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Dr. Charlotte Krause : Her Life & Literature
flourishing and celebrated centres of Jaina culture, whose former grandeur can be inferred from literary references or architectural remains.
Another type of places is represented by names like Taxilā, Mathura, Ayodhya, Paithan, Daulatābāda, Patanā, Nasika, Dvaraka, Parvatam, all of which are still flourishing and well-known, but seem to have lost their association with Jainism, which is amply testified for the past.
A further category of ancient tirthas mentioned in our poem is formed by places which have lost both their association with Jainism and their economical importance, their very sites being identifiable now by nothing but either fields of ruins with here and there an epigraphical testimonial, or with the half-hearted help of the modern names of otherwise unsuspect village built over their remains. Such places are Ahicchattra, Nāgadraha, Śrāvastī, Rājanagara, Sopāraka, Tejalapura, Mundasthala, Serīsa, and the tīrthas of Sindh. Entire oblivion seems to envelop those tīrthas which our poem mentions as existing in the Vindhya Mountains, as well as places like Gundara, Gajapada, Rādadraha, Nandasama, which have ecaped identification up till now.
From references like the above, to names which the later hymnal literature no longer knows, it would appear that the Caityavandana must have been composed at least several centuries ago, when the reminiscences of those places were still alive. A terminus a quo is given by the names of Bāhadapur and Tejalavihāra, founded by Kumārapāla's Minister, Vāgbhata and Vīradhavalā's Minister, Tejapāla, the latter of whom died in V.S. 1296. If Rājadraha is the correct reading, in st. 3c, the poem cannot, however, have been composed prior to V.S. 1731, when Dayālashah built the famous temple near the Rājasāgara Lake in Mewar, so high with its nine stories that the shadow of its flag fell as far as six kosa across the land. On the other hand, it must have been composed before Aurangzeb partially destroyed that temple, and before it thus ceased
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