Prakrit Bhasha Ka Prachin Swarup

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Prachya Vidyapith
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/006188/1

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prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA-62 DaoN. sAgaramala jaina Alekha saMgraha bhAga-1 prAkRta bhASA kA prAcIna svarUpa DaoN. sAgaramala jainaprakAzaka : prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.)

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upAdhyAya pa.pU. puSkaramunijI ma.sA. AcArya zrI devendramunijI sA da ma ra ma. rpa Na. G G mahAzramaNI pU. zrI puSpavatIjI ma.sA.

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prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA kramAMka sAgaramala jaina Alekha saMgraha bhAga prAcya - 'vidya' 62 prAkRta bhASA kA prAcIna svarUpa vidyApIla 1 anekAMta aparigraha sA zAjApura vimuktaye lekhaka DaoN. sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka - prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma. pra. )

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prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA kramAMka 62 prAkRta bhASA kA prAcIna svarUpa sAgaramala jaina Alekha saMgraha, bhAga 1 prAkRta bhASA ke prAcIna svarUpa se sambandhita DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ke Alekha lekhaka :DaoN. sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka : prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma. pra. ) phona naM. 07364-222218 prakAzana varSa 2015-16 kApIrAiTa mUlya sampUrNa seTa (lagabhaga 25 se adhika bhAga) mudraka chAjer3a prinTa prA. li. 68, iNDasTrIyala eriyA, ratalAma phona 07412-230557 * lekhaka DaoN.sAgaramala jaina - * rUpaye 200/ 5000/ - -

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prakAzakIya DaoN.sAgaramala jaina 'jaina vidyA evaM bhAratIya vidhAoM' ke bahuzruta vidvAn haiN| unake vicAra evaM Alekha vigata 50 varSoM se yatratatra vibhinna patra-patrikAoM aura saMskRta, prAkRta evaM hindI ke vibhinna granthoM kI bhUmikAoM ke rUpa meM prakAzita hote rahe haiN| una sabako ekatrita kara prakAzita karane ke prayAsa bhI alpa hI hue haiN| prathamataH, unake lagabhaga 100 Alekha sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha meM aura lagabhaga 120 Alekha- zramaNa ke vizeSAMkoM ke rUpa meM 'sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI' meM athavA jaina dharma evaM saMskRti ke nAma se sAta bhAgoM meM prakAzita hue haiM, kintu DaoN. jaina ke lekhoM kI saMkhyA 320 se adhika hai, sAtha hI unhoMne saMskRta evaM prAkRta ke tathA jaina dharma aura saMskRti se saMbaMdhita aneka granthoM kI vistRta bhUmikAeM bhI likhI hai| unakA yaha samasta lekhana prakIrNa rUpa se bikharA par3A hai| viSayAnurUpa usakA saMkalana bhI nahIM huA hai| unake grantha bhI aba punaH prakAzana kI apekSA rakha rahe haiM, kintu chaha-sAta hajAra pRSThoM kI isa vipula sAmagrI ko samAhita kara prakAzita karanA hamAre lie saMbhava nahIM thaa| sAdhvIvaryA saumyaguNAzrIjI kA sujhAva rahA ki prathama krama meM unake vikIrNa AlekhoM ko hI eka sthAna para ekatrita kara prakAzita karane kA prayatna kiyA jaaye| unakI yaha preraNA hamAre lie mArgadarzaka banI aura hamane DaoN.sAgaramala jaina ke AlekhoM ko saMgRhIta karane kA prayatna kiyaa| kArya bahuta vizAla hai, kintu jitanA sahaja rUpa se prApta ho sakegA-utanA hI prakAzita karane kA prayatna kiyA jaaegaa| aneka prAcIna patra-patrikAeM pahale hAtha se hI kampoja hokara prinTa hotI thIM, sAtha hI ve vibhinna AkAroM aura vividha prakAra ke akSaroM meM mudrita hotI thIM, una sabako eka sAija meM aura eka hI phoNTa meM prakAzita karanA bhI kaThina thaa| ataH, unako punaH prakAzita karane hetu unakA punaH TaMkaNa evaM prUpharIDiMga Avazyaka thaa| hamAre punaH TaMkaNa ke kArya evaM prUpha saMzodhana ke kArya meM sahayoga kiyA chAjer3a prinTarI ne| hama unake evaM mudraka chAjer3a prinTarI ke bhI AbhArI haiN| narendra jaina evaM TrasTa maNDala prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura

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kra. vivaraNa 1. ardhamAgadhI prAkRta bhASA kA udbhava evaM vikAsa 2. prAkRta Agama sAhitya ke bhASika svarUpa meM huA parivartana 3. ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : kucha satya aura tathya 4. jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA : ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ? 5. prAkRta vidyA meM pro. TaoNTiyAjI ke nAma se prakAzita unake vyAkhyAna ke vicArabinduoM kI samIkSA viSayAnukramaNikA 6. zaurasenI prAkRta ke saMbaMdha meM pro. bholAzaMkara vyAsa kI sthApanAoM kI samIkSA azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA : mAgadhI yA zaurasenI kyA brAhmI lipi meM 'na' aura 'Na' ke lie eka hI AkRti thI ? 7. 8. 9. oGmAgadhI prAkRtaH eka nayA zagUphA pRSTha kra. 1 11 31 41 71 84 94 104 115

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ardhamAgadhI prAkRta bhASA kA ____ udbhava evaM vikAsa bhAratIya sAhitya ke prAcIna grantha saMskRta, prAkRta evaM pAlI bhASA meM pAye jAte haiN| vaidika paramparA kA sAhitya, vizeSa rUpa se veda, upaniSada Adi saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha haiM, kintu vedoM kI saMskRta ArSa saMskRta hai, jisakI prAkRta evaM pAlI se adhika nikaTatA dekhI jAtI hai| mUlataH saMskRta eka saMskArita bhASA hai| usa yuga meM pracalita vividha boliyoM (DAyalekTsa) kA saMskAra karake eka sabhyajanoM ke pArasparika saMvAda ke lie eka Adarza sAhityika bhASA kI racanA kI gaI, jo saMskRta khlaayii| saMskRta sabhya varga kI bhASA bnii| bhinna-bhinna boliyoM ko bolane vAle sabhya varga ke madhya apane vicAroM ke AdAnapradAna kA yahI mAdhyama thii| isa prakAra saMskRta bhASA kI saMracanA vibhinna boliyoM ke madhya eka sAmAnya Adarza bhASA (Common Language) ke rUpa meM huii| udAharaNa ke lie, Aja bhI uttara bhArata ke hindI bhASI vividha kSetroM meM apanI-apanI boliyoM kA astitva hote hue bhI unake madhya eka sAmAnya bhASA ke rUpa meM hindI pracalita hai| yahI sthiti prAcIna kAla meM vibhinna prAkRta boliyoM ke madhya saMskRta bhASA kI thii| jaise Aja hindIbhASI kSetra meM sAhityika hindI aura vibhinna kSetrIya boliyAM sAtha-sAtha astitva meM haiM, usI prakAra usa yuga meM saMskRta evaM vibhinna prAkRteM sAtha-sAtha astitva meM rahI haiN| yahAM sabase mahatvapUrNa tathya yaha hai ki mUlataH prAkRteM boliyA~ haiM aura saMskRta unake saMskAra se nirmita sAhityika bhASA hai| bhArata meM boliyoM kI apekSA prAkRteM aura saMyojaka saMskArita sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM saMskRta prAcIna hai, isameM kisI kA vaimatya nahIM hai| prAkRteM

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saMskRta ko apabhraSTa karake banIM, yaha eka bhrAnta avadhAraNA hai| punaH kAlakrama meM ina kSetrIya boliyoM yA prAkRtoM ne bhI sAhityika bhASA kA svarUpa grahaNa kiyaa| isameM sarvaprathama abhilekhIya prAkRta astitva meM aaii| cUMki abhI taka paThita abhilekhoM meM azoka ke abhilekha hI prAcInatama mAne jAte haiM-inakI jo bhASA hai vahI abhilekhIya prAkRta hai| inakI bhASA mukhyataH mAgadhI prAkRta ke nikaTa hai, kintu azoka ke abhilekhoM kI prAkRta mAgadhI ke nikaTa hote hue bhI, ve abhilekha jina-jina kSetroM meM khudavAye gae haiM, unameM vahAM-vahAM kI kSetrIya prAkRta boliyoM ke zabdarUpa bhI kvacit rUpa se A gaye haiN| yaha mAgadhI ke ardhamAgadhI banane ke itihAsa kA prAraMbhika caraNa thaa| jina-jina lokaboliyoM kA rUpAntara sAhityika prAkRta meM huA, unameM mAgadhI kA sthAna prathama hai, kyoMki usameM na kevala azoka ke abhilekha likhe gae, apitu vaha bauddha tripiTakoM kI pAlI aura jaina AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI kA AdhAra bhI rahI hai| abhilekhIya prAkRta meM dUsarA sthAna khAravela ke abhilekha I.pU. prathama zatI kA aura tIsarA sthAna mathurA ke jaina abhilekhoM I. kI 1-3 rI zatI kA AtA hai| Azcarya yaha hai ki IsvI san kI tIsarI zatI taka kA koI bhI abhilekha saMskRta bhASA meM nahIM likhA gyaa| mathurA ke kucha jaina abhilekhoM meM kvacit saMskRta zabdarUpa dekhe jA sakate haiM, kintu koI bhI abhilekha na to zuddha saMskRta meM hai aura na madhyavartI 'ta' ke sthAna para 'da' ko pradhAnatA dene vAlI zaurasenI prAkRta meM milA hai| unameM zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta meM pracalita 'na' ke sthAna para sarvatra 'Na' kA abhAva parilakSita hotA hai aura na mahArASTrI prAkRta kI lopa kI 'ya' zruti hI milatI hai| mukhya bAta yaha hai ki azoka ke kAla meM rAjyabhASA ke rUpa meM mAgadhI prAkRta ko hI pradhAnatA milI thii| ataH usakA prabhAva IsA kI dUsarItIsarI zatI taka banA rhaa| itanA sunizcita hai ki isI mAgadhI ko saMskRta ke sannikaTa lAne ke prayatna meM pAlI kA vikAsa haA, jisameM bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya Aja bhI upalabdha hai| usI mAgadhI ke saralIkaraNa ke prayAsa meM AsapAsa kI kSetrIya boliyoM ke zabda-rUpoM ke mizraNa se AcArAMga aura isIbhAsiyAI jaise prAcIna stara ke ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI racanA yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI pATalIputra meM naMdavaMza kI samApti aura mauryayuga ke prathama caraNa arthAt vIranirvANa ke lagabhaga 150 varSa pazcAt aura

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khAravela kI kumhArI parvata ( I. pU. prathama zatI) kI vAcanA meM unakA ardhamAgadhI svarUpa sthira rahA, kintu IsA kI tRtIya zatI meM Arya skaMdila kI adhyakSatA meM mathurA meM sampanna vAcanA meM vahAM kI kSetrIya bhASA zaurasenI kA prabhAva usa para AyA aura ise mAthurI vAcanA ke nAma se jAnA gyaa| jJAtavya hai ki yApanIya aura digambara acela paramparA ke granthoM meM jo bhI Agamika aMza pAye jAte haiM, ve jaina zaurasenI ke nAma se hI jAne jAte haiM, kyoMki inameM eka ora ardhamAgadhI aura dUsarI ora mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| acela paramparA ke Agama tulya granthoM kI bhASA vizuddha zaurasenI na hokara ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prabhAvita zaurasenI hai aura isIlie ise jaina zaurasenI kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra, magadha (madhya bihAra ) evaM samIpavartI kSetroM kI aura zaurasena pradeza (varttamAna pazcimI uttarapradeza aura hariyANA ) kI kSetrIya boliyoM se sAhityika prAkRta bhASA ke rUpa meM kramazaH ardhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI prAkRta kA vikAsa huaa| ardhamAgadhI jaba pazcima bhArata aura saurASTra pahu~cI, vaha zaurasena pradeza se hokara hI vahA~ taka pahu~cI thI, ataH usameM kvacit zabdarUpa zaurasenI ke A gye| punaH, mathurA kI vAcanA ke samakAlika valabhI meM nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM jo vAcanA huI usameM aura usake lagabhaga 150 varSa pazcAt punaH valabhI meM (vIra nirvANa saMvat 980) meM jo vAcanA hokara AgamoM kA sampAdana evaM lekhana kArya huA, usa samaya unameM vahAM kI kSetrIya bolI mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prabhAva aayaa| isa prakAra, ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kvacit rUpa se zaurasenI aura adhika rUpa meM mahArASTrI prAkRta se prabhAvita huaa| phira bhI, aisA lagatA hai ki niyukti, bhASya aura cUrNikAla taka (IsA kI dvitIya zatI se sAtavIM zatI taka) usake ardhamAgadhI svarUpa ko surakSita rakhane kA prayatna bhI huA hai| cUrNigata 'pAThoM' meM tathA acela paramparA ke mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA tathA usakI aparAjitasUri kI TIkA, kaSAyapAhuDa, SaTkhaNDAgama Adi unakI TIkAoM meM ye ardhamAgadhI rUpa Aja bhI dekhe jAte haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAMga kA varttamAna 'rAmagutte' pATha, jo mUla meM rAmaputte thA, cUrNi meM 'rAmAutte' ke rUpa meM surakSita hai| isI prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki mAgadhI kaise ardhamAgadhI banI aura phira usa para zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prabhAva kaise AyA? ina prAkRta bhASAoM ke kAlakrama kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM, to mAgadhI meM AsapAsa kI kSetrIya boliyoM ke prabhAva se sAhityika

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prAkRta ke rUpa meM ardhamAgadhI kA udbhava evaM vikAsa huaa| isake pazcAt zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI prAkRteM bhI sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM vikasita huiiN| jahA~ taka mAgadhI yA prArambhika ardhamAgadhI kA prazna hai, usake sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika (abhilekhIya) donoM pramANa upalabdha haiM, jo I.pU. tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI taka jAte haiM, kintu jahA~ taka zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prazna hai, usake mAtra sAhityika pramANa hI upalabdha haiM, jo adhikatama IsA kI dvitIya zatI se pA~cavI zatI ke madhya ke haiM, usake pUrvavartI nahIM haiN| yadyapi bolI ke rUpa meM prAkRteM aneka rahI haiM, unameM saMskRta ke samAna ekarUpatA nahIM hai, saMskRta ke do hI rUpa milate haiM, ArSa aura paravartI sAhityika saMskRta, jabaki prAkRteM apane bolIgata vibhinna rUpoM ke kAraNa aneka prakAra kI haiN| vividha prAkRtoM kA eka acchA saMgraha hameM mRcchakaTika nAmaka nATaka meM milatA hai, kintu prastuta Alekha meM maiMne una sabakA ullekha na karake jaina sAhitya ke saMdarbha ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue arddhamAgadhI, jaina zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta kA hI ullekha kiyA hai aura sAtha hI, kAlakrama meM unake vikAsakrama kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| yadyapi kucha abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para uttara-pazcimI pAkistAna aura aphagAnistAna kI paizAcI prAkRta bhI prAcIna prAkRta rahI hai, kintu kucha abhilekhoM aura nATakoM meM prayukta usake kucha zabdarUpoM ke atirikta usa sambandha meM adhika sAkSya upalabdha nahIM haiN| jahAM taka prAkRta dhammapada kA prazna hai, vaha usase prabhAvita avazya lagatA hai, kintu vaha vizuddha paizAcI prAkRta kA grantha hai, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| sAmAnya rUpa se prAkRta bhASA ke kSetra kI carcA karanI ho, to samasta yoropIya kSetra eka samaya prAkRtabhASI kSetra rahA hai| Aja bhI aMgrejI, phreMca, jarmana, itAlavI Adi varttamAna yUropIya bhASAoM tathA prAcIna grIka, leTina Adi meM apane uccAraNagata zailIbheda ko chor3akara aneka zabda rUpa samAna pAye jAte haiN| maiMne kucha ardhamAgadhI prAkRta zabdarUpoM ko varttamAna aMgrejI meM bhI khojA hai, jaise- boMdI = baoNDI, AuTTe = AuTa, no no, dAra=Doara, bhAtara = bradara Adi jo donoM meM samAna artha meM prayukta hote haiN| = pro. bhayANI aura anya aneka bhASA vaijJAnikoM ne iNDo-Aryana bhASAoM ko tIna bhAgoM meM bAMTA hai| Old Indo-Aryan Languages, Middle Indo-Aryan Languages aura Lateral Indo-Aryan Languages unake anusAra prAcIna bhAyUropIya bhASAoM meM mukhyataH Rgveda evaM avestA kI bhASAeM AtI haiN| madhyakAlIna

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bhAyUropIya bhASAoM meM vibhinna prAkRteM aura leTina grIka Adi bhASAeM samAhita haiN| bhASA vaijJAnikoM ne madhyakAlIna ina bhASAoM ko punaH tIna bhAgoM meM vargIkRta kiyA hai1. madhyakAlIna prAcIna bhASAeM, 2. madhya madhyakAlIna bhASAeM aura 3. paravartI madhyakAlIna bhaassaaeN| inameM prAcIna madhyakAlIna bhASAoM meM azoka evaM khAravela ke abhilekha kI bhASAeM, pAlI (pariSkRta mAgadhI), ardhamAgadhI, gAMdhArI (prAcIna vaizAlI) evaM mathurA ke prAcIna abhilekhoM kI bhASAe~ / jahA~ taka madhyakAlIna bhASAoM kA prazna hai, usa varga ke antargata vibhinna nATakoM meM prayukta prAkRteM yathA mAgadhI, zaurasenI, prAcIna mahArASTrI tathA paravartI sAhityika mahArASTrI tathA paizAcI AtI haiN| jJAtavya hai ki nATakoM kI zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI kI apekSA jaina granthoM kI zaurasenI evaM mahArASTrI paraspara ekadUsare se aura kisI sImA taka paravartI arddhamAgadhI se prabhAvita haiN| jaba maiM yahA~ paravartI ardhamAgadhI kI bAta karatA hU~, to merA tAtparya kvacit zaurasenI evaM adhikAMzataH mahArASTrI prAkRta se prabhAvita mAgadhI se hai, jo kucha prAcIna stara ke Agama granthoM, yathA - AcArAMga, isibhAsiyAI Adi ke prAcIna pAThoM ko chor3akara varttamAna meM upalabdha adhikAMza ardhamAgadhI AgamoM evaM unakI prAkRta vyAkhyAoM tathA paumacariyaM Adi meM upalabdha haiN| yadyapi ardhamAgadhI ke kucha prAcIna pATha 11vIM - 12vIM zatI taka kI hastapratoM tathA bhASya yA cUrNi ke mUla pAThoM meM surakSita hai| saMskRta mizrita prAkRta meM racita cUrNiyoM ( 7vIM zatI) kI bhASA meM bhI kucha prAcIna ardhamAgadhI kA rUpa surakSita hai| pro. ke. Ara. candrA ne prAcIna hastapratoM, cUrNipAThoM tathA azoka aura khAravela ke abhilekhoM ke zabdarUpoM ke AdhAra para AcArAMga meM prathama adhyayana kA prAcIna ardhamAgadhI svarUpa spaSTa kiyA hai| jahAM taka madhyakAlIna paravartI bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kA prazna hai, ve vibhinna apabhraMzoM ke rUpa meM upalabdha haiN| isake pazcAt Adhunika yuga kI bhASAeM AtI haiM, yathA - hindI, gujarAtI, marAThI, paMjAbI, baMgalA, maithila aadi| inakA janma vibhinna prAkRtoM se vikasita vibhinna apabhraMzoM se hI huA hai| aba jahAM taka prAcIna ardhamAgadhI ke svarUpa kA prazna hai, usake adhikAMza zabdarUpa azoka evaM khAravela ke zilAlekhoM tathA pAlI tripiTaka ke samakAlika haiN| DaoN. zobhanA zAha ne AcArAMgasUtra kI ardhamAgadhI ke zabdarUpoM kI khAravela ke abhilekha se tulanA kI hai| unhoMne batAyA hai ki madhyavartI 'ta' kA astitva AcArAMga meM 99.5 pratizata hai aura khAravela ke abhilekha meM 100 pratizata hai| madhyavartI 'ta' kA 'ya' (mahArASTrI prAkRta kA

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lakSaNa) AcArAMga meM mAtra 0.5 pratizata hai| khAravela ke abhilekha meM usakA prAyaH abhAva hai| madhyavartI 'ta' kA 'da', jo ki zaurasenI prAkRta kA mukhya lakSaNa hai-usakA AcArAMga aura khAravela ke abhilekha meM prAyaH abhAva hai, jabaki kundakunda ke pravacanasAra jaise grantha meM vaha 95 pratizata hai| madhyavartI 'dha' kA 'dha' rUpa AcArAMga aura khAravela ke abhilekha meM prAyaH zata-pratizata hai, jabaki pravacanasAra meM mAtra 50 pratizata hai| ye aura isa prakAra ke bhASika parivartanoM se siddha hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI ke prAcIna zabdarUpa prAyaH azoka evaM khAravela ke abhilekhoM meM mila jAte haiM, jabaki zaurasenI prAkRta aura mahArASTrI prAkRta ke zabdarUpoM kA unameM abhAva hai| ataH yaha I.pU. kI abhilekhIya prAkRta aura ardhamAgadhI meM adhika samarUpatA hai| ardhamAgadhI kA vikAsa mAgadhI aura magadha kI samIpavartI kSetrIya boliyoM ke zabdarUpa ke mizraNa se huA hai| zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI prAkRtoM kA vikAsa bhI una kSetroM kI kSetrIya boliyoM se huA hogA, isameM to sandeha nahIM hai, kintu inheM sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA lagabhaga IsA kI 3rI yA 4thI zatI meM mila pAyI hai, kyoMki I.pU.prathama zatI se IsA kI 2rI zatI taka ke mathurA se upalabdha abhilekhoM meM zaurasenI yA mahArASTrI ke lakSaNoM kA prAyaH abhAva hai, jabaki una para saMskRta kA prabhAva spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai| yadi zaurasenI sAhityika prAkRta ke rUpa meM usa kAla meM pratiSThita hotI, to usake mukhya lakSaNa madhyavartI 'ta' kA 'da' tathA isI prakAra zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI- donoM kA vizeSa lakSaNa 'na' kA sarvatra 'Na' kahIM to milane the| azoka, khAravela aura mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM 'na' hI milatA hai, 'Na' nhiiN| isase pramANita hotA hai ki jaina zaurasenI prAkRta abhilekhIya prAkRta se paravartI mAgadhI (pAlI) aura ardhamAgadhI ke pazcAt hI astitva meM AI hai| ___merI dRSTi meM kSetrIya boliyoM kI dRSTi se prAkRteM saMskRta bhASA se ati prAcIna haiM, kintu sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM ve usase paravartI haiN| saMskRta bhASA, cAhe vaha ArSagranthoM kI bhASA rahI ho yA paravartI sAhityika granthoM kI bhASA rahI ho, ve vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se baddha haiM aura unameM kisI sImA taka ekarUpatA hai, jabaki prAkRteM kSetrIya boliyoM se udbhUta hone ke kAraNa bahuvidha haiN| cAhe saMskRta vyAkaraNa ko Adarza yA maoNDala mAnakara unake vyAkaraNoM kI saMracanA huI ho, phira bhI bahuvidhatA ko banAye rakhA gayA hai| ataH, vibhinna prAkRtoM ke zabdarUpoM meM AMzika samarUpatA aura AMzika bhinnatA milatI hai| yahAM yaha jJAtavya hai ki sAhityika prAkRta granthoM kI racanA pahale huI aura unake zabda-rUpoM ko

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samajhAne ke lie vyAkaraNa grantha bAda meM bne| koI bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa 5vIM - 6ThI zatI se pUrva kA nahIM hai / prAkRtoM ke vyAkaraNa prAkRta granthoM se paravartI kAla ke hI haiN| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki prAkRta ke zabda-rUpoM ko samajhAne ke lie unameM jo niyama banAye gae, ve saMskRta ke zabda-rUpoM ko Adarza yA maoNDala mAnakara hI banAye gae, ataH prAkRta vyAkaraNoM meM jo 'prakRtiH saMskRtam '-isa sUtra kA artha kevala itanA hI hai ki isa prAkRta ke zabda-rUpoM ko samajhAne kA AdhAra saMskRta hai| jo loga isa sUtra ke AdhAra para yaha artha lagAte haiM ki saMskRta se vikRta hokara yA usase prAkRta kA janma huA, ve bhrAnti meM haiN| saMskRta aura prAkRta zabda hI isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki kauna pUrvavartI hai| prAkRteM purAkAlIna kSetrIya boliyA~ haiM aura unakA saMskAra karake hI saMskRta bhASA kA vikAsa, mAnava sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke sAtha huA hai| vaijJAnika dRSTi se mAnava sabhyatA kAlakrama meM vikasita huI hai, ataH usakI bhASA bhI vikasita huI hai| aisA nahIM hai ki Adima mAnava zuddha saMskRta bolatA thA aura phira usake zabda - rUpoM yA uccAraNa meM vikRti Akara prAkRteM utpanna ho giiN| ataH, prAkRta vyAkaraNoM meM jahAM bhI sAmAnya prAkRta ke lie 'prakRti saMskRtam' zabda AyA haivaha yahI sUcita karatA hai ki saMskRta ko athavA anya kisI prAkRta ko Adarza yA maoNDala mAnakara usa vyAkaraNa kI saMracanA kI gaI hai| isI prakAra, vibhinna prAkRtoM ke pArasparika saMbaMdha samajhAne ke lie jaba 'zeSaMzaurasenIvat' Adi sUtra Ate haiM to unakA tAtparya bhI mAtra yahI hai ki usake viziSTa niyama samajhAye jA cuke haiM, zeSa niyama zaurasenI Adi kisI bhI Adarza prAkRta ke samAna hI haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, hemacandra jaba mAgadhI yA ArSaprAkRta ke sambandha meM yaha kahate haiM ki - 'zeSa prAkRtavat', to usakA tAtparya yaha nahIM ki mAgadhI prAkRta mahArASTrI prAkRta yA sAmAnya prAkRta se vikasita huI hai| kSetrIya boliyoM meM cAhe kAlakrama meM parivartana Aye bhI hoM aura apanI samIpavartI boliyoM se ve prabhAvita huI hoM kintu koI bhI kisI se utpanna yA vikasita nahIM huI hai| sabhI prAkRteM apanI kSetrIya boliyoM se vikasita huI haiN| yadyapi kSetrIya boliyoM ke rUpa meM prAkRtoM kA kAlakrama nizcita karanA kaThina hai, kintu abhilekhoM evaM granthoM ke AdhAra para ina vibhinna prAkRtoM ke kAlakrama ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai 1. azoka ke abhilekhoM kI prAcIna mAgadhI upalabdha prAkRtoM meM sabase prAcIna hai| usase

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kucha paravartI khAravela ke abhilekha kI bhASA hai, jisameM mAgadhI ke sAtha sAtha ur3IsA kI tatkAlIna kSetrIya bolI kA prabhAva hai| I.pU.tIsarI zatAbdI se prathama zatI taka inakA kAla hai| ina abhilekhoM ke lagabhaga samakAlIna yA kucha paravartI pAlI tripiTaka evaM ardhamAgadhI ke prAcIna grantha AcArAMga,isibhAsiyAI Adi ke pUrvavartI saMskaraNoM kI bhASA hai| isake pramANa kucha prAcInatama hastapratoM meM Aja bhI adhikAMzataH surakSita haiN| inakA kAla bhI prAyaH pUrvavat I.pU. hI hai| 3. tIsare krama para prajJApanA Adi paravartI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI tathA Agamatulya zaurasenI ke granthoM kI evaM mathurA ke prAcIna abhilekhoM kI bhASA hai| paizAcI prAkRta bhI inhIM kI prAyaH samakAlika hai| isake atirikta, kucha prAcIna nATakoM meM prayukta prAkRteM bhI isI kAla kI haiN| isa kAla kA prAcIna Adarza grantha 'paumacariyaM' hai| inakA kAla IsA kI prathama zatI se pAMcavI zatI ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai| kAlakrama kA yaha nirdhAraNa anumAnita hI hai| isako eka-do zatI Age-pIche kiyA jA sakatA hai| mAgadhI evaM ardhamAgadhI kyoM prAcIna haiM? isalie kyoMki bhagavAn mahAvIra aura bhagavAn buddha ne apane upadeza isI bhASA meM die the| isa sambandha meM 'ardhamAgadhI Agama' sAhitya se kucha pramANa prastuta kie jA rahe haiM, yathA1. bhagavaM ca NaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe dhmmmaaikkhii| - samavAyAMga, samavAya 34, sUtra 22 2. tae NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre kuNiassa bhabhasAraputtassa addhamAgahAe bhAsAe bhAsitA arihA dhmmNprikheii| - aupapAtika sUtra 1 3. goyamA! devA NaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe bhAsaMti sa vi ya NaM addhamAgahA bhAsA bhAsijamANI visjjti|-bhgvii, lADanUM, zataka 5, uddezaka 4, sUtra 93 tae NaM samaye bhagavaM mahAvIre usabhadattamAhaNassa devANaMdAmAhaNIe tIse ya mahati mahaliyAe isiparisAe muNiparisAe jaiparisAe.... savva bhASANu... gamiNiya sarassaIe joyaNaNIhAriNAsareNaM addhamAgahAe bhAsAe bhAsae dhamma prikheii| - bhagavaI, lADanUM, zataka 9, uddezaka 33, sUtra 149 5. tae NaM samaye bhagavaM mahAvIre jAmAlissa khattiyakumArasya.... addhamAgahAe bhAsAe

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bhAsai dhammaM prikhei| -bhagavaI, lADanUM, zataka 9, uddezaka 33, sUtra 163 6. savvasattasamadarisIhiM addhamAgahAe bhAsAe suttaM uvdittuN| -AcArAMgacUrNi, jinadAsamaNi, pR.255 na kevala zvetAmbara mAnya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM, apitu digambara paramparA ke zaurasenI granthoM meM bhI yaha ullekha milate haiM ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadeza kI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hI thii| AcArya kundakunda kI kRti ke rUpa meM mAnya bodhapAhuDa kI 32vIM gAthA meM tIrthaMkaroM ke atizayoM kI carcA hai| usakI TIkA meM zrI zrutasAgarajI likhate haiM ki-'sarvArdhamAgadhIyA bhASA bhavati', arthAt unakI sampUrNa vANI ardhamAgadhI bhASA-rUpa hotI hai| pUjya jinendravarNI jinendra siddhAntakoSa, bhAga 2, pRSTha 431 para bhagavAn divyadhvani kI carcA karate hue darzana prAbhRta evaM candraprabhacarita (18/1) ke saMdarbha dekara likhate haiM ki - 'tIrthaMkara kI divyadhvani Adhe magadhadeza kI bhASArUpa aura AdhI sarvabhASArUpa hotI hai|' AcArya prabhAcandra nandIzvara bhakti ke artha meM likhate haiM ki usa divyadhvani kA vistAra mAgadha jAti ke deva karate haiN| ataH, ardhamAgadhI devakRta atizaya hai| AcAryapravara zrI vidyAsAgarajI ke ziSya zrI pramANasAgarajI apanI pustaka jainadharma darzana (prathama saMskaraNa) pR.50 para likhate haiM ki bhagavAn mahAvIra kA upadeza sarvagrAhya ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM huA, aadi| isa prakAra, jaina paramparA samagra rUpa se yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM kI bhASA ardhamAgadhI thii| kyoMki unakA vicaraNa kSetra pramukhatayA magadha aura usakA samIpavartI kSetra thA, yahI kAraNa thA ki unakI upadeza kI bhASA AsapAsa ke kSetrIya zabdarUpoM se yukta mAgadhI arthAt ardhamAgadhI thii| vaktA usI bhASA meM bolatA hai, jo usakI mAtRbhASA ho yA zrotA jisa bhASA ko jAnatA ho| ataH bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadezoM kI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hI rahI hogii| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA udbhava I.pU. pAMcavI-chaThavIM zatI meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadezoM kI bhASA ke rUpa meM huA jo kAlAntara meM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI bhASA bana gii| jaba hama ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke vikAsa kI bAta karate haiM, to usa bhASA ke svarUpa meM kramika parivartana kaise huA aura usameM nirmita sAhitya kauna sA hai, yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai| merI dRSTi se yaha eka nirvivAda tathya hai ki vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se pUrNataH jakar3I huI saMskRta bhASA ko chor3akara koI bhI bhASA dIrghakAla taka ekarUpa nahIM raha

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paaii| svayaM saMskRta bhI dIrghakAla taka ekarUpa nahIM raha paaii| usake bhI ArSa saMskRta aura paravartI sAhityika saMskRta - aise do rUpa milate hI haiN| ve sabhI bhASAeM jo lokaboliyoM se vikasita hotI haiM, sau-do sau varSoM taka bhI ekarUpa nahIM raha pAtI haiN| varttamAna hindI, gujarAtI, marAThI Adi bhASAoM ke sAhityika rUpoM meM kaisA parivartana huA ? yaha hama sAmAnya rUpa se jAnate hI haiN| ataH, ardhamAgadhI bhI cirakAla taka ekarUpa nahIM raha pAyI / jaise-jaise jaina dharma kA vistAra uttara-pazcimI bhArata meM huA, usa para zaurasenI evaM mahArASTrI ke zabda rUpoM kA prabhAva AyA tathA uccAraNa meM zailIgata kucha parivartana bhI hue| ardhamAgadhI ke sAtha sabase durbhAgyapUrNa tathya yaha rahA ki vaha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kAla se valabhI kI aMtima vAcanAkAla (vIranirvANa 980 varSa / 993 varSa) arthAt eka hajAra varSa taka maukhika rUpa meM hI pracalita rhii| isake kAraNa usake svarUpa meM aneka parivartana Ae aura antatogatvA vaha zaurasenI se gujarakara mahArASTrI prAkRta kI godI meM baiTha gaI / vibhinna prAkRtoM ke sahasambandha ko lekara vigata kucha varSoM se yaha bhrAnta dhAraNA phailAI jA rahI hai ki amuka prAkRta kA janma amuka prAkRta se huaa| vastutaH, pratyeka prAkRta kA janma apanI apanI kSetrIya boliyoM se huA hai| samIpavartI kSetroM kI boliyoM meM sadaiva AMzika samAnatA aura AMzika asamAnatAeM svAbhAvika rUpa se hotI haiN| yahI kAraNa thA ki acela paramparA ke zaurasenI granthoM meM bhI kucha lakSaNa ardhamAgadhI ke aura kucha lakSaNa mahArASTrI prAkRta ke pAe jAte haiM, kyoMki yaha madhyadezIya bhASA rahI hai| usakA sambandha pUrva aura pazcima- donoM se hai, ataH usa para donoM kI bhASAoM kA prabhAva AyA hai| prAkRteM Apasa meM bahaneM haiM - unameM aisA nahIM hai ki eka mAtA hai aura dUsarI putrI hai| jisa prakAra vibhinna bahaneM umra meM choTI bar3I hotI haiM, vaise hI sAhityika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para unameM kAlakrama ho sakatA hai, ataH hameM yaha durAgraha chor3anA hogA ki sabhI prAkRteM mAgadhI yA zaurasenI se udbhUta haiN| prAkRteM mUlataH kSetrIya boliyA~ haiM aura unhIM kSetrIya boliyoM ko saMskArita kara jaba unameM grantha likhe gae, to ve bhASAeM bana giiN| ardhamAgadhI ke udbhava aura vikAsa kI yahI kahAnI hai| **** 10

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22 prAkRta AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM huA parivartanaH eka vimarza prAkRta eka bhASA na hokara, bhASA-samUha hai| prAkRta ke ina aneka bhASika rUpoM kA ullekha hemacandra prabhRti prAkRta-vyAkaraNa-vidoM ne kiyA hai| prAkRta ke jo vibhinna bhASika rUpa upalabdha haiM, unheM nimna bhASika vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai-mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, jaina-zaurasenI, mahArASTrI , jaina mahArASTrI, paizAcI, brAcaDa, cUlikA, ThakkI aadi| ina vibhinna prAkRtoM se hI Age calakara apabhraMza ke vividha rUpoM kA vikAsa huA aura jinase kAlAntara meM asamiyA, baMgalA, ur3iyA, bhojapurI yA pUrvI hindI, paMjAbI, rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, marAThI Adi bhAratIya bhASAe~ astitva meM aayiiN| ataH, prAkRteM sabhI bhAratIya bhASAoM kI pUrvaja haiM aura Adhunika hindI kA vikAsa bhI inhIM ke AdhAra para huaa| _merI dRSTi meM saMskRta bhASA kA vikAsa bhI inhIM prAkRtoM ko saMskArita karake aura vibhinna boliyoM ke madhya eka sAmAnya samparka bhASA ke rUpa meM huA, jisakA prAcIna rUpa chAndasa (vaidika saMskRta) thaa| vahI sAhityika saMskRta kI jananI hai| jisa prakAra vibhinna uttara bhAratIya boliyoM (apabhraMza ke vividha rUpoM) se hamArI hindI bhASA kA vikAsa huA hai, usI prakAra prAcInakAla meM vibhinna prAkRta boliyoM se saMskRta bhASA kA nirmANa huaa| saMskRta zabda hI isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki vaha eka saMskArita bhASA hai, jabaki prAkRta zabda hI prAkRta ko mUla bhASA ke rUpa meM adhiSThita karatA hai| prAkRta kI

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'prakRtiryasya saMskRtam ' kahakara jo vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai, vaha mAtra saMskRta-vidoM ko prAkRta-vyAkaraNa kA svarUpa samajhAne kI dRSTi se kI jAtI hai| prAkRta ke saMdarbha meM hameM eka-do bAteM aura samajha lenA caahie| prathama, sabhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa saMskRta meM likhe gae haiM, kyoMki unakA prayojana saMskRta ke vidvAnoM ko prAkRta bhASA ke svarUpa kA jJAna karAnA rahA hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki prAkRta bhASA kI AdhAragata bahuvidhatA ke kAraNa usakA koI eka sampUrNa vyAkaraNa banA pAnA hI kaThina hai| usakA vikAsa vividha boliyoM se huA hai aura boliyoM meM vividhatA hotI hai| sAtha hI, unameM deza-kAlagata prabhAvoM aura mukhasuvidhA (uccAraNa suvidhA) ke kAraNa bhI parivartana hote rahate haiN| prAkRta nirjhara kI bhA~ti bahatI bhASA hai, use vyAkaraNa meM Abaddha kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai, isIlie prAkRta ko 'bahulaM' arthAt vividha vaikalpika rUpoM vAlI bhASA kahA jAtA hai| vastutaH, prAkRteM apane mUla rUpa meM bhASA na hokara boliyA~ hI rahI haiN| yahA~ taka ki sAhityika nATakoM meM bhI inakA prayoga boliyoM ke rUpa meM hI dekhA jAtA hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki mRcchakaTika jaise nATakoM meM aneka prAkRtoM kA prayoga huA hai| usake vibhinna pAtra bhinna-bhinna prAkRteM bolate haiN| ina vibhinna prAkRtoM meM se adhikAMza kA astitva mAtra bolI ke rUpa meM hI rahA, jinake nidarzana kevala nATakoM aura abhilekhoM meM pAye jAte haiN| mAtra ardhamAgadhI jaina-zaurasenI aura jaina - mahArASTrI hI aisI bhASAeM haiM, jinameM jainadharma ke vipula sAhitya kA sRjana huA hai| paizAcI prAkRta ke prabhAva se yukta mAtra eka grantha prAkRta dhammapada milA hai| inhIM jana - boliyoM ko jaba eka sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa dene kA prayatna jainAcAryoM ne kiyA, to usameM bhI AdhAragata vibhinnatA ke kAraNa zabdarUpoM kI vibhinnatA raha gii| satya to yaha hai ki vibhinna boliyoM para AdhArita hone ke kAraNa sAhityika prAkRtoM meM bhI zabdarUpoM kI yaha vividhatA raha jAnA svAbhAvika hai| vibhinna boliyoM kI lakSaNagata vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa hI prAkRta bhASAoM ke vividha rUpa bane haiN| boliyoM ke AdhAra para vikasita ina prAkRtoM ke jo mAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI Adi rUpa bane haiM, unameM bhI pratyeka meM vaikalpika zabdarUpa pAye jAte haiM, ataH una sabhI meM vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se pUrNa ekarUpatA kA abhAva hai| phira bhI, bhASAvidoM ne vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke AdhAra para unakI kucha lakSaNagata vizeSatAe~ mAna lI haiM, jaise

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mAgadhI meM 'sa' ke sthAna para 'za', 'ra' ke sthAna para 'la' kA uccAraNa hotA hai| ataH mAgadhI meM 'puruSa ' kA 'puliza' aura 'rAjA' kA 'lAjA' rUpa pAyA jAtA hai, jabaki mahArASTrI meM 'purisa' aura 'rAyA' rUpa banatA hai| jahA~ ardhamAgadhI meM 'ta' zruti kI pradhAnatA hai aura vyaMjanoM ke lopa kI pravRtti alpa hai, vahIM zaurasenI meM 'da' zruti kI aura mahArASTrI meM 'ya' zruti kI pradhAnatA pAyI jAtI hai tathA lopa kI pravRtti adhika hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, ardhamAgadhI meM 'ta' yathAvat rahatA hai, zaurasenI meM 'ta' ke sthAna para 'da' aura mahArASTrI meM lupta vyaMjana ke bAda zeSa rahe 'a' kA 'ya' hotA hai| prAkRtoM meM ina lakSaNagata vizeSatAoM ke bAvajUda bhI dhAturUpoM evaM zabdarUpoM meM aneka vaikalpika rUpa to pAye hI jAte haiN| yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rahe ki nATakoM meM prayukta vibhinna prAkRtoM kI apekSA jaina granthoM meM prayukta ina prAkRta bhASAoM kA rUpa kucha bhinna hai aura kisI sImA taka unameM lakSaNagata bahurUpatA bhI hai, isIlie jaina AgamoM meM prayukta mAgadhI ko arddhamAgadhI kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki usameM mAgadhI ke atirikta anya boliyoM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa mAgadhI se bhinna lakSaNa bhI pAye jAte haiN| jahA~ taka abhilekhIya prAkRtoM kA prazna hai, unameM zabdarUpoM kI itanI adhika vividhatA yA bhinnatA hai ki unheM vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se vyAkhyAyita kara pAnA sambhava hI nahIM hai, kyoMki unakI prAkRta sAhityika prAkRta na hokara sthAnIya boliyoM para AdhArita yApanIya evaM digambara paramparA ke granthoM meM jisa bhASA kA prayoga huA hai, vaha jainazaurasenI kahI jAtI hai| use jaina-zaurasenI isaliye kahate haiM ki usameM zaurasenI ke atirikta ardhamAgadhI ke bhI kucha lakSaNa pAye jAte haiN| usa para ardhamAgadhI kA spaSTa prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai, kyoMki isameM racita granthoM kA AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama hI the| isI prakAra, zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne prAkRta ke jisa bhASAyI rUpa ko apanAyA, vaha jainamahArASTrI kahI jAtI hai| isameM mahArASTrI ke lakSaNoM ke atirikta kahIM-kahIM ardhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI ke lakSaNa bhI pAye jAte haiM, kyoMki isameM racita granthoM kA AdhAra bhI mukhyataH ardhamAgadhI aura aMzataH zaurasenI sAhitya rahA hai| ataH, jaina paramparA meM upalabdha kisI bhI grantha kI prAkRta kA svarUpa nizcita karanA eka kaThina kArya hai, kyoMki zvetAmbara aura digambara-donoM paramparAoM meM koI bhI aisA grantha nahIM milatA, jo vizuddha rUpa se kisI eka prAkRta kA pratinidhitva karatA ho|

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Aja upalabdha vibhinna zvetAmbara ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM cAhe pratizatoM meM kucha bhinnatA ho, kintu vyApaka rUpa se mahArASTrI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| AcArAMga aura RSibhASita jaise prAcIna stara ke AgamoM meM ardhamAgadhI ke lakSaNa pramukha hote hue bhI kahIM-kahIM AMzika rUpa se zaurasenI kA evaM vizeSarUpa se mahArASTrI kA prabhAva A hI gayA hai| isI prakAra, digambara paramparA ke zaurasenI granthoM meM eka ora ardhamAgadhI kA, to dUsarI ora mahArASTrI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| kucha aise grantha bhI haiM, jinameM lagabhaga 60 pratizata zaurasenI evaM 40 pratizata mahArASTrI pAyI jAtI hai- jaise-vasunandI ke zrAvakAcAra kA prathama saMskaraNa, jJAtavya hai ki paravartI saMskaraNoM meM zaurasenIkaraNa adhika liyA gayA hai| kundakunda ke granthoM meM bhI yatra-tatra mahArASTrI kA paryApta prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| ina saba vibhinna bhASika rUpoM ke pArasparika prabhAva yA mizraNa ke atirikta mujhe apane adhyayana ke daurAna eka mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha milI ki jahA~ zaurasenI granthoM meM jaba ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke uddharaNa diye gaye, to vahA~ unheM apane ardhamAgadhI rUpa meM na dekara unakA zaurasenI rUpAntaraNa karake diyA gayA hai| isI prakAra, mahArASTrI ke granthoM meM athavA zvetAmbara AcAryoM dvArA likhita granthoM meM jaba bhI zaurasenI ke grantha kA uddharaNa diyA gayA, to sAmAnyatayA use mUla zaurasenI meM na rakhakara usakA mahArASTrI rUpAntaraNa kara diyA gyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM jo uttarAdhyayana, AcArAMga Adi ke uddharaNa pAye jAte haiM, ve unake ardhamAgadhI rUpa meM na hokara zaurasenI rUpa meM hI milate haiN| isI prakAra, haribhadra ne zaurasenI prAkRta ke 'yApanIya-tantra' nAmaka grantha se 'lalitavistarA' meM jo uddharaNa diyA, vaha mahArASTrI prAkRta meM hI pAyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra, cAhe ardhamAgadhI Agama ho yA zaurasenI Agama, unake upalabdha saMskaraNoM kI bhASA na to pUrNataH ardhamAgadhI hai aura na hI shaursenii| ardhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI-donoM hI prakAra ke AgamoM para mahArASTrI kA vyApaka prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai jo ki ina donoM kI apekSA paravartI hai| isI prakAra, mahArASTrI prAkRta ke kucha granthoM para paravartI apabhraMza kA bhI prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| ina AgamoM athavA Agama tulya granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa kI vividhatA ke kAraNa unake kAlakrama tathA pArasparika AdAna-pradAna ko samajhane meM vidvAnoM ko paryApta ulajhanoM kA anubhava hotA hai, mAtra itanA hI nahIM, kabhIkabhI ina prabhAvoM ke kAraNa ina granthoM ko paravartI bhI siddha kara diyA jAtA hai|

