Sanskrit Sahitya Me Sarasvati Ki Katipay Zankiya

Author(s): Muhammad Israil Khan
Publisher: Crisent Publishing House
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032028/1

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kIkatipaya jhAMkiyA~ SARASVAT! DaoN.muhammada isarAila ravA~

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Dr. MOHAMMAD ISRAIL KHAN'S PARTICULARS A. Educational Qualifications : 1. M. A. (Sanskrit) Ist in Ist 2. Cert. in German Ist in Ist 3. Dip. in German 4. Ph. D. (Sanskrit) 5. D. Litt. (Continued) on : Impact of Bharata on Sanskrit Drama B. Profession: He is serving as Reader, Deptt. of Sanskrit, South Delhi Campus, Delhi University, New Delhi. C. Research Experience : 1. Has produced five Ph. Ds. 2. Seven more Research scholars are working for Ph. D. 3. One is doing M. Phil. D. Scholarships and Felloships received on the basis of Merit : 1. Post-Graduate Merit Scholarship in Humanities in M. A. by Ministry of Edu cation, Govt. of India. 2. Faculty Fellowship. A. M. U. Aligarh. 3. Junior Fellowship, U.G.C. Govt. of India 4. Senior Fellowship, U.G.C. Govt. of India E. Research Papers and Articles : 1. Sixty five (65)

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ lekhaka DaoN0 muhammada isarAila khA~ ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0 rIDara saMskRta-vibhAga bakSiNa dillI parisara dillI vizvavidyAlaya, naI dillI (bhArata) kroseNTa pabliziMga hAUsa epha/17-56, nyU kavinagara, gAjiyAbAda, (bhArata)

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ DaoN0 muhammada isarAila khA~ (c) DaoN0 muhammada isarAila khA~ bhArata meM prathama saMskaraNa 1685 mUlya ru0 100 mAtra prakAzaka : zrImatI jilebA bIvI koseNTa pabliziga hAUsa epha / DI- 56, nyU kavinagara, gAz2iyAbAda, bhArata mudraka : mInAra priMTarsa zAhadarA, dillI- 110032

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priya mitroM ko una kI madhura smRti samarpita jinhoM ne mujhe sadaiva Adara tathA sammAna diyA tathA mere prati zAzvat jina ke hRdaya meM sadbhAvanA banI rahI

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prAkkathana bhAratIya paramparA meM sarasvatI kA apanA eka viziSTa sthAna hai / sarasvatI ke do svarUpa hameM milate haiN| eka nadI ke rUpa meM aura dUsarA vAgdevatA ke rUpa meN| nadI ke rUpa meM Aja sarasvatI pratyakSa nahIM hai, kevala prayAgarAja meM gaMgA aura yamunA ke sAtha sarasvatI kI pRthvI ke andara bahatI huI dhArA milatI hai / jahA~ snAna karane se samasta azubha kA kSaya ho jAtA hai aura puNya kA udaya hotA hai / aisI bhAratIya mAnyatA hai / vAgdevatA ke rUpa meM sarasvatI kI ArAdhanA tathA kRpA se vidyA tathA buddhi ke vaibhava kA udreka hotA hai| DaoN0 muhammada isarAila khA~ ne sarasvatI para hI saMskRta meM alIgar3ha muslima yUnivarsiTI se pI-eca0 DI0 kI upAdhi prApta kI thii| inake zodha-prabandha kA viSaya thA 'Sarasvati in Sanskrit literature' yaha zodha-prabandha 1978 meM prakAzita huA thaa| isI viSaya para ina kA cintana aura zodha-kArya cAlU rahA aura samayasamaya para inhoMne sarasvatI ke anyAnya pakSoM para apane lekha prakAzita kie| inhIM lekhoM kA saMgraha aba yahA~ 'saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhAMkiyA~' isa zIrSaka ke sAtha vidvAnoM ke sAmane prastuta ho rahA hai| ina nibaMdhoM meM saMskRta-sAhitya meM vikAsa, Rgveda, yajurveda, atharvaveda, brAhmaNagraMtha, purANa tayA laukika saMskRta-sAhitya ke AdhAra para upasthita kiyA gayA haiM / grIka tathA romana paurANika kathAoM meM sarasvatI kI samakakSa deviyoM ke sAtha bhI eka saMkSipta tulanAtmaka rUpa-rekhA prastuta graMtha meM jur3I hai / isa viSaya para abhI aura adhika gaharAI ke sAtha adhyayana apekSita hai / AzA hai ki DaoN0 khA~ isa viSaya ko Age bar3Ae~ge / isa prasaMga meM suprasiddha phrAMsIsI vidvAn chu moM ke grantha tathA lekhoM ke adhyayana se bahuta upayogI sAmagrI prastuta ho sakatI hai| veda meM prApta sarasvatI ke vizeSaNoM ke AdhAra para sarasvatI ke svarUpa kA citraNa bahuta acchA banA hai / sarasvatI kI paurANika utpatti ke silasile ko bhI yadi purANoM ke prasiddha kAlakrama ko dRSTi meM rakhakara dikhAyA jAtA, to jyAdA acchA thaa| sarasvatI kI vibhinna pratimAoM ke citra kAla-krama ke anusAra pariziSTa meM rakhe jAte, to pAThakoM ko eka rocaka sAmagrI prApta hotI / ina choTI-moTI bAtoM ke bAvajUda bhI prastuta grantha meM sarasvatI ke udgama aura vikAsa ke sAtha svarUpAvabodha ke lie paryApta prAmANika ----sAmagrI hai, isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai / DaoN0 khAM ne vAstava meM isa viSaya para khUba

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parizrama kiyA hai aura ve hArdika vadhAI ke pAtra haiN| maiM isa pustaka kA svAgata karatA hU~ aura apane sahakarmI vidvAn DaoN0 muhammada isarAila khA~ kA pANDityapUrNa lekha - saMgraha ke lie hArdika abhinandana karatA hU~ / dillI 16.7.1685 - rasika vihArI jozI ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0, DI0 liT (perisa ) prophesara evaM adhyakSa, saMskRta vibhAga, dillI vizvavidyAlaya

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prastAvanA sarasvatI vaidika AryoM kI pUjya devI thI / isa ne vaidika sabhyatA ko atyadhika prabhAvita kiyA thA / isa ke kaI kAraNa haiM / una kAraNoM meM se eka kAraNa sarasvatI kA nadI honA hai / yaha Rgvaidika kAla kI sabase vizAla tathA mahatI nadI thI tathA isa ne vaidika sabhyatA tathA saMskRti ke vikAsa atyanta mahattvapUrNa yoga diyA thA | aneka RSi isa ke taTa para nivAsa karate the, jahA~ se unhoMne RcAoM kA darzana kiyA tathA veda astitva meM aae| yaha nadI zanaiH zanaiH snehAdhikya ke kAraNa nadI- devatA banI tathA punaH vAk, vAgdevI tathA devI bana gii| isa prakAra isa sarasvatI ke pIche utpatti tathA vikAsa kA eka vicitra itihAsa hai / brAhmaNoM tAdAtmya vAk se ho gayA hai| taMtroM meM ise eka nADI- vizeSa se saMyukta kara diyA gayA hai| purANoM meM isa kA mUrtikaraNa ho gayA hai / Adhunika kAla taka Ate-Ate yaha aneka kalAoM tathA vidyAoM kI adhiSThAtR devI bana gaI hai / grIka tathA romana purANa-kathA meM isa ke samakakSa kucha deviyA~ haiM, jina kA vyaktitva sarasvatI se bahuta milatA-julatA sA hai / aise vyaktitva vAlI sarasvatI ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa eka AkarSaNa kA viSaya hai / isa kA sarasvatI se sambaddha kucha graMtha haiM tathA una meM se mukhya rUpa se DaoN0 airI, DaoN0 ena0 ena0 goDabole tathA svata: merI 'Sarasvati in Sanskrit Literature' mukhya haiM / ina ke atirikta anya graMthoM meM prasaGgataH sarasvatI para vidvAnoM ne vicAra kiyA hai / ke0 sI caTTopAdhyAya, sara Arela sTAina, diva prasAda dAsa gupta, Ananda svarUpa gupta, bI0 Ara0 zarmA Adi ne svataMtra rUpa se sarasvatI para zodha-lekha likhe haiM / prakRta pustaka meM zodha - lekhoM kA saMgraha hai / ye zodha-lekha sarasvatI ke aneka svarUpoM ko spaSTata: prakAzita karate haiM / ina zodha-lekhoM ko samaya-samaya para vidvAnoM ke sammukha prastuta kiyA gayA thA tathA zodha-patrikAoM meM prakAzita kiyA gayA thA / aise lekhoM kA saMgraha vidvAnoM ke sammukha pustakAkAra meM A rahA hai / AzA hai ki vidvAn isa kA svAgata kareMge / dinAGka 12.7.1985 - muhammada isarAila khA~

