________________ 92 Introduction dhamma suggests an infiuence of the Vaiseshika school. It is certain that the commentators knew the theory of guna. Buddhaghosa criticises a (Vaiseshika) theory according to which the rapa and gandha are qualities of teja and prithivi, respectively. The words nipphanna-rupa and anipphanna-rupa do not occur in the canon. They are found only in the Atthakathas It is, therefore, possible that the commentators introduced this division in order to separate the 'real' upadaya rupas from 'qualities', which in the later Sautrantika terms could be designated as mere prajnapti (nominal) dharmas. A few of the so-called nipphanna rupas can also be placed in the category of the anipphanna. The jivitind: iya, for instance, does not consist of a separate rupa, but only a name given to the life of matter. The itthindriya and purisindriya, two 'material qualities of sex' can be treated as different aspects of the kaya. The last nipphanna rupa, called kabalikaro aharo (edible food) is also not a separate entity but only a name given to the material quality of nutrition. . Thus out of the 24 kinds of upadaya rupas, only nine, viz., the five sense organs and four sense objects (the photthabbatouch object-being included in the mahabhutas) can be considered as dharmas having intrinsic nature (svabhava) and therefore real." As a matter of fact, these ten are identical with the ten of the eleven dharmas enumerated in both the Vaibhashika and the Yogachara lists of the rupa-dharma. S Although the Vaibhashikas did not enumerate the 'qualities' of rupa in the rupa-dharma, they certainly knew some of them. They recognised, for instance, the four lakshanas, which were proclaimed in the sutras as being universal characteristics 1 Vm. XIV. 43. 2 The Sautrantikas go still further and enumerate only the four mahabhutas and the four objects as real rupa-dharmas. See Alambana pariksha, Appendix D. p. 116. 3 The Vaibhashikas enumerate one more rupa, viz., avijnapti (unmani fested matter) which the Yogacharins include in their 11th category of rupa, called dharma-dhatu parya panna (matter included under dharma-dhatu). For details, see Manual of Buddhist Philosophy, pp. 118ff.
