udhara kI AdivAsI aurateM bhI aisA hI pahanAvA pahanatI haiM bar3A gheradAra ghAgharA colI, bar3I coTI, gale meM cAMdI ke bar3e hAra, mAthe para jhele, pAMvoM meM ghuMgharUdAra jhAMjhara aura hAthoM meM bIsa-bIsa cAMdI kI cUr3iyAM unhoMne batAyA ki udhara karIba 6 hajAra AdivAsI haiN| ye AdivAsI mahilAeM siMgAkA kahalAtI haiN| idhara ke AdivAsiyoM kI taraha udhara bhI gUdanoM ke aMkana bar3e lokapriya haiN| DaoN. volaskI ne yaha bhI batAyA ki jaise idhara sar3aka ke kinAre baiThakara mahilA - puruSa rAha calate vyaktiyoM ko AkarSita kara unakA bhaviSya batAte haiM, ThIka isI taraha udhara bhI mahilAeM tAza ke pattoM ke mAdhyama se rAha calate musAphira ko AvAja de dekara usakA bhaviSya batAtI haiN| AdivAsiyoM meM kucha lokagIta to aise lage jo idhara bhI pracalita haiM aura samAnabhAvI haiN| eka gIta unhoMne batAyA jisakA Azaya thA- 'maiM apanI rAha para akelI jA rhii| lar3ake ne dekhA mujhe| chupa-chupakara ghUra rahA thA vo| o bhagavAna ! maiM to mara gii|' lar3akI kA yaha gIta milAiye idhara ke gIta se - 'mhUM to mhAre gaile jAtI / chele chAne dekhIre, ka maragI mhUM to lAja meM, ke lAjyAM maragI re / ' prasiddha tIrtha haldIghATI ke pAsa maulelA nAmaka gAMva meM loka devI-devatAoM kI jo miTTI kI mUrtiyAM vahAM ke kumhAroM dvArA banAI jAkara deva-devaroM meM pratiSThita kI jAtI haiM vaise hI meksiko ke mAtAmuroja nAmaka gAMva meM mATI kI mUrtiyAM banAI jAtI haiM jina para nAnA prakAra ke vRkSalatA tathA pazupakSiyoM kI AkRtiyAM ukerI jAtI haiN| ye mUrtiyAM IsAI saMtoM kI hotI haiM jo binA kisI sAMce se banAI jAtI haiM aura Aga meM pakAne ke bAda lAla raMga se raMga dI jAtI haiN| briTena evaM grIsa meM gehUM ke, ghAsa ke vaise hI gajare tathA anya kalAtmaka cIjeM banAI jAtI haiM jaisI rAjasthAna ke kisAna aura grAmyavAsI banAte vidvat khaNDa / 29

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meM aba gaMjaphe kI bar3I mAMga hai| aise hI sAMpa-sIr3hI khela ke kaI prakAra the| mere dekhane meM eka purAne kapar3e para citrita kiyA sAMpa-sIr3hI kA aMkana AyA jise maiMne bahuta pahale dharmayuga meM chapAyA thaa| usake bAda to kaI videzI usake adhyayanArtha mere pAsa Aye aura usake citra le gye| haiN| briTena meM phasala kATate samaya isa ghAsa se pazu pakSiyoM kI AkRtiyoM ke taraha-taraha ke khilaune banAye jAte haiN| grIsa meM kraoNsa gUMthe jAte haiM jo carca jAne vAle zraddhAluoM ko bheMTa kiye jAte haiN| ___ mATI kI ina mUrtiyoM ke alAvA loka devI-devatAoM kI prastara pratimAeM bhI kaI devaroM meM pUjAntargata milatI haiN| pUrvajoM kI prastara pratimAoM ke vividha aMkana bhI bar3e kalAtmaka pariveza liye dekhe jAte haiN| inameM puruSa pUrvaja cIre kahalAte haiM jabaki mahilA pUrvajoM kI pratimAeM mAtaloka nAma se jAnI jAtI haiN| lakar3I ke toraNanumA lokadevatAoM ke aMkana meM mAmAdeva aura rUpaNa bahuprasiddha devatA haiN| miTTI ke bane kalAtmaka ghor3e bhI hamAre yahAM pUje jAte haiM, inheM ghor3AbAvasI kahate haiN| AdivAsI bhIla garAsiyoM meM inakI bar3I mAnatA hai| manautI pUrI hone para ghor3e car3hAye jAte haiN| garAsiyoM ke eka gAMva meM to maiMne eka cabUtare para sau-Der3ha sau ghor3e car3he dekhe| videzoM meM bhI ye mUrtiyAM aura ghor3e pahuMca gaye haiN| inhIM ghor3oM se prabhAvita hokara rAjasthAna ke vividha aMcaloM meM daravAjoM para bane lakar3I ke ghur3aloM kA eka videzI ne bar3A gahana adhyayana kiyaa| __ lokadevI-devatAoM ke cAMdI, pItala, tAMbe ke bane nAvoM kA bhI maiMne bar3A acchA saMgraha kiyA jinheM grAmINajana apane gale meM dhAraNa kiye rahate haiN| videziyoM meM bhI ye naoNve bar3e lokapriya hue| rAmadevajI ko kapar3e ke ghor3e car3hAye jAte haiN| ye ghor3e eka phUMde ke AkAra se lekara pAMca-pAMca phITa taka ke dekhe jAte haiN| itane hI bar3e ghor3e aura hAthI bhI jAlora ke eka devare meM maiMne car3he dekhe| bhIloM kI gavarI ke visarjana para mATI kA banA bar3A hI kalAtmaka hAthI julUsa ke rUpa meM ghumAyA jAtA hai aura aMta meM pAnI meM visarjita kara diyA jAtA hai| bAbA rAmadeva para perisa vizvavidyAlaya se DaoN. zilA khAna bar3A mahatvapUrNa kArya kara rahI haiM jo rAmadevajI ke mele rAmadevarA bhI gaI aura kaI kAmar3a-parivAroM aura anya rAmadevajI se jur3e upAsakoM-bhaktoM ke sAtha rhiiN| kapar3oM para vividha bhAMta kI chApeM chApane kI paramparA hamAre yahAM bar3I purAnI hai| lakar3I kI banI ina chApoM se jo pahanAve chApe jAte unase viziSTa jAtiyoM kI pahacAna rhtii| chapAI ke ina kapar3oM ne dhIre-dhIre apanA AMcalika pariveza bar3hAyA aura pUre vizva meM apanI pahacAna dii| usI kA pariNAma hai ki Aja sAMgAnera, bAr3amera, AkolA Adi kI chapAI ke aMtarrASTrIya bAjAra bane haiN| videzI mahilAeM yahAM kI chapAI ke kapar3e pahane phUlI nahI samAtI haiN| chapAI ke ina bUMToM meM bhAratIya jIvana-pariveza ke jIvaMtacakra parivyApta hue milate haiN| UMTa kI khAla para sone kI citrakArI karane meM bIkAnera ke ustA kalAkAroM ne bar3I khyAti paaii| aisI hI khyAti pratApagar3ha ke sonI parivAroM ne thevA kalAkArI meM hAsila kii| tAza ke pattoM kI taraha hamAre yahAM gaMjaphA kI TikaTiyAM kisI samaya khUba pracalana meM thiiN| aba gaMjaphA khela to nahIM rahA para isakI kalAtmaka TikaTiyoM kI bar3I mAMga hai| sampanna gharoM meM hAthI-dAMta kI TikaTiyoM para gaMjaphA ke bar3e kalAtmaka aMkana pAye jaate| sAdhAraNatayA lakar3I ke gaMjaphe pracalana meM rhe| videzoM yahAM ke meMhadI mAMDanoM ne bhI vizva-bAjAra paayaa| viziSTa avasaroM para eka nAriyala meM jo meMhadI kA hAtha-pAMva mAMDA jAtA thA, aba vyApArika dRSTi se apane hI deza meM meMhadI kA kalAtmaka hAtha banAne ke lie pAMca sau rupayA taka pArizramika prApta kiyA jAtA hai| keliphorniyA meM vijaya lakSmI nAgarAjana tamilanADu aura rAjasthAna ke mAMDaNoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kara rahI haiN| isa saMbaMdha meM ve do dina ke lie yahAM aaiiN| batA rahI thI ki vahAM ke vizvavidyAlaya pustakAlaya meM merI mAMDaNA pustaka se unheM mere se milane kI lalaka cddh'ii| unake Ane para maiMne eka aura pustaka hI mAMDaNA citroM kI unheM dikhAne ko taiyAra kara dii| jo sAmagrI yahAM unheM milIM, ve use pAkara jaise nihAla ho gii| ___yahAM ke janajIvana meM paga-paga para kalA chitarAI huI hai| ghAsaphUsa kI TaparI bhI yahAM kalA vihIna nahIM milegii| kalA gahanoM meM hI nahIM, pahanAve meM hI nahIM, zarIra ke gUdanoM taka meM bhI mukharita huI milegii| bAloM kI kaMghiyAM bhI yahAM bar3I kalAtmaka sajjA liye haiN| sira ke bAla bhI apanI kalAtmaka gUMthAna meM AkarSita kiye mileNge| yahAM mahilA kI akelI kaMcukI (kAMcalI) hI paccIsa taraha kI milatI hai phira usakI silAI aura usa para ubhAre citra, kaura kinArI ke prakAra bhI cakita kara dene vAle haiN| lokakalA yahAM ke koThe koThiyoM kI, jUte-jUtiyoM kI, cUr3iyoM cilamoM kI, mAMDaNe mahAvara kI, AMkha meM aMjana kI, bIMdI kI, cIMdI kI, ghAsa ke gajare kI, miThAiyoM ke bhAMta kI, hara jAta kI, hara bAta kI, ritucaryA kI milegii| beljiyama ke denaMdaramor3a nAmaka nagara meM sitambara mAha meM ghor3I nRtya kA Ayojana sahasA hI rAjasthAna ke vivAha ke avasara para Ayojita kacchIghor3I nRtya kI yAda karA detA hai| jApAna meM pracalita kApukI nRtya meM rAjasthAnI khyAloM kI chavi dekhane ko milatI hai| isameM bhI puruSa pAtra hI mahilA pAtroM kI bhUmikA nibhAte haiN| yahIM ke nau nAmaka nAca meM AdivAsI bhIloM meM gavarI nAca kI taraha mukhauToM kA prayoga hotA hai| rAjasthAna ke ghUmara, terAtAlI, gaira jaise nRtyoM kI pahacAna bhI videzoM meM kaI sthAnoM para dekhane ko milatI hai| rAjasthAna kI sAMjhI kalA na jAne kaba kisa kSaNa kahAM-kahAM hotI huI hamAre deza ke daravAjoM se bAhara nikala phUlI mhkii| isa sAMjhIkalA ko merI biTiyA kahAnI ne apanI pI-eca.DI. kA viSaya bnaayaa| yahAM pAnI kI sataha para tathA jamIna para bhI kaI taraha kI raMga-biraMgI sAMjhI-citarAvaNa korI jAtI hai| zrInAthajI ke nAthadvArA maMdira kI kele ke pattoM kI sAMjhI bar3I prasiddha hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 30

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hai| ina saMjhAiyAoM para jaba pahalI bAra maiMne Aja se tIsa varSa pUrva likhA taba videza ke kaI loga Azcaryacakita hue aura isake lie bhArata aaye| hamAre deza ke citrakAroM ne bhI sAMjhI citroM se praraNA lekara bar3e acche prayoga kiye| saMjhyA ke dinoM meM maiMne unheM mevAr3a kSetra ke AdivAsI gAMvoM kI saira bhI kraaii| lokakalA saMskRti ke ye sAre ke sAre pakSa hamAre adhyayana ke lie bahuta bar3I jijJAsA, bahuta bar3A srota aura eka nahIM nApA jAne vAlA vistAra dete haiN| jahAM manuSya-manuSya ke lie lar3atA hai aura eka dUsare kI sabhyatA, saMskRti aura jijIviSA ko maTiyAmeTa karane meM apanI sArI kalAbAjI aura jJAna-vijJAna ke samagra sAdhana-srota lagAne kI lalaka liye hotA hai vahAM ye kalA-sAMskRtika thAtiyAM eka dUsare se gale milatI huIM apanI paramparAoM kA sAmrAjya, satva aura samRddhi kA bakhAna karatI phUlI nahI samAtI haiN| yaha sahI hai ki eka aMcala vizeSa kI kalAoM ne duniyA dekhI hai magara yaha bhI galata nahIM hai ki jyoMhI unheM bAhara kI havA lagI, ye gar3abar3A gaI haiN| AjAdI ke bAda jo kucha badalAva AyA usakA ina kalAoM para bahuta asara pdd'aa| inake yajamAna uTha gye| rahana-sahana, khAnapAna aura jIvanayApana kA jo eka sadhAbadhA svarUpa thA jaba vahI Dola gayA to usake sAtha jur3I ina kalAoM aura kalAkAroM kA DolanA svAbhAvika thaa| isase kaI kalA-rUpa binA mauta mara se gye| mevAr3a kA eka mAtra rAsadhArI khela jisameM rAma kA vanavAsagamana nRtyAbhinIta hotA thA, sadaiva ke lie samApta ho gyaa| bhavAiyoM kA vaha pAraMparika kalAbAjiyoM vAlA rAta-rAta bhara calane vAlA camatkRta khela aba bhavAiyoM ke pAsa bhI nahIM rhaa| sAmUhika gAna-nAca kI suMdara paraMparA bhI gii| aba reDiyo aura TrAMjisTara aura sinemA A gaye to sArI saMskRti vikRta hokara kaida ho gii| saMskRti ke nAma para saMkara saMskRti ne janma liyaa| TIvI ne to inheM dUradarzana kI bajAya krUra darzana hI de diyaa| apane aMcala se bAhara nikalane kI havAkhorI aura naukarI kI talAza pAte kalAkAroM ne bhI ina kalAoM para kuThArAghAta kiyA hai| isase una kalAkAroM meM yaha bhAvanA svayaM ghara kara gaI ki yaha jo pAraMparika rUpa meM nAcane gAne kA kAma unake pichar3epana kA kAraNa banA hai| phalata: yadi unheM apane aura apane samAja kA sudhAra karanA hai to inheM jalda se jalda chor3anA hai| kaI kalAvaMta jAtiyoM ne isI bhAvanA se prerita ho apanI isa pAraMparika dharohara se mukti paaii| bahurUpI kalA kI bhI yahI sthiti huii| bhIloM ne sAmUhika rUpa se gavarI nAcanA baMda karane kA nirNaya bhI isI AdhAra para liyaa| kacchIghor3I nAcane vAle, kAvar3a bAMcane vAle kAvar3iyA bhATa bhI aba dekhane ko nahIM milte| bagar3Avata kI gAthA aura devanArAyaNa kI sampUrNa par3a gAne vAlA aba koI bhopA nahIM hai| gAMvoM meM khyAla-tamAze karane vAle kaI sazakta khyAladala bhI TUTa cuke haiN| cainarAma ustAda kA aba attttaaliivaalaa| maMcIya turrAkalaMgI khela dekhane kA nahIM miltaa| ina kalAoM ke pallavita aura puSpita nahIM rahane kA kAraNa yaha bhI rahA ki ve lakIra kI phakIra hI banI rhiiN| unhoMne havA ke rukha ko jarA bhI nahIM pahacAnA aura jamAne ke anusAra nahIM calakara apanI purAnI DhapalI hI alaapii| isI kAraNa kaThaputalI nacAne vAle bhATa saMkhyA meM kaI hote hue bhI apane hI hAthoM putaliyoM ke prANa khote rahe aura unhIM putaliyoM aura unhIM dhAgoM ke bala para usI amarasiMha rAThaur3a kI putalI nATikA ko lekara bhAratIya lokakalA maMDala ke kalAkAroM ne bukhAresTa meM kaThaputaliyoM ke aMtarrASTrIya samAroha meM pahalA puraskAra prApta kara sArI duniyAM ko acambhe meM DAla diyaa| yaha koI jAdU nahIM thA magara purAnI cAla kA nayApana thaa| __ koI bhI paramparA yadi Aja ke saMdarbha meM upayogI nahIM hai to vaha arthahIna hai aura usakA calana rahane vAlA nahIM hai| ina sArI lokakalAoM ke pIche bhI yahI darzana hai| yadi hameM ina kalAoM, unake vividha rUpoM ko jIvanopayogI aura arthavAna rakhanA hai to unheM vaisI kI vaisI ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane kA moha chor3anA hogA aura jo kucha badalAva A rahA hai usase ciMtita hue binA use khuzI-khuzI svIkAra karanA hogaa| lokakalAoM ke nairantarya ke lie yaha Avazyaka bhI hai ki ve kucha na kucha nayA grahaNa karatI raheM, use AtmasAta karatI rheN| ve pAraMparika bhI lageM aura nayA jo kucha hai usase bhI ve vilaga na rheN| rAjasthAnI lokakalAeM deza ke anyAnya bhUbhAgoM se adhika raMgIna, vividha aura vaicitryapUrNa haiM, isake lie isa prAMta ko jo bar3AI milI vaha ucita hI hai| AjAdI ke bAda jidhara dekho udhara, cAroM khUTa, lokakalAoM kA vistAra bar3hA hai| zarada pUrNimA kI cAMdanI jaise saba tarapha TUTamAna huI phaila jAtI hai usI taraha lokakalAeM sarvaloka meM vyApta hokara chiTaka gaI haiN| eka dRSTi se to yaha ThIka huaa| isase lokakalAoM kI pahacAna bddh'ii| dAyare bddh'e| sAMskRtika mela-milApa ke sarokAra bddh'e| AMcalikatA puSTa huii| eka choTI duniyAM kI khoha se nikala bar3I duniyAM kA samandara milaa| vibhinna sabhyatAoM, saMskRtiyoM aura paramparAoM kA Azcaryajanaka helamela huA, kintu isase ina kalAoM kI jo svataMtra apanI vaiyaktika pahacAna thI, use jabardasta dhakkA lgaa|| ___ isa dhakke ko hara koI nahIM pahacAna paayaa| yaha dhakkA usI taraha kA hai jaise apane ghara gaharI nIMda meM soyA vyakti acAnaka svapnavat bistara se uTha cala nikalatA hai| isa acAnaka cala nikalane meM vaha eka prakAra ke dhakke kA anubhava karatA hai, jisase sahI-galata kA use koI bhAna nahIM rahatA hai| aisI hI kucha dhakkamapela ina kalAoM ke sAtha dekhI jAtI rahI hai| __bhavAI ko leN| isa nAma se usa nRtya kI pahacAna AtI hai jise sira para eka ke Upara eka dasa-bAraha maTake rakhakara nAcA jAtA hai| mUlata: bhavAI eka jAti hai jo apanI kaThina kriyAoM dvArA bar3e rocaka saMvAdoM meM bar3A sazakta anuraMjana detI hai| isa jAti ke kalAkAra apane-apane yajamAnoM ke lie pradarzana karate haiN| ye kalAkAra bar3e vinodI, vAcAla hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 31

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aura vyaMgyaka hote haiN| apane nATyAbhinaya meM acchoM-acchoM ke jhaDUlye utArane meM bar3e dakSa hote haiN| yajamAnI meM jarA sI cUka par3I ki ye kisI na kisI mAdhyama se apane raMga pradarzana dvArA usakI acchI khAsI marammata kara dete haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki bar3e loga bhavAI ko apane gAMva meM AyA dekha usakI acchI khAtiradArI karate haiM aura acchA negacAra dekara binA pradarzana hI bidA kara dete haiM, kyoMki ve jAnate haiM ki yadi ina logoM ke hAthoM vaha car3ha gayA to rAta bhara apane khela tamAzoM meM ye usakI kalaI kholakara rakha deMge, jisase usakA usa gAMva meM rahanA hI bhara ho jaaegaa| ___ aise bhavAI logoM kA, kaI nAcoM meM eka nAca thA maTakoM kA, para vaha to sote hue donoM pAMvoM se maTake uThAkara sira para rakhane kI kaThina kriyA thii| jaba dayArAma ne kalA maNDala meM pahalI bAra apane sira para maTake rakhakara nAca dikhAyA to kalA maNDala ke saMsthApaka devIlAla sAmara ne usakA nAma bhavAI de diyA aura dayArAma ko, jo jAti se bhIla thA, bhavAI kalAkAra ke rUpa meM prastuta karanA prAraMbha kara diyaa| bhavAI ke rUpa meM kalA maNDala ke maMca se dayArAma aisA cala nikalA ki na kevala apane deza meM apitu videzoM meM to use aura bhI jAduI kalAkAra ke rUpa meM Azcaryajanita dRSTi se dekhA gyaa| khUba-khUba sarAhA gyaa| isakA Alama yaha rahA ki Aja bhavAI kalAkAroM kI bahAra saba kahIM dekhane ko mila rahI hai| isa bhavAI meM mahilAeM bhI utara AI haiN| skUloM meM bhI lar3ake-lar3akiyoM kI bhavAI prastutiyAM vizeSa utsava-samAroha para dekhane ko mila jAtI haiN| bhavAI nAca ko lekara kaI maNDaliyAM hI khula par3I haiM jo yatra-tatra meloM, TheloM tathA anya samArohoM meM apanA kamAla dikhAtI haiN| zodha chAtra aura vidvAn adhyetA jaba bhI mere pAsa bhavAI se saMbaMdhita jAnakArI ke lie Ate haiM to maiM musIbata meM par3a jAtA hUM ki unheM kaunasI zuddha jAnakArI duuN| vaha jo saba kahIM dikhAI de rahI hai yA vaha jo hamAre hI apane AMgana se hamane jArI kI yA vaha jo vastutaH sahI hai aura hamane use eka sImA taka chipI huI kara rakhI hai| __ eka majedAra bAta ghUmara ko lekara huii| udayapura meM pazcima kSetra sAMskRtika kendra kA mukhya kAryAlaya kholA gyaa| pradhAnamaMtrI rAjIva gAMdhI isake udghATana ko Ane vAle the| isa avasara para rAjasthAna kA ghUmara nRtya prastuta karane kA kArya mujhe sauMpA gayA thaa| yahAM kI kucha sAMskRtika saMsthAoM- bhAratIya lokakalA maNDala, mIrAM kalA maMdira aura mIrAM kanyA mahAvidyAlaya se ghUmara nAcane vAlI kalAnetriyoM kA cayana kara unheM kaI dinoM taka prazikSaNa diyA gyaa| yaha TheTha pAramparika ghUmara nRtya thA, pAramparika gIta, pozAka, gAyakI tathA nRtya adAyagI kaa| gaNagaura para kiye jAne vAle isa nRtya meM mukhyata: eka sau ATha kaliyoM taka kA ghera ghumeradAra ghAgharA pahanA jAtA hai aura gaja-gaja bhara taka kA bUMghaTa rahatA hai, lekina AkhirI vakta jaba isakI riharsala pIcholA ke kinAre gaNagaura ghATa para kI gaI to dillI se, bar3I rAjadhAnI se havAI jahAja meM ur3akara Ane vAlI koriyogrAphara ne ghUmara nAcane vAlI sArI bAiyoM ke bUMghaTa hI haTavA diye yaha kahakara ki rAjIvajI phira dekha hI kyA pAyeMge jaba nAcanevAliyoM ke cehare hI Dhake rheNge| __eka aura ghttnaa| isI sAMskRtika kendra dvArA prAMtIya rAjadhAnI jayapura meM lokakalA kA eka bar3A samAroha kiyA gyaa| isa samAroha ke sAtha lokakalA saMgoSThI bhI huii| samAroha meM eka rAta pAbUjI kI par3a kA pradarzana huaa| maiM isa pradarzana ko dekhakara bar3A cakita huaa| isa prastuti meM par3a kA koI citarAma nahIM thaa| bhope bane kalAkAra ke hAtha meM mAika thamA diyA gayA jise liye-liye vaha pUre maMca para bhauMDe rUpa meM apanA galA phAr3a-phAr3a tamAkhur3I gIta gA gyaa| usake sAtha usakI priyatamA banI usakI patnI thI jisakA uccAraNa hI zuddha nahIM thaa| isI samAroha meM dUsare dina ghUmara kA pradarzana huA jisameM vahIM ke mahAvidyAlaya kI cAlIsa lar3akiyoM ko nacavA diyaa| ina sabake kesariyA raMga kI eka jaisI pozAka pahanI huI thI aura saba bedhUMghaTa AdhunikAeM banI laga rahI thIM, muMha para pAuDara thather3A huA, hoThoM para lipasTika kI parata jamAI huii| saMgoSThI meM maiMne jaba prasaMgoM ke mAdhyama se apanI vAjiba bAta kahI to sAMskRtika kendra kI DAirekTara hI nahIM, kalA-saMskRti maMtrI bhI bar3I nArAja huiiN| kahane lagI ki saMgoSThI meM aisI bAta nahIM karanI cAhie thii| yahAM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki isI sAMskRtika kendra kA rAjya sarakAra ne mujhe progrAma kameTI kA sthApanA kAla se lekara do Tarma (6 varSa) taka ke lie sadasya bnaayaa| isa dRSTi se bhI sAMskRtika kendra se jur3e logoM ko to merI yaha bAta acchI laganI cAhie thI para sabase adhika parezAnI unhIM logoM ko huI jabaki anya jitane bhI zrotA tathA isa kSetra ke adhyetA-anusaMdhitsu the ve barAbara mere kathana para dAda dete rahe para maine dekhA, yaha dAda anta meM kaiyoM ke lie khujalI hI siddha huaa| (dAda kA eka nAma khujalI bhI hai|) ___san 1967 meM maiMne AdivAsI bhIloM ke anuSThAnika nRtya bahuprasiddha 'gavarI' ko apane adhyayana kA viSaya bnaayaa| bar3I muzkila se isa viSaya kA rajisTrezana huaa| bar3I muzkila se gAiDa mahodaya ko manAyA gyaa| zodha prabaMdha ke parIkSaka hindI ke jAne mAne samIkSaka the| unhoMne maukhika meM spaSTa kaha diyA ki yaha viSaya to nibaMdha kA bhI nahIM hai paraMtu zodhakartA ko maiM kAphI par3hatA rahatA hUM ata: unhoMne kucha nayA likhA hogaa| isa berahamI aura berukhAI se mujhe pI-eca.DI. prApta huii| Aja to vaha gavarI pUre deza meM gUMja rahI hai| jagaha-jagaha use lekara semInAra, saMgoSThiyAM aura rASTrIya kAryazAlAeM taka Ayojita ho rahI haiN| Adhunika nATyakAroM ne gavarI ko lekara bar3e prayoga bhI kiye lekina mujhe takalIpha taba huI jaba hamAre hI hindI dAdAoM ne isa gavarI ko aMgrejI meM par3hA aura aMgrejI se hindI meM usakA anuvAda gavarI kI bajAya 'gAvadI' nAma se kiyaa| unheM yaha nahIM mAlUma thA ki 'gAvadI' kA artha gavarI ke hI aMcala meM nAsamajha, gaMvAra, bevakUpha ke rUpa meM hotA hai| yahI sthiti gavarI nAca ke eka pAtra 'khetur3I' ke saMbaMdha meM huii| hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 32

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khetur3I nAma anasunA, acarcita hone ke kAraNa isakI jagaha 'khelur3I' kara diyA gyaa| hAr3autI kSetra kA, kaMjara bAlAoM kA cakarI nRtya pahale pUrA hAr3autI bhI nahIM dekha pAyA thA kintu gata dasa varSoM meM isakA sikkA calA to aisA ki yaha sArI duniyAM meM vyApta ho gyaa| isa nRtya ko karane vAlI koI Der3ha darjana bAlAeM videza calI giiN| yaha nRtya cakarI khAtI huI ati teja ghUmaroM ke lie prasiddha hai| nRtyoM meM itanI kaThina kriyAoM ko gUMthane meM ye bAlAeM hI siddha ho sakatI haiN| isa nRtya ke sAtha Dholaka, nagArI, Dhapa, jhAMjha bajatI hai| yaha nagArI, Dholaka bhI hara koI nahIM bajA sktaa| jaisI Ter3hI, sIdhI, laMgar3I cakariyAM lI jAtI haiM, baiThakeM kI jAtI haiM, phUMdI pherI jAtI haiM vaisI hI nagArI aura Dholaka bajAI jAtI hai| isake sAtha phAga gIta gAye jAte haiN| nRtyamagna bAlikAeM svayaM hI phAga gAtI haiN| ina phAgoM kI saMkhyA hI sau se Upara hai| gaharAI meM jAne se patA calA ki isa nRtya kA cakarI nAma bahuta bAda kA diyA huA hai| mUla nAma to isakA rAI thaa| rAI yAnI rAta bhara kiyA jAne vAlA nRty| vivAha-zAdiyoM meM Aja bhI kaMjara bAlikAeM rAta bhara yaha nRtya karatI haiN| pUre dina aura pUrI rAta yaha nRtya lagAtAra karane kA rikArDa isa jAti meM hai| jagaha-jagaha AkAzavANI ke kendra khulane se jahAM lokakalAoM kA vyApaka prasAraNa huA, vahAM jaisA-taisA jo kucha milA vaha bhI parosA jAne lgaa| prArambha meM jaba jayapura meM yaha kendra prArambha huA taba viziSTa vidhAoM ke tapekhape kalAkAra khoja-khojakara vahAM lAye jAte the, kintu jyoM-jyoM anyatra kendra khule, unake sAtha kacarapaTTI ke kAryakrama jur3ate gye| lokagItoM ke nAma para to sarvAdhika anartha huaa| gAne vAle gharAne dhare raha gaye aura unake sthAna para kaI-naI adhakacarI bemela bhauMDI AvAjeM ghusa aaii| gItoM ke sAtha jo viziSTa gAyakI, usakI baMdiza, usake tarAne, murakiyAM tathA anuzAsana thA, vaha saba havA ho gyaa| gIta bhI naye aura philmI tarje va andAja ke bajAye jAne lge| allAjilAI bAI ne mAMDa gItoM meM lokapriyatA prApta kI to vaha gAyakI aura Thasaka nahIM hote hue bhI jagaha-jagaha mAMDa gAyikAeM paidA ho aaii| yahI sthiti khar3atAla vAdana ke sAtha huii| prArambha meM eka siddIka the jo bAda meM 'padmazrI' ho gye| unake dekhAdekha anya bhI khar3atAla bajAne laga gye| isa bIca kohinUra nAmaka bAlaka ne isa kSetra meM praveza kara khar3atAla bajAte-bajAte nAcanA prArambha kara diyaa| pradhAna maMtrI rAjIva gAMdhI ne kohinUra ko protsAhana svarUpa ghar3I bheMTa kI to kohinUra duniyAM kA kohinUra bana gyaa| aba usI ke nAma se eka aura lar3akA bhI khar3atAla bajAkara asalI-nakalI kohinUra ke rUpa meM cala nikalA hai| aisI hI sthiti nRtyAMganA gulAbo kI hai| aba eka gulAbo kI bajAya anya gulAbo bhI pradarzana detI haiN| dekhane vAle bhrama meM bane rahate haiN| kohinUra aura gulAbo apanI vyAvasAyikatA meM daur3e jA rahe haiN| lokakalAoM kI jagaha-jagaha, eka hI nAma kI, calAU nAma kI, pharme khula gaI haiN| per3hiyAM cala nikalI haiN| una per3hiyoM ke anusAra paMDe bhI hAjira haiN| isameM rahI sahI kasara sarakAra ne paryaTana ko Age kara pUrI kara dii| jagaha-jagaha mele aura mahotsava Ayojita kara registAna ke UMTa ke AbhUSaNa 'gorabanda' ko bhIlI mahilAoM kA AbhUSaNa karane taka meM koI saMkoca nahIM khAyA tathA ina kalAoM aura kalAkAroM ko ijjatadAra aura AdaraNIya banAne ke lie 'padmazrI' taka pakar3A dii| TelIvijana ke 'vijana' ko kisake sAtha TelI' kreN| lagatA hai usakI __sarvocca prAthamikatA hI lokakalAoM ko apaMga banAne kI hai| rAjasthAna ke bhapaMga jaise vAdya ko apaMga sunakara mujhe rasakhAna kavi kA vaha chaMda... 'mAnuSa ho to vahI rasakhAna' bAra-bAra yAda AtA hai| aise kAryakramoM ko dekhate samaya maiM gAMdhIjI ke tIna baMdaroM vAle khilaune ko apane TI.vI. se ar3Aye rakhatA huuN| rAvaNa ne jaise gusse meM Akara pUrI maMDovara nagarI ulaTa dI thI vaise hI hamAre kalAbAja loga pUrI lokakalAoM ko ulaTa-pulaTa karane meM lage haiN| loka kI isa saMpadA ko loka se chInakara apanI karane meM lage haiN| kalA aura saMskRti ke sAtha durbhAgya taba zurU ho jAtA hai jaba loga usakI sArvajanikatA kA dohana kara apanI nija kI pahacAna denA prArambha kara dete haiN| yaha bahuta purAnI bAta nahIM hai, jaba vyakti apane ko anAma karatA huA samaSTi ke lie sarvasva ho jAtA thA aura usI meM apanA sukha, kalyANa aura saMtoSa kara baiThatA thaa| hajAroM gIta gAthAeM harajasa sAkSI haiM ki ye saba vyaSTi ke vaibhava hote hue bhI samaSTi ke lie 'bahujanahitAya bahujana sukhAya' bane haiN| yadi aisA nahIM hotA to mIrAM ke padoM kI saMkhyA meM dina dUnI rAta caugunI vRddhi nahIM hotii| kabIra ke bhajana nirakSaroM kI mahaphila meM rAtri jAgaraNa ke taMdUroM para bhaktirasa kI tanmayatA aura tAjagI dete nahIM milte| Aja kahAM mIrAM likha rahI haiM? kahAM kabIra likha rahe haiM ? kahAM candrasakhI yA ki aNadA raidAsa likha rahe haiM para kamAla hai ki unake nAma para Aja bhI aura Ane vAle kala bhI likhe jAte rheNge| eka tarapha ve loga haiM jo isa agama sAhitya, sahaja saMskRti aura sugama kalA meM nirantara apanA anAma yoga dete hue bUMda ko samudra banAne meM lage haiM to dUsarI ora bajaTa ko bAphane ke bahAne kaI loga lokakalAoM kI khetI meM asarapasara gaye haiN| koI nahIM jAna pAyA ki hajAroM pradarzana dene vAlI, loka jana ko lubhAne vAlI 'gagana savArI' nAmaka kaThaputalI nATikA ke racanAkAra jagadIzacandra mAthura the| aise hI prayoga apane bhAratIya lokakalA maMDala meM lokakalAvida devIlAla sAmara ne kiye| kucha maiMne bhI kiye| auroM ne bhI kiye para ye nAma apavAdI haiN| yaha hamArI Adata sI bana gaI hai ki jisa kisI cIja kA hallA hotA hai to hama vividha vidhA-kalAoM meM use DhUMDhane laga jAte haiN| hamane lokakalAoM meM paryAvaraNa dekhaa| yoga ko udaa| vyAyAma ko ukeraa| janacetanA ko mukharita kiyaa| par3oM ke TAIpIsa banAye aura nakalI AbhUSaNoM kI kalAkArI meM asalI AbhUSaNoM kI camaka bAMdha dii| sAhitya kA itihAsa banAte-banAte hamane loka kA itihAsa hI vismRta kara diyaa| aba lokasaMskRti eka phaizana bana gaI hai| videzI mahilAeM bhAratIya hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 33

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saMskRti ko or3hI huI vaisI hI lagatI haiM jaisI vaha baMdariyA jo lUgar3A-ghAgharA or3ha pahana nAca kA ThumakA bharatI huI apane hAtha ke darpaNa meM apanA mukhar3A dekhatI mulakAyamAna hotI haiN| vivAha kA sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa prasaMga aba mahilA saMgIta, nAca, nakhare aura tamAze adhika dene laga gaye haiN| apanI kalAoM aura kalAmaya kRtiyoM ko hama isalie DhUMDhate sahejate phira rahe haiM ki maukA Ane para unheM bar3e hAthoM meM bAhara kara skeN| hameM to hamArI muTThI se hI sarokAra hai jo rupayoM se baMdhI huI ho| ho bhI kyoM na, bacapana se hI hamane apanI hathelI meM meMhadI kA rupayA racAte-racAte apane Upara apanI kalAoM kA raMga car3hAyA hai| pharka yaha hai ki hamArI pahacAna kA rupayA aba meMhadI meM nahIM, hamArI jAna meM, pahacAna meM, saba jahAna meM khanakhanAne laga gayA hai| hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 34

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alakA dhAr3IvAla hIraka jayantI smArikA zoka sabhA eka yuvA tapasvinI kI buta banI baiThI. aurateM / vicAroM ke tAne-bAne bunatI aurateM / lambe ghUMghaTa se jhAMkatI aurateM / svargavAsI kI mAM, bahaneM aura bhAbhiyAM, kucha kahatIM, karmoM kA kSaya aura mokSa kI prApti / kucha kahatIM kaccI umra aura baccoM kA adhabunA bhaviSya | vidvat khaNDa / 35

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ODaoN0 premazaMkara tripAThI sazakta upanyAsakAra: amRtalAla nAgara hindI upanyAsa kI vikAsa yAtrA meM premacaMdottara yuga ke kathAkAroM kA atyaMta mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| isa kAla ke racanAkAroM ne apanI kathA kRtiyoM meM apane samaya kI kaTu madhura anubhUtiyoM, ulajhanoM, samasyAoM tathA paristhitiyoM kA kuzalatApUrvaka varNana kiyA hai| navIna sAmAjika saMdarbho kA cayana kara jIvana saMgharSa ko svara dene vAle ina upanyAsakAroM ne sUkSma saMvedanA, navIna viSayavastu tathA naI cetanA se yukta upanyAsoM kI racanA kii| ina pratibhA sampanna upanyAsakAroM meM amRtalAla nAgara kA viziSTa sthAna hai| prakhara sAmAjika dRSTi, yathArtha kI gaharI samajha, pIr3itoM ke prati saMvedanA, vyApaka mAnavatAvAda, pragatizIla ciMtAdhArA, AsthAvAditA tathA hAsya vyaMgya kI gahana kSamatA se yukta nAgarajI kA praur3ha cintana upanyAsoM meM abhivyakta huA hai| kathAnaka saMbaMdhI navIna prayoga, bhASA zailI kI vividhatA tathA pAtroM kI jIvantatA ke kAraNa premacaMdottara upanyAsakAroM meM amRtalAla nAgara ko zIrSa kathAkAra ke rUpa meM parigaNita kiyA jAtA hai| vidvAnoM ne nAgarajI ko premacaMda paramparA kA samartha evaM sazakta upanyAsakAra mAnA hai| yaha ThIka hai ki nAgarajI ne apanI kRtiyoM meM premacaMda kI hI taraha Adarza aura yathArtha ke samanvaya ko sthApita karane kI ceSTA kI hai parantu kevala isI AdhAra para unheM premacaMda kI paramparA ke aMtargata sImAbaddha kara denA anucita hai| vAstava meM nAgarajI ne premacaMda kI paramparA ko apanA rAstA banAyA hai, apanA uddezya nhiiN| premacaMda ke mArga kA avalaMbana grahaNa karate hue unakI paramparA kA vikAsa karane kI chaTapaTAhaTa upanyAsakAra meM dikhAI par3atI hai| nAgarajI ne premacaMda kI sthApita paramparA se apanI upanyAsa yAtrA kA prArambha kiyA hai aura use vikasita karane ke lie saMvedanA, takanIka aura bhASA kI dRSTi se navIna prayoga kiye haiN| premacaMda kI vicAradhArA ko navIna AyAma dete hue kathya aura zilpa donoM dRSTiyoM se nAgarajI ne krAMtikArI parivartana kI ceSTA kI hai| nAgarajI una upanyAsakAroM meM rahe haiM jinhoMne svAdhInatA pUrva kI vividha gatividhiyoM kA avalokana kiyA thaa| svAdhInatA AMdolana kI pRSThabhUmi kI jAnakArI ke sAtha-sAtha samAja ke sabhI parivartanoM evaM banate-bigar3ate jIvana-mUlyoM ke ve sAkSI rahe haiN| svAtaMtrottara bhArata ke sAmAjika, Arthika, vaicArika tathA rAjanItika AMdolanoM se ve bhalIbhAMti avagata rahe haiN| svAdhInatA pUrva aura pazcAt ke ye prasaMga kisI na kisI rUpa meM unake upanyAsoM meM dekhe jA sakate haiN| nAgarajI ke upanyAsakAra ko praur3ha evaM paripakva banAne meM unake kahAnIkAra kA vizeSa hAtha hai| 1930 se hI unhoMne kahAnI lekhana Arambha kara diyA thaa| isake lagabhaga 14-15 varSoM bAda unhoMne upanyAsa likhaa| unakI kahAniyoM meM vyaMgya vidrUpa ke dvArA samAja meM vidyamAna viSamatAoM evaM kurUpatAoM ke sAtha-sAtha samAja kI samasyAoM kA saMtulita citraNa huA hai| jIvana ke yathArtha kA bArIkI se adhyayana kara apane kathA-sAhitya meM usakA aMkana karane meM nAgarajI pUrNata: saphala rahe haiN| 1946 meM unakA prathama upanyAsa "mahAkAla" (bhUkha) prakAzita huA thaa| 1985 meM "karavaTa' tathA nAgarajI ke dehAvasAna ke uparAMta unakA aMtima upanyAsa "pIr3hiyAM' prakAzita huaa| ina 45 varSoM se racita choTe-bar3e 15 upanyAsoM meM unakI yathArthaparaka dRSTi, samAja sacetanatA, itihAsa prema aura sAMskRtika cetanA kA AbhAsa milatA hai| nAgarajI ke upanyAsoM ke adhikAMza pAtra premacaMda ke upanyAsoM kI hI bhAMti jana-jIvana ke bIca ke haiN| yadyapi premacaMda ne zaharI jIvana kA apane upanyAsoM meM citraNa kiyA hai, parantu unakI dRSTi mukhyata: grAmINa jIvana ke pAtroM kA citraNa karane meM hI ramI hai| isI prakAra nAgarajI kI sAmarthya nagarajIvana tathA madhyavargIya pAtroM ke aMkana meM hI parilakSita hotI hai| madhyavargIya nagarajIvana se bhalIbhAMti paricita hone ke kAraNa lekhaka kI kalama se citrita sAmAnya pAtra bhI apanI sajIva upasthiti se pAThakoM ko prabhAvita karate haiN| premacaMda ne yadi grAmINa jIvana ke upekSita pAtroM tathA zoSita, dalita varga ke pAtroM kA citra apanI saMvedanA ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai to nAgarajI ne nagarajIvana ke tiraskRta, dayanIya aura upekSita pAtroM kI pIr3A ko apanI sahAnubhUti pradAna kI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki ve unakI AzAoM-AkAMkSAoM ke sAtha unakI samasyAoM, viSamatAoM tathA pIr3A kA mArmika aMkana karane meM saphala hue haiN| sAmAjika upanyAsoM meM nAgarajI hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 36

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kI yaha yathArthavAdI dRSTi spaSTa rUpa se dekhI jA sakatI hai| ___ jIvana ke jisa yathArtha ko premacaMda yA nAgarajI ne apane upanyAsoM meM pratiSThita kiyA vaha svayaM ina lekhakoM kA bhogA huA yathArtha thaa| premacaMda ne hindI kathA sAhitya ko rAjA-rAniyoM, rAjakumAroM-jamIMdAroM-kulInoM ke eka chatra nAyakatva se nikAlA aura horI, ghIsU, dhaniyA, siliyA, sUradAsa ko janagaNa kA pratinidhi samajhakara unheM kathAnAyaka bnaayaa| vAstava meM unakI yahI samajha unheM dIna-hIna, dalita aura saMgharSazIla naranAriyoM kI sahAnubhUti se jor3a sakI aura samAja ke pIr3ita, vaMcita varga kA yathArtha apane vAstavika rUpa meM pAThakoM taka pahuMca skaa| premacaMda kI isI saMvedanazIlatA ne unheM zIrSa sthAna para pratiSThita kiyA hai| __apane yathArtha citraNa meM premacaMda ne kabhI kathA-zilpa ke camatkAra kI cAha nahIM kI- sarala, sahaja DhaMga se apanI kathA kahane meM hI unakA dRr3ha vizvAsa banA rhaa| AlocakoM kA eka varga ise bhale hI premacaMda kI kamajorI mAnatA ho, parantu vAstava meM yahI sahajatA premacaMda kI zakti thii| premacaMda kI kRtiyoM meM kissAgoI paddhati kA pariSkRta rUpa parilakSita hotA hai| apane eka nibaMdha "yuga pravartaka premacaMda' meM nAgarajI ne likhA hai- "muMzI premacaMda Adhunika yuga ke yathArthavAdI kathAlekhaka hote hue bhI, videzI kahAniyoM ke adhyayana se prabhAvita hokara bhI daraasala ye purAnI bhAratIya paramparA ke kissAgoI hii| ...unake kathA kahane kA DhaMga utanA hI sarala hai, jitanA ki eka thA rAjA, eka thI rAnI vAlI kahAnI kA DhaMga hotA hai|" (sAhitya aura saMskRti pRsstth-29)| saMkSepa meM yaha kaha sakate haiM ki premacaMda ko prasiddhi zilpa ke vaiziSTya yA yUropIya ciMtana kI bar3I-bar3I bAteM karane ke kAraNa nahIM milI, balki loka-jIvana se tAdAtmya sthApita kara usakI dRSTi aura vyathA ko abhivyakta karane ke kAraNa ve lokapriya hue| isI dharAtala para amRtalAla nAgara ke upanyAsoM kA vivecana yaha pramANita karatA hai ki nAgarajI meM kissAgoI pravRtti, yathArtha citraNa kI adbhuta kSamatA tathA pIr3ita, vaMcita varga kI pIr3A ko saMvedanA ke sAtha vyakta karane kA guNa premacaMda kI hI bhAMti pAyA jAtA hai| aMtara kevala itanA hai ki premacaMda ke pAtra yadi grAmINa jIvana ke haiM to nAgarajI ke adhikAMza pAtra zaharI madhyavarga kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| svAdhInatA prApti ke bAda nAgarajI ke adhikAMza upanyAsa prakAzita hue haiN| isI kAraNa svataMtra bhArata ke madhyavarga kI pIr3A nAgarajI ke sAmAjika upanyAsoM meM mukharita huI hai| rAjendra yAdava ne isa madhyavarga ke bAre meM likhA hai "svataMtratA ke bAda, pahalI bAra sacce arthoM meM hamAre samAja meM eka vizAla madhyavarga ne apanA vAstavika AkAra grahaNa kiyA hai| ...jo kahIM bhI apane ko jur3A huA nahIM paataa| koI zahara unakA apanA nahIM hai, koI saMbaMdha unakA apanA nahIM hai, unakI jar3eM na pIche kheta-khalihAna meM hai, na kisI saMyukta parivAra meN| unakA ekamAtra sAdhana naukarI hai aura ekamAtra bhaya bekaarii|" (premacaMda kI virAsata, pRSTha 12) yaha madhyavarga mAno saba kucha bhogane, bardAzta karane ke lie abhizapta hai| nAgarajI kA lAlana-pAlana isI madhyavargIya pariveza meM huA thaa| nagara aMcala kA yaha madhyavarga- ucca madhyavarga tathA nimna madhyavarga, do zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai| nAgarajI madhyavarga kI donoM koTiyoM se jur3e rahe haiN| lakhanaU ke cauka kSetra meM rahate hue ve isa varga ke guNa-avaguNa, sukha-dukha, bolI-bAnI, pariveza-saMskAra, kSamatA-akSamatA, mAnyatA virodha sabhI se bhalIbhAMti paricita rahe haiN| isa kSetra ke jIvana ko unhoMne nikaTa se dekhA hai, bhogA hai tathA unheM yahAM ke vyaktiyoM kI vistRta, sUkSma sabhI jAnakArI rahI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki unake adhikAMza upanyAsoM kA pariveza lakhanaU kA yahI cauka kSetra rahA hai| nAgarajI ke aitihAsika upanyAsa vizeSata: avadha ke itihAsa se saMpRkta rahe haiN| isa kAraNa ina kRtiyoM meM deza-kAla vAtAvaraNa sajIvatA ke sAtha prastuta ho sakA hai| avadha pradeza kI rAjadhAnI lakhanaU ko kendra meM rakhakara nAgarajI ne navAbI zAsana kI aitihAsika ghaTanAoM ko AkarSaka DhaMga se apane upanyAsoM meM varNita kiyA hai| sAMskRtika, paurANika yA aitihAsika upanyAsoM meM bhI, jahAM pAtroM kA vaividhya dikhAI par3atA hai, unakA kissAgo rUpa pramukha hai| yathArtha citraNa tathA choTe-choTe pAtroM se bhI AtmIya saMbaMdha sthApita karake unheM prabhAvazAlI rUpa meM prastuta karane kI unakI pravRtti unake upanyAsoM meM parilakSita hotI hai| nAgarajI meM ye samasta guNa premacaMda ke samAna hI haiN| parantu premacaMda kI paramparA kA anugamana karate hue nAgarajI meM kucha mahatvapUrNa vizeSatAeM bhI dikhAI par3atI haiN| amRtalAla nAgara kA jo vaiziSTaya sahaja hI parilakSita hotA hai, vaha hai zilpa yA takanIka ke prati unakA aakrssnn| nAgarajI ne apane kaI upanyAsoM meM kathAnaka saMbaMdhI navIna prayoga kiye haiN| "seTha bAMkemala', "amRta aura viSa", "mAnasa kA haMsa", "nAcyo bahuta gopAla' jaise upanyAsa isake udAharaNa haiN| kathya saMbaMdhI navIna aura sAhasa pUrNa prayogoM ke sAtha-sAtha bhASA kI jaisI bahuraMgI chaTA nAgarajI kI kRtiyoM meM dikhAI par3atI hai, vaisI premacaMda meM nahIM hai| nAgarajI ke bhinna-bhinna pAtra apane bhASika vaividhya ke kAraNa AkarSaka lagate haiN| pAtra nirmANa ke krama meM nAgarajI ne yathArtha jagata ke vAstavika vyaktiyoM kA gaharAI se adhyayana kiyA hai aura apanI kRti ke pAtroM meM unakA samAveza kara diyA hai| kabhI-kabhI unhoMne vAstavika jagata ke do yA tIna caritroM ke vaiziSTya ko apane eka hI pAtra meM Aropita kara use AkarSaka evaM avismaraNIya banA diyA hai| parakAyA praveza meM nipuNa hone ke kAraNa lekhaka ke ye amUrta pAtra meM bhI AtmIyatA hI rahI hai| pAMcU, monAI, seTha bAMkemala, tAI, mahipAla, aravinda zaMkara, puttIgurU, nirguNa, gurasarana bAbU, tathA tanakuna jaise pAtra isIlie pAThakoM ko prabhAvita karate haiN| pAtroM ke citraNa meM sUkSmatA bhI nAgarajI kA apanA vaiziSTya hai| premacaMda kI kRtiyoM meM vyaMgya kA painApana parilakSita nahIM hotA parantu amRtalAla nAgara ne apanI kRtiyoM meM hAsya vyaMgya kA samAveza bar3I dakSatA ke sAtha kiyA hai| nAgarajI meM aura premacaMda meM bar3A antara AdhyAtmika hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 37

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r mUlyoM para AdhArita hai| nAgarajI ne premacaMda kI tulanA meM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM para adhika bala diyA hai| premacaMda ke upanyAsoM meM AdhyAtmika mUlya bhI sAmAjika mUlyoM ke AvaraNa meM hI vyakta hue haiN| nAgarajI pragatizIla vicAradhArA ke samarthaka hote bhI Astika racanAkAra rahe hue haiN| bAbA rAmajIdAsa ke satsaMga se AstikatA ke prati unakI AsthA aura prabala huI thii| nAgarajI ne Astika jIvana mUlyoM kI pravaMcanAoM kA virodha to kiyA hai kintu AstikatA ko nakArA nahIM hai| nAgarajI kI mAnyatA thI ki sacce arthoM meM saMta vahI hai jo vAstava meM satyaniSTha hai| nAgarajI ne Aja ke yuga meM vyAvahArika, AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke nirUpaNa ke lie somAhuti, sUra, tulasI jaise prAcIna caritroM ko hI nahIM bAbA rAmajI jaise samasAmayika saMta kI avatAraNA bhI apane bhinna-bhinna upanyAsoM ke caritra ke rUpa meM kI hai| isa prakAra unhoMne vyavahAra ke stara para Astika cetanAyukta saMtatva kI AvazyakatA para bala diyA hIraka jayantI smArikA hai aura ADambara ke sAtha-sAtha dhArmika vikRtiyoM kA virodha kiyA hai| premacaMda aura nAgarajI ke madhya aMtara vivecita karane kA uddezya kisI ko bar3A yA choTA banAnA nahIM hai apitu yaha pratipAdita karanA hai ki ghaTanA pradhAna, tilasmI, jAsUsI upanyAsoM ke yuga se Age bar3hakara premacaMda ne hindI upanyAsa sAhitya ko jo navIna dizA dI... vahI gatizIlatA kucha navIna vizeSatAoM ke sAtha premacandottara kAla meM amRtalAla nAgara meM parilakSita hotI hai| niSkarSata: premacaMda paramparA ko samRddha evaM sudRr3ha karane ke sAtha-sAtha use gatizIlatA pradAna karane meM nAgarajI kI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai| unhoMne na kevala paramparA ko navIna AyAma pradAna kiye apitu hindI upanyAsa sAhitya ko bhI svastha sAmAjika pariprekSya kI ucca bhUmikA para pratiSThita kiyaa| vidvat khaNDa / 38

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DaoN0 nemIcanda jaina ahiMsA kA arthazAstra ahiMsA kA arthazAstra tIna pramukha pravRttiyoM para avasthita hai, ye haiMsvAvalambana, aparigraha, vikendriikrnn| usakA mAnanA hai ki jahAM parAdhInatA, parigraha aura kendrIkaraNa hai, vahAM damana, dohana aura hiMsA aparihAryataH haiN| isa saMdarbha meM gujarAtI bhASA meM eka pustaka prakAzita huI hai- 'suMdara duniyA mATe suMdara saMgharSa'* (1993/ zrImatI naMdinI joshii)| isa kitAba ke adhyAya 34 aura 35 ahiMsA-ke-arthatantra ko bar3I spaSTatA se pratipAdita/paribhASita karate haiN| ina adhyAyoM meM pro0 kAorU yAmAgucI jApAna ke grAma-arthatantra (myurATopiana arthatantra) kI carcA kI gayI hai aura kahA gayA hai ki yahI eka aisA arthatantra hai jo hamArI AgAmI samAja racanA kA sabala AdhAra bana sakatA hai| ho sakatA hai kucha logoM ko yaha rUr3ha aura paramparita dIkha par3e, kintu aba jaba taka manuSya isa ora vApasa nahIM hogA, usake bIca ke phAsale bar3heMge aura parigraha tathA pUMjI kA ajagara use AmUlacUla nigala jaaegaa| jo bhArata hiMsA aura parigraha ke z2ahara se aba taka bacA huA thA, Aja vahI udArIkaraNa kI phAMsI ke phaMde meM laTakA jIvana-maraNa kA saMgharSa kara rahA hai| durbhAgya se bahurASTrIya kaMpaniyoM ke nAma para deza kA jo bacAkhucA grAmatantra thA vaha bhI sarvanAza kI ora kUca kara gayA hai| aise bhayAvaha kSaNoM meM yadi hamane haqa aura hakIqata kI ora se apanI AMkheM mUMdI to vaha AdamI jo pUMjI kA mAlika thA, eka saMpUrNa gulAma bana jAegA (bana cukA hai)| Aja jagatvartI grAma (globala vileja) kI bAta to kI jAtI hai, kintu isa bAta ke pIche kapaTa kA eka bhrama-jAla bichA huA hai| yahAM 'globala vileja' kA matalaba pUrI duniyA ko eka grAma (vileja) ke rUpa meM vikasita karane kA hai yAnI sUcanA-yuga (inpharmezana eja) kI tIvratA kA aDDA banAnA hai arthAt yaha kahanA hai ki duniyA itanI sUcanA-parAdhIna ho par3egI ki jaise koI bAta gAMva meM jaMgala kI Aga kI taraha phailatI-vyApatI hai, vaise duniyA meM vaha vyApa jaaegii| gAMva sUcanAoM meM karAhane lgegaa| vaha dalAla sTrITa bana jaaegaa| yaha kalpanA yA khvAba nahIM balki eka bhayAnaka duHsvapna hai, jo manuSya ke astitva aura usakI asmitA ke lie pralayaMkArI siddha hogaa| isase duniyA choTI nahIM hogI aura na hI loga eka par3osI kI taraha eka-dUsare se pyAra, aura eka-dUsare para bharosA karane lageMge, balki 'pAsa' kahalA kara bhI ve eka-dUsare se kosoM dUra' par3a jaaeNge| mAniye, hiMsA, sattA aura pUMjI para khar3A yaha arthatantra manuSya aura manuSya tathA manuSya evaM prakRti ke bIca aise phAsale khar3e kara rahA hai, jinheM kabhI bhI pATanA saMbhava nahIM hogaa| Aja manuSya ne prakRti ko pUMjI kamAne kA sAdhana/mAdhyama banA liyA hai, ata: vaha usake adhikatama zoSaNa meM laga gayA hai| adhikatama ke makar3ajAla meM phaMsA AdamI aba saba ora se vinAza ke khaufanAka zikaMje kA dabAva-kasAva mahasUsa karane lagA hai| usake hAtha-pAMva eka aise Arthika jAla meM phaMsa gaye haiM, jisase ubharanA asaMbhava-jaisA ho gayA hai| aise meM 'globala vileja' kA matalaba yadi hama vahI lete haiM jo Upara diyA gayA hai to manuSya ko eka abhizapta bhaviSya kI ora le jAte haiM aura yadi usakA artha hama yaha karate haiM ki jo kucha jagat meM hai vaha usake hara gAMva meM ho to hama jagat ko eka aise nandana vana ke rUpa meM parikalpita karate haiM, jisakA zilpana gAMdhI ne kabhI kiyA thA aura jo kabhI bhAratIya arthatantra kI rIr3ha thaa| ahiMsA ke arthatantra kA prathama aura sarvopari lakSya hai eka ahiMsaka aparigrahamUlaka grAma ikAI ko AviSkRta/AvirbhUta krnaa| ___ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA ki bhArata sirpha arthatantra hI nahIM hai, balki vaha saMskRti, sadviveka, adhyAtma evaM dharma kA samaveta suvikasita tIrthadhAma bhI hai| bhArata eka aisA vizva-sthala hai, jisane atIta meM kaI Arthika, rAjanItika, sAMskRtika, naitika, AdhyAtmika evaM dhArmika saphala prayoga kiye haiM aura vizva-mAnava kI eka svastha chavi pradAna kI hai| usake arthatantra kI sabase prANavAn, bala evaM UrjAvAn ikAI thI grAma, vaha grAma jise Aja anajAne meM pazcima ke nirarthaka Aveza meM tahasa-nahasa kiyA jA rahA hai| Aja hama eka aise khataranAka kSaNa se gujara rahe haiM, jahAM artha aura rAjanIti ke dabAva se hamAre grAmatantra kA ceharA nisteja aura phIkAphassa huA jA rahA hai- hama badaleM, kintu isa bAta kA dhyAna rakhate hue ki hamArI maulikatAeM barakarAra raheM aura hamArA grAma paratantra/paramukhApekSI na bne| yaha saba-sArA tabhI saMbhava hai jaba rAjanIti, samAja-vyavasthA, nyAya-prabaMdha, zikSA evaM cikitsA Adi tadanurUpa parivartana lAyA jAe aura samAviSTa vikRtiyoM ko dUra kiyA jaae| zrImatI naMdinI jozI likhatI haiM ki 'Aja se lagabhaga do sadI pUrva hamAre deza ke grAma itane sakSama/svAvalambI/samRddha the ki pratyeka grAma svayaM pUre jagat kA pratirUpa thaa| maiMne apane pitAjI se sunA thA ki hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 39

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saMyukta rASTra saMgha meM jina praznoM kI carcA hotI hai, una tamAma praznoM para hamAre eka choTe gAMva ke cabUtare para bhI carcA hotI hai| mAtra ina praznoM kA phalaka choTA hai anyathA unakA svarUpa to eka jaisA hI hai| isakA matalaba hai ki ahiMsA kA arthatantra pratyeka bhAratIya grAma ko eka aise 'sva-kSama jagatvartI grAma' ke rUpa meM vikasita dekhanA cAhatA haijA laghu saMyukta rASTra saMgha (minI yUno) ho| aise grAma pUMjI ko RNa karake hI ubhara sakate haiN| jaba taka hama vinimaya paddhati (bArTara sisTama) ko nahIM lauTAyeMge, jIvana kI guNavattA (kvAliTI) ko lauTAnA saMbhava nahIM hogA jaba vastuoM kA vinimaya hogA, taba unakI guNavattA ke sAtha koI badasalUkI nahIM kara pAyegA / mUla vastu ke sAtha mUla vastu kA vinimaya hogaa| aise meM ve sAre vyaya aura vikAra ApoApa ghaTa yA haTa jAeMge jo vastu kI maulikatA ko avamizrita karate haiM aura usake sAtha andhI vyApArikatA ko jor3ate haiN| gAMdhIjI ne aise grAmatantra ke antargata vikasita grAma ko 'svarga kA bagIcA' kahA hai| hamArA yaha mAnanA hai ki 'bhAratIya grAma taka vikAsa-kI- jhirI zaharoM yA duniyA ke vikasita mulkoM se phuNcegii| yaha galata hai| aisA karane yA kahane se hamArI buniyAda kamajora hogI saba jAnate haiM ki jaba taka samAja meM samAnatA aura amana AvirbhUta nahIM hoMge, AtaMka aura hiMsA bane raheMge, taba taka vikAsa ke ruddha srota khula nahIM paayeNge| hama do kadama Age bar3heMge aura cAra kadama pIche aayeNge| yaha gaNita avanati aura vinAza kA gaNita hai, ise hama utthAna aura vikAsa kA gaNita nahIM kaha skte| jaba taka hama choTe paimAne para, baiMkoM ke jAla se ho kara mukta utpAdana kI prakriyA meM nahIM AyeMge, yaha asaMbhava hI hogA ki hama manuSya aura manuSya ke madhyavartI phAsaloM ko ghaTA paayeN| jaba taka naphe kI jagaha samAja / janahita ke lie utpAdana kI zuruAta nahIM hogI, nayI samAja racanA kA zilAnyAsa saMbhava nahIM hogaa| yaha mAna kara calanA ki arthatantra ke bIja vikasita dezoM se AyeMge aura unakI svastha phasaleM bhAratIya grAmoM meM panapeMgI, buniyAdI taura para hI g2alata hai| hamAre gAMvoM meM vikAsa kI anaginata urvara saMbhAvanAeM (poTeMziyalya) haiM, hama asala meM unakA kada choTA karake unake bAre maiM socane lage haiM aura usa 'analikhe jJAna' (grAma-vijJAna) ko bhUla rahe haiM, jo maidAna ke jala ko siMcAI ke lie bagaira kisI yantra kI madada ke pahAr3oM para car3hA le jAtA rahA hai| madhyapradeza ke nimAr3a aMcala meM isa taraha kI siMcAI vyavasthA ko Aja bhI pratyakSa dekhA jA sakatA hai| - Aja kA udyogavartI arthatantra prakRti ko kamAI kA sAdhana mAnakara calatA hai, usake lie per3a-paudhe, nadI jharane, parvata pahAr3a, varAha hAthI, machalI-murgI, keMcue kharagoza saba kamAI ke jarie haiM, isIlie vaha ina sabakA krUratama dohana karatA hai aura unake prati jo bhI krUratApUrNa aura asammAnajanaka saMbhava hai, use karane se nahIM cuuktaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja ke arthatantra ne jIvana ke prati sammAna kI bhAvanA ko naSTa kara diyA hai aura vaha sirpha pUMjI ke pIche pizAca kI bhAMti par3a gayA hai| ahiMsA kA - arthatantra hiMsA ko choTA / vyartha karane kA arthatantra hai| vaha - - hIraka jayantI smArikA duniyA ke kone-kone meM hiMsA aura krUratA ke qada ko choTA karanA cAhatA hai aura cAhatA hai ki sarvatra samatA kI saMbhAvanAeM phale-phUleM hamArI vinamra rAya meM jaba duniyA kA hara gAMva svakSama jagatRvartI gAMva banegA tabhI vizva zAnti kI kalpanA sAkAra hogI anyathA vaha yAvaccandradivAkarau svapna banI rhegii| - jApAna eka aisA deza hai, jisane audyogika krAnti kA adhikatama dohana karate hue bhI pro0 kAorU yAmAgucI kI 'sakSama jagatvartI grAma' ( sasTenebala glebala vileja) kI avadhAraNA ko janma diyA hai| pro0 yAmAgucI ne isa grAma arthatantra ko 'myurATopiana arthatantra' kA nAma diyA hai| 'myurA' jApAnI kA zabda hai, jisakA artha hai 'grAma' - eka aisA grAma hai, jahAM ke loga Atmanirbhara hoM, paramparita rIti-rivAz2oM meM AsthA rakhate hoM, prakRti ke prati jinake mana meM sammAna kI bhAvanA ho aura jo avakAza meM eka-dUsare kI madada ke lie kamara kase hoN| jaba hama 'myurA' zabda kA vikhaNDana karate haiM, taba hameM 'myurATopiana ' arthatantra kI khUbiyoM kA aura adhika gaharAI se patA calatA hai| 'myu' kA artha hai 'na honA' (nathiMganesa) tathA 'rA' kA artha hai 'aparigraha' yAnI 'svAmitva kI anupasthiti' yahAM isa taraha 'myurA' kA artha huA 'kucha na honA' arthAt mAlikI kA visarjana, usakI gairahAjirI 'Topio' grIka zabda hai, jisakA artha hai 'jagaha' isa taraha kula milAkara 'myurA' eka aisI jagaha huA jahAM AgAmI yuga kI nayI samAja - racanA kA sUtrapAta hogA / - sahaja hI savAla uThatA hai ki isa nayI samAja racanA ke AdhAra kyA hoMge ? Aja hama dekha rahe haiM ki yantrodyoga pradhAna samAja racanA saphala nahIM huI hai| cAroM ora pradUSaNa hai, mahAmAriyAM haiM, bhUkhamarI aura garIbI hai, kRtrima abhAva bane hue haiN| pUMjIkhora bAjAronmukha saTTebAja arthatantra ne - vizva kI rIr3ha kSata-vikSata kara dI hai| sAmyavAdI arthatantra parAsta ho cukA hai jo arthatantra Aja hai, zrImatI naMdinI jozI ke anusAra, usake mukhyata: chaha AdhAra haiN| 1. eka jaisA mAla (sTaiMDarDAiz2ezana), 2. manuSya kA ekAMgI vikAsa (speziyalAiz2ezana), 3. pracaNDa vyavasthA - tantra (siMkronAijezana), 4. kendrIkRta vikAsa (kaMsenTrezana), 5. adhikatamA kamAI kA dhyeya (mekjhemAiz2ezana) 6. Arthika tathA rAjakIya sattAoM kA kendrIkaraNa (seNttrlaaijeshn)| lekina jo grAma tantra kSitija para AnA cAhatA hai, usake mukhya do AdhAra haiM- 1. svAvalambana, 2. paropakAra yA parasparaupagraha (eka-dUsare kI madada athavA eka-dUsare ke satha jIvanta hissedArI) / uparyukta arthatantra ke mukhya lakSaNa hoMge- utpAdaka aura grAhaka eka, mAlika majadUra eka bacata karane vAlA aura kharca karane vAlA eka, makAna mAlika aura kirAyedAra eka prakRti ke prati paripUrNa sammAna arthAt use kamAI kA sAdhana na mAnanA, na banAnA / isa taraha Ane vAlA mAnava samAja vaha nahIM hogA jo Aja mRga-ma -marIcikA kI taraha hamAre jIvana meM praveza kara gayA hai, balki vaha 'myurATopiana arthatantra' hogA jo duniyA ko ahiMsA aura aparigraha ke jarie adhika suMdara aura behatara banAyegA / * 'suMdara duniyA mATe suMdara saMgharSa (gujarAtI), naMdinI jozI, unnati prakAzana, ahamadAbAda380 006, 1993 vidvat khaNDa / 40

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alakArAma hIraka jayantI smArikA muskarAhaTa kauna kahatA hai ki, muskurAhaTa mahaMgI ho gaI hai ? eka muskurAhaTa thI monAlisA kI, jo amara hokara raha gayI, Aja to hara hoMTha para muskurAhaTa hai, para aMdAja-e-yayAM judA-judA hai| garIba apanI kismata para muskurAtA hai, amIra apanI amIrI para, rAjanItijJa apanI cAla para muskurAte haiM, to vidyArthI apane hAla para, daheja lekara koI muskarAtA hai kahIM tana becakara haMsI AtI hai| kahIM kisI ke duHkha para, kahIM kisI ke sukha para, hAM, sabhI muskurAte haiM, para, aMdAja-e-bayAM judA-judA hai| kisI kI muskurAhaTa meM hai IrSyA kI jhalaka, to kisI kI muskurAhaTa meM hai paisoM kI lalaka, kisI kI muskurAhaTa meM hotA hai bhaviSya kA saMketa, to kahIM darda se bhIMgI hotI hai muskurAhaTa, kahIM vyaMgya meM DUbI hotI hai muskurAhaTa, kahIM milatI hai bebasI kI muskurAhaTa, sabhI muskurA rahe haiM, para, aMdAja-e-baya judA-judA hai| maiM khojatI hUM use, jo dikhalA sake, mujhe batalA sake, muskurAhaTa kA sarala, saccA, nizchala rUpa, bAla sulabha muskurAhaTa, jisameM ho jamAne kA darda, na ho vyaMgya, kuTilatA, na takarAra kI muskurAhaTa, basa ho mamatA kI, sneha aura mAnavatA kI, jisakA aMdAja-e-dhayAM hI judA-judA hogaa| 10, netAjI subhASa roDa, kalakattA- 1 vidvat khaNDa / 41

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mahopAdhyAya mANaka canda rAmapuriyA vINApANi zArade ambe, terI jaya jaya gAU~ vINApANi zArade ambe, terI jaya-jaya gaauuN| svara meM zakti, bhakti antara meM terI avirala paauuN| hRdaya timira se AcchAdita hai jagamaga jyoti jagA de, bhaTaka rahe prANI ko ambe! nirmala rAha dikhA de, jJAna-vibhA kI jyoti-dhAra se mana ko maiM nhlaauuN| Aja bhuvana meM trAhi macI hai, gUMja rahA hai krandana, bhISaNa jvAlA meM jIvana kA jhulasa rahA hai candana, sneha-vAri de, dagdha dharA para vimala sugandha luttaauuN| dveSa-ghRNA-AtaMkavAda se Dare-Dare jana lagate, sUkhe hRdaya-tantra meM koI komala bhAva na jagate, karuNA kA kaNa barasA de mA~, jIvana-gIta sunaauuN| pIr3ita dukha se, bhayAkrAnta mana A~dhI meM hai rahatAghora nirAzA ke jhoMkoM meM zIta-ghAma nita sahatA, AzA kI nava karuNakiraNa de, saMzaya-zoka mittaauuN| jar3atA ke jar3a viSama-bandha meM cetanatA akulAtI, pAvasa kI mAvasa meM jIvana dRSTi nahIM khula pAtI, akSara kara de zabda-zabda, maiM dIpaka-rAga jgaauuN| vINApANi zArade ambe, terI jaya jaya gaauuN| 47-DI, zyAmAprasAda mukharjI roDa, kalakattA-26 hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 42

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kanhaiyAlAla seThiyA bhASA rI amarabela! mAnasarovara jisar3I mhArI rAjasthAnI - bhaasaa| iNa syUM nikalI hindI sindhI gujarAtI hariyANI mAya mAlavI mevAtI rI konI kI syUM chAnI nepAlI gaDhavAlI sairI A jIvaNa rI aasaa| bhasya DogarI kumAuMnI meM iNa rA sabada ghaNerA, mIrA misa A basI biraja meM khAya kisana syUM pherA amara bela jyUM pasarI iNa rA nAla caDhyA aakaasaaN| saMvidhAna meM milai mAnatA iNa rI A adhikArI harayo rAkhasI saMskRti ro bar3a A amarita rI jhArI iNa rai binyAM adhUrI Akhai sAhita rI paribhASA! hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa /43

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yazapAla jaina vartamAna yuga ko eka aura gAMdhI kI AvazyakatA manuSyoM ke mela se samAja kI racanA hotI hai aura samAja milakara rASTra kA nirmANa karate haiN| rASTroM se vizva banatA hai| isa prakAra kaha sakate haiM ki vizva kI AdhAramUlaka IkAI manuSya hai| gAMdhI kA dhyAna isI tathya kI ora gyaa| unhoMne kahA ki yadi manuSya apane ko sudhAra legA to samAja, rASTra aura vizva apane Apa sudhara jaaeNge| ataH mAnava ke pariSkAra ke lie unhoMne satya, ahiMsA, aparigraha, brahmacarya Adi ekAdaza vratoM kA prAvadhAna kiyA aura unake pAlana kA Agraha rakhA / itanA hI nahIM unhoMne sarvaprathama dakSiNa aphrIkA meM mAnavIya adhikAroM ke lie saMgharSa hetu satyAgraha, niSkriya pratirodha, anazana, AtmapIr3ana Adi abhinava astroM kA AviSkAra kiyaa| unakA vaha saMgharSa ikkIsa varSa taka claa| aMta meM vijaya gAMdhI kI huii| unhoMne siddha kara diyA ki bhautika bala se kahIM zreSTha aura zaktizAlI Atmika bala hai| dakSiNa aphrIkA meM vijayI hokara jaba vaha bhArata Aye aura rAjanIti ke maMca para AsIna hue to unhoMne unhIM astroM kA upayoga kiyA, jinakA upayoga vaha kAle-goroM kI lar3AI meM karake Aye the| san 1917 ke campArana satyAgraha se lekara san 1942 ke bhArata chor3o AMdolana taka unhoMne jitane choTe-bar3e AMdolana calAye unakI dhurI satya ahiMsA rhe| san 1922 meM caurIcaurA meM hiMsA hone para unhoMne deza vyApI asahayoga AMdolana ko sthagita kara diyaa| itanA hI nahIM, pAMca dina hIraka jayantI smArikA kA upavAsa bhI kiyaa| kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki ve bhArata meM "rAma-rAjya" kI sthApanA karanA cAhate the| unake lie rAjanaitika svataMtratA kA mahatva thA kintu usase bhI adhika mahatva mAnava kI zucitA aura mAnavIya mUlyoM kA thA / pandraha agasta unnIsa sau saiMtAlIsa meM bhArata AjAda huaa| sAre deza meM khuziyAM manAI gaI, lekina gAMdhIjI ke lie vaha khuzI kA dina nahIM thaa| unakI isa spaSTa ghoSaNA ke bAvajUda ki unake jisma ke do Tukar3e ho jAyeMge, lekina bhArata eka aura akhaNDa rahegA, deza kA vibhAjana huaa| pAkistAna banA aura donoM dezoM meM AbAdI kI adalA-badalA huii| bhArata se lAkhoM musalamAna pAkistAna gaye aura pAkistAna se lAkhoM hindU bhArata aaye| jina mAnavIya mUlyoM ne unake bIca bhAI-cAre kI gaharI jar3eM jamAI thIM, ve Ahata ho gye| bhAI se bhAI bichur3a gayA / yaha sthiti gAMdhIjI ke lie asahya thI / jisa samaya lAla kile para AjAdI kA tiraMgA jhaMDA phaharAyA jA rahA thA, gAMdhIjI muslima bAhulya kSetra noAkhAlI meM paidala ghUmaghUma kara dukhiyoM ke AMsU pocha rahe the| unhoMne bhArata ke naye zAsakoM aura bhArata kI janatA se AjAdI ke dina prArthanA karane aura upavAsa rakhane kA AhvAna kiyaa| unhoMne aMta samaya taka yaha AzA nahIM chor3I ki vaha dina Aye binA nahIM rahegA, jabaki bhArata aura pAkistAna eka hoNge| unhoMne do rASTra ke siddhAMta ko kabhI svIkAra nahIM kiyA / jaisA ki hamane Upara kahA gAMdhIjI mAnavIya mUlyoM ke upAsaka the| ve naitika mUlyoM ko sabase adhika mahatva dete the| unhoMne aneka avasaroM para kahA thA ki mere lie vaha rAjanIti tyAjya hai, jisameM nIti kA samAveza na ho arthAt nItivihIna rAjanIti unake lie koI artha nahIM rakhatI thii| deza svataMtra huA, lekina use gAMdhIjI ne lambI yAtrA kA pahalA par3Ava maanaa| unhoMne kahA, " maMjila abhI dUra hai| jaba taka eka bhI AMkha meM AMsU hai, mere saMgharSa kA aMta nahIM ho sktaa|" apane utsarga ke eka dina pUrva unhoMne eka lekha likhA, jise unakA "aMtima vasIyatanAmA" mAnA jAtA hai| usa lekha meM unhoMne kahA ki bhArata ko rAjanaitika AjAdI to mila gaI, lekina sAmAjika, Arthika aura naitika Az2AdiyAM abhI prApta karanI haiM aura cUMki ina AjAdiyoM meM tar3aka-bhar3aka nahIM hai isalie hamArA rAstA pahale kI nisbata jyAdA kaThina hai| unhoMne kAMgresa ko bhaMga karake usake sthAna para "loka sevaka saMgha" kI sthApanA karane kI bAta khii| lekina unakI yaha bAta bhArata ke karNadhAroM ke gale nahIM utrii| ve mAnate the ki jisa kAMgresa ke jhaMDe ke nIce koTi-koTi nara-nAriyoM ne asIma sAhasa se ekatra hokara svataMtratA prApta kI thI, usI jhaMDe ke nIce deza ke nava-nirmANa kA kArya sampanna hogaa| gAMdhI dRSTA the| unhoMne jo kahA thA, usake pIche eka bhArI satya nihita thA / sattA ke sAtha anivAryataH mada jur3A rahatA hai| isalie vaha vidvat khaNDa / 44

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deza kA muMha sattA kI ora se mor3a kara sevA kI ora karanA cAhate the| para vaha na honA thA, na huaa| gAMdhIjI AjAdI ke canda dinoM ke bAda cale gye| unake jAne ke pazcAt sArI sthiti badala gii| gAMdhI ne khare manuSya ko UMcA sthAna diyA thA aura bhAvI bhArata kA adhiSThAna mAnavatA ko mAnA thA, kintu deza ke netAoM kA dhyAna zAsana sambhAlane aura bhAratavAsiyoM kI daridratA ko dUra karane kI ora thaa| videzI sattA ne bhArata ko cUsa kara bhItara se khokhalA kara diyA thaa| isa sthiti ko sambhAlane ke lie naye zAsakoM ne naI nIti apnaaii| jahAM gAMdhI ne manuSya ko biThAyA thA, vahAM unhoMne rAjanIti aura artha ko baitthaayaa| pariNAma yaha huA ki mAnava kI dhurI TUTI aura usa sthAna para rAjanIti tathA artha kA varcasva sthApita huaa| isa varcasva ko rAjanIti ke hI nahIM, anya sabhI kSetroM meM svIkAra kiyA gyaa| sAmAnya se sAmAnya vyakti bhI anubhava karane lagA ki yadi usake hAtha meM sattA aura paisA nahIM hai to samAja meM usakA astitva hI nahIM hai| isIse logoM ne AMkha mUMda kara sattA aura paise ke pIche daur3a lgaaii| isakA pariNAma jo honA thA, vahI huaa| pada aura paise ko UMcA sthAna milA aura iMsAna doyama darje para A gyaa| deza ke mUlya badala gaye, paristhitiyAM badala gaI, pariveza badala gye| naitika mUlyoM kA sthAna bhautika mUlyoM ne le liyaa| jaba padArtha mUlyavAna bana jAtA hai to manuSya ke viveka para pardA par3a jAtA hai| isa sthiti ne deza meM aneka vyAdhiyoM ko janma diyaa| ina vyAdhiyoM meM sabase bar3I vyAdhi bhraSTAcAra hai| Aja koI bhI kSetra usase achUtA nahIM hai| rAjanIti to usase pUrI taraha AkrAMta hai hI, samAja vyavasthA, artha vyavasthA, dharma saMgaThana Adi sabhI kSetra usake zikAra ho rahe haiN| rAjanIti kA itanA bola-bAlA hai ki usane saba kucha apane prabhAva ke ghere meM sameTa liyA hai| kisI yuga meM dharma rAjanIti kI aguAI karatA thA, Aja dharma rAjanIti kA anucara bana gayA hai| gAMdhI ne svataMtra bhArata ke lie naye mUlyoM kI saMhitA banAI thii| unhoMne kahA thA ki jo saccA sevaka hai. vahI deza kA sarvocca zAsaka hogaa| unhoMne kahA thA ki svataMtra bhArata meM ucca aura nimnavarga nahIM rheNge| unhoMne kahA thA ki deza ke sabhI nivAsI samaSTi ke hita meM vyaSTi kA hita mAneMge aura ve apane svArtha se adhika deza ke hita ko varIyatA pradAna kreNge| prAcIna kAla se bhAratIya manISA ne ghoSa kiyA thA- "sarve bhavantu sukhinaH sarve santu nirAmayA" yAnI saba sukhI hoM, saba nIroga hoN| isI meM se gAMdhI kA sarvodaya kA darzana upajA thaa| sabakI bhalAI ke lie unhoMne kucha mUla-bhUta siddhAMta nizcita kiye| ina siddhAMtoM meM sabase adhika mahatvapUrNa siddhAMta sattA ke vikendrIkaraNa kA thaa| vaha nahIM cAhate the ki sattA ine-gine vyaktiyoM kI muTThI meM kendrita ho| unhoMne kahA ki aNu bama ke isa yuga meM yadi sattA eka sthAna para kendrIbhUta rahegI to eka bama use sahaja hI naSTa kara degaa| lekina yadi sattA jana-jana meM baMTI rahegI to koI kitane bama girAyegA? isalie unhoMne zAsana kI buniyAda paMcAyata ko maanaa| unhoMne kahA ki hamArA zAsana nIce se Upara kI ora rhegaa| paMcAyata ko vaha zAsana kI nIMva banAnA cAhate the| pakkI nIMva para hI pakkA bhavana khar3A raha sakatA hai| lekina sattA kI hor3a ne sArI rAjanaitika zakti ko muTThI bhara logoM ke hAthoM meM sImita kara diyaa| sattA ke sAtha sAre sAdhana aura vaibhava bhI unake hAthoM meM kendrita ho gye| ___ gAMdhIjI Arthika samAnatA ke pakSapAtI the| vaha jAnate the ki eka ora Dhera lagegA to dUsarI ora apane Apa gaDDhA bana jaayegaa| unhoMne eka sthAna para likhA, "agara dhanavAna loga apane dhana ko aura usake kAraNa milane vAlI sattA ko khuda rAjI-khuzI se chor3akara aura sabake kalyANa ke lie, sabake sAtha milakara baratane ko taiyAra na hoMge to yaha saca samajhiye ki hamAre mulka meM hiMsaka aura khUkhAra krAnti hue binA nahIM rhegii|" unhoMne dhanapatiyoM se kahA ki ve apanI nitAMta AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie dhana ko rakhakara zeSa dhana ko samAja kI dharohara mAneM aura usake nyAsI bana kara rheN| unhoMne sAMpradAyika ekatA para bhI bala diyaa| unhoMne kahA "ekatA kA matalaba sirpha rAjanaitika ekatA nahIM hai| sacce mAnI to hai vaha dostI, jo tor3e na ttuutte| isa taraha kI ekatA paidA karane ke lie sabase pahalI jarUrata isa bAta kI hai ki kAMgresa-jana, ve kisI bhI dharma ke mAnane vAle hoM, apane ko hindU, musalamAna, IsAI, pArasI, yahUdI sabhI komoM kA numAiMdA smjheN| unhoMne mAnava ke pariSkAra ke lie gyAraha vratoM kA prAvadhAna kiyaa| unameM anya bAtoM ke sAtha sabase adhika bala madya-niSedha para diyaa| unakA mAnanA thA ki zarAba saba burAiyoM kI jananI hai| unhoMne tatkAlIna sarakAra se kAnUna banAkara usa vyAdhi ko rokane kA jahAM anurodha kiyA, vahAM zarAba kI dukAnoM para dharane kI bhI vyavasthA kii| mujhe yAda AtA hai ki dharane ke lie unhoMne mukhyata: bahanoM ko cunA, kyoMki ve mAnate the ki jitanA prema, karuNA aura saMvedanazIlatA bahanoM meM hotI hai utanI puruSoM meM nhiiN| bahaneM zarAba kI dukAnoM para khar3I ho jAtI thIM aura jaba kabhI koI zarAba pIne ke lie vahAM AtA thA to ve hAtha jor3akara rokane kA prayatna karatI thI, kintu yadi koI siraphirA vyakti unakI bAta nahIM mAnatA thA to ve dukAna ke sAmane leTa jAtI thIM taba kisI kI bhI himmata nahIM hotI thI ki vaha unake sIne para paira rakhakara dukAna ke bhItara praveza kre| gAMdhIjI bhArata ko gAMvoM kA deza mAnate the| unakA kahanA thA ki deza ke caMda zahara lAkhoM gAMvoM kI kamAI para jIte haiN| isalie unhoMne bAra-bAra kahA ki gAMva uTheMge to deza utthegaa| gAMvoM kA patana hogA to deza kA patana avazyambhAvI hai| ata: unhoMne navayuvakoM se Agraha kiyA ki ve dehAtoM meM jAeM aura dehAtiyoM ke bIca unhIM kI taraha rahakara unake abhikrama ko jAgRta kareM aura gAMvoM kI burAI dUra kareM, lekina durbhAgya se AjAdI ke dinoM meM zahara panape, gAMva suukhe| Aja hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 45

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koI bhI vyakti gAMva meM jAkara dekha sakatA hai ki vahAM kI sthiti kitanI bhayAvaha hai| gAMvoM ke bahusaMkhyaka nivAsI na kevala garIbI aura gaMdagI ke zikAra haiM nirakSaratA, aMdhavizvAsa tathA roga bhI unheM cAroM ora se ghere hue haiN| zahara ke loga mAnate haiM ki gAMvoM ke nivAsI unakI meharabAnI para jIte haiN| pratyeka upakrama meM gAMdhIjI jahAM sAdhya ko mahatva dete the vahAM sAdhanoM kI zuddhatA para bhI jora dete the| unakA kahanA thA, "loga kahate haiM Akhira sAdhana to sAdhana hI hai|" maiM kahUMgA, "Akhira to sAdhana hI saba kucha hai jaise sAdhana hoMge vaisA hI sAdhya hogaa| sAdhana aura sAdhya ko alaga karane vAlI koI dIvAra nahIM hai| vAstava meM sRSTikartA ne hameM sAdhanoM para niyaMtraNa diyA hai, sAdhya para to kucha bhI nahIM diyaa| lakSya kI siddhi ThIka utanI hI zuddha hotI hai jitane hamAre sAdhana zuddha hote haiN| yaha bAta aisI hai, jisameM kisI apavAda kI guMjAiza nahIM hai| koI asatya se satya ko nahIM pA sktaa| satya ko pAne ke lie hamezA satya kA AcaraNa karanA hI hogaa|" ___ gAMdhIjI zAsana ke lie lokataMtra ko sarvopari mAnate the| lokataMtra meM loka pahale AtA hai "taMtra" bAda meN| loka se unakA Azaya loka zakti se thaa| binA loka-zakti ke saccA lokataMtra na sthApita ho sakatA hai, na cala sakatA hai| isI bAta ko dhyAna meM rakhakara unhoMne apane sabhI AMdolanoM ke dvArA jana-jana meM cetanA paidA karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| vaha racanAtmaka kAryoM ke dvArA deza kA abhyudaya karanA cAhate the| unakA kahanA thA, "maiM aisI sthiti lAnA cAhatA hUM jisameM sabakA sAmAjika darjA samAna mAnA jaay"| racanAtmaka kAma kA yaha aMga ahiMsApUrNa svarAjya kI mukhya cAbI hai| Arthika samAnatA ke lie kAma karane kA matalaba hai pUMjI aura majadUrI ke jhagar3oM ko hamezA ke lie miTA denaa| isakA artha yaha hotA hai ki eka ora se jina muTThI bhara paise vAloM ke hAtha meM rASTra kI sampatti kA bar3A bhAga ikaTThA ho gayA hai unakI sampatti ko kama karanA aura dUsarI ora se jo karor3oM loga bhUkhe aura naMge rahate haiM, unakI sampatti meM vRddhi karanA, jaba taka muTThI bhara dhanavAnoM aura karor3oM bhUkhe rahane vAloM ke bIca beiMtahA aMtara banA rahegA, taba taka ahiMsA kI buniyAda para calane vAlI rAjya-vyavasthA kAyama nahIM ho sktii| AjAda hindustAna meM deza ke bar3e-se-bar3e dhanavAnoM ke hAtha meM hukumata kA jitanA hissA rahegA utanA hI garIboM ke hAtha meM bhI hogaa| aura taba naI dillI ke mahaloM aura unakI bagala meM basI huI garIba majadUra bastiyoM ke TUTe-phUTe jhopar3oM ke bIca jo dardanAka pharka Aja najara AtA hai, vaha eka dina ko bhI nahIM ttikegaa|| gAMdhIjI kI sArI pravRttiyoM kA kendrabindu satya aura ahiMsA the| unhIM ke AdhAra para vaha deza ke nava nirmANa ke AkAMkSI the| durbhAgya se Aja deza mUlyoM ke bhayaMkara saMkaTa se gujara rahA hai| bhraSTAcAra, mahaMgAI, AtaMka, hiMsA, balAtkAra Adi vyAdhiyoM ne naitika mUlyoM kA hAsa kara diyA hai| jisa deza meM dUdha aura dahI kI nadiyAM bahA karatI thIM, usa deza meM Aja zarAba kI nadiyAM baha rahI haiN| kAlA bAjAra ujale bAjAra para hAvI ho rahA hai aura yena-kena-prakAreNa sattA ko har3apane aura paise se apanI tijoriyAM bharane ke lie dezavAsI lAlAyita haiN| satya aura ahiMsA kA galA ghuTa rahA hai| hiMsA Aja isIlie ugra ho rahI hai kyoMki ahiMsA nisteja ho gaI hai| anIti Aja isIlie phala-phUla rahI hai, kyoMki nIti niSprabha ho rahI hai| isIse hameM lagatA hai ki Aja eka aura gAMdhI kI AvazyakatA hai, lekina jisa gAMdhI ne deza ko mAnavIya mUlyoM ke rAja-mArga para agrasara kiyA thA, vaha gAMdhI to calA gayA, aba vaha Ane vAlA nahIM hai, lekina apane pIche vaha gAMdhI bahuta kucha aisA chor3a gayA hai jisa para sAmUhika rUpa se vyavahAra kiyA jAya to gAMdhI punarujjIvita ho sakatA hai| usI ke lie aba hameM saMkalpabaddha hokara prayAsa karanA caahie| sastA sAhitya maMDala, naI dillI hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 46

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puSkaralAla ker3iyA yuvA pIr3hI aura samAja sevA : eka paigAma - yuvA zakti ke nAma pratApa ke cetaka kA nAma tuma jAnate ho - jo Aja se cAra sau varSa pUrva huA thaa| kyA apane pUrvajoM ke bAre meM jAnate ho- jo sirpha sau varSa pahale hue the? smaraNa usI kA kiyA jAtA hai jo auroM ke lie jItA hai| __ Aja samAja evaM deza kI nigAheM- sirpha yuvAzakti kI ora hai| vaise Aja jisa vAtAvaraNa meM tuma raha rahe ho- sabhI bAteM jIvana ke pratikUla hai| dUradarzana evaM sabhI pracAra mAdhyamoM meM dhUmrapAna, vAsanA, phijUlakharcI Adi dRzyoM kI bharamAra hai| lagatA hai jIne kI kalA kA AdhAra hI badala rahA hai| jina abhinetAoM ko hama zraddhA kI dRSTi se dekhate haiM- ve hI abhinetA-abhinetrI aba ina vijJApanoM meM artha lAbha ke lie apanI garimA ko bhUlakara saharSa yogadAna de rahe haiN| azoka kumAra pAna parAga meM, dharmendra zarAba meM aura na jAne kauna-kauna, kaise-kaise... tuma to dekhate hI hoge yaha saba / kyA tuma bhI zarAba, pAna parAga, phaizana, vAsanA evaM kisI bhI taraha dhanopArjana karanA hI jIvana kA AdhAra banAnA cAhate ho? una saba abhinetAoM ko apane vicAroM se avagata kraao| unase anurodha karo- aise vijJApanoM se apanI chavi na bigAr3ane kii| __tuma kampAsa ke bAre meM avazya jAnate hoge| kampAsa ko rakhate hI tumane dekhA hogA ki usakI sUI uttara dizA kI ora calI jAtI haijAnate ho yaha AkarSaNa-zakti kitanI dUra hai- tuma hairAna raha jAoge yaha jAnakara ki yahAM se karIba solaha hajAra kilomITara dUra uttarI golArddha meM yaha cumbakIya AkarSaNa-zakti hai- jo isa jarAsI noka ko apanI ora khIMca rahI hai| isI taraha hama sabakI AtmA usa parama pitA paramAtmA kI ora khIMcI rahatI hai jo kampAsa kI taraha ThIka dizA nirdeza karatA hai| lekina yadi kampAsa asaMtulita ho athavA usakA skrU-pUrjA DhIlA ho jAye to vaha sahI dizA nahIM dikhaataa| ThIka yahI hAla hamArI AtmA kA hai| yadi hama asaMtulita ho jAyeM athavA mAnasika yaMtra kA koI bhI pUrjA gar3abar3A jAye to hamArI AtmA sahI nirdeza nahIM detii| tuma jAnate hoge ki yaha kampAsa pacAsa rupaye kA bhI AtA hai evaM kaI lAkha rupayoM kA bhii| lAkhoM rupayoM ke kampAsa vAlA vyakti havAI jahAja dvArA hajAroM vyaktiyoM ko apane nirdiSTa sthAna para pahuMcAtA hai| apanI AtmA ko jagAo usI bar3e kampAsa kI taraha, auroM ko sahI dizA dikhAne ke lie| jIvana eka-eka kSaNa se banA hai| sekenDa se minaTa, minaTa se ghaMTA, ghaMTe se dina, dina se saptAha, saptAha se varSa aura isI krama ko hama jIvana kahate haiN| eka vyakti koI bhI kArabAra, naukarI athavA karma karake yadi sirpha apanA evaM parivAra kA hI nirvAha karatA hai- to vaha yadi sau ke badale do sau, cAra sau varSa bhI jIye to use yahI krama karate rahanA hai| samaya ko sukArya meM bhI lagAnA hai, isakA dhyAna hamezA rkhnaa| ___ hamArA zarIra pAMca tatvoM kA eka adbhuta mizraNa hai| saMta tulasIdAsa ne mAnava zarIra ke liye likhA hai, "bar3e bhAga mAnuSa tana paavaa"| ata: mere yuvA sAthiyoM! isa paigAma meM maiM Apako Apa nahIM kahakara tuma kaha rahA huuN| Izvara ko hama tU kahakara sambodhita karate haiN| isIliye isa ati apanatva ke tuma zabda kA sambodhana kara rahA huuN| tumane sunA hogA - eka bAra eka bhakta ne bhagavAna se prazna kiyaa| "prabhu tere meM merI pUrI zraddhA hai - tujhako mere para vizvAsa hai yA nahIM?" prabhu ne kahA - 'terI mere meM pUrI zraddhA hotI to tU yaha prazna hI nahIM krtaa| mujhe tuma para pUrA vizvAsa hai isIliye apane mana kI bAta kaha rahA huuN|' ___ jahAM bhI tuma jaise yuvA sAthiyoM kI jamAta khar3I hotI hai- jAnate ho sabakI dRSTi udhara kyoM calI jAtI hai| tumhAre samUha meM dekhane vAloM ko usa virATa svarUpa kA bodha hotA hai jo sRSTi racanA ke pAMca tatvoM meM chipA par3A hai| samudra meM tUphAna, vAyu meM AMdhI, agni meM dAvAnala, miTTI meM sahanazIlatA evaM AkAza meM tej| sabhI kucha to hai tumhAre andr| saba cAhate haiM- tuma apanI ina mahAn zaktiyoM ko pahacAno aura maryAdA meM rahakara inakA sadupayoga kro| kisI bhI mahApuruSa kI jIvanI meM unhoMne jIvana meM kyA kiyA haiisIkA kathAnaka rahatA hai| auroM ke bhale ke lie kyA kiyA haiisI kA ullekha rahatA hai| koI vyakti sirpha apanA evaM parivAra kA hI nirvAha karatA rahe- use parivAra vAle bhI smaraNa nahIM krte| rANA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 47