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AbhAra-pradarzana mujhe sarasvatI para kArya karane kA protsAhana pro0 sUryakAnta, adhyakSa, saMskRtavibhAga, alIgar3ha vizvavidyAlaya, alIgar3ha se milA / DaoN0 sUryakAnta sarvaprathama banArasa hindU vizvavidyAlaya, banArasa meM saMskRta-vibhAga ke adhyakSa the| vahA~ se avakAza prApta kara alIgar3ha Aye the| maiM ne sarasvatI para zodha-kArya DaoN0 maMtriNI prasAda ke nirdezana meM prArambha kiyA thA, parantu una ke videza cale jAne para zodha-kArya kI samApti pro0 rAma sureza tripAThI ke suyogya nirdezana meM huI / yaha graMtha yadyapi pIeca0 DI0 se sambaddha nahIM hai, parantu usa adhyayana kI zRGkhalA se avazya jur3A hai / phalataH maiM isa adhyayana ke lie apane una sabhI guruoM kA AbhArI huuN| __ merI pustaka 'sarasvatI ina saMskRta liTirecara' san 1978 meM prakAzita haI thii| usa pustaka kA vidvAnoM ne itanA svAgata kiyA ki usakA prathama saMskaraNa tIna varSa kI avadhi meM hI samApta hogA / vidvAnoM evaM mitroM ne punaH punaH usake dUsare saMskaraNa ke nimitta mujhe prerita kiyaa| pustaka likhate samaya tathA bAda meM mujhe sarasvatI para cintana karane kA avasara milA / samaya-samaya para mere zodha-lekha chapate rahe / prakRta pustaka meM una zodha-lekhoM kA saMgraha hai| maiM una vidvAnoM tathA mitroM kA AbhArI hU~, jo mujhe sadaiva prerita karate rhe| mujhe AzA hai ki ve isa pustaka ko dekha kara harSAtizaya kA anubhava kreNge| mere pAsa samaya-samaya para saGketita pustaka ke nimitta patra Ate rahate haiM / isa pustaka ke prakAzita hone para maiM harSa kA anubhava kara rahA hU~ ki una ke patroM kA uttara dete samaya aba maiM unheM nirAza nahIM kruuNgaa| prathama pustaka na sahI, ve isa pustaka ko jAnakara prasanna hoMge / maiM isa koTi meM Ane vAle vidvAn tathA vidyArthiyoM kA bhI AbhArI hU~ / abhI kucha dina pUrva kaI patra (R-357/220 Dated 15.5.85 tathA R-357/112 Dated 15.2.85) bhAratIya jJAna-pITha, naI dillI se Aye haiM / yaha patra zrI gopIlAla amara jI kA hai, jo vahA~ risarca Afisara haiN| maiM Aja unako sAbhAra sUcita kara rahA huuN| ___ maiM ne isa pustaka ko likhane meM aneka vidvAnoM kI pustakoM tathA lekhoM kI sahAyatA lI hai, ata eva una ke prati AbhArI huuN| maiM ne apanI prathama pustaka likhate samaya aneka pustakAlayoM kI sahAyatA lI thii| aise pustakAlayoM meM maulAnA Az2Ada pustakAlaya, alIgar3ha vizvavidyAlaya; bhaNDArakara

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12 orieNTala insTIcyUTa pustakAlaya, pUnA; jayakara graMthAlaya, pUnA; Dekana kAlija pustakAlaya, pUnA; sarasvatI bhavana pustakAlaya, vArANasI; kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, pustakAlaya, vArANasI; nezanala myujiyama pustakAlaya, naI dillI Adi haiM / yahA~ se ekatrita sAmagriyoM ne isa pustaka ke prastutikaraNa meM bahuza: sahAyatA dI hai, ata eva maiM ina pustakAlayoM ke padAdhikAriyoM kA atyanta RNI hU~ / maiM una vidvAnoM kA bhI atyanta AbhArI hU~, jinhoMne zodha ke madhya mujhe apane vicAroM tathA parAmarzo se lAbhAnvita kiyA / maiM anta meM apane prakAzaka tathA mudraka ke prati dhanyavAdArpaNa kara rahA hU~, jinhoM ne isa pustaka ko pAThakoM ke sAmane prastuta karane meM mahattpUrNa yoga diyA hai / dinAGka 12.7.1685 - muhammada isarAila khA~ -

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pAThyakrama samarpaNa prAkkathana prastAvanA AbhAra pradarzana viSaya-sUcI 1. sarasvatI kA prAthamika nadI -rUpa 2. Rgveda meM sarasvatI kA svarUpa 3. yajurveda meM sarasvatI kA svarUpa 4. atharvaveda meM sarasvatI kA svarUpa 5. brAhmaNoM meM sarasvatI kA svarUpa 9. sindhumAtA 2. saptasvasA -1 saMskRta sAhitya meM sarasvatI kA vikAsa 6. purANoM meM sarasvatI kA sthAna 7. laukika sAhitya meM sarasvatI kA svarUpa 8. pariziSTa - sarasvatI ke samakakSa grIka tathA romana deviyA~ --2-- vANI ke catuvidha rUpa 3. ghRtAcI 4. pAvIravI 1. Rgvaidika deviyoM kA trika 2. sarasvatI iDA tathA bhAratI vANI ke trividha rUpa 3. vANI ke cAra caraNa aura una kA dArzanika vivecana 131 sarasvatI ke katipaya Rgvaidika vizeSaNoM kI vivecanA -4 Rgvaidika sarasvatI nadI pRSTha saMkhyA 5 7-8 & 11-12 1 - 7 8 - 16 17-26 27-33

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1. brahmavaivartapurANa 2. matsya tathA padma purANa 3. vAyupurANa 4. brahmANDapurANa 14 sarasvatI kI paurANika utpati -- 6 sarasvatI kA paurANika nadI-rUpa 1. sarasvatI kI paurANika utpatti (a) dhArmika utpatti (ba) bhautika utpatti 2. sarasvatI kI paurANika pavitratA 3. sarasvatI ke katipaya paurANikaM vizeSaNa 151 sarasvatI ke katipaya paurANika vizeSaNa 1. sarasvatI tathA minarvA 1. sarasvatI aura grIka myujreja 3. Rgveda tathA myUz2a - parikalpanA 151 purANoM meM sarasvatI kI pratimA 1. sarasvatI kI mUrtinirmANa-vidhi 2. mukha 3. sarasvatI ke hAthoM kI saMkhyA evaM tatrastha vastue~ -31 sarasvatI kA vAhana 1. haMsa tathA mora ke tAtparyArtha -10 grIka aura romana paurANika kathA meM sarasvatI kI samakakSa deviyA~ 11 brahmA aura sarasvatI ke madhya paurANika premAlyAna 1. brahmA evaM sarasvatI ke premAkhyAna kA srota 2. samasyA kA samAdhAna 34-36 40-55 56-61 62-71 72-76 77-83 84-62

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63-66 100-116 Rgveda meM deviyoM kA trika 1. Rgvaidika deviyoM kA trika -13 brAhmaNoM meM sarasvatI kA svarUpa 1. vANI tathA usa kA paricaya 2. Rgvaidika siddhAnta 3. brAhmaNika siddhAnta 4. vAk tathA gandharvo kI kathA 5. aitareya-brAhmaNa kI kathA 6. zatapathabrAhmaNa kI kathA 7. sarasvatI kI kucha mahattvapUrNa upAdhiyA~ (ka) vaizambhalyA (kha) satya vAk (ga) sumaDIkA 8. sarasvatI tathA sarasvAn 9. sarasvatI kA vAk se tAdAtmya 10. brAhmaNoM meM jagat-sambandhI vAk kI kathA 11. vAk kA sarasvatI se tAdAtmya (ka) zatapathabrAhmaNa (kha) gopathabrAhmaNa (ga) tANDyamahAbrAhmaNa (gha) aitareyabrAhmaNa (Ga) aitareya-AraNyaka (ca) sAMkhAyanabrAhmaNa (cha) taittirIyabrAhmaNa -14-- sarasvatI-sambandhI kucha paurANika pAThaya 117-125 mUrti-vyAkhyA 126-128 pleTsa 1-16

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-1 saMskRta sAhitya meM sarasvatI kA vikAsa (Evolution of Sarasvati In Sanskrit Literature)1 prakRta zodha-prabandha sAta adhyAyoM tathA eka pariziSTa bhAga meM vibhakta hai / prathama adhyAya kA nAma 'sarasvatI kA prAthamika nadI - rUpa' hai / isa sandarbha meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki sarasvatI sarvaprathama eka nadI thI / yaha prAcIna bhArata kI eka atyanta vizAla tathA gaharI nadI thI / RSigaNa isa ke kinAre para rahate the / isakA jala atyanta svAsthya vardhaka thA tathA isa nadI kA taTa zAnta vAtAvaraNa yukta thA, ata eva RSigaNa isase atyanta prabhAvita hokara isa para devI kA Aropa karane lage tathA sAtha-sAtha ise yajJa se sambaddha kara maMtroM ke uccAraNa meM isakI mahatI utpreraNA kI kalpanA kara ise maMtroM kI devI athavA vAgdevI bhI svIkAra karane lage / Rgveda meM 'Apa' kA varNana prApta hotA hai / ye jala sAmAnyataH nadiyoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiM tathA ina nadiyoM meM bhI sarasvatI pradhAna hai / vAmanapurANa (40.14) meM sabhI jaloM kA sarasvatI se tAdAtmya dikhAyA gayA hai / isa AdhAra para vaidika jaloM kA sarasvatI se tAdAtmya dikhAnA asaGgata nahIM hai / hemacandrAcArya (abhi0 ci0 4.145 - 146 ) se isa kathana kI puSTi dekhI jAtI hai / tadanantara sarasvatI zabda kI vyutpatti dikhAI gaI hai, jisase usakA jala se yukta honA, gatizIlA honA, utsAha - sampannA honA Adi bhAvoM kI abhivyakti hotI hai / vastutaH sarasvatI uttara bhArata kI eka mahatI nadI thI aura yaha dRSadvatI nadI ke sAtha brahmAvarta kA nirmANa karatI thI - isa ora saMketa svataH manu ne manu0 smR0 ( 2.17) meM kiyA hai / isa nirIkSaNa ke uparAnta sarasvatI ke vAstavika sthAna tathA mArga ke anveSaNa kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / isa sandarbha meM rAtha, ke0 sI0 caTTopAdhyAya, maiksamUlara, divaprasAda dAsa guptA Adi vidvAnoM ke matoM ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai / isI prasaGga meM bhaugolika tathA aitihAsika tathyoM kA nirIkSaNa kiyA gayA hai / bhaugolika tathya ke AdhAra para siddha kiyA gayA hai ki sarasvatI sivAlika rejeja se nikalatI thI / sivAlika rejeja meM bhI 'plakSa prAsravaNa' sarasvatI ke udgama kA eka sunizcita sthAna thA / bhaugolika tathyoM meM samudroM kA sthAna bhI pramukha hai / ati prAcIna kAla meM bhArata bhaugolika sthiti Aja se sarvathA bhinna thI tathA Aja ke 'gaGga Tika' maidAna ke pazcima tathA rAjasthAna ke pUrva kI ora eka Tethys Sea thA, jisameM sarasvatI 1. Doctorate for this thesis has been awarded and the work is published by Crescent Publishing House, F/D-56, New Kavinager, Ghaziabad, U. P. (India)