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Aja Agamika sAhitya ke bhASika svarUpa kI vividhatA ko dUra karane tathA unheM apane mUla svarUpa meM sthira karane ke kucha prayatna bhI prArambha hue haiN| sarvaprathama DaoN. ke.candrA arthAt RSabhacandra ne prAcIne ardhamAgadhI Agama, jaise - AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga meM Aye mahArASTrI ke prabhAva ko dUra karane evaM unheM apane mUla svarUpa meM lAne ke lie prayatna prArambha kiyA hai, kyoMki eka hI adhyAya yA uddezaka meM 'loya' aura 'loga' yA 'AyA' aura 'AtA' donoM hI rUpa dekhe jAte haiN| isI prakAra, kahIM kriyA-rUpoM meM bhI 'ta' zruti upalabdha hotI hai aura kahIM usake lopa kI pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai| prAcIna AgamoM meM hue ina bhASika parivartanoM se unake artha meM bhI kitanI vikRti AyI, isakA bhI DaoN.candrA ne apane lekhoM ke mAdhyama se saMketa kiyA hai tathA yaha batAyA hai ki ardhamAgadhI 'khetanna' zabda kisa prakAra 'kheyanna' bana gayA aura usakA jo mUla 'kSetrajJa' artha thA, vaha badalakara 'khedajJa' ho gyaa| ina saba kAraNoM se unhoMne pATha saMzodhana hetu eka yojanA prastuta kI aura AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke prathama adhyayana ke prathama uddezaka kI bhASA kA sampAdana kara use prakAzita bhI kiyA hai| isI krama meM maiMne bhI Agama saMsthAna udayapura ke DaoN. subhASa koThArI evaM DaoN. sureza sisodiyA dvArA AcArAMga ke vibhinna prakAzita saMskaraNoM se pAThAntaroM kA saMkalana karavAyA hai| isake virodha meM pahalA svara zrI jauharImalajI pArakha ne uThAyA hai| zvetAmbara vidvAnoM meM AyI isa cetanA kA prabhAva digambara vidvAnoM para bhI par3A aura AcArya zrI vidyAnandajI ke nirdezana meM AcArya kundakunda ke granthoM ko pUrNataH zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita karane kA eka prayatna prArambha huA hai| isa dizA meM prathama kArya balabhadra jaina dvArA sampAdita samayasAra, niyamasAra Adi kA kundakunda bhAratI se prakAzana hai, yadyapi digambara paramparA meM hI paM.khuzAlacanda gorAvAlA, padmacandra zAstrI Adi digambara vidvAnoM ne isa pravRtti kA virodha kiyaa| Aja zvetAmbara evaM digambara paramparAoM meM Agama yA Agama rUpa meM mAnya granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa ke punaH saMzodhana kI jo cetanA jAgRta huI hai, usakA kitanA aucitya hai, isakI carcA to maiM bAda meM kruuNgaa| sarvaprathama to ise samajhanA Avazyaka hai ki ina prAkRta Agama granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM kina kAraNoM se aura kisa prakAra ke parivartana Aye haiM, kyoMki isa tathya ko pUrNataH samajhe binA kevala eka-dUsare ke anukaraNa ke AdhAra para athavA apanI paramparA ko prAcIna siddha karane hetu kisI grantha ke bhASika svarUpa meM

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parivartana kara denA sambhavataH ina granthoM ke aitihAsika krama evaM kAla nirNaya evaM inake pArasparika prabhAva ko samajhane meM bAdhA utpanna karegA aura isase kaI prakAra ke anya anartha bhI sambhava ho sakate haiN| kintu, isake sAtha hI sAtha yaha bhI satya hai ki jainAcAryoM evaM jaina vidvAnoM ne apane bhASika vyAmoha ke kAraNa athavA pracalita bhASA ke zabdarUpoM ke AdhAra para prAcIna stara ke Agama granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kiyA hai| jaina AgamoM kI vAcanA ko lekara jo mAnyatAeM pracalita haiM, unake anusAra sarvaprathama I.pU.tIsarI zatI meM vIra nirvANa ke lagabhaga eka sau pacAsa varSa pazcAt pATalIputra meM prathama vAcanA huii| isameM usa kAla taka nirmita Agama granthoM, vizeSataH aMga AgamoM kA sampAdana kiyA gyaa| yaha spaSTa hai ki paTanA kI yaha vAcanA magadha meM huI thI aura isalie isameM AgamoM kI bhASA kA jo svarUpa nirdhArita huA hogA, vaha nizcita hI mAgadhI rahA hogaa| isake pazcAt lagabhaga I.pU.prathama zatI meM khAravela ke zAsanakAla meM ur3IsA meM dvitIya vAcanA huI, yahA~ para isakA svarUpa ardhamAgadhI rahA hogA, kintu isake lagabhaga cAra sau varSa pazcAt skaMdila aura Arya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM kramazaH mathurA va valabhI meM vAcanAe~ huiiN| sambhava hai ki mathurA meM huI isa vAcanA meM ardhamAgadhI AgamoM para vyApaka rUpa se zaurasenI kA prabhAva AyA hogaa| valabhI ke vAcanA vAle AgamoM meM nAgArjunIya pAThoM ke to ullekha milate haiM, kintu skaMdila kI vAcanA ke pATha-bhedoM kA koI nirdeza nahIM hai| skaMdila kI vAcanA sambandhI pAThabhedoM kA yaha anullekha vicAraNIya hai| nandIsUtra meM skaMdila ke sambandha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki unake anuyoga (Agama pATha) hI dakSiNa bhArata kSetra meM Aja bhI pracalita haiN| sambhavataH, yaha saMketa yApanIya AgamoM ke sambandha meM hogaa| yApanIya paramparA jina AgamoM ko mAnya kara rahI thIM, usameM vyApaka rUpa se bhASika parivartana kiyA gayA thA aura unheM zaurasenI rUpa de diyA gayA thaa| yadyapi Aja pramANa ke abhAva meM nizcita rUpa se yaha batA pAnA kaThina hai ki yApanIya AgamoM kI bhASA kA svarUpa kyA thA, kyoMki yApanIyoM dvArA mAnya aura vyAkhyAyita ve Agama upalabdha nahIM haiN| yadyapi aparAjita ke dvArA dazavaikAlika para TIkA likhe jAne kA nirdeza prApta hotA hai, kintu vaha TIkA bhI Aja prApta nahIM hai| ataH, yaha kahanA to kaThina hai ki yApanIya AgamoM kI bhASA kitanI ardhamAgadhI thI aura kitanI zaurasenI, kintu itanA taya hai ki yApanIyoM ne apane granthoM meM

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AgamoM, prakIrNakoM evaM niyuktiyoM kI jina gAthAoM ko gRhIta kiyA hai athavA uddhRta kiyA hai, ve sabhI Aja zaurasenI rUpoM meM hI pAyI jAtI haiM, yadyapi Aja bhI una para bahuta kucha ardhamAgadhI kA prabhAva zeSa raha gayA hai| cAhe yApanIyoM ne sampUrNa AgamoM ke bhASAI svarUpa ko ardhamAgadhI se zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita kiyA ho yA nahIM, kintu unhoMne Agama sAhitya se jo kathAeM uddhRta kI haiM, ve adhikAMzataH Aja apane zaurasenI svarUpa meM pAyI jAtI haiN| yApanIya AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM yaha parivartana jAnabUjhakara kiyA thA, jaba mathurA jainadharma kA kendra banA, taba sahaja rUpa meM yaha parivartana A gayA thA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| jainadharma sadaiva se kSetrIya bhASAoM ko apanAtA rahA aura yahI kAraNa ho sakatA hai ki zruta- paramparA se calI A rahI ina gAthAoM meM yA to sahaja hI kSetrIya prabhAva AyA ho, yA phira usa kSetra kI bhASA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara use usa rUpa meM parivartita kiyA gayA ho / yaha bhI satya hai ki valabhI meM jo devardhigaNi kI adhyakSatA meM vI.ni.saM. 980 yA 993 meM antima vAcanA huI, usameM kSetragata mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prabhAva jaina AgamoM para vizeSarUpa se AyA hogA, yahI kAraNa hai ki vartamAna meM zvetAmbara mAnya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI bhASA kA jo svarUpa upalabdha hai, usa para mahArASTrI kA prabhAva hI adhika hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM bhI una AgamoM kI bhASA mahArASTrI se adhika prabhAvita huI hai, jo adhika vyavahAra yA pracalana meM rhe| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika jaise prAcIna stara ke Agama mahArASTrI se adhika prabhAvita haiM, jabaki RSibhASita jaisA Agama mahArASTrI ke prabhAva se bahuta kucha mukta rahA hai| usa para mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prabhAva atyalpa hai| Aja ardhamAgadhI kA jo Agama sAhitya hameM upalabdha hai, usameM ardhamAgadhI kA sarvAdhika pratizata isI grantha meM pAyA jAtA hai| jaina Agamika evaM AgamarUpa meM mAnya ardhamAgadhI tathA zaurasenI granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kyoM huA ? isa prazna kA uttara aneka rUpoM meM diyA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH, ina granthoM meM hue bhASika parivartanoM kA koI eka hI kAraNa nahIM hai, apitu aneka kAraNa haiM, jina para hama kramazaH vicAra kreNge| 1. bhArata meM jahA~ vaidika paramparA meM veda-vacanoM ko maMtra mAnakara unake svara - vyaMjana kI uccAraNa yojanA ko aparivartanIya banAye rakhane para adhika bala diyA gayA, unake lie zabda aura dhvani hI mahatvapUrNa rahe aura artha gauNa / Aja bhI aneka vedapAThI brAhmaNa aise haiM,

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jo vedamaMtroM ke uccAraNa, laya Adi ke prati atyanta satarka rahate haiM, kintu ve unake arthoM ko nahIM jAnate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki veda zabdarUpa meM yathAvat bane rhe| isake viparIta, jaina paramparA meM yaha mAnA gayA ki tIrthaMkara artha ke upadeSTA hote haiM, unake vacanoM ko zabdarUpa to gaNadhara Adi ke dvArA diyA jAtA hai| jainAcAryoM ke lie kathana kA tAtparya hI pramukha thA, unhoMne kabhI bhI zabdoM para bala nahIM diyaa| zabdoM meM cAhe parivartana ho jAya, lekina arthoM meM parivartana nahIM honA cAhiye, yahI jaina AcAryoM kA pramukha lakSya rhaa| zabdarUpoM kI unakI isa upekSA ke phalasvarUpa AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana hote ge| 2. Agama-sAhitya meM jo bhASika parivartana hue, usakA dUsarA kAraNa yaha thA ki jainabhikSu saMgha meM vibhinna pradezoM ke bhikSugaNa sammilita the| apanI-apanI prAdezika boliyoM se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa unakI uccAraNa zailI meM bhI svAbhAvika bhinnatA rahatI, phalataH Agama-sAhitya ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhinnatAeM A gyiiN| 3. jainabhikSu sAmAnyatayA bhramaNazIla hote haiM, unakI bhramaNazIlatA ke kAraNa unakI boliyoM, bhASAoM para anya pradezoM kI boliyoM kA prabhAva par3atA hI hai| phalataH, AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana yA mizraNa ho gyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, jaba pUrva kA bhikSu pazcimI pradezoM meM adhika vihAra karatA hai, to usakI bhASA meM pUrva evaM pazcima donoM hI boliyoM kA prabhAva A hI jAtA hai, ataH bhASika svarUpa kI ekarUpatA samApta ho jAtI ____4. sAmAnyatayA, buddhavacana buddha nirvANa ke 200-300 varSa ke andara-hI-andara likhita rUpa meM A gae, ataH unake bhASika svarUpa meM unake racanAkAla ke bAda bahuta adhika parivartana nahIM AyA, tathApi unakI uccAraNa zailI vibhinna dezoM meM bhinna bhinna rahI aura vaha Aja bhI hai| thAI, barmA aura zrIlaMkA ke bhikSuoM kA tripiTaka kA uccAraNa bhinna bhinna hotA hai, phira bhI unake likhita svarUpa meM bahuta kucha ekarUpatA hai| isake viparIta, jaina Agamika evaM Agamatulya sAhitya eka sudIrghakAla taka likhita rUpa meM nahIM A sakA, vaha guru-ziSya paramparA se maukhika hI calatA rhaa| phalataH, dezakAlagata uccAraNa bheda se unake bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana hotA gyaa| bhArata meM kAgaja kA pracalana na hone se grantha bhojapatroM yA tAr3apatroM para likhe jAte

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the| tAr3apatroM para granthoM ko likhavAnA aura unheM surakSita rakhanA jaina muniyoM kI ahiMsA evaM aparigraha kI bhAvanA ke pratikUla thaa| lagabhaga I. san kI 5 vIM zatI taka isa kArya ko pApa-pravRtti mAnA jAtA rahA aura isake lie daNDa kI vyavasthA bhI thii| phalataH, mahAvIra ke pazcAt lagabhaga 1000 varSa taka jaina sAhitya zruta - paramparA para hI AdhArita rhaa| zruta-paramparA ke AdhAra para AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa ko surakSita rakhanA kaThina thA, ataH uccAraNa zailI kA bheda AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa ke parivartana kA kAraNa bana gyaa| 5. Agamika evaM Agama-tulya sAhitya meM Aja bhASika rUpoM kA jo parivartana dekhA jAtA hai, usakA eka kAraNa lahiyoM (pratilipikAroM) kI asAvadhAnI bhI rahI hai| pratilipikAra jisa kSetra ke hote the, una para bhI usa kSetra kI bolI / bhASA kA prabhAva rahatA thA aura asAvadhAnI se apanI prAdezika bolI ke zabdarUpoM ko likha dete the| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, cAhe mUla pATha meM 'gacchati' likhA ho, lekina pracalana meM 'gacchaI' kA vyavahAra hai, to pratilipikAra 'gacchaI' rUpa hI likha degaa| 6. jaina Agama evaM Agamatulya grantha meM Aye bhASika parivartanoM kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki ve vibhinna kAloM meM evaM vibhinna pradezoM meM sampAdita hote rahe haiN| sampAdakoM ne unake prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira rakhane kA prayatna nahIM kiyA, apitu unheM sampAdita karate samaya apane yuga evaM kSetra ke pracalita bhASAyI svarUpa ke AdhAra para unameM parivartana kara diyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki ardhamAgadhI meM likhita Agama bhI jaba mathurA meM saMkalita evaM saMpAdita hue, to unakA bhASika svarUpa ardhamAgadhI kI apekSA zaurasenI ke nikaTa ho gayA aura jaba valabhI meM likhe gae, to vaha mahArASTrI se prabhAvita ho gyaa| yaha alaga bAta hai ki aisA parivartana sampUrNa rUpa meM na ho sakA aura usameM ardhamAgadhI ke tattva bhI bane rhe| sampAdana aura pratilipi karate samaya bhASika svarUpa kI ekarUpatA para vizeSa bala nahIM die jAne ke kAraNa jaina Agama evaM Agamatulya sAhitya ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI evaM mahArASTrI kI khicar3I bana gayA aura vidvAnoM ne unakI bhASA ko jaina - zaurasenI aura jainamahArASTrI-aise nAma de die| na prAcIna saMkalanakarttAoM ne usa para dhyAna diyA aura na Adhunika kAla ke sampAdakoM, prakAzanoM meM isa tathya para dhyAna diyA gyaa| pariNAmataH, eka hI Agama ke eka hI vibhAga meM 'loka', 'loga', 'loa' aura 'loya' - aise cAroM hI rUpa dekhane ko mila jAte haiN|

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yadyapi sAmAnya rUpa se to ina bhASika rUpoM ke parivartanoM ke kAraNa koI bahuta bar3A artha-bheda nahIM hotA hai, kintu kabhI - kabhI inake kAraNa bhayaMkara artha-bheda bhI ho jAtA hai| isa sandarbha meM eka-do udAharaNa dekara apanI bAta ko spaSTa karanA caahuuNgaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, sUtrakRtAMga kA prAcIna pATha 'rAmaputte' badalakara cUrNi meM 'rAmAutte' ho gayA, kintu vahI pATha sUtrakRtAMga kI zIlAMka kI TIkA meM 'rAmagutte' ho gyaa| isa prakAra, jo zabda rAmaputra kA vAcaka thA, vaha rAmagupta kA vAcaka ho gyaa| isI AdhAra para kucha vidvAnoM ne use gupta zAsaka rAmagupta mAna liyA hai aura usake dvArA pratiSThApita vidizA kI jina mUrttiyoM ke abhilekhoM se usakI puSTi bhI kara dI, jabaki vastutaH vaha nirdeza buddha ke samakAlIna rAmaputra nAmaka zramaNa AcArya ke sambandha meM thA, jo dhyAna evaM yoga ke mahAn sAdhaka the aura jinase svayaM bhagavAn buddha ne dhyAna- prakriyA sIkhI thii| unase sambandhita eka adhyayana RSibhASita meM Aja bhI hai, jabaki aMtakRtdazA meM unase sambandhita jo adhyayana thA, vaha Aja vilupta ho cukA hai| isakI vistRta carcA (Appects of Jainology Vol.II) meM maiMne apane eka svataMtra lekha meM kI hai| isI prakAra, AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM prayukta 'khettanna' zabda, jo 'kSetrajJa' (AtmajJa) kA vAcI thA, mahArASTrI ke prabhAva se Age calakara 'kheyaNNa' bana gayA aura use 'khedajJa' kA vAcI mAna liyA gyaa| isakI carcA pro. ke.Ara. candrA ne zramaNa 1992 meM prakAzita apane lekha meM kI hai / ataH, spaSTa hai ki ina parivartanoM ke kAraNa aneka sthaloM para bahuta adhika arthabheda bhI ho gaye haiN| Aja vaijJAnika rUpa se sampAdana kI jo zailI vikasita huI hai, usake mAdhyama se ina samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kI apekSA hai| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM saMketa kiyA thA ki Agamika evaM Agama tulya granthoM ke prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira karane ke lie zvetAmbara paramparA meM pro. ke.Ara. candra aura digambara paramparA meM AcArya zrI vidyAnandajI ke sAnnidhya meM zrI balabhadra jaina ne prayatna prArambha kiyA hai, kintu ina prayatnoM kA kitanA aucitya hai aura isa sandarbha meM kina-kina sAvadhAniyoM kI AvazyakatA hai, yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai| yadi prAcIna rUpoM ko sthira karane kA yaha prayatna pUrNa sAvadhAnI aura ImAnadArI se na huA, to isake duSpariNAma bhI ho sakate haiN| prathamataH, prAkRta ke vibhinna bhASika rUpa liye hue ina granthoM meM pArasparika prabhAva aura pArasparika avadAna ko arthAt kisane kisa paramparA se kyA liyA hai, ise samajhane 20

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ke lie Aja jo suvidhA hai, vaha inameM bhASika ekarUpatA lAne para samApta ho jaayegii| Aja namaskAra maMtra meM 'namo' aura 'Namo' zabda kA jo vivAda hai, usakA samAdhAna aura kauna zabdarUpa prAcIna hai, isakA nizcaya hama khAravela aura mathurA ke abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para kara sakate haiM aura kaha sakate haiM ki ardhamAgadhI kA 'namo' rUpa prAcIna hai, jabaki zaurasenI aura mahArASTra kA 'Namo' rUpa paravartI hai, kyoMki I. kI dUsarI zatI taka abhilekhoM meM kahIM bhI 'Namo' rUpa nahIM milatA, jabaki chaThavIM zatI se dakSiNa bhArata ke jaina abhilekhoM meM 'Namo' rUpa bahutAyata se milatA hai| isase phalita nikalatA hai ki 'Namo rUpa paravartI hai aura jina granthoM meM 'na' ke sthAna para 'Na' kI bahulatA hai, ve grantha bhI paravartI haiN| yaha satya hai ki 'namo' se parivartita hokara hI 'Namo' rUpa banA hai| jina abhilekhoM meM 'Namo' rUpa milatA hai, ve sabhI I.san kI cauthI zatI ke bAda ke hI haiN| isI prakAra se, namaskAra maMtra kI aMtimagAthA meM-- eso paMca namukkAro savvapAvappaNAsaNo / maMgalANaM ca savvesi par3hamaM havai maMgalaM - - aisA pATha hai| inameM prayukta prathamA vibhakti meM 'ekAra' ke sthAna para 'okAra' kA prayoga tathA 'havati' ke sthAna para 'havai' zabdarUpa kA prayoga yaha batAtA hai ki isakI racanA ardhamAgadhI se mahArASTrI ke saMkramaNakAla ke bIca kI hai aura yaha aMza namaskAra maMtra meM bAda meM jor3A gayA hai| isameM zaurasenI rUpa 'hodi' yA 'havadi' ke sthAna para mahArASTrI zabdarUpa 'havaI' hai, jo yaha batAtA hai ki yaha aMza mUlataH mahArASTrI meM nirmita huA thA aura vahIM se hI zaurasenI meM liyA gayA hai| isI prakAra, zaurasenI AgamoM meM bhI isake 'havaI' zabdarUpa kI upasthiti bhI yahI sUcita karatI hai ki unhoMne isa aMza ko paravartI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke granthoM se hI grahaNa kiyA hai, anyathA vahA~ mUla zaurasenI kA 'havadi' yA 'hodi' rUpa hI honA thaa| Aja yadi kisI ko zaurasenI kA adhika Agraha ho, to kyA ve namaskAra maMtra ke isa 'havaI' zabda ko 'havadi' yA 'hodi' ke rUpa meM parivartita kara deMge ? jabaki tIsarI-cauthI zatI se Aja taka kahIM bhI 'havai' ke atirikta anya koI zabdarUpa upalabdha nahIM hai| prAkRta ke bhASika svarUpa ke sambandha meM dUsarI kaThinAI yaha hai ki prAkRta kA mUla AdhAra kSetrIya boliyA~ hone se usake eka hI kAla meM vibhinna rUpa rahe haiM / prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM jo 'bahulaM' zabda hai, vaha svayaM isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki cAhe zabdarUpa ho, cAhe dhAtu rUpa ho yA upasarga Adi ho, unakI bahuvidhatA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| eka

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bAra hama mAna bhI leM ki eka kSetrIya bolI meM eka hI rUpa rahA hogA, kintu cAhe vaha zaurasenI, ardhamAgadhI yA mahArASTrI prAkRta ho, sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM inake vikAsa mUla meM vividha boliyA~ rahI haiN| ataH, bhASika ekarUpatA kA prayatna prAkRta kI apanI mUla prakRti kI dRSTi se kitanA samIcIna hogA, yaha bhI eka vicAraNIya prazna hai| ke punaH, cAhe hama eka bAra yaha mAna bhI leM ki prAcIna ardhamAgadhI kA jo bhI sAhityika rUpa rahA, vaha bahuvidha nahIM thA aura usameM vyaMjanoM ke lopa, usake sthAna para 'a' yA 'ya' kI upasthiti athavA 'na' ke sthAna para 'Na' kI pravRtti nahIM rahI hogI aura isa AdhAra para AcArAMga Adi kI bhASA kA ardhamAgadhI svarUpa sthira karane kA prayatna ucita bhI mAna liyA jAye, kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki jaina - paramparA meM zaurasenI kA Agamatulya sAhitya mUlataH ardhamAgadhI AgamasAhitya ke AdhAra para aura usase hI vikasita huA hai ataH usameM jo ardhamAgadhI yA mahArASTrI prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai, use pUrNataH nikAla denA kyA ucita hogA? yadi hamane yaha duHsAhasa kiyA, to usase granthoM ke kAla nirdhAraNa Adi meM aura unakI pArasparika prabhAvakatA ko samajhane meM Aja jo sugamatA hai, vaha naSTa ho jaaegii| yahI sthiti mahArASTrI prAkRta kI bhI hai| usakA AdhAra bhI ardhamAgadhI aura aMzataH zaurasenI Agama rahe haiN| yadi unake prabhAva ko nikAlane kA prayatna kiyA gayA, to vaha bhI ucita nahIM hogaa| kheyaNNa kA prAcIna rUpa khetanna hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta ke grantha meM eka bAra khetanna rUpa prApta hotA hai, to use hama prAcIna zabdarUpa mAnakara rakha sakate haiM, kintu ardhamAgadhI ke grantha meM 'khetanna' rUpa upalabdha hote hue bhI mahArASTrI rUpa 'kheyanna' banAye rakhanA ucita nahIM hogaa| jahA~ taka ardhamAgadhI Agama-granthoM kA prazna hai, una para paravartI kAla meM jo zaurasenI yA mahArASTrI prAkRtoM kA prabhAva A gayA hai, use dUra karane kA prayatna kisI sImA taka ucita mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu isa prayatna meM bhI nimna sAvadhAniyA~ apekSita haiM 1. prathama to yaha ki yadi mUla hastapratiyoM meM kahIM bhI vaha zabdarUpa nahIM milatA hai, to usa zabdarUpa ko kisI bhI sthiti meM parivartita na kiyA jAye, kintu prAcIna ardhamAgadhI zabdarUpa, jo kisI bhI mUla hastaprati meM eka do sthAnoM para bhI upalabdha hotA hai, use anyatra parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi kisI ardhamAgadhI ke prAcIna grantha meM

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'loga' evaM 'loya' - donoM rUpa milate hoM, to vahA~ arvAcIna rUpa 'loya' ko prAcIna rUpa 'loga' meM rUpAntarita kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu isake sAtha hI yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki yadi eka pUrA kA pUrA gadyAMza yA padyAMza mahArASTrI meM hai aura usameM prayukta zabdoM ke vaikalpika ardhamAgadhI rUpa kisI eka bhI Adarza ke prati meM nahIM milate haiM, to una aMzoM ko parivartita na kiyA jAye, kyoMki saMbhAvanA yaha ho sakatI hai ki vaha aMza paravartI kAla meM prakSipta huA ho, ataH usa aMza ke prakSipta hone kA AdhAra, jo usakA bhASika svarUpa hai, usako badalane se Agamika zodha meM bAdhA utpanna hogii| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, AcArAMga ke prAraMbha meM 'suyaM me ausaMteNa bhagavayA eyaM akkhAya' ke aMza ko hI leM, jo sAmAnyatayA sabhI pratiyoM meM isI rUpa meM milatA hai, yadi hama ise ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita karake 'sutaM me AusanteNaM bhagavatA evaM akkhAtA' kara deMge, to isake prakSipta hone kI jo sambhAvanA hai, vaha samApta ho jAvegI / ataH, prAcIna stara ke AgamoM meM kisa aMza bhASika svarUpa ko badalA jA sakatA hai aura kisako nahIM, isa para gambhIra cintana kI AvazyakatA hai| isI sandarbha meM RSibhASita ke eka anya udAharaNa para bhI vicAra kara sakate haiN| isameM pratyeka RSi ke kathana ko prastuta karate hue sAmAnyatayA yaha gadyAMza milatA hai'arahatA isiNA buintaM..', kintu hama dekhate haiM ki isake 45 adhyAyoM meM se 37 meM 'buintaM' pATha hai, jabaki 7 meM 'buiyaM' pATha hai| aisI sthiti meM yadi isa 'buiyaM' ko 'buintaM' meM badalA jA sakatA hai, kintu yadi kisI zabdarUpa ke Age-pIche ke zabdarUpa bhI mahArASTrI prabhAva vAle hoM, to phira use badalane ke lie hameM eka bAra socanA hogaa| kucha sthitiyoM meM yaha bhI hotA hai ki grantha kI eka hI Adarza prati upalabdha ho, aisI sthiti meM jaba taka unakI pratiyA~ upalabdha na hoM, taba taka unake sAtha cher3achAr3a karanA ucita nahIM hogaa| ataH, ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ke bhASika rUpoM ko parivartita karane ke kisI nirNaya se pUrva sAvadhAnI aura bauddhika ImAnadArI kI AvazyakatA hai| isa sandarbha meM antima rUpa se eka bAta aura nivedana karanA Avazyaka hai, vaha hai ki yadi mUlapATha meM kisI prakAra kA parivartana kiyA jAtA hai, to bhI itanA to avazya hI karaNIya hogA ki pAThAntaroM ke rUpa meM anya upalabdha zabdarUpoM ko bhI anivArya rUpa se rakhA jAya, sAtha hI bhASika rUpoM ko parivartita karane ke lie jo prati AdhArarUpa meM mAnya kI gayI ho, 23

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usakI mUla prati chAyA ko bhI prakAzita kiyA jAya, kyoMki cher3achAr3a ke isa krama meM jo sAmpradAyika Agraha kArya kareMge, usase grantha kI maulikatA ko paryApta dhakkA laga sakatA hai| AcArya zAntisAgarajI aura unake samarthaka kucha digambara vidvAnoM dvArA SaTkhaNDAgama (1/1/93) meM se 'saMjada' pATha ko haTAne kI evaM zvetAmbara paramparA meM muni zrI phUlacandajI dvArA paramparA ke viparIta lagane vAle kucha Agama ke aMzoM ko haTAne kI kahAnI abhI hamAre sAmane tAjA hI hai| yaha to bhAgya hI thA ki isa prakAra ke prayatnoM ko donoM hI samAja ke prabuddha varga ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA aura isa prakAra se saiddhAntika saMgati ke nAma para jo kucha anartha ho sakatA thA, usase hama baca gaye, kintu Aja bhI 'SaTkhaNDAgama' ke tAmrapatroM evaM prathama saMskaraNa kI mudrita pratiyoM meM 'saMjada' zabda anupasthita hai, isI prakAra phUlacanda jI dvArA sampAdita aMga - suttANi meM kucha Agama pAThoM kA jo vilopana huA hai, ve pratiyA~ to bhaviSya meM bhI raheMgI, ataH bhaviSya meM to yaha saba nizcaya hI vivAda kA kAraNa banegA, isaliye aise kisI bhI prayatna se pUrva pUrI sAvadhAnI evaM sajagatA Avazyaka hai| mAtra saMjada pada haTa jAne se usa grantha ke yApanIya hone kI jo pahacAna hai, vahI samApta ho jAtI aura jaina paramparA ke itihAsa ke sAtha anartha ho jaataa| uparokta samasta carcA se merA prayojana yaha nahIM hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama evaM Agama tulya zaurasenI granthoM ke bhASAyI svarUpa kI ekarUpatA evaM unake prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira karane kA koI prayatna na ho| merA dRSTikoNa mAtra yaha hai ki usameM vizeSa satarkatA kI AvazyakatA hai| sAtha hI, isa prayatna kA pariNAma yaha na ho ki jo paravartI grantha prAcIna ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke AdhAra para nirmita hue haiM, unakI usa rUpa meM pahacAna hI samApta kara dI jAye aura isa prakAra Aja granthoM ke paurvAparya ke nirdhAraNa kA jo bhASAyI AdhAra hai, vaha bhI naSTa ho jaaye| yadi praznavyAkaraNa, nandIsUtra Adi paravartI AgamoM kI bhASA ko prAcIna ardhamAgadhI meM badalA gayA, athavA kundakunda ke granthoM kA yA mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA kA pUrNa zaurasenIkaraNa kiyA gayA, to yaha ucita nahIM hogA, kyoMki isase unakI pahacAna aura itihAsa hI naSTa ho jAyegA / jo loga isa parivartana ke pUrNataH virodhI haiM, unase bhI maiM sahamata nahIM huuN| maiM yaha

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mAnatA hU~ ki AcArAMga, RSibhASita evaM sUtrakRtAMga jaise prAcIna AgamoM kA isa dRSTi se punaH sampAdana honA caahie| isa prakriyA ke virodha meM jo svara ubharakara sAmane Aye haiM, unameM jauharImalajI pArakha kA svara pramukha hai| ve vidvAn adhyetA aura zraddhAzIla - donoM hI haiM, phira bhI tulasI - prajJA meM unakA jo lekha prakAzita huA hai, usameM unakA vaiduSya zraddhA ke atireka meM daba-sA gayA hai| unakA sarvaprathama tarka yaha hai ki Agama sarvajJa ke vacana haiN| ataH una para vyAkaraNa ke niyama thope nahIM jA sakate ki ve vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke anusAra hI boleN| yaha koI tarka nahIM, mAtra unakI zraddhA kA atireka hI hai| prathama prazna to yahI hai ki kyA ardhamAgadhI Agama apane varttamAna svarUpa meM sarvajJa kI vANI hai ? kyA unameM kisI prakAra kA vilopana, prakSepa yA parivartana nahIM huA hai? yadi aisA hai, to unameM aneka sthaloM para antarvirodha kyoM hai ? kahIM lokAntika devoM kI saMkhyA ATha hai, to kahIM nau kyoM hai? kahIM cAra sthAvara aura do trasa haiM, kahIM tIna trasa aura tIna sthAvara kahe gaye, to kahIM pA~ca sthAvara aura eka trasa / yadi Agama zabdazaH mahAvIra kI vANI hai, to AgamoM aura vizeSa rUpa se aMga-AgamoM meM mahAvIra ke tIna sau varSa pazcAt utpanna hue gaNoM ke ullekha kyoM haiM? yadi kahA jAya ki bhagavAn sarvajJa the aura unhoMne bhaviSya kI ghaTanAoM ko jAnakara yaha ullekha kiyA, to prazna yaha hai ki vaha kathana vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se bhaviSyakAlika bhASA rUpa meM honA thA, vaha bhUtakAla meM kyoM kahA gyaa| kyA bhagavatI meM gozAlaka ke prati jisa aziSTa zabdAvalI kA prayoga huA hai, kyA vaha aMza vItarAga bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vANI ho sakatI hai ? kyA Aja praznavyAkaraNadazA, antakRtdazA, anuttaropapAtikadazA aura vipAkdazA kI viSayavastu vahI hai, jo sthAnAMga meM ullekhita hai? tathya yaha hai ki yaha saba parivartana huA hai, Aja hama usase iMkAra nahIM kara sakate haiN| Aja aise aneka tathya haiM, jo varttamAna AgamasAhitya ko akSarazaH sarvajJa ke vacana mAnane meM bAdhaka haiN| paramparA ke anusAra bhI sarvajJa to artha (viSayavastu) ke pravaktA haiMzabdarUpa to unako gaNadharoM yA paravartI sthaviroM dvArA diyA gayA hai| kyA Aja hamAre pAsa jo Agama haiM, ve ThIka vaise hI haiM, jaise zabdarUpa se gaNadhara gautama ne unheM racA thA ? Agama granthoM meM paravartIkAla meM jo vilopana, parivartana, parivarddhana Adi huA aura jinakA sAkSya svayaM Agama hI de rahe haiM, usase kyA hama inkAra kara sakate haiM ? svayaM devardhi ne isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai, to phira hama nakArane vAle kauna hote haiN| AdaraNIya pArakhajI

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likhate haiM-- 'paNDitoM se hamArA yahI Agraha rahegA ki kRpayA binA bhela-sela ke vahI pATha pradAna kareM, jo tIrthaMkaroM ne artharUpa meM prarUpita aura gaNadharoM ne sUtrarUpa meM saMkalita kiyA thaa| hamAre liye vahI zuddha hai| sarvajJoM ko jisa akSara, zabda, pada, vAkya yA bhASA kA prayoga abhiSTa thA, vaha sacita kara gaye, aba usameM asarvajJa pherabadala nahIM kara sktaa|' unake isa kathana ke prati merA prathama prazna to yahI hai ki Aja taka AgamoM meM jo parivartana hotA rahA, vaha kisane kiyA? Aja hamAre pAsa jo Agama haiM, unameM ekarUpatA kyoM nahIM hai? Aja murzidAbAda, haidarAbAda, mumbaI, lADanUM Adi ke saMskaraNoM meM itanA adhika pAThabheda kyoM hai? inameM se hama kisa saMskaraNa ko sarvajJa vacana mAneM aura Apake zabdoM meM kise bhela-sela kaheM? merA dUsarA prazna yaha hai ki kyA Aja paNDita AgamoM meM koI bhela-sela kara rahe haiM, yA phira ve usake zuddha svarUpa ko sAmane lAnA cAhate haiM? kisI bhI pAzcAtya saMzodhaka dRSTisampanna vidvAn ne AgamoM meM koI bhela-sela kiyA? isakA eka bhI udAharaNa ho, to hameM btaayeN| durbhAgya yaha hai ki zuddhi ke prayatna ko bhela-sela kA nAma diyA jA rahA hai aura vyartha meM usakI AlocanA kI jA rahI hai| punaH, jahA~ taka merI jAnakArI hai DaoN.candrA ne eka bhI aisA pATha nahIM sujhAyA hai, jo Adarzasammata nahIM hai| unhoMne mAtra yahI prayatna kiyA hai ki jo bhI prAcIna zabdarUpa kisI bhI eka Adarzaprati meM eka-do sthAnoM para mila gaye, unheM AdhAra mAnakara anya sthaloM para bhI vahI prAcIna rUpa rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| yadi unheM bhela-sela karanA hotA, to ve itane sAhasa ke sAtha pUjya munijanoM evaM vidvAnoM ke vicAra jAnane ke lie use prasArita nahIM krte| phira jaba pArakhajI svayaM yaha kahate haiM ki kula 116 pAThabhedoM meM kevala 1 'AusaMteNa' ko chor3akara zeSa 115 pAThabheda aise haiM ki jinase artha meM koI pharka nahIM par3atA, to phira unhoMne aisA kaunasA aparAdha kara diyA, jisase unake zrama kI mUlyavattA ko svIkAra karane ke sthAna para use nakArA jA rahA hai? Aja yadi AcArAMga ke lagabhaga 40 se adhika saMskaraNa haiM aura yaha bhI satya hai ki sabhI ne AdarzoM ke AdhAra para hI pATha chApe haiM, to phira kise zuddha aura kise azuddha kaheM, kyA sabhI ko samAna rUpa se zuddha mAna liyA jaayegaa| kyA hama byAvara, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM aura mahAvIra vidyAlaya vAle saMskaraNoM ko samAna mahatva kA samajheM? bhaya bhela-sela kA nahIM hai, bhaya yaha hai ki adhika prAmANika evaM zuddha saMskaraNa ke nikala jAne se pUrva saMskaraNoM kI sampAdana meM rahI kamiyA~ ujAmara ho jAne kA aura yahI khoja kA mUla kAraNa pratIta hotA hai| punaH, kyA zraddheya pArakhajI yaha batA

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sakate haiM ki koI bhI aisI Adarza prati hai, jo pUrNataH zuddha hai-- jaba AdarzoM meM bhinnatA aura azuddhiyA~ haiM, to unheM dUra karane ke lie vyAkaraNa ke atirikta vidvAna kisakA sahArA leMge? kyA Aja taka koI bhI Agama grantha binA vyAkaraNa kA sahArA lie mAtra Adarza ke AdhAra para chapA hai| pratyeka sampAdaka vyAkaraNa kA sahArA lekara hI Adarza kI azuddhi ko ThIka karatA hai| yadi ve svayaM yaha mAnate haiM ki AdarzoM meM azuddhiyA~ svAbhAvika haiM, to phira unheM zuddha kisa AdhAra para kiyA jAyegA? maiM bhI mAnatA hU~ ki sampAdana meM Adarza prati kA AdhAra Avazyaka hai, kintu na to mAtra Adarza se aura na mAtra vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se samAdhAna hotA hai, usameM donoM kA sahayoga Avazyaka hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, aneka pratoM ko sAmane rakhakara tulanA karake evaM viveka se bhI pATha zuddha karanA hotA hai, jaisA ki AcArya zrI tulasIjI ne muni jambUvijayajI ko apanI sampAdana-zailI kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue batAyA thaa| AdaraNIya pArakhajI evaM unake dvArA uddhRta munizrI jambUvijayajI kA yaha kathana ki AgamoM meM anunAsika parasavarNa vAle pATha prAyaH nahIM milate haiM, svayaM hI yaha batAtA hai ki kvacit to milate haiN| punaH, isa sambandha meM DaoN. candrA ne Agamodaya samiti ke saMskaraNa, TIkA tathA cUrNi ke saMskaraNoM se pramANa bhI diye haiN| vastutaH, lekhana kI suvidhA ke kAraNa hI anunAsika parasavarNa vAle pATha AdarzoM meM kama hote gaye haiM, kintu lokabhASA meM ve Aja bhI jIvita haiN| ataH, candrAjI ke kArya ko pramANarahita yA Adarzarahita kahanA ucita nahIM hai| vartamAna meM upalabdha AgamoM ke saMskaraNoM meM lADanUM aura mahAvIra vidyAlaya ke saMskaraNa adhika prAmANika mAne jAte haiM, kintu unameM bhI 'ta' zruti aura 'ya' zruti ko lekara yA madhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke lopa sambandhI jo vaividhya haiM, ve na kevala Azcaryajanaka haiM, apitu vidvAnoM ke lie cintanIya bhI haiN| yahA~ mahAvIra vidyAlaya se prakAzita sthAnAMgasUtra ke hI eka do udAharaNa Apake sAmane prastuta kara rahA hU~ cattAri vatthA pannattA, tajahA-sutI nAmaM ege sutI, suI nAmaM ege asuI, cubhNgo| evAmeva cattAri purisajAtA pannattA, taMjahA sutI NAmaM ege sutI, cubhNgo| ___ (caturtha sthAna, prathama uddezaka, sUtrakramAMka 241, pR.94)

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isa prakAra, Apa yahA~ dekheMge ki eka hI sUtra meM 'sutI' aura 'suI-donoM rUpa upasthita haiN| isase mAtra zabda-rUpa meM hI bheda nahIM hotA hai, arthabheda bhI ho sakatA hai, kyoMki 'sutI' kA artha hai- sUta se nirmita, jabaki 'suI' (zuci) kA artha hai -pvitr| isa prakAra, isI sUtra meM 'NAma' aura 'nAma' - donoM zabdarUpa eka hI sAtha upasthita haiN| isI sthAnAMgasUtra se eka anya udAharaNa lIjie-sUtra kramAMka 445, pR.197 para 'nirgrantha' zabda ke lie prAkRta zabdarUpa 'niyaMTha' prayukta hai, to sUtra 446 meM 'niggaMtha' aura pAThAntara meM 'nitaMTha' rUpa bhI diyA gayA hai| isI grantha meM sUtra saMkhyA 458, pR.197 para dhammatthikAtaM, adhammatthakAtaM aura AgAsatthikAyaM-- isa prakAra 'kAya' zabda ke do bhinna zabdarUpa kAya aura kAtaM diye gaye haiN| yadyapi 'ta' zruti prAcIna ardhamAgadhI kI pahacAna hai, kintu prastuta sandarbha meM sutI, nitaMTha aura kAtaM meM jo 'ta' kA prayoga hai, vaha mujhe paravartI lagatA hai| lagatA hai ki 'ya' zruti ko 'ta' zruti meM badalane ke prayatna bhI kAlAntara meM hue aura isa prayatna meM binA artha kA vicAra kiye 'ya' ko 'ta' kara diyA gayA hai| zuci kA sutI, nirgrantha kA nitaMTha aura kAya kA kAtaM kisa prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyama se banegA, merI jAnakArI meM to nahIM hai| isase bhI adhika Azcaryajanaka eka udAharaNa hameM harSapuSpAmRta jaina granthamAlA dvArA prakAzita niyuktisaMgraha meM oghaniyukti ke prArambhika maMgala meM milatA hai-- namo arihaMtANaM, Namo siddhANaM, Namo AyariyANaM, Namo uvajjhAyANaM, Namo loe savvasAhUNaM, eso paMcanamukkAro, svvpaavppnnaasnno| maMgalANaM ca savvesi, par3hamaM havaI mNglN||1|| yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ namo arihaMtANaM se prArambha meM 'na' rakhA gayA, jabaki Namo siddhANaM se lekara zeSa cAra padoM meM Adi kA 'na', 'Na' kara diyA gayA hai, kintu 'eso paMcanamukkAro' meM punaH 'na' upasthita hai| hama AdaraNIya pArikhajI se isa bAta meM sahamata ho sakate haiM ki bhinna kAloM meM bhinna vyaktiyoM se carcA karate hue prAkRta bhASA ke bhinna zabda rUpoM kA prayoga ho sakatA hai, kintu grantha nirmANa ke samaya aura vaha bhI eka hI sUtra yA vAkyAMza meM do bhinna rUpoM kA prayoga to kabhI bhI nahIM hogaa| punaH, yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki Agama sarvajJa vacana hai, to jaba sAmAnya vyakti bhI aisA nahIM karatA hai, phira sarvajJa kaise karegA? isa prakAra kI bhinnarUpatA ke lie lekhaka nahIM, apitu pratilipikAra hI

