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Notes
1. Munisuvrata-Stavana (1) 'bhāva-dveși' = 'enemy by nature'. Here, 'bhāva' is the last of the four 'niksepa' or principles of definition of Jaina dialectic, which are : (a) nāman = denomination, (b) sthāpanā = assumption, ( c ) dravya = substance, and (d) bhāva = nature or attributes, cp. Tattv. I, 5. Thus, a person of the name of 'Jina' may be called a "Nāma-Jina', a Tīrthankara statue a 'Sthāpanā-Jina', a being whose soul is predestined to become incarnated as a Tīrtharkara in a later life, a 'Dravya-Jina', and a saint possessing all the characteristics of a Tīrthankara, would be a 'Bhāva-Jina'. The 'bhāva-dveșin' or 'bhāva-ripu' of the soul is, of course, karman, owing to the harm which it brings to the latter, by supperssing the innate godliness of the ātman.
(2) 'Dvādaśānga' = the twelve original Sacred Writings of the Jainas, out of which the Svetāmbaras believe the first 11 to be respresented by those 11 works now known as 'Argas', while the 12th, the bulky ‘Drstivāda', is unanimously admitted to be lost.
(3) 'Kalpa' = a kind of celestial state, the rulers, officials, and subjects of which consist all of gods belonging to the lower of the two sub-sections of the fourth and highest category of Jaina gods, the 'Vaimānikas'. These gods are known as 'Kālpopapanna', while the other sub-section of the Vaimānikas is designated as ‘Kalpātīta’, from the idea that they do not live in ‘Kalpas', but are all of equal social rank. The ‘Kalpas' are twelve in number, and occupy the 8 lower strata of Heaven. The lowest layer consists of the first and second 'Kalpas’, viz., Saudharma in the south, and īşaņā in the north. The second layer contains the third and fourth ‘Kalpas', viz., Sanatkumāra in the south, and Mahendra in the north. The 3rd 4th, 5th and 6th layers are each occupied by an independent
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