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhAMkiyA~ pahAr3oM se Akara giratI thI tathA rAjasthAna samudra se hokara araba sAgara meM vilIna hotI thii| punaH bhU-parivartanoM se sarasvatI kA mArga badala gayA tathA yaha aura uttara tathA pazcimavartI ho gii| purANoM meM sarasvatI ke isa parivartana ko prAcI (padmapurANa, 5.18.217) tathA pazcimAmukhI (skandapurANa, 7.35.26) se abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai / aitihAsika tathyoM meM katipaya jAtiyoM athavA vaMzoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, jinameM bharata, kuru aura puru pramukha haiM, jinakA Rgveda meM sarasvatI nadI se ghaniSTha sambandha pAyA jAtA hai / isa sambandha meM svataH Rgveda meM sarasvatI ko 'paJca jAtAH vardhayantI' kahA gayA hai / cUMki ina jAtiyoM (vaMzoM) kA bhArata ke uttara tathA pazcima bhAgoM se sambandha prAyaH svIkRta hai, ata eva sarasvatI inhIM bhAgoM meM hokara bahatI thii| isa adhyAya ke anta meM 'vinazana' kA nizcikaraNa kiyA gayA hai / 'vinazana' sarasvatI ke bhUmi meM samAne kA sthAna hai / 'vinazana' ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM hai, ata eva yahA~ bhinna-bhinna mata prastuta kiye gaye haiM / impIriyala gajeTiyara meM paTiyAlA rAjya meM 'vinazana' pradarzita haiM / Aja ke vidvAn tathA bhUtatva-vettA 'ghaghghara kenAla' ko prAcIna sarasvatI kA mArga svIkAra karate haiN| prakRta zodha-prabandha meM yahI mata svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / prayAga meM sarasvatI kA milana nahIM hotA hai, para yaha nizcita hai ki prAcIna kAla meM sarasvatI ke do bhAga ho gaye the, jinameM se eka bhAga yamunA meM mila gayA thaa| isa prakAra sarasvatI tathA yamunA saMyukta rUpa se gaGgA se prayAga meM milatI haiM / anta meM akSAMza tathA dezAntara rekhAoM se sarasvatI ke mArga ko katipaya viziSTa sthAnoM se hokara jAtA huA dikhAyA gayA hai| . dvitIya adhyAya 'Rgveda meM sarasvatI kA svarUpa' hai / yahA~ sarvaprathama sarasvatI ke bhautika pakSa (sthUla pakSa-nadI-rUpa) ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai tathA daivI rUpa kA bhI prastutIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai / isa adhyAya se jJAta hotA hai ki Rgveda meM aneka sthaloM para sarasvatI ko nadI-rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai / bhautika sandarbha meM sarasvatI ke aGgoM, saundarya Adi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / usake saundarya kI abhivyakti karane vAle zabda 'suyamA', 'zubhrA', 'supezas' Adi haiM / tadantara sarasvatI ke mAnasika pakSa ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / isa sandarbha se sarasvatI ko 'dhiyAvasuH', 'codayitrI sunatAnAma', 'sAdhayantI dhiyam', Adi kahA gayA hai / mAnasika pakSa ke bAda sarasvatI kA sAmAjika pakSa ubhArA gayA hai / isake bhItara sarasvatI ko eka mAtA, bahina, patnI, putrI tathA sakhI ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| mAtA ke sambandha se use ambitamA, sindhumAtA, mAtA Adi kahA gayA hai / bahina ke rUpa se use saptasvasA, saptadhAtuH, saptathI, trithasthA, svasakhyA, RtAvarI, Adi kahA gayA hai / patnI ke rUpa meM vaha vIrapatnI, vRSNaH patnI, marutvatI, Adi hai / pAvIravI usake putrI-rUpa ko vyakta karatA hai / 'marutsakhA', 'sakhyA' aura 'uttarA sakhibhyaH' se usakA sakhI-rUpa jJAta hotA hai / cauthe zIrSaka ke antargata sarasvatI ke pramukha-pramukha kAryoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isa dizA meM sarva

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kA vikAsa prathama dikhAyA gayA hai ki sarasvatI dhanadAtrI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki usakA stana 'zazayaH', 'ratnadhA' tathA 'vasuvit' kahA gayA hai / punaH use rAyazcetantI, Apo revatIH kahA gayA hai / sarasvatI Ananda-dAtrI bhI hai / 'mayobhUH' zabda isakI puSTi karatA hai / sarasvatI santAnaH dAtrI bhI hai / isa tAtparya se sarasvatI kA stavana sinIvAtnI tathA azvinau ( R0 10. 184.1 ) ke sAtha huA hai / yaha anna-dAtrI ke rUpa se vAjinIvatI tathA vAjinI kahI gaI hai / 'vAja' kA artha anna, bala Adi hai / isake atirikta 'prAyUMSi' tathA 'yazas' bhUrizaH usake prakRta svarUpa kA kathana karate haiM / pA~caveM zIrSaka ke antargata sarasvatI kI pramukha vizeSatAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| vAjinIvatI, pAvakA, ghRtAcI pArAvatadhnI, citrAyuH, hiraNyavartanI, asuryA, dharuNamAyasI pUH aura kavArI isake vizeSa vyaktitva kA khyApana karate haiM / chaTheM zIrSaka ke antargata isakA mitra, dakSa, varuNa, soma, azvin, marut, agni, indra, viSNu, rudra, pUSan, parjanya, bRhaspati, aryamA, vAyu, vAja, vAta, pavamAna, aja - ekapAd, vizvedevA, vibhu, Aditya, Apa: Adi se sAmAnya sambandha dikhAyA gayA hai / marutsakhyA, marutvatI aura marutsu bhAratI se marutoM ke sAtha sarasvatI kA eka vizeSa sambandha jJAta hotA hai / 'vRSNaH patnI:' se sarasvatI kA indra ke sAtha ghaniSTha sambandha prakaTa hotA hai, kyoMki vaha mAdhyamikA devI - rUpa se indra ko vRtra hanana meM sahAyatA pradAna karatI hai / vAjasaneyi-saMhitA sarasvatI ko azvinoM kI patnI ghoSita karatI hai / sarasvatI kA katipaya strI deviyoM ke sAtha sAmAnya rUpa se varNana huA hai, parantu vaha ilA tathA bhAratI ke sAtha Rgvaidika deviyoM kA nik banAtI hai / anta meM sarasvatI kA sarasvAn se sambandha dikhAyA gayA hai / sarasvAn kA artha nadI -devatA, bAdala, Aditya, samudra ityAdi kiyA gayA hai tathA isa rUpa meM vaha sarasvatI kA pati hai / tIsarA adhyAya 'yajurveda meM sarasvatI kA svarUpa' hai / Rgveda kI bhA~ti yahA~ bhI sarasvatI ke bhautika rUpa ko sarvaprathama dikhAyA gayA hai / tadanantara isakI viziSTa upAdhiyoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / ina upAdhiyoM meM yazobhaginI, haviSmatI, sududhA aura jAgRvi pramukha haiM / tadanantara sarasvatI ko eka cikitsikA ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai / isa sambandha meM sautrAmANi tathA bheSaja yajJoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / indra soma kA atyanta premI hai / jaba vaha soma kA adhika pAna kara letA hai, taba vaha usake mada se prabhAvita ho jAtA hai / devatA usake isa mada kA nAza 'sautrAmANi yajJa' se karate haiM, kyoMki yaha soma ke kuprabhAva ko dUra karatA hai / 'bheSaja yajJa' kA tAtparya yaha haiM ki jaba namuci vizvAsaghAta ke dvArA indra ke madya kA apaharaNa kara letA hai, taba vaha zArIrika hAni ko prApta hotA hai / sarasvatI tathA azvin usakI cikitsA karate haiM / tadanantara indra zarIra tathA svAsthya lAbha prApta karatA hai| cauthe zIrSaka ke antargata sarasvatI kA sArasvata se sambandha dikhAyA gayA hai / yahA~ sArasvata ko sarasvAn ke samakakSa samajhanA cAhiye / anta meM sarasvatI ko 'milsa kAu' arthAt eka dudhAru gAya ke rUpa meM 3

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saMskRta - sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ citrita kiyA gayA hai / use yaha upAdhi usake dayAlu svabhAva tathA anyoM ke prati vatsa - latA ke kAraNa diyA gayA hai / caturtha adhyAya kA nAma 'atharvaveda meM sarasvatI kA svarUpa' hai / hama sAmAnyataH jAnate haiM ki atharvaveda meM aneka oSadhiyoM tathA auSadhoM kA varNana hai / ina oSadhiyoM tathA auSadhoM kA vibhinna devoM se sambandha hai / isa adhyAya ke prathama zIrSaka meM sarasvatI ko cikitsA - vidyA se sambaddha karate hue stavana kiyA gayA hai ki vaha agni, savitA tathA bRhaspati ke sAtha manuSya kI khoI zakti ko lAe tathA thake aGgoM ko dhanuSa ke samAna dRDha banAye / isa sambandha meM katipaya jar3I-bUTiyoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, jinakA devoM se sAmAnya sambandha pradarzita kiyA gayA hai / atharvaveda ke eka maMtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki jar3I-bUTI asuroM kI putrI haiM, devoM kI bahana haiM tathA yaha svarga aura pRthivI se utpanna huI haiN| zarIra meM aneka roga ke kITANu haiM / ve hamAre zarIra ko naSTa karane ke lie kaTibaddha rahate haiM, parantu deva hamAre zarIra kI rakSA satat karate haiM, anyathA kisI samaya zarIra pAta ho sakatA hai / hama vibhinna rogoM ko oSadhiyoM ke sevana se dUra karate haiM, kyoMki unakA vibhinna devoM se sambandha hai tathA devoM ke aMzoM kA prabhAva una oSadhiyoM para hai / dUsare zIrSaka meM dhana se Ane vAlI aneka burAiyA~ batAI gaI haiM / ina burAiyoM ke kAraNa manuSya apanA naitika tathA cAritrika mUlya kho detA hai / dhana kI kamI tathA Adhikya aneka ApadAoM ko lAtA hai / isa sambandha meM atharvaveda ke katipaya maMtroM meM sampatti ke svarUpa tathA burAiyoM kA manohArI varNana hai / dhana ke kAraNa manuSya meM ahaGkAra A jAtA hai / vaha dUsaroM ke prati kaThora ho jAtA hai, phalataH isa veda meM manuSya ko upadeza diyA gayA hai ki sarasvatI kI zaraNa meM jAye, jisase usameM komala vicAra tathA satya vANI janma leM / tIsare zIrSaka meM sarasvatI kA rakSAkArya pradarzita hai / cauthe zIrSaka meM sarasvatI tathA manuSya kI daivI zakti kA varNana prastuta kiyA gayA hai / vibhinna devoM kI zaktiyoM kA varNana karane ke pazcAt sarasvatI se prArthanA kI gaI hai ki vaha manuSya ko Avazyaka vAyu tathA zvAsa pradAna kare / pA~cavA~ zIrSaka sarasvatI tathA vivAha sambandhI hai / isa prasaGga meM do sUktoM ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai / prathama sUkta meM sUryA ko apane pati-gRha gamana karate hue prastuta kiyA gayA hai / isa devI vivAha ke mAdhyama se laukika vivAha kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai tathA usake lie Adarza prastuta kiyA gayA hai| dUsare sUkta meM vadhU ko zikSA dI gaI hai ki vaha apane pati ko viSNu ke samAna samajhe / isa prasaGga meM sarasvatI tathA sinIvAlI kA varNana milatA hai / inase prArthanA kI gaI hai ki ye deviyA~ vadhU ko santAna tathA saubhAgya pradAna kareM / tadanantara sarasvatI ko ekatA aura mitratA lAne vAlI batAyA gayA hai / Age sarasvatI kA kRSi se sambandha dikhAyA gayA hai / isa sandarbha se sarasvatI ko nadI rUpa se prastuta kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki isakA jala tathA isake Asa-pAsa kI bhUmi kRSi ke lie atyanta anukUla hai / yahA~ indra ko hala kA svAmI tathA marutoM ko kRSaka rUpa meM prastuta kara

