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S. B. DEO
references to various varieties like the 'ayambilavaḍdhamāṇatavokamma'139 (fourteen years, three months and twenty days), the 'mahälayam sihanikkiliyatavokamma'40 (six years, two months and twelve days), the 'kanagavalitavokamma' (five years, nine months and eighteen days), the 'rayanavalitavokamma,142 (five years, two months and twenty-eight days), the 'muttāvalītavokamma'143 (three years and ten months), the 'mahalaya (type of) savvaöbhaddatavokamma'144 (two years, eight months and twenty days), the 'khuḍḍāga (type of) savvabhaddapaḍimā'145 (one year, one month and ten days), the 'khudḍāga sihanikkiliyatavokamma'146 and the 'gunarayanatavokamma' done by nuns.147
486
The Byhatkalpasútra, however, lays down the following rules regarding the mortification of the body in the case of the nuns:
"(1) she may not give her body to asceticism;
(2) she may not, outside a village, etc. upto a caravansarai, continually stretching the arms upwards, the face turned towards the sun, standing upon one foot, mortify herself on an estrada;
(3) she may do it only within the house enclosure with a cloth on, with the feet on level ground;
(4) she may not take up a general position of penance;
(5) she may not stand motionless;
(6) she may not sit crouching on the ground;
(7) she may not cower down;
(8) she may not sit "as a hero" (vīrāsana posture);
(9) she may not remain stiff as a stick; or
(10) bent like a cudgel; or
(11) lie on the back; or
(12) on the face; or
(13) bent round like a mango fruit; or
(14) stretched out on one side."148
It seems, therefore, that severe forms of bodily mortifications were not allowed to nuns.
Jain Education International
139. Antg. p. 52.
140. Ibid., p. 48.
141. Ibid., p. 47. 142. Ibid., pp. 45-46.
143. Ibid., p. 52.
144. Ibid., p. 50. 145. Ibid., p. 49.
146. Ibid., p. 47.
147. Anttr. p. 58.
148. Brh. kalp. 5, 21-34: Transl. I.A. Vol. 39, p. 266: These were various bodily postures practised by the monks: see Chapt. 1 of this Part,
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