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HISTORY OF JAINA MONACHISM If a majority of monks were undergoing the parihāra, then the minority of monks who were free from fault, could not share common meals with them for one month after their parihāra tapa was complete. But they could have verbal contact with them. They could even live together for six months, but no common meals could be shared within that period or one month after it.127
(c) Müla :
Complete cheda led to mūla'. In the mūla, the monk lost all his period of monkhood right since his entering the order, and he had to begin anew his career as a monk (punarvratopasthāpanam) 128
It should be noted that the Chedasūtras like the BỊhatkalpa, Vyavahāra and Niśitha seldom refer to it, while the Jītakalpa does not furnish much details about it as it does in the case of ālöyaņā and other forms of prāyaścittas. In the Angas also, we do not find details about it, and the Sthānānga gives cases only of the anavațţhappa and pārañciya.
(d) Anavatthappa :
This is explained by the commentary as 'acaritatapovišeşasya vrateșu anavasthāpanam'. When the whole paryāya was wiped out, then, before the monk was reinitiated, a period was given to him in which he had to make sincere efforts for qualifying himself for re-entry to monkhood. If he failed to do so, then he was not allowed to enter monkhood again.
Three cases of anavatthappa (“ temporary excommunication") are given in the Brhatkalpa 129 The persons who stole something belonging to their co-religionists, or belonging to persons of another sect, or who struck others with a fist, had to undergo anavatthappa.130 (e) Pārañciya :
This was the final and the greatest punishment inflicted on the transgressor. It denoted the expulsion of the monk from the order and thus putting an end to his life as a monk.
Such persons who were of a criminal nature (duttha), indifferent to rules of behaviour (pamatta), and sodomites had to undergo this punishment. 131
127. Ibid., 2, 27-28: Interpretation by Muni KEVALAVIJAYAJI, 128. Aup. comm. p. 78; Jit. 83-86: bha. vs. 2288-2300. 129. 4, 3; also Jit. 87-98: bhā, 2301-2410. 130. See Appendix 1 for details. 131. Brh.kalp. 4, 2; Jät. 94-101: bha. 2463-2585.
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