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5 saMskRta - sAhitya meM sarasvatI kA vikAsa kRSi - kArma ko uttama batAyA gayA hai / anta meM atharvavaidika deviyoM kA trik pradazita hai / paJcama adhyAya 'brAhmaNoM meM sarasvatI kA svarUpa' hai / isameM sarvaprathama vAk para vicAra kiyA gayA hai tathA vAk para bhASA - vijJAna kI dRSTi se prakAza DAlA gayA hai / tadanantara vAk para Rgvaidika tathA brAhmaNika dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / brAhmaNika praGgagoM se aitareya tathA zatapathabrAhmaNoM ke do AkhyAna prastuta kiye gaye haiM, jinase vAk kI divyatA pragaTa hotI hai tathA devoM kA usase ghaniSTha sambandha jJAta hotA hai / yahA~ tIsare zIrSaka meM sarasvatI kI katipaya upAdhiyoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / ina upAdhiyoM meM vaMzambhalyA, satyavAk, sumRDIkA, subhagA, vAjinIvatI aura pAvakA mukhya haiM / isake bAda sarasvatI tathA sarasvAn kA sambandha nirUpita hai / tadanantara brAhmaNika prasaGgoM se vAk ke vibhinna svarUpoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai / vahA~ sarvaprathama dikhAyA gayA hai ki sarasvatI eka nadI thI / jala kI atyanta pavitratA ke kAraNa vaha vAk tathA vAk kI devI banI / vizva kI utpatti kA siddhAnta bhI vAk se sambaddha hai / isako eka udAharaNa se samajhAyA gayA hai / gAyatrI ATha akSaroM vAlI hotI hai / gAyatrI ke ye ATha akSara prajApati ke ATha kSaraNa - vyApAra hI haiM, jisa samaya vaha sRSTi karanA cAhate the / brAhmaNa-kAla yajJa-yAga pradhAna kAla thA / yajJoM meM vANI kI pramukhatA hotI hai / prAyaH sabhI brAhmaNoM ne eka svara se sarasvatI ko 'vAggai sarasvatI' mAnA hai / aise brAhmaNoM meM zatapatha, gopatha, tANDya, aitareya, zAGkhAyana, taittirIya tathA aitareyaAraNyaka pramukha haiM / chaTheM adhyAya kA nAma 'sarasvatI kA purANoM meM sthAna ' hai / yahA~ sarvaprathama sarasvatI kI paurANika utpatti dikhAI gaI hai / brahmavaivarta, matsya, padma, vAyu, aura brahmANDa purANa vibhinna prakAra se sarasvatI kI utpatti prastuta karate haiM / tadanantara sarasvatI ke raGga (Colour) para vicAra kiyA gayA hai tathA use zveta varNA, zyAmA tathA nIlakaNThI batAyA gayA hai / ina vargoM ke kathana se usake Antarika guNoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai / brAhmaNika sarasvatI zveta varNa hai, kyoMki use zvetabhujA, zvetAGgI, Adi kahA gayA hai, parantu bauddha tathA jaina dharmoM meM bhI aneka vidyA kI deviyA~ haiM, ata eva isa prasaGga se una para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai / zrIvidyArNavataMtra meM sarasvatI ko nIlasarasvatI kahA gayA hai / tadanantara sarasvatI ke vAhanoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai / brAhmaNika sarasvatI kA vAhana haMsa hai, parantu jaina dharma meM aneka vidyA kI deviyA~ haiM / mora, gAya, hAthI, garuDa, koyala, hiraNa, kacchapa, manuSya, ghar3iyAla Adi ko una deviyoM kA vAhana mAnA gayA / vAhanoM ke vistRta vivecana ke pazcAt haMsa tathA mora kA pratIkArtha dikhAyA gayA hai / haMsa vastutaH jIvAtmA tathA paramAtmA ke ekatva kA pratinidhitva karatA hai / mora yajJa se sarasvatI ke nikaTatama sambandha ko abhivyakta karatA hai / tadanantara sarasvatI kI paurANika pratimA kA vivecana hai / yahA~ matsya tathA viSNudharmottara purANoM ke mata uddhRta haiN| agnipurANa kA nirdeza hai ki sarasvatI tathA sAvitrI kI pratimAe~ brahmA kI mUrti

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6 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ ke bAyeM tathA dAhine ora banAnI cAhiye / viSNudharmottarapurANa ke anusAra sAvitrI ko bAyeM dikhAyA gayA hai| purANoM meM sarasvatI ke mukha-nirmANa kA vivecana nahIM milatA hai, parantu mAnasAra meM use 'dazatAla' mAna ke anusAra banAne kA vidhAna milatA hai / tadanantara sarasvatI ke hAthoM ke nirmANa, hAthoM kI saMkhyA tathA hAthoM meM ghRta padArthoM kA vivecana hai | sAmAnyataH sarasvatI ke cAra hAtha hote haiM / kahIM-kahIM use vINA tathA pustaka dhAriNI kahakara do hAthoM vAlI batAyA gayA hai| jaina dharma meM vidyA- deviyoM ke hAthoM kI saMkhyA ATha tathA dasa taka pahu~ca gaI hai| sarasvatI ke cAra hAtha cAro vedoM IIT pratinidhitva karate haiM / sarasvatI ke cAro hAthoM meM nikSipta pustaka, vINA, kamaNDalu tathA akSamAlA vibhinna tathyoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / pustaka tathA kamaNDalu samasta zAstroM ke sAra kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / vINA parama saMsiddhi kI pratIka hai / akSamAlA samaya kI gati ko nApane kA sAdhana hai / isa nirIkSaNa ke uparAnta sarasvatI kA bhautika rUpa prastuta kiyA gayA hai / isa rUpa meM use eka nadI rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai / sarasvatI nadI kyoM banI ? isa sambandha meM eka paurANika AkhyAna vistAra se varNita hai / isake pazcAt sarasvatI ke pavitrAMza para vicAra kiyA gayA hai tathA use puNyatoyA, puNyajalA, zubhA, puNyA, atipuNyA Adi kahA gayA hai / tadanantara sarasvatI kI paurANika upAdhiyoM kA vistRta vivecana hai / tatpazcAt sarasvatI ke vivAha para prakAza DAlA gayA hai tathA use brahmA, dharmarAja, manu, viSNu, Aditya tathA gaNapati se sambaddha dikhAyA gayA hai / sarasvatI ke vivAha ke pazcAt usakI santAnoM kA vivecana hai / usakI santAnoM meM sArasvata, svAyaMbhuva manu RSi, prajApati Adi haiM / isa zodha-prabandha kA antima adhyAya 'laukika sAhitya meM sarasvatI kA svarUpa' haiM / yahA~ kevala pramukha lekhakoM tathA nATyakAroM kI kRtiyoM ke mAdhyama se sarasvatI ke svarUpoM ko nihArane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| aise lekhakoM meM kAlidAsa, azvaghoSa, bhAravi, mAgha, bhavabhUti, daNDI, subandhu, bANabhaTTa, rAjazekhara, bhartRhari, bilhaNa aura kalhaNa ko liyA gayA hai / inhoMne vibhinna prasaGgoM meM sarasvatI kA rUpa citrita kiyA haiM / aisA karanA Avazyaka thA, kyoMki hama prAyaH inakI kRtiyoM ko par3hate haiM aura bahuta sI sarasvatI-sambandhI bAtoM ko jAnate haiM, parantu unakI kramabaddhatA se paricita nahIM haiM athavA bahuta gaharAI meM nahIM gaye haiM / inakI kRtiyoM ke adhyayana se sarasvatI ke vibhinna pakSoM kA hameM sahaja meM hI jJAna ho jAtA hai / isa zodha-prabandha kA antima bhAga 'pariziSTa-rUpa' meM rakhA gayA haiM / isake dvArA sarasvatI kI grIsa tathA roma kI paurANika kathA meM varNita katipaya deviyoM ke sAtha sambandha dikhAyA gayA hai / bhAratIya paurANika kathA bahudevavAda hai tathA grIsa tathA roma kI paurANika kathA bhI bahudevavAda hai, ata eva inameM pArasparika aneka samatAyeM sAmAnyataH tathA eka-eka deva evaM devI ko lekara bhI pAI jAtI haiM / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM romana devI minarvA (Minerva ) hai / ise vahA~ kalAoM ( Arts ), vyApAra, smRti

