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HISTORY OF JAINA MONACHISM
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seems, therefore, probable that there was a respectable number of monks in the Jaina Church who preferred to follow a stricter life as laid down for the 'Jinakalpika' monks. It may, however, be noted that these two modes never seem to have attained the nature of a schism.
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Study:
Study still remained an important factor in the monk's life. But what may be noted is the fact that with the organisation of the church a planned curriculum of studies was also necessitated and brought into execution. Different texts were to be studied in different years, and within the span of twenty years the monk was taught in such a manner as to be the master of the canon.
The upādhyāya remained the chief instructor, and he taught his disciples with the help of books as we have already seen in the Niśithasūtra.
The time, the place and other details pertaining to study do not seem to have changed. Food :
As in the case of other items, in the case of food also, the fundamental faults pertaining to improper food remained unchanged. The same forty-six faults were to be avoided by the monk.
But the Chedasūtras and the Niryuktis made an advance in this matter as compared with the Angas and the Mūlasūtras, inasmuch as the Chedasūtras set the rules within frames of jurisprudence and described concrete cases of transgressions and the punishments for these. The Niryuktis-especially the Pindaniryukti -amplify the forty-six rules with minute divisions and numerous possibilities of loopholes. They not only describe them, but give the justification for such rules, their background as well as exceptions to them. These not only stressed the purity of food but showed an adjustability to social environments as well. Thus, it may be said that though the fundamentals did not change, the implications, amplifications and exceptions to rules increased.
Requisites :
The formula of fourfold requisites consisting of almsbowl, broom, clothing and bedding, so often repeated in the Angas, seems to have given place to a number of other requisites as found in the Oghaniryukti.
Even though they were not fundamentally new, yet they were set within specific limits and the measurements of each and every requisite were laid down so as to bring uniformity.
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