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uttaradAyI hotA hai, ataH aise pAThoM kA zuddhikaraNa anucita nahIM kahA jA sktaa| eka hI sUtra meM 'sutI' aura 'suI', 'namo' aura 'Namo', 'niyaMTha' aura 'niggaMtha', 'kAMta' aura 'kAya' - aise do zabda rUpa nahIM ho skte| unakA pATha saMzodhana Avazyaka hai| yadyapi isameM bhI yaha sAvadhAnI Avazyaka hai ki 'ta' zruti kI prAcInatA ke vyAmoha meM kahIM sarvatra 'ya' kA 'ta' nahIM kara diyA jAve, jaise zuci - suI kA 'sutI', niggaMtha kA 'nitaMTha' athavA kAyaM kA 'kAtaM' pATha mahAvIra vidyAlaya vAle saMskaraNa meM hai| hama pArakhajI se isa bAta meM sahamata haiM ki koI bhI pATha Adarza meM upalabdha hue binA nahIM badalA jAya, kintu 'Adarza' meM upalabdha hone kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki 'sarvatra' aura sabhI 'AdarzoM' meM upalabdha ho| hA~, yadi AdarzoM yA Adarza ke aMza meM prAcIna pATha mAtra eka-do sthaloM para hI mile aura unakA pratizata 20 se bhI kama ho, to vahA~ unheM prAyaH na badalA jAya, kintu yadi unakA pratizata 20 se adhika ho, to unheM badalA jA sakatA hai -- zarta yahI ho ki Agama kA vaha aMza paravartI yA prakSipta na ho, jaise- AcArAMga kA dUsarA zrutaskandha yA praznavyAkaraNa, kintu eka hI sUtra meM yadi isa prakAra ke bhinna rUpa Ate haiM, to eka sthala para bhI prAcIna rUpa milane para anyatra unheM parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai| pATha zuddhikaraNa meM dUsarI sAvadhAnI yaha Avazyaka hai ki AgamoM meM kahIM-kahIM prakSipta aMza haiM athavA saMgrahaNiyoM aura niyuktiyoM kI anekoM gAthAeM bhI avatarita kI gayIM, aise sthaloM para pATha- -zuddhikaraNa karate samaya prAcIna rUpoM kI upekSA karanA hogA aura Adarza meM upalabdha pATha ko paravartI hote hue bhI yathAvat rakhanA hogaa| isa tathya ko hama isa prakAra bhI samajhA sakate haiM ki yadi eka adhyayana, uddezaka yA eka pairAgrApha meM yadi 70 yA 80 pratizata prayoga mahArASTrI yA 'ya' zruti ke haiM aura mAtra 10 pratizata prayoga prAcIna ardhamAgadhI ke haiM, to vahAM pATha ke mahArASTrI rUpa ko rakhanA hI ucita hogaa| sambhava hai ki vaha prakSipta rUpa ho, kintu isake viparIta unameM 60 pratizata prAcIna rUpa haiM aura 40 pratizata arvAcIna mahArASTrI ke rUpa haiM, to vahA~ prAcIna rUpa rakhe jA sakate haiN| , punaH Agama saMpAdana aura pATha zuddhikaraNa ke isa upakrama meM diye jAne vAle mUlapATha ko zuddha evaM prAcIna rUpa meM diyA jAve, kintu pAda-TippaNiyoM meM sampUrNa pAThAntaroM kA saMgraha kiyA jaaye| isakA lAbha yaha hogA ki kAlAntara meM yadi koI

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saMzodhana kArya kare, to usameM suvidhA ho| anta meM, maiM yaha kahanA cAhU~gA ki pro.ke.Ara.candrA apanI aneka sImAoM ke bAvajUda bhI jo yaha atyanta mahatvapUrNa aura zramasAdhya kArya kara rahe haiM, usakI mAtra AlocanA karanA kadApi ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki ve jo kArya kara rahe haiM, vaha na kevala karaNIya hai balki eka sahI dizA dene vAlA kArya hai| hama unheM sujhAva to de sakate haiM, lekina anadhikRta rUpa se yena-kena-prakAreNa sarvajJa aura zAstra-zraddhA kI duhAI dekara unakI AlocanA karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM rkhte| kyoMki ve jo bhI kArya kara rahe haiM, vaha bauddhika ImAnadArI ke sAtha, nirlipta bhAva se tathA sampradAyagata AgrahoM se Upara uThakara kara rahe haiM, unakI niyata meM bhI koI zaMkA nahIM kI jA sakatI, ataH maiM jaina vidyA ke vidvAnoM se namra nivedana karU~gA ki ve zAntacitta se unake prayatnoM kI mUlyavattA ko samajheM aura apane sujhAvoM evaM sahayoga se unheM isa dizA meM protsAhita kreN| ***

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ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kucha satya aura tathya ardhamAgadhI Agama prAkRta sAhitya kA prAcInatama rUpa bhArata kI tIna prAcIna bhASAe~ haiM- saMskRta, prAkRta aura paalii| unameM prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha jo sAhitya upalabdha hai, usameM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya prAcInatama haiN| yahA~ taka ki AcArAGga kA prathama zrutaskandha aura RSibhASita to azokakAlIna prAkRta abhilekhoM se bhI prAcIna haiN| ye donoM grantha lagabhaga I.pU. pAMcavI-cauthI zatAbdI kI racanAe~ haiN| AcArAGga kI sUtrAtmaka aupaniSadik zailI use upaniSadoM kA nikaTavartI aura bhagavAn mahAvIra kI svayaM kI vANI siddha karatI hai| bhAva, bhASA aura zailI-tInoM ke AdhAra para yaha sampUrNa pAlI aura prAkRta sAhitya meM prAcInatama hai| AtmA ke svarUpa evaM astitva sambandhI isake vivaraNa aupaniSadika vivaraNoM ke anurUpa haiN| isameM pratipAdita mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta bhI alaukikatA aura atizayatA rahita hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha vivaraNa usa vyakti dvArA likhA gayA hai, jisane svayaM unakI jIvanacaryA ko nikaTatA se dekhA aura jAnA hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamasAhitya meM bhI sUtrakRtAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke chaThaveM adhyAya, AcArAGgacUlA aura kalpasUtra meM bhI mahAvIra kI jIvanacaryA kA ullekha hai, kintu vaha bhI apekSAkRta rUpa meM AcArAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI apekSA paravartI hai, kyoMki unameM kramazaH alaukikatA, atizayatA aura atiraMjanA kA praveza hotA gayA hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita kI sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se rahita udAradRSTi tathA bhAva aura

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bhASAgata aneka tathya use AcArAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara sampUrNa prAkRta evaM pAlI sAhitya meM prAcInatama siddha karate haiN| pAlI sAhitya meM prAcInatama grantha suttanipAta mAnA jAtA hai, kintu aneka tathyoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki RSibhASita, suttanipAta se bhI prAcIna hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA sthUlabhadra ke samaya arthAt IsA pUrva tIsarI zatI meM huI thI, ataH itanA nizcita hai ki usa samaya taka ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya astitva meM A cukA thaa| isa prakAra, ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke kucha granthoM ke racanAkAla kI uttarasImA I.pU.pAMcavI-cauthI zatAbdI siddha hotI hai, jo ki isa sAhitya kI prAcInatA ko pramANita karatI hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA racanAkAla hameM yaha smaraNa meM rakhanA hogA ki sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya na to eka vyakti kI racanA hai aura na eka kAla kii| yaha satya hai ki isa sAhitya ko antima rUpa vIranirvANa samvat 980 meM valabhI meM sampanna huI vAcanA meM prApta huaa| isa AdhAra para hamAre kucha vidvAn mitra sahaja niSkarSa nikAla lete haiM ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya IsvI san kI pAMcavI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| yadi ardhamAgadhI Agama IsA kI pAMcavI-chaThavIM zatI kI racanA hai, to valabhI kI isa vAcanA ke pUrva bhI valabhI, mathurA, khaNDagiri aura pATalIputra meM jo vAcanAyeM huI thIM, unameM saMkalita sAhitya kaunasA thA? unheM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki valabhI meM mukhyataH AgamoM ko saMkalita, suvyavasthita aura sampAdita karake lipibaddha (pustakArUr3ha) kiyA gayA thA, ataH yaha kisI bhI sthiti meM unakA racanAkAla nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| saMkalana aura saMpAdana kA artha racanA nahIM hai| punaH, AgamoM meM viSayavastu, bhASA aura zailI kI jo vividhatA aura bhinnatA parilakSita hotI hai, vaha spaSTatayA isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki saMkalana aura sampAdana ke samaya unakI maulikatA ko yathAvat rakhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, anyathA Aja unake prAcIna svarUpa samApta hI ho jAte aura AcArAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI bhASA aura zailI bhI parivartita ho jAtI tathA usake upadhAnazruta nAmaka nauveM adhyAya meM varNita mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta alaukikatA evaM atizayoM se yukta bana jaataa| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSayavastu meM kucha aMza prakSipta hue haiM, kintu prathama to aise prakSepa bahuta kama haiM aura dUsare unheM spaSTarUpa se pahacAnA bhI jA sakatA hai| ataH, isa AdhAra para sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI

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Agama sAhitya ko paravartI mAna lenA sabase bar3I bhrAnti hogii| ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya para kabhI-kabhI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva ko dekhakara bhI usakI prAcInatA para saMdeha kiyA jAtA hai. kintu prAcIna hastapratoM ke AdhAra para pAThoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hai ki aneka prAcIna hastapratoM meM Aja bhI unakA ardhamAgadhI kA 'ta' pradhAna svarUpa surakSita hai| AcArAGga ke prakAzita saMskaraNoM ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki unameM aneka pAThAntara haiN| isa sAhitya para jo mahArASTrI prabhAva A gayA hai, vaha lipikAroM aura TIkAkAroM kI apanI bhASA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAMga kA 'rAmaputte' pATha cUrNi meM 'rAmAutte' aura zIlAMka kI TIkA meM 'rAmagutte' ho gyaa| ataH, arthamAgadhI AgamoM meM mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva ko dekhakara unakI prAcInatA para saMdeha nahIM karanA cAhie, apitu una granthoM kI vibhinna pratoM evaM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkAoM ke AdhAra para pAThoM ke prAcIna svarUpoM ko surakSita rakhane kA prayatna karanA caahie| vastutaH, ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM vibhinna kAla kI sAmagrI surakSita hai| isakI uttara sImA I.pU. pAMcavIM-cauthI zatAbdI aura nimna sImA I. san kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI hai, kintu ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke vibhinna granthoM aura unake kisI aMza-vizeSa kA kAla nirdhArita karate samaya unameM upalabdha sAMskRtika sAmagrI, dArzanika cintana kI spaSTatA evaM gahanatA tathA bhASA zailI Adi sabhI pakSoM para prAmANikatA ke sAtha vicAra karanA caahie| isa dRSTi se adhyayana karane para hI yaha spaSTa bodha ho sakegA ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA kaunasA grantha athavA usakA aMza-vizeSa kisa kAla kI racanA hai| ___ ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI viSayavastu sambandhI nirdeza zvetAmbara paramparA meM hameM sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandIsUtra, nandIcUrNI evaM tattvArthabhASya meM tathA digambara paramparA meM tattvArtha kI TIkAoM, dhavalA aura jayadhavalA meM milate haiN| usameM bhI tattvArtha kI digambara paramparA kI TIkAoM aura dhavalAdi meM unakI viSayavastu sambandhI mAtra anuzrutipUraka nirdeza haiM, ve granthoM ke vAstavika adhyayana para AdhArita nahIM haiN| unameM diyA gayA vivaraNatattvArthabhASya ke AdhAra para paramparA se prApta sUcanAoM para AdhArita hai, jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA meM upalabdha unake jo vivaraNa sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandI Adi ardhamAgadhI AgamoM aura unakI vyAkhyAoM evaM TIkAoM meM haiM, ve granthoM ke avalokana para AdhArita

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1 haiM, ataH Agama granthoM kI viSayavastu meM kAlakrama meM kyA parivartana huA hai, isakI sUcanA zvetAmbara paramparA ke uparyukta granthoM se prApta ho jAtI hai| inake adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kisa kAla meM kisa Agama grantha meM kaunasI sAmagrI jur3I aura alaga huI hai| AcArAGga meM AyAracUlA aura nizItha ke jur3ane, punaH nizItha ke alaga hone kI ghaTanA samavAyAMga aura sthAnAMga meM samaya-samaya para hue prakSepa, jJAtA ke dvitIya varga meM jur3e adhyAya; praznavyAkaraNa kI viSayavastu meM huA sampUrNa parivartana; antakRtdazA, anuttaraupapAtika evaM vipAka ke adhyayanoM meM hue AMzika parivartana-ina sabakI prAmANika jAnakArI hameM inake samIkSAtmaka adhyayana se mila jAtI hai| isameM praznavyAkaraNa lagabhaga IsvI san kI chaThavIM zatAbdI meM astitva meM AyA hai| isa prakAra, ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya lagabhaga eka sahastra varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM kisa prakAra nirmita, parivarddhita, parivartita evaM sampAdita hotA rahA hai, isakI sUcanA bhI svayaM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya aura usakI TIkAoM se mila jAtI hai| ataH Agama vizeSa yA usake aMzavizeSa ke racanAkAla kA nirdhAraNa eka jaTila samasyA hai, isa sambandha meM viSayavastu, vicAroM kA vikAsakrama, bhASA-zailI Adi aneka dRSTiyoM se nirNaya karanA hotA hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, sthAnAMga meM sAta nihnavoM aura nau gaNoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jo ki vIra nirvANa saM.584 taka astitva meM A cuke the, kintu usameM boTikoM evaM una paravartI gaNoM, kuloM aura zAkhAoM ke ullekha nahIM haiM, jo vIra nirvANa saM.609 athavA usake bAda astitva meM Aye, ataH viSayavastu kI dRSTi se sthAnAMga ke racanAkAla kI antima sImA vIra nirvANa samvat 609 ke pUrva arthAt IsvI san kI prathama zatAbdI kA uttarArddha yA dvitIya zatAbdI siddha hotA hai| isI prakAra, AcArAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI bhASA-zailI AcArAGga ke racanAkAla ko ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM sabase prAcIna siddha karatI hai| isa prakAra, na to hamAre kucha digambara vidvAnoM kI yaha dRSTi samucita hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama devarddha kI vAcanA ke samaya arthAt IsA kI pAMcavI zatAbdI meM Aye aura na kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM kA yaha kahanA hI samucita hai ki sabhI aMga Agama gaNadharoM kI racanA haiM, kintu itanA nizcita hai ki kucha prakSepoM ko chor3akara ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya zaurasenI Agama sAhitya se prAcIna hai| zaurasenI Agama kA prAcInatama grantha kasAyapAhuDa bhI IsvI san kI tIsarI zatAbdI se prAcIna nahIM hai / ataH, prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM ardhamAgadhI Agama hI

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prAcInatama hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI viSaya vastu sarala hai ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI viSayavastu mukhyataH upadezaparaka, AcAraparaka evaM kathAparaka hai| bhagavatI ke kucha aMza, prajJApanA, anuyogadvAra, jo ki apekSAkRta paravartI haiM, unako chor3akara unameM prAyaH gahana dArzanika evaM saiddhAntika carcAoM kA abhAva hai| viSaya pratipAdana sarala, sahaja aura sAmAnya vyakti ke lie bhI bodhagamya hai| vaha mukhyataH vivaraNAtmaka evaM upadezAtmaka hai| isake viparIta, zaurasenI AgamoM meM ArAdhanA aura mUlAcAra ko chor3akara lagabhaga sabhI grantha dArzanika evaM saiddhAntika carcA se yukta haiN| ve paripakva dArzanika vicAroM ke paricAyaka haiN| guNasthAna aura karmasiddhAnta kI ve gaharAiyA~, jo zaurasenI AgamoM meM upalabdha haiM, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM unakA prAyaH abhAva hI hai| kundakunda ke samayasAra ke samAna saiddhAntika dRSTi se AdhyAtmavAda ke pratisthApana kA bhI unameM koI prayAsa parilakSita nahIM hotA, yadyapi ye saba unakI kamI bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, kintu cintana ke vikAsakrama kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para spaSTa rUpa se yaha phalita hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya prAthamika stara ke hone se prAcIna bhI haiM aura sAtha hI vikasita zaurasenI AgamoM ke AdhArabhUta bhI / samavAyAMga meM jIvasthAnoM ke nAma se 14 guNasthAnoM kA mAtra nirdeza hai, jabaki SaTkhaNDAgama jaisA prAcIna zaurasenI Agama bhI unakI gambhIratA se carcA karatA hai| mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA, kundakunda ke grantha aura gommaTasAra Adi sabhI meM guNasthAnoM kI vistRta carcA hai, cUMki tattvArtha ke bAda kI kRtiyA~ mAnI jA sakatI haiN| isI prakAra, kaSAyapAhuDa, SaTkhaNDAgama, gommaTasAra Adi zaurasenI Agama granthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kI jo gahana carcA hai, vaha bhI ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM anupalabdha hai| ataH, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI sarala, bodhagamya evaM prAthamika stara kI vivaraNAtmaka zailI unakI vizeSatA evaM prAcInatA kI sUcaka hai| tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana kiyA gayA hai, ataH aneka sthAnoM para saiddhAntika dRSTi se unameM visaMgatiyA~ pAyI jAtI haiN| vastutaH, ye grantha akRtrima bhAva se race gaye haiM aura unheM yuktisaMgata banAne kA koI prayAsa nahIM kiyA gayA hai| eka ora unameM ahiMsA kI sUkSmatA ke sAtha pAlana ke nirdeza haiM, to dUsarI ora aise aneka nirdeza bhI haiM,

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jo isa sUkSma ahiMsaka kAryazailI ke viparIta haiN| isa prakAra, eka ora unameM na kevala muni kI acelatA kA pratipAdana hai, apitu usakA samarthana bhI kiyA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora vastra, pAtra ke sAtha-sAtha muni ke upakaraNoM kI laMbI sUcI bhI mila jAtI hai| eka ora kezaloca kA vidhAna hai, to dUsarI kSura-muNDana kI anujJA bhI hai| uttarAdhyayana meM vedanIya ke bhedoM meM krodha vedanIya Adi kA ullekha hai, jo ki karmasiddhAnta ke granthoM meM, yahA~ taka ki svayaM uttarAdhyayana ke karmaprakRti nAmaka adhyayana meM bhI anupalabdha hai, ukta sAkSyoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya jaina saMgha kA niSpakSa itihAsa prastuta karatA hai| vastutaH, tathyoM kA yathArtha rUpa meM prastutikaraNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI vizeSatA hai| vastutaH, tathyAtmaka vividhatAoM evaM antarvirodhoM ke kAraNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke granthoM kA kAlakrama-nirdhAraNa sahaja ho jAtA hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM jainasaMgha ke itihAsa kA prAmANika rUpa yadi hama ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana kareM, to hameM yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina paramparA ke AcAra evaM vicAra meM kAlakrama meM kucha parivartana hue| dArzanika cintana aura AcAra-niyamoM meM kAlakrama meM hue parivartanoM ko jAnane kA AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama hI haiM, kyoMki ina parivartanoM ko samajhane ke lie unameM tathyoM ke krama ko khojA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, jaina dharma meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kaise dRDhamUla hotA gayA isakI jAnakArI RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAGga aura bhagavatI ke pandrahaveM zataka ke samIkSAtmaka adhyayana se mila jAtI hai| RSibhASita meM nArada, maMkhalIgozAla, asitadevala, tArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, bAhata Adi anya paramparA ke RSiyoM ko arhat RSi kahakara sammAnita kiyA gyaa| uttarAdhyayana meM bhI kapila, nami, karakaNDu, naggati, gardabhAlI, saMjaya Adi kA sammAnapUrvaka smaraNa kiyA gayA aura sUtrakRtAMga meM inameM se kucha ko paramparA-sammata mAnA gayA, yadyapi jaina paramparA se unake AcArabheda ko bhI darzAyA gayA; vahIM jJAtAdharmakathA meM nArada kI aura bhagavatI ke pandrahaveM zataka meM maMkhalIgozAla kI kaTu AlocanA bhI kI gii| isa AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM jaina paramparA meM anya paramparAoM ke prati udAratA kA bhAva kaise kama hotA gayA aura sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kaise dRDhamUla hote gaye. isakA yathArtha citraNa upalabdha hotA hai| AcArAMga- prathama zrutaskandha, AcAracUlA,

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dazavaikAlika, nizItha Adi chedasUtra tathA unake bhASya aura cUrNiyoM ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jainAcAra meM kAlakrama meM kyA-kyA parivartana huaa| isI prakAra, RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI, jJAtA Adi ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki pArzvapatyoM kA mahAvIra ke saMgha para kyA prabhAva par3A aura donoM ke bIca kisa prakAra sambandhoM meM parivartana hotA gyaa| isI prakAra ke aneka prazna, jinake kAraNa jaina samAja sAmpradAyika kaThagharoM meM banda hai, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke niSpakSa adhyayana ke mAdhyama se sulajhAye jA sakate haiN| ardhamAgadhI Agama, zaurasenI Agama aura paravartI mahArASTrI vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra ___ ardhamAgadhI Agama zaurasenI Agama aura mahArASTrI vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra rahe haiM, kyoMki ve jaina dharma evaM darzana ke prAcInatama srota haiN| yadyapi zaurasenI Agama aura vyAkhyA sAhitya meM cintana ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha deza-kAla aura sahagAmI paramparAoM ke prabhAva se bahuta kucha aisI bhI sAmagrI hai, jo unakI apanI maulika kahI jA sakatI hai, phira bhI unake aneka granthoM ke mUlasrota ke rUpa meM ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| mAtra mUlAcAra kI hI tIna sau se adhika gAthAeM uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, Avazyakaniyukti, jIvasamAsa, AturapratyAkhyAna, candravedhyaka (candAvejjhaya) Adi meM upalabdha hotI haiN| isI prakAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI aneka gAthAe~ ardhamAgadhI Agama aura vizeSa rUpa se prakIrNakoM (painnA) meM milatI haiN| SaTkhaNDAgama aura prajJApanA meM bhI jo samAnatAe~ parilakSita hotI haiM, unakI vistRta carcA paNDita dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ne (pro.e.ena.upAdhye vyAkhyAnamAlA meM) kI hai| niyamasAra kI kucha gAthAe~ anuyogadvAra evaM itara AgamoM meM bhI pAI jAtI haiM, jabaki samayasAra Adi kucha aise zaurasenI Agama grantha bhI haiM, jinakI maulika racanA kA zreya unake kartAoM ko hI hai| tiloyapannati kA prAthamika rUpa vizeSa rUpa se Avazyakaniyukti tathA kucha prakIrNakoM ke AdhAra para taiyAra huA, yadyapi bAda meM usameM paryApta rUpa se parivartana aura parivarddhana huA hai| isa prakAra, zaurasenI AgamoM ke niSpakSa adhyayana se yaha bAta spaSTa hai ki unakA mUla AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya hI rahA hai, tathApi unameM jo saiddhAntika gaharAiyA~ aura vikAsa parilakSita hote haiM, ve unake racanAkAroM kI maulika dena hai|

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ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA kartatva ajJAta ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM prajJApanA, dazavaikAlika aura chedasUtroM ke kartRtva chor3akara zeSa ke racanAkAroM ke sambandha meM hameM koI spaSTa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai, yadyapi dazavaikAlika Arya zayambhavasUri kI, chedasUtra Arya bhadrabAhu kI aura prajJApanA zyAmAcArya (AjakaNha) kI kRti mAnI jAtI haiN| mahAnizItha kA usakI dImakoM se bhakSita prati ke AdhAra para AcArya haribhadra ne samuddhAra kiyA thA, yaha svayaM usI meM ullekhita hai, jabaki anya AgamoM ke kartAoM ke bAre meM hama andhakAra meM hI haiN| sambhavataH, usakA mUla kAraNa yaha rahA hogA ki sAmAnyajana meM isa bAta kA pUrNa vizvAsa banA rahe ki ardhamAgadhI Agama gaNadhara athavA pUrvadharoM kI kRti haiN| isaliye kartAoM ne apane nAma kA ullekha nahIM kiyaa| yaha vaisI hI sthiti hai, jaisI hindU purANoM ke kartA ke rUpa meM kevala vedavyAsa ko jAnA jAtA hai, yadyapi ve aneka AcAryoM kI aura paryApataparavartIkAla kI racanAe~ haiN| isake viparIta, zaurasenI AgamoM kI mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai ki unameM prAyaH sabhI granthoM kA kartRtva sunizcita hai| yadyapi unameM bhI kucha parivartana aura prakSepa paravartI AcArya ne kiye haiM, phira bhI isa sambandha meM unakI sthiti ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI apekSA kAphI spaSTa hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM to yahA~ taka bhI huA hai ki kucha vilupta kRtiyoM ke sthAna para paryApta paravartI kAla meM dUsarI kRti hI rakha dI gaI, isa sambandha meM praznavyAkaraNa kI sampUrNa viSayavastu ke parivartana kI pUrva meM hI carcA kI jA cukI hai| abhI-abhI aMgacUliyA aura baMgacUliyA nAmaka do vilupta Agama grantha prApta hue, jo bhogIlAla laheracanda bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira meM upalabdha haiM, kintu jaba unakA adhyayana kiyA gayA, to patA calA ki ve lokAzAha ke pazcAta arthAta solahavIM yA satrahavIM zatAbdI meM kisI ajJAta AcArya ne banAkara rakha diye haiN| yadyapi isase yaha niSkarSa bhI nahIM nikAla lenA cAhie ki yaha sthiti sabhI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI hai, kyoMki ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki unake prakSepoM aura parivartanoM ko AsAnI se pahacAnA jA sakatA hai, jabaki zaurasenI AgamoM meM hue prakSepoM ko jAnanA jaTila hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kA prazna yadyapi Aja ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko aMga, upAMga, mUla, cheda, cUlikAsUtra aura prakIrNaka ke rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA jAtA hai, kintu yaha vargIkaraNa paryApta paravartI hai|

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prAcInatama ullekha to aMga aura aMgabAhya ke rUpa meM hI milate haiM, inameM bhI 12 aMgoM kA to spaSTa ullekha hai, kintu aMgabAhya kI saMkhyA kA spaSTa nirdeza kahIM nahIM hai| punaH, nandI aura tattvArthabhASya meM aMgabAhya kA Avazyaka aura Avazyaka vyatirikta tathA kAlika evaM utkAlika ke rUpa meM to vargIkaraNa milatA hai, kintu upAMga, mUla, cheda Adi ke rUpa meM nahIM milatA hai| aMgabAhya AgamoM kI vistRta sUcI bhI nandI aura tattvArthabhASya meM milatI hai, usase yaha bhI jJAta ho jAtA hai ki na kevala dRSTivAda aura pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM kA lopa huA hai, kintu aneka ardhamAgadhI aMgabAhya granthoM kA bhI lopa ho cukA hai| yadyapi isa lopa kA yaha artha bhI nahIM hai ki unakI viSayavastu pUrNataH naSTa ho gaI, apitu itanA hI hai ki usakI viSayavastu anyatra kisI grantha meM surakSita ho jAne se usa grantha kA rUpa samApta ho gyaa| AgamAM kI viSayavastu ke sambandha meM jisa atizayatA kI carcA paravartI AcAryoM ne kI hai, vaha atiraMjanApUrNa hai| unakI viSayavastu ke AkAra ke sambandha meM AgamoM aura paravartI granthoM meM jo sUcanAe~ haiM, ve unakI vizvasanIyatA para praznacihna upasthita karatI haiN| hamArI zraddhA aura vizvAsa cAhe kucha bhI hoM, kintu tarka, buddhi aura gaveSaNAtmaka dRSTi se to aisA pratIta hotA hai ki Agama sAhitya kI viSayavastu meM kramazaH vikAsa hI hotA rahA hai| yaha kahanA ki AcArAMga ke Age pratyeka aMga-grantha kI zloka saMkhyA eka dUsare se kramazaH dviguNita thI athavA 14veM pUrva kI viSayavastu itanI thI ki use caudaha hAthiyoM ke barAbara syAhI se likhA jA sakatA thA, vizvAsa kI vastu ho sakatI hai, buddhigamya nahIM / anta meM, vidvAnoM se merI yaha apekSA hai ki ve AgamoM aura vizeSa rUpa se ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA adhyayana zvetAmbara, digambara, mUrttipUjaka, sthAnakavAsI yA terApaMthI dRSTi se na kareM, apitu ina sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara kareM, tabhI hama unake mAdhyama se jainadharma ke prAcIna svarUpa kA yathAdarzana kara sakeMge aura prAmANika rUpa se yaha bhI samajha sakeMge ki kAlakrama meM unameM kaise aura kyA parivartana hue haiN| Aja AvazyakatA hai paM. becaradAsajI jaise niSpakSa evaM taTastha buddhi se unake adhyayana kI, anyathA digambaroM ko usameM vastrasambandhI ullekha prakSepa lageMge, to zvetAmbara sAre vastra - pAtra ke ullekha mahAvIrakAlIna mAnane lageMge aura donoM hI yaha nahIM samajha sakeMge ki vastra - pAtra kA kramika vikAsa kina paristhitiyoM meM aura kaise huA hai| yahI sthiti anya prakAra ke sAmpradAyika

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abhiniveza se yukta adhyayana kI bhI hogii| punaH, zaurasenI, aura ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI unameM nihita satya ko yathArtha rUpa se Alokita kara skegaa| AzA hai, yuvA vidvAn merI isa prArthanA para dhyAna deNge| sandarbha : 1. pro.sAgaramala jaina, 'ardhamAgadhI AgamasAhityaH eka vimarza', pro.sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha, vArANasI 1998 I., dvitIya khaNDa, pRSTha 7. 2. dekheM-AcArAGga, prathama zrutaskandha, adhyayana 9, upadhAna zruta. 3. dekheM-RSibhASitaH eka adhyayana DaoN.sAgaramala jaina, pR.4-9. 4. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 2, pR.187. 5. dekheM-(a) zramaNa, varSa 41, aMka 10, 12 akTUbara-disambara 98 DaoN.ke.Ara.candrA kSetrajJa zabda ke vividha prAkRta rUpoM kI kathA aura usakA ardhamAgadhI rUpAntara, pR.49-56. (ba) ke.Ara.candrA, 'AcArAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM svIkRta kucha pAtroM kI samIkSA', paM. becaradAsa dozI smRti grantha, vaaraannsii| 1990 I., hindI khaNDa, pRSTha 1-7. 6. pro.sAgaramala jaina evaM pro.ema.e.DhAMkI, 'rAmaputta yA rAmaguptaH sUtrakRtAGga ke saMdarbha meM' , paM. becaradAsa dozI smRtigrantha, pR.8-11. 7. () sthAnAMga, () samavAyAMga, ( ) nandI, () nandIcUrNi, () tattvArthabhASya, () sarvArthasiddhi, () dhavalA, () jayadhavalA. 8. pro. sAgaramala jaina, 'antakRddazA kI viSayavastu', paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA abhinandana grantha, vArANasI, 1991 I. ; hindI khaNDa, pRSTha 12-18. ***

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* jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA: ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI? vartamAna meM prAkRta vidyA' nAmaka zodha-patrikA ke mAdhyama se jaina vidyA ke vidvAnoM kA eka varga AgrahapUrvaka yaha pratipAdana kara rahA hai ki 'jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta thI, jise kAlAntara meM parivartita karake ardhamAgadhI banA dI gii|' isa varga kA yaha bhI dAvA hai ki zaurasenI prAkRta hI prAcInatama prAkRta hai aura anya sabhI prAkRteM, yathAmAgadhI, paizAcI, mahArASTrI Adi isI se vikasita huI haiM, ataH ye sabhI zaurasenI prAkRta se paravartI bhI haiN| isI krama meM digambara-paramparA meM AgamoM ke rUpa meM mAnya AcArya kundakunda ke granthoM meM nihita ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI zabdarUpoM ko parivartita kara unheM zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita karane kA eka suniyojita prayatna bhI kiyA jA rahA hai| isa samasta pracAraprasAra ke pIche mUlabhUta uddezya yaha hai ki zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM ko digambara-paramparA meM mAnya Agamatulya granthoM se arvAcIna aura apane zaurasenI se nibaddha Agamatulya granthoM ko prAcIna siddha kiyA jaaye| isa pArasparika vivAda kA eka pariNAma yaha bhI ho rahA hai ki zvetAmbara-digambara paramparA ke bIca kaTutA kI khAI gaharI hotI jA rahI hai aura ina saba meM eka niSpakSa bhASAzAstrIya adhyayana ko pIche chor3a diyA jA rahA hai| prastuta nibandha meM maiM ina sabhI praznoM para zvetAmbara evaM digambara-paramparA meM AgamarUpa meM mAnya granthoM ke Aloka meM carcA karane kA prayatna kruuNgaa| kyA Agama sAhitya mUlataH zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha thA? yahA~ sarvaprathama maiM isa prazna kI carcA karanA cAhU~gA ki kyA jaina Agama sAhitya

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mUlataH zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha thA aura use bAda meM parivartita karake ardhamAgadhI rUpa diyA gayA? jaina vidyA ke kucha vidvAnoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki jaina Agama sAhitya mUlataH zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha huA thA aura use bAda meM ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita kiyA gyaa| apane isa kathana ke pakSa meM ve zvetAmbara - digambara kinhIM bhI AgamoM kA pramANa na dekara pro. TaoNTiyA ke vyAkhyAna ke kucha aMza uddhRta karate haiN| DaoN. sudIpa jaina ne 'prAkRta vidyA' janavarI-mArca, 1996 ke sampAdakIya meM unake kathana ko nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai hAla hI meM zrI lAlabahAdura zAstrI saMskRta vidyApITha meM sampanna dvitIya AcArya kundakunda smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA meM vizvavizruta bhASAzAstrI evaM dArzanika vicAraka pro. nathamalajI TA~TiyA ne spaSTa rUpa se ghoSita kiyA ki 'zramaNa sAhitya kA prAcIna rUpa, cAhe bauddhoM ke tripiTaka Adi hoM, zvetAmbaroM ke 'AcArAGgasUtra', 'dazavaikAlikasUtra' Adi hoM, athavA digambaroM ke 'SaTkhaNDAgamasUtra', 'samayasAra' Adi hoM, sabhI zaurasenI prAkRta meM hI nibaddha the| unhoMne Age sapramANa spaSTa kiyA ki bauddhoM ne bAda meM zrIlaMkA meM eka vRhatsaMgIti meM yojanApUrvaka zaurasenI meM nibaddha bauddha sAhitya kA mAgadhIkaraNa kiyA aura prAcIna zaurasenI meM nibaddha bauddha sAhitya ke granthoM ko agnisAta kara diyaa| isI prakAra, zvetAmbara jaina sAhitya kA bhI prAcIna rUpa zaurasenI prAkRta meM hI thA, jisakA rUpa kramazaH ardhamAgadhI meM badala gyaa| yadi hama varttamAna ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko hI mUla zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya mAnane para jora deMge, to isa ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA Aja se pandraha sau varSa pahale astitva hI nahIM hone se ina sthiti meM hameM apane Agama sAhitya ko bhI 500 I. se paravartI mAnanA pdd'egaa|' unhoMne spaSTa kiyA ki 'Aja bhI 'AcArAGgasUtra' Adi kI prAcIna pratiyoM meM zaurasenI ke zabdoM kI pracuratA milatI hai, jabaki naye saMskaraNoM meM una zabdoM kA ardhamAgadhIkaraNa ho gayA hai| unhoMne kahA ki pakSavyAmoha ke kAraNa aise parivartanoM se hama apane sAhitya kA prAcIna mUla rUpa kho rahe haiN|' unhoMne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA ki 'digambara jaina sAhitya meM hI zaurasenI bhASA ke prAcIna rUpa surakSita evaM upalabdha haiN| ' nissandeha, pro. TaoNTiyA jaina aura bauddha vidyAoM ke variSThatama vidvAnoM meM se eka rahe haiM aura unake kathana kA koI artha aura AdhAra bhI hogA; kintu ye kathana unake apane haiM yA unheM apane pakSa kI puSTi hetu tor3a-maror3a kara prastuta kiyA gayA hai, yaha eka vivAdAspada

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prazna hai ? kyoMki eka ora tulasIprajJA ke sampAdaka kA kahanA hai ki TA~TiyAjI ne isakA khaNDana kiyA hai| ve tulasIprajJA (apraila-jUna, 1993, khaNDa 19, aMka 1 ) meM likhate haiM ki 'DaoN.nathamala TA~TiyA ne dillI kI eka patrikA meM chape aura unake nAma se pracArita isa kathana kA khaNDana kiyA hai ki mahAvIravANI zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha huii| unhoMne spaSTa mata prakaTa kiyA ki AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana sUtrakRtAGga aura dazavaikAlika meM ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA utkRSTa rUpa hai|' dUsarI ora, prAkRtavidyA ke sampAdaka DaoN. sudIpajI kA kathana hai ki unake vyAkhyAna kI Tepa hamAre pAsa upalabdha hai aura hamane unake vicAroM kI avikala rUpa se yathAvat prastuti kI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM DaoN. sudIpajI kA to yaha bhI kathana hai ki tulasIprajJA ke khaNDana ke bAda bhI ve TA~TiyAjI se mile haiM aura TaoNTiyAjI ne unheM kahA hai ki ve apane kathana para Aja bhI dRr3ha haiN| TA~TiyAjI ke isa kathana ko unhoMne prAkRtavidyA, julAIsitambara 1996 ke aMka meM nimna zabdoM meM prastuta kiyA hai 'maiM saMskRta vidyApITha kI vyAkhyAnamAlA meM prastuta tathyoM para pUrNatayA dRr3ha hU~ tathA yaha merI tathyAdhArita spaSTa avadhAraNA hai, jisase vicalita hone kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai / ' (pRSTha 9) yaha samasta vivAda do patrikAoM ke mAdhyama se donoM sampAdakoM ke madhya hai; kintu isa vivAda meM satyatA kyA hai aura DaoN. TA~TiyA kA mUla mantavya kyA hai, isakA nirNaya to tabhI sambhava thA jaba DaoN. TaoNTiyA svayaM isa sambandha meM likhita vaktavya dete; kintu ve isa sambandha meM mauna rhe| maiMne svayaM unheM patra likhA thA; kintu unakA koI pratyuttara nahIM aayaa| maiM DaoN. TA~TiyA kI ulajhana samajhatA hU~- eka ora kundakunda bhAratI ne unheM kundakunda vyAkhyAna hetu Amantrita kiyA thA, to dUsarI ora ve 'jaina vizvabhAratI' kI sevA meM the, jaba jisa maMca se bole hoMge, bhAvAveza meM unake anukUla kucha kaha diye hoMge aura aba spaSTa khaNDana bhI kaise kareM ? phira bhI, merI antarAtmA yaha svIkAra nahIM karatI hai ki DaoN. TA~TiyA jaise gambhIra vidvAn binA pramANa ke aise vaktavya de deN| kahIM na kahIM zabdoM kI koI jor3a-tor3a avazya ho rahI hai| DaoN. sudIpajI prAkRtavidyA, julAIsitambara,1996 meM DaoN. TA~TiyAjI ke ukta vyAkhyAnoM ke vicAra - binduoM ko avikala rUpa se prastuta karate hue likhate haiM ki 'haribhadra kA sArA yogazataka dhavalA se (ke AdhAra

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para banA) hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki haribhadra ne 'yogazataka' ko dhavalA ke AdhAra para banAyA hai| kyA TA~TiyAjI jaise vidvAn ko itanA bhI itihAsa bodha nahIM rahA hogA ki 'yogazataka' ke karttA haribhadrasUri aura 'dhavalA' ke karttA meM kauna pahale huA hai ? yaha aitihAsika satya hai ki haribhadrasUri kA 'yogazataka' (AThavIM zatI), 'dhavalA (10vIM zatI) se pUrvavartI hai| mujhe vizvAsa bhI nahIM hotA hai ki TA~TiyAjI jaise vidvAn isa aitihAsika satya ko anadekhA kara deN| kahIM na kahIM unake nAma para koI bhrama khar3A kiyA gayA hai|' vastutaH, yadi koI bhI carcA pramANoM ke AdhAra para nahIM hotI hai, to use mAnya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, phira cAhe use kitane hI bar3e vidvAn ne kyoM na kahA ho ? yadi vyakti kAhI mahattva mAnya hai, to abhI saMyoga se TA~TiyAjI se bhI variSTha, antarrASTrIya khyAti ke jaina-bauddha vidyAoM ke mahAmanISI aura svayaM TA~TiyAjI ke guru padmavibhUSaNa paM. dalasukhabhAI hamAre bIca haiM, phira to unake kathana ko adhika prAmANika mAnakara 'prAkRtavidyA' ke sampAdaka ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| khaira yaha saba prAstAvika bAteM thIM, jisase yaha samajhA jA sake ki samasyA kyA hai, kaise utpanna huI aura prastuta saMgoSThI kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? hameM to vyaktiyoM ke kathanoM aura vaktavyoM para na jAkara tathyoM ke prakAza meM isakI samIkSA karanI hai ki jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA kyA thI aura ardhamAgadhI tathA zaurasenI meM kauna prAcIna hai ? AgamoM kI mUla bhASA-ardhamAgadhI (ka) yaha eka sunizcita tathya hai ki mahAvIra kA janmakSetra aura kAryakSetra - donoM hI mukhya rUpa se magadha aura usakA samIpavartI kSetra hI rahA hai, ataH yaha svAbhAvika hai ki unhoMne jisa bhASA meM bolA hogA vaha samIpavartI kSetrIya boliyoM se prabhAvita mAgadhI arthAt ardhamAgadhI rahI hogii| vyakti kI bhASA kabhI bhI apanI mAtRbhASA se aprabhAvita nahIM hotI hai| punaH, zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya jo bhI 'Agama sAhitya' Aja upalabdha hai, unameM aneka aise sandarbha haiM, jinameM spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha hai ki mahAvIra ne apane upadeza ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM diye the| isa sambandha meM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya se kucha pramANa prastuta kiye jA rahe haiM, yathA

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1. bhagavaM ca NaM addhamAgahIe bhAsA dhammamAikkhaI / - samavAyAMga, samavAya 34, sUtra 22 2. tae NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre kuNiassa bhaMbhasAraputtassa addhamAgahAe bhAsAe bhAsitA arihA dhmmNprikheii| - aupapAtikasUtra 1. 3. goyamA ! devA NaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe bhAsaMti sa vi ya NaM addhamAgahA bhAsA bhAsijjamANI visjjti|-bhgvii, lADanU~, zataka 5, uddezaka 4, sUtra 93. 4. tae NaM samaye bhagavaM mahAvIre usabhadattamAhaNassa devANaMdAmAhaNIe tIse ya mahati mahaliyAe isiparisAe muNiparisAe jaiparisAe.... savva bhASANu.... gamiNiya sarassaIe joyaNaNIhAriNAsareNaM addhamAgahAe bhAsAe bhAsae dhammaM prikheii| bhagavaI, lADanU~, zataka 9, uddezaka 33, sUtra 149. 5. tae NaM samaye bhagavaM mahAvIre jAmAlissa khattiyakumArasya ... addhamAgahAe bhAsAe bhAsai dhammaM prikhei| -bhagavaI, lADanU~, zataka 9, uddezaka 33, sUtra 163. 6. savvasattasamadarisIhiM addhamAgahAe bhAsAe suttaM uvadidvaM / - AcArAMgacUrNi, jinadAsagaNi, pR.255. mAtra itanA hI nahIM, digambara - paramparA meM mAnya AcArya kundakunda ke grantha 'bodhapAhuDa', jo svayaM zaurasenI meM nibaddha hai, usakI TIkA meM digambara AcArya zrutasAgarajI likhate haiM ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM apanA upadeza diyA thaa| pramANa ke lie usa TIkA ke hindI anuvAda kA yaha aMza prastuta hai| 'ardha magadhadeza kI bhASAtmaka' aura ardha sarvabhASAtmaka bhagavAn kI dhvani khiratI hai| zaMkA - ardhamAgadhI bhASA devakRta atizaya kaise ho sakatI hai, kyoMki bhagavAn kI bhASA hI ardhamAgadhI hai ? uttara-mAgadha deva ke sAnnidhya meM hone se| AcArya prabhAcandra ne 'nandIzvara bhakti' ke artha meM likhA hai- 'eka yojana taka bhagavAn kI vANI svayameva sunAyI detI hai| usake Age saMkhyAt yojanoM taka usa divya dhvani kA vistAra magadha jAti ke deva karate haiN| ataH, ardhamAgadhI bhASA devakRta hai|' (SaTprAbhRtam, caturtha bodhapAhuDa - TIkA, gAthA 32, pR.119) -- mAtra yahI nahIM, varttamAna meM bhI digambara - paramparA ke mahAn santa evaM AcArya vidyAsAgarajI ke pramukha ziSya munizrI pramANasAgarajI apanI pustaka jainadharma-darzana, (prathama saMskaraNa) pR. 40 para likhate haiM ki 'una bhagavAn mahAvIra kA upadeza sarvagrAhya ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM huaa|'