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kA vikAsa tathA yuddha kI devI mAnA gayA hai / sarasvatI bhI sabhI kalAoM (Arts) kI devI mAnI jAtI hai| yaha smRti (buddhi Adi) kI devI bhI hai| isake atirikta kAlI (caNDI) pramukha rUpa se eka strI ke rUpa se yuddha kI devI mAnI jAtI hai, parantu vedoM meM sarasvatI ke saumya tathA asaumya do rUpa pAye jAte haiN| vaha apane asaumya rUpa se aneka bhayaGkara kArya karatI hai / aise kAryoM meM vRtra-hanana tathA indra-sAhAyya pramukha haiM / isa prakAra sarasvatI 'minarvA' ke samakakSa A AtI hai / sarasvatI kA grIka myuz2eja ke sAtha paryApta sAmya dikhAI detA hai / Rgveda meM svataH myUz2a kI dhAraNA nihita hai| isa sambandha meM Rgveda meM sunatA, sUryA Adi kA nAma liyA jA sakatA hai / Rgveda meM sUryA sarvaprathama kavitA kI devI mAnI jAtI thI, parantu bAda meM usakA kavitA se tAdAtmya sthApita ho gayA tathA sarasvatI kavitA kI devI bana gaI / grIka kI nau myUjeja isa prakAra haiM-(1) Clio) (2) Etcrpe, (3) Thalia, (4) Melpomene, (5) Tersichore, (6) Erato, (7) Polymnia, (8) Urania, (9) Calliope. sUnRtA, vArkAryA, sUryA, sasarparI, brAhmI, bhAratI Adi ina myujeja ke samakakSa haiM / isa prakAra yaha adhyayana atyanta rocaka hai /

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-2vANI ke caturvidha-rUpa sAmAnya rUpa se vANI kA vizleSaNa karanA bar3A kaThina hai| prAyaH sabhI dharmoM meM vANI kI mahattA svIkAra kI gaI hai / vaidika kAla meM vANI kA gaurava vedoM ke adhyayana se bhalI-bhA~ti jAnA jA sakatA hai, parantu itanI bAta avazya hai ki yahA~ vaha bar3I gUDha tathA rahasyamaya hai / brAhmaNakAlIna yuga meM isakA svarUpa kucha spaSTa ho gayA hai, kyoMki yaha yuga yajJa-yAga pradhAna hai / punarjAgaraNa kA hai aura yahA~ vANI apanA svarUpa spaSTa karatI huI dikhAI detI hai| yahIM vANI kA vAk tathA vAgdevI ke sAtha tAdAtmya sthApita ho gayA hai-'vAgvaM sarasvatI' / yahA~ manovaijJAnika tathA dArzanika AdhAra para vANI ke vivecana kA bhI AbhAsa milatA hai / vANI (vAk) manarUpa hai tathA mana kA vyaktarUpa hI vANI hai / mana apane sAmyAvasthA meM 'rasa' tathA 'bala' se paripUrNa zAnta rahatA hai / usa samaya usameM koI prakriyA nahIM hotI hai, lekina jisa samaya mana meM kisI vicAra ke prakaTIkaraNa kI tanika bhI icchA jAgRta hotI hai, vaha mana hI zvAsa meM parivartita ho jAtA hai / jaba balAdhikya tIvra hotA hai, taba vaha vAk (vANI) ke mAdhyama se vyakta ho jAtA hai / vAka kI vizad vidhivat vividha vyAkhyA zatapatha, gopatha, tANDya, aitareya, zAkhAyana, taittirIya, aitareyAraNyaka Adi meM kI gaI hai| ___ aupaniSadika kAla meM vANI kA dArzanika rUpa lakSita hotA hai / yahA~ yaha zvAsa kA rUpa dhAraNa karatI huI iDA, piGgalA tathA suSumnA ke mAdhyama se 'yogavidyA' ko janma detI hai / hama ne pahale batAyA hai ki vANI (vAk) zvAsa kA prasphuTita rUpa hai| zvAsa ke saMyamana se manuSya alpAyu tathA dIrghAyu hai / yoga-vidyA meM isI zvAsa-prakriyA ko iDA, piGgalA tathA suSumnA dvArA saMcAlita kiyA jAtA hai| __ paurANika yuga meM vANI (vAk) kA vividha rUpa lakSita hotA hai / isa yuga meM vANI kI adhiSThAtrI devI sarasvatI hai / vaha vAgrUpa bhI hai tathA use aneka upAdhiyoM se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai| Rgvaidika kAla meM vAka tathA usa kI devI kA svarUpa aspaSTa hai / yahA~ donoM kA sambandha nizcita karanA bar3A kaThina hai / vAk kI sattA kahIM nitAnta svataMtra dikhAI detI hai, to kahIM usa ko devI kI iyattA alaga hai / yahA~ bahuta sI deviyA~ haiM, jinameM mukhya aditi , kuhU', sinIvAlI, rAkA", indrANI, varuNAnI', gnA:12, pRthvI" tathA purandhI 15 haiM / ina meM se eka dUsare kA pArasparika sambandha nizcita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki ye apane-apane kSetra kI pradhAna deviyA~ haiM tathA ina kA AvAhana sarasvatI ke sAtha katipaya Rgvaidika mantroM meM svataMtra rUpa se huA hai|

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vANI ke caturvidha-rUpa 1. Rgvaidika deviyoM kA trika: jisa prakAra vaidiketara sAhitya meM lakSmI, sarasvatI tathA pArvatI tIna deviyoM kA trika banatA hai, usI prakAra Rgvaidika kAla meM sarasvatI, iDA tathA bhAratI tIna deviyA~ bhI trika banAtI haiM / ina kA pArasparika bar3A ghaniSTha sambandha hai / ina deviyoM ke pIche kaI prakAra ke bhAva chipe hue haiM / ve apane bhinna vyaktitva ke kAraNa apanIapanI svataMtra sattA rakhatI haiM tathA una meM kucha guNa aise bhI haiM, jinake AdhAra para ve bhinna pratIta hotI huI bhI eka haiM / vaidika sAhitya ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki hamAre Adi RSi Adyanta prakRtivAdI nahIM the, apitu prakRti ke prati unakA apanA eka vizeSa prakAra kA manovaijJAnika dRSTikoNa thA, tathA ve una ke AdhAra para prakRti ke bhinna-bhinna padArthoM ko bhinna-bhinna pratIkoM kA rUpa de rakhA thaa| phalataH unase bAhya evaM Antarika prabhAva kI apekSA sadaiva banI rhii| sthUla se sUkSma dizA kI ora jAnA svabhAvAnukUla thA / iDA Rgveda meM gau se prApta hone vAle ghI tathA dUdha kA mAnavIkRta havanarUpa hai ata eva vaha gau se prApta hone vAle dhana kA pratinidhitva karatI hai / vaha sarasvatI kI bhA~ti 'dhenurUpa'16 hai / Rgveda meM isake kaI guNa batAye gaye haiM / yaha pratyeka Rtu meM nitya phala dhAraNa karatI hai / gau rUpa se vaha anya pazuoM meM sarvazreSTha hai, ata eva use pazuoM kI mA~ kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| usake hAtha tathA ghara ghRtayukta batAye gaye haiN| yaha jahA~ rahatI hai, vahA~ agni zatruoM se rakSA karate haiM tathA kalyANa pradAna karate haiM / hAtha ke samAna isake paga bhI ghRtayukta haiM / ghRta praphullatA, bahulatA tathA Adhikya kA dyotaka hai, ata eva isa kA pratinidhitva karane vAlI iDA ko praphullatA athavA samRddhi kI devI mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa kSetra para isakA pUrNa Adhipatya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki Rgveda meM anya aneka deviyA~ haiM. jinakA vyaktitva iDA se adhika nikharA huA hai aura ve spaSTatara rUpa se zAnti, kalyANa, samRddhi tathA Adhikya pradAna karane vAlI haiM / astu / bhAratI iDA ke samAna hI yajJa kI devI hai22 / Rgvaidika maMtroM meM isakA AvAhana prAyaH sAmAnya rUpa se svataMtra huA hai23, parantu kucha sthaloM para yaha sarasvatI tathA iDA se milakara tIna deviyoM kA trika banAtI hai| vaidiketara sAhitya meM inameM mahAn parivartana ho jAtA hai| ye Apasa meM mila jAtI haiM tathA yahA~ eka dUsarA nAma pAyarUpa meM AtA hai / cAro vedoM meM atharvaveda ko arvAcIna mAnA gayA haiM / yahA~ eka sthala para 'tisaH sarasvatIH' kA prasaGga AtA hai / 24 bhASyakAroM ne isakA artha sarasvatI, iDA tathA bhAratI kiyA hai / aisA jAna par3atA hai ki vaidiketara kAla prArambha hone ke pUrva svayaM vaidika kAla kA anta hote-hote ina deviyoM meM tAdAtmya sthApita ho gayA thaa| isa tAdAtmya kA mUlAdhAra ina ke pIche chipI huI koI sAmAnya athavA vizeSa kalpanA kA sAmya avazya rahA hogaa| isa sAmya ko vedoM se hI DhUMDhane para jJAta hotA hai ki ye deviyA~ eka zRGkhalA meM Abaddha haiM tathA ve anyAnya kI apekSA rakhatI haiM / aisA hone