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ina pAMca tatvoM ke dharma ko gahana cintana se prkho| miTTI kI karuNA, jala kA samanvaya, vAyu kA nirAkAra rUpa meM prANa phUMkanA, AkAza kA vizvabandhutva, agni kA UrjA-vitaraNa evaM prakAza denA hI dharma kA sAra hai| sevA ko hI paramodharmaH kahA hai- hamAre zAstroM ne, dharma granthoM ne| Izvara ne yaha virATa zaktiyAM hameM isIlie pradAna kI haiM- tAki hama zaktiyoM kA mUlyAMkana kareM- apane jIvana kA mUlyAMkana kreN| kucha rupayoM kI hI pAkeTamArI ho jAye- to hama apane sabhI sAthiyoM ko isakI jAnakArI kraayeNge| lekina samaya ke nirarthaka cale jAne kI carcA hama kahIM nahIM kreNge| jIvana kA eka choTA sA hisAba smjho| yadi eka vyakti ausata meM assI varSa jItA hai to use kula 29000 dina mile| ATha ghaMTe sone ke hisAba se usakA 1000 dina sone meM calA jAtA hai| ATha ghaMTA adhyayana athavA rojagAra kare to 10000 dina evaM karIba cAra ghaMTA nitya-karma tathA Ane-jAne meM lagane se 4500 dina aura cale gye| bAkI bace 4500 dina bhI yadi janmadina, vivAha, TIvI, sinemA, ghUmanA-phiranA, gappabAjI Adi meM vyatIta kara deM to acche kAryoM ke liye amUlya samaya kahAM bcaa| samaya kA sadupayoga hI jIvana kA sahI mUlyAMkana hai| - aba apane vicAra kareM ki hama kyA kara sakate haiM? isake liye sabase pahale tumhAre mana meM auroM ke liye kucha karane ke jo vicAra mana meM uThate haiM- unheM kAgaja para noTa kro| kAgaja para apane vicAra nahIM utAroge to vicAra isI taraha Ate raheMge- jAte raheMge evaM tuma vahIM ke vahIM raha jaaoge| tumane sunA hogA- kucha paMDita bhAMga pIkara eka naukA meM baiTha gye| rAta kA samaya thaa| naukA kI rassI khUTe se hI baMdhI raha gaI evaM ve rAta bhara naukA khete rhe| unheM subaha patA calA ki ve jahAM the vahIM haiN| ata: saMkalpa ke sAtha apanI AtmA ke nirdeza ko samajhate hue usa ora Age bddh'o| ___ tuma artha-yuga se gujara rahe ho| tuma jAnate hI ho ki pichalI bAra zeyaroM kI AMdhI ne kyA kiyaa| tumhAre hI aneka sAthI paisoM kI aMdhI daur3a meM daur3a pdd'e| paisA kamAnA hI Aja jIvana kA mApadaNDa bana gayA hai| parantu tumane kyA kisI paise vAle kA citra kisI ke ghara meM TaMgA dekhA hai| tumane citra dekhe hoMge- hamAre RSi-muniyoM ke, deza evaM samAja sevakoM ke| Aja phaizana evaM phijUlakharcI kI duniyA hai| krikeTa, sinemA Adi kI TikaTeM hama UMce dAmoM meM kharIdate kabhI nahIM hickicaate| bartha De pArTI, zAdI-vivAha, pahanAvA Adi madoM meM kharcoM kI koI paravAha nahIM karatA parantu isI dhana kA sahI upayoga meM hamArA hAtha khiMca jAtA hai| cintana ko nayA mor3a denA hai tumheN| eka dRSTAMta hai- eka dhobI ko eka hIroM kA hAra mila gyaa| usane apane gadhe ko use pahanA diyaa| eka choTe vyApArI ne usa hAra ko apanI patnI ke liye alpa rupayoM meM kharIda liyaa| eka jauharI kI najara usa para par3a gii| usane use aura kucha rupaye dekara kharIda liyaa| vaha pArakhI thA- usane usa hAra kA eka-eka hIrA hajAroM lAkhoM meM beca diyaa| tumhAre pAsa bhI aneka amUlya zaktiyoM kA bhaNDAra bharA par3A hai- saMgaThana zakti, smaraNa zakti, sahana zakti, yoga zakti, kuNDalinI zakti, AkarSaNa-zakti, saMkalpa zakti, zabda zakti, kalpanA zakti aadi-aadi| ina zaktiyoM ko pahacAno evaM unakA sadupayoga kro| yaha khedajanaka hI hai ki Aja rASTra ke karNadhAra bhI apanA sahI patha bhUla gaye haiN| juA, laoNTarI, dhUmrapAna, zarAba Adi ko sarakArI Aya kA srota samajha kara svayaM ve asahAya najara A rahe haiN| apane nihita svArtha ke liye yuvA zakti ko bhramita kara rahe haiN| cunAva ke jaMjAla meM phaMsA rahe haiM- isa virATa zakti ko| isIlie Aja samAja evaM deza kI nigAheM sirpha tumhArI yAnI yuvA zakti para hai| daheja, kuvyasana, phijUlakharcI, nirakSaratA, bhraSTAcAra Adi aneka aisI cunautiyAM haiM, jinakA sAmanA tumhIM kara sakate ho| hamAre deza kA itihAsa hajAroM UMce caritra aura vilakSaNa guNoM vAlI aneka gAthAoM se bharA par3A hai| bacapana kI acchI AdatoM aura acche kAryoM se jIvana meM UMcA uThane kI zakti milatI hai| tuma apanI lagana, dRr3hatA, dhIraja, buddhi, sUjha-bUjha, aura ceSTA se bar3e se bar3e kAma kara sakate ho| Aja hI saMkalpa karo ki tumheM prati dina aise kAma karane haiM, jinase tumhArI unnati ho aura dUsaroM ko bhalA ho| bhagavAna ne tumheM jo adbhuta zaktiyAM dI haiM unheM naSTa mata hone do, unakA sahI upayoga kro| parivAra - samAja evaM rASTra ko apane jIne kA pramANa do| ___43, kailAza bosa sTrITa, kalakattA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 48

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DaoN0 vasumati DAgA prabhu mahAvIra (reDiyo rUpaka) DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva arthAt bhagavAna mahAvIra ke janma se pahale ke bhArata kI tatkAlIna dazA bar3I dayanIya thii| bhArata do rAjanaitika praNAliyoM meM baMTA huA thaa| magadha, aMga, baMga, kaliMga, vatsa, avantI aura uttarI kauzala Adi rAjataMtra praNAlI dvArA zAsita the tathA vaizAlI meM licchavI, kapilavastu meM zAkya, kuzInArA aura malla gaNarAjya kI janatA gaNataMtra kI zAsana praNAlI se zAsita thii| rAjataMtra meM rAjA Izvara kA avatAra mAnA jAtA thA aura gaNataMtra meM zAsaka mAtra mAnava samajhA jAtA thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra vaizAlI gaNataMtra ke zAsaka zrI siddhArtha ke putra the| unakI mAtA kA nAma trizalA thaa| vaizAlI ke upanagara kSatriya kuNDagrAma kI puNya bhUmi meM IsA pUrva 599, 30 mArca, caitra zuklA trayodazI ko unakA janma huA thaa| mahAvIra jaba jIvana ke aTThAisa varSa pUrNa kara rahe the taba unake mAtA-pitA kA svargavAsa ho gyaa| mahAvIra meM zramaNa hone kI bhAvanA jAga utthii| eka ora unakI vinamratA apane cAcA pArzva aura bar3e bhAI nandivardhana dvArA kucha varSoM taka ghara meM rahane ke anurodha ko asvIkAra na kara sakI to dUsarI ora unakA saMkalpa gRhavAsa ko svIkAra na kara skaa| isa arntadvandva meM unhoMne eka naye mArga kI khoja kii| mahAvIra : "jisakI vAsanA nahIM chUTI aura jo zramaNa ho gayA, vaha ghara meM nahIM hai, para ghara se dUra bhI nahIM hai, vAsanA se mukta hokara ghara meM rahate hue bhI ghara se dUra rahA jA sakatA hai|" vAcaka : ve parivAra meM rahakara bhI ekAnta meM rahe unhoMne asvAda kA viziSTa abhyAsa kiyaa| ve mauna aura dhyAna meM lIna rhe| unhoMne anubhava kiyA- ghara meM rahate hue ghara se dUra rahA jA sakatA hai para yaha sAmudAyika mArga nahIM hai| vaha tabhI saMbhava hai jaba ve ghara ko chor3a deN| parivAra vAloM se AjJA lekara unhoMne ghara chor3a diyaa| aura janatA ke samakSa unhoMne svayaM zramaNa kI dIkSA svIkAra kI, unhoMne saMkalpa kiyA :-- mahAvIra : 1- Aja se videha rahUMgA, deha kI surakSA nahIM kruuNgaa| jo bhI kaSTa Aye unheM sahana kruuNgaa| roga kI cikitsA nahIM kraauuNgaa| bhUkha aura pyAsa kI bAdhA se abhibhUta nahIM houuNgaa| nIMda para vijaya prApta kruuNgaa| 2- abhaya ke sadhe binA samatA nahIM sadha sakatI aura videha ke sadhe binA abhaya nahIM sadha sktaa| bhaya kA Adi bindu deha kI Asakti hai| abhaya kI siddhi anivArya hai| hiMsA, baira aura azAMti saba deha meM hote haiM, videha meM nhiiN| vAcikA : jaba bhagavAna mahAvIra kanakhala Azrama ke pArzvavartI devAlaya ke maMDapa meM dhyAna kara rahe the, caNDakauzika sarpa ne dRSTi se viSa kA vikiraNa kiyA, bhagavAna para usakA koI prabhAva nahIM pdd'aa| hiMsA se jalatI dharatI para, amRtamegha bana jo barasA, vizva zAMti ke mahAbhagIratha, mahAvIra prabhu kI jaya ho jaya ho| mAnavatA kA kalpavRkSa bana, nandana kiyA vizva ko jisane, pAkara usakI zaraNa divyatama, sArI mAnava jAti abhaya ho| vAcaka : bhAratIya saMskRti kI anAdikAlIna zramaNa paramparA meM bhagavAna AdinAtha se lekara bhagavAna mahAvIra taka 24 tIrthaMkaroM evaM anantAnanta RSiyoM ne saMsAra ke prANimAtra ke lie dharma kA upadeza dekara ananta zAMti ko prApta karane kA mArga btaayaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA- "vatthu sahAvo dhammo' vastu kA jo svabhAva hai vahI usakA dharma hai| lekina isa saMsAra ke prANI apane isa svabhAva rUpa dharma ko bhUlakara caturgatyAtmaka saMsAra meM saMkramaNa, paribhramaNa kara rahe haiN| saMsAra paribhramaNa ke isa cakra ko hama bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa dharma kA pAlana karake roka sakate haiM aura apanI AtmA ko sAkSAt bhagavAna banA sakate haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha tathA syAdvAda jaise siddhAMtoM kA upadeza diyA aura apane samaya ke adharmAMdhakAra ko dUra kara dharma kA prakAza phailaayaa| hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 49

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- gautama : bhante, taba jIvana kaise calegA? mahAvIra : saMyata karma karo, bolanA Avazyaka ho to saMyama se bolo, calanA Avazyaka ho to saMyama se calo, khAnA Avazyaka ho to saMyama se khaao| gautama : bhante, jaba satya kI khoja kA mArga batAyA jA sakatA hai to satya kyoM nahIM batAyA jA sakatA? mahAvIra : yaha satyAMza hai| maiM satya kA sApekSa pratipAdana karatA hUM, pUrNa satya nahIM batAyA jA sktaa| isalie maiM kahatA hUM ki satya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| satyAMza batAyA jA sakatA hai| isalie maiM kahatA hUM ki satya kahA jA sakatA hai| satya avaktavya hai aura satya vaktavya hai, ina donoM kA sApekSa bodha hI samyagjJAna gautama : bhante, vaktavya satya kyA hai ? mahAvIra : abheda kI dRSTi se astitva (honA mAtra) satya hai aura bheda kI dRSTi se dravya aura paryAya satya hai| dravya zAzvata hai, paryAya azAzvata hai| zAzvata aura azAzvata kA samanvaya hI satya vaha sarpa bhagavAna ke pairoM se lipaTa bAra-bAra unheM Dasane lagA para unakI AMkhoM se nirantara amRta kI varSA hotI rhii| unakA maitrI bhAva viSa ko nirviSa karatA rhaa| ahiMsA kI hiMsA para vijaya huii| mahAvIra jaise-jaise sAdhanA meM Age bar3he vaise-vaise unakI cetanA meM samatA kA sUrya adhika Aloka dene lgaa| satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha saba usa Aloka se Alokita ho utthe| mahAvIra : "arakSA hI sabase bar3I surakSA hai| jo apane Apako asurakSita anubhava karatA hai, vaha adhyAtma ke mArga para nahIM cala sktaa| mujhe kisI surakSA kI apekSA nahIM hai| svataMtratA aura svAvalambana hI merI surakSA hai|" vAcaka : bhagavAna mahAvIra kI sAdhanA kA mUla maMtra hai samatA, na rAga aura na dveSa, cetanA kI yaha anubhava dazA samatA hai| unhoMne lAbha-alAbha, sukha-dukha, niMdA-stuti, mAna-apamAna, jIvana-maraNa kI aneka ghaTanAoM kI kasauTI para apane ko parakhA aura khare utre| unakI cetanA anAvRtta ho gii| abhaya sAdhanA, samatA kI sAdhanA siddha ho gii| vaha vItarAga kI bhUmikA meM pahuMca kevalI ho gye| indriya, mana aura buddhi kI upayogitA samApta ho gii| vAcikA : sAdhanA kAla meM bhagavAna prAya: mauna, akarma aura dhyAnastha rhe| sAdhanA kI siddhi hone para unhoMne satya kI vyAkhyA kii| IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI satya kI upalabdhiyoM kI zatAbdI hai| usa zatAbdI meM bhAratIya kSitija para mahAvIra aura buddha, cInI kSitija para lAotse aura kanphyUziyasa, yUnAnI kSitija para pAithogorasa jaise mahAn dharmavettA satya ke rahasyoM kA udghATana kara rahe the| buddha ne kahA- "satya avyAkRta hai|" lAotse ne kahA, "satya kahA nahIM jA sakatA" mahAvIra ne kahA, "satya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yaha jitanA vAstavika hai utanA hI vAstavika yaha hai ki satya kahA jA sakatA hai| vastujagata meM pUrNa sAmaMjasya aura saha astitva hai| virodha kI kalpanA hamArI buddhi ne kI hai| utpAdana aura vinAza, janma aura mauta, zAzvata aura azAzvata saba sAtha-sAtha calate haiN|" bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jyeSTha ziSya gautama ne eka bAra pUchA :gautama : bhante! satya kyA hai? mahAvIra : vaha batAyA nahIM jA sktaa| gautama : to hama use kaise jAneM? mahAvIra : tuma svayaM use khojo gautama : usakI khoja kaise kareM? mahAvIra : karma ko chor3a do, mana ko vikalpoM se mata bharo, mauna rkho| zarIra ko sthira rkho| vAcaka : mahAvIra na sirpha dArzanika the aura na kore dhaarmik| ve darzana aura dharma ke samanvayakAra the| unhoMne satya ko dekhA, phira cetanA ke vikAsa ke lie anAcaraNIya kA saMyama aura AcaraNIya kA AcaraNa kiyaa| mahAvIra : "akelA jJAna, akelA darzana (bhakti) aura akelA puruSArtha (karma) manuSya ko duHkha mukti kI ora nahIM le jaataa| jJAna, darzana aura AcaraNa kA samanvaya hI use dukha mukti kI ora le jAtA hai| ...pahale jAno, phira kro| jJAnahIna karma aura karmahIna jJAna ye donoM vyartha ho jAte haiN| jJAna satya kA AcaraNa aura Acarita satya kA jJAna ye donoM eka sAtha hokara hI sArthaka hote haiM..." vAcaka : mahAvIra zraddhA ko jJAna aura AcAra kA setu samajhate the| mahAvIra : jisako jJAna ho jAye usake prati zraddhA karanI cAhie, zraddhA ajJAna kA saMrakSaNa nahIM karatI, vaha jJAna ko AcaraNa taka le jAtI hai| jJAna durlabha hai aura zraddhA usase bhI durlabha aura AcaraNa usase bhI durlabha / jJAna ke paripakva hone para zraddhA sulabha hotI hai aura zraddhA ke sulabha hone para AcaraNa sulabha hotA hai| vAcikA : unhoMne batAyA ki jJAna kA mUla srota manuSya hai| AtmA se bhinna koI paramAtmA nahIM hai| unake darzana meM svata: prAmANya zAstra kA nahIM hai, manuSya kA hai| vItarAga manuSya pramANa hotA hai aura antima pramANa usakI vItarAga dazA hai| vAcaka : ve anekAtmavAdI the| bhagavAna ke anusAra AtmAeM ananta haiN| pratyeka AtmA dUsarI AtmA se svataMtra hai| saba AtmAoM meM caitanya hai para vaha sAmudAyika nahIM hai| jaise AtmAeM aneka haiM vaise hI yoniyAM bhI aneka haiN| usa kAla meM manuSya brAhmaNa,kSatriya, hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 50

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vaizya aura zudra ina cAra varNoM meM baMTA huA thaa| karma saMskAra hI isake AdhAra the| varga ke ahaMkAra ne uccatA aura nIcatA kI dIvAra khar3I kara dI aura janmajAta jAti kA pracalana ho gyaa| mahAvIra : jaba vastu jagata meM samanvaya aura sahaastitva hai to phira mAnava jagata meM samanvaya aura saha-astitva kyoM nahIM / saba jIvoM ke sAtha maitrI karo usakA eka hI sUtra hai sahiSNutA, bheda ke pIche chipe abheda ko mata bhuulo| tuma jise zatru mAnate ho use bhI sahana karo aura jise mitra mAnate ho use bhI sahana kro| maiM saba jIvoM ko sahana karatA huuN| ve saba mujhe sahana kreN| merI sabake prati maitrI hai| kisI ke prati merA vaira nahIM hai| ahaMkAra chor3o - yathArtha ko dekho| anekatA ekatA se pRthaka nahIM hai| aura yahI saha-astitva kA mUla AdhAra hai| vAcaka : bhagavAna mahAvIra ne tatva dharma aura vyavahAra ke jina siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA aura janamAnasa ko Andolita kiyA, vaha Aja bhI utane hI khare haiM jitane DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva the| unhoMne kahA * satya ananta dharmA hai| eka dRSTikoNa se eka dharma ko dekhakara zeSa adRSTa dharmoM kA khaMDana mata kro| * satya kI sApekSa vyAkhyA kro| apane vicAra kA Agraha mata karo, dUsaroM ke vicAroM ko samajhane kA prayatna kro| * rAga-dveSa se mukta honA ahiMsA hai| samAnatA kA bhAva sAmudAyika jIvana meM vikasita hotA hai tabhI ahiMsaka krAnti sambhava hai| * unhoMne kahA- kisI kA vadha mata kro| kisI ke sAtha vaira mata kro| sabake sAtha maitrI karo / dAsa banAnA hiMsA hai isalie kisI ko dAsa mata bnaao| puruSa striyoM ko aura zAsaka zAsitoM ko parAdhIna na samajheM, isalie dUsaroM kI svAdhInatA kA apaharaNa mata karo / * UMca-nIca kA vicAra hI nahIM rakhanA caahie| na koI jAti UMcI hai aura na koI nIcI / jAti vyavasthA parivartanazIla hai, kAlpanika hai| ise zAzvata banAkara hiMsA ko protsAhana mata do, saba jAtiyoM ko apane saMgha meM sammilita kro| * svarga manuSya kA uddezya nahIM hai, usakA uddezya hai parama zAMti, nirvANa * yuddha hiMsA hai, vaira se vaira bar3hatA hai, usase samasyA kA samAdhAna nahIM hotA / * apane zarIra aura parivAra ke prati hone vAle mamatva ko kama kro| hIraka jayantI smArikA * upayoga kI vastuoM kA saMyama kro| * vistAravAdI nIti mata apanAo / * dUsaroM ke svatva para adhikAra karane ke lie AkramaNa mata karo / * manuSya apane sukha-dukha kA kartA svayaM hai apane bhAgya kA vidhAtA bhI vaha svayaM hai| * rAjA IzvarIya avatAra nahIM hai, vaha manuSya hai| * koI bhI grantha IzvarIya nahIM hai, vaha manuSya kI kRti hai / * bhAgya manuSya sakatA hai| ko nahIM banAtA, vaha apane puruSArtha se bhAgya ko badala * asaMvibhAgI ko mokSa nahIM milatA, isalie saMvibhAga karo, dUsaroM ke hisse para adhikAra mata kro| * anAzritoM ko Azraya do / * zikSA dene ke lie sadA tatpara rho| * rogiyoM kI sevA kro| * kalaha hone para kisI kA pakSa lie binA zAnta karane kA prayatna kro| * dharma sarvAdhika kalyANakArI hai, kintu vahI dharma jisakA svarUpa ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa hai| * viSaya vAsanA, dhana aura sattA se jur3A huA dharma, sAMhArika viSa kI taraha hai| * dharma ke nAma para hiMsA adharma hai| * caritrahIna vyakti ko sampradAya aura veza trANa nahIM dete, dharma aura dharma - saMsthA eka nahIM hai| * bhASA kA pAMDitya aura vidyAoM kA anuzAsana hI mana ko zAMta nahIM krtaa| mana kI zAMti kA eka mAtra sAdhana hai dharma / mahAn zAMti-: - dUta, ahiMsA ke pujArI aura samatA ke avatAra bhagavAna mahAvIra kA IsavI pUrva 527 meM nirvANa huA dharma, jJAna, samatA aura ahiMsA kI jo jyoti unhoMne jagAI, vaha Aja DhAI hajAra varSa bAda bhI apane prakAza se sAre saMsAra kA mArgadarzana kara rahI hai... agara hama saba unake dikhAye rAste para caleM to saMsAra meM phaile aMdhakAra ko dUra kara sakate haiN| jAti pAMti kI cira kaTutA ke, tama ko jisane dUra bhgaayaa| samatA kA zubha pATha par3hAkara, jisane sabako gale lagAyA // tapa saMyama se deha mukti kA kiyA prakAzita jisane patha hai| manuja mAtra ke dharma ketu kI, dizA dizA meM sadA vijaya ho / mana kA kalmaSa dhokara jisane, dayA kSamA kI jyoti jgaayii| viSa kI bela kATakara jisane, amRta kI latikA lhraaii| aMdhakAra ko 'dUra bhagA kara, jisane sabako diyA ujAlA / vizva gagana ke mahAsUrya kI dharma kIrtinidhi nita akSaya ho / vidvat khaNDa / 51

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0vimala varmA sAmpradAyikatA aura itihAsa-dRSTi vizva pUMjIvAda ke isa carama evaM sarvavyApI saMkaTa meM hama janavAdI krAMti ke lie prastuta ho rahe haiN| yaha janavAdI krAMti sAmantavAda, sAmrAjyavAda aura inAredAra pUMjIvAda ke viruddha hai| yaha saMgharSa kRSi-krAMti aura rAjasattA para adhikAra ke lie kiyA jA rahA hai| vartamAna daura meM dezavyApI vAmapaMthI AMdolana ke Arthika aura rAjanItika dRSTikoNa kA yahI mukta svara hai| isa saMgharSa meM sahayogI sAMskRtika kAryakartAoM kA Aja mukhya dAyitva yahI hai ki ve apanI saMgharSamayI sRjanazIlatA se janamAnasa kI cetanA kA stara UMcA utthaayeN| zAsaka-zoSaka varga dvArA nirmita jIrNa-zIrNa vicAroM, AdarzoM evaM saMskAroM kA unmUlana kara jIvanonmukhI svastha cetanA ko nirmita kareM aura use pracArita-prasArita kreN| vyAvahArika anubhava kI kasauTI para hameM dainandina-jIvana meM vibhinna prakAra kI jaTilatAoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai| aisA bhI dekhA jAtA hai ki kucha sAdhaka aise haiM, lekina pariNAma meM ve asaphala hote jA rahe haiN| aisA kyoM? daraasala kisI mahat kArya ke lie mAtra laganazIlatA hI paryApta nahIM hai| kisI bhI Andolana meM khAsakara sAMskRtika kSetra meM hameM usa pUrI prakriyA para vicAra karanA par3egA ki hamArI gatividhi hameM itihAsa kI kisa dizA meM le jA rahI hai| Aja bhAratIya bauddhikatA ko jaise lakavA mAra gayA hai| samAja ke jaba saceta tabake meM bhI eka taraha kI nizcintatA, udAsInatA, bacakAnApana aura bhI jyAdA gaharA, jyAdA sApha aura jyAdA nikaTa dikhAyI detA hai| Aja jaise hama eka jvaragrasta imarajeMsI ke antarAla meM jI rahe haiN| kyA binA apane bhItara ke alagAva se mukti pAye hama isa saMkaTa se chuTakArA pA sakate haiM? koI bhI jAti saMkaTa kI ghar3I meM apane atIta ko, apanI jar3oM ko TaTolatI hai| yaha AtmamaMthana kI bhI ghar3I hai| saMkaTa kI ghar3I meM apanI paramparA kA mUlyAMkana karanA, eka taraha se khuda apanA mUlyAMkana karanA hai| saMskRti manuSya kI AtmacetanA kA hI pradarzana nahIM, yaha usa sAmUhika manISA kI utpati hotI hai jisake dvArA vyakti vizva se jur3atA hai| pratyeka jAti apanI paramparA kI AMkhoM se yathArtha ko chAnatI hai| sthiti to yaha hai ki hamArI cetanA kI aMdherI mithakIya jar3eM, itihAsa ke pAnI ko apane Upara se baha jAne de rahI haiN| hama jaise yathArtha ko nakAra kara atIta ke mithakoM, pratIkoM evaM duHsvapnoM meM jI rahe haiN| Aja jaba hama samasta mUlyoM aura mAnyatAoM kA srota apanI cetanA meM bhI DhUMr3hate haiM to isa saMdarbha ko samajhane ke lie hameM bhAratIya manISA ke TeksTacara kI bunAvaTa ko samajhanA pdd'egaa| hAlata to yaha hai ki hamAre bauddhika vaibhava kI zuruAta jina itihAsavidoM ne kI, usI ke duSpariNAma aura unakI tArkika pariNati ke phalasvarUpa, vartamAna vibhISikA kA yaha vikarAla rUpa dikhAyI par3a rahA hai| vyAvahArika stara para itihAsa ko jhelanA aura manISA ke stara para usake dabAva ko asvIkAranA, yaha hameM AtmavibhAjita, hamAre vyaktitva ko khaMDita, hamArI AtmA ko khaMDita nahIM karegA to aura kyA karegA? binA isa utsa ko samajhe hama apanI paramparA, apanI saMskRti aura apanI jIvana-paddhati ke mUla srotoM ko saceta DhaMga se niyojita nahIM kara skte| isI taraha hama apanI jAtIya asmitA ke prati avizvAsa ko khatma kara sakate haiN| prazna uThatA hai ki vartamAna, hamAre lie DhonevAlA bojhA kyoM bana gayA hai ? zAyada itihAsavidoM kI Atma-chalanA meM hI vartamAna saMkaTa ke bIja nihita haiN| ____ mahimAmaMDita atIta ke prati pUjA bharI zraddhA, andhavizvAsa, bhaviSya ke prati apAra sammohana ke pIche vartamAna ke prati jo gaharI avajJA chipI huI hai, use itihAsa kI jar3oM meM DhUMr3hanA pdd'egaa| eka ora itihAsakAra kA saMbaMdha atIta se hotA hai, dUsarI ora usakI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA usa samAja ke bhAvI nirmANa meM hotI hai jisakA vaha adhyayana karatA hai| atIta ke sAkSya ke sahAre usake vivecana vizleSaNa meM itihAsakAra apane samakAlIna pariveza se bhI prabhAvita hotA hai isalie aitihAsika vyAkhyA kI prakriyA doharI bana jAtI hai| arthAt vartamAna kI AvazyakatAoM ko vikAsa ke niyamAnusAra atIta meM DhUMr3hA jAya aura atIta ke bimba kA vartamAna se sAmanjasya sthApita kiyA jaay| atIta kA bimba bhaviSya meM kyA hogA yaha to itihAsakAra kI hI maulika dena hotI hai| lekina bahuta se itihAsakAroM ne ise aise prastuta kiyA hai jisase pratikriyAvAdI rAjanItika bhramoM aura mithakoM kI sRSTi ho rahI hai| udAharaNa ke lie Arya jAti kI zreSThatA kA siddhAMta nirmita kiyA gayA jisakA phAyadA phAsisToM ne utthaayaa| dvitIya vizvayuddha se lekara Aja taka usakI asahya yAtanA sabako jhelanI par3a rahI hai| dUsarA siddhAMta yaha gar3hA gayA ki hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 52

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hindU aura musalamAnoM ke do pRthaka rASTra hone caahie| isakA upayoga sAmrAjyavAdiyoM ne pAkistAna ke nirmANa kA aucitya siddha karane ke lie kiyaa| isa taraha kalpanA prasUta aucityoM kI talAza meM vartamAna ko atIta para Aropita kara pUrI kI pUrI pIr3hI ko gumarAha kiyA gyaa| itihAsakAroM ne bhArata ke atIta ke saMbaMdha meM kucha aise dRSTikoNa aura siddhAMta prastuta kiye jo uttarottara adhikAdhika aprAsaMgika hote jA rahe haiN| hameM Aja aupanivezika yuga ke itihAsa lekhana ke vitaNDAvAdI dRSTikoNoM se mukta hone kI jarUrata hai| apanI saMskRti aura itihAsa kA niSpakSa aura AlocanAtmaka mUlyAMkana karane kA AtmavizvAsa AnA caahie| Akhira atIta kA yaha kaisA bimba prastuta kiyA gayA jisane bhAratIyoM tathA videziyoM, donoM ke mana meM gahare pUrvAgrahoM ko janma diyaa| yaha Ama dhAraNA Aja bhI vidyamAna hai ki bhAratIya to apane itihAsa se vimukha the, ve apane itihAsa kA koI pralekha surakSita nahIM rakhate the| bhArata ke atIta kA anusaMdhAna aMgreja zAsakoM ke tatvAvadhAna meM Arambha huaa| sampUrNa bhAratIya atIta kI samajhadArI ke saMdarbha meM bahuta bar3A antara virodha yaha hai ki jemsamila jaise itihAsakAroM ne aura vizeSa karake IsAI dharma ke pracArakoM ne yaha pratipAdita kiyA ki bhArata ke atIta kI saMskRti meM buddhivAda ke tatva nahIM milate, unakI koI vidhi praNAlI bhI nahIM thii| bhAratIya atIta kA samAja gati zUnya thaa| isa vizleSaNa ne briTiza zAsakoM ko bar3I madada dI aura unhoMne yaha dAvA kiyA ki bhAratIya samAja ko badalane ke lie unhIM kA buddhivAdI kAnUna upayogI hai| unake hisAba se prAcIna bhArata meM kevala niraMkuzatA kA bolabAlA thaa| isa taraha prAcya niraMkuzatA para jora dekara sAmrAjyavAdiyoM ne isakA apane DhaMga se upayoga kiyaa| gaura karane kI bAta hai ki jemsamila kI likhI huI 'hisTrI oNpha briTiza iMDiyA' nAmaka pustaka se likhabarI kAleja kI pAThya pustaka banI jahAM bhArata bheje jAne vAle sivila adhikArI prazikSaNa pAte the| bhAratIya itihAsa kI aisI vyAkhyAeM pichale do sau varSoM se kI jA rahI haiN| yUropa meM rASTravAda kI jo lahara uThI usake phalasvarUpa yUropa ke atIta ko eka nayI dRSTi se dekhA jAne lagA, lekina jina logoM ne eziyA aura aphrIkA meM naye upaniveza basAye, unhoMne bhAratIya itihAsa kI vyAkhyA meM rASTravAdI dRSTi ko tAka para rakha diyA aura aise vicAroM kA pratipAdana kiyA jo bhAratIya itihAsa tathA saMskRti se saMbaMdhita baddha mUla dhAraNAoM meM parivartita ho gaye aura yahI dhAraNAyeM sAmrAjyavAda kI AvazyakatAoM ke lie upayogI bniiN| ___ jAhira hai ki Arthika sAmrAjyavAda kA pratirUpa Aja bhI sAMskRtika prabhutva meM samAyA huA hai| itihAsa ke vikAsa kI paddhatiyoM ke bAre meM aura itihAsa ke niyamoM kI jinheM jAnakArI hai, ve jAnate haiM ki samAja para, usake vikAsa paddhati para rAjakIya adhisaMracanA kA prabhutva hotA hai yadyapi usakA AdhAra Arthika DhAMcA hotA hai| isa adhisaraMcanAtmaka saMsthAoM meM maraNAsanna tathA navIna donoM taraha kI paddhatiyoM kI, sAmAjika saMsthAeM usake bhItara avayaMva ke rUpa meM zAmila rahatI haiN| lambe daura taka unakA saha kAyama rahatA hai aura ve eka-dUsare para gaharA prabhAva DAlatI haiN| vartamAna aitihAsika sthiti meM sAmAjika saMgharSoM para jaba nayI parivartita paristhitiyAM hastakSepa kara rahI haiM to paramparAgata dhArmika cetanA navodita prakriyAoM aura pravRttiyoM ke viruddha rUr3hivAdI pratikriyA kA AdhAra bana rahI hai| Aja utpAdaka zaktiyoM, utpAdana saMbaMdhoM, sAmAjika saMsthAoM, vicAra-dhArAtmaka dhAraNAoM tathA sAMskRtika mUlyoM ke kSetra meM saMkaTa ke lakSaNoM kA saMcaya ho rahA hai| yaha asaMtulana jahAM itihAsa kI nayI gati kI ora iMgita kara rahA hai vahIM yaha vibhinna prakAra kI vikRtiyoM ko bhI paidA kara rahA hai| udAharaNa ke lie unhIM itihAsakAroM ne isa bAta para jora diyA ki bhArata kA prAcIna samAja eka Adarza samAja thA, isameM sarvatra melajola kA vAtAvaraNa thA yAnI vahAM kisI prakAra kA dvandva nahIM thA, kyoMki bhArata ke loga to AdhyAtmikatA kI ora jyAdA unmukha the aura ve bhautikavAda kI ora jyAdA jhukAva nahIM rakhate the| isa mAnyatA se Aja sAMskRtika punarutthAna ko dhArmika punarutthAna se jor3a diyA hai aura isane tathAkathita hindutva kI rUr3hivAdI punazakti kI punarpratiSThA saMbhava karane kI eka bhUmikA banAyI jo Aja Arthika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika gatirodha paidA kara rahA hai, bhautika aura AdhyAtmika AdhAra para pazcimI aura pUrvI sabhyatA ko bAMTane kA yaha aparAdha Aja bhI eka aisI mAnasikatA ko janma de rahA hai, jisameM loga phaMsa kara mazIna ke hI virodhI ho gye| udAharaNa ke liye Arya aura anArya kA bheda aura usake duSpariNAma para yadi gaura kiyA jAya to eka nakalI vaijJAnika siddhAMtoM ke janma kA udbhava pAte haiN| upanivezavAdI va pRthakatAvAdI pravRttiyoM ko uttejanA dete haiM aura upaniveza meM yaha uttejanA hara guTa ko apanI saMskRti ke pRthaka mUla kI talAza kI ora le jAtI hai aura aisI paristhitiyAM utpanna hotI haiM ki rASTrIya saMskRti kI paribhASA aura pravRtti vichinnatAvAda, alagAvavAda tathA AMcalikatAvAda ko janma detA hai| hindU-muslima tanAva kA kAraNa batAne aura usa tanAva ko ucita ThaharAne ke lie yaha dhAraNAyeM Aja bhI bhAratIya samAja ko khaMDa-khaMDa karane meM lagI haiN| merI samajha se Arya jAti viSayaka dhAraNA ko bhAratIya paramparA se jor3anA anucita hai| prArambhika sAhitya meM AryoM kA ullekha bAra-bAra milatA hai, lekina isa zabda kA prayoga yA to vizeSa samAdRta vyakti ke rUpa meM yA mleccha athavA anArya se bhinna artha meM huA hai| bhinnatA kA AdhAra bhASA, mukhAkRti yA dhArmika pUjana hai| AryoM ko pRthaka sAMskRtika samudAya to mAnA gayA hai lekina alaga jAti ke rUpa meM nhiiN| atIta ke sAkSya jaise bodhAyana, jaina grantha bhagavatI sUtra, mahAvagm nAmaka bauddha grantha meM AryAvarta kI alaga-alaga paribhASA kI gaI hai| arthAt amuka samudAya ke srota kisa saMskRti kA pratinidhitva karate haiM aura usa saMskRti kA mukhya kendra kahAM thaa| uttara vaidika granthoM meM AryAvarta kA ullekha mukhyata: gaMgA-yamunA-dvAbA aura usake sImAvartI kSetroM ke artha meM huA hai| isa sImA se bAhara ke kSetroM kA ullekha sAmAnyata: mleccha deza ke rUpa meM huA hai| yaha mApadaNDa prajAti kA nahIM hai, jAhira hai ki vaijJAnika aura loka pracalita donoM arthoM meM prajAti kI parikalpanA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 53

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Adhunika yUropa kI upaja hai| bhAratIya sabhyatA ke Arambha kI khoja karate hue vidvAna aksara vaidika sAhitya taka ruka jAte haiM, yaha khoja adhUrI hai aura isameM spaSTa kAladoSa hai| isake pahale tIsarI zatAbdI meM har3appA saMskRti kI jo khoja huI hai vaha isa mAnyatA kA khaMDana karatI hai| daraasala itihAsakAroM ne sAhityika srota ko hI adhika vizvasanIya mAnA, unhoMne purAtAtvika sAkSya ko gauNa banA diyaa| purAtatva kA saMbaMdha atIta ke bhautika avazeSoM kI khoja aura unakI vyAkhyA se hotA hai| isalie yaha anveSaNa do mahatvapUrNa kSetroM ke sambandha meM sAkSya prastuta karate haiN| pahalA zilpa vijJAna kA adhyayana / yaha adhyayana isa bAta kI jAnakArI detA hai ki saMskRtiyoM meM parivartana kaise aura kyoM hue? ___ itihAsa ke adhyayana meM dUsarA upAdAna pariveza saMbaMdhI sAkSya kA hotA hai| yAni amuka itihAsa kAla meM pariveza kA ghaTanAoM aura ghaTanAoM kA pariveza para kaise prabhAva pdd'aa| dhyAna dene kI bAta hai jaba taka manuSya kA astitva krama kAyama hai taba taka koI saMskRti miTatI nhiiN| unnata saMskRti nagara kA atikramaNa kara apane irda-girda kI grAmINa saMskRtiyoM para bhI apanA prabhAva chor3a jAtI hai| aise nAgarika sAMskRtika kendroM kA bhautika dRSTi se bhale hI patana ho jAya, lekina unakI sAMskRtika paramparA bahudhA navAgaMtukoM dvArA dAkhila kiye gaye rItirivAjoM ko AtmasAt kara lete haiN| Aja dhIre-dhIre yaha jAnakArI ho rahI hai ki har3appA nivAsI cAhe jo rahe hoM, bhAratIya sabhyatA ke Adi pravartaka vahI the| har3appA ke loga nagara nivAsI the aura tAmrazilpa vijJAna kA prayoga karate the kintu Rkvaidika loga yAyAvara pazupAlaka the| inakI artha vyavasthA pazupAlanonmukha thI aura kramaza: kRSi kI ora unmukha hotI jA rahI thii| sAmaveda, yajurveda aura atharvaveda tInoM vaidika granthoM se yaha pramANita hotA hai ki inakA bhaugolika kendra bindu paMjAba-hariyANA se khisaka kara dvAbA aura madhya gaMgAghATI meM pahuMca gyaa| isameM aise samAja kI tasvIra milatI hai jo pazupAlaka se kRSaka bana cukA hai aura nAgarika jIvana kI zrIgaNeza ho cukA hai| bhASA kA prazna bhI itihAsa, vijJAna se sambaddha hotA hai| yaha bAta galata hai ki bhASA kA pracAra vijaya para hI nirbhara karatA hai| jo bhASA jitanI adhika unnati se jur3I hotI hai vaha utanI hI adhika pracArita-prasArita hotI hai| isalie bhASA kI dRSTi se bhI vibhinna itihAsakAla ke vibhinna sAmAjika rUpoM ke vikAsa ko tabhI samajhA jA sakatA hai jaba isa para gaura kiyA jAya ki samAja kisa prakAra saMgaThita thA, usake rUpa kisa hada taka parivartita hue| jAti samasyA ke bAre meM bhI bhAratIya itihAsakAroM ne bhramoM ko bar3hAvA diyA hai| sAtha hI sAtha sAmrAjyavAda aura Aja ke zoSaka-zAsaka varga ise unmAda kA rUpa de rahe haiN| daraasala prAcInakAla meM jAti pradhAna samAja kI vizeSatA thI jAtiyoM kA astitv| jAtiyAM vivAha saMbaMdhoM ko nirdhArita karane vAle vaMzAnugata samUha the, unakA gaThana zreNIbaddha rUpa meM peze ke anusAra hotA thaa| isI AdhAra para ve paraspara eka dUsare kI sevA karate the| ata: jAtiyoM kA AdhAra samajhane ke lie tatkAlIna utpAdana saMbaMdhoM ko samajhanA pdd'egaa| dharma zAstra sAmAjika vaidhAnika grantha haiM, lekina usako sampUrNa vAstavika nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki bhAratIya sabhyatA kA mUla yA srota kevala Arya jAti meM hI nahIM balki kaI saMskRtiyoM ke pArasparika samparka aura isa samparka ke phalasvarUpa eka dUsare para DAle gae prabhAva meM DhUMr3hA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya darzana aura vicAra ke aitihAsika vikAsa para gaura kiyA jAya to bhautika sthitiyoM, zrama ke svarUpoM aura pArasparika samparko kI anubhUti aura prakRti se mAnavIya samparka tathA usake saMgharSa ke garbha se hI darzana aura vicAra kA udbhava aura vikAsa huA hai| sAmrAjyavAda aura bhautikavAda donoM ke vikAsa kA udgama aura pravAha bhI unhIM bhautika saMbaMdhoM se pratiphalita hotA hai| ata: kevala yaha mAnanA ki prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kevala pAralaukikatA ke mUlyoM se grasita thI, vaha laukikatA kI ora unmukha nahIM thI, yaha bebuniyAda hai| hAM, yaha bAta jarUra hai ki mUlya ke rUpa meM nivRtti kA anya adhikAMza saMskRtiyoM kI tulanA meM bhAratIya saMskRti meM adhika mahatva hai| isa kAraNa ko samajhane ke lie bhI itihAsa ke vaijJAnika dRSTikoNoM ko apanAnA pdd'egaa| savAla uThAyA jAtA hai ki Aja jaba bhArata Adhunika rASTra kA rUpa grahaNa karane kI prakriyA meM hai to jAti prathA kA unmUlana kyoM nahIM ho paayaa| yadyapi bhArata dvArA Adhunika rASTra kA rUpa grahaNa karane kI prakriyA meM sAmrAjyavAda virodhI saMgharSa, rASTrIya ekatA kI vikasita hotI huI bhAvanA, jAti prathA virodhI AMdolana tathA vidroha kA gauravapUrNa itihAsa rahA hai| isa Adhunika rASTra kI udIyamAna rAjanItika vyavasthA meM isake sabhI tabake samAnatA aura baMdhutva ke stara kI mAMga kara rahe the| yaha eka kramika aura dhImI prakriyA thI, saMgharSoM kI yaha sabhI bhinna dhArAyeM karIba-karIba sAmrAjyavAda virodhI saMgharSa kI virATadhArA meM mila giiN| vastuta: yaha prakriyA vaMza paramparA para AdhArita jAti prathA vAlI purAnI hindU praNAlI ke vighaTana kI hI prakriyA thI, parantu aupanivezika zAsakoM ke hita ke khilApha yaha badalAva una para asara DAla rahA thaa| purAne samAja, usake stara vibhAjana, usakI artha vyavasthA ke badalAva kI prakriyA dhImI, jaTila aura yAtanAdAyI thii| ataeva aMgrejoM ne jAti prathA ko barakarAra rakhane vAle purAne sAmantI bhUmi saMbaMdhoM para nyUnatama Adhunika pUMjIvAdI saMbaMdha thopa diye| ve apane upaniveza ko dRr3ha banAye rakhane ke lie sthAnIya zaktizAlI pUMjIpati varga ko vikasita nahIM hone denA cAhate the, isa prakAra do virodhI prakriyAyeM jArI thiiN| eka ora naye utpAdana ke sAdhana, kArakhAne, aura naye yAtAyAta ke sAdhana ko vikasita krnaa| dUsarI ora sAmAjika Arthika madada pAne ke lie sAmantoM para nirbhara rahanA yAnI jAti prathA ko samarthana denaa| rASTrIya AMdolana ke adhikAMza netA hinduoM kI UMcI jAti se Aye the, abhI unheM dezI audyogika pUMjIpati varga kA pUrNa samarthana prApta nahIM thaa| yaha netRtva Ama janatA se alaga-thalaga par3A thA, vaha apane tatkAlIna anuyAyiyoM kI dhArmika bhAvanAoM ko Thesa pahuMcAne se DaratA thaa| vartamAna meM padadalita, parAbhava se pIr3ita rASTrIya AMdolana kA netRtva varga janatA meM usakI prAcIna saMskRti kA gaurava jagAkara sAmrAjyavAda ke viruddha saMgharSa meM pUre bhArata hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 54

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ko utAranA cAhatA thaa| isake kAraNa bhI ve punarutthAnavAdI soca aura vicAradhArA kI ora mur3a gye| yaha eka viDambanA hI hai ki usa samaya kA udAravAdI netRtva to vicAroM meM pragatizIla thA lekina ugravAdI netA saMkIrNatA ko chor3a nahIM pA rahe the| udAharaNa ke lie bAla gaMgAdhara tilaka ne hara taraha ke samAja sudhAra kA, yahAM taka ki bAla vivAha kI prathA ke khilApha vAle AMdolana kA bhI virodha kiyaa| vaha jAti kI vyavasthA meM vizvAsa rakhate the aura usakI vakAlata bhI karate the| gAMdhIjI jinhoMne chuAchUta ke viruddha AMdolana calAyA aura rASTrIya sAmrAjyavAda virodhI saMgharSa meM lAkhoM logoM ko rASTrIya AMdolana meM khIMca liyaa| unhoMne bhI 1921 meM ghoSaNA kI thI (1) maiM veda, upaniSada, purANa, dharmagranthoM, avatAroM tathA punarjanma meM vizvAsa rakhatA huuN| (2) maiM varNAzrama dharma meM vizvAsa rakhatA huuN| (3) maiM gorakSA meM vizvAsa karatA huuN| isa taraha rASTrIya AMdolana ke prAraMbhika daura meM dohare caritravAlA buddhijIvI varga hamAre yahAM thaa| ve eka ora kisAnoM para lage sarakArI karoM, bhUmikara tathA anya sarakArI kadamoM kA virodha karane ke liye taiyAra the, dUsarI ora ve apane kAryakrama meM kRSi saMbaMdhoM kA ullekha karane se katarAte the| 1920 meM kAMgresa ne khullama-khullA bar3e-bar3e jamIMdAroM kA pakSa liyaa| udAharaNa ke lie 18 pharavarI, 1922 ke vAradoloI phaisale meM kahA gayA, "varkiMga kameTI, kAMgresa kAryakartAoM aura saMgaThanoM ko salAha detI hai ki ve raiyatoM ko samajhA deM ki jamIMdAroM kA lagAna rokanA kAMgresa ke prastAvoM ke khilApha hai| jamIMdAroM ko Azvasta karatI hai ki kAMgresa kA AMdolana unake vaidha hitoM para hamalA bolane ke kataI pakSa meM nahIM hai|" vikasita dezoM tathA naye pUMjIvAdI svAdhIna dezoM meM jahAM pUMjIpativarga vapanA varcasva banAye rakhA hai vahAM usane kRSi krAnti ko pUrA nahIM hone diyaa| isI vajaha se una dezoM meM pUrva pUMjIvAdI vicAra dhArAyeM aura unase jur3e saMbaMdha barakarAra haiM Aja bhI pAna ismAlijma, islAmika-gaNa rAjya, sImita gaNatantra ityAdi / isI taraha kI aneka pratikriyAvAdI kabIlAyI sAmaMtI vicAra logoM ke dimAgoM meM, unake saMskAroM meM kuNDalI mArakara baiThA hai kyoMki pUMjIvAda se pahale ke jina saMbaMdhoM se ina vicAra dhArAoM ne janma liyA thA unakI jamIna abhI taka upajAU hai| ___ saba kucha ke bAvajUda jAtiyoM kA tejI ke sAtha bikharAva ho rahA hai| hara jAti ke bhItara sampativAna aura sampatihInoM ke bIca vibhAjana ho rahA hai| kRSi meM lagI lagabhaga hara jAti garIbI bar3hane kI isa prakriyA kI zikAra ho rahI hai| isa taraha jAtigata bhedabhAvoM ke astitva ke sAtha-sAtha zoSitavarga ke rUpagrahaNa karane kI prakriyA bhI ghaTita ho rahI AjAdI ke bAda saMvidhAna meM samAnatA kI bAta kI gayI lekina bhUmi saMbaMdhoM kA buniyAdI DhAMcA jaise kA taisA hai| jamIMdArI khatma kara dI gayI lekina purAnI buniyAdI asamAnatA kA DhAMcA Aja bhI barakarAra hai| bhUmi saMbaMdhI kAnUna eka majAka banakara raha gayA arthAt vartamAna zAsaka varga usI purAne Arthika DhAMce ko kAyama rakhane meM lagA hai| jAtivAda kI bhayAvahatA isake utpIr3ana tathA isase utpIr3ita logoM ke dimAga meM apane prati hone vAle anyAya kA ahasAsa to hai lekina jo loga behatara sthiti meM hai ve apane se badatara vAle logoM ke prati hone vAle rojamarrA ke anyAya ko dUra karane ke lie tatpara nahIM haiN| jAhira hai ki agara kisI pratikriyAvAdI vicAradhArA ke khilApha saMgharSa lagAtAra na calAyA jAya to vaha badalAva tathA pragati kI rAha meM bAdhaka banatI hai| ataH isa vicAra dhArAtmaka saMgharSa ko, bhUmi saMbaMdhoM sahita vartamAna sAmAjika vyavasthA ko jar3a se ukhAr3a pheMkane ke sAtha jor3anA hogaa| ArakSaNa samarthana tathA ArakSaNa virodhI Andolana, eka jAti kA dUsarI jAti se sazastra saMgharSa pUMjIpati bhUsvAmI varga kI vargIya sthiti ko aura majabUta kara rahA hai| ataeva jAti vyavasthA ke khAtme kA savAla pUMjIpati bhUsvAmI varga ke khAtme aura samAjavAda kI dizA meM saMgharSa karane ke savAla se jur3A hai| kucha buddhijIvI itihAsa kI vyAkhyA ke silasile meM yaha dhAraNA rakhate haiM ki itihAsa saMbaMdhI sAmpradAyika dRSTikoNa kA AvirbhAva madhyayugIna arthAt muslima yuga se huaa| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki sampUrNa bhArata kA itihAsa sAmpradAyikatA se otaprota hai| yaha sthApanA ki prAcIna bhArata, musalamAnoM ke Ane ke bAda sAmpradAyika uttejanA meM phaMsA, videzI AkramaNoM kA zikAra huA aura hindU sAmpradAyika buddhijIviyoM ke sAtha-sAtha musalamAna sAmpradAyika buddhijIvI bhI isI taraha kA tarka prastuta karate haiN| 18vIM zatAbdI se 20vIM zatAbdI taka tIna taraha kI vicAradhArAoM kA saMgharSa itihAsa kI vyAkhyA meM milatA hai (1) prAcya vidyAvid (2) upayogitAvAdI (3) raassttriiytaavaadii| saMskRti ke adhyayana ke sAtha-sAtha iNDoyUropiyana saMskRta (bhASA) aura yUnAnI saMskRti kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana zurU huaa| AryoM kI vizeSatA jAti ke rUpa meM sthApita kI gayI jisake bAre meM maiM vistAra se likha cukA huuN| eka sabase ghAtaka sAmpradAyika itihAsa kI dRSTi se jo kiyA gayA vaha itihAsa kA kAla vibhAjana hindU kAla, muslima kAla tathA Adhunika kAla meM kiyA gyaa| kyA jemsamila dvArA likhe gaye itihAsa meM vaMzagata itihAsa ke sAtha-sAtha tatkAlIna sAmAjika aura Arthika dazA kI vyAkhyA ko chor3a nahIM diyA gayA? prAcIna kAla meM vizeSa kara jise hindU kAla kahA jAtA hai usameM mauryavaMza, iNDoyUnAnI, zAkya, kuSANa ityAdi bahuta se rAjavaMza hue| unameM se bahuta se to jaina evaM bauddha dharma ke anuyAyI the jo apane ko hindU nahIM kahate the| isalie itihAsa ke vibhAjana meM hindU zabda jor3anA nyAya saMgata nhiiN| hindu zabda kA to sabase pahale araboM ne prayoga kiyaa| yaha bhI eka Azcaryajanaka bAta hai ki hama araba, turka, pArasiyoM ko muslima kahate haiN| terahavIM zatAbdI taka muslima zabda kahIM-kahIM briTiza zAsakoM ne musalamAnoM, pichar3e samudAyoM aura achUtoM ko pRthaka nirvAcana kSetra sarakArI naukariyoM meM ArakSaNa tathA zikSA saMbaMdhI suvidhAeM dekara rASTrIya pUMjIpati varga saMgharSa aura ekatA kI yojanA ko asaphala banAne kI koziza kii| unakA uddezya thA pichar3I jAtiyoM meM unnati kI ummIda jagAnA, unheM Ama saMgharSa se alaga rakhanA, pRthaka jAtiyoM tathA sAmpradAyikatA kI bhAvanA ko banAye rkhnaa| hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 55

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maujUda the| isameM aspRzyatAvAlA tatva achUtoM ke lie kAphI AkarSaka bnaa| bahuta se hinduoM ne svecchA se islAma dharma ko svIkAra kiyaa| islAma dharma ne hindU jIvana para gaharA prabhAva ddaalaa| DAkTara tArAcanda ne marAThA, rAjapUta, sikkha, rajavAr3oM ke rIti rivAjoM, unake dainika jIvana kI choTI-choTI bAtoM, saMgIta, poSAka, pahanAvA, pAka kalA, vivAha saMskAroM, tithi tyauhAroM, meloM darabArI tahajIba para vistAra se likhA hI istemAla kiyA jAtA thaa| turka ko turusakAza aura araboM ko yavana kahA jAtA thaa| loga pazcimI eziyA se yahAM Ate the ve cAhe yUnAnI hoM yA roma ke yA araba ke, yaha unhIM ke lie istemAla hotA thaa| dUsarA zabda turkoM evaM araboM ke lie istemAla kiyA jAtA thA, vaha zabda mleccha thaa| Rgaveda meM isa zabda kA istemAla hotA hai aura yaha zabda anAryoM ke lie istemAla hotA thaa| bAda meM yaha videziyoM ke lie bhI prayoga meM lAyA jAne lagA isalie mleccha zabda saMskRti ke liye istemAla kiyA gyaa| araboM ne IsA kI AThavIM sadI meM sindhu para apanA rAjya kAyama kiyA aura tukoM ne 11vIM zatAbdI meM paMjAba meN| 14vIM zatAbdI meM muslima-vaMza ne dakana meM apanA rAjya sthApita kiyaa| ataeva muslima rAjya kI sthApanA kA koI eka samaya nahIM hai| egetsa ne likhA haiislAma pUrva ke logoM vizeSa kara araboM ke anukUla dharma hai arthAt eka ora yaha unake anukUla hai jo zaharoM meM vyApArara meM lage hue haiM tathA dUsarI ora ghumakkar3a beduI logoM ke anurUpa hai| hajarata muhammada aura tatkAlIna khalIphA ne vyApAra meM lage samUhoM aura pichar3e hue kabIlI samudAyoM ko eka juTa karane meM sahAyatA kI aura yahI prayatna araba dezoM meM sAmantavAda kA seddhAntika AdhAra bana gyaa| araba dezoM meM sAmantavAda kA vikAsa isalie huA, kyoMki vahAM kabIlI sAmyavAda ke dRr3ha avazeSa bhI maujUda the| khalIphA aura vijetA yoddhAoM ke rUpa meM raMgamaMca para Aye aura isI prakriyA ne eziyA, aphrIkA kI janatA ke bar3e hissoM ko islAma kI ora AkRSTa kiyaa| Ama aitihAsika ghaTanAkrama ne eka dhArmika chApa grahaNa kii| yaha yAda karane kI bAta hai ki islAma ke janma ke pahale bhI araba tathA bhArata kI janatA kA vyApArika saMbaMdha thaa| apane vyApArika hita ke lie mAlAvAra ke zAsaka jamorina ne apane kSetra meM unheM masjideM banAne aura dharma ke pracAra kI chUTa dI thii| AThavIM zatAbdI meM islAmI prabhAva kA dUsarA daura zurU huaa| usa samaya hindU samAja meM jAti prathA kA prabhAva, chuAchUta, karma kA siddhAMta apanI jar3a jamA cukA thaa| inhIM paristhitiyoM ne muslima vijetAoM ke adhIna sAmantI rAjyoM kI sthApanA ke lie jamIna taiyAra kii| gorI aura gajanI kA AkramaNa huA, dillI saltanata bnii| usane bhArata meM pahalI bAra eka zaktizAlI madhyayugIna rAjya kA nirmANa kiyaa| musalamAna AkramaNakArI apane sAtha eka nayA dhArmika dRSTikoNa lAye the, lekina unake pAsa utpAdana kI koI nayI praNAlI nahIM thI isalie ve bhArata ke tatkAlIna sAmantavAdI AdhAra ko badala nahIM paaye| yahAM taka likhA gayA hai ki bhArata ke musalamAna zAsaka aba taka prAcIna islAma ke kitane hI lakSaNoM ko tyAga cuke the| khalIphAoM ne kurAna kI zikSAoM kI nayI vyAkhyA kii| sAtha hI sAtha dillI saltanata kI sthApanA ke pahale hI muslima vijetA phArasa ke ucca varga ke gaira islAmika vicAroM ko AtmasAt kara cuke the| bhArata meM islAma kA jo rUpa thA usakI antarvastu araba se bhinna thI to bhI yaha saca hai ki purAnI sAdagI, kabIlAyI janataMtra aura sAmAjika nyAya ke kucha tatva inameM aba bhI bAbara taka Ate-Ate islAma ne apane Apako bhAratIya sAmantI pariveza ke anukUla bnaayaa| bhAratIya musalamAna zarIpha jAtoM', 'ajalApha' yAni UMca-nIca meM baMTa gye| itihAsakAra tArAcanda ne likhA hai ki donoM meM jahAM samUha cetanA kA vikAsa huA thA aura donoM meM kSetrIya tatva pradhAna thA, vahAM donoM kI antarvastu eka dUsare se mela nahIM khAtI thI aura ghula-mila nahIM pAtI thii| lekina do alaga-alaga rASTra nahIM the unameM vaMzIya yA jAtIya bhedabhAva nahIM the| donoM dhArmika samUhoM ke khetihara yA kArIgara vAstava meM eka hI varga ke the| ThIka vaise jaise rAjapUta, musalamAnoM meM shekh| lekina janatA meM apanA prabhAva bar3hAne ke uddezya se musalamAna zAsakoM ne naye musalamAna zAsakoM ko sattA ke hita ke lie hI vizeSa suvidhAeM pradAna kii| itihAsakAroM ne eka aura bhrAMti ko janma diyA hai jo sAmpradAyikatA ke pracAra-prasAra meM ukasAve kA kAma karatA hai, parantu itihAsa kA sahI vizleSaNa kucha aura hI batAtA hai| turka, aphagAna, mugaloM ke bahuta pUrva se hI zAsaka zoSaka varga ne apanI sattA ko sudRr3ha banAne ke lie dharma kA bAra-bAra vyavahAra kiyA hai| isake vyavahAra meM unhoMne apane virodhiyoM kA damana kiyA hai aura dharma ke nAma para janatA meM bhedabhAva kI khAI caur3I kI hai| isalie dharma aura rAjanIti ke saMbaMdhoM ko aitihAsika dRSTi se samajhane kI jarUrata hai| yadyapi sindhu sabhyatA ke bAre meM abhI pUrI jAnakArI prApta nahIM ho sakI hai, lekina isa sabhyatA ke aMtima dinoM se hI rAjanItika prabhusattA ko sudRr3ha karane ke lie AkramaNoM ke aitihAsika sAkSya milate haiN| udAharaNArtha dAsa prabhuvoM ne iNDo irAnI dAsa prabhuvoM ke sAtha yuddha kiyA thaa| kAlAntara meM 600 I0 pU0 sindhu sabhyatA ke dAsa prabhuvoM ke pratipakSa vaidika dharma ke viruddha zeSa dharma kA Azraya liyA thaa| 600 I0 pU0 sAmantI mAlikoM ne paMcadarzana kA vyavahAra isalie kiyA thA ki unake virodhiyoM kA brAhmaNavAda, bauddha tathA jaina dharma meM vizvAsa thaa| gupta vaMza ke samrAToM ne brAhmaNavAda ke nAma para rAjasattA kA roSa bauddha aura jaina dharmAvalambiyoM para utArA thaa| yahI nahIM 500 se 1200 I0 taka sAre deza ke sAmantoM ne brAhmaNavAda aura bauddhadharma ke prasAra ke lie eka-dUsare ke sAtha nirantara yuddha jArI rkhaa| usa samaya kA itihAsa isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki AkramaNakAriyoM ne dhArmika sthAnoM kI lUTa kii| virodhI dharmAvalambiyoM kA vyApaka narasaMhAra kiyA gyaa| kalhaNa ne rAjataraMginI meM jo vivaraNa diyA hai usake anusAra kAzmIra ke samrATa harSa ne apane rAjya ke sabhI mandiroM ko Arthika lAbha ke lie lUTA thaa| maMdiroM kI lUTamAra ke saMcAlana ke lie 'devotpanna nAyaka' hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 56

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nAmaka padAdhikArI kI niyukti kI thii| hamAre deza ke itihAsavidoM ne ise svIkAra kiyA hai ki hindU sAmrAjyavAdiyoM ne (900-1200 I0 taka) asaMkhya bauddha tathA jaina dharmAvalambiyoM kI hatyA kI thI aura bahuta se bauddha vihAroM ko dhvasta kiyA thaa| musalamAna sAmantoM ne bhI apane sattA ke hita meM prajA ko hindU rAjAoM ke khilApha ekabaddha kiyA thA taimUra ke vaMzaja aura kAbula ke zAsaka bAbara ne apanI senA sahita uttarI bhArata para AkramaNa kiyA / nAdirazAha ne 24 ghaMTe ke aMdara Der3ha lAkha logoM kA katla kiyA thA / ve saba hindU hI nahIM the| unameM eka lAkha musalamAna the| nAdirazAha irAnI musalamAna thA / usane mugaloM kA katla kiyA thaa| taimUra laMga ne 4 dina ke aMdara hI 4-5 lAkha AdamiyoM kA katle Ama kiyA thA / usameM se 3 lAkha paThAna musalamAna the| jaba mugaloM kA jamAnA AyA to paThAna becAre hinduoM kI hI taraha davAye jAte the aura katla kiye jAte the| mugala zAsana kAla moTe taura para madhyayuga ke anta aura bhAratIya itihAsa ke Adhunika yuga ke Arambha kA dyotaka hai| 14vIM aura 17vIM zatAbdI ke bIca bhArata meM eka nayI bhAvanA phailI thI pratyeka kSetra meM Arthika, prazAsanika, sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika ityAdi nayI havAoM ke jhoMke ke A rahe the| pahalI bAra sAmantI saMbaMdhoM kA sthAna dhIre-dhIre vikAsamAna pUMjIvAdI saMbaMdha le rahe the| isI samaya bhArata meM jAtiyoM (Nationality) ke aMkuroM ke phUTane aura vibhinna bhASAoM ke vikAsa kA prArambha huaa| yadi sUphI dharma kA adhyayana kiyA jAya to patA laga jAegA ki hindU dharma se musalamAnoM ne bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyaa| ataH samasyA vyavasthA vizeSa ke udbhava aura vikAsa ke paristhitiyoM ko samajhane kI hai isI taraha auraMgajeba ne hinduoM para jajiyA kara lagAyA thA lekina musalamAnoM para usake dvArA jakAta kara bhI lagAyA gayA thA / ibnabatUtA ne to yahAM taka likhA hai ki dakSiNa bhArata meM jamorina nAmaka hindU zAsaka yahudiyoM se jajiyA kara vasUlatA thaa| hindustAna ke bAhara musalamAna zAsakoM ne musalamAna prajA para hI jajiyA kara lagAyA thA / isalie jajiyA kara ko dharma se jor3anA galata hai aise sAkSya milate haiM ki zatruoM ke kSetra vAle maMdiroM ko hI tor3A gayA hai kyoMki ve SaDyaMtra ke aDDe bana rahe the| isa taraha paramAra vaMza ke rAjAoM ne bhI gujarAta ke jaina mandiroM ko tor3A thA aura auraMgajeba ne kucha mandira banavAye bhI the| muzkila to yaha hai ki mugala kAla ke darabAriyoM ne jo saMsmaraNa likhe haiM ve adhikatara darabAra se jur3e haiN| parantu use pUre bhArata ke lie sArvajanika banA diyA gyaa| musalamAnoM ke rAjya meM bar3e-bar3e adhikArI va sipAhI hindU the aura hindU rAjyoM meM musalamAna the isalie jo saMgharSa hue yA jo damana hue usake pIche rAjanItika kAraNa the, dhArmika nahIM / isa taraha itihAsa ke upanivezika dRSTi se mukti pAne ke lie sAmpradAyika dRSTikoNa se mukta hokara vaijJAnika dRSTi apanAne kI jarUrata hai| rASTrIyatA kI aitihAsika samajha ke tathA sabhyatAvAda kA udaya ho rahA hai| hIraka jayantI smArikA abhAva meM hI Aja umra jAtiyatA dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki 'bahumata kI sAmpradAyikatA hameM phAsIvAda kI ora le jAegI jisakA nArA rASTrIya svayaMsevaka saMgha lagAtA rahA hai aura alpamata kI sAmpradAyikatA alagAvavAda kI ora le jaaegii| jamAyate islAmI, khAlistAna, gorakhAlaiMDa, jhArakhaMDa ityAdi kA AMdolana isI khatare kI ghaMTI bajA rahe haiN| zoSaka zAsaka varga yathAsthiti kAyama rakhane ke lie ise aura ukasAvA de rahe haiM aura itihAsa kA sAmpradAyika dRSTikoNa hamAre saMskAra meM pRSThabhUmi kA kAma kara rahA hai| yahI nahIM araba aura isarAila ke jhagar3e meM amarIkI sAmrAjyavAda kI bhUmikA se sabhI avagata haiN| mizanariyoM ke dvArA bhArata meM kSetriyatAvAda ko bar3hAvA denA, peTroDaoNlara dvArA bhAratIya musalamAnoM meM hindU vidveSa phailAnA, vizvahindU pariSada dvArA rAmajanmabhUmi aura bAbarI masjida kI samasyA ko ulajhAnA tathA meraTha ityAdi meM zAsaka varga dvArA daMge karavAnA, yaha hara nAgarika ke lie cintA kA viSaya hai| Aja Arthika saMkaTa rAjanItika saMkaTa meM badala rahA hai| janatA kA asaMtoSa galata dizA meM mor3ane ke lie itihAsa kA yaha sAmpradAyika dRSTikoNa hindUtatvavAda aura muslimatatvavAda ko bar3hAvA de rahA hai| jaba kabhI aura jahAM bhI kSetrIya saMskRti jar3a jamAtI hai to pUMjIvAda use kSetrIya hitoM meM bAMTane kI koziza karatA hai| jAhira hai ki hara kSetra kA apanA vizeSa itihAsa aura vizeSa saMskRti hotI hai| hameM AMdolana karake ina donoM ko saMrakSita karanA caahie| hamAre deza meM alaga-alaga bhASAeM, saMskRtiyAM aura unakI kSetrIya paraMparAyeM haiM, inako avazya saMrakSaNa milanA cAhie, lekina inake paraspara hitoM se jor3akara eka vyApaka pariprekSya meM dekhane kI jarUrata hai| hamAre deza meM zoSaka zAsaka varga ne sAre deza kA asamAna vikAsa kiyA hai, isI viSamatA ke kAraNa asaMtoSa paidA ho rahA hai aura hamArA pichar3Apana use andharASTravAda aura alagAvavAda kI ora Dhakela rahA hai| ataeva vAstavikatA ke isa antarvastu ko samajhe binA ina samasyAoM ko sulajhAyA nahIM jA sktaa| philahAla pichar3e rAjyoM ko unnata rAjyoM ke samakakSa lAnA tathA kendra aura prAMtoM ke saMbaMdhoM meM rAjyoM ko adhika adhikAra ke lie saMgharSa meM sabako ekajuTa karake janavAdI krAMti dizA meM agrasara hokara hI hama itihAsa ko sahI dizA meM mor3a sakate haiN| samAjavAdI dezoM meM jahAM krAMti kA eka stara sampanna ho cukA hai vahAM samasyAeM nahIM haiN| binA janavAdI krAMti ke rASTrIya akhaMDatA surakSita nahIM rakhI jA sktii| Aja hama eka nirNAyaka bindu para pahuMca cuke haiM jahAM hameM apane itihAsa, atIta, apanI asmitA aura apanI saMskRti kA punarparIkSaNa karanA Avazyaka ho gayA hai| eka bAta aura nahIM bhUlanI cAhie ki kevala kalA, sAhitya, saMgIta, sinemA kI racanA se hI koI saMskRti samRddhi nahIM ho sktii| kisI saMskRti kA samRddha honA usakI pragatizIla viSayavastu para nirbhara karatA hai aura isake lie vaijJAnika vikAsa kI dRSTi se hameM apane itihAsa ko samajhanA hogaa| H-13, ela.AI. jI sTeTa 8/1, rUstama jI pArasI roDa, kalakattA-2 vidvat khaNDa / 57

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mUla gujarAtI kahAnI : sAraMga bAroTa nATya rUpAntara : madana sUdana nirdoSa (eka madhyavartI ghara meM pati patnI kI bAtacIta cala rahI hai|) (dhIre dhIre) zobhanA : ajI sunate ho tIna dinoM se rohita kA jApAnI bandara nahIM mila rahA hai| dinakara : bandara, vahI jo jApAna se janaka ne bhejA thA? zobhanA : hAM... dinakara : pUre Der3ha sau kA khilaunA isa taraha gAyaba ho jAye aura hama dhImeM svara meM bAteM karane ke sivA kucha na kara sakeM, aba aura nahIM sahA jaataa| kucha na kucha to karanA hI pdd'egaa| isa mahIne koI haphtA aisA nahIM gayA jaba ghara meM se kucha na kucha gAyaba na huA ho| zobhanA : aura isa haphte to dUsarI bAra aisA huA hai| abhI cAra dina pahale cAMdI ke do cammaca guma hue aura aba yaha bandara... dinakara : mujhe lagatA hai ki aba rUkhI ke sAtha sApha-sApha bAta kara lenI caahie| zobhanA : ina cAra varSoM meM hamane rUkhI ko koI takalIpha nahIM dii| tIja tyohAra para aura hara vakta use acche kapar3e aura dUsarI cIjeM dete rhe| balki use kabhI naukara hI nahIM smjhaa| hamezA use ghara kI eka sadasya mAnA hai| rohita bhI usase kitanA hilamila gayA hai aura vaha usse| dinakara : patA nahIM kyoM aba usakI mati mArI gayI hai| isIse kahatA hUM ki usase sApha-sApha bAta kara lenI caahie| zobhanA : isa taraha bAteM karane se samasyA nahIM sulajhegI, vaha to kaha degI AI maiM to kucha jAnatI nahIM huuN| dinakara : to phira kyA kiyA jAye ? zobhanA : mujhe to koI upAya nahIM dIkhatA hai| rUkhI para vizvAsa kara tIna-tIna naukara badala DAle para corI phira bhI banda nahIM huii| aba to yaha bAta sApha hai ki corI ke pIche usI kA hAtha hai| dinakara : kisI na kisI taraha use corI karate hue pakar3anA caahie| magara aba bhI usake cora hone meM vizvAsa nahIM hotaa| zobhanA : maiMne to usake kamare kI talAzI bhI lI thii| dinakara : kaba? zobhanA : rUkhI rohita ko bAhara ghumAne le gayI thii| naukara ko bAjAra bheja kara maiMne talAzI lI para kucha hAtha nahIM lgaa| dinakara : tumheM aisA nahIM karanA cAhie thA aura phira corI kI vastueM koI apane pAsa nahIM rakhatA balki aisI jagaha rakhatA hai jahAM koI pahuMca na ske| zobhanA : mujhe to lagatA hai ki aba taka hamArA vizvAsa banAye rakhane ke lie rUkhI acchA vyavahAra karatI rahI aura aba apane asalI raMga meM A gaI hai| dinakara : mujhe to lagatA hai hama eka Adha choTA-moTA jevara kama karane kA socakara rUkhI ko raMge hAthoM pakar3eM, taba usakI khabara leN| zobhanA : hAM vahI ThIka rhegaa| dRzya : 2 (bAhara se rUkhI kI AvAja) rUkhI : AI! AI!! zobhanA : kyA hai rUkhI? rUkhI : (pAsa Akara) lIjie bena ApakI yaha ghar3I rasoI ghara meM par3I thI... zobhanA : acchA-acchA ThIka hai, rakha de yahAM aura jA... (rUkhI calI jAtI hai) dinakara : (pravezakara ke) zobhanA! zobhanA : abhI-abhI rUkhI merI sone ke cena vAlI ghar3I de gayI hai| maiMne jAnabUjha kara rasoI meM rakha dI thI, lekina yaha to... dinakara : vaha to ThIka hai, lekina merA sigareTa lAiTara nahIM mila rahA, jarA bulAo to rUkhI ko| zobhanA : rUkhI... o rUkhI... (rUkhI kA praveza) rUkhI : jI bena... hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa /58

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dRzya :3 (rohita ghabarAyA sA daur3akara AtA hai) rohita : mAM, mAM, dekho na rUkhI kAkI ko kyA ho gayA, dekho na / (donoM vahAM jAte haiM) rUkhI : (bar3abar3Ate hue) maiM cora nahIM... maiM cora nhiiN| he bhagavAna, mere mAthe aisA kalaMka kyoM lagAte ho prabhu... kyoM lagAte ho prabhu... zobhanA : cAra dina ho gaye para bukhAra jaise bar3hatA hI jA rahA hai| (apane Apa se) DAkTara ne sannipAta batAyA hai vaha to kahatA thA ki bacanA muzkila hai| jvara kAbU meM hI nahIM A rahA dinakara : merA sigareTa lAiTara dekhA hai rUkhI? rUkhI : nahIM to! dinakara : abhI thor3I dera pahale yahIM par3A thaa| rUkhI : maine nahIM dekhA saahb| dinakara : rUkhI, ghara meM Aye dina cIjeM guma hotI rahatI haiM yaha to tuma jAnatI ho na? rUkhI : hAM saahb| dinakara : merI samajha meM nahIM AtA ki cIjeM kauna curA letA hai bhalA? rUkhI : merI samajha meM bhI yaha bAta nahIM AtI sAhaba, pahale naukaroM para zaka thA para tIna-tIna naukara badalane para bhI corI cAlU hai aura bAlU to hAtha kA sApha hai| dinakara : to phira cIjeM jAtI kahAM haiM? jamIna to nahIM nigala jaatii| __ bAlU cora nahIM to kyA hama cora haiM? rUkhI : maiM samajhatI hUM sAhaba / dinakara : kyA samajhatI ho? rUkhI : agara isI taraha cIjeM corI hotI rahI to mujha para hI zaka hogA, magara maiM itane samaya se Apake yahAM kAma karatI hUM kabhI eka paise kI cIja bhI... dinakara : AdamI kI mati phirate dera nahIM lagatI ruukhii| cIjeM kauna curAtA hai yaha hama se chipA huA nahIM hai| rUkhI : kyA Apako mujha para zaka hai? dinakara : to aura kisa para zaka kareM ? rUkhI : bena, sAhaba maiM bhagavAna kI kasama khAkara kahatI hUM maiMne Aja taka kabhI corI nahIM kii| zobhanA : corI karane vAle hI jhUThI kasameM khAte haiN| rUkhI : merA na koI Age na pIche, maiM kisake lie corI karUMgI bhlaa| peTa kI khAI to Apake dvAra para hI bhara jAtI hai maiM cora nahIM huuN| bhagavAna kI kasama ke sivA aura koI upAya nahIM hai mere paas| dinakara : tumheM saphAI dene kI jarUrata nahIM hamane rAstA soca rakhA (bAhara se dinakara kI AvAja) dinakara : zobhanA... zobhanA : AtI hUM... (Akara) kyA hai...? dinakara : vaha merA sigareTa kesa nahIM mila rahA... zobhanA : kyA! idhara yaha becArI cAra dina se khATa se lagI hai| dinakara : kyA kahA DaoNkTara ne? zobhanA : DaoNkTara ko koI ummIda nahIM hai isake bacane kii| kahatA thA aspatAla meM bhartI kara do, tuma kyA kahate ho? dinakara : yaha to bar3A julma ho gayA zobhanA... zobhanA : hAM, kahIM aisI nirdoSa sevikA kI hatyA kA pApa hamAre sara na lge| dinakara : kitanI bar3I bhUla ho gayI hamase... maiM abhI use aspatAla meM bhartI karane kA bandobasta karatA huuN| dRzya : 4 (aspatAla meM rUkhI ke pAsa zobhanA aura dinakara) zobhanA : rUkhI kaisI ho...? rUkhI : Apa kI dayA hai| dinakara : ...hama se bahuta bar3I bhUla ho gayI ruukhii| hameM vizvAsa ho gayA hai ki corI tumane nahIM kI, hamane tuma para nAhaka zaka kiyA, saca hameM bahuta aphasosa hai| rUkhI : (apane Apa se) mujhe jIvita rakhane ke lie hI aisA kahate haiN| (dinakara se) sAhaba eka bAra ijata gayI so gayI, aba mere lie jInA bekAra hai| zobhanA : hama jhUTha nahIM kahate rUkhI, vizvAsa karo tuma aspatAla meM par3I ho para ghara meM aba bhI corI ho rahI hai| rUkhI : (apane Apa se) zAyada saca hI kahate ho| (donoM se) to yaha bhI batalA do sAhaba tAki merI AtmA kI sadgati ho| dinakara : abhI hama use pakar3a nahIM pAye haiM para usakA patA calate hI hama use tumhAre sAmane jarUra laayeNge| phira tuma hI use jo sajA denI ho denaa| rUkhI : Apa ne jo socA hogA ThIka hI hogaa| jo satya hogA vaha to sAmane AyegA hii| dinakara : hamane tumheM naukarI se haTAne kA phaisalA kiyA hai| rUkhI : ThIka hai sAhaba, Apa mAlika haiN| para isa taraha mAthe para kAlA TIkA lagAkara na nikaaleN| maiM phira kahatI hUM maiM cora nhiiN| dinakara : tumhAre jAne ke bAda agara corI baMda ho gayI to hameM phira kisI dUsare vizvAsa kI jarUrata nahIM rhegii| rUkhI : (rotI sI) he rAma! isa umara meM aisA kalaMka lagAkara mujhe kisa janma ke pApoM kI sajA de rahe ho prabhu... (sisakatI sI jAtI hai) maiM kala hI calI jAUMgI... kala hI... hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 59

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rUkhI : sajA to maiM isa samaya bhoga hI rahI huuN| dinakara : aba jyAdA nahIM bhoganI hogii| jarUra hI koI bAharI AdamI corI chipe AtA hai yA zAyada zarIpha lagatA bAlU hI isa taraha Akara cIjeM uThA le jAtA hogaa| sigareTa kesa ke bAda naye jUte gAyaba ho gye| bAlU kI gairahAjirI meM hI jUte gaye the lekina corI chipe Akara vahI nahIM le gayA isakA kyA bharosA? tuma cintA na karo rUkhI, aba cora jarUra pakar3A jAyegA cAhe bAlU ho yA koI aura... rUkhI : use jaba pakar3a kara Apa mere pAsa lAyeMge tabhI mujhe vizvAsa hogA ben| zobhanA : aisA hI hogA rUkhI, tuma jaldI ThIka ho jaao| rohita tumhAre binA nahIM rahatA hai| agara tuma jaldI ThIka hokara ghara nahIM AI to kahIM vahI bImAra na par3a jaaye| rUkhI : nA, nA, Izvara use sau varSa kA rakhe, bhagavAna jarUra merI lAja rkheNge| asalI cora pakar3A jAye to mujhe bhI Apake ghara kI chAyA nasIba ho, vahAM ke sivA isa duniyA meM aura kahAM ThikAnA hai? dinakara : vaha tumhArA apanA ghara hai rUkhI... zobhanA : saca rUkhI, aba tuma jaldI se ThIka ho jAo... dinakara : acchA rUkhI calate haiM... phira aayeNge| (donoM kA prasthAna) dRzya : 5 (aspatAla kA dRzya dinakara aura zobhanA corI gaI vastuoM ko eka thaile meM bharakara aspatAla rUkhI se milane Aye haiM sAtha meM rohita bhI hai|) dinakara : dekho rUkhI kauna AyA hai? rohita : kAkI! kAkI !! rUkhI : mere bacce A- A, mere pAsa... dinakara : cora pakar3A gayA ruukhii| rUkhI : saca? zobhanA : saca rUkhI, yaha dekho, khoI huI cIjeM bhI saba mila gayI haiM... yaha dekho| (thailA palaTatI hai) rUkhI : (khuzI svara meM) to aMta meM mere bhagavAna ne merI lAja rakha lI, merI prArthanA usane suna hI lii| dinakara : are, yaha to pUcho ki Akhira cora kauna thA ? rUkhI : mujhe yaha jAnakara kyA karanA hai? jAne do sAhaba apanA kiyA vaha Apa bhogegaa| zobhanA : para usakA kiyA to tumheM bhoganA par3a rahA hai rUkhI, patA hai corI kauna karatA thA? rUkhI : kauna karatA thA ? dinakara : yaha badamAza (rohita ko Age karatA hai)| yaha tumhArA rohita! rUkhI : yaha! ...merA rohita ! zobhanA : hAM rUkhI, yaha rohita, jo bhI cIja hAtha meM AtI usI ko uThAkara ghara ke pichavAr3e jo pAnI kA hoda hai na usI meM chor3a jAtA thaa| dinakara : Aja pUjA ghara se bhagavAna kI mUrti uThAkara hoda meM DAlate hue pakar3A gyaa| bAlU ko hoda meM utArA to khoI huI sArI cIjeM mila giiN| rUkhI : to bhagavAna pAnI meM jAkara sArI cIjeM DhUMr3ha laaye| (ThaNDI sAMsa bharatI hai|) zobhanA : bolo rUkhI, aba isa cora ko kyA sajA deM? bolo na... rohita : nahIM kAkI, maiM corI nahIM karatA thA... maiM to hoda ke pAnI meM bhasma karatA thaa| (sabhI haMsate haiM... saMgIta ubharatA hai|) hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa/60

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DaoN0 bhAnIrAma mahAvIra kA Arogya : merA roga do hI varSa pUrva vaha svastha evaM sudarzana lar3akA mahAvIra ke nAma para cala rahe gaNoM aura gacchoM meM se kisI eka meM dIkSita huA thA aura kala rAta vaha pUcha rahA thA ki merI cikitsA paddhati meM lIvara bar3hanA rokane tathA bar3hI huI lIvara ko sAmAnya karane kI koI auSadhi hai yA nhiiN| jahAM vaha dIkSita bAlaka baiThA thA, vahIM zIrSa-sthAna para bhagavAna mahAvIra kA dhyAna-magna vigraha citrita thaa| itanA svastha, sudarzana, sabala evaM dIptivAna zarIra aura vaha bhI bAraha varSoM ke una romAMcaka tapoM tathA deva, manuSya kRta upadravoM ke uparAMta bhii| Arogya, mAnasika, zArIrika evaM Atmika, ke sAkSAt vigraha ke gaNa meM dIkSita isa muni kI, aura aise hI hajAroM-hajAroM muniyoM kI yaha avasthA kyoM? vaha kyA Arogya maMtra thA jo bhagavAna jAnate the aura hama yA to jAnate nahIM, athavA usakA pAlana nahIM karate? AgamoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne roga ke nau kAraNa batAye haiM, jo vartamAna pariprekSya meM hamAre lie parama ciMtanIya haiM(1) atyadhika AhAra krnaa| (2) atyadhika bhUkhe rhnaa| (3) atyadhika viSaya sevana / (4) AvegoM kA dmn| (5) mala ke vega ko roknaa| (6) mUtra ke vega ko roknaa| (7) atyadhika vicaraNa (vihAra yA yAtrA) krnaa| (8) ekadama vicaraNa na krnaa| (9) tIvra kaSAya yathA krodha, ghRnnaa| prativarSa upavAsa-paryoM meM maiM hajAroM aise bAlakoM, strI-puruSoM ko upavAsa karate dekhatA hUM jo peTa ke ghAva (alsara) ke rogI haiM aura jinake lie tIna ghaMTe se jyAdA AhAra rahita hone se amla bar3hakara pitta kA vamana hotA hai| dharma-dhyAna ke sthAna para Ata-dhyAna hotA hai| aise tapa ko bhagavAna ne bAlapana yA ajJAna tapa kahA haimAsa mAsa meM jo mUr3ha kuza kI noka para Tike itanA hI bhojana karatA hai - dharma kI solahavIM kalA bhI nahIM jaantaa| ___ mahAvIra praNIta bAraha tapoM meM upavAsa yA anazana to prathama evaM gauNa hai tathA svAdhyAya aMtima tathA zreSTha hai| upavAsa ke lie bhI bhagavAna kA vidhAna spaSTa hai, ina sAvadhAniyoM meM(1) indriyoM kI kriyA kSINa yA vikRta na ho| (2) koI zArIrika roga na bddh'e| (3) mana meM Artta-bhAva na aaye| mahAvIra kI vidhi se bhikSAcarI karane vAle bhikSu yA bhojana karane vAle gRhastha kA pratidina hI eka AnandapUrNa upavAsa hai, jahAM roga ke lie sthAna hI nahIM hai| bhikSu ko dina meM eka bAra bhikSAcarI karanI hai aura eka bAra hI usakA upayoga karanA hai- vaha bhI dina ke tIsare prahara meN| prathama prahara meM kucha nahIM khAnA hai| dUsare prahara meM gRhastha tathA unake bhRtya (naukara-cAkara) Adi bhojana karate haiM, usake bAda bacA huA bhikSuoM tathA zvAna Adi pazuoM ko de diyA jAtA hai| usake bAda jo prAMta (bacA huA) tathA rukSa (nIrasa) jisameM ghI, tela, mirca-masAle nahIM hoM, aisA bhojana sAdhu dina ke tIsare prahara gaveSaNA karatA hai - dvArastha bhikhAriyoM tathA zvAna Adi pazuoM kA bhAga mila jAne aura unake cale jAne ke baad| usa prAMta aura rukSa (rasa rahita, vasA rahita) bhojana ko vaha madhu-ghRta kI taraha grahaNa karatA hai| prAya: do ghaMTe taka bhojana AmAzaya se pacakara lIvara se bar3I AMta meM calA jAtA hai| bhojana ke madhya meM alpa jala lenA hitakara hai, kintu usake uparAMta kama se kama ghaMTe bhara jala na lenA supAcana ke lie Avazyaka hai| dina kA cauthA prahara jala-sevana tathA pAcana ke lie baca jAtA hai| AhAra ke tatkAla bAda liyA huA vipula mAtrA kA jala hI lIvara tathA pAcana-aMgoM ke rogoM ko janma detA hai| mahAvIra kI bhikSA-praNAlI meM isakI apekSA hI nhiiN| mala-mUtra ke AvegoM ko rokanA mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM zarIra ke sAtha aparAdha hai| bhagavAna kA vidhAna yahAM taka hai ki bhikSAcarI karate samaya bhI mala yA mUtra kA vega ho to sAdhu ko bhikSA-pAtrAdi kisI gRhastha ke sthAna para rakha kara prAsuka bhUmi kI gaveSaNA karanA cAhie tathA AvegoM kA virecana hone ke pazcAt vahAM se pAtrAdi lekara bhikSAcarI ke lie Age bar3hanA caahie| mala ke Avega ko rokane hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 61

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ke kAraNa hI bavAsIra, kabjiyata, nAsUra aura bhagandara Adi roga hote haiN| mUtra ke AvegoM ko rokane se mUtrAzaya ke aneka roga hote haiN| mahAvIra ke vidhAna meM uccAra nirodha (mala rokanA) tathA prasrAva-nirodha (mUtra rokanA) sarvathA niSiddha hai| isake aucitya kI puSTi prAcIna Ayurveda tathA vartamAna cikitsA paddhati meM sarvatra milatI hai| saMbhavata: merA bAla muni-mitra kisI aise gaNa yA gaccha meM rahA hogA jahAM nAma to mahAvIra kA liyA jAtA hai lekina AhAra-vihAra kI vidhi zaharI-jIvana se prabhAvita hai| jahAM prAta: 'beDa-TI' kI gaveSaNA hotI hai| phira nAste kI gaveSaNA, dUsare prahara meM bhojana kI gaveSaNA, tIsare prahara meM cAya-nAste kI gaveSaNA tathA aMtima prahara meM puna: sAMdhya-bhojana kI gaveSaNA hotI hai| phira sUryAsta se pUrva pAtra bhara-bhara kara jala pIne kA krama calatA hai| bhojana ke bAda tatkAla aura gale taka jala bhara kara phira sAMdhya-ArAdhanA tathA pravacanAdi hote haiM aura nidrA to rAtri ke dUsare prahara meM hI saMbhava hai| jahAM zarIra ke AvegoM se adhika mahatva pravacanoM tathA loka-saMparka ko diyA jAtA hai, vahAM lIvara tathA pAcana praNAlI ke roga hoMge hI kyoMki bhagavAna ke praNIta vidhAna kA nitya ullaMghana hotA hai| bhojana ke bAre meM bhagavAna zAkAhAra-mAMsAhAra ke vivAda meM nahIM gaye haiM, lekina unakI prarUpaNA meM hiMsA kA niSedha hone se bhojana kA vikalpa zAkAhAra hI zeSa rahatA hai| cikitsA vijJAna kI dRSTi se yaha bhI mahatvapUrNa hai| mAMsAhArI jAnavaroM ke dAMtoM kI banAvaTa tathA pAcana-saMsthAna kI saMracanA meM zAkAhAriyoM se sarvathA viparIta zArIrika saMsthAna hotA hai| isa dRSTi se manuSya zAkAhArI varga meM AtA hai| mAMsAhAra usake lie naisargika nahIM hai| mAMsAhAra meM yUrika esiDa jyAdA hotA hai jo gaThiyA jaise rogoM ko janma detA hai| sAtha hI usameM vasA kI mAtrA itanI jyAdA hotI hai ki vaha hRdaya, lIvara aura tillI sabake lie hAnikAraka hai| saMsAra ke sabase bar3e mAMsAhArI deza amerikA meM hRdaya roga se mRtyu kI dara sabase jyAdA hai, sAtha hI yakRta, lIvara kaiMsara tathA pittAzaya kI patharI ke roga jyAdA pAye gaye haiN| prakRti pradatta phala, dUdha, harI sabjiyAM, sUkhe phala aura meve, dAleM Adi mAnava zarIra ke lie poSaka haiN| mahAvIra jaisI hI bAta nAthapaMthI siddha muni zrI gorakha nAtha kI vANI meM bhI milatI hai Asana dRr3ha AhAra dRr3ha je nidrA dRDha hoI, gorakha kahe suno re pUtAM mare na bUr3hA hoii| Asana kA artha pataMjali kI dRSTi meM sukhAsana hai jisameM cAMcalya tyAga kara vyakti deha sthira kara dIrgha samaya taka baiTha ske| AhAra kI dRr3hatA sAtvikatA, poSakatA tathA pavitratA meM hai| nidrA kI dRr3hatA svapna rahita pragAr3ha nidrA meM hai jise yoga nidrA kahA gayA hai| bhojana ke alAvA caryA tathA bhAva bhI svAsthya kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| mahAvIra ne ise jAgarukatA (jayaM) pUrvaka calanA, uThanA, baiThanA, bolanA, AhAra-vihAra Adi karanA kahA hai| gorakhanAtha bhI isI prakAra kA maMtavya prakaTa karate haiM habaki na bolanA, Thabaki na calanA, dhIre rakhanA pAMva, garaba na karanA, sahaje rahanA, bhaNaMta gorakha raav| bhagavAna buddha kA madhyama mArga, jise Arya aSTAMgika mArga kahA gayA hai, isI ora iMgita karatA hai| bhagavadgItA meM bhI tAmasika, rAjasika va sAtvika AhAroM kA vivaraNa dekara unakI tulanA kI gayI hai tathA zarIra aura mana para unake prabhAva kA vivecana hai jo paThanIya tathA mananIya hai| lAo-tse ne tAo-darzana meM bhI isI madhyama mArga kI carcA kI aMta meM mujhe vijayavAr3A ke eka IsAI sarjana kI bAta yAda AtI hai| mere eka mitra kI patnI ko oNparezana ke samaya dUsare kA rakta diyA gayA thaa| usane cetAvanI dI thI ki jaba taka yaha parAyA rakta zarIra meM hai| usake svabhAva tathA vyavahAra meM aprAkRtikatA A sakatI hai| mere pUchane para ki yadi parAye rakta kA yaha prabhAva hai to parAye mAMsa kA kyA prabhAva hotA hogA jo lAkhoM AdamI khAte haiN| usane spaSTa kahApazu hokara hI koI pazu ko khA sakatA hai aura pazu ko khAne se pazutA AnA anivArya hai| vartamAna yuga kI dAruNa hiMsA kA yahI kAraNa hai| hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 62

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rAdhAmohana upAdhyAya rASTrabhASA hindI : samasyAe~ va samAdhAna rASTra-jIvana meM sabase alpakAlIna sthAna hai prazAsana kaa| sarakAreM AtI-jAtI haiM, prazAsaka badalate rahate haiM para rASTra satata astitva meM rahatA hai| sarakAra kI apekSA adhika dIrghajIvI hai bhASA, bhASA kI apekSA bahu kAla vyApI hai dharma aura dharma se bhI adhika AyAma hai saMskRti kaa| vastuta: saMskRti hI rASTra-vRkSa kA mUla kASTha hai, bAkI saba chilake haiN| chilakoM ke haTane para bhI vRkSa giratA nahIM hai| rASTra kI rASTrIyatA ko acchinna kara do, vaha dharAzAyI ho jaayegaa| rASTrIyatA ke sAtha saMskRti kA avicchinna sambandha hai| saMskRti ke vinaSTa hone para rASTravRkSa khar3A nahIM raha sktaa| vizva meM bhArata hI ekamAtra deza hai jisakI rASTrIyatA IsA pUrva dasavIM sahasrAbdi se avyAhata calI A rahI hai| isakA eka aura bhI saubhAgya hai jo kisI bhI deza ko prApta nahIM hai aura vaha hai dharma evaM bhaassaa| vahI sanAtana dharma samaya-samaya para vibhinna dharmAcAryoM dvArA deza kAlAnurUpa saMzodhana-parivarddhanoM dvArA apane ko supuSTa karatA huA adyAvadhi hameM apanA akSaya pIyUSa pAna karAtA calA A rahA hai| sAtha hI yahAM vaidika bhASA saMskRta, prAkRta, pAli, apabhraMza kI ghATiyoM se pravAhita hotI huI Aja Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ke mAdhyama se apanA stanya pAna karA rahI hai| ise vaidika vaMza kI bhI saMjJA de sakate haiN| bhASA aura rASTra yaha bAta saca hai ki bhASA- vizeSa rASTra jIvana meM alpakAlIna hai lekina bhASA rASTrIya jIvana meM raktavAhinI yA prANavAhinI dhamanI ke samAna mahatvapUrNa hai| kevala nadI, nada, parvata, upatyakAoM Adi se hI rASTra kI saMracanA nahIM hotii| isake lie saMgaThita janazakti kA evaM usakI saMskRti kA honA bhI Avazyaka hai| bhASA hI jana saMgaThana vidhAtrI hai aura vahI saMskRti kI jananI hai| isI se rASTra kI artha-vyavasthA susthApita hotI hai| vANI apanA paricaya khuda detI huI veda meM kaha rahI hai: ahaM rASTrI saMgamanI vasUnAM cikituSI prathamA yaajnyiyaanaam| tAM mA devA vyadadhuH purutrA bhUristhAtrAM bhuuryaaveshyntiim| arthAt maiM hI rASTra kI vaha zakti hUM jo rASTra ko dhana pradAna karatI hai, jo yajJoM ke bhAvoM ko evaM deza ko jAnane vAlI hai| maiM bahuta sthira, sarvavyApaka aura sabako preraNA dene vAlI hUM, devatA loga mujhe dhAraNa karate haiN| pratyeka bhASA kI apanI nijI dhar3akana hotI hai aura hara dhar3akana meM usakI saMskRti kI jhaMkRti sunAI par3atI hai| jo jhaMkRti 'RSi', 'muni' aura 'saMta' zabdoM meM hai, vaha 'phakIra', 'pIra', 'haramiTa' yA 'seja' meM nahIM hai| apanI bhASA mAtA ke samAna hotI hai| isameM apanI miTTI kI gandha hotI hai, apanI saritAoM kA kalanAda hotA hai aura apane pUrvajoM ke sAtha tAdAtmya sthApita karane kI kSamatA hotI hai| aMgrejI meM iMglaiMDa kI miTTI evaM saMskRti gUMjatI hai jabaki hindI meM bhArata kii| Aja dinoMdina kSIyamANa dezabhakti ko saMjIvanI dene ke lie kevala mAtRbhASAoM ke mAdhyama se zikSA kI anivAryatA honI caahie| hindI aura hindustAna Aja hindI hI hindustAna kI rASTra bhASA hai| sarakArI bhASA na hone para bhI rASTra ke bahujana kI bhASA hone ke nAte aura eka mAtra samparka bhASA hone ke nAte hindI rASTra bhASA ke pada para sahasroM varSa pUrva AsIna ho gaI thI yadyapi ise sarakArI svIkRti na milI thii| mugaliyA zAsana kI sthApanA ke samaya bhI hindI rASTra kI, bahujana kI bhASA thii| mugala bAdazAha evaM unake kArinde phArasI ke atirikta kisI bhAratIya bhASA ko mahatva yadi dete the to vaha thI hindii| khusaro isake gavAha haiN| TUTI-phUTI hindI, phArasI mizrita hindI hI kAlAntara meM urdU banakara udbhUta huii| yadi gilakrAisTa ne phorTaviliyama kAleja meM bhASA (hindI) aura urdU kA alaga-alaga vibhAga na kholA hotA to zAyada urdU hindI kI mAtra eka zailI hokara raha jaatii| mugala zAsana ke daurAna arabI-phArasI kA, vizeSa kara phArasI kA pracAra sarakAra kI ora se kiyA gayA lekina vaha sarakArI pharamAnoM evaM hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 63