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jaba zvetAmbara aura digambara- donoM hI paramparAe~ yaha mAnakara cala rahI haiM ki bhagavAn kA upadeza ardhamAgadhI meM huA thA aura isI bhASA meM unake upadezoM ke AdhAra para AgamoM kA praNayana huA, to phira zaurasenI ke nAma se nayA vivAda khar3A karake isa khAI ko caur3A kyoM kiyA jA rahA hai? (kha) uparokta Agamika pramANoM kI carcA ke alAvA vyAvahArika evaM aitihAsika tathya bhI isI kI puSTi karate haiM 1. yadi bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane upadeza ardhamAgadhI meM diye, to yaha svAbhAvika hai ki gaNadharoM ne usI bhASA meM AgamoM kA praNayana kiyA hogA, ataH AgamoM kI mUlabhASA kSetrIya boliyoM se prabhAvita mAgadhI arthAt ardhamAgadhI rahI hai - yaha mAnanA hogaa| 2. isake viparIta, 'zaurasenI Agama tulya' mAnya granthoM meM kisI eka bhI grantha meM eka bhI sandarbha aisA nahIM hai, jisase yaha pratidhvanita bhI hotA ho ki AgamoM kI mUla bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta thI / unameM mAtra yaha ullekha hai ki tIrthaMkaroM kI jo vANI khiratI hai, vaha sarvabhASArUpa pariNata hotI hai| isakA tAtparya mAtra itanA hI hai ki unakI vANI janasAdhAraNa ko AsAnI se samajha meM AtI thii| yaha lokavANI thii| usameM magadha ke nikaTavartI kSetroM kI kSetrIya boliyoM ke zabdarUpa bhI hote the aura yahI kAraNa thA ki use mAgadhI na kahakara ardhamAgadhI kahA gayA hai| 3. jo grantha jisa kSetra meM racita yA sampAdita hotA hai, usakA vahA~ kI bolI se prabhAvita honA svAbhAvika hai| prAcIna stara ke 'jaina Agama', yathA- 'AcArAGga', 'sUtrakRtAGga', 'RSibhASita', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'dazavaikAlika' Adi magadha aura usake samIpavartI kSetra meM racita haiM aura unameM isI kSetra ke nagaroM Adi kI sUcanAe~ haiN| mUla AgamoM meM eka bhI aisI sUcanA nahIM hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bihAra, baMgAla aura pUrvI uttarapradeza se Age vihAra kiyA ho| ataH, unakI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hI rahI hogii| 4. punaH AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA pATaliputra meM aura dUsarI vAcanA khaNDagiri (ur3IsA) " meM huI, ye donoM kSetra mathurA se paryApta dUrI para sthita haiM, ataH kama se kama prathama aura dvitIya vAcanA ke samaya taka arthAt I.pU. dUsarI yA prathama zatI taka unake zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita hone kA yA usase prabhAvita hone kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai|

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yaha satya hai ki usake pazcAt jaba jainadharma evaM vidyA kA kendra pATalIputra se haTakara lagabhaga I.pU. dUsarI zatI yA prathama zatI meM mathurA banA, to usa para zaurasenI kA prabhAva AnA prArambha huA ho| yadyapi mathurA se prApta dUsarI zatI taka ke abhilekhoM kA zaurasenI ke prabhAva se mukta honA yahI siddha karatA hai ki jainAgamoM para zaurasenI kA prabhAva dUsarI zatI ke pazcAt hI prArambha huA hogaa| sambhavataH, phalgumitra (dUsarI zatI) ke samaya yA usake bhI pazcAt skandila (caturtha zatI) kI 'mAthurI vAcanA' ke samaya una para zaurasenI kA prabhAva AyA thA, yahI kAraNa hai ki yApanIya paramparA meM mAnya 'AcArAGga', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'dazavaikAlika', 'nizItha','kalpa' Adi jo Agama rahe haiM, ve zaurasenI se prabhAvita rahe haiN| yadi DaoN.TA~TiyA ne yaha kahA hai ki 'AcArAGga' Adi zvetAmbara AgamoM kA zaurasenI se prabhAvita saMskaraNa bhI thA, jo mathurA kSetra meM vikasita 'yApanIya paramparA' ko mAnya thA, to unakA kathana satya hai, kyoMki 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM' 'AcArAGga', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'nizItha' Adi ke jo sandarbha die gae haiM, ve sabhI zaurasenI se prabhAvita haiM; kintu isakA yaha artha kadApi nahIM ki AgamoM kI racanA zaurasenI meM huI thI aura ve bAda meM ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita kiye gye| jJAtavya hai ki 'mAthurI vAcanA' skandila ke samaya bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga ATha sau varSa pazcAt huI thI aura usameM jina AgamoM kI vAcanA huI, ve sabhI usake pUrva astitva meM the hii| yApanIyoM ne AgamoM ke isI zaurasenI prabhAvita saMskaraNa ko mAnya kiyA thA; kintu digambaroM ke lie to ve Agama bhI mAnya nahIM the, kyoMki unake anusAra to isa 'mAthurI vAcanA' ke lagabhaga do sau varSa pUrva hI 'Agama sAhitya' vilupta ho cukA thaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya 'AcArAGga', 'sUtrakRtAGga', 'RSibhASita', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'dazavaikAlika', 'kalpa', 'vyavahAra', 'nizItha' Adi to I.pU. cauthI zatI se dUsarI taka kI racanAe~ haiM, jise pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| jJAtavya hai ki mathurA kA jaina vidyA ke kendra ke rUpa meM vikAsa I.pU. dvitIya yA prathama zatI se hI huA hai aura usake pazcAt hI ina AgamoM para zaurasenI prabhAva AyA hogaa| AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kaba aura kaise? yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki skandilAcArya kI isa 'mAthurI vAcanA' ke samaya hI samAnAntara rUpa se eka vAcanA valabhI (gujarAta) meM nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM huI thI,

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ataH isI kAla meM usa para mahArASTrI kA prabhAva bhI AyA, kyoMki usa kSetra kI prAkRta mahArASTrI prAkRta thii| isI mahArASTrI prAkRta se prabhAvita 'Agama' Aja taka zvetAmbaraparamparA meM mAnya haiN|atH, isa tathya ko bhI spaSTa rUpa se samajha lenA cAhie ki AgamoM ke mahArASTrI prabhAvita aura zaurasenI prabhAvita saMskaraNa, jo lagabhaga IsA kI caturtha-paJcama zatI meM astitva meM Aye, unakA mUla AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama hI rhe| yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki na to skandilAcArya kI 'mAthurI vAcanA' meM aura na nAgArjuna kI 'valabhI vAcanA' meM AgamoM kI bhASA meM soca-samajhapUrvaka koI parivartana kiyA gayA thaa| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki usa yuga taka 'Agama' kaNThastha cale A rahe the aura koI bhI kaNThastha grantha svAbhAvika rUpa se kaNThastha karane vAle vyakti kI kSetrIya bolI se arthAt uccAraNa zailI se aprabhAvita nahIM raha sakatA hai, yahI kAraNa thA ki jo uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha mathurA meM ekatrita huA, usake Agama pATha' usa kSetra kI bolI zaurasenI se prabhAvita hue aura jo pazcimI bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha valabhI meM ekatrita huA, usake Agama pATha' isa kSetra kI bolI mahArASTrI prAkRta se prabhAvita hue| punaH, yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki ina donoM vAcanoM meM sampAdita AgamoM kA mUla AdhAra to 'ardhamAgadhI Agama' hI the, yahI kAraNa hai ki 'zaurasenI Agama' na to zuddha zaurasenI meM haiM aura na valabhI vAcanA ke Agama zuddha mahArASTrI meN| una donoM meM ardhamAgadhI ke zabdarUpa to upalabdha ho hI rahe haiN| zaurasenI AgamoM meM to ardhamAgadhI ke sAtha-sAtha mahArASTrI prAkRta ke zabda-rUpa bhI bahulatA se milate haiM, yahI kAraNa hai ki bhASAvid unakI bhASA ko jaina zaurasenI aura jaina mahArASTrI kahate haiN| durbhAgya to yaha hai ki jina zaurasenI AgamoM kI duhAI dI jA rahI hai, unameM se pratyeka Agama 50 pratizata se adhika ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta se prabhAvita haiN| zvetAmbara aura digambara mAnya AgamoM meM prAkRta ke rUpoM kA jo vaividhya hai, usake kAraNoM kI vistRta carcA maiMne apane lekha 'jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartanaH eka vimarza', sAgara jaina vidyAbhAratI (bhAga1, pR.239-243) meM kI hai| prastuta prasaMga meM usakA nimna aMza dRSTavya hai-- 'jaina Agamika evaM Agama rUpa meM mAnya ardhamAgadhI tathA zaurasenI granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kyoM huA? isa prazna kA uttara aneka rUpoM meM diyA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH, ina granthoM meM hue bhASika parivartanoM kA koI eka hI kAraNa nahIM hai, apitu aneka

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kAraNa haiM, jina para hama kramazaH vicAra kareMge 1. bhArata meM vaidika paramparA meM veda vacanoM ko mantrarUpa meM mAnakara unake svara - vyaJjana kI uccAraNa yojanA ko aparivartanIya banAye rakhane para adhika bala diyA gyaa| unake lie zabda aura dhvani hI mahattvapUrNa rahI aura artha gauNa rhaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja bhI aneka vedapAThI brAhmaNa aise haiM, jo vedamaMtroM kI uccAraNa zailI, laya Adi ke prati to atyanta satarka rahate haiM; kintu ve unake arthoM ko nahIM jAnate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki veda zabdarUpa se yathAvat bane rhe| isake viparIta, jaina - paramparA meM yaha mAnA gayA ki tIrthaMkara artha ke upadeSTA hote haiM, unake vacanoM ko zabdarUpa to gaNadhara Adi ke dvArA kiyA jAtA hai, ataH jainAcAryoM ke lie artha yA kathana kA tAtparya hI pramukha thA, unhoMne kabhI bhI zabdoM para bala nahIM diyaa| zabdoM meM cAhe parivartana ho jAe, lekina arthoM meM parivartana nahIM honA cAhie, yahI jaina AcAryoM kA pramukha lakSya rhaa| zabdarUpoM kI unakI isa upekSA ke phalasvarUpa AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana hote ge| isI krama meM IsA kI caturtha zatI meM ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke zaurasenI - prabhAvita aura mahArASTrI - prabhAvita saMskaraNa astitva meM aaye| 2. - Agama sAhitya meM jo bhASika parivartana hue, usakA dUsarA kAraNa yaha thA ki jaina bhikSu saMgha meM vibhinna pradezoM ke bhikSugaNa sammilita the| apanI-apanI prAdezika boliyoM se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa unakI uccAraNa zailI meM bhI svAbhAvika bhinnatA rahatI thI, phalataH unake dvArA kaNThastha Agama sAhitya ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhinnatAeM A gyiiN| 3. jaina bhikSu sAmAnyatayA bhramaNazIla hote haiM, bhramaNazIlatA ke kAraNa unakI boliyoM, bhASAoM para bhI anya pradezoM kI boliyoM kA prabhAva par3atA hI thA, phalataH AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana huA aura unameM tat-tat kSetrIya boliyoM kA mizraNa hotA gyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, jaba pUrva kA bhikSu pazcimI pradezoM meM adhika vihAra karatA hai, to usakI bhASA meM pUrva evaM pazcima- donoM kI hI boliyoM kA prabhAva A jAtA hai, phalataH unake dvArA kaNThastha Agama ke bhASika svarUpa kI ekarUpatA samApta ho jAtI hai| sAmAnyatayA-buddha ke vacana buddha ke nirvANa ke 200-300 varSa ke andara hI

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likhita rUpa meM A gaye, ataH unake bhASika svarUpa meM racanA-kAla ke bAda bahuta adhika parivartana nahIM AyA hai, tathApi unakI uccAraNa zailI vibhinna dezoM meM bhinnabhinna rahI hai| Aja bhI zrIlaMkA, barmA, thAIlaiNDa Adi dezoM ke bhikSuoM kA tripiTaka kA ucAraNa bhinna bhinna hotA hai, phira bhI unake likhita svarUpa meM bahuta kucha ekarUpatA hai| isake viparIta, jaina Agamika evaM Agamatulya sAhitya eka sudIrghakAla taka likhita rUpa meM nahIM A sakA, vaha guru-ziSya paramparA se maukhika hI calatA rahA, phalataH deza aura kAlagata uccAraNa bheda se unako lipibaddha karate samaya unake bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana hotA gyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, likhita pratilipiyoM ke pATha bhI pratilipikAroM kI asAvadhAnI yA kSetrIya boliyoM se prabhAvita hue| zvetAmbara AgamoM kI pratilipiyA~ mukhyataH gujarAta evaM rAjasthAna meM huIM, ataH una para mahArASTrI kA prabhAva A gyaa| 5. bhArata meM kAgaja kA pracalana na hone se bhojapatroM yA tAr3apatroM para granthoM ko likhavAnA aura unheM surakSita rakhanA jaina-muniyoM kI ahiMsA evaM aparigraha kI bhAvanA ke pratikUla thaa| lagabhaga I. san kI 5 vIM zatI taka isa kArya ko pApapravRtti mAnA jAtA thA tathA isake lie daNDa kI vyavasthA bhI thI, phalataH mahAvIra ke pazcAt lagabhaga 1000 varSa taka jaina sAhitya zruta paramparA para hI AdhArita rhaa| zruta paramparA para AdhArita hone se AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM vaividhya A gyaa| Agamika evaM Agama-tulya sAhitya meM Aja bhASika rUpoM kA jo vaividhya dekhA jAtA hai, usakA eka kAraNa lahiyoM (pratilipikAroM) kI asAvadhAnI bhI rahI hai| pratilipikAra jisa kSetra kA hotA thA, usa para bhI usa kSetra kI bolI/bhASA kA prabhAva rahatA thA aura asAvadhAnI se apanI prAdezika bolI ke zabdarUpoM ko likha detA thaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, cAhe mUla pATha meM 'gacchati' likhA ho, lekina yadi usa kSetra meM pracalana meM 'gacchaI' kA vyavahAra hai, to pratilipikAra 'gacchai' rUpa hI likha degaa| 7. jaina Agama evaM Agamatulya granthoM meM Aye bhASika parivartanoM kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki ve vibhinna kAloM evaM pradezoM meM sampAdita hote rahe haiN| sampAdakoM ne unake prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira rakhane kA prayatna nahIM kiyA, apitu unheM sampAdita karate

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samaya apane yuga evaM kSetra kI pracalita bhASA aura vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para unameM parivartana bhI kara diyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki ardhamAgadhI meM likhita Agama bhI jaba mathurA meM saMkalita evaM sampAdita hue, to unakA bhASika svarUpa ardhamAgadhI kI apekSA zaurasenI ke nikaTa ho gayA, aura jaba valabhI meM likhe gaye, to vaha mahArASTrI se prabhAvita ho gyaa| yaha alaga bAta hai ki aisA parivartana sampUrNa rUpa se na ho sakA aura usameM ardhamAgadhI ke tattva bhI bane rhe| ataH, ardhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI AgamoM meM bhASika svarUpa kA jo vaividhya hai, vaha eka yathArthatA hai, jise hameM svIkAra karanA hogaa| kyA zaurasenI AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM ekarUpatA hai? DaoN. sudIpa jaina kA dAvA hai ki 'Aja bhI zaurasenI Agama sAhitya meM bhASika tattva kI ekarUpatA hai, jabaki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM bhASA ke vividha rUpa pAye jAte haiN| udAharaNasvarUpa, zaurasenI meM sarvatra 'Na' kA prayoga milatA hai, kahIM bhI 'n' kA prayoga nahIM hai, jabaki ardhamAgadhI meM 'n'kAra ke sAtha 'Na'kAra kA prayoga bhI vikalpataH milatA hai| yadi zaurasenI yuga meM 'n'kAra kA prayoga Agama bhASA meM pracalita hotA, to digambarasAhitya meM kahIM to vikalpa se 'n'kAra prApta hotaa|'- prAkRtavidyA, julAI-sitambara 1996, pR.7 __ yahA~ DaoN. sudIpa jaina ne do bAteM uThAyI haiM, prathama zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kI bhASika ekarUpatA kI aura dUsarI 'Na'kAra aura 'n'kAra kii| kyA sudIpajI! Apane zaurasenI Agama sAhitya ke upalabdha saMskaraNoM kA bhASAzAstra kI dRSTi se koI prAmANika adhyayana kiyA hai? yadi Apane kiyA hotA, to Apa aisA khokhalA dAvA prastuta nahIM karate? Apa kevala 'Na'kAra kA hI udAharaNa kyoM dete haiM, vaha to mahArASTrI aura zaurasenI donoM meM sAmAnya hai| dUsare zabda-rUpoM kI carcA kyoM nahIM karate haiM? nIce, maiM digambara zaurasenI Agamatulya granthoM se hI kucha udAharaNa de rahA hU~, jinase unake bhASikatattva kI ekarUpatA kA dAvA kitanA khokhalA hai-yaha siddha ho jAtA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki zaurasenI Agamatulya grantha na kevala ardhamAgadhI se prabhAvita haiM, apitu usase paravartI mahArASTrI prAkRta se bhI prabhAvita haiM1. AtmA ke lie ardhamAgadhI meM AtA, attA, appA Adi zabdarUpoM ke prayoga upalabdha

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haiM, jabaki zaurasenI meM ghoSIkaraNa ke kAraNa 'AtA' kA 'AdA' rUpa banatA hai| 'samayasAra' meM 'AdA' ke sAtha-sAtha 'appA' zabda-rUpa, jo ki ardhamAgadhI kA hai, aneka bAra prayoga meM AyA hai, kevala 'samayasAra' meM hI nahIM, apitu 'niyamasAra' (120, 121, 183) Adi meM bhI 'appA' zabda kA prayoga hai| 2. zruta kA zaurasenI rUpa 'suda' banatA hai| zaurasenI Agamatulya granthoM meM aneka sthAnoM para 'sudakevalI' zabda ke prayoga bhI hue haiM, jabaki 'samayasAra' (varNI granthamAlA) gAthA 9 evaM 10 meM spaSTa rUpa se 'suyakevalI', 'suyaNANa' zabdarUpoM kA bhI prayoga milatA hai, jabaki ye donoM mahArASTrI zabda- rUpa haiM aura paravartI bhI haiN| ardhamAgadhI meM to sadaiva 'suta' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai| 3. zaurasenI meM madhyavartI asaMyukta 't' kA 'd' hotA hai, sAtha hI usameM 'lopa' kI pravRtti atyalpa hai, ataH usake kriyArUpa 'havadi, hodi, kuNadi, giNhadi, kuNvadi, pariNamadi, bhaNNadi, passadi Adi banate haiM, ina kriyArUpoM kA prayoga una granthoM meM huA bhI hai; kintu unhIM granthoM ke kriyA-rUpoM para mahArASTrI prAkRta kA kitanA vyApaka prabhAva hai, ise nimna udAharaNoM se jAnA jA sakatA hai 'samayasAra' varNI granthamAlA (vArANasI) - jANai (10), havaI (11, 315, 384, 386), muNai ( 32 ), vuccai ( 45 ), kuvvai (81, 286, 319, 321, 325, 340), parimaNai (76, 79, 80), (jJAtavya hai ki 'samayasAra' ke isI saMskaraNa kI gAthA kramAMka 77, 78, 79 meM pariNamadi rUpa bhI milatA hai) isI prakAra ke anya mahArASTrI prAkRta ke rUpa, jaise veyaI (84), kuNaI (71, 96, 289, 293, 322 326), hoi (94, 197, 306, 349, 358), kareI (94, 237, 238, 328, 348), havaI (141, 326, 329), jANaI (185, 316, 319, 320, 361), bahai (189), sevai (197), marai ( 257, 290), ( jabaki gAthA 258 meM maradi hai), pAvai (291, 292), ghippai ( 296 ), uppajjai (308), viNassai (312, 345), dIsai (323) Adi bhI milate haiN| ye to kucha hI udAharaNa haiN| aise anekoM mahArASTrI prAkRta ke kriyA - rUpa samayasAra meM upalabdha haiN| na kevala 'samayasAra', apitu 'niyamasAra', 'paJcAstikAyasAra', 'pravacanasAra' Adi kI bhI yahI sthiti hai| bArahavIM zatI meM racita vasunandIkRta 'zrAvakAcAra' (bhAratIya jJAnapITha saMskaraNa)

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kI sthiti to kundakunda ke ina granthoM se bhI badatara hai, usakI prArambha kI sau gAthAoM ke 40 pratizata kriyArUpa mahArASTrI prAkRta ke haiN| isase phalita hotA hai ki tathAkathita zaurasenI AgamoM ke bhASAgata svarUpa meM to ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI apekSA bhI na kevala vaividhya hai, apitu usa para mahArASTrI prAkRta kA bhI vyApaka prabhAva hai, jise sudIpajI zaurasenI se paravartI mAna rahe haiN| yadi ye grantha prAcIna hote, to ina para ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI kA prabhAva kahA~ se AtA ? pro. e. ema. upAdhye ne pravacanasAra kI bhUmikA meM spaSTataH yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki usakI bhASA para ardhamAgadhI kA prabhAva hai| pro. khar3abar3I ne to 'SaTkhaNDAgama' kI bhASA ko bhI zuddha zaurasenI nahIM mAnA hai| 'na' kAra aura 'Na' kAra meM kauna prAcIna ? aba hama 'N'kAra aura 'na'kAra ke prazna para Ate haiN| bhAI sudIpajI ! ApakA yaha kathana satya hai ki ardhamAgadhI meM 'na' kAra aura 'Na'kAra donoM pAye jAte haiM; kintu digambara zaurasenI Agamatulya granthoM meM sarvatra 'Na'kAra kA pAyA jAnA yahI siddha karatA hai ki jisa zaurasenI ko Apa ariSTanemi ke kAla se pracalita prAcInatama prAkRta kahanA cAhate haiM, usa 'Na'kAra pradhAna zaurasenI kA janma to IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI taka huA bhI nahIM thA / 'Na' kI apekSA 'na' kA prayoga prAcIna hai| I.pU. tRtIya zatI ke azoka ke abhilekha evaM I.pU. dvitIya zatI ke khAravela ke zilAlekha se lekara mathurA ke zilAlekha (I.pU. dUsarI zatI se IsA kI tIsarI zatI taka) ina lagabhaga 80 jaina zilAlekhoM meM dantya 'na' kAra ke sthAna para eka bhI 'Na'kAra kA prayoga nahIM hai| inameM zaurasenI prAkRta ke rUpoM, yathA- 'Namo', 'arihaMtANaM' aura 'Namo vaDamANaM' kA sarvathA abhAva hai| yahA~ hama kevala unhIM prAcIna zilAlekhoM ko uddhRta kara rahe haiM, jinameM ina zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai - jJAtavya hai ki ye sabhI abhilekhIya sAkSya jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga - 2 se prastuta haiM, jo digambara jaina samAja dvArA hI prakAzita haiN| 1. hAthIgumphA ur3IsA kA zilAlekha - prAkRta, jaina samrATa khAravela, mauryakAla 165vA~ varSa, pR.4, lekha kramAMka 2, 'namo arahaMtAnaM, namo savasidhAnaM'. lagabhaga 2. vaikuNTha svargapurI guphA, udayagiri, ur3IsA - prAkRta, mauryakAla 165vA~ varSa, I.pU. dUsarI zatI, pR. 11, le.kra.3, 'arahantapasAdana' 53

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3. mathurA, prAkRta, mahAkSatrapa zoDAzake, 81 varSa kA, pR.12, kramAMka 5, 'nama aharato vadhamAnasa'. mathurA, prAkRta, kAla nirdeza nahIM diyA hai; kintu je.epha.phlITa ke anusAra lagabhaga 13-14 I.pU. pUrva prathama zatI kA honA cAhie, pR.15, kra.9, 'namoarahato vadhamAnasya'. 5. mathurA, prAkRta, sambhavataH 13-14 I.pU. prathama zatI, pR.15, lekha kramAMka 10 (na)mo arahatapUjA (ye). 6. mathurA, prAkRta, pR.17, kra.14, 'mA aharatAnaM (arahaMtAna) zramaNa-zrAvikA(ya)'. 7. mathurA, prAkRta, pR.17, kra.15, 'namo arahaMtAnaM'. 8. mathurA, prAkRta, pR.18, kramAMka 16, 'namo arahato mahAvirasa'. 9. mathurA, prAkRta, huviSka saMvat 39-hastistambha, pR-34, kramAMka 43, 'arthena rudradAsena' arahaMtanaM pujAye. 10. mathurA, prAkRta, bhagna, varSa 93, pR.46, kramAMka 67, 'namo arhato mahAvirasya'. 11. mathurA, prAkRta, vAsudeva, saM.98, pR.47, kramAMka 60, 'namo arahato mahAvIrasya'. 12. mathurA, prAkRta, pR.48 9, (binA kAla nirdeza), kramAMka 71, 'namo arahaMtAnaM sihakasa'. 13. mathurA, prAkRta, bhagna (binA kAla nirdeza), pR.48, kramAMka 72, 'namo arahatAnA'. 14. mathurA, prAkRta, bhagna (binA kAla nirdeza), pR.48, kramAMka 73, 'namo arahaMtAna'. 15. mathurA, prAkRta, bhagna (binA kAla nirdeza), pR.49, kramAMka 75, 'arahaMtAna vadhamAnasya'. 16. mathurA, prAkRta, bhagna, pR.51, kramAMka 80, 'namo arahaMtANa...'. zUrasena pradeza, jahA~ se zaurasenI prAkRta kA janma huA, vahA~ ke zilAlekhoM meM dUsarI-tIsarI zatI taka 'na'kAra ke sthAna para 'Na'kAra evaM madhyavartI asaMyukta 't' ke sthAna para 'd' ke prayoga kA abhAva yahI siddha karatA hai ki digambara AgamoM evaM nATakoM kI zaurasenI kA janma IsA kI dUsarI zatI ke pUrva kA nahIM hai, jabaki 'na'kAra pradhAna

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ardhamAgadhI kA calana to azoka ke abhilekhoM se arthAt I.pU.tIsarI zatI se siddha hotA hai| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama prAcIna haiM aura AgamoM kA zabdarUpAntaraNa ardhamAgadhI se zaurasenI meM huA hai na ki zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI meM huA hai| digambara mAnya AgamoM kI vaha zaurasenI, jisakI prAcInatA kA bar3ha-car3hakara dAvA kiyA jAtA hai, vaha ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI-donoM se hI prabhAvita hai aura na kevala bhASAyI svarUpa ke AdhAra para, parantu apanI viSayavastu ke AdhAra para IsA kI cauthI-pAMcavI zatI ke pUrva kI nahIM hai| yadi zaurasenI prAcInatama prAkRta hai, to phira sampUrNa deza meM IsA kI tIsarI-cauthI zatI taka kA eka bhI abhilekha zaurasenI prAkRta meM kyoM nahIM milatA hai? azoka ke abhilekha, khAravela ke abhilekha, baDalI kA abhilekha aura mathurA ke zatAdhika abhilekha koI bhI to zaurasenI prAkRta meM nahIM hai| ina sabhI abhilekhoM kI bhASA kSetrIya boliyoM se prabhAvita mAgadhI hI hai, ataH, use ardhamAgadhI to kahA jA sakatA hai; kintu zaurasenI kadApi nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ataH, prAkRtoM meM ardhamAgadhI hI prAcIna hai, kyoMki mathurA ke prAcIna abhilekhoM meM bhI namo arahaMtAnaM, namo vadhamAnasa Adi ardhamAgadhI zabda-rUpa milate haiN| zvetAmbara AgamoM evaM abhilekhoM meM Aye 'arahaMtAnaM ' pATha ko to 'prAkRtavidyA' meM khoTe sikke kI taraha batAyA gayA hai, isakA artha hai ki yaha pATha zaurasenI kA nahIM hai (prAkRtavidyA, akTUbara-disambara, 1994, pR.10-11), ataH zaurasenI usake bAda hI vikasita huI hai| zaurasenI Agama aura unakI prAcInatA jaba hama Agama kI bAta karate haiM, to hameM yaha spaSTa rUpa se samajha lenA cAhie ki 'AcArAGga' Adi dvAdazAGgI, jinheM zvetAmbara, digambara, yApanIya-paramparA Agama kahakara ullekhita karatI haiM, ve sabhI mUlataH ardhamAgadhI meM nibaddha hue haiN| cAhe zvetAmbara paramparA meM 'nandIsUtra' meM ullekhita Agama hoM, cAhe 'mUlAcAra', 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' aura unakI TIkAoM meM yA 'tattvArtha' aura usakI digambara TIkAoM meM ullekhita Agama hoM, athavA 'aMgapaNNati' evaM 'dhavalA' ke aMga aura aMgabAhya ke rUpa meM ullekhita Agama hoM, unameM se eka bhI aisA nahIM hai, jo zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha thaa| hA~, itanA avazya hai ki inameM se kucha ke zaurasenI prAkRta se prabhAvita saMskaraNa mAthurI vAcanA ke samaya lagabhaga

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caturtha zatI meM astitva meM avazya Aye the; kintu inheM zaurasenI Agama kahanA ucita nahIM hogaa| vastutaH, ye 'AcArAGga', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'dazavaikAlika', 'RSibhASita' Adi zvetAmbara-paramparA meM mAnya AgamoM ke hI zaurasenI saMskaraNa the, jo yApanIya-paramparA meM mAnya the aura jinakI bhASika svarUpa aura kucha pATha-bhedoM ko chor3akara zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM se samarUpatA thii| inake svarUpa Adi ke sambandha meM vistRta carcA maiMne 'jainadharma kA yApanIya sampradAya' nAmaka grantha ke tIsare adhyAya ke prArambha meM kI hai| icchuka pAThaka use vahA~ dekha sakate haiN| vastutaH, Aja jinheM hama zaurasenI Agama ke nAma se jAnate haiM, unameM mukhyataH nimna grantha Ate haiMa) yApanIya Agama 1. kasAyapAhuDa, lagabhaga IsA kI cauthI zatI, guNadharAcArya-racita 2. SaTkhaNDAgama, IsA kI pA~cavI zatI kA uttarArddha, puSpadanta aura bhuutbli| 3. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, IsA kI chaThavIM zatI, shivaary-rcit| 4. mUlAcAra, IsA kI chaThavIM zatI, vttttker-rcit| jJAtavya hai ki ye sabhI grantha mUlataH yApanIya-paramparA ke rahe haiM aura isameM anekoM gAthAeM zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM, vizeSa rUpa se niyuktiyoM aura prakIrNakoM ke samarUpa haiN| ba) kundakunda, IsA kI pAMcavI-chaThavIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga ke grantha 5. samayasAra ___6. niyamasAra 7. pravacanasAra 8. paJcAstikAyasAra 9. aSTapAhuDa (isakA kundakunda dvArA racita honA saMdigdha hai, kyoMki isakI bhASA meM apabhraMza ke zatAdhika prayoga milate haiM aura isakA bhASA svarUpa bhI kundakunda kI bhASA se paravartI hai) sa) anya grantha (IsA kI pA~cavI-chaThavIM zatI ke pazcAt)

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10. tiloyapaNNatti-yativRSabha 11. * lokavibhAga 12. jambUdIpapaNNatti 13. aMgapaNNatti 14. kSapaNasAra 15. gommaTasAra (dasavIM zatI) inameM se 'kaSAyapAhuDa' ko chor3akara koI bhI grantha aisA nahIM hai, jo pA~cavI zatI ke pUrva kA ho| ye sabhI grantha guNasthAna siddhAnta evaM saptabhaMgI kI carcA avazya karate haiM aura guNasthAna kI carcA jaina darzana meM pA~cavI zatI se pUrva ke granthoM meM anupasthita hai| zvetAmbara AgamoM meM 'samavAyAMga' aura 'Avazyakaniyukti' kI do prakSipta gAthAoM ko chor3akara guNasthAna kI carcA pUrNataH anupasthita hai, jabaki 'SaTkhaNDAgama', 'mUlAcAra ', 'bhagavatIArAdhanA' Adi granthoM meM aura kundakunda ke granthoM meM isakI carcA pAyI jAtI hai, ataH ye sabhI grantha unase paravartI haiN| isI prakAra, umAsvAti ke 'tattvArthasUtra' -mUla aura usake svopajJabhASya meM bhI guNasthAna kI carcA anupasthita hai, jabaki isakI paravartI TIkAeM guNasthAna kI vistRta carcAe~ prastuta karatI haiN| umAsvAti kA kAla tIsarI-cauthI zatI ke lagabhaga hai, ataH yaha nizcita hai ki guNasthAna kA siddhAnta pA~cavIM zatI meM astitva meM AyA hai, isalie zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha koI bhI grantha, jo guNasthAna kA ullekha kara rahA hai, IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI ke pUrva kA nahIM ho sktaa| prAcIna zaurasenI Agamatulya granthoM meM mAtra 'kasAyapAhuDa' hI aisA hai, jo spaSTataH guNasthAnoM kA ullekha nahIM karatA hai; kintu usameM bhI prakArAntara se 12 guNasthAnoM kI carcA upalabdha hai, ataH vaha bhI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI una dasa avasthAoM, jinakA ullekha 'AcArAGganiyukti' aura 'tattvArthasUtra' meM hai, se paravartI aura guNasthAna siddhAnta ke vikAsa ke saMkramaNakAla kI racanA hai, ataH usakA kAla bhI cauthI se pA~cavIM zatI ke bIca siddha hotA hai| zaurasenI kI prAcInatA kA dAvA, kitanA khokhalA zaurasenI kI prAcInatA kA guNagAna isa AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai ki yaha nArAyaNa kRSNa aura tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi kI mAtRbhASA rahI hai, kyoMki ina donoM mahApuruSoM kA janma

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zUrasena meM huA thA aura ye zaurasenI prAkRta meM hI apanA vAk-vyavahAra karate the| DaoN.sudIpajI ke zabdoM meM, 'ina donoM mahApuruSoM ke prabhAvaka vyaktitva ke mahAprabhAva se zUrasena janapada meM janmIM zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA ko sampUrNa AryAvarta meM prasArita hone kA suavasara milA thaa|' (prAkRtavidyA, julAI sitambara 1996, pR.6) yadi hama eka bAra unake isa kathana ko mAna bhI leM, to prazna yaha uThatA hai ki ariSTanemi ke pUrva nami mithilA meM janme the, vAsupUjya campA meM janme the, supArzva, candraprabha aura zreyAMsa kAzI janapada meM janme the, yahI nahIM, prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva aura maryAdA puruSottama rAma ayodhyA meM janme the| yaha sabhI kSetra to magadha kA hI nikaTavartI kSetra hai| ataH inakI mAtRbhASA to ardhamAgadhI rahI hogI yA aura koI dUsarI bhaassaa| bhAI sudIpajI ke anusAra yadi, zaurasenI ariSTanemi jitanI prAcIna hai, to phira ardhamAgadhI to RSabha jitanI prAcIna siddha hotI hai, ataH zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI prAcIna hI sAbita hotI hai| yadi zaurasenI prAcIna hotI, to sabhI prAcIna abhilekha aura prAcIna Agamika grantha zaurasenI meM milate; kintu IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatI se pUrva kA koI bhI jaina grantha aura abhilekha zaurasenI meM upalabdha kyoM nahIM hotA hai? punaH, nATakoM meM bhI bhAsa ke samaya se arthAt IsA kI dUsarI zatI se hI zaurasenI ke prayoga (vAkyAMza) upalabdha hote haiN| jaba nATakoM meM zaurasenI prAkRta kI upalabdhatA ke AdhAra para usakI prAcInatA kA guNagAna kiyA jAtA hai, taba maiM vinamratApUrvaka pUchanA cAhU~gA ki kyA ina upalabdha nATakoM meM koI bhI nATaka IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatI se pUrva kA hai? yadi nahIM, to phira unheM zaurasenI kI prAcInatA kA AdhAra kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai? mAtra nATaka hI nahIM, ve zaurasenI prAkRta kA eka bhI aisA grantha yA abhilekha dikhA deM, jo ardhamAgadhI AgamoM aura mAgadhI pradhAna azoka, khAravela Adi ke abhilekhoM se prAcIna ho| ardhamAgadhI ke atirikta jisa mahArASTrI prAkRta ko ve zaurasenI se paravartI batA rahe haiM, usameM hAla kI 'gAthAsaptazatI' I.san kI lagabhaga prAraMbhika zatiyoM meM racita hai aura zaurasenI ke kisI bhI grantha se vaha lagabhaga prAcIna hai| punaH, maiM DaoN.sudIpajI ke nimna kathana kI ora pAThakoM kA dhyAna dilAnA cAhU~gA- ve prAkRtavidyA, julAI-sitambara 1996 meM likhate haiM ki digambaroM ke grantha usa zaurasenI prAkRta meM haiM, jisase 'mAgadhI' Adi prAkRtoM kA janma huaa| isa sambandha meM merA unase

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nivedana hai ki mAgadhI ke sambandha meM 'prakRtiH zaurasenI' (prAkRta prakAza - 11/2) isa kathana kI ve jo vyAkhyA kara rahe haiM, vaha bhrAntipUrNa hai aura ve svayaM bhI zaurasenI ke sambandha meM 'prakRtiH saMskRtam'('prAkRta prakAza' - 12 / 2 ) isa sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM 'prakRti' kA, 'janmadAtrI'-aisA artha asvIkAra kara cuke haiN| isakI vistRta samIkSA hamane agrima pRSThoM meM kI hai| isake pratyuttara meM merA dUsarA tarka yaha hai ki yadi zaurasenI ke granthoM ke AdhAra para hI mAgadhI ke prAkRta AgamoM kI racanA huI ho, to unameM kisI bhI zaurasenI prAkRta ke grantha kA ullekha kyoM nahIM hai ? zvetAmbara AgamoM meM ve eka bhI sandarbha dikhA deM, jinameM 'bhagavatI - ArAdhanA', 'mUlAcAra', 'SaTkhaNDAgama', 'tiloyapaNNati', 'pravacanasAra', 'samayasAra', 'niyamasAra' Adi kA ullekha huA ho / TIkAoM meM bhI malayagiri (terahavIM zatI) ne mAtra 'samayapAhuDa' kA ullekha kiyA hai, isake viparIta 'mUlAcAra', 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA','zlokavArttika Adi sabhI digambara TIkAoM meM (zvetAmbara ardhamAgadhI) AgamoM evaM niyuktiyoM ke ullekha milate haiN| 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' kI TIkA meM to 'AcArAGga', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'kalpasUtra' tathA 'nizIthasUtra' se aneka avataraNa diye gae haiN| 'mUlAcAra' meM 'Avazyakaniryukti', 'AturapratyAkhyAna', 'mahApratyAkhyAna', 'candravaidhyaka', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'dazavaikAlika' Adi kI aneka gAthAe~ apane zaurasenI zabda-rUpoM meM yathAvat pAyI jAtI haiN| digambara-paramparA meM jo pratikramaNasUtra upalabdha haiM, usameM 'jJAtAsUtra' ke unhIM 19 adhyayanoM ke nAma milate haiM, jo varttamAna meM zvetAmbara - paramparA ke 'jJAtAdharmakathA' meM upalabdha haiN| tArkika dRSTi se yaha spaSTa hai ki jo grantha jina-jina granthoM kA ullekha karatA hai, vaha unase paravartI hI hotA hai, pUrvavartI kadApi nhiiN| zaurasenI - Agama yA Agamatulya granthoM meM yadi ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke nAma milate haiM, to phira zaurasenI aura usa bhASA meM racita sAhitya ardhamAgadhI se prAcIna kaise ho sakatA hai ? AdaraNIya TA~TiyAjI ke mAdhyama se yaha bAta bhI uThAI gaI ki mUlataH Agama zaurasenI meM racita the aura kAlAntara meM unakA ardhamAgadhIkaraNa (mahArASTrIkaraNa) kiyA gyaa| yaha eka aitihAsika satya hai ki mahAvIra ke saMgha kA udbhava magadhadeza meM huA aura vahIM se vaha dakSiNa evaM uttara-pazcimI bhArata meM phailA, ataH AvazyakatA huI, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI rUpAntara kI, na ki zaurasenI AgamoM ke ardhamAgadhI

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rUpAntara kii| satya to yaha hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama hI zaurasenI yA mahArASTrI meM rUpAntarita hue, na ki zaurasenI Agama ardhamAgadhI meN| ataH, aitihAsika tathyoM kI avahelanA dvArA mAtra tathyahIna tarka karanA kahA~ taka ucita hogA? buddha vacanoM kI mUla bhASA mAgadhI thI, na ki zaurasenI . zaurasenI ko mUlabhASA evaM mAgadhI se prAcIna siddha karane hetu AdaraNIya pro. nathamala TA~TiyAjI ke nAma se yaha bhI pracArita kiyA jA rahA hai ki 'zaurasenI pAlI bhASA kI jananI hai, yaha merA spaSTa cintana hai| pahale bauddhoM ke grantha zaurasenI meM the, jinako jalA diyA gayA aura phira pAlI meM likhA gyaa|'-praakRtvidyaa, julAI-sitambara1996, pR.10. TA~TiyAjI jaisA bauddhavidyA kA prakANDa vidvAn aisI kapola-kalpita bAta kaise kaha sakatA hai, yaha vicAraNIya hai| kyA aisA koI bhI abhilekhIya yA sAhityika pramANa upalabdha hai, jisake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mUla buddha-vacana zaurasenI meM the| yadi aisA ho, to AdaraNIya TA~TiyAjI yA bhAI sudIpajI use prastuta kareM, anyathA aisI AdhArahIna bAteM karanA vidvAnoM ke lie zobhanIya nahIM hai| yaha bAta to bauddha vidvAn svIkAra karate haiM ki mUla buddha-vacana 'mAgadhI' meM the aura kAlAntara meM unakI bhASA ko saMskArita karake pAlI meM likhA gyaa| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jisa prakAra mAgadhI aura ardhamAgadhI meM kiJcita antara hai, usI prakAra 'mAgadhI' aura 'pAlI' meM bhI kiJcita antara hai, vastutaH to pAlI bhagavAn buddha kI mUla bhASA 'mAgadhI' kA hI eka saMskArita rUpa hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki kucha vidvAn pAlI ko mAgadhI kA hI eka prakAra mAnate haiM, donoM meM bahata antara nahIM hai| pAlI bhASA saMskRta aura mAgadhI kI madhyavartI bhASA hai yA mAgadhI kA hI eka sAhityika rUpa hai| yaha to pramANa-siddha hai ki bhagavAn buddha ne mAgadhI meM hI apane upadeza die the, kyoMki unakI janmasthalI aura kAryasthalI-donoM magadha aura usakA nikaTavartI pradeza hI thaa| bauddha vidvAnoM kA spaSTa mantavya hai ki mAgadhI hI buddha-vacana kI mUla bhASA hai| isa sambandha meM buddhaghoSa kA nimna kathana sabase bar3A pramANa hai sA mAgadhI mUlabhASA narAyAya aadikppikaa| brahmaNI ca assutAlApA saMbuddhA cApi bhaasre|| .