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ .. para bhI ve svataMtra haiM tathA unakA kArya bhI svataMtra hai, parantu unakA udgama eka hai / antatogatvA ve eka bhI haiN| 2. sarasvatI, iDA tathA bhAratI vANI ke trividha rUpa : Rgveda meM spaSTataH sararavatI iDA tathA bhAratI ko deviyoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| bhASyakAroM ne apane-apane DhaGa se inakA artha alaga-alaga kiyA hai artha jo anartha na ho, sadA zlAghya hotA hai| phalataH vyutpanna bhASyakAra UhA se sadaiva dUra rahate haiM tathA ve jina artha kI sthApatti karate haiM, saMsAra unakA Adara karatA hai| Rgveda ke bhApyakAroM meM skanda svAmI, mAghavAcArya, sAyaNa, yAska Adi prasiddha haiM, jinhoMne apanI pratibhA se saMsAra ko lAbhAnvita kiyA hai / prakRta viSaya ke prasaGga meM vAkyapadIya kA eka zloka uddhRta hai : vaikharyA madhyamAyAzca pazyantyAzcaitadadbhutam / anekatIrthabhedAyAsmadhyA vAcaH paraM padam / bra0 kA0 143 / / isa zloka meM vANI ke tIna rUpa batAye gaye haiM, jinake nAma vaikharI, madhyamA tathA pazyantI haiN| inake bhI vibhinna bheda haiM / inake sthAna bhI bhinna-bhinna haiN| punaH pazyantI, madhyamA tathA vaikharI ke sthUlA, sUkSmA tathA parA rUpa se tIna-tIna bheda aura haiN| isa prakAra kula nau bheda hue / ina nau bhedoM meM pUrva tIna vANiyoM kA sammizraNa karane para vANI ke bAraha prakAra hote haiM / yaha vibhAjana AcArya bhartRhari ke siddhAnta para AdhArita hai, jisakA vivecana unhoMne vAkyapadIya meM savistAra kiyA hai / vANI ke isa vibhAjana-prakAra ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM bar3A mata-bheda hai / vaiyAkaraNAcArya vANI ke tIna bheda svIkAra karate haiM, parantu zaiva siddhAntoM ke mata se kevala parA, pazyantI, madhyamA tathA vaikharI cAra vANiyA~ haiM, ata eva isa vicAra-vaibhinya kA samAdhAna Avazyaka hai| __ Rgveda meM bhAratI, sarasvatI tathA iDA se tIna deviyoM kA trik banatA hai / Rgveda meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha nahIM batAyA gayA hai ki kauna devI kisa vANI kA pratinidhitva karatI hai / yahA~ sUkSma saGkatamAtra hai| sAyaNAcArya ne inheM vAk, vAgdevI tathA tristhAnA mAnA hai / inakA kathana hai ki bhAratI, sarasvatI tathA iDA vAk, (vANI) kI adhiSThAtrI deviyA~ haiM aura ve apane bhinna-bhinna vyaktitva se dhuloka, antarikSa-loka tathA pRthivI-loka ko suzobhita karatI haiN| inhoMne prakRtiparaka vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para bhAratI ko 'dyusthAnA vAk 26 svIkAra kara ise 'razmirUpA'27 kahA hai / sarasvatI ko inhoMne "mAdhyamikA vAk'28 kahA hai, kyoMki yaha stanitAdirUpA hai / yaha nitAnta satya bhI hai ki 'stanita' zabda AkAza-vyApI hai / vAyu dhvani kA vAhaka hai / sarasvatI ko vAyurUpA mAnakara ise vAyu kI saMcAlikA kahA gayA hai / iDA pRthivI-loka kI vANI hai / . vANI apane mUlarUpa meM eka hai / yaha eka cetanA kA pratIka hai, jisakI kaI avasthAe~ hotI haiN| inhIM avasthAoM ke kAraNa yaha bhinna-bhinna rUpoM ko dhAraNa karatI hai,

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vANI ke caturvidha-rUpa ata eva isake nAma bhI bhinna-bhinna haiM / bhU, bhuvaH tathA svaH kI devI hone ke kAraNa isakA nAma iDA, sarasvatI tathA bhAratI hai tathA ye tInoM pRthivI, antarikSa tathA dhuloka kI vANI-svarUpa haiM / inhIM kA eka anya nAma pazyantI, madhyamA tathA vaikharI hai / 'pazyantI' bhAratI, 'madhyamA' sarasvatI tathA 'vaikharI' iDA kA pratinidhitva karatI hai| yaha vANI kA eka bAhya rUpa hai / isakI yaha vyAkhyA vaidika prakRtiparaka vyAkhyA ke sarvathA anukUla hai| manovaijJAnika vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para isI vANI kI tIna avasthAe~ haiN| prasphuTita vANI eka hI nAdAtmikA vAk ke bhinna-bhinna rUpoM ko dhAraNa kara manuSya ke AbhAsa athavA jJAna-patha meM Ane ke kAraNa bhI pazyantI, madhyamA tathA vaikharI ke nAma se vyavahRta hotI hai / 'nAda' atyanta sUkSma hotA hai / sUkSmavazAt isakI vivakSA nahIM kI jA sakatI / yaha vANI kA dvitIya caraNa hai| isakI avasthA hRdaya meM AgamanamAtra hotI hai aura kevala yogI loga hI isakA darzana kara sakate haiM / vANI ke isI rUpa kA nAma pazyantI haiM / jaba vANI hRdaya meM AbhAsamAtra dikhAtI hai, taba ise 'madhyamA'-akSarazaH hRdaya-madhya meM udita hone ke kAraNa 'madhyamA' kahA jAtA hai / jaba vANI vyakta ho jAtI hai, arthAt jaba isameM vyaktatA kI tIvratA A jAtI haiM tathA tAlu, oSTa Adi mAdhyamoM se uccarita hokara mukha se bAhara nikalatI hai, taba ise 'vaikharI' kahA jAtA hai / 32 3. vANI ke cAra caraNa aura unakA dArzanika vivecana : Upara hama ne vANI ke tIna caraNa athavA rUpa kA vivecana kiyA hai| paramArthataH eka hI vANI ko bhAratI, sarasvatI tathA iDA athavA pazyantI, madhyamA tathA vaikharI ke rUpa meM batAyA gayA hai aura ve antatogatvA eka haiM / kucha sthaloM para vANI ke 'cAra rUpa' hone kA saGkata milatA hai / hama ne pahale batAyA hai ki isa viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM mataikya nahIM hai / Rgveda meM kucha aise sthala haiM, jahA~ vANI ke 'cAra rUpa' hone kA saMketa hai tathA ise kevala saGketamAtra hI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai / Rgvaidika eka mantra meM spaSTa rUpa se vANI ke 'cAra rUpa' batAye gaye haiN| catvAri vAk parimitA padAni tAni vidurbrAhmaNA ye manISiNaH / guhA trINi nihitA neGgayanti turIyaM vAcaM manuSyA vadanti // R0 1.164.45 vAk ke cAra pada haiM, ve gUDha haiM aura aMdhakAra meM haiM / use manISigaNa hI jAna sakate haiM / dharatI ke manuSya vAk ke turIya arthAt caturtha pada ko hI samajha sakate haiM tathA bola sakate haiM / anyatra 'catvAri zRGgA33 se isI ora saGketa jAna par3atA hai, ata eva jo loga vANI ke kevala tIna bheda ko svIkAra kara caturtha kA khaNDana karate haiM, unakA mata sarvathA nirdoSa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| phalata. pazyantI, madhyamA tathA vaikharI ke atirikta vANI kA eka anya bheda bhI hai, jise 'parA' kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai / Rgveda ke prasaGga 1.164.45 meM 'catvAri' pada kI vyAkhyA karate samaya sAyaNAcArya ne likhA haiM ki "parA pazyantI madhyamA vaikharIti catvArIti / ekaiva nAdAtmikA vAk mUlAdhArA

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ ........... duditA satI paretyucyate / nAdasya ca sUkSmatvena dunirUpatvAt", nAdarUpAtmikA vAk ke eka hI mUlabhUta srota se uddhta hone ke vAraNa usakA prathama pada 'parArUpa' se svayaM hI kAraNarUpa hai, ata eva use yukta hI 'parA' kI saMjJA dI gaI hai / vaha atyanta sUkSma hai| phalataH usakA nirUpaNa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vaha 'brahmarUpa' athavA 'brahmamaya' hai / vaidiketara kAla meM brahmA ko sRSTi kA kartA mAnA gayA hai, parantu vedoM meM 'brahmA' nAma kA sarvathA abhAva haiM / yahA~ para brahmaNaspati, vAcaspati Adi ko pradhAnatA dI gayI hai| paurANika yuga meM sRSTi-kartA ko brahmA kahA gayA haiM / vaidika kAla meM yahI brahmA brahma, brahmaNaspati tathA vAcaspati kahA gayA hai / aupaniSadika kAla meM yahI bRhaspati athavA brahman (bRha, vardhane pAcchAdane vA) nAma se pukArA jAtA hai / yaha vAk kA svAmI hai / paurANika yuga meM sarasvatI ko vAk, vAgdevI tathA vAgrUpa svIkAra kiyA gayA haiN| yahIM sarasvatI ko brahmA ke mukhase utpanna huI batAyA gayA hai, ata eva vaha brahmA vAgrUpa sarasvatI kA svAmI hai tathA adhipati hai| tadvat bhAva anya brahmaNaspati, vAcaspati, bRhaspati, brahman Adi se dhvanita hotA hai / vAgAmbhaNI sUkta ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki vAk kA kitanA mahattva haiM / yaha svayaM hI apanI tulanA rudra, Aditya, vizve devA, mitra, varuNa, indra, agni, azvin, soma, tvaSTA, pUSaNa, bhaga Adi se karane meM kSama hai| yahIM anya upalabdha prasaGgoM se usake dvArA hI jagatsRSTi kA siddhAnta prakAza meM AtA hai| Rgveda meM vAk vANI kA mAnavIkRta rUpa haiM, jisake dvArA jJAna kI kiraNa manuSya taka phuNcii| yaha sarvaprathama RSiyoM meM praviSTa huI tathA unake mAdhyama se jJAna kA prasAra huaa| isakI sRSTi devoM ne kii| isI kAraNa vAk ko 'divya' kahA gayA hai / ise 'kAmadhenu' kI saMjJA dI gaI hai, kyoMki yaha jala tathA jIvikA kA sAdhana hai| brAhmaNa graMthoM meM vAk kA divyatva atyanta nikharA huA hai| yahA~ yaha devoM ke atyanta nikaTa A gaI hai / yaha vedoM kI mA~ hai aura vizva kI jananI hai / isase vAk kI zakti tathA prabhutA kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai / prajApati ko vizva kA svAmI tathA kartA kahA jAtA hai / hama ne pahale batAyA hai ki prajApati, bRhaspati, brahmaNaspati tathA brahman tattvataH eka haiM / vAk se inakA ghaniSTha sambandha hai, ata eva ye vAk ke svAmI athavA Iza haiM zatapathabrAhmaNa meM vizva kI utpatti prajApati tathA vAk kI sahAyatA se batAyI gayI hai| jaba prajApati ko sRSTyecchA huI, taba unhoMne apane mastiSka se vAk ko utpanna kiyA / tadanantara usa vAk se jala kA sarjana huaa| isa sambandha meM prajApati tathA vAk ke madhya maithuna sambandha huA, phalataH vAk ne garbha dhAraNa kiyaa| vaha prajApati se vilaga ho gaI aura isa saMsAra kI sRSTi kI / tadanantara prajApati meM praviSTa ho gii| gAyatrI vAgrUpa hai / isakA kSaraNa suSTi kI icchA se ATha bAra huA / isakA yaha kSaraNa prajApati kA kSaraNa-vyApAra hI hai / 38 isa prakAra vAk prajApati-rUpa hai / prajApati se vilaga hone para isakI svataMtra sattA hai / yaha sRSTi-kartA kI icchA-svarUpa hai aura usakI icchA hI vANI-rUpa meM vyakta