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kacahariyoM taka hI simaTa kara raha gyaa| hindI hI samUce rASTra kI samparka bhASA thI, rASTrabhASA thii| kuMbha meloM meM jahAM deza ke hara kone se tIrthayAtrI Ate haiM, hindI kA hI vyavahAra karate the aura Aja bhI karate haiN| sAdhuoM ke akhAr3e bhI samagra bhArata ke saMgama sthala hote haiN| vahAM bhI hindI kA hI vyavahAra hotA calA A rahA hai| cAroM dhAma kI tIrtha yAtrA ke samaya hindI hI samparka sUtra kA kAma karatI hai| hindI kA pracAra hindItara pradezoM meM kAphI adhika rahA hai| gulAmI ke samaya Asetu himAlaya kI priya bhASA hindI hI thii| isakA jvalanta pramANa yaha hai ki koI bhI videzI jo hindustAna meM AyA, hindI hI par3hanA Avazyaka smjhaa| Daca yAtrI jAna keTelara ne san 1685 I0 meM hindI kA prathama vyAkaraNa likhaa| vaha sUrata (gujarAta) meM rahatA thA aura vahAM vyApAriyoM kI bhASA kA usane adhyayana kiyA jisameM gujarAtI mizrita hindI thii| usane jo vyAkaraNa likhA, usameM hindI kI hI pradhAnatA thii| ___ isI prakAra madrAsa meM IsAI pAdarI benjAmina zulge ne san 1719 I0 meM hindI kA vyAkaraNa 'ameTikA hindostAnikA' likhaa| isa pAdarI ne madrAsa meM rahate hue bhI yaha anubhava kiyA ki hindustAna kI janatA ke sAtha vicAra-vinimaya ke lie eka mAtra yadi koI bhASA sarvAdhika samartha hai to vaha hai hindii| hindI sAre hindustAna meM itanI dhar3alle se bolI jAtI thI ki IsAI dharma pracArakoM ne sarvaprathama hindI ko hI apnaayaa| aura aMgreja adhikArI eDavarDa pinakATa ne iMglaiMDa se yaha rAjAjJA nikalavA dI ki bhArata meM vahI aMgreja adhikArI niyukti pA sakatA hai jo hindI jAnatA ho| svAmI dayAnanda sarasvatI apane dharma kA pracAra saMskRta meM kara rahe the lekina kezava candra sena ke Agraha para Apane hindI meM apanA pracAra kArya zurU kiyaa| hindI kA Azraya pAkara hI Arya samAja alpakAla meM itanA pracAra-prasAra pA skaa| gosvAmI tulasI dAsa saMskRta ke prakANDa paNDita the lekina unheM apane pANDitya pradarzana kI lalaka na thii| ve rAma kathA ko jana-jana taka pahuMcAnA cAhate the| isI se unhoMne hindI kA sahArA liyaa| yahI bAta rahI sUphI santoM ke saath| ve bhI apane ko jana-jana taka pahuMcAne ke lie hindI kA sahArA lete rhe| ___ aMgrejI zAsana ke samaya aMgreja buddhijIviyoM kI bhASA bana gii| ye buddhijIvI do prakAra ke the: 1- eka ve the jo aMgrejI par3hakara UMcA ohadA pAnA cAhate the, aMgrejoM kI prIti evaM apane logoM meM sammAna pAnA cAhate the| inakA prayAsa AtmanepadI thaa| 2- dUsare ve the jo aMgrejI par3hakara aMgrejoM kA javAba denA cAhate the aura AjAdI kI lar3AI ko jAnadAra banAnA cAhate the| subhASa candra bosa, sAvarakara Adi isI koTi ke the| yaha saMyoga kI yA saubhAgya kI bAta huI ki kucha AtmanepadI netA bhI kAla pravAha meM parasmaipadI bana gye| astu, ina netAoM ne bahuta zIghra yaha anubhava kara liyA ki aMgrejI se hama svataMtratA saMgrAma meM Ama janatA kI bhAgIdArI nahIM pA skte| buddhijIviyoM kI bhASA havAI bhASA hai, dharatI kI bhASA hindI bhASA hI hai| bhArata kI janatA ko jagAne ke lie gAMdhIjI ne hindI kA sahArA liyaa| vinobA bhAve bhArata kI kaI bhASAoM ke paNDita the lekina unhoMne bhI samparka bhASA ke rUpa meM hindI ko hI apnaayaa| svataMtratA prApti se pUrva deza ke sabhI manISI eka svara meM bola rahe the ki hindI hI hindustAna kI rASTra bhASA banane kI kSamatA rakhatI hai| rAjA rAma mohana rAya kA kahanA thA- "hindI hI aisI bhASA najara AtI hai jise rASTrabhASA ke pada para biThAne kA prastAva rakhA jA sakatA hai|" kezava candra sena ne kahA, "abhI jitanI bhASAeM bhArata meM pracalita haiM, unameM hindI hI sarvatra pracalita bhASA hai| isI hindI ko yadi bhAratavarSa kI ekamAtra bhASA svIkAra kara liyA jAya, to yaha (ekatA) sahaja hI meM sampanna ho sakatI hai|" baMkima candra caTTopAdhyAya kahate haiM, "binA hindI kI zikSA diye, aMgrejI ke dvArA yahAM kA koI kArya nahIM clegaa| bhArata ke adhikAMza loga aMgrejI aura baMgalA na to bolate haiM aura na samajhate hI haiN| hindI ke dvArA hI bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgoM ke madhya aikya sthApita ho skegaa|" baMga darzana - khaNDa - 5 varSa, 1884 ravIndra nAtha Taigora ke kathAnAnusAra, "agara hama hara bhAratIya ke naisargika adhikAroM ke siddhAMta ko svIkAra karate haiM to hameM usa bhASA ko (rASTrabhASA ke rUpa meM) svIkAra karanA cAhie, jo deza ke sabase bar3e bhAga meM bolI jAtI hai aura jisake svIkAra karane kI siphAriza mahAtmAjI ne hamalogoM se kI hai- arthAt hindI" kalakattA hindI klaba buleTina sita., 1938 / subhASa candra bosa ne kahA, "maiMne sarvadA hI yaha anubhava kiyA hai ki bhArata meM eka rASTrabhASA kA honA Avazyaka hai aura vaha hindI hI ho sakatI hai|" eDavAMsa julAI, 1938 / ___isI prakAra mahArASTra meM lakSmaNa nArAyaNa garde, bAbU rAma viSNu parADakara, mAdhava rAva sapre ne hindI kA pracAra-prasAra kiyaa| paMjAba meM lAlA lAjapata rAya, lAlA haMsarAja, svAmI zraddhAnanda Adi hindI kI sevA kara rahe the| rAjasthAna aura gujarAta to hindI pracArakoM kA gar3ha hI rahA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki svataMtratA prApti se pUrva bhArata meM bhASA ko lekara koI vivAda na thaa| havA hindI ke pakSa meM baha rahI thii| sabhI kA dhyAna rASTrahita para TikA huA thaa| rASTra ke lie utsarga kA bhAva thaa| Adarza nAgarikatA thii| dezavAsiyoM kA manobala UMcA thaa| hindI ke pracAra-prasAra meM mahAtmA gAMdhI kA yogadAna amUlya hai| Apane hindItara pradezoM meM hindI ke pracAra-prasAra ke lie san 1936 I0 meM 'rASTrabhASA pracAra samiti' kI sthApanA kI thii| 'rASTrabhASA pracAra samiti, vardhA' ne hI san 1975 meM nAgapura meM prathama vizva hindI sammelana kA Ayojana kiyA thaa| svataMtratA prApti pUrva ina saMsthAoM dvArA hindI kA kAphI joradAra pracAra hotA rhaa| gAMdhI jI ne 1918 meM akhila bhAratIya hindI sAhitya sammelana kA sabhApatitva kiyA thaa| Apane adhyakSa pada se sujhAva diyA thA ki rASTrIya hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 64

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ekatA sthApanA ke lie vibhinna prAntoM meM hindI pracAra samiti gaThita kI jaay| Apake hI satprayAsa se dakSiNa bhArata hindI pracAra sabhA' kI sthApanA ho gaI jo aba taka kAma kara rahI hai| isakA pramukha kAryAlaya madrAsa meM hai| ___ gAMdhI jI hindI ko pariniSThita yA mAnaka hindI se alaga kara urdU mizrita hindI yA hindustAnI banAnA cAhate the| san 1933 I0 meM gAMdhI jI kI hI adhyakSatA meM hindI sAhitya sammelana kA indaura adhivezana huA thaa| isameM gAMdhI jI ne hI prastAva rakhavAyA thA ki hindI meM saMskRta ke zabdoM ke badale urdU ke zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA jAya lekina durdharSa vaktA paM0 rAmabAlaka zAstrI ke tagar3e virodha ke phalasvarUpa vaha prastAva vApasa le liyA gyaa| svAtaMtryottara hindI / svataMtratA prApti ke bAda aba vaha samaya A gayA jaba AjAdI kI lar3AI ke samaya kiye gaye bhASA sambandhI vAyadoM ko pUrA karanA thaa| hindI ke prabala samarthakoM meM aba baca gaye the mahAtmA gAMdhI ke alAvA seTha govinda dAsa evaM ttnnddnjii| durbhAgya se gAMdhI jI kA sambala bhI zIghra hI chUTa gyaa| agasta 1948 meM hindI sAhitya sammelana, dillI dvArA bhAratIya bhASAoM ke sAhityakAroM kA sammelana bulAyA gayA aura adhyakSa the seTha govinda daas| isa sammelana meM sarvasammati se hindI ko rASTrabhASA evaM nAgarI ko lipi ke rUpa meM svIkArA gyaa| 9 agasta, 1948 ko kAMgresa pArTI kI eka baiThaka huI thii| isameM hindI ke sAtha aMgrejI ko bhI 15 varSoM taka calAne ke viSaya para garamAgarama bahasa huI thii| isameM bhAga lene vAloM meM DaoN. rAjendra prasAda, zrI paTTAbhisItAramaiyA, paM. javAhara lAla neharU, saradAra ballabha bhAI paTela, maulAnA abula kalAma AjAda, paM. govinda ballabha paMta, sucetA kRpalAnI Adi the| isI sAla 2 sitambara se 14 sitambara taka garamAgarama bahasa ke bAda 14 sitambara ko hindI rAjabhASA vidheyaka saMvidhAna sabhA meM pAsa ho gyaa| 15 varSoM taka aMgrejI meM bhI kAma karane kI chUTa thii| hindI para bhItaraghAta __ hindI Aja hindustAna kI rASTrabhASA hotI, vivAda kA sArA muddA hI samApta ho gayA hotA yadi paNDita neharU hindI ke prati kaThora na hote| paNDita neharU kA saMskAra pAzcAtya thaa| unakI dRSTi meM hindI daridra bhASA thii| isI bAta ko lekara eka bAra ve DaoN. raghuvIra se ulajha gaye the| DaoN. raghuvIra hindI kA zabdakoza banA rahe the| neharUjI ne upekSA bhAva se kahA thA- 'isa kaMgAla bhASA ko kubera nahIM banAyA jA sktaa|' DaoN. raghuvIra ko paM. neharU ke jJAna para haMsI A gyii| neharU jI jhallA uThe, bole- batAo, hindI meM kArya ke lie kitane zabda hai|' DaoN. raghuvIra kahA- "aneka haiN| kArya 'kR' dhAtu se banA hai| isI se kRti, karaNa, kAraNa karma, kAraka, karaNIya, karttavya, karttA, kriyA, kRta, kurvANa Adi aneka zabdoM kA nirmANa kiyA jA sakatA hai|" isI prakAra neharU jI ne jaba 'lA' ke artha meM hindI kA zabda pUchA taba DaoN. raghuvIra ne batAyA- "vidhi, saMvidhAna, vidhAna, vidhAyaka, vidhAyikA, vidheyaka, vidhAtA, vidheya, vidhijJa aadi|" ___ tAtparya yaha hai ki paM. neharU kI isI mAnasikatA ne hindI kI naiyA Dubo dii| hindI kI gati rokane ke lie hI prAraMbha meM hindI, urdU aura hindustAnI kA jhamelA khar3A kiyA gyaa| yaha to TaNDana jI jaise tapasvI kA kar3A virodha thA ki hindI aura nAgarI ko saMvaidhAnika mAnyatA milii| Apane urdU kA virodha karate hue kahA thA- "urdU ko uttara pradeza kI kSetrIya bhASA ghoSita karanA sAmpradAyikatA ko bar3hAvA denA hai|" 18 pharavarI, 1953 aliigddh'| "jo loga urdU ko prAdezika bhASA banAne kA prayatna kara rahe haiM, ve isa deza kI saMskRti ke zatru haiN|" 15 mArca, 1953, nezanala klaba, naI dillI ___ "urdU ko alaga bhASA ke rUpa meM yA kSetrIya bhASA ke rUpa meM cAlU rakhane kA kArya arASTrIya hai|" 19 julAI, 1953 sirasA, ilaahaabaad| paM. neharU ko yadi hindI se elarjI na hotI to 15 varSoM kA Teka na lagA hotaa| usa samaya samagra bhArata meM rASTrIyatA kI bhAvanA prabala thii| loga ise svIkAra lie hote| paM. neharU kA 1950 taka vaha vyaktitva thA jisake virodha meM kahIM se svara na utthtaa| smaraNa AtA hai TarkI kA kamAla paashaa| usane apane maMtriyoM evaM karmacAriyoM se pUchA- "deza meM turkI ko rAjabhASA banAne meM kitanA samaya laga sakatA hai?" karmacAriyoM ne batAyA ki turkI ko rAjabhASA ke pada para pUrNa rUpa se pratiSThita karane meM dasa varSa laga sakate haiN| kamAla pAzA ne kahA- "kala sabere dasa baje taka yaha dasa varSa bIta jAnA cAhie" aura vahI huaa| dUsare dina se hI turkI TarkI kI rAjabhASA bana gii| yahI kAma paNDita neharU bhI kara sakate the lekina ve jisa bAta ko nahIM cAhate the, use ulajhAte jAte the| ___1962 se hindI ko aMgrejI kI gaddI para baiTha jAnA thaa| nahIM huaa| dakSiNa meM prabala virodha huA, AtmadAha hue| phalata: 1963 meM puna: saMvidhAna meM saMzodhana karanA pdd'aa| hindI ke sAtha aMgrejI kA vyavahAra taba taka ke lie mAna liyA gayA jaba taka bhArata ke sabhI rAjya sahamata na ho jaaeN| yaha bAta samajha meM nahIM AtI ki jaba eka voTa ke bahumata se bhI koI pArTI pUre deza para zAsana kara sakatI hai taba bahumata kI bhASA hindI ko ekamAtra prazAsakIya bhASA hone se kyoM rokA jA rahA hai? hindI banAma aMgrejI ___ Aja lar3AI hindI evaM anya bhAratIya bhASAoM ke bIca nahIM hai, lar3AI hai hindI banAma aMgrejI kii| sarakArI nIti ke kAraNa hI prAthamika vidyAlayoM se hI aMgrejI kI par3hAI zurU kI jA rahI hai| aMgrejI mAdhyama ke skUla raktabIja' ke samAna bar3ha rahe haiN| ina aMgrejI skUloM meM bhAratIya saMskRti kA zrAddha ho rahA hai| rAjarSi TaNDana ne jisa urdU kA virodha kiyA thA aura kahA thA ki isase sAmpradAyikatA bhar3akegI aura rASTrIya ekatA para khatarA A jAyegA, usI urdU ko uttara pradeza aura bihAra ke dezabhakta mukhya maMtriyoM ne dvitIya bhASA kA darjA diyaa| jo loga aise kukRtya kA samarthana kara rahe haiM, unheM 'hindI divasa' manAne kI bhI hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 65

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pAtratA nahIM hai| rASTra bhASA kisI bhI rASTra kI prathama rakSApaMkti hai| ise dhvasta kara dIjiye, rASTra kA dhvaMza nizcita hai| Aja hamAre chAtroM ke zrama va samaya kA 50% aMgrejI sIkhane meM barbAda ho jAtA hai| kaisA mIThA jahara hai / hama pyAra va Agraha se pI rahe haiN| aMgrejI skUloM meM dAkhile ke lie moTI rakama ghUsa ke rUpa meM dI jA rahI hai| rahanA hai bhArata meM aura dakSatA pA rahe haiM aMgrejI meM 20 varSoM kI aMgrejI par3hAI ke bAda kAma milA kArakhAne meM jahAM majadUroM se hindI meM yA bhAratIya bhASA meM bAta karanI hai| Aphisa kI bhASA alaga hai aura majadUroM se bAta karane vAlI bhASA alaga aisA kyoM ? gulAmI manovRtti ! rAjanaitika dRSTi se AjAda hone ke bAvajUda mAnasika dRSTi se abhI hama AjAda nahIM hue, pratyuta gulAmI kA raMga dinoMdina aura gAr3hA hotA jA rahA hai| aMgreja gaye, para aMgrejiyata chor3a gye| lArDa maikAle ne jo sapanA dekhA thA vaha dhIre-dhIre sAkAra kasA hotA jA rahA hai| usakA sapanA thA ki aMgrejI zikSA dvArA bhArata meM aisI kauma paidA hogI jo rUpa-raMga meM bhAratIya hogI para vicAra evaM vyavahAra meM aMgreja hogii| bhArata kI garIbI evaM durgati meM anyatama kAraNa videzI bhASA kA zikSA kA mAdhyama honA hai| jApAna evaM cIna ke chAtra mAtRbhASA meM zikSA pAte haiM ve viSaya kI jAnakArI hAsila karate haiM, jabaki hama bhASA aura vartanI karate rahate haiN| aura vartanI bhI aisI ki jisameM koI viveka nahIM hai| Put puTa ho gayA jabaki But baTa raha gyaa| Neighbour ke phAlatU varNa vinyAsa rahanA goiMThA meM ghI DAlanA hai| eka dina meM apane nAtI ko zruti lekha de rahA thA merA tAtparya thA, maiM eka madhu makkhI dekhatA huuN| arthAt / see a bee lekina nAtI ne romana lipi ke mAtra cAra varNa likha diye / cab / maiM mAthA pITakara raha gyaa| gItA meM bhagavAna zrI kRSNa kaha rahe haiM "bar3e jo kAma karate haiM, choTe usI kA anukaraNa karate haiN|" bAta bilkula sahI hai| sAmane dikhAI par3ha rahI hai| paise vAloM ke lar3ake aMgrejI skUla meM par3ha rahe haiN| mamI, DeDa bola rahe haiM (Izvara na kare jItI jAgatI mAtA mamI bane aura pitAzrI DeDa ho jAeM) / basa, kama vittavAle arthAt nimna madhyama vargIya samAja TUTa par3A apane baccoM ko aMgrejI skUla meM bhartI karAne ke lie daheja prathA se bhI jyAdA ghAtaka hai yaha aMgrejI skUloM kI ora bhAgane kI pravRtti / AjAdI pAne ke bAda ghAnA, nAijIriyA, kIniyA, yUgANDA, taMjAniyA, jAmbiyA, gaibiyA Adi dezoM ne apane zAsakoM kI hI bhASA ko apanI rASTra bhASA banA lI jabaki ijarAila, thAilaiMDa, somAliyA, ithiyopiyA ne apane deza kI bhASA ko apanAyA / bhArata, zrIlaMkA evaM malayeziyA aisA na kara sake kyoMki inake yahAM apane ghara meM hI vivAda uTha khar3A huaa| apanI bhASA ko apanAne kA suphala una dezoM ko mila rahA hai jinhoMne apanAyA aura jinhoMne nahIM apanAyA unake bacce bhASA dvaya kI cakkI meM pisa rahe haiM aura pisate raheMge taba taka jaba taka donoM meM se koI eka bhASA dUsarI ko nigala nahIM jAtI / hIraka jayantI smArikA vartamAna saMkaTa Aja dUradarzana ke mAdhyama se bhAratIya saMskRti para dhuAMdhAra AkramaNa ho rahA hai| isase eka ora hamArI saMskRti caramarA rahI hai, dUsarI ora bhASA bhI prabhAvita ho rahI hai| sine sTAroM kA jaba iNTaravyU hone lagatA hai taba lagatA hai sabhI sTAra iMglaiMDa se Aye haiN| koI hindI bola nahIM pAtA hai yA aMgrejI bolane meM hI apanI mahimA samajhatA hai| inake pradarzanoM se nirAzA hI nahIM ghRNA bhI hotI hai Aja dUradarzana zikSA prasAra va manoraMjana kA sAdhana na rahakara sahasra mukha jahara phailA rahA hai| yaha saba mAtra isalie kiyA jA rahA hai ki kisI anya rAjanItika dala ko phAyadA na phuNce| deza bhale rasAtala ko calA jAya / aMgrejI bhASA evaM bhogaparaka saMskRti na kevala hindI kA ahita kara rahI hai, pratyuta sampUrNa bhAratIya bhASAoM ke lie kaiMsara kA kIr3A bana cukI hai| isake lie jimmedAra hai rAjanetAoM kA kSudra svArtha evaM deza bhakti kA abhAva jo bIsavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM kramazaH pratikSaNa prabalatara hotA jA rahA hai| kAgajI bayAna sarakArI AMkar3oM ke anusAra hindI kI dinoMdina tarakkI ho rahI hai| kendrIya kAryAlayoM meM hindI prakoSTha haiM jo ahindI bhASiyoM ko hindI sikhA rahe haiN| prativarSa karor3oM rupae kharca ho rahe haiM aura hindI meM jora-zora se kAma cala rahA hai lekina asaliyata kucha aura hI hai| ye sapheda hAthI apanI hiphAjata acchI taraha kara lete haiN| lekina sArA doSa inake matthe mar3ha dene se kAma nahIM clegaa| mujhe acchI taraha smaraNa hai 1964 se pUrva kA bhArata / maiM jisa vidyAlaya meM kAryarata hUM, usameM lagabhaga 10% chAtra dakSiNa bhAratIya the| adhikAMza chAtra hindI meM hindI vAloM se bhI acchA aMka pAte the| dakSiNa bhAratIya agradarzI hote haiN| baccoM se kahA karate the-- hindI pddh'o| isake binA kAma calane ko nahIM vidyAlaya ke pAsa hI madrAsI muhallA hai inakI acchI khAsI AbAdI hai lekina Aja kI sthiti yaha hai ki eka bhI madrAsI lar3akA apane vidyAlaya meM nahIM par3ha rahA hai| sabhI aMgrejI mAdhyama ke vidyAlayoM meM jA rahe haiN| yahI AMkar3A sahI hai, bAkI saba kalpita / inake bacce atirikta samaya meM apane mAtA-pitA se hindI bolanA sIkha lete haiN| videzoM meM hindI svadeza kI apekSA videzoM meM hindI kA acchA khAsA pracAra huA hai / aisA lagatA hai videzI jaba hindI meM bolane lageMge tabhI hama hindI kA mahatva samajheMge, AksaphorDa aura kaimbrija se hindI par3hakara Ane meM gaurava kA anubhava kreNge| mArizasa ko to laghu bhArata kahA hI jAtA hai| yahAM kI AbAdI kA 52% hindU hai| yahAM ke nivAsI AcArya vAsudeva viSNu davAla bhArata se ucca zikSA prApta kara 1939 I0 meM mArizasa lauTe the| Apane apane athaka prayAsa se mArizasa meM hindI kI ucca zikSA kI vyavasthA kI / Aja bhArata se hindI vidvAnoM kA AnA-jAnA bar3ha gayA hai| yahAM agasta, vidvat khaNDa / 66

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1976 I0 ko dvitIya vizva hindI sammelana bhI ho cukA hai| isakA pramukha zreya tatkAlIna pradhAnamaMtrI sara rAma gulAma ko hai| isameM bhAga lene ke lie bhArata se 500 pratinidhi gaye the jinameM paM. zrI nArAyaNa caturvedI, A. hajArI prasAda dvivedI, bhagavatI caraNa varmA, amRtalAla nAgara, upendranAtha azka Adi the| yahAM caturtha vizva hindI sammelana bhI ho cukA hai jabaki tRtIya vizva hindI sammelana dillI meM huA thaa| san 1965 taka amerikA ke loga yahI jAnate the ki bhArata kI rASTra-bhASA aMgrejI hai| vivekAnanda Adi vidvAnoM ne aMgrejI meM vaktRtA dekara isa dhAraNA ko AdhAra de diyA thA lekina Aja sthiti yaha hai ki yahAM lagabhaga saikar3oM aise vidyAlaya, mahAvidyAlaya evaM vizvavidyAlaya hai jahAM hindI kI par3hAI ho rahI hai| amerikA kI kAMgresa lAibrerI to aisI hai jahAM bhArata meM chapI sabhI acchI pustakeM evaM patrikAeM pahuMca jAtI haiM aura vahAM se sthAnIya vidyAlayoM evaM vizvavidyAlayoM ko bhejI jAtI 81 phIjI meM hindI bhASiyoM kI saMkhyA paryApta hai vahAM ke saMsada meM bhI hindI meM bolane kI chUTa hai| bhArata se bAhara kucha to aise deza haiM jahAM bhAratIyoM kI saMkhyA adhika hai aura ve svecchA se hindI par3ha rahe haiN| aise deza haiM- mArizasa, phIjI, sUrInAma, guyAnA, trinIdAda, jamaikA, malayeziyA, kIniyA, thAIlaiMDa, varmA, nepAla aadi| jina dezoM ke nivAsI bhArata ke bAre meM jAnakArI ke lie yA maitrI sthApana ke lie hindI par3ha rahe haiM, ve deza haiM- amerikA, kanADA, rUsa, polaiMDa, cekoslovAkiyA, hAlaiMDa, iMglaiMDa, iTalI, phrAMsa, jApAna, jarmanI Adi / Aja vizva ke 100 se Upara vizvavidyAlayoM meM hindI kA adhyayana-adhyApana evaM zodha kArya cala rahA hai| jina videzI hindI vidvAnoM ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM, ve haiM-- kaimbrija ke maikagregara, jarmanI ke loThAra lutse evaM zrImatI mArkeTa gAslApha, rUsa ke vArAtrikova, hIraka jayantI smArikA pro. celizeva evaM sAjAnovA, hAlaiMDa ke pro. zokara, DenamArka ke pro. thIsana, polaiMDa ke briskI, iTalI ke turbiyAnI, phrAMsa kI pro. nikola balavIra, haMgarI kI pro. ibA arAdI, jApAna ke pro. mijokAmI, pro. kogA aura pro. sujukI ullekhanIya haiN| phIjI meM DaoN. vivekAnanda zarmA, zrI je. esa. ka~vala evaM balarAma vaziSTha jaise manISI apanI maulika racanAoM dvArA hindI kA koza bar3hA rahe haiN| hindI mA~ga rahI balidAna sundara sRSTi balidAna mA~gatI hai| hindI ko nAmadhArI (Dejure) se karmadhArI (Defacto ) kI sthiti taka pahuMcAnA hai| isake lie hameM apane kSudra svArtha kA balidAna karanA hogaa| Aja hindI vAle hI hindI bolane meM saMkoca kA anubhava karane lage haiM, yahI ghAtaka sthiti hai / iMglaiMDa aura jApAna ke nivAsI apane deza kI mahaMgI cIjeM kharIdate haiM aura videzI sastI cIjeM nahIM chUte / yahI bhAva jaba hindI vAloM meM A jAyegA, tabhI deza kA kalyANa hogA aura hindI ko apanA ucita sthAna mila skegaa| sampanna varga aise skUla kAleja kholeM jinameM ucca koTi kI zikSA kI vyavasthA hindI mAdhyama se ho| Aja kevala sAhasa evaM dRr3ha nizcaya kI apekSA hai / sAdhana sampanna varga yadi apanI cAla badala deM to hindI evaM hindustAna kA hita saMvarane meM dera na lgegii| rAjanetA bhI jarA apanI antarAtmA ko ttttoleN| ve jisa bhASA meM voTa mAMgate haiM, usake lie ve kyA kara rahe haiN| samagra hindI bhASI aura hindI samarthaka ahindI bhASI bhI saMkIrNatAoM se Upara uThakara hindI kI zakti kA evaM rASTrIyatA kI bhAvanA kA siMhanAda kara deM tAki vizva meM cInI va aMgrejI ke bAda sarvAdhika logoM dvArA bolI jAne vAlI bhASA ko rASTra-2 - saMgha meM bhI svIkRti mila ske| aTala bihArI vAjapeyI ne sarvaprathama evaM narasiMha rAva ne tadanantara apane bhASaNoM se jo anugUMja rASTrasaMgha meM paidA kI hai use vaidhAnika mAnyatA dilAkara sthairya pradAna karanA hai| 82, rAmakRSNapura lena, havar3A-2 vidvat khaNDa / 67

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* bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA zAsana devI ambikA ambikA devI dvAviMzaMtama tIrthaMkara zrI neminAtha bhagavAna kI zAsana devI hai| prabhAvazAlI evaM jAgarUka hone se isakI mAnyatA na kevala jainoM meM hI rahI hai kintu jainetaroM meM bhI isakA sArvabhauma pracAra huA hai| ambikA mAtA kI mUrtiyAM aneka sthAnoM para pUjyamAna saMprApta hai| aneka myUjiyamoM meM bhI isakI kaI mUrtiyAM upalabdha haiN| sarvaprathama yaha zAsana devI kaise huI yaha jAnane ke lie isakA pUrvabhava vRttAnta yahAM janaprabhasUri kRta "vividha tIrtha kalpa" se diyA jAtA hai| ambikA devI kA vividha tIrtha kalpa meM varNana zrI ujjayaMta giri zikhara ke maMDana zrI neminAtha bhagavAna ko namaskAra karake kohaMDI devI kalpa vRddhopadezAnusAra likhatA huuN| saurASTra deza meM dhanadhAnya sampanna koDInAra nAmaka eka nagara hai| vahAM somanAmaka Rddhi-samRddha, SaTkarmaparAyaNa, vedAgamapAragAmI brAhmaNa thA / usakI aMbiNi nAmaka strI thii| yaha zIla rUpI mUlyavAna alaMkAra ko dhAraNa karane vAlI thii| usake do putra the| 1 siddha aura 2- buddha / eka dina pitR zrAddha pakSa Ane para somabhaTTa ne zrAddha ke dina brAhmaNoM ko nimaMtrita kiyaa| ve brAhmaNa vedapAThI evaM agnihotra karane vAle the| aMbiNi ne jImaNavAra ke lie khIra, khAMDa, dAla-bhAta vyaMjana pakvAnAdi taiyAra kiye| usakI sAsu snAna kara rahI thii| usI samaya mAsakSamaNa ke pAraNe ke lie eka sAdhu usake ghara meM bhikSArtha AyA usako dekhakara ambikA uThI aura bhakti pUrvaka usa munirAja ko bhAta pANI dekara prati lAbhA / sAdhu bhikSA lekara calA gyaa| sAsu nahA karake lauttii| hIraka jayantI smArikA rasoI meM jAne para usane dekhA ki khAdya padArtha para zikhA nahIM hai| use bar3A krodha AyA aura bahU se bolI ki tUne yaha kyA kiyA ? " pApinI ! abhI to kuladevatA kI pUjA hI nahIM kI hai aura na brAhmaNoM ko bhojana hI karAyA hai aura na piMDadAna hI huA hai| ata: tumane apri-zikhA kisa prakAra se sAdhu ko de dI / " sAsU ne vaha sArA vRttAnta apane putra soma bhaTTa ko kahA / vaha bhI bahuta nArAja huaa| usane apanI patnI ko ghara se nikAla diyaa| parAbhava se dukhI hokara ambiNI apane donoM putroM ko lekara calI gii| vaha bahuta dukhI huii| usane apane eka bacce buddha ko goda meM liyA aura dUsare putra siddha kI aMgulI pakar3akara calane lgii| mArga meM pyAsa se pIr3ita hokara putra pAnI kI mAMga karane lge| vahAM pAnI upalabdha nahIM thA ambiNI adhupUrNa ho gii| ThIka usI samaya sAmane eka sarovara dikhAI diyaa| usa amUlya zItala jala se usane apane donoM putroM kI pyAsa bujhaaii| bhUkhe bAlakoM ne jaba bhojana mAMgA to sAmane rahA AmravRkSa tatkAla phlaa| ambikA ne unheM Amraphala khilaaye| jaba ve AmravRkSa ke nIce so rahe the taba ve pattaleM jina para unhoMne Amraphala khAye aura unheM pheMka diyA thA ve ambikA ke zIla prabhAva se sone kI ho gii| isa prakAra se ve pattaleM, done aura bAhara bikharI huI jUThana saba sone aura motI ke ho gye| usI samaya usake ghara jise vaha chor3a kara AI thI vahAM bhI agnizikhA yukta bartana bhare dekhe| usakI sAsa ko vaha saba camatkAra mAlUma huaa| usane apane beTe soma bhaTTa se kahA ki beTA terI bahU sulakSaNI aura pativratA hai usako tU vApasa ghara le A mAM dvArA diye AdezAnusAra beTA pazcAtApa kI agni meM jalatA huA vaha apanI patnI ko vApasa livA lAne ko gyaa| aMmbiNI ne apane pati ko AtA huA dekhA to usane dizAvalokana kiyA to sAmane kUpa dikhAI diyaa| usane jinezvara bhagavAna kI mana meM avadhAraNA karate hue apane Apako kueM meM girA diyaa| use supAtra dAna kA phala mile, vaha kAmanA kii| zubha adhyavasAyoM se bharakara vaha saudharma kalpasthita cArayojana vAle kohaNDa vimAna meM ambikA devI nAmaka mahArddhika devI huI vimAna ke nAma se use kohaNDI bhI kahate haiN| somabhaTTa ne use kueM meM girate hue dekhakara vaha svayaM bhI kueM meM gira gyaa| vaha bhI mara karake vahIM para deva huaa| abhiyaugika karma se siMharUpa dhAraNa kara vaha ambikA devI kA vAhana ho gyaa| anya loga yaha bhI kahate haiM ki ambikA ne raivantagiri para jhampApAta kiyA thA somabhaTTa bhI usake pIche vahIM marA thaa| ambikA bhagavatI ke cAra bhujAeM haiN| inake dAhine hAtha meM Amralumba evaM pAza hai| bAeM hAtha meM putra evaM akuMza dhAraNa kie hue haiN| unakA zarIra tape hue sone jaisA hai yaha neminAtha bhagavAna kI zAsanadevI hai| isakA giranAra zikhara para nivAsa hai| usake mukuTa, kuNDala, muktAhAra, ratnakaMkaNa nUpurAdi sarvAgaAbharaNa ramaNIya hai vaha samyag dRSTi se sabake manoratha pUrNa karatI hai / vighna dUra karatI hai| usa devI kA maMtra maMDalAdi vidvat khaNDa / 68

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racanA pUrvaka ArAdhanA karane vAle bhaktoM ke aneka prakAra kI Rddhi-samRddhi dekhI jAtI hai| unheM bhUtapizAca, DAkinI aura duSTa graha parAbhava nahIM karate haiN| putra, kalatra, dhana-dhAnya, rAjazrI Adi saba sampanna rahate haiN| (lekha ke anta meM maMtra diyA jA rahA hai|) isa prakAra se ambikA devI ke bahuta se maMtra rakSA karane vAle haiN| yaha smaraNa yogya mArga kSemAdigocara hai| una maMtroM va maNDala ko yahAM vistAra bhaya se nahIM diyA jA rahA hai| inheM gurumukha se jAnanA caahie| vaha kalpa nirvikalpa cittavRtti se bAMcane, sunane vAle saMmohita pUrNa hote jaba ambikA zAsana devI ho gaI vaha satata jAgaruka rahakara zAsana sevA meM pravRtta hokara bhaktoM kI manokAmanA pUrNa karane lagI to samasta bhAratavarSa meM usakI mUrtiyAM aura mandira banane lage evaM jinAlaya evaM svataMtra mandira bhI pratiSThita ho gye| giranAra parvata kI dUsarI TraMka ambikA devI ke lie prasiddha hai| sudUra baMgAla meM bhI eka ambikApura hai jahAM ambikA devI kA mandira hai| usake pAsa hI bhagavAna RSabhadeva kA prAcIna mandira hai| hameM nadI pAra karake basa dvArA bAMkur3A jAnA thaa| ata: prAcIna jaina mandira kA sUkSmatA se adhyayana nahIM kara ske| parantu ambikA mandira kA jIrNoddhAra baMgalA saMvat 1320 dinAMka 16 phAlguna ko rAjA rAIcaraNa dhavala ne rAnI lakSmIpriyA kI smRti meM karAne kA ullekha dekhA thaa| pAkavIra meM eka prAcIna pAMca mandiroM kA samUha hai jahAM aneka khaNDita mUrtiyAM haiM inameM se eka ambikA kI bhI hai| nADola ke dAMtA gAMva kI paMcatIrthI ke lie likhA hai, "dAMtA gAMvane deharo juhArUM jgdiish| jogamAyA adhiSThAyakA jaya ambA deviish'| do eka jagaha dakSiNI bhArata meM bhI ambikA devI ke nAma se gAMva haiN| zrI jinaprabhasUrijI mahArAja ne sAta sau varSa pUrva "vividhatIrtha kalpa" kI racanA kI jisameM aneka sthAnoM meM ambikA devI ke mandiroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| ujjayaMta kalpa meM ambikA ke Adeza se kAzmIra ke ratna zrAvaka ne lepya maya biMba ke sthAna para pASANapratimA sthApita kii| isI meM aMbikA Azrama pada meM svarNa siddhi prayoga kI camatkArika bAta bhI likhI hai| revantagirikalpa meM likhA hai ki kAzmIra ke zrAvaka ajita va ratna Aye the| pratimA gala jAne se unhoMne AhAra tyAga diyA to ambikA ne saMghapati ko uThAkara ratnamaya bimba kaMcana bAlANaka se eka tIra se khIMca pratimA lAkara rakha dii| unheM sIdhe dekhane para manA karane para bhI unhoMne dekhA to vaha nizcala ho gii| devI ne kusuma vRSTi pUrvaka jaya-jaya kAra kiyaa| aba bhI giri para car3hane para ambikA devI kA bhavana dikhAI detA hai| kannauja se yakSa nAmaka eka maharddhika vyApArI ke gujarAta Ane para aNahilapura pATana ke nikaTa lakSArAma meM Akara ThaharA, vahAM sArtha sahita rahate varSAkAla A gyaa| megha barasane laga gye| bhAdave ke mahine meM bailoM kA sArA sArtha kahIM calA gyaa| patA nahIM lgaa| vaha vyApArI atyaMta cintA meM so rahA thaa| ambAdevI prakaTa huI aura kahA, beTA sote ho yA jAgate ho| seTha ne kahA ki mAM mujhe nIMda kahAM? jisakA sarvasva bhUta bailoM kA sArtha calA jAve use nIMda kahAM? devI ne kahA bhadra! isI lakkhArAma meM imalI ke vRkSa ke nIce tIna pratimAyeM haiN| tIna puruSa jamIna khudavA kara inheM grahaNa kro| eka pratimA ariSTanemi bhagavAna kI, dUsarI pArzvanAtha bhagavAna kI aura tIsarI ambikA devI kii| yakSa seTha ne kahA ki bhagavatI ! imalI ke vRkSa bahuta haiM ata: usa vRkSa ko kaise jAnA jAe? devI ne kahA ki dhAtumaya maNDala evaM puSpoM kA Dhera jahAM dekho, usI sthAna para tInoM pratimAeM haiN| unheM prakaTa karane para tumhAre baila svayaM A jaaveNge| ina pratimAoM ko prAtaH kAla pUjA vidhAna pUrvaka karake prakaTa kI gii| brahmANagaccha ke AcArya zrI yazobhadra sUrijI ke padhArane para saM0 502 mArgazIrSa pUrNimA ko dhvajAropaNa mahotsava huaa| ve ariSThanemi bhagavAna kohaNDI kRta pratihArya se Aja bhI pUje jAte haiN| jinaprabhasUrikRta yaha kalpa 33 granthAgraMtha parimita hai| kAzmIra se Aye hue ratana zrAvaka ne girinAra para kuSmANDI ambikA ke Adeza se lepyamaya bimba ke sthAna para pASANamaya neminAtha pratimA sthApita kii| ambAjI ke Adeza se svarNasiddhi, raupya siddhi Adi prApta kii| isa prakAra se ambikA devI ko nhavaNa, arcana, gandha, dhUpa, dIpaka se pUjana kara praNAma karake dhanArthI artha lAbha grahaNa karate haiN| ___ vividha tIrtha kalpa ke pRSTha 7 para giranAra para ambikA ke varNana kI gAthA... siMha yAnA hema varNA siddhabuddha sutAnvitA kRprAyaM lumbibhRta pANiratrAmbAsaMgha vighnht||3|| isa parvata para suvarNa sI kAntivAlI siMhavAhinI, siddha aura buddha nAmaka putroM ko sAtha liye hue kamanIya Amra kI lumba jisake hAtha meM hai aisI ambA devI yahAM rahI huI hai| yaha saMgha ke vighnoM kA saMhAra karatI hai| ___ ahicchatrA kalpa meM likhA hai ki prAkAra ke samIpa neminAtha bhagavAna kI pratimA sahita siddha buddha dhArita, Amralumba dhAraNI siMha vAhinI ambikA devI vidyamAna hai| mathurAkalpa meM likhA hai ki vahAM naravAhinI kuberA aura siMhavAhinI ambikA devI vidyamAna hai| hastinApura ke donoM kalpoM ke anusAra vahAM ambikA devI kA devakula thaa| satyapura (sAMcora) tIrthakalpa ke anusAra vallabhI ke zIlAditya dvArA ratnajaTita kAMgasI ke lie apamAnita zaMkA seTha gajjaNapati hamIra ko car3hAke lAyA taba candraprabha pratimA ko ambAdevI aura kSetrapAla ke bala se gaganamArga dvArA devapatana le jAI gii| _ vividhatIrtha kalpa meM eka rocaka prasaMga aura varNita hai| isameM gAMdhAra janapada sarasvatI pattana meM madana sArthavAha ujjayanta giri kA mahAtmya sunakara vahAM gyaa| mArga meM devI ne rUdana karatI strI ke rUpa meM hutAsana praveza kraayaa| agni kA jala ho gyaa| devI ne stuti mahimA kii| Age ambA ke vara se bhIla ko jItakara mathurA stUpa aura campaka meM vAsupUjya svAmI kA vandana-pUjana kiyaa| saurASTra ke mArga se mithyA dRSTi devI ne parIkSA pUrvaka saMtuSTa hokara jaya jayakAra kiyA aura nirvighna yAtrA karane ko hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 69

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khaa| kampilapura meM aThAI kii| zakrAdeza meM zramaNa nirdiSTa ambikA devI ne ahirAtra se 84 yojana dUra saurASTra deza pahuMcA diyaa| pakSopavAsI mayaNa ne gajapadakuMDa meM nahAkara giranArajI para abhiSeka kiyaa| pratimA galita hone se sabane AhAra kA tyAga kiyaa| ambikA ne vaizramaNa ke nirdeza para pAraNA kraayaa| isake bAda vahAM kA camatkArika varNana hai| nemi jiNesara caraNa ambhoSa mahuyara aMbikadevituhaM, saMghahasAnidhukari suha bhoya dehimaNa vaMchiya udaya riddhi / / 30 / / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke bhrAtA nandivardhana nirmApita 22 dhAtupratimAoM ko 581 varSa bAda ambAdevI ne lAkara canderI ke siddha maTha meM rkhaa| bIkAnera ke vRhat bhaMDAra meM jinaprabha sUri paramparA kI vi.saM. 1485 ke lagabhaga likhI huI ajJAtaka vikRta ambikA devI pUrvabhava varNana talaharA ga. 30 kA hai| isakI aMtima gAthA nimna hai... buhayaNa vayaNaha kiMpisuNevi kiMpimuNevi niyabuddhi blinn| cariu tumhArau baniu devi pUra maNoraha amha taNai / / 26 / / pratiSThAna kalpa meM likhA hai ki ambA devI Adi vahAM ke caitya meM basate hue bhakta zrI saMgha ke upasarga naSTa kara sahAyya karatI hai| kapardiyakSa kalpa meM ambA devI kA nAma bhI sammilita hai| dipurI tIrtha stavana meM bhI dvAra ke samIpavartI cha: bhujAoM kA kSetrapAla aura ambikA devI kA ullekha hai| ArAsaNa tIrtha kA prAsAda nirmANa ambikA devI kI kRpA se huA hai| isakA varNana upadeza-saptati meM diyA huA hai jo nimna hai___ "ArAsaNa tIrtha pAsila nAmaka zrAvaka dvArA ArAsaNa gAMva meM nirmApita aura devaguptasUri dvArA pratiSThita caitya anukrama se tIrtha rUpa meM pratiSThita rekhA kA ullaMghana nahIM kiyaa| yogI ne udAsa hokara dUsarA prayoga prArambha kiyaa| usane kadalIpatra nAlikA meM se eka sAMpa chor3A jisase vaha patra turanta bhasma ho gyaa| duSTa yogI ne kahA- suno logoM! yaha raktAkSa pannaga zIghra anta karane vAlA hai| yaha kahate hue mahAjanoM ke dekhate-dekhate sarpa ko chor3A phira dUsare sarpa ko bhI chor3A jo usakA vAhana ho gyaa| yogI dvArA prerita siMhAsana para vaha car3hane lgaa| AcArya mahArAja to svastha citta se dhyAnArUr3ha ho gye| saba loga hAhAkAra karane lge| yogI bhI muskarAne lgaa| guru mahArAja ke mahAtmya se vaha dRSTi viSa sarpa hataprabha ho gyaa| tapa ke prabhAva se eka zakunikA aaii| usane sarpayugala ko uThAkara turanta narmadA taTa para chor3a diyaa| yogI dInatApUrvaka guru mahArAja ke caraNoM meM girakara nirahaMkAra ho kara calA gyaa| saMgha ko apAra harSa huaa| rAjA ne mahotsavapUrvaka guru mahArAja ko svasthAna para phuNcaayaa| usI rAtri ko guru mahArAja ko eka devI ne Akara kahA ki he bhagavana ! maiM sAmane vAle vaTavRkSa para rahane vAlI pakSiNI thii| jaba maiMne ApakI dharma dezanA sunI to maiM usI samaya marakara kurukullAdevI huii| maiM hI sakunikA banakara sAMpoM ko uThA le gaI thii| guru mahArAja ne "karUkulA stava" kI racanA kii| isake pATha se bhavya-janoM ko sAMpoM ke bhaya se dUra kara sakate haiN| kIrtiratnasUrizAkhA ke kavi devaharSa ne jinaharSasUri ke rAjA ne DIsA gajala kI racanA kI jise zrI agaracanda nAhaTA ne abhaya jaina granthAlaya prati saM. 1699 patra gAthA 120 se svAdhyAya patrikA ke varSa 7 aMka meM prakAzita kI hai| jisakA aMza isa prakAra hai... Adi- caraNa kamala guru lAyacita saba janaku sukhdaay| ke pratibodhA haTha kiyA vipula sujJAna btaay|| gAUM guNa DIsA guhira sIddha pAtA subhyaan| samaraNI aMbA siddhi vighna viMDAra dIyai dhana vRddha / / 6 / / aMta-rUpa vicitra chatra aDola bAdhe adhika jasa alol| suNatAM maMgala gAna deva kuzala guru vaMchita daataa| cugalI cora mada cUra sadA sukha Apai saataa| caMdragaccha sIracaMdaguru jinaharSa sUrIzvara gaaje| pratapo drUya jimapUra bhajyAM saba dAlidra bhaajai| puNya sujasa kIdho pragaTa jihAsiddha ambA maataadhnnii| kavidevaharSa sukha thI kahe diyai sujasa liilaaghnnii||2|| ArAsaNa gAMva ke neminAtha mandira kA nirmAtA gogA maMtrI kA putra pAsila bahuta hI prasiddha hai| isake liye kahA jAtA hai ki vaha prArambha meM bahuta hI nirdhana thaa| eka bAra vaha guru mahArAja ke pAsa nivedana karane AyA to chAr3A kI putrI hAMsI ne usakI bar3I majAka ur3AI ki kyA vaha bhI maMdira banA rahA hai| 99 lAkha vyaya karake rAjA ne mandira banavAyA hai vaisA kyA Apa bhI bnaaveNge| usane guru mahArAja dvArA batAI gaI vidhi ke anusAra ambikA devI kI ArAdhanA kii| dasa upavAsa karane ke bAda ambikA pragaTa huI usane kahA ki mere prabhAva se sIse kI khAna cAMdI kI ho jaavegii| tuma use grahaNa kara nirmANa kArya kraao| huaa|" eka bAra muni candrasUri ke ziSya AcArya devasUri bhRgukaccha cAturmAsa sthita the| usa samaya kAnhar3a nAmaka eka yogI krUra sAMpoM ke 84 karaNDiye lekara vahAM AyA aura kahane lagA ki he surendra ! mere sAtha vivAda kIjiyegA nahIM to yaha siMhAsana tyAga deveN| AcArya ne kahA ki he mUrkha! tere sAtha vivAda kaisA? kyA zvAna ke sAtha kabhI siMha kA yuddha hotA hai? yogI ne kahA ki maiM sarpa krIr3A jAnatA hUM jisase mahala Adi sthAnoM meM jAkara dUsare logoM se adhika puraskAra prApta karatA huuN| AcArya mahArAja ne kahA- he yogI! hameM kisI prakAra kA vAda karanA abhISTa nahIM hai kyoMki muni tatvajJa hote haiM aura vizeSa kara jaina muni to vizeSa tatvaprAjJa hote haiN| phira bhI tumheM yaha kautuka hI karanA ho to rAjA ke samakSa vivAda karo kyoMki vijaya icchukoM ko caturaMga vAda karanA caahie| __ yogI aura AcArya mahArAja zrIsaMgha ke sAtha rAjyasabhA meM aaye| rAjA ne unheM sammAna pUrvaka siMhAsana para baitthaayaa| AcArya mahArAja udayAcala para ArUr3ha sUryabiMba kI bhAMti suzobhita the| yogI ne kahA- rAjendra sukhAvaha vAda hotA hai, jo prANAntaka vAda hai ata: merI zakti ko dekhiye| AcArya mahArAja ne use zekhI baghArate hue dekhakara kahA- are barAka, tumheM patA nahIM hamaloga sarvajJa putra haiN| phira AcArya mahArAja ne apane cAroM ora sAta rekhAeM bnaaii| yogI dvArA bahuta se sAMpa chor3e gaye para kisI ne hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 70

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usane tadanusAra neminAtha ke jinAlaya kA nirmANa kraayaa| isa mandira kI pratiSThA municaMdrasUri ke ziSya vAdIndra zrI devasUri ne kI thii| vimala zAha ko bhagavatI ambikA kA iSTa thaa| usakI sAdhanA karane se use apAra dhana sampati milii| isase hI usane aneka mandira, saMghayAtrAyeM Adi kiiN| vimala vasahi kI deharI saM. 21 meM eka mUrti hai| vahAM do mUrtiyAM haiM jo samvat 1088 ke AsapAsa meM banI huI hai| prAcIna ullekha : __ ambikA devI eka prAcIna devI hai| isake kaI udAharaNa prAcIna ullekhoM meM bhI diye gaye haiN| vaidika sAhitya meM bhI zaktisvarUpA devI kA ullekha hai| ye prAcIna deviyAM devagatiprApta deviyAM haiN| ve vibhinna nAmoM se jAnI jAtI haiN| pratIkAtmaka guNoM se saMyukta hone se eka pada vizeSa hai| cAra prakAra ke devoM kI Ayu kama se kama dasa hajAra varSa aura utkRSTa teMtIsa sAgaropama kI Ayu jainAgamoM ke anusAra hai| nAma kA arthavarNana pratIkAtmaka hai| yAnI vaha jaise mahiSAsura mardinI, moha mahiSAsura aura aMdhakAsura ajJAna, trizUla triratna Adi samajhanA caahie| apanI-apanI mAnyatA ke anusAra unakI pUjA karanA caahie| brahmA, viSNu, maheza bhI utpAda vyaya aura dhrauvya ke pratIka haiN| deviyAM kucha vaimAnika, kucha bhuvanapati, vyaMtara bANa, karArarUpa prakAra kI hotI haiN| jaisA ki apanI jAti karma prakRtyAnusAra kucha samyagdRSTi aura kucha mithyAdRSTi vAlI hotI haiN| eka kI AyuSya pUrI hone para usa pada para Ane vAlI deviyAM apanI karmaprakRtyAnusAra utpanna hokara apanI ArAdhanA virAdhanA yA pravRtti pUrvajanma ke saMskAroM ke anusAra hotI haiN| kaI mithyA dRSTi deviyAM jainAcAryoM ke samparka meM Akara samyak dRSTi prApta kara apanI hiMsaka pravRtti tyAga detI haiN| maNidhArI jinacandrasUri ke samparka meM Ane se AdhigAlI devatA samakitI devI hokara dillI ke mandira meM adhiSThAtA kA sthAna prApta kiyaa| seTha mANakacandra tapAgaccha ke adhiSThAtA maNibhadra bne| nagarakoTa kA vIrA sunAra bhI jinapatisUrijI ke upadeza se ArAdhaka bnaa| phira anazana pUrvaka mara karake adhiSThAyaka deva huaa| susANI mAtA surANoM va dUgaDoM kI kula devI samyaktva dhAriNI hai| nAkor3A bhairava ke sambandha meM kahA jAtA hai ki sakhalecA gotrIya zrAvaka the| isI prakAra se bhagavAna neminAtha jI kI adhiSThAtrI devI giranAratIrtha kI zAsana devI hii| dhareNandra evaM padmAvatI to bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI kRpA se indra evaM indrANI hue| zatrujaya kA adhiSThAyaka kApardi yakSa bhI grAma mahattara yA sarapaMca thA jo sAtoM vyasana-pApa karma meM Asakta thaa| munirAja ke cAturmAsa meM navakAra maMtra aura Adizvara bhagavAna kI bhakti se anazana karake kapardiyakSa (kavaDa yakSa), adhiSThAyaka deva huaa| usakI patnI bhI anazanapUrvaka marakara kapardikA vAhana hAthI huii| paumacariya meM jo 472 I. ke AsapAsa likhA gayA thA, siMhavAhinI ambikA kA varNana hai| vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kI TIkA meM koTyAcArya vAdI gaNi ne ambu kuSmANDI kI gAthA 3590 meM ullekha kiyA hai| vi.saM. 1390 meM jina prabha sUri jI dvArA hastinApura tIrthakalpa stavana gAthA 20 meM "bhASate utta jagaseva pavitrI kaarkaarnnm| bhavanaM ca ambikA devyA pAtrikosapta kachaMda / / (7) meM ullekha kiyA hai| kharataragaccha paTTAvalI saMgraha pR. 42 meM isa prakAra ullekha hai"tasminnavasare vimaladaNDa nAyakena gurjararAjJA sammAnite nArbudAcaladhAritryAM ArAsana nagare ambAyA: kuladevyA prAsAdaHkArita statragamya svapnedevyA darzanaM dattaM khaDge grahANetyuktvA rUpyatrambaka khAnIdarzate ca tayA tata stena mahat sainyaM kRtvA devI mahAtmyena catuviMzati dezAgRhItAH / chatrANi agretADyante baNik kulatvAt zIrSe vana sthApyante tsyeti| anya sAkSya : kharatara gaccha ke sAhitya meM ambikA devI kA kAphI vistAra se ullekha milatA hai| isakI paTTAvalI (kharataragaccha vRhada gurvAvalI) meM nimna ullekha hai 1- stambhana, zatrujaya, ujjayaMta Adi sthAnoM para pArzvanAtha, RSabhadeva, neminAtha kI mUrtiyAM evaM ambikA kI mUrtiyAM sthApita karane kA ullekh| pRSTha saM. 17 2- saM. 1236 meM ajamera meM mahAvIra evaM ambikA kI mUrtiyAM sthApita kii| (pR. 29) 3- vi.saM. 1318 meM bhIlar3I meM ambikA sahita kaI pratimAoM kI pratiSThAeM kraaii| (pR. 51) 4- vi. saM. 1362 yazodhavala ke putra thirapAlane ujjayanta meM ambikA devI kI mAlA grahaNa kii| (pR. 63) 5- vi. saM. 1380 meM mAnatuMga vihAra zatrujaya kI pratiSThA ke samaya aneka mUrtiyoM kI pratiSThAyeM kii| inameM ambikA devI kI eka thii| (pR. 72) 6- dillI ke rayapati seTha ke saMgha meM jina kuzala sUri ne bar3e vistAra se pUjA utsava kiyA thaa| (pR. 76) 7- vi. saM. 1377 meM ambikA kI eka mUrti derAvara nagara ke lie jina kuzala sUri ne pratiSThApita kI thii| 8- 'zatruJjaya vaibhava' ke pRSTha 180 meM isa prakAra se ullekha kiyA gayA hai, ratnAkara sUri atyanta nispRha prakRti ke mahApuruSa the| samatva unake jIvana meM sAkAra thaa| girinAra yAtrArtha padhArate hue parIkSArtha devI ne eka maNi mArga meM rakha dii| samasta ziSya parivAra kA dhyAna usa para jAnA jarUrI thaa| isa suMdara prabhAva pUrNa maNi ko dekhate hI ziSyoM ne jijJAsA kI ki yaha kyA hai ? pUjya ne kahA, "cintAmaNi ratna" ratna kI vAstavikatA kI parIkSA ke lie guru ne kahA ki he maNi! stambha tIrtha jAkara ke jJAnAgAra se saTIka paMcamAMga le A! tatkAla bhagavatI sUtra upasthita kiyA gyaa| parIkSaNa pUrNa huaa| saMyama ke sAmane isa maNi kA koI mUlya na thaa| yathA sthAna rakha dI gaI jo adRzya ho gii| anya prabandhoM meM bhI ambikA devI ke kaI ullekha milate haiN| ambikA ke prAcInatama ullekha mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle ke samakAlIna mUrti abhI bhI hastInApura meM milI hai isameM ambikA kI mUrti sthApita karane kA ullekha hai| hastinApura se bhI abhI hAla hI meM kucha mUrtiyAM hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 71

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milI thIM inameM padmAsana sthita 21 iMca kI eka mUrti ambikA kI bhI thii| rAjagRha meM vaibhAragiri meM eka zuMga kAlIna dUsarI zatAbdI I. pUrva kI ambikA kI mUrti hai| khaNDagiri ur3IsA meM AdinAtha evaM ambikA kI mUrtiyAM jo IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI pUrvArddha kI haiN| dakSiNa bhArata meM vailI mUlala (cittUra) meM bhI navIM zatAbdI kI ambikA kI sundara mUrti hai| jinadattasUri evaM ambikA : nAgadeva nAmaka eka zrAvaka thaa| vaha yugapradhAna AcArya ke darzana karanA cAhatA thaa| isa kAraNa usane girinAra parvata ke ambikA zikhara para jAkara tapazcaryA kii| devI ne prasanna hokara usake hAtha meM gupta lipi meM kucha akSara likha diye aura kahA ki jo ise par3ha degA use hI tU yugapradhAna AcArya maannaa| nAgadeva bhramaNa karatA huA kaI jagaha gayA kintu use koI yugapradhAna dikhAI nahIM diyaa| anta meM vaha pATaNa AyA vahAM bhI sabako apanA hAtha dikhaayaa| vahAM virAjamAna jinadata sUri ne ise vAsakSepa kara ziSya dvArA par3hA diyaa| ziSya ne gurudeva kI stuti par3hI, vaha yaha haidAsAnudAsA ivasarvadevA yadIya pAdAbja tale luThaMti marusthalI kalpatarU sajIyAt, yuga pradhAno jinadatta sUri / / yaha zloka bahuta hI pracalita hai| isa sambandha meM nimnalikhita pATha bhI avalokanIya hai| (aitihAsika jaina kAvya saMgraha pR. 30, 46, 216) 1- jiNadatta naMdau supahu jo bhArahaMmi juga pavaro ambA evi pasAyA binnAo naagdevenn...| nAgadeva vara sAvaeNa ujjita cddevinnu| pucchiya jugavara aMbaevi uvavAsa krevinnu| tasu bhatti tuTThAyatIya kari Akkhara likhiyaa| bhaNiu javAiya pamhasaya jugapavara sudhmmiy| bhamiUSa puhavi aNahilapuri jugapahANa tinnijaanniyu| jiNadatta sUri naMdau supahuaMbAevi bakhaNiyau...2 2- jinadatta sUri guru namaue ambikA e devi Ayesi jANiyai cihujuge jugapradhAna saMyaMbharie rAyaDai dIdhau zrI jinadharmadAna...21 3- ambA evi payAsakari jANI juga phaanno| nAgadeva jomuNi pavara vANI amiya sayANo m|| amiya samANa bakhANa jAsu suNivA sura Avai / causaThi jogaNi jAsunAmi nahuMtaNu saMtAvai / jugavara siri jiNadatta sUri mahiyali jaanniiji| nimmalamaNi dIpaMtibhAla jiNa jiNa caMda namijai...10 mantrI ne vaisA hI kiyaa| kalaza, jhAlara va pUjA ke sAmAna sahita gye| jahAM saMketa siddha huA, tIna pratimAeM prakaTa huiiN| eka vajramaya zrI AdinAtha pratimA, dUsarI ambikA mAtA aura tIsarA vAlInAtha kSetrapAla prakaTa hue| brAhmaNoM ne kahA, pratimA to hai para mandira banAne meM bAdhA dI to maMtrIzvara vimala daNDanAyaka ne svarNamudrAeM bichAkara bhUmi grahaNa kI aura bhagavAna RSabhadeva kA jinAlaya nirmANa kraayaa| aThAraha karor3a tirepana lAkha dravya vyaya huaa| saM. 1088 meM vardhamAna sUri jI pratiSThA karavA kara svargavAsI hue| ___ mahAtIrtha AbU kAvya gA-13 se (bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA): guruvarddhamAna sUrIzvara ne ambAdevI se sUcita ho| nirdeza kiyA AdIzvara kI pratimA pragaTegI nizcita ho| dvijagaNa se manapasaMda bhUmi icchita dhana dekara ke caahii| vichavAya svarNamudrAoM ko le leM dharatI jo mana bhAI...3 jinakuzalasUrijI ko ambikA devI kA iSTa thaa| inhoMne kaI ambikAdevI kI pratimAoM kI pratiSThA kI thii| inake lekha bhI diye jA rahe haiM jinodayasUrijI ke saMgha yAtrA meM jAte hue koTinArapura pahuMcane para ambikA devI kI pUjA arcanA karane kA ullekha vijJapti patra meM kiyA gayA hai| jayasAgaropAdhyAya : jinarAjasUrijI ke ziSya jayasAgaropAdhyAya uccakoTi ke vidvAna aura prabhAvaka saMta the| girinArajI para jaba saMghapati narapAla ne lakSmItilaka nAmaka kharataravasahI jinAlaya kA nirmANa karAyA taba ambikA devI ke pratyakSa darzana hone kA ullekha milatA hai... zrI ujjayaMta zikhare lakSmItilakAbhidho vara vihAraH narapAla saMghapatinA yadAdi kaarytumaarebhe| darzayati tadA cAmbA zrIdevI devatA jana samakSam atizaya kalpatarUNAM jayasAgara vAcakendrANAm...2 zrI jinarAja sUri (dvitIya): ve caturtha dAdA zrI jinacandra sUri ke praziSya the| ve ucca koTi ke vidvAn the| unheM ambikA devI kA pUrNa sAnnidhya thaa| unhoMne mer3atA meM bhI ambikA devI kI sthApanA kI thii| vaha unake sAnidhya meM hI vi. saM. 1662 meM nikalI huI pratimA thii| Apane prAcInatama lipi ko par3hA thaa| unake rAsa meM likhA hai ki devI ambikA kI kahI huI pacAsoM bAteM satya sAbita huiiN| devI ne kahA thA ki Apako pAcaMveM varSa meM AcArya pada milegaa| ambikA hAjarA hajUra thii| "jaya tihuNa" smaraNa karane para ahirUpa meM dharaNendra ne darzana diye the| devI ne unheM bhaTTAraka pada dene kA bhI AzIrvAda diyA thA jo unheM mila gayA thaa| zrI jina siMha sUri ke svargavAsa ke tIna dina pUrva hI unheM yaha jJAta ho gayA thaa| bacapana meM bhI tharAda evaM sAMcora ke bIca unheM "paracA' diyA thaa| jinarAja sUri kRtikusumAMjali evaM aitihAsika kAvya saMgraha meM nimna udAharaNa diyA gayA haighaMghANi pratimAtaNI re vAMcI lipi mahA jaann| ambikA sAdhI mer3ate re ketA karaya bkhaann||||| pArzvanAtha nI sAnidhi, kIdhIe akhiyaat| ghaMghANI pratimAtaNI vAMcI lipi vikhyAta...2 sadaguru sAdhI ambikA thaI kahayau paratakSa / bhaTTAraka pada pAMca mai barasaI pAmisiidakSa...3, hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 72

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milyA jike kahayA aMbikA bIjA bola pcaas| karai sAnidha gururAjanai hAjari rahi hulAsa...4 jayatihuaNa samaryA thakI ahirUpai dhrnniindr| bolyau thAisavaccha tuM kharataragaccha muNIMda...5 AjathakI caUthaI varisa phAguNa sudi zubhavAra / sAtamI divasaI tUM lahasi bhaTTAraka pada sAra...6 tihaM dIhAr3e thAkate tahaM jANayau jinraaj| maraNau jinasiMhasUriyanau e sabala karAmati Aja...7 bAlapaNA paNi tAharau pUrayau paratau ek| thirAda sAMcora bicaI aMbikA rAkhI Teka...8 (patra 2 se 8 abhaya jaina graMthAlaya prati 6713) bar3I bakhatI suprasanna vadana jANyo puNya aNkuur| paratakhI devI aMbikA huI hAjarA hajUra paratakhi paratau diThae aMbAnaI AdhAra lipi vAMcI ghaMghANIyaI jANai sahu saMsAra ...ai. jaina kAvya saM. 167 tUMThI jehanaha aMbikA re lAla avicala dIdhI vaac| lipi vAMcI ghaMghANIyai re sahu ko mAnai sAca ....ai. jaina kAvya saMgraha pR. 170 jinasAgarasUri rAsa meM... udayadikhAyau aMbikA re lo zrIjinazAsanadeva re| yugapradhAna jinacaMdra jIre karai kRpA nitmevre| ...ai. jaina kAvya saM. pR. 201 anya zilAlekhIya sAmagrI : nIce likhe lekha bhI mile haiM jinameM ambikA kI pratimA pratiSThApita karane kA ullekha hai1- saM. 1092 varSa nAgendra saMtAnena itabAraka sya ne aMbikA pratimA samasta goSThayA kAritA jUnAgar3ha mahAvIrasvAmI ke maMdira meM 2-saM. 1384 mAgha sudi 5 jinakuzala sUribhi: pratiSThita kAriteca... sA.u... bAlIsa (jayapura zrImAla dAdAvAr3I) 3- saM. 1380 zrI jinakuzala sUribhiH aMbikA prtisstthitaa| (bambaI meM eka zrAvaka ke pAsa) 4- saM. 1381 vaizAkha vadi 5 zrI jinacandrasUri ziSyaiH zrI jinakuzalasUribhiH (baidoM ke mahAvIra jinAlaya bIkAnera meM) 5- saM. 1483 varSe vaizAkha sudi 5 pragvATa jAti sA. abhayapAla bhA. ahiva de pu. sA. rAyasiMhena bhA. lavalI putra sA AsaDa abhaya rAja AMbadattAdi kuTumba yutena zreyase aMbikA mUrti kA0 pratiSThitA zrI somasundara suribhiH (ratalAma zAMtinAtha maMdira) 6- saM. 1525 varSe mAha 5 some uke0 sA0 rAjAkena aMbikA gotra devyA vyAvara meM hAlA (siMdha) se A gaI hai| isake sAtha saM. 1379 meM zrI jinakuzalasUri dvArA mArgavadI 9 pratiSThita pItala kA siMhAsana bhI hai| 8- khaMbhAta ke ciMtAmaNi jinAlaya meM bhUmigraha meM eka aMbikA gavAkSa hai| isameM devI kI sundara pratimA hai| jisa para saM. 1547 vaizAkha sudi 3 somavAra kA lekha khudA hai jisameM pragavATa jAti ke pAsavIra kI bhAryA pUrI ne apane kuTumba ke zreyArtha zrI aMbikA kI mUrti karAke sumatisAdhusUri se pratiSThita kraaii| 9- sAdar3I ke ciMtAmaNi pArzvanAtha maMdira meM aMbikA mAtA kI saMgamaramara kI eka mUrti jo pAlI meM pratiSThita hai| isakA lekha isa prakAra hai... siddham saM. (13) 12 mArga su. 13 zrI u. pallikA sthAne zrI zAMti nAtha caitye| 10- delavADA mevAr3a meM vi. saM. 1476 kA lekha aMbikA kI mUrti para hai yaha mahAtmA zrIlAla jI ke saMgraha meM haisaM. 1476 varSe mArga su 10 dine mor3ha jJAtIya sA. cauhatha bhAryA sAjaNi suta saM. mAnAkena aMbikA mUrtikAritA pratiSThitA zrI... (nAhara jaina lekha saMgraha 200) 11- ujjayaMta giri se bhI kaI ambikA kI mUrtiyAM milI haiN| ina para zilA lekha bhI mile haiM... saM. 1215 varSe caitra sudi 8 ravA vadyeha zrI madujayanta tIrthe jagatI samasta deva kulikA satka chAjA kuvAli saviraNa saMghavi Tha0 sAlavAhaNa pratipatyA sU. jasahar3a pu. sAvadevena paripUrNA kRtaa| tathA Tha0 bharatha suta Tha. paMDi (na) sAlivAhaNena nAgavarisirAya paritaH (bhAga) catvAri biMbI kRtakuMDarmAtara tadadhiSThAtrI zrI aMbikAdevI pratimA devakulikA ca nisspaaditaa| 12- saM. 1361 phAlguna zudi 3 guruvAre adyeha zrI sarasvatI zrImaccandra kule vasAMcArya zrI vardhamAna saMtAne sAdhvI malaya sundarI ziSyaNI bAI suhava Atmazreyase zrI ambikA devI mUrti: kArApitA zrI somasUri ziSyai zrI bhAvadeva sUribhiH pratiSThitA (ch)| 13- vimalavasAhi AbU kI prazasti meM nimna varNana hai (vi. 1378 kA lekha) azoka putrAsaNa pANipallAvA samulla sya tskesarazyaM (siMha) hvaainaa| zizu dvAyAMla kRtavihugahA satI satAM kriyAdvadhta vinArAma aNbikaa||1|| ayAnvadAtaM nizi daNDaDanAyakaM samAdideza prapatA kilaambikaa| ihAmi (ca) le tvaM kurU sadma sundaraM yugA dibhat nirUpAyasa zraya...10 14- acalagar3ha meM zAMtinAtha maMdira meM aMbikA devI kI mUrti para saM. 1515 varSe aassaaddh'vaadi| zukreukeza vaMze darar3A gotre AsA. bhA. sarayu putreNa saM. maMDalikena bhAga hIrAI su0 sujaNa dvi. bhA. rohiNI pR. bhrA. sA. pAlhAdi parivAra saMyutena zrI caturmukha prAsAde zrI ambikA kaa| 7- saM. 1380 kArtika su. 14 zrI jinacandrasUri ziSya zrI jinakuzala sUribhiH zrI aMbikA pratiSThitA - jaina tIrtha sarva saMgraha 372 yaha pratimA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 73

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mUrti kA zrI jinacandra sUribhi : ilorA guphA maMdira : kuzala nirdeza ke sitambara 92 ke aMka meM elorA kI ambikA devI kA sundara citra prakAzita kiyA jisameM phalayukta vizAla AmravRkSa ke nIce devI virAjita haiM, donoM ora donoM putra khar3e haiN| : satanA (madhya pra. ) ambikA kI sabhI mUrtiyAM baiThI huI milatI haiM aura donoM putra eka goda meM aura dUsarA pAsa meM khar3A hotA hai| kucha saparikara aura kaI binA parikara kI haiN| satanA (madhya pradeza) kI pratimA khar3I huI hai yaha kalApUrNa saparikara hai aura donoM putra ubhayapakSa meM khar3e haiN| maiMne isa pratimA kA citra kuzala nirdeza mArca 1994 ke aMka meM prakAzita kiyA hai| nagarakoTa kAMgar3A kAMgar3A meM ambikA kA mUrti maMdira thA, kintu aba nahIM rahA hai| suprasiddha upAdhyAya zrI jayasAgara jI ne vijJapti triveNI meM likhA hai ki kAMgar3A nagara koTa meM zAsana devI amvikA kA camatkArika maMdira hai, jisakA varNana anekazaH saMprApta hai| - bhagavAna kI caraNa sevikA zAsana devI ambikA hai| isake prakSAlana kA jala cAhe vaha eka hajAra ghar3oM jitanA ho to bhI bhagavAna ke prakSAlana ke pAnI ke sAtha pAsa-pAsa hone para bhI kabhI nahIM miltaa| mandira ke mUla garbha gRha meM kitanA hI jala kyoM na par3A ho bAhara se daravAje aise baMda kara die jAe ki cIMTI bhI praveza na kara sake, to bhI kSaNamAtra sArA pAnI sUkha jAyagA / jayasAgaropAdhyAya likhate haiM ki "bArai nemIsara taNai e, thAppeya rAya susammi / AdinAha ambika sahiya, kaMgaDa koTa sirammi / / " ambikA aura ArAsaNa nagara : ArAsaNa nagara candrAvatI ( AbU) ke pAsa hai| yahAM ambAjI nAma kA grAma hai| ise ambA devI kA maMdira kahate haiN| yahAM kaI jaina mandira haiN| mahAvIra svAmI ke maMdira meM ambA devI kI mUrti hai jisa para bi. sa. 1675 kA lekha hai| mUlarUpa se yaha pratimA vi. saM. 1120 meM pratiSThita huI thii| isa para puna: vi.saM. 1675 meM vijaya deva sUri kI pratiSThA kA ullekha hai| purANoM meM AbU kSetra meM ambA jI kA eka prAcIna sthala thA / skandapurANa meM adhikA khaNDa meM isakA ullekha hai| ise caMDikA nAma bhI diyA gayA hai| ise asuroM ke nAza karane ke lie bhagavAna ne prakaTa kiyA thA / Rgaveda meM sarasvatI eka ambikA kA ullekha bhI sArasvata sUkta meM hai / yahAM ambA devI ke lie "aMbI tame" likhA gayA hai| (Rgveda saMhitA maMDala 10 sArasvata sUtra maMtra / ) aitihAsika ullekhoM ke anusAra balabhIpura ke rAjA zIlAditya para musalamAnoM kA AkramaNa ho gyaa| usakI rANI puSpAvatI candrAvatI ke rAjA kI putrI thii| usa samaya rAjA ne bar3I dRr3hatApUrvaka unakA mukAbalA kiyaa| aMta meM usake rAjya kA vinAza ho gayA aura rANI ambA bhavAnI ke mandira meM bhAga gii| bauddha graMtha "DAkArNava" meM ArbudIdevI kA nAma ambikA ke lie kiyA gayA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha ambAjI hIraka jayantI smArikA kA mandira 10-11 zatAbdI ke bAda prasiddhi meM AyA thaa| yaha paramAra rAjA kI kula devI thii| giranAra parvata para saM. 1215 meM isake eka mandira vana jAne kA ullekha eka zilAlekha meM hai| ambAjI meM mAtAjI kA mandira kile ke sAmane moTe gar3ha meM hai| pahale isakA dvAra AtA hai| isake bAda DA. vI. bAju pujArI kA makAna AtA hai| isake bAda kAla bhairava kA sthAna hai| isa mandira ke pAsa eka prAcIna bAvar3I bhI hai| isake Upara eka dharmazAlA hai| isake bAda khulA cauka AtA hai| vahAM se bhagavatI kA mandira zurU hotA hai| isa mandira meM sundara sIr3hiyAM hai isake bAda bhavya maMDapa hai| isa mandira ke zilAlekhoM meM nAgara brAhmaNoM dvArA 15vIM zatAbdI ke ullekha hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki mahArAjA kuMbhA ne isa kSetra ko jItA aura ArAsaNa kA nAma badalakara apane nAma para ise "kuMbhAriyA" rakha diyaa| yahAM aura AsapAsa bhI kaI sthAna haiN| inameM gabbara koTezvara Adi sthAna hai| kuMbhAriyA meM amvikA kI mUrti 12vIM yA 13vIM zatAbdI kI hai yaha devakulikA kI bhramatI meM hai neminAtha mandira giranAra meM saM. 1059 I. ke AsapAsa sthApita mUrti hai / zrI jinezvara sUri kRtam : zrI ambikA devI aSTakam : devagandharva vidyAdharairvandite jaya jayAmitra vitrAsane vizrute / nUpurA rAva suniruddha bhunodare, mukharatara kiMkiNI cArutA svare // 1 // UM hIM maMtra rUpe zive zivakare, ambike devi jaya jayantu rakSA kare / sphuratAra hArAvalI rAjitorAsthale, karNa tADaMka rUciramya daMka sthale- 2 staMbhinI mohinI iza uccATane, kSudra vidrAviNI doSa nirvaashinii| jambhinI bhrAnti bhUtagraha sphoTinI, zAMti dhRti kIrtimati siddhi saMsAdhinI // 3 // OM mahAmaMtra vidyeunavadye svayaM, hrIM samAgaccha meM devi durita kSayam / OM pracaNDe prasIdakSaNa (he) sadAnaMda rUpe videhi kSaNam...4 UM namo devi ! divya zvameM bhairave, jaye aparAjite tapta hemacchaveH // UM jagajjanani saMhAra sammArjanI, hrIM kuSmANDi divyAdhi vidhvaMzinI...5 piMga tArotpadya kaNDIrave, nAma maMtreNa nirnAzitopadrave / avasarAnatara raivataka girinivAsinI, aMbike jaya jaya tvaM jagatsavAminI... 6 hI mahAvighna saMghAt nirnAzinI, duSTa paramaMtra vidyA balacchedinI / hastavinyasta sahakAraphala luMbikA, haratu duritAni devI jagadambikA... 7 itijinezvarasUribhiraMbikA, bhagavatizubhA maMtra padaiH stutA / DAvara pAtratA zubhasampada vitaratuprANihaMtvaMzivaM mama...8 aMbikA maMtra (vividha tIrthakalpa se) vayavIyam kula kulajalaha rihaya akkaMtara peaaii| paNaiNi vAyAvasio aMbi devI i ahamaMto...I dhruvabhuvaNa deva saMbuddhi pAsa aMkusa tiloa paMcasarA / Nahasihi 'kulakala abbhAsiamAyA para paNAma payaM...2 yAgugbhavaM tiloaM pAsa siNIhA otaiavantrassa / kuMDaM ca aMviAe namutti ArAhaNA maMto... 3 vidvat khaNDa / 74

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ambikA stuti : Amraguccha karAM sArAM nemIzvara kramAbjinIm, maMgaloccAra mukharAmbikA devyai (nama:) svaahaa| zrI amarasindhura gaNikRta : zrI ambikA gItam dezI - garabAnI mAM aMbAI, to darasaNa thI aDasidha navanidha pAI, mAI...1 mAI revaMtagiri UparamAlhe, mAI gahira guNai nitaprati gAjai mAI chata adhika opama chaajai| mAI...2 mAinemIsaranAcaraNa name mAI doSI jananai turata drme| mAI gahirA dukha vai turata damai... mAI 3 mAI cintApiNa mananIcUrai, mAI prema adhika lakSamI puurai| mAI caraNa name udaye sUrai... mAI 4 mAI ArAdhyAMtatakhiNa Avai, pekhI nijasevaka sukha paavai| mAI goraMgI milaguNa gAvai... mAI 5 nija dAsa nI AsA turata pUrai, devI nayaNA naMdacaDhate nuurai| mAI adhikai puNya ne aMkUrai... mAI 6 mAI neha nijara bhara nirakhIjai mAI vaMchita sukha mujha ne diijai| __mAI kAraja etohiva kIjai... mAI 7 varasujasatraMbAla jagata bAjai, sabalI siMgha asavArI chaajai| bhAvaTha bhaya to darasai bhAjai... mAI 8 baDa vakhatI vInatI avadhAro, ika sabala bharoso chai thaaro| avalavesara Apada thI tAro... mAI -9 AtaMka arI alagA harijo, devI sukha saMpata vahilA diijo| "amareza" ApaNar3A jANIje... mAI 10 // iti aMbikA gItam // giranArajI tIrtha meM jo ambikA mandira-zikhara para vartamAna hai vaha vastupAla tejapAla dvArA nirmApita hai usakI sukRta kIrti kallolinI Adi vastupAla prazastisaMgraha meM isa prakAra prakAzita hai| ambikA stotram : puNye girIza zirasi prathitAva tArA mAsUtrita trijagatI duritaaphaaraam| daurgatya pAti janatA janitAvalambA mambA mahaM mahima haimavatI mheym...| yadvaktrakuJja kuharodgata siMhanAdo apyunmAdi vighnakari yUtha ka dhAma maathm| kuSmANDi! khaNDayatu durvinayena kaNThaH, kaNThIrava: sa tava bhakti nateSu bhItim...2 kuSmANDi! maNDanamabhUt tava pAdapadmayugmaM yadIya hRdayAvani mnnddlsy| padmAlayA navanivAsa vizeSa lAbha lubdhA na dhAvati kutoapi tataH pareNa...3 dAridraya durdama tamaH zamana pradIpA: santAna kAnana ghanAghana vaaridhaaraaH| du:khopatapta janabala mRNAla daNDA: kuSmANDi! pAntu padapadma nakhAMzavaste...4 devi! prakAzayati santatameSa kAmaM, vAmetarastava karazcaraNA ntaanaam| kurvan pura: praguNitAM sahakAra lumbimaMbe! vilamba vikalasya phalasya lAbham... hantuM janasya duritaM tvaritA tvameva,nityaM tvameva jinazAsana rakSaNAya, devi! tvameva puruSottama mAnanIyA, kAmaM vibhAsi vibhayA sabhayA tvameva...6 teSAM mRgezvara gara jvara mAri vairi durvAravAraNa jala jvalanodbhavA bhIH / ucchRkhalaM na khalu khelati yeSu dhatse, vAtsatya pallavitamambakamambike! tvam...7 devi tvarjita jitapratipanthi tIrthayAtrA vidhau budha jnaanrNgsNgi| etat tvayistuti nibhAdbhuta kalpavallIhallIsakaM sakala saMgha mano mude'stu...8 varade kalpavalli tvaM stutirUpe sarasvati, pAdAgrAnugataM bhaktaM, lambhayasvA tulai:phalaiH / / 9 / / stotraM zrotrarasAyanaM zruta sarasvA nambikAyA: purazcakre gUrjara cakravartisaciva: zrIvastupAla: kavi: prAta: prAtara dhIyamAna managhaM yaccittavRttiM satA / mAdhatte vibhutAM ca tANDavayati zreya zriyaM puzyati...10 // iti mahAmAtya zrI vastupAla vinirmita ambikA stotram // giranArajI para jo vastupAla tejapAla ne ambikA zikhara yA mandira nirmANa karAyA usakA ullekha unakI prazastiyoM meM sarvatra uparyukta ullikhita grantha ke pR. 28, 44, 46, 48, 51, 54, 56 meM hai| zrI vijayasena sUri kRta revaMtagiri rAsu jo saM. 1288 ke AsapAsa kI prAcIna racanA hai| isa 10, 20, 22 kula 52 gAthA kI racanA kI prathama gAthA meM ambikA devI ko bhI namaskAra kiyA hai aura dvitIya kaMDavaM meM kAzmIra deza ke zrAvaka ratana dvArA abhiSeka karate lepyamaya biMba gala jAne se nirAhAra rahakara ArAdhanA kii| 21 upavAsa hone para ambikA devI ne prasannatA pUrvaka prakaTa hokara kahA, "vatsa tuma kaMcanavAlAnaka se Ate hue maNimaya bimba ko pIche kI ora mata dekhnaa| jinAlaya kI dehalI taka pahuMcate biMba harSAtireka se pIche dekhA aura vahIM bhagavAna neminAtha kI pratimA sthira ho gaI, kusumavRSTi huI Adi varNana hai| vaizAkha sudi pUnama ko jina biMba sthApana kara ajita aura ratana donoM saMghapati bhrAtA svadeza lauTa gye| tRtIya kaMDavaM meM ambikA svAminI ke maMdira kA isa prakAra varNana kiyA hai... girigaruyA sihari caDevi, aMba jaMbAhi baMbA lie| saMmiNie ambika devi deulu dIThu ramAulaM e...| vajjaI e tAla kaMsAla vajaI maddala guhirsr| raMgihiM e naccaI bAla, pekhivi aMbika muha kamalu...2 zubhakarU e Thaviu ucchaMgi vibhakaro naMdaNu pAsi ke| sohai e Ujila siMgi, sAmiNI sIMha siMghAsaNI e...3 dAvaI e dukkhahaM bhaMgu, pUraI vaMchiu bhviyjnn| rakkhai e cauvihu saMdhu, sAmiNI sIha siMghAsaNI e...4 aMta - raMgihi e ramai jo rAsu, sirivijayaseNisUri nimmaviue nemijinu e tUsaI tAsu, aMbika pUrai maNi ralI e...5 sukRta kIrtikallolinI (pR 103) hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 75

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mahopAdhyAya lalitaprabha sAgara appA so paramappA siddhatva hamArA svabhAva siddha adhikAra hai| na kevala adhikAra hai, svabhAva bhI hai| AtmA na mana hai, na vacana hai, na kAyA hai, AtmA sirpha 'AtmA' hai| nirAlamba hai, niSkaluSa hai, nirdoSa hai, moha-rahita, bhayamukta, vItarAga hai| krodha, vaimanasya, ghRNA ye saba AtmA ke vyaktitva nahIM haiN| rAga aura dveSa, ye saba Aropita haiN| khaulatA huA pAnI hAtha jalA sakatA hai, lekina agni ko nahIM jalA sktaa| pAnI kA svabhAva uSNatA nahIM, zItalatA hai| cAhe jitanA khaulatA pAnI agni meM DAlA jAye, vaha agni ko bujhAne meM hI sahAyaka hogA, jalAne meM nhiiN| cAhe agni meM khaulatA pAnI DAlA jAye yA ThaNDA pAnI, donoM hI agni ko zAnta hI kreNge| __ yahAM jala kA svabhAva zItalatA hai, garamAhaTa Aropita hai| zItalatA vAstava meM nirbhayatA, vItarAgatA, niSkaluSatA kI pratIka hai, jabaki garamAhaTa krodha, vaimanasya, sAMsArikatA Adi kA pratIka hai| siddhatva kA artha bhagavattA se hai, hamAre paramAtma-svarUpa se hai| bahuta se loga aise hue, jinhoMne paramAtmA kI khoja ke liye sAre saMsAra meM talAza kI, lekina unheM hatAza honA pdd'aa| jo kabhI khoyA ho, use khojA jAtA hai| bagala meM bacce ko rakhakara, nagara bhara meM use DhUMr3hanA bekAra kI parezAnI nahIM to aura kyA hai? jise khoyA hI nahIM, use khojoge kaise? yaha khojane kI yAtrA to ThIka vaise hI huI, jaise mRga kastUrI ko DhUMr3hane ke liye cAroM ora bhaTakatA hai, lekina antata: kastUrI vahIM milatI hai, jahAM se usane khojanA prArambha kiyA thaa| paramAtmA bhI Akhira vahIM milegA jahAM hama svayaM hai, jahAM se hamane yAtrA prArambha kii| paramAtmA kA kabhI viyoga nahIM ho sktaa| jahAM yoga hotA hai, vahAM viyoga hotA hai| paramAtmA kA kabhI viyoga nahIM huA, isaliye yoga bhI kaise hogaa| isalie paramAtmA ko khojanA nahIM hai, mAtra bodha kA rUpAntaraNa karanA hai| sirpha antara kI AMkha kholakara sthiti ko dekhanA hai, samajhanA hai| yaha darzana hI samajha kI krAnti hogii| dekhA yA khojA use jAtA hai, jo bAhara ho| jo bAhara hai hI nahIM, use bAhara kaise DhUMDhA jAye? kyA AtmA, AtmA ko DhUMr3hegI? kyA vyakti apane Apa para zaMkA karegA? loga AtmA para zaMkA karate haiN| hakIkata meM to jo zaMkA kara rahA hai, vahI AtmA hai| isase adhika hAsyAspada kyA hogA ki 'AtmA' apane Apa para zaMkAspada hai| paramAtmA kahIM bAhara nahIM, hamAre bhItara hai, hama svayaM haiM, para bAhara isalie DhUMr3ha rahe haiM, kyoMki indriyAM bAhara khulatI haiN| AMkha dUsare ko dekhatI hai, kAna dUsare ko sunate haiM, nAka dUsare kI gaMdha letI hai, saba kucha bAhara se jur3A hai, lekina apane Apa ko hI bhulA baiThe, to bAhara kyA karoge? AMkha saba kucha dekha letI hai, lekina apane Apa ko nahIM dekha pAtI, kAna saba kucha suna letA hai, lekina apanI antara kI AvAja anasunI raha jAtI hai| agara paramAtmA ko khojanA aura pAnA bhI cAhate ho to bhItara kI yAtrA karanI hogii| isameM AMkha, kAna, nAka, galA sahAyaka nahIM hoNge| yaha yAtrA atIndriya hotI hai| antara ke tatva kA darzana kara pAyegI antara kI aaNkh| jise ziva kA tIsarA netra kahA gayA hai, mahAvIra ne prajJA kA netra khaa| prakRti bAhara hai, paramAtmA bhItara hai| Akhira jo jahAM hogA use vahIM talAzA jaayegaa| prakRti bAhara hai, usakI talAza bAhara kro| paramAtmA bhItara hai, use bhItara ddhuuNddh'o| saMsAra bAhara hai, use bAhara ddhuuNddho| samAdhi bhItara hai, use bhItara dekho| loga viparIta calate haiM, antara meM saMsAra ko basAte haiM, bAhara samAdhi aura siddhatva khojate haiN| jo jahAM hai use vahIM dekhanA caahie| suI agara kamare meM khoI hai, to vahIM milegI cAhe vahAM aMdherA hI kyoM na ho| kamare meM khoI huI suI, kabhI chata para nahIM milegii| ulTI yAtrA karane se kyA phAyadA, jAnA hai bambaI aura baiTha rahe ho 'kAlakA mela' meM, gaMtavya Akhira kaise milegaa| para se jur3ane ke lie AdhAra caahiye| jaise binA indriyoM ke prakRti se sambandha nahIM jor3A jA sakatA, vaise hI indriyAtIta hue binA paramAtmA se sambandha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| dUsare se jur3ane ke lie AdhAra cAhiye, lekina apane Apa se jur3ane ke liye? vahAM kisI AdhAra kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| kamare meM baiThe ho, aMdherA hai, agara kisI bhI vastu ko DhUMr3hanA ho to prakAza kI AvazyakatA hogI, agara apane Apako DhUMr3hanA ho to? aMdhere meM bhI svayaM kA patA rahatA hai ki maiM huuN| AMkha bAhara khulatI hai, isaliye hama use bhI bAhara DhUMr3ha rahe haiM, jo bAhara hai hI nhiiN| choTe duHkha ko miTAne kI tarakIba bar3A duHkha hai, hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 76

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jaise koI baccA phor3e ke darda se karAha rahA hai, isI bIca calate hue gira jAye, hAtha kI haDDI TUTa jAye to baccA phor3e ke darda ko bhUla jAyegA aura haDDI kA darda usa para prabhAvI ho jaayegaa| ThIka aise hI cetana para jar3a prabhAvita hai| AtmA para pudgala prabhAvita hai| cale the paramAtmA ko DhUMr3hane, phor3e kA ilAja karAne, saMsAra meM phaMsa gaye, paramAtmA ko bhUla gaye, haDDI TUTa gaI, phor3e ko bhUla gye| ___ iMsAna bAhara kI daur3a meM lagA hai| kitane loga aise haiM jo paramAtmA ko yA apane Apa ko pAnA cAhate haiN| kahane meM bhale hI kaha deMge ki hama paramAtmA kA darzana karanA cAhate haiM, lekina mAyAjAla ke sAmane paramAtmA bhI gauNa ho jAtA hai| eka ora lAkha rupaye milate haiM, dUsarI ora paramAtmA milatA ho, to loga lAkha kI ora lapakeMge, paramAtmA kI ora nhiiN| bhale hI jindagI bhara kahate raheM, mujhe paramAtmA kA darzana karanA hai, lekina jaba kisI ne kahA, calo paramAtmA dikhA dUM to kahane lage, Thaharo, lar3akA bAhara gayA hai, vaha A jAye, use dukAna saMbhalavA kara calatA huuN| Asakti jar3a kI, lagAva pudgala kA, sammohana saMsAra kA, cetana kA saba kucha to jar3a ke lie nyauchAvara kara baiThe ho| ___ bAhara kI daur3a bAhara ke upakaraNoM se tAdAtmya banAtI hai, antara kI daur3a antara se| talAza kara rahe ho antara kI aura daur3a rahe ho baahr| ThIka ulTI yaatraa| aura to aura vyakti apanI zakla bhI Aine meM dekhakara pahacAna pAtA hai? apanI pahacAna kA bhI mAdhyama koI aura? dUsare ke dvArA svayaM ko acchA kahe jAne para, svayaM ko acchA samajha lete haiN| svayaM kA paricaya bhI dUsaroM para AdhArita ho gayA hai| ___ maiMne sunA hai, popaTarAma apane do dostoM ke sAtha tIrthayAtrA para niklaa| nAma kI tIrthayAtrA thI, nikalA to ghUmane-phirane hI thaa| eka dina calate-calate jaba koI gAMva na AyA, sAMjha Dhala gaI to jaMgala meM hI rAtri vizrAma karanA pdd'aa| tInoM ne nirNaya kiyA ki pratyeka tIna-tIna ghaMTe paharA degA, do soyeMge, eka jaagegaa| popaTarAma ke mitroM meM eka nAI thA, dUsarA gNjaa| sabase pahale nAI paharA dene ke liye khar3A huA, zeSa donoM so gye| nAI akelA khar3A-khar3A taMga A gayA aura kucha na sujhaa| vaha popaTarAma ke pAsa gayA aura usakA sira muMDana karane lgaa| ___ jaba tIna ghaMTe bIta gaye, nAI ne pArI badalane ke liye popaTarAma ko utthaayaa| usane sira para hAtha pherA, bolane lagA, mUrkha tU ye kyA kara rahA hai, tumane merI jagaha usa gaMje ko uThA diyA hai| loga apanI pahacAna bhI bAhara se kara rahe haiM, auroM se kara rahe haiN| aura isa bAhara kI khoja meM paramAtmA ko bhI bAhara hI khojane lage haiN| amRta bhItara hai, khoja bAhara cala rahI hai| bhItara kI to smRti bhI nahIM hai| dazoM dizAoM kI to sabhI carcA kiyA karate haiM, lekina gyArahavIM kI carcA koI nahIM krtaa| merA izArA isI dizA kI ora hai| ise apanI dizA kheN| koI kahatA hai paramAtmA uttara meM hai, koI kahatA hai dakSiNa meM hai, koI kahatA hai pUrva yA pazcima meM hai, hakIkata meM to paramAtmA vahAM hai, jahAM sabhI dizAeM gauNa ho jAtI haiM, vaha hai antr-dishaa| jo jisa dizA meM hai usakI khoja udhara hI honI caahie| gaMgA kA mUla utsa khojane ke lie agara vyakti dakSiNa kI ora apanI yAtrA prArambha karatA hai to usakI khoja pUrI na hogii| gaMgA kA utsa khojanA cAhate ho, to vaha tumhAre bhItara hai, hamArI gaMgotrI hamAre bhItara hai, jahAM se bahI hai jIvana kI dhaaraa| mAtA-pitA se hameM janma milA hai, jIvana nhiiN| cAhe sau nAle gaMgA meM Akara mila jAyeM, lekina ve gaMgA ke Adi srota nahIM ho skte| gaMgA kA Adi srota to gomukha hI khlaayegaa| Aja hama pUre zarIra meM haiN| isase pahale choTe zarIra meM the| usase pahale aura bhI choTe zarIra meM the| jaba mAM ke peTa meM the taba aura bhI choTe the| kabhI aisA bhI thA jaba mAM ke peTa meM mAtra aNu the| aNu se pUrva ke itihAsa ko jAnanA cAhoge? aNu se pUrva bhI hamArA astitva thaa| hama eka adRzya AtmA the| ye jitanA, jo kucha dikhAI de rahA hai yaha aNu aura paramANu kI virATatA hai| kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai binA bIja ke kyA vRkSa kA astitva ho pAyegA? agara apane jIvana ke atIta kI ora jhAMkoge, to svayaM ko choTe se choTA, anta meM adRzya pAoge aura mUla srota to Akhira hama hI haiM aura jisa dina yaha aNu aura adRzya ur3a jAyegA, isa dina vaha saba kucha, jo Aja dekha rahe ho eka piMjarA bhara hogA, khAlI piMjarA jise murdA kahakara phUMka diyA jAyegA, daphanA diyA jaayegaa| loga AtmA kI pahacAna nahIM kara pAte aura sArI jindagI saMsAra ke lie kho dete haiM aura jaise khuda haiM vaise hI apanA paramAtmA banA lete haiN| jo zAkAhArI haiM, usane apanA Izvara zAkAhArI banA liyA aura jo mAMsAhArI haiM, usane apanA Izvara mAMsAhArI banA liyaa| paramAtmA para bhI apanI AkRti kA AropaNa kara diyaa| agara saMsAra bhara kI jitanI mUrtiyAM haiM, jitane Izvara ke bheda-vibheda haiM, unakA nirmANa kArya pazu-pakSiyoM ke hAtha meM sauMpa diyA jAtA hai to jitane bhagavAna ke cehare hote haiM, saba pazu-pakSiyoM se milate-julate hote| patA nahIM Izvara ne iMsAna ko banAyA yA nahIM, lekina iMsAna ne to apanA Izvara banA hI liyaa| apane Izvara ko bAhara nirmita na kareM, apane banAye hue paramAtmA kI prArthanA na kareM, kyoMki vahAM sArI-kI-sArI prArthanAyeM saMsAra kI hoNgii| agara karanI hai prArthanA to usakI karo, jisane tumheM banAyA hai| anyathA, dhyAna meM bhI baiThoge to vahAM dhyAna meM bhI paramAtmA nahIM pati AyegA, agara mAlA ginane baiThoge to bhagavAna nahIM bhoga aaeNge| ____ maiM AbU meM thaa| dhyAna-sAdhanA ke lie vahAM tIna mAha kI sthiratA thI, kAphI videzI loga bhI dhyAna kA abhyAsa karane Ate the| eka dina, iTalI kA eka jor3A hamAre pAsa baiThA thaa| donoM ne kahA, hama iTalI meM bhI roja AdhA ghaMTA dhyAna karate the| hama donoM kI sarvisa alaga-alaga sthAnoM para hai tathA 200 ki.mI. kI dUrI para hai| maiMne kahA, so to ThIka hai, para jarA yaha batAyeM ki Apa donoM Adhe ghaMTe taka dhyAna meM kyA karate haiM? patnI ne apane pati kI ora izArA karate hue kahA, ye mujhe yAda karate haiM aura maiM inheM yAda karatI huuN| isa ghaTanA para haMsI bhI A sakatI hai, lekina yaha eka kI nahIM, sabake jIvana kI ApabItI hai| aba taka hamArI ora se kiyA jAne hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 77