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arthAt, mAgadhI hI mUla bhASA hai, jo sRSTi ke prArambha meM utpanna huI thI aura na kevala brahmA (devatA), apitu bAlaka aura buddha (saMbuddha mahApuruSa) bhI isI bhASA meM bolate haiN| (See-The preface to the Childer's Pali Dictionary)| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki mUla buddha-vacana mAgadhI prAkRta bhASA meM the| pAlI usI mAgadhI kA saMskArita sAhityika rUpa hai, jisameM kAlAntara meM buddha-vacana likhe gye| vastutaH pAlI ke rUpa meM mAgadhI kA eka aisA saMskaraNa taiyAra kiyA gayA, jise saMskRta ke vidvAn aura bhinna-bhinna prAntoM ke loga bhI AsAnI se samajha skeN| ataH, buddha-vacana mUlataH mAgadhI meM the, na ki zaurasenI meN| bauddha-tripiTaka kI pAlI aura jaina AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI meM kitanA sAmya hai, yaha to 'suttanipAta' aura 'isibhAsiyAI' ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| prAcIna pAlI granthoM kI evaM prAcIna ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI bhASA meM adhika dUrI nahIM hai| jisa samaya ardhamAgadhI aura pAlI meM grantha racanA ho rahI thI, usa samaya taka zaurasenI eka bolI thI, na ki eka sAhityika bhaassaa| sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM usakA janma to IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI ke bAda hI huA hai| saMskRta ke pazcAt sarvaprathama sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM yadi koI bhASA vikasita huI hai, to ve ardhamAgadhI evaM pAlI hI haiM, na ki shaursenii| zaurasenI kA koI bhI grantha yA nATakoM ke aMza IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatI se pUrva kA nahIM hai jabaki pAlI tripiTaka aura ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke aneka grantha I.pU. tIsarI-cauthI zatI meM nirmita ho cuke the| 'prakRtiH zaurasenI' kA samyak artha / jo vidvAn mAgadhI yA ardhamAgadhI ko zaurasenI se paravartI evaM usI se vikasita mAnate haiM, ve apane kathana kA AdhAra vararUci (lagabhaga 7vIM zatI) ke prAkRta-prakAza aura hemacandra (lagabhaga 12vIM zatAbdI) ke prAkRta-vyAkaraNa ke nimna sUtroM ko banAte haiMa. 1. prakRtiH zaurasenI (10/2) asyAHpaizAcyA prkRtiHshaursenii| sthitAyAM zaurasenyAM paizAcI-lakSaNaM prvrtttitvym| 2. prakRtiH zaurasenI (11/2) asyAH mAgadhyAH prakRtiH zaurasenIti vediitvym|

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ba. 1. -vararUcikRta 'prAkRtaprakAza' zeSaM zaurasenIvat (8/4/302) mAgadhyAM yaduktaM, tatoanyacchaurasenIvad drssttvym| zeSaM zaurasenIvat (8/4/323) paizAcyAM yaduktaM, tato anyaccheSaM paizAcyAM zaurasenIvad bhvti| . zaurasenIvat (8/4/446) apabhraMze prAyaH zaurasenIvat kAryaM bhvti| apabhraMzabhASAyAM prAyaH zaurasenIbhASAtulyaM kAryaM jAyate; zaurasenI bhASAyAH ye niyamAH santi teSAM pravRttirapabhraMzabhASAyAmapi jaayte| -hemacandrakRta 'prAkRta vyAkaraNa' ataH, isa prasaMga meM yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama sarvaprathama ina sUtroM meM prakRti' zabda kA vAstavika tAtparya kyA hai, ise smjheN| yadi hama yahA~ prakRti kA artha udbhava kA kAraNa mAnate haiM, to nizcita hI ina sUtroM se yaha phalita hotA hai ki mAgadhI yA paizAcI kA udbhava zaurasenI se huA; kintu zaurasenI ko ekamAtra prAcIna bhASA mAnane vAle, mAgadhI aura paizAcI ko usase uddhRta kyoM nahIM kahate, jisameM zaurasenI kI prakRti saMskRta batAI gaI hai| yathA-'zaurasenI-12/1, TIkA-zUrasenAnAM bhASA zaurasenI sA ca lakSya-lakSaNAbhyAM sphuTIkriyate ityvgntvym| adhikArasUtrametadApariccheda samApteH-12/1 prakRtiH saMskRtam-12/2; TIkA-zaurasenyAM ye zabdAsteSAM prakRtiH sNskRtm|-praakRtprkaash 12/2' / ataH, ukta sUtra ke AdhAra para hameM yaha bhI svIkAra karanA hogA ki zaurasenI prAkRta saMskRta bhASA se utpanna huI hai| isa prakAra, 'prakRti' kA artha udgama-sthala karane para usI 'prAkRta prakAza' ke AdhAra para yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki mUla bhASA saMskRta thI aura usI meM se zaurasenI utpanna huii| kyA zaurasenI ke pakSadhara isa satya ko svIkAra karane ko taiyAra haiM? bhAI sudIpajI, jo zaurasenI ke pakSadhara haiM aura 'prakRtiH zaurasenI' ke AdhAra para mAgadhI ko zaurasenI se utpanna batAte haiM, ve svayaM bhI 'prakRtiH saMskRtamprAkRta prakAza-12/2' ke AdhAra para yaha mAnane ko taiyAra kyoM nahIM ki 'prakRti' kA

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artha, usase utpanna huI aisA hai| ve svayaM likhate haiM, 'Aja jitane bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra upalabdha haiM, ve sabhI saMskRta bhASA meM haiM evaM saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke maoNDala para nirmita haiM, ataeva unameM 'prakRtiH saMskRtam' jaise prayoga dekhakara katipaya jana aisA bhrama karane lagate haiM ki prAkRta bhASA saMskRta bhASA se utpanna huI ho-aisA artha kadApi nahIM haiprAkRtavidyA, julAI-sitambara 1996, pR.14| bhAI sudIpajI ! jaba zaurasenI kI bArI AtI hai, taba Apa 'prakRti' kA artha 'AdhAra/maoNDala' kareM aura jaba mAgadhI kA prazna Aye taba Apa 'prakRti zaurasenI' kA artha, mAgadhI zaurasenI se utpanna huI-aisA kareM, yaha doharA mApadaNDa kyoM? kyA kevala zaurasenI ko prAcIna aura mAgadhI ko arvAcIna batAne ke lie| vastutaH, prAkRta aura saMskRta zabda svayaM hI isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki unameM mUlabhASA kaunasI hai? saMskRta zabda svayaM isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki saMskRta svAbhAvika yA mUla bhASA na hokara eka saMskArita kRtrima bhASA hai| prAkRta zabdoM evaM zabdarUpoM kA vyAkaraNa dvArA saMskAra karake jo bhASA nirmita hotI hai, use hI saMskRta kahA jA sakatA hai aura jise saMskArita na kiyA gayA ho, vaha saMskRta kaise hogI? vastutaH, prAkRta svAbhAvika yA sahaja bolI hai aura usI ko saMskArita karake saMskRta bhASA nirmita huI hai| isa dRSTi se prAkRta mUla bhASA hai aura saMskRta usase udbhUta huI hai| ___ hemacandrAcArya ke pUrva namisAdhu ne rudraTa ke 'kAvyAlaMkAra' kI TIkA meM prAkRta aura saMskRta zabda kA artha spaSTa kara diyA hai| ve likhate haiM sakalajagajjantunAM vyAkaraNAdibhiranAhitasaMskAraH sahajo vacanavyApAraH prakRtiH tatra bhavaM saiva vA praakRtm| ArisavayaNe siddhaM, devANaM addhamAgahA vANI ityAdi, vacanAdvA prAk pUrvakRtaM prAkRtam, baalmhilaasubodh-sklbhaassaa-nindhnbhuut-vcnmucyte| meghanirmuktajalamivaikasvarUpaM tadeva ca dezavizeSAt saMskAra-karaNAt ca samAsAditavizeSaM sat sNskRtaaduttrbhedonaamnoti|-kaavyaalngkaar, namisAdhu 2/12. arthAt, jo saMsAra ke prANiyoM kA vyAkaraNa Adi ke saMskAra se rahita sahaja vacana-vyApAra hai, usase niHsRta bhASA prAkRta hai, jo bAlaka, mahilA Adi ke lie bhI subodha hai aura pUrva meM nirmita hone se (prAk kRta) sabhI bhASAoM kI racanA kA AdhAra hai, vaha to megha se nirmukta jala kI taraha sahaja hai, usI kA deza-pradeza ke AdhAra para kiyA

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gayA saMskArita rUpa saMskRta aura usake bheda arthAt vibhinna sAhityika prAkRteM haiN| satya yaha hai ki bolI ke rUpa meM to prAkRteM hI prAcIna haiM aura saMskRta unakA saMskArita rUpa hai, vastutaH, saMskRta vibhinna prAkRta boliyoM ke bIca setu kA kAma karane vAlI eka sAmAnya sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM astitva meM aayii| yadi hama bhASA vikAsa kI dRSTi se isa prazna para carcA kareM, to bhI yaha spaSTa hai ki saMskRta suparimArjita , suvyavasthita aura vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para sunibaddha bhASA hai| yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki saMskRta se prAkRteM nirmita huI haiM, to hameM yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki mAnavajAti apane AdikAla meM vyAkaraNazAstra ke niyamoM se saMskArita saMskRta bhASA bolatI thI aura usI se vaha apabhraSTa hokara zaurasenI aura zaurasenI se apabhraSTa hokara mAgadhI, paizAcI, apabhraMza Adi bhASAeM nirmita huiiN| isakA artha yaha bhI hogA ki mAnava jAti kI mUla bhASA arthAt saMskRta se apabhraSTa hote-hote hI vibhinna bhASAoM kA janma huA; kintu mAnava jAti aura mAnavIya saMskRti ke vikAsa kA vaijJAnika itihAsa isa bAta ko kabhI bhI svIkAra nahIM kregaa| vaha to yahI mAnatA hai ki mAnavIya boliyoM ke saMskAra dvArA hI vibhinna sAhityika bhASAeM astitva meM AIM, arthAt vibhinna boliyoM se hI vibhinna bhASAoM kA janma huA hai| vastutaH isa vivAda ke mUla meM sAhityika bhASA aura lokabhASA arthAt bolI ke antara ko nahIM samajha pAnA hai| vastutaH, prAkRteM apane mUla svarUpa meM bhASAe~ na hokara boliyA~ rahI haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki prAkRta koI eka bolI nahIM, apitu bolI samUha kA nAma hai| jisa prakAra prArambha meM vibhinna prAkRtoM arthAt boliyoM ko saMskArita karake eka sAmAnya vaidika bhASA kA nirmANa huA, usI prakAra kAlakrama meM vibhinna boliyoM ko alaga-alaga rUpa se saMskArita karake unase vibhinna sAhityika prAkRtoM kA nirmANa huA, ataH yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki bolI ke rUpa meM prAkRteM mUla evaM prAcIna haiM aura unhIM se saMskRta kA vikAsa eka sarvasAdhAraNa bhASA ke rUpa meM huaa| prAkRteM boliyAM haiM aura saMskRta bhASA hai| bolI ko vyAkaraNa se saMskArita karake ekarUpatA dene se bhASA kA vikAsa hotA hai| bhASA se bolI kA vikAsa nahIM hotA hai| vibhinna prAkRta boliyoM ko Age calakara vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se saMskArita kiyA gayA, to unase vibhinna sAmAnyataH sAhityika prAkRtoM (bhASAoM) kA janma huA, jaise mAgadhI bolI se mAgadhI

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prAkRta kA, zaurasenI bolI se zaurasenI prAkRta kA aura mahArASTra kI bolI se mahArASTra prAkRta kA vikAsa huaa| prAkRta ke mAgadhI, paizAcI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI Adi bheda tattat pradezoM kI boliyoM se utpanna hue haiM, na ki kisI prAkRta-vizeSa se| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki koI bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa sAtavIM zatI se pUrva kA upalabdha nahIM hai, sAtha hI sAtha unameM pratyeka prAkRta ke lie alaga-alaga maoNDala apanAye gaye haiN| vararUci ke lie zaurasenI kI prakRti saMskRta hai, jabaki hemacandra ke lie zaurasenI kI prakRti (mahArASTrI) prAkRta hai, ataH 'prakRti' kA artha Adarza yA maoNDala hai, anyathA hemacandra ke zaurasenI ke sambandha meM 'zeSaM prAkRtavat' (8/4/286) kA artha hogA-zaurasenI mahArASTrI se utpanna huI, jo zaurasenI ke pakSadharoM ko kadApi mAnya nahIM hogaa| kyA ardhamAgadhI Agama mUlataH zaurasenI meM the? prAkRtavidyA, janavarI-mArca 1996 ke sampAdakIya meM DaoN.sudIpajI jaina ne pro. TA~TiyA ko yaha kahate hue prastuta kiyA hai ki 'zvetAmbara jaina sAhitya kA bhI prAcIna rUpa zaurasenI prAkRtamaya hI thA, jisakA svarUpa kramazaH ardhamAgadhI ke rUpa meM badala gyaa|' isa saMdarbha meM hamArA prazna yaha hai ki yadi prAcIna zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya zaurasenI prAkRta meM thA, to phira vartamAna upalabdha pAThoM meM kahIM bhI zaurasenI kI mukhya vizeSatA madhyavartI asaMyukta 't' ke sthAna para 'd' kA prabhAva to dikhAyI detaa| isake viparIta, hama pAte haiM ki digambara-paramparA meM mAnya zaurasenI Agama sAhitya para ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta kA vyApaka prabhAva hai aura isa tathya kI sapramANa carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| isa sambandha meM digambara-paramparA ke zIrSastha vidvAn pro.e.ena.upAdhye kA yaha spaSTa mantavya hai ki 'pravacanasAra' kI bhASA para zvetAmbara AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA paryApta prabhAva hai aura ardhamAgadhI bhASA kI aneka vizeSatAe~ uttarAdhikAra ke rUpa meM isa grantha ko prApta huI haiN| isameM svara parivartana, madhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke parivartana 'y' zruti ityAdi ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke samAna hI milate haiN| dUsare variSTha digambara paramparA ke vidvAn pro.khaDabaDI kA kahanA hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama kI bhASA zuddha zaurasenI nahIM hai| isa prakAra, yahA~ eka ora digambara vidvAn isa tathya ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kara rahe haiM ki digambara AgamoM para zvetAmbara Agama zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita hue, apitu isase to yahI phalita hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama hI zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita hue haiN| punaH, ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke

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svarUpa ke saMbaMdha meM digambara vidvAnoM meM jo bhrAnti pracalita rahI hai usakA spaSTIkaraNa bhI Avazyaka hai| sambhavataH, ye vidvAna ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI ke antara ko spaSTarUpa se nahIM samajha pAye haiM tathA sAmAnyataH ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI ko paryAyavAcI mAnakara hI calate rahe haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki DaoN.upAdhye jaise vidvAn bhI 'ya' zruti ko ardhamAgadhI kA lakSaNa batAte haiM, jabaki vaha mUlataH mahArASTrI prAkRta kA lakSaNa hai, na ki ardhamAgadhI kaa| ardhamAgadhI meM to madhyavartI 't' yathAvat rahatA hai| yaha satya hai ki zvetAmbara AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM kAlakrama se parivartana hue haiM aura usa para mahArASTrI prAkRta kI 'ya' zruti kA prabhAva AyA hai; kintu yaha mAnanA pUrNataH mithyA hai ki zvetAmbara AgamoM kA zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntaraNa huA hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama hI mAthurI aura vallabhI vAcanAoM ke samaya kramazaH zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI prAkRtoM se prabhAvita hae haiN| TA~TiyAjI jaise vidvAn isa prakAra kI mithyA dhAraNA ko pratipAdita kareM ki zaurasenI Agama hI ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita hue haiM, yaha vizvasanIya nahIM lagatA hai| yadi TA~TiyAjI kA yaha kathana ki 'pAlI tripiTaka aura ardhamAgadhI Agama mUlataH zaurasenI meM the aura phira pAlI aura ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita hue' yaha yadi satya hai to unheM yA sudIpajI ko isake pramANa prastuta karane caahie| vastutaH, jaba kisI bolI ko sAhityika bhASA kA svarUpa diyA jAtA hai, to ekarUpatA ke lie niyama yA vyavasthA Avazyaka hotI hai aura ye niyama bhASA ke vyAkaraNa ke dvArA banAye jAte haiN| vibhinna prAkRtoM ko jaba sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa diyA gayA to unake lie bhI vyAkaraNa ke niyama Avazyaka hue aura ye vyAkaraNa ke niyama mukhyataH saMskRta se gRhIta kie ge| jaba vyAkaraNazAstra meM kisI bhASA kI prakRti batAyI jAtI hai, taba vahA~ tAtparya hotA hai ki usa bhASA ke vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kA mUla Adarza kisa bhASA ke zabda rUpa mAne gaye haiM? udAharaNa ke taura para, jaba hama zaurasenI ke vyAkaraNa kI carcA karate haiM, to hama yaha mAnate haiM ki usake vyAkaraNa kA Adarza, apanI kucha vizeSatAoM ko chor3akara jisakI carcA usa bhASA ke vyAkaraNa meM hotI hai, saMskRta ke zabdarUpa haiN| kisI bhI bhASA kA janma bolI ke rUpa meM pahale hotA hai, phira bolI se sAhityika bhASA kA janma hotA hai, jaba sAhityika bhASA bana jAtI hai taba usake lie vyAkaraNa ke

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niyama banAye jAte haiM aura ye vyAkaraNa ke niyama jisa bhASA ke zabdarUpoM ke AdhAra para hote haiM, usa bhASA ke zabdarUpoM ko samajhAte haiN| ve hI usakI prakRti kahalAte haiN| yaha satya hai ki bolI kA janma pahale hotA hai, vyAkaraNa usake bAda banatA hai| zaurasenI athavA prAkRta kI 'prakRti' saMskRta mAnane kA artha itanA hI hai ki ina bhASAoM ke jo bhI vyAkaraNa bane haiM, ve saMskRta zabdarUpoM ke AdhAra para bane haiN| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prAkRta kA koI bhI vyAkaraNa prAkRta ke likhane yA bolane vAloM ke liye nahIM banAyA gayA, apitu unake lie banAyA gayA, jo saMskRta meM likhate yA bolate the| yadi hameM kisI saMskRta ke jAnakAra vyakti ko prAkRta ke zabda yA zabdarUpoM ko samajhAnA ho, to tadartha usakA AdhAra saMskRta ko hI banAnA hogA aura usI ke AdhAra para yaha samajhAnA hogA ki prAkRta kA kaunasA zabdarUpa saMskRta ke kisI zabda se kaise niSpanna huA hai? isalie, jo bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa nirmita kiye gae, ve aparihArya rUpa se saMskRta zabdoM yA zabdarUpoM ko AdhAra mAnakara prAkRta zabda yA zabda-rUpoM kI vyAkhyA karate haiM aura saMskRta ko prAkRta kI 'prakRti' kahane kA itanA hI tAtparya hai| isI prakAra, jaba mAgadhI, paizAcI yA apabhraMza kI 'prakRti' zaurasenI kahA jAtA hai, to usakA tAtparya yahI hotA hai ki prastuta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM meM ina bhASAoM ke zabdarUpoM ko zaurasenI zabdoM ko AdhAra mAnakara samajhAyA gayA hai| 'prAkRtaprakAza' kI TIkA meM vararUci ne spaSTataH likhA hai- zaurasenyA ye zabdAsteSAM prakRtiH saMskRtam (12/2), arthAt zaurasenI ke jo zabda haiM, unakI prakRti yA AdhAra saMskRta zabda haiN| __yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prAkRtoM meM tIna prakAra ke zabdarUpa milate haiM-tadbhava, tatsama aura deshj| dezaja zabda ve haiM, jo kisI deza-vizeSa meM kisI vizeSa artha meM prayukta rahe haiN| inake artha kI vyAkhyA ke lie vyAkaraNa kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai| tadbhava zabda ve haiM, jo saMskRta zabdoM se nirmita haiM, jabaki saMskRta ke samAna zabda tatsama kahalAte haiN| saMskRta vyAkaraNa meM do zabda prasiddha haiM- prakRti aura prtyy| inameM mUla zabdarUpa ko prakRti kahA jAtA hai| mUla zabda se jo zabdarUpa banA hai, vaha tadbhava hai| prAkRta vyAkaraNa saMskRta zabda se prAkRta kA tadbhava zabdarUpa kaise banA hai, isakI vyAkhyA karatA hai| ataH, yahA~ saMskRta ko 'prakRti' kahane kA tAtparya mAtra itanA hI hai ki tadbhava zabdoM ke saMdarbha meM saMskRta zabda ko Adarza mAnakara yA maoNDala mAnakara yaha vyAkaraNa likhA

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hai, ataH prakRti kA artha Adarza yA maoNDala yA AdhAra hai| saMskRta zabdarUpa ko maoNDala/Adarza mAnanA isalie Avazyaka thA ki saMskRta ke jAnakAra vidvAnoM ko dRSTi meM rakhakara yA unake lie hI prAkRta vyAkaraNa likhe gaye the| jaba DaoN.sudIpajI zaurasenI ke sandarbha meM 'prakRtiH saMskRtam' kA artha maoNDala yA Adarza karate haiM, to unheM mAgadhI, paizAcI Adi ke sandarbha meM 'prakRtiH zaurasenI' kA artha bhI yahI karanA cAhie ki zaurasenI kA maoNDala yA Adarza mAnakara inakA vyAkaraNa likhA hai- isase yaha siddha nahIM hotA haiM ki mAgadhI Adi prAkRtoM kI utpatti zaurasenI se huI hai| hemacandrAcArya ne mahArASTrI prAkRta ko AdhAra mAnakara zaurasenI, mAgadhI Adi prAkRtoM ko samajhAyA hai, ataH isase yaha siddha nahIM hotA hai ki mahArASTrI prAkRta prAcIna hai yA mahArASTrI se mAgadhI, zaurasenI Adi utpanna huI haiN| prAcIna kauna? ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI isa sandarbha meM TA~TiyAjI ke nAma se yaha bhI pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki 'yadi vartamAna ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko hI mUla Agama sAhitya mAnane para jora deMge, to isa ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA Aja se 1500 varSa pahale astitva hI nahIM hone se isa sthiti meM hameM apane Agama sAhitya ko hI 500 I. se paravartI mAnanA pdd'egaa| jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ mahArASTrI aura ardhamAgadhI ke antara ko na samajhate hue eka bhrAnti ko khar3A kiyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama to yaha samajha lenA cAhie ki AgamoM ke prAcIna ardhamAgadhI ke 't' madhyavartI pradhAna pATha cUrNiyoM aura aneka prAcIna pratiyoM meM Aja bhI mila rahe haiM, usase niHsandeha yaha siddha hotA hai ki mUla ardhamAgadhI meM madhyavartI 't' rahatA thA aura usameM lopa kI pravRtti nagaNya hI thI aura yaha ardhamAgadhI bhASA zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI se prAcIna bhI hai| yadi zvetAmbara Agama zaurasenI se mahArASTrI (jise digambara vidvAn bhrAnti se ardhamAgadhI kaha rahe haiM) meM badale gaye, to phira unakI prAcIna pratiyoM meM madhyavartI 't' ke sthAna para 'd' kAra pradhAna pATha kyoM upalabdha nahIM ho rahe haiM', jo zaurasenI kI vizeSatA hai| isa prasaMga meM DaoN.TA~TiyAjI ke nAma se yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki Aja bhI 'AcArAGgasUtra' Adi kI prAcIna pratiyoM meM zaurasenI ke zabdoM kI pracuratA milatI hai| maiM AdaraNIya TA~TiyAjI se aura bhAI sudIpajI se sAgraha nivedana karU~gA ki ve AcArAGga, RSibhASita, sUtrakRtAGga Adi kI kinhIM bhI prAcIna pratiyoM meM madhyavartI 't' ke sthAna para 'd' pATha dikhalA deN|

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prAcIna pratiyoM meM jo pATha mila rahe haiM, ve ardhamAgadhI yA ArSa prAkRta ke haiM, na ki zaurasenI ke| yaha eka alaga bAta hai ki kucha zabdarUpa ArSa ardhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI meM samAna rUpa meM milate haiN| ___ vastutaH, ina prAcIna pratiyoM meM na to madhyavartI 't' kA 'd' dekhA jAtA hai aura nahIM 'n' ke sthAna para 'Na' kI pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai, jise vyAkaraNa meM zaurasenI kI vizeSatA kahA jAtA hai| satya to yaha hai ki ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA hI zaurasenI rUpAntaraNa huA hai, na ki zaurasenI AgamoM kA ardhamAgadhI ruupaantrnn| yaha satya hai ki na kevala ardhamAgadhI AgamoM para, apitu zaurasenI ke Agamatulya kundakunda Adi ke granthoM para bhI mahArASTrI kI 'ya' zruti kA spaSTa prabhAva hai, jise hama pUrva meM siddha kara cuke haiN| kyA pandraha sau varSoM pUrva ardhamAgadhI bhASA evaM zvetAmbara ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA astitva hI nahIM thA? DaoN. sudIpajI dvArA TA~TiyAjI ke nAma se uddhata yaha kathana ki '1500 varSa pahale ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA astitva hI nahIM thA,' pUrNataH bhrAnta hai| AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga, RSibhASita jaise AgamoM ko pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne eka svara se I.pU. tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI yA usase bhI pUrvakAla kA mAnA hai| kyA usa samaya ye Agama ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM nibaddha na hokara zaurasenI meM nibaddha the? jJAtavya hai ki madhyavartI 't' ke sthAna para 'd' aura 'Na'kAra kI pravRtti vAlI zaurasenI kA janma to usa samaya huA hI nahIM thA, anyathA azoka aura mathurA (jo zaurasenI kI janmabhUmi hai) ke abhilekhoM meM kahIM to isa zaurasenI vaiziSTya vAle zabdarUpa upalabdha honA cAhie the| kyA zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha aisA eka bhI grantha hai, jo I.pU. meM likhA gayA ho? satya to yaha hai ki bhAsa (IsA kI dUsarI zatI) ke nATakoM ke atirikta IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva zaurasenI meM nibaddha eka bhI grantha nahIM thaa| isase pratikUla mAgadhI aura ardhamAgadhI ke abhilekha I.pU. tIsarI zatAbdI se upalabdha ho rahe haiN| punaH, yadi ye loga jise ardhamAgadhI kaha rahe haiM, use mahArASTrI mAna leM, to usake bhI grantha IsA kI prAthamika zatAbdiyoM ke upalabdha hote haiN| sAtavAhana kAla kI gAthAsaptazatI mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prAcIna grantha hai, sAtha hI yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki yaha IsA kI prathama se tIsarI zatI ke madhya taka racita hai| punaH, yaha bhI eka saMkalana grantha hai, jisameM aneka granthoM se gAthAe~ saMkalita kI gaI haiN| isakA tAtparya yaha huA ki isake pUrva

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bhI mahArASTrI prAkRta meM grantha race gae the| kAlidAsa ke nATakoM, jinameM bhI zaurasenI kA prAcInatama rUpa milatA hai, ve bhI IsA kI caturtha zatAbdI ke bAda ke hI mAne jAte haiN| kundakunda ke grantha spaSTa rUpa se na kevala ardhamAgadhI AgamoM se, apitu paravartI 'y' zruti pradhAna mahArASTrI se bhI prabhAvita haiM, kisI bhI sthiti meM IsA kI pA~cavI - chaThavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva ke siddha nahIM hote haiN| SaTkhaNDAgama aura kundakunda ke granthoM meM guNasthAna, saptabhaMgI Adi lagabhaga 5vIM zatI meM nirmita avadhAraNAoM kI upasthiti unheM zvetAmbara AgamoM aura umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra (lagabhaga caturtha zatI) se paravartI hI siddha karatI haiM, kyoMki ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM ye avadhAraNAeM anupasthita haiN| isa sambandha meM maiMne apane grantha 'guNasthAna siddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa' aura 'jainadharma kA yApanIya sampradAya' meM vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai / antatogatvA yahI siddha hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI bhASA yA ardhamAgadhI Agama nahIM, apitu zaurasenI bhASA IsA kI dUsarI zatI ke pazcAt aura zaurasenI Agama IsA kI 5 vIM zatI ke pazcAt astitva meM aaye| acchA hogA ki bhAI sudIpajI pahale mAgadhI aura pAlI tathA ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI ke antara ko evaM inake pratyeka ke lakSaNoM ko tathA jaina Agamika sAhitya ke granthoM ke kAlakrama ko aura jaina itihAsa ko taTastha dRSTi se samajha leM aura phira pramANa sahita apanI kalama nirbhIka rUpa se calAe~, vyartha kI AdhArahIna bhrAntiyA~ khar3I karake samAja meM kaTutA utpanna na kreN| ***

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5 prAkRta vidyA meM pro. TaoNTiyAjI ke nAma se prakAzita unake vyAkhyAna ke vicArabinduoM kI samIkSA (ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kucha satya aura tathya) DaoN. sudIpajI ne prAkRtavidyA, julAI-sitambara 1996 meM DaoN. TaoNTiyAjI ke vyAkhyAna meM ubharakara Aye 14 vicArabinduoM ko avikala rUpa se prastuta karane kA dAvA kiyA hai| yahA~ unakI samIkSA karanA isalie apekSita hai ki unake nAma para prasArita bhrAntiyoM kA nirasana ho ske| nIce hama kramazaH eka-eka bindu kI samIkSA kreNge| 1. 'prAcInakAla meM zaurasenI akhila bhAratIya bhASA thI?' prathama to uttara aura dakSiNa ke kucha digambara vidvAnoM dvArA zaurasenI ke grantha likhe jAne se, athavA katipaya nATakoM meM mAgadhI Adi anya prAkRtoM ke sAtha-sAtha zaurasenI ke prayoga hone se yaha siddha nahIM ho jAtA ki zaurasenI akhila bhAratIya bhASA thii| yadi ina tarkoM ke AdhAra para eka bAra hama yaha mAna bhI leM ki zaurasenI akhila bhAratIya bhASA thI, to kyA isase yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki mAgadhI yA mahArASTrI prAkRta akhila bhAratIya bhASAe~ nahIM thIM? prAcIna kAla meM to mAgadhI hI akhila bhAratIya bhASA thii| yadi zaurasenI akhila bhAratIya bhASA banI, to vaha bhI mAgadhI ke pazcAt hI banI hai, kyoMki azoka ke sampUrNa abhilekha mukhyataH mAgadhI meM hI haiN| yaha satya hai ki una para tad tad pradezoM kI lokaboliyoM kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai, phira bhI usase mAgadhI ke akhila bhAratIya bhASA meM hone meM koI kamI nahIM aatii| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki mauryakAla aura usake pazcAt 71

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jaba taka sattA kA kendra pATalIputra banA rahA, taba taka mAgadhI hI akhila bhAratIya bhASA rahI, kyoMki vaha bhAratIya sAmrAjya kI rAjabhASA thii| jaba bhArata meM kuSANa aura zakakAla meM sattA kA kendra pATalIputra se haTakara mathurA banA, tabhI zaurasenI ko rAjabhASA kA pada milaa| yadyapi yaha bhI sandehAspada hI hai, kyoMki IsA pU. prathama zatI se IsA kI dUsarI zatI taka mathurA meM jo bhI abhilekha milate haiM, ve bhI mAgadhI se prabhAvita hI haiN| Aja taka bhArata meM zuddha zaurasenI meM eka bhI abhilekha upalabdha nahIM ho sakA hai| ataH kevala digambara AcAryoM dvArA zaurasenI meM grantha race jAne se yaha siddha nahIM hotA ki vaha akhila bhAratIya bhASA thii| kyA digambara-paramparA ke dhArmika sAhitya ke atirikta koI eka bhI grantha aisA hai, jo pUrI taraha zaurasenI meM likhA gayA ho, jabaki ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta meM zvetAmbara dhArmika sAhitya ke atirikta bhI aneka grantha likhe gaye, ataH mAgadhI evaM mahArASTrI prAkRta ko bhI usI rUpa meM akhila bhAratIya bhASA mAnanA hogaa| 2. 'zaurasenI prAkRta sabase adhika sauSThava va lAlityapUrNa siddha huI', yaha ThIka hai ki saMskRta kI apekSA prAkRta bhASAoM meM lAlitya aura mAdhurya hai; kintu usa lAlitya aura mAdhurya kA sacA AsvAda to 'y' zrutipradhAna mahArASTrI prAkRta meM hI milatA hai| kevala nATakoM ke kucha aMza chor3akara kyA zaurasenI meM nibaddha eka bhI lAlityapUrNa sAhityika kRti hai? isakI apekSA to mahArASTrI prAkRta meM 'gAthAsaptazatI', 'vasudevahiNDI', 'paumacariyaM', 'vajAlaggaM', 'samarAicakahA', 'dhUrtAkhyAna' Adi anekoM sAhityika kRtiyA~ haiM, ataH yaha mAnanA hogA ki zaurasenI kI apekSA bhI mahArASTrI adhika lAlityapUrNa bhASA hai| kyA uparyukta mahArASTrI ke granthoM kI koTi kA zaurasenI meM eka bhI grantha hai? punaH, jahA~ zaurasenI meM nATakoM ke kucha aMzoM ke atirikta mukhyataH dhArmika sAhitya hI racA gayA, vahA~ mahArASTrI prAkRta meM aneka vidhAoM ke grantha race gaye aura na kevala jainoM ne, apitu jainetara logoM ne bhI mahArASTrI prAkRta meM grantha likhe haiN| ____ jahA~ taka mAdhurya kA prazna hai 'd'kAra pradhAna aura aghoSa ke ghoSa prayoga-hodi Adi ke kAraNa zaurasenI meM vaha mAdhurya nahIM hai, jo madhyavartI kaThora vyaJjanoM ke lopa, 'ya' zrutipradhAna madhura vyaJjanoM se yukta mahArASTrI meM hai| zaurasenI aura paizAcI to 'saMskRta kI apekSA madhura nahIM haiM, jo mAdhurya mahArASTrI meM hai, vaha saMskRta aura anya prAkRtoM meM nahIM hai| mahArASTrI meM lopa kI pravRtti adhika hone se mukhasaukarya bhI adhika hai|'

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zaurasenI prAkRta kA gaurava karanA acchI bAta hai, lekina use hI adhika sauSThavapUrNa mAnakara dUsarI prAkRtoM ko usase nIcA mAnane kI vRtti satyAnveSI vidvat puruSoM ko zobhA nahIM detI hai| 3. 'bahuta sArI acchI bAteM ardhamAgadhI meM nahIM haiM, jabaki zaurasenI meM __surakSita haiM, aneka bAtoM kA spaSTIkaraNa Aja zaurasenI ke 'SaTkhaNDAgama' aura 'dhavalA' se hI karanA par3atA hai'. yaha satya hai ki jaina karma-siddhAnta kI aneka sUkSma vivecanAe~ 'SaTkhaNDAgama' evaM usakI 'dhavalA TIkA' meM surakSita haiM; kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM acchI bAteM nahIM haiN| zaurasenI Agama-sAhitya kI apekSA ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya parimANa meM pA~ca gune se adhika hai aura usameM bhI aneka acchI bAteM nihita haiN| sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI kA sAhitya to zaurasenI sAhitya kI apekSA dasa gune se bhI adhika hogaa| ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM 'AcArAGga' kA eka-eka sUkta aisA hai, jo bindu meM sindhu ko samAhita karatA hai, kyA usake samakakSa koI grantha zaurasenI meM hai? Aja 'AcArAGga' hI ekamAtra aisA grantha hai, jisameM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke mUlavacana surakSita haiN| yaha satya hai ki samayasAra Atma-anAtma viveka kA aura 'SaTkhaNDAgama' tathA usakI 'dhavalA TIkA' karma-siddhAnta kA gambhIra vivecana prastuta karatI haiM; kintu hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki ardhamAgadhI Agama meM surakSita jinavacanoM ke AdhAra para hI digambara vidvAnoM ne ina siddhAntoM kA vikAsa kiyA hai aura ve usase paravartI haiN| punaH, yadi jaina AcAra-darzana evaM saMskRti ke vikAsa ke itihAsa ko samajhanA hai, to hameM ardhamAgadhI sAhitya kA hI sahArA lenA pdd'egaa| ve una nIMva ke pattharoM ke samAna haiM, jina para jainadarzana evaM saMskRti kA mahala khar3A huA hai| nIMva kI upekSA karake mAtra zikhara ko dekhane se hama jainadharma aura siddhAntoM ke itihAsa ko nahIM samajha sakate haiN| punaH, ardhamAgadhI sAhitya meM bhI 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya' jaise gambhIra dArzanika carcA karane vAle aneka grantha haiN| punaH, 'bRhatkalpabhASa', 'vyavahArabhASya', 'nizIthabhASya' jaise jaina AcAra ke utsarga evaM apavAda mArga kI talasparzI vivecanA karane vAle tathA usake vikAsa krama ko spaSTa karane vAle kitane grantha zaurasenI meM haiM? jisa dhavalA TIkA kA itanA guNagAna kiyA jA

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rahA hai, kyA usakI bhI ina granthoM se koI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai? punaH, yaha bhI nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki, zaurasenI meM nibaddha 'kasAyapAhuDa' evaM 'SaTkhaNDAgama' bhI 'bhagavatIsUtra', 'prajJApanA', 'jIvasamAsa' Adi ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA hI vikasita evaM pariSkArita rUpa hai, kyoMki ye grantha unase pUrvavartI haiN| isI prakAra 'dhavalA TIkA', jo dasavIM zatI kI racanA hai, vaha bhI niyuktiyoM, bhASyoM aura cUrNiyoM se aprabhAvita nahIM hai| punaH, bhASyoM aura cUrNiyAM meM bahuta-sI aisI bAteM haiM, jo zaurasenI sAhitya meM upalabdha nahIM haiN| 'mUlAcAra' aura 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' jaise zaurasenI ke grantharatna to 'AturapratyAkhyAna', 'maraNavibhakti', 'Avazyakaniyukti' Adi ke AdhAra para nirmita haiM aura unakI saikar3oM gAthAe~ bhASika parivartana ke sAtha inameM upalabdha haiN| ataH, ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI ke granthoM meM zaurasenI kI apekSA aneka gunI adhika acchI bAteM haiM aura unake abhAva meM jainadharma, darzana, saMskRti aura AcAra ke samyak itihAsa ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| 4-5. 'lADanUM kA hamArA sArA parivAra kahatA hai ki zaurasenI ko jAne binA hama ardhamAgadhI ko nahIM jAna sakate; donoM bhASAoM kA jJAna paraspara eka dUsare para nirbhara hai ataH hameM (digambara, zvetAmbara) ko mila-jula kara kAma karanA cAhie'. yaha satya hai ki kisI bhI prAcIna bhASA aura usake sAhitya ke talasparzI jJAna ke lie unakI samasAmayika bhASAoM tathA unake sAhitya aura paramparAoM kA jJAna apekSita hai aura isa dRSTi se AdaraNIya TA~TiyAjI kA yaha kathana ki hamArA lADanUM kA sArA parivAra yaha kahatA hai ki zaurasenI ko jAne binA hama ardhamAgadhI ko nahIM jAna sakate, vaha ucita hI hai; kintu zaurasenI AgamoM para AdhArita digambara-paramparA ko bhI yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki ve bhI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA samyak adhyayana kiye binA zaurasenI AgamoM ke mUla hArda ko nahIM samajha sakate haiN| 'SaTkhaNDAgama' ke prathama khaNDa ke 93veM sUtra meM 'saMjada' pada kI upasthiti ko samyak prakAra se samajhane ke lie yaha samajhanA Avazyaka hai ki 'SaTkhaNDAgama' mUlataH usa yApanIya-paramparA kA grantha hai, jo ardhamAgadhI AgamoM aura unameM pratipAdita strI-mukti ko mAnatI thii| 'mUlAcAra' meM 'paJjusaNAkappa'

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kA sahI artha kyA hai? ise zvetAmbara AgamoM ke jJAna ke abhAva meM vasunandI jaise samartha digambara DhIkAkAra bhI nahIM samajha sake haiN| isI prakAra, 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' ke 'ThavaNAyariyo' zabda kA artha paM. kailAzacandrajI jaise digambara paramparA ke udbhaTa vidvAn bhI nahIM samajha sake aura use aspaSTa kaha kara chor3a diyA, kyoMki ve zvetAmbara AgamoM evaM paramparA se gaharAI se paricita nahIM the, jabaki ardhamAgadhI sAhitya kA sAmAnya adhyetA bhI 'paryuSaNAkalpa' aura 'sthApanAcArya' ke tAtparya se suparicita hotA hai| isI prakAra, 'samayasAra' ke 'apadesasuttamajhaM kA sahI artha samajhanA ho yA 'niyamasAra' ke AtmA ke vivaraNa ko samajhanA ho, to AcArAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha kA adhyayana karanA hogaa| ataH, prAcIna evaM samasAmayika bhASAoM ke sAhitya aura paramparA kA jJAna sabhI ke lie apekSita hai| yaha bAta kevala jainadharma ke donoM sampradAyoM taka hI sImita nahIM hai, apitu anya bhAratIya paramparAoM ke sandarbha meM bhI samajhanA caahie| maiM spaSTa rUpa se yaha mAnatA hU~ ki bauddha pAlI tripiTaka ke adhyayana ke binA jaina AgamoM ko aura jaina AgamoM ke binA tripiTaka kA adhyayana pUrNa nahIM hotA hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM aneka zabda aise haiM, jinake sahI artha eka dUsare ke jJAna ke binA samyak rUpa se nahIM samajhe jA sakate haiN| 'arhat' zabda ke arahata, arahaMta, arihaMta, aruhaMta Adi zabda-rUpa pAlI aura ardhamAgadhI meM na kevala samAna haiM, apitu unakI vyutpattiparaka vyAkhyAe~ bhI donoM paramparA meM samAna haiN| Aja bhI jisa prakAra 'AcArAGga' aura 'isibhAsiyAI' jaise ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko samajhane ke lie bauddha aura aupaniSadika paramparAoM kA adhyayana apekSita hai, vaise hI SaTkhaNDAgama ko samajhane ke lie zvetAmbara Agama grantha - 'prajJApanA', 'paJcasaMgraha' - jisameM 'kasAyapAhuDa' bhI samAhita hai, aura zvetAmbara karmagranthoM kA adhyayana apekSita hai| yadi AcArya kundakunda ke 'samayasAra' ko samajhanA hai, to bauddhoM kI 'mAdhyamikakArikA' athavA hinduoM kI 'mANDUkyakArikA' ko par3hanA Avazyaka hai| dUsarI paramparA ke granthoM ke adhyayana kA DaoN. TA~TiyAjI kA acchA sujhAva hai; kintu yaha kisI eka paramparA ke lie nahIM, apitu donoM ke lie Avazyaka hai| zvetAmbara vidvAn to zaurasenI sAhitya kA adhyayana bhI karate haiM; kintu adhikAMza digambara vidvAna Aja bhI ardhamAgadhI sAhitya se prAyaH aparicita haiM, ataH unheM hI isa sujhAva kI ora vizeSa dhyAna denA caahie|

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6. 'AcArya kundakunda aura amRtacandra ke barAbara kA koI dArzanika Aja taka huA hI nahIM hai'. yaha satya hai ki AcArya kundakunda aura amRtacandra jainadarzana meM Atma-anAtma viveka ko tArkika rUpa se prastuta karane vAle zikhara puruSa haiN| unakI prajJA nizcaya hI vandanIya hai| jaina adhyAtmavidyA ke kSetra meM unakA jo mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai, use kabhI bhI nahIM bhulAyA jA sakatA hai; kintu isakA artha yaha bhI nahIM hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM hue dArzanikoM aura cintakoM kA avadAna unakI apekSA kama mahattvapUrNa hai / anekAnta kI darzana jagat meM tArkika DhaMga se sthApanA ke kSetra meM siddhasena divAkara kA, samadarzI dArzanika ke rUpa meM AcArya haribhadra kA aura sAhitya sraSTA ke rUpa meM hemacandrAcArya kA jo avadAna hai, use bhI kama nahIM AMkA jA sakatA hai| inake atirikta bhI mallavAdI, jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNa, saMghadAsamaNi, yazovijayajI, AnandaghanajI Adi aneka zIrSastha dArzanika aura AdhyAtmika satpuruSa zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI hue haiN| darzana-jagat meM inakA mahattva aura mUlya kama nahIM hai| jisa prakAra amRtacandra ko amRtacandra banAne meM kundakunda kA sabase bar3A yogadAna hai, usI prakAra kundakunda ko kundakunda banAne meM bhI siddhasena divAkara aura nAgArjuna jaise jaina evaM bauddha dArzanikoM kA mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai| digambara vidvAnoM ko ise bhI nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki digambara samAja ko kundakunda aura amRtacandra kI pratibhA se paricita karavAne vAle banArasIdAsa, bhaiyyA bhagavatIdAsa aura kAnajIsvAmI mUlataH zvetAmbara paramparA meM hI janme the| kundakunda aura amRtacandra ko digambara-paramparA meM susthApita karane vAle zvetAmbara kulodbhUta ina adhyAtmarasikoM kA RNa bhI digambara-paramparA ko svIkAra karanA caahie| 7. 'zvetAmbaroM ke samasta AcAryoM kA nicor3a 'dhavalA' grantha meM mila jAtA hai, isake jaisA koI grantha hai hI nahIM' bhAI sudIpajI, DaoN.TA~TiyAjI ke isa kathana kA sIdhA tAtparya to yaha hai ki yadi 'dhavalA' meM zvetAmbara AcAryoM ke vicAroM kA nicor3a hai, to vaha zvetAmbara granthoM ke AdhAra para nirmita huA hai, ise bhI svIkAra karanA hogA aura dhavalAkAra ko zvetAmbara AcAryoM kA RNI bhI honA par3egA; lekina yaha kathana kevala eka atizayokti ke alAvAM kucha bhI

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nahIM hai, kyoMki 'dhavalA' meM mukhyataH to pUrvavartI zvetAmbara-digambara karmagranthoM meM varNita viSaya kA hI nicor3a hai| isake alAvA, adhikatara dArzanika evaM vicAra sambandhI samasyAe~ to usameM kevala satahI (UparI) stara para hI varNita haiN| kyA anekAnta kI sthApanA kI dRSTi se siddhasena divAkara ke 'sanmatitarka' aura usakI TIkA meM athavA 'nayacakra' aura siMhasUri kI usakI TIkA meM athavA 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya' aura usakI cUrNI meM athavA 'bRhatkalpa', 'vyavahAra' aura 'nizItha' ke bhASya evaM cUrNiyoM meM jaina AcAra kI gUr3hatama samasyAoM ke sandarbha meM jo gambhIra vivecana hai, vaha kyA 'dhavalA' meM upalabdha ___eka sAmAnyajana ko to aise kathanoM se bhramita kiyA jA sakatA hai; kintu una vidvAnoM ko, jinhoMne donoM paramparAoM ke granthoM kA talasparzI adhyayana kiyA ho, aise atizayoktipUrNa kathanoM se bhramita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| pro. TA~TiyAjI ne cAhe yaha bAta digambara AcAryoM aura janasAdhAraNa ko khuza karane kI dRSTi se kaha bhI dI ho, to kyA ve apane isa kathana ko antarAtmA se svIkAra karate haiM? punaH yaha kathana ki 'dhavalA jaisA koI grantha hai hI nahIM' -yaha bhI cintya hai| vaise to pratyeka grantha apanI viSayavastu yA zailI Adi kI apekSA se apane Apa meM viziSTa hotA hai, ataH usakI tulanA kisI anya paramparA ke granthoM se karake unheM nikRSTa ThaharA denA eka nirarthaka prayAsa hI hogA? yahA~ yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki 'dhavalA' apane Apa meM koI svataMtra grantha nahIM hai, vaha to 'SaTkhaNDAgama' ke pA~ca khaNDoM kI TIkA hai| usakA vaiziSTya kevala karma-siddhAnta kI vivecanA kI dRSTi se hI hai| yadi zvetAmbara granthoM ko eka ora chor3a bhI deM, to kyA 'dhavalA' aura 'samayasAra' meM koI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai? dUsarI paramparA ke granthoM ko nimna koTi kA batAne ke lie isa prakAra kI vAkyAvaliyoM kA prayoga ucita nahIM hai| kyA TA~TiyAjI kI dRSTi meM 'bhagavatIsUtra', 'prajJApanA', 'sanmatitarka' aura usakI TIkA athavA 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya' dhavalA kI apekSA nimna koTi ke grantha haiM? kisI bhI grantha ke sApekSika vaiziSTya ko svIkAra karanA eka bAta hai; kintu nirapekSa rUpa se use sarvopari ghoSita kara denA anekAnta ke upAsakoM ke lie ucita nahIM hai| 8. 'zaurasenI pAlI bhASA kI jananI hai- yaha merA spaSTa cintana hai| pahale bauddhoM ke