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vANI ke caturvidha rUpa 13 39 ** hotI hai / isI prakAra vANI ( vAk ) ke jo cAra pada batAye gaye haiM, ve antatogatvA eka haiM / pRthivI para jo vANI bolI jAtI hai, usakA nAma vaikharI hai, parantu sRSTi ke Adi meM yaha astitva meM nahIM thI / kevala 'parA' thI aura yaha cetanAsvarUpA mAnI gayI hai / yaha brahmamaya hai, ata eva isakA sAkSAtkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / yaha eka parama zaktisvarUpa hai / yaha icchA, jJAna tathA kArya kI svAminI hai / 'parA' ina zaktiyoM kI atizAyinI hai tathA inake sadhza bhI hai / isa sAdRzya kA aGka ura svataH vedoM meM upalabdha hai / 'tisraH sarasvatI. " se bhAratI, sarasvatI tathA iDA kA sAmaJjasya prastuta kiyA gayA hai aura inase ananyApekSya kI bhAvanA se pazyantI ( bhAratI), madhyamA (sarasvatI) tathA vaikharI ( iDA ) nAmaka vANiyoM kA tAdAtmya prastuta kiyA gayA hai / Rgveda meM bhI isa sAmaJjasya kA bIja mila jAtA hai / yahA~ eka sthala para iDA, sarasvatI tathA bhAratI ko 'agnimUrti' kahA gayA hai| agni pRthivI para sUrya kA pratinidhitva karatA hai aura yahI sUrya divi meM Aditya kahalAtA hai / bhAratI dyuloka sthAyinI hai aura isa prakAra se yaha Aditya tathA marutoM se ( marutsu bhAratI ) " sambaddha hai / marut madhyasthAyI haiN| unase sambaddha hone ke kAraNa bhAratI bhI madhyamasthAnA huI / hama ne pahale batAyA hai ki sarasvatI madhyamA vAk hone ke kAraNa madhyamasthAnA hai / donoM kA sthAna eka hone tathA caritra kI lagabhaga samAnatA ke kAraNa donoM eka haiM / dUsarI ora tInoM hI pRthivI sthAyinI agni- mUrtiyoM se tAdAtmya rakhatI haiM, " ata eva tInoM eka haiN| tInoM kA tAdAtmya eka anya udAharaNa se bhalI-bhA~ti jAnA sakatA hai / zrI aravinda ne iDA, sarasvatI tathA bhAratI ko dRSTi, zruti tathA satyacetanA kA vistAra mAnA hai / vastutaH yaha kalpanA jJAna-paraka hai, ata eva tInoM mUrtiyoM ko ananyApekSya kI bhAvanA se eka hI mAnanA caahie| eka anya Rgvaidika sthala para sarasvatI ko 'triSadhasthA" kahA gayA hai / bhASyakAroM ne isakA artha pRthivI, antarikSa tathA dyuloka ko pratinidhitva karane vAlI kiyA hai| jaisA ki hama ne pahale batAyA hai ki ye tInoM deviyA~ bhU, bhuvaH tathA svaH kA pratinidhitva karatI haiM, tadvat bhAva 'triSadhasthA' vizeSaNa dvArA vAgrUpa tripadA gAyatrI kI tulanA tathA samAnatA se nikAlA jA sakatA hai| 45 antima tathya kA AbhAsavAdiyoM kA kathana hai ki parama zakti zAlI evaM sarvavyApI Atman hai / vaha atyanta sUkSma hai / sampUrNa saMsAra kI utpatti, sthiti, pAlana tathA saMhAra kA ekamAtra kAraNa vahI hai / Atman antima tathya hai / yaha saMsAra usa pratyakSarUpa hai / ise dravya tathA vANI ( vAcaka tathA vAcya ) rUpa meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / dANI isa saMsAra ke sthUla ghaTanA kA svarUpamAtra nahIM hai, zabda kevala pratIka rUpa meM prayukta hote haiM / 'parA' isa antima tathya kA nAma hai aura yaha atyanta sUkSma hai / isa parA ke Thosa rUpa kA nAma 'vaikharI' hai, jise manuSya bolate tathA samajhate haiM, parantu vaikharI taka Ate-Ate 'parA' kI do dazAe~ aura hotI haiM, jinheM pazyantI tathA madhyamA kahate haiM / 'pazyantI' Thosa vANI kA prathama sopAna hai / isameM vANI kA Thosa rUpa dhuMdhalA

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14 saMskRta sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ dRSTigocara hotA hai aura vaha cetanA se kucha alaga tathA tanika spaSTa hotI hai / isako icchA - svarUpa mAnA jAtA hai / madhyamA kI dazA meM vANI meM tatkAla spaSTatA A jAtI hai / isameM icchA tathA vANI ke madhya antara spaSTa ho jAtA hai, kyoMki isa vANI meM vyaktatA kI bhAvanA hotI hai, parantu ina donoM ke AdhAroM meM koI antara nahIM hotA hai / ise eka udAharaNa se samajhA jA sakatA hai / jaise eka kAlA ghaTa hai / yahA~ ghaTa kI sattA alaga hai aura kAlApana kI sattA alaga, parantu ghaTa kI sattA kAlApana se rahita nahIM hai / yaha vANI kA eka sthUla vivecana hai, jo AtmacetanA se prerita hai / prakRtiparaka vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para ise tIna deviyoM se sambaddha pUrvavat samajhanA cAhie | eka anya mata ke anusAra iDA usa pArthiva jJAna kA pratinidhitva karatI hai, jo hamAre jIvikA kA sAdhana hai / madhyasthAnA vAk ke rUpa meM sarasvatI zAstrokta usa jJAna kA pratIka hai, jo svarga tathA usake parama sukha ko mAnavajAti ke lie pradAna karane meM samartha hai / bhAratI usa svargI vANI kA jJAna - rUpa haiM, jisase 'nirvANa' kI prApti hotI hai / 50 sandarbha - saMketa (1) bAibila meM sarvaprathama hI (1.3) daivI prakAza (jJAna) tathA tadanantara sRSTi-prakriyA kA varNana hai| kuraAna meM 'vahI' dvArA jJAna evaM viveka kI prasRti tathA ajJAna evaM aviveka kA granta dikhAyA gayA hai; (2) ahaM rudrebhirvasubhizcarAmyahamAdityairuta vizvadevaiH / grahaM bhitrAvaruNobhA bibharmyahamindrAgnI ahamazvinobhA // R0 10.125.1, ahaM somAhanasaM vibharmyahaM tvASTAramuta pUSaNaM bhagam / ahaM dadhAmi draviNaM haviSmate suprAvye 3 yajamAnAya sunvate // R0 10.125.2; ( 3 ) za0 brA0 2.5.4.6; 3.1.4.6,14; 6.1.7.6; 4.2.5.14, 6.3.2; 5.2.2.13-14, 3.4.3 ityAdi; taM0 brA0 1.3.4.5; 3.8.11.2; ai0 brA0 2.24; 3.1-2, 37; tANDya brA0 2.1.20; zA0 brA0 5.2; 12.8 14.4; (4) tu0 sAyaNAcAryakRta za0 brA0 11.2.6.3 kI vyAkhyA: "'asya' yajJazarIrasya imau 'prAdhArI' manovAgrUpo jJAtavyau / tau krameNa 'sarasvAMzca sarasvatI ca etadvayAtmakau bhavataH / adhyAtmaM taporUpAsanamAha - sa vidyAditi / mama manazca vAk ca sarasvatsarasvatI rUpAvAdhArAviti jAnIyAdityarthaH / " etadviSayaka mUlapATha za0 brA0 11.2.6.3 meM nimnalikhita hai : " .. ( tya) anukamevAsma sAmidhenyaH / manazcaivAsya vvAkvAdhArau sarasvAMzca sarasvatI ca savvidyAtmanazcaiva vyAvacAdhArI sarasvaoNzca sarasvatI ceti / ; (5) tu0 za0 brA0 hindI vijJAna bhASya, bhAga - 2 ( rAjasthAna vaidika tasva- zodha saMsthAna, jayapura, 1656), pR0 1353; (6) mAhezvarI ( vA0 pu0 1.23.46 ) ; ( mArka 0 pu0 2.20 ); zrutilakSaNa (ska0 pu0 7.33.22); brahmANI, brahmasadRzI ( ma0 pu0 261-14); sarvajilhA ( mArka 0 pu0 23.57 ); viSNojihvA (vahI, 23.48 ) ; brahmayoni