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vAlA dhyAna-yoga, aise hI huA hai| dikhane meM lagatA hai, vyakti paramAtmA kA cintana kara rahA hai, para vahAM paramAtma-cintana ke nAma para pati-patnI kA cintana calatA hai| paramAtma tattva kI khoja Avazyaka hai, para yaha khoja bAhara kI khoja nahIM, apitu bhItara kI khoja ho| paramAtma khoja ke nAma para aba taka jitanI yAtrAeM kI gayIM, ve saba bAhara kI yAtrAeM thIM aura paramAtmA to antara-jagata meM haiN| yA yUM kahe to jo DhUMr3ha rahA hai, vahI paramAtmA hai| paramAtmA dvArA paramAtmA kI khoja kI jA rahI hai| maiMne kahA, paramAtmA dvArA paramAtmA kI khoja, yAni apane Apa kI khoj| ise khoja bhI na kaheM, yaha to Atma-bodha hai, Atma-darzana hai| kunda-kunda ne to aise logoM ke hAtha se nirvANa kA adhikAra hI chIna liyA, jo Atma-bodha aura Atmadarzana se zUnya haiN| isalie mokSa pAhur3a meM na paramAtmA kI zaraNa svIkAra kI gayI hai, na kisI devI-devatA kii| vahAM kunda-kunda kahate haiM, 'appAhU meM zaraNaM' AtmA hI merA zaraNa hai| isa duniyA meM koI kisI kA zaraNa bhUta nahIM hai| koI kisI kA nAtha nahIM hai, vyakti svayaM hI apanA nAtha banatA hai| mahAvIra kA darzana Atma-darzana hai| unake sAre sUtra Atma-anubhUti ke lie haiN| ve bahirAtmapana se chuTakArA dilAnA cAhate haiM, antarAtmA meM ArohaNa karAnA cAhate haiM aura paramAtma-dhyAna karavAnA cAhate haiN| AtmA ko paramAtmA se kabhI alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| donoM eka sAtha haiN| bhalA kapUra se khuzabU ko kabhI alaga nikAlakara dikhalAyA jA sakatA hai| jaise tila meM tela, dUdha meM makkhana ghule-mile rahate haiM vaise hI zarIra meM AtmA aura paramAtmA rahate haiN| isalie mahAvIra ne paramAtmA ke dhyAna kI preraNA kama dI, Atma-dhyAna para vizeSa bala diyaa| 'jo jhAyahI appANam parama samAhi have tassa' jo AtmA kA dhyAna karatA hai, kyoMki AtmA para se mukta hai| jahAM sva meM vAsa hotA hai vahAM samAdhi hotI hai| AtmA na zarIra hai, na mana hai, na vANI hai| jar3a pudgaloM se bhinna jo padArtha hai, vaha AtmA hai| mahAvIra paramAtma tatva ko ujAgara karane kA sUtra de rahe haiN| 'appo vIya paramappo' AtmA hI paramAtmA bana jAtA hai| zramaNa saMskRti ko chor3akara sabhI dharma-darzana apane Apako paramAtmA meM kho dene kI preraNA dete haiN| lekina mahAvIra svayaM paramAtmA hone kA pATha par3hAte haiN| isalie jaba rAma aura kRSNa dharatI para avataraNa lete haiM taba use avataraNa kahA jAtA hai| ve Izvara se iMsAna banate haiN| jabaki mahAvIra kA darzana iMsAna se Izvara kI yAtrA hai| vahAM Izvara iMsAna banakara apanI aizvarya zakti nahIM dikhAtA, apitu iMsAna apane bhujAoM ke bala para yAtrA karatA hai- gaMgAsAgara se gaMgotrI kI ora, talahaTI se zikhara kI or| yaha satya kI khoja hai, zikhara kI yAtrA hai aura udgama taka pahuMcanA hai| isa yAtrA meM ve hI loga saphala ho pAyeMge jo mahAvIra aura buddha kI taraha kRta saMkalpa hoMge, tenasiMha aura hilerI kI taraha apanI bhujAoM para vizvasta hoNge| isalie jina darzana meM avataraNa nahIM hotA, UrdhvArohaNa hotA hai| gaMgAsAgara se gaMgotrI kI yAtrA hotI hai| gaMgotrI se gaMgAsAgara kI yAtrA to murdA bhI kara sakatA hai| zikhara se talahaTI taka patthara bhI lur3haka sakatA hai| lekina gaMgAsAgara se gaMgotrI kI yAtrA ve hI loga kara pAeMge jo cetanA ke dhanI haiN| talahaTI se zikhara taka ve hI loga pahuMca pAeMge jinakI caitanya zakti ujAgara hai| isaliye mahAvIra iMsAna ko Izvara banA rahe haiM, AtmA ko paramAtmA banA rahe haiM, nara ko nArAyaNa aura bhakta ko bhagavAna banA rahe haiN| hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 78

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rAmavallabha somAnI vAlA jaina zrAvaka nahIM hai| maiMne apane gAMva gaMgApura (bhIlavAr3A) meM rahate hue lagabhaga 25 varSa kI umra taka kisI binA muMhapattI vAle jaina sAdhu ko nahIM dekhA thaa| maiM pahalI bAra jaba sumerapura gayA taba vahAM binA muMhapattI vAle jaina sAdhuoM ko dekhA to mujhe bar3A Azcarya huaa| maiMne vahAM logoM se pUchA ki inake muMhapattI kyoM nahIM hai to unhoMne batAyA ki Apa zAyada mevAr3a se Aye ho| yahAM to muMhapattI vAlA koI sAdhu nahIM hai| mevAr3a meM bAIsa sampradAya ke phailAva kA mukhya zreya bhAmAzAha ko hai| inake nirantara prayAsa se hI yaha sampradAya bar3I tejI se phailaa| bAIsa sampradAya ke kaI sAdhuoM jinheM inhoMne apanA Azraya diyA thA, mevAr3a ke eka-eka gAMva meM ghUma-ghUma kara apanA pracAra kiyA thaa| Aja mevAr3a kI sthiti yaha hai ki yahAM saikar3oM prAcIna jaina mandira hai| kaI sundara kalApUrNa mUrtiyAM hai kintu inake tAle baMda rahate haiN| eka samaya mandira kI pUjA koI pujArI Akara ke karatA hai| inheM pUjA ke bAda baMda kara diyA jAtA hai| yaha saba bhAmAzAha ke niraMtara prayAsa ke kAraNa hI huA hai| __ bhAmAzAha aura tArAcaMda do sage bhAI the| bhAmAzAha mevAr3a kA pradhAna maMtrI rahA thA aura tArAcaMda gor3avAr3a pradeza kA hAkima / tArAcaMda bar3A hI kalApremI thaa| usake sAtha kaI gAyikAyeM Adi bhI satI huI thiiN| usakI mRtyu sAdar3I meM vi.saM. 1654 meM huI thii| vahAM eka zilAlekha bhI laga rahA hai| ise maiMne kaI varSoM pUrva prakAzita kara diyA hai (marUdhara kesarI abhinandana grantha meM prkaashit)| isa zilAlekha ke prArambha meM bhAramala evaM usakI patnI karpUra devI kA ullekha hai| usake dvArA sAdar3I (gor3avAr3a) meM eka bAvar3I aura bAga banAne kA bhI ullekha hai| yaha sthAna ghANerAva ke mArga para hai| usane kaI granthoM kI sAdar3I meM pratilipi karAyI thii| inameM gorAbAdala caupAI bahuta suprasiddha hai| tArAcaMda ko Aja bhI sAdar3I meM bahuta yAda kiyA jAtA hai| bhAmAzAha kI mRtyu vi.saM. 1656 mAdhasudi 11 ke dina ikkAvana varSa kI Ayu meM huI thii| "vIra vinoda" nAmaka grantha meM likhA hai ki bhAmAzAha ne kaI bar3I evaM choTI lar3AiyAM lar3I thiiN| usake bAda usakA putra jIvAzAha mevAr3a kA pradhAna maMtrI rahA thaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jIvAzAha ke bAda isa parivAra ko vaha sammAna nahIM diyA gayA, jo bhAmAzAha ko milA thaa| lekina vi. saM. 1912 meM osavAloM kI nyAta meM udayapura meM inheM pahale tilaka karane kA Adeza mahArANA svarUpasiMha ne diyA thaa| isa sambandha meM eka paravAnA diyA jisakA aMza isa prakAra se bhAmAzAha kAvar3iyA bhAmAzAha kAvar3iyA mevAr3a ke mahArANA pratApa aura amarasiMha (prathama) ke pradhAna maMtrI the| svAdhInatA ke divya pujArI mahArANA pratApa ne apane deza kI rakSA ke lie apanA saba kucha balidAna kara diyA thaa| isa kArya meM usakI prajA usake pradhAna evaM anya loga bhI sahAyaka the| bhAmAzAha ke pitA bhAramala osavAla jAti ke kAvar3iyA gotra ke the| ve mUlarUpa se alavara meM rahate the| inakI yogyatA, laganazIlatA dekhakara mahArANA sAMgA ne inheM raNathaMbhora durga meM lagA diyA thaa| mahArANA udaya siMha ke samaya meM ve vahAM kiledAra niyukta ho gye| kucha samaya bAda yaha parivAra citaur3a A gyaa| citaur3a meM mahArANA pratApa ne bhAmAzAha ko apanA pradhAna bnaayaa| usake dvArA jArI kiye gaye kaI dAna patroM meM bhAmAzAha kA nAma bhI aMkita hai| haldIghATI ke yuddha meM bhAmAzAha ne apanA apUrva zaurya pradarzita kiyA thaa| zAhabAjakhAM dvArA kuMbhalagar3ha Adi kSetra jItane ke bAda pratApa bahuta hI parezAna ho gye| unhoMne eka bAra mevAr3a chor3ane kA nirNaya le liyaa| usa samaya bhAmAzAha ne apanA sArA dhana lAkara mahArANA ke sAmane rakha diyaa| usane kahA ki merA yaha dhana deza kI rakSA ke lie kAma Ave isase acchA merA kyA kAma hogaa| luMkA gacchIya padAvalI jise 17vIM zatAbdI meM likhA gayA thA, aura ise nAgapurIya luMkAgacchIya padAvalI ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai, meM bhAmAzAha ke parivAra kA vistAra se ullekha hai| isameM likhA hai ki bhAmAzAha ne luMkAgaccha ke pracAra ke lie jI tor3akara koziza kii| Aja bhIlavAr3A, citaur3a evaM rAjasamanda jile meM koI bhI mandira mAnane "svasti zrI udayapura subhe sUthAneka mahArANA zrI svarUpa siMha jI AdezAta kAvar3iyA jaicaMda kuNano, vIracaMda kasya apaMca thArA, bar3AvA bhAmoM kAvar3iyAM hai rAja mhai sAma dhramAsuM kAma cAkarI karI jI kI marajAda se TheTha sU myAMha mahAjanAM kI jAtamha bAbanI tthA cokA kA jImaNa vA sIma pUjA hove jImheM pahale talaka thAre hoto ho so agalA beNIdAsa nagaraseTha karaso karyo ara ve daryAphta talaka thAre nahIM karabA diido| AbarU hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 79

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sAla sI dIkhI so nage kara seTha premacaMda ne hukama kI do so ve bhI araja karI A nyAta mhe haka sara mAluma huI so aba talaka mAphaka dastUra ke the thAro karAyo jAsyo Age sUM thAre vaMsa ko hovegA jIke talaka huvA jAvegA paMcAne bI hukama kara dI yo hai so pelI talaka thAre hovegA pradhAnajI mehatA serasIMdha saM. 1912 jeTha sudi 15 budhe" ___ yaha dAnapatra bahuta hI mahatva kA hai| isameM yaha varNita hai ki nyAta ke sammelana meM jaba saba paMca ikaTThe hoveM to pahale pahale tilaka bhAmAzAha ke vaMzaja kAvar3iyA gotravAloM ke kiyA jaayegaa| isake bAda anya logoM ko| isameM yaha likhA hai ki pahale se kAvar3iyoM ke hI tilaka hotA AyA thA kintu mahArANA svarUpa siMha ke samaya nagara seTha ne isameM Apatti kI aura usane apane pahale tilaka lagAne ko khaa| isa para kAvar3iyoM ne mahArANA se zikAyata kI, isa para yaha nirNaya diyA gyaa| bAIsa sampradAya kI paTTAvalI jisameM bhAmAzAha kA varNana nAgaura ke lukAkaccha kI hai| isameM varNita hai ki depAgara nAmaka eka sAdhu ne bhAmAzAha ko apane dharma ke prati AsthAvAna banAyA hai isake bAda bhAmAzAha ne isake pracAra ke lie dina-rAta pUrI koziza kii| jagaha-jagaha aura jiloM ke hAkimoM ko nirdeza de diye| isase isake pracAra meM mahatvapUrNa saphalatA milii| rAjasthAna meM yA bhArata ke kisI rAjya meM aisA udAharaNa nahIM hai jisameM rAjya ke eka maMtrI ne kisI dharma pracAra ke lie aisA mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyA ho| ata: bhAmAzAha kA nAma deza bhakti ke sAtha dharma pracAra kI dRSTi se advitIya hai| esa-3-e, satya nagara jhoravAr3A, jayapura (rAja.) hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa /80

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pro. sAgaramala jaina jainadharma meM sAmAjika cintana jainadharma nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparA kA dharma hai| sAmAnyatayA use sAmAjika na mAnakara vyaktivAdI dharma mAnA jAtA hai, kintu jainadharma ko ekAntarUpa se vyaktivAdI dharma nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yaha satya hai ki usakA vikAsa nivRttimArgI saMnyAsapradhAna zramaNa paramparA meM hI huA hai kintu mAtra isa AdhAra para use asAmAjika yA vyaktivAdI dharma mAnanA, eka bhrAMti hI hogii| jIvana meM du:kha kI yathArthatA aura duHkhavimukti kA jIvanAdarza yaha sampUrNa zramaNa paramparA kA "atha' aura "iti" hai| kintu du:kha aura duHkhavimukti ke- ye sampratyaya mAtra vaiyaktika nahIM haiM, unakA eka sAmAjika pakSa bhI hai| du:kha vimukti kA unakA Adarza vaiyaktika duHkhoM kI vimukti nahIM hai apitu sampUrNa prANijagat ke duHkhoM kI vimukti hai aura yahI unheM samAja se jor3a detA hai| zramaNadhArA meM dharma aura nIti ko aviyojya mAnA gayA hai aura dharma evaM nIti kI yaha aviyojyatA bhI usameM sAmAjika sandarbha ko spaSTa kara detI hai| bhAratIya cintana meM sAmAjika cetanA ___ sAmAjika cetanA ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhAratIya cintana ko tIna yugoM meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai- (1) vaidika yuga (2) aupaniSadika yuga (3) jaina aura bauddha yug| sarvaprathama jahAM vaidika yuga meM "saMgacchadhvaM saMvaddhavaM saMvomanAMsi jAnatAm' arthAt tuma milakara calo, tuma milakara bolo, tumhAre mana sAtha-sAtha vicAra kareM- isa rUpa meM sAmAjika cetanA ko vikasita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA, to vahIM aupaniSadika yuga meM usa sAmAjika ekatva kI cetanA ke lie dArzanika AdhAra prastuta kiye gye| 'IzAvAsyopaniSad' meM RSi kahatA hai ki jo sabhI prANiyoM ko apane meM aura apane ko sabhI prANiyoM meM dekhatA hai vaha apanI isa ekatva kI anubhUti ke kAraNa kisI se ghRNA nahIM krtaa| aupaniSadika cintana meM sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra yahI ekatva kI anubhUti rahI hai| jaba ekatva kI dRSTi vikasita hotI hai to ghRNA aura vidveSa ke tattva svata: samApta ho jAte haiM kyoMki "para" rahatA hI nahIM, ata: kisase ghRNA yA vidveSa kiyA jaaye| ghRNA, vidveSa Adi parAyepana ke bhAva meM hI sambhava hote haiN| jaba sabhI "sva" yA AtmIya hoM to ghRNA yA vidveSa kA avasara hI kahAM raha jAtA hai| isa prakAra aupaniSadika yuga meM sAmAjika cetanA ko eka sudRr3ha dArzanika AdhAra pradAna kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI sampatti para vaiyaktika adhikAra kA nirasana kara sAmUhika-sampadA kA vicAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai| IzAvAsyopaniSad meM sampUrNa sampatti ko IzvarIya sampadA mAnakara usa para se vaiyaktika adhikAra ko samApta kara diyA gayA aura vyakti ko yaha kahA gayA ki vaha jAgatika sampadA para dUsaroM ke adhikAroM ko mAnya karake hI usa sampatti kA upabhoga kre| isa prakAra "tena tyaktena bhuMjIthA' ke rUpa meM upabhoga ke sAmAjika adhikAra kI cetanA ko vikasita kiyA gyaa| isI tathya kI puSTi mahAbhArata meM bhI kI gii| usameM apanI daihika AvazyakatA se adhika sampatti para apanA adhikAra mAnane vAle ko spaSTata: cora kahA gyaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vaidika aura aupaniSadika yuga meM sAmAjikatA ke lie na kevala preraNA dI gaI apitu eka dArzanika AdhAra bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jainadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA jahAM taka jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM kA prazna hai unameM sAmAjika cetanA kA AdhAra "ekatva" kI anubhUti na hokara "samatva" kI anubhUti rahI hai| yadyapi AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki jise tU duHkha yA pIr3A denA cAhatA hai,vaha tU hI hai| isameM yaha phalita hotA hai ki AcArAMgasUtra bhI ekatva kI anubhUti para sAmAjika yA ahiMsaka cetanA ko vikasita karatA hai phira bhI jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM sAmAjika cetanA evaM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ke vikAsa kA AdhAra sabhI prANiyoM ke prati samabhAva yA samatA kI bhAvanA rhii| unameM dUsaroM kI jijIviSA aura sukha-du:khAnubhUti Atmavat sarvabhUteSu ke AdhAra para samajhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA aura sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi para vizeSa bala diyA gyaa| yadyapi jaina aura bauddhadharma nivRttipradhAna rahe, kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki ve samAja vimukha the| vastuta: bhArata meM yadidharma ke kSetra meM saMghIya sAdhanA-paddhati kA vikAsa kisI paramparA ne kiyA to vaha zramaNa paramparA hI thii| jainadharma ke anusAra to tIrthaMkara apane prathama pravacana meM hI caturvidha saMgha kI sthApanA karatA hai| usake dharmacakra kA pravartana saMgha-pravartana se hI prArambha hotA hai| yadi mahAvIra meM lokamaMgala yA lokakalyANa kI bhAvanA nahIM hotI to ve apanI vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI pUrNatA ke pazcAt dharmacakra hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 81

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kA pravartana hI kyoM karate? praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki "tIrthaMkara kA yaha sukathita pravacana sabhI prANiyoM kI rakSA aura karuNA ke lie hai| pAMcoM mahAvrata saba prakAra se lokahita ke lie haiN| hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, vyabhicAra aura saMgraha (parigraha) ye saba vaiyaktika nahIM, sAmAjika jIvana kI hI duSpravRttiyAM haiN| jaina sAdhanA-paramparA meM paMcavratoM yA paMcazIloM ke rUpa meM jisa dharma mArga kA upadeza diyA gayA, vaha mAtra vaiyaktika sAdhanA ke lie nahIM apitu sAmAjika jIvana ke lie thaa| kyoMki hiMsA kA artha hai kisI anya kI hiMsA, asatya kA matalaba hai kisI anya ko galata jAnakArI denA, corI kA artha hai kisI dUsare kI zakti kA apaharaNa karanA, vyabhicAra kA matalaba hai sAmAjika mUlyoM ke viruddha yauna sambandha sthApita krnaa| isI prakAra saMgraha yA parigraha kA artha hai samAja meM Arthika viSamatA paidA krnaa| kyA samAja jIvana ke abhAva meM inakA koI artha raha jAtA hai ? ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha ke jo jIvanamUlya jaina darzana ne prastuta kiye ve pUrNata: sAmAjika mUlya haiM aura unakA uddezya sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi hai| lokamaMgala aura lokakalyANa yaha zramaNa-paramparA kA aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina paramparA kA mUlabhUta lakSya rahA hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne mahAvIra ke dharmasaMgha ko sarvocca tIrtha kahA hai, ve likhate / haiM ki- "sarvapadAH antakaraM nirantaM sarvodayaM tIrthamidaM tavaiva" - he prabho! ApakA yaha dharmatIrtha sabhI prANiyoM ke du:khoM kA anta karane vAlA aura sabhI kA kalyANa karane vAlA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM nivRttimArga ko pradhAnatA dekara bhI use saMghIya sAdhanA ke rUpa meM loka kalyANa kA Adarza dekara sAmAjika banAyA hai| jaina AgamoM meM kuladharma, grAmadharma, nagaradharma, rASTradharma aura gaNadharma ke jo ullekha haiM, ve usakI sAmAjika sApekSatA ko spaSTa kara dete haiN| pArivArika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM hamAre pArasparika sambandha kisa prakAra sumadhura aura samAyojanapUrNa bana sakeM aura sAmAjika TakarAva ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kara unheM kisa prakAra se dUra kiyA jA sake, yahI jainadarzana kI sAmAjika dRSTi kA mUlabhUta AdhAra hai| jainadarzana ne AcArazuddhi para bala dekara vyakti sudhAra ke mAdhyama se samAja-sudhAra kA mArga prazasta kiyA hai| vyakti aura samAja : jaina dRSTikoNa sAmAjika darzana ke vibhinna siddhAntoM ke sandarbha meM jainoM kA dRSTikoNa samanvayavAdI aura udAra rahA hai| Age hama kramaza: una siddhAntoM ke pariprekSya meM jaina dRSTikoNa para vicAra kareMge samAjadarzana kI dRSTi se vyakti aura samAja meM kise pramukha mAnA jAya, yaha eka mahatvapUrNa prazna hai| vyaktivAdI dArzanika yaha mAnate haiM ki vyakti hI pramukha hai, samAja vyakti ke lie banAyA gayA hai| vyakti sAdhya hai, samAja sAdhana hai ata: samAja ko vaiyaktika hitoM para AghAta karane yA unheM sImita karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai| dUsarI ora samAjavAdI dArzanika samAja ko hI sarvasva mAnate haiN| unake anusAra sAmAjika kalyANa hI pramukha hai, samAja se pRthak vyakti kI sattA kucha hai hI nhiiN| vaha jo kucha bhI hai samAja kI nirmiti hai| ata: sAmAjika kalyANa ke lie vaiyaktika hitoM kA balidAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| ina donoM prakAra ke aikAntika dRSTikoNoM ko jainadarzana asvIkAra karatA hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki vyakti aura samAja eka-dUsare se nirapekSa hokara apanA astitva hI kho dete haiN| usake anusAra dArzanika dRSTi se vyaktirahita sAmAnya (samAja) aura sAmAnyarahita vyakti donoM hI ayathArtha haiN| ve sAmAnya (Universal) aura vizeSa (Individual) nyAyavaizeSikoM ke samAna svatantra tatva nahIM mAnate haiN| manuSyatva nAmaka sAmAnya guNa se rahita koI manuSya nahIM ho sakatA aura binA manuSya (vyakti) ke manuSyatva kI koI sattA nahIM hotii| vizeSarUpa se jaba hama manuSya ke sandarbha meM vicAra karate haiM to pAte haiM ki manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai| ata: sAmAjikatA ke binA manuSya kA koI astitva nahIM hai| manuSya ko apane jaivika astitva se lekara bhASA, sabhyatA, saMskRti aura jIvanamUlya Adi jo kucha mile haiM ve samAja se mile haiN| yadi manuSya se usake sAmAjika avadAnoM ko pRthak kara diyA jAya to usakA kucha astitva hI nahIM rhegaa| dUsarI ora yaha bhI sahI hai ki binA manuSya ke manuSyatva kA koI artha nahIM hai| manuSya se pRthak manuSyatva nahIM hotA, ThIka yahI bAta samAja ke sandarbha meM bhI hai| samAja kA astitva vyaktiyoM para nirbhara hai| vyaktiyoM ke abhAva meM samAja saMbhava hI nahIM hai| dUsarI ora yaha bhI satya hai ki vyakti jo kucha hai vaha samAja ke kAraNa hai| isa prakAra jainadarzana meM na to nirapekSa rUpa se vyakti ko mahatva diyA gayA hai aura na hI samAja ko| jainadharma kI anekAMtika dRSTi kA niSkarSa yaha hai ki vyakti samAja-sApekSa hai aura samAja vykti-saapekss| jo loga vyakti nirapekSa samAja athavA samAja nirapekSa vyakti kI bAta karate haiM, ve donoM hI yathArtha se apanA mukha mor3a lete haiN| sAmAnyarUpa se to sabhI bhAratIya darzana aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki vyakti aura samAja meM se kisI eka ko hI saba kucha mAna lenA eka bhrAMta dhAraNA hai| yaha ThIka hai ki sAmAjika kalyANa ke lie vyakti ke hitoM kA balidAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu dUsarI ora yaha bhI sahI hai ki sAmUhika hita bhI vaiyaktika hita se bhinna nahIM hai| sabake hita meM vyakti kA hita to nihita hI hai| vyakti meM samAja aura samAja meM vyakti anusyUta hai| jaina paramparA meM saMgha hita ko sarvoparitA dI gaI hai| isa sambandha meM eka aitihAsika kathA hai ki bhadrabAhu ne apanI vaiyaktika dhyAna-sAdhanA ke lie saMgha ke kucha sAdhuoM ko pUrva-sAhitya kA adhyayana karavAne kI mAMga ko ThukarA diyaa| isa para saMgha ne unase pUchA ki vaiyaktika sAdhanA aura saMghahita meM kyA pradhAna hai ? yadi Apa saMghahita kI upekSA karate haiM to Apako saMgha meM rahane kA adhikAra bhI nahIM hai| Apako bahiSkRta kiyA jAtA hai-anta meM bhadrabAhu ko saMghahita ko prAthamikatA denI pdd'ii| yadyapi samAja ke hita ke nAma para AdhyAtmika aura naitika mUlyoM ko samApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jaina paramparA meM kahA gayA hai ki Atmahita karanA cAhie aura yadi zakya ho to lokahita bhI hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa/82

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karanA cAhie aura jahAM Atmahita aura lokahita meM naitika virodha kA prazna ho vahAM Atmahita ko hI cunanA pdd'egaa| yadyapi hameM smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki yahAM Atmahita kA tAtparya vaiyaktika svArthoM kI pUrti nahIM apitu AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kA saMrakSaNa hai| vastuta: vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA donoM hI mAnavIya astitva ke anivArya aMga haiN| pAzcAtya vicAraka breDale ne kahA thA- "manuSya manuSya nahIM hai yadi vaha sAmAjika nahIM hai aura yadi vaha mAtra sAmAjika hai to pazu se adhika nahIM hai| manuSya kI manuSyatA vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA donoM kA atikramaNa karane meM hai|"53 kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki jainadarzana apanI anekAMtika dRSTi ke kAraNa manuSya ko eka hI sAtha vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika donoM hI mAnatA hai| rAga jor3atA bhI hai aura tor3atA bhI hai __ yaha ThIka hai ki jaba manuSya meM rAga tatva vikasita hotA hai to vaha dUsaroM se jur3atA hai| lekina smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki dUsaroM se jur3ane kA artha hai kahIM se kttnaa| kyoMki jo kisI se jur3atA hai to kahIM se kaTatA avazya hai| rAga kA tatva vyakti ke "sva" kI sImA kA vistAra to avazya karatA hai kintu use dUsaroM se alaga bhI kara detA hai| jaba hama vaiyaktika svArthoM se yukta hote haiM to hamArA "sva" saMkucita hotA hai aura jaba hama sAmAjikatA se jur3ate haiM to hamAre "sva" kA kSetra vikasita hotA hai| kintu jaba taka hama apane aura parAye ke bhAva kA atikramaNa nahIM kara pAte haiM taba taka hamArA "sva" yA AtmA pUrNa nahIM bana pAtA hai| jainoM ke anusAra hamAre jIvana meM jo bhI TUTana hai, jo bhI sImAeM haiM aura jo bhI mere-parAye kA bhAva hai, ye sabhI rAga aura dveSa ke tatvoM ke kAraNa hai| jaba taka hama merA deza, merI jAti, merA dharma - ina "mere" ke gheroM se Upara nahIM uThate, dUsare zabdoM meM mere-tere ke gheroM kA atikramaNa jaba taka nahIM kara jAte taba taka sahI arthoM meM sAmAjika bhI nahIM bana pAte haiN| mere aura parAye kI mana:sthiti meM hama apane Apako kinhIM zRMkhalAoM meM jakar3A huA hI pAte haiN| jainadharma kI sAdhanA vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA hai, vaha anivArya rUpa se sva kI saMkucita sImA ko tor3anA hai aura apane aura parAye kI isa saMkucita sImA kA atikramaNa karanA asAmAjika honA nahIM hai| jainadharma mukhyatayA isa bAta para bala detA hai ki hama eka svastha sAmAjikatA kA vikAsa kareM aura yaha svastha sAmAjikatA rAga ke AdhAra para nahIM varan rAga kA atikramaNa karake hI kI jA sakatI hai| sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra rAgAtmakatA yA viveka ? sambhavata: yaha prazna upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki jainadarzana rAga ko samApta karane kI bAta karatA hai kintu rAga ke abhAva meM sAmAjika jIvana se jor3ane vAlA tatva kyA hogA? yadi apanepana aura merepana kA bhAva na ho to sAre sAmAjika bandhana caramarA kara TUTa jaaeNge| yaha rAgAtmakatA hI hai jo hameM eka-dUsare se jor3atI hai aura samAja kA nirmANa karatI hai| kintu kyA vastuta: rAgAtmakatA hamAre sAmAjika saMbaMdhoM kA yathArtha kAraNa ho sakatI hai? jaisA ki pUrva meM kahA gayA hai- rAga yadi hameM kahIM jor3atA hai to vaha hameM kahIM se tor3atA bhI hai| merI vinamra mAnyatA meM yadi hama rAga ke AdhAra para samAja ko khar3A kareMge to vaha eka svArthI vyaktiyoM kA samAja hI hogaa| vastuta: samAja kI saMracanA rAga ke AdhAra para nahIM viveka ke AdhAra para hI sambhava hai| yadi maiM dUsaroM kA maMgala yA hitasAdhana isalie karatA hUM ki ve mere apane haiN| lekina mere apanepana kA gherA kitanA hI bar3A kyoM na ho mujhe eka svArthI vyakti se adhika kucha bhI nahIM rahane degaa| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra samAja jisa AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai vaha rAga nahIM, viveka kA tatva hai, karttavyatA kA bodha hai| hameM dUsaroM kA hita-sAdhana kevala isalie nahIM karanA hai ki ve hamAre apane haiM apitu isalie karanA hai ki dUsaroM kA hita-sAdhana karanA yaha merA svabhAva hai, svadharma hai, kartavya hai| tatvArthasUtra meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki jIvadravya kA svabhAva paraspara eka-dUsare kA upakAraka honA hai| vyakti ke jIvana kI sArthakatA svahitoM/svArthoM kA balidAna karake dUsaroM kA maMgala karane meM hI hai| pArasparika hita-sAdhana hI jIva kA svabhAva hai aura isI se usakI karttavyatA hai| isI ke AdhAra para hamArA mAnava samAja khar3A huA hai| rAgAtmakatA hameM kisI se jor3atI hai to kahIM se tor3atI bhI hai, kyoMki rAga sadaiva dveSa ke sAtha-sAtha jItA hai| rAga aura dveSa aise jur3avA zizu haiM jo eka-dUsare ke sAtha jIte aura marate haiN| rAga ke abhAva meM dveSa aura dveSa ke abhAva meM rAga nahIM jI pAtA hai| ata: rAga ke AdhAra para jo samAja khar3A hogA usameM anivArya rUpa se vargabheda aura varNabheda hogA hI, kintu karttavyabodha ke AdhAra para jo samAja khar3A hogA vaha varNabheda aura vargabheda se Upara hogaa| vastuta: mAnavIya viveka ke AdhAra para hI karttavyabodha kI jo cetanA jAgRta hotI hai vahI hamArI sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra hai| rAga kI bhASA adhikAra kI bhASA hai, jabaki viveka kI bhASA dAyitvabodha yA karttavya kI bhASA hai| jisa samAja meM kevala adhikAroM kI bAta hotI hai vahAM kevala vikRta sAmAjikatA phalita hotI hai| svastha sAmAjikatA kAAdhAra adhikAra nahIM karttavyabadha hai| jainadharma jisa sAmAjika cetanA kI bAta karatA hai, vaha mAnavIya viveka kA anivArya pariNAma hai| viveka se karttavyatA aura sama-buddhi/samatA jAgRta hotI hai| jaba viveka hamArI sAmAjika cetanA kA AdhAra banatA hai, taba mere aura tere kI cetanA hI samApta ho jAtI hai| sama-buddhi se sabhI Atmavat haiM, aisI dRSTi vikasita hotI hai| yahI Atmavat dRSTi hamArI sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra hai| jaba taka AtmatulyatA kA bodha nahIM AtA hai, taba taka na to hiMsA, ghRNA Adi kI asAmAjika vRttiyoM se Upara uThA jA sakatA hai aura na hama sahI artha meM sAmAjika hI bana pAte haiN| jainadarzana meM sAmAjikatA kA AdhAra yahI AtmatulyatA kA bodha hai| sAmAjika jIvana kA bAdhaka tatva : ahaMkAra ___sAmAjika sambandhoM meM vyakti kA ahaMkAra bhI mahatvapUrNa kArya karatA hai| ahaMkAra ke kAraNa zAsana kI icchA athavA Adhipatya kI bhAvanA jAgRta hotI hai aura sAmAjika jIvana meM viSamatA paidA hotI hai| hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa/83

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zAsaka - zAsita kA bheda ahaMkAra ke kAraNa hI khar3A hotA hai| vartamAna yuga meM bar3e rASTroM meM jo apanA prabhAva kSetra bar3hAne kI pravRtti hai usake mUla meM bhI apane rASTrIya ahaM kI puSTi hI hai jaba vyakti meM Adhipatya kI vRtti dRr3ha hotI hai, to vaha dUsaroM ke adhikAroM kA hanana karatA hai, pariNAmata: dUsaroM kI svatantratA khaNDita hotI hai| na kevala zAsita aura zAsaka kA bheda apitu jAtibheda aura vargabheda ke pIche bhI yahI ahaMkAra kA tatva kAma karatA hai| jaba hama apane kula yA jAti ke ahaMkAra se yukta hote haiM to dUsaroM ko hIna samajhane kI pravRtti utpanna hotI hai, jisakA pariNAma jAti saMgharSa yA varga saMgharSa hotA hai| jAtivAda kA virodha aura sAmAjika samatA 16 17 jainadharma ahaMkAra ke upazamana ke sAtha-sAtha jAtivAda aura varNavAda kA spaSTarUpa se virodha karatA hai, vaha kahatA hai ki kisI jAti meM janma lene mAtra se nahIM apitu vyakti kA sadAcAra aura usakI naitikatA hI usako zreSTha banAte haiN| isa prakAra jainadharma jAtigata zreSThatA ke sampratyaya kA virodha karatA hai| vaha spaSTarUpa se kahatA hai ki koI vyakti isa AdhAra para brAhmaNa nahIM hotA ki vaha kisI brAhmaNI ke garbha se utpanna huA hai, apitu vaha brAhmaNa isa AdhAra para hotA hai ki usakA AcAra aura vyavahAra zreSTha hai| " jainadarzana jAtigata zreSThatA ke sthAna para AcAragata zreSThatA ko hI mahatva detA hai AcArAMga meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki na to koI hIna hai aura na koI zreSTha Aja hama dekhate haiM ki jAtigata / ' AdhAroM para aneka sAmAjika saMgaThana banate haiM lekina aise sAmAjika saMgaThanoM ko jainadharma koI mAnyatA nahIM detA hai| Aja bhI jainasaMgha meM aneka jAtiyoM ke loga samAna rUpa se apanI sAdhanA karate haiN| mathurA Adi ke prAcIna abhilekhoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki aneka jina-mandira aura mUrtiyAM gaMdhI telI, svarNakAra, lohakAra, mallAha, nartaka aura gaNikAoM dvArA nirmita haiM ye sabhI jAtiyAM aura varga jo hindU dharma meM varNavyavasthA kI kaThora rUr3hivAditA ke kAraNa nimna mAnI gaI thIM, jainadharma meM samAdRta the|" harikezIbala ( cANDAla), mAtaMga, arjuna (mAlAkAra) Adi aneka nimna jAtiyoM meM utpanna hue mahAn sAdhakoM kI jIvana gAthAoM ke ullekha jainAgamoM meM milate haiM, jo isa tathya ke sUcaka haiM ki jainadharma meM jAtivAda yA U~ca-nIca ke bheda-bhAva mAnya nahIM the / 19 isa prakAra jainadharma samAja meM vargabheda aura varNabheda kA virodhI thaa| usakA udghoSa thA ki sampUrNa mAnava jAti eka hai| 20 sAmAjika jIvana kI pavitratA kA AdhAra vivAha saMsthA sAmAjika jIvana kA prArambha parivAra se hI hotA hai aura parivAra kA nirmANa vivAha ke bandhana se hotA hai| ataH vivAha saMsthA sAmAjika darzana kI eka pramukha samasyA hai| vivAha saMsthA ke udbhava ke pUrva yadi koI samAja rahA hogA to vaha bhayabhIta prANiyoM kA eka samUha rahA hogA jo pArasparika surakSA hetu eka-dUsare se milakara rahate hoNge| vivAha kA AdhAra kevala yauna vAsanA kI saMtuSTi hI nahIM hai apitu pArasparika AkarSaNa aura prema bhI hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki nivRttipradhAna saMnyAsamArgI jaina paramparA meM isa vivAha saMsthA ke sambandha meM koI vizeSa vivaraNa nahIM milate hIraka jayantI smArikA haiN| jainadharma apanI vairAgyavAdI paramparA ke kAraNa prathamataH to yahI mAnatA rahA ki usakA prathama karttavya vyakti ko saMnyAsa kI dizA meM prerita karanA hai isalie prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM jainadharmAnukUla vivAha paddhati 21 koI ullekha upalabdha nahIM hote| prAcInakAla meM bRhad bhAratIya samAja yA hindU samAja se pRthaka jainoM kI apanI koI vivAha paddhati rahI hogI yaha kahanA bhI kaThina hai| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM meM prAcInakAla se hI vivAha hote rahe haiN| jaina purANa sAhitya meM yaha ullekha milatA hai ki RSabhadeva se pUrva yaugalika kAla meM bhAI-bahana hI yuvAvasthA meM pati-patnI ke rUpa meM vyavahAra karane lagate the aura eka yugala maiM puruSa kI akAla mRtyu ho jAne para RSabha ne sarvaprathama vivAha paddhati kA prArambha kiyA thaa| sa punaH bharata aura bAhubalI kI bahanoM brAhmI aura sundarI dvArA bhI AjIvana brahmacArI rahane aura apane bhAiyoM se vivAha na karane kA nirNaya liye jAne para samAja meM vivAha vyavasthA ko pradhAnatA milI, kintu vivAha ko dhArmika jIvana kA aMga na mAnane ke kAraNa jainoM ne prAcIna kAla meM kisI jaina vivAha paddhati kA vikAsa nahIM kiyaa| isa sambandha meM jo bhI sUcanAeM upalabdha hotI haiM usa AdhAra para yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki vivAha ke sambandha meM jaina samAja bRhad hindU samAja ke hI vidhi-vidhAnoM kA anugamana karatA rahA aura Aja bhI karatA hai| prAcIna jaina granthoM meM vivAha kaise kiyA jAya, isakA ullekha to nahIM milatA hai, kintu vivAha saMsthA ko yauna sambandhoM ke saMyamana kA eka sAdhana mAnakara usameM gRhastha upAsakoM ke lie svapatnI saMtoSavrata kA vidhAna avazya milatA hai| AdipurANa meM vivAha evaM pati-patnI ke pArasparika evaM sAmAjika dAyitvoM kI carcA hai usameM vivAha ke do uddezya batAe gae haiM-- ( 1 ) kAmavAsanA kI tRpti aura (2) santAnotatpatti | jainAcAryoM ne vivAha saMsthA ko yauna sambandhoM ke niyantraNa / evaM vaidhIkaraNa ke lie Avazyaka mAnA thaa| gRhastha kA svapatnI saMtoSavrata na kevala vyakti kI kAmavAsanA ko niyantrita karatA hai, apitu sAmAjika jIvana meM yauna vyavahAra ko pariSkRta bhI banAtA hai avivAhita strI se yaunasambandha sthApita karane, vezyAgamana karane Adi ke niSedha isI bAta ke sUcaka haiM jainadharma sAmAjika jIvana meM yauna sambandhoM kI zuddhi - - - 22 Avazyaka mAnatA hai| vivAha ke uddezya para prakAza DAlate hue AdipurANa meM batAyA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra jvara se pIr3ita vyakti usake upazamanArtha kaTu auSadhi kA sevana karatA hai, usI prakAra kAma jvara se santapta huA prANI usake upazamanArtha strIrUpI auSadhi kA sevana karatA hai| isase itanA pratiphalita hotA hai ki jainadharma avaidha yA svacchanda yauna sambandhoM kA samarthaka nahIM rahA hai| usameM vivAha sambandhoM kI yadi koI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA hai to vaha yauna sambandhoM ke niyantraNa kI dRSTi se hI hai aura yaha usakI nivRttimArgI dhArA ke anukUla bhI hai| usakI mAnyatA ke anusAra yadi koI AjIvana brahmacArI banakara saMyama sAdhanA meM apane ko asamartha pAtA hai to use vivAha sambandha ke dvArA apanI yaunavAsanA ko niyantrita kara lenA caahie| isIlie zrAvaka ke pAMca aNuvratoM meM vidvat khaNDa / 84

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sva-patnI saMtoSavrata nAmaka vrata rakhA gayA hai| punaH zrAvaka jIvana ke mUlabhUta guNoM kI dRSTi se vezyAgamana aura para-strI-gamana ko niSiddha ThaharAyA gyaa| isa prakAra cAhe vidhimukha se na ho kintu niSedhamukha se jainadharma vivAha-saMsthA kI upayogitA aura mahattA ko svIkAra karatA huA pratIta hotA hai| cAhe dhArmika vidhi-vidhAna ke rUpa meM jainoM meM vivAha sambandhI ullekha na milatA ho, kintu jaina kathA sAhitya meM jo vivaraNa upalabdha hote haiM, unake AdhAra para itanA to kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina paramparA meM samAna vaya aura samAna kula ke madhya vivAha sambandha sthApita karane ke ullekha milate haiN| AgamoM meM yaha bhI ullekha milatA hai ki bAlabhAva se mukta hone para hI vivAha kiye jAte the, isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainadharma meM bAla-vivAha kI anumati nahIM thii| mAtra yahI nahIM kucha kathAnakoM meM bAla-vivAha ke athavA avayaska kanyAoM ke vivAha ke dUSita pariNAmoM ke ullekha bhI mila jAte haiN| vivAha sambandha ko hindUdharma kI taraha hI jainadharma meM bhI eka AjIvana sambandha hI mAnA gayA thaa| ata: vivAha-viccheda ko jainadharma meM bhI koI sthAna nahIM milaa| vaivAhika jIvana dUbhara hone para usameM strI kA bhikSuNI bana jAnA hI mAtra vikalpa thaa| jaina AcAryoM ne alpakAlIna vivAha-sambandha aura alpavayaska vivAha ko ghRNita mAnA aura ise zrAvaka-jIvana kA eka doSa nirUpita kiyaa| jahAM taka bahupati-prathA kA prazna hai hameM draupadI ke eka ApavAdika kathAnaka ke alAvA isakA kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM milatA hai kintu bahupatnI-prathA jo prAcInakAla meM eka sAmAnya paramparA bana gaI thI, usakA ullekha jaina granthoM meM bhI milatA hai| yadyapi isa bahupatnI-prathA ko jaina paramparA kA dhArmika anumodana ho, aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki sampUrNa jaina vAGgamaya meM aisA koI vidhAyaka nirdeza prApta nahIM hotA jisameM bahupatnI-prathA kA samarthana kiyA gayA ho| jaina sAhitya mAtra itanA hI batalAtA hai ki bahupatnI-prathA usa samaya sAmAnya rUpa se pracalita thI aura jaina parivAroM meM bhI aneka patniyAM rakhane kA pralacana thA, kintu jaina sAhitya meM hameM koI aisA ullekha nahIM milatA ki kisI zrAvaka ne jainadharma ke pAMca-aNuvratoM ko grahaNa karane ke pazcAt apanA vivAha kiyA ho| gRhastha upAsaka svapatnI saMtoSavrata ke jina aticAroM kA ullekha milatA hai unameM eka paravivAhakaraNa bhI hai|5 yadyapi isakA artha jaina AcAryoM ne aneka dRSTi se kiyA hai kintu isakA sAmAnya artha dUsarA vivAha karanA hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki jaina AcAryoM kA anumodana to eka patnIvrata kI ora hI thA, Age calakara isakA artha yaha bhI kiyA jAne lagA ki sva-santAna ke atirikta anya kI santAnoM kA vivAha karavAnA kintu merI dRSTi meM yaha eka paravartI artha hai| __isI prakAra vezyAgamana ko bhI niSiddha mAnA gyaa| aparigrahItA arthAt avivAhitA strI se yauna sambandha banAnA bhI zrAvakavrata kA eka aticAra (doSa) mAnA gyaa| jainAcAryoM meM somadeva hI eka mAtra apavAda haiM, jo gRhastha ke vezyAgamana ko anaitika ghoSita nahIM krte| zeSa sabhI jainAcAryoM ne vezyAgamana kA eka svara se niSedha kiyA hai| jahAM taka prema-vivAha aura mAtA-pitA dvArA Ayojita vivAha sambandhoM kA prazna hai- jainAgamoM meM aisA koI spaSTa nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hai, ki vaha kisa prakAra ke vivAha-sambandha ko karane yogya mAnatI hai| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA ke draupadI evaM mallI adhyayana meM pitA-putrI se spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahatA hai ki mere dvArA kiyA gayA cunAva tere kaSTa kA kAraNa ho sakatA hai, isalie tuma svayaM hI apane pati kA cunAva kro|7 isakA spaSTa artha yahI hai ki jaina paramparA meM mAtA-pitA dvArA Ayojita vivAhoM aura yuvaka-yuvatiyoM dvArA apanI icchA se cune gaye vivAha sambandhoM ko mAnyatA prApta thii| jaina parivAra ke yuvaka-yuvatiyoM kA jaina parivAra meM hI vivAha kareM, yaha Avazyaka nahIM thaa| aneka jaina kathAoM meM anya dharmAvalambI kanyAoM se vivAha karane ke ullekha milate haiM aura yaha vyavasthA Aja taka bhI pracalita hai| Aja bhI jaina parivAra apanI samAna jAti ke hindU parivAra kI kanyA ke sAtha vivAha saMbaMdha karate haiN| isI prakAra apanI kanyA ko hindU parivAroM meM pradAna bhI karate haiN| sAmAnyatayA vivAhita hone para patnI pati ke dharma kA anugamana karatI hai| kintu prAcInakAla se Aja taka aise bhI saikar3oM udAharaNa jaina sAhitya meM aura sAmAjika jIvana meM milate haiM jahAM pati patnI ke dharma kA anugamana karane lagatA hai yA phira donoM apane-apane dharma kA paripAlana karate haiM aura santAna ko unameM se kisI ke bhI dharma ko cunane kI svatantratA hotI hai| phira bhI isa visaMvAda se bacane ke lie sAmAnya vyavahAra meM isa bAta ko prAthamikatA dI jAtI hai ki jaina parivAra ke yuvaka-yuvatiyAM jaina parivAra meM hI vivAha kreN| pArivArika dAyitva aura jaina dRSTikoNa gRhastha kA sAmAjika dAyitva apane vRddha mAtA-pitA, patnI, putra-putrI Adi parijanoM kI sevA evaM paricaryA karanA hai| zvetAmbara sAhitya meM ullekha hai ki mahAvIra ne mAtA kA apane prati atyadhika sneha dekhakara yaha nirNaya le liyA thA ki jaba taka unake mAtA-pitA jIvita raheMge, ve saMnyAsa nahIM leNge| yaha mAtA-pitA ke prati bhakti-bhAvanA kA sUcaka hI hai| yadyapi isa sambandha meM digambara paramparA kA dRSTikoNa bhinna hai| jainadharma meM saMnyAsa lene ke pahale pArivArika uttaradAyitvoM se mukti pAnA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| mujhe jaina AgamoM meM eka bhI ullekha aisA dekhane ko nahIM milA ki jahAM binA parijanoM kI anumati se kisI vyakti ne saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyA ho| jainadharma meM Aja bhI yaha paramparA akSuNNa rUpa se kAyama hai| koI bhI vyakti binA parijanoM evaM samAja (saMgha) kI anumati ke saMnyAsa grahaNa nahIM kara sakatA hai| mAtA, pitA, putra, putrI, pati yA patnI kI anumati prApta karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| isake pIche mUla bhAvanA yahI hai ki vyakti sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM se nivRtti pAkara hI saMnyAsa grahaNa kreN| isa bAta kI puSTi antakRtadazA ke nimna udAharaNa se hotI hai-jaba zrIkRSNa ko yaha jJAta ho gayA ki dvArikA kA zIghra hI vinAza hone vAlA hai, to unhoMne spaSTa ghoSaNA karavA dI hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 85

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ki yadi koI vyakti saMnyAsa lenA cAhatA hai kintu isa kAraNa se nahIM le pA rahA ho ki usake mAtA-pitA, putra-putrI evaM patnI kA pAlana-poSaNa kauna karegA - to unake pAlana-poSaNa kA uttaradAyitva maiM vahana kruuNgaa|28 yadyapi buddha ne prArambha meM saMnyAsa ke lie parijanoM kI anumati ko Avazyaka nahIM mAnA thaa| ata: aneka yuvakoM ne parijanoM kI anumati ke binA hI saMgha meM praveza le liyA thA, kintu Age calakara unhoMne bhI yaha niyama banA diyA thA ki binA parijanoM kI anumati ke upasampadA pradAna nahIM kI jaaye| mAtra yahI nahIM, unhoMne yaha bhI ghoSita kara diyA hai ki RNI, rAjakIya sevaka yA sainika ko bhI, jo sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM se bhAga kara bhikSu bananA cAhate haiM, binA pUrva anumati ke upasampadA pradAna nahIM kI jaave| hindU dharma bhI pitR-RNa arthAt sAmAjika dAyitva ko cukAye binA saMnyAsa kI anumati nahIM detA hai| cAhe saMnyAsa lene kA prazna ho yA gRhastha jIvana meM hI AtmasAdhanA kI bAta ho - sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM ko pUrNa karanA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| sAmAjika dharma jaina AcAradarzana meM na kevala AdhyAtmika dRSTi se dharma kI vivecanA kI gaI hai, varan dharma ke sAmAjika pahalU para bhI paryApta prakAza DAlA gayA hai| jaina vicArakoM ne saMgha yA sAmAjika jIvana kI pramukhatA sadaiva svIkAra kI hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM sAmAjika jIvana ke sandarbha meM dasa dharmoM kA vivecana upalabdha hai - 1. grAmadharma, 2. nagaradharma, 3. rASTradharma, 4. pAkhaNDadharma, 5. kuladharma, 6. gaNadharma, 7. saMghadharma, 8. siddhAntadharma (zrutadharma), 9. cAritradharma aura 10. astikaaydhrm| inameM se prathama sAta to pUrI taraha se sAmAjika jIvana se sambandhita haiN| 1. grAmadharma --grAma ke vikAsa, vyavasthA tathA zAnti ke lie jina niyamoM ko grAmavAsiyoM ne milakara banAyA hai, unakA pAlana karanA grAmadharma hai| grAmadharma kA artha hai jisa grAma meM hama nivAsa karate haiM, usa grAma kI vyavasthAoM, maryAdAoM evaM niyamoM ke anurUpa kArya krnaa| grAma kA artha vyaktiyoM ke kuloM kA samUha hai| ataH sAmUhika rUpa meM eka-dUsare ke sahayoga ke AdhAra para grAma kA vikAsa karanA, grAma ke andara pUrI taraha vyavasthA aura zAnti banAye rakhanA aura Apasa meM vaimanasya aura kleza utpanna na ho, usake lie prayatnazIla rahanA hI grAmadharma ke pramukha tatva haiN| grAma meM zAnti evaM vyavasthA nahIM hai, to vahAM ke logoM ke jIvana meM bhI zAnti nahIM rhtii| jisa pariveza meM hama jIte haiM, usameM zAnti aura vyavasthA ke lie Avazyaka rUpa se prayatna karanA hamArA karttavya hai| pratyeka grAmavAsI sadaiva isa bAta ke lie jAgRta rahe ki usake kisI AcaraNa se grAma ke hitoM ko coTa na phuNce| grAmasthavira grAma kA mukhiyA yA netA hotA hai| grAmasthavira kA prayatna rahatA hai ki grAma kI vyavasthA, zAnti evaM vikAsa ke lie, grAmajanoM meM pArasparika sneha aura sahayoga banA rhe| 2. nagaradharma - grAmoM ke madhya meM sthita eka kendrIya grAma ko jo unakA vyAvasAyika kendra hotA hai, nagara kahA jAtA hai| sAmAnyata: grAma-dharma aura nagaradharma meM vizeSa antara nahIM hai| nagaradharma ke antargata nagara kI vyavasthA evaM zAnti, nAgarika-niyamoM kA pAlana evaM nAgarikoM ke pArasparika hitoM kA saMrakSaNa-saMvardhana AtA hai| lekina nAgarikoM kA uttaradAyitva kevala nagara ke hitoM taka hI sImita nahIM hai| yugIna saMdarbha meM nagaradharma yaha bhI hai ki nAgarikoM ke dvArA grAmavAsiyoM kA zoSaNa na ho| nagarajanoM kA uttaradAyitva grAmINajanoM kI apekSA adhika hai| unheM na kevala apane nagara ke vikAsa evaM vyavasthA kA dhyAna rakhanA cAhie varan una samagra grAmavAsiyoM ke hita kI bhI cintA karanI cAhie, jinake AdhAra para nagara kI vyAvasAyika tathA Arthika sthitiyAM nirbhara hai| nagara meM eka yogya nAgarika ke rUpa meM jInA, nAgarika kartavyoM evaM niyamoM kA pUrI taraha pAlana karanA hI manuSya kA nagaradharma hai| jaina sUtroM meM nagara kI vyavasthA Adi ke lie nagarasthavira kI yojanA kA ullekha hai| Adhunika yuga meM jo sthAna evaM kArya nagarapAlikA athavA nagaranigama ke adhyakSa ke haiM, jaina paramparA meM vahI sthAna evaM kArya nagarasthavira ke haiN| 3. rASTradharma - jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra pratyeka grAma evaM nagara kisI rASTra kA aMga hotA hai aura pratyeka rASTra kI apanI eka viziSTa sAMskRtika cetanA hotI hai jo grAmINoM evaM nAgarikoM ko eka rASTra ke sadasyoM ke rUpa meM Apasa meM bAMdhakara rakhatI hai| rASTradharma kA tAtparya hai rASTra kI sAMskRtika cetanA athavA jIvana kI viziSTa praNAlI ko sajIva banAye rkhnaa| rASTrIya vidhi-vidhAna, niyamoM evaM maryAdAoM kA pAlana karanA hI rASTradharma hai| Adhunika sandarbha meM rASTradharma kA tAtparya hai rASTrIya ekatA evaM niSThA ko banAye rakhanA tathA rASTra ke nAgarikoM ke hitoM kA paraspara ghAta na karate hue, rASTra ke vikAsa meM prayatnazIla rahanA, rASTrIya zAsana ke niyamoM ke viruddha kArya na karanA, rASTrIya vidhi-vidhAnoM kA Adara karate hue unakA samucita rUpa se pAlana krnaa| upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM rAjya ke niyamoM ke viparIta AcaraNa karanA doSapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| jainAgamoM meM rASTrasthavira kA vivecana bhI upalabdha hai| prajAtantra meM jo sthAna rASTrapati kA hai vahI prAcIna bhAratIya paramparA meM rASTrasthavira kA hogA, yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai| 4. pAkhaNDadharma - jaina AcAryoM ne pAkhaNDa kI apanI vyAkhyA kI hai| jisake dvArA pApa kA khaNDana hotA ho, vaha pAkhaNDa hai| dazavaikAlikaniyukti ke anusAra pAkhaNDa eka vrata kA nAma hai| jisakA vrata nirmala ho, vaha paakhnnddii| sAmAnya naitika niyamoM kA pAlana karanA hI pAkhaNDadharma hai| samprati pAkhaNDa kA artha DhoMga ho gayA hai, vaha artha yahAM abhipreta nahIM hai| pAkhaNDadharma kA tAtparya anuzAsita, niyamita evaM saMyamita jIvana hai| pAkhaNDadharma ke lie vyavasthApaka ke rUpa meM prazAstA-sthavira kA nirdeza hai| prazAstAsthavira zabda kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para yaha spaSTa lagatA hai ki vaha janatA ko dharmopadeza ke mAdhyama se niyantrita karane vAlA adhikArI hai| prazAstA-sthavira kA kArya logoM ko dhArmika niSThA, saMyama evaM vrata-pAlana ke lie prerita karate rahanA hai| hamAre vicAra meM prazAstA-sthavira rAjakIya dharmAdhikArI ke samAna hotA hogA jisakA kArya janatA ko sAmAnya naitika jIvana kI zikSA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 86

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denA hotA hogaa| 5. kuladharma - parivAra athavA vaMza-paramparA ke AcAra-niyamoM evaM maryAdAoM kA pAlana karanA kuladharma hai| parivAra kA anubhavI, vRddha evaM yogya vyakti kulasthavira hotA hai parivAra ke sadasya kulasthavira kI AjJAoM kA pAlana karate haiM aura kulasthavira kA kartavya hai parivAra kA saMvardhana evaM vikAsa karanA tathA use galata pravRttiyoM se bacAnA / jaina paramparA meM gRhastha evaM muni donoM ke lie kuladharma kA pAlana Avazyaka hai, yadyapi muni kA kula usake pitA ke AdhAra para nahIM varan guru ke AdhAra para banatA hai / 6. gaNadharma gaNa kA artha samAna AcAra evaM vicAra ke vyaktiyoM kA samUha hai| mahAvIra ke samaya meM hameM gaNarAjyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| gaNarAjya eka prakAra ke prajAsattAtmaka rAjya hote haiN| gaNadharma kA tAtparya hai gaNa ke niyamoM aura maryAdAoM kA pAlana krnaa| gaNa do mAne gaye haiM. laukika (sAmAjika) aura 2. lokottara (dhArmika) / jaina paramparA meM vartamAna yuga meM bhI sAdhuoM ke gaNa hote haiM jinheM gaccha kahA jAtA hai| pratyeka gaNa (gaccha) ke AcAra-niyamoM meM thor3A-ba - bahuta antara bhI rahatA hai| gaNa ke niyamoM ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA gaNadharma hai / paraspara sahayoga tathA maitrI rakhanA gaNa ke pratyeka sadasya kA karttavya hai gaNa kA eka gaNasthavira hotA hai| gaNa kI dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para vyavasthAeM denA, niyamoM ko banAnA aura pAlana karavAnA gaNasthavira kA kArya hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra bAra-bAra gaNa ko badalane vAlA sAdhaka hIna dRSTi se dekhA gayA hai / buddha ne bhI gaNa kI unnati ke niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| - 7. saMghadharma - vibhinna gaNoM se milakara saMgha banatA hai| jaina AcAryoM ke saMghadharma kI vyAkhyA saMgha yA sabhA ke niyamoM ke paripAlana ke rUpa meM kI hai| saMgha eka prakAra kI rASTrIya saMsthA hai jisameM vibhinna kula yA gaNa milakara sAmUhika vikAsa evaM vyavasthA kA nizcaya karate hai| saMgha ke niyamoM kA pAlana karanA saMgha ke pratyeka sadasya kA karttavya hai / jaina paramparA meM saMgha ke do rUpa haiM-- 1. laukika saMgha aura 2. lokottara sNgh| laukika saMgha kA kArya jIvana ke bhautika pakSa kI vyavasthAoM ko dekhanA hai, jabaki lokottara saMgha kA kArya AdhyAtmika vikAsa karanA hai| laukika saMgha ho yA lokottara saMgha ho, saMgha ke pratyeka sadasya kA yaha anivArya karttavya mAnA gayA hai ki vaha saMgha ke niyamoM kA pUrI taraha pAlana kare / saMgha meM kisI bhI prakAra ke manamuTAva athavA saMgharSa ke lie koI bhI kArya nahIM kare ekatA ko akSuNNa banAye rakhane ke lie sadaiva hI prayatnazIla rhe| jaina paramparA ke anusAra sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA ina cAroM se milakara saMgha kA nirmANa hotA hai| nandIsUtra meM saMgha ke mahatva kA vistArapUrvaka sundara vivecana huA hai, jisase spaSTa hai ki jaina paramparA meM naitika sAdhanA meM saMghIya jIvana kA kitanA adhika mahatva hai| 32 8. zrutadharma sAmAjika dRSTi se dharma kA tAtparya hai zikSaNa vyavasthA sambandhI niyamoM kA pAlana krnaa| ziSya kA guru ke prati, guru kA hIraka jayantI smArikA ziSya ke prati kaisA vyavahAra ho, yaha zrutadharma kA hI viSaya hai| sAmAjika saMdarbha meM zrutadharma se tAtparya zikSaNa kI sAmAjika yA saMghIya vyavasthA hai| guru 'aura ziSya ke kartavyoM tathA pArasparika sambandhoM kA bodha aura unakA pAlana zrutadharma yA jJAnArjana kA anivArya aMga hai| yogya ziSya ko jJAna denA guru kA kartavya hai, jabaki ziSya kA kartavya guru kI AjJAoM kA zraddhApUrvaka pAlana karanA hai| 9. cAritradharma cAritradharma kA tAtparya hai bhramaNa evaM gRhastha dharma ke AcAraniyamoM kA paripAlana karanA / yadyapi cAritradharma kA bahuta kucha sambandha vaiyaktika sAdhanA se hai, tathApi unakA sAmAjika pahalU bhI hai| jaina AcAra ke niyamoM evaM upaniyamoM ke pIche sAmAjika dRSTi bhI hai | ahiMsA sambandhI sabhI niyama aura upaniyama sAmAjika zAnti ke saMsthApana ke lie haiN| anAgraha sAmAjika jIvana se vaicArika vidveSa evaM vaicArika saMgharSa ko samApta karatA hai ahiMsA, anAgraha aura aparigraha para AdhArita jaina AcAra ke niyama- upaniyama pratyakSa aura parokSa rUpa meM sAmAjika dRSTi se yukta haiM, yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai| 10. astikAyadharma astikAyadharma kA bahuta kucha sambandha tatvamImAMsA se hai, ataH usakA vivecana yahAM aprAsaMgika hai| isa prakAra jaina AcAryoM ne na kevala vaiyaktika evaM AdhyAtmika pakSoM ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA varan sAmAjika jIvana para bhI vicAra kiyA hai| jaina sUtroM meM upalabdha nagaradharma, grAmadharma, rASTradharma Adi kA yaha varNana isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki jaina AcAradarzana sAmAjika pakSa kA yathocita mUlyAMkana karate hue usake vikAsa kA bhI prayAsa karatA hai| vastutaH jainadharma vaiyaktika naitikatA para bala dekara sAmAjika sambandhoM ko zuddha aura madhura banAtA hai| usake sAmAjika Adeza nimna haiMjainadharma meM sAmAjika jIvana ke niSThA sUtra 1. sabhI AtmAeM svarUpata: samAna haiM, ataH sAmAjika jIvana meM UMca-nIca ke varga-bheda khar3e mata kro| -uttarAdhyayana, 12/37 2. sabhI AtmAeM samAna rUpa se sukhAbhilASI haiM, ataH dUsare ke hitoM kA hanana, zoSaNa yA apaharaNa karane kA adhikAra kisI ko nahIM hai| -AcArAMga 1/2/3/3 3. sabake sAtha vaisA vyavahAra karo, jaisA tuma unase svayaM ke prati cAha ho / -samaNasutaM, 24 4. saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke sAtha maitrI bhAva rakho, kisI se bhI ghRNA evaM vidveSa mata rkho| -samaNasutaM, 86 5. guNIjanoM ke prati Adara bhAva aura duSTajanoM ke prati upekSA- bhAva (taTastha vRtti) rkho| -sAmAyika pATha 1 6. saMsAra meM jo du:khI evaM pIr3ita jana haiM, unake prati karuNA aura vAtsalyabhAva rakho aura apanI sthiti ke anurUpa unheM sevA sahayoga pradAna kro| - - jainadharma meM sAmAjika jIvana ke vyavahAra sUtra : upAsakadazAMgasUtra, yogazAstra evaM ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra meM varNita zrAvaka ke guNoM, bAraha vratoM evaM unake aticAroM se nimna sAmAjika vidvat khaNDa / 87

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3. kisA AcAraniyama phalita hote haiM1. kisI nirdoSa prANI ko bandI mata banAo arthAt sAmAnyajanoM kI svatantratA meM bAdhaka mata bno| 2. kisI kA vadha yA aMgaccheda mata karo, kisI se bhI maryAdA se adhika kAma mata lo, kisI para zakti se adhika bojha mata laado| kisI kI AjIvikA meM bAdhaka mata bno| 4. pArasparika vizvAsa ko bhaMga mata kro| na to kisI kI amAnata har3apa jAo aura na kisI ke gupta rahasya ko prakaTa kro| sAmAjika jIvana meM galata salAha mata do, aphavAheM mata phailAo aura dUsaroM ke caritra-hanana kA prayAsa mata kro| 6. apane svArtha kI siddhi-hetu asatya ghoSaNA mata kro| 7. na to svayaM corI karo, na cora ko sahayoga do aura na corI kA mAla khriido| 8. vyavasAya ke kSetra meM nApa-taula meM prAmANikatA rakho aura vastuoM meM milAvaTa mata kro| 9. rAjakIya niyamoM kA ullaMghana aura rAjya ke karoM kA apavaMcana mata kro| 10. apane yauna sambandhoM meM anaitika AcaraNa mata kro| vezyA-saMsarga, vezyA-vRtti evaM usake dvArA dhana kA arjana mata kro| 11. apanI sampatti kA parisImana karo aura use loka hitArtha vyaya __ kro| 26. Aya ke anusAra vyaya kro| 27. apanI Arthika sthiti ke anusAra vastra phno| 28. dharma ke sAtha artha-puruSArtha aura mokSa-puruSArtha kA isa prakAra sevana karo ki koI kisI kA bAdhaka na ho| 29. atithi aura sAdhujanoM kA yathAyogya satkAra kro| 30. kabhI durAgraha ke vazIbhUta na hoo| 31. deza aura kAla ke pratikUla AcaraNa na kro| 32. jinake pAlana-poSaNa karane kA uttaradAyitva apane Upara ho, unakA pAlana-poSaNa kro| 33. apane prati kiye hue upakAra ko namratA pUrvaka svIkAra kro| 34. apane sadAcAra evaM sevA-kArya ke dvArA janatA kA prema sampAdita kro| 35. paropakAra karane meM udyata rho| dUsaroM kI sevA karane kA avasara Ane para pIche mata htto| nidezaka, pUjya sohanalAla smAraka pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI-5 sandarbha-grantha Rgveda, 10/19/12 2. IzAvAsyopaniSad, 6 3. vahI, / zrImadbhAgavata 7/14/8 AcArAMga, 1/5/5 praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 2/1/2 vahI, 2/1/3 8. samantabhadra, yuktyAnuzAsana 61 9. sthAnAMga, 10/760 10. dekheM - sAgaramala jaina, vyakti aura samAja, zramaNa 11. dekheM - prabandhakoza, bhadrabAhu kathAnaka 12. uddhRta (ka) ratanalAla dozI, AtmasAdhanA saMgraha, pR. 441 (kha) bhagavatIArAdhanA, bhAga 1, pR. 197 13. Bradle, Ethical Studies 14. muni nathamala, naitikatA kA gurutvAkarSaNa, pR. 3-4 15. umAsvAti, tatvArthasUtra, 5.21 16. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 25.19 17. AcArAMga, 1.2.3.75 18. sAgaramala jaina, sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI, bhAga 1, pR. 153 19. jaTAsiMhanandi, varAMgacarita, sarga 25, zloka 33-43 20. AcArAMganiyukti, 19 21. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga / pR. 152 22. jina sana, Adi purANa 11/166-167 23. antakRtadazAMga 3/1/3 24. upAsakadazAMga, 1/48 25. vahI, 1/48 26. vahI, 1/48 27. jJAtAdharmakathA, 8 (malliadhyayana) 16 (draupadI adhyayana) 28. antakRtadazA, 5/1/21 29. sthAnAMga, 10.760 vizeSa vivecana ke liye dekheM -- dharmavyAkhyA, pU0 javAharalAlajI ma. aura dharma-darzana, paM. muni zrI zuklacandrajI ma. 30. dharmadarzana, pR. 86 31. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, 158 32. nandIsUtra -- pIThikA, 4-17 12. apane vyavasAya ke kSetra ko sImita karo aura varjita vyavasAya mata kro| 13. apanI upabhoga sAmagrI kI maryAdA karo aura usakA ati saMgraha mata kro| 14. ve sabhI kArya mata karo, jisase tumhArA koI hita nahIM hotA hai| 15. yathA sambhava atithiyoM kI, santajanoM kI, pIr3ita evaM asahAya vyaktiyoM kI sevA kro| anna, vastra, AvAsa, auSadhi Adi ke dvArA unakI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kro| 16. krodha mata karo, sabase premapUrNa vyavahAra kro| 17. dUsaroM kI avamAnanA mata karo, vinIta bano, dUsaroM kA Adara-sammAna kro| 18. kapaTapUrNa vyavahAra mata kro| dUsaroM ke prati vyavahAra meM nizchala evaM prAmANika rho| 19. tRSNA mata rakho, Asakti mata bddh'aao| saMgraha mata kro| 20. nyAya-nIti se dhana upArjana kro| 21. ziSTa puruSoM ke AcAra kI prazaMsA kro| 22. prasiddha dezAcAra kA pAlana kro| 23. sadAcArI puruSoM kI saMgati kro| 24. mAtA-pitA kI sevA-bhakti kro| 25. ragar3e-jhagar3e aura bakher3e paidA karane vAlI jagaha se dUra raho, arthAt citta meM kSobha utpanna karane vAle sthAna meM na rho| 6. hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa /88

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0 DA0 prema sumana jaina jaina sAhitya aura usakA hindI se sambandha sAMskRtika mahatva : deza kI vibhinna bhASAoM meM jaina sAhitya upalabdha hai| ata: usameM vibhinna prAntoM kI sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika cetanA ke mahatvapUrNa tathya upalabdha hote haiN| IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM se lekara vartamAna yuga taka jaina sAhitya kA nirantara sRjana hotA rahA hai, ata: vibhinna yugoM ke sAMskRtika parivartanoM kA sAkSI jaina sAhitya hai| jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha sAMskRtika tathyoM kI prAmANikatA isaliye svIkArya hai ki ye jana-jIvana se jur3e hue haiN| kevala Adarza yA kAlpanika ur3AneM usameM nahIM haiN| vaha darabArI sAhitya nahIM hai| usake lekhaka adhikAMza sAdhaka AcArya haiM, jinakI kathanI-karanI kI prAmANikatA unake sAhitya meM bhI pratibimbita huI hai| jaina sAhitya meM varNita saMskRti ke vibhinna AyAma haiN| usameM darzana aura adhyAtma ke gUr3ha rahasyoM kA udghATana hai| siddhAMtoM kA vizada pratipAdana hai| muni evaM gRhastha-jIvana kA vistAra se varNana hai| isa sabako prastuta karane ke lie vibhinna kathAoM, dRSTAntoM evaM upAkhyAnoM kA manohArI citraNa hai| kintu isa sabake bhItara kucha aisI sAMskRtika sUcanAeM bhI haiM, jo anya bhAratIya sAhitya meM upalabdha nahIM haiN| itihAsa jinake sambandha meM prAyaH mauna hai, unhIM tathyoM kI ora jaina sAhitya ke pAThakoM kA dhyAna AcAryoM ne AkarSita kiyA hai| isase bhArata ke sAMskRtika vikAsa kI sahI jAnakArI meM madada mila sakatI hai| prAkRta evaM apabhraMza sAhitya meM kathAvastu evaM pAtroM kA cayana jana-jIvana meM se kiyA gayA hai| ata: isa sAhitya meM samAja ke samRddha aura zaktizAlI vyaktiyoM kA hI citraNa nahIM hai, apitu sarvahArA, dIna-hIna aura upekSita samajhe jAne vAle una vyaktiyoM ke jIvana kA bhI citraNa hai, jo caritra evaM sauhArda ke dhanI haiN| jaina lekhakoM kI isa udAra aura sarvagrAhI dRSTi ke kAraNa jaina sAhitya meM pahalI bAra sUkSmatA se grAmya saMskRti kA citraNa ho sakA hai| isase bhAratIya sAhitya kRtrimatA aura vilAsI jIvana se bahuta hada taka mukta huA hai| AMcalikatA ko mahatva dene ke kAraNa jaina sAhitya ne vibhinna pradezoM kI loka-saMskRti kI surakSA kI hai| aneka jAtiyoM ke jIvana-krama ko naSTa hone se bacA liyA hai| ___ kisI bhI sAhitya meM saMskRti ke saMvAhaka usake zabda hote haiN| jaina sAhitya kA eka yaha mahatvapUrNa pakSa hai ki usameM loka pracalita zabdoM aura bhASA ke prayoga kA vizeSa mahatva diyA gayA hai| isa kAraNa deza kI usa zabda sampadA ko jaina sAhitya ne surakSita rakhA hai, jo manuSya ke sAMskRtika vikAsa ko apane meM chupAye hue hai| bhAratIya bhASAoM kA itihAsa taba taka pUrA nahIM likhA jA sakatA jaba taka jaina sAhitya kA bhASAtmaka vivecana na kiyA jaay| ina saba pahaluoM para cintana-manana kiyA jAnA apekSita hai| pichale pacAsa varSoM meM jaina sAhitya ke kaI grantha prakAzita hue haiN| vizvavidyAlayoM meM jaina granthoM para zodha-prabandha bhI likhe gaye haiM, kintu abhI bhI naI dRSTi se kArya kiyA jAnA zeSa hai| sarva prathama jaina sAhitya para zodha-kArya kI prAthamikatA anya bhAratIya sAhitya ke sAtha usake antaraMga sambandhoM kI dI jAnI caahie| jaina sAhitya kI kaI vidhAeM bhAratIya sAhitya se ghaniSTha sambandha rakhatI haiN| kathAvastu, kathArUr3hiyoM, kavi-sampradAya, vastuvarNanoM Adi meM jaina sAhitya aura anya bhAratIya sAhitya kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA jAnA apekSita hai| hindI sAhitya ke sAtha to isa prakAra kA adhyayana aura bhI upayogI hogaa| kyoMki hindI sAhitya aura jaina sAhitya meM gaharA sambandha hai| hindI sAhitya se sambandha : hindI sAhitya aura jaina sAhitya ke pArasparika sambandha kI jAnakArI ke lie bhAratIya bhASAoM aura sAhitya ke vikAsa krama ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai| isa deza meM prArambha se hI loka bhASAoM meM sAhitya likhA jAtA rahA hai| pAlI, prAkRta aura apabhraMza jaisI janabhASAoM ne sAhitya ko paryApta samRddha kiyA hai| isa sAhitya kI dhArA se bhArata kI Adhunika bhASAoM-rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, marAThI Adi kA sAhitya prabhAvita huA hai| ina sabhI bhASAoM ke sAhitya ne bhASA, zailI aura svarUpa kI dRSTi se hindI sAhitya ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| ata: hindI sAhitya kA sambandha kisI hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 89

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rUpa meM isa deza kI prAcIna aura arvAcIna bhASAoM ke sAtha rahA hai| cUMki jaina kaviyoM ne deza kI prAyaH sabhI bhASAoM meM vividha prakAra kA vipula sAhitya likhA hai| ata: svAbhAvika hai ki jaina sAhitya kI isa sudIrgha paramparA se hindI sAhitya prabhAvita hotA rahA hai| prAkRta, apabhraMza aura rAjasthAnI bhASAoM ke jaina sAhitya se to hindI sAhitya kA sIdhA sambandha hai| hindI sAhitya ke vikAsa kA jo samaya jAnA-mAnA jAtA hai usa yuga meM jaina kaviyoM ne aneka vidhAoM meM hindI sAhitya bhI likhA hai| ataH paramparA, vikAsa svarUpa aura bhASA kI dRSTi se hindI sAhitya jaina sAhitya ke sAtha jur3A huA hai| hindI sAhitya meM jo kAvya rUpa prApta hote haiM unameM rAso sAhitya aura caritakAvya prasiddha haiN| apabhraMza sAhitya meM jo prabaMdha kAvya likhe gaye haiM, unakA hindI ke rAso sAhitya meM sIdhA saMbaMdha hai| rAso kA prArambhika rUpa prAkRta aura apabhraMza sAhitya meM prApta hai, jisakA kathA aura nRtya ke sAtha sambandha thaa| hindI sAhitya meM usane prabaMdhAtmaka rUpa grahaNa kara liyaa| jaina kaviyoM ne rAso sAhitya kI zailI meM kaI racanAeM likhI hai, jinheM pRthvIrAjarAso Adi ke sAtha rakhA jA sakatA hai| hindI sAhitya meM prabaMdha kAvyoM ke antargata premAkhyAnaka kAvya bahuta likhe gae haiM jinameM aneka loka-kathAeM prema kathAoM ke rUpa meM prastuta kI gaI haiN| ina prema kathAoM ke laukika rUpa prAkRta aura apabhraMza sAhitya meM prApta hote haiN| taraMgavatI kathA, lIlAvaikahA, rayaNaseharIkahA Adi prAkRta kathAeM evaM bhavisatta kahA, vilAsavaIkahA, jiNadattacariu, sudansaNacariu Adi apabhraMza kathAeM hindI premAkhyAnaka kAvyoM kI AdhAra bhUmi mAnI jA sakatI haiN| DholA mAru rA dohA kI kathA meM jina kathya-rUpoM aura kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM kA prayoga milatA hai, ve saba apabhraMza kathAoM meM prApta hote haiN| yahAM taka ki yaha DholA zabda bhI prAkRta ke dUlaha aura apabhraMza se hindI ke dUlhA taka pahuMcA hai| hindI ke prasiddha graMtha rAmacarita mAnasa kA apabhraMza sAhitya se ghaniSTha saMbaMdha hai| sAtavIM AThavIM zatAbdI ke apabhraMza mahAkavi svayaMbhU ke paumacariu meM jisa prakAra se rAmakathA ko upasthita kiyA gayA hai, tulasIdAsa ne usI prakAra rAmacaritamAnasa meM rAma kathA ko prastuta kiyA hai| donoM ne rAmakathA kI upamA nadI se kI hai| rAmakathA sarovara kA rUpaka, vinayapradarzana, sajjana-durjana varNana, dohA aura caupAI jaise chaMdoM kA prayoga rAma ke laukika rUpa kI pradhAnatA, vibhinna varNanoM kI zailI meM ekarUpatA tathA mAnasa meM lagabhaga 60 pratizata prAkRta-apabhraMza zabdoM kA prayoga, isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki tulasIdAsa ne jaina sAhitya meM pracalita rAmakathA ko hindI yuga taka pahuMcAyA hai| isa prakAra hindI ke prabaMdha kAvyoM ke talasparzI adhyayana ke lie jaina sAhitya ke prabaMdha kAvyoM kA mUlyAMkana aparihArya hindI sAhitya meM chaMda aura alaMkAroM kA jo prayoga huA hai ve adhikAMza prAkRta aura apabhraMza sAhitya se Ae haiN| apabhraMza meM vibhinna chaMdoM ko milAkara eka navIna chaMda ke prayoga karane kI pravRtti adhika thii| chappaya, vastu, raDDA, kuMDaliyAM Adi isI prakAra ke mAtrika chaMda haiM, jinakA hindI sAhitya meM khUba prayoga huA hai| hindI sAhitya meM tulasIdAsa kI kavitAvalI aura kezavadAsa kI rAmacaMdrikA meM ina chandoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| vibhinna chaMdoM ke prayoga ko dikhAne kI pravRtti apabhraMza sAhitya meM bhI thii| sudaMzaNa cariu meM 70 chaMdoM kA prayoga huA hai tathA jinadattacariu meM 30 chaMdoM kA prayoga hai| isI taraha kI chaMda bahulA apabhraMza racanAoM ne hindI sAhitya meM kAvyAtmaka racanAoM ke sRjana ko prerita kiyA hogaa| muktaka kAvya kI paramparA : hindI sAhitya meM aneka muktaka kAvya prApta hote haiN| kabIra, vidyApati, tulasI, mIrA, bihArI Adi kaviyoM ne bhakti, upadeza, nIti, zrRMgAra Adi viSayoM ke lie muktaka kAvyoM kA sRjana kiyA hai| ina kAvyoM meM prAya: dohA chaMda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| yaha dohA chaMda prAkRta ke gAthAchaMda kA vikasita rUpa mAnA jAtA hai, jisakA prayoga pahalI zatAbdI ke prAkRta kavi hAla se lekara madhyayuga taka aneka jaina kaviyoM ne kiyA hai| gAthAsaptazatI aura bajjAlagga, pAhuNadohA jaise muktaka kAvyoM se hindI meM muktaka kAvya svarUpa aura viSaya kI dRSTi se preraNA grahaNa karate rahe haiN| gAthAsaptazatI aura bihArIsatasaI meM to adbhuta samAnatA hai| hindI sAhitya ke kaI graMthoM ke kathAnakoM para bhI jaina sAhitya kA prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai| jAyasI ke padmAvata para prAkRta apabhraMza kathAoM kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| jAyasI ne deza Adi tathA Rtu Adi ke jo varNana kie haiM, unako par3hakara lagatA hai ki apabhraMza kathA sAhitya se avazya paricita the| padmAvata kI nAyikA padminI ko siMghala dvIpa kA batAyA gayA hai| prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke lagabhaga 12 kathAgraMthoM kI nAyikAeM siMghala dvIpa kI hotI haiM tathA use prApta karane ke varNana bhI prAya: vahI haiM jo padmAvata meM die gae haiN| jAyasI ke 100 varSa pUrva ke prAkRta kathAkAra jinaharSagaNi kI rayaNasaMharanivakahA aura padmAvata kI kathA ke adhyayana se to aisA lagatA hai ki jAyasI ne isa prAkRta graMtha ko avazya dekhA thaa| isa taraha vibhinna abhiprAyoM, kathA-rUr3hiyoM aura kathArUpoM kA yadi adhyayana kiyA jAve to jaina sAhitya aura hindI sAhitya ke kathAnakoM ke saMbaMdha para nayA prakAza par3a sakatA hai| hindI ke saMta sAhitya aura bhakti sAhitya para bhI jaina sAhitya kA prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai| prAkRta aura apabhraMza yuga meM aneka aise saMta hue haiM, jinhoMne bhakti dhArA ko pravAhita kiyA hai| jaina sAdhaka yogendra muni, rAmasiMha kavi, Anandaghana evaM suprabhAcArya Adi aise sAdhaka hue haiM, jinhoMne bAhya ADambaroM kA khaNDana kara mana kI zuddhi para bala diyA hai| hindI kI saMta dhArA meM bhI isa prakAra hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 90

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ke saMta hue haiN| apabhraMza saMta yogIndra kahate haiM ki na devAlaya meM, na zilA meM, na Alekhana meM, na citra meM bhagavAna hai, kintu alakha niraMjana aura jJAnamaya ziva zAMta citta meM sthita hai| deu Na devale Nani silae na vi lippar3a Navi citti| akhakhuNiraMjaNa NatNamau, siu saMThiu smciti| isI taraha kabIra ne bhI kahA hai ki jagaha-jagaha Izvara nahIM hai| mana kA Izvara hI saba jagaha hai jaise sAdho eka rUpa mana maaNhii| apane mana vicArikai dekho, kou dUsaro naahii| isI taraha jaina saMtoM ne jAti prathA ke khaMDana meM kahA hai ki sabhI AtmAeM samAna haiN| unameM se koI chudra nahIM hai aura na koI brAhmaNa aura na zUdra hai| bhaTTAraka zubhacandra tatvasAradohA meM kahate haiM ki bamhaNa kSatriya vaizya na shuudr| appArAjA navi hoI chudr|| kabIradAsa bhI yahI bAta kahate haiM ki___ eka bindu tai doU upajai, ko bAhamana ko suudaa| kabIradAsa eka hI mana ko gorakha, govinda aura oghar3ha Adi nAmoM se pukArate haiN| jaina kavi Anandaghana ne svayaM AtmA ko hI vibhinna nAmoM se kahA hai jaise rAma kaho rahamAna kaho koU, kAna kaho mahAdeva rii| pArasanAtha kaho kara brahmA, sakala brahma svayameva rii|| bhAjanabheda kahAvata nAnA, ekamRttikA ruuprii| taise khaNDa kalpanA ropita, Apa akhaMDa svruuprii| isI taraha jaina aura hindI sAhitya ke prAya: sabhI saMta kaviyoM ne apane-apane ArAdhya ko mukti prApti kA AdhAra mAnA hai| tulasIdAsa kahate haiM ki rAma kI bhakti ke binA saMsAra kA duHkha kaise miTegA raghupati bhakti satsaMgati binu, ko bhavatrAsa nsaavai| jaina kavi banArasIdAsa kahate haiM jagata meM so devana ko dev| jAsu carana parasaiM indrAdika, hoya mukti svmev| kavi ghAnatarAya kahate haiM jo tuma mokha deta nahIM hamako, kahAM jAye kihi dderaa| mahAkavi sUradAsa kahate haiM sUradAsa vRta yahai, kRSNabhajibhavajala-nidhi utarata / isa prakAra hindI sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA ke vibhinna sopAna jaina sAhitya kI AdhAra bhUmi para Tike haiN| upalabdha prAkRta, apabhraMza, rAjasthAnI aura hindI ke jaina sAhitya ke gaveSaNAtmaka adhyayana se hindI sAhitya ke vikAsa ko naI gati mila sakatI hai| jaina sAhitya jana-sAmAnya meM adhika pracalita ho sakatA hai| aise gahana adhyayana se sAhitya ke mAdhyama se deza ke sAMskRtika itihAsa ko naI dRSTi mila sakatI hai| -adhyakSa, jainavidyA evaM prAkRta vibhAga sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 91

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10 indrakumAra kaThotiyA TO FORGIVE IS DIVINE -Lord Mahavir JAINPEX '94 SCOUTS & GUIDES MAIL 17-12-04 READHENo.100 MINTHA Malfcerid fromcatrumasters kitA 13-12-04 CALCUTAS 700001.N 1608 THE PRINCIPAL SHREE JAIN VIDYALAYA. 25/1 BON BEHARI BOSE ROAD. HOWRAH-711 101. ka bAra DIAMOND JUBILEE 1934-1994 SHREE JAIN VIDYALAYA CALCUTTA 700 001 hama sapA vAsa bhAratIya sikkoM kI vikAsa-kathA mAnava kI vikAsa yAtrA ke sAtha hI Arambha hotI hai vinimaya kI khaanii| prAgaitihAsika kAla meM yadyapi logoM kA jIvanayApana mukhya rUpa se vanajanita saMsAdhanoM para hI AdhArita thA tathA unakA kArya kSetra bhI kevalamAtra apane kabIloM taka hI parisImita thaa| parantu zanaiH zanaiH samAja kA gaThana hone lagA aura vibhinna kabIloM ko Apasa meM vastuoM ke calana ke lie kisI mAdhyama kI AvazyakatA kA anubhava hone lgaa| phalasvarUpa samamUlya kI vastueM ApasI vinimaya kA saMsAdhana bniiN| isa taraha hama dainika vyavahRta vastuoM kA prayoga vinimaya ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| eka samaya meM gAyoM tathA dhAnya ko vinimaya kA nimitta banAyA gyaa| lekina AdAna-pradAna meM prayukta ina vastuoM ke prayoga se bahuta sI kaThinAiyAM utpanna hone lgii| yathA gAya kI umra kyA ho? usakA parimANa kyA ho? ityaadi| ata: vibhinna prakAra kI dhAtuoM kA upayoga isa kArya meM kiyA jAne lgaa| aMtata: vinimaya ke vibhinna AyAmoM ko DhUMDhate-DhUMr3hate mudrA ke rUpa meM vinimaya kA samIcIna saMsAdhana upalabdha huaa| ___ dhAtuI mudrAeM apane Apa meM asamAnAntara aitihAsika dastAveja haiM jo apanI thAtI meM agaNita gAthAoM ko AtmasAt kie hue haiN| ve hamAre samakSa una samasta aitihAsika, sAMskRtika, rAjanaitika evaM Arthika gatividhiyoM kI gAthAoM ko ujAgara karane meM sakSama haiM jo inake sRjanakartAoM ke jIvanakAla meM ghaTita huI hoNgii| mudrAoM se itihAsa ke ve bhUle-bisare pahalU bhI ujAgara ho uThate haiM jo kisI anya srota se sambhAvita nahIM ho paate| ve hamAre samakSa kAla kI satya vastusthiti prastuta karatI haiN| ina mudrAoM se itihAsa ke una abUjha praznoM kI bhI prAmANikatA prApta hotI hai jo anya srotoM se pUrNa prAmANika nahIM ho paate| sikkoM ke mAdhyama se na kevala hamArI jAnakArI meM nirantara abhivRddhi hI hotI hai varan hameM pUrva anubhavoM meM parivartana evaM parivardhana karane kA samucita sAdhana bhI prApta hotA rahatA hai| isa taraha itihAsa apanI sampUrNatA ko prApta karatA rahatA hai| __ prAcIna vAMgamaya ke bahulatA se na pAe jAne ke uparAMta bhI sikkoM kI upalabdhatA se prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa ke aneka vismRta AyAmoM kA sahI evaM saTIka mUlyAMkana karane meM hama sakSama ho sake haiN| aura inase na kevala hameM itihAsa meM aprApya zAsakoM evaM vibhinna pIr3hiyoM ke bAre meM hI jAnakArI prApta huI hai varan unake kAryakalApoM evaM mAnasikatA kA bhI bodha huA hai| kSetrIya tathA AkrAMtA donoM hI taraha ke zAsakoM ke bAre meM hameM sikkoM dvArA hI jAnakArI upalabdha hotI hai| grIka, siriyana evaM mathurA ke Arambhika zAsaka isake jvalanta udAharaNa haiN| paMjAba kSetra se IsvI san 200-100 varSa pUrva kI bekTriyana mudrAoM se hameM tIsa se Upara aise zAsakoM kI jAnakArI prApta huI hai jo kisI prAcIna vAMgamaya meM upalabdha nahIM hai| isI prakAra bahuta sI jana-jAtiyoM dvArA IsvI san se pUrva evaM tatpazcAt pracArita mudrAoM dvArA hI hameM una gaNataMtroM kA paricaya prApta hotA hai| yadyapi vyApArika gatividhiyoM evaM usake unnayana meM mudrAoM kA anyonyAzrita sambandha rahA hai tathApi unase hameM usa samaya pracalita dhArmika AsthAoM ke bAre meM bhI jAnakArI milatI hai| isake atirikta mudrAeM tatkAlIna kalA vaiziSTya ko bhI udghATita karatI haiN| isase usa yuga ke kalAkAroM kI kAryakuzalatA, unake jJAna evaM unakI kalpanAoM kI jhalaka bhI hameM prApta hotI hai| baikTriyana zAsakoM, sAtavAhana rAjAoM evaM guptakAlIna svarNamudrAoM para utkIrNa vibhinna rAjAoM kI chaviyAM isakA utkRSTa udAharaNa prastuta karatI haiN| isI prakAra mugalakAlIna mudrAoM para, vizeSata: jahAMgIra dvArA pratipAdita mudrAoM para, aMkita vibhinna prakAra ke rAzi citraNa kalA kI parAkASThA ke dyotaka haiN| ata: mudrAeM itihAsa evaM kalA premiyoM- donoM hI ko samAna rUpa se AkarSita karane meM sakSama hai| vinimaya-vikAsa ke vibhinna caraNoM kA itihAsa hameM prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa meM yatra-tatra bikharA huA upalabdha hotA hai| inameM Rgveda, aiteriya brAhmaNa, pANini kI 'aSTAdhyAyI', gopatha brAhmaNa, chAndojJa upaniSad, taiteriya brAhmaNa, zrautra sUtra, mAnava, kAtyAyana, vRhadAraNyeka upaniSad Adi pramukha haiN| yadyapi 800 I0 pU0 taka bhArata meM vinimaya ke rUpa meM dhAtu se bane eka nizcita parimANa evaM taula ke piMDa vyavahRta hone lage the kintu isa prayoga meM bhI dUSita dhAtu evaM saTIka vajana kI nizcitatA kA abhAva anubhava kiyA jAne lgaa| ata: ina dhAtuI piMDoM ko kisI adhikRta vyakti dvArA Ahata kiyA jAnA Avazyaka samajhA gayA jisase mudrAoM kI zuddhatA evaM sahI taula ko sunizcita kiyA jA ske| isa hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 92

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ina Ahata sikkoM ke pazcAt hameM tAmra dhAtu se bane pAMcavI zatI I0pU0 ke DhalAI ke sikke prApta hote haiM jo tIsarI zatI taka kauzAmbi, ayodhyA evaM mathurA rAjyoM ke dvArA mudrita kie jAte the| inameM se kucha mudrAoM para brAhmIlipi meM sthAnIya rAjAoM ke nAma bhI aMkita kie taraha Ahata kI huI mudrAoM kA AviSkAra sambhava ho skaa| pAMcavIM-chaThI za0I0pU0 likhita pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI ke anuzIlana se hameM tatsamaya pracalita vibhinna prakAra kI mudrAoM evaM unake aMzoM kA bodha hotA hai| inameM niSka, satamAna, pada, sana, karSApaNa ityAdi pramukha haiN| ata: hama yaha nizcitatA se mAna sakate haiM ki pANini kAla taka bhAratavarSa meM mudrAoM kA pracalana pUrNata: vikasita ho cukA thaa| isa vikAsa yAtrA meM atyadhika samaya kA laganA avazyambhAvI hai| cUMki vedoM tathA AThavIM za0I0pU0 meM likhita brAhmaNoM tathA upaniSadoM meM ina sikkoM kA kahIM bhI ullekha na hone se yaha suvidita ho jAtA hai ki sikkoM kA pracalana bhAratavarSa meM isa vAMgamaya ke likhe jAne ke uparAMta tathA aSTAdhyAyI ke likhe jAne se pUrva kisI bhI samaya meM huA hogaa| DaoN. paramezvarIlAla gupta ke anusAra isa samaya ko sAtavIM zatAbdi I0pU0 kA ThaharAyA jA sakatA hai| __ hama dekha cuke haiM ki prAgaitihAsika kAla meM vyApArika gatividhiyAM bahudhA samamUlya kI vastuoM ke AdAna-pradAna taka hI sImita thIM lekina zanaiH zanaiH bauddhika vikAsa ke bar3hate caraNoM ne vinimaya kI sarvamAnya paddhati ko khojanA prArambha kiyaa| jahAM ucca AdAna-pradAna kA mAdhyama pazudhana ko banAyA gayA vahIM nimna vastuoM ke vinimaya ke lie mAladvIpa TApU se AyAtita kaur3iyoM ko isakA AdhAra banAyA gyaa| mUlyavAna dhAtuoM kI khoja ke uparAMta bhAratavarSa meM gAya ke sthAna para 'suvarNa' kA prayoga hone lgaa| hindukuza parvata evaM nadiyoM se prApta svarNadhUli kA upayoga bhI ucca vastuoM ke vinimaya ke lie kiyA jAne lgaa| 'heroDoTsa' ke matAnusAra 518 I0pU0 se 350 I0pU0 meM phArasa ke kSatrapoM dvArA saMcAlita bhAratIya kSetra se 360 TeleMTa svarNadhUli kara ke rUpa meM AkImeniDa sAmrAjya ko cukAyI jAtI thii| kintu baikTriyana zAsakoM se pUrva (pahalI dUsarI za0pU0) kI svarNa mudrAeM abhI taka aprApya haiN| sabhI prAcIna mudrAeM rUpahalI dhAtu meM hI milatI haiN| ___ jinheM Aja Ahata mudrAoM (paMcamarka) ke rUpa meM pratiSThA prApta hai vahI saMskRta evaM prAkRta vAMgamaya meM saMbhavata: 'purANa' athavA 'dhAraNa' kahalAte the| ye mudrAeM AyatAkAra athavA gola raupya evaM kabhI-kabhI tAmra dhAtuoM se banAI jAtI thiiN| inheM dhAtuI caddaroM se nizcita parimANa meM kATakara eka nizcita AkAra diyA jAtA thaa| tatpazcAt inheM vibhinna paMcoM dvArA cinhita kiyA jAtA thaa| isa taraha kI 80 TeleMTa Ahata raupya mudrAeM leTina lekhaka kviTsa karaTiyasa ke anusAra AMbhi rAjA ne alekjeMDara ko takSazilA meM bheMTa kii| takSazilA kI khudAI meM jaoNna mArzala ko 160 Ahata mudrAoM kA eka jakhIrA prApta huA thaa| isa samUha meM DAyaToDoTasa kI 245 I0pU0 kI eka mudrA bhI thii| uparyukta kathanoM se hama AsAnI se isa niSkarSa para pahuMca sakate haiM ki maurya sAmrAjya ke utkarSa se lekara tIsarI cauthI zatAbdi I0pUrva taka uttarI bhAratavarSa meM Ahata mudrAeM pUrNa rUpa se sthApita ho cukI thiiN| gupta sAmrAjya ke Ate-Ate tathA caMdragupta se azoka kAla taka ye mudrAeM samasta bhAratIya upamahAdvIpa meM pUrNarUpeNa sthApita ho cukI thiiN| cauthI zatI I0pU0 taka bhAratavarSa meM DAI dvArA sikke taiyAra hone lage the| inako kevala eka chora para hI mudrita kiyA jAtA thaa| zera kI chavi vAlA aisA sikkA takSazilA se prApta huA hai| gAMdhAra kSetra se prApta kucha mudrAoM para azoka kAlIna bauddha dharma ke dhArmika cinha yathAbodhi vRkSa, svastika, stUpa ityAdi parilakSita hote haiN| tatpazcAt pAMcAla, kauzAmbi evaM mathurA se donoM ora mudrita DAyI ke sikke bhI jArI hue| inameM gAMdhAra se mudrita eka ora zera tathA dUsarI ora hAthI kI chaviyoM vAle sikke sarvazreSTha mAne jAte haiN| ___kauTilya dvArA praNIta cauthI za0I0pU0 ke arthazAstra se hameM usa samaya ke sikkoM ke banAne kI paddhati ke viSaya meM jAnakArI milatI hai| vibhinna jyAmitIya upamAnoM meM prApta Ahata mudrAeM mahAbhArata ke 11vIM zIta I0pU0 ke yuddha ke pazcAt bace janapadoM evaM mahAjana padoM dvArA jArI kI gaI thiiN| ye sabhI janapada pAMcavIM za0I0pU0 meM magadha sAmrAjya ke udaya ke sAtha hI usameM vilIna ho ge| yadyapi sarvaprathama ina mudrAoM ko kisane jArI kiyA, yaha jAnanA atyanta kaThina hai tathApi hameM sUrasena, uttara evaM dakSiNa pAMcAla, vatsa, kunAla, kauzala, kAzI, malla, magadha, baMga, kaliMga, AMdhra, asmAka, mulakA, avanti, uttarI mahArASTra, saurASTra evaM gAMdhAra kSetroM se magadha sAmrAjya ke udaya se pUrva kI mudrAeM milatI haiN| ajAtazatru ke magadha sAmrAjya kI bAgaDora samhAlane ke sAtha hI samasta bhAratavarSa ke nimitta eka hI taula ke sikke pracalita kie gae jo dvitIya za0 pUrva magadha sAmrAjya ke patana hone taka jArI kie jAte rhe| ina mudrAoM ko 'kArSApaNa' athavA 'paNa' ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| inake choTe svarUpa ko 'meSaka' nAma diyA gayA hai| lekina dvitIya za0I0pU0 meM kisI samaya inake mudraNa meM vyavadhAna upasthita huA, jisake phalasvarUpa inakI upalabdhatA meM atizaya hrAsa huaa| phalataH katipaya sthAnoM para ina mudrAoM ko DhalAI athavA DATU ke mAdhyama se mudrita kiyA jAne lgaa| jhUsI, zizupAlagar3ha, mathurA, koMDApura, erana se upalabdha mRda, mUSikAeM inake utkRSTa udAharaNa haiN| kauTilya praNIta arthazAstra ke anusAra tAmradhAtu kI Ahata mudrAeM bhI pracalita thiiN| ye mudrAeM hameM ujjaina, magadha, vidizA, aMga, mathurA evaM mevAr3a pradezoM se prApta huI haiN| tatpazcAt tAmra mudrAeM mUSikAoM meM DhAlakara bhI banAI jAne lagI jo prAya: samasta uttarI bhAratavarSa meM lokapriya thiiN| inakA pracalana samaya tIsarI zatAbdi I0pU0 se tIsarI zatAbdi taka kA AMkA jAtA hai| ____ 326 I0pU0 meM alekjeMDara ke bhAratavarSa praveza ke sAtha hI bhAratIya mudrA itihAsa meM AmUla-cUla parivartana parilakSita hotA hai| aura eka naI paddhati ke sikke prakAza meM Ate haiN| ina sikkoM meM zAsakoM tathA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 93