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grantha zaurasenI meM the, unako jalA diyA gayA aura pAlI meM likhA gayA' yadyapi isa kathana kI samIkSA hama pUrva lekha meM kara cuke haiM, phira bhI spaSTatA ke lie do-tIna bAteM batAnA Avazyaka hai| merA prathama prazna to yaha hai ki 'da' kAra aura 'Na'kAra pradhAna zaurasenI, jo digambara Agama granthoM athavA nATakoM meM milatI hai, vaha to tIsarI zatAbdI ke pUrva kahIM bhI upalabdha hI nahIM hai, jabaki bauddha tripiTaka pAlI bhASA meM usake pUrva likhe jA cuke the| kyA koI bhI paravartI bhASA apanI pUrvavartI bhASA kI jananI ho sakatI hai ? kyA AdaraNIya TA~TiyAjI aura sudIpajI kisI prAcIna grantha kA eka bhI aisA udAharaNa prastuta kara sakate haiM, jisameM yaha kahA gayA ho ki zaurasenI se pAlI bhASA kA janma huA ? punaH kyA isa bAta kA bhI koI pramANa hai ki pahale bauddhoM ke grantha zaurasenI meM the, unako jalA diyA gayA aura phira unako pAlI meM likhA gayA / AcArya buddhaghoSa ke prAmANika kathana ke AdhAra para hameM yaha bAta spaSTa jAtI hai ki buddha vacana mUlataH mAgadhI meM the- - sA mAgadhI mUlabhASA narAyAya AdikappikA / brahmaNo ca assutAlApA saMbuddhA cApi bhaasre|| ataH, yaha kahanA to sambhava hai ki mAgadhI pAlI bhASA kI jananI hai; kintu yaha kathamapi sambhava nahIM hai ki paravartI zaurasenI pUrvavartI mAgadhI yA pAlI bhASA kI jananI hai- yaha to pautrI ko mAtA batAne kA prayAsa hai| yaha bAta to bauddha vidvAnoM ne svIkAra kI hai ki jo buddha - vacana pahale mAgadhI meM the, unheM pAlI meM rUpAntarita kiyA gayA; kintu yaha to kisI ne bhI Aja taka nahIM kahA ki buddha - vacana pahale zaurasenI meM the aura unheM jalAkara phira pAlI meM likhA gayA / yadi isa sambandha meM unake pAsa koI pramANa hoM, to prastuta kreN| mujhe to aisA lagatA hai ki AdaraNIya TA~TiyAjI ne mAtra yaha kahA hogA ki prAkRta (mAgadhI) pAlI bhASA kI jananI hai aura pahale bauddhoM ke grantha prAkRta meM the, unako jalA diyA gayA aura pAlI bhASA meM likhA gayA hai| yahA~ prAkRta ke sthAna para zaurasenI zabda kI yojanA bhAI sudIpajI ne svayaM kI hai, aisA spaSTa pratIta ho rahA hai| pro. TAMTiyAjI jaise bauddha vidyA ke prakANDa vidvAn aisI AdhArahIna bAteM kara sakate haiM- yaha vizvasanIya nahIM lagatA hai| DaoN.sudIpajI ne isameM zabdoM kI tor3a-maror3a kI hai| isakA pramANa yaha hai ki prAkRtavidyA, janavarI-mArca 1996 meM unhoMne TA~TiyAjI ke nAma se likhA hai ki 'bauddhoM ne 78

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bAda meM yojanApUrvaka zaurasenI meM nibaddha bauddha sAhitya kA mAgadhIkaraNa kiyA aura zaurasenI nibaddha bauddha sAhitya ke granthoM ko agnisAt kara diyA gayA, jabaki prAkRtavidyA, julAIsitambara 1996 meM likhA hai ki ' bauddhoM ke grantha zaurasenI meM the unako jalA diyA gayA aura pAlI meM likhA gyaa|' isa prakAra sudIpajI TA~TiyAjI ke nAma se eka jagaha likhate haiM ki bauddha granthoM kA mAgadhIkaraNa kiyA gayA jabaki dUsarI jagaha likhate haiM ki pAlI meM likhA gayA- ina donoM meM saca kyA hai? TA~TiyAjI ne to koI eka bAta kahI hogii| mAgadhI aura pAlI donoM alaga-alaga bhASAe~ haiN| satya to yaha hai ki bauddha sAhitya mAgadhI se pAlI meM likhA gayA thA na ki zaurasenI se pAlI meN| isase yaha bhI siddha ho jAtA hai ki sudIpajI ne TA~TiyAjI ke zabdoM meM tor3a-maror3a kI hai| 9. 'karmasiddhAnta ke bahuta se rahasyoM ko jaba hama (zvetAmbara) nahIM samajha pAte haiM, taba hama 'SaTkhaNDAgama' ke sahAre se hI unako samajhate haiN| 'SaTkhaNDAgama' meM karma-siddhAnta ke samasta koNoM ko bar3e vaijJAnika DhaMga se rakhA gayA hai.' yaha satya hai ki 'SaTkhaNDAgama' meM jaina karmasiddhAnta kA gambhIra evaM vizada vivecana hai, isalie yaha svAbhAvika hai ki karma-siddhAnta ke rahasyoM ko udghATita karane ke lie zvetAmbaroM ko bhI kabhI-kabhI usakA sahArA lenA hotA hai; kintu unheM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki 'SaTkhaNDAgama' mUlataH digambara sampradAya kA grantha na hokara usa vilupta yApanIya sampradAya kA grantha hai, jo ardhamAgadhI AgamoM aura usameM pratipAdita strI mukti ke siddhAnta ko mAnya rakhatA thA, jisakA pramANa usake prathama khaNDa kA 93vA~ sUtra hai, jisameM se 'saMjada' zabda ke prayoga ko haTAne kA digambara vidvAnAM ne upakrama bhI kiyA thA aura prathama saMskaraNa ko mudrita karate samaya use haTA bhI diyA thA, yadyapi bAda meM use rakhanA par3A, kyoMki use haTAne para usa sUtra kI dhavalA TIkA gar3abar3A jAtI thii| isa grantha ke sambandha meM vistRta carcA maiMne apanI pustaka 'jainadharma kA yApanIya sampradAya' ke tRtIya adhyAya meM kI hai aura prastuta prasaMga meM kevala itanA batA denA paryApta hai ki yaha 'SaTkhaNDAgama' mUlataH 'prajJApanA' Adi ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke AdhAra para nirmita haA hai aura isake prathama khaNDa kI 'jIvasamAsa' kI viSayavastu se bahuta kucha samarUpatA hai aura donoM eka hI kAla kI kRtiyA~ haiN| isa sambandha meM vistRta vivecana 'jIvasamAsa' kI bhUmikA meM kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki 'SaTkhaNDAgama' meM pratipAdita jaina

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karma - siddhAnta ke itihAsa ko samajhane ke lie ardhamAgadhI AgamoM evaM zvetAmbara karma sAhitya kA adhyayana bhI utanA hI jarUrI hai, jitanA 'SaTkhaNDAgama' kA / maiM svayaM bhI jaina karma-siddhAnta ke vikasita svarUpa ke gambhIra vivecana kI dRSTi se 'SaTkhaNDAgama' ke mUlya aura mahattva ko svIkAra karatA hU~; kintu isakA yaha artha bhI nahIM hai ki ardhamAgadhI AgamoM evaM zvetAmbara AcAryoM dvArA praNIta prAcIna karma - sAhitya ko nakAra diyA jaave| 10. 'haribhadrasUri kA sArA 'yogazataka' dhavalA se hai| 'dhavalA' samasta jaina darzana aura jJAna kA agAdha bhaNDAra hai| 'dhavalA' meM kyA nahIM hai ?' haribhadrasUri kA sArA 'yogazataka' dhavalA se hai - isa kathana kA artha yaha hai ki haribhadra ne 'yogazataka' ko 'dhavalA' se liyA hai| yaha vizvAsa nahIM hotA ki TA~TiyAjI jaise praur3ha vidvAn ko jaina itihAsa kA itanA bhI bodha nahIM hai ki 'dhavalA' aura haribhadra ke 'yogazataka' meM kauna prAcIna hai ? aneka pramANoM se yaha susthApita ho cukA hai ki 'dhavalA' kI racanA nauvIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha aura dasavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha meM huI, jabaki haribhadra AThavIM zatAbdI ke vidvAna haiN| satya to yaha hai ki haribhadrasUri ke 'yogazataka' se dhavalAkAra ne liyA hai, ataH TA~TiyAjI jaise vidvAn ke nAma se aitihAsika satya ko bhI ulaTa denA kahA~ taka ucita hai ? dhavalAkAra hI haribhadrasUri ke RNI haiM, haribhadrasUri dhavalAkAra ke RNI nahIM haiN| yaha satya hai ki 'dhavalA' meM aneka bAteM saMkalita kara lI gaI haiM; kintu aneka tathyoM kA saMkalana karane mAtra se koI grantha mahattvapUrNa nahIM bana jAtA hai / punaH, yaha kahanA ki 'dhavalA' meM kyA nahIM hai, eka atizayoktipUrNa kathana ke alAvA kucha nahIM hai| jaina vidyA ke aneka pakSa aise haiM, jinakI 'dhavalA' meM koI carcA nahIM hai| 'dhavalA' mUlataH 'SaTkhaNDAgama' kI TIkA hai, jo jaina karma-siddhAnta kA grantha hai, ataH usakA bhI mUla pratipAdya to jaina karma - siddhAnta hI hai, anya viSaya to prasaMgavaza samAhita kara liye gaye haiN| 'dhavalA' meM kyA nahIM hai ? isa kathana kA yaha Azaya lagA lenA ki 'dhavalA' meM saba kucha hai, eka bhrAnti hogI / ' pravacanasAroddhAra' Adi aneka zvetAmbara granthoM kA viSaya vaividhya 'dhavalA' se bhI adhika hai| 11. 'AcArya vIrasena bahuzruta vidvAn the| unhoMne samasta digambara - zvetAmbara sAhitya 80

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kA gahana avalokana kiyA thA'. AcArya vIrasena eka bahuzruta vidvAn the, yaha mAnane meM kisI ko bhI koI Apatti nahIM hai; kintu vahI ekamAtra bahuzruta vidvAn hue hoM, aisA bhI nahIM hai| digambara aura zvetAmbara paramparAoM meM aise aneka bahuzruta vidvAn hue haiN| punaH, unhoMne zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM ke sAhitya kA adhyayana kiyA ho, yaha mAnane meM bhI kisI ko bAdhA nahIM ho sakatI hai; kintu yaha kahanA ki unhoMne samasta digambara-zvetAmbara sAhitya kA gahana avalokana kiyA thA, atizayoktipUrNa kathana hI hai| 'dhavalA' meM aise aneka sthala haiM, jo zvetAmbara-paramparA aura usake granthoM se unake paricita na hone kA saMketa karate haiM, sAtha hI unake kAla taka zvetAmbara-digambara sAhitya itanA vipula thA ki una sabakA gahana adhyayana kara lenA eka vyakti ke lie kisI bhI sthiti meM sambhava nahIM thaa| adhika to kyA? jisa yApanIya-paramparA ke grantha para unhoMne TIkA likhI, usakI aneka mAnyatAoM ke sambandha meM unhoMne koI saMketa taka nahIM diyaa| usa yuga ke zvetAmbara AgamoM, yApanIya granthoM aura svayaM apanI paramparA ke AcArya kundakunda ke granthoM kI viSayavastu ke sambandha meM dhavalAkAra kA jJAna kitanA sImita thA, yaha to unakI TIkA se hI spaSTa hai| 12. 'jaina darzana kA hara viSaya kramabaddha (systematic) rUpa meM zaurasenI sAhitya meM prApta hotA hai'. yaha satya hai ki zaurasenI sAhitya meM jaina darzana se sambandhita jina viSayoM kI vivecanA kI gaI hai, vaha ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI apekSA adhika suvyavasthita hai; kintu isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki zaurasenI sAhitya jisa kAla meM nirmita huA, usa kAla taka jainadarzana ke vibhinna siddhAnta vyavasthita rUpa se vikasita ho cuke the| kisI bhI siddhAnta kA vikAsa eka kAlakrama meM hotA hai| kramabaddhatA aura vyavasthA to usa antima sthiti kI paricAyaka hai, jaba vaha siddhAnta apane vikAsa kI carama avasthA meM pahu~ca jAtA hai| zaurasenI sAhitya meM jaina darzana ke vibhinna siddhAnta vyavasthita aura kramabaddha rUpa meM upalabdha hote haiM, yaha to isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki zaurasenI sAhitya ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya se paravartI hai aura usI ke AdhAra para nirmita huA hai| paravartIkAlIna racanAoM kI yaha vizeSatA hotI hai ki ve apane pUrvakAlIna racanAoM kI kamiyoM kA nirAkaraNa kara

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apane viSaya ko adhika vyavasthita aura kramabaddha rUpa meM prastuta karatI haiN| ataH, zaurasenI sAhitya meM varNita viSayoM kA adhika vyavasthita aura kramabaddha honA isI tathya kA sUcaka hai ki ve ardhamAgadhI AgamoM se paravartI haiN| punaH, isa kathana kA yaha Azaya bhI nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki ardhamAgadhI sAhitya meM kramabaddhatA aura vyavasthA kA abhAva hai| ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta meM likhI gayI zvetAmbara paramparA kI aneka paravartIkAlIna racanAoM meM bhI aisI hI vyavasthA aura kramabaddhatA upalabdha hotI hai| siddhasena divAkara, mallavAdI, jinabhadramaNi, haribhadra, siddharSi, hemacandra Adi kI racanAoM meM bhI aisI hI viSaya kI susambaddhatA evaM suspaSTatA hai| 13. 'zvetAmbara aura digambara'-donoM eka dUsare ke sahAyaka banie AdaraNIya TA~TiyAjI kA yaha sujhAva to hama sabhI ko svIkAra karane yogya hai| vastutaH, yadi hameM jaina dharma-darzana ke samagra svarUpa ko samajhanA yA prastuta karanA hai, to paraspara eka-dUsare kA sahayoga apekSita hai, kyoMki donoM paramparAe~ paraspara milakara hI jainadharma aura saMskRti kA eka sampUrNa citra prastuta kara sakatI haiM; kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki eka-dUsare kI AlocanA athavA dUsare ko heya mAnakara apanI zreSThatA kA bar3ha-car3hakara dAvA karanA, isa dizA meM kathamapi sahAyaka nahIM ho skegaa| hameM apanI paramparAoM kI vizeSatA ko ujAgara karane kA adhikAra to hai; kintu dUsare pakSa ko hIna yA nIcA dikhAkara nhiiN| hameM apanI bAtoM ko isa taraha se prastuta karanA cAhie ki ve dUsare kI asmitA aura garimA ko khaNDita na kreN| apekSA to yaha bhI kI jAnI cAhie ki hama dUsare pakSa meM nihita acchAiyoM ko bhI svIkAra karane ke lie tatpara raheM aura isa prakAra apanI udAradRSTi kA paricaya deN| pro. TA~TiyAjI ne zaurasenI sAhitya aura digambara paramparA kI acchAiyoM ko ujAgara karake apanI udAradRSTi kA paricaya diyA hai; kintu ise tor3a-maror3akara isa taraha kyoM prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai, jisase ardhamAgadhI sAhitya aura zvetAmbara samAja kI asmitA ko AghAta lge| 14. 'isa vyAkhyAna meM TA~TiyAjI ne dhavalA, SaTkhaNDAgama, vIrasena, kundakunda, mUlAcAra, AtmakhyAti, amRtacandra Adi kI bhI khulakara prazaMsA kI'.. nizcaya hI 'SaTkhaNDAgama', usakI 'dhavalA' TIkA aura TIkAkAra vIrasena kA jaina

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karma-siddhAnta ke vikAsa meM mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai, jise jaina darzana kA koI bhI adhyetA asvIkAra nahIM kara sktaa| isI prakAra, AcArya kundakunda ke 'samayasAra' aura amRtacandra kI 'AtmakhyAti' TIkA ke kalazoM kA jaina dArzanika sAhitya ke kSetra meM jo mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai usake AdhAra para unheM jaina adhyAtmarUpI mandira kA svarNakalaza kaha sakate haiN| AdaraNIya TA~TiyAjI ne una granthoM aura granthakAroM kI prazaMsA kara apanI udAratA kA paricaya diyA hai aura isa prakAra apanA kartavya pUrNa kiyA hai| jaina vidyA kA koI bhI taTastha vidvAn ina granthoM aura granthakAroM ke mahattva aura mUlya ko asvIkAra nahIM karegA; kintu bhAI sudIpajI ko isa prazaMsA kA yaha Azaya nahIM lagAnA cAhie ki kevala digambara paramparA meM yA kevala zaurasenI sAhitya ke kSetra meM hI uccakoTi ke vidvAn hue haiM aura mahattvapUrNa grantha likhe gaye haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI siddhasena, divAkara, mallavAdI, jinabhadramaNi, haribhadra, hemacandra Adi aneka vidvAn hue haiM aura unakI racanAoM kA bhI mahattva evaM mUlya kama nahIM hai| yadi prAkRtavidyA ko vastutaH prAkRtavidyA kA nAma sArthaka karanA hai, to use prAkRta kI vibhinna vidhAoM, yathA-ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI, apabhraMza-sabhI ko samAna rUpa se mahattva denA caahie| yadi unheM kevala zaurasenI kA hI guNagAna karanA hai aura dUsarI prAkRtoM ko heya dikhAnA hai, to patrikA kA nAma zaurasenI prAkRtavidyA yA zaurasenI vidyA rakha lenA caahie| kevala zaurasenI hI prAkRta hai, usI se samasta prAkRtoM kA janma huA hai aura usI meM hI satsAhitya kA sRjana huA hai, aisA kathana satya nahIM hai| prAkRta kI anya vidhAoM meM bhI uttama koTi ke grantha likhe gaye haiM aura zIrSastha vidvAn hue haiM, ataH unheM heya samajhakara kisI bhI prakAra kI anabhijJatA aura ajJAnatA ko bIca meM lAkara prAkRta vidyA ke mahattva ko ghaTAne kA upakrama nahIM hone denA caahie| maiM prAkRtavidyA ke sampAdaka bhAI sudIpajI se yaha nivedana karanA cAhU~gA ki yA to ve AdaraNIya TA~TiyAjI ke vyAkhyAna kI Tepa ko avikala rUpa se yathAvat prakAzita kara deM, yA usa Tepa ko jo cAheM, unheM upalabdha karA deM, tAki use prakAzita karake yaha nirarthaka vivAda samApta kiyA jA ske| ***

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X zaurasenI prAkRta ke sambandha meM pro. bholAzaMkara vyAsa kI sthApanAoM kI samIkSA 'prAkRtavidyA' ke sampAdaka DaoN.sudIpa jaina ne pro.bholAzaMkara vyAsa ke vyAkhyAna meM ubharakara Aye kucha vicAra binduoM ko 'prAkRta vidyA', janavarI-mArca 1997 ke apane sampAdakIya meM prastuta kiyA hai| hama yahA~ sarvaprathama pro. bholAzaMkara vyAsa ke nAma se prastuta una vicAra-binduoM ko avikala rUpa se dekara phira unakI samIkSA kreNge| DaoN.sudIpa jaina likhate haiM - 'prAkRta bhASA isa deza kI mUla bhASA rahI hai aura prAkRta ke vividha rUpoM meM bhI zaurasenI prAkRta hI mUla prAkRta thI, isakI samavartI mAgadhI prAkRta isI kA kSetrIya saMskaraNa' thii| zaurasenI prAkRta madhyadeza meM bolI jAtI thI tathA sampUrNa bRhattara bhArata meM isake mAdhyama se sAhitya sRjana hotA rahA hai, isIlie zaurasenI prAkRta hI anya sabhI prAkRtoM evaM lokabhASAoM kI jananI rahI hai| pahale mUla do hI prAkRteM thI-zaurasenI aura maagdhii| paravartI mahArASTrI prAkRta pUrI taraha se zaurasenI kA hI parivartita rUpa hai| 'mahArASTrI' kA koI svataMtra astitva maiM nahIM maantaa| yahI nahIM, 'ardhamAgadhI' prAkRta, jo ki zvetAmbara jaina Agama-granthoM meM hI milatI hai, kA AdhAra bhI zaurasenI prAkRta hI hai| isake bAda parizuddha zaurasenI bhASA 'kasAyapAhurasutta', 'chakkhaNDAgamasutta', kundakunda sAhitya evaM 'dhavalA' - 'jayadhavalA' Adi meM prayukta milatI hai| digambara jaina sAhitya kI zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA akRtrima, svAbhAvika evaM vAstavika janabhASA hai| yahI nahIM, bauddha granthoM kI

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bhASA mUlataH zaurasenI prAkRta hI hai, jise kRtrima rUpa se saMskRtaniSTha banAkara pUrvadezIya prabhAvoM ke sAtha pAlI rUpa diyA gyaa| use khIMca-tAnakara prAcIna banAne kI koziza kI gayI hai, jisase usakI vAkyaracanA meM jaTilatA A gaI hai| isI kAraNa, maiM zaurasenI ko hI mUla prAkRta bhASA mAnatA huuN| mAgadhI bhI lagabhaga itanI hI prAcIna hai, parantu vastutaH usameM pUrvIya uccAraNa-bheda ke atirikta anya koI antara nahIM hai, mUlataH vaha bhI zaurasenI hI hai / ' - pro. bholAzaMkara vyAsa (prAkRtavidyA, janavarI - mArca 1997, pR. 17) yadyapi ina vicArabinduoM meM adhikAMza ve hI haiM, jinheM nathamalajI TA~TiyA ke vyAkhyAna ke saMdarbha meM bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra, pro. vyAsajI ke vyAkhyAna meM ubharakara Aye vicAra-binduoM meM yadyapi koI navIna mudde sAmane nahIM Aye haiM, phira bhI yahA~ unakI samIkSA kara lenA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogaa| 1. zaurasenI prAkRta hI mUla prAkRta thI, isakI samavartI mAgadhI prAkRta isakA kSetrIya saMskaraNa thI'. zaurasenI prAkRta yadi mUla prAkRta thI, to phira bhAsa ke nATakoM (IsA kI dUsarI zatI) ke pUrva ke prAkRta abhilekhoM aura prAkRta ke granthoM meM zaurasenI kI pravRttiyA~ arthAt madhyavartI 't' ke sthAna para 'd' evaM 'n' ke sthAna para 'N' kyoM nahIM dikhAI detA hai ? isa sambandha meM hama vistAra se carcA apane anya lekhoM 'jaina AgamoM kI mUlabhASA - ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI'1, 'azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA' 2 Adi meM kara rahe haiN| satyatA yaha hai ki IsA kI dUsarI zatI ke pUrva usa zaurasenI prAkRta kA kahIM koI atA-patA hI nahIM thA, jise mUla prAkRta kahA jA rahA hai| pro. vyAsajI kA yaha kathana ki 'mAgadhI prAkRta zaurasenI prAkRta kA kSetrIya saMskaraNa thI', yaha bhASA-zAstrIya Thosa pramANoM para AdhArita nahIM hai, kyoMki mUlataH sabhI prAkRteM apanI-apanI kSetrIya boliyoM se hI vikasita huI haiN| mAgadhI, paizAcI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI Adi prAkRtoM ko prAkRta bhASA ke kSetrIya saMskaraNa to kahA jA sakatA hai; kintu inameM se kisI ko bhI mUla aura dUsarI ko usakA kSetrIya saMskaraNa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| inameM se kisI ko mAtA aura kisI ko putrI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki ye to sabhI bahaneM haiN| yadi hama kAlakrama kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM, to hameM yahI mAnanA hogA ki likhita bhASA ke rUpa meM mAgadhI hI sabase prAcIna prAkRta hai| ataH, isa dRSTi se pro. vyAsajI kA yaha 85

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samIkaraNa ulaTa jAegA aura unheM yaha mAnanA hogA ki mAgadhI mUla prAkRta hai aura zaurasenI prAkRta, mAgadhI prAkRta kA eka kSetrIya saMskaraNa hai| 2. 'zaurasenI prAkRta madhya-deza meM bolI jAtI thI tathA sampUrNa bRhattara bhArata meM isake mAdhyama se sAhitya sRjana hotA rahA'. yaha to satya hai ki zaurasenI prAkRta madhyadeza meM bolI jAtI thI; kintu pro. vyAsa kA yaha kathana ki sampUrNa bhArata meM isake mAdhyama se sAhitya sRjana hotA rahA hai, sAhityika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para mAtra eka atizayokti se adhika kucha nahIM hai, kyoMki nATakoM ke zaurasenI aMzoM ko chor3akara hameM zaurasenI prAkRta meM koI bhI dharma yA sampradAya-nirapekSa sampUrNa grantha upalabdha nahIM hai| zaurasenI prAkRta meM jo bhI grantha upalabdha hote haiM, ve mAtra jainoM ke digambara aura yApanIya sampradAyoM ke haiN| yaha ThIka hai ki ina sampradAyoM ke AcAryoM ne cAhe ve uttara bhArata ke hoM yA dakSiNa bhArata ke, zaurasenI prAkRta meM hI apane grantha likhe the; kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa meM rakhanA cAhie ki usI kAla meM zvetAmbara jaina AcArya ardhamAgadhI yA ardhamAgadhI prabhAvita mahArASTrI prAkRta meM apanI dhArmika evaM sAhityika kRtiyoM kI racanA kara rahe the| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, usI kAla meM dharma evaM sampradAya nirapekSa sAhityika kRtiyoM kI racanA bhI mahArASTrI prAkRta meM ho rahI thiiN| jahA~ zaurasenI prAkRta meM sampradAya nirapekSa sAhityika grantha anupalabdha haiM, vahIM mahArASTrI prAkRta meM aise anekoM grantha upalabdha haiN| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki dharma-niparekSa sAhityika kRtiyoM kI racanA kI dRSTi se mahArASTrI prAkRta hI adhika pracalana meM thiiN| Aja zaurasenI prAkRta kI apekSA mahArASTrI prAkRta ke adhika vyApaka hone ke pramANa haiN| ataH, yaha mAnanA hogA ki zaurasenI kI apekSA mahArASTrI prAkRta adhika vyApaka rahI hai aura usake mAdhyama se dhArmika aura dharmanirapekSa-donoM hI prakAra ke sAhitya kA sRjana bhArata meM hotA rahA hai| 3. 'zaurasenI prAkRta hI sabhI prAkRtoM evaM anya bhASAoM kI jananI hai'. ... isa prazna ke sambandha meM bhI hama apane pUrva lekhoM meM vistAra se carcA kara cuke haiN| satya to yaha hai ki sabhI prAkRteM apanI-apanI kSetrIya boliyoM se vikasita huI hai aura isalie yaha kahanA kisI bhI sthiti meM yuktisaMgata nahIM hai ki zaurasenI prAkRta hI sabhI prAkRtoM yA anya bhASAoM kI jananI hai| kisI bhI eka prAkRta ko dUsarI prAkRta se utpanna huA mAnanA eka bhrAnti hai| sabhI sAhityika prAkRteM apanI-apanI kSetrIya boliyoM ke

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saMskArita rUpa haiN| pratyeka kSetrIya bolI kI uccAraNagata apanI vizeSatA hotI hai, jo usa kSetra kI bhASA kI bhI vizeSatA bana jAtI hai| ye uccAraNagata kSetrIya vizeSatAe~ pratyeka kSetra kI nijI hotI haiM, ve kisI bhI dUsare kSetra ke prabhAva se utpanna nahIM hotI haiN| ataH, pratyeka prAkRta apanI-apanI vizeSatAoM ke sAtha apanI kSetrIya bolI se janma letI haiM, kisI dUsarI prAkRta se nahIM, jaise - mAravAr3I, mevAr3I, mAlavI, bundelI, braja, avadhI, bhojapurI, maithilI Adi boliyoM ko kisI eka bolI vizeSa se yA hindI se utpanna mAnanA avaijJAnika hai evaM eka bhrAnti hai aura koI bhI bhASAzAstrI isa tathya ko svIkAra nahIM karegA; vaise hI kisI eka prAkRta vizeSa ko bhI dUsarI prAkRta se yA saMskRta se utpanna honA mAnanA bhI eka bhrAnti hai| 2 4. 'pahale do prAkRteM thIM zaurasenI aura mAgadhI; mahArASTrI prAkRta pUrI taraha se zaurasenI prAkRta kA hI paravartI rUpa hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta kA maiM koI svataMtra astitva nahIM mAnatA'. prathama to yaha kahanA ki mahArASTrI prAkRta, zaurasenI kA hI paravartI rUpa hai, ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI Adi sabhI prAkRtoM kI apanI-apanI vizeSatAe~ haiM, jahA~ zaurasenI prAkRta meM madhyavartI 't' kA 'd' meM parivartana hotA hai, vahIM mahArASTrI prAkRta meM lupta vyaJjanoM kI 'y' zruti hotI hai / punaH zaurasenI kI apekSA mahArASTrI prAkRta komala aura kAnta hai, vahIM zaurasenI kaThora padAvaliyoM se yukta hai, yathA- 'vaddhamAna' kA 'vddddhmaann'| punaH, jaba donoM kI apanI-apanI lakSaNagata bhinnatA hai, to phira yaha kahanA ki maiM mahArASTrI prAkRta kA koI svataMtra astitva nahIM mAnatA hU~, ucita nahIM hai| Aja yadi prAkRtoM meM kisI prAkRta kA sarvAdhika sAhitya hai, to vaha mahArASTrI prAkRta kA hI hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta ke sAhitya kI tulanA meM zeSa sabhI prAkRtoM kA sAhitya to dazamAMza bhI nahIM hai| jisameM 90 pratizata sAhitya ho usa prAkRta kA svatantra astitva nahIM mAnanA kevala pakSAgraha kA hI sUcaka hai / punaH, yadi mahArASTrI aura zaurasenI meM antara nahIM hai, to phira zaurasenI nAma kA Agraha hI kyoM ? Aja eka bhI aisA sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika pramANa nahIM hai, jisase yaha siddha ho sake ki zaurasenI prAcIna hai aura mahArASTrI paravartI hai| azvaghoSa yA bhAsa ke nATakoM se arthAt IsvI san kI dUsarI zatI se pUrva kA eka bhI sAhityika yA abhilekhIya pramANa upalabdha nahIM hai, jisake AdhAra para zaurasenI kI anya prAkRtoM se prAcInatA siddha ho sake, jabaki sAtavAhana hAla kI mahArASTrI prAkRta 87

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meM racita 'gAthAsaptazatI' unase prAcIna hai, kyoMki sAtavAhana kA kAla prathama zatI mAnA jAtA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, 'gAthAsaptazatI' bhI eka saMgraha grantha hai aura isakI anekoM gAthAe~ usase bhI pUrva racita haiM, ataH paravartI bhASA mahArASTrI nahIM, zaurasenI hI hai| 5. 'ardhamAgadhI prAkRta, jo mAtra zvetAmbara jaina AgamoM meM milatI hai, kA AdhAra zaurasenI prAkRta hI hai'. isa sambandha meM bhI vistAra se carcA maiM isI grantha meM prakAzita apane svataMtra lekha 'AgamoM kI mUla bhASA zaurasenI yA ardhamAgadhI' meM kara cukA huuN| yaha ThIka hai ki ardhamAgadhI meM mAgadhI ke atirikta anya kSetrIya boliyoM ke zabdarUpa bhI milate haiN| yadyapi ardhamAgadhI meM aneka sthAnoM para 'r' kA 'l' vikalpa se to hotA hI hai, kintu isameM mAgadhI ke kucha lakSaNa jaise sarvatra 'r' kA 'l', 's' kA 'z' nahIM milate haiM; phira bhI yaha sunizcita satya hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke vacanoM ke AdhAra para sarvaprathama isI ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM Agama aura Agamatulya granthoM kI racanA huI hai| aisI sthiti meM yaha kahane kA kyA artha hai ki ardhamAgadhI prAkRta kA AdhAra zaurasenI prAkRta hai| isake viparIta, siddha to yahI hotA hai ki zaurasenI prAkRta kA AdhAra ardhamAgadhI hai, kyoMki zaurasenI AgamoM meM ardhamAgadhI AgamoM aura mahArASTrI ke hajAroM zabdarUpa hI nahIM, apitu hajAroM gAthAe~ bhI milatI haiM, isakI sapramANa carcA bhI hama apane pUrva lekha meM kara cuke haiN| punaH Agamika ullekhoM se bhI yahI pramANita hotA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane pravacana ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM diye the aura unhIM ke AdhAra para gaNadharoM ne usI bhASA meM grantha racanA kI thii| bhagavAn mahAvIra aura unake gaNadharoM kI mAtRbhASA mAgadhI thI, na ki zaurasenI, kyoMki ve sabhI magadha meM hI janme the| kyA pro. vyAsajI bhASAzAstrIya, sAhityika yA abhilekhIya pramANoM se yaha siddha kara sakate haiM ki zvetAmbara AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI prAkRta kA AdhAra zaurasenI prAkRta yA usameM racita grantha haiM ? upalabdha ardhamAgadhI AgamoM, yathA - AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga, RSibhASita Adi ko pAzcAtya evaM paurvAtya sabhI vidvAnoM ne IsvI pUrva kI racanAe~ mAnA hai, jabaki koI bhI zaurasenI Agama IsA kI tIsarI - cauthI zatI ke pUrva kA nahIM hai| isase siddha yahI hotA hai ki zaurasenI AgamoM kA AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama hai| AcArya hemacandra ne apane 'prAkRta vyAkaraNa' meM zaurasenI prAkRta ke viziSTa lakSaNoM kI carcA karane ke bAda anta meM yaha kahA

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- 'zeSaM prAkRtavat', isa sUtra se kyA yahI siddha kiyA jAya ki zaurasenI prAkRta kA AdhAra mahArASTrI prAkRta hai| jJAtavya hai ki hemacandra kA 'prAkRta' se tAtparya 'mahArASTrI prAkRta' hI hai, kyoMki unhoMne prAkRta ke nAma se mahArASTrI prAkRta kA hI vyAkaraNa likhA hai| 6. 'zaurasenI prAkRta ke prAcInatama rUpa samrATa azoka ke giranAra ke zilAlekha meM milate haiM'. isa sambandha meM bhI vistRta vivecana hama apane svataMtra lekha 'azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA mAgadhI yA zaurasenI' meM kara rahe haiN| sabhI vidvAnoM ne eka svara se isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA mAgadhI yA ArSaprAkRta hI hai, yadyapi abhilekhoM para tat-tat kSetra kI boliyoM kA kiJcita prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| zaurasenI prAkRta ke jo do viziSTa lakSaNa mAne jAte haiM- madhyavatI 't' ke sthAna para 'd' aura dantya 'n ke sthAna para mUrddhanya 'N'- ye donoM lakSaNa azoka ke kisI abhilekha meM prAyaH nahIM dekhe jAte haiM' ataH hameM azoka ke bhinna bhinna abhilekhoM kI bhASA ko tat tat pradezoM kI kSetrIya boliyoM se prabhAvita mAgadhI hI mAnanA hogaa| ina kSetrIya boliyoM ke prabhAva ke AdhAra para use ardhamAgadhI ke nikaTa to kaha sakate haiM; kintu zaurasenI kadApi nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki unameM zaurasenI kA koI bhI viziSTa lakSaNa nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| eka do apavAdoM ko chor3akara azoka ke abhilekhoM meM na to kahIM madhyavartI 't' kA 'd' pAyA jAtA hai aura na kahIM dantya 'n' ke sthAna para mUrdhanya 'N' kA prayoga milatA hai| unameM sarvatra hI dantya 'n' kA prayoga dekhA jAtA hai| jahA~ taka pro. vyAsajI ke isa kathana kA prazna hai ki 'zaurasenI prAkRta ke prAcInatama rUpa samrATa azoka ke giranAra ke zilAlekha meM milate haiM' isa viSaya meM hama unase yahI jAnanA cAheMge ki kyA giranAra ke kisI bhI zilAlekha meM madhyavartI 't' ke sthAna para 'd' kA prayoga huA hai? jahA~ taka mUrddhanya 'N' kA prazna hai, vaha zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI - donoM meM samAna rUpa se pAyA jAtA hai, phira bhI usakA azoka ke abhilekhoM meM kahIM prayoga nahIM huA hai| hama unase sAgraha nivedana karanA cAheMge ki ve giranAra ke abhilekhoM meM una zabdarUpoM ko chor3akara, jo zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI - donoM meM hI pAye jAte haiM, zaurasenI ke viziSTa lakSaNayukta zabda-rUpa dikhAyeM, jo ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI ke zabda - rUpoM se bhinna hoM aura mAtra zaurasenI kI viziSTatA ko liye hoN| 89

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yahA~ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki giranAra kA kSetra to mahArASTrI prAkRta kA kSetra hai| giranAra ke abhilekhoM meM jinheM ve zaurasenI prAkRta ke zabda-rUpa mAna rahe haiM ve vastutaH mahArASTrI prAkRta ke zabdarUpa haiM, ataH giranAra ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA ko zaurasenI prAkRta nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| punaH, giranAra kI bAta to dUra rahI, svayaM zaurasenI prAkRta 'ke kSetra dehalI - ToparA ke azoka ke abhilekhoM meM kahIM bhI zaurasenI ke viziSTa lakSaNa nahIM pAye jAte haiM, apitu vahA~ para 'lAjA' jaise mAgadhI rUpa hI milate haiM, phira ve kisa AdhAra para yaha kahate haiM ki giranAra ke zilAlekhoM meM zaurasenI prAkRta ke prAcInatama rUpa milate haiN| 7. 'isI krama meM Age pro. vyAsajI kahate haiM- isake bAda parizuddha zaurasenI bhASA 'kasAyapAhuDasutta','chakkhaNDAgamasutta', 'kundakunda sAhitya' evaM 'dhavalA', 'jayadhavalA' Adi meM prayukta milatI haiM'. pro. vyAsajI ne uparyukta granthoM kI bhASA ko parizuddha zaurasenI kahA hai| maiM pro. vyAsajI se atyanta vinamra zabdoM meM yaha pUchanA cAhU~gA ki kyA ina granthoM ke zabda - rUpoM kA bhASAzAstrIya dRSTi se unhoMne koI vizleSaNa kiyA hai ? kyA ina granthoM ke sandarbha meM unakA adhyayana pro. upAdhye aura pro. khaDabaDI jaise digambara paramparA ke mUrdhanya vidvAnoM kI apekSA bhI adhika gahana hai / Aja taka kisI bhI vidvAn ne digambara AgamoM kI bhASA ko parizuddha zaurasenI nahIM mAnA hai| pro. e. ena. upAdhye ne 'pravacanasAra' kI bhUmikA meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki usakI (pravacanasAra kI) bhASA para ardhamAgadhI kA prabhAva hai| pro. khaDabaDI chakkhaNDAgama kI bhASA ko bhI zuddha zaurasenI nahIM mAnate haiM aura usa para ardhamAgadhI kA prabhAva batAte haiN| yadi hama ina sabhI granthoM ke zabda-rUpoM kA bhASAzAstrIya dRSTi se vizleSaNa kareM, to spaSTa rUpa se hameM eka do nahIM, parantu saikar3oM aura hajAroM zabdarUpa mahArASTrI aura ardhamAgadhI prAkRta ke mileNge| maiM apane pUrva lekha 'jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI' meM vistAra se isa sambandha meM bhI carcA kI hai| pro. vyAsajI jise parizuddha zaurasenI kaha rahe haiM, to vaha to ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI kI eka prakAra kI khicar3I hai| zaurasenI ke pratyeka grantha meM ina vibhinna prAkRtoM kA anupAta bhI bhinna-bhinna pAyA jAtA hai| 8. 'bauddha granthoM kI pAlI bhASA bhI mUlataH zaurasenI prAkRta hI thI, jise kRtrima rUpa

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saMskRtaniSTha banAkara pUrva-dezIya prabhAvoM ke sAtha pAlI - rUpa diyA gayA'. bauddha granthoM kI mUla bhASA kyA thI aura use kisa prakAra pAlI meM rUpAntarita kiyA gayA, isakI bhI vistRta sapramANa samIkSA hama apane 'jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI' nAmaka lekha meM kara cuke haiN| usa lekha meM hamane spaSTa rUpa se yaha batAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki bhagavAn buddha kA kAryakSetra mukhyataH magadha aura usakA samIpavartI pradeza rahA hai| unhoMne unakI mAtRbhASA mAgadhI meM hI apane upadeza diye the aura unake upadezoM kA prathama saMkalana bhI mAgadhI meM hI huA thaa| yaha satya hai ki kAlAntara meM use saMskRta ke nikaTavartI banAkara pAlI rUpa diyA gayA; kintu use kisI bhI rUpa meM zaurasenI prAkRta nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| use khIMcatAna kara zaurasenI batAne kA prayatna eka durAgraha mAtra hI hogA / 9. 'maiM zaurasenI ko hI mUla prAkRta bhASA mAnatA hU~' hameM yahA~ pro. vyAsajI ke dvArA khar3I kI gaI isa bhrAnti kA nirAkaraNa karanA hogA ki sabhI prAkRteM zaurasenIjanya haiN| apane vyAkhyAna meM ve eka sthAna para kahate haiM ki 'zaurasenI prAkRta hI mUla prAkRta thI aura isakI samavartI mAgadhI prAkRta isI kA kSetrIya saMskaraNa thii|' punaH, ve kahate haiM ki 'paravartI mahArASTrI prAkRta pUrI taraha se zaurasenI kA hI parivartita rUpa hai, mahArASTrI prAkRta kA svatantra astitva maiM nahIM maantaa|' punaH, ve kahate haiM ki 'ardhamAgadhI prAkRta, jo ki mAtra zvetAmbara jaina Agama granthoM meM milatI hai, usakA AdhAra bhI zaurasenI prAkRta hI hai|' isI krama meM Age ve kahate haiM ki 'bauddha granthoM kI pAlI bhASA bhI mUlataH zaurasenI prAkRta hI hai|' unake ina saba kathanoM kA niSkarSa to yaha hai ki mAgadhI bhI zaurasenI, mahArASTrI bhI zaurasenI hai, ardhamAgadhI bhI zaurasenI hai aura pAlI bhI zaurasenI hai| yadi mAgadhI, pAlI, ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI sabhI zaurasenI haiM, to phira yaha saba alaga-alaga bhASAe~ kyoM mAnI jAtI haiM aura vyAkaraNa granthoM meM inake alaga-alaga lakSaNa kyoM nirdhArita kiye gaye haiM? mAgadhI, zaurasenI Adi sabhI prAkRtoM ke apane viziSTa lakSaNa haiM, jo usase bhinna anya prAkRta meM nahIM milate haiM, phira ve saba eka kaise kahI jA sakatI haiN| yadi mAgadhI, pAlI, ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI - sabhI zaurasenI haiM to ina sabhI ke viziSTa lakSaNoM ko bhI zaurasenI ke hI lakSaNa mAnane hoMge aura aisI sthiti meM zaurasenI kA koI bhI viziSTa lakSaNa nahIM raha jAyegA; kintu kyA zaurasenI ke viziSTa lakSaNoM ke abhAva meM use zaurasenI nAma bhI diyA jA sakegA? vaha to parizuddha zaurasenI na hokara

