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HISTORY OF JAINA MONACHISM
207 Self-control:
The twenty-two parīsahas pertained to the troubles to which a monk was often subjected to.347 They were the troubles due to hunger (digañchā), thirst (pivāsā), cold (siya), heat (usiņa), mosquitoes and flies (damsamasaya), nakedness (acela), dissatisfaction with the objects of control (arati), women (itthi), wandering life (cariyā), places of study (nisīhiyā), lodging (sejjā), abuse (akkosa), death (vaha), asking for something (jāyaṇā), not to get what is wanted (alābha), illness (roga), pricking of grass (taṇaphāsa), bodily dirt (jalla), kind and honourable treatment (sakkārapurakkāra), knowledge and reason (pannā), ignorance (annāņa), and equanimity (sammatta).
Sabalas (Major Faults):
The following were supposed to be the major transgressions of monk life: (1) masturbation, (2) sexual intercourse, (3) taking food at night (rāïbhoyaņa), (4) eating food prepared for the monk by committing himsā
(āhākamma), (5) accepting food from him who has given residence (sejjāyara), (6) accepting specially made (uddesiya) and bought (kiyagada) food, (7) violating the vow of pratyākhyāna34% again and again, (8) changing the gaña within six months, (9) crossing navel-deep water thrice in a month, (10) practising deceit thrice in a month, (11) accepting royal food (rāyapiņda), (12) doing injury to living beings deliberately, (13) stealing, (14) telling a lie deliberately, (15) doing study or kāyotsarga in an unfit place, (16) deliberately stepping over a stone-slab or a clod of earth or a piece of wood containing living beings, (17) sitting over a piece of ground containing seeds etc., (18) deliberately eating roots and bulbs, (19) crossing navel-deep water ten times in a year, (20) practising deceit ten times in a year, and (21) eating food with a hand wet with cold water.349 Celibacy:
A well-controlled mind led to the practice of ideal celibacy. The monk was asked not to look at females or walk along with them. He was not allowed to be alone with a woman, or to use beds slept over by them, or tell stories regarding them, or to look at them, or to remember former enjoyments, or to eat spicy food, or eat too much, or gaze at wall-paintings of women. He
347. Uttar. Chapt. 2; Smv. p. 40b.
348. Pratyakhyāna was ten-fold: anāgaya, aïkkanta, kodisahiya, niyantiya, sägāra, anagara, parimānakada, niravasesa, sākeya and addhāya; pertaining to the period or the quantity of a particular item given up.
349. Smu. p. 39ab.
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