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unakI mAnyatA prApta devI devatAoM kI chaviyAM prathama bAra aMkita kii| gii| puru ke sAtha hue yuddha meM vijaya prApta kara alekjeMDara ne cAMdI ke DekA Drecama evaM TeTrADrecama sikke jArI kie| alekjeMDara ke maraNoparAMta usake uttarAdhikAriyoM evaM kSatrapoM dvArA sikke mudrita kie jAte rahe aura aba taka lagabhaga bAIsa bekTriyana zAsakoM dvArA jArI sikke jJAta ho cuke haiN| svarNa mudrA sarvaprathama inhIM zAsakoM meM se eka DAyoDoTasa dvArA mudrita kI gii| saMsAra kI sabase pahalI nikela dhAtu se banI mudrAeM bhI inhIM zAsakoM dvArA yahAM jArI kI giiN| sTreTo dvitIya dvAra zIze se bane sikke bhI pracalita kie ge| inake sikkoM meM prathama bAra lipi kA upayoga kiyA gyaa| grIka bhASA tathA kharoSThi lipi meM prAkRta bhASA kA upayoga inake sikkoM para huA hai| kucha zAsakoM dvArA brAjhi lipi kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| ___ lagabhaga 135 I0pU0 se 75 I0pU0 taka 'zaka' logoM ne bekTriyana zAsana kA aMta kara inheM bhAratavarSa se visthApita kara diyaa| ina zaka zAsakoM meM sarvaprathama mAosa evaM vonona ke cAMdI tathA tAmra dhAtuoM meM mudrita sikke prApta hue haiN| inake uttarAdhikArI ejeja prathama ke sikke bahulatA se pAe jAte haiN| isake bAda bhI kaI zaka-pahalavoM ke sikke pAe gae haiN| prathama zatAbdi ke lagabhaga kuSANoM ke AvirbhAva ke sAtha hI ina zaka-pahalava zAsakoM kA aMta huaa| kuSANa cIna kI sImAvartI kSetra vizeSa kI ghumaMtU janajAtiyAM thIM jinheM yU-cI kahA jAtA thaa| inhIM kI eka zAkhA kyU-zuAMga (kuSANa) ne uttarI bhAratavarSa meM apane zAsana ko phailaayaa| inhoMne pUrva meM vArANasI taka apane rAjya ko sthApita kiyA tathA pazcima meM bhI bhAratIya sImAoM ko ullaMdhita kiyaa| isa taraha se inhoMne eka zaktizAlI rAjya kI sthApanA kI jo lagabhaga eka zatAbdi taka kAyama rhaa| ina zAsakoM meM sarvaprathama kujula kaDaphiseja ne tAmramudrAeM jArI kiiN| isake putra vimA kaDaphiseja ne sarvaprathama bhAratavarSa meM sone ke vibhinna parimANoM ke pracura mAtrA meM sikke pracalita kie| ina mudrAoM ko hama cauthAI dInAra, dInAra tathA do dInAra ke rUpa meM jAnate haiN| vimA kaDaphiseja kI tAmramudrAoM para ziva kI chaviyAM bhI aMkita haiM jo yaha darzAtI haiM ki vaha bhAratIya zaiva paramparA se atyadhika prabhAvita rahA hogaa| vimA kaDaphiseja ke / uttarAdhikArI huviSka prathama tathA kaniSka prathama ne bhI kramaza: sikke jArI kie| kaniSka prathama ne ziva kI chavi vAle sikke to jArI kie hI sAtha hI buddha ke nAma vAle sikke bhI mudrita krvaae| kaniSka prathama ke pazcAt huviSka dvitIya, huviSka tRtIya, vAsudeva prathama, vAsudeva dvitIya, vAsudeva tRtIya, kaniSka dvitIya, vasiSka, kaniSka tRtIya tathA masra ne / kramaza: kuSANa sikke jArI kie| lekina kuSANoM kA hrAsa vAsudeva dvitIya ke samaya se hone laga gyaa| zazeniyana rAjAoM ne aradAsira prathama ke kAryakAla meM kuSANa kSetroM ko vizeSata: gAMdhAra aura hindU ke pazcimI kSetroM ko jItanA Arambha kara diyA thaa| ina hastagata kSetroM para rAjaparivAra ke vyaktiyoM kA Adhipatya kiyA jAne lgaa| ina rAjanayikoM dvArA zazainiyana mudrAoM se milate-julate sikke jArI kie ge| inameM se sApura, aradAsira prathama, aradAsira dvitIya, phiroja prathama evaM horamiDa prathama, phiroja dvitIya, varAharana prathama, varAharana dvitIya, horamiDa dvitIya ke sikke hameM prApya haiN| kuSANa rAjA kaniSka tRtIya ke samaya meM sindhu nadI ke pUrvI hisse, jo kuSANa, adhikAra meM the ve bhI nIpUnada, gadAhara, gaDAkhAra, payAsa aura zaka janajAtiyoM dvArA hastagata kie jAne lge| zakoM ne to hariyANA taka ke kucha hissoM para adhikAra kara liyaa| inhoMne bhI apane sikke jArI kie| tatpazcAt zazeniyana rAjAoM dvArA hastagata sImAoM ko eka anya janajAti kidArA ne jIta liyaa| inake dvArA jArI sikkoM ko 'kidAra kuSANa' sikkoM ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| maurya sAmrAjya ke patana ke pazcAt uttara bhAratavarSa meM choTe-choTe janapada puna: svataMtra hokara apanA rAjya sthApita karane lge| puSyamitra zuMga ne 184 I0 pUrva meM maurya sAmrAjya ko hastagata kara apane tAmra Ahata sikke jArI kie| unake vaMzajoM ne vidizA se bhI Ahata mudrAeM jArI kii| zuMga ke pazcAt kaNva vaMzajoM ne sikke pracalita kie| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki gupta sAmrAjya ke prArambha hone se pUrva vibhinna kSetrIya, janapadIya evaM rAjakIya sikke vibhinna zAsakoM dvArA jArI kie ge| ye mudrAeM Ahata sikkoM ke sadRza, DAi se banI tathA DhalAI kI bhI prApta hotI haiN| Alekha rahita mudrAeM gAMdhAra, erana, ujjainI evaM kauzAmbi Adi sthAnoM se prApta huI haiM tathA Alekha janita mudrAeM gAMdhAra, vArANasI, zrAvasti, uddehikA, sudavapA, kauzAmbi, ujjayinI, erAkanya, vidizA, mahismatI, kurAra, tagAra, tripurI evaM puSkalavatI se jArI kI gii| isI prakAra paMjAba kSetra ke janajAtIya gaNataMtroM yathA audambara, kuniMda evaM yaudheyoM dvArA apane-apane devatAoM ke nAma se mudrAeM jArI kI giiN| dvitIya za0I0pU0 meM paMjAba ke kSetroM se jina janajAtIya rAjanayikoM ne mudrAeM pracalita kI unameM agreya, kSudraka, rAjanya, zivi, trigarta evaM yaudheya pramukha haiN| prathama za0i0pU0 meM hameM audambara, rAjanya, vRSNi, vemaka evaM kuniMda zAsakoM ke sikke upalabdha hote haiN| prathama sadI ke lagabhaga ina kSetroM se hameM mAlava evaM kuluta logoM dvArA jArI sikkoM kI jAnakArI milatI hai| isI taraha dvitIya zatI ke Ate-Ate eka aura janajAtIya yathA arjunAyana ke sikkoM ke bAre meM patA calatA hai| videzI AkramaNa ke bhaya se inameM se katipaya janajAtiyAM cauthI zatAbdi taka rAjasthAna kI ora prasthApita hone laga giiN| udhara gaMgA-yamunA ke samatalIya kSetroM meM uparyukta samaya meM cAra pramukha rAjyoM kI sthApanA huI yathA zUrasena, pAMcAla, kauzala evaM vts| zUrasena se hameM gaumitra evaM usake uttarAdhikAriyoM ke sikke prApta hue haiN| tatpazcAt zeSadatta evaM usake uttarAdhikAriyoM ke sikke bhI isa kSetra se prApta hue haiN| do anya zAsakoM balabhUti evaM apalatA kI mudrAeM bhI hameM isa kSetra meM parilakSita huI haiN| inake atirikta katipaya videzI zAsakoM rAjUvUlA evaM usake uttarAdhikAriyoM ke bhI sikke isI kSetra vizeSa se prApta hue haiN| udhara pAMcAla kSetra se tAmra sikkoM kI eka pUrI kI pUrI zRMkhalA hameM prApta hotI hai, jinako bIsiyoM zAsakoM ne pracalita kiyaa| kauzala hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 94

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kSetra se mUladeva, vAyudeva, vizAkhA deva evaM dhanadeva ke DhalAI ke sikke prApta hue haiN| tatpazcAt hameM naradatta, jyeSThasta, zivadatta evaM usake uttarAdhikAriyoM ke sikke prApta hue haiN| udhara vatsa kSetra se bhAvaghoSa, azvaghoSa Adi aThAraha zAsakoM dvArA jArI mudrAeM prApta kI gaI haiN| isake pazcAt bhI hameM anya zAsakIya vargoM kA patA calatA hai, jisameM bhadramagha, vezravana, zivamagha Adi pramukha haiN| aMtata: isa kSetra se hameM rUdra deva ke sikke prApta hote haiM jo kuSANa sikkoM ke samakakSa haiN| paravartI zuMga evaM kaNva zAsakoM dvArA mudrita Ahata tAmra mudrAeM hameM vidizA-erana kSetroM se milatI haiN| inameM sAtavAhana zAsaka sata evaM sAtakaraNI dvArA jArI sikke pramukha haiN| sAtavAhanoM ke pazcAt pUrva kSetrIya kSatrapoM dvArA bhI 350 I0 taka sikke jArI kie ge| prathama zatAbdi I0 pU0 meM isa kSetra ko zakoM dvArA adhigRhIta kiyA gayA thaa| hamUgAma, vAlaka, mAhU evaM zoma zAsakoM dvArA jArI kI gaIM mudrAeM arvAcIna hI prApta huI haiN| ina mudrAoM ke prApta hone se prAcIna jaina vAGgamaya meM varNita zaka AkramaNoM kI gAthAoM kI sampuSTi hotI hai| isI prakAra isa kSetra meM padmAvatI bhI eka svataMtra zAsana ke rUpa meM pallavita huI jahAM se vizAkhAdeva, mahatA, zabalasena, amita sena evaM zivagupta ke prathama za0 I0 pUrva se lekara prathama za0 ke madhya taka sikke pracalita hue| dvitIya zatAbdI meM hameM nAga zAsana ke kama se kama bAraha rAjyAdhikAriyoM ke sikke prApta hue haiM jo cauthI zatAbdI taka nirantara pracalana meM rhe| mahAkauzala (tripurI) kSetra se hameM mitra, magha, sena evaM bodhi vaMzajoM ke sikke milate haiN| ur3IsA kSetra se bhI tRtIya zatAbdi meM mudrita pUrI-kuSANa sikke prApta hue haiN| maurya sAmrAjya ke patana ke pazcAt dakSiNa bhAratavarSa ke pANDyA kSetroM se kSetrIya zAsaka aphasaroM dvArA, jinako mahArathI kahA jAtA thA, cAMdI ke Ahata sikkoM ke sadRza mudrAeM jArI kI giiN| DAi se bane sikke bhI pANDyA , AMdhra evaM cola kSetroM meM dvitIya za0 I0 pU0 meM jArI hue| tatpazcAt Alekhita sikke bhI ina kSetroM se jArI hue| maisUra-kanArA kSetra se sarvaprathama sadAkana nAmaka mahArASTrIya parivAra dvArA zIze ke sikke jArI kie ge| tatpazcAt eka anya parivAra 'Ananda' dvArA karavAra kSetra se sikke jArI kie ge| mahArASTra kSetra ke kolhApura se mahArathI kura, vilivAya kura, zivAlakura, gotamI putra Adi ke sikke jArI kie ge| anya eka mahAradhI parivAra hastI dvArA bhI zIze ke sikke jArI kie ge| isI samaya ke lagabhaga hameM kucha rAjakIya parivAroM ke sikke koTa liMgala meM milate haiM jinameM rAjA upAdhi se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai| inameM kAmavAyasiri, gobhadra evaM sAmagopa, satyabhadra evaM dAsabhadra ke sikke pramukha haiN| isI taraha 'sAda' parivAra ke sikkoM para bhI rAjA kI upAdhiyAM milatI haiN| vidarbha se hameM rAjA sevaka ke sikke prApta hue haiN| inake pazcAt sAtavAhanoM athavA sAtakaranI rAjAoM ke sikkoM kI eka zrRMkhalA prApta hotI hai| ye zuMga tathA kaNva zAsakoM ke patana ke pazcAt 27 I0 pU0 meM vidizA meM zAsanastha hue tathA apane rAjya ko pazcimI bhArata evaM dakkana meM phailaayaa| zrI satI (zvAti) evaM zrI sAtakaranI (gautamI putra sAtakaranI) ne apanA rAjya pUrvI bhArata tathA dakkana meM vistRta kiyaa| unhoMne apane rAjya ke vibhinna sthAnoM se vibhinna prakAra ke sikke tAMbe, cAMdI, poTIna tathA zIze kI dhAtuoM meM pracalita kie| inake pazcAt inake kama se kama dasa uttarAdhikAriyoM ne kramaza: sikke jArI kie| dakSiNa meM AMdhra zAsana ke samakAlIna roma meM bane sone evaM cAMdI kI mudrAeM romana vyApAriyoM dvArA bhAratavarSa meM lAI jAtI thiiN| ye mudrAeM dakSiNa bhAratavarSa meM bahulatA se pAI gaI haiN| ina sikkoM para kabhI-kabhI bhAratIya zAsakoM ke Thappe bhI pAe jAte haiN| tIsarI zatAbdi meM hameM pUrvI dakkana se ikSvAku zAsakoM ke sikke prApta hote haiN| isake pazcAt hameM tamila deza se kAlabhra zAsakoM ke sikke prApta hote haiM aura kucha vidvAnoM ke matAnusAra ina zAsakoM ne tIsarI zatAbdi se sAtavIM zatAbdi ke madhya sikke jArI kie| uparyukta samaya meM zAlaMkAyana rAjA caMdravarmana, viSNu kuMDIna tathA pUrvI cAlukya visamasiddhi ke sikke bhI prApta hue haiN| isI samaya meM hameM rAmakazyapa gotrIya rAjAoM ke sikke bhI prApta hue haiN| pazcimI bhArata meM sAtavAhanoM ke samakAlIna zaka pIr3hI meM pUrvI kSatrapoM ke sikke bahulatA se prApta hue haiN| unakA rAjya gujarAta, saurASTra evaM mAlavA taka phailA huA thaa| unhoMne 310 I0 taka 250 varSoM taka zAsana kiyA tathA apane sikke jArI kie| unakI do alaga-alaga zAkhAoM kI jAnakArI hameM unake sikkoM hI se prApta hotI hai| prathama zAkhA jise kSaharata kahA jAtA hai tathA dUsarI zAkhA karaddamaka nAma se pahacAnI jAtI hai| prathama pIr3hI meM kevala mAtra do zAsakoM bhUmaka evaM nAhapanA ke hI sikke prApta hue haiM jabaki dUsarI zAkhA ke kama se kama satAIsa zAsakoM kI mudrAeM aba taka prApta ho cukI haiN| prathama zAkhA ke prathama zAsaka bhUmaka ne tAMbe ke sikke jArI kie jabaki usake uttarAdhikArI nAhapanA ne cAMdI kI dhAtu meM sikke prasArita kie| karaddamaka kSatrapoM ne cAMdI, tAMbe, zIze tathA poTIna dhAtuoM ke sikke jArI kie| ina kSatrapoM ke samakAlIna eka rAjA Izvaradatta kI mudrAeM prApta huI haiM jina para inakI virudAvalI mahAkSatrapa batAI gaI hai| yaha sambhavata: uparyukta pUrvI kSatrapoM ke rAjya kI sImAoM para kahIM rAjya karate rahe hoNge| cauthI zatAbdi ke prArambha meM hama bhAratIya itihAsa ke svarNakAla meM pahuMcate haiM jaba pUrvI uttara pradeza athavA bihAra ke kisI choTe saMbhAga se gupta sAmrAjya kA udaya hotA hai| jo lagabhaga do zatAbdiyoM se adhika taka sthApita raha skaa| inakA Adi puruSa puruSa gupta huA jinakA prapautra candragupta prathama 319 I0 se 350 I0 taka zAsanastha rahA aura apane rAjya ko sudUra kSetroM taka vistIrNa kiyaa| usake putra samudragupta ne 350 I0 se 370 I0 taka zAsana karate hue aneka yuddhoM meM vijayazrI prApta kii| usane azvamedha yajJa bhI kiyaa| isake putra candragupta dvitIya ne 376 I0 se 414 I0 ke madhya apane sAmrAjya kI sImAoM ko pazcima meM kazmIra taka tathA pUrva meM ur3IsA taka vistRta kiyaa| usake putra kumAra gupta ne 414 I0 se 450 I0 ke madhya apane zAsana kAla meM do-do bAra azvamedha yajJa kiyA tathA apane sAmrAjya meM madhya bhArata ke kucha bhUbhAga hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 95

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gujarAta evaM saurASTra ke hissoM ko saMlagna kiyaa| lekina usake rAjatvakAla ke uttarArddha meM hUNoM ne usake sAmrAjya ke katipaya bhUbhAga ko usase chIna liyaa| phalasvarUpa usake uttarAdhikArI skaMdagupta ko 455 I0 se 467 I0 taka ke apane zAsana samaya meM adhikatara apanI sImAoM kI surakSA meM hI vyasta rahanA pdd'aa| aMta meM usane hUNoM para vijaya prApta karake dama liyA / buddhagupta 496 I0 meM zAsanArUr3ha huaa| 500 I0 taka gupta sAmrAjya kA parAbhava prArambha ho cukA thA aura caMdragupta tRtIya, prakAzAditya, vainyagupta, narasiMha gupta, kumAra gupta tRtIya evaM viSNu gupta zAsakoM ke samaya meM kramaza: lupta prAyaH ho gayA, ina gupta zAsakoM kI mudrAeM adhikAMzataH sone kI prApta hotI haiM kintu caMdragupta dvitIya ne sarvaprathama cAMdI kI mudrAeM bhI 409 I0 meM prArambha kIM isI prakAra tAMbe se banI mudrAeM kevala mAtra tIna zAsakoM samudra gupta, caMdra gupta dvitIya evaM kumAra gupta prathama kI prApta huI haiN| zIze se banI mudrAeM caMdragupta dvitIya, kumAra gupta prathama evaM skaMdagupta kI prApta huI haiN| inhIM zAsakoM ke samakAlIna tAmra mudrAeM ahichatra se harigupta tathA jayagupta kI prApta huI haiN| ye saMbhavata: zAsakIya gupta vaMzajoM kI hI kisI zAkhA vizeSa se rahe hoNge| isI prakAra vidizA tathA erana saMbhAgoM se kucha choTe tAmra sikke prApta hue haiM jina para rAmagupta kA nAma aMkita hai| yaha caMdragupta dvitIya kA bhAI thA cIna kI sImAoM para basane vAlI janajAti hUNa kI eka zAkhA ne pAMcavIM zatI meM hindukuza pArakara gAMdhAra kSetra ko hastagata kara liyA thA tathA gupta sAmrAjya ke bhUbhAga kI ora bar3hane lage the| lekina gupta samrATa skaMda gupta ne unakA DaTakara mukAbalA kiyA tathA aMtataH unheM apanI sImAoM se pare haTA diyaa| ina hUNoM ne punaH eka bAra chaThI zatAbdi ke prArambha meM toramANa ke netRtva meM bhAratavarSa para AkramaNa kiyA tathA paMjAba ke rAste se unhoMne pUrvI bhArata tathA mAlavA ke eka vizAla bhUbhAga para apanA Adhipatya sthApita kiyA thaa| toramANa ke putra mihirakula ne uttarI bhArata ke bhI hissoM ko adhInastha kara zakAla meM apanI rAjadhAnI sthApita kiyaa| usane 528 I0 meM kazmIra para bhI apanA rAjya sthApita kii| usane 528 I0 meM kazmIra para bhI apanA rAjya sthApita kiyaa| ina hUNoM ne hastagata bhUbhAga para apane sikke pracalita kie| inhoMne paravartI kuSANa tathA gupta sikkoM sadRza cAMdI tathA tAMbe ke sikke jArI kie| udhara pazcima bhArata meM gupta sAmrAjya ke patana ke uparAMta kuTaka zAsakoM ne gujarAta ke dakSiNI bhUbhAga ko hastagata kara cAMdI kI mudrAeM jArI kIM / daharA sena tathA vyAghra sena nAmaka rAjAoM kI uparyukta raupya mudrAeM hameM pAMcavIM zatAbdi ke uttarArddhakAla meM milI haiN| isI prakAra pUrvI bhArata meM madhya pradeza ke chattIsagar3ha kSetra tathA saMlagna ur3IsA kSetra se bhI hameM sone ke patale sikke pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha aura chaThI zatAbdI ke prAraMbha ke prApta hote haiN| ina sikkoM se hameM varAha rAjA, bhAvadatta rAjA aura arthapati rAjA ke bAre meM jAnakAriyAM upalabdha hotI haiN| inhIM kI eka anya zAkhA ke rAjAoM-- prasannamAtra, mahendrAditya aura kramAditya ke bhI sikke pAe gae haiN| hIraka jayantI smArikA gupta sAmrAjya ke patana ke pazcAt bhArata ke rAjanaitika kSetra meM atyadhika uthala-puthala parilakSita hotI hai aura muslima zAsakoM ke bArahavIM zatAbdI meM Ane se pUrva ke kAla meM sikkoM kI nirantaratA meM bhI hrAsa huaa| isI samaya ke lagabhaga baMgAla meM samAcara deva evaM jayagupta ne sone kI mudrAeM chaThI zatAbdi meM jArI kI sAtavIM zatAbdi meM gaur3a rAjA zazAMka nimna svarNa dhAtu ke sikke DhAle / hameM eka anya rAjA bIrasena kA bhI sikkA isI samaya meM prApta hotA hai| isake pazcAt bhI gupta rAjAoM ke anukaraNa vAle sikke baMgAla, AsAma Adi kSetroM se prApta hue haiN| 810 I0 ke AsapAsa hameM devapAla rAjA ke sone ke sikke bhI milate haiN| udhara uttara pradeza se hameM thAnezvara ke prasiddha samrATa harSavarddhana ke sikke prApta hote haiN| tatpazcAt AThavIM navIM sadI ke madhya vatsadamana, vappukA, kezava aura Adi varAha kI mudrAeM prApta hotI haiN| gupta zAsakoM se milatI-julatI raupya mudrAeM kAnyakubja se IsAna varmana, sarvavarmana aura avanti varmana kI 550 se 600 I0 ke madhya kI prApta hotI hai, isI taraha prabhAkara vardhana aura zilAditya kI thAnezvara se prApta hotI haiN| gupta samrAToM kI pazcimI bhAratIya parimANa kI raupya mudrAoM kA kalacUrI sAmrAjya ke kRSna rAjA ne anusaraNa kiyaa| isa prakAra ke sikke jina para eka ora baila aMkita hai, bhArata ke vizAla bhUbhAga mAlavA, nAsika, muMbaI, satArA, salaseta, betula, amarAvatI, rAjasthAna ityAdi kSetroM se pAe gae haiN| AThavIM sadI meM hameM cAMdI ke choTe-choTe sikke madhya bhArata evaM pUrvI bhArata se prApta hue haiN| inheM pratihAra rAjA 'vatsarAja' ne pracalita kiyA thaa| isI prakAra ke sikke bArahavIM za0 meM gujarAta evaM saurASTra se cAlukya rAjA jayasiMha siddharAja ke nAma se milate haiM / hUNoM dvArA prasArita sikkoM ke anusaraNa kie sikke isa samaya meM rAjasthAna, gujarAta evaM mAlavA se bahutAyata meM upalabdha hue haiN| inheM hinda-zarIniyana sikkoM nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| prArambha meM ye sikke patale kintu bar3e AkAra ke hote the parantu zanai: zanai: inakA AkAra choTA hotA gyaa| ina uttarArddha sikkoM ko "gadhaiyA" sikkoM ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| udhara uttara pradeza se hameM vigrahapAla ke sikke prApta hue haiN| isake sAtha hI hameM pratihAra rAjAoM -- bhoja prathama, tathA usake putra vinaya kapAla ke sikke bhI mile haiN| ukta samaya meM koMkaNa kSetra se zIla harA rAjA chittarAjA ke gadheyA prakAra ke sikke bhI prakAza meM Ae haiN| isI prakAra ke sikke rAjasthAna se bhI prApta hue haiN| ina para somalekhA kA nAma mudrita hai| jo saMbhavataH 1133 I0 meM rAjya kara rahe sAkaMbharI rAjA ajaya pAla deva kI patnI rahI hogii| gadhaiyA sikke jo madhya pradeza se prApta hue haiN| ve sambhavataH oMkAra mAndhAtA dvArA jArI kie gae the| ye sikke prAyaH tAMbe athavA nimna raupya dhAtuoM se bane the, jinheM bilana kahA jAtA hai| isI samaya meM paMjAba kSetra se tAMbe kI dhAtu ke sikke bhI prApta hue haiM jina para jisu kA nAma mudrita kiyA gayA hai| kazmIra meM AThavIM TO meM kArakotA rAjAoM ne tAMbe evaM cAMdI mizrita sone ke sikke vidvat khaNDa / 96

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jArI kie| isake pazcAt utpala rAjAoM ne yahAM se tAmra sikke jArI kie| nauvIM sadI ke uttarArddha meM zAhI zAsakoM dvArA tAMbe aura cAMdI kI mudrAeM gAMdhAra tathA kAbula-ahiMda kSetroM se prApta huI haiN| ina sikkoM ke eka ora ghur3asavAra tathA dUsarI ora baila ko mudrita kiyA gayA hai| inheM spalapati deva ne bhI prasArita kiyA tathA anya aneka zAsakoM ne bhI inheM apnaayaa| ina sabameM sAmaMta deva sarvaprasiddha hue haiN| ye sikke samasta uttarI bhAratavarSa meM bahupracalita hue| bArahavIM-terahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya bhI bahuta se rAjAoM ne isa prakAra ke sikke jArI kie| sAmaMta deva ke nAma ke sikke anya rAjAoM ne bhI jArI kie jinameM tomara rAjA salakSaNa pAla, anaMga pAla tathA mahipAla deva pramukha haiN| isake pazcAt hameM madanapAla ke gar3havAla kSetra se mudrita sikke 1080 se 1115 ke madhya prApta hote haiN| inake pazcAt sAkaMbharI ke cauhAna rAjAoM ke sikke bhI hameM prApta hote haiN| inameM somezvara deva evaM pRthvIrAja ke sikke prApya haiN| 1200 I0 meM hameM badAyUM ke rAjA amRtapAla ke isI prakAra ke milate-julate sikke prApta hue haiN| isake pazcAt hameM pratihAra rAjya ke malaya varmana ke sikke prApta hue haiM tathA naravAra se cAhar3a deva, Asala deva aura gaNapati deva ke 1235 se 1298 I0 ke eka hI prakAra ke sikke prApta hue haiN| tripurI kSetra se kalacUrI rAjA gAMgeya deva ne gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM sone ke sikke jArI kie jina para lakSmI kI chavi aMkita kI gaI hai| ye mudrAeM raupya evaM tAmra donoM hI dhAtuoM meM upalabdha hotI haiN| isI prakAra kI lakSmI chavi vAlI mudrAeM mAlavA ke paramAra rAjAoM udayAditya tathA naravarmana ne bhI prasArita kii| caMdeloM ne bhI isI se milatI-julatI mudrAeM gyArahavIM se terahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya pracArita kii| isI taraha gar3havAla se goviMda caMdra deva, zAkaMbharI se cauhAna rAjA ajayarAja tathA bayAnA ke yadu rAjAoM ajayapAla, kumArapAla tathA mahipAla ne bhI isI prakAra kI mudrAoM ko prasArita kiyaa| isI samaya kI eka prasiddha mudrA para rAmacaMdrajI kI chavi kA aMkana kiyA gayA thA jise saMbhavata: vigraharAja ne mudrita kiyA thaa| ratanapura ke kalacUrI rAjAoM dvArA bhI tAMbe se bane hanumAna kI chavi vAle sikke prasArita kie gae jo atyadhika lokapriya hue| isI prakAra hanumAna kI chavi aMkita sikke caMdelA zAsakoM ne bhI jArI kie the| udhara sudUra dakSiNa bhArata ke maisUra aura kanArA kSetroM se kadaMba zAsakoM ne dasavIM-gyArahavIM zatI meM sone ke padma-TaMkA sikke pracalita kie| inheM banAne ke lie Ahata mudrAoM ke mAniMda vidhi kA anusaraNa kiyA gyaa| inake donoM hI hissoM para aMkana kiyA gyaa| pUrvI tathA pazcimI cAlukyoM, coloM evaM yAdavoM ne bhI Ahata vidhi ko apnaayaa| parantu inake sikkoM ko kevala eka hI chora para mudrita kiyA jAtA thaa| pUrvI cAlukyoM meM zakti varmana, rAjA-rAja prathama ke sikke na kevala dakSiNa bhArata meM hI varan barmA ke ArAkana kSetra taka vistArita hue| inhIM ke vaMzaja rAjendra kuloDhuMgA prathama ne kaMTAI evaM kerala vijaya ke upalakSa meM sikke mudrita kie| pazcimI cAlukyoM meM jayasiMha dvitIya, somezvara dvitIya aura vikramAditya ne 1015 se 1126 ke madhya sone ke Ahata sikkoM kA mudraNa kiyaa| ina cAlukyoM kA parAbhava karane vAle vijala tribhuvana malla ne isI prakAra ke sikke / / 56 se 1181 I0 meM jArI kie| ___ kadaMba zAsakoM kI haMgala zAkhA dvArA hanumAna chavi vAlI mudrAeM prasArita kI giiN| devagiri ke yAdavoM ne bhI sone kI Ahata mudrAeM pracalita kii| cillama, paMcama, siMghAnA, kRSNa, mahAdeva, rAmacaMdra rAjAoM ne 1185 se 1310 I0 ke madhya vibhinna prakAra kI mudrAeM jArI kiiN| kucha sone ke vicitra aMgrejI ke 'vI' prakAra ke sikke satArA se prApta hue haiN| ye saMbhavata: gyArahavIM za0 meM cAlukya rAjAoM dvArA prasArita kie gae the| DAI dvArA mudrita svarNa mudrAeM jayakezI prathama, zomI deva, zivacitta evaM hemmadi deva dvArA jArI kI giiN| hoyazAlA ke viSNu vardhana aura narasiMha ne bhI uparyukta prakAra ke sone ke sikke 1115 se 1171 zatI ke madhya prasArita kie| bIjApura, belagAma tathA dhAr3abAra kSetroM se bArahavIM zatAbdI meM zAsanastha barmA-bhUpAla dvArA sikke pracalita kie ge| katipaya lekha rahita choTe sone ke sikke prApta hote haiM jinheM kolhApura ke zilahAroM dvArA jArI kiyA gayA batAte haiN| maisUra se prasArita choTe svarNa dhAtu nirmita sikkoM ko 'gajapati pagor3A' ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| udhara ur3IsA meM nirmita kucha patale sone ke choTe sikke gaMgA rAjAoM dvArA gyArahavIM sadI taka jArI hue| cola rAjAoM ne sarvaprathama tamila deza se cAMdI kI mudrAeM jArI kiiN| inake sarvaprathama rAjA uttara cola ne ye mudrAeM sabase pUrva pracalita kii| isI prakAra kI mudrAeM usake uttarAdhikAriyoM rAjA-rAja prathama (985-1016 I0) rAjendra cola (1011-1043) dvArA bhI prasArita kI giiN| ___isI samaya meM hameM pANDayA rAjAoM dvArA jArI vibhinna prakAra ke sikke bhI prApta hote haiN| 1127 I0 meM hameM vIra kerala varmana ke cAMdI ke sikke mile haiM jina para magaramaccha kI AkRti mudrita kI gaI haiN| 1336 I0 meM vijayanagara sAmrAjya kI sthApanA ke sAtha hameM tIna pIr3hiyoM ke zAsakoM kI jAnakArI milatI hai jinhoMne 1565 I0 taka isa kSetra para zAsana kiyaa| san 1336 se 1356 ke madhya saMgama pIr3hI ke prathama zAsaka harihara ne hanumAna aura garUr3a ko apane sikkoM meM sthAna diyaa| usake uttarAdhikArI bukkA prathama ne bhI isI prakAra ke sikke jArI kie| harihara dvitIya ke sone ke sikke para umA mahezvara, lakSmI nArAyaNa evaM lakSmI narasiMha ityAdi aMkita kie ge| anya eka zAsaka devarAma ne 1422 se 1466 I0 meM umA mahezvara prakAra ke sikkoM ko jArI rkhaa| tatpazcAt hameM 1506 se 1570 I0 ke madhya tulabha zAsakoM ke sikke prApta hote haiN| vijayanagara ke zAsakoM ke parAbhava ke sAtha hI vibhinna choTI-choTI riyAsatoM ne apane sikke jArI kie| inameM madurA, taMjora evaM tinevelI ke nAyaka evaM rAmanada ke setupati pramukha haiN| san 1291-1323 I0 ke madhya hameM kAkatiyA zAsakoM dvArA pracalita sikke bhI prApta hote kAsima ke putra imAmuddIna ke siMdha pradeza meM 712 I0 meM praveza ke sAtha hI musalamAnoM kA varcasva bhAratavarSa meM prArambha huaa| usake adhikAriyoM dvArA choTe-choTe cAMdI ke sikkoM kA pracalana kiyA gyaa| isake pazcAt uttara pazcimI bhArata para gajanI ke zAsaka mahamUda ne 1001 se 1021 ke madhya kaI AkramaNa kie tathA vibhinna prakAra ke sikke bhI pracalita kie| bAda meM bhI usane 1028 I0 meM lAhora se sikke hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 97

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haiN| sudUra dakSiNI kSetroM-madurA, dakkana (bahamanI), barAra (imAda zAhI), ahamadanagara (nijAma zAhI), bIjApura (Adila zAhI), telaMgAnA (kutubazAhI), bIdAra (bAridazAhI) se prasArita sikke bhI hameM prApta prasArita kie| mahamUda ke paravartI uttarAdhikAriyoM ne gaura ke zAsakoM ne gajanI ko hastagata kara lAhaura ko apanI rAjadhAnI banAyA aura 1051 I0 ke lagabhaga vahAM se sikke jArI kie| ina gajanavI zAsakoM meM se hameM phArukhajAda (1052-1059 I0), ibrAhima (1059-1099 I0), baharAmazAha (1118-1152 I0) aura khuzarU malika (1160-1187 I0) ke sikke prApta hue haiN| khuzarU malika ko apadastha karake muhammada gorI ne 1192 I0 meM thAnezvara kI lar3AI meM pRthvIrAja cauhAna ko parAsta kara bhArata meM prathama muslima sAmrAjya kI nIMva ddaalii| usane sone, tAmra mizrita cAMdI ke (bilana) tathA tAMbe ke sikke jArI kie| isake pazcAt hameM mahamUda, tAjUddIna iladIja, kutubuddIna aibaka, iltutamisa (1211-1236 I0), rUknUddIna phiroja zAha (1235 I0), jalAluddIna, rajiyA (1236-1240 I0), moyajUddIna, baharAma zAha (1240-1242 I0), gayAsuddIna balabana (1266-1287 I0), moyajuddIna kekubAda (1287-1290 I0), zamazuddIna keyUmarAsa (1290 I0) ke sikke prApta hote haiN| 1290 I0 meM bhArata kA zAsana anya khilajI zAsakoM ko hastAntarita ho gyaa| inameM se hameM jalAluddIna phiroja (1290-1296 I0), rUknuddIna ibrAhima (1296 I0), alAuddIna muhammada zAha (1296-1316 I0), kutubuddIna mubAraka zAha ke sikke prApta hue haiN| ve 1320 I0 meM zAsanArUr3ha hue| inameM hameM gayAsuddIna tugalaka, muhammada bina tugalaka, phiroja zAha tugalaka, tugalaka dvitIya (1388 I0), abUbakara (1318 I0), muhammada bina phiroja (1389-1392 I0), siMkadara (1392 I0) aura mahamUda (1392-1412) ke sikke prApta hote haiN| isI bIca san 1398 I0 meM taimUra ne dillI ke siMhAsana para apanA varcasva sthApita kara liyaa| tatpazcAt tugalaka sAmrAjya ke aMtima vaMzadhara mahamUda ke maraNoparAMta usake rAjadarabAriyoM ne zAsana kI bAgaDora daulata khAna lodI ke hAthoM meM sauMpa dii| vaha 1413 I0 meM rAjasiMhAsana para ArUr3ha huA, lekina use bhI khijarakhAna ne rAjyacyuta kara saiyyada vaMza kA varcasva sthApita kiyaa| bAda meM mubAraka zAha, muhammada bina pharIda, AlamazAha ityAdi ne sikke jArI kie| san 1451 I0 meM bahalola lodI ne zAsana kI Dora smbhaalii| usake uttarAdhikArI sikaMdara lodI ibrAhima lodI hue jinhoMne apane sikke pracalita kie| 1526 I0 meM ibrAhima lodI ko pAnIpata ke yuddha meM mArakara bAbara ne mugala sAmrAjya kI nIMva ddaalii| lekina usake uttarAdhikArI humAyUM ko zerazAha sUrI ne 1540 I0 meM haTAkara sUrI zAsana sthApita kiyaa| usane cAMdI tathA tAMbe ke kaI sikke kaI jagahoM se prasArita kie| isake uttarAdhikArI zAsakoM- islAma zAha (1545-1552 I0), muhammada Adila zAha (1552-1553 I0), ibrAhima (1553 I0), sikaMdara sUra (1554 I0) ne kramaza: sikke jArI kie| zerazAha ne hI sarvaprathama cAMdI ke sikkoM kA nAma rupayA rakhA jo Aja bhI pracalita hai| uparyukta dillI sulatAnoM ke uccAdhikArI jo vibhinna kSetroM meM niyukta kie jAte the jaba kabhI kendrIya zAsana meM zithilatA kA AbhAsa pAte apane Apako svataMtra ghoSita kara apane sikke pracArita karane lgte| isa taraha ke sikke hameM baMgAla, gujarAta, mAlavA aura jaunapura kSetroM ke vibhinna padAdhikAriyoM dvArA jArI kie milate haiN| inake atirikta kazmIra kSetra se hameM svataMtra rAjAoM ke sikke bhI isa samaya meM milate - pAnIpata ke yuddha meM san 1526 I0 meM ibrAhima lodI ko parAsta kara jaharUddIna bAbara ne bhArata meM mugala sAmrAjya kI nIMva DAlI thI lekina usake uttarAdhikArI humAyUM ko san 1542 I0 meM zerazAha sUrI ne padacyuta kara diyA thaa| parantu usane puna: dillI ko hastagata kara liyaa| san 1556 I0 meM usake putra akabara ne zAsana bhAra smbhaalaa| ina tInoM mugalazAsakoM ke vibhinna prakAra ke sikke hameM prApta hote haiN| inake pazcAt kramaza: hameM jahAMgIra (1605-1627 I0), dAvara bakhza (1627 I0), zAhajahAM (1628-1658 I0) murAda bakhza (1658 I0), zAhasUjA (1657-1660 I0, auraMgajeba (1658-1707 I0), AjamazAha (1707 I0), kAmabakhsa (1707-1708 I0), zAha Alama bahAdura (1707-1712 I0), ajimusAna (1712 I0), jahAMdArazAha (1712 I0), phArukhasiyara (1713-1719 I0), nikusiyara (1719 I0), raphUdarajAta (1719 I0), zAhajahAM dvitIya (raphUdaulA, 1719 I0), muhammada ibrAhima (1720 I0), muhammada zAha (1719-1748 I0) ahamadazAha bahAdura (1748-1754 I0), AlamagIra dvitIya (1754-1759 I0), zAhajahAM tRtIya (1759-1760 I0), zAha Alama dvitIya (1759-1806 I0), bedAra bakhta (1788 I0), muhammada akabara dvitIya (1806-1837 I0) tathA bahAdura zAha dvitIya (1837-1858 I0) ke sikke vibhinna AkAra, dhAtuoM aura sthAnoM se mudrita milate haiN| uparyukta muslima evaM mugala zAsakoM ke bar3hate hue varcasva ke phalasvarUpa caudahavIM aura solahavIM sadI ke madhya yadyapi hindU zAsana kA bane rahanA dUbhara ho gayA thA tathApi hameM katipaya hindU rAjAoM dvArA mudrita sikke isa samaya ke kAMgar3A, madhya bhArata ke goMr3a zAsakoM, mithilA, AsAma Adi sthAnoM se prApta hote haiN| ____ mugala sAmrAjya ke patana ke uparAMta hameM marAThA zakti ke udaya kI jhalaka milatI hai| jaba satrahavIM zatI meM mahAn zivAjI dvArA koMkaNa kSetra meM apanA rAjya sthApita kiyA gyaa| unhoMne tathA unake uttarAdhikAriyoM ne rAjya ke kSetraphala ko atyadhika vistRta kiyaa| marAThA zakti ko pezavAoM ke padArpaNa se aura adhika UrjA milii| inake vibhinna prakAra ke sikke hameM milate haiN| udhara uttara-pazcimI kSetra meM san 1739 meM nAdirazAha ne AkramaNa kara dillI taka ke kSetra ko apane adhIna kara liyA thaa| nAdirazAha kA katla usI ke eka adhikArI ahamadazAha dvArA in 1747 meM kara diyA gyaa| ina durrAnI zAsakoM ne bhI apane sikke isa samaya meM prasArita kie| udhara ahamadazAha durrAnI ke paMjAba kSetra meM lagAtAra hue hamaloM ke phalasvarUpa sikkhoM kI lIga 'khAlasA' kA udaya huA aura unhoMne 1710 I0 meM ahamadazAha kI rAjadhAnI sarahinda ko tahasa-nahasa kara diyaa| inake netA 'baMdA' (saccA bAdazAha) dvArA sikke pracalita kie ge| san 1777 I0 ke AsapAsa nAnaka zAhI sikkoM kA pracalana amRtasara se kiyA gyaa| isake pazcAt rAjA raNajIta siMha dvArA bhI sikke mudrita kie ge| mAlerakoTalA, jiMda, nAbhA, kaitAla aura kazmIra ke DogarA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 98

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rAjAoM ne bhI raNajIta siMha ke sikkoM kA anusaraNa kiyaa| san 1727 I0 meM avadha ke navAboM dvArA banArasa se sikke mudrita kie jAne lge| IsTa iMDiyA kaMpanI dvArA banArasa kSetra ko hastagata kara lie jAne ke uparAMta asaphauddaulA aura usake uttarAdhikAriyoM ne lakhanaU se sikke prasArita kie| rohila khaMDa ke avadha zAsana meM mila jAne ke pazcAt vahAM se bhI inake sikke jArI hue| bAda meM gAjIuddIna haidara, nasirUddIna haidara, muhammada alI, amajada alI, vAjida alI ne kramaza: sikke mudrita kie| 1857 I0 meM jaba bhArata varSa meM aMgrejoM ke viruddha bagAvata kA Arambha huA taba avadha meM brijisa kAdira ko navAba vajIra banAyA gayA aura usake dvArA pracalita kucha sikke hameM isa avadhi meM prApta hue haiN| udhara maisUra kSetra meM san 1761 I0 meM haidaraalI dvArA sattA sambhAla lie jAne ke pazcAt hama vibhinna prakAra ke sikke vahAM se pracalita hue dekhate haiN| usake putra TIpU sultAna ne bhI bahuta sI dhAtuoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke sikkoM kA pracalana kiyaa| TIpU sultAna kI mRtyu ke uparAMta san 1799 I0 meM maisUra kI sattA chaH varSIya kRSNa rAjA vADiyAra ko hastAntarita kI gii| usake nAma se bhI sikkoM kA pracalana huA / ) paMdrahavIM zatAbdI se hama purtagAlI, Daca, Denisa, aMgrejoM evaM phrAMsisiyoM kA bhAratavarSa meM praveza dekhate haiN| vyApAra ke sAtha-sAtha inhoMne sthAnIya rAjanIti meM bhI sakriya bhAga liyA tathA bhAratIya bhUbhAga ko hathiyA kara vibhinna sthAnoM se apane vyApArika saMsthAnoM ke nAma se sikkoM kA pracalana kiyaa| ina vyApArika saMsthAnoM meM purtagAliyoM ne sarvaprathama vAskoDigAmA ke netRtva meM san 1498 meM kAlIkaTa meM praveza kiyA aura unhoMne bAda meM iyU, damana, salaseta, besina, cola aura muMbaI meM tathA sAna dhoma, hugalI meM apane upaniveza sthApita kie| dhIre-dhIre ye kSetra unake hAthoM se nikalate gae aura aMtataH 1961 I0 meM da. yU. damana aura goA ko bhI svataMtra bhAratavarSa meM sammilita kara liyA gyaa| Daca logoM dvArA prathama vyAvasAyika saMsthAna pulikara meMsana 1609 meM kholA gayA tathA san 1616 taka unhoMne sUrata meM bhI saMsthAna sthApita kiyaa| mAlAbAra kSetra, machalIpattana, hugalI, kAsima bAjAra, DhAkA, paTanA tathA sUrata ahamadAbAda aura AgarA meM bhI unake dvArA vyApArika kriyAeM cAlU kI gaIM tathA 1759 meM cinasurA ke yuddha meM klAiva dvArA harAe jAne taka unhoMne vibhinna jagahoM se apanI kaMpanI ke sikke prasArita kie| isI taraha san 1620 meM Denisa logoM ne nAyaka zAsakoM se TraMkebAra ko prApta kiyA tathA bAda meM porTonovo aura baMgAla meM zrIrAmapura aura bAlAsora meM bhI apane upaniveza sthApita kie| lagabhaga do zatAbdiyoM taka ina sthAnoM se Denisa logoM dvArA sikke pracalita kie jAte rahe phrAMsIsI logoM dvArA lI gaI apanI prathama audyogika ikAI san 1668 meM sUrata meM sthApita kI tathA san 1669 meM anya ikAI machalIpattana meM sthApita kI 1673 I0 meM unhoMne vAlikoMDipurama ke gavarnara se eka gAMva prApta kara pAMDIcerI kI sthApanA kii| baMgAla meM bhI unhoMne san 1690 meM caMdananagara meM audyogika ikAI kI sthApanA kii| san 1725 meM unhoMne mAhe ko tathA 1734 meM kArIkala ko adhigrahita kara liyaa| lekina 1815 I0 taka phrAMsisiyoM ko aMgrejoM ke hAthoM rAjanaitika asaphalatAoM kA sAmanA hIraka jayantI smArikA lagAtAra karanA pdd'aa| isa avadhi ke madhya unhoMne vibhinna prakAra kI mudrAeM vibhinna AkAra-prakAra evaM dhAtuoM meM pracalita kIM / san 1613 I0 meM aMgrejoM ko jahAMgIra dvArA sUrata meM vyAvasAyika pratiSThAna prArambha karane kI anumati die jAne ke sAtha hI unakA bhAratIya rAjanaitika kSetra meM praveza hotA hai| dhIre-dhIre aMgrejoM ne apane vyApArika saMsthAna AgarA, ahamadAbAda aura bharoca meM bhI sthApita kie| san 1668 I0 meM aMgrejoM ne purtagAliyoM se muMbaI ko cArlsa dvitIya kI ketharIna ke sAtha vivAhopalakSa meM daheja ke rUpa meM prApta kiyaa| dhIre-dhIre unhoMne vibhinna jagahoM meM vyApArika saMsthAna khole aura sattarahavIM sadI ke pUrvArddha taka apane vyavasAya ko sarvatra bhArata meM phailaayaa| lekina satrahavIM zatAbdi ke uttarArddha se unhoMne rAjanaitika evaM sAmarika hastakSepa karanA Arambha kara diyA aura 1834 I0 taka unhoMne samasta bhAratavarSa para apanA kabjA sthApita kara liyA / yadyapi 1857 meM bhAratIya logoM ne unake viruddha AMdolana zurU kara diyA thA parantu hameM svataMtratA san 1947 meM jAkara milI tathA aMgrejI sAmrAjya kA aMta huaa| isa lambI avadhi meM aMgrejoM ne bhI vibhinna AkAra-prakAra ke sikkoM kA mudraNa kiyaa| svAdhIna bhArata ne san 1950 taka kisI bhI prakAra ke sikke nahIM pracalita kie| 1950 ke 15 agasta ke dina pahalA bhAratIya sikkA jArI kiyA gyaa| san 1957 meM bhArata varSa meM dasamalava praNAlI ke sikke pracalita kie gae jinheM "nayA paisA" kahA jAtA thaa| ye sikke 1 jUna, 1964 taka nirantara pracalana meM rhe| isake bAda se "nayA paisA" zabda ko sikkoM se haTA diyA gyaa| inake atirikta bahuta se mahatvapUrNa vyaktiyoM tathA viSayoM para vizeSa prakAra ke sikke bhI pracalita hue| isa taraha nirantara bhAratIya sikkoM kA pracalana vibhinna AkAra-prakAra aura ikAiyoM meM ho rahA hai aura bhAratIya sikkoM kI kahAnI apanI tAratamyatA banAe rakha pA rahI haiN| sandarbha - 1. koyansa oNpha ensiyeMTa iMDiyA e. kaniMghama 2. koyansa sI. je. brAuna 3. koyansa - paramezvarIlAla guptA 4. keTaloga oNpha kaoNyansa ina da briTiza myUjiyama je. elana, esa. lenapUla ityAdi / 5. keTaloga oNpha kaoNyansa ina da paMjAba myUjiyama Ara. bI. vhAiheDa 6. keTaloga oNpha kaoNyansa ina da iNDiyana myUjiyama vI. smitha evaM enarAiTa 7. da kAyaneja eMDa meTrolojI oNpha da sultAnasa oNpha delhI eca. ena. rAiTa 8. keTaloga oNpha kAyansa oNpha da sulatAnsa oNpha delhI - lakhanaU myUjiyama, - prayAga dayAla 9. sTaDIja ina mugala nyUmisameTiksa esa. eca. hoDIvAlA 10. koyansa oNpha mIDiyevala iMDiyA e0 kaniMghama - 11. keTaloga oNpha da kaoNyansa ina AsAma myUjiyama - e0 DablyU0 bodhama 12. da sTeMDarDa gAiDa TU sAutha esIyana koyansa - kolina Ara brusa, je. esa. DAyala ityAdi / vidvat khaNDa / 99

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puSpA baida kalpasUtra aura citrakalA sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke bahuta pahale, jaba mAnava bhASA dvArA apane mana ke udgAra prakaTa karanA nahIM sIkha pAyA thA, taba vaha saMketoM, rekhAMkanoM yA citroM dvArA apane manonmeSoM ko abhivyakta karane lagA thaa| sabhyatA aura saMskRti ke vikAsa ke sAtha isakA rUpa vividha saraNiyoM se gujaratA huA abhivyakti kA sazakta mAdhyama banatA calA gyaa| citrasUtra meM ise "kalAnAM pravaraM citram' kahakara kalAoM kA samrATa ghoSita kiyA gayA ki samasta dhArmika mUlapAThoM ko lipibaddha kiyA jaae| dasavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva ke prAraMbhika grantha prApta nahIM haiN| isakA kAraNa sambhavataH usa samaya aise grantha bhaNDAroM kA abhAva rahA hogA, jahAM unheM surakSita rakhA jA sktaa| muni zrI kAnti sAgara kA vizAla bhArata patrikA (1947 bhAga 40 aMka 6 pR0 341-348) meM, "jaina dvArA pallavita citrakalA' zIrSaka lekha prakAzita huA thaa| unhoMne ina jaina citroM ko tAr3apatra, kAgaja tathA vastroM para nirmita mAnA hai| jaina muniyoM ne svatantra rUpa se samaya-samaya para hajAroM "kalpasUtroM" kI racanA kii| jinameM RSabhadeva, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha evam mahAvIra kA jIvana caritra citroM ke sAtha lipibaddha kiyA gayA hai| kucha viziSTa pratilipiyoM kA vivaraNa yahAM prastuta hai| san 1216 I0 kA "kalpasUtra" jaisalamera ke bhaNDAra meM surakSita hai| "kalpasUtra" va kAlakAcArya kathA "jisakA racanA kAla 1370 I0 mAnA gayA hai, muni puNya vijaya jI ke saMgraha meM hai|" kAlakAcArya kathA meM 6 citra haiN| ye citra sudakSa kalAkauzala ke udAharaNa haiN| caudahavIM zatAbdI kA "kalpasUtra' ahamadAbAda ke sArAbhAI navAba ke saMgraha meM surakSita haiN| bhAratIya nATya, saMgIta aura citrakalA tInoM hI dRSTiyoM meM usakA mahatva apUrva hai| ina citroM meM rAga, rAginI, mUrchanA, tAna kI yojanA saMgIta zAstra ke anusAra hai| 1427 I0 kA "kalpasUtra" iNDiyA Aphisa laMdana meM saMgrahIta hai, isameM 46 citra haiN| kAgaja para prArambhika jaina granthoM meM sarvottama aura prathama "kalpasUtra kalAkAcArya' kathA aMkita hai, jo prinsa oNpha velsa myUjiyama meM surakSita hai| san 1415 kI racanA "kalpasUtra kAlakAcAryakathA bhI atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| isakA kalpasUtra bhAga kalakattA kI bir3alA ekeDamI ke saMgraha meM hai aura kAlaka-bhAga bambaI ke zrI premacanda jaina ke nijI saMkalana meM surakSita hai| san 1465 I0 meM citrita "kalpasUtra" ke citra husaina zAha zarkI ke zAsana kAla meM jaunapura meM citrita hue| isameM nArI AkRtiyoM ko samakAlIna veza-bhUSA meM darzAyA gayA hai| isa taraha "jaina citrakalA" gujarAta kI zvetAmbara kalama se Arambha hokara rAjapUtAnA meM varSoM taka apanA vikAsa karatI rahI aura bAda meM irAnI prabhAvoM se mukta hokara "rAjapUta kalama' meM hI vilayita ho gii|' chapAI ke AviSkAra ke sAtha Aja bhI inakI pratilipiyAM vibhinna sampAdakoM dvArA samaya-samaya para mudrita kI jA rahI haiN| ___ kalpasUtra ke citrakAra prAya: muni hI huA karate the, ve Atma siddhi ke lie sAdhanA aura tapazcaryA meM nirata rahate the| isa avasthA meM unhoMne jo kucha bhI aMkita kiyA tIrthaMkara-maya hokara kiyaa| ve dhArmika aura AdhyAtmika antarbhAvanAoM se ota-prota the| unakA uddezya thA tIrthaMkara-vANI ko jana-jana meM phuNcaanaa| unhoMne "jina-caritroM" ko apanI lekhanI aura tUlikA kA viSaya bnaayaa| vibhinna raMgoM kI tar3aka-bhar3aka meM na par3akara unhoMne mUla raMgoM kA hI prayoga kiyaa| lAla, ___ kAlAntara meM mAnava ke samakSa apane Apa ko atizaya bhogoM se mukta karane kI vyagratA vyApta ho gii| mukti kI yahI kAmanA jaina citrakalA kA AdhAra bnii| logoM ke mana ko ahiMsA-karuNA, zAnti kI ora unmukha kara unameM vairAgya bhAva jAgRta karane kA jaina muniyoM ne bIr3A utthaayaa| jaina tIrthaMkaroM ne apane Apa ko sAdhanA aura tapazcaryA kI Aga meM tapAyA aura pratyeka AtmA ke unnayana ke lie mukti kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| jaina-granthoM meM muniyoM ne isI AdhyAtmika bhAva-sampadA ko jo AcArya bhadrabAhu ke samaya se maukhika rUpa meM calI A rahI thI, lipibaddha kiyaa| jIvana ke AdhyAtmika pahaluoM ko jana-jana ke hRdaya meM aMkurita karane ke lie unhoMne citroM kA sahayoga liyaa| ye citra unakI uddezya pUrti meM bhASA se adhika sazakta siddha hue| bAda meM inhIM citroM kI zailI "jaina-citra-zailI" ke nAma se prasiddha huii| IsA kI pAMcavI zatAbdI meM zvetAmbara jaina paramparA ke anusAra gujarAta ke vallabhi ke jaina sAdhuoM kI eka saMgIti huI, jisameM yaha nirNaya kiyA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 100

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ina citroM ke kucha vizeSa prasaMga ullekhanIya haiM- mahAvIra svAmI kI dUsarI mAtA trizalA ke caudaha mahAsvapna evam garbhApaharaNa, mahAvIra kA janmAbhiSeka, varSIdAna, dIkSA grahaNa ke samaya paMcamuSTi loca karate hue mahAvIra tathA mahAvIra kA smvsrnn| bhagavAna neminAtha kI bArAta kA dRzya, RSabhadeva kA rAjyAbhiSeka tathA pArzva tapasyA kA citraNa bhI sarAhanIya hai| ina citroM meM vRSabha, siMha, hAthI, sarpa Adi pazuoM kA rekhAMkana kalAkAra ke kauzala kA prazasta namUnA hai| kalaza, chatra, agni, dhvaja Adi kA aMkana pratIkAtmaka pIle, hare, kAle evam sapheda raMgoM ke sAtha mugala zAsana kAla meM nIle, sunaharI va rUpaharI raMgoM kA prayoga bhI jur3a gyaa| tAr3apatrIya citroM meM jaina kalAkAroM kI rekhAeM sUkSma aura sazakta haiN| inakA mUla uddezya bhAvoM ko abhivyakta karanA thA, jisameM ve saphala hue| __ kalpasUtra kA AyAma prAya: 5 se 6 iMca caur3A evam 10 se 12 iMca lambA rahA karatA hai| usI meM eka ora to prasaMga kA vivaraNa aura dUsarI ora usa viSaya para AdhArita citra aMkita kie jAte haiN| phalata: isakA varga kSetra 9 se 12 varga iMca taka hI sImita rahatA hai| itane laghu dAyare meM apanI bAta kaha dene meM ye kalAkRtiyAM advitIya haiN| bAda meM inameM irAnI prabhAva ke kAraNa bela-bUToM kI paccIkArI kA pracalana bhI cala pdd'aa| ___ ina citroM ke adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki jaina devI-devatAoM ke paramparAgata aMkana hote hue bhI ye kalAtmaka haiN| pRSThabhUmi sAdI, AkRtiyAM nukIlI evam paralI AMkha yukta haiN| pAtra ke anurUpa hI unakI sAja-sajjA, AkAra-prakAra aura alaMkaraNa haiN| eka ora devatAgaNa athavA rAjA AbhUSaNoM se susajjita haiM to dUsarI ora zramaNa zveta athavA svarNima vastra dhAraNa kie hue haiN| kalpasUtra kI citrakalA kA viSaya puruSa pradhAna haiN| puruSa dupaTTA aura dhotI dhAraraNa kie hue haiN| striyAM kasI huI aMgiyA tathA dhotI pahane najara AtI haiN| vastra bela-bUToM se AcchAdita haiN| per3a, paudhe sthAna ke anusAra citra kI AlaMkArikatA ko bar3hAte haiN| yahI nahIM ina citroM meM zailI kA vikAsa bhI dikhAI detA hai| udAharaNArtha ujhamaphoI- saMgraha - kalpasUtra ke mahAvIra-janma vAle dRzya meM parade kA thor3A sA aMza dikhAI detA hai kintu iDara vAle citroM meM isI kA vistRta aMkana huA hai| ___saMbhavata: sarvAdhika sundara evaM vipula citrita kalpasUtra kI prati devazA no pAr3o bhaNDAra, ahamadAbAda kI prati hai| ghane vRkSAdi tathA phUloM vAle paudhe, raMgIna cir3iyAM, jIvanta pazu, vividha raMgoM ke vastra pahane vibhinna mudrAoM meM aMkita kanyAeM isa citrAvalI kI vizeSatAeM haiN| isameM bharata ke nATya zAstra para AdhArita vibhinna nRtya evaM saMgIta kI mudrAeM haiN| ___ jaina granthoM para lakar3I kI daphtiyAM surakSArtha bAMdhI jAtI thiiN| ina daphtiyoM para sUkSma bela-bUToM kI citrakArI kalAkAra ke dhairya aura sAdhanA kA advitIya udAharaNa hai| sAdhanA ke rAste para bar3hate hue evam tIrthaMkara kI vANI kA smaraNa karate hue muniyoM evam jaina kalAkAroM ne jo anubhUti kI vaha unakI kalAkRti kI AdhAra-zilA banI, jisane jana sAdhAraNa ke AdhyAtmika pakSa ko atyanta prabhAvita kiyA, sAtha hI sAtha rAjasthAnI aura mugala zailI ke nirmANa meM bhI mahatvapUrNa yoga diyaa| isa taraha kalpasUtra' ne bhAratIya jJAna bhaNDAra ko samRddha kiyaa| mugala saltanata ke saMkaTakAlIna samaya meM bhAratIya sabhyatA evam saMskRti ko bacAe rakhane meM mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhaaii| svarNamaya aura rajatamaya hone ke kAraNa ye pothiyAM atyanta mUlyavAna haiN| inakA yogadAna sAhityika, aitihAsika, kalAtmaka evam AdhyAtmika sabhI dRSTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa hai| Aja dharma-sUtroM ke sAtha ye citra bhI hamArI AdhyAtmika paramparA kI abhinna dharohara bana gaI haiN| saMdarbha 1.ke. kAsalIvAla, jaina grantha bhaNDArsa ina rAjasthAna, 1964 jayapura - pR0 2 2. khaNDAlAvAlA (kArla) evaM moticandra ina ilasTreTeDa kalpasUtra peNTeDa paTa - 17-14 jaunapura ina e0 DI0 1465 lalitakalA-12 pR0 9-15 3. vAcaspati gairolA, bhAratIya citrakalA, pR0 138 hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa/101

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DaoN rameza candra zarmA jaina kalA kA purAtAtvika mahatva bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa va pallavana meM jaina dharma kA viziSTa yogadAna rahA hai| ahiMsA, aparigraha, asteya, syAdavAda jaise sArvabhauma aura vizva-kalyANa ke siddhAMtoM ko prastuta aura pracArita kara isane samasta mAnava jAti ko eka sUtra meM pirone kA mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai| phalataH jaina dharma ke Adarza Adi kAla se hI loka mAnasa ko AkRSTa karate rahe haiN| pracura sAhitya ke sAtha kalA aura purAtatva ke pramANa bhI isa tathya ke sAkSI haiN| ___ jaina kalA ke vikAsa kI Arambhika kar3I kahAM aura kaba se hai, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| purAtatva isa dizA meM hamArI sahAyatA to karatA hai, kintu yaha tarka, vivecana aura vizleSaNa kA kSetra hai jisameM utsAha ke vega ke sAtha dhairya kA aMkuza bhI abhISTa hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra jina mUrti pUjA eka zAzvata paddhati hai jo bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke samaya se hI pracalita huii| eka tIrthaMkara se dUsare ke bIca kI avadhi kabhI-kabhI itanI adhika hai ki isakI kAla gaNanA Aja ke kampyUTara yuga meM bhI sambhava nahIM pratIta hotI to becArA purAtatva hI isa kAla avadhi taka kaise pahuMca paaegaa| yadi sindhu saMskRti ke avazeSoM ko kalA kI dRSTi se prAcInatama mAna leM (yadyapi mehara gar3ha Adi sthala aura adhika prAcIna haiM) to har3appA se nikalA mAnava dhar3a zarIra racanA, nagnAkRti, sudRr3ha AkAra kI dRSTi se kisI tIrthaMkara kI mUrti kA pratinidhitva karatA pratIta hotA hai| sindhu saMskRti abhI taka rahasya ke AvaraNa se DhakI hai aura jaba taka lipi kA prAmANika DhaMga se vAcana nahIM ho jAtA taba taka rahasya kA udghATana sambhava nahIM hai| pichale lagabhaga ATha dazakoM se purAzAstrI isa ora satata prayAsarata haiN| siMdhu saMskRti kA samaya 2700 I0 pU0 se 1500 I0 pU0 ke bIca kA hai| tatpazcAt purAtatva dIrgha kAla taka mauna sAdhanA karatA hai aura jarmana purAvettA DaoN0 e0 phyUharara ko mathurA nagara ke pazcimI aMcala meM kaMkAlI nAmaka sthala se jaina kalAkRtiyoM kA vipula koSa 1889-91 I0 ke bIca milatA hai| ye prastara kalA kRtiyAM dvitIya zatI I0 pU0 se 12vIM zatI I0 taka kI haiN| Arambha AyAga-paTTa ke maMgala cinhoM se huA tatpazcAt jina AkRtiyAM aaiiN| bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara neminAtha zrI kRSNa ke samakAlIna aura brajamaNDala ke nikaTavartI zauripura baTezvara (AgarA) se sambandhita the| supArzva, pArzva va mahAvIra kI bhI adhika mAnyatA thI aura antima kevalI jambU svAmI ne yahIM apanA zarIra tyAga kiyaa| phalata: yahAM aneka kAloM meM aura vibhinna caraNoM meM stUpa yA caitya banate rahe evaM jina mUrtiyAM sthApita hotI rhiiN| yaha kalA sampadA aba rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU meM surakSita hai| ___inameM eka jina mUrti kI carama caukI kA prAkRta bhASA aura brAhmI lipi meM ullikhita lekha advitIya mahatva kA hai| isake anusAra kuberA devI dvArA deva nirmita stUpa kA jIrNoddhAra pArzvanAtha jina ke samaya huaa| yadi anya tIrthaMkara itihAsa aura purAtatva kI sImA se bAhara bhI hoM to vardhamAna mahAvIra aura unake pUrvavartI jina pArzvanAtha avazya aitihAsika vibhUti the jinakA samaya kramaza: pAMcavI va AThavIM zatI I0 pU0 sthira huA hai| yadi sandarbhAntargata mUrtilekha aura usake puSTikartA sAhityika prasaMgoM ko prAmANika mAnA jAya to niSkarSa nikalatA hai kuberA devI dvArA sthApita mUla stUpa itanA prAcIna aura jIrNa ho cukA thA ki AThavIM zatI I0 pU0 meM usake jIrNoddhAra kI AvazyakatA anubhUta huii| avazya hI yaha kucha aura zatAbdI pUrva banA hogaa| ise deva nirmita kahane se bhI prAcInatA siddha hotI hai, kyoMki yaha kaba banA isa tathya ko loga bhUla cuke the| jisa smAraka kI sthiti AThavIM zatI se kucha zatAbdI pUrva sthira hone ke sUtra mila rahe hoM yaha bhAratIya sthApatya ke udbhava va vikAsa ke nae adhyAya kA zrIgaNeza karatA hai| jaina mUrti kalA kA sAMgopAMga adhyayana mathurA se mile avazeSoM ke mAdhyama se sambhava hai| sAtha hI jaina sthApatya (caitya stUpa) aura samAja kA bhI vizada vivaraNa prApta hotA hai| kyoMki bahuta sI pratimAeM abhilikhita aura saMvat tithi Adi se bhI aMkita haiM ata: tatkAlIna sAMskRtika adhyayana ke lie ve darpaNavat samAdRta haiN| sarasvatI kI prAcInatama pratimA jisa para devI kA nAma utkIrNa hai, yahIM se milii| yahAM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki prAcIna dharma granthoM ke saMkalana, sampAdana, saMrakSaNa ke lie sarasvatI Andolana kuSANa kAla meM mathurA se Arambha huA jise mAthurI vAcanA bhI kahate haiN| samakAlIna sarasvatI pratimA kA isa dRSTi se aura adhika mahatva hai| isa Andolana se prerita ho deza ke vibhinna sthAnoM meM jaina hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 102

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sarasvatI bhaNDAra athavA granthAgAra nirmita hue jo saubhAgya se abhI taka surakSita haiN| RSabhanAtha kI gupta kAlIna prastara paTa mUrti meM unakA nAma "RSabhasya pratimA" likhA hai| kandhe para jaTA par3I hai isase AdinAtha kI mUrtiyoM ko pahacAnane meM bar3I sahAyatA milii| kAlAntara meM to sabhI jinoM ke nizcita cinha, yakSa, zAsana devatA Adi sthira ho ge| eka ora mathurA jaina mUrtikalA, sthApatya aura dharma granthoM ke vizAla kendra ke rUpa meM IsA se kaI zatI pUrva vikasita ho rahA thA udhara bihAra meM maurya nareza AjIvaka jaina sAdhuoM ke vizrAma ke lie barAbara kI pahAr3iyoM meM kuTiyoM kI vyavasthA kara rahe the| bihAra tIrthaMkaroM kI avatAra bhUmi rahI hai ata: jaina anuyAyI athavA sahiSNu zAsakoM ke lie yaha puNyArjana kA kArya thaa| ur3IsA bhI isa dRSTi se agraNI rahA aura dvitIya zatI I0 pU0 meM khAravela nAmaka jaina samrATa ne apanI upalabdhiyoM kA byaurA bhuvanezvara ke nikaTa udayagiri guhA meM eka vistRta brAhmI lekha meM chor3A hai| inameM eka ghaTanA jaina kalA aura purAtatva ke digdarzana ke lie atyanta upayogI hai| vaha usa jina mUrti ko kaliMga vApasa lAne meM saphala huA, jise pUrvavartI magadha nareza le gae the| yaha kauna sI mUrti hai aura kahAM hai yaha vivAdAspada hai| vaise eka jaina pratimA jo paTanA ke pAsa lohAnIpura se milI aba paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM hai| kalA zailI kI dRSTi se avazya hI yaha mauryakAla kI hai| kintu yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki khAravela ke zilAlekha meM jisa pratimA kA varNana hai vaha yahI hai kyoMki puna: yaha kaliMga se magadha kaise pahuMcI isa bAre meM itihAsa va purAtatva mauna hai| yahAM vicAraNIya tathya yaha hai ki jina mUrtiyAM maurya yuga meM nirmita va pUjita hotI thI aura unakI pratiSThA zAsakoM kI pratiSThA thii| khAravela ne bhI jaina sAdhuoM ke vizrAma, cintana, manana, anuzIlana ke lie udayagiri-khaNDagiri meM Azraya sthala bnvaae| ina kakSoM para aneka kathAnaka utkIrNa haiN| sthiti ko dekhate hue yaha anumAna lagAnA svAbhAvika hai ki pahAr3I kA eka bhAga sabhA sthala athavA prekSAgAra ke rUpa meM banAyA gayA jahAM se lIlA athavA nATakoM kA maMcana hotA thaa| kalA va purAtatva kI dRSTi se udayagiri-khaNDagiri kA jaina guhA samUha prazaMsanIya hai| kucha zatAbdiyoM taka guhA takSaNa atyanta lokapriya huA aura pazcimI bhArata parvata vizrAmAlayoM kA kendra bana gyaa| isa dizA meM pahale pAMca sau varSoM taka bauddhoM kA varcasva rahA jisake phalasvarUpa bhAjA, kArle, koNDAne, bAgha, ajantA Adi prasiddha guhA maNDapa bne| kAlAntara meM hindU va jaina samAja ne bhI isa paddhati ko apnaayaa| elorA isa dRSTi se ullekhanIya hai kyoMki yahAM tInoM dharmoM ke guhA maNDapa haiN| saMvat 30 se 34 taka ke guhA maNDapa jaina haiM jo navIM zatI meM bne| inameM choTA kailAsa aura indra sabhA prasiddha hai| yahAM yaha spaSTa karanA Avazyaka hai ki guhA takSaNa sAmAnya bhavana paddhati se adhika kaThina zramasAdhya tathA kuzalatA kA paricAyaka hai| guhA takSaNa kucha anya dezoM meM bhI huA kintu bhAratIya guphA maNDapoM kI koI tulanA nhiiN| vizva sthApatya ke lie bhArata kA yaha vilakSaNa yogadAna hai| sAmAnya bhavana meM to yadi koI truTi ho jAya to usakA pariSkAra va parivartana saMbhava hai, kintu parvata takSaNa meM pariSkAra va parivartana kA koI avasara nhiiN| yahAM to parvata ko kATakara hI saba kucha banAnA hai| zilpa, latAvallarI, stambha, dvAra, prakoSTha aura yahAM taka ki upAsya mUrtiyAM bhI parvata kA hI aMga hai bAhara se lAkara kucha nahIM lagAyA jaataa| ata: kalA sAdhanA meM atyanta sAvadhAnI apekSita hai| sAtha hI guhA takSaNa meM takSaNa kArya Upara se hotA hai nIce se nahIM, kyoMki yahAM nIMva kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| elorA kI jaina guphAeM isI vilakSaNatA kI dyotaka haiN| bAdAmI kI jaina guphA elorA se pUrvavartI aura choTI hai| dakSiNa bhArata meM bhI jaina dharma kA prasAra huA aura karnATaka isa dRSTi se agraNI hai| gomaTezvara kI vizAla pratimA na kevala AkAra kI dRSTi se Azcaryajanaka hai apitu isakA kalAtmaka sauSThava bhI sarAhanIya hai| vizAlatA meM saumyatA, yauvana meM nivRtti, vaibhava meM tapovRtti Adi kA vilakSaNa samanvaya isa mUrti ke mAdhyama se digdiganta meM prasphuTita hotA hai aura hama saba isa alaukika upalabdhi ke samakSa kitane baune dIkhate haiN| jaba mandira nirmANa kA pracalana huA to jaina kalAkAra aura AzrayadAtA bhI agrapaMkti meM rhe| yugadharmIya guNoM ke sAtha kucha doSa bhI parilakSita hue| kyoMki khajurAho ke anya mandiroM ke sAtha hI jaina mandira bhI bane ata: dasavIM zatI ke pArzvanAtha Adi mandiroM meM bhI praNaya aura rati krIr3A ke prasaMga praveza kara ge| AcArya jinasena kRta navIM zatI I0 ke harivaMza purANa meM prApta eka saMdarbha ullekhanIya hai, jisake anusAra dharma se vimukha aura bhoga meM lipta tatkAlIna samAja ko devAlayoM ke prati AkRSTa karane ke lie rati aura kAmadeva kI lIlAoM kA aMkana Avazyaka samajhA gayA tAki unase mohita ho ve jinAlaya taka pahuMce aura vahAM kucha dera dhArmika pravacana sunakara sanmArga kI ora agrasita ho skeN| yahI lakSya hogA praNaya lIlAoM ko nivRtti pradhAna jaina dharma meM apanAne kaa| kintu isake duSpariNAma bhI hue| sabhI dharmoM meM isakI atizayatA se uddezya viphala ho gyaa| jaina zilpa ke vaibhava kI utkRSTatA dilavAr3A mandira samUha meM avalokanIya hai| yahAM takSaNa meM zilpa kA itanA prAdhAnya hai ki mandira sthApatya zilpa zAstra kA namUnA bana gayA hai| saMgamaramara kA pracura prayoga prathama bAra 11vIM zatI meM yahIM huaa| bAhara se mandira jitane sAde lagate haiM andara se utane hI alaMkRta / gumbada kA takSaNa vizeSa rUpa se darzanIya hai| kintu takSaNa kI atizayatA vAstu para hAvI ho gaI hai aura rUpAkRtiyoM kI nirantaratA aura eka rUpatA kucha samaya meM netroM ko khaTakane lagatI hai| "ati sarvatra varjayet" kA ullaMghana zreSThi vimala zAha ne 11vIM zatI meM kiyA aura isakI punarAvRtti 13vIM zatI meM tejapAla aura vastupAla ne kii| yadi ina kucha truTiyoM ko upekSita kara diyA jAya to dilavAr3A ke jaina mandira vAstava meM zilpa kI parAkASThA ke dyotaka haiN| jina mUrtiyAM to sAdhanArata bhAva meM baiThI dhyAnastha athavA khar3I kAyotsarga hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 103

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rUpa meM banAI jAtI thiiN| vastra aura alaMkAroM kI yahAM upekSA thI ata: kalAkAra ko pradhAna devoM ke pradarzana meM apane zilpa camatkAra kA avasara nahIM milatA thaa| isa abhAva kI pUrti vAstu alaMkaraNa tathA avAntara devoM kI sajjA vidhA se kii| unhIM zailIgata bheda se kAla nirdhAraNa meM sahAyatA milatI hai| prastara mUrtiyoM ke atirikta jaina mata kI dhAtu mUrtiyAM bhI bar3I saMkhyA meM milI haiM jo kalA sauSThava ke sAtha purAtAtvika mahatva kI bhI haiN| gujarAta meM akoTA aura bihAra meM causA nAmaka sthala se milI mUrtiyAM vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| inakA samaya gupta kAla cauthI se chaTI zatI I0 kA hai yadyapi kucha vidvAn inheM pUrvavartI bhI mAnate haiN| akoTA ke dhAtu zilpI ko tIrthaMkara kI mUrti ko vastrAbhUSaNa se sajjita karane kI yukti suujhii| phalata: use jIvanta svAmI ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyaa| vardhamAna mahAvIra yahAM rAjakumAra ke rUpa meM pradarzita kie ge| __ jaina kalA ke purAsAkSya bhArata meM to yatra tatra pracura mAtrA meM haiM hI vizva ke aneka saMgrahAlayoM va kalAvIthiyoM kI bhI zobhA vRddhi kara rahe haiN| ina sabhI kA sacitra abhilekhIkaraNa yathA zIghra apekSita hai tAki vidvAnoM va zodhakartAoM ko apane adhyayana va anuzIlana ke lie upalabdha rahe sAtha hI bhAratIya sAMskRtika itihAsa meM jaina kalA kA samucita mUlyAMkana ho ske| -nidezaka - bhArata kalA bhavana, vArANasI hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 104

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rAjakumArI beMgAnI eka kapardaka atyadhika vyAvasAyika vyastatA ke kAraNa jhuMjhalAe hue dhanadatta ne choTe bhAI ko pukArate hue kahA, "abhI taka tumhArA pUjA pATha samApta nahIM huA devadatta ? ho gayA bhaiyA! basa A hI rahA huuN|" devadatta ne uttara diyaa| "basa A rahA hUM, A rahA hUM, are| jaba vRddhAvasthA Ae, baiThe-baiThe pUjA pATha karate rhnaa| yaha umra hai vyavasAya kI, dharmAbhyAsa kI nhiiN|" praNAma karate hue devadatta ne namratA pUrvaka kahA, "bhaiyA dharmazAstra to kahatA hai, jaba taka indriyAM zithila na hoM, vArdhakya dUra rahe, tabhI taka kA samaya dharmArAdhanA ke lie uttama hai| phira kauna kaha sakatA hai vArddhakya Ae yA nhiiN|" bhAI kI ina vairAgyamayI bAtoM kA koI uttara nahIM de pAe dhanadatta / kintu mana hI mana nirNaya kiyA, 'mujhe dhanopArjana ke lie videza calA jAnA caahie| jaba gRhasthI kA sArA bhAra kaMdhoM para A par3egA to bAdhya ho jAegA vyavasAya meM rata hone ko|' etadartha eka zubha dina naukAoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke paNya lAdakara dhanadatta videza yAtrA ko nikala pdd'e| nAnA sthAnoM meM bhramaNa karate hue puNyodaya aura puruSArtha se vipula sampatti arjita kara lI dhanadatta ne| aba unakI icchA huI ghara lauTakara svajanoM se milane kii| kintu itanI dhanarAzi lekara akele yAtrA karanA bhI to khatare se khAlI nahIM thaa| kaI luTeroM kA bhaya banA huA thaa| ataH unhoMne samasta dhanarAzi ko kucha bahumUlya maNiyoM meM badala liyA aura eka komala bAMsa kI khokhalI nalikA meM unheM bharakara kamara meM bAMdha liyA, kucha mudrAeM rAha kharca ke lie bhI rakha lI thiiN| __ aba isI bhAMti taiyAra hokara dhanadatta bhramaNa karate hue svagrAma ke nikaTa eka vana meM phuNce| pAsa hI ke gAMva se AhArAdi ke lie khAdya padArtha kharIdane ko udyata hue| kintu bAMsa nalikA ko sAtha le jAnA ucita nahIM samajha ata: eka azvatha vRkSa ke nIce khaDDA khodakara usameM use gAr3a diyA aura gAMva kI ora cle| ___ durbhAgyavaza usI per3a ke Upara eka lakar3ahArA kASTha saMgraha ke lie baiThA thaa| usane cupacApa sArA dRzya dekhA aura unake jAne ke pazcAt dhIre se per3a se nIce utara kara khaDDA khodakara nalikA nikAla lI, kintu usa garIba ne una bahumUlya maNiyoM ko raMga-biraMge kAMca ke Tukar3e smjhaa| phira bhI 'inase avazya hI kucha dravya milegA' socakara gAMva kI ora ravAnA ho gyaa| dhanadatta gAMva ke upakaNTha para sthita eka sarovara meM snAna ke lie utre| snAnoparAMta ve bhI usa vana kI ora cala pdd'e| rAha kharca ke lie jitanI mudrAeM inhoMne pAsa meM rakhI thIM unameM se aba mAtra eka kapardaka (kor3I) baca gayA thaa| unheM smaraNa huA ki 'are ! vaha to maiM sarovara ke kinAre hI bhUla aayaa|' ___ bar3e hI lAlacI the dhanadatta / eka kapardaka khonA bhI unheM sahana nahIM huaa| ata: use lene ke lie puna: lautte| lekina mana meM bhaya banA thA 'avazya hI vahAM se lauTane meM mujhe dera ho jaaegii| koI dasyu rAtri ke samaya merI nalikA nikAla na le|' kintu saMvaraNa nahIM kara pAe usa atilobha ko| vahI huA jo socA thaa| pahuMcate-pahuMcate rAta ho gaI aura unheM vivaza hokara usa gAMva meM hI rUkanA pdd'aa| idhara dhanadatta ke mAtA pitA bhI putra viyoga meM atyaMta vyAkula the| bAraha varSa vyatIta ho cuke the usase mile| unhoMne devadatta se kahA, 'putra aba hama logoM se dhanadatta kA vichoha sahA nahIM jaataa| yadi hamAre prANa bacAnA cAhate ho to zIghra hI unakI khoja khabara lo|' devadatta svayaM bhI bhAI kI yAda meM vikala thA ata: usane eka upAya nikaalaa| vaha pratidina gAMva ke pramukha dvAra para AhAra jala sAtha lekara calA jAtA aura Ae hue pathikoM se, yAtriyoM se bhAI ke viSaya meM pUchatAcha krtaa| ____ saMyogavaza vahI lakar3ahArA lakar3I kA bhAra lie dvAra para phuNcaa| bar3A hI pipAsAta thaa| devadatta ke pAsa jala dekhakara pAnI pIne kI icchA prakaTa kii| usane bhI use pAnI hI nahIM AhArAdi dekara pUrNata: santuSTa kiyaa| usakI sAdhutA ne lakar3ahAre kA vizvAsa jIta liyaa| ata: usane vaha nalikA devadatta ko dikhAyA aura maNiyoM ko becanA caahaa| usa nalikA para dhanadatta kA nAma qhudA thaa| use par3hate hI vaha cauMka pdd'aa| usane lakar3ahAre se nirbhIka hokara nalikA ke viSaya meM saba kucha batAne ko khaa| sArA vRtAnta sunane ke pazcAt usane kucha dravya dekara lakar3ahAre se vaha nalikA kharIda lI aura bhAvI durghaTanA ko anumAna kara turanta usI sthAna kI ora cala par3A jahAM se lakar3ahAre ne nalikA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 105

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nikAlI thii| jaba dhanadatta azvatha vRkSa ke nIce pahuMcA aura khaDDe ko khudA huA pAyA to sanna raha gyaa| jaldI jaldI usa khar3e ko gaharA khodane lagA, kintu saba vyartha, bAMsa nalikA to gAyaba ho cukI thii| aba to vaha pAgaloM kI bhAMti kiMkarttavya vimUr3ha banA jora-jora se rone lgaa| sArA araNya usake karuNa krandana se kAMpa utthaa| ThIka usI samaya devadatta bhI vahAM pahuMca gayA kintu gahare AghAta se sudha-budha khoe hue dhanadatta devadatta ko pahacAna nahIM skaa| __catura devadatta ne turanta vaha nalikA bhAI ke sammukha rakha dii| nalikA ko dekhate hI dhanadatta puna: hoza meM A gayA aura bhAI ko pahacAna kara usase lipaTa gayA aura AnandAzru se bhiMgo DAlA bhAI kA skandha, bhAI kI piitth| devadatta ne nalikA prApti kA sArA hAla bhAI ko sunaayaa| caina kI sAMsa lI dhanadatta ne| aba apanI lomaharSaka videza yAtrA kA vivaraNa sunAte hue gAMva phuNce| ___mAtA, pitA, parijanoM se milakara Ananda ke athAha samudra meM DUba gaye dhndtt| snAna evaM AhArAdi ke pazcAt svastha hue dhanadatta bhAI se pUchane lage ina bAraha varSoM meM usane kitanA dravya upArjana kiyaa| becArA devadatta natamastaka hokara vinamra zabdoM meM itanA hI kaha pAyA, "bhaiyA sArA parivAra sukha zAMtipUrvaka raha sake itanA to kamAyA hI kintu hAM! dharmAnuSThAna khUba kiye|" krodha se ubala par3e dhanadatta bole- "maiMne tumase dharmAnuSThAna kI bAta nahIM pUchI hai| tumane to vyartha hI kho diye ho bAraha varSa ? AbhAgA kahIM kA? mujhe dekhe maiMne kitanA vipula dhana arjita kiyA hai, aba hamArI pIr3hiyAM ArAma se baiThakara khA skeNgii|" ___ isa bAra uttejita svara meM uttara diyA devadatta ne, "bhaiyA kahAM hai ApakA dhana? Apane to jo kucha arjita kiyA thA vaha saba kucha kho cuke| eka kapardaka ke sivAya kyA hai Apake pAsa? yaha sArA dravya to aba merA hai| maiMne ise lakar3ahAre se kraya kiyA hai|" ___ sakate meM A gaye dhndtt| avAk se bhAI kA muMha dekhate raha gye| kSamA yAcanA karate hue bhAI se bole, "sacamuca devadatta ! yaha dhana to tumhArA hI hai| tumane jo puNya upArjana kiyA thA usI ke pratApa se tumheM binA kamAe hI vipula dhanarAzi prApta ho gii| abhAgA to vAstava meM maiM hUM jisane dhana bhI khoyA-samaya bhii|" bar3e bhAI ke caraNoM meM gira par3A devadatta / bolA, "nahIM bhaiyA, sabakA saba yaha dravya ApakA hI hai| mujhe to basa dharmAnuSThAna kI AjJA diijie|" --pradhAnAdhyApikA, zrI jaina zikSAlaya, kalakattA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 106

Page #190
gaNeza lalavAnI abhizapta nAlandA pUrva dina sandhyA hote hI havA jaise eka bAragI hI banda ho gaI thI evaM eka asahya uttApa ne pRthvI ko mAno veSTana kara rakha diyA thaa| dUsare dina prabhAta huaa| kintu, prakRti kI usa zabdahIna, ruddha zvAMsa pratIkSA kA avasAna nahIM huaa| sUrya udita huA, para vaha sUrya pratidina kA sUrya nahIM thaa| usakA raMga thA jaise taamr| sthavira muditabhadra vihAra ke eka prakoSTha meM baiThakara dhammapada kA pATha kara rahe the| bhikSu zramaNa utpala ne unake caraNoM ke samIpa Akara praNAma kiyaa| vinIta svara meM bolA- 'vande!' __ sthavira mukha uThAkara AzIrvAda kI bhaMgimA meM hasta uttolita karate hue bole- Arogya' / utpala tAmravarNa sUrya kI ora unakI dRSTi AkRSTa karatA huA bolA- 'thera! lagatA hai brAhmaNoM kA abhicAra Aja saphala hogaa|' sthavira uThakara kucha kSaNa taka sUrya kI ora apalaka dekhate rhe| phira yathA sthAna upavezita hokara utpala kI ora dekhate hue bole'bhagavAna tathAgata kI jaisI abhiruci|' utpala dvAdaza varSa pUrva kI eka ghaTanA kI ora iMgita kara rahA thaa| ghaTanA isa prakAra thI: Aja se ThIka bAraha varSa pUrva isI bhAMti kI prabhAta belA meM sthavira jisa samaya dharmopadeza de rahe the, do tArkika brAhmaNoM ne sahasA upasthita hokara sthavira ko tarka ke lie AhvAna kiyaa| sthavira bhI unakI abhilASAnusAra tarka meM pravRtta ho ge| kintu ve brAhmaNa yathArthataH tarka kA uddezya lekara nahIM Ae the| ve Ae the, sthavira kA apamAna krne| ata: tarka meM pravRtta hote hI sthavira para kaTUkti karane lge| sthavira to kSamAzIla the para vaha kaTUkti pIr3A kA kAraNa bana gaI zramaNoM evaM vidyArthiyoM ke lie| taruNa vidyArthiyoM ke lie to vaha itanI asahya ho gaI ki krodhAveza meM ve vastra prakSAlita jala donoM brAhmaNoM ke mastaka para nikSepa kara baitthe| phalata: donoM brAhmaNoM ne kupita hokara vihAra kA parityAga to kara diyA para parityAga ke pUrva vihAravAsiyoM ko balapUrvaka kahA'Aja se hamaloga sUryopAsanA karate hue dvAdazavarSIya agni yajJa anuSThAna kareMge aura usa yajJa meM Ahuti rUpa meM pradAna kareMge nAlandA vihAra ko| pariNAmata: bhasmIbhUta hokara dharApRSTha hotA huA nizcihna ho jAegA yaha naalndaa|' ___ muditabhadra bhagavAna tathAgata kI abhiruci kahakara puna: dhammada pATha meM pravRtta ho ge| koI anya hotA to dIrgha ni:zvAsa pheMkatA huA Atma-rakSA ke lie udyata ho jaataa| kintu muditabhadra ne aisA kucha nahIM kiyaa| kyoMki, ve dIrgha sAdhanA meM apanI icchA ko sampUrNatayA visarjita kara buddha kI abhiruci kI hI zeSa niyAmaka ke rUpa meM grahaNa karane ke abhyasta ho cuke the| ata: koI kisI bhI prakAra se unake citta kI sthiratA ko naSTa karane meM sakSama nahIM ho paataa| yadi brAhmaNa kA abhicAra Aja saphala hI ho jAe to kyA ? muditabhadra kA dhairya usase aNumAtra bhI vicalita nahIM ho sktaa| muditabhadra kA dhairya to vicalita nahIM huA kintu vicalita ho gayA anyAnya bhikSu evaM vidyArthiyoM kA dhairy| ve tatkSaNa sva-sva prakoSTha parityAga kara bAhara prAMgaNa meM A khar3e hue| unake mukha para bhaya aura udvega kI aisI kAlimA chAyI huI thI jaise ve mRtyu ke mukha meM hI praveza kara gae haiN| bhikSuoM meM eka assI varSa ke vRddha zIrNa hAtha se caitya ke bhittigAtra kA avalambana kara khar3e-khar3e cItkAra karate hue kaha rahe the'Aja brAhmaNoM kI krodhAgni meM bhasma hone kA dina A gayA hai|' yaha bAta utpala se kAnoM meM bhI phuNcii| ata: sthavira se bolA'bhadanta, vartamAna meM isa vihAra kA parityAga karanA hI kyA zreyakara nahIM hai?' sthavira ke mukha kI prazAnti usI bhAMti avyAhata thii| ve dhIre se bole- 'jaisI tumhArI abhiruci! tuma loga vihAra parityAga kara sakate ho... para maiM nahIM kruuNgaa|' dIrgha ni:zvA~sa pheMkate hue utpala bolA- 'bhadanta ! Apako upadeza dene kI kSamatA mujha meM nahIM hai kintu kyA abhizapta vihAra meM avasthAna karanA ucita hogA?' sthavira muskuraae| bole- 'utpala, vihAra abhizapta huA hai aisA maiM nahIM maantaa| phira bhI yadi brAhmaNoM ke abhicAra se hI vihAra ko dhvaMsa honA hai to vihAra ke sAtha-sAtha hamalogoM kA dhvaMsa honA bhI anivArya hai| mAtra ye stUpa, ye caitya, ye bhikSu AvAsa hI vihAra nahIM hai, bhikSugaNa bhI vihAra ke hI pramukha aMga haiN| ataH pRthvI ke kisI prAnta meM jAne para bhI hamArI rakSA nahIM ho sktii| phira kyoM hama vihAra hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 107

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kA parityAga kareM!' utpala natamastaka hokara namra svaroM meM bolA- 'bhadanta! ApakA kathana hI satya hai|' taduparAnta vahAM se uThakara calA gyaa| sthavira puna: dhammapada pATha meM nimagna ho ge| prakoSTha ke bAhara Akara utpala phira eka bAra AkAza kI ora dekhane lgaa| dekhA-- tAmravarNa sUrya para dhUmravarNa megha kA eka sUkSma AvaraNa AyA huA hai| sUrya spaSTata: nahIM dikha rahA thaa| kintu prakRti kA niruddha bhAva thA usI prakAra avyaaht| sopAna zreNI avarohaNa kara utpala bhikSu evaM vidyArthiyoM ke madhya upasthita huaa| sUrya ke tAmravarNa ko dekhakara jo kolAhala una logoM ke madhya utthita huA vaha aba bhI stabdha nahIM huA thaa| ___ caitya bhitti kA Azraya lie kucha dUrI para khar3e eka vRddha bola rahe the- 'kyA buddha hamArI rakSA kareMge? trizaraNa maMtra rakSA karegA?' mRtyu bhaya meM unakA mukha udagra ho uThA thaa| utpala ko lagA ina vRddha ko hI sabase adhika mRtyu bhaya hai| vidyArthiyoM ke madhya se utpala vRddha kI ora agrasara huaa| phira unake hAthoM ko dhAraNa karatA huA bolA'Arya, dhairya kA avalambana leN| yadi Apa hI dhairya kho baiTheMge to inheM sAntvanA kauna pradAna karegA?' vismita dRSTi se vRddha utpala ke mukha kI ora dekhane lge| kucha kahane jA hI rahe the ki bolane kA sAmarthya na pAkara dharatI para baiTha ge| skaMdha para par3I saMghaTikA skhalita hokara dhUla meM loTane lgii| para vRddha kA dhyAna udhara nahIM thaa| ekadama vihvala ho gae the ve| vRddha ko dhairya baMdhAnA vyartha samajha utpala vahAM apekSA na kara skaa| choTe-choTe stUpoM se hokara pradhAna caitya kI ora agrasara hone lgaa| kucha dUra bhI nahIM jA pAyA ki utpala kI dRSTi muMha ke bala dharatI para gire hue subhadra para pdd'ii| use isa sthiti meM dekhakara bhI kisI ne bhI vahAM dRSTipAta nahIM kiyaa| balki pAMvoM se sparza karate hue idhara-udhara daur3a rahe the| muhUrta mAtra kA bhI vilamba na kara utpala ne use uThAkara baitthaayaa| phira jhakajhora kara pukArate hue bolA- 'subhadra!' kintu subhadra prakRtistha na ho skaa| usane apane visphArita netroM kI dRSTi utpala ke mukha para nibaddha kara dii| utpala usakI pITha para hAtha pherate hue kahane lagA'kyA huA subhadra ? sUrya dekhakara Dara gae ho?' 'itanI dera taka subhadra soca rahA thA vaha mara gayA hai kintu, aba, jaba dekhA vaha marA nahIM hai usakA sAhasa dhIre-dhIre lauTa aayaa| vaha utpala kI ora dekhakara bolA- 'hAM Arya, maiM bhayabhIta ho gayA huuN|' utpala sasneha usakI pITha para puna: hAtha pherate hue bolA- 'bhaya ? marane kA kyA bhaya subhadra ? tumane upasampradAya grahaNa nahIM kI hai?' subhadra isakA koI pratyuttara nahIM de skaa| kevala utpala ke mukha kI ora dekhakara bolA- 'hAM Arya!' ThIka isI samaya eka dUrAgata kolAhala sunAI pdd'aa| utpala jhaTapaTa uThakara khar3A ho gyaa| dekhA, vidyArthIgaNa kisI ko lie usI ora hI A rahe the| bhIr3a nikaTa Ane para utpala ne dekhA ve loga do bhikSuoM ko rajjubaddha kara ghasITate hue vahi kAra kI ora lie jA rahe the evaM unhIM ko kendra banAkara sabake saba cItkAra kara rahe the| ___ utpala usI bhIr3a ko cIratA huA bhikSuoM kI ora bar3hane lgaa| jisa vidyArthI ne rajjubandhana pakar3a rakhA thA vaha unase kaha rahA thA-- 'tuma logoM ke pApa se hI Aja vihAra kA antima dina upasthita huA hai| mRtyu Asanna ho gae haiM hama sbhii| kintu eka sAtha marane kA saubhAgya tumheM nahIM deNge| zAyada isI se tumhAre pApa kA kathaMcita prAyazcita ho ske| vihAra kI uttara sImA para jo vizAla gahvara hai usI meM hama tumheM pheMka deMge prAkAra se| tumhArI una vicUrNa asthiyoM meM se zakuni evaM zRgAla mAMsa noca-nocakara bhakSaNa kreNge|' ThIka usI samaya utpala bhikSuoM ke nikaTa pahuMca gayA thaa| use gatirodha karate dekha sabhI vidyArthI sthira ho ge| bole- 'saMghAgArika Apa?' jo vidyArthI yaha saba kaha rahA thA usakA bhI vAkya srota sahasA niruddha ho gyaa| utpala kI dRSTi usI kSaNa Alinda para jA pdd'ii| dekhA- Alinda para khar3e sthavira kucha kaha rahe the| kintu unakA kathana kisI ke bhI kAnoM meM nahIM pahuMca rahA thA, utpala ke bhI nhiiN| ...para ve kyA kaha sakate haiM yaha anumAna karanA usake lie kaThina nahIM thaa| ata: vidyArthiyoM ko stabdha hote dekha utpala bolA- 'uttama! maiM saMghAgArika aura tuma logoM kA zikSaka huuN| maiMne tuma logoM ko jo zikSA dI kyA yaha usI kI pariNati hai? udgata krodha cala mAna ratha kI bhAMti hotA hai jo use saMhata kara sakatA hai usI ko maiM sArathI kahatA huuN| anya to mAtra rajju hI dhAraNa kie hote haiN|' ___'Arya! ApakI bAta satya hai, parantu inakA aparAdha bhI to gurutara hai|' utpala bolA- 'yaha maiM jAnatA hUM, kintu saumila, tumhArA aparAdha bhI kama nahIM hai| aparAdha ke lie daNDa de sakatA hai kevala saMgha aura koI nhiiN|' saumila evaM anyAnya sabhI vidyArthI paraspara eka dUsare kA mukha dekhane lge| ___ utpala kaha rahA thA- 'bAla sulabha caMcalatAvaza usa dina inhoMne saMgha niyama ke viruddha avinIta kArya kiyA thaa| ...para kyA saMgha ne pAti mokSa ke anusAra inheM daNDa nahIM diyA? yadi diyA to phira Aja navIna daNDa kI vArtA kyoM cala par3I?' yaha kahate-kahate utpala kA kaNTha-svara kucha kaThora ho gyaa| utpala kucha rukakara puna: kahane lagA'saumila ! maiM saMghAgArika huuN| saMgha ne jisa prakAra hameM daNDa dene kI kSamatA sthavira ko pradAna kI hai usI prakAra vidyArthiyoM ko daNDa dene kI kSamatA mujhe pradAna kI hai| inhoMne saMgha niyama ke viruddha avinaya prakaTa kiyA... para tumane to saMgha ko hI asvIkAra kara diyaa| aura saMgha ko asvIkAra karane kA eka mAtra daNDa hai-- bhisskaar| ata: tuma buddha kI pavitra bhUmi se nirvAsita hue| Aja sandhyA ke pUrva hI tuma vihAra kA parityAga kro|' hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 108