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mAgadhI, pAlI, ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI kI aisI khicar3I hogI, jise zaurasenI na kahakara ardhamAgadhI kahanA hI ucita hogA, kyoMki ardhamAgadhI kA hI yaha lakSaNa batAyA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki ardhamAgadhI kA lakSaNa yahI hai ki usameM mAgadhI ke sAtha-sAtha anya kSetrIya boliyoM ke zabda - rUpa bhI pAye jAte haiN| 10 'maiM zaurasenI ko hI mUla prAkRta mAnatA hU~, mAgadhI bhI lagabhaga itanI hI prAcIna hai, parantu vastutaH usameM pUrvI uccAraNa -bheda ke atirikta koI antara nahIM hai| mUlataH yaha bhI zaurasenI hI hai.' maiM pro. vyAsajI se savinaya yaha pUchanA cAhU~gA ki yadi zaurasenI hI mUla prAkRta bhASA hai, to kyA isakA koI abhilekhIya yA sAhityika pramANa hai ? 'prakRtiH zaurasenI' ke jisa sUtra ko lekara zaurasenI ko mUla prAkRta bhASA kahA jA rahA hai, usameM 'prakRti' zabda kA kyA artha hai, isakI vistRta samIkSA bhI hama pUrva lekha 'jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI' meM kara cuke haiN| punaH, pro. vyAsajI kA yaha kathana ki mAgadhI bhI lagabhaga itanI hI prAcIna hai, yahI siddha karatA hai ki mAgadhI prAkRta zaurasenI se utpanna nahIM huI hai| pro. vyAsajI dabI jabAna se yaha to svIkAra karate haiM ki 'mAgadhI bhI itanI hI prAcIna hai' ; kintu ve spaSTa rUpa se yaha kyoM nahIM svIkAra karate ki mAgadhI zaurasenI kI apekSA prAcIna hai| azoka ke abhilekha, jo I.pU. tIsarI zatI meM likhe gae, ve mAgadhI kI prAcInatA ko spaSTa rUpa se ujAgara kara rahe haiM, jabaki zaurasenI kA koI bhI grantha yA granthAMza I. san kI prathama - dvitIya zatI ke pUrva kA nahIM hai| yadi sAhityika aura abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para mAgadhI prAkRta zaurasenI kI apekSA kama se kama 300 varSa prAcIna hai, to phira yaha mAnanA hogA ki vaha mAgadhI hI mUla prAkRta bhASA hai| punaH, pro. vyAsajI kA yaha kathana ki 'pUrvIya uccAraNa bheda ke atirikta mAgadhI aura zaurasenI meM koI antara nahIM hai| yaha kathana mUlataH vaha bhI zaurasenI hI hai', yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki uccAraNa bheda aura pratyayoM ke bheda hI vibhinna prAkRtoM ke antara kA AdhAra hai| yadi bheda nahIM hote, to phira vibhinna prAkRtoM meM koI antara kiyA hI nahIM jA sakatA thA aura sabhI prAkRteM eka hI hotIM / vastutaH, prAkRta ke mAgadhI, pAlI, ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI Adi jo vividha bheda haiM, ve apane-apane kSetrIya uccAraNa 92

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bheda aura pratyaya-bheda ke AdhAra para hI sthita haiN| ataH, yaha to kahA jA sakatA hai ki mAgadhI, pAlI, ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI Adi sabhI mUlataH prAkRteM haiM; kintu yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki mAgadhI Adi bhI zaurasenI haiN| inakI apanI-apanI lAkSaNika bhinnatAe~ haiM, ataH yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki mAgadhI bhI zaurasenI hai yA zaurasenI kA kSetrIya saMskaraNa hai| jisa prakAra mAgadhI, pAlI, ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI Adi prAkRta ke vibhinna bheda haiM, usI prakAra zaurasenI bhI prAkRta kA hI eka bheda hai| punaH, yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki digambara jaina AgamoM kI zaurasenI parizuddha zaurasenI na hokara ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prabhAvita zaurasenI hai aura isIlie pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne use jaina zaurasenI nAma diyA hai| ___ maiM 'prAkRtavidyA' ke sampAdaka DaoN.sudIpajI jaina se nivedana karanA cAhU~gA ki ve pro. TA~TiyAjI aura pro. bholAzaMkara vyAsajI ke nAma para zaurasenI kI sarvoparitA kI thothI mAnyatA sthApita karane hetu prAkRta premiyoM ke bIca khAI na khodeN| vastutaH, yadi prAkRta premI pAlI, ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI kI sarvoparitA ke nAma para Apasa meM lar3ane lageMge, to isase prAkRtavidyA kI hI durgati hogii| Aja AvazyakatA hai mila-jula kara samaveta rUpa se prAkRtavidyA ke vikAsa kI, na ki prAkRta ke ina kSetrIya bhedoM ke nAma para lar3akara apanI zakti ko samApta karane kii| AzA hai, prAkRtavidyA ke sampAdaka ko isa satyatA kA bodha hogA aura ve prAkRta-premiyoM ko Apasa meM na lar3Akara prAkRtoM ke vikAsa kA kArya kreNge| sandarbha 1. dekheM - merA lekha- 'jaina AgamoM' kI mUla bhASA arddhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI, sAgara jaina, vidyAbhAratI, bhAga-5, pR. 10 se 36... 2. dekheM - merA lekha, jinavANI, aMka-apraila se sitambara 1998 3. dekheM - merA lekha, jinavANI, aMka-jUna 1998, pR. 23 se 28 4. dekheM - merA lekha, jinavANI, aMka-apraila, maI, jUna 1998

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azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA mAgadhI yA zaurasenI prAkRta vidyA, aMka janavarI-mArca 1997 (pR.97) meM pro. bholAzaMkara vyAsa ke vyAkhyAna ke samAcAroM ke saMdarbha meM sampAdaka DaoN. sudIpa jaina ne pro. vyAsajI ko uddhata karate hue likhA hai ki zaurasenI prAkRta ke prAcIna rUpa samrATa azoka ke giranAra zilAlekha meM milate haiM, kintu pro. vyAsajI kA yaha kathana bhrAmaka hai aura isakA koI bhASAzAstrIya Thosa AdhAra nahIM hai| azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA aura vyAkaraNa ke sandarbha meM adhikRta vidvAn evaM adhyetA DaoN.rAjabalI pANDeya ne apane grantha 'azoka ke abhilekha' meM gahana samIkSA kI hai| unhoMne azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA ko cAra vibhAgoM meM bAMTA hai-1. pazcimottarI (paizAcagAMdhAra), 2. madhyabhAratIya, 3. pazcimI mahArASTra, 4. dakSiNAvarta (Andhra krnaattk)| azoka kI bhASA ke sandarbha meM vaha likhate haiM ki -mahAbhArata ke bAda kA bhAratIya itihAsa magadha sAmrAjya kA itihAsa hai, isalie zatAbdiyoM se uttara bhArata meM eka sArvadezika bhASA kA vikAsa ho rahA thaa| yaha bhASA vaidika bhASA se uddhRt laukika saMskRta se milatI-julatI thI aura usake samAnAntara pracalita ho rahI thii| azoka ne apane prazAsana aura dharma prasAra ke lie isI bhASA ko apanAyA, kintu isameM sandeha nahIM ki isa bhASA kA kendra magadha thA, jo madhya deza (sthAnesara aura kajaMgala kI pahAr3iyoM ke bIca kA deza) ke pUrva bhAga meM sthita thA, isaliye

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mAgadhI bhASA kI isameM pradhAnatA thI, parantu sArvajanika bhASA hone ke kAraNa dUsare pradezoM kI dhvaniyoM aura kahIM-kahIM zabdoM aura muhAvaroM ko bhI yaha AtmasAt karatI jA rahI thii| azoka ke abhilekha mUlataH magadha sAmrAjya kI kendrIya bhASA meM likhe gae the, phira bhI yaha samajhA gayA ki dUrastha pradezoM kI janatA ke lie yaha prazAsana aura pracAra kI bhASA thor3I aparicita thI, isalie azoka ne isa bAta kI vyavasthA kI thI ki abhilekhoM ke mUla pAThoM kA vibhinna prAntoM meM AvazyakatAnusAra thor3A bahuta lipyantara aura bhASAntara kara diyA jaae| yahI kAraNa hai ki abhilekhoM ke vibhinna saMskaraNoM meM pATha bheda pAyA jAtA hai| pATha bheda isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM vibhinna boliyA~ thIM, jinakI apanI vizeSatAe~ thiiN| azoka ke abhilekhoM meM vibhinna boliyoM ke zabdarUpa dekhane se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki madhyabhAratIya bhASA hI isa samaya kI sArvadezika bhASA thI, mUlataH isI meM azoka ke abhilekha prastuta hue the, ise mAgadha athavA mAgadhI bhASA bhI kaha sakate haiM, parantu yaha nATakoM evaM vyAkaraNa kI mAgadhI se bhinna hai| jahA~ mAgadhI prAkRta meM kevala tAlavya 'z' kA prayoga hotA hai, vahA~ azoka ke abhilekhoM meM kevala dantavya 's' kA prayoga hotA hai| (azoka ke abhilekha-DaoN.rAjabalI pANDeya, pR.22-23) __isase do tathya phalita hote haiM, prathama to yaha ki azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA nATakoM aura vyAkaraNa kI mAgadhI prAkRta se bhinna hai aura usameM anya boliyoM ke zabdarUpa nihita haiM, isalie hama ise ardhamAgadhI bhI kaha sakate haiN| yadyapi zvetAmbara AgamoM meM upalabdha ardhamAgadhI kI apekSA yaha kiJcit bhinna hai, phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki yaha digambara AgamoM kI athavA nATakoM kI zaurasenI prAkRta kadApi nahIM hai| digambara AgamoM kI zaurasenI ke do pramukha lakSaNa mAne jA sakate haiM-madhyavartI 't' ke sthAna para 'd' kA prayoga aura dantya 'n' ke sthAna para mUrdhanya 'Na' kA pryog| azoka ke abhilekhoM meM madhyavartI 't' ke sthAna para 'd' kA prayoga kahIM bhI nahIM dekhA jAtA hai| zaurasenI prAkRta meM saMskRta bhavati' kA 'bhavadi' yA 'hodi' rUpa milatA hai, jabaki azoka ke abhilekhoM meM eka sthAna para bhI 'hodi' rUpa nahIM pAyA jaataa| sarvatra 'hoti' rUpa pAyA jAtA hai, jo ardhamAgadhI kA lakSaNa hai| isI prakAra 'pitR' zabda kA 'piti' yA 'pitu' rUpa milatA hai, jo ki ardhamAgadhI kA lakSaNa hai| zaurasenI kI dRSTi se to usakA 'pidu' rUpa honA thaa| isI prakAra, 'AtmA' zabda kA zaurasenI prAkRta meM 'AdA' rUpa banatA hai, jabaki azoka ke abhilekhoM meM kahIM bhI 'AdA' rUpa nahIM milA hai| sarvatra 'atne',

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'atnA'-yahI rUpa milate haiN| isI prakAra, 'hita' kA zaurasenI rUpa 'hida' na milakara sarvatra hI hita zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| isI prakAra, jahA~ zaurasenI dantya 'n' ke sthAna para mUrddhanya 'Na' kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai, vahA~ azoka ke madhyabhAratIya samasta abhilekhoM meM mUrddhanya 'Na' kA pUrNataH abhAva hai aura sarvatra dantya 'n' kA prayoga huA hai, pazcimI abhilekhoM meM bhI mUrddhanya 'Na' kA yadA-kadA hI prayoga huA hai, kintu sarvatra nhiiN| punaH, yaha mUrddhanya 'Na' kA prayoga to mahArASTrI prAkRta meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA ke bhASAzAstrIya dRSTi se jo bhI adhyayana hue haiM, unameM jahA~ taka merI jAnakArI hai, kisI eka bhI vidvAn ne unakI bhASA ko zaurasenI prAkRta nahIM kahA hai| yadi usameM eka do zaurasenI zabdarUpa jo anya prAkRtoM yathA ardhamAgadhI yA mahArASTrI meM bhI kAmana haiM, mila jAte haiM, to usakI bhASA ko zaurasenI to kadApi nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, isIlie zAyada pro. bholAzaMkarajI vyAsa ko bhI dabI jubAna se yaha kahanA par3A ki zaurasenI prAkRta ke prAcInatama rUpa samrATa azoka ke giranAra zilAlekha meM milate haiN| sambhavataH, isameM itanA saMzodhana apekSita hai ki zaurasenI prAkRta ke kucha prAcIna zabdarUpa giranAra ke zilAlekha meM milate haiM, kintu yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki yaha zabdarUpa prAcIna ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI meM bhI milate haiM, ataH mAtra do-cAra zabdarUpa mila jAne se azoka ke abhilekha zaurasenI prAkRta ke nahIM mAne jA sakate haiM, kyoMki unameM zaurasenI ke viziSTa lakSaNoM vAle zabdarUpa nahIM milate haiN| usake Age samAdaraNIya bholAzaMkarajI vyAsa ko uddhat karate hue DaoN. sudIpa jaina ne likhA hai ki isake bAda parizuddha zaurasenI bhASA kaSAyapAhur3asutta, SaTkhaNDAgamasutta, kundakunda sAhitya evaM dhavalA, jayadhavalA Adi meM prayukta milatI hai| isakA artha to yaha huA ki azoka ke abhilekhoM kI mAgadhI arthAt ardhamAgadhI se hI digambara jaina sAhitya kI parizuddha zaurasenI vikasita huI hai| maiM yahA~ spaSTa rUpa se yaha jAnanA cAhU~gA ki kyA azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA meM digambara jaina sAhitya kI tathAkathita parizuddha zaurasenI athavA nATakoM kI zaurasenI athavA vyAkaraNasammata zaurasenI kA koI bhI viziSTa lakSaNa upalabdha hotA hai? jahA~ taka merI jAnakArI hai, azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA anya pradezoM ke zabdarUpoM se prabhAvita mAgadhI prAkRta hai| vaha mAgadhI aura anya prAdezika boliyoM ke zabdarUpoM se mizrita eka aisI bhASA hai, jisakI sarvAdhika nikaTatAjaina AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI se hai| use zaurasenI kahakara jo bhrAnti phailAIjA rahI hai, vaha suniyojita SaDyaMtra hai| vastutaH, digambara Agama tulya granthoM kI jisa bhASA ko parizuddha

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zaurasenI kahA jA rahA hai, vaha vastutaH na to vyAkaraNasammata zaurasenI hai aura na nATakoM kI zaurasenI, apitu ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI kI aisI khicar3I hai, jisameM inake mizraNa ke anupAta bhI pratyeka grantha aura usake pratyeka saMskaraNa meM bhinna-bhinna haiN| isakI carcA maiMne apane lekha jaina AgamoM kI mUlabhASA mAgadhI yA zaurasenI meM kI hai| zaurasenI kA sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM taba taka janma nahIM huA thaa| nATakoM evaM digambara paramparA meM Agama rUpa meM mAnya granthoM kI bhASA to usake tIna-cAra sau varSa bAda astitva meM AI hai| vastutaH dillI, mathurA evaM AgarA ke samIpavartI usa pradeza meM, jise zaurasenI kA janmasthala kahA jAtA hai, azoka ke jo bhI abhilekha upalabdha haiM, unameM zaurasenI ke lakSaNoM yathA 't' kA 'd', 'n' kA 'Na' Adi kA pUrNa abhAva hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, usameM 'lAjA' (rAjA) jaisA mAgadhI kA zabdarUpa spaSTataH pAyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra, giranAra ke abhilekhoM meM bhI zaurasenI ke vyAkaraNasammata lakSaNoM kA abhAva hai| unameM ardhamAgadhI ke ve zabdarUpa, jo zaurasenI meM bhI pAye jAte haiM, dekhakara yaha kaha denA ki azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA kSetrIya prabhAvoM se yukta zaurasenI meM hai, yaha ucita nahIM hai| use ardhamAgadhI to mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu zaurasenI kadApi nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| pAThakoM ko svayaM nirNaya karane ke lie yahA~ dillI ToparA ke azoka ke abhilekhoM kA mUlapATha prastuta hai dillI TopArA stambha prathama abhilekha (dharmapAlana se ihaloka se paraloka kI prApti) (uttarAbhimukha) 1. devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAja hevaM AhA (1) saDuvIsati2. vasa abhisitena me iyaM dhamalipi likhApitA (2) 3. hidatapAlate dusaMpaTipAdaye aMnata agAyA dhamakAmatAyA 4. . agAyapalIkhAyA agAya susUyAyA agena bhayena 5. agana usAhenA (3) esa cukho mama anusathiyA dhaMmA6. pekhA dhamakAmatA cAsuve suve vaDitA vaDIsati cevA (4) 7. pulisA pica me ukasA cAgevayAcA majhimA cA anuvidhIyaMtI

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8. saMpaTipAdayaMti cA alaM capalaM samAdapayitave (5) hememA aMta9. mahAmAta pi ( 6 ) esa hi vidhi yA iyaM dhaMmena pAlanA dhaMmena vidhAne 10. dhaMmena sukhiyanA dhaMmena gotI ti (7) dvitIya abhilekha (uttarAbhimukha ) 1. devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAja 2. hevaM AhA (1) dhaMme sAdhU kiyaM dhaMme ti (2) apAsinave vahukayAne 3. dayA dAne socaye (3) cakhudAne pi me bahuvidhe dine (4) dupada 4. catupadesu pakhivAlicalesu vividhe me anugahe kaTe A pAna 5. 6. 7. dAkhinAye (5) aMnAni pi ca me bahUni kayAnAni kaTAni (6) etAye me aThAye iyaM dhaMmalipi likhApitA hevaM anupaTipajaMtu cilaM thitikA ca hotU tIti (7) ye ca hevaM saMpaTipajIsati se sukaTaM kachatIti / tRtIya abhilekha (uttarAbhimukha ) AtmanirIkSaNa 1. devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAja hevaM ahA (1) kayAnaM meva dekhati iyaM me 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. kayAne kaTe ti (2) no mina pApaM dekhati iyaM me pApe kaTe ti iyaM vA Asinave nAmAti (3) dupaTivekhe cu kho esA (4) hevaM cu kho esa dekhiye (5) imAni AsinavagAmIni nAma atha caMDiye niThaliye kodhe mAne isyA kAlanena va hakaM mA palibhasayisaM (6) esa bAr3ha dekhiye ( 7 ) iyaM me hidatikAye iyaMmana me pAlatikAye

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caturtha abhilekha (pazcimAbhimukha) (rajjakoM ke adhikAra aura karttavya) 1. devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAja hevaM AhA (1) saDuvIsativasa 2. abhisitena me iyaM dhaMmalipi likhApitA (2) lajUkA me 3. bahUsu pAnasatasahasesu janasi AyatA ( 3 ) tesaM ye abhihAle vA pavatayevU janasa jAnapadasA hitasukhaM upadahevUpavata 4. daMDe vA atapatiye me kaTe kiMti lajUkA asvatha abhItA 5. kaMmAni pavatayevU janasa jAnapadasA hitasukhaM upadahevU 6. anugahineva ca (4) sukhIyanaM dukhIyanaM jAnisaMti dhaMmayutena ca 7. viyovadisaMti janaM jAnapada kiMti hidataM ca pAlataM ca 8. AlAdhayevU ti ( 5 ) lajUkA pi laghaMti paTicalitave maM (6) pulisAni pi me 9. chaMdanAni paTicalisaMti (7) te pica kAni viyovadisaMti yena maM lajUkA 10. caghaMti AlAdhayitave (8) athA hi pajaM viyatAye dhAtiye nisijitu 11. asvathe hoti viyata dhAti jaghati me pajaM sukhaM palihaTave 12. hevaM mamA lajUkA kaTA jAnapadasa hitasukhAye (9) yena ete abhItA 13. asvatha saMtaM avimanA kaMmAni pavatayevU ti etena me lajUkAnaM 14. abhihAle va daMDe vA atapatiye kaTe (10) ichitaviye hi esA kiMti 15. viyohAlasamatA ca siya daMDasamatA cA (11) ava ite pica me Avuti 16. baMdhanabadAnaM munisAnaM tIlitadaMDAnaM patavadhAnaM tiMni divasAni me 17. yote dine (12) nAtikA va kAni nijhapayisaMti jIvitAye tAnaM 18. nAsaMte vA nijhapayitA vA naM dAhaMti pAlatikaM upavAsaM va kachaMti (13) 19. ichA hi me hevaM niludhasi pi kAlasi pAlataM AlAdhayevU ti (14) janasa ca 20. bar3hati vividhe dhaMmacalane saMyame dAnasavibhAge ti (15)

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paJcama abhilekha (dakSiNAbhimukha) (jIvoM kA abhayadAna) 1. devAnaMpriye piyadasi lAja hevaM ahA (1) saDuvIsativasa2. abhisitena me imAni jAtAni avadhiyAni kaTAni seyathA 3. suke sAlikA alune cakavAke haMse naMdImukhe gelATe 4. jaMtUkA aMbAkapIlikA daLI anaThikamache vedaveyake 5. gaMgA pupuTake saMkujamache kaphaTasayake paMnasase simale 6. saMkaDe okapiMDe palasate setakapote gAmakapote 8. 7. save catupade ye paTibhAgaM no eti na ca khAdiyatI (2).... ri eLakA cA sakUlI cA gabhinI vA pAyamInA va avadhiya pa take 9. pica kAni AsaMmAsike (3) vadhikukuTe no kaTaviye (4) tuse sajIve 10. na jhApetaviye (5) dAve anaThAye vA vihisAye vA no jhApetaviye (6) 11. jIvena jIve no pusitaviye (7) tIsu cAtuMmAsIsu tisAyaM puMnamAsiya 12. tiMni divasAni cAvudasaM paMnaDasaM paTipadAye dhuvAye cA 13. anuposathaM mache avadhiye no pi viketaviye (8) etAni yevA divasAni 14. nAgavanasi kevaTabhogasi yAni aMnAni pi jIvanikAyAni 15. nahaMtaviyAni (9) aThamIpakhAye cAvudasAye paMnaDasAye tisAye 16. punAvasune tIsu cAtuMmAsIsu sudivasAye gone no nIlakhiviye 17. ajake eDake sUkale e vA pi aMne nIlakhiyate no vIlakhitaviye (10) 18. tisAye punAvasune cAtuMmAsiye cAtuMmAsi pakhAye asvasA gonasA 19. lakhane no kaTaviye (11) yAvasaDuvIsativasa abhisitena me etAye 20. aMtalikAye paMnavIsati baMdhanamokhAni kaTAni (12) SaSTha abhilekha 100

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(a-pUrvAbhimukha) _ (dharmavRddhiH dharma ke prati anurAga) 1. devAnAMpiye piyadasilAja hevaM ahA (1) duvADasa 2. vasa abhisitena me dhamaliTi likhApitA lokasA 3. hitasukhAye setaM apahaTA taMtaM dhamavaDi pApovA (?) 4. hevaM lokasA hitasukheti paTivekhAmi atha iyaM 5. nAtisuhevaM patiyAsanesuhevaM apakaTesu 6. kima kAni sukhaM avahAmI ti tathaca vidahAmi (3) hemevA 7. savanikAyesupaTivekhAmi (4) sava pAsaMDA pime pUjitA 8. vividhAya pUjAyA (5) ecuiyaM atanA pacUpagamane 9. seme mokhyamate (6) saDuvisati vasa adhisitena me 10. iyaM dhamalipi likhApitA (7) . saptama abhilekha (a) pUrvAbhimukha (dharmapracAra kA siMhAvalokana) 1. devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAjA hevaM AhA (1) ye atikaMtaM 2. aMtalaM lAjAne husuhevaM ichisukathaM jane 3. dhaMmavaDiyA var3heyA nocujane anulupAyA dhamavaDiyA 4. vaDithA (2) etaM devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAjA hevaM AhA (3) esa me 5. huthA (4) atikaMtaM caaMtalaM hevaM ichisulAjAne kathaMjane 6. anulupAyA dhaMmavaDiyA vaDheyA tino cajane anulupAyA 7. dhaMmavaDiyA vaDithA (5) se kinasujane anupaTipajeyA (6) 8. kinasujane anulupAyA dhaMmavaDiyA vaDheyA ti (7) kinasukAni

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9. abhyuMnAmayehaM dhaMmavaDiyA ti (8) devAnaMpiye pidadasi lAjA hevaM 10. AhA (9) esa me huthA (10) dhaMmasAvanAni sAvApayAmi dhaMmAnusathini 11. anusAsAmi (11) etaM jane sutu anupaTIpajIsati abhyuMnamisati 12. dhaMmavaDiyA ca vADaM vaDisati ( 12 ) etAye me aThAye dhaMmasAvanAni sAvApitAni dhaMmAnusathini vividhAni Ana pitAni ya ......... sA pi bahune janasi AyatA e te paliyo vadisaMti pipavithalisaMti pi (13) lajUkA pi bahukesu pAnasahasesu AyatA te pi me anapitA hevaM ca hevaM ca paliyovadAtha 13. janaM dhaMmayutaM (14) devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAjA hevaM AhA (15) etameva me anuvekhamAne dhaMmathaMbhAni kaTAni dhaMmamahAmAtA kaTA dhaMma... kaTe (16) devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAjA heva AhA (17) magesu pi me nigohAni lopApitAni chAyopagAni hosaMti pasumunisAnaM aMbAvaDikyA lopApitA (17) aDhakAsikyAni pi me udupAnAni 14. khAnApApitAni nisiDhayA ca kAlApitA ( 18 ) ApAnAni me bahukAni tata tata kAlapitAni paTIbhogAye pasumunisAnaM (19) la... esa paTIbhoge nAma (20) vividhAyA hi sukhApanAyA pulimehi pi lAjIhi mamayA ca sukhayite loke (21) imaM cu dhaMmAnu paTIpatI anupaTIpajaMtu ti etadathA me 15. esa kaTe (22) devAnaMpiye piyadasi hevaM AhA (23) dhaMmamahAmAtA pi me te bahuvidhesu aThesu Anugahikesu viyApaTAse pavajItAnaM ceva gihithAnaM ca sava... Desu pi ca viyApaTAse (24) saMghaThasi pi me kaTe ime viyApaTA hohaMti ti hemeva bAbhanesu AjIvikesa pi me kaTe 16. ime viyApaTA hoMhaMti ti nigaThesu pi me kaTe ime viyApaTA hohaMti nAnApAsaMDesu pi me kaTe ime viyApaTA hohaMti ti paTivisiThaM paTIvisiThaM tesu tesu te...mAtA (25) dhaMmamahAmAtA cume etesu ceva viyApaTA savesu ca pAsaMDesu (26) devAnaMpiye piyadasi lAjA hevaM AhA (27) 17. ete ca aMne ca bahukA mukhA dAna - visagasi viyApaTAse mama ce va devinaM c| savasi ca me olodhanasi te bahuvidhena A (kA) lena tAni tAni tuThAyatanAni paTI (pAdayaMti) hida eva disAsu c| dAlakAnAM pi ca me kaTe / aMnAnaM ca devi - kumAlAnaM ime dAnaviMsagesu

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viyApaTA hohaMti ti 18. dhaMmopadAnaThAye dhaMmAnupaTipatiye (28) e hi dhaMmApadAne dhamapaTIpati ca yA iyaM dayA dAne sace socave ca madave sAdhaveca lokasa hevaM vaDisatiti (29) devAnaMpiye pa...salAjA hevaM AhA (30) yAni hi kAnici mamiyA sAdhavAni kaTAni taM loke anapaTopaMne taM ca anuvidhiyaMti (31) tena vaDitAca 19. vaDisaMti ca mAtApitusu sususAyA gulusu sususAyA vayomahAlakAnaM anupaTIpatiyA bAbhanasamanesu kapanavalAkesu Ava dAsabhaTakesu saMpaTIpatiyA (32) devAnaMpiya ... yadasi lAjA hevaM AhA (33) munisAnaMcu yA iyaM dhaMmavaDi vaDitA duvehi yeva AkAlehi dhamaniyamena ca nijhatiyA ca (34) 20. tata cu lahu se dhamaniyame nijhatiyA va bhuye (35) dhamaniyame cu kho esa ye me iyaM kaTe imAni ca imAni jAtAni avadhiyAni (36) anAni picu bahukaM.... dhamaniyamAni yAni me kaTAni (37) nijhatiyAvacu bhuye bhunisAnaM dhamavaDivaDitA avihiMsAye bhutAnaM 21. anAlaMbhAye pAnAnaM (38) se etAye athAye iyaM kaTe putApapotike caMdamasulipike hotu ti tathA ca anupaTIpajaMtuti (39) hevaM hi anupaTIpajaMtaM hidata pAlate Aladhe hoti (4) satavisativasAbhisitena me iyaM dhaMmalivi likhApApitA ti (41) etaM devAnaMpiye AhA (42) iyaM 22. dhamalibi ata athi silArthabhAni vA silA phalakAni vA tata kaTaviyA ena esa cilaThitike siyA (43) ****

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kyA brAhmI lipi meM 'na' aura 'Na' ke lie eka hI AkRti thI? zaurasenI evaM kisI sImA taka mahArASTrI prAkRta kI bhI yaha vizeSatA hai ki usameM 'no NaH sarvatra' arthAt sarvatra 'n' kA 'Na' hotA hai (prAkRtaprakAza, 2/42), jabaki ardhamAgadhI meM 'n' aura 'Na' donoM vikalpa pAye jAte haiN| ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta se bhinna zaurasenI kI dUsarI apanI nijI vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM madhyavartI asaMyukta 't' kA sadaiva 'd' (tRtIya varNa) ho jAtA hai, kintu jaba abhilekhIya prAkRta, vizeSa rUpa se azoka, khAravela aura mathurA ke jaina abhilekhoM meM ye vizeSatAe~ parilakSita nahIM huIM, to zaurasenI kI atiprAcInatA kA dAvA khokhalA siddha hone lagA, ataH apane bacAva meM DaoN.sudIpa jaina ne AdhArahIna eka zagUphA chor3A yA AdhArahIna tathya prastuta kiyA aura vaha bhI bhAratIyalipivad aura purAtattvavettA paM. gaurIzaMkarajI ojhA ke nAma se, ki brAhmI lipi meM 'n' aura 'Na' vargoM ke lie eka hI AkRti (lipi akSara) prayukta hotI thI, kintu unhoMne unake isa kathana kA koI bhI pramANa yA saMdarbha prastuta nahIM kiyaa| mujhe to aisA lagatA hai ki sudIpajI ko jaba kabhI apane samarthana meM aprAmANika rUpa se kucha golamAla karanA hotA hai, to ve kisI bar3e vyakti kA nAma de dete haiM, kintu yaha ullekha nahIM karate ki unakA yaha kathana amuka pustaka ke amuka saMskaraNa meM amuka pRSTha para hai| variSTha vidvAnoM ke nAma se binA pramANa ke bhrAmaka pracAra karanA unakI vizeSatA hai| maiMne jaba apane lekhoM 'n' aura 'Na' meM prAcIna kauna? aura 'azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA' meM yaha siddha kara diyA

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ki prAkRta meM 'n' kA prayoga hI prAcIna hai aura 'N' kA prayoga paravartI hai, to unhoMne paM. ojhA ke nAma se apane sampAdakIya meM binA prAmANika sandarbha diye yaha likhanA prArambha kara diyA ki IsA pUrva ke brAhmI zilAlekhoM meM 'n' varNa aura 'N' varNa ke lie eka hI AkRti kA prayoga hotA thaa| DaoN. sudIpajI isa sambandha meM prAkRtavidyA, apraila-jUna 1997, pR.7 para evaM janavarI-mArca 1998, pR. 7-8 para kramazaH likhate haiM ki - 'isI prakAra prAkRta ke 'no NaH sarvatra' niyama kA apavAda ina zilAlekhoM meM prAyaH 'n' pATha kI upalabdhi batAyA gayA hai| sva. ojhAjI ne isakA samAdhAna dete hue likhA hai ki prAcIna bhAratIya lipiyoM, vizeSataH brAhmI lipi meM 'n' evaM 'N' varNoM ke lie eka hI AkRti (lipi akSara) prayukta hote the| jaise ki aMgrejI meM (ena) kA prayoga 'n' evaM 'N' donoM ke lie hotA hai| taba use 'n' par3hA hI kyoM jAye ? jaba prAkRta meM 'N' kAra ke prayoga kA hI vidhAna hai aura use ukta niyamAnusAra 'N' par3hA jA sakatA hai, to eka kRtrima vivAda kI kyA sadAzayatA ho sakatI hai ? kintu pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne 'n' pATha rakha diyA aura use dekhakara hamane kaha diyA ki zilAlekhoM kI prAkRta meM 'N' kA prayoga nahIM hai| kaI sAhasI vidvAna to isake bAre meM yahA~ taka kaha gaye haiM ki prAkRta meM 'n' kA prayoga prAcIna hai aura 'N' kA prayoga paravartI hai| yaha vastutaH eka avicArita, zIghratAvaza kiyA gayA vacana-prayoga mAtra hai| jo vidvAn IsA pUrva ke zilAlekhoM meM 'n' kAra ke prayoga kA pramANa dete haiM, ve vastutaH zilAlekhoM evaM prAkRta ke itivRtta se vastutaH paricita hI nahIM haiN| vastusthiti yaha hai ki IsA pUrva ke zilAlekhoM meM prayukta lipi meM 'n' varNa evaM 'N' varNa ke lie eka hI AkRti kA prayoga hotA thA- yaha tathya mahAn lipivizeSajJa evaM purAtattvavettA rAyabahAdura gaurIzaMkara hIrAcandajI ojhA ne apanI pustaka 'prAcIna bhAratIya lipimAlA' meM spaSTataH ghoSita kiyA hai : : 1. isa sandarbha meM prathama Apatti to yahI hai ki yadi paM. gaurIzaMkarajI ojhA ne aisA likhA hai, to bhAI sudIpajI sasaMdarbha use uddhRt kyoM nahIM karate ki paM. ojhAjI ne amuka grantha ke amuka saMskaraNa meM amuka pRSTha para yaha likhA hai? yA to ve isakA spaSTa rUpa se pramANa deM, anyathA vidvAnoM ke nAma se vyartha bhrama na phailaayeN| 105

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2. unhoMne paM. gaurIzaMkarajI ojhA kA nAma lekara isa bAta ko ki IsvI pUrva ke zilAlekhoM meM 'n' aura 'Na' ke lie eka hI AkRti kA prayoga hotA thAprAkRtavidyA, apraila-jUna 1997, pR.7 para aura prAkRtavidyA, janavarI-mArca 1998, pR.8 para uddhRta kiyA hai| prAkRtavidyA, apraila-jUna 1997, pR.7 para ojhAjI ke nAma se ve likhate haiM 'prAcIna bhAratIya lipiyoM, vizeSataH brAhmI lipi meM 'n' aura 'Na' vargoM ke lie eka hI AkRti (lipi akSara) prayukta hotI thI', jabaki prAkRtavidyA, janavarI-mArca 1998, pR.8 para ve likhate haiM ki 'IsA pUrva ke zilAlekhoM meM prayukta lipi meM 'n' varNa aura 'Na' varNa ke lie eka hI AkRti kA prayoga hotA thaa|' ina donoM sthAnoM para kathya cAhe eka ho, kintu unakA bhASAyI prArUpa bhinna bhinna hai| kisI bhI vyakti kA koI bhI uddharaNa cAhe kitanI hI bAra uddhRt kiyA jAye, usakA bhASAyI svarUpa eka hI hotA hai| yahA~ isa vividhatA kA tAtparya yahI hai ki ve paM. ojhAjI ke kathana ko apane DhaMga se tor3a-maror3a kara prastuta kara rahe haiN| vaise sudIpajI isa vidhA meM pAraMgata haiM, ve binA prAmANika sandarbha ke kisI bhI bar3e vidvAn ke nAma para kucha bhI tor3a-maror3a kara kaha dete haiM, kintu unheM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki paM. gaurIzaMkarajI ojhA divaMgata haiM, unake sandarbha meM jo kucha likheM, usake lie unake grantha, saMskaraNa aura pRSTha saMkhyA kA avazya ullekha kareM; kyoMki apanI pustaka bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA ke lipi patra kramAMka 1, 4, 6 (sabhI I.pU.) meM svayaM ojhAjI ne brAhmI lipi meM 'n' aura 'Na' kI AkRtiyoM meM rahe antara ko spaSTa rUpa se nirdiSTa kiyA hai| azoka ke abhilekhoM meM giranAra abhilekha ke AdhAra para nirmita lipipatra kramAMka 1 (IsA pUrva 3 rI zatI) meM unhoMne 'n' aura 'Na' kI AkRtiyoM kA yaha antara nirdiSTa kiyA hai, usameM 'n' ke lie (1) aura 'Na' ke lie (1) ye AkRtiyA~ haiM, isa prakAra donoM AkRtiyoM meM AMzika nikaTatA to hai, kintu donoM eka nahIM haiN| punaH sva. ojhAjI ne azoka ke abhilekha kA jo 'lipyantaraNa' kiyA hai, usameM bhI kahIM bhI unhoMne 'Na' nahIM par3hA sarvatra use dantya n ()arthAt 'n' hI par3hA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, unhoMne isa lipipatra meM 'n' ke do rUpoM (4) evaM (1) kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai aura mAtra itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne yaha bhI batAyA hai ki mAtrA lagane para

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dantya na aura mUrddhanya Na kI AkRtiyA~ kisa prakAra banatI haiM yathA - "ni' (1) 'nu' (1) 'no' (1) / isake viparIta, mUrddhanya 'N' para 'e' kI mAtrA lagane para jo AkRti banatI hai, vaha bilkula bhinna hai yathA 'Ne' (3) / isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki azokaM ke kAla meM brAhmI lipi meM 'n' aura 'Na' kI AkRti eka nahIM thii| jJAtavya hai ki azoka ke abhilekhoM meM jahAM giranAra ke abhilekha meM na (1) aura Na (1) donoM vikalpa se utkIrNa milate haiM, vahAM uttara-pUrva ke abhilekhoM meM prAyaH n (.) hI milatA hai| yaha tathya paM. ojhAjI ke lipipatra do se siddha hotA hai| lipipatra tIna, jo rAmagar3ha, nAgArjunI guphA, bharahuta aura sAMcI ke stUpa lekhoM para AdhArita hai, usameM bhI 'n' aura 'Na' donoM kI alaga-alaga AkRtiyA~ haiM- usameM na ke lie (I) aura Na ke lie (5) AkRtiyA~ haiN| I.pU. dUsarI zatAbdI se jaba akSaroM para sire bA~dhanA prArambha hue to n aura N kI AkRti samarUpa na ho jAe, isase bacane hetu 'Na' kI AkRti meM thor3A parivartana kiyA gayA aura use kiJcit bhinna prakAra se likhA jAne lagA na / ni + no / Na : NI + No + isI prakAra, lipipatra cauthe se bhI yahI siddha hotA hai ki I.pU. meM brAhmI abhilekhoM meM 'n' aura 'Na' kI AkRtiyA~ bhinna thiiN| lipipatra pA~ca jo pabhosA aura mathurA ke I.pU. prathama zatI ke abhilekhoM para AdhArita hai, usameM jo lekha paM. ojhAjI ne uddhRta kiyA hai, usameM bhI 'n' aura 'Na' kI AkRtiyA~ bhinna bhinna hI haiN| sAtha hI usameM 'Na' kA prayoga virala hai| usa lekhAMza meM jahA~ pA~ca bAra 'n' kA prayoga hai vahA~ 'Na' kA prayoga mAtra do bAra hI hai, arthAt 70 pratizata n hai aura 30 pratizata N hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha mathurA, jise zaurasenI kA utpatti sthala mAnA jAtA hai aura jahA~ kI bhASA para 'No naHsarvatra' kA siddhAnta lAgU kiyA jAtA hai, vahA~ bhI I.pU. prathama zatI meM jaba yaha sthiti hai, to usa tathAkathita zaurasenI kI prAcInatA kA dAvA kitanA AdhArahIna hai, yaha svataH siddha ho jAtA hai| mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM IsA kI prathama-dUsarI zatI taka bhI 'No naH sarvatra' aura madhyavartI 't' ke 'd' hone kA dAvA karane vAlI usa tathAkathita zaurasenI kA kahIM atA patA hI nahIM hai| I. san kI prathama-dUsarI zatI ke lipipatra sAta ke avalokana se jJAta hotA hai ki

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dakSiNa bhArata meM, vizeSa rUpa se nAsika ke zaka uSavadAt (RSabhadatta) ke abhilekha meM, 'n' aura 'Na' kI AkRti pUrvavat arthAt (A) aura (Z) ke rUpa meM sthira rahI hai aura isa lekhAMza meM 54 pratizata 'n' aura 46 pratizata 'Na' ke prayoga haiM tathA 'Na' ke pA~ca rUpa aura 'n' ke tIna rUpa pAye jAte haiM-yathA 'Na' ,x, x, x, x 'n' .. isa samagra vivecana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki IsvI pUrva tIsarI zatI se arthAt jaba se abhilikhita sAmagrI prApta hotI hai 'n' aura 'Na' ke lie brAhmI lipi meM sadaiva hI bhinnabhinna AkRtiyA~ rahI haiM, jisakA spaSTa nirdeza paM. gaurIzaMkarajI ojhA ne apane uparokta lipipatroM meM kiyA hai, ataH unake nAma para DaoN.sudIpajI kA yaha kathana nitAnta mithyA hai ki 'jaba brAhmI lipi meM n aura Na ke lie eka hI AkRti kA prayoga hotA thA, to use 'n' par3hA hI kyoM jAe?' jaba n aura Na ke lie prArambha se hI brAhmI lipi meM alagaalaga AkRtiyA~ nizcita haiM, to phira 'n' ko n aura 'Na' ko N hI par3hanA hogaa| punaH, jahA~ pUrva evaM uttara bhArata ke azoka ke abhilekhoM meM prAyaH 'Na' kA abhAva hai, vahIM pazcimI bhArata ke usake abhilekhoM meM kvacit rUpa se 'Na' ke prayoga dekhe jAte haiM, kintu isa vizleSaNa se eka nayA tathya yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki madhyapradeza evaM pazcima bhArata meM bhI 'Na' ke prayoga meM kAlakrama meM bhI abhivRddhi huI hai| jahA~ uttara pUrva evaM madhyabhArata ke I.pU. tIsarI zatI ke azoka ke abhilekhoM meM 'Na' kA prAyaH abhAva hai, vahIM pazcimI bhArata ke usake abhilekhoM meM 'Na' kA prayoga 10 pratizata se kama hai| usake pazcAt I.pU. prathama zatI ke mathurA aura pabhosA ke abhilekhoM meM 'Na' kA prayoga 25 pratizata se 30 pratizata milatA hai, kintu isake lagabhaga do sau varSa pazcAt pazcima-dakSiNa meM nAsika ke abhilekha meM yaha bar3hakara 50 pratizata ho jAtA hai| isase bhI yaha siddha hotA hai ki 'Na'kAra pradhAna zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI prAkRteM 'n' kAra pradhAna mAgadhI yA ardhamAgadhI kI apekSA paravartI kAla meM vikasita huI haiN| ataH, mAgadhI yA ardhamAgadhI kI apekSA zaurasenI kI prAcInatA kA tathA brAhmI abhilekhoM meM n aura Na ke lie eka AkRti ke prayoga kA paM. ojhAjI ke nAma se pracArita DaoN.sudIpajI kA dAvA bhrAmaka hai| . bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA meM paM. ojhAjI dvArA hI prastuta ukta tathya unake isa

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bhrama ko tor3ane meM paryApta haiM ki prAcInakAla meM brAhmI lipi meM 'n' aura 'N' ke lie eka hI lipi kA prayoga hotA thaa| DaoN. sudIpajI ne paM. ojhA ke mantavya ko kisa prakAra tor3Amaror3A hai, yaha tathya to mujhe ojhAjI kI pustaka bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA ke AdyopAnta adhyayana ke bAda hI patA claa| lipipatra 67, jo kharoSThI lipi se sambandhita hai, ke vivecana meM bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA, pR.100 para paM. ojhA likhate haiM ki 'yaha lipipatra kSatrapa rAjula ke samaya ke mathurA se mile hue siMhAkRti vAle stambha sire ke lekhoM, takSazilA se mile hue kSatrapa patika ke tAmralekha aura vahIM se mile hue eka patthara ke pAtra para ukere lekha se taiyAra kiyA gayA hai| isa lipipatra ke akSaroM meM 'u' kI mAtrA kA rUpa granthi banAyA hai aura 'n' tathA 'N' meM bahudhA spaSTa antara nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| mathurA ke lekhoM meM kahIM-kahIM 't' 'n' tathA 'r' meM bhI spaSTa antara nahIM hai|' isake pazcAt ojhAjI ne eka abhilekha kA vaha aMza diyA, jisakA nAgarI akSarAntara isa prakAra hai 'sihilena siharachitena ca bhatarehi takhazilAe ayaM yuvo pratithavito savabudhana puyae' isakI pAdaTippaNI meM punaH ojhAjI likhate haiM ki - 'sihilena se lagAkara puyae' taka ke isa lekha meM tIna bAra 'N' yA 'n' AyA hai, jisakoM donoM taraha se par3ha sakate haiM, kyoMki usa samaya ke AsapAsa ke kharoSThI lipi ke kitane hI lekhoM meM 'n' aura 'N' meM spaSTa bheda nahIM pAyA jaataa| paM. ojhAjI ke zabdoM se hI yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jo bAta unhoMne kharoSThI lipi ke sandarbha meM kahI hai, use sudIpajI ne kaise brAhmI para lAgU kara diyA ? prAkRtavidyA, apraila-jUna 1997 meM ve bar3e dAve ke sAtha likhate haiM ki 'prAcIna bhAratIya lipi, vizeSataH brAhmI lipi, meM 'n' aura 'N' ke lie eka hI AkRti ( lipi akSara) prayukta hotI thii|' yA to ve isa tathya ko hI kahIM pramANa rUpa se prastuta kareM athavA variSTha vidvAnoM ke nAma se apane pakSa ke samarthana meM bhrAmaka rUpa se tor3a-maror3a kara tathyoM ko prastuta na kreN| yaha lipipatra evaM lekha-sabhI kharoSThI se sambandhita haiN| punaH, yahA~ bhI ojhAjI ne svayaM 'n' hI par3hA hai, 'N' nahIM, mAtra pAda TippaNI meM anya sambhAvanA ke sambandha meM spaSTIkaraNa diyA hai| ise bhI 'n' hI kyoM par3hA jAe 'Na' kyoM nahIM par3hA jAe isake bhI kAraNa haiN| sarvaprathama to hameM usa lekha kI bhASA ke svarUpa, kSetra evaM kAla kA vicAra karanA hogA, phira yaha dekhanA 109

