________________ 91 3. Chitta-viprayukta-sainskara The Visuddhimagga enumerates the following 24 kinds of derived matter : chakkhu, sota, ghana, jihva, kaya; rupa, sadda, gandha, rasa, itthindriya, purisindriya, jivitindriya; hadaya-vatthu; kayavinnatti, vachivinnatti; akasadhatu; rupassa lahuta, rupassa muduta, rupassa kammannata; rupassa upachayo, rupassa santati, rupassa jarata, rupassa anichchata, and kabalikaro aharo. According to the Theravadins, all these 24 upadaya rupas are 'dhammas' and hence ought to be recognised as ultimate elements. But a large number of these can be treated rather as aspects, modes or qualities than as separate entities. This is borne out by the commentarial description of some of these dhammas and a distinction drawn between the nipphanna and anipphanna--rupa. Thus, for instance, the akasa-dhatu (element of space = vacuum) is called parichcheda-rupa (ʻmaterial quality of limitation'). The two vinnattis (intimation by body and speech) togather with the lahuta, muduta and kammannata (lightness, pliancy and adaptability of matter) are called vikara-rupas, i. e. material qualities signifying special conditions. The upachaya, santati, jara and anichchata (i. e. the integration, continuance, decay and impermanence of matter) are called lakkhana rupa, i. e. the characteristics of matter. These ten kinds of rupa are called anipphanna in order to distinguish them from the remaining 14 rupas (and the four mahabhutas) which are called nipphanna-rupa. Buddhaghosa explains the nipphanna-rupas as those which 'transcend limits, change, and characteristics and which are to be seized in their intrinsic nature (sabhava). 8 The anipphannas are contrary thereto. The Visuddhimagga-sika explains further that the nipphanna-rapas have their own nature (svabhava), whereas the anipphannas are devoid of them and are known only by relating them to the svabhava-rupas. * The anipphanna rupas are nowhere in the suttas enumerated as rupa-dhammas. Their inclusion in the Abhi1 Of these only 23 are enumerated in the Dhammasangani. The hadayavatthu is a later addition by the commentators. See Dhs A. IV. 112. 2 Aslo termed as parinipphanna and aparinipphanna in the Dhs A. IV. 119. 3 Vm. XIV. 73. 4 VmT. pp. 457-8,