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ni:zabda the sabhI vidyaarthii| sabhI vismayAhata evaM nirvAk dRSTi se utpala ke mukha kI ora dekha rahe the| utpala ne svahasta se aparAdhiyoM ko rajjumukta kara ddaalaa| bandhanamukta hote hI ve utpala ke caraNoM meM loTa pdd'e| bole- 'Arya, Aja Apane hameM prANadAna diyaa|' utpala ke netroM se azru pravAhita hone lge| una azruoM ko poMchakara unheM Upara uThAte hue kahA- 'koI bhaya nahIM hai tuma logoM ko| zAkya siMha ne sabhI jIvoM para karuNA karane ko kahA hai| unheM lekara utpala sthavira ke sammukha upasthita huaa| bhikSuoM kI vikSata deha ko dekhakara sthavira ke kapoloM para azrudhArA baha clii| unake zarIra para hAtha pherate hue bole- 'tuma logoM kA aparAdha zAnta ho gayA hai, buddha ne tuma para karuNA kI hai|' bhikSugaNa sthavira ke caraNoM meM natamastaka ho ge| bole- 'bhadanta ! kintu saMzaya nahIM miTa pA rahA hai, Aloka to dikhAI hI nahIM de rahA hai|' sthavira unake mastaka para svahAtha rakha kahane lage- 'saMzaya kyA miTegA? anutapta hRdaya se yadi prakAza nahIM dikha par3A to phira kyA dikhegA?' __madhyAhna ho calA thaa| sUrya mastaka para A cukA thaa| kintu prathama prabhAta kA jo sUrya ekabAra dikhAI par3A vaha puna: nahIM dekhA gyaa| prakRti kA vaha nistabdha bhAva jaise samApta hI nahIM ho rahA thA, usI bhAMti sUrya mukha para kA AvaraNa bhI nahIM uTha rahA thaa| phira bhI madhyAhna hone para bhikSu evaM vidyArthiyoM kA bhaya kama ho calA thaa| ve socane lagenizcita mRtyu jaise una saba para eka vyaMgya kasakara calI gii| ata: aba taka jisa dainandina kArya ko ve bhUla gae the usI ke anuSThAna meM pravRtta ho ge| koI caitya saMskAra meM laga gayA, koI jala lene gayA, koI anna prastuta karane pAkazAlA meM praviSTa huaa| utpala ko to aba kucha karane ko thA hI nahIM, Aja kA dina adhyayana virati kA thaa| apane kakSa meM Akara pAtimokSa ke pRSTha kholakara baiTha gyaa| kholakara to baiTha gayA, kintu kisI bhI prakAra usameM manaHsaMyoga na kara skaa| Aja prabhAta se hI jo kucha ghaTita huA usakI chAyAkRti usakI AMkhoM meM taira rahI thii| utpala soca to vahI saba rahA thA kintu usa bhAvanA kA koI nirdiSTa krama nahIM thaa| parvata se utarate samaya nirjhariNI kA jala jisa prakAra upalakhaNDa ke AghAta se bikhara kara idhara-udhara vikSipta-sA chiTaka par3atA hai ThIka aisI hI sthiti meM thIM usakI bhAvanAeM nahIM huA hai| tabhI acAnaka subhadra kI bAta use smaraNa ho aaii| ThIka hI to hai deha parityAga ke pUrva bhI to manuSya isI prakAra aharaha mara rahA hai| yahI to yathArtha mRtyu hai| jise mRtyu kahate haiM vaha to hai uttrnn| taba? mRtyu bhaya hI hai mRtyu| jise mRtyu bhaya nahIM vahI amara hai| amara hokara bhI manuSya na jAne kyoM apane amRta-tatva ko bhUla gayA hai| bhUla gayA hai tabhI to mAnava sAmAnya bhaya se sAmAnya kSati se hiMsra ho uThatA hai| AghAta karatA hai, pIr3ita kara ullasita hotA hai| phira saumila kI bAta yAda ho aaii| kyA saumila aba ghara lauTegA? nahIM lauTegA to phira kyA karegA? usI ne to use saMgha se nirvAsita kiyA hai| taba kyA vaha janma-mRtyu ke srota meM phira eka bAra pravAhita hogA? kahAM hai usakA Azraya ? nirAzraya ke lie hI to hai aashry| bhAgya-viDambitA ke lie hI to hai trizaraNa mNtr| isIlie to buddha haiM krunnaadhn| ve zAntA haiN| taba kyA usane nirvAsana daNDa dekara bhUla kI hai ? nahIM, nahIM saumila saMgha ko asvIkAra kiyA hai| satya hI to hai jo zAntA hotA hai vahI to hotA hai shaastaa| buddha zAstA bhI haiM aura unhIM kA nidarzana hai yaha paatimokss| utpala phira eka bAra pAtimokSa par3hane kI ceSTA karane lgaa...| para kahAM kara pAyA mn:sNyog| sahasA usake mana meM AyA dayA aura karuNA eka nahIM hai| dayA meM mamatva hai, karuNA nirmama hai| dayA ke udreka kA kAraNa dUsare kI paristhiti meM svayaM ko bhAMpanA hai| kintu karuNA aisI nahIM hai| karuNA anya kI vedanA ko apanI hI vedanA samajhatI hai| usa samaya satva-satva meM pArthakya nahIM rhtaa| tumhArA duHkha hai, merA dukha hai tumhArA sukha merA sukh| vaha sukha jarA-sA nahIM bahuta vizAla hai| tabhI yadi tumhAre kalyANa ke lie tumheM duHkha denA par3e to de sakate haiN| usa samaya vaha duHkha tumheM nahIM svayaM ko hI diyA jAtA hai| tabhI to zAntA usa samaya zAstA hai jabaki daNDa hI kalyANa hai| utpala ne jaba socA daNDa hI saumila ke lie kalyANakArI hai taba usake hRdaya se eka gurutara bhAra jaise utara gyaa| usakA samasta anta:karaNa bola uThA-- 'saumila, mujhe tumase prema hai, maiM tumhAre kalyANa kI kAmanA karatA huuN| tabhI tumheM daNDa dene kA adhikAra rakhatA huuN| tumheM daNDa diyA hai|' utpala kI bhAvanA ne phira eka navIna patha pkdd'aa| aba vaha vihAra ke viSaya meM socane lagA ki yaha vihAra Aja jisa avasthA meM hai yaha avasthA usakI pahale nahIM thii| eka samaya yaha atyaMta samRddha thaa| una dinoM deza-videzoM se artha AtA thaa| kevala artha hI nahIM taba dUra-dUrAntaroM se jJAnAnveSiyoM kA dala bhI AtA thaa| unake adhyayana-adhyApana ne vihAra ko eka vizeSa maryAdA dI thii| ...para Aja kahAM hai vaha jJAnAnveSiyoM kA dala ? kahAM hai nAgArjuna, Aryadeva, asaMga, vasubandhu, diganAga, dharmapAla, zIlabhadra, dharma kIrti, zAntarakSita ? kevala unakI dhArA ko vahana karane ke lie hai sthavira muditbhdr| to kyA aba koI AzA nahIM hai? kyA nAlandA apanA hatagaurava punaH prApta nahIM karegA? tathAgata kA dharma gaurava kyA sacamuca hI astamita ho rahA hai ? kauna jAne kyA hai? utpala isakA kAraNa anusandhAna karane lgaa| socane lagA-rAjAoM kI vItazraddhA hI kyA isakA kAraNa hai yA vidharmI turkoM kA AkramaNa ? __ vaha soca rahA thA vRddha bhikSuka ke viSaya meM ki unheM hI mRtyu kA samadhika bhaya kyoM? abhI bhI unakI dRSTi meM pRthvI utanI hI taruNa evaM AkAza utanA hI nIlA hai? yadi aisA nahIM hai to pRthvI kA parityAga karane meM unakA hRdaya vyathA se, drAvaka rasa se kyoM bhara uThA? zAstra kahate haiM jIrNa vastroM kI bhAMti hI eka dina isa zarIra ko chor3a denA hogaa| oha, isake lie itanA mamatva! mamatva ? mamatva hI kyA parigraha nahIM? kyA bhagavAna tathAgata ne mamatva kA parityAga karane ko nahIM kahA hai ?vyartha hI ye bhikSu hue haiM? abhI taka to unakA deha-mamatva bhI dUra hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 109

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rAsasa turkoM ne isa vihAra paryanta ko dagdha kara DAlA thaa| bhikSuoM kI nRzaMsa hatyA kI thii| taba yahI kAraNa ho sakatA hai| phira bhI yahI eka kAraNa nahIM hai| taba kyA hai?' utpala puna: muditabhadra kI bAta socane lgaa| vihAra dhvaMsa kara jaba turka cale gae the taba unhoMne vihAra evaM caitya kA saMskAra karanA prArambha kiyA thaa| usa dina muTThI bhara bhikSuoM ko lekara hI ve kArya-pravRtta hue the| artha bhI milA magadha-maMtrI kukkuTa siddha se| kintu, saba kucha artha se hI nahIM hotaa| navIna rUpa se vihAra nirmANa meM unheM aparimeya parizrama karanA pdd'aa| unake parizrama kA hI to pratirUpa hai yaha vihaar| phira to vibhinna sthAnoM ke bhikSuoM evaM vidyArthiyoM kA samAgama bhI hone lagA thaa| para... utpala socane lagA- 'lagatA hai isa kSetra meM daiva hI pratikUla haiN| mana hI mana vaha yaha kahe binA nahIM raha skaa| 'amitAbha! dekhanA, sthaviroM kA prANaprAta parizrama kahIM vyartha na ho jAe! bhagavAna tathAgata kI abhiruci|' utpala ne pIche ghUmakara dekhaa| kintu koI dikhAI nahIM pdd'aa| zAyada yaha bhrAnti thii| lekina usane spaSTa hI to sunA thA jaise koI usake pIche se bola rahA thA, 'bhagavAna tathAgata kI abhiruci|' __ utpala bhitti gAtra para bhUmi sparza mudrA meM utkIrNa bodhisatva kI mUrti kI ora dekhatA huA karabaddha hokara bola uThA-'bhagavAna tathAgata kI abhiruci hI pUrNa ho|' 'dekha rahe ho, dekha rahe ho...' bAhara puna: kolAhala hone lgaa| usI kolAhala ko lakSya karatA huA utpala bAhara A khar3A huaa| dekhA kucha megha aMza haTa jAne se sUrya prakAzita ho uThA hai| sUrya kyA thA sAkSAt agnipinndd| usI samaya ve vRddha yaSTi para bhAra die utpala ke samIpa A gae the| utpala kA hAtha sparza karate hue bole, 'dekha rahe ho, kyA dekhA? unakA kaNTha-svara vikRta thaa| utpala bolA- 'suury'| 'sUrya ? nahIM, maiM to dekha rahA hUM brAhmaNagaNa yajJAgni meM Ahuti pradAna kara rahe haiN| Aja dvAdaza varSa pUrNa ho gayA hai|' utpala binA kucha uttara die hI sUrya kI ora dekhatA huA sthira khar3A rhaa| kintu sUrya adhika dera taka nahIM rahA, puna: megha ne grAsa kara liyaa| jo stabdhatA samasta dina avyAhata thI vahI stabdhatA muhUrta bhara ke lie aura kaThora ho gii| phira na jAne kyA huA ki samasta dharatI kA~pa utthii| bhU-garbha se eka avaruddha garjana maraNAhata daitya kI bhA~ti ArtanAda karatA huA bAhara aayaa| vRddha girane hI jA rahe the ki mAnatA kRta stUpa kA Azraya lekara kisI prakAra khar3e rhe| sUrya dekhane ke lie bhikSugaNa apanA-apanA kArya chor3akara bAhara A gae the| isa bAra unake cItkAra se AkAza-bAtAsa paripUrita ho utthe| eka kSaNa ke lie utpala bhI hataprabha ho utthaa| use lagA-jaise padatala sthita mRttikA nimnAbhimukha hokara sI jA rahI hai| stUpa kA bhittigAtra kA~pa rahA hai| ...dUra bahiAkAra kA eka virATa aMza bhaMga ho rahA hai| usake girane kI AvAja ne kAnoM ko vadhira kara ddaalaa| usI sthAna se pracura dhUla utkSipta hokara cakkara kATatI huI usI kI ora agrasara ho rahI thii| bhUmikampa kA vega sthira hote hI utpala sthaviroM ke prakoSTha kI ora cala pdd'aa| dekhA- sabhI apane-apane prANoM kI rakSA meM vyasta paraspara eka dUsare ko Dhakelate hue, gire hue ko kucalate hue daur3e jA rahe haiN| koI ArtanAda kara rahA hai to koI trizaraNa maMtra uccAraNa kara rahA hai| 'ther|' sthavira ne mukha uThAkara dekhaa| bole 'utpala, tumane bihAra kA parityAga nahIM kiyA?' utpala bolA, 'thera! maiM Apako lene AyA huuN|' sthavira haMsa par3e, bole, 'kahAM le jAoge utpala?' aura dviguNa vega se bhUmikampa prArambha ho gyaa| utpala socane lagA'ThIka hI to hai jaba pRthvI hI Aja kSipta hai taba Azraya kahAM?' ___ sthavira utpala ke mukha kI ora dekhakara bole, 'tuma jAo utpala, maiM sthAna tyAga nahIM kara sktaa|' utpala hAtha jor3akara kahane lagA'thera! aisI anumati mata diijie|' ___ sthavira puna: ekabAra utpala ke mukha kI ora dekhane lge| phira dhIre se bole- 'utpala, maiM tumhArA AcArya huuN| merA Adeza hai, tuma prakoSTha parityAga kara isa sthAna kI apekSA nirApada sthAna para cale jaao|' utpala ne sthavira ke Adeza kI upekSA jIvana meM kabhI nahIM kI thI para Aja unakI AjJA ko bhI avahelita sA kara rahA thaa| kintu, sahasA jo kucha use dRSTigata huA usase vaha sthira na raha skaa| usane jo kucha dekhA vaha eka bhayaMkara duHsvapna kI bhAMti thaa| usakI samasta deha jaise jamakara hima ho gii| dekhA-vihAra kA vizAla pustakAlaya 'ratnodadhi' jisa ora thA vahAM se pracura dhUmapUMja para lapakatI huI agni-zikhA muMha bAeM dhAMya-dhAMya kara rahI thii| dIrgha saMcita jJAnarAzi kI jo kucha rakSA ho sakI thI vaha bhI Aja samApta hone jA rahI thii| kyA usakI rakSA kA koI upAya nahIM ? utpala andhavega se usI ora daur3a pdd'aa| yadyapi bAra-bAra usake caraNa skhalita ho rahe the phira bhI bhAgA jA rahA thaa| dekhA- bhikSugaNa usa samaya bhI vibhrAnta kI bhAMti patha bhraSTa hokara idhara-udhara daur3a rahe the| 'subhdr|' subhadra usa samaya bhittigAtra kI buddha mUrti ke sammukha ghuTane Teka kara ___ baiThA prArthanA kara rahA thaa| kaha rahA thA 'rakSA karo vajrapANi, rakSA kro|' pracaNDa vega se utpala ne use apanI ora AkRSTa kiyaa| bolA'nahIM dekha rahe ho bhittigAtra kAMpa rahA hai| kisI bhI kSaNa vaha gira sakatA hai| barhidvAra kI ora jaao|' phira subhadra ne kyA kiyA yaha dekhane ko vaha ruka na skaa| basa usI agni ko lakSya karatA huA daur3ane lgaa| eka muhUrta ke lie utpala puna: ekabAra khar3A huaa| sunA, jaise koI kaha rahA thA- 'maiM jAnatA hUM venu, vihAra kA aizvarya kahAM rakSita hai? kauna dekha rahA hai? cala na, apane usI aizvarya ko bAMTa leN| hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 110

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yaha sunakara utpala khar3A na raha sakA, na hI vihAra ke aizvarya kI rakSA karane ko udyata huA, na hI venu evaM usake sAthI ko naitika patana se bacAne kI soca skaa| para yaha smaraNa avazya ho AyA yaha venu rAjagRha se kisI kAryopalakSa meM AyA thaa| eka vedanA tIkSNa sUci kI bhAMti use viddha karane lgii| puna: ekabAra doharA uThA- 'bhagavAn tathAgata, ApakI abhiruci hI pUrNa ho|' kintu utpala jisa kArya ke lie AyA thA vaha asambhava thaa| granthAgAra ke bhikSuoM ne prathama to usakI rakSA ke lie ceSTA kii| kintu jaba avasthA unake sAmarthya ke bAhara ho gaI ve nirasta ho ge| utpala unake pAsa Akara khar3A ho gyaa| dekhA, bahudina sayatna saMgrahita pustakeM jala-jalakara bhasma ho rahI thiiN| utkSipta dhUmra Urdhvagamana kara rahA thaa| usa para pravAhita vAyu bhI usa tANDava ko sahayoga de rahA thaa| jvalanta aMgAra evaM bhasma ur3a-ur3akara caturdika gira rahI thii| bhUmikampa to banda ho gayA thA kintu vaha kisI bhI kSaNa puna: prArambha ho jaaegaa| yaha sambhAvanA banI huI thii| utpala socane lagA- bhUmikampa honA to svAbhAvika hai, para yaha agnikAMDa ? granthAgAra meM agni lagI to kaise? yajJAgni ? kintu isa para vizvAsa karane kI icchA nahIM hotii| taba kauna sA kAraNa ho sakatA hai ? kisI ne agni-saMyoga to nahIM kara diyaa| utpala granthAgAra ke saMrakSakoM ke niSedha kI avahelanA karatA huA usa agni vRSTi ke madhya agrasara hone lgaa| dekhA-agni kI lapalapAtI huI lapaTeM aura projjvala hotI jA rahI thiiN| kabhI vaha zikhA ghananIla, kabhI pANhura, kabhI raktavarNa ho rahI thI ayuta nAgina ke phaNoM kI bhAMti sira uThAe ve nRtya kara rahI thiiN| kabhI-kabhI manda ho jAtI, para mAtra dviguNa vega se jala uThane ke lie hii| aneka bhikSu evaM vidyArthI vahira ke bAhara cale ge| jaise ve mRtyu ke hI bAhara ho gae hoN| ata: unmukta se kalarava kara rahe the| isIlie yaha koI soca nahIM sakA ki vihAra ke anyAnya aMza kI agnidAha se rakSA kI jA sakatI thii| unhoMne to basa soca hI liyA thA ki vaha vihAra kA antima dina thaa| utpala agrasara hotA gyaa| kintu aba aura adhika agrasara honA asambhava thaa| dhUmra aura vASpa ne usake cakSuoM ko avaruddha kara diyaa| prajjvalita aMgAra ur3a-ur3akara caturdika jo kucha bhI dAhya padArtha thA saba jalA rahe the| utpala ne jyoMhi sammukha kadama rakhA usake pada AghAta se koI ArtanAda kara utthaa| vaha camaka kara eka ora ho gyaa| bolA- 'kauna ?' uttara na pAkara vaha nIce jhukakara dekhane lgaa| 'are! manuSya-deha hI to hai!' pUchA- 'kauna ho tuma?' vaha deha kucha hila utthii| bolI- 'brAhmaNa!' usakA arddhadagdha mukha vikRta ho rahA thaa| ata: pahacAna to nahIM sakA, para usa zabda ne saba kucha subodha kara diyaa| bolA- 'kyA tumhIM ne granthAgAra meM agni saMyoga kiyA thA? tumhAre pApa kI sImA nahIM hai| kintu, buddha tumheM kSamA kreNge|' phira kucha rukakara bolA, 'lagatA hai tumhAre prANa baca sakate haiN| tuma merA avalambana lekara uTha sakate ho?' brAhmaNa se pratyuttara pAne ke pUrva hI pRthvI puna: eka bAra kAMpa utthii| vaha kampana itanA pracaNDa thA ki dharApRSTha sthAna-sthAna para phaTa gyaa| bauddha vihAra kA saba kucha rasAtala meM dhaMsane lgaa| utpala brAhmaNa ko nirApada sthAna meM le jAne kI ceSTA kara rahA thA para lar3akhar3Akara gira par3A aura kabhI na uTha skaa| samasta dharatI aura AkAza bhikSuoM evaM vidyArthiyoM ke Arta cItkAra se puna: ekabAra bhara utthaa| pRthvI taba bhI kAMpa rahI thI, maraNonmatta vega se kAMpa rahI thI kahIM kucha nIce dhaMsa rahA thA, kahIM jala aura kardama Upara kI ora uchala rahA thaa| bhikSugaNa vikSipta se daur3A bhAgI kara rahe the| ...para kahAM thA aashry| koI dhaMsAna ke sAtha nIce jA rahA thaa| koI kIcar3a ke sAtha Upara jAkara puna: khaDDa meM gira rahA thaa| cAroM ora agni-vyApta ho rahI thii| dUsare dina jaba phira sUrya udita huA usa vihAra kA koI cihna hI avazeSa nahIM thaa| pRthvI ne pUrNata: grAsa kara liyA thA usa virAT vihAra ko| kintu hAM, dharatI ke usa Alor3ana ke pariNAma-svarUpa jo kucha uThanA, dhaMsanA parivartana huA vaha prakRti kI usa niSThura lIlA kI jaise sAkSI de rahA thaa| hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 111

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adhyApaka khaNDa

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0Ara0 esa0 pAMDeya bhAratIya gaNita kA saMkSipta itihAsa gaNita ko bhArata meM prArambha se hI bahuta mahatvapUrNa viSaya mAnA jAtA rahA hai| 'vedAMga jyotiSa' (1000 I0 pU0) meM gaNita kI mahattA para prakAza DAlate hue likhA gayA hai : yathA zikhA mayUrANAM, nAgANAM maNayo yathA tadvavedAMga zAstrANAM, gaNitaM mUrdhni vrtte| arthAt jisa prakAra mayUroM kI zikhAeM aura sarpo kI maNiyAM zarIra meM sabase Upara mastaka para virAjamAna haiM usI prakAra vedoM ke saba aMgoM tathA zAstroM meM gaNita ziromaNi hai| bhAratIya gaNita ke itihAsa kA zubhArambha Rgaveda se hotA haivaidika kAla (1000 I0 pUrva taka): vedoM meM saMkhyAoM aura dArzanika praNAlI kA spaSTa ullekha milatA hai| Rgaveda kI eka RcA hai : dvAdaza pradhayazya kramekaM triNi nabhyAmika utacciketa ___ tasmintsAmakaM trizatA na zaMkavo'rpita SaSThirna calacalAsa / isameM dvAdaza arthAt bAraha, triNi arthAt tIna, trizati arthAt tIna sau, SaSThi arthAt sATha saMkhyAoM kA prayoga dAzamika praNAlI ke jJAna kA spaSTa udAharaNa hai| ___ isa kAla meM 'zUnya' (zero) aura "dAzamika sthAna mAna" paddhati kA AviSkAra gaNita ke kSetra meM bhArata kI abhUtapUrva dena hai| yaha nizcita rUpa se jJAta nahIM hai ki zUnya kA AviSkAra kaba aura kisane kiyA, kintu isakA prayoga vaidika kAla se hotA rahA hai| 'zUnya' aura 'dAzamika sthAna mAna' kI paddhati Ajakala sampUrNa vizva meM pracalita hai| maharSi vedavyAsa dvArA praNIta nArada viSNu purANa meM triskandha jyotiSa ke varNana prasaMga meM gaNita viSaya kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, jisameM (10deg), daza, zata, sahastra, ayuta (dasa hajAra), lakSa (lAkha), koTi (karor3a), arbuda (dasa karor3a), abja (araba), kharba (dasa araba), mahApadya (dasa kharaba), zaMku (nIla), jaladhi (dazanIla), antya (padya), madhya (dasa padya), parArdha (zaMkha jo 10" ke mAna ke barAbAra hai) ityAdi saMkhyAoM ke bAre meM batAyA gayA hai ki ye saMkhyAeM uttarottara dasa gunI haiN| itanA hI nahIM, isameM gaNita kI aneka saMkriyAoM- yoga, vyavakalana, guNA evaM bhAga, bhinna, varga, vargamUla, ghana, ghanamUla, trairAzika vyavahAra Adi kA vizada varNana hai| aMkoM ko likhane kI dAzamika sthAna mAna paddhati bhArata se araba gayI aura araba se pazcimI dezoM meM phuNcii| araba ke loga 1 se 9 taka ke aMkoM ko 'ilma hindasA' kahate haiM aura pazcimI dezoM meM (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) ko Hindu Arabic numerals kahA jAtA hai| uttara vaidika kAla (1000 I0 pU0 se 500 I0 pU0 taka): 1: zulva evaM vedAMga jyotiSa kAla : vibhinna prakAra kI vediyoM aura una para upakhaMDoM ko sahI-sahI nApakara banAne ke prazna ko lekara isa kAla meM rekhA gaNita ke sUtroM kA vikAsa evaM vistAra kiyA gayA jo 'zulva sUtroM ke rUpa meM upalabdha haiN| zulva usa rajju (rassI) ko kahate haiM jo yajJa kI vedI banAne ke lie mApa ke kAma AtI thii| dUrI mApane yA pRthvI para vRtta khIMcane meM zulva kA prayoga hotA thaa| zulva kA artha hai rajju yA rssii| ata: vaha gaNita jo zulva kI sahAyatA lekara vikasita kiyA gayA, use zulva vijJAna yA zulva gaNita kA nAma diyA gyaa| zulva kA paryAyavAcI raju hone ke kAraNa ise raju gaNita bhI kahA gayA jo Age calakara rekhAgaNita meM pariNata ho gyaa| vibhinna prakAra kI yajJa vediyoM ke nirmANa meM rajju kI sahAyatA se pRthvI para abhISTa dUriyAM mApane ke atirikta kRSi yogya bhUmi kI mApa bhI kI jAtI thI, isIlie isakI sahAyatA se vikasita gaNita kA nAma kSetramiti, jyAmiti tathA bhUmiti bhI par3a gyaa| kSetra, jyA, bhU kA eka hI artha hai bhUmi tathA miti kA artha hai maapn| ___ jyAmiti ko grIka bhASA meM jyomITrI kahA jAtA hai| aMgrejI bhASA meM bhI Geometry yathAvat prayukta hotA hai| kucha logoM kA vicAra hai ki "jyomITrI" jyAmiti kA aprabhaMza hai| jyAmiti kA mahatva batAte hue eka prAcIna jaina grantha meM kahA gayA hai- "jyAmiti gaNita kA kamala hai aura zeSa saba tuccha hai|" zulva kAla kI pramukha upalabdhiyoM meM se eka hai samakoNa tribhuja kA prameya arthAt "karNa para banA varga zeSa do bhujAoM para bane vargoM ke yoga ke barAbara hotA hai|" yaha prameya pAithAgorasa se kaI zatAbdiyoM hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa/1

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pUrva bhArata meM vyApaka rUpa se pracalita thaa| yahI nahIM zulva kAla se pahale hI isa tathya kI jAnakArarI hamAre deza ke vidvAnoM ko thI kyoMki taittarIya saMhitA (3000 I0pU0) meM eka tathya 392=362+152 diyA huA zulva kAla ke mahAn gaNitajJa, zulva sUtra ke racayitA bodhAyana ne likhA hai- "dIrgha caturazrasyAkSaNyA rajjuH pArzvamAnI tiryagamAnI ca yat pRthagbhUte kurutastadubhayaM karoti" __ arthAt dIrgha caturazra (Ayata) kI tiryaMgamAnI aura pArzvamAnI (lamba aura AdhAra) bhujAeM jo do varga banAtI haiM, unakA yoga akele karNa para bane varga ke barAbara hotA hai| pAithAgorasa (540 I0pU0) ne bodhAyana se lagabhaga 450 varSa bAda isa tathya ko pratipAdita kiyaa| ata: isa prayoga ko pAithAgorasa ke sthAna para 'bodhAyana prameya' kahanA susaMgata hogaa| bodhAyana ne do vargoM ke yoga aura antara ke barAbara varga banAne kI vidhi dI hai aura karaNIgata saMkhyA kA mAna dazamalava ke pAMca sthAnoM taka nikAlane ke lie "sUtra" bhI batAyA hai jisake dvArA... 2 = 1 + 1/3 + 1/3.4 - 1/3.4.34 bodhAyana ne anya karaNIgata saMkhyAoM ke bhI mAna diye haiN| prAcIna bhAratIya jyAmitijJa apane dvArA anveSita sAdhyoM kI upapatti nahIM dete the| ve kevala sUtra likhate the jo yathAsaMbhava saMkSipta rUpa meM hote the, jisake kAraNa unameM yatra-tatra aspaSTatA bhI A jAtI thii| yaha saMkSiptatA hindU jAti ke svabhAva ke anurUpa thI jo ki unakI anya prAcIna kRtiyoM meM bhI parilakSita hotI hai| isI kAla meM jyotiSa kA bhI vikAsa huaa| (kAlagaNanA) samaya, nakSatroM kI sthiti aura gati kI gaNanA ke lie jyotiSa gaNita kA vikAsa huaa| vedAMga jyotiSa (1000 I0 pU0) ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya jyotiSiyoM ko yoga, guNA, bhAga Adi kA jJAna thaa| jaise ___ tithimekAdazAmyastA prvbhaaNshsmnvitaam| vibhajya bhasamUhena tithi nksstrmaadishet|| arthAt tithi ko / / se guNA kareM, usameM parva ke bhAMza ko jor3eM aura phira nakSatra saMkhyA se bhAga deN| isa prakAra tithi ke nakSatra ko btaaveN| sUrya prajJapti kAla : __ jaina sAhitya meM tatkAlIna gaNita kA vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hai| vAstava meM jitane vistAra se aura spaSTa rUpa se gaNitIya siddhAntoM kA vivecana jaina sAhitya meM kiyA gayA hai, vaha jaina darzana kA veda ke rahasyavAda ke sthAna para jJAna ko sAmAnya logoM kI bhASA aura stara taka pahuMcAne kI pravRtti kA spaSTa dyotaka hai| isa kAla kI pramukha kRtiyAM 'sUryaprajJapti' tathA 'candraprajJapti' (500 I0pU0) jaina dharma ke prasiddha dharma grantha haiN| inameM gaNitAnuyoga kA varNana hai| sUrya prajJapti meM dIrghavRtta kA spaSTa ullekha milatA hai jisakA artha dIrgha (Ayata) para banA parivRtta hai jise parimaNDala nAma se jAnA jAtA thaa| spaSTa hai ki bhAratIyoM ko dIrgha vRtta kA jJAna minamaiksa (350 I0pU0) se lagabhaga 150 varSa pUrva ho cukA thaa| yaha itihAsa jJAta na hone ke kAraNa pazcimI deza minamaiksa ko hI dIrghavRtta kA AviSkAraka mAnate haiN| ullekhanIya hai ki bhagavatI sUtra (300 I0pU0) meM bhI parimaNDala zabda dIrghavRtta ke lie hI prayukta kiyA gayA hai jisake do prakAra bhI batAye gaye haiM- 1 : prataraparimaNDala tathA 2 : ghnprimnnddl| gaNita evaM jyotiSa ke vikAsa meM jainAcAryoM kA zlAghanIya yogadAna rahA hai| ina AcAryoM ne apane granthoM meM gaNita ke aneka adhyayana tatvoM kA mImAMsAtmaka vivecana rocaka DhaMga se udAharaNa sahita prastuta kiyA hai| unhoMne saMkhyA - lekhana paddhati, bhinna trairAzika vyavahAra tathA mizrAnupAta, bIjagaNitIya samIkaraNa evaM inake anuprayoga vividha zreNiyAM, kramacaya, saMcaya, ghAtAMka evaM laghugaNaka ke niyama, samuccaya siddhAnta Adi aneka viSayoM para vizada prakAza DAlA hai| samuccaya siddhAMta ke antargata parimita aparimita, ekala samuccayoM ke aneka udAharaNa diye gaye haiN| laghugaNaka ke lie inhoMne arddhaccheda, trikaccheda, caturthaccheda zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai jinakA artha kramaza: log2, log3, log4 hai| jAna nepiyara (1550-1617 I0) ke bahuta pahale laghugaNaka kA AviSkAra evaM vistRta anuprayoga bhArata meM ho cukA thA, jo eka sArvajanIna satya hai| pUrva madhyakAla (500 I0pU0 se 400 I0pU0) taka: isa kAla meM likhI gaI pustakoM "vakSAlI gaNita", "sUrya siddhAMta" aura "gaNitAnuyoga" ke kucha pannoM ko chor3akara zeSa kRtiyAM kAla kavalita ho gayI, kintu ina pannoM se aura madhya yuga ke Arya bhaTTa, brahmagupta Adi ke upalabdha sAhitya se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki isa kAla meM bhI gaNita kA paryApta vikAsa huA thaa| sthAnAMga sUtra, bhagavatI sUtra aura anuyogadvAra sUtra isa yuga ke pramukha grantha haiN| inake atirikta jaina dArzanika umAsvAti (135 I0pU0) kI kRti "tatvArthAdhigama sUtra bhASya" evaM AcArya yativRSabha (176 I0 ke AsapAsa) kI kRti "tiloyapaNNatI" bhI isa kAla ke prasiddha jaina grantha haiN| vakSAlI gaNita meM aMkagaNita kI mUla saMkriyAeM, dAzamika aMkalekhana paddhati para likhI huI saMkhyAeM, bhinna parikarma, varga, ghana, trairAzika vyavahAra, iSTa karma, byAja, rIti, kraya-vikraya saMbaMdhI prazna, sammizraNa saMbaMdhI prazna, Adi kA vistRta vivaraNa hai| praznoM ke uttara ke parIkSaNa ke niyama bhI die gaye haiN| vakSAlI gaNita isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki bhArata meM 300 I0pU0 bhI vartamAna aMkagaNitIya vidhiyoM kA vyApaka prayoga ho rahA thaa| sthAnAMga sUtra meM 5 prakAra ke ananta kI tathA anuprayoga meM 4 prakAra ke pramApa (Measure) kI bAta kahI gaI hai| isa grantha meM kramacaya (Permutation) evaM saMcaya (Combination) kA bhI varNana hai, jinako kramaza: bhaMga aura vikalpa ke rUpa meM jAnA gayA hai| ullekhanIya hai ki bhagavatI sUtra meM na (n) prakAroM meM se 1-1, 2-2, prakAroM ko eka sAtha lene se jo saMcaya (Combination) banate haiM, unheM ekaka, dvika saMyoga Adi kahA hai aura unakA mAna na, na (na-1)/2, Adi batAyA gayA hai jo Aja bhI pracalita hai| - sUrya siddhAMta meM vartamAna trikoNamiti kA vistRta varNana milatA hai| hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa/2

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jinakA prayoga hama Aja kara rahe haiM, vistRta va spaSTa rUpa pradAna kiyaa| vedoM meM jo siddhAMta va vidhiyAM sUtra rUpa meM haiM, ve isa kAla meM apanI pUrNa saMbhAvanAoM ke sAtha jana sAdhAraNa ke sAmane aaiiN| bhAratIya gaNita ke isa svarNayuga kI smRti meM bhArata ne aMtarikSa meM jo prathama upagraha sthApita kiyA usakA nAma AryabhaTTa ke nAma para rakhA gyaa| isa kAla ke katipaya mahAn gaNitajJoM evaM unakI kRtiyoM kA saMkSipta varNana agravat isameM jyA (sine), utkrama jyA (Verse-Sine) tathA koTijyA (Cosine) ke mAna kA ullekha hai| dhyAna rahe ki yahI jyA va jIva araba jAkara jeba (Jaib) ho gayI jisakA zabdika anuvAda laiTina meM jeba (pAkiTa) arthAt Sinus kiyA gyaa| yahI Sine zabda Age calakara Sinus ho gyaa| isI prakAra koTijyA (Cosine) ho gyaa| isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki trikoNamiti ke vistAra meM bhAratIyoM kA bahumUlya yogadAna rahA hai| trikoNamiti zabda zuddha bhAratIya hai jo kAlAntara meM Trigonometry ho gyaa| bhAratIyoM ne trikoNamiti kA prayoga grahoM kI sthiti, gati Adi ke nirdhAraNa meM kiyaa| isa kAla meM bIjagaNita kA vistAra gaNita ke kSetra meM krAntikArI parivartana thaa| vakSAlI pANDulipi meM iSTa karma (Rule of false position) meN| athavA 100 ke sthAna para avyakta rAzi kalpita kI gayI hai| gaNitajJoM kI mAnyatA hai ki iSTakarma hI bIjagaNita ke vistAra kA Adi srota hai| bhAratIyoM ne dhana, RNa jo cinha mAtra haiM, unake jor3a, ghaTAnA, guNA, bhAga Adi ke lie niyamoM ko vikasita kiyaa| mahAn gaNitajJa brahmagupta (628 I0pU0) ne batAyA ki "dhana saMkhyA aura RNa saMkhyA kA guNanaphala RNa saMkhyA, do RNa saMkhyAoM kA guNanaphala dhana saMkhyA tathA dhanasaMkhyA aura dhanasaMkhyA kA guNanaphala dhana saMkhyA hotI hai|" bhAratIyoM ne varga, dhana Adi ghAtoM (Powers) ke lie saMketoM kA prayoga kiyaa| vahI saMketa Aja bhI prayukta kiye jAte haiN| anuyoga dvAra sUtra meM kucha bIjagaNitIya ghAta niyama diye hue haiN| jaise ka kA prathama varga - ka ka kA dvitIya varga = (ka) - ka. ka kA tRtIya varga = (ka) = ka ka kA prathama mUla = ka = ka 1/2 ka kA dvitIya mUla = ka = ka 1/4 aadi| ni:saMdeha aMkagaNita kI bhAMti bIja gaNita bhI bhArata se araba phuNcaa| araba deza ke gaNitajJa (AL-KHOWARIZMI) apanI pustaka "alajabra" va "ala mukAbalA' meM bhAratIya bIjagaNita para AdhArita viSaya kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| unakI pustakoM ke nAma para isa viSaya kA nAma (Algebra) par3a gyaa| jahAM taka anya rASTroM kI bAta hai, hama pAte haiM ki "yUnAnI gaNita" ke svarNayuga meM Adhunika artha meM alajabarA kA nAmonizAna taka na thaa| Classical Period meM yUnAnI loga bIjagaNita ke aneka kaThina praznoM ko hala karane kI yogyatA rakhate the, parantu unake sabhI hala jyAmitIya hote the| bIjagaNitIya hala vahAM sarvaprathama Diaphantus (275 I0 lagabhaga) ke granthoM meM pAye gaye haiN| usa samaya bhAratIya loga bIja gaNita meM anya rASTroM se bahuta Age the| madhyakAla yA svarNayuga (400 I0 se 1200 I0 taka): isa kAla ko bhAratIya gaNita kA svarNayuga kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki isa kAla meM AryabhaTTa, brahmagupta, mahAvIrAcArya, bhAskarAcArya jaise aneka zreSTha evaM mahAn gaNitajJa hue jinhoMne gaNita kI sabhI zAkhAoM ko, AryabhaTTa (499 I0 - prathama): ye paTanA ke nivAsI the| AryabhaTTa ne apanI pustaka 'AryabhaTTIya gaNitapAda' ke 332 zlokoM meM gaNita ke mahatvapUrNa evaM mUlabhUta siddhAMtoM ko sArarUpa meM kaha diyA hai| AryabhaTTIya ke prathama do pAdoM meM gaNita tathA aMtima do pAdoM meM jyotiSa kA vivaraNa hai| prathama pAda dazamItikA meM bar3I-bar3I saMkhyAoM ko varNamAlA ke akSaroM dvArA nirUpita karane kI vidhi bhI batAI gayI hai| isake dvitIya pAda "gaNita pAda" meM aMkagaNita, rekhAgaNita, bIjagaNita aura trikoNamiti ke aneka kaThina praznoM kA samAveza hai| bIjagaNita meM sAdhAraNa tathA vargIya samIkaraNa kuTaka arthAt anirNIta samIkaraNa kA vistRta vivaraNa hai| AryabhaTTa ne trikoNamiti meM sarvaprathama vyutkrama jyA kA prayoga kiyA jo bAda meM pAzcAtya jagata meM (verse sine) ke nAma se jAnA jAne lgaa| rekhA gaNita ke kSetra meM inhoMne IT kA mAna dazamalava ke cAra sthAnoM taka 3.1416 jJAta kiyA jo Aja bhI sahI mAnA jAtA hai| inhoMne batAyA ki 20,000 ikAI vyAsa vAle vRtta kI paridhi kA mAna 62,832 ikAI hotA hai arthAt... T62832/20,000 = 3.1416 aMkagaNita ke kSetra meM bhI inhoMne vargamUla evaM ghanamUla jJAta karane kI vidhiyoM evaM trairAzika niyama kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| yaha harSa kI bAta hai ki sabase pahale Arya bhaTTa ne hI spaSTa rUpa se pratipAdita kiyA ki pRthvI gatizIla aura sUrya sthira hai| jise pazcima meM koparanikasa ne 1100 varSoM bAda 16vIM zatAbdI meM svIkAra kiyA aura 1642 meM gailIliyo ko isI bAta para aMdhA kiyA gyaa| varAhamihira (550 I): ye AryabhaTTa ke bAda mahAn gaNitajJa evaM dArzanika the| inake grantha paMca siddhAntikA, vRhatsaMhitA, vRhajjAtaka haiN| varAhamihira dvArA racita 'vArAhazulvasUtra' inakI prasiddha kRti hai| isameM gaNita ke sabhI aMgoM para samucita prakAza DAlA gayA hai| vediyoM ke nirmANa saMbaMdhI bIja ke bahuta se sUtra isameM haiN| bhAskara (prathama) (600 I0) : bhAskara ne apanI pustaka mahAbhAskarIya, AryabhaTTIya bhASya aura laghu bhAskarIya meM AryabhaTTa dvArA pratipAdita siddhAMtoM ko aura vikasita evaM vistRta kiyaa| kuTaka (anirdhArya) samIkaraNa para inhoMne ullekhanIya kArya kiyA hai| brahmagupta (628 I0): hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa /3

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brahmagupta ne 'bAhmasphuTa siddhAMta' ke 25 adhyAyoM meM se 2 adhyAyoM meM gaNitIya siddhAMtoM evaM vidhiyoM kA vistRta varNana kiyaa| unhoMne gaNita kI 20 kriyAoM tathA 8 vyavahAroM para prakAza ddaalaa| bIjagaNita meM samIkaraNa-sAdhanoM ke niyamoM kA ullekha kiyA tathA anirNIta dvighAtIya samIkaraNa kA samAdhAna bhI btaayaa| jise Ayalara ne 1764 I0 meM aura lAMgreja ne 1768 I0 meM pratipAdita kiyaa| brahmagupta ne samakhAta (Prisn) aura sUcI (Cone and conical column)ke ghanaphala jJAta karane kI vidhi jJAta kii| brahmagupta ne guNottara zreNI kA yoga jJAta karane kI vidhi aura samakoNa tribhuja ke zulva sUtra kA vistRta varNana bhI kiyA hai| brahmagupta ne sarvaprathama ananta kI kalpanA kI aura batAyA ki koI bhI RNa athavA dhanarAzi zUnya se vibhAjita hone para ananta ho jAtI hai| mahAvIrAcArya (850 I0): mahAvIrAcArya jaina dharmAvalambI the| ye amoghavarSa-nRpatuMga nAmaka rASTrakUTa nareza ke sabhAsada the| amoghavarSa nRpatuMga maisUra tathA anya kannar3a kSetroM ke zAsaka the tathA navIM zatI ke pUrvArddha meM siMhAsanArUr3ha hue the| ata: anumAna lagAyA jAtA hai ki mahAvIrAcArya 850 I0 ke lagabhaga hue hoNge| mahAvIra ne 'gaNitasAra saMgraha' nAmaka aMkagaNita ke vRhat grantha kI racanA kii| isameM aMkagaNita kA vidhivat varNana kiyA gayA hai tathA usameM saMgrahIta prazna atyanta manoraMjaka haiN| unhoMne la0sa0a0 kA Adhunika niyama jJAta kiyA jisakA yUropa meM pahalI bAra prayoga 1500 I0 meM kiyA gyaa| inhoMne vRttAntargata caturbhuja tathA dIrgha vRtta ke kSetraphala jJAta karane ke sUtroM kA nirgamana bhI kiyaa| zrIdharAcArya (850 I0): zrIdharAcArya ne aMkagaNita para navazatikA tathA trizatikA, pATIgaNita aura bIjagaNita pustakoM kI racanA kii| inakI racanA zailI atyanta sarala, saMkSipta tathA hRdayagrAhI hai| ataeva ina granthoM kA atyadhika pracAra huA aura sampUrNa bhAratavarSa meM inakA paThana-pAThana huaa| inakI bIjagaNita kI pustaka aprApya hai kintu inakA dvighAta samIkaraNa hala karane kA sUtra jo "zrIdharAcArya vidhi" kahalAtA hai, Aja bhI vyApaka rUpa se vyavahRta ho rahA hai| inakI pustaka "pATI gaNita" kA anuvAda araba meM "hisAbula tarabta" nAma se huaa| AryabhaTTa dvitIya (950 I0): Arya bhaTTa (dvitIya) mahArASTra ke nivAsI the| unhoMne mahAsiddhAMta nAmaka eka grantha likhA jisake eka adhyAya meM aMkagaNita tathA dUsare adhyAya meM prathama ghAta vAle atirdhArya samIkaraNa (kUTaka) kA pratipAdana kiyaa| gole ke pRSThaphala kA zuddha mAna kadAcit isI grantha meM milatA hai| isa grantha meM TT kA mAna 22/7 liyA gayA hai jo Aja bhI sarvamAnya hai| zrIpati mizra (1039 I0): zrIpati mizra bhI mahArASTra ke nivAsI the| inhoMne "siddhAntazekhara" evaM "gaNitatilaka" kI racanA kii| inhoMne kramacaya (Permutation) aura saMcaya (Combination) para vizeSa kArya kiyaa| inakI pustaka gaNita tilaka kA prArambhika bhAga hI prApta ho sakA hai, zeSa bhAga aprApya nemIcandra siddhAnta cakravartI (11vIM zatI): . cakravartI kI prasiddha pustaka 'gommaTasAra' hai jisake do bhAga haiM, karmakANDa evaM jIva kaanndd| donoM meM jIvarAziyoM, unake karmoM, AstavabaMdha, nirjarA, sArvatrika samuccayoM, ekaikI saMgati, sakramabaddhI prameya (well ordering theorems) Adi kI carcA hai| ekaikI saMgati vidhi kA prayoga videzoM meM gailIliyo evaM jArja kaiNTara (1845-1918) dvArA kaI zatAbdiyoM bAda kiyA gyaa| bhAskarAcArya dvitIya (1114 I0): madhyayuga ke antima tathA advitIya gaNitajJa bhAskarAcArya dvitIya ne apanI prasiddha pustaka "siddhAnta-ziromaNi", "lIlAvatI", "bIjagaNita", "golAdhyAya", "gRhagaNitam" evaM "karaNa kutUhala" meM gaNita kI vibhinna zAkhAoM aMkagaNita, bIjagaNita, trikoNamiti Adi ko eka prakAra se aMtima rUpa diyA gayA hai| vedoM meM jo siddhAMta sUtra rUpa meM the, unakI pUrNa abhivyakti bhAskarAcArya kI racanA meM huI hai| inameM brahmagupta dvArA batAyI gaI 20 prakriyAoM aura 8 vyavahAroM kA alaga-alaga vivaraNa aura unameM prayoga meM lAyI jAne vAlI vidhiyoM kA pratipAdana suvyavasthita aura susAdhya rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| ___ lIlAvatI meM saMkhyA paddhati kA jo AdhArabhUta aura sRjanAtmaka pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, vaha Adhunika aMkagaNita aura bIjagaNita kI rIr3ha hai| lIlAvatI ke kAvyapUrNa sarala prazna Aja bhI kalA aura vijJAna ke saMgama ke anUThe udAharaNa haiN| bhAskarAcArya dvitIya dvArA bIjagaNita ke anirNIta samIkaraNoM ke samAdhAna ke lie prayukta cakravAta vidhi kI prasiddha vidvAna heMkala ne bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA karate hue kahA hai, "yaha nizcaya rUpa se saMkhyA siddhAMta meM lAyAMja se pUrva sarvotkRSTa upalabdhi hai|" isI niyama kA pharamaTa ne 1657 meM prayoga kiyaa| ___ apanI pustaka "siddhAnta ziromaNi" meM bhAskarAcArya dvitIya ne trikoNamiti kA vistRta ullekha kiyA hai| jyA, kojyA, utkramajyA ke vibhinna sambandha aura tAlikA, avakalana, aNucalana-kalana (Infiritesimal Calcules) tathA samAkalana (Integration) kA bhI pratipAdana kiyaa| pRthvI kI gurutvAkarSaNa zakti kI bhI pUrI jAnakArI unheM thii| unhoMne likhA hai ki pRthvI meM AkarSaNa zakti hai jo vastuoM ko khIMcakara apane dharAtala para lAtI hai| uttara madhyakAla (1200 I0 se 1800 I0 taka): bhAskarAcArya dvitIya ke bAda gaNita meM maulika kArya adhika nahIM ho skaa| prAcIna granthoM para TIkAeM hI uttara madhyakAla kI mukhya dena haiN| kerala ke gaNitajJa nIlakaNTha ne 1500 I0 meM eka pustaka meM jyA x kA mAna nikAlA: jyA x = x-x/3 + x/5 malayAlama pANDulekha "muktibhAsa" meM bhI yaha sUtra diyA gayA hai| jise Aja hama gregarI zreNI ke nAma se jAnate haiN| isa kAla ke gaNitajJoM evaM unakI kRtiyoM kA vivaraNa agrAMkita hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa/4

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hai - nArAyaNa paNDita (1356 I0) nArAyaNa paNDita ne aMkagaNita para "gaNitakImudI" nAmaka eka vRhad graMtha kI racanA kii| isameM aneka viSayoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| jinameM kramacaya saMcaya, aMka vibhAjana (Partition of numbers) tathA mAyAvarga (Magic Squares ) pramukha haiN| yaha graMtha aitihAsika dRSTi se atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| nIlakaNTha (1587) nIlakaNTha ne " tAjikanIlakaNThI" nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI jisameM jyotiSa gaNita kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| kamalAkara (1608 I0) : kamalAkara ne 'siddhAnta tatva viveka' nAmaka graMtha kI racanA kI / samrATa jagannAtha (1731 I0 ) : samrATa jagannAtha ne " samrATa siddhAnta" tathA "rekhAgaNita" nAma kI do pustakeM likhIM rekhA gaNita kI vartamAna zabdAvalI adhikAMzataH isI pustaka para AdhArita hai| uparyukta ke atirikta isa kAla meM keralIya gaNitajJoM meM saMgama grAma meM janme mAdhava ( 1350-1410) 'yuktibhASA' nAmaka gaNita graMtha ke lekhaka jyeSTha deva (1500-1610 I0) tathA 'kriyAkramakarI' nAmaka lIlAvatI vyAkhyA ke racayitA zaMkara pArazava ( 1500-1560 I0 ) ke nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| vartamAna kAla (1800 I0 ke pazcAt ) : vartamAna kAla ke kucha pramukha gaNitajJoM evaM unakI kRtiyoM kA saMkSipta paricaya nimnavat hai-- nRsiMga bApU deva zAstrI ( 1831 I0 ) : nRsiMga bApU deva zAstrI ne bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya gaNita para pustakoM kA sRjana kiyaa| inakI pustakoM meM rekhAgaNita, trikoNamiti, sAyanavAda tathA aMkagaNita mukhya haiN| hIraka jayantI smArikA sudhAkara dvivedI sudhAkara dvivedI ne 'dIrgha vRtta lakSaNa', 'golIya rekhA gaNita', 'samIkaraNa mImAMsA', 'calana kalana' Adi aneka pustakoM kI racanA kii| sAtha hI brahmagupta evaM bhAskara kI pustakoM para TIkAeM likhakara sAmAnya janatA ke lie sulabha kraayaa| rAmAnujam (1889 I0 ) : sUtra meM gaNitIya evaM anya siddhAMtoM ko likhane evaM siddha karane kI vaidika paramparA ke Adhunika yuga ke mahAn gaNitajJa rAmAnujam haiN| unakI zreSThatA isI se pramANita hai ki unake dvArA pratipAdita 50 prameyoM meM se eka do ko siddha karane meM hI gaNitajJoM evaM zodhakartAoM ko varSa paryanta dattacitta hokara parizrama karanA pdd'aa| kucha prameya abhI taka siddha nahIM kiye jA sake haiN| unakI kRti 'rAmAnujam DAyarI' zIrSaka se janmazatI varSa meM prakAzita huI hai| svAmI bhAratI kRSNatIrthajI mahArAja (1884-1960 I0) : mahAn gaNitajJa evaM dArzanika jagadguru zaMkarAcArya bhAratI kRSNatIrthajI Adhunika yuga meM vaidika gaNita ke pradhAna bhASyakAra haiN| unhoMne apanI pustaka "vaidika gaNita" meM vaidika sUtroM ko punaH pratipAdita kiyA hai aura unameM nihita siddhAMtoM aura vidhiyoM ko itanI sarala, sugrAhya evaM suspaSTa bhASA meM prastuta kiyA hai ki gaNita kA eka sAdhAraNa vidyArthI bhI use AtmasAt kara gaNita ke jaTilatama praznoM ko atyalpa samaya meM hala kara sakatA hai| unakI pustaka vaidika gaNita para eka prAmANika graMtha hai| svAmIjI ne apanI isa anupama kRti ke mAdhyama se vaidika gaNita meM chipI huI adbhuta kSamatA se paricaya karAkara gaNita ke kevala sAmAnya vidyArthI ko hI nahIM apitu adhikArI vidvAnoM ke antaHkaraNa ko bhI jhaMkRta kara diyA hai| inhoMne hameM sarvathA navIna dRSTi dekara vaidika gaNita para zodha karane tathA usakA upayoga karane ke lie vivaza kara diyA hai| saha zikSaka- zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA adhyApaka khaNDa / 5

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Ozaratacandra pAThaka ajJeya : vyaktitva aura kartRtva ajJeya-saccidAnanda hIrAnanda vAtyAyana ajJeya Adhunika hindI kavitA kA eka durnivAra vyaktitva / ajJeya bahumukhI pratibhA ke svAmI rahe haiN| kavitA, upanyAsa, kahAnI, nibandha, AlocanA, saMsmaraNa, yAtrA varNana, nATaka - sAhitya kI prAya: sabhI vidhAoM ko apanI pratibhA ke sparza se bhAsvaratA pradAna karane vAle ajJeya ke binA Adhunika hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa adhUrA mAnA jaayegaa| unake sampUrNa sAhitya kA mUlyAMkana samayasAdhya kArya hai| ve mUlata: kavi rahe haiN| unakI kAvya-yAtrA bhI lagabhaga pacAsa varSoM taka anavarata calatI rahI hai| ajJeya kA jIvana unake kAvya ke samAna vaividhyapUrNa rahA hai| yahAM unake jIvana aura kAvya-saMsAra kA vihagAvalokana hI saMbhava hai| inakA janma huA 7 mArca 1911 ko kasayA purAtatva khudAI zivira meN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bhagavAna buddha ne jahAM nirvANa prApta kiyA vahIM se ajJeya ke jIvana kA AraMbha huaa| vidyAlayI zikSA kA suyoga kama milane ke kAraNa Apa bAlyAvasthA se svAdhyAyI, ekAntapremI, gambhIra aura Atmanirbhara hote gye| paTanA meM rAkhAladAsa se baMgalA siikhii| 1921-25 taka uTakamaNDa meM rhe| 1921 meM uDipI ke madhvAcArya ne inakA yajJopavIta saMskAra kiyaa| pitA ke pustakAlaya kA upayoga karate hue aMgrejI ke kaviyoM aura yUropa ke sAhityakAroM kI racanAoM kA anuzIlana kiyaa| 1925 meM paMjAba se meTrika kI parIkSA dI aura iMTara mIDiyeTa sAiMsa par3hane madrAsa krizciyana kaoNleja meM dAkhila hue| 1927 meM lAhaura ke phAramaina kaoNleja meM bI.esa-sI. meM bhartI hue| isI kaoNleja meM navajavAna bhArata sabhA ke samparka meM Ae aura AjAda, sukhadeva, bhagavatIcaraNa boharA se paricaya huaa| 1929 meM bI.esa-sI. karake aMgrejI ema.e. meM dAkhila hue| isI sAla krAntikArI dala meM bhI praviSTa hue| krAntikArI kAryakramoM meM bhAga lete hue 1930 meM giraphtAra hue| vibhinna jeloM kI yAtrA karate hue 1936 meM mukta hue| meraTha ke kisAna AMdolana meM bhI bhAga liyaa| 1937 meM vizAla bhArata se judd'e| 1941 meM 'zekhara : eka jIvanI', prakAzita huii| phira briTiza senA meM naukarI kii| 1943 meM "tArasaptaka" kA sampAdana kiyaa| svAdhInatA ke pazcAt ilAhAbAda se pratIka kA prakAzana Arambha kiyaa| reDiyo kI naukarI, videza bhramaNa, vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM meM adhyApana, dinamAna kA sampAdana, 1979 meM kitanI nAvoM meM kitanI bAra' zIrSaka kavitA saMgraha para bhAratIya jJAnapITha puraskAra Adi inake jIvana kI pramukha ghaTanAeM haiN| 1983 meM yUgoslAviyA meM iMTaranezanala poeTrI evArDa se sammAnita hue| apraila 1987 meM dehaavsaan| ajJeya kI kavitA kA viSaya samagra jIvana hai| prakRti prema. saundarya, zRMgAra, saMskRti Adi prAyaH sabhI viSayoM para unhoMne kavitA kI hai| unakI racanAoM meM cintana kI pradhAnatA dRSTigocara hotI hai| ve kAvyakarma ko eka gaMbhIra dharma mAnate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM manuSya mUlya-sraSTA prANI hai aura kavi apanI racanA se jIvana ko gatizIlatA pradAna karatA hai| ajJeya vaiyaktika svAdhInatA ke poSaka haiN| svayaM svAdhIna rahakara ve dUsaroM ko svAdhInatA kA adhikAra dete haiN| ise na samajhane ke kAraNa kucha loga una para ahaMvAda kA Aropa bhI lagAte haiN| parantu ve mAnate haiM acchI kuMThArahita ikAI, sAMce Dhale samAja se, acchA apanA ThATa phakIrI, maMganI ke sukhasAja se| unakI vaiyaktitA meM sAmAjikatA kA koI virodha nahIM hai| vyakti nadI kI dhArA meM dvIpa ke samAna hai| sthira rahakara bhI vaha srotasvinI ke prati samarpita hai_yaha dIpa akelA snehabharA, hai garvabharA madamAtA, para isako bhI paMkti ko de do| ajJeya kavi ke rUpa meM jIvana ke AsvAdana meM vizvAsa karate haiM, ve nara kI AMkhoM meM nArAyaNa kI vyathA dekhate haiN| ajJeya kSaNa ke AgrahI haiM, kSaNikatA ke nhiiN| unakI dRSTi meM kSaNa bhAva jIvana kI akhaMDatA kA pratyAkhyAna nahIM, samarthana hai| pazcima kI yAMtrika sabhyatA va samUha-saMskRti ke prati unake mana meM tIvra Akroza hai| ve jIvana ko na to aniyaMtrita aura uddAma Amoda-pramoda kI ora le jAnA cAhate haiM aura na zmazAna ko ghara banAne vAlA aghorI banAnA cAhate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM vyakti kA abhiyAna vizvajana kI arcanA meM bAdhaka nahIM sAdhaka hai| tulasI kI AsthA unake ina zabdoM meM pratidhvanita hotI haibhAvanAeM tabhI phalatI haiM, hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa/6

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ki unase loga ke kalyANa kA aMkura kahIM phuutte| pazcimI sabhyatA para TippaNI karate hue ve kahate haiMeka mRSA jisameM saba DUbe hue haiM, kyoMki eka satya jisase saba Ube hue haiN| eka tRSA jo miTa nahIM sakatI isalie marane nahIM detI, eka gati jo vivaza calAtI hai isalie kucha karane nahIM detI svAtaMtrya ke nAma para mArate haiM, marate haiN| kyoMki svAtaMtrya se Darate haiN| __ ajJeya ke kAvya meM maulikatA, navInatA aura tAjagI milatI hai| ve anAsthA aura parAjaya ke kavi nahIM haiN| ve gati aura saMgharSa ke kavi haiN| nabha kI coTI unakA gaMtavya hai| ajJeya kI pariNati nizzeSa utsarga meM, apane ko de dene meM hai| AtmIyatA ke dAna meM ve manuSya kI mukti dekhate haiMmaiMne dekhA, eka bUMda sahasA uchalI sAgara ke jhAga se, raMgI gaI kSaNa bhara Dhalate sUraja kI Aga se, mujhako dIkha gayA hara Aloka chuA apanApana, hai unmocana nazvaratA ke dAga se| ___ "asAdhya vINA" ajJeya kI sarvazreSTha kavitA hai| isameM unakI samasta jIvanadRSTi aura zilpabodha samAhita hai| kirITItarU se nirmita vajrakIrti kI isa maMtrapUta vINA kA vAdana kauna kare ? bar3e-bar3e kalAkAroM kA darpa cUra-cUra ho gyaa| taba Ae priyaMvada, keza kambalI, guphA geh| unhoMne apane ko sauMpa diyA usa kirITI tarU ko, DUba gaye eka abhimaMtrita akelepana meM aura Arambha huA unakA nIrava ekaalaap| kezakambalI ko smaraNa thA- ghanI rAta meM mahue kA cupacApa ttpknaa| jhillI, dAdura, kokila-cAtaka kI jhaMkAra, pukAroM meM saMsRti kI sAyaM-sAyaM, kamala kumuda patroM para cora-paira druta dhAvita jalapaMthI kI caap| ve prArthanA karate haiM asAdhya vINA setU utara bIna ke tAroM meM, apane se gA, apane ko gaa| ___ sahasA brahmA ke akhaMDa mauna ko vyaMjita karatA huA eka svayaMbhU saMgIta jhanajhanA utthaa| rAjA ne sunA aura usameM saba kucha nichAvara kara dene kA bhAva utpanna huaa| rAnI ne ananya pyAra kA saMgIta sunaa| kisI ko vaha saMgIta prabhuoM kA kRpAvAkya thA, kisI ko AtaMkamukti kA AzvAsana, kisI ko bharI tijorI meM sone kI khanaka, kisI ko maMdira kI tAlayukta ghNttaadhvni| vizvavAdaka kI vINAdhvani bhI mahAzUnya meM isI prakAra baja rahI hai| bhASA kA saMskAra ajJeya ko bacapana se hI milA thaa| zabda cayana meM eka sajagatA unheM sarvadA prerita karatI hai| pratyeka zabda advitIya hotA hai| ve usI advitIya kI khoja sadA kiyA karate haiN| laya ke anveSaNa meM unhoMne deza-videza kI anekAneka yAtrAeM kI haiN| ve camatkAravAdI nahIM hai para bhAvAnukUla chanda kI khoja avazya karate rahe haiN| Adhunika-jIvana para unakI TippaNI dhyAtavya hai jindagI ke restarAM meM yahI ApasadArI hai riztA nAtA hai, ki kauna kisako khAtA hai| saha zikSaka - zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa/7

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vaMza bahAdura siMha rAvaNa kA lakSmaNa ko upadeza rAmAyaNa bhAratIya saMskRti kI amUlya nidhi hai| mAnava jIvana ko UMcA uThAne vAle aneka sarala, sarasa, sundara evaM vicitra uddharaNoM se yaha kAvya bharA par3A hai| rAvaNa prakANDa vidvAna thA, usane vedabhASya kiyA thA, vaha eka mahAn vaijJAnika bhI thaa| apane jIvana ke antima kSaNoM meM jo nIti-zAstra ke upadeza usane lakSmaNa ko diye, ve gUr3ha tatvoM se bhare par3e haiN| apane anubhavoM ke AdhAra para inakI vyAkhyA kara usane inako bar3A hI rocaka evaM bodhagamya banA diyA hai| __ zrIrAma ke amogha brahmAstra se rAvaNa kA vaMza vidIrNa ho gayA, usakA durjaya hRdaya phaTa gayA, nAbhisthita sudhA kuNDa bhasma ho gayA aura vaha bhUmi para unmatta gira pdd'aa| rAma ne turanta lakSmaNa ko bulAyA aura kahA, "rAvaNa kA abhI dehAnta nahIM huA hai| ve zrI rAmezvara kI sthApanA meM mere AcArya rahe haiN| unhoMne mujhe vijayI hone kA AzIrvAda diyA aura apanI Ahuti dekara vaha AzIrvAda satya kiyaa| abhI unako dakSiNA denI hai| lekina lakSmaNa, nIti zAstra kA yaha sUrya mere upasthita hote hI asta ho jAyegA, tuma jAkara unase upadeza grahaNa kro| lakSmaNa rAvaNa ke samIpa gaye, sira ke samIpa khar3e hokara uccasvara meM namaskAra kiyA aura upadeza dene kI prArthanA kii| unake pukArane para bhI rAvaNa ke netra nahIM khule aura nirAza hokara lakSmaNa ko zrIrAma ke pAsa lauTa AnA pdd'aa| zrI rAma vastusthiti ko, sArA vRtAnta sunakara, samajha gaye aura lakSmaNa se kahA, "tumane AcArya ke samIpa unako abhivAdana nahIM kiyA, jo jijJAsu samyak sammAna na de, upadeza ke anukUla sthiti kA dhyAna na rakhe, aise pramatta jijJAsu kA parityAga kara denA zAstra kI maryAdA hai, isakA tumane smaraNa nahIM rkhaa| lakSmaNa phira rAvaNa ke samIpa gaye, isa bAra ve rAvaNa ke pairoM ke samIpa khar3e hokara, mastaka jhukAkara uccasvara meM bole, "maiM zrIrAma anuja lakSmaNa AcArya paulastya ke caraNoM meM praNipAta karatA huuN|" dazagrIva ke netra khula gye| yaha dekhakara donoM hAtha jor3akara vinamra svara meM lakSmaNa bole- agraja ne mujhe Apake samIpa nIti zAstra kA upadeza grahaNa karane ke lie bhejA hai aura ve bhI zIghra upasthita ho rahe haiN| rAvaNa ne kahA, 'lkssmnn| maiM bolane meM pIr3A kA anubhava kara rahA huuN| merI indriyAM zithila hotI jA rahI haiN| prANa aba prasthAna ke lie utsuka haiM lekina tuma nIti-zikSA grahaNa karane Aye ho| koI vidvAna apane samIpa upasthita jijJAsu ko nirAza karatA hai to vidyA use zApa detI hai| vaha pizAca banatA hai| yadyapi atyaMta alpa samaya hai aura phira dUsarA samaya bhI to nahIM hai| maiM tumheM nirAza nahIM kruuNgaa| maiM apane anubhava kA sAra sunA dUM, itanA hI samaya hai aura tumhAre liye itanA hI paryApta hai|' rAvaNa ne apanA anubhava sunAnA prArambha kiyaa| "jo vyakti apane svajanoM aura sevakoM kI sukha-suvidhA kA pUrNa rUpa se dhyAna rakhatA hai| unakI svataMtratA-ucchRkhalatA ko bhI sahana karatA hai, unake svajana aura sevaka apane prANa dekara bhI unake atyaMta apriya AdezoM ko svIkAra kara lete haiN| rAkSasoM ne merA sAtha nahIM chor3A, mere lie yuddha meM prANoM kA utsarga kiyaa| merI ati ugra prakRti ko sahakara bhI merA sammAna karate rahe, yaha kevala AtaMka se saMbhava nahIM thA, maiMne unheM pUrI svataMtratA de rakhI thI aura unakI ruci, sukha, suvidhA kA sarvadA dhyAna rakhatA rahA thaa| yadi koI sevAzIla, vinamra evaM dharmaparAyaNa vyakti apanA virodha kare, apane mana ke viruddha bole to usakA apamAna yA upekSA karane kI jagaha para, usakI bAtoM para vizeSa dhyAna denA caahie| maiM jAnatA thA ki merA anuja vibhISaNa dharmAtmA hai, vaha cATukArI nahIM kara sakatA, vaha apane AzrayadAtA kI bAta apriya hone para bhI avazya kahegA, apane ahita kA bhaya hone para bhI kahegA, lekina maiMne usakA tiraskAra jAnabUjha kara kiyA, kyoMki agara vaha tumhAre pakSa meM nahIM gayA hotA to Aja laMkA anAtha ho jaatii| rAma isa para zAsana karane ko nahIM rukeNge| ina saba cIjoM ko maiM acchI taraha se jAnatA thA aura isIlie mujhe apane atipriya nirdoSa bhAI ko nirvAsita karanA pdd'aa| ___ lakSmaNa! zatru ko sAmAnya mAnakara usakI upekSA kabhI nahIM karanI cAhie tathA isa zatru ke bhaya se cintita hokara, apane anuyAyiyoM meM bhaya ke praveza ko avasara nahIM denA caahie| mujhe koI yaha doSa nahIM de sakatA ki maiMne apane zatru kI upekSA kii| rAma ke pragaTa hone ke kSaNa se hI maiM satarka thaa| jaba tuma loga sasainya subela para Aye, maiM apane sainikoM, senApatiyoM ke sAtha utsava manA rahA thA aura mallayuddha hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa /8

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dekha rahA thaa| lakSmaNa! saphalatA hI sadA zreyaskara nahIM hotI, kabhI-kabhI / asaphalatA, parAjaya tathA mRtyu kA bhI Ayojana karanA par3atA hai| isa yuddha meM maiMne apane samasta vIroM kI Ahuti de dI hai| lekina maiM jaba taka jIvita rahA, tuma laMkA meM praveza nahIM kara ske| mere sabhI anuyAyI vIra kahAM gaye, isako mujhe batalAne kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| aba tuma svayaM, socakara batalAo ki vijaya kisakI huI hai|" lakSmaNa ne kahA, "AcArya Apa dhanya haiM, vijaya ApakI huI hai|" jaba rAvaNa kA svara zithila hone lagA, usane netra saMketa se lakSmaNa ko apane samIpa bulA liyA, kahA- "aba maiM adhika bola nahIM skuuNgaa| merI mukhya bAtoM ko dhyAna lagAkara suno| jIvana meM agara koI mahatvapUrNa kArya karane kI mahatvAkAMkSA ho to use saba sAmAnya kAma chor3akara pUrNa kara DAlanA caahie| use kala para TAlane se vaha kabhI bhI pUrI nahIM hogii| maiM sampUrNa kSAra samudra ko madhura peyajala meM parivartita kara denA cAhatA thaa| sampUrNa sAgara ko aneka bhUmi meM vibhAjita karake bAMdha detA, eka bhAga ke jala ko uSNa karake, vASpa banA detA, bace hue lavaNa ko pRthvI para parvatAkAra ekatra kara detA aura vASpa ko vArida banAkara varSA ke nirmala jala se sAgara ke sabhI bhAgoM ko punaH bhara detA, mere lie asambhava kAma nahIM thaa|" "maiM svarga ke lie sopAna nirmita kara denA cAhatA thA tAki pApI aura puNyAtmA kA bheda miTa jAya aura zarIra bala se samartha hI itanI dIrgha yAtrA kara vahAM jA ske|" yaha sunakara lakSmaNa cauMka par3e ki kahIM yaha mahatvAkAMkSA pUrI gaI hotI to zruti zAstra aura satkarma sadA ke lie samApta ho jaate| "maiM cAhatA thA ki saMsAra meM kabhI koI rogI yA vRddha na ho| isake lie vRkSoM meM amRta phala lagane kA vidhAna karanA cAhatA thaa| mere jaisA prakRti ke gUr3ha rahasyoM ko jAnane vAlA vyakti agara isa kAma meM laga gayA hotA to vArdhakya evaM mRtyu ko samApta kara dene vAlA AviSkAra avazya kara liyA hotaa|" lakSAmaNa ne haMsakara kahA- 'AcArya! ApakI mahatvAkAMkSAoM kA apUrNa raha jAnA hI vizva ke lie varadAna ho gyaa|' isI samaya zrIrAma Aye aura aMjalibAMdhakara mastaka jhukAte hue rAvaNa ke dAhine isa prakAra khar3e ho gaye jisase vaha unheM bhalIbhAMti dekha ske| prabhurAma ne kahA "maiM ikSvAkugotrIya rAma paulastya dazagrIva ko praNAma karatA huuN| apane AcArya ko abhISTa dakSiNA dene meM unake caraNoM meM upasthita huuN|" dazagrIva ke apalaka netra zrIrAma ke mukha para laga gaye aura mukha se aMtima zabda nikalA, "raam"| isake bAda eka jyoti unake zarIra se niklii| usane prabhu rAma kI pradakSiNA kI aura unake caraNoM meM lIna ho gyii| saha zikSaka, zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa/9

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Oajaya rAya zAMti niketana : eka paridarzana zikSakoM kA milatA rahatA thaa| lekina ghara meM to mere lie khatare bane hI rahate the| kisI taraha maiM ghara ke pratikUla vAtAvaraNa meM citrakalA sIkhane kI icchA ko sAkAra to nahIM kara pAyA, alabattA saMgIta sIkhane kI ruci mujhameM bar3hatI gii| eka ora gAMva ke choTe-moTe gAyana kAryakramoM meM mujhe loga utsAhita karate rahate to dUsarI ora ghara para bar3e cAcAjI apane camaraudhe jUtoM ke sAtha merI piTAI ke lie tatpara rhte| jaba maiM ghara vApasa AtA to ve taba taka pITate jaba taka maiM jamIna para gaMbhIra coTeM khA gira nahIM pdd'taa| aise meM mAM mujhe avazya hI himmata detI ki 'beTA eka dina aisA avazya AyegA jaba tuma saMgIta sIkha pAoge aura tumheM gurudeva ke Azrama meM sIkhane jarUra bhejuuNgii|' vaise loga jinheM saMgIta yA citrAMkana kI mahattA samajha meM nahIM AtI, 've samajha pAeMge ki aise guNa ghaTiyA nahIM hote|' ___ asuvidhAoM aura garIbI kA yaha Alama thA ki aise guNoM ke vikAsa ke lie tatkAla mujhe vizva kavi ke Azrama meM kucha bhI sIkha pAne kA saubhAgya prApta nahIM ho paayaa| alabattA mere aMdara isakI pyAsa aura lAlasA banI hI rahI ki kabhI na kabhI gurudeva kI sAdhanA sthalI aura viziSTa karmabhUmi zAMtiniketana kI lAla miTTI ko mAthe se lagA paauuNgaa| vakta ke bahuta bar3e aMtarAla ke bAda mujhe zAMtiniketana kI yAtrA kA saubhAgya prApta huA thaa| hAlAMki na to maiM aba aisA zizu hI rahA thA aura nahIM aisA kucha sIkha pAne kI merI paristhiti yA samaya thaa| vyakti ko AjIvikA kaI bAra Atma-bhraSTa karatI hai aura aisI-aisI naukarI se bhI jur3anA par3atA hai jo usake sammAna ke lAyaka na bhI ho| ___ isa yAtrA kI kalpanA se hI maiM romAMcita thaa| maiM bihAra se Ane vAlI gAr3I se bolapura sTezana para utara rahA thaa| maiM apanI mana:sthiti aura atizaya utsAha ko taTastha draSTA kI taraha dekha pA rahA thaa| merA hRdaya aura kaMTha bAra-bAra avaruddha ho jaataa| bacapana kI icchA kA adhUrA raha jAnA aura umra ke kAphI bar3e hisse kA muTThI meM baMdhe reta kI taraha nikala jAnA pIr3ita kara rahA thaa| phira bhI maiM prasanna thA ki dera Ayata durasta aayt| merI AMkheM bolapura sTezana ke pleTaphArma naM0 eka para sthita usa kalAkRti para gaI jo eka DhUMTha per3a se banAyI gayI hai| maiM usakI viziSTatA ko dekhakara avAk raha gayA thaa| pleTaphArma naM0 eka para hI gurudeva se saMbaMdhita eka Adarza saMgrahAlaya hai jise saMbhavata: relave ne yAtriyoM kI suvidhA ke lie banavAyA hai| dUsare pleTaphArma kI ora agara dRSTi dI jAya to dIvAroM para viziSTa kalAkRtiyAM dIkha jaayeNgii| sTezana se bAhara Ate hI gurudeva kI aMtima yAtrA jisa prathama zreNI ke rela kUpe meM huI thI use bhI Ama janatA ke darzanArtha prastuta kiyA gayA hai| yaha saba dekhakara maiM kavi guru ke prati zraddhAvanata to thA hI pUrI taraha mana-prANa se abhibhUta ho gyaa| ___ bolapura zAMtiniketana kA praveza dvAra jaisA hai| choTA-sA kasbAnumA shhr| choTI-moTI savAriyAM rikze, TempU aadi| gAMva kI sauMdhI miTTI kI gaMdha aura logoM meM grAmINa saralatA kA bhAva dIkhA jo anyatra aba hoza saMbhAlane ke bAda se gurudeva kI puNyabhUmi zAMti niketana kA nAma mere rakta meM saMgIta paidA karatA thaa| maiM taba iMtajAra kiyA karatA thA ki kaba maiM itanA bar3A ho jAUM ki binA kisI khaupha ke vahAM pahuMca kara apanI icchA pUrI kara luuN| mere bAla mana ne na jAne kaba se suna rakhA thA ki vahAM citrAMkana aura saMgIta kI zikSA vidhivat dI jAtI hai| taba mujhe sabase priya kArya citra banAnA lagatA thaa| hAlAMki mere ghara meM aisI ruciyoM ke lie na to koI sthAna thA aura nahIM koI smmaan| hAM, mAM hI mere lie eka preraNA kI srota thI jise mere lie mAM aura pitA donoM kA dAyitva nibhAnA pdd'taa| merI citrakalA meM ruci ko dekhakara mere gAMva ke eka saMpanna vyakti ne mujhase bAra-bAra kahA thA ki "tuma thor3e bar3e ho jAo to maiM tumheM zAMtiniketana citrakalA kI zikSA ke lie bhejuuNgaa|" khaira, aisA saMbhava nahIM ho paayaa| vAdA karane vAle sajjana to bhUla gaye lekina maiM zAMtiniketana ko kisI bhI taraha nahIM bhUla pAyA aura gurudeva kI yaha sAdhanA-bhUmi mujhe apanI ora barAbara hI khIMcatI rhii| ___ kAlAMtara meM maiM binA kisI mArgadarzana ke hI citra banAne lagA thA, lekina apane citroM ko sabakI najaroM se bacAkara hI rakhanA par3atA kyoMki bar3e cAcA jinheM saMgIta evaM citra bakavAsa se jyAdA kucha nahIM lagate the, unake hAthoM burI taraha piTa jAne kA khatarA banA rhtaa| merI isa ruci ko sammAna aura pyAra mere grAmINa dostoM aura vidyAlaya ke priya hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa/10

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durlabha hI pratIta hotA hai| maiM paidala calate hue rela meM sune gaye 'bAula gAna' kI eka kar3I gunagunAtA jA rahA thA- 'ekhono elo na kAliyA' hRdaya meM karuNA ke bhAva jagA rahe the| eka hUka sI uThatI thii| una svaroM ke Aroha-avaroha mujhe pUrI taraha apane meM sameTe hue the| dUsarI ora mujhe apane dillI pravAsa ke una ApAdhApI, bhAgadaur3a aura hRdayahInatA se bhare varSoM kI bhI yAda dilA rahe the, jisameM maiM aksara 'ekheno elo na kAliyA' gunagunAte hue kATa liyA karatA thaa| maiM aba zAMtiniketana parisara ke nikaTa thaa| sAmane 'melA mATha' meM 'pauSamelA' lagA huA thaa| logoM meM utsava kA AnaMda pUrI taraha dIkhatA thaa| 'bAula gAna' ke AlApa ke sAtha-sAtha bAula pUrI mastI meM ekatArA lie nRtyarata the| pauSamelA zAMtiniketana ke mukhya utsavoM meM se hai| isakI parikalpanA gurudeva ke pitA maharSi devendranAtha ThAkura ne kI thI aura use vistAra diyA vizva kavi ne| isa mele ke Ayojana kA uddezya grAmINa zilpa saMskRti, saMgIta, nRtya Adi ko bar3hAvA dene kA rahA hai| hamArI grAmINa saMskRti dhIre-dhIre lupta na ho jAe, isakA aMdAjA bahuta pahale hI ina manISiyoM ne lagAyA thaa| hAlAMki mele kA rUpa pahale se badala-sA gayA hai, lekina pUrI taraha se ceSTA yaha kI jAtI hai ki usakA asalI svarUpa kAyama rhe| subaha se rAta ke gaharAne taka kaI dinoM taka saMgIta-nRtya ke alaga-alaga kAryakrama calate rahate haiM, jisameM maiMne dekhA ki deza, videza se kAphI loga saMgIta-nRtya sunane-dekhane yahAM Ate haiN| yahAM bAula gAna ke sAtha-sAtha pallIgIta, kavigAna Adi dekha sunakara maiM cakita thaa| maiMne pahale kahIM bhI itane svastha uddezyoM ko lekara lagAyA jAne vAlA melA nahIM dekhA thaa| Azcarya isa bAta para hotA thA ki kahIM isa taraha kA bhI utsava hotA hai ? jahAM jIvaMtatA, utsAha aura sarvottama anubhUtiyoM ke saMpreSaNa ke lie khulA pariveza ho| jabaki dUsarI ora pUre vizva meM itanI bar3I apharAtapharI aura azAMti ho| AtaMkavAda aura hatyAoM ke daura cala rahe hoN| akhabAroM meM chapane vAlI hatyAoM, durghaTanAoM kI khabareM bhI logoM ke rakta ko sarda hI banAeM rakhatI haiN| __ jI hAM, zAMtiniketana kI yAtrA ne hamAre aMdara prANa kA saMcAra kiyA aura maiM Aja kI viSamatA aura viSAkta pariveza ko bhUla sA gyaa| kaI bAra udAsI aura parezAnI ke Alama meM yaha yAda nahIM AtA ki pichalI bAra hama kaba muskurAe, roe yA khulakara haMsa pAye the taba sirpha zAMtiniketana ke khule vAtAvaraNa kI hI yAda AtI hai| ____ maiM isa yAtrA meM 'ravIndra bhavana' gayA thaa| jahAM gurudeva ke dehAvasAna ke bAda unake putra rathIndranAtha ThAkura ne bar3I tatparatA aura parizrama se unakI pAMDulipiyAM, ciTThiyAM aura citrAvalI Adi kA saMkalana kiyA hai| san 1942 meM saMgrahAlaya sAmAnya jana ke lie kholA gayA thA, jisameM gurudeva se saMbaMdhita sabhI vastueM haiN| yahAM se thor3I hI dUrI para eka vizAla 'nATya-ghara' bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai jo apane Apa meM eka Azcarya hI hai| gurudeva meM apanI saMskRti aura nATakoM kI prastuti ke lie kaisA jur3Ava thA, yaha jAnanA saca meM bar3I sukhada anubhUti hai| yahAM se karIba hI rAmakiMkara baija kI banAI huI prasiddha mUrtiyAM haiM jo kalAjagata meM apanA anyatama sthAna rakhatI haiN| kalAbhavana, saMgIta-bhavana Adi paryaTakoM kA mana moha lete haiN| naMdalAla bosa, sudhIra khAstagIra, ke.jI. subrahmaNyama Adi kI kalAkRtiyAM hameM prabhAvita kara rahI thiiN| uttarAyaNa meM maiMne ramaNIka bagIcoM ke alAvA pAMca bhavana dekhe jo apane Apa meM zilpa aura bhAvanA kI dRSTi se atyaMta mahatvapUrNa haiN| ye bhavana haiM- udayana, koNArka, zyAmalI, punazca tathA udiicii| bAga meM pichalI tarapha jo bhavana hai usakA nAma hai citrbhaanu| pahalI maMjila ke 'guhAghara' meM kavivara ke putra rathIndranAtha tathA patohU pratimAdevI kA sTuDiyo aura kalA sarjanA ke lie kakSa hai| isa bAga meM bahuta mUlyavAna per3a haiM, yathA- caMdana, dAlacInI, tejapAta Adi / isake atirikta aise kaI per3a-paudhe haiM jinheM koI vanaspati zAstrI hI viziSTatA ke sAtha batA sakatA hai| uttarAyaNa meM hI eka aisA bhavana bhI hai, jisakI sAdagI dekhate hI banatI hai| isakA nirmANa gurudeva ne bApU (gAMdhIjI) ke zAMtiniketana meM Agamana kI khuzI meM unheM ThaharAne ke lie karavAyA thaa| agara Apa kabhI 'zAla-vIthI' jAeM jahAM gurudeva zAma ko ghUmate the to atIva Ananda kI anubhUti pA sakate haiM, lekina zarta yaha hai ki zAma Dhale haule-haule, dhImI gati se binA kisI padacApa ke agara Apa calate jAeM to zAyada gurudeva kI upasthiti kI anubhUti avazya hI ho sakatI hai| vahAM nizcaya hI aisI taraMge haiM jise zuddha hRdaya aura mahasUsa karane kI viziSTa zakti se samajhA jA sakatA hai| yahAM se AmrakuMja ko pAra karate hue usa maMdira ko hama dekha sakate haiM, jisameM koI devI, devatA najara nahIM Ate, lekina ghanI zAMti vahAM avazya hI mahasUsa kI jA sakatI hai| guruvara AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI ke nibaMdhoM meM zAMtiniketana ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| unhoMne azoka, devadAra aura zirISa ke aMtara ko jisa jIvaMtatA se pAThakoM ko paricita karAyA thA, vAkaI Azcarya kI bAta hai| kucha dera meM maiMne apane Apako 'hindI bhavana' ke parisara meM khar3A paayaa| hindI bhavana kI dIvAroM para banI viziSTa peTiMga hamArA mana mohatI rhii| merA hRdaya isa anubhUti se gadgad thA ki hindI jaisI bhASA ko utkRSTa saMskAra tathA saMpannatA dene vAle RSitulya AcArya AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI isI hindI bhavana ke prathama adhyakSa the| zAMti niketana se maiM sIdhA 'zrI niketana' gayA jahAM gurudeva ne kuTIra udyogoM kI sthApanA kI thii| abhI bhI vahAM kapar3e, bartana, khilaune Adi viziSTatama tarIke se banAnA sikhAyA jAtA hai| ve sabhI tamAma jagaheM Aja bhI mere jehana meM basI huI haiM ki eka vyakti ne itanI bar3I kalpanA kI aura use sAkAra kara dikhaayaa| yaha alaga prazna hai ki unake dvArA sthApita Azrama kAlAMtara meM kendrIya vizvavidyAlaya bana jAne para bhI unhIM AdarzoM kA pAlana kara rahA hai? kyA vahAM naukarazAhI aura ghaTiyA svArthI tatvoM ne apane jAla nahIM phailAe haiM ? yaha saca hai ki yahAM aba bhI aisI taraMge maujUda haiM jo kalyANakArI haiM, lekina ve kaba taka raheMgI? maiM vahAM se bhIgI AMkheM aura bharA hRdaya lekara relagAr3I meM baiTha gayA thA aura hare-bhare khetoM kI ora dekhate hue gunagunA rahA thaa| "ekhono elo na kAliyA" saha zikSaka, zrI jaina vidyAlaya, havar3A hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa /11

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rAdhezyAma mizra bhagavatprApti kA sarvottama sAdhana : janasevA bhagavatprApti ke aneka sAdhana haiM-- karma, jJAna, bhakti, prapatti Adi / parantu sarvottama sAdhana hai janasevA, dIna dukhiyoM kI sevaa| jana sevA ke aneka rUpa haiM, aneka prakAra haiM aura haiM aneka kSetra dIna-dukhiyoM kI sevA suzruSA hI sabase bar3I upAsanA hai| viyogI hari ne likhA haidInana dekha ghinAta je nahiM dInana so kAma / , kahAM jAni ve leta haiM dInabandhu ko nAma / / zrI madbhAgavata meM sthAna-sthAna para isakA ullekha milatA hai| zrI nAbhAdAsajI ne 'bhaktamAla' meM aneka aise bhaktoM ke caritroM ko darzAyA hai jo dina-rAta janasevA meM hI lage rahate the aura isI ko bhagavatprApti kA sarvottama sAdhana samajhate the aura jo isI ke dvArA kRta kRtya bhI hue| isake sAkSya kI koI AvazyakatA nhiiN| jaba Apa kisI dukhI manuSya kI kucha madada karate haiM taba Apa socate haiM ki mere isa kArya se bhagavAna khuza hoMge, ApakI AtmA praphullita aura romAMcita ho uThatI hai| janatA meM janArdana kA nivAsa hai| calatI-phiratI nArAyaNa kI mUrtiyoM kI arcanA, sevA kA mahatva bhakti se bahuta bar3hakara hai| viyogI hari ne kahA hai-- maiM khojatA tujhe thA jaba kuMja aura vana meM, tU DhUMDhatA mujhe thA taba dIna ke vatana meN|... tU Aha bana kisI kI mujhako pukAratA thA maiM thA tujhe rijhAtA saMgIta meM, bhajana meN| hIraka jayantI smArikA Izvara ko pAnA, usakI mahimA ko jAnanA, usake Adi anta ko jAnanA vAstava meM bar3A kaThina hai| yadi 'ekai sAdhe saba sadhe, saba sAdhe saba jAya' vAlI ukti ko caritArtha karake mAtra janasevA hI lakSya ho jAya to bhagavatprApti sunizcita hai prazna hai kyA bhagavAna kI prApti sambhava hai? yadi hai to jo bhI sAdhana zAstroM meM varNita haiM karma, jJAna, bhakti, vairAgya Adi una sabhI meM unheM kahAM khojA jAya ? Izvara nirAkAra hai yA sAkAra ? anekAneka prazna sAmane Ate haiM aura unake anekAneka samAdhAna aura mata veda, purANa aura dharma granthoM meM varNita haiN| gItA ke aThArahaveM adhyAya ke chiyAlisaveM zloka meM to yahAM taka kahA gayA hai. Izvara sabhI prANiyoM ke hRdaya meM nivAsa karatA hai-- IzvaraH sarvabhUtAnAm haddeze arjuna tiSThati / bhrAmayan sarva bhUtAni yantra rUDhAni mAyayA / isalie gItA ne "samatvaM yoga ucyate" kI ghoSaNA kI hai| gItA kA sAmyadarzana gaNita kA samIkaraNa nahIM hai, na rekhAgaNita kA sAdhya hI hai jahAM eka tribhuja ko dUsare ke barAbara siddha karane hetu donoM tribhujoM ko isa prakAra rakhA jAtA hai ki unakI bhujAyeM eka dUsare para phiTa A jaay| hAM, gaNita ke anusAra usake pAsa eka Izvara hai aura eka hI AtmA hai| Izvara hI AtmA banakara samAna bhAva se sabhI prANiyoM meM nivasatA hai| AtmA usa divya prakAza kA khaMDa hai jisako mAnasa meM mahAtmA tulasI ne bhI 'Izvara aMza jIva avinAzI' kahakara pratipAdita kiyA hai| isa prakAra hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki nAma bhinna-bhinna hone para bhI vaha paramabrahma satya sanAtana, zAzvata, cirantana saba kucha hote hu jIvoM meM pradIpta hai, prakAzita hai ataH use khojane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / vaha to agocara hote hue bhI gocara hai aura sahaja prApya hai agara hama apanI dRSTi ko thor3A sA parivartita kara leM aura sarve bhavantu sukhinaH sarve santu nirAmayAH, sarve bhadrANi pazyantu mA kazcid dukha bhAga bhavet / isa vizva meM saba sukhI hoM, saba nIroga hoM, saba kalyANa - maMgala kA darzana kareM, koI bhI lezamAtra dukha kA bhAgI na ho / sarvestaratu durgANi sarvo bhadrANi pazyatu / sarva sadabuddhimApnotu sarvaH sarvatra nandatu / / kaThinAiyoM se, vipattiyoM se saca trANa pAyeM saba maMgala kA darzana kareM, saba sadabuddhi ko prApta hoM aura saba sarvadA sarvatra Ananda lAbha kareM, aisI hamArI bhAvanA hai| yadi hamArI bhAvanA aisI hogI to hamArA AcaraNa bhI hogA isI ke anurUpa / hama apane una bandhuoM para mAnava mAtra yA jIva mAtra para prema aura kRpA kI varSA kreNge| dayA, karuNA, dAna, sevA, maitrI Adi bhAva hI kramazaH bhagavatprApti meM sahAyaka siddha hote haiM vaise sabhI guNa kramazaH eka dUsare ke paraspara sahayogI haiM aura kisI eka ke Ane se hI sAre ke sAre guNa kramazaH Ane lagate haiN| devarSi nArada ne yuddhiSThira ke dvArA pUche jAne para manuSya mAtra ke tIsa dharmoM adhyApaka khaNDa / 12

