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INTRODUCTION.
cix
no way differed from that known to us. He explains, as Professor Jolly points out, the curious terms, used Manu VIII, 49, for the various modes by which a creditor may recover a debt, as well as the expression asvamin, which occurs in the title of law, called Asvåmivikraya. He further mentions that Manu IX, 57–68 first teaches and afterwards forbids the practice of Niyoga, and gives, as it seems to me ', the correct explanation of this contradiction. He also notes that Manu IX, 221-228 forbids gambling, which other writers on law permit under due supervision, and he corrects Manu's rules regarding the indivisibility of clothes and other objects enumerated IX, 219. An apparent contradiction in Brihaspati's rules with respect to subsidiary sons' proves that he knew and accepted Manu's teaching on this subject. He declares that the substitutes for a legitimate son of the body are forbidden in the Kaliyuga, and yet admits the rights of a Putrikå or appointed daughter, who mostly is reckoned among the substitutes. This difficulty is easily solved, if it is borne in mind that Manu, differing from the other ancient law-books, does not reckon the Putrikâ among the subsidiary sons. He separates her, IX, 127-140, from the Gauna Putras, IX, 158-181, and strongly insists on her rights, while he restricts those of the others very much. The list of instances where Brihaspati alludes to, annotates, or amplifies rules of Manu might, I think, be enlarged still further, and it seems to me that a comparison of those verses of his, which Colebrooke's Digest contains, with Manu gives one the impression that Brihaspati's work is throughout a revised and enlarged edition of the Bhrigusamhità, or, to use the Indian expression, a Manuvârttika or Manukârika. Professor Jolly, finally, has pointed out that this evidence concerning the relation between Manu and Brihaspati agrees with and gives some weight to the tradition preserved in the Skanda-purana, according to which Brihaspati composed the third of the four versions of Manu's Dharmasastra. The age of the Brihaspati-smriti
See also above, p. xciv. Jolly, Tagore Lectures, p. 158.
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