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HISTORY OF JAINA MONACHISM
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with a visitor earlier than the guru, not heeding the call of the guru, exchange of food with others or exhibition of food, addressing the senior in a singular term or hating him, interrupting the sermon or congregation, showing carelessness towards the requisites of a guru,—all these were taken as signs of disrespect to the elder and the disciple had to undergo confession, condemnation and punishment for such transgressions.115
But besides these general rules of conduct, the Chedasūtras show a definite planning and process of execution of the rules of monastic jurisprudence as we shall presently see.
Monastic Jurisprudence :
We have already seen that the Angas116 do mention the principal ten prāyaścittas and the exact cases where the last two punishments were brought into play.
The "procedure towards a transgressor" (vavahāra) was fivefold.117 It was either based on the Canon (āgame), or tradition (suë), or law (āņā), or charge (dhāranā) or on the custom handed down (jie).
The elaboration of this fivefold vavahāra is to be found in the Chedasūtras where concrete cases are cited and different prāyaścittas are prescribed for them. Especially the last four-cheda, müla, aṇavatthappa and pārañcia--come to prominence.
(a) Cheda :
As the term suggests, cheda meant "the loss of a part of the monk's ecclesiastical rank among his brethren, which dates from his second reception, the definitive consecration to the vow ".118 The ācārya was the person who decided whether a particular transgression was to be punished with 'cheda' or 'parihāra'.
The minimum cut in the paryāya was of five days (pañcarāïndiyāim cheyam).119 This cut increased with persons in authority for an upādhyāya had the minimum cut of ten days, and an ācārya fifteen days.
Apart from considerations of authority, the period of reduction was also based on the duration during which the transgressions were repeated
115. Ibid., also Nis. 16, 38; 19, 24; 16, 13-14; 10, 1-3; Ogha-N. 609.
116. Than. p. 162b-164a: aloäna, padikkamana, tadubhaya, vivega, viüssagga, tava, cheda, müla, anavatthappa and pärancia.
117. Vav. 10, 2; see also L.A. Vol. 39, p. 267, fn. 45. 118. SCHUBRING: 1.A., 39, p. 262 fn. 25; 'paryāyacchedanam Aup. comm. p. 78. 119. See Appendix 1, for these cases; Jīt. vs. 80-82; bha. 2280-87.
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