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170
S. B. DEO
in order to overtake others to get food but was to wait till the rest had their turn.178
Proper and Improper Food:
It may be noted that even though the Sütrakṛtänga179 refers to the forty-six faults pertaining to improper begging of food, nowhere, either in the Angas or in the Mülasütras, they are given at one place under systematic categories. It may only be noted that these were grouped into the faults pertaining to
(a) udgama-preparation of food,
(b) utpadana-the ways adopted in obtaining food,
(c) eṣaṇā -pertaining to the method of accepting food, and (d) paribhoga way of eating food, its quantity, etc.
These divisions were not watertight and in many cases these divisions contained faults of varying nature.
The following ways of offering food to the monk were improper :
(1) food given after upsetting the eatables or other things on the ground (parisäḍejja bhoyanam),18
(2) given by the donor by crushing living beings under his or her feet (sammaddamāņi pāņāṇī),181
(3) given after pouring the articles in another pot, or mixing them with 'sacitta' things, or after taking bath (ogāhaittā),182
(4) food given with a ladle, hand or pot soiled with previous injurious activity (purekamma), or wet with water, or covered with dust, salt, hariyālā, hingulaă, manosilā, añjaņa, red earth (geruä), vanniya (yellow earth), sediya, soratthiya,183 and pittha (floor),
(5) food offered after the consent of only one out of its many owners, 184
178. Acar. II, 1, 5, 5 (p. 101); Dśv. 5, ii, 10-11.
179. 2, 2, 13 (p. 364); Uttar. 24, 12.
180. Dśv. 5, i, 28.
181. Ibid. 5, i, 29.
182. Ibid. 5, i, 31.
183. These are various kinds of earth, Dáv. 5, i, 32-34; Acār. II, 1, 6, 4-6 (pp. 103-04). 184. Dśv. 5, i, 37.
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