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hogA ki usa kAla meM usa kSetra meM kisa prakAra kI bhASA pracalita thI, kyoMki deza aura kAla ke bheda se bhASA kA svarUpa badalatA hai aura usakI uccAraNa zailI bhI badalatI hai| ___ paM. jagamohana varmA (prAcIna bhAratIya lipimAlA, pR.30) kA to yahA~ taka kahanA hai ki T, t, D, da, Na.. ye mUrddhanya varNa pAzcAtya anAryoM ke prabhAva se bhAratIya Arya bhASA meM sammilita kiye gye| unakI yaha avadhAraNA kitanI satya hai yaha vivAda kA viSaya ho sakatA hai, kintu AnubhAvika stara para itanA to satya hai ki uttara-pazcima kI boliyoM aura bhASAoM meM Aja bhI inakA prayoga apekSAkRta adhika hotA hai| prAkRtoM meM bhI paravartI prAkRtoM aura apabhraMzoM meM hI apekSAkRta inakA prayoga adhika hotA hai| kharoSThI lipi meM 'n' ko mUrdhanya 'Na' par3hA jAye athavA dantya 'n' par3hA jAye, isakA samAdhAna yaha hai ki jahA~ taka sAhabAjagar3hI aura mAnserA ke azoka ke abhilekhoM kA prazna hai, ve cAhe kharoSThI lipi meM likhe gaye haiM, kintu unakI bhASA mUlataH mAgadhI hI hai, ataH usa kAla kI mAgadhI bhASA kI prakRti ke anusAra unameM Aye hue 'n' ko dantya 'n' hI par3hanA hogaa| punaH, ve hI lekha jina-jina sthAnoM para brAhmIlipi utkIrNa hue haiM aura yadi vahA~ unameM Aye 'n' ko yadi dantya 'n' ke rUpa meM utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai, to yahA~ bhI hameM unheM dantya 'na' ke rUpa meM par3hanA hogA, kyoMki uccAraNa/ paThana bhASA kI prakRti ke AdhAra para hotA hai, lipi kI prakRti ke AdhAra para nhiiN| Aja bhI aMgrejI meM uccAraNa bhASA kI prakRti ke AdhAra para hI hotA hai| akSara kI AkRti ke AdhAra para nhiiN| udAharaNArtha (C) kA uccAraNa 'ka', kabhI 'za' aura kabhI 'ca' hotA hai| yahA~ bhI hameM yaha svatantratA nahIM hai ki apanI icchA se koI bhI uccAraNa kara leN| eka dUsarA udAharaNa leM, yadi saMskRta yA hindI bhASA kA koI zabda romana meM likhA gayA hai aura yadi usake lekhana meM DAIkriTikala cihnoM kA upayoga nahIM kiyA gayA hai to hameM una romana varNoM kA uccAraNa saMskRta yA hindI kI prakRti ke AdhAra para karanA hogA, romana lipi ke AdhAra para nhiiN| ataH, mAgadhI bhASA ke kharoSThI lipi meM likhe gaye lekha kA uccAraNa to mAgadhI kI prakRti ke AdhAra para hI hogA aura mAgadhI kI prakRti ke AdhAra para vahA~ 'n' hI par3hanA hogA, 'Na' nhiiN| punaH, kharoSThI lipi meM paizAcI prAkRta ke bhI lekha haiM, unakA uccAraNa paizAcI prAkRta ke AdhAra para hI hogaa| jJAtavya hai ki paizAcI prAkRta meM to 'Na' kA bhI 'n' hotA hai| isa

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sambandha meM maiM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara svayaM DaoN.sudIpajI dvArA uddhRta prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana kA sUtra de rahA hU~-na NoH paizAcyAM (3/2/43) arthAt vaizAkhI prAkRta meM 'Na' kA bhI 'n' hotA hai, ataH paizAcI prAkRta ke kharoSThI lipi meM likhe gaye abhilekhoM meM, cAhe vahA~ lipi meM 'Na' aura 'n' meM antara nahIM ho, vahA~ bhI paizAcIprAkRta kI prakRti ke anusAra vaha 'n' hI hai aura use 'n' hI par3hanA hogaa| isake atirikta, eka sabase mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki paizAcI prAkRta meM 'n' aura 'Na' kI alaga vyavasthA na ho aura usameM sarvatra 'n' kA prayoga vihita ho tathA isI kAraNa paravartI kharoSThI abhilekhoM meM 'Na' ke lie koI alaga se lipyakSara na ho, kintu ardhamAgadhI meM 'n' aura 'Na'-donoM vikalpa pAye jAte haiM, ataH azoka ke mAgadhI ke abhilekha jaba mAnserA aura zAhabAjagar3hI meM kharoSThI meM utkIrNa hue, to unameM 'Na' aura 'na' ke lie alaga-alaga lipyakSara nirdhArita hue haiN| paM. ojhAjI ne bhI apanI pustaka meM kharoSThI ke prathama lipipatra kramAMka 65 meM 'Na' aura 'n' ke lie alaga-alaga lipyakSaroM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM usa lipipatra meM unhoMne 'Na' kI do AkRtiyoM kA evaM 'n' kI cAra AkRtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai Na= + + 100 na =+ SSS isa AdhAra para yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki kharoSThI lipi meM bhI I.pU. tIsarI zatI meM 'n' aura 'Na' ke lie alaga-alaga AkRtiyA~ rahI haiN| punaH, jaba koI kisI dUsarI bhASA ke zabdarUpa kisI aisI lipi meM likhe jAte haiM, jisameM usa bhASA meM prayukta kucha svara yA vyaJjana nahIM hote haiM, to unheM spaSTa karane ke lie usakI nikaTavartI dhvani vAle svara evaM vyaJjana kI AkRti meM kucha parivartana karake unheM spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai, jaise-romana lipi meM G, J, N kA abhAva hai, ataH usameM inheM spaSTa karane ke lie kucha viziSTa saMketa cihna jor3e gaye, yathA- yaha sthiti kharoSThI lipi meM rahI hai, jaba unheM mAgadhI ke abhilekha kharoSThI lipi meM utkIrNa karanA hue, unhoMne n (5) kI AkRti meM AMzika parivartana kara 'Na' (8) kI vyavasthA kii| ataH, kharoSThI meM bhI jaba azoka ke abhilekha likhe gaye, to n aura N ke antara kA dhyAna rakhA gyaa| ataH, paM. ojhAjI ke nAma para yaha kahanA ki prAcIna lipi meM 'Na'

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aura 'n' ke lie eka lipyakSara prayukta hotA thA, nitAnta bhrAmaka hai / punaH, prAcIna lipiyoM meM 'N' evaM 'n' ke lie alaga-alaga AkRtiyAM milane kA tAtparya yaha bhI nahIM hai ki prAcIna prAkRtoM meM 'N' kA prAdhAnya thA / mAgadhI Adi prAcIna prAkRtoM meM prAdhAnya to 'n' kA hI thA, kintu vikalpa se kahIM-kahIM 'N' kA prayoga hotA thA / prAkRtoM meM mUrddhanya 'N' kA prayoga kramazaH kisa prakAra bar3hatA gayA, isakI carcA bhI hama zilAlekhoM ke AdhAra para pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| saMkSepa meM, brAhmIlipi ke azokakAlIna mAgadhI abhilekhoM meM prArambha se hI jaba 'na' aura 'N kI svataMtra AkRtiyA~ nirdhArita haiM to unameM utkIrNa 'n' ko 'N' nahIM par3hA jA sakatA hai, punaH kharoSThI lipi meM bhI mAgadhI aura paizAcI prAkRtoM kI prakRti ke anusAra 'n' hI par3hanA hogaa| bhAI sudIpajI ne prAkRtavidyA, apraila-jUna 1997 ke 'sabase bar3A abhizApaH aMgUThA chApa' nAmaka zIrSaka se prakAzita sampAdakIya meM likhA hai 'isI prakAra prAkRta ke 'no NaH sarvatra' niyama kA apavAda ina zilAlekhoM meM prAyazaH 'n' pATha kI upalabdhi batAyA gayA hai| sva. ojhAjI ne isakA samAdhAna dete hue likhA hai ki prAcIna bhAratIya lipiyoM, vizeSataH brAhmI lipi meM 'n' evaM 'N' varNoM ke lie eka hI AkRti (lipi akSara) prayukta hotI thii| jaise ki aMgrejI meM 'N' kA prayoga 'n' evaM 'N' donoM ke lie hotA hai, taba use 'na' par3hA hI kyoM jAye ? jaba prAkRta meM 'Na'kAra ke prayoga kA hI vidhAna hai aura use ukta niyamAnusAra 'N' par3hA jA sakatA hai; to eka kRtrima vivAda kI kyA sadAzayatA ho sakatI hai ? kintu pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne 'n' pATha rakha diyA aura use dekhakara hamane kaha diyA ki zilAlekhoM kI prAkRta meM 'n' kA prayoga prAcIna hai aura 'N' kA prayoga paravartI hai| yaha vastutaH eka avicArita, zIghratAvaza kiyA gayA vacana-prayoga mAtra hai|' unakI ye sthApanAe~ kitanI nirAdhAra aura bhrAnta haiM, yaha uparyukta carcA se spaSTa hai1. no NaH sarvatra ke niyama kA apavAda ina zilAlekhoM meM prAyazaH 'n' pATha kI upalabdhi hai, jo uparyukta samasta pramANoM se siddha hotA hai| ataH, zilAlekhIya prAkRta mAgadhI/ardhamAgadhI ke nikaTa hai aura usameM zaurasenI ke donoM viziSTa lakSaNa dantya 'n' ke sthAna para mUrddhanya 'N' aura madhyavartI 't' ke sthAna para 'd' kA abhAva hai| 112

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2. brAhmI lipi meM prArambhika kAla se 'n' aura 'N' ke lie alaga-alaga AkRtiyA~ rahI haiN| yaha bAta paM. gaurIzaMkarajI ojhA ke bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA pustaka ke lipipatroM se hI siddha ho jAtI hai, ataH unake nAma se yaha pracAra karanA ki prAcIna brAhmI lipi meM 'n' evaM 'N' varNoM ke lie eka hI AkRti ( lipi akSara) kA prayoga hotA thA - bhrAmaka aura nirAdhAra hai| zIrSastha vidvAnoM ke kathana ko tor3a-maror3a kara prastuta kara apanI bAta ko siddha karanA bauddhika aprAmANikatA hai aura lagatA hai ki bhAI sudIpajI kisI Agrahavaza aisA karate jA rahe haiN| ve eka asatya ko satya siddha karane ke lie eka ke bAda eka asatyoM kA pratipAdana karate jA rahe haiN| 3. pAzcAtya aura bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne abhilekhoM ke jo bhI pATha nirdhArita kiye haiM, ve suvicArita aura prAmANika haiM, unheM aprAmANika kahane ke pUrva unakA vyApaka tulanAtmaka evaM taTastha adhyayana honA Avazyaka hai| dUsaroM ko 'aMgUThA chApa' kahane ke pahale hameM apanI yathArtha sthiti ko jAna lenA caahie| 4. jo bAta paM. ojhAjI ne kharoSThI lipi ke lipipatra 67 ke sambandha meM kahI ho, use unakI kRti kA adhyayana kiye binA, binA pramANa ke brAhmI ke sambandha meM kaha denA sudIpajI ke ajJAna, aprAmANikatA aura pallavagrAhI pANDitya ko hI prakaTa karatA hai| isa prakAra ke aparipakva aura aprAmANika lekhana se 'aMgUThAchApa' kauna siddha hogA, yaha vicAra kara lenA caahie| 5. prAkRta meM 'n' kA prayoga prAcIna hai aura 'N' kA prayoga paravartI hai - isakI siddhi to abhilekhoM, vizeSa rUpa se zaurasena pradeza evaM mathurA ke prAcIna abhilekhoM meM prArambha meM 'N' kI anupasthiti aura phira usake bAda kAlakrama meM usake pratizata meM huI vRddhi Adi se hI ho jAtI hai, jisakI prAmANika carcA paM. ojhAjI kI pustaka ke AdhAra para hama kara cuke haiM, ataH prAkRta meM 'n' kA athavA vikalpa se n aura N kA prayoga prAcIna hai aura 'no NaH sarvatra' kA siddhAnta aura usako mAnya karane vAlI prAkRteM paravartI haiM, yaha eka suvicArita tathyapUrNa nirNaya hai| 6. rahI bAta vivAda uThAne kI aura sadAzayatA kI, to sudIpajI svayaM hI batAyeM ki zaurasenI ko prAcIna batAne kI dhuna meM 'ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya para nakala karake 113

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kRtrima rUpa se pA~cavI zatI meM zaurasenI AgamoM se nirmita' jaise mithyA Aropa kisane lagAye, vivAda kisane prArambha kiyA aura sadAzayatA kA abhAva kisameM hai| kyA jo vyakti vyaMgya meM apanI patrikA ke sampAdakIya meM vidvAnoM ko aMgUThAchApa batAye aura unakI tulanA bicchU se kare, use sadAzayI mAnA jAyegA, svayaM hI vicAraNIya hai| vastutaH, brAhmI lipi meM 'n' aura 'Na' ke lie eka hI AkRti hotI hai- yaha kahakara bhAI sudIpajI ne zaurasenI kI prAcInatA ko siddha karane ke lie paM. ojhAjI ke nAma para eka chakkA mArane kA prayAsa kiyA, unheM kyA patA thA ki 'kaica' ho jAyegA aura 'AuTa' honA pdd'egaa| ***

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oDmAgadhI prAkRta : eka nayA zaguphA jaba abhilekhIya prAkRta ko zaurasenI prAkRta siddha karane kA prayatna saphala nahIM huA, to DaoN.sudIpajI ne abhilekhIya prAkRta ko oDmAgadhI prAkRta batAne kA eka nayA zagUphA chor3A hai| isa sambandha meM unhoMne prAkRta vidyA, apraila-jUna 1998 meM 'oDmAgadhI prAkRtaH eka paricayAtmaka anuzIlana' nAmaka lekha likhaa| Azcarya yaha hai ki prAkRta bhASA ke DhAI hajAra varSa ke sudIrgha itihAsa meM Aja taka eka bhI vidvAna aisA nahIM haA, jisane oDmAgadhI prAkRta kA kahIM saMketa bhI kiyA ho| vibhinna prAkRtoM ke viziSTa lakSaNoM kA nirdeza karane ke lie aneka prAkRta vyAkaraNa likhe gaye, kintu kisI ne bhI oDmAgadhI prAkRta kA kahIM koI nAmollekha bhI nahIM kiyaa| yaha DaoN. sudIpajI kI anokhI sUjha hai ki unhoMne eka aisI prAkRta kA nirdeza kiyA, jisakA bar3e-bar3e prAkRta bhASAvidoM, itihAsakAroM aura vaiyAkaraNoM ko bhI atA-patA nahIM thaa| nizcita hI aisI adbhuta khoja ke lie ve vidvat varga kI badhAI ke pAtra hote, kintu isake lie hameM yaha to nizcita karanA hogA ki kyA yaha eka tathyapUrNa khoja hai yA mAtra eka shguuphaa| DaoN.sudIpajI ne oDmAgadhI prAkRta kI puSTi ke lie bharatamuni ke nATyazAstra ko pramANa rUpa se prastuta kiyA hai| yaha satya hai ki bharatamuni ne apane nATyazAstra meM nATya kI cAra prakAra kI vRttiyoM-1. AvantI, 2. dAkSiNatyA, 3. paJcAlI aura 4. oDmAgadhI kA 2

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nirdeza kiyA hai, mAtra yahI nahIM ina vRttiyoM (nATyazailiyoM) kI carcA karate hue unhoMne inake vistAra kSetra kI bhI carcA kI hai aura oDmAgadhI vRtti kA kSetra sampUrNa pUrvI bhArata batAyA hai, jo vartamAna meM pazcima meM prayAga se lekara pUrva meM brahmadeza taka aura uttara meM nepAla se lekara dakSiNa meM baMgAla aura dakSiNa ur3IsA ke samudrataTa taka batAyA hai, lekina yahA~ jisa oDmAgadhI vRtti kI carcA kI gaI hai, vaha eka nATya vidyA yA nATyazailI hai| yaha ThIka hai ki vRtti yA zailI kA sambandha usa kSetra kI vezabhUSA, bolacAla, AcAra-paddhati evaM vANijya-vyavasAya Adi se hotA hai, vaha eka saMskRti ko prastuta karatI hai, jisameM uparyukta tathya bhI sannihita hote haiM, phira bhI oDmAgadhI eka nATyazailI hai, na ki eka bhaassaa| bharatamuni ne kahIM bhI usakA ullekha eka bhASA ke rUpa meM nahIM kiyA hai| yaha DaoN. sudIpa kI bhrAmaka kalpanA hai ki eka nATyazailI ko ve eka bhASA siddha kara rahe haiN| Aja jaise oDisI eka nRtyazailI hai| Aja yadi koI 'oDisI' zailI ko bhASA kahe, to vaha usake ajJAna kA hI sUcaka hogaa| usI prakAra oDmAgadhI, jo eka nATyazailI rahI hai, usako eka bhASA kahanA eka dussAhasa hI hogA, jo DaoN.sudIpajI hI kara sakate haiN| yadi oDmAgadhI nAmaka koI bhASA hotI, to do hajAra varSa kI isa avadhi meM saMskRta evaM prAkRta kA koI na koI vidvAn to usakA bhASA ke rUpa meM ullekha karatA athavA saMskRtaprAkRta bhASA ke kisI vyAkaraNa meM usake lakSaNoM kI koI carcA avazya huI hogii| bharatamuni ne apane nATyazAstra meM jahA~ bhI oDmAgadhI kA ullekha kiyA hai, use eka nRtyazailI ke rUpa meM hI prastuta kiyA hai, kahIM bhI usakA bhASA ke rUpa meM ullekha nahIM hai| yaha bAta bhinna hai ki nRtyazailI meM bhI vezabhUSA, bhASA Adi sAMskRtika tattva antarnihita hote haiM, kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM ki oDmAgadhI nAmaka koI bhASA thii| vastutaH oDmAgadhI eka vRtti, pravRtti yA zailI hI thii| bharatamuni aura unake TIkAkAroM aura vyAkhyAkAroM ne sadaiva hI usakA nATyazailI ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai, bhAratIya vAGmaya meM aisA eka bhI sandarbha nahIM hai, jo oDmAgadhI ko eka bhASA ke rUpa meM ullekhita karatA ho| ___vastutaH, oDmAgadhI hai kyA? vaha 'oD' aura 'mAgadhI' ina do zabdoM se banA eka saMyukta zabdarUpa hai, isameM oD vartamAna ur3IsA pradeza kI aura mAgadhI magadha pradeza kI nATyazailI kA sUcaka hai| ur3IsA aura magadha pradeza kI mizrita nATyazailI ko hI

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oDmAgadhI kahA gayA hai, jo sampUrNa pUrvIya bhArata meM pracalita thii| vaha eka mizrita nATyazailI mAtra hai, kintu DaoN. sudIpajI use bhASA mAna baiThe haiN| ve prAkRta-vidyA, aprailajUna 1998, pR.13-14 para likhate haiM- 'oDmAgadhI prAkRta bhASA kA IsA pUrva ke vRhattara bhAratavarSa ke pUrvI kSetra meM pUrNataH varcasva thA, yaha na kevala ina kSetroM meM bolI jAtI thI, apitu sAhitya lekhana Adi bhI isI meM hotA thA, isIlie samrATa khAravela kA kaliMga abhilekhana (hAthI- guphA abhilekha) bhI isI oDmAgadhI prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha hai| ' prathamataH to oDmAgadhI mAtra nATyazailI thI, bhASA nahIM, kyoMki Aja taka eka bhI vidvAn ne isakA bhASA ke rUpa meM ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| punaH, jaisA ki bhAI sudIpajI likhate haiM ki usameM sAhitya lekhana hotA thA, to ve aise eka bhI grantha kA nAmollekha bhI kareM, jo isa oDmAgadhI meM likhA gayA ho| punaH, yadi bakaula unake ise eka bhASA mAna bhI leM, to yaha ur3IsA aura magadha kSetra kI boliyoM ke mizrita rUpa ke atirikta kucha bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki sabhI vidvAnoM ne eka mata se yaha mAnA hai ki ardhamAgadhI mAgadhI aura usake samIpavartI prAdezika boliyoM ke zabdarUpoM se banI eka mizrita bhASA hai| ur3IsA magadha kA samIpavartI pradeza hai, ataH usake zabda svAbhAvika rUpa se usameM sammilita haiM, ataH oDmAgadhI ardhamAgadhI yA usakI eka vizeSa vidhA ke atirikta anya kucha nahIM hai| vastutaH, DaoN. sudIpajI ko ardhamAgadhI ke nAma se hI ghRNA hai, unheM isa nAma ko svIkAra karane para apane sAmpradAyika abhiniveza para coTa pahu~catI najara AtI hai| unakA isake pIche ardhamAgadhI AgamoM aura unake mAnane vAloM ke prati vaimanasya pradarzita karane ke alAvA kyA uddezya hai, maiM nahIM jAnatA ? unhoMne hAthIguphA abhilekha ko prAdarza mAnakara usase oDmAgadhI ke kucha lakSaNa bhI nirdhArita kiye haiN| AeM, dekheM unameM kitanI satyatA hai aura ve ardhamAgadhI ke lakSaNoM se kisa artha meM bhinna haiM? ve likhate haiM ki 'isa abhilekha meM sarvatra pada ke prArambha meM 'N' varNa kA prayAga huA hai, tathA anta meM 'n' varNa AyA hai, jabaki ardhamAgadhI meM pada ke prArambha meM 'n' varNa AtA hai aura anta meM 'N' varNa AtA hai|' vastutaH, yaha prAcIna zaurasenI, jo ki digambara jainAgamoM kI mUlabhASA se prabhAvita mAgadhI kA viziSTa rUpa hai, isameM dantya 's'kAra kI prakRti, 'k' varNa kA 'g' varNa Adeza, 'th' ke sthAna para ' dh' kA prayoga evaM akArAnta pu. prathamA ekavacanAnta rUpoM meM okArAnta kI pravRtti vizuddha zaurasenI kA hI 117

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amiTa evaM maulika prabhAva hai| - prAkRta vidyA, apraila-jUna, 1998, pR.14. prathamataH, unakA yaha kahanA sarvathA asatya aura aprAmANika hai ki isa abhilekha meM pada ke prArambha meM 'Na' varNa kA prayoga huA hai tathA pada ke anta meM 'n' varNa AyA hai| vidvatjanoM ke tAtkAlika sandarbha ke lie hama nIce hAthIguphA khAravela kA abhilekha uddhRta kara rahe haiM PLanguage : Prakrit resembling Pali Script : Brahmi of about the end of the 1st. century B.C. Text 1. namo arahaMtAnaM (1) namo sava-sidhAnaM (II) aireNa mahArAjena mahAmeghavAhanena ceti rAja-va (11) sa-vadhanena pasatha-subha-lakhanena caturaMtaluTha (Na)-guNa-upitena kaliMgAdhipatinA siri-khAravelena 2. (pa) darasa-vasAni sIri- (kaDAra)- sarIra-vatA kIDitA kumAra-kIDikA (11) tato lekha-rUpa gaNanA-vavahAra-vidhi-visAradeva sava-vijAvadAtena nava-vasAni yovaraja (pa) sAsitaM (II) saMpuMNa- catuvIsiti-vaso tadAni vadhamAnasesayo venAbhivijayo tatiye kaliMga rAja vase purisa-yuge mahArAjAbhisecanaM pApunAti(11) abhisitamato ca paghame vase vAta-vihata gopura-pAkAra-nivesanaM paTisaMkhArayati kaliMganagarikhibI (ra) (1) sitala-taDAga-pADiyo ca baMdhApayati savUyAna-pa (Ti) saMthapanaM ca 4. kArayati panati (si) sAhi sata-sahasehi pakatiyo ca raMjayati (11) dutiye ca vase acitayitA sAtakaMni pachima-disaM haya-gaja-nara-ragha-bahulaM daMDaM paThApayati (1) kanhaveMNA-gatAya ca senAya vitAsiti asikanaraM ( / / ) tatiye puna vase 5. gaMdhava-veda-budho dapausava-samAja-kArApanAhi ca kIDApayati nagariM (II) tathA cavuthe vase vijAdharAdhivAsaM ahatapuvaM kaliMga puva rAja (nivesita)... vitadha ma(kuTa)Ta.... ca nikhita-chata 6. bhiMgAre (hi)ta ratana sapateye sava raThika bhojake pAde vaMdApayati (11) paMcame ca dAnI vase naMda-rAja-ti-vasa-sata-o(ghA) TitaM tanasuliya-vATA paNADiM nagaraM pavesa

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7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 13. 14. (ya) tiMso... (II) (a) bhisito ca (chaTe vase) rAjaseyaM saMdasayaMto savakara-vaNa anugaha anekAni sata sahasAni visajati pora jAnapadaM ( / / ) satamaM ca vasaM (pasA) sato vajiradhara... sa matuka pada (ku) ma ..... (1) .... aThame ca vase mahatA sena (T) goradhagiriM 15. palava...... ghAtApayitA rAjagaha upapIDapayati / (1) etina (1) ca kaMmapadAna sa (1) nAdena... sena vAhane vipamucituM madhuraM apayAto yavanarAM (ja) (Dimita)... yachati.... kapaDUkhe haya gaja ratha saha yati sava-gharAvAsa..... savagahaNaM ca kArayituM brahmaNAnaM ja (ya) parihAraM dadAti (1) arahata. ( navame ca vase) ..... mahAvijaya pAsAdaM kArayati aThatisAya sata sahasehi (II) dasame ca vase daMDa saMdhI sA (mamayo) ( ) bharadhavasa - paThA ( ) naM maha ( 7 ) jayanaM ( ) ... kArApayati (11) (ekAdasame ca vase) ... pa (1) yAtAnaM ca ma (ni) ratanAni ulalabhate () 12. ma (T) gaMdhAnaM ca vipulaM bhayaMjaneto hathasaM gaMgAya pAyayati (1) ma (ga) dha () ca rAjAnaM vahasatimitaM pAde vaMdApayati (1) naMdarAja - nItaM ca kA (li) ga jinaM saMnivasa.... aMga-magadha vasuM ca nayati (II).... puvaM rAja-nivesitaM pIthuMDaM gadabha - naMgalena kAsayati (1) jana (pa) dabhAvanaca terasa vasa sata kataM bhi ( ) dati tramira daha ( ) saMghAta (1) vArasame ca vase ... (saha) sehi vitAsayati utarApadha rAjAno..... .... (ka) tu ( ) jaThara (likhila - ( gopu) rANi siharANi nivesayati sata visikanaM (pa) rihArehi (1) abhutamachariyaM ca hathI - nivA (sa) parihara.... haya - hathi ratana ( mAnika) paMDarAjA.... (mu) tamani ratanAni AharApayati idha sata (sahasAni) sino vasIkaroti ( / ) terasame ca vase supavata vijaya cake kumArIpavate arahate (hi) pakhina saM (fsa) tehi kAyanisIdiyAya yApUjAvakehi rAjabhitina cina vatAni vAsa (T) (si) tAni pUjAnurata uvA ( sagA -khA) ravela sirinA jIvadeha (sayi) kA parikhAtA (11) sakata - samaNa suvihitAnaM ca sava disAnaM a (ni) naM ( ) tapasi i (si) na 119

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17 saMghiyanaM arahatanisIdiyA samIpe pAbhAre barAkAra samuthApitAhi anekayojanA hitAhi .... silAhi.... 16. .. catare ca veDDariya gabhe thaMme patiThApayati pAnatarIya sata sahasehi (1) mamu(khi)ya kala vochinaM ca coya(Thi) aMga saMtika ( ) turiyaM upAdayati (1) khema rAjA sa var3ha rAjA sa bhikhu rAjA dhama rAjA pasaM (to) sunaM (to) anubhava (to) kalAnAni ..... guNa visesa kusalo sava pAsaMDa pUjako sava de (vAya) tana sakAra kArako apatihata caka vAhanavalo cakadharo gutacako pavatacako rAjasivasU kula vinizrito mahAvijayo rAjA khAravelasiri (11) isa sampUrNa abhilekha meM kahIM bhI pada ke prArambha meM 'Na' aura anta meM 'n' nahIM hai| isake viparIta, pada ke prArambha meM 'n' evaM anta meM 'n' yA 'Na' varNa ke aneka udAharaNa haiM, jise ve ardhamAgadhI kI vizeSatA svIkAra karate haiM, yathA____ namo arahaMtAnaM, namo savasidhAnaM, mahArAjena lakhanena kaligAdhipatinA, khAravelena, navavasAti, nagara, nata, vadhamAna, naMdarAja, yavana, sAtakaMni, nivesitaM, nayati, ratanAninisIdiyA, cinavatAni, vAsa (sa) tAni, khAravela sirinA suvihatAMba disAnaM aadi| aba aMta meM 'Na' ke kucha prayoga dekhie- airaNa, saMpuNaM, gahaNaM (gopurANi, siharANi) samaNa, guNa kanhaveNA aadi| kucha aise bhI zabda haiM, jahAM madhyavartI 'Na' aura anta meM 'n' hai| jaise brahmANAna, lakhaNena aadi| ina saba udAharaNoM se to DaoN. sudIpajI ke anusAra bhI yaha ardhamAgadhI yA ardhamAgadhI prabhAvita hI siddha hotI hai| punaH isameM dantya 's' kAra, 'k' varNa kA 'g' Adeza tathA 'th' ke sthAna para 'dh' kA prayoga rUpa jo vizeSatAe~ haiM vaha to ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta meM bhI milatI haiN| zaurasenI ke do viziSTa lakSaNa- 'n' kA sarvatra 'N' aura madhyavartI asaMyukta 't' kA 'd' to isameM kahIM pAye hI nahIM jAte haiN| isI prakAra, isameM vardhamAna kA vadhamAna rUpa hI milatA hai na ki zaurasenI kA vddddmaann| isa prakAra, isake zaurasenI se prabhAvita hone kA koI bhI Thosa pramANa nahIM hai, isake viparIta yaha mAgadhI yA ardhamAgadhI se prabhAvita hai, isake anekoM antaHsAkSya svayaM isI abhilekha meM haiN| punaH, kaliMga magadha ke nikaTa hai zUrasena se to bahuta dUra hai, ataH vahA~ kI bhASA mAgadhI yA ardhamAgadhI se to prabhAvita ho sakatI hai, kintu zaurasenI se nhiiN| ataH, kaliMga ke abhilekha kI bhASA ko oDmAgadhI

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kahanA aura use digambara AgamoM kI tathAkathita vizuddha zaurasenI se prabhAvita kahanA pUrNataH nirAdhAra hai| khAravela ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA ko vidvAnoM ne ArSaprAkRta (ardhamAgadhI kA prAcIna rUpa) mAnA hai aura use pAlI ke samarUpa batAyA hai| jaina AgamoM meM AcArAGga (prathama zrutaskandha), isibhAsiyAiM Adi kI aura bauddhapiTaka meM suttanipAta evaM dhammapada kI bhASA se isakI paryApta samarUpatA hai| donoM kI bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karake koI bhI isakA parIkSaNa kara sakatA hai| usameM ardhamAgadhI ke adhikAMza lakSaNa pAye jAte haiM, jabaki zaurasenI ke viziSTa lakSaNoM, jaise-sarvatra 'N' kA prayoga athavA madhyavartI 't' kA 'd', kA usameM pUrNataH abhAva hai| satya to yaha hai ki jaba abhilekhIya prAkRtoM ko zaurasenI siddha karanA sambhava nahIM huA, to unhoMne oDmAgadhI ke nAma se nayA zagUphA chodd'aa| unakI yaha tathAkathita oDmAgadhI ardhamAgadhI se kisa prakAra bhinna hai aura usake aise kaunase viziSTa lakSaNa haiM, jo prAcIna ardhamAgadhI (ArSa) yA pAlI se use bhinna karate haiM, kisa prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM kisa vyAkaraNakAra ne usake ina lakSaNoM kA nirdeza kiyA athavA isake nAma kA ullekha kiyA hai aura kaunase aise grantha haiM, jo oDmAgadhI meM race gaye haiM? bhAI sudIpajI ina praznoM kA prAmANika uttara prastuta kreN| unake anusAra isa oDmAgadhI bhASA kA nirdeza bharatamuni ke nATyazAstra meM hai, to phira prAcInakAla se Aja taka anekoM prAkRta-saMskRta nATaka race gaye, kyoM nahIM kisI eka nATaka meM bhI isa oDmAgadhI kA nirdeza huA hai, jabaki anya prAkRtoM ke nirdezana haiN| yaha saba sapramANa spaSTa kareM, anyathA AdhArahIna zagUphe chor3anA banda kreN| ina zagUphoM se ve cAhe sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se yukta zraddhAlujanoM ko prasanna kara leM, kintu vidvatvarga ina sabase digbhramita hone vAlA nahIM hai| DaoN. sudIpajI kA yaha vAkchala bhI adhika calane vAlA nahIM hai| digambara paramparA ke prAcIna AcAryagaNa aura vartamAna yuga ke aneka variSTha vidvAn, yathA-paM.nAthUrAmajI premI. pro.e.ena.upAdhye, paM. hIrAlAlajI, DaoN. hIrAlAlajI, paM. phUlacandrajI siddhAntazAstrI, paM. kailAzacandrajI Adi kisI ne bhI oDmAgadhI prAkRta kA kahIM koI nirdeza kyoM nahIM kiyA? saMbhavataH, bhAI sudIpajI ina sabase bar3e vidvAn haiM, kyoMki ve svayaM hI likhate haiM'Aja ke adhikAMza vidvAn oDmAgadhI prAkRta kA nAma bhI nahIM jAnate haiM' (prAkRta vidyA, apraila-jUna 1998, pR.14)| cUMki ye sabhI AcAryagaNa aura vidvAn oDmAgadhI prAkRta

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kA nAma bhI nahIM jAnate the, kyoMki jAnate hote, to avazya nirdeza karate aura bhAI sudIpajI usake nAma aura lakSaNa - donoM jAnate haiM, ataH ye unase bar3e paNDita aura vidvAn haiN| unake aura unakI AdhArahIna sthApanAoM ke saMbaMdha meM hama kyA kaheM ? pAThaka svayaM vicAra kara leN| vastutaH, Ajakala DaoN. sudIpajI kA mAtra ekasUtrIya kAryakrama hai, vaha yaha ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko kRtrima (banAvaTI) rUpa se pAMcavIM zatI meM nirmita kahakara usake prati AsthAzIla zvetAmbara samAja kI bhAvanAoM ko Ahata karanA, isalie ve nitya naye zagUphe chor3ate rahate haiN| unake mana meM ardhamAgadhI aura usake sAhitya ke prati kitanA vidveSa hai, yaha unakI zabdAvalI se hI spaSTa hai| ve prAkRta vidyA, apraila-jUna 1998 meM pR.14-15 para likhate haiM - 'kaI Adhunika vidvAn to ise (hAthIgumphA zilAlekha ko ) ardhamAgadhI meM nibaddha bhI kahakara AtmatuSTi kA anubhava kara lete haiM, ve yaha tathya nahIM jAnate haiM ki Aja kI kathita ardhamAgadhI prAkRta to kabhI lokajIvana meM pracalita hI nahIM rahI hai, isalie loka sAhitya aura nATya sAhitya meM kahIM bhI isakA prayoga taka nahIM milatA hai| IsApUrva kAla meM isa bhASA kA astitva nahIM thA / yaha to pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM valabhI vAcanA ke samaya kRtrima rUpa se nirmita kI gaI bhASA hai| yaha atyanta kheda kI bAta hai ki Aja ke adhikAMza vidvAna oDmAgadhI prAkRta kA nAma bhI nahIM jAnate haiN| jise ve zaurasenI se prabhAvita mAgadhI yAnI ardhamAgadhI kahate haiM, vastutaH vaha yahI omAgadhI hai, jo IsA pUrva kAla meM pracalita thii| pA~cavIM zatAbdI IsvI meM yaha astitva meM AI evaM kucha logoM ne mila-baiThakara kRtrima rUpa se banAyI gayI tathAkathita ardhamAgadhI yA ArSabhASA nahIM thii| isakA nAma chipAkara kRtrima ardhamAgadhI bhASA para oDmAgadhI prAkRta kI vizeSatAoM kA lebila cipakAkara dhuAMdhAra pracAra karanA eka jhUTha ko sau bAra bolo, to vaha saca ho jaayegaa| isa bhrAmaka mAnasikatA ke kAraNa huA hai| vastutaH, yaha tathAkathita kRtrima ardhamAgadhI prAkRta na to lokajIvana meM thI, na lokasAhitya meM thI, na kisI abhilekha Adi meM rahI hai aura na hI vyAkaraNa evaM bhASAzAstra ne kabhI ise mAnyatA dI hai| korI nArebAjI se koI bhASA na to banatI hai aura na calatI hai| bharatamuni kathita omAgadhI ko ardhamAgadhI batAkara bahuta dinoM taka calA liyA tathA ise pramANa batAkara ardhamAgadhI ko IsA pUrva taka le jAne kA prayatna bhI kiyaa|

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yahI nahIM, padyoM meM ardhamAgadhI evaM oDmAgadhI- ina padoM meM mAtrA evaM varNoM kI dRSTi se koI antara na hone se yaha chala bahuta samaya taka cala bhI gayA, kyoMki chandobhaMga na hone se kisI ne etarAja nahIM kiyaa|' prAkRta vidyA, apraila-jUna 1998, pR.14-15. DaoN.sudIpajI ke prastuta kathana ke do hI uddezya haiM- prathama to apane pUrvavartI sabhI zvetAmbara, digambara vidvAnoM aura anya bhASAvidoM ko alpajJa evaM ajJAnI siddha karanA hai, kyoMki ve sabhI inakI svaira kalpanA, prasUta oDmAgadhI prAkRta ke nAma evaM lakSaNoM se pUrNataH anabhijJa rahe haiN| do hajAra se adhika varSoM ke prAkRta bhASA ke itihAsa meM koI eka bhI vidvAn aisA nahIM huA hai, jisane isa oDmAgadhI prAkRta aura isake lakSaNoM kI koI carcA kI ho, aura to aura, svayaM bharatamuni ne bhI kahIM bhI oDmAgadhI ko prAkRta bhASA nahIM kahA hai, sarvatra use vRtti yA pravRtti hI kahA hai| sudIpajI sampUrNa nATyazAstra meM eka bhI aisA sthala dikhA deM, jahA~ oDmAgadhI prAkRta kA nAma AyA ho aura usake lakSaNoM kI koI carcA kI gaI ho| Aja taka eka bhI bhASA-vaijJAnika evaM vyAkaraNakAra bhI aisA nahIM huA, jisane isa oDmAgadhI kI kahIM koI carcA kI ho, ataH sudIpajI kI dRSTi meM ve sabhI mUrkha the| dUsare, Aja taka jo vidvAn abhilekhIya prAkRta ko pAlI evaM ardhamAgadhI ke samarUpa mAnate rahe, athavA jo IsA pUrva meM ardhamAgadhI kA astitva mAnate rahe aura usakA pracAra karate rahe, ve sabhI sudIpajI kI dRSTi meM mithyAbhASI, chalachadma karane vAle aura bhrAmaka mAnasikatA ke zikAra rahe haiN| Aja bhI deza-videza meM aise saikar3oM vidvAn haiM, jinhoMne ardhamAgadhI AgamoM aura unakI bhASA kA adhyayana karane meM pUrA jIvana khapA diyA hai| bakaula sudIpajI ke to oDmAgadhI ko hI chala se ardhamAgadhI banA diyA gayA hai, kintu ye deza-videza ke vidvAn kyA itane mUrkha rahe haiM ki isa chala ko samajha bhI nahIM ske| ardhamAgadhI aura usake lakSaNoM ko oDmAgadhI batAne kA chala kauna kara rahA hai, yaha to svayaM sudIpajI vicAra kareM? yadi oDmAgadhI ke ve hI lakSaNa haiM, jo ArSaprAkRta yA ardhamAgadhI ke haiM, to phira use ardhamAgadhI na kahakara oDmAgadhI kahane kA Agraha kyoM hai? kyA kevala isalie ki ardhamAgadhI zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya AgamoM kI bhASA hai| yaha to aisA hI huA ki hama to nAnI ko kAnI hI kheNge| punaH, ardhamAgadhI ko kRtrima rUpa se pA~cavIM-zatI meM nirmita kahane kA, use kucha logoM dvArA mila-baiThakara banAne kA sapheda

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jhUTha sau-sau bAra bolane kA prayAsa kauna kara rahA hai? sambhavataH, ve svayaM hI isa jhUTha ko sau se adhika bAra to prAkRtavidyA meM hI likha cuke haiM- unheM dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki sau bAra kyA, hajAra bAra bolane para bhI jhUTha, jhUTha hI rahatA hai, saca nahIM ho jaataa| ve cAhe ardhamAgadhI bhASA aura usake Agama sAhitya ko kRtrima rUpa se pA~cavIM zatI meM nirmita kahate raheM, usakI jisa prAcInatA ko deza-videza meM saikar3oM vidvAn mAnya kara cuke haiM, usa para koI A~ca Ane vAlI nahIM hai| ve ardhamAgadhI ko lokajIvana aura lokasAhitya meM apracalita hone kA pratipAdana kara rahe haiM, kintu ve jarA yaha to batAyeM ki unakI snaira kalpanA prasUta tathAkathita oDmAgadhI prAkRta meM kitanA sAhitya hai, kisa nATaka isakA prayoga huA hai, kauna se vyAkaraNakAra ne isake nAma aura lakSaNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai? ardhamAgadhI kA Agama sAhitya to itanA vipula hai ki usameM yugIna lokajIvana kI sampUrNa jhAMkI mila jAtI hai| oDmAgadhI kA bhASA ke rUpa meM kahIM bhI koI ullekha nahIM hai use bhASA banA denA aura jisa ardhamAgadhI ke bhASA ke rUpa meM anekazaH ullekha hoM " jisakA vipula prAcIna sAhitya ho, use nakAra denA mithyA duSpracAra ke atirikta ta nahIM hai| isa sabake pIche zvetAmbara sAhitya aura samAja kI avamAnanA kA suniyo SaDyaMtra hai, ataH unheM AtmarakSA ke lie sajaga hone kI AvazyakatA hai| ***

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prAcya vidyApITha: eka paricaya DaoN. sAgaramala jaina pAramArthika zikSaNanyAsa dvArA san 1997 se saMcAlita prAcya vidyA pITha, zAjApura AgarA-mumbaI mArga para sthita isa saMsthAna kA mukhya udezya bhAratIya prAcya vidyAoM ke ucca starIya adhyayana, prazikSaNa evaM zodhakArya ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIya sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko punaHpratiSThita karanA hai| isa vidyApITha meM jaina, bauddha aura hindu dharma Adi ke lagabhaga 12,000 durlabha grantha upalabdha hai| isake atirikta 700 hastalikhita pANDulipiyA~ bhI hai| yahA~ 40 patra patrikAe~ bhI niyamita AtI hai isa parisara meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM, zodhArthiyoM aura mumukSujanoM ke lie adhyayana adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha nivAsa, bhojana Adi kI bhI uttama vyavasthA hai| zodhakArya ke mArgadarzana evaM zikSaNa hetu DaoN. sAgaramalajI jaina kA satat sAnidhya prApta hai| ise vikrama vizvavidyAlaya ujjaina dvArA zodha saMsthAna ke rupa meM mAnyatA pradAna kI gaI hai|

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina janma di. 22.02.1932 janma sthAna zAjApura (ma.pra.) zikSA sAhityaratna : 1954 ema.e. (darzana zAstra) : 1963 pI-eca.DI. : 1969 akAdamika upalabdhiyA~ : pravaktA (darzanazAstra) ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevAH 1964-67 sahAyaka prAdhyApaka ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA : 1968-85 prAdhyApaka (prophesara) ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA : 1985-89 nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI : 1979-1987 evaM 1989-1997 lekhana : 49 pustakeM sampAdana : 160 pustakeM pradhAna sampAdaka : jaina vidyA vizvakoSa (pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI mahatvAkAMkSI pariyojanA) puraskAra : pradIpakumAra rAmapuriyA puraskAra : 1986 evaM 1998 svAmI praNavAnanda puraskAra : 1987 DipTImala puraskAra : 1992 AcArya hastImala smRti sammAna : 1994 vidyAvAradhi sammAna : 2003 presIDensIyala avArDa A~pha jainA yU.esa.e : 2007 vAgArtha sammAna (ma.pra. zAsana) : 2007 gautama gaNadhara sammAna (prAkRta bhAratI) : 2008 ArcAya tulasI prAkRta sammAna 2009 vidyAcandrasUrI sammAna 2011 samatA manISI sammAna / 2012 sadasya : akAdamika saMsthAe~ pUrva sadasya - vidvata pariSada, bhopAla vizvavidyAlaya, bhopAla sadasya - jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM pUrva sadasya - mAnada nidezaka, Agama, ahiMsA, samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udypur| samprati saMsthApaka - prabaMdha nyAsI evaM nidezaka prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra) pUrvasacivaHpArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI videza bhramaNa : yU.esa.e., zikAgoM, rAle, hyUTana, nyUjarsI, uttarIkarolInA, vAziMgaTana, senaphrAMsisko, laoNsa eMjilsa, phinIksa, seMTa luIsa, piTsabarga, ToraNToM, (kanAr3A) nyUyArka, landana (yU.ke.) aura kATamA (nepAla)