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HISTORY OF JAINA MONACHISM
459
The monk did 'vandana' either by standing or by sitting. It depended on his physical strength.
The 'mudrās' adopted were four: jainī,' 'yaugiki,' 'vandanā,' and 'muktāśukti.'
The first consisted in standing in a 'kāyotsarga position, with hands let loose, and keeping the feet parallel and at a distance of four angulas from each other.
The 'yaugikīmudrā' was that in which the monk sat in the 'padmāsana' or the 'vīrāsana' with the hands placed on the lap.
The 'vandanāmudrā' was formed when the standing monk folded his hands from the elbows and rested them on his belly (sthitasya addhyudaram nyasya kūrparau mukulikstau).
The 'muktāśuktimudrā' was the same as above with the difference that in this the fingers of the hands were brought close together (samlagnanguliḥ).
These 'mudrās' were to be used on different occasions. The 'vandanamudrā' was to be practised at the time of the salute to the Jinas. The 'muktāśukti' was used at the reciting of the 'sāmāyikastava.' The 'yogamudrā' was done at the practice of ‘kāyotsarga' in a sitting posture, and the 'Jinamudrā' at the time of ‘kāyotsarga' in a standing posture.
Th.
The mental attitudes were to be auspicious, being free from any defiling thoughts.
The folded hands were to be moved in a round fashion thrice at the time of reciting the 'sāmāïka sūtra.' The head was also to be bent low thrice.
The faults pertaining to improper 'vandană' were thirty-two.387 They were the same as those given in the Mülācāra.
Thus, it will be seen that though the fundamental rules about 'vandanā' remained the same, there clustered around it a lot of an element of 'āsanas' and of bodily movements in a peculiar fashion.
In short, the six essential duties and salutation to the five dignitaries (arhat, siddha, ācārya, upadhyāya and sādhu) were deemed essential items of daily routine.
387. Ibid. 8, 98-111.
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