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kA vivecana kiyA thA magara una sabhI dharmoM kA sAra uparokta guNoM meM hI sannihita hai| unhoMne tIsa lakSaNoM meM satya, dayA, tapasyA zauca, titikSA, Atma-nirIkSaNa, bAhya indriyoM kA saMyama, Antara indriyoM kA saMyama, ahiMsA, brahmacarya, tyAga, svAdhyAya, saralatA, saMtoSa, samadRSTi, sevA, durAcAra se nivRtti, logoM ke viparIta ceSTAoM ke phala kA avalokana, mauna, AtmavicAra, prANiyoM ko yathA yogya annAdi dAna, samasta prANiyoM meM vizeSakara manuSya meM Atmabuddhi, iSTa devabuddhi, bhagavannAma smaraNa, kIrtana, sevAyajJa, namaskAra, sAkhya, dAsya aura Atmanivedana Adi ko pratipAdita kiyA hai| parantu ina sabhI kA mUla hai prajApati kA zikSA mantra- "da" "da" "da"- dAna, dayA aura damana / unhoMne kahA hai deva danuja mAnava sabhI lahai parama klyaann| pAle jo "da" artha ko damana, dayA arU daan|| dayA, karuNA, sevA, dAna Adi samAnArthI zabda na hote hue bhI mUla meM eka haiN| mAnava sevA se bar3hakara koI dUsarI sevA nhiiN| isake vibhinna rUpa haiM, zArIrika, Arthika aadi| isake lie loga bahujana-hitAya, bahujana-sukhAya kI bhAvanA se devAlaya, vidyAlaya, auSadhAlaya, bhojanAlaya, anAthAlaya, gauzAlA, dharmazAlA Adi sarvajanopayogI sthAnoM kA nirmANa binA kisI yaza kAmanA se bhagavatprItyartha karate haiN| vastuta: ye sevAyeM mAnava kalyANakArI haiM ata: ye hameM Izvara ke kAphI karIba lA detI haiN| zrImadbhAgavata meM apane dvArA kamAye gaye dhana ke dazamAMza ko loka-kalyANa meM lagAne kA spaSTa vivecana hai, kintu yaha sAdhAraNa Aya vAloM ke lie hai| vaibhavazAlI, udAracetA aura uccakoTi ke logoM ke lie pAMca bhAgoM meM hI dhana bAMTane kA vidhAna hai dharmAya yazase arthAya kAmAya svajanAya c| paMcadhA vibhajana vittamihAmutra ca modte|| dharma, yaza, artha (vyApAra Adi AjIvikA) kAma (jIvanopayogI bhoga) svajana (parivAra) ke lie- isa prakAra pAMca prakAra ke dhana kA vibhAjana karane vAlA isa loka aura paraloka meM bhI AnandaprApta karatA hai, aisA varNana hai| binA dAna diye paraloka meM bhojana nahIM milatA aisI kiMvadanti hai| kahA jAtA hai ki vidarbha deza meM veta nAmaka eka rAjA rAjya karate the| ve satarka hokara rAjya kA saMcAlana karate the| unake rAjya meM prajA sukhI thii| kucha dinoM bAda unake mana meM vairAgya aayaa| ve apane bhAI ko rAjya sauMpakara bana meM tapasyA karane cale gye| unhoMne jisa lagana se rAjya kA saMcAlana kiyA usI lagana se hajAroM varSa taka tapasyA kii| uttama tapasyA ke bala para unheM brahmaloka kI prApti huii| vahAM unheM saba taraha kI suvidhA milI, kintu bhojana kA kucha prabaMdha na thaa| bhUkha se pIr3ita unakI indriyAM zithila par3a gaIM, vikala ho giiN| unhoMne brahmAjI se pUchA, pitAmaha yaha loka bhUkha-pyAsa rahita mAnA jAtA hai phira kisa karma ke vipAka se maiM bhUkha se satata pIr3ita ho rahA huuN| brahmA jI ne kahA, 'vatsa tumane mRtyuloka meM kucha dAna nahIM kiyA, kisI ko kucha khilAyA-pilAyA nhiiN| vahAM binA kucha diye paraloka meM bhI khAnA nahIM miltaa| ___ bhAva yaha hai ki manuSya ko apanI zakti sAmarthya ke anusAra mAnava sevA hetu tana, mana, dhana arpaNa karanA caahie| sabhI dAnoM meM vidyA dAna kA vizeSa mahatva hai| yaha aisA dAna hai jo baccoM ko zikSita kara svAvalambI banA detA hai| pUrNa zikSA vahI hai jo mAnava ko mAnava banane kI zikSA de| skUla, kAleja, vizvavidyAlaya ke nirmANa meM sahayoga dekara sAtha-sAtha unake dainika kArya praNAlI meM yogadAna dekara hama mAnava sevA kara sakate haiN| vidyAlayoM meM saMskAra 'naitika zikSA' cAritrika zikSA aura mUla meM dayA, sevA aura paropakAra kI bhAvanA kA bIjAropaNa hI saccI zikSA hogI jo phalavatI hogI bhaviSya meN| auSadhAlaya (aspatAla) ke nirmANa meM sahayogI hokara bhI, hama jana-sevA ke kArya meM bhAgIdAra bana sakate haiM, yaha cAhe zArIrika ho yA Arthika / mUla meM isakA uddezya yahAM bhI pIr3ita, mAnavatA, dukhI, rogI aura asAdhyoM kI sevA hI hai| Services to mankind is sevices to God ko bAibila bhI svIkAra karatA hai| usameM eka kathA varNita hai, eka ghAyala rogI asahAya sar3aka para par3A thaa| vaha cillA rahA thA, dayA kI yAcanA kara rahA thA ki koI bhI use aspatAla pahuMcA de| udhara se anekAneka saMbhrAnta loga nikale magara kisI ne usakI na sunii| kisI ko carca jAne kI jaldI thI to kisI ko mandira yA masjida, magara unhIM meM eka aisA bhI vyakti thA jo thA to sAdhAraNa magara usane use uThAyA, prAthamika upacAra jo kara pAyA kiyA aura use nikaTastha aspatAla phuNcaayaa| use na carca, nahIM mandira kI cintA huI varan usane mAnava pIr3A, usakI antarAtmA kI AvAja ko bhagavAna kI pukAra mAnA aura usakI madada kii| vAstava meM yahI saccI Izvara sevA hai| kabIra ne bhI mAnava sevA ko sarvopari batAyA hai aura Izvara ko dIna, dalita, dukhI aura asahAyoM meM hI dekhA hai| unhoMne kahA hai 'kavirA soI pIra hai jo jAne para piir|' unhoMne bhagavAna ko mandira, masjida aura girajAgharoM meM kaida nahIM maanaa| paropakAra ko unhoMne sabase Upara maanaa| tulasI ne bhI kahA haipara hita basa jinake mana maahiiN| tinakahaM jaga durlabha kachu naahiiN| maharSi vyAsa ne bhI- aThArahoM purANa kA nicor3a paropakAra, parasevA ko hI batAyA hai| aSTAdazapurANeSu vyAsasya bacanadvayaM, paropakArAya puNyAya pApAya pripiidd'nm| vAstava meM janopayogI saMsthAyeM loka mAtAyeM hI haiN| ye dIna, dukhI, abhAvagrasta aura jana sAdhAraNa ko mAM kI sevA pradAna karatI haiM, mAM kI taraha hI bharaNa-poSaNa karatI haiN| hama yadi ina saMsthAoM kI hita rakSA meM apanA tana mana dhana arpita kareM to yahI hogI hamArI saccI jana sevA aura bhgvtpraapti| sacce sukha kI anubhUti to use hI hotI hai jo use prApta karatA hai usakA varNana nahIM ho sktaa| rahIma kI ukti hai yoM rahIma sukha hota hai upakArI ke aNg| bAMTanavAre ko lage jyo mehadI ke rNg|| saccI ghaTanA hai grAmINa pAThazAlA kii| vidyAlaya ke prAthamika kakSA hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa / 13

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ke kucha chAtrAoM kI eka pratiyogitA rakhI gaI aura yaha ghoSaNA kI gaI ki jisakA bastA jo kapar3e kA banA hotA hai, sabase acchA hogA use puraskRta kiyA jaaegaa| sabhI ko pratiyogitA meM bhAga bhI lenA hai| tithi taya huI aura sabhI bacce apane acche baste (thaile) ke sAtha vidyAlaya aae| kevala eka hI aisI baccI thI jo binA thaile ke vidyAlaya A gaI thii| zikSakoM ne use khUba DAMTA aura phaTakArA, anta meM eka zikSaka ne use dulAra kara pUchA, 'beTI tumane aisA kyoM kiyA? tumane isakI carcA kyA apane abhibhAvakoM se nahIM kI?' baccI ne kahA, 'mahAzaya maiM bhI baste ke sAtha hI vidyAlaya A rahI thI, magara mArga meM eka kuSTha rogI apane ghAvoM ke kAraNa bAra-bAra cillA rahA thA, koI ise Dhaka de aura ina makkhiyoM se merI rakSA kre| usakA dukha mujhase bardAzta nahIM huaa| maiM bhUla gaI pratiyogitA aura maiMne apanA bastA phAr3akara usake ghAvoM ko Dhaka diyaa'| isa ghaTanA ko sunakara sabhI stabdha raha gae aura jAkara dekhe ki vaha rogI ghAvoM ko Dhakane ke kAraNa caina se so rahA hai| aba zikSakoM ke hRdaya meM bhI parivartana huA jo use DATa phaTakAra rahe the, usakI dayA ke Age natamastaka hue| una logoM ne socA, hama bhI udhara se hI nikale the, cIkha aura pukAra bhI sunI thI magara hamalogoM para usa karuNa pukAra kA kyA koI prabhAva par3A? isa bAlikA se hameM sIkha lenI caahie| puraskAra kI ghoSaNA prAcArya ne kI aura sabase acchA bastA kA puraskAra usa bAlikA ko milA jisane apane thaile ko phAr3akara kuSTha rogI ke ghAvoM ko Dhaka diyA thaa| apane samApana bhASaNa meM unhoMne chAtroM se nivedana kiyA ki usa bAlikA se sabhI sIkha leM aura parasevA vrata kA pAlana kreN| uparokta sabhI ghaTanAoM kA eka hI makasada hai jana sevA, mAnava sevA aura yaha sambhava hai sAmUhika rUpa meM virATa stara para aura vyaktigata rUpa meM choTe-choTe stara pr| sAmAjika saMsthAeM sevA kArya meM aham bhUmikA kA nirvAha kara rahI haiN| ve sevA ke nita naye AyAmoM ko kAryAnvita kara rahI haiN| jisa taraha jaise bhI ho "sarve bhavantu sukhinaH" ko sAkAra karane hetu aharniza sevAmahe ko caritArtha kara rahI hai| Self Employment (svarojagAra) hetu mahilA gRha udyoga, kuTIra udyoga, pustaka vitaraNa, auSadhi vitaraNa, bhojana vyavasthA, chAtroM ke lie karmakArI zikSA (Vocational Education) Adi meM saMsthAeM rata haiN| vibhinna skUla, kaoNleja, auSadhAlaya, bhojanAlaya, anAthAlaya, zizu niketana Adi kisI na kisI rUpa meM jana sevA meM nitya kAryarata haiN| inako hama puSpita-pallavita kareM, yahI saMkalpa ho hmaaraa| inheM hama kisI bhI rUpa meM nukasAna, kSati na pahuMcAyeM na bAdhaka bneN| eka mahAtmA eka gAMva meM pdhaare| unake sammukha kucha grAmavAsI ikaTThe hue aura kahA, 'mahArAja kisI ne dveSa aura IrSyAvaza mere khalihAna meM Aga lagA dI, jahAM mere parizrama dvArA ekatrita sArI kI sArI annarAzi thii| kAphI kSati huii|' mahAtmA ne kucha dera taka socA phira bole, 'vyaktigata dveSa ke kAraNa usane kevala tumhArA hI nukasAna nahIM kiyA, usane kIr3e-makor3e, pazu-pakSI, sAdhu-saMtoM aura anyAnya ke hisse meM prApta annarAzi ko naSTa kiyA hai| yaha vyaktigata nukasAna, hAni nahIM hai yaha hai sAmUhika kSati / nukasAna aura jo sAmAjika kSati karatA hai usakI dazA zAstroM meM bar3I kaThora varNita hai| khaira, Izvara sAkSI hai karmaphala avazya prApta hogaa| tAtparya yaha hai ki vyaktigata dveSa Adi ko sAmAjika saMsthAnoM para na thopeM aura na hI usake calate use naSTa kreN| apane bala, paurUSa aura zakti ke anusAra use puSpita aura pallavita kareM, yahI hogI saccI sevA prANimAtra kI aura yahI hogA bhagavatprApti kA saccA sAdhana kAmaye du:khataptAnAM prANinAmArti nAzanam saha zikSaka, zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa / 14

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0 DaoN0 Ara0 pI0 upAdhyAya gosvAmI tulasIdAsa : yuga evaM vyaktitva bhakta tulasI kI samasta racanAoM, vizeSataH rAmacarita mAnasa meM vaiSNava Andolana kI sarvazreSTha jhAMkI milatI hai aura usakI jaisI spaSTa sazakta aura samyak abhivyakti yahAM upalabdha hotI hai vaisI anyatra nhiiN| nAmadeva rAmAnanda se tulasI taka, lagabhaga 250 varSoM taka uttarI bhArata meM vaiSNava dharma bhAvanA kA madhyakAlIna svarUpa vikasita hotA rahA aura aneka kaviyoM, sAdhakoM, bhaktoM tathA manISI mahApuruSoM ke dvArA vaiSNava vicAradhArA tathA sAdhanA pallavita evaM puSpita hotI rhii| hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki tulasI madhyayugIna vaiSNava Andolana ke aMtima aura zIrSastha sacce mahAsAdhaka ke rUpa meM sabake samakSa Ae jinameM eka Andolana kA janma hI nahIM, usakA pUrNonmeSa milatA hai| agara dhyAna se dekhA jAya to tulasI ke tAruNya taka pahuMcate-pahuMcate yaha Andolana apanI carama sImA para pahuMca cukA thaa| tulasI ke samakAlIna nAbhAdAsa kA bhaktamAla' isakA spaSTa pramANa hai| bhaktamAla meM hameM rAmAnujI, rAmAnandI paramparA kA vistAra hI adhika upalabdha hotA hai aura yaha nizcita hai ki tulasI kA sambandha isI paramparA se hai, kintu kRSNa bhakti Andolana kA paryApta ullekha bhI usameM hai| nAbhAdAsa, ballabha tathA caitanya kI bhI paramparA se pUrNa paricita the kintu unhone unheM utanA mahatva pradAna nahIM kiyA jitanA ki viziSTAdvaitavAdI paramparA ko pradAna kiyaa| ballabha kula kI paramparA kA jJAna, vArtA granthoM se hotA hai| caurAsI aura do sau bAvana vaiSNavana kI vArtA eka prakAra se nAbhAdAsa ke bhaktamAla ke pUraka svarUpa haiN| ina tInoM granthoM kA avalokana karane se madhyayuga kI vaiSNava cetanA kA sArvadezika evaM aitihAsika svarUpa logoM ke sAmane A jAtA hai| tulasI yugIna pariveza kI upaja haiM aura unhoMne apane caturdika pravahamAna vaiSNava cetanA se utanA hI grahaNa kiyA hai jitanA sAloM se yA pUrva paramparA se| unake vyaktitva meM yadi yaha kahA jAya ki aparokSa rUpa se samasta pUrvavartI aura sAmayika bhakti cetanA AtmasAt kara gaI hai to atisamIcIna hai| sAmAnya vyAvahArika dRSTi se tulasI kA darzana unake yuga aura vyaktitva kA pratiphala hai| rAmAnandI paramparA se tulasI ke samaya taka dhruvadAsa aura viSNudAsa kI rAmacaritAtmaka evaM rAmabhaktiparaka racanAeM logoM ke samakSa A cukI thIM aura aSTachApa ke kaviyoM meM ballabha ke ziSyoM kA kRtitva unake sAmane thaa| 1545 I0 meM aSTachApa kI sthApanA taka sUradAsa apanA kAvya lagabhaga samApta kara cuke the aura puSTimArga ke pramukha bhakta kavi bana cuke the| zRMgArAtmaka bhakti kI zreSThatam abhivyakti sUradAsa, hita harivaMza, mIrA aura haridAsa ke kAvya meM parilakSita hotI hai| sUradAsa ke padoM ko dekhane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki isa paramparA se tulasIdAsa samyak rUpeNa paricita the| rAmacarita mAnasa meM bhI apratyakSa rUpa se isa kAvya dhArA kA prabhAva vidyamAna hai kintu hama dekhate haiM ki isa paramparA ke lIlAbhAva evaM pUrvavartI rasika rAmopAsanA ke mUla tatva ko grahaNa kara bhI bhakta tulasI unake prati kar3A morcA kAyama rakhe, yaha unakI naitika, AdarzAtmaka tathA lokamaMgala kI bhAvanA se spaSTa hai| tulasI ne bhagavAna rAma ke saundarya-citraNa ke sAtha hI unake zIla aura zakti kA samyak saMtulana banAye rkhaa| lokahitaiSI tulasI ne zAyada socA hogA ki rAsalIlA meM nimagna kRSNa tathA kAma kelinidhAna rAma isa viSama paristhiti meM upayukta nahIM ho skeNge| isIlie tulasI ne pUrvavartI bhuzuNDi rAmAyaNa ke "khelataM kAmakeliM lalitarasamayaM rAma ko aura gopI pInapayodharamardana caMcala kara yugazAlI tathA nIbI baMdhana mocaka ko chor3akara dhRta vara cApa rUcira kara sAyaka dInabandhu pranatArati mocana" zruti setu pAlaka rAma ko apanAyA tathA unhIM kA citraNa kiyaa| rAmAnandI paramparA rAma ke saMrakSaka evaM dharmasaMsthApaka rUpa para mugdha thii| isI kAraNa rAma kA asuranikandana rUpa hI vizeSa mAnya huaa| isa paramparA meM brahma ke nirguNa aura saguNa donoM rUpoM ko sthAna milaa| ye donoM eka dUsare ke virodhI na hokara pUraka rhe| tulasI ne nirguNiyoM ko bhI ArAdhya rUpa meM grAhya bhagavAna rAma ko apanA pratipAdya viSaya banAyA, kintu unake saguNakartA viziSTa purANa nigamAgamasammata maryAdA puruSottama aura varNAzramadharma pAlaka rUpa ko vizeSa gaurava pradAna kiyaa| unhoMne sevaka sevyabhAva kI maryAdAvAdI bhakti kA citraNa kiyaa| tulasI lokamaMgala cetanA se paripUrNa the phira bhI ve pUrvavartI rasika paramparA meM racita bhuzuNDi rAmAyaNa ke rasika evaM raMjanazIla lIlAvAda se bilkula vimukha nahIM the kintu use tatkAlIna viSama paristhiti meM pUrNarUpeNa svIkAra nahIM kara ske| bhagata hetu avatareu gosAIM caupAI hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa / 15

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ko kahakara tulasI ne isI dhAraNA ko vyakta kiyA hai| isa hetu kA pallavana unhoMne rAma ke jIvana ke aneka komala prasaMgoM ko lekara kiyA hai| "rAmacaritamAnasa" ke rAmajanma, bAlalIlA, puSpavATikA prasaMga, svayaMvara, vivAha, vanapatha Adi sthaloM aura gItAvalI ke abhiSekottara jalakrIr3A, vihAra, jhUlanA Adi prasaMgoM meM tulasI ne apanI sarasa dRSTi ko abhivyakti dI hai| ina varNanoM meM kavi tulasI ne Azcaryajanaka saMtulana rakhane kA prayAsa kiyaa| unakI naitika dRSTi kahIM bhI lokAnuraMjana se parAsta parilakSita nahIM hotii| unake dhanuSa-bANadhArI rAma lokamaryAdA rakSaka ke rUpa meM tatkAlIna paristhiti meM nikhara uThe haiN| tulasI ke yuga kI rAjanaitika, Arthika evaM sAmAjika paristhitiyAM atyanta dayanIya tathA zocanIya thiiN| unhoMne kahA haigor3a, gavAra, nRpAla, mahi, yamana mhaamhipaal| sAma, na dAma, na bheda kali, kevala daNDa kraal|| dohAvalI ___ mahAmahipAla yamana aura gor3agavAra nRpAla rAjadharma pAlana se bilkula vimukha the| kali-karanI baranie kahAM lauM, karata phirata binu Tahala TaI hai| tApara dAMta pIsi, kara mIjata, ko jAnai cita kahAM ThaI hai|| vinaya patrikA unakA sainika zAsana prajAzoSaka thaa| tatkAlIna janatA rAjakara, akAla, mahAmArI Adi se atyanta saMtrasta thii| mAnavadharma aura varNAzrama vyavasthA ke patana se samAja meM ucchRkhalatA apanI parAkASThA para pahuMca cukI thii| "rAmacarita mAnasa", "kavitAvalI", "vinayapatrikA" aura "dohAvalI" meM kaliyuga varNana ko dekhane se tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM kA jJAna ho jAtA haikalikAla karAla meM, rAmakRpAlu! yahai alamba bar3o mana ko| tulasI saba saMjamahIna sabai, ika nAma adhAra sadA jana ko| kavitAvalI bauddhadharma aura jaina dharma patanonmukha hue| brAhmaNadharma kA punarutthAna huaa| vedazAstra aura purANoM kI mahimA phira se bar3ha calI, kintu islAma aura islAma dharma ke Agamana se isameM gatirodha utpanna huaa| nirguNa saMta sampradAya ke adhikAMza anuyAyI aMtyaja the| unhoMne brAhmaNa saMpAdita smArta dharma aura dharmazAstroM kA jama kara virodha kiyaa| isa prakAra sanAtana dharma ko eka ora islAma aura IsAI dharmoM se saMgharSa karanA par3A tathA dUsarI ora bauddha, jaina aura saMtasampradAyoM se| vaiSNava, zaiva aura zAkta ye tInoM sampradAya bhI eka dUsare se saMgharSa kiyA karate the| ina dhArmika paristhitiyoM se tulasI atyanta prabhAvita the| tulasI ne veda purANa kI niMdA karane vAle matoM kI kaTu AlocanA kii| hindU dharma ke vibhinna virodhI sampradAyoM meM sAmaMjasya sthApita kiyaa| purANa nigamAgama ke AdhAra para viSNu, ziva aura zakti meM abheda dikhalA kara unhone vaiSNavoM, zaivoM aura zAktoM ke bheda-bhAva ko dUra kiyaa| rAmabhakti ke sAdhanarUpa loka maMgalakArI mAnava dharma aura varNAzrama dharma samanvita sanAtanadharma kI sthApanA kii| dhanya the tulasI, dhanya thA unakA virATa vyktitv| unhoMne AdarzahIna samAja ko mahAn Adarza diyaa| nirAzA ke aMdhakAra meM bhaTakatI mAnava jAti ke hRdaya meM AzA kA dIpa prajjvalita kiyaa| inhoMne pitA ke lie dazaratha, mAtA ke lie kauzalyA, patnI ke lie sItA, bhAI ke lie bharata, sevaka ke lie lakSmaNa, bhakta ke lie hanumAna, mitra ke lie sugrIva aura rAjA ke lie rAma kA Adarza caritra logoM ke sAmane upasthita kiyaa| inakI racanAoM meM samAja, sAhitya, saMskRti, darzana, bhakti, loka, rAjanIti saba kucha samAhita hai| hama kaha sakate haiM ki tulasIdAsa lokanAyaka the, bhakta the, samAja sudhAraka the aura mAnava bhaviSya ke jAgarUka sraSTA the| saha zikSaka, zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa / 16

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0indrasena siMha nAnyaH panthAvidyate'yanAya prAcIna kAla meM RSi vAjazravA ke putra uddAlaka ne yajJa-phala kI kAmanA se 'vizvajit' nAmaka yajJa kiyaa| isameM yajJa-kartA ko apanA saba kucha dAna kara denA par3atA hai| niyamAnusAra uddAlaka ne bhI apanA samasta dhana dAna kara diyaa| RSi uddAlaka ke naciketA nAmaka eka putra thaa| usa samaya yadyapi naciketA bAlaka hI thA, phira bhI pitA dvArA dakSiNA meM bUr3hI gAyoM ko dAna dete hue dekhakara usake pavitra hRdaya meM sAtvika zraddhA-bhAva kA udaya huaa| usane apane mana meM vicAra kiyA ki 'jo gAyeM antima bAra jala pI cukI haiM, ghAsa khA cukI haiM, dUdha duhA cukI haiM aura jinakI prajanana-zakti samApta ho cukI hai, una gauoM ko dAna karane se dAtA ko unhIM lokoM kI prApti hotI hai jo Ananda-zUnya haiN|' ata: pitR-bhakti ke kAraNa naciketA cupa nahIM raha skaa| yajJa kI pUrNatA na hone ke kAraNa, pitA ko milane vAle aniSTa-phala ke viSaya meM socakara usane pitA se kahA- tat kasmai mAM dAsya sIti' arthAt he tAta! Apa mujhe kisako deNge| maiM bhI to ApakA hI dhana huuN| pahale to pitA ne usakI upekSA karate hue usakI bAta kA kucha bhI uttara nahIM diyaa| parantu jaba naciketA ne isI prazna ko dUsarI-tIsarI bAra bhI duharAyA to RSi ne atyanta kruddha hokara kahA- 'maiM tumheM mRtyu ko detA huuN|' pitA ke krodha bhare vacana sunakara naciketA socane lagA ki ziSya aura putroM kI tIna zreNiyAM hotI haiM- uttama, madhyama aura adhama / jo ziSya guru ke abhiprAya ko samajha kara unakI AjJA kI pratIkSA kiye binA hI usakA pAlana kara diyA karate haiM, ve uttama koTi meM Ate haiN| jo AjJA pAne para usakA pAlana karate haiM, ve madhyama koTi ke hote haiN| parantu jo guru ke mana ke bhAva samajha lene aura AjJA pAne para bhI usakI ora dhyAna nahIM dete ve ziSya aura putra adhama zreNI meM gine jAte haiN| maiM (naciketA) bahuta se putroM aura ziSyoM meM to prathama zreNI kA hUM aura bahutoM meM dvitIya zreNI kA bhI huuN| kintu maiM kisI bhI avasthA meM adhama zreNI meM nahIM AtA, phira na jAne kyoM pitAjI ne mujhe mRtyu ko de diyA? bhalA mRtyu-deva kA mujhase kyA prayojana siddha ho sakatA hai? zAyada kisI prayojana kI apekSA kiye binA hI pitAjI ne krodhavaza hI aisA kahA hai| cAhe jo bhI ho aba to pitA jI kA vacana satya hI karanA hogaa| isa prakAra naciketA ne mRtyu-devatA ke yahAM jAne kA dRr3ha nizcaya kara liyaa| usake isa saMkalpa ko samajha kara RSi pazcAttApa karane lge| pitA ko isa taraha dukhI hote dekha naciketA se nahIM rahA gyaa| usane ekAMta meM pitA ke pAsa jAkara kahA - 'pitAjI! Apa apane pUrvajoM ke AcaraNa dekhiye aura isa samaya ke anya zreSTha puruSoM ke bhI AcaraNa dekhiye| una logoM ke caritroM meM na pahale kabhI asatya thA, na aba hai| asAdhu loga hI asatya kA AcaraNa karate haiM aura jo loga asatya AcaraNa karate haiM, ve ajara-amara na hokara khetI athavA anna kI taraha pakate (vRddha hokara mara jAte haiM) tathA anna kI taraha phira utpanna huA karate haiN|' isa prakAra naciketA ne pitA ke mukha se ni:sRta vacana ko - bhale hI ve krodha meM hI kyoM na kahe gaye hoM- satya pramANita karane kA bharasaka prayatna kiyaa| kyoMki bhagavAna pataMjali ke anusAra - 'jAti, deza, kAla samayAnavacchinnA: sArvabhauma vratama' arthAt jAti, deza, kAla aura samaya kI sImA se rahita, sabhI avasthAoM meM pAlana karane yogya yama - ahiMsA, satya, asteya, aparigraha aura brahmacarya-mahAvrata kahalAte haiN| jisa samaya ina pAMcoM yamoM kA anuSThAna sArvabhauma arthAt sabhI ke sAtha, sabhI sthAnoM para sabhI samaya samAna bhAva se kiyA jAtA hai tabhI ye mahAvrata ho pAte haiM aura tabhI vividha prakAra kI siddhiyAM bhI prApta ho sakatI haiM anyathA alpavrata dvArA siddhiyoM kI AzA karanI vyartha hai| ata: inako saMkucita nahIM karanA caahie| putra ke isa prakAra samajhAne para pitA ne satya kI rakSA ke lie use dukhI mana yamarAja ke pAsa jAne kI AjJA de dii| jisa samaya naciketA yamarAja ke ghara pahuMcA, usa samaya ve kahIM bAhara gaye huye the| ata: tIna dinoM taka anna-jala grahaNa kiye binA use vahIM yama kI pratIkSA karanI pdd'ii| yamarAja ke lauTane para unakI patnI tathA maMtriyoM ne unase nivedana kiyA- "sAkSAt agni deva hI brAhmaNa atithi ke rUpa meM ghara meM praveza karate haiN| sAdhu gRhastha usa atithi rUpa agni kI jvAlA kI zAnti ke liye use jala (pAdAr2yA) diyA karate haiN| ataeva he vaivasvata ! Apa usa brAhmaNa-bAlaka ke paira dhone ke lie jala lekara zIghra jaaiye| atithi tIna dinoM se ApakI pratIkSA karatA huA anazana kiye baiThA hai| ataeva jaba Apa svayaM usakI sevA meM upasthita hoMge tabhI vaha hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa / 17

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zAnta hogaa| jisake ghara para brAhmaNa atithi binA bhojana kiye rahatA hai, usa manda buddhi kI sArI AzA aura pratIkSAyeM- jinake milane kI use pUrNa AzA rahatI hai aura jinake prApta hone kA nizcaya rahatA hai evaM jinakI prApti kI vaha pratIkSA kara rahA hai-- naSTa ho jAtI haiN| na to ve padArtha hI use prApta hote aura jo prApta bhI ho jAte haiM, unase use kisI prakAra ke sukha kI upalabdhi nahIM hotii| usake yajJa-dAna Adi iSTa karma tathA kuAM, tAlAba, dharmazAlA Adi banavAne rUpa pUrta karma evaM unake sampUrNa phala naSTa ho jAte haiN| itanA hI nahIM, atithi kA asatkAra usake putra, pazu Adi dhana kA bhI nAza kara detA hai|' isa prakAra yahAM para atithi ko sabhI prakAra se anupekSaNIya batAkara usake mahatva kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| unakI ina bAtoM ko sunakara yamarAja naciketA ke pAsa phuNce| unhoMne apanA aparAdha svIkAra karate hue sabase pahale usa brAhmaNa-putra kI pUjA kii| isake uparAMta unhoMne naciketA se eka-eka rAtri ke liye eka-eka karake tIna vara mAMgane ko khaa| pitR-bhakta naciketA ne yaha socakara ki pitA ko saMtuSTa rakhanA hI putra kA sarvaprathama kartavya hotA hai| yamarAja se pahalA vara yaha mAMgA ki usake pitA usake prati zAMta saMkalpa, prasanna citta aura krodha-rahita ho jaayN| jaba vaha unake (yamarAja) yahAM se lauTakara ghara jAya to usake pitA use pahacAna kara usase pahale kI taraha bAtacIta kreN| yamarAja ke 'tathAstu' kahane tathA pUrNa AzvAsana dene para naciketA ne unase sabhI jIvoM ke kalyANa hetu svarga ke sAdhana bhUta agni-tatva ko jAnane kI icchA se kahA- 'he mRtyo? kahate haiM svarga meM na kisI prakAra kA bhaya hai na koI cintA hai| vahAM to Apa bhI nahIM haiN| vahAM na vRddhAvasthA kA Dara hai na bhUkha-pyAsa kI prvaah| ataeva Apa usI svarga-prApti ke sAdhana agni (yajJa sambandhI jJAna) kA mujha zraddhAlu ko jJAna kraaveN| kyoMki usake dvArA svarga ko prApta hue puruSa hI amRtatva kI prApti karate haiN|' naciketA ke dUsare vara ko sunakara yamarAja ne samasta lokoM ke Adi kAraNa usa agni (yajJa) kI aura usake liye jitanI IMTeM cAhie tathA jisa prakAra rakkhI jAnI cAhie Adi kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kara diyaa| yamarAja ne agni-tatva kA jaisA varNana kiyA thA, naciketA ne unheM use jyoM kA tyoM sunA diyaa| naciketA kI tIkSNa buddhi tathA usakI pratibhA se prasanna ho mahAtmA yama ne use apanI ora se eka vara aura dete hue kahA- 'he naciketA! yaha agni tere hI nAma se prasiddha hogii|' isI ke sAtha unhoMne use aneka rUpoM vAlI eka mAlA bhI dii| kahate haiM jo tIna bAra naciketAgni kA cayana karatA hai vaha mAtA, pitA aura AcArya se zikSA prApta kara janma aura mRtyu ko pAra kara letA hai| vaha brahma se utpanna, jJAnavAna aura stuti yogya deva ko jAnakara tathA usakA anubhava kara atyanta zAnti ko prApta ho jAtA hai| ata: usa agni kI brahma se utpanna, jJAna-sampanna pUjanIya deva ke rUpa meM hI upAsanA karanI caahie| isa prakAra usa yajJa kI vidhi ko jo jAnatA hai tathA usakA sampAdana karatA hai vaha deha pAta se pahale hI mRtyu ke bandhana se mukta hokara svarga meM Ananda ko prApta hotA hai| naciketAgni ko svarga kA sAdhana batalAkara tathA usakI kucha aura prazaMsA karake yamarAja ne naciketA se tIsarA vara mAMgane ko khaa| isa loka ke kalyANa ke liye pitA kI prasannatA kA vara tathA paraloka ke liye svarga ke sAdhana rUpa agni-vijJAna kA jJAna prApta kara naciketA socatA hai ki use aba AtmA ke yathArtha jJAna tathA usakI prApti kA upAya jAna lenA caahie| yadyapi mRtyu ke bAda AtmA kA astitva rahatA hai yA nahIM, isa sambandha meM naciketA ko svayaM koI sandeha nahIM thA, phira bhI usane apanA mata na batalA kara prazna ko isa prakAra pUchA ki isake uttara meM AtmA kI nitya-sattA, usake svarUpa, guNa aura paramAtmA kI prApti ke sAdhanoM kA vivaraNa apane Apa hI A jAtA hai| ata: tIsarA prazna Atma-jJAna ke viSaya meM hai na ki AtmA ke astitva meM sandeha utpanna karane vaalaa| taittirIya brAhmaNa meM naciketA kA jo itihAsa milatA hai,usameM naciketA ne tIsare vara meM punarmRtyu (janma-mRtyu) para vijaya pAne kA (mukti kA sAdhana) jAnanA cAhA hai (tRtIya vRNISveti / punarmRtyoMme' pacitiM bruuhi)| parantu yahAM para usane yamarAja se tIsarA vara mAMgate hue kahA- 'mRta manuSya ke viSaya meM eka sandeha hai| kucha loga to kahate haiM ki yaha rahatA hai aura kucha logoM kA kahanA hai yaha 'nahIM rahatA' mRtyu ke pazcAt AtmA kA astitva rahatA hai athavA nahIM rahatA, isake sambandha meM hameM pratyakSa athavA anumAna se koI nizcita jJAna nahIM hotaa| Apa mRtyu ke adhipati devatA haiN| ataeva yaha Atma-tatva maiM Apa se jAnanA cAhatA hai| yahI mere varoM meM se bacA huA tIsarA vara hai|' naciketA ke isa Atma-tatva saMbaMdhI mahatvapUrNa prazna ko sunakara yamarAja ne socA 'kRSi kumAra bAlaka hone para bhI bar3A buddhimAna hai| isI se yaha itane gopanIya tatva ko jAnane kA Agraha kara rahA hai| parantu Atma-tatva kA jJAna sabhI ko batalAnA ucita nhiiN| ise kevala adhikArI ke samakSa hI prakaTa karanA caahie| adhikArI sAdhana-catuSTaya se sampanna honA caahie| isIlie pahale pAtra kI parIkSA kI AvazyakatA hai|' yahI socakara yamarAja ne Atma-tatva ko atyanta kaThina kahakara naciketA ko TAlanA caahaa| unhoMne naciketA se kahA ki isa viSaya meM pahale devatAoM ko bhI sandeha huA thaa| ise samajha sakanA AsAna nahIM hai| yaha atyanta sUkSma aura gahana viSaya hai| ataeva vaha ise jAnane kA haTha na kre| koI anya vara mAMga le| isake lie vaha una para dabAva na ddaale| ise unhIM ke lie chor3a de| viSaya kI sUkSmatA tathA gahanatA kA nAma sunakara naciketA ko tanika bhI ghabar3AhaTa nahIM huii| apane prazna para ar3e rahakara vaha aura bhI dRr3hatApUrvaka kahane lagA ki 'nizcaya hI isa viSaya meM devatAoM ko bhI sandeha huA thA aura Apa bhI ise kaThina hI batalA rahe haiN| isI se isa prazna kA mahatva aura bhI bar3ha jAtA hai| dUsare isa mahatvapUrNa viSaya ko samajhAne vAlA Apa jaisA anubhavI vaktA bhI nahIM mila sktaa| Apa ise chor3akara dUsarA vara mAMgane ko kahate haiM, parantu maiM to samajhatA hUM ki isakI tulanA meM anya koI vara hI nahIM hai, kyoMki aura sabhI vara anitya phala vAle hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa / 18

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haiN| kevala yahI kalyANa prApti kA eka mAtra hetu hai| ataH Apa isI kA upadeza deN| 1 jaba kisI viSaya ko nahIM batalAnA hotA to sabase pahale usakI kaThinatA kA bhaya dikhalAyA jAtA hai| parIkSA ke lie yamarAja ne bhI yahI kiyA, kintu isa parIkSA meM naciketA uttIrNa ho gyaa| ataH abakI bAra unhoMne usakI aura bhI kaThina parIkSA lenI caahii| sAdhaka athavA jijJAsu kI parIkSA ke lie do hI zastra hote haiM-- eka bhaya aura dUsarA lobha naciketA bhaya se tanika bhI vicalita nahIM huaa| isalie yamarAja ne usake Upara dUsarA zastra lobha kA prayoga karate hue use sau-sau varSa jIne vAle putra-pautra, gau Adi bahuta se pazu, hAthI, ghor3e, svarNa aura bhUmaNDala kA vizAla sAmrAjya tathA inheM bhogane ke lie jitane varSa jIne kI icchA ho utane varSoM kI Ayu mAMga lene ko kahA athavA jo-jo bhoga mRtyu loka meM durlabha hai unheM tathA una sundariyoM ko bhI mAMgane ko kahA jo mRtyu loka meM nahIM prApta ho sktiiN| parantu naciketA ke Upara yamarAja ke ina pralobhanoM kA tanika bhI prabhAva nahIM par3A, kyoMki vaha vicAra aura vairAgya kI usa ucca sthiti para pahuMca cukA thA jahAM pahuMca jAne para sAdhaka ko kisI prakAra kA pralobhana DigA nahIM pAtA / isI se usane yamarAja se kahA- 'he mRtyo! Apane jina bhogya padArthoM kA varNana kiyA hai ve kala taka raheMge athavA nahIM, isameM bhI sandeha hai ye apsarA Adi bhoga to manuSya kI sampUrNa indriyoM ke teja ko hI kSINa kara dete haiN| ataH dharma, vIrya, prajJA, teja aura yaza Adi kA kSaya karane vAle hone se ye anartha ke hI kAraNa haiN| yaha dIrgha jIvana bhI ananta kAla kI tulanA meM bahuta hI kama hai| jaba brahmA kA jIvana bhI alpakAlika hai, taba auroM kI bAta hI kyA ?' 'isa dhana se manuSya kI tRpti nahIM hotI, kyoMki jahAM kevala kAmanAoM kA hI vistAra hai vahAM tRpti kaisI? aura jaba maiM Apa ko dekha hI cukA hUM to jaba mujhe dhana kI lAlasA hogI taba use prApta hI kara luuNgaa| isI prakAra jaba taka Apa zAsana karate raheMge taba taka to maiM jIvita bhI raha sakatA huuN| ataeva 'varastu me varaNIyaH sa evaM - maiM to vahI Atmatatva vAle prazna ko hI jAnanA caahuuNgaa| bhalA ajara aura amara devatAoM ke samIpa pahuMca kara jarA aura mRtyu se grasta kauna aisA manuSya hogA, jo asthira aura pariNAma meM dukhadAyI viSayoM kI icchA kregaa| ataH isa Atma-tatva sambandhI vara ke gUr3ha hone para bhI naciketA dUsarA anitya vara prApta karane kI icchA nahIM rakhatA / - yamarAja ne naciketA kI bhalIbhAMti parIkSA lekara jaba yaha samajha liyA ki vaha parama vairAgyavAna nirbhIka tathA uttama adhikArI hai taba unhoMne brahma-vidyA ko prAraMbha karane se pahale usake mahatva para prakAza DAlate hue 'zreya aura preya' ke sambandha meM smjhaayaa| zreya manuSya ke vAstavika kalyANa mokSa ko kahate haiM aura preya strI-putra, dhana-mAnAdi priya lagane vAle padArthoM kA nAma hai| ye donoM manuSya ke samakSa apane-apane prayojanoM ke sAtha upasthita ho, use bAMdhane kA prayAsa karate haiN| ina donoM meM se jo zreya ko grahaNa karatA hai, usakA to kalyANa (mokSa) hIraka jayantI smArikA hotA hai aura jo preya ko grahaNa karatA hai, vaha sAMsArika bhogoM tathA dhana-mAnAdi meM phaMsakara apane puruSArtha se bhraSTa ho jAtA hai| inameM se manuSya kisI ko bhI grahaNa kara sakatA hai| buddhimAna puruSa to zreya aura preya donoM ke guNa-doSa ko bhalI prakAra samajha kara zreya kA grahaNa aura preya kA tyAga kara dete haiM, kintu mUr3ha loga yogakSema (prApta strI-putra, dhana Adi kI rakSA aura aprApta bhogya padArthoM kI prApti) ke liye preya ko hI grahaNa karate haiN| parantu yamarAja ke dvArA bAra-bAra pralobhana diye jAne para bhI naciketA ne priya lagane vAle sAMsArika viSayoM ko heya samajha kara tyAga diyaa| isase vaha usa nikRSTa gati ko nahIM prApta huA, jisameM prAyaH bahuta se 'vidyA' kA adhikArI samajha kara usakI prazaMsA kI, kyoMki use bahuta se bhoga bhI nahIM lubhA ske| avidyA meM par3e hue bhI jo loga apane ko bahuta bar3A paNDita mAnate haiM, ve bhogI mUr3ha jana aMdhe se calAye hue andhoM kI taraha cAroM ora ThokareM khAte hue bhaTakate phirate haiN| yamarAja Age kahate haiM na sAmparAyaH prati bhAti bAlaM, pramAdyantaM vitta mohena mUDhaH / ayaM loko nAsti para iti mAnI, punaH punarvazamApadyate me // 'dhana ke moha se mohita, pramAda meM rata rahane vAle mUrkha ko paraloka yA kalyANa kA mArga dikhAI hI nahIM detaa| vaha to kevala yahI mAnatA hai ki strI putrAdi se bharA huA eka mAtra yaha loka hI satya hai| isake alAvA koI paraloka hai hI nhiiN| aisA mAnane vAlA puruSa bArambAra janma lekara mRtyu 'ko prApta hotA rahatA hai|' parantu yaha Atma-jJAna koI sAdhAraNa sI bAta na hokara atyanta durlabha vastu haizravaNAyApi bahubhiryo na labhyaH, zRNvanto'pi bahavo yaM na vidyuH Azcaryo vaktA kuzalo'sya labdhA, AzcaryojJAtA kuzalAnuziSTaH // 'jagata meM adhikAMza manuSyoM ko isa Atma-tatva kI carcA bhI sunane ko prApta nahIM hotii| bahuta se loga ise sunakara bhI samajha nahIM paate| isa gUr3ha Atma-tatva kA varNana karane vAlA mahApuruSa Azcaryamaya arthAt durlabha hotA hai| isa AtmA ko prApta ( jAnane vAlA) karane vAlA bhI kahIM koI eka nipuNa puruSa hI hotA hai| isI prakAra kisI AtmadarzI AcArya dvArA upadeza pAkara usake anusAra manana-nididhyAsana karate-karate tatva kA sAkSAtkAra karane vAle puruSa bhI Azcaryajanaka hI hote haiN| "yaha Atma-tatva alpajJa manuSya dvArA samajhAye jAne para tanika bhI samajha meM nahIM AtA, kyoMki yaha sUkSma se bhI sUkSma hone ke kAraNa sarvathA atarkya hai| isI se sAmAnya vyakti ke samajhAye jAne para, yadi koI usakA vividha prakAra se cintana aura manana bhI karatA hai taba bhI vaha samajha meM nahIM aataa| ataH jaba taka ise yathArtha rUpa se samajhAne vAlA koI Atma-darzI mahApuruSa nahIM prApta hote, taba taka manuSya kA isameM praveza pAnA atyanta kaThina hotA hai| ise tarka se bhI prApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa|' naciketA kI prazaMsA karate hue yamarAja kahate haiM ki unheM usakI ananya niSThA ko dekhakara atyanta prasannatA huI hai, kyoMki yaha niSThA tarka se kabhI nahIM mila sktii| yaha to bhagavatkRpA ke phalasvarUpa adhyApaka khaNDa / 19

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kisI mahApuruSa ke saMga se hI upalabdha hotI hai| usa mahApuruSa dvArA Atma-tatva ke vivecana ko zravaNa karate hue, usI kA cintana karane kA abhyAsa karate rahanA caahie| isake uparAMta yamarAja ne apanA udAharaNa dete hue batalAyA ki unhoMne yaha jAnate hue bhI naciketAgni kA cayana kiyA ki anitya sAdhanoM dvArA nitya padArtha kI prApti nahIM kI jA sakatI, kintu unhoMne naciketAgni AdirUpa se jo kucha yajJa Adi karma kiye, sabake saba kAmanAoM aura Asakti-bhAva se rahita hokara kevala loka-kalyANa ke lie karttavya-buddhi se prerita hokara kie| isa niSkAma bhAva kI hI yaha mahimA hai ki anitya padArthoM ke dvArA karttavya-pAlana rUpa Izvara-pUjA karake maiMne nitya-sukha rUpa paramAtmA kI prApti kara lii| taduparAMta unhoMne naciketA kI buddhi, usake tyAga tathA niSkAma bhAva kI prazaMsA karake use Atma-tatva kA adhikArI btaayaa| Age unhoMne usake hRdaya meM Izvara prApti kI tIvra jijJAsA utpanna karane hetu paramAtmA kI mahimA kA varNana karate hue kahAtaM durdazaM gUDhama anupraviSTaM, guhAhitaM gahvareSThaM puraannm| adhyAtma yogAdhigamena devaM, matvA dhIro harSa-zoko jhaati|| __ 'usa kaThinatA se dikhAI dene vAle, gUDha sthAna meM anupraviSTa (viSaya-vikAra rUpa vijJAna se chipe hue), buddhi meM sthita, gahana sthAna meM rahane vAle purAtana deva ko adhyAtma yoga (citta ko viSayoM se haTAkara AtmA meM lagA denA) kI prApti dvArA jAna kara dhIra (buddhimAna) puruSa harSa aura zoka kA parityAga kara detA hai|' 'isa Atma-tatva viSayaka upadeza ko anubhavI mahApuruSa (satguru) dvArA zraddhA-pUrvaka sunanA cAhiye, sunakara usakA manana karanA caahiye| usake bAda ekAnta meM usa para vicAra karate huye, use buddhi meM dhAraNa karanA caahiye| isa prakAra nirantara sAdhana-rata rahane para jaba sAdhaka ko Atma-tatva kI prApti ho jAtI hai, taba vaha Ananda-rUpa hI ho jAtA hai| naciketA ke liye bhI vaha mokSa kA dvArA khulA huA hai|' ___ yamarAja ke mukha se parabrahma paramAtmA kI mahimA sunakara aura apane ko Atma-jJAna kA adhikArI samajhakara naciketA ne kahA- 'bhagavana ! yadi Apa mujha para prasanna haiM to dharma aura adharma se pare, kArya aura kAraNa rUpa prapaJca se pRthak aura bhUta tathA bhaviSya se bhinna jina sabhI prakAra ke vyAvahArika viSayoM se atIta paramAtmA ko Apa dekhate haiM, use btlaaiye|' naciketA ke prazna ko sunakara yamarAja ne AtmA ke svarUpa tathA usake lakSaNoM ko batalAne se pUrva usake sAkSAt sAdhana praNava kA upadeza prArambha kiyaa| unhoMne kahA 'sabhI veda jisakA pratipAdana karate haiM, jisako prApta karane hetu sabhI prakAra ke tapa kiye jAte haiM tathA jisake sAkSAtkAra ke liye brahmacarya kA pAlana kiyA jAtA hai| saMkSepa meM usa pada ko 'OM' kahate haiN|' ata: 'yaha akSara hI apara brahma hai aura yahI para brahma hai| yahI sabhI nAmoM meM vyApta hai| paramAtmA ke samasta nAmoM meM 'OM' hI sarvazreSTha hai| yahI brahma kA pratIka hai| isako 'yahI upAsya brahma hai' aisA jAnakara jo para athavA apara jisa brahma ko prApta karane kI icchA karatA hai, use vahI prApta ho jAtA hai| yahI OMkAra rUpa Alambana (sahArA, sAdhana)- gAyatrI Adi- sabhI AlambanoM meM zreSTha hai yAnI sabase adhika prazaMsanIya hai| jo sAdhaka ise jAna jAtA hai, vaha parabrahma meM sthita hokara mahimAnvita hotA hai|' noTa : yadyapi praNava-upAsanA kaI prakAra se kI jAtI hai, kintu inameM eka atyanta sarala vidhi hai, jisakA avalambana koI bhI manuSya grahaNa kara sakatA hai| prANa dene vAlI vastu athavA jIvana-dAtA padArtha ko praNava kahate haiN| zarIra meM isakA anubhava dhvani ke rUpa meM hotA hai| isI dhvani ko anAhata bhI kahate haiN| isakI utpatti hRdaya ke samIpa anAhata cakra se hotI hai| ata: ekAnta meM kisI Asana para sIdhe baiThakara, binA hile-Dule sAdhanA zurU karanI caahiye| sAdhanA-sthala ekAnta meM to honA hI cAhiye, vahAM koI bAharI AvAja nahIM sunAI par3anI caahiye| dina meM aisI suvidhA yadi na mile to rAta meM sabake so jAne para abhyAsa karanA caahiye| yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki bhUmi yA caukI para hI baiThakara sAdhana kiyA jaay| ise cArapAI para baiThakara bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| zarIra aura vastra zuddha hone caahiye| kAnoM meM aMgulI DAlane kI bhI jarUrata nahIM hai| gaharA dhyAna lagAne se hI kAma cala jAtA hai| vRtti ko antarmukhI karake, sabhI ora se citta ko haTAkara hRdaya-sthala para hone vAlI dhar3akana kI dhvani (athavA dhakke ke svara) ko sunane kI koziza karanI caahiye| pUre dhyAna (ekAgratA) kesAtha isa prakAra sunanA cAhiye jaise koI dUra kI dhvani sunatA hai| mana meM koI anya vicAra nahIM AnA caahie| kevala usI ko sunane kI dhuna savAra ho| yadi zurU meM dhvani sunAI na de to do-tIna bAra lambA zvAMsa khIMca lenA caahiye| prANAyAma karane vAloM ko yaha dhvani atyanta spaSTa rUpa se sunAI par3atI hai| zvAMsa khIMcane se dhar3akana teja ho jAtI hai aura spaSTa sunAI dene lagatI hai| kabhI kabhI zvAMsa khIMcane para bhI vaha dhyAna meM nahIM aatii| usa samaya ghabar3AnA nahIM caahiye| lagAtAra prayatna karate rahanA caahiye| kucha hI dinoM meM dhvani spaSTa rUpa se sunAI par3ane lgegii| yahAM taka ki sote-jagate, calate-phirate tathA kAma-kAja karate hue bhI usakA anubhava hogaa| yadyapi yaha eka prakAra kI dhvani hI hogI, kintu thor3A dhyAna dene para patA calegA ki isase 'o'ma' zabda dhvanita ho rahA hai aura kaNTha ko vedhatA huA mastiSka meM jA pahuMcA hai| usa samaya AjJA cakra evaM sahasrAra ke pratyeka dala se isakI guMjAra A rahI hai| puna: nIce utara kara nAbhi cakra aura dUsare sthUla cakroM meM bhI sunAI degii| isa sAdhana ko karate hue sAdhakoM ko aneka prakAra ke prakAza bhI dRSTigocara hote haiN| ye prakAza vibhinna cakroM tathA tatvoM ke hote haiN| parantu kisI-kisI __ ko nahIM dikhAI pdd'te| yaha saMskAra kI bAta hai| jisa samaya zabda ke sAtha tanmayatA ho jAya, lakSya ke atirikta apanA athavA anya kisI vastu kA dhyAna na Ave, prema meM vibhora hone para jaba roma-roma se amRta jharane lage, zarIra pulakAyamAna aura hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa /20

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gadgad hone lage, Ananda kA sAgara apane anta:karaNa meM umar3atA huA jAna par3e, mana isa mugdhAvasthA se haTanA hI na cAhe, taba samajha lenA cAhie ki kriyA pUrI ho gayI aura sAdhanA meM siddhi mila gyii| usa samaya sAdhaka samasta AvaraNoM ko pArakara, mahAkAraNa jagat Anandamaya koza meM praveza kara jAtA hai| Age guru kRpA se Ananda aura aham kA jhInA pardA haTa jAtA hai| aura sAdhaka vAstavika bhaNDAra meM bhI eka dina pahuMca jAtA hai| yahI praNava upAsanA athavA laya yoga-sAdhanA kahalAtI hai|" isa sAdhanA kI eka vidhi mahAtmA caraNa dAsa jI ne apane " tatva - yogopaniSada" meM bhI batalAyI hai| uparyukta vidhi eka anubhavI mahAtmA ke grantha se udhRta hai| isake alAvA praNava ke artha kA cintana karate hue usake japa ko bhI praNava upAsanA kahate haiN| isa praNava ko kisI na kisI rUpa meM saMsAra meM pracalita prAyaH sabhI pramukha dharmoM ne apanAyA hai| maharSi pataMjali ne isa praNava ko Izvara kA vAcaka kahA hai- tasya vAcakaH praNavaH / zrI madbhagavadgItA meM bhI oum ko brahma kahA gayA hai-- 'omityekAkSaraM brahma' muNDakopaniSada meM praNava ko dhanuSa, AtmA ko bANa aura brahma ko lakSya batalAkara agale zloka meM 'omityevaMdhyAyatha AtmAnaM' kahakara sarvAtmA puruSottama kA 'om' isa nAma se japa karane ko kahA gayA hai| mANDUkyopaniSada meM to kevala praNava ke hI mahatva kA pratipAdana karate hue use hI bhUta, bhavat aura bhaviSyat kahakara trikAlAtIta bhI kahA gayA hai| vahAM praNavopAsanA kI do vidhiyAM batalAI gaI haiN| praNavopAsanA rUpI sAdhana batalAkara yamarAja ne AtmA ke svarUpa para prakAza DAlate hue Age kahA na jAyate priyate vA vipazcitrAyaM kutazcinna vabhUva kazcit / ajo nityaH zAzvato'yaM purANo na hanyate hanyamAne zarIre / / 'yaha AtmA na janmatA hai, na maratA hai, na yaha kisI dUsare se utpanna huA hai, na koI dUsarA hI isase utpanna huA hai / yaha ajanmA, nitya, zAzvata aura sanAtana hai| zarIra ke mAre jAne para bhI yaha nahIM maratA / ' maranA aura mAranA saba zarIra ke sAtha hotA hai, AtmA na kabhI maratA hai aura na use koI mAra hI sakatA hai| jisa prakAra makAna ke gira jAne se usameM sthita AkAza kA nAza nahIM hotA, isI prakAra dehAdi ke nAza se AtmA kA nAza nahIM hotaa| kevala ajJAnI hI ise marane aura mArane vAlA samajhatA hai| kyoMki yaha AtmA 'sUkSma se sUkSma aura mahAnU se bhI mahattara hai| yaha jIva kI buddhi rUpI guphA meM chipA huA hai|' ise vahI dekha pAtA hai jo sabhI prakAra ke bhogoM kI kAmanAoM se rahita ho cukA hai| jo karmoM kI siddhi aura asiddhi meM sukha aura dukha kA anubhava nahIM karatA vaha sabhI prakAra kI cintAoM se mukta rahatA hai| jo sadaiva paramAtmA kI ananta sattA kA anubhava karatA huA zAnta aura sthira rahatA hai| parantu jo isa prakAra kA nahIM hai, use AtmA ke darzana nahIM hote| kyoMki yaha AtmA paraspara virAdhI dharmoM vAlA hai| yaha eka sthAna para sthita huA bhI dUra calA jAtA hai tathA zayana karate hue bhI saba ora pahuMca jAtA hai| ise sUkSmabuddhi vAle vidvAna hI samajha hIraka jayantI smArikA sakane meM samartha ho pAte haiN| yadyapi isa AtmA ko jAnanA atyanta kaThina hai, phira bhI upAya karane se ise jAnA jA sakatA hai| yamarAja kahate haiM ki ise unake sivAya anya kauna jAna sakatA hai| yaha eka hI AtmA sabhI ora se saba meM vyApaka hone para bhInAyamAtmA pravacanena labhyo, na medhayA na bahunA zrutena / yamevaiSa vRNute tena labhyasta syaiSa AtmA vivRNute tanUsvAm // 'yaha AtmA na to vedoM ke pravacana se prApta hotA hai, na to buddhi kI dhAraNA zakti se aura na to janma bhara zAstroM ke zravaNa mAtra se hI milatA hai| yaha sAdhaka jisa AtmA kA varaNa- prArthanA karatA hai, usa varaNa karane vAle AtmA se hI yaha prApta kiyA jAtA hai| 'kevala Atma-lAbha ke lie hI prArthanA karane vAle niSkAma puruSa ko AtmA ke dvArA hI Atma-darzana hotA hai| arthAt aise sAdhaka ke prati AtmA apane svarUpa ko prakAzita kara detA hai 'arthAt hama hI AtmA haiM aura hama svayaM ko hI varaNa karate haiN|' parantu isake liye kucha Avazyaka zarteM haiM, jinakI ora saMketa karate hue yamarAja kahate haiM-- nA virato duzcaritAnnA zAnto nA samAhitaH / nA zAnta mAnaso vApi prajJAnainamApnuyAt / / 'jo duzcarita pApa karmoM se nivRtta nahIM huA hai, jisakI indriyAM zAnta nahIM haiM aura jisakA citta ekAgra athavA zAnta nahIM hai vaha ise sUkSma buddhi dvArA vicAra karane para bhI prApta nahIM kara paataa| arthAt jo zama- dama tathA citta kI vRttiyoM ke nirodha rUpa samAdhi se rahita hai, jisakA mana azAnta hai, usako kevala pANDitya aura tarkoM kI tIkSNatA se hI Atma- darzana nahIM ho sktaa| jo zama dama Adi guNoM se 'yukta hai, jo zuddha, saMyata aura samAhita citta hai, jo indriya-lAlasAoM se virata hai aura jisane zravaNa, manana aura nididhyAsana ( dhyAna ) dvArA abheda rUpa jJAna prApta kara liyA hai, vahI prajJAna dvArA isa AtmA ko prApta kara sakatA hai / parantu jo sAdhaka aisA nahIM hai, vaha cAhe brAhmaNa ho cAhe kSatriya, use paramAtmA kA 'anna' (grAsa) bana jAnA par3atA hai| sabakA saMhAra karane vAlA mRtyu devatA bhI paramAtmA ke bhojana kA sAgapAta bana jAtA hai| ataH aise paramAtmA ko sAdhana vihIna manuSya kaise jAna sakatA hai| isake pazcAt yamarAja ne jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA ke nitya sambandha tathA nivAsa sthAna kA paricaya dete hue batalAyA hai ki zubha karmoM ke phalasvarUpa prApta manuSya zarIra ko buddhi rUpI guphA meM satya kA pAna karane vAle jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA chAyA aura dhUpa kI bhAMti eka dUsare se bhinna hote hue bhI avasthita haiM parantu donoM ke bhoga meM bahuta bar3A antara hotA hai| paramAtmA zubha karmoM ke phala ko bhogate hue bhI nahIM bhogate / ve kevala una bhogoM ko bhugatAte haiM, kintu jIvAtmA una karmoM ke bhogoM ko bhogatA huA sukha aura dukha kA anubhava karatA hai| jisa prakAra dhUpa ke binA chAyA kA astitva nahIM rahatA usI prakAra paramAtmA ke kAraNa hI jIvAtmA meM alpa jJAna kA prakAza rahatA hai| ataH manuSya ko niraMtara paramAtmA kA cintana karate hue usI ko prApta karane kA adhyApaka khaNDa / 21

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se zreSTha aura kucha nahIM hai| vahI (sUkSmatva) kI parAkASThA (sImA) hai, aura vahI sarvotkRSTa gati hai| isa prakAra ina para vicAra karate hue isa AtmA ko sUkSma-buddhi dvArA hI grahaNa karane kA nirantara abhyAsa karate rahanA caahiye| isake uparAnta unhoMne kahA ki yadyapi paramAtmA sabhI prANiyoM ke hRdayoM meM virAjamAna haiM, kintu mAyA ke athavA ajJAna ke parde meM chipe rahane ke kAraNa sabako pratyakSa nahIM hotaa| use pratyakSa karane athavA usake darzana prApta karane ke lie vivekazIla puruSa jo sAdhana apanAte haiM, usI dhyAna athavA laya-praNAlI para prakAza DAlate hue kahate prayatna karanA caahie| isa prakAra sAdhaka yajJAdi zubhakarmoM dvArA apara brahma ko tathA jJAna dvArA parabrahma ko jAnane meM samartha hotA hai| jIva kI mukti ke lie jitane patha haiM, unameM jJAna hI sarva pradhAna hai| jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA ke svarUpa kA nirNaya karake yamarAja ne paramAtmA kI prApti ke sAdhanoM ko batalAne ke lie AtmA kA rathI aura zarIra kA ratha ke rUpa meM citraNa karate hue kahA------ AtmAnaM rathinaM viddhi zarIraM rathameva tu| buddhi tu sArathiM viddhi manaH pragraha meva c|| indriyANi hayAnAhurviSayAsteSu gocarAn / Atmendriya manoyuktaM bhoktetyaahurmniissinnH|| 'zarIra ratha hai, AtmA ratha kA svAmI rathI hai, buddhi sArathI hai aura mana lagAma hai, indriyAM ghor3e haiM, zabda-sparzAdi viSaya hI inake daur3ane ke mArga haiM aura zarIra, indriya tathA mana se yukta jIvAtmA ko bhoktA kahate haiN|' ___ 'ghor3oM se hI ratha calatA hai| hAthoM meM lagAma pakar3e hue buddhimAna sArathI hI ratha ko jidhara cAhatA hai le jAtA hai| indriya rUpI balavAna aura pramathanakArI ghor3e viSayarUpI mArga para manamAnA daur3anA cAhate haiN| yadi buddhi rUpI sArathI sAvadhAna hokara manarUpI lagAma ko pakar3e hue hai to ghor3oM kI tAkata nahIM ki ve idhara-udhara jA skeN| parantu isake viparIta yadi buddhi rUpI sArathI viveka pUrNa svAmI kA AjJAkArI, lakSya para hamezA sthira rahane vAlA, zaktizAlI aura indriya rUpI azvoM kI saMcAlana-kriyA meM kuzala nahIM hotA to indriya rUpI duSTa ghor3e usake vaza meM na rahakara lagAma ko apane vaza meM kara lete haiN| pariNAma svarUpa ratha aura rathI ko kisI bhI bure sthAna meM paTaka dete haiN| ata: jisakI buddhi meM viveka hai, jisakA mana ekAgra aura samAhita hai, usakI indriyAM acche ghor3oM kI taraha buddhi rUpa sArathI ke vaza meM rahatI haiN| aisA sAdhaka jo vivekavAna hotA hai, jisakA mana nigRhIta hai, jo sadA pavitra rahatA hai vaha aise parama pada ko prApta hotA hai, jahAM se use lauTakara puna: janma grahaNa nahIM karanA pdd'taa| vaha apane isI ratha kI sahAyatA se saMsAra-sAgara ke usa pAra pahuMca kara sarvavyApI parabrahma paramezvara ke usa suprasiddha parama pada ko prApta ho jAtA hai, jise- 'tad viSNoH paraM padam'- viSNu kA parama pada kahA jAtA hai|' isa parama pada kI prApti ke lie kisa prakAra sthUla indriyoM se zurU karake sUkSmatA ke tAratamya-krama se pratyagAtma-svarUpa se jJAna prApta karanA cAhiye, usake viSaya meM batalAte hue yamarAja kahate haiM'indriyebhya: parAhyarthA arthebhyazca paraM mnH| manasastu parA buddhirbuddherAtmA mahAn paraH / / mahata: parama vyaktamavyaktAt puruSaH paraH / puruSAnna parama kiMcitsA kASThA sA parAgatiH / / ___ 'indriyoM se unake viSaya zreSTha haiM, viSayoM se mana zreSTha hai, mana se buddhi zreSTha hai aura buddhi se bhI mahAn AtmA utkRSTa hai| mahatatva se avyakta (mUla prakRti) zreSTha hai aura avyakta se bhI puruSa zreSTha hai| puruSa yacchedAGamanasI prAjJastadyacchejjJAna aatmni| jJAnamAtmani mahati niyacchetadyacchAnta Atmani / / 'vivekI puruSa vAk-indriya ko mana meM, mana ko jJAna arthAt prakAza svarUpa buddhi meM, jJAna-svarUpa buddhi ko mahatatva meM aura mahatatva ko zAnta AtmA meM niyukta kreN| dhyAna tathA samAdhi kA yahI abhyAsa krama hai| saMkalpa vANI ke rUpa meM hI prakaTa hotA hai| isI kAraNa vAkya (vANI) kA mUla hai prANa shkti| usa prANa-zakti ko prANAyAma ke dvArA sthira kara sakane se mana ke nAnA prakAra ke saMkalpa mana meM hI vilIna ho jAte haiN| saMkalpa-vikalpa-rahita ho jAne para mana ekAgra ho jAtA hai| yahI hai mana ko jJAnAtmA meM le jaanaa| dhairyapUrvaka sAdhanAbhyAsa karate rahane se prANa spandana-rahita ho jAtA hai| isase citta meM bhI spandana nahIM raha jaataa| kintu vAsanA kA bIja taba bhI suptAvasthA meM raha jAtA hai, para sira nahIM uThA paataa| isI ko mahat AtmA arthAt buddhi kA atisUkSma bhAva kahate haiN| buddhi kI isI sUkSmAvasthA meM AtmA kA sparza anubhUta hotA hai| usa samaya bhI savikalpa kA bhAva rahatA hai| pazcAt usa sparza kA jaba puna: virAma nahIM rahatA taba saMskAra ke bIja kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai, vahI zAnta AtmA yA nirvikalpa samAdhi kI sthiti hai|' (bhUpendra nAtha sAnyAla kRta bhagavadgItA - bhASya se uddhRt)| ___ isa paddhati-vizeSa se Atma-jJAna kI upalabdhi kara puruSa svastha, prazAnta citta evaM kRta-kRtya ho jAtA hai| isIlie usa AtmA ke sAkSAtkAra hetu ubuddha karate huye yamarAja kahate haiM uttiSThata jAgrata prApya vraannibodht| ___ 'uTho, jago aura mahApuruSoM ke pAsa jAkara ise jaano| kyoMki buddhimAna loga isa mArga ko- kSurasya dhArA nizitA duratyayA durgaM pathastatkavayo vdnti||' talavAra kI dhAra para calane ke samAna batalAte haiN| pahale yaha kahA jA cukA hai ki sampUrNa prANiyoM kI buddhi rUpI guhA meM avasthita yaha AtmA atyanta kaThinatA se dikhalAI par3atA hai| prazna uThatA hai ki aisA kyoM hotA hai ? isakA uttara dete hue yamarAja kahate parAJciravAni vyatRNaMtsvayaM bhU svasmAtparAG pazyati nAntarAtman / kazciddhIraH pratyagAtmAnamaikSa dAvRtta cakSura mRtatva micchana / 'indriyoM ke mukha bAhara kI ora haiM, isI se ve kevala bAhara kI hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa /22

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vastuoM ko dekhatI haiM antarAtmA ko nahIM dekhtii| koI viveka sampanna puruSa hI amRtatva kI zubha icchA se ina indriyoM ko antarmukhI karake AtmA ko dekha pAtA hai| alpajJa puruSa bAharI bhogoM ke hI pIche lage rahate haiN| isI se ve mRtyu ke sarvatra phaile hue pAza meM par3ate haiM, kintu jJAnI puruSa amaratva ko samajha kara saMsAra ke kSaNika padArthoM meM nahIM phNste|' ata: jisa AtmA ke dvArA manuSya rUpa, rasa, gandha, zabda, sparza aura sAMsArika sukhoM ko jAnane meM samartha hotA hai, jisa AtmA se isa loka kI koI bhI vastu avijJeya nahIM hai, vaha AtmA sarvajJa hai| usI ke viSaya meM naciketA ne pUchA thaa| jo yahAM kArya rUpa meM dRSTigocara ho rahA hai, vahI kAraNa rUpa meM bhI hai| parantu jo upAdhi ke sambandha se, bheda jJAna ke kAraNa tathA avidyA ke prabhAva se usa abhinna svarUpa brahma ko nAnA rUpoM meM dekhatA haivaha bArambAra mRtyu ko (janma-maraNa ko) hI prApta hotA hai| isa jJAna kI prApti kevala vicAra se hI hotI hai| yahAM tanika bhI bheda nahIM hai| jo yahAM bheda dekhatA hai, vahI mRtyu kI zaraNa meM jAtA hai| jaise zuddha jala zuddha jala meM mila kara eka rasa ho jAtA hai usI prakAra Atma-darzI puruSa kA AtmA bhI paramAtmA se milakara eka ho jAtA hai| ___ Age calakara yamarAja ne phira kahA- 'he naciketA! maiM prasanna hokara tumheM yaha atyanta gopanIya sanAtana brahma ke viSaya meM batalA rahA huuN| brahma ko na jAnane se mRtyu ke bAda jIva kI kyA gati hotI hai, suno! jisake jaise karma, jJAna tathA vAsanA hotI hai, usI ke anusAra kisI ko to mAtA ke garbha meM jAnA par3atA hai aura kisI ko vRkSa, pASANa Adi sthAvara yoniyAM prApta hotI haiN| jaba samasta prANI nidrA-grasta rahate haiM, usa samaya jo eka nirguNa jyotirmaya puruSa apane icchita padArthoM kI racanA karate hue jAgatA rahatA hai, vahI zuddha hai, vahI brahma hai aura vahI amRta kahA jAtA hai| usakA koI ullaMghana nahIM kara sktaa| sabhI loka usI meM avasthita haiN| agniryathaiko bhuvanaM praviSTo rUpaMrUpaM pratirUpo babhUva / ekastathA sarvabhUtAntarAtmA rUpaM rUpaM pratirUpo bahizca / / vAyuryathaiko bhuvanaM praviSTo rUpaM rUpaM pratirUpo bbhuuv| ekastathA sarvabhUtAntarAtmA rUpaM rUpaM pratirUpo bahizca / / ___ 'agni aura vAyu jaise eka hI eka hote haiM, phira bhI agni prakAza svarUpa hokara tathA vAyu prANa rUpa hokara jaba bhuvana meM praveza karate haiM taba ve hI bhinna-bhinna vastuoM meM bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM dikhAI dete haiM, isI prakAra sabhI prANiyoM meM rahane vAlA AtmA eka hI hai, parantu saba / meM bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM dIkhatA hai| AkAza kI taha nirvikAra hone ke| kAraNa bAhara bhI vahI rahatA hai| sUryo yathA sarva lokasya cakSurna lipyate cAkSuSairbAhya dossaiH| ekastathA sarva bhUtAntarAtmA na lipyate loka duHkhena vaahaaH|| ___ 'jisa prakAra eka hI sUrya samasta lokoM kI AMkha hokara sabhI acchI-burI vastuoM ko dekhatA hai, parantu unake saMsarga se hone vAle bAharI doSoM se lipta nahIM hotA, usI prakAra sabhI prANiyoM kA eka hI antarAtmA bhI loka ke dukha se lipta nahIM hotA, usase bAhara hI rahatA hai|' samasta prANiyoM ke bhItara zakti rUpa se avasthita AtmA eka hai| vahI sabako apane adhIna rakhatA hai| vaha eka hI aneka rUpoM meM dikhAI detA hai| jo nityoM kA nitya evaM cetana kA bhI cetana hai| jo eka ho sabakI icchAoM ko pUrNa karatA hai, usa zarIrastha AtmA ko jo dhIra puruSa jAnate haiM, unheM hI nitya sukha aura zAnti prApti hotI hai, dUsaroM ko nhiiN| jisako sUrya prakAzita nahIM kara sakatA, jo candramA aura tArA-gaNoM se prakAzita nahIM hotA, bijalI bhI jise prakAzita nahIM kara sakatI, bhalA use becArA agni kaise prakAzita kara sakatA hai? jisake prakAza se hI saba prakAzita hote haiM, usI ke prakAza se hI yaha saba sUrya Adi prakAzita ho rahe haiN| yaha samasta jagat prANa-brahma se utpanna hokara usI se niyama pUrvaka ceSTA kara rahA hai| yaha mahAn bhaya rUpa hai tathA uThAe hue vajra ke samAna hai| jaise apane sAmane svAmI ko hAtha meM vajra uThAye dekhakara sevaka niyamAnusAra usakI AjJA ke pAlana karane meM tatpara rahate haiM, usI prakAra sUrya, candramA, graha, nakSatra aura tArA Adi rUpa yaha sArA jagat apane adhiSThAtAoM sahita eka kSaNa ko bhI vizrAma na lekara niyamAnusAra usakI AjJAoM kA pAlana karatA rahatA hai| arthAt isa paramezvara ke hI bhaya se sUrya aura agni tapate tathA indra, vAyu aura pAMcavA mRtyu daur3ate haiN| ataeva jo puruSa isa zarIra ke nAza hone se pUrva hI brahma ko jAna letA hai vaha sabhI bandhanoM se mukta ho jAtA hai aura yadi nahIM jAna pAtA to use inhIM janma-maraNazIla lokoM meM phira janma grahaNa karanA par3atA hai| anta meM usa saMkalpa zUnya hRdaya kI sthiti ko kisa prakAra prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai,usake liye yoga-sAdhanA kA upadeza dete hue yamarAja ne kahAyadA paJcAva tiSThante jJAnAni manasA sh| buddhizca na viceSTati tAmAhuH paramAM gtim|| tAM yogamiti manyante sthirAmindriya dhaarnnaam| apramattastadA bhavati yogo hi prbhvaapyyau| ___ 'jisa samaya apane-apane viSayoM se nivRtta huI pAMcoM jJAnendriyAM mana ke sahita AtmA meM sthita ho jAtI haiM aura nizcayAtmikA buddhi bhI apane vyApAroM meM ceSTA nahIM karatI, usa avasthA ko hI parama gati kahate haiN| usI sthira indriya-dhAraNA ko yoga kahate haiN| usa samaya puruSa pramAda rahita ho jAtA hai, kyoMki yoga hI utpatti aura nAza rUpa hai| tAtparya yaha ki siddhiyoM Adi ko prApta kara pramAda nahIM karanA caahiye| laya kI nivRtti ke liye pramAda kA abhAva karanA caahie| jisa samaya yoga-sAdhanA dvArA manuSya kI sArI kAmanAyeM naSTa ho jAtI haiM, jaba mana sabhI prakAra kI malinatAoM kA parityAga kara nirmala darpaNa kI bhAMti pavitra ho jAtA hai aura jaba citta kI samasta vAsanAyeM pUrI taraha naSTa ho jAtI haiM tathA hRdaya kI graMthiyoM kA chedana ho jAtA hai taba yaha maraNazIla manuSya amara ho jAtA hai aura isa zarIra se brahma hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa / 23

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bhAva ko prApta ho jAtA hai| ataH sAdhaka ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vaha apanI antarAtmA ko zarIra se pRthak anubhava karane kA abh kara hue use hI cinmAtra vizuddha aura amRtamaya puruSa smjhe| 'yamarAja dvArA kahI huI isa vidyA aura sampUrNa yoga vidhi ko prApta kara naciketA brahma bhAva ko pAkara dharmAdharma-: - zUnya aura amara ho gyaa| dUsarA bhI jo koI adhyAtma yoga ko isa prakAra jAnegA vaha bhI vaisA hI ho jaaegaa| basa yahI zAstra kA upadeza hai, isase pare kucha bhI nahIM hai| isa prakAra isa kaThopaniSada meM yamarAja aura naciketA ke kathopakathana dvArA brahmavidyA kA atyanta sarala evaM rocaka varNana huA hai| isakI varNana zailI bar3I hI subodha aura prabhAvotpAdaka hai| anya upaniSadoM kI taraha isameM jahAM tatva- jJAna kA gaMbhIra vivecana hai vahAM naciketA kA caritra pAThakoM ke sAmane eka anupama Adarza upasthita karatA hai yoga kI sAdhanA vidhi kA jaisA varNana sabase pahale isa upaniSada meM huA hai, vaisA anyatra dekhane ko nahIM miltaa| isa upaniSada ke aneka maMtroM hIraka jayantI smArikA - vaha kA kahIM zabdataH aura kahIM arthataH ullekha zrI madbhagavadgItA meM huA hai| isameM varNita zarIra rUpI ratha kI parikalpanA paravartI aneka dharma-granthoM meM jyoM kI tyoM grahaNa kara lI gaI hai| zrImadbhagavadgItA Adi dharma zAstroM meM isa saMsAra kA azvattha vRkSa ke rUpa meM jo ullekha huA hai, bhI yahIM se liyA gayA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki prastuta upaniSada meM mAnava-Atma-kalyANa hetu jina sAdhana praNAliyoM kA vivecana huA hai, yadi manuSya una sabako viveka, jJAna-sampanna ho grahaNa kara tadanukUla AcaraNa kare to usase usakA Atma-vikAsa avazya saMbhava ho sakatA hai| eka bArasvAmI vivekAnanda neapane eka ziSya se isa upaniSada kI prazaMsA karate hue kahA thA ki 'upaniSadoM meM aisA sundara grantha aura koI nahIM / ' maiM cAhatA hUM, tU ise kaNThastha kara le| naciketA ke samAna zraddhA, sAhasa, vicAra aura vairAgya apane jIvana meM lAne kI peza kara kevala par3hane se kyA hogA ?" "vivekAnanda sAhitya SaSTha khaNDa OM zAntiH zAntiH zAntiH -saha zikSaka, zrI jaina vidyAlaya, kalakattA - adhyApaka khaNDa / 24

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H. N. Upadhyay. Significance of Regulation of Temperature in Mammals It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the advance in living organization that is made possible by the maintenance of a high and constant temperature. Sir Joseph Barcroft pointed out that many refinements of organisation can only operate under constant conditions. For instance, if there is a constant temperature, elaborate patterns of activity can be set up, in the cerebral Cortex, allowing for persistent and complicated memories. Similarly, in various parts of the body there are intricate sets of Biochemical reactions, that would be disturbed by large temperature fluctuations. At the same time achievement of high temperature allows a greatly increased level of activity. The birds and Mammals have been experimenting independently with high temperature for probably more than 100 million years, but it may be that one or both groups will eventually make still more spectacular innovations of organisation on this basis, including perhaps the use of still higher temperature. It is not known how temp-regulating mechanism first arose. The Prototherians (Egg laying mammals). hIraka jayantI smArikA Platypus and Echidna posses hair and they probably diverged from the other mammals, not later than the early Jurassic period, nearly 150 million years ago. Therefore it seems that the mammalian like began to be warm-blooded earlier than this date, as also did the line that was leading to the birds. This may have been a response to either cold or warm conditions; reptiles are severely limited in their distribution by temperature. It is also possible that the condition did not follow any special climatic change but that the early Avian and Mammalian Stocks were pioneers, driven by the competition of their many reptilian cousins to seek life in colder or hotter land regions, which were not yet inhabited by tetrapods, Cold will make a reptile dormant, unless the animal can be active enough to keep itself warm by the heat produced as a by-product of muscular activity. This will be made more easy, if the animal is large and, of couse, especially if a heat insulating mechanism is developed. It is not difficult to understand how a temperature above that of surroundings could be achieved by sufficiently active reptilian animals. Even at the present day the heat of muscular work, remains the chief source of heat in Mammals. In the early stages of the evolution of high temperature, alteration of heat production, was probably the main means of temperature regulation, as it still is today in monotrems and bats. In all mammals a fall of external temperature calls forth extra muscular activity by shivering. The high mammals also possess a mechanism for the control of heat loss and they maintain a constant temperature largely by this downward regulation. Control of Temperature-regulating mechanism is centred on the Hypothalamic region of the forebrain, especially in the Tubercinerum, which is large in birds and mammals. In this region their are cells, that serve as detectors; when the blood is too hot or too cold, nerve impulses are sent out to vary the rate of heat production or heat loss, and the temperature is kept steady with little oscillation. After removal of the tuber an animal no longer regulates properly, its temperature fluctuates with that of its surroundings. Other parts of the Brain also play a large part in regulation and it has long been known that stimulation of the Caudate nucleus of Corpus striatum, for instance by puncture, causes a temporary rise in the adhyApaka khaNDa / 25

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had well developed hair. Heat loss :- Various agencies are responsible for control of the heat loss. The convection from the surface of the body can be controlled by changing the position of the hair. The skin contains devices for losing as well as for retaining heat. The sweat glands are derived from the Epidermis but lie deeply in Dermis. They tubular glands much coiled at their inner ends and surrounded by myo-epithelial cells contain contractile fibries and serve to expel the secretion. The sweat is watery solution, whose evaporation serves to cool the body. The amount of liquid (sweat) produced is controlled by the action of nerve fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Sweat glands are not properly developed in all the mammals e.g. in cats these glands are confied to the pads of the feet. In man they occur all over the body, most abundantly in the axilla and groin. They are altogether absent from the skin of whales and sea cows. temperature which may reach as high as 42degC. It is not clear how these various heat regulating centres are related If cooled blood reaches one of these regions the shivering mechanism is set in action; conversely perfusion of the Carotid arteries with overwarm blood causes sweating or panting. Heat producing systems other than muscles may be called upon. The Liver and other organs give out heat in the course of their work and it is possible that during periods of sleep they may be stimulated to increased activity and greater heat output. Thyroid secretion increases the basal metabolism and thus the amount of secretion produced by the Thyroid affects the temperature. Other Endocrine glands are probably also involved. Heat Conservation - Hair tends to trap a layer of air, which insulates the body, reducing heat exchange with the Environment. The air retaining capacity is increased in some mammals by a roughening of the surfaces of the hair, which causes them to stick together to make a pelt. The hair are not of the same kind all over the surface of the body: often longstiff hair are found mingled with softer fur. In many mammals the hair changes according to the time of year so as to provide a thicker covering in winter than in summer. The hair do not grow straight out from the skin but are placed obliquely, so that they all set in a particular direction, giving the coat its characteristic reaction to brushing. It has been suggested that the primary direction of the hair provides a backward slope, which would prevent them from catching in grasses. The reasons for the deviations from this direction, which occur in many mammals are not understood Not all mammals use an air layer for the retention of heat. In the whales and walruses the body is covered with a thick layer of fat called Blubber in the Dermis of their skin, the hair are reduced to a few vibrissae. In man, hair are present over most parts of the body, but their function is mainly tactile and heat is conserved mainly by a layer of fat in the skin. Very large mammals, such as Elephants or Rhinoceros have little need to minimize heat loss, since their surface is small relative to the large heat producing volume the hair are accordingly reduced. Related species that existed during glacial periods The amount of heat lost from the surface is also controlled by regulating the flow of blood. When the whole capillary bed is used the skin becomes flushed and loses much heat, also the sweat glands receive more blood. In cold conditions a set of Arterio-venous anastomoses is opened up so that the blood short circuits the capillaries and the skin becomes blue or white. These processes are influenced by the hypothalamus. The surface of the lungs also provides a means of heat loss. Animals such as dogs which have few sweat glands resort to panting. Large animals use special means for losing heat, for instance the African elephant increases its total surface area by nearly one-sixth (1/6) when it raises its ears. The flapping movements of ears are more frequent in large elephants than small. The flow of blood to the ears is increased in hot weather. The ears are used for heat loss in smaller animals also. In North America the hares have longer ears in the warmer southern regions. Assistant Teacher Shree Jain Vidyalaya, Calcutta hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa/26

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Ram Bachan Singh SPREAD OF JAINISM IN ANCIENT INDIA A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS (Some of the outstanding research papers of Mr. Singh have been published in Geographical Review of India, the journal of Geographical society of India, also one in 'EKISTICS' an interdisciplinary Journal of the U.S.A. and Athense Greece. He had been invited to attend International Geographical Congress session, Moscow, former U.S.S.R. His paper was published by the University of waterloo, Ontanio, Canada. An article similar to the present one was published in the Golden Jubilee volume (Geography of Early Jainism) of this Vidyalaya and the present one is also an important work of its kinds. It is hoped that it will enrich the literature of Indological studies in general and that of Jainological literature in particular- Editor.) The field that historical geography is to cultivate is almost virgin. The field of Geographic-cumIndological investigation remains unearthed and unexplored to a greater extent, if not totally. The Historical Geography is a geographical study of any period in the past which studies and describes the geographic aspect of the historical process. The hIraka jayantI smArikA present work is an attempt to depict the historical and cultural geography of Jainism from the earliest time approximately covering the period from 800 B.C. to 1000 A.D. Jainism which is definitely older than Buddhism, originated some 800 years before the birth of Christ. It is extremly difficult to have a correct idea about the progress of jainism during the centuries preceding the Christian era in different parts of India. The available inscriptions give us some information regarding the places of Jainism in some parts of India, specially the Mathura region and Orissa. The early canonical texts give us some idea about the progress of Jain religion in different parts of North India. The rapid analysis of the names of the sakhas of Theravali, a part of Kalpasutra give some idea about the spread of Jainism in different parts of India. Almost all the religions of the world have laid great emphasis on the sacredness of certain localities. The Jainas regarded certain places to be sacred and constructed temples in honour of Tirthankaras there. These places in Jain traditions are called 'Tirtha' or 'Tirtha Kshetra' i.e. the place which shows the ways as to how to cross the transmigrations of life, in other words, it reminds us how the great personages led a virtuous life at this spot (Jain, 1943). According to the Digambars, these holy places may be regarded into two categories viz. siddhakshetra, the places where the Jinas or other ascetics achieved liberation, and Atisyakshetra, the place which is sacred for other reasons. Such a type of division of the Tirthas, how ever is not known to the Swetambaras. the Vividha tirtha kalpa, a famous swetambara texts of 14th century A.D. does not refer to any such divisions, although it contains an extensive account of the Jain Tirthas located all over India. (singh, 1982). The Jains regard the following places as their Tirthakshetra : 1. The places where Tirthankars were born. 2. The places where Tirthankaras first renounced the world and initiated a religious life. 3. The places where Tirthankaras practised great austerities. 4. The places where omniscience. 5. The places where Tirthankaras attained liberation. Tirthankaras achieved adhyApaka khaNDa / 27

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6. The places where the great ascetics lived and achieved liberation; 7. The places famous for their beautiful temples or wonderfful idols; (sangave, 1959). Jainism in North India : Jainism originated by 800 B.C. at Varanasi, one of the greatest cities of ancient India. The penultimate jain Tirthankara Parsva, the real founder of jainism was the son of Asvasena king of Varanasi, the cultural and religious centre of India from time immemorial. The seventh Tirthankara Suparsha was born here. The eleventh Tirthankara Sryamsnath is said to have been born in Kasi and obtained Salvation. The religious system established by Parsva gradually spread towards the east and by the time, Mahabira was born became one of the dominating force in the religious life of eastern India. The Acarang Sutra, one of the oldest Jain religious text informs us that the parents of Mahabir who were followers of Parsva lived near Vaisali in North Bihar. Lord Mahabira made Jainism one of the most popular religious system in North India. For thirty years after his enlightenment he spared no pains to make the Nirgrantha religion an all India religious system. Bhagavati tells us that he personally preached even in Western India. His rival Buddha never went farther than the Kuru Country, However, Mahabira, it appears, spent the major part of his life in modern Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, Magadha and Kosala being the Janapada, received his maximum attention. The Jain Kalpasutra gives us the names of the places where Mahabira spent one or more rainy seasons since he become ascetic after renouncing the world. It gives a comprehensive and fair idea of the areas over which Lord Mahabira wondered for the propogation of his faith. It should be noted that there areas roughly covered modern state of Bihar and some part of Bengal and U.P.. After attaining Kevalgyan, during the thirty years of his carrer, Mahabira spent thirty rainy seasons at different places. He spent four rainy seasons in Vaisali, and Vanijyagrama, fourteen in Rajgriha and Nalanda, six in Mithila, two in Bhadrika, one in Alabhika, one in Sravasti and one in the town of Pava which was his last rainy season. In the fourth of the that rainy season in the town of Pava the venerable ascetic breathed his last, cutting asunder the ties of birth, decay and death. hIraka jayantI smArikA Rajgriha, which was intimately associated with the activities of Mahabira was a flourishing Jain centre during Yuan Chowang's time. After Mahabira his followers made every effort to carry his messages to millions of Indians living in different parts of the subcontinent. The Jain literaray evidences suggest that the existence of Jain temples in almost all principal cities of North India. During the time of Mahabira Jainism was popular at Vaisali, Rajgriha, Sravasti, Kausambi, Ahichhatra, Takshashila, Simbhapura and a few places of western India. Archaological and epigraphic sources give some idea about the state of Jainism in such places. Saketa was the early centre of Jainism. it was connected with Muni Subrata. The Temple of Subrata at Saketa was in all probabality, built before 300 B.C. Kausambi was one of the early centre of Jainism. It is still looked upon as a holy place by the devout Jains. It was the birth place of Padmaprabha, the sixth Tirthankara. The greatness of Sravasti was associated with Jainism from pretty early times. It was believed to be the birth place of the third Tirthankara viz. Sambhavanatha. The city was very intimately associated with the life and activities of both Mahabira and Buddha. It was the flourishing capital of Kosals in Mahabira's time. It is indentified with Sahet-Mahet on the Bank of Rapti. It was at this town that the first Ninhava Jamali declared himself a Jina (Chatterjee 1978). Sravasti was in great ruins when Fa-hien visited this city in about 400 A.D.. The original temple of Sambhavantha was still there when Chinese pilgrims came to India but finally it was destroyed during the reign of Ala-Ud-din. Later on it became a famous centre of Digambara sect. It is evident from the Brihat Katha Kosa of Harisena (93 A.D.) Ahichhatra (mod. Ramanagar in Bareilly dist. U.P.) the ancient capital of Panchala was an important seat of early jainism. According to Swetambara Jain tradition, it was sacred to Parsvanath. Epigraphic evidences support the jain traditions regarding the existence of shrine dedicated to Parsva at Ahichhatra. Kampilya (mod. Kampil in Farukhabad dist. U.P.) was intimately connected with Jainism in pre-Gupta period. The city was visited by both Parsva and Mahabira. It was the birth place of thirteenth adhyApaka khaNDa / 28

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Tirthankara Vimala. The fourth Ninhava Asamitta, who flourished in the 3rd century B.C. was associated with this town. Sankansya (mod. Sankasiya in Farrukhabad dist. U.P.) was the capital of Kusdhvaja Janaka, Sita's parental uncle. It was one of the noted town of pre-Buddhist India. The Theruvali refers to the Sankasiya sakha under Caranagana i.e. Varanagana estiblished in the third century B.C. It proves its relation with the Nirgrantha religion. Mathura had been a great jain centre from 2nd century B.C., if not earlier. The account of Fa-hien the Chinese traveller may be mentioned here, "The people of this region killed no living creature, drank no wine and ate no garlic or onion. There were no butchers or wine seller in the market." The account smells of profound Jain influence in this region. The literary texts and a few Jain inscription of that period prove that Mathura retained its popularity as a jain centre between 600 A.D. and 1000 A.D. (Chatterjee 78) observes that popularity of jainism gradually diminished with the migration of jain monks towards Rajasthan, Gujrat and Karnataka. The ruling dynasties of North India did not patronise the jainism like the three above states. Several places of modern Uttar Pradesh were directly connected with jain religion. Devagarh Temple (see Siddhant Bhaskara vol. 8, pg 67-73) in Jhanshi district on the river Betwa may be refered here. It should be noted that Devagarh continues to be a sacred place for the jain as even to-day. We find only a few evidences regarding the existences of jainism in the extreme Northern India, i.e. Punjab, Hariyana, Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir. It was looked upon only as one of the minor religious sect in these states. An inscription (see E.l. vol. 1, p.120) from Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, discloses the names of two jain saints. We note that one Sravaka Ratna from Kashmir founded a 'Manibimla of Neminatha (see Vividhatirthakalpa, P-9) in 932 A.D. on the sacred hill of Raivataka. A few Swetambara and Digambara jain images belonging to the 8th centureis A.D. have been discovered from Punjab (All India Radio news Bulletin, 30-6-75). West Bengal Under Mahabira Jainism became one of the major religious sects of Eastern India. Undivided Bengal was one of the greatest centre of jainism from the days of Mahabira. It was his religious conquest that western Bengal came under the hIraka jayantI smArikA influence of jainism. It may be noted that Bengal accepted jainism before Buddhism as only a few places of this province figure in Pali texts. According to Kalpasutra (P-264) Mahabira had spent a year of his missionary career in Puniyabhumic which was actually included in Ladha or West Bengal. The Acaranga, a very old text, informs us that Mahabira had visited both western and southern Bengal. The great Bhadrabahu (4th Century B.C.) who was a Brahmin and the first genuine Jain philospher, was a native of Northern Bengal. Among the four Sakhas, originating from Godas, a disciple of Bhadrabahu there are three significant names-Tamraliptika Sakha, Kottvarshiya sakha and Pundravardhaniya sakha (see sacred Book of the East. vol. 22 p. 288). All the three sakhas were evidently connected with the three well known geographical units situated in Bengal. Tamraliptika (modern Tamuluk in Midnapur District) was a port. Here the merchant Tamali Moriyaputta became a Jain recluse during Mahabira's life time (Bhagavatti P.572). Kottivarsa, according to Pannapanna, a canonical text was the capital of Laddha country and Pundravardhana was Northern Bengal. The account of Yuan Chowang shows the tremendous popularity of jainism in Pundravardhana and Samatata, the two provinces of ancient Bengal. The discovery of a large number of Jain temples and coins particularly from Bankura and Purulia proves the popularity of Jainism in West Bengal during the Pala period. (Banerjee, R.D.). A copper plate inscription of the Gupta year 159 from Paharpur (Bangladesh) is one of the most interesting jain records of the Gupta period. This earliest jain records from Bengal refers to an endowment for the worship of Arhats to a Vihara in Vatagahali near Paharpur. In Eastern India Jainism maintained its existence till the end of the 10th century A.D. However no jain inscription has been found from either West Bengal or Bangaladesh which can be assigned between 600 A.D. and 1000 A.D. (Cheatterjee, 78). Orissa; Jainism was probably introduced and popularised in Orissa by zealous Jain monks of Bengal during the closing years of the 5th Century B.C. The Acaranga (P.85) a very old text informs us that Mahabira had visited areas of both Western and adhyApaka khaNDa / 29

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the reign of Chandilla (955 A.D.). This inscription and the beautiful temples at Khajuraho prove the popularity of Jainism in Chandilla Dominion. The literary sources give us more meaningful and extensive information regarding the state of Jainism in M.P. before 1000 A.D. There is a mention of a temple dedicated to Parsvanath at Dhara, the famous capital of Paramaras in Darsanasara of Devasena, a work of 933 A.D. Southern Bengal which were not far from borders of Orissa. The Avasyakaniryukti records that Mahabira more than once had visited Tosali prominent city of Orissa. A large number of inscriptions (Ludes list No. 1346. 1348-53) prove that the Jainism was much popular in Orissa. The popularity of Jainism in Kalinga during the days of the Nandas show that even before the birth of the Sakhas and Ganas, the Jain religion made some converts in Orissa and during the rule of Mahameghavahana kings Jainism became the principal religion of Orissa (chatterjee, 78). Some later inscriptions of Udayagiri and Khandagiri cave and a few inscription of 10th and 11th century A.D. prove that Udayagiri and Khandagiri hills remained a popular and favourite place of pilgrimage for the Jain monks (see A.S.I.A.R. 1922-32,P.130). From Orissa a number of Jain inscriptions belonging to the post Gupta period have been found. We have 7th century inscriptions (Indian Archaology, 1955) which refers to the installation of Jain images and points to the existence of an early jain establishment on these hills. These inscriptions discovered from different places in Orissa prove that Jainism continued to flourish in Orissa as late as the 10th century A.D. Eight Km. from the town of Barwani in Madhya Pradesh is Bawan Gaja (52 yards) hill, a place of considerable sanctity among the Jains. Its name is devived from the popular ideas or the night of the Jiagantic figure of the Jain teacher Gomateshwar. Madhya Pradesh: . All the available sources indicate that by the begining of the 4th century A.D. Jainism became an all India religion. In North India the Swetambar as and in south India Digmbaras were predominate. Literary evidences and discovery of a number of Jain sculptures, belonging to the Gupta Period prove the popularity of Jainism in the different places of Madhya Pradesh. Maharastra :- Quite a few places of modern Maharasta were connected with Jainism from early times. Most probably Jainism was introduced in Maharastra by the Mauryan period. Literary and archaelogical evidences show that Tagara (modern Ter) was a popular Jain centre in the early century of the Chiristian era. Discovery of Jaina images from Ellora, Pattur of the Gupta period prove that Jainism was slowly emerging as an important religious seat in Maharastra. Surparaka according to Jaina literary tradition was connected with Jainism. During the rule of the Western Chalukyas and the Rastrakutas jainism was tremendously popular not only in the lower Deccan but also in the modern Maharastra state. According to Jinapprabha (P.85) Tirthankara Chandraprabha was worshiped from very early times as Jivitsvamin at Nasik. At Pratisthan (mod. Paithan) another old city of Maharastra there was a famous shrine dedicated to Muni Suvrata (Vividhatirthakalpa, P-59). The Vasudevahindi (Part I, P-61) composed in 5th century A.D. refers to the temple fo Jiyantasvamin Mahabira at Ujjayini. During the Gupta period Vidisa was strong hold of Jainism and received patronage. Dasapura (modern Mandsor, M.P.) also was a strong hold of Jainism. Quite a good number of Swetambara monks of the early 1st century A.D. were connected with Dasapura. The popularity of Jainism is proved by the beautiful Jain caves of Ellora, most of which were excavated by 800 A.D. (See the Classical Age P-499). There is a reference to the Sparious Alten Copper Plate discovered from Kolhapur district. The inscription proves the existence of great Jain temple in kolhapur district of Maharastra in the ancient period. From the well known Jain Temple complex at Sonagiri (Datia district, M.P.) has been discovered an epigraph of the 7th century A.D. which proves the antiquity of the Jain centres. Among the few Jain inscriptions from Madhya Predesh, the most important is Khajuraho inscription (see E.I. vol I. P. 35-36) of Gujarat :- Gujarat is not the native place of Jainism. No Jain Tirthankara is known to have been born here. Yet the association of jainism with Gujrat hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa/30

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centres with Jain temples. Kumbharia, Maini, Sejakpur, Sarotra were noted centres in Gujarat where Jain merchants had erected temples. is traceable to very early times. Adinath the first of the twenty four Tirthankara is said to have delivered a sermon on Mt. Shatrunjaya (Hema chandra, Trisastisalaka Purusacharita, vol. Eng. translated by Bhattacharya, 1931). At Raivataka Neminath, the 22nd Tirthankara renounced the world, obtained omniscience and emancipated together with a large number of sages. Brigukaccha (mod. Broach) one of the oldest port of India was a popular Jain centre in the early centuries of Christian era. In the Gupta period Vallabhi became an important centre of Jainism. During the historical period the first wave of jainism seems to have passed over Gujarat in the fourth century B.C., when Bhadrabahu, the head of Jain Sangha visited Girinar, during his migration from Magadha to South. (Jain, K.P. P. 185). Somanath, situated in Jungarh is also a sacred place of Jainism. It is also known as Chandrabhasa. Vallabhi and Srimal were great seat of Jain religion and learing. Srimal was the first capital city of Gujars who gave the name Gujrat to the province. Rsi Gupta, a disciple of Suhastin, originated a number of Sakhas among which the most significant name is that of Saurastrika (sacred Book of the East, P.292). This indicates that before the end of the 3rd century B.C. the Jainism reached country of Gujrat. Rajasthan :- An interesting Sakha connected with a definite geographical name is that of Madhyamika originated from a disciple of Suhastin. The town of Madhyamika is mentioned in the Canonical texts (see Vipaka sutra, Kota, 1935, P.369). Creation of this sakha before the end of 3rd century B.C. proves that Jainism reached Rajasthan before that time. Gopani observes that Jainism in Gujarat was prevalent in the 1st centrury B.C. The popularity of Jainism is indicated by the fact that Vikramaditya, the founder of Vikram era, himself went on pilgrimage to the celebrated jain site of Shatrunjaya. In 1912, a stone inscription was discovered by G.H.Ojha from Badali, a place in Ajmer district, Rajasthan. According to him inscription should be regarded as old as 400 B.C. On this basis some scholars came to conclusion that Jainism was introduced in Rajasthan before 400 B.C. Gujarat possesses both the types of Tirthas. Of all the Siddhakshetras enumerated by Hiralal Jain (1962) three, viz. Shatrunjaya, Girinar, and Taranga are located in Gujarat. Except for Bihar no region in India is as rich as Gujarat in so far as the Siddha khetras are cencerned (Jain, 1939). These three Tirthas situated on the hill tops and among the midst of the forests became sanctified places and in course of time there were erected temples in honour of the Tirthankaras. The Jain monks of Mathura used to visit Gujrat in early centuries of Christian era, had to pass through Rajasthan. Abu, the celebrated Jaina site on Aravali range is situated 18 miles north west of Abu Road in Sirohi district of Rajasthan. It is one of the five most sacred hills of Jainas. From Pindwara (Sirohi distt) was discovered a brass image of Risabhanath with an inscription of Sambat 744 (687 A.D.) Shatrunjaya, a hill lying beside the town of Palitana in the Bhavanagar district is the holiest Jain Tirtha in Gujarat. It is sacred to the memory of Adinath, who patronised it more than anyother place. Girinar is one of the most sacred hills of the Jainism lying four miles East of Junagarh, Gujarat. This is the highest hill in Gujarat. Taranga, a sacred hill of jainas, is situated 35 miles north east of the Mehsana dist. of Gujarat. Binamal or Bhinamal (Jalor distt.) capital of Capa dynesty was a great Jain centre from the 7th century if not earlier. Jinaprabha (Vividhatirtha Kalpa P.86) refers to this place as sacred to Mahabira. Javalipur (mod. Jalor) was a well known jain centre. Osia and Ghatiyala inscriptions prove the popularity of jainism in Jodhpur area of Rajasthan from the days of Vatsraja (2nd half of the 7th century A.D.). The sites, likely Ghumly, Than, Bhadreshwar, Kanthkot and Vadnagar were important political The famous Chitor or Citrafluta the native town of the celebrated Jain Savanta Haribhadra (middle of 8th century A.D.) was a well known Jain centre hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa / 31

