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338
S. B. DEO
as 'rşikulam adiryeşām to gacchādayah'. Elsewhere657 he refers to it as being a congregation of seven persons of all ages : 'vayovşddhāstapovȚddhā gunavrddhāstairākulo gacchastathaiva bālavşddhākule gacche saptapuruşasantāne'.
From the point of view of the number required for forming a unit, the 'gaccha' seems to have been a bigger unit than the 'gama' as the former required four members more than the latter.
(c) Kula :
This658 has been explained by the commentator as 'gurusantāna'.659 It referred to the school founded by a teacher and consisted of his immediate disciples. No other details can be had regarding it
Inspite of the fact that a monk was asked to carry out his duties towards his 'gaccha, '660 the text Mülācāra reveals a strong dissatisfaction at forming a 'gana', when it says, “Better marry than enter a gana. Marriage results in attachment, but the gana (leads to) the mine of miseries.''661 The latter implied the creation of a school with all its paraphernalia like disciples, etc. which became a cause of attachment for the guru at the time of his death. This utterance may be said to reveal the overwhelming growth of such groups in the early centuries of the Digambara Jaina Church. Church Jurisprudence :
The Mulācāra reveals exactly the same list of prāyaścittas as found in the Svetāmbara texts, except for two changes. It shows that the Digambara Church had 'parihāra' and 'saddhāņa' instead of the 'anavatthappā' and ‘pārañciya'. The rest of the prāyaścittas like 'ālocanā', 'pratikramana', ‘ubhaya', 'viveka', 'vyutsarga', 'tapa', 'cheda' and 'mula' were identical.
The 'parihara' has been explained by the commentator in two ways. It was either 'gaņapratibaddha' or 'apratibaddha. The former pertained to transgressions in the corporate life of a 'gana' by a member-monk, while the latter consisted of his transgressions in a country or surroundings which were foreign to him and in which he happened to be alone. 662
657. Ibid., pt. I, p. 307. 658. Ibid., 4, 166. 659. Ibid., pt. I, p. 143. 660. Ibid., 5, 192. 661. Ibid., 10, 92:
"Varam ganapavesado vivāhassa pavesanarn/
"Vivähe rägaüppattī gano dosāņamāgaro //-comm. pt. II, p. 137. 662. Ibid., 5, 165; see comm. pt. I, p. 290.
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