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HISTORY OF JAINA MONACHISM
Phaddaya:
The phaddaya (spardhaka ?) was still a smaller unit (laghutaro gacchadeśa eva) and was under the authority of gaṇāvacchedaka.104
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It may be noted here that, according to the Aupapätika, the ganavacchedaka was the head of a smaller unit than the one under the upadhyāya, and it is, therefore, possible that the former was subordinate to the latter. But, as we have already seen, the Vyavahärasūtra expects identical qualifications for the posts of the acārya and the gaṇāvacchedaka hinting that both these persons were of equal calibre and in no way subordinate to the upadhyaya.
SCHUBRING 10% remarks, "One does not gather the impression that what is meant by gaccha, gumma and phaḍda are technical divisions although the commentator speaks of gaccha, gumma and phaḍdaä as being subordinate to ācārya, upadhyāya and gaṇāvacchedaka respectively".
Sambhoga:
We have already seen that this unit is mentioned in the Angas. This group is mentioned often in the Chedasūtras also. The Niryuktis-especially the Oghaniryukti-give several rules regarding the attitude to be adopted by monks towards monks of different sambhogas.
The sambhoga, according to the Aupapātika, 108 was a group of monks following one sāmācārī or rules of conduct peculiar to every group. The purposes for which such groups were formed have been already noted as given in the Sthänänga. The membership of a sambhoga was through admission, and that admission had to be repeated when a monk wanted to enter another sambhoga or if he desired to change the gana.107 .107 Not only for the purpose of common meals and study but even for the purpose of confession and service, the group acted as a compact unit.108
For those who wanted to join a particular sambhoga after leaving their previous one, the permission of the ācārya was obligatory. It was only when he permitted and when the candidate underwent a prayaścitta, that he was readmitted to a sambhoga. The members of a particular sambhoga were not to severe all connections abruptly with the members of
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104. Ibid.
105. Die Lehre der Jainas, article 140; Transl. by Mr. MARATHE.
106. P. 74; Ogha-N. v. 691.
107. Vav. 7, 1.
108. Ibid., 5, 19; saying that there are no duties pertaining to a sambhoga was a fault and the monk had to undergo prayaścitta for it: Nis. 5, 63.
BULL. DCRI.-30
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