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HISTORY OF JAINA MONACHISM
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In case the monk had to cross shallow water, then wiping his whole body so that living beings on his body might not get hurt, he carefully crossed it without touching anybody else. If his feet got soiled due to mud, he was not to clean them by walking over the grass.87
Five great rivers, the Ganga, Jaunā (Yamuna), Saraű (Sarayu), Erāvati and Mahi, were not to be crossed by the monk either twice or thrice within a month.88 But if there was trouble from the king, or a famine was current, or if somebody threw him into the river, in cases of floods or change of its course by the river, or due to danger from uncivilised people (aṇāriya), he was allowed to cross these rivers.89
Stay in Rainy Season:
It has already been noted that the mode of touring involving a stay for one night in a village and for five nights in a town came to an end during the rainy season. The reason for not undertaking any touring in the rainy. season was that such a stationary mode of life was helpful in abstaining from inflicting injury to vegetation-beings which grew up immensely in this season. It may be noted that for the same season, no touring was to be done at night any time throughout the year.
Nobody was allowed to tour in the rainy season except under calamities which we have already noticed regarding the crossing of the five great rivers. Along with these, the monk was permitted to go to another place in the rainy season for the following five reasons: 90
(1) näṇatthayää-in order to learn a particular text which was known. only to an acarya who was undertaking a fast unto death,
(2) carittaṭṭhayae-in order to prevent one's going astray in a dangerous place,
(3) damsanaṭṭhayaë-for the spread of the faith,
(4) ayariyaüvajjhāyā vā se visumbhejjä-if the acarya or an upadhyaya was dead,
and (5) ayariyaüvajjhāyāņa va bahitä veävaccaṁ karanatäte-to wait upon the ācārya and the uplidhyaya if they were putting up in a region where. there was no rain.
87. Ibid., II, 3, 2, 9-13 (p. 143).
88. Than. p. 308b; For a similar Buddhist list, see Cullavagga IX, 13. 4. 89. Than. p. 308b.
90. Ibid. See Mahāvagga III, 4, 2 ff., in the case of the Buddhist monk.
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