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of pilgrimage. Epigraph from Rajorgarh (Alwar distt.) with the date V.S. 979 or 925 A.D., discloses the existence of a temple dedicated to Shantinath. G.H. Ojha, in his monumental work on the history of Rajaputana (vol. II P.428), has refered a large number of Jaina inscription found in different old Jaina temples of Rajasthan. Vividha-tirtha-kalpa of Jinaprabha also mentioned the flourishing state of Jainism in Rajasthan. Century A.D., the King Pandukabhaya constructed houses and temples for the Nirgrantha ascetics at Anuradhapur (Shreelanka). This king was placed in the 4th Century B.C. It proves the presence of Jaina ascetics in Shree Lanka as early as fourth Century B.C. It appears that these Jainas migrated to Shree Lanka from Tamil speaking areas of South India. The Digambara Jains of 2nd Century A.D. from North India popularised Jainism in Karnataka (Chatterjee'78). Western India - It may be noted that Jainism succeeded in penetrating into the extreme North West and Western India at a quite early date. According to Bhagavati Mahabira visited sindhu-sauvira. There are definite evidences to show that even in pre-Christian era Jainism became quite popular in Western India. The Silappadikaram, the most important sangam work from the point of view of Jainism and one of the two Tamil Epics, gives a very valuable account of Jainism in the three Dravidian States of Cola, Pandya and Cera. This work tells us that there were Jain Shrines in the capital of all these three kingdoms. At Kaveripattan, the ancient city of Colas, there was a temple of Nirgrantha (Dikshitar, P-152). Takshasila or Taxila one of the greatest city of ancient was associated with jainism from early days. The jain literary traditions associate Taxila with Bahubali, a son of Rasabha. The present Madura District of Tamilnadu was the most important stronghold of Jainism. Maduraikkanchi, a sangam text of great antiquity, gives a beautiful and graphic description of the big Nirgrantha temple of Madura. This Jain temple of Madura city was built at a very high cost. There is an exhaustive list of Jaina sites in Madura district which are mostly on hills. Simhapura (mod. Ketas in the salt range, Punjab, Pakistan) was another Jain centre from early times. According to canonical texts it was the birth place of Sreyansa, the eleventh Tirthankara. It was visited by Yuan Chowang, who saw swetambara Jains there. The ancient town of Kapisi (mod. Opian in Afghanistan) had a Jain population. It shows that Jainism penetrated this sizeable part of North Western India (original Indian sub-continent included the whole of Afghanistan) in early centuries of Christian era. In the district of Tinnevelly, there was an extremely important strong hold of the Jaina religion in a place called 'Kalugamalai' (Desai, p-77). Among the other noted Jaina sites may be mentioned as Patalipura (south Arcot), Colavandipuram (S. Arcot), Panchapandavamalai (N. Arcot). There is a reference of 'Vardhansvara Tirth', a sacred Jain place near Kanchi, named after the last Jain Tirthankara, may be identified with the celebrated Jina-Kanchi. According to the Jains the twenty second Tirthankara Neminath Aristnemi was born in western India. Jainism was also popular in Kerala. There is reference of Nirgrantha temple in Vanji, which has been identified with a place near Cochin and it was like Madura and kaveri-Pathanam a very ancient city. South India :- Regarding the spread of Jainism in different parts of South India, it may be noted that wandering Nirgrantha monks of Bengal and Orissa carried the message of Mahabira to South India specially to the land adjoining the Bay of Bengal within a few decades of the demise of Lord Mahabira. Evidences of Pali texts indicates that Jainism reached the land of Tamils before the end of 4th century B.C. We notice two famous places now included in Karnataka associated with Jainism from early times. One is Sravanbelgola (64 km. north of Mysore city) in Hasan District. It is one of the holiest places of Pilgrimage in south India. Attributed by some to a date as early as 309 B.C., a community of Fugitive Jain settled here, where their leader Bhadrabahu becomes myrtyred Saint by Starving himself to death. According to Buddhist Mahavamsa, a work of 5th hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa / 32

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This assured the sanctity of that place. Sravanbelgola is now a town between the hills Chadrabetta and Indrabetta. It was an ancient seat of Jain religion and learning. The second holy place of Jainism was Kopana or kopbal in the modern Raichar district. A large number of Jaina inscriptions prove that from 7th Century onward this place was a celebrated Jain Tirhta. Palas patronised the Buddhism. In Central India, as Chatterjee(78) observes, Kings and other dynasties did practically nothing to promote and popularise the Jainism. In most part of northern India, the ruling dynasties did never care for the Jainism, Kashmir was a citedal of Shaivas. In Punjab Shaivas and Vaishnavas both were dominating. But the picture was some what different in south India, specially in Karnataka, where the ruling dynastic were active to be friend and popularise Jainism. SELECTED REFERENCES Ajjanandi, a great saint of South India, did everything to make his religion popular among the masses. He was responsible for fashioning a number of images in different parts of Southern States of India. His name is mentioned in short epigraphs found from Vallimalai in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, and from Anaimalai, Aivarmalai, Alagarmalai, Karunga, Lak-pudi and Uttampaliyan in Madurai district of Tamilnadu. His name is also found in the natural cavern at Eruvadi in Tinnevelli district and near Chitral in Kerala. So three present states of south India Viz. Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu and Kerala were traversed by this great saint Ajjanandi. From Palaeographical consideration he should be placed around 800 A.D. Quite a few other Jain Saints are also mentioned in the epigraphs found from the different Jain sites of South India (Chatterjee'78) 1. Banerjee R.D. (1993), the Age of Imperial Guptas, Banaras, Eastern Indian School of Medieval Sculpture, P-145. 2. Bhattacharya, H.M. (193) Trisastisalaka Puruscarita, Eng. Trans, Baroda, P 356. 3. Chatterjee, A.K. (1978) Comprehensive History of Jainism Calcutta, P-92. 4. Desai, M.D. (1933) Jain Sahityanu Samkshipta Itihas, Bombay. P.77. 5. E.I. (Epigraphica Indica). 6. Gopani, A.S. Jainism in Gujarat, Bhartiya Vidya, Vol.IX, P-236. 7. Indian Archaelogy, A Review (1954-55) P-29. 8. Jain N. (1939) Jain Itihas ki Purva Pithika, (Hindi), Bombay, P-116. 9. Jain Hiralal (1962). Bhartiya Sanskriti Me Jain Dharma Ka Yogadan (Hindi) Bhopal, P-319-90. 10. Jain K.P. (1943) Jain Tirtha Aur Unaki Yatra (Hindi), Delhi, P-2. 11. Jain K.P. Jain Antiquary, Vol.5, No.3 P-184. 12. Sanghavi, V.A. (1959) Jain Community a social Survey, Bombay, P-271. 13. Singh Harihar, (1982) Jain Temples of Western India, Varanasi, P-33. 14. A.S.I.A.R.- Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report. A very good number of places associated with Jainism from the different parts of these states have been discovered. It should be noted that inscriptions discovered from these Jaina holy places are of somewhat later date, mostly after the 7th Century A.D. There is a little doubt that most of these places were centres of Jainism from a much early period. Brahmi inscriptions datable from 3rd Century B.C. and 1st Century A.D. discovered from the hills were connected with Jainism in Tamilnadu and Kerala. CONCLUSION The above discussion makes it obvious that Jainism was more popular in Southern states than those of the north with the exception of Gujarat and Rajasthan and a few selected pockets elsewhere, Jainism was fighting loosing ground in North India. In Rajasthan and Gujarat it was because of the enthusiasm of the 'Traders that Jainism managed to retain its hold.' In other parts of India Shavism and Vaishnavism were dominating. In Eastern India the Assistant Teacher, Shree Jain Vidyalaya, Calcutta hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa/33

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Vishwesh Ranjan Verma ALL FOR A PHOTOGRAPH things of luxury or items which were not essential for life, spoil the concentration needed for doing important works. "The fewer these items, the happier the person"- Mr. Raman always preached. Mr. Raman always kept himself very busy in his job and the share market works. He had virtually no time to visit even his neighbours. Going out for work early and arriving home late was his daily routine. One day Ms. Raman with Sonu and Monu went to Chawlas, who had joined as Appartment members only a few days ago. Mrs. Chawla was there to treat them well. Sonu and Monu were very happy to get Vicky and Monty as their friends. All were of the same age group, that's why impromptu companionship started. Chawlas were new enough to be fed with venomous rumours against Ramans. What attracted Mrs. Raman and the children most was the colour photograph of Chawla family. Mrs. Chawla's drawing room was artistically arranged and it seemed to them that every thing in the room was in the best possible position. The attraction towards the photograph was obvious because Ramans had not been photographed for years. Owing to the too thrifty habits of Mr. Raman. They departed after taking a promise from Mrs. Chawla to visit them, too. Mrs. Raman returned home with a planning shaping in her mind. The plan to have a photograph of her family to be beautifully placed on the refrigerator or on the showcase in their drawing room or on the mantle place so that whenever a visitor arrived he might have a clear glimpse of it. And Mrs. Chawla was due to visit them. Came evening. Fatigued, Mr. Raman returned home. Wife was trying to be as normal as everyday and served him with usual snacks and tea but the added items were casein sweets. Mr. Raman at first took a glass of water and then proceeded with snacks, sweets and tea. Mrs. Raman and children flocked near him. In a way they encircled him. By observing the ambience around him Mr. Raman's shrewdness sensed that some sort of new money bill was to be placed before him. His calculative mind had started to work silently...... Would it be a demand of a new saree........ a cooking range.........., a Cricket bat or a trip to some pleasant haven. Mr. Jayraman was the perfect example of miserliness. In the whole of Nagma Apartment, he was a person who was quoted and often misquoted by the colony men and women as an axiom. Let alone elders, even the youngsters did not spare him from soft invectives and innuendoes. Even if Mr. Raman sometimes lovingly distributed chocolates and small gifts to the kids of the colony alongwith his sons, he was dumped as.." the guy is trying to show off" . as "me, too, don't care a fig about money"! He had two sons. One was 13 years old and the second one was 12 years old. They too, had company of friends. Sometimes their friends cracked jokes..... "Hey I Sonu - Monu don't buy kites or buy ice creams, your father will hammer you down. "Sonu - Monu don't do this father will spank you." Their father's nature being what it was they used to find themselves at receiving ends. This problem had no easy proper solution. Any way, life was going on. It was a fact that Mr. Jayraman was never acrimonious or had any ill will against any of the colony members. In spite of being an executive in a reputed firm and a lucky man to get so many prospective shares of good companies, he maintained a very simple living. Actually he was of view that An uneasy calm prevailed. Everybody was to say something but at the same time each was keeping hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa/34

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his calm. Mr. Raman chose to remain silent and continued sipping his tea. Had it been some other day, Mr. Raman must have started to talk about whole day's proceedings in his office........ what Mohanlal did.......... How subramaniam had tiffed with his wife etc.... Today everybody was suppressing his giggle as well as words. Mr. Jayraman was carefully detecting that some sort of mystery that was playing a spell on his wife's as well as his son's faces. Mr. Raman was reluctant to break the ice. In the mean time ten minutes passed off. No body uttered anything. Monu, the younger son, could not keep his reticence long. With a note of suspense he broke the silence...... "Papa, we had been to Chawla aunty's flat today." With this Mrs. Raman's silence, too, was a hit. She started...... "they are very nice people. They know how to receive and respect others. Mrs. Chawla is a sober lady. She has two sons like we have. They are of the age of Sonu and Monu. They are friends now. These boys are well behaved. Any way it is a good sign because the other boys of the complex are under the evil influence of their parents about too are planning to shift our showcase in the drawing room." To Mr. Raman, it was now clear, what actually was the reason to have such a big prologue. "Papa, please bring an antique type golden frame so that our photo would be put into it and it will really enhance the beauty of our flat." Mrs. Raman again continued......"you know, it is a modern style to put a picture of the family in the drawing room. I have some books by Shakespeare, Premchand, T.S. Pillai, Subramaniyam Bharati and Manto to which I will put in the 1st shelf and in the 2nd shelf religious scriptures would be put. And in the 3rd shelf I would like to display the paintings of Sonu and your chess trophies. And I hope ours will be much better than Chawlas'. We will get a more beautiful frame for our livelier and more beautiful photo." As Mr. Raman was a very busy man, he had hardly anytime for other less important works. Actually it was Mrs. Raman who virtually run the house under her directions. For a family photograph he had to go with family to a studio. Every studio opens at 10 O'clock in the morning or after and Mr. Raman had to reach his office at 10 A.M. So there arose a hitchwhen to be photographed. A little planning followed. Every one sat for a chat to sort out the hitch. Mr. Raman told, "Look, ...... I have absolutely no time to go to a studio." Mrs. Raman said ......" it is not new, we know it but you have to do it." "Yes, Papa, please manage, don't you want to beautify our flat?"... Sonu added enthusiastically. 15th August was days away. On that day no business establishment opens and that's why Mr. Raman was pursuaded to manage to accompany them to studio on that very day. us." She went on.... "you know they have a great sense of upkeeping their flat. Actually their drawing room provides a decent taste of a beautiful garden. Their already well decorated flat is beautified by the palm and other indoor plants. What charmed us in their flat most was a beautiful colour photograph of their family." "Yes, Papa, with Mr. & Mrs. Chawla sitting in the middle," Monu added. Mrs. Raman continued, "it was the most beautiful thing we saw. Their photograph was put on a show case. The showcase itself tells the story of their being a cultured family. In showcase, the masterpieces of Rabindra Nath, Premchand, Dickens, Tolstoy, Agnyeya, Prasad and Dinkar were glistening. Mr. Chawla is Head of the Department of English in the Govt. College. Mrs. Chawla, too, is a teacher in the Shiksha Niketan. Their flat was some sort of a paradise of reigning calm and beauty. That's why the flats of others may be more beautiful and lavishly maintained but don't provide the kind of pleasure, we got there." Mr. Raman listened to his wife and children very patiently. He got a sign of relief today because everyday he had to listen to whole day's happenings all around Nagma Apartment. For a change, it was a refreshing evening for him. Now Sonu started.... "Papa ...... We, too, want a beautiful colour photograph of ourselves in the drawing room. We Now everybody was very happy. Their little but beautiful plan was to be translated into action. In the coming 10 days preparations were being made to rearrange the drawing room. The showcase was repainted to match the colour of the drawing room. The glass doors were crystally cleaned. One day Mrs. Raman went to J.K. AC Market to buy the antique frame. Actually they had not the remotest idea about the cost of the frame. Twenty rupees fell short fo actual price because they had chosen the best frame there. Mrs. Raman started regretting for not keeping more money. But Sonu and Monu came to her rescue as it was not her exclusive problem but their too. They had a few notes and some coins which amounted to Rs.24.35. They happily handed over the amount to their mother. Mother and children returned hIraka jayantI smArikA adhyApaka khaNDa / 35

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home happily with the antique frame. The drawing room was clean enough. The showcase was glistening with some old and new books of literary value. Over it the newly brought frame was awaiting to embrace their photograph. But the fateful day was yet 2 days away. Came 15th August with the completion of P.M.'s address to the Nation, Raman & Co. started to groom themselves up to set out for a studio. At the bang of 10 O'clock everybody was ready. Ting-Tong-Ting-Tong.......... the calling bell banged at the same time. Mrs. Raman started to curse the stranger behind the door as he or she had come to spoil their plan. "After so much deliberations we made a plan but it seems it will not materialise." Mr. Raman cried........"Have you all given up all the sense of courtesy? First see who has come." Monu rushed to open the door in a reaction. It was none other than Vicky and Monty. Actually they had come to wish them as their friends were going to studio. What happened actually in the last 10 days that almost everybody of the Nagma Apartment came to know about the plan of Ramans. Those who were free at the moment were peeping out of their windows to see the old couple of the complex going out side with their sons for the 1st time in many months. Today, Mr. Raman and his family were in their best looks. They boarded a taxi. It roughly took 12 minutes to reach the destination. Everybody instructed the photographer in his own way. The poor photographer was really confused for the 1st time. Seeing him confused, family members started to discuss the problem for a few minutes. Then the photographer was instructed. This led to double confusion of the photographer about how to take the snap and at which angle that would suit their drawing room. As the photographer had to see his business, too, he started to handle the problem by negotiating in the best possible way. All the four were arranged a little smile and "klick". Now their fate was locked in a piece of film. The day after tomorrow was fixed as the delivery date by the photographer. Before leaving his premises Mrs. Raman continued the instructions now about washing of the flim and the paper of the photograph. The Raman family returned home happily but with an anxiety. Now the topic of discussion was the would be photograph. In the evening Sonu and Monu were elaborately explaining the whole episode to Vicky and hIraka jayantI smArikA Monty and others too were enjoying. In the evening Mrs. Raman went to Mrs. Chawla and she too explained her the "photograph episode" with what's and how's of the photographer's confusion. Came the D. Day. Everybody was in suspense. Their suspense could have been compared with the suspense that prevails before the declaration of an exam. result. It was Mr. Raman's duty to bring the photograph this evening after leaving his office. Whole day passed off anyway with looking at the door and empty frame. Today, when the children had gone to school, Mrs. Raman very laboriously cleaned the flat, as if, some very important guest was to come. She put the table-lamp on the showcase...... to have a look at the photo to be fitted into, in the lamp light. Ting-Tong-Ting-tong.......... sonu - Monu including Mrs. Raman rushed to open the door. The suspense ended. It was Mr. Raman. Six pairs of eyes were staring him in the face with a sense of search. After taking his shoes off, he opened his brief case and handed over the packet to his wife. With a grin she took it and boys glued near her. "How insensate the photographer is! How ugly we look here! See, how bad we are looking! My God! oh! He has really cheated us." that's how Mrs. Raman remarked and it was dittoed by the kids. "Look, it seems we are straight out from the bed with drowsy eyes and unkempt faces," continued Mrs. Raman, "So much time, money and energy lost in it!" Everybody was staring at one copy each with a dejected wry face. Sonu commented---" who is this rustic in my dress? Papa, why did you take it from him?" "You should not have. You should not have to pay a single penny to the fool. Our dream is shattered. You simply had to spank him." Mr. Raman was looking at them mutely. Mrs. Raman too joined the children and demanded.... "why did you bring the bad photographs here?" "It is a heart-breaking event for us. You simply had to return after snubbing him." "Anjali!"...... stammered Mr. Raman. "You see if I had not brought the photographs you all would blame me ... so what if it was not good and to the liking.... "you might say, "you had to bring it here because so much preparation had been done for it. "But now that I have brought it you all utter words like these. what I want to say Anjali...... "we have had bad luck. Had it been good we would have been smiling by now. "Anjali, look at Monu. At least he is looking his natural self here. adhyApaka khaNDa / 36

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"yes Papa, "Monu prompted. "Anjali, me too had this idea of not taking the photograph from there, but to quench your curiosity I did pay the remaining amount to the photographer and brought it here. Any way it was bad luck and nothing else." Mr. Raman stated, and felt consoled. Everybody was still. Sonu and Monu were planning how to tackle the queries of Vicky and Monty about their much publicised photograph. Anjali was deeply thinking about what she would do tomorrow when Mrs. Chawla would come to tea. Ideas of various sorts were juggling in her mind. Mr. Raman was relatively cool but the little shock of losing a hundred bucks in the photograph mis-adventure was surely somewhere casting a lasting spell in his mind. hIraka jayantI smArikA In the meantime, as if, from nowhere there descended a spider on the antique, the glittering golden dream frame of Ramans and started to spin a complicated comely web of nets all over the frame. Seeing it Mr. Raman and his family started laughing at the bathos of the whole episode. "Nature perhaps abhors Vacuum", Mr. Raman reflected. Assistant Teacher, Shree Jain Vidyalaya, Calcutta adhyApaka khaNDa / 37

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vidyArthI khaNDa

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bhAratendu surekA, XII-A kursI rahimana kursI rAkhie, bina kursI saba sUna, kursI khAtira ho rahe, bar3oM-bar3oM ke khUna / jahAM hara kursI para bhraSTa netA DAle haiM DerA, vahI abhAgA bhArata deza hai meraa| jisa bhArata meM janme gAMdhI, neharU aura paTela, cala rahA vahAM sirpha kursI kA khel| jahAM rAma aura rahIma ne kiyA vAsa, vahIM Aja hai kursI netAoM kI pyaas| jisa kursI khAtira netA mehanata karate dina raina, vahI kursI detI unako Aja dila kA cain| hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyArthI khaNDa /1

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/ dhIrendrakumAra jhA, XI-D kitanA sundara, kitanA vizAla kitanA sundara kitanA vizAla, yaha zrI jaina vidyAlaya hmaaraa| kitanA pAvana isakA prAMgaNa, kitanA ujjvala hai kIrtimAna / / yaha nirbhaya acala tapasvI sA, yaha gauravapUrNa manasvI saa| yaha jJAna-nidhAna, sukhada, unnata, kartavya punIta tapasvI sA / / yaha sarasvatI kA zubha maMdira, bhArata saMskRti kA amala srot| nija karmazakti, nija dharmabhakti, isake kaNa-kaNa meM, ot-prot|| kitane varSoM se chAtroM ne, pAyA hai isase jnyaan-daan| kitanA vizAla kitanA sundara, yaha zrI jaina vidyAlaya hamArA / / zikSaka gaNa jahAM sikhAte haiM, anuzAsana kA mUla mNtr| hotA jisase jIvana punIta, mana kA zAsaka bana eka tantra / / nita nUtana bhAvoM ko lekara, hote rahate haiM vyaakhyaan| kartavyoM para hama miTa jAyeM, rahatA sabako yahI dhyAna / / jalatA hai jisakA kIrti dIpa, hai jahAM zAnti jAjvalyamAna, kitanA sundara kitanA vizAla, yaha zrI jaina vidyAlaya hamArA / / hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyArthI khaNDa /2

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ambara khemakA, XII-A kyoM Aja kA saca asamAna hai dekhA thA, ise per3a tale, sar3aka kinAre, donoM paira the bekAra becAre, hAtha the kevala usake shaare| mAMza peziyoM kA na thA koI sthAna, mAno haDDiyoM meM hI ho bacI jaan|| ho calI thI umra usakI kAphI, hAtha phailAnA hI raha gayA thA baakii|| socatA thA, caMda sikkoM se rahegA, vaha rahA dIna, kabhI maiM hI badalUMgA, usake din| phira bhI mana na mAnA, kucha dete rahanA hI ucita jaanaa| para mujhe thI usa dina kI Asa, jaba dene ko saba kucha hogA mere pAsa / jAtA thA, vo karane jo usa sar3aka ko pAra, tabhI par3I use calatI gAr3I kI mAra / / chor3e prANa aura milI mukti, yahI thI chuTakAre kI ekamAtra yukti| TUTA jIvana jo jI rahA thA, sadA ke lie vo chUTa gyaa| maiM to kucha na de sakA, lene vAlA calA gyaa| thI vo, itanI halkI lAza, para uThA na pAyA koI jigara // astitva na usake jIvana meM thA, na hI use marane para milaa| kyoM tuma aise loga banAte? jo jIkara bhI kucha nahIM dekha paate| yaha saca hai, na koI unakA hotA hai, na ve kisI ke hote haiN| para, koI to aisA hogA, jisake ve hote haiN| inake jIvana ke kAraNa vahI to hote haiM, AnevAle kala ke kAraNa yahI to hai| car3hate haiM, AkAza, paisoM se kucha loga, inako jamIna para to rahane kA do bhog| apanI daur3a kA, phAsaloM kA, kucha to karo nApa taul|| Aja bhI lekina, sahArA lene vAle hAthoM kI to kamI nahIM, dene vAloM kI jarUra vRddhi huI nhiiN| aMta to sabhI kA samAna hai, phira kyoM Aja kA saca asamAna hai? hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyArthI khaNDa /3

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abhiSeka kAjariyA, XI-C mujhako pAsa karA do rAma rAta divasa maiM mehanata karatA, yAda na kucha maiM kara pAtA huuN| ghoTama-ghoTa lagAtA phira bhI, bhUla sabhI kucha jAtA huuN| khAnA pInA huA harAma, mujhako pAsa karAdo raam| aMgrejI ne Aphata kara dI, bigar3a gayA saba muMha kA svaad| mIniMga speliMga raTate-raTate, A jAtI nAnI kI yAda, yoMhI bItI umra tamAma, mujhako pAsa karA do raam| rAma-rAma kara raTatA pothI, suna-suna zloka paka gae kaan| kintu sadA aNDe hI milate, aura kirakirI hotI shaan| tuma to ho vidyA kI khAna, mujhako pAsa karA do raam| hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyArthI khaNDa /4

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deveza jaina, XI-C Adhunika bhArata aura saMskRti manuSya isa dharatI para kaba Ae, isa bAta kA koI sahI pramANa nahIM hai| para hAM, unakA vikAsa kisa prakAra huA, isa bAta ke pramANa haiN| bhArata kA atIta bar3A hI gauravazAlI aura zaktizAlI thA / usa samaya bhArata jJAna, darzana zakti aura zAMti ke kSetra meM vizva meM sarvopari thaa| hama mahAn the, hamArA rASTra mahAn thA, hamArI saMskRti mahAn thI / hamArI eka bhASA thI, eka vicAradhArA thI / yaha saba hamAre gahane the, para dhIre-dhIre na jAne kaba aura kaise hamAre ye AbhUSaNa utarane lge| yaha hamArI hI sabhyatA ke vikAsa kA pariNAma thA ki anya deza bhI sabhya hue| para aba jabaki hamAre AbhUSaNa uttara cuke haiM, isakA zreya bhI hamIM ko jAtA hai aura yaha kevala pazcimI sabhyatA ke kAraNa huA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja hamArI saMskRti khatare meM par3I hai| aMgrejoM ne hameM akarmaNya, vilAsI, bhraSTa banAkara hamArA gaurava hamase chIna liyA hai| 'bar3e gahare lage haiM pAva sadiyoM ke masIhA, inako mamatA bhara ke sahalAo / / " bhArata eka vizAla deza hai| agara hama isake atIta ko dekheMge to hameM yaha patA calegA ki yaha apane kucha vizeSa guNoM ke kAraNa vizva meM apanA eka vizeSa sthAna rakhatA hai| saMskRti bhI inhIM guNoM meM se eka hai| itihAsa ke panne ulaTane para hameM yaha dekhane ko milatA hai ki Aja taka jitane bhI samrAToM ne isa deza para zAsana kiyA ve sabhI saMskRti hIraka jayantI smArikA ke premI the| mugala samrATa akabara gAna - vidyA kA premI thaa| tAnasena jaisA gAyaka usake navaratnoM meM zarIka the| vaha anapar3ha hokara bhI vidvAnoM kA Adara karatA thaa| sahI mAyano meM mugala zAsana kAla meM bhAratIya saMskRti kI unnati huii| isameM kisI ko koI saMdeha nahIM ho sakatA hai / bAbara se lekara zAhajahAM taka hara koI kavi tathA vidyA kA premI thaa| inameM se koI to svayaM lekhaka thaa| mugala samrAToM ne aneka vidvAnoM va kaviyoM ko puraskRta kiyaa| isa kAla meM na kevala urdU, phArasI va aracI kI unnati huI, balki usake sAtha-sAtha hindI sAhitya kI unnati bhI huii| mugala zAsaka kalA-kauzala evaM citrakalA ke bhI premI the| parantu bar3e duHkha kI bAta yaha hai ki jisa bhArata kI pahacAna saMskRti se hotI thI, vahI saMskRti aba dhIre-dhIre naSTa ho rahI hai-- "jage hama, lage jagAne, vizva loka meM phailA phira Aloka, vyoma-tama- puMja huA taba naSTa, akhila saMsRti ho uThI azoka / " jayazaMkara jI kI ina paMktiyoM se yaha bAta bilkula sApha hai ki hamane hI vizva ko jJAna kA pATha pddh'aayaa| hama sabase pahale sabhya hue aura phira vizva ke anya loga para, Aja yaha bAta khaaN| Aja to yaha naubata A gaI hai ki hama apanI saMskRti ko bhUlakara unakI saMskRti ke raMga meM raMga gae haiN| para eka samaya to aisA thA ki pazcimI dezoM ke loga hamArI saMskRti ko apanAte the aura usakA darzana karane ke lie dUra-dUra se yahAM Ate the| itihAsa gavAha hai ki candragupta ke zAsana kAla meM phAhiyAna aura harSavarddhana ne kAla meM huenasAMga cIna se bhArata calakara aae| unheM kyA garaja thI ki ve bhArata Ate para unheM hamArI sabhyatA, saMskRti ne AkarSita kiyA thaa| pazcimI sabhyatA hamAre jIvana meM isa taraha ghula gaI hai ki hama yaha bAta soca taka nahIM skte| hamAre rahana-sahana, vezaT-bhUSA, khAna-pAna Adi sabhI kSetroM meM badalAva aayaa| jahAM hama dhotI, kurtA yA kuratA-pajAmA pahanate the, vahIM Ajakala painTa-zarTa pahanane lge| jahAM hama suprabhAta kahate the vahIM 'guDamArniMga' kahane lage Akhira yaha saba kyA hai? yaha hamArI saMskRti kA patana hI to hai| calacitra hamAre manoraMjana ke sAdhanoM meM se eka hai, para yaha bhI bhraSTa ho gayA / arthAt yaha hamArI saMskRti ko khokhalA kara rahA hai| eka jamAnA thA, jaba manoraMjana kA sAdhana nATaka- nauTaMkI huA karatI thI / para aba yaha saba kahAM, kyoMki aba hameM ye rucikara nahIM lgte| unakA sthAna aba citrapaTa athavA sinemA ne le liyA hai| para isa kSetra meM bhI atA A gaI hai aura aba ye pazcimI saMskRti se prabhAvita hone lage haiN| Ajakala jitane bhI citra taiyAra ho rahe haiM, ve adhikatara prema aura vAsanAmaya haiN| isa prakAra bharAtavarSa meM to isake durupayoga kI carama sImA ho gaI hai| sinemA Aja manoraMjana kA sAdhana na hokara vyasana bana gayA hai aura Ae dina usakA duSpariNAma dekhane ko milatA hai| Adhunika kAla meM navayuvakoM ke cAritrika patana kA adhikAMza uttaradAyitva sinemA para hI hai| adhikatara philmoM ke kathAnaka bhadde tathA zrRMgAra se paripUrNa - vidyArthI khaNDa / 5

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hote haiN| ve hamAre samAja ke sAmane anucita Adarza prastuta karate haiN| prema jaise zuddha tathA divya bhAva ko kutsita vAsanA ke rUpa meM pracalita karake calacitroM ne hamArA ghora patana kiyA hai| hamAre samAja meM guru ko bahuta UMcA sthAna diyA gayA hai| vaha apane ziSya ke mArgadarzaka hote haiN| unhIM kI kRpA se bhakta Izvara ke darzana karatA hai| kabIra ne guru ko govinda se bar3A mAnA hai "guru goviMda doU khar3e, kAke lAMgU paay| balihArI guru ApakI, goviMda diyo btaay||" kabIra kA yaha bhI kahanA thA ki zarIra viSa kI latA hai, guru amRta kI khAna hai, prANa dekara bhI guru ko prApta karanA cAhie - "yaha tana viSa kI belarI, guru amRta kI khAna / sIsa die jo guru mile, to bhI sastA jaan||" para Aja ke isa yuga meM yaha Adarza khaaN| na jAne Ajakala ke chAtra apane guru kA Adara kyoM nahIM krte| hamAre ye saba Adarza dhare ke dhare raha ge| yaha hamAre vicAroM kA patana hai, jisakA sIdhA asara hamArI saMskRti para par3a rahA hai| hameM cAhie ki hama apane una AdarzoM ko puna: jAgrata kareM aura usI rAha para cleN| vartamAna yuga meM bhAratIya saMskRti aba dhIre-dhIre dama tor3a rahI hai| isake lie sarakAra, zikSaka tathA chAtra samAja hI uttaradAyI hai| zikSakoM kA yaha dAyitva banatA hai ki ve chAtra varga ko bhAratIya saMskRti ke bAre meM btaaeN| hameM apane bujurgoM se milI isa anamola virAsata ko bacAnA hai| kyoMki bhArata kI pahacAna usakI saMskRti se hotI hai| agara hama apanI saMskRti ko bacAne meM kAmayAba ho gae to mAkhanalAla caturvedI kI ye paMktiyAM bilkula sArthaka sAbita hoMgI "gaI sadiyAM ki yaha bahatI rahI gaMgA ganImata hai ki tumane mor3a dI dhaaraa|" hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyArthI khaNDa /6

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rIteza DAgA, XII-A hIraka jayantI smArikA nAma merA chapa jAe par3hane vAloM par3ho dhyAna se, choTA sA kissA merA, eka kahAnI likhane kI Aphata ne mujhako gheraa| rAta dina meM vahI rahA socatA, koI kahAnI bana jAe, "jaina vidyAlaya kI patrikA" meM basa nAma merA chapa jaae| taiyAra huA, likhane baiThA, cetAyA bhAvoM ko maine, kitane hI kAgaja raMga DAle parantu par3e lene ke dene / phira socA yadi kahAnI nahIM, koI kavitA chapa jAe, naI purAnI jaisI bhI ho, basa nAma merA chapa jaae| kaThina parizrama karane para bhI udgAra nahIM abhivyakta hue, hindI sampAdaka ke pAsa gayA jaba sabhI hausale pasta hue| hAtha jor3akara vinatI kI unase, basa eka dayA mujha pe karanA, kavitA merI chape na chape, basa nAma merA chapavA denA / vidyArthI khaNDa / 7

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nRpendra pratApa siMha, XI-c AkAMkSA tathA puruSArtha manuSya ko paristhitiyoM kI pratikUlatA aura sAdhanoM kI kamI ke kAraNa nirAza nahIM honA cAhie, kyoMki pragati kI nIMva dazAoM aura sAdhanoM para nirbhara nahIM karatI hai| usakI nIMva hai manuSya kI prabala AkAMkSA aura anukUla purussaarth| jisake pAsa ye do sAdhana haiM usakI pragati ko koI avaruddha nahIM kara sktaa| lAlasA aura AkAMkSA meM bar3A antara hotA hai| lAlasA eka jvAra kI lahara kI taraha hotI hai jo kucha samaya ke pazcAt vilIna ho jAtI hai| isase yaha AbhAsa hotA hai ki lAlasA kA koI nizcita lakSya nahIM hai| AI aura gaI, yahI lAlasA kI gati hotI hai| niSThA aura lagana bhI nahIM hotI hai| lekina pavitra aura satya AkAMkSA eka vrata ke samAna hotI hai jisameM dRr3hatA aura lagana hotI hai aura isakA rUpa eka hotA hai tathA lakSya bhI eka hotA hai| saccI AkAMkSA kA vyakti apanI zakti, sAdhana kA upayoga eka nizcita patha kI ora karatA hai| __ Aja yadi vidvAn banane kI icchA hotI hai lekina kala vyApArI banane kI, kabhI sAdhu banane kI aura kabhI netA banane kI, kabhI DAkTara banane kI aura kabhI samAja sevI banane kI to samajhanA cAhie ki usake dila meM kisI viSaya ke prati saccI AkAMkSA nahIM hai| isa taraha kI icchAoM aura abhilASAoM se koI unnati nahIM hotI hai| kisI eka viSaya meM sarAhanIya pragati ke lie manuSya ko sArI jindagI lagA denI par3atI hai| use aneka icchAoM ko khatma karake kisI eka viSaya para apanI sArI zakti ko kendrita kara denI caahie| AkAMkSA ke pakkI ho jAne ke bAda usakI saphalatA kA patha aura prayatna zurU hotA hai| eka nizcita patha ke hone se usameM buddhi, bala, jJAna, anubhava, tatparatA kA bodha hotA hai jisase pragati kI saphalatA ke rAste meM rukAvaTa nahIM AtI hai| dhIre-dhIre pragati hone lagegI aura abhIpsita lakSya samIpa Ane lgegaa| yadi isake viparIta parizrama aura puruSArtha kI kamI rahI to unnati kA rAstA avaruddha hokara jIvana ko asaphala banA detA hai| isalie kisI vidvAna ne kahA hai ki lakSya kI saphalatA puruSArtha para hI nirbhara hai| lekina taba, jaba usake lie pUrA puruSArtha kiyA jaave| adhUre puruSArtha se samaya kI barbAdI hotI hai evaM jIvana meM asaphalatA hAtha lagatI hai| adhUre puruSArtha ke aneka kAraNa haiM jaise zArIrika kamajorI, mAnasika kamajorI, Alasya, ajJAnatA, samaya kA mUlya na samajhanA, aniyamitatA aadi| isa prakAra kI kamajoriyoM evaM kamiyoM ko dUra karane kA eka hI upAya hai, kucha samaya taka mana ko niyamapUrvaka kAma meM lagAye rakhA jaay| eka kSaNa bhI use khAlI na rahane diyA jaay| Alasya kI bar3hottarI ArAma dvArA hotI hai| manuSya jitanA adhika ArAma karatA hai utanA hI AlasI hotA hai| zakti, utsAha ArAma karane se nahIM balki parizrama karane se prApta hotA hai| parizrama meM svasthatA kA guNa nihita hai| paryApta parizrama aura sahI vizrAma jIvana kI saphalatA kA mUlamaMtra hai jisake dvArA manuSya kisI bhI lakSya ko saralatApUrvaka pA sakatA hai| aise logoM kI kamI nahIM hai jo zarIra se pUrI taraha svasthya hote haiM, lekina puruSArtha pUrA nahIM kara pAte haiM tathA apane ko ucita ThaharAte hue lambI-lambI bAteM karate rahate haiN| vAstava meM aise saba kAmacora haiN| kucha aise bhI kAmacora hote haiM jo apanI kamiyoM ko dUsaroM para thopA karate haiM aura jo apanI bAta karane kI paTutA se logoM ko lubhAyA karate haiN| aise nikamme aura kAmacora loga pRthvI para bhAra svarUpa haiN| ___ mAnava jIvana bahuta hI mUlyavAna hai aura usakI sahI upayogitA usase bhI mUlyavAna hai| insAna ko aise patha kA pathika honA ati Avazyaka hai, jisase mAnava, samAja tathA deza ko lAbha mile| isake lie zArIrika, mAnasika kamajoriyoM para vijaya prApta kara mahAna puruSArtha karanA bahuta hI Avazyaka hai| manuSya apane jIvana meM jaisA prayatna karatA hai usI prakAra ke phala kA vaha saccA hakadAra bhI hotA hai| pragati ke patha para nirantara Age bar3hane ke lie adamya AkAMkSA aura puruSArtha kA honA Avazyaka hai| hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyArthI khaNDa /8

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ajita lUniyA, XI-B kyA isIlie unhoMne AjAdI ko sAkAra kiyA? kyA isIlie unhoMne, AjAdI ko sAkAra kiyA kiabhinetA ko mile netA kI padavI, aura netA ko naTa kI, ghoTAle para brahma ghoTAlA, usa para bhI kamI nahIM hai, lUTa-pATa aura ghUsakhorI kI, dharma kA maMtra logoM meM phUMke, para khuda phUMke carasa, aphIma aura gAMjA, netA cipaka rahe haiM kursI se, jaise dImaka cipake lakar3I se, gAMdhI ke prajAtaMtra para, Aja rAja hai guMDoM kA, haiM Aja ke netA yaha kahate phirate"sara jhukA sakate haiM lekina sara kaTA sakate nahIM", deza-prema kA bhAva gayAmiTTI ke bhAvoM meM bika, kahIM bophorsa to kahIM, aura ghoTAle, patA nahIM inakI saMracanA karane vAlA kahAM chupA hai baiThA, jisase pUcho eka hI bAta, hai doharAtA - "Age-Age dekhiye hotA hai kyA? hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyArthI khaNDa /9

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Dr. Subhash Dugar person that what actually it is, what are the factors which led to it? What is the mode of treatment? So in a brief, in a lay man's language, It is the injury to the walls of heart due to lack of nutrities via the blood supplying to its walls. It is not the blockage of valve which what non-medical person usually interprete. There are various factors which led to Heart attack1. Strong Family History of Ischaemic Heart disease i.e. both parents or any other blood relation have heart problem. That's why a person having no risk factor develops at the young age Heart Attack. 2. Diabetes - In the world of stress and strain. Diabetes is no more a word of past lack of physical activity, increased mental stress and various other factors leading to development of diabetes which both directly and indirectly damages the Heart. 3. High Blood Pressure - It also effect heart by increasing its wall thickness and its enlargement. 4. Obesity - Obesilty has got many hazard out of which one important is heart problem. 5. High Cholestrol and Tri Glecride (TGL). 6. Smoking. 7. Alcohal and various other factors. .Now regarding treatment part there are two mode -- Medical, Surgical Initially it is treated medically. Now a days mass formulating for Throumbolysis within 4-6 hrs of Heart Attack are available which gives very good result's like streptotanas Urotrinase tp A etc. Oral Medication. But very important factor in personal care in the form of changing life style - physical active Diet restricting, avoid spices fow, smoking Alcohal reduce body upto control of risk factor like Diabetes, High BP. Regular medical follow up & timely medicating. If one follow the normas properly he can be as much good by any means as before Heart Attack. Don't be afraid of Heart attack, say Good-bye to Heart attack by your personal attention to your own health. HEART ATTACK At this stage when we are proceding towards 21st Century, Medical Science is changing just like a day. to-day fashion. Today the Medical science has reached a new era, things are changing so fast that to keep pore with it becoming very very difficult. In this setting one has to be very dedicated and hard working to understand the update technology. Heart Attack so common a word everybody had heard. But question comes in the mind of our medical Ex-Student Shree Jain Vidyalaya, Calcutta hIraka jayantI smArikA faenteff Evs / 80

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Dr. Subhash Dugar SHREE JAIN HOSPITAL AND RESEARCH CENTRE It was a dream of Shree shwetambar sthanakvasi Jain Sahha to have its own hospital meant to serve the mankind. Things seems that dream is coming into a reality. It is launching a multipurpose charitable hospital to serve the suffering patients. hIraka jayantI smArikA Its location is very near the 2nd Hooghly Bridge at 493-B G.T. Road (South), Howrah 711102 in sixtythree kathas of land. In the first phase of this well equipped hospital we are planning to Introduce Medical, Surgical Gynaeological, I.C.C.U. Paediatric, Neonates, Eye, ENT and Dental wards. Other than this, a space for Artificial limbs will also be provided. It will have both Indoor and Out-door departments along with that modern update investigation facility with well spacious area to cover at very reasonable prices. In Paediatric ward we are also planning to keep a seperate neonatology ward with Incubatory facility. I.C.C.U. will also be equipped with update technology and want to govern it by trained medical and paramedical staff. In investigation departments we will have X-Rays, Computerised pathology, Sonography, Echocardiography, Tread Mill, Holter Monitoring etc. Our motto will be to keep the Quality as perfect as Comparable to any other hospital of repute. We will also have our own laundry, kitchen, one medical shop in the campus with round the clock facility. In eye department there is a plan to install Infra Ocular lenses and Leser rays which is the need of environment. Regarding operation theatre it will be one of its kind and equipped with life saving instruments. There will be two O.T. and one side O.T. All the equipments and machines will be installed of seasoned and time tested quality. In the second phase we are planning to introduce the cardiothoracis Bye Pass Unit which will be possible by every body's joint effort Keep your eyes open as we are landing with such a big project that will require as assistance from you from all corners and we expect that to materialise the dream everybody will keep keen interest in it. So we can say that we have our own Big Hospital with purely a home like environment. Ex Student, Shree Jain Vidyalaya, Calcutta. farareff aus / ??

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maMgeza rAMkA, XI.C Adi guNoM ko sameTa letA hai| hamAre jJAna, karma aura zakti tInoM hI upAsanA-patha isakA jayaghoSa karate sune jAte haiN| sadaiva sadAcAra karanA, hiMsA na karanA, satyavAdI honA Adi bAteM isake lie apekSita haiN| jIvana meM saMyama aura niyama pAlana bhAratIya saMskRti kI vizeSatA hai| isake lie tyAga kI AvazyakatA hai| rAma kA rAjatyAga aura bApU kA sarvasva tyAga vizva saMskRti kI amara prakAza kiraNeM haiN| darzana ke atirikta bhASA, sAhitya aura kalA kI dRSTi se bhAratIya saMskRti kA apanA viziSTa mahatva hai| bhAratIya kalA aura sAhitya bhAratIya saMskRti kA gaurava hai| ajantA tathA elorA kI citrakalA vizva ke kalAkAroM kI sAdhanA kA viSaya banI hai| khajurAho ke mandira, dakSiNa bhArata ke aneka maTha, praNaya kA sAkAra svarUpa tAjamahala isake pramANa haiM parantu AjAdI ke bAda hamArI bhAratIya saMskRti meM kamI aura darAreM par3ane lagI haiN| isa darAra aura kamI kA kAraNa bar3hatI huI pazcimI sabhyatA aura saMskRti hai| aMgrejoM ke bhArata Agamana ne prathama to bhAratIyoM ko prabhAvita kiyA aura phira hamAre deza ko pAzcAtya prabhAva se pUrA Dhaka diyA aura aba to hama unakI saMskRti, sabhyatA, bhASA, veSabhUSA, khAna-pAna tathA zikSA ko apanAne meM zreya samajhate haiN| apanI bhAratIyatA kA hamAre lie koI astitva hI jaise nahIM rhaa| bhautikavAda kI cakAcauMdha ne hamAre AtmavAda ko kho diyA hai| Aja hama eka andhe kI taraha isa saMskRti ko apanAte cale jA rahe haiN| videzI yahAM adhyAtma vidyA kI zikSA grahaNa karane ke lie Ate the| phira videzI dhana apaharaNa ke uddezya se yahAM Ate the aura apAra dhanarAzi lekara cale jAte, phira bhI yaha kuberapurI maNi-jyoti kI taraha jagamagAtI rahatI thii| parantu Aja yaha saba kalpanA lagatA hai| hamane svayaM apanI sampati ko luTAkara bhIkha mAMgane meM hI gaurava samajhA hai| hamane svayaM apane hAthoM se pairoM para kulhAr3I mArI hai| hama deza drohI haiM, AtmahaMtA haiN| pahale ke jamAne meM eka kA sukha-dukha sabakA sukha-dukha hotA thaa| eka kA apamAna hotA thA taba hama saba prANoM ko hathelI para lekara AtmasammAna kI rakSA ke lie daur3a par3ate the para Aja saba matalabI aura svArthI ho gae haiN| yaha hamArI sabhyatA aura saMskRti ke khilApha bhAratIya saMskRti saMkaTa kI ora "saMskRti" zabda jaba hamAre kAnoM taka pahuMcatA hai taba hamArA kAlpanika dimAga hajAroM varSa pUrva calA jAtA hai aura hamAre deza kI saMskRti ko dekhakara natamastaka ho jAtA hai| mAnava mastiSka jIvana meM sadaiva naye sAdhanoM kI sahAyatA se gatizIla rahA hai| itihAsa isa bAta kA gavAha hai ki kisa prakAra usane prakRti ke ulajhe hue vAtAvaraNa meM apanA eka sthAI sthAna banAyA hai| jaba mAnava ko apane astitva kA jJAna huA taba usane dharma, ziSTAcAra aura kalA kA kSetra cunaa| roma aura yUnAna kI saMskRti kI taraha hamAre deza kI saMskRti kA nAma amara hai| saMskRti hI eka unnata deza kA merudaNDa hai jisake binA kisI bhI deza kA astitva Tika nahIM sktaa| saMskRti kA eka alaga mahatva hai jisake bala para eka deza garva se apanA sara uThA sakatA haiN| bhArata apanI sabhyatA aura saMskRti ke lie hamezA se prasiddha rahA hai| bhAratIya loga apanI sabhyatA aura saMskRti ke lie vizva bhara meM jAne jAte haiN| isa daiva saMskRti ke samakSa vizva kI AtmA sadaiva jhukI rahI hai| isI saMskRti ke amara nAyaka rAma, kRSNa aura bApU ke caritra bhUtala para anukaraNa ke viSaya bane haiN| yoM to vibhinna rASTroM kI apanI saMskRti hai phira bhI eka aisI adRzya tAkata hai jo samasta mAnava jAti ko eka sUtra meM piroye rakhatI hai aura yahI bhAratIya saMskRti kI vizeSatA hai| yugoM ke pazcAt bhI bhAratIya saMskRti sabase pRthaka dikhAI par3atI hai| bhAratIya jIvana kI pramukha dhUrI dharma hai jo apane vyApaka artha meM sAMsArika AcAra-vicAra, jJAna-pipAsA, guNa-grAhitA aura satyAnusaraNa yahAM aMgreja lUTapATa kI dRSTi se Aye lekina apanI rAjanItika kuzalatA se zAsaka bana baitthe| jo loga unake anukUla svayaM ko DhAla sake unheM naukariyAM milIM aura svadeza ke AtmasammAna ke lie prANoM kI bali car3hAne ke lie taiyAra the unheM nArakIya yAtanA sahana karane ke lie vivaza kiyA gyaa| phalasvarUpa deza kI adhikAMza janatA pAzcAtya saMskRti aura sabhyatA kI aMdhabhakta ho gii| aMgrejI zAsana ke Age bhAratIyoM ko jhukanA pdd'aa| devavANI saMskRta kA sthAna aMgrejI lene lagI aura pArasparika sneha sahAnubhUti ke sthAna para dveSa, pAkhaNDa, chala, kapaTa Adi sthApita ho gaye haiN| Aja bhAratIya jIvana kA kaNa-kaNa ina pAzcAtya prabhAvoM se otaprota hai| jIvana meM dharma nAma kI koI vastu hI nahIM raha hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyArthI khaNDa / 12

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gaI hai| apane dharma grantha hameM asabhya aura avikasita mAnava-dimAga kI kalpanA pratIta hote haiN| hama devAlayoM meM jAnA apamAna samajhate haiN| kyoMki vahAM jUte kholane hoMge, natamastaka hone se sambhava hai peNTa kI krIja bigar3a jAye lekina girajAgharoM meM jAkara khar3e honA Adarza mAnate haiN| pAzcAtya veza-bhUSA, khAna-pAna aura rahana-sahana ko hama sabhyatA kA pratIka mAnate haiM saMskRta aura hindI bolanA to heya samajhA jAtA hai aura apanI navavadhU ke hAthoM meM hAtha DAlakara sArvajanika sthAnoM para ghUmanA, hoTaloM meM khAnA aura nirlajja AcaraNa karanA hI AdhunikatA kA paryAya hai| dhotI kuratA ke prati hamArA mamatva nahIM hai| dUdha, ghI kA prayoga pAzcAtya padArthoM ke Age Aja phIkA hai| mAM-bApa ke prati hamArA koI kartavya raha gayA hai aura na guru ke prati zraddhA / na kahIM AtmA meM svAbhimAna hai aura na zarIra meM zakti aura saundarya / jisa bhAratIya saMgIta meM mAdhurva miThAsa aura karNa priya svara the unheM bhulA diyA hai jisa saMgIta ko sunakara duniyA ke hajAroM loga mundha ho jAte the, bhagavAna taka natamastaka ho jAte the use Aja pAzcAtya repa saMgIta ne dhvasta kara diyA hai| Aja loga phUhar3a aura binA artha ke gAnoM para thirakA karate haiN| mAikala jaiksana Aja naujavAna saMgIta hIraka jayantI smArikA premiyoM kA bhagavAna mAnA jAtA hai| hamAre bhAratIya gAyaka jinake svaroM meM itanI miThAsa thI ki jaMgala ke prANI taka khiMce cale Ate the unheM Aja bhulA hI diyA gayA hai na kevala puruSa, balki bhAratIya nAriyAM bhI isa pravAha meM bahakara apane kartavya ko bhUla rahI haiN| samAnAdhikAra kI AMdhI ne unase unakA nArItva chIna liyA hai| na kahIM mAtRtva raha gayA hai aura na kahIM pAtivrata dharma / pazcima kI nArI kI bhAMti Aja bhAratIya nArI bhI gRhiNI ke utkRSTa Asana ko ThukarAkara svacchandatA apanA rahI hai gRhakArya usake lie azikSitAoM kA karma kANDa hai| lajjA jo bhAratIya nArI kA kavaca thA Aja makhaula kI vastu bana gayA hai Aja dUradarzana ke mAdhyama se saMskRti pradhAna isa deza meM kitanI adUradarzitA kA pradarzana ho rahA hai| aura hama sabhyatA se asabhyatA kI ora nirantara bar3ha rahe haiN| AjAdI kI 47 varSa gAMTha manAkara bhI hama pAzcAtya saMskRti evaM sabhyatA ke gahare daladala meM phaMsa gaye haiN| ataH hama sabakA kartavya hai ki isa bar3hatI huI pAzcAtya sabhyatA ke vega ko apanI pUrI zakti se rokakara rASTra kI bhAvI pragati kA mArga prazasta kareM, jisase vizva ke kalyANa kA dvAra unmukta ho ske| vidyArthI khaNDa / 13

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rUpeza siMha daheja samAja kA abhizApa Aja samAja meM hara varga kA vyakti daheja ke bojha se dabA huA hai / samAja zikSita evaM sabhya hote hue sArI samasyAoM se avagata hote hue bhI daheja jaise roga ko bar3hAvA de rahA hai jo bar3e zarma kI bAta hai / isase bhI jyAdA zarma kI bAta to yaha hai ki bApa apane beTe kI kImata lekara use beca dete haiN| beTA eka ceka hai, beTA bApa ke hAtha kI kaThaputalI hai| jaba cAhA, jidhara cAhA beca diyA gayA phira ceka jamA karavA liyaa| jisa dina beTA isa bAta ko samajha jAyegA usa dina bApa kI jhUThI zAna aura ijjata miTTI meM mila jaayegii| eka bApa ko isa tathya se DaranA cAhie ki usake bhI beTI hai| hameM bhI apanI beTI ke lie eka yogya vara kA cunAva karanA hai aura usake lie jindagI bhara kI kamAI pala bhara meM gaMvA denA hai| jo bApa jindagI bhara kI kamAI apane baccoM kI paravariza, par3hAI-likhAI para kharca kara detA hai, jisane apanI jindagI meM kabhI sukha aura ArAma kA muMha taka nahIM dekhA vaha vyakti socatA hai ki hamane apane baccoM kI jindagI banA dI takalIpha karake aura aba meM ArAma kI mauta marUMgA, mere bacce sabhI sukhI haiM lekina yaha socanA sarAsara mUrkhatA hai kyoMki Apake bacce sukhI nahIM raha skte| kyoMki Apake bacce kA bhI baccA hogA aura vaha bhI usI taraha se jindagI bhara kI kamAI ko daheja meM gaMvA degaa| agara samAja apane baccoM ko sukhI dekhanA cAhatA hai to daheja jaise sAmAjika roga kA ilAja karake khatma karanA hogaa| agara ve ise khatma na karake bar3hAvA dete haiM to ve samAja ke sabase bar3e duzmana haiN| daheja hIraka jayantI smArikA ko khatma karane ke lie yuvakoM aura yuvatiyoM donoM kA eka sAtha maMca para AnA jarUrI hai| eka bApa apane beTe kI kImata lagAkara use beca detA hai| lar3ake phira bhI zAna se sira uThAkara calate haiN| jabaki vaha eka bikA huA mAla hai| bApa beTe ko par3hAtA - likhAtA hai| bar3A karatA hai jaba usakI zAdI kA samaya AtA hai use paise ke sAmane choTA karake eka pati banane ke lie beca detA hai| jisa taraha gAya kA bachar3A jaba choTA hotA hai to kisAna use khilA-pilAkara bar3A karatA hai, bachar3A jaba kheta jotane lAyaka hotA hai to use acchI kImata para beca detA hai| samAja beTe aura bachar3e ko eka hI nigAha se dekhatA hai| jaba bachar3A bika jAtA hai to purAne mAlika kA koI adhikAra nahIM hotA hai| ThIka usI taraha jaba lar3akA bika jAtA hai, to bApa kA koI adhikAra nahIM raha jAtA hai / zarAphata to una lar3akiyoM kI mAniye jo apane lie kharIde gaye khilaune ko apane ghara meM na rakhakara khuda usa gulAma ke ghara jAkara usakI ijjata kI rakSA karatI haiN| lar3akA jAnatA hai ki hamAre pitAjI gunahagAra haiM lekina bhAratIya saMskRti meM palA huA lar3akA bola nahIM pAtA hai| aba yaha jarUrI hai ki vaha apane pitA ke vicAroM kA virodha kre| ghara meM jaba lar3akA paidA hotA hai to bApa bahuta khuza najara AtA hai aura devayoga se kahIM lar3akI paidA ho gaI to sAre kharca meM kaTautI kara usake daheja ke lie rakama jamA karane meM juTa jAtA hai| samAja lar3akiyoM ko nIcI dRSTi se dekhane lagatA hai| bhAratIya nArI AvArA nAlAyaka pati ko bhI satyavAna mAnakara use pUjatI hai| vaha daheja lobhI samAja ko bar3hAvA de rahI hai| agara vaha khuza rahanA cAhatI hai to khulakara kahe ki mujhe pati kI jarUrata hai jindagI ke lie kisI gulAmI ke lie nahIM jisa dina lar3akiyAM jAgarUka hokara daheja ke virodha meM sar3akoM para utareMgI usa samaya puruSa varga kA sira zarma se jhuka jaaegaa| ve apane vara kA cunAva apane tarIke se kareMgI tathA daheja lobhI ko tthukraayeNgii| daheja prathA ko khatma karane ke lie hara chAtra - chAtrA ko eka juTa hokara lar3anA hogaa| jaba taka chAtra-chAtrAeM daheja kA virodha nahIM kareMge taba vaha khatma nahIM hogaa| vidyArthI khaNDa / 14

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AnandazaMkara pANDe, XII-B bhAratIya saMskRti bhAratIya saMskRti ke bAre meM vicAra karate vakta avazya hI hamAre mana meM yaha bAta AtI hai ki saMskRti AkhirakAra kauna-sI vastu hai| sabhyatA aura saMskRti ye do zabda Aja sabhI logoM ke hoThoM para nAcate rahate haiN| isa prazna para saMsAra ke prAya: sabhI mahAna vicArakoM ne apane-apane dRSTikoNa se vicAra kiyA hai aura niSkarSa prastuta kiyaa| eka khyAti prApta vicAraka ke anusAra, saMsAra bhara meM jo bhI sarvottama bAteM jAnI yA kahI gaI haiM, unase apane Apa ko paricita karanA hI saMskRti ko jAnanA hai| eka anya mahAn vicAraka ne kahA hai ki saMskRti, zArIrika yA mAnasika zaktiyoM kA prazikSaNa, dRr3hIkaraNa yA vikAsa yA usase utpanna avasthA hai| yaha mana, AcAra kI pariSkRti evaM zuddhi hai| eka anya paribhASA ke anusAra sabhyatA ke bhItara prakAzita ho uThanA hI saMskRti hai| para saccAI to yaha hai ki hama saMskRti kI koI paribhASA nahIM de sakate yadyapi usake lakSaNoM ko avazya pahacAna lete haiN| ___ isa dRSTikoNa se sabhyatA vaha vastu hai jo ki hamAre pAsa hai aura saMskRti vaha guNa vizeSa hai jo ki hamameM vyApta hai| hamAre dainika upayoga ke padArtha to hamArI sabhyatA kI pahacAna haiM para unake upayoga kI jo kalA hai, vahI saMskRti hai| para vastueM hI saMskRti kI nizAnI nahIM haiN| acche vastroM ko dhAraNa karane vAlA AdamI bhI tabIyata se naMgA ho sakatA hai| ata: yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki pratyeka susabhya manuSya susaMskRta bhI hogaa| ThIka isake viparIta phaTehAla rahane vAlA AdamI bhI saMskRti kA nirmAtA ho sakatA hai| bhAratIya RSi, muni isake pratyakSa pramANa haiN| yahAM hameM bharatIya saMskRti para vicAra karanA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti kI AlocanA karate hue prAya: hindU saMskRti, muslima saMskRti tathA IsAI saMskRti kI carcA kI jAtI hai| para saccAI to yaha hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti kisI jAti vizeSa kI dena na hokara tamAma jAtiyoM kA aMza dAna hai jo samaya-samaya para bAhara se AtI gaIM aura apane vicAroM aura bhAvanAoM ke sAtha isakA aMga bana giiN| bhArata meM maMgola, zaka, hUNa, turka Adi aneka jAtiyAM AIM aura saba kucha bhulAkara ekamAtra bhAratavAsI ho giiN| unake rakta sammizraNa aura vicAra-maMthana se jo saMskRti banI vaha na to maMgola hai, na turka hai aura na zaka hai| Aja bhArata meM turka haiM, Arya haiM, dravir3a haiM, maMgola haiM aura isa prakAra vizva kI aneka jAtiyAM yahAM pAI jAtI haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti kA nirmANa prAya: usI prakAra huA jisa prakAra madhu kA nirmANa hotA hai| madhu kA nirmANa madhumakkhiyAM vibhinna phUloM ke rasa se karatI haiM aura sabhI phUloM kA rasa milakara madhu banatA hai| usa madhu meM koI phUla vizeSa apanA chApa nahIM chor3atA haiN| ThIka isI prakAra bhAratIya saMskRti rUpI madhu aneka jAtiyoM rUpI phUloM ke vicAroM rUpI rasa ke mizraNa se banI hai| isameM anya saMskRtiyoM kA mela gaMgA meM anya nadiyoM ke mela kI bhAMti hai| ___ bhAratIya saMskRti kI dhArA ati prAcIna kAla se bahatI A rahI hai| hama isake prazaMsaka haiN| isake jIvana tatvoM ko apanAkara hama svataMtra bhArata ko vizva meM sammAnapUrNa sthAna dilA sakate haiN| prArambha se lekara Aja taka bhAratIya saMskRti kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai usakI ahiNsaapriytaa| mAnava ko jItane kA artha use pazubala se parAjita karanA nahIM hai, balki usake hRdaya para adhikAra karanA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti meM Atma-rakSA ke lie talavAra uThAnA hiMsA nahIM mAnA gayA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ne bahuta adhika mUlya cukAkara bhI apanI isa vizeSatA ko dhAraNa kiyA hai| ___ rakta sammizraNa aura sAMskRtika samanvaya yahAM kI dUsarI vizeSatA hai| saMsAra meM samasta mAnava jAti zveta, pIta, kRSNa Adi raMgoM meM baMTI huI hai| ina raMgoM kA mela dekhane ko milatA hai hamAre bhArata deza meN| jaba aMgreja IsAI nahIM hue the, usase pUrva hI IsA kA dharma bhArata pahuMca gayA thaa| islAma kA Agamana hajarata muhammada ke jIvana kAla meM hI bhAratavarSa meM ho gayA thaa| isa prakAra pArasI, yahUdI tathA anya kaI dharma bharAta meM aaye| jisa prakAra hindU, bauddha tathA jaina dharma bhArata kI miTTI se rasa grahaNa karate haiM, vaise hI IsAI, islAma, pArasI Adi dharma bhI grahaNa karate haiN| ___ bhASA kI dRSTi se dekhane para jJAta hogA ki saMsAra ke sabhI bhASA parivAra se saMbaMdhita bhASAeM yugoM-yugoM se yahAM saMrakSaNa pAtI A rahI bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa meM IsA pUrva kA yuga bar3A hI gauravapUrNa hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyArthI khaNDa / 15

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rahA hai| isa yuga ke manuSya prabala jijIviSA sampanna prANavAna aura masta hote the| jIvana ko sampUrNa hRdaya se pyAra karate the aura avicala niSThA se usakA zRMgAra karate the| madhya yuga saMskRti ke utthAna-patana kI dRSTi se koI khAsa gauravapUrNa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isa yuga meM sAdhanA ko bahuta kucha arthoM meM hamane bhulA diyaa| rUr3hiyoM, aMdhavizvAsoM aura pAkhaMDa kA jAla phaila jAtA hai| hama bhAratIyoM ke AcaraNa aura vizvAsa meM aMtara A jAtA hai| hama vyavahAra meM chUta-achUta ko lekara gardana kATane ko sadA udyata rahate haiN| vastuta: isa yuga meM pratyeka bhAratIya kA vyaktitva khaMDita ho gayA dukha kI bAta yaha hai ki navIna bhArata vizva ko kucha bhI dene meM asamartha hai| vaha to svayaM dUsaroM kA pichalaggU ho gayA hai| Aja ke pIr3ita vizva kI davA bhArata ke pAsa hI hai, para usa bhArata ke pAsa jo sAmAjika saMskRti kA rakSaka hai| saMsAra kI pIr3A kA kAraNa bhinna AdarzoM aura jAtiyoM kA eka sAtha milakara nahIM rahane kI bhAvanA bhI hai| Aja koI bhI kisI kA vizvAsa nahIM krtaa| koI bhI apane AdarzoM, vizvAsoM aura vizeSatAoM ko chor3ane ke lie taiyAra nahIM hai| para bhArata meM aisA nahIM hai| bhArata ne kisI bhI jAti kA gaurava ghaTAye binA usako eka sAMskRtika sUtra meM gUMthA thaa| usane binA kisI dharma ko dabAye sabhI dharmoM kI ekatA sthApita kI, sirpha ahiMsA ke bala pr| bhAratIya saMskRti kI Aja ke vizva ko yahI sabase bar3I dena hai| apanI bhUtakAlIna saMskRtiyoM ke nirmANakArI jIvana tatvoM ko lekara jaba hama svadeza, unnati aura vizva zAMti ke karmoM meM nirantara lage raheMge tabhI svataMtra bhArata ko vizva ke raMgamaMca para sammAnapUrNa sthAna dilA sakate naye yuga ke prArambha meM samudrI mArga se Ane vAlI jAtiyoM ke samparka meM bhArata aayaa| ina jAtiyoM ke samparka meM Ane para Adhunika sabhyatA aura saMskRti ke tatvoM ko hamane apnaayaa| parantu isa AdAna ke sAtha hameM vaha Adhunika sabhyatA kA viSa bhI milA hai jisase sampUrNa saMsAra atyaMta pIr3ita hai| phira bhI Aja kA saMsAra apanI pIr3A ke upacAra ke lie bhArata kI ora AMkhe uThAkara dekha rahA hai| haiN| hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyArthI khaNDa / 16

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Piyush Baid, XI-SC be, are careers or carriers? What we are trying for are our careers or our carriers. Are we competing for our Carriers or careers? The difference between the two is better known by each of us because the difference is psychological rather than physical. What is a career for one may be only a carrier for millions of others? A career denotes a mission in life whereas a carrier is only a medium for going through daily life. Carrier is something you merely pass through ; but career is the golden goal of your life. Carrier leads to your career but a career leads to nowhere else. Career is the be all and end all of your life. Carrier is something you merely pass through to go somewhere else but career is your home where you stay, put for the rest of your life without caring for the rewards or the awards. Education is your Carrier because it takes you to some destination which you have chosen to invest your life in which indeed is your career. But if you are in education with a will to help others, to help them build careers and help them find destiny in life then it is a career not a carrier. When Subhas Bose passed the I.C.S., he took it to be his carrier not his career. So he resigned from his job and joined politics in which he found his career. Several intelligent Englishmen joined the 1.C.S. but ultimately found their career in something else. For them the I.C.S. was a carrier and not a career. Career is something to which you are mentally and morally dedicated. Your objective is not merely to enrich yourself, but to pursue something that you have long set your eyes on earlier. According to Einstein the greatest happiness for a person is to be allowed to pursue one's career. Monetary returns are of secondary importance to a careerist. One may make tons of money or may be completely impoverised. Careerists come into that category. A living example is afforded by Max Muller. He was an ordinary scholar and earned his living by translation works and by teaching, but to him his career was to translate the Vedas and other scriptures, in which he was gloriously successful. True Careerist is a celestial gambler. He may become affluent or he may miserably fail, but he is ready to sacrifice his all for the dice of his idealistic ambition in life. CAREER OR CARRIER ? In this rapid changing world of today there seems to be a constant race going among individuals for pursuing a career. Some of us are thinking to become engineers, some are dreaming to becom C.C.'s and so on. But, in reality what we aspire as our goals to hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyArthI khaNDa / 17

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amitakumAra tApar3iyA, XII-A yA devI sarva bhUteSu nArI tuma kevala zraddhA ho vizvAsa rajata naga pada tala meN| pIyUSa srota sI bahA karo, jIvana ke sundara samatala meN|| prasAda jI kI ye paMktiyAM kucha socane ko vivaza karatI haiN| AryakAlIna itihAsa meM nArI ko puruSoM ke samAna athavA unase bhI Upara mAnA gayA thaa| unheM bhI puruSoM kI bhAMti pUjA, pATha havana ityAdi ke alAvA vedoM kA bhI jJAna thA aura isa bAta ke puSTa pramANa bhI mile haiN| maitreyI kA udAharaNa sarvathA samIcIna hogaa| zanaiH zanaiH bhAratIya rAjAoM ke Alasya evaM bhoga-vilAsa ne videziyoM ko bhArata para adhikAra jamAne ke lie protsAhita kiyaa| isake pariNAma svarUpa vibhinna saMskRtiyAM bhArata meM aaiiN| bhinna vicAroM, bhinna jIvana paddhati vAle ina videziyoM kI mAnasikatA bhAratIya darzana se bhinna thii| unake lie jIvana mAtra bhoga evaM pramoda ke lie thaa| pariNAma yaha huA ki samAja meM aneka visaMgatiyoM ne ghara kara liyaa| striyoM para isakA sabase jyAdA asara huaa| unheM kevala bhoga kI vastu samajhA gyaa| madhyakAla taka to sthiti itanI bigar3a cukI thI ki striyoM kA ghara se bAhara nikalanA taka baMda ho gyaa| loga apanI prAcIna Arya saMskRti ko bhUlane lage aura samAja meM daheja prathA, satIprathA, paradAprathA, bAla vivAha jaisI kurItiyoM ne janma liyaa| rItikAla aura pUrvamadhya kAla ke kaviyoM ne apane AzrayadAtAoM kI kSINa mAnasikatA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara racanAyeM likhI jisase nArI zabda kI garimA ko Thesa phuNcii| tulasIdAsa jaise saMta kavi kI bhI striyoM (madhyakAlIna) ke bAre meM koI vizeSa sammAna janaka dhAraNA nahIM thii| unhoMne to rAmacaritamAnasa meM eka jagaha yaha kaha DAlA ki "Dhola gaMvAra zudra pazu nArI, ye saba tAr3ana ke adhikaarii"| zAyada ve yaha bhUla gaye the ki vahI tAr3anA kI adhikAriNI samaya par3ane para bhAratavarSa kI sattA bhI saMbhAla sakatI hai aura vahI samaya par3ane para durgA athavA kAlI ke rUpa meM duSToM ke saMhAra ke lie avatAra le sakatI hai| vartamAna yuga ke pariprekSya meM agara dekheM to nArI kI sthiti meM kucha sudhAra to huA hai parantu pUrNata: vAstavika na hokara kAgajI jyAdA pratIta hotA hai| Aja bhI akhabAra kI pramukha khabaroM meM chapA milatA hai ki amuka ko daheja ke lie sasurAla vAloM ne jiMdA jalA diyA athavA amuka ke sAtha balAtkAra ho gyaa| mahilA samiti kI adhyakSA, jo eka ora sabhA meM khar3I hokara daheja virodhI bhASaNa detI hai, ko apane ghara meM bahU ko daheja ke lie pratAr3ita karate dekhA jA sakatA hai| prasAdajI ne bhI kAmAyanI meM kAmadeva ke mAdhyama se manu ko latAr3A hai| vijayalakSmI paMDita, mAgeTa thaicara, iMdirA gAMdhI, bhaMDAranAyake Adi una nAriyoM ke udAharaNa haiM, jinhoMne nArI jAti kI unnati evaM utthAna kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| kiraNa bedI ne maigasAise avArDa jItakara deza kA nAma hI nahIM rozana kiyA hai varan sampUrNa vizva kI najara meM nArI jAti ke prati sammAna kI dRSTi prApta kI hai| nArI sRjana karatI hai sampUrNa vizva kA evaM usakA pAlana poSaNa bhI karatI hai, isIlie vaha mahAn hai| nArI anugatA nahIM, sahacarI hai| Aja hara kSetra meM nArI Age bar3hI hai| pradhAnamaMtrI kA pada saMbhAlane se lekara TaiksI taka calAtI hai| bojhA taka DhotI hai aura gRhasthI saMbhAlane se lekara daphtara ke kArya bhI nipaTAtI hai| Aja saba kucha jAnate hue bhI samAja nArI ko usakA yathocita sthAna kyoM nahIM de pAyA? yaha eka jvalaMta prazna hai, eka aisA yakSa prazna, jisakA samAdhAna to khojanA hI hogaa| hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyArthI khaNDa / 18

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Gyanveer Daga, XII-B engineers, scientists, and other intellectuals leave India and migrate to foreign countries. They generally go to the U.S.A., the U.K., Germany, Canada, etc. for monetary gains and facilities for higher research. According to an estimate every year nearly 20,000 Indians go to foreign countries from India. Out of these nearly 90 percent are science students. As pointed out by the UNO report, the U.S.A. is the biggest gainer from the loss of India due to brain drain. Most of the students who go abroad for higher studies do not return to India. After seeing the affluent life of foreign countries they lose all interest in their own country which is quite poor. Nearly 1000 Indians are teaching at various U.S. universities and other institutions of higher learning. Some of these Indians are placed on quite lucrative and high posts like Heads of Department, Deans, Professors, etc. There are so many causes of this brain drain in India. First of all, there is the unemployment problem. Even a talented person like Hargobind Khurana Could not get any job while he was in India. But as soon as he became a Nobel laureate, everybody tried to adopt him and award honours to him. India is also lacking in bigher research work. The top appointments are quite few in India, thus the talented experts like to seek new pastures abroad. PROBLEM OF BRAIN DRAIN IN INDIA Brain drain means the migration of highly qualified experts like doctors, engineers, scientists and other trained persons from the under-developed countries to the advanced countries. More or less, all the backward countries are suffering from this problem. India is also suffering from this brain drain seriously at the present moment. There is another attraction of leading a higher standard of living in foreign countries, because the technical experts and intellectuals are given special facilities there. In foreign countries there is the advantage that while learning, a person can also earn his own living, the stipends in foreign countries, are sufficient enough. A frugal Indian student living there can also save something to send home. Thus, brain drain is a direct loss of trained experts in various fields to the underdeveloped and poor countries. On the other hand, it is a net gain to the advanced countries. According to an U.N.O. report every year thousands of experts are migrating from backward countries like India to highly advanced countries like the U.S.A., the U.K., Germany, Canada, etc. The under-developed countries are spending millions of rupees on the training of these experts. But the advanced countries are utilising their services without spending a single penny on their training. There is no doubt that India is having vast natural and manpower resources. If both these resources are put to the maximum utilization astounding advancement can be achieved in all fields. These technical and other talented persons whom we loss every year, can greatly help in the development of our natural resources. The government must take speedy steps to lure back home these talented sons of India who are living abroad. These experts can surely help in making India a great power in the world. In this connection even the people should also come forward and co-operate with the government Every year, thousands of highly talented doctors, hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyArthI khaNDa / 19

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in solving this problem. The parents of the students should not encourage them to go abroad and settle there even if they are paid higher salaries. The leaders and ministers should set their personal examples by stopping their children from going and settling abroad. nuclear status as well as become a space power. There are enough opportunities for all the Indian scientists and engineers settled abroad, if they come back to India, they should play an important role in the future progress of our country and share the honour of participating in this sacred task. The doctors, engineers and scientists owe a duty to their Motherland. Our nation is spending huge amount of money on their training. These people should not betray their own nation by serving foreign nations. Today thousands of young Indian scientists and technicians are devoted to the cause of rebuilding our nation. The country has already achieved the There is no doubt that India is bound to become one of the most industrialised and scientifically advanced countries in the world. Let every Indian scientist, engineer and technician share the privilege of participating in the noble task of nation building. Thus, they can earn the gratitude of their people. hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyArthI khaNDa / 20

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Vikash Hirawat, IX-C is the duty of every citizen of the country to co-operate with them. The students and teachers have special role to play in this tirade against the drug abuse. It needs no mention that the addiction of drugs makes our life miserable. It is certainly detrimental to the physical, mental and spiritual development of a person. It is the need of the hour to nip this malady in the bud. Concerted efforts should be made to make the younger generation aware of the evils of drug addiction, otherwise the social life is bound to be vitiated. If we go through the columns of the news papers, we come across the reports of the drug addicts stealing money and valuables from houses. Addicted youths suffer so much from mental and moral degeneration that they even commit suicide. What a pity, what a misfortune for the families they belong too! We must remember that it is now or never. If we are not serious in our effeorts the very foundation of our social, political and moral life will badly be shaken. What happened to China before 1950? There was lethargy, indolence and inactivity in that country owing to the absuse of drugs particularly, opium. DANGER OF DRUG ADDICTION Let us hope, India will not face that misfortune and our efforts to do away with the drug malady will succeed. The unscrupulous dealers in drugs find it easier to sell drugs in the vicinity of schools and colleges. The students, being inexperienced, easily fall a prey to drug addiction. Any effort to save students from this fast spreading disease is the need of the hour. The danger of drug-abuse looms large on the Indian Horizon these days. Some Social organisations have started a holy campaign against this malady. It hIraka jayantI smArikA faarif aus / 8

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Pankaj Maloo, XI-C position of women became worst when the Muslim raiders like Ghazni, Ghori, Tamerlane, Abdali etc. came one by one. The impotency of the reigning power gave them the opportunity to plunder wealth and exploit common people and their women. Slowly, women lost their dignified position in the society. With the coming of the British, the women of India were reduced to second grade citizens. Inspired by political expediency, the British Government acted in a manner prejudicial to the interest of the Indian women. In collusion with the vested interest of the country, the Government looked down upon the women. They had no right to paternal property after marriage. Often, young girls were compelled to marry the person to whom she would have given the parental status. At that tender age, when the girl had no conception about the practical life and the realities, and that too, with a man of the age of her grandfather. Men, regulated by selfish motives, often used women as contrivances. Re-marriage of young girls, whose husbands died in the prime of life, had not the social sanction. Apart from the basic fact of conservativeness, it must be admitted with emphasis that prostitution reached a great height during that time. Women were forced to be burnt alive in the pyre of their husbands. The Indian women were subjected to all sorts of humiliation and were deprived of whatever was due to them, in the name of religion. However, the 19th century saw a great upheaval in the women freedom movement. The Indian Freedom Movement witnessed the active participation of women in politics manifesting the fact that women are not apolitical. STATUS OF WOMEN IN INDIA In the creation of mankind, the most prominent role has been played by the womenfolk. They give birth to children and bring them up with absolute love and affection. But India, far a long time, was not able to recognize the prestigious position that a woman should hold in a society. Women were just considered the 'gate to hell' and thus acted as slaves to their husbands. However, in the Vedic Age, women were given an honourable place in society. Some women composed Vedic verses. They were allowed even to take part in Vedic rituals along with their husbands. They held the same position and prestige as men, depending upon their qualifications. They were not considered to be apolitical. Neither were they considered to be devoid of the practical knowledge, nor were they incapable. But with the revolution of the wheel to time, things began to change. The It is only when India became free and the people of India gave to themselves a constitution where a declaration was made that the state shall not discriminate against any citizen on ground of sex. The Constitution of India is the "Magna Carta" of India women. Indian women now enjoy equal opportunities with men in every walk of life, and India has been one of the leading countries in the promotion of women suffeage. However, there still exists certain evils which our legislation apart from their best attempts, has been unable to erase. One of these is the dowry system. Far this, we need the preventive measures like social consciousness of our people and removal of backwardness among womenfolk. hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyArthI khaNDa / 22

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Rajeev Kumar Singh, XII-SC Theory under Jupiter Movement : The primitive and biggest planet which collided to Shoemaker Levy-9 and the collison process continued for six days, it reveals the way of all attractive theory. Jupiter, according to one attractive theory could ring like the gong of the stant of J. Arthur Rank Film or it could glow in the sky at twice its present brightness or it could develop a second "red eye" (the original, a vast continuous planetary storm which is larger than the entire earth, was first spotted by the English astronomer Robert Hook in 1664) or its faint ring could suddenly develop spectacularly until they revealed Saturn's or this is the astronomers least favourite prospect-the mile wide ice-bergs could simply melt on the way down, turning into a shower of dirty rain over Jupiter's unappetising soup of Hydrogen, Helium, Ammonia and Methone a wash out. The comet hunters, Eugene and Carolyn Shoemaker have given the official title periodic Shoemaker Levy-9; which makes it sound like an occasional tax on cobblers. Two years ago, Shoemaker Levy - 9 made a dry turn over Jupiter and broke into pieces, which are now travelling together lineastern. It is an object of transcent beauty, appearing in observatory photographs like a necklace of 21 evenly matched diamonds in the blackness of space, strung in a nearly perfect row. Really it has wandered round the universe for four billion years, but its fate has been caught by Jupiter's gravity in the mid 1980 and now it decayed off within a week of its collison. LATEST SCIENCE JERMINOLOGY MELANCHOLY EVENT IN SPACE The prime fragments from comet Shoemaker - Levy 9 smashed into Jupiter at about 200,000 km an hour on 17th of July, 1994 at 8 P.M. (G.M.T.) Saturday, 1.30 A.M. (I.S.T.) on Sunday. The collision raised the plume of heat and clouds leaving the planet scarred with a black dot about half the size of the earth. Before coming of the mean time all countries, where space research centres were available, were ready with their telescopes to see this collision which is held in galaxy. The co-discover of Shoe maker, Mr. Eugene Shoemaker stated that the fire ball and rising plume of hot gas were estimated 1.930 km wide and energy produced after collision was 200,000 mega tonnes TNT or more Possible Impacts of Collision : The major fragmented parts of the Shoemaker were of 110 kg lengthwise, which stanted colliding from 16th July and lasted till 22nd July 1994. The scientists made possible scenario after that Impact Meteor shower. The comet's fragmented parts disintegrated soon after hutting the planet's atmosphere and the spray of debris created meteor shower. Cracks found in cloud : The comet pieces entered in the atmosphere as soon as it hit down at 60 km/ second speed, cloud created a powerful shock wave when they penetrated Jupiter's colour tops. hIraka jayantI smArikA farerraff aus / RF

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space guards survey for NASA in 1992. The report recommended an observation programme with a relatively modest start up cost of around $ 15 Million that would catalogue and track asteriods with which we could conceivably collide and we know the orbits of only a small fraction of them. Depth charge : The shock waves held out the fragements together to penetrate some 24km below the cloud tops. There the comet chunks could pulrenize in the rising pressure of Jupiter's hydrogen atmosphere. This rapid expansion of gases has produced a huge fire-ball. Soft Catch: The explosion has created a mushroom cloud rising approximately 3000 km above the planet. Additional resources could have been put to good use for new types of observational equipments and for monitoring a broader range of raido frequencies for indications of changes on Jupiter. It is a matter of great interest for the astronomers, astrophysicists and general people. They are lucky to see this impact. It is something that happens one in 1000 years. The most difficult problem lurkes in the outer fringes of the solar system, where trillions of comets dwell undetected. As many as 10 new comets randomly enter the inner solar - system each year and are discovered as they are heated by the sun. How can we defend ourselves against these lethal cosmic-objects ? The required efforts vary from the straightforward a widely expanded comet and asteriod watch - to the formidable, developing a new "star wars" type of technology to deflect collision bound asteroids and comets. In principle booster and detonate atomic explosives are needed to divert or break up a threatening body. Some Inintiatives : Some inintial steps were taken by astronomers and scientists who are the hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyArthI khaNDa / 24

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Saurabh Golash, IX-C WOMAN to choose their life partner. In later Vedic Age there was a slight change in the position of women but a marked fall in the theoretical standard of people can be noticed. The birth of a girl was taken as a matter of misery. In Mughal period the women were not allowed to appear in society openly. The most disgraced Purdhah system prevailed during those days. Penance among the women was caused by rotten system like Sati System and Johar. Even today we can notice the pre-dominance of man in society. The title of woman changes after marriage and is put according to her husband. Purdhah system still prevails in our society. This system is good but to some extent only. Now-a-days, modern girls have forgotten the culture of ancient India. What to say about 'Purdhah' they not even wear their clothes intact. But in villages the picture is just opposite to that of in cities. The schooling to girls is not allowed. The schooling to girls is not an important matter in villages. The birth of a girl is taken as misery. It is said that the brith of a girl will be more expensive than that of a boy. But it is generally seen that the daughters remain loyal to their parents. Even then people pray for male children only. This theory of people led the discovery of Ultra-sonography which mainly serves the purpose of pregnant women. The maidens are not allowed to choose their husbands (even in cities). Now-a-days the women liberation process is on the way. It can not be said that the men are always responsible for degradation of women. Sometimes or rather generally it is seen that a woman is responsible for degradation of others. We have many examples which can prove this fact. Inspite of good nature and a mass of qualities that a woman possesses, she is selfish and jealous. A woman has ability of making comparision. Women usually compare themselves with other women. A woman wants to be superior to other. A woman can not bear any other lady. All these give rise to unhealthy relations among the women of society. And unhealthy relation lead to degradation of a woman at the hands of other. Now-a-days we can find a marked fall in the attitude of womens' position in almost every sphere of life whether it is of society or of politics or of film industry and Modelling Offices. in society no one is responsible but women themselves. The dowry system is a stigma on the society. This system must be stopped immediately. Woman is the builder of a nation and of a man's character. According to Susmita sen, Miss Universe, "The origin of child is the woman. A woman is one who shows a man what love and sharing and caring is all about." I would like to define woman as a story which will never end, as a power which will remain strong and as the best creation of God. By writing this I don't want to impress anyone but want to let you know this fact which we all ignore and more or less want to surpass a woman. It is said and scientifically proved that woman is 6 times more powerful than a man. A woman is 8 times more merciful than a man. A woman possesses the power of endurance which is greater than that of man and about 4 times. A woman is 10 times more attractive than a man. But it is saddening that after being a head in each quality woman is degraded and disgraced by man. We can easily find out the pre-dominance of man in society. The pre-dominance of man is not from today or yesterday but it is since the Vedic Age. In Vedic Age a female member of the family was not allowed to represent the family. But the women enjoyed dignity in society. The maidens were allowed hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyArthI khaNDa / 25

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A man, no better than a donkey but rich, can marry the girl like an angel. In politics the atmosphere is not at all good for a lady politician. In this case partially women are responsible. In film industry and modelling offices the position of women is as sexual bombs. The Women are used for creation of sexual attraction. Vulgarity is unbearable in film industry and modelling centre. The breast, thighs, waist and backs are thoughtlessly exposed and is taken very lightly by modern day young ones among the fair sex. The female protagonists do what ever their director say. They are mere a puppets in the hands of directors. The thread which hold the puppet and make a link between puppet and director (as puppet player) is hIraka jayantI smArikA money. The hidden beat of money tackles and paralyses the facial muscles of actresses, but they never say about this. They never interrogate their directors and never say no. Let us do something for such a lovely and beautiful creation of God. We should fight against this disease which is a hovoc for the character of a woman. This tradition must be put to an end. the Woman's lib is a mere stage-show without the real good for a woman. It preachs rights without duties creating chaos in the family. We all should know that the frustration of women will lead to destruction. farerefferus / RE

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Ashwini Kumar Goel, XI-B Life in Calcutta Life in Calcutta Dances on the edge of Sword. Buds and flowers, Free from cares, though Seem rolling on the road Kiss the dust, as if a must A slightest slip of leg or tongue Invited the knife, in the heart. The time breakers, Reckless, moving on the road Break the silence Like spasms in the dust. The twinkling stars, set before the day All store at from long Whisper who he or she was; The death roars and passes on No one dares to set eyes upon All shrink to their own, become blind Before the death's naked dance. A mob gathers, blows its horn A hoasty look, and are gone; Others come to fill in the gaps; Offer the wailing sheet of pity and love The departing soul cries But who will cover the risk Of law, order and police? hIraka jayantI smArikA fauteff aus / Po

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Gaurav Choudhary, XII-SC Blood donation is the highest development of humanity. to survive. If the victim is a local one, he can get blood from his near and dear ones, but suppose he is from some other place or say a "foreigner," where from he will get blood if there is no blood at the centre of treatment and there will be obviously no blood at the centre of treatment, if we don't donate blood because there is no such mechanical or technical process by which blood can be synthesised artificially. Hence the victim will die in want of blood. Is it good? Is it not the stigma on our motherland rather on us who are the successor of the predecessor like "DADHICHI" who had given his bone to emancipate the human beings from the tyranny of "BRITRASURA" by eradicating him along with his atrocity? Obviously it is. So by taking inspiration from our splendid and rich culture and civilization we have to donate blood. No body knows what is in store for him. He may also meet with such on accident in other cities where he has no known person, he will be also in the same plight as a foreigner. Thus, we find that we are indirectly benefitted by this action. Every act has bright and dark side. This action gives divine satisfaction to doner and a new life to donee. The donar also gets immune from certain psychological complexions and certain diseases. Thus it is beneficial to its both ends. We donate blood and it is submitted to Blood Bank. If we donate blood to donee by making him aware of this, the donee will be obliged, but no obligation is here because it is always given to an unknown person who may be a man of letters or a criminal or the accused. If a criminal or accused is dying, our first act is to save him, as our humanity dictates so we can easily see that blood-donation is the zenith of the development of humanity. This act of ours will strengthen our integrity and our civilization, too which is a harmonious expansion of worth of human nature. Here it is beyond religion, as religion is generally conceived by us. Thus blood donation is also a realization of self-perfection. This is the age of inter-dependence. No man is an island. One can't live entirely by oneself. The act of blood donation strengthens the thread of inter-de pendence. The beauty of body enhances when its soul consists of beauty. The great poet of medical period of Hindi Literature named "Tulsidas" expresses his view regarding religion. We can easily be aware of the degree of development of human civilization by going through the ancient annals. A commandable volte-face has been brought about by man due to his technique. In this race from the point of view of intellectual development, the modern man has become giant but from the view point of spiritual development the modern man has become pigmy as T.S. Eliot has said in his book, "The waste Land" The modern man has become hollow, Shape without form, Form without gesture, Gesture without motion But here we find a great example of spiritual development of a modern man and that is "Blood Donation" which is the zenith of development of humanity or spirituality. Now-a-days there occurs a lot of accidents. In these accidents some people succumb to their injuries and some get severely injured. These persons are hospitalised. If blood flows out in an alarming by large quantity from the body of the victim, he must need the blood of his group hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyArthI khaNDa / 28

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The best form of expression of benevolence is blood donation. Blood donation is a work of mercy. According to shakespeare, "Mercy Can't be forced and spontaneity is the hall mark of mercy." So one should be inspired but never compelled to donate blood. To make this donation spontaneous, it should be launched as movement to make the people aware of the fact that we are living in deeds not in years. The stream of benevolence with bright beams has been continuously flowing in West-Bengal in keeping with the rich, splendid culture and civilization of India in general and that of Bengal in particular, nowadays blood donation campaign is being launched as a movement by clubs and associations. We are proud of the expression of the highest development of humanity in West Bengal which will be external source of inspiration for the rest of India. hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyArthI khaNDa / 29

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* devendra pugaliyA, XIISc. eka vyaMgya pUjya gAMdhIjI, sAdara praNAma ! Aja AjAdI ke pAvana divasa para, sazrama Apako yAda karate hue deza ne apanA 48vAM janma divasa mnaayaa| Apane apane pIche eka khuzahAla deza kA sapanA rakha chor3A thaa| deza ne ina 47 varSoM meM kAphI pragati kI hai| deza meM Apake tyAga, balidAna va AdarzoM kI smRti meM hara zahara tathA gAMva meM, eka adada mahAtmA gAMdhI mArga banAyA jA cukA hai / isa prakAra pUrA deza Apake mArga para cala rahA hai / parantu durbhAgyavaza hara patha para ror3e apane svAbhimAnI vajUda para aTake hue haiM, phalataH yaha jIvana - vAhana yA to hara ghar3I jAma ( parezAna ) hai yA antataH burA aMjAma hai| 1 Apa ahiMsA ke masIhA the, Apa para golI calI virAsata meM milA yaha krama Aja bhI jArI hai| eka pradhAnamaMtrI ko usI ke surakSAkarmiyoM nemAra DAlA to dUsare ko bama blAsTa meM hI ur3A diyA / aura yaha saca hai, hama ahiMsA ke pujArI hai| isalie-- "taba na thI, Aja ApakI vo jarUrata hai deza kI hAlata bayAM kyA kareM, basa zikasta hai|" ema0 jI0 roDa para eka maMtrI putra ne kAra ko khambhe se bhir3A diyA, cakkoM ne khambhA ur3A diyaa| kambakhta rAste meM AtA hai, durghaTanA karAtA hai| agalI bAra usa mantrI putra ne, hIraka jayantI smArikA breka kI jagaha eksileTara dabA diyaa| oha ! paraloka kA giyara lagA diyaa| na gAr3I bacI, na mantrI putra ! pArliyAmenTa hAUsa meM mAtama chA gyaa| apojIzana vAloM ne to bAda meM jazna hI manA liyaa| dukhI mantrIvara ne sorsa lagAyA, aura gAr3I kI kampanI ko Thappa karAyA, Trephika adhikArI ko nilaMbita karavAyA, tathA roDa kanTrAkTara ke yahAM AI.TI. reDa ddlvaayaa| aba jo ilekzana sara pe AyA, to maMtrIvara ne nayA DhoMga racAyA, beTe kI mauta ko AtaMkavAdI sAjiza batAyA, aura use deza kA zahIda bnaayaa| yaha suna siTIjeMsa ko ronA AyA, aura voToM se jo vijayI banAyA, to eka bAra phira apane Apa ko, rAjanIti kA zikAra paayaa| bhraSTAcAra kA bolabAlA rahA chAyA, jisane deza kI jar3oM ko punaH khokhalA bnaayaa| eka berojagAra jo maMtrIputra kI gAr3I ke nIce AyA, tadanukUla "iMplAyameMTa eksaceMja" meM harSollAsa chAyA / aspatAlI karmacArI bhI haMsate rahe, AkheM aura kiDanI marane se pahale har3apa gaye / bImA kampanI ne "baiMka gaoNDa" batalAI, usane inzyoreMsa jo na karavAI / iknAmisToM evaM byUro oNpha sTeTisTiksa ne bhI khuzI jatAI, pApyulezana se AbAdI (vo aura usakI Ane vAlI puzteM) jo kama ho gaI, usake dostoM ne bhI rAhata jatAI, udhAroM se chuTTI jo paaii| idhara "mArka TullI" ne bI. bI. para khabara jo sunAI, to "yU) enA) o0" taka ne muskAna dikhalAI, "iNDiyana ArmI" meM Ane vAle yuddha ke lie, eka berojagAra kI bharatI jo na ho paaii| presa ne use gaMbhIra 'populezana' se 'DiskanekTa' hone kA khitAba diyA, taba bApU ke isa deza ne usake garIba lAcAra parivAra ko miTa jAne kA inAma diyA, mApha kIjiyegA amAnavIyatA kI eka aura kar3I suna jAie :dina Dhale kahIM se AvAja AI "jarA suno bhAI citA to banavA lo lakar3iyA mahaMgI hoM to usakI DigriyAM hI jalA do / . he rAma !" ... ApakA - eka bhAratIya nAgarika vidyArthI khaNDa / 30

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varuNa bhaMsAlI, V-B vidyArthI - jIvana vidyArthI jIvana vidyA ke adhyayana meM hamAre jIvana kA prathama aMza hai| bar3A hone para hameM saMsAra meM apanI jIvikA calAne yogya banAne vAlI zikSA kA nAma vidyA hai| yaha samaya vidyArthI ke lie bar3A hI amUlya aura nAjuka hai| jisa prakAra kisI imArata ke nirmANa ke lie majabUta nIMva kI AvazyakatA hotI hai usI prakAra vidyArthI jIvana manuSya jIvana kI nIMva hai| isa samaya jaisA bIja boyA jAyegA, samaya pAkara usase vaisA hI vRkSa paidA hogA aura usakA phala bhI vaisA hI hogaa| isa samaya kI zikSA kA prabhAva jIvana-bhara banA rahatA hai| ata: vidyA yA zikSA aisI honI cAhiye jisase jIvana maMgalamaya ho| mana lagAkara vidyA kA abhyAsa karanA hI vidyArthI kA sabase bar3A kartavya hai| eka acche vidyArthI ko apane mAtA-pitA, zikSaka tathA gurujanoM kI AjJA aura Adeza ke anusAra calanA caahie| parizrama kA phala mIThA hotA hai| vidyArthI ko hamezA saccI lagana se mehanata karanI caahiye| par3hAI ke sAtha hI vidyArthI ko apane svAsthya aura saMgati para vizeSa dhyAna denA caahiye| kusaMgati se usakA caritra bhI naSTa ho jAyegA aura usake vidyA-abhyAsa meM bhI bAdhA phuNcegii| kisI bhI deza yA jAti kA bhaviSya usake vidyArthiyoM para nirbhara karatA hai| apanI saMskRti, apane sAhitya aura apane samAja ke AdarzoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara vidyArthI ko 'sAdA jIvana aura ucca vicAra' kA udAharaNa upasthita karanA caahiye| hIraka jayantI smArikA vidyArthI khaNDa / 31

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DEVELOPER Shree Shwetambar Sthanakvasi Jain Sabha 18 D, Sukeas Lane CALCUTTA - 700001 SHREE JAIN HOSPITAL & RESEARCH CENTRE AT G. T. ROAD, (SOUTH) HOWRAH Conde samyaka