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vANI ke caturvidha-rUpa rasanA (ska0 pu0 6.46.26); paramezvarI (vahI, 6.46.26); brahmavAdinI (ma0 pu0 4.24); vAgIzvarI (brahmA0 pu0 4.36.74); bhASA, svarA, akSarA, girA, bhAratI (ska0 pu0 6.46.266); vizvarUpA (bra bai0 pu0 2.4.73); vAgdevatA, vAgvAdinI (vahI 2.4.75); vidyAdhiSThAtrI (vahI, 2.4.77); vidyAsvarUpA (vahI, 2.4.74); sarvavarNAtmikA (vahI, 2.4.76); sarvakaNTavAsinI (vahI, 2.4.80); jihAgravAsinI (vahI); budhajananI (vahI, 2.4.81); kavijihAravAsinI (vahI, 2.4.82); sadambikA (vahI, 2.4.53); gadyapadyavAsinI (vahI); brahmasvarUpA (vahI, 2.5.10) ityAdi (7) R0 1.86.3; 7.36.5; 10.65.1; (8) vahI, 2.32.8; (6) vahI, 2.32.8; 10.184.2; (10) vahI, 2.32.8; 5.42.12; (11) vahI, 2.32.8; (12) vahI, 2.32.8; (13) vahI, 5.46.2; 6.46.7; (14) vahI, 8.54.4; (15) vahI, 10.65.13; (16) vahI, 3.55.13; (17) vahI, 4.50.8; (18) vahI, 5.41.16; (16) vahI, 7.16.8; (20) vahI, 10.70.8; (21) prakRta viSaya ke kalevara-vistAra ke bhaya se anya deviyoM tathA devoM kA varNana yahA~ apekSaNIya nahIM hai| ise vaidika devazAstra ke adhyayana se bhalI-bhA~ti jAnA jA sakatA hai; (22) tu0 jemsa hesTiGgasa, insAiklopIDiyA oNpha rilIjana eNDa ethiksa, bhAga-12 (nyUyArka, 1654), pR0607; (23) R0 1.22.10, 142.6, 188.8; 2.1.11, 3.8; 3.4.8, 62.3; 7.2.8; 6.5.8; 10.11.8; (24) atharva0 6.100.1; "devA aduH sUryo adAd dyauradAt pRthivya'dAt / tisaH sarasvatIraduH savitA viSa dUpaNam / "; (25) tu0 sAyaNAcAryakRta vyAkhyA R0 1.142.6 "... "etAstitra visthAnavAgabhimAnidevatAH"; (26) vahI, 1.142.6 "bhAratI bharatasyAdatyasyA sambandhinI dhusthAnA vAk"; (27) vahI, 1.188.8; 2.1.11; (28) vahI, 1.142.6; "srsvtii| sara ityudakanAm / tadbatI stanitAdirUpA mAdhyamikAca vAk / "; (26) vahI, 2.1.11 : "sarasvatI saraNavAna vAyuH / tatsambandhinI etanniyAmikA mAdhyamikA", Rgveda meM sarasvatI ko bArambAra mAdhyamikA kI saMjJA se sambodhita kiyA gapA hai| draSTavya vahI, 2.30.8; 5.43.11; 7.6.62; 10.17.7, 65.93; (30) vahI, 1.142.6; (31) sUryakAnta, sarasa, soma eNDa sIra, ainalsa Apha bhANDArakara orieNTala risarca insTIcyUTa, bhAga -38, (pUnA, 1658), pR0 127-128; (32) tu0 sAyaNAcAryakRta vyAkhyA R0 1.164.45; "parA pazyantI madhyamA vaikharIti catvArIti / ekava nAdAtmikA vAk mUlA dhArAduditA satI paretyucyate / nAdasya ca sUkSmatvena dunirUpatvAt saiva hRdayagAminI pazyantyucyate yogibhirdraSTuM zakyatvAt / saiva buddhi gatA vivakSAM prAptA madhyametyucyate / madhye hRdayAkhye udIyamAnatvAt madhyamAyAH / atha yadA saiva vaktra sthitA tAlvoSThAdivyApAreNa dahinirgacchati tadA bkhriityucyte| evaM catvAri vAcaH padAni parimitAni / "; (33) R0 4.58.3; (34) DaoN0 rAmazaGkara bhaTTAcArya, purANagataveda viSayaka sAmagrI vA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana (prayAga, 1965), pR0 122, 378-376; (35) tu0 je0 DAusana, e klAsikala DikzanarI oNpha hindU

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ --------- mAimAlojI, svAM saMskaraNa (rAuTaleja eNDa kegana pAla laNDana, 1957), pR0 326; (36) ai0 A0 3.1.6; (37) tu0 e0 bI0 kItha, di rilIjana eNDa philAsophI oNpha di veda eNDa upaniSatsa, bhAga-2 (laNDana, 1925), pR0 438; je0 DAusana, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 330; (38) za0 brA0 4.1.3.1-6; (36) tu0 e0 bI0 kIya, pUrvoddhRta graMya, pR0 438; (40) ke0 sI0 pANDeya, abhinavaguptA, mAga-2 (cau0 vArANasI, 1635), pR0 36; (41) atharva0 6.100. (42) vilsanakRta TippaNI R0 1.13.1; (43) vahI, 1.142.6; (44) vahI, 1.142.6; (45) tu0 vilsanakRta TippaNI R0 1.13.6; (46) zrI aravindo, oNna da veda (pANDicerI, 1956), pR0 110; (47) R0 6.61.12; (48) tu0 ai0 brA0 20; (46) 10 ke0 sI0 pANDeya, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 36-45; (50) sUryakAnta, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 128 /

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-3 sarasvatI ke katipaya Rgvaidika vizeSaNoM kI vivecanA Rgveda meM sarasvatI se sambaddha aneka vizeSaNa prayukta haiM / unameM se kucha aise haiM, jinake viSaya meM hama bahudhA sunA karate haiM, para kucha aise bhI haiM, jo hamAre hote hue bhI cira nUtana evaM rahasyamaya pratIta hote haiN| unakA vivecana hamArI icchA ko kSaNika saMtuSTa hI kara pAegA, cira saMtoSa lAbha sahaja na hogA / ye vizeSaNa yatra-tatra apane bhinna kramoM evaM rUpoM se 'sarasvatI' nAma ko aGakRta karate haiM / mukhya rUpa se ye nimnalikhita haiM : -- 1. RtAvarI, 2. pAvakA, 3. ghRtAcI, 4. akavArI, 5. citrAyuH, 6. hiraNyavartanI, 7. ghorA, 8. vRtraghnI, 6. avitrI, 10 asuryA, 11. pArAvataghnI, 12. dharuNamAyasI pUH, 13. visakhA iva, 14. nadItamA, 15. devitamA, 16. tanyatuH, 17. AprapruSI, 18. bRhatI 16. rathyeva, 20. iyAnA, 21 rAyA yujA, 22. zuciH, 23. vAjinIvatI, 24. saptasvasA, 25. saptadhAtuH, 26. saptathI, 27. triSadhasthA, 28. marutsakhA, 26. sakhyA 30. uttarA sakhibhyaH, 31. subhagA, 32. vIrapatnI, 33. vRSNaH patnI, 34. priyatamA, 35. priyA, 36. marutvatI, 37. bhadrA, 38. pAvIravI, athavA 36. pAvIravI kanyA, 40. mayobhU, 41. ambitamA, 42. siMdhumAtA, ityAdi / uparyukta inhIM vizeSaNoM meM se hama ne kevala cAra vizeSaNa - 1. siMdhumAtA, 2. saptasvasA, 3. ghRtAcI, aura 4. pAvIravI ko prastuta lekha kA viSaya banAyA hai aura una para pUrNa prakAza DAlane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / inameM se kucha vizeSaNa tatkAlIna sAmAjika, bhaugolika tathA aitihAsika sthiti para bhI prakAza DAlate haiM, jisakA saGaketa sthAnAnusAra kara diyA gayA hai / 1. siMdhumAtA pUre Rgveda meM sarasvatI ke lie yaha vizeSaNa kevala eka bAra prayukta huA hai / isakI vyAkhyA vidvAnoM ne bhinna-bhinna prakAra se kI hai / zrImatsAyaNAcArya ise 'apAM mAtRbhUtA', RgarthadIpikAkAra zrIveMkaTAtanUdbhava zrImAdhava 'siMdhUnAM mAtA', grIphitha 'jalArNavoM kI mAtA' tathA gelDanara, jisakI mA~ siMdhu hai, aisA artha karate haiM / ye TIkAkAra kevala itane hI arthamAtra se saMtoSa-lAbha karate haiM, jabaki zrIvilsana ke kucha adhika zabda hamArI prazaMsA ke pAtra haiM / unake vicAra se 'siMdhumAtA' kA artha 'siMdhu kI mA~ hai' aura ye apanI isa vicAradhArA ko TippaNI R0 7.36.6 meM spaSTa karate hue skAliyAsTa ke bilakula samIpastha dRSTigocara hote haiM, jinhone sarasvatI 1. Rgveda, 7. 366

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ ko jaloM kI mAtA mAnA hai| isa prakAra sarasvatI jaloM kI mA~ hai, na ki siMdhu kii| __ hama vyaktigatarUpa se isI prakAra kI sammati se sahamata haiM aura isa bAta ke pakSapAtI haiM ki 'nadI-stuti' meM ginAe gae nadiyoM ke nAmoM ke atirikta, sarasvatI ke sAtha Ae 'siMdhu' kA artha sAmAnya nadI ke liye huA hai / 'nadI-stuti' ke siMdhu ko kabhI bhI sarasvatI kI janmadAtrI nahIM mAna sakate haiN| isake kaI kAraNa haiM / sarvaprathama yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki isakA varNana bahuta hI thor3e se maMtroM meM eka sAdhAraNa nadI ke liye huA hai, jaba ki sarasvatI kA vizad evaM vyApaka varNana, use bilakula phIkA banA detA hai| sAtha hI Rgveda ke sarasvatI-sambandhI 'nadItamA" ko lekara sArI zaMkAe~ dUra kI jA sakatI haiM / sarasvatI kA eka vizeSaNa 'dharuNamAyasI pUH" hai, jo use eka svatantra sattA pradAna karane, nadiyoM kI mAtA udghoSita karane tathA bar3e-bar3e nadI-nadoM kI prasavitrI ghoSita karane tathA saikar3oM dalIloM kI eka dalIla hai| pazcimI vidvAnoM meM se rAtha tathA jimara' jaise vidvAn jo sarasvatI kA samanvaya 'siMdhu' se dikhAne kA sAhasa karate haiM, unhIM meM se unhIM ke sAthI lAsena tathA maiksamUlara' sarasvatI ko eka svatantra sattA pradAna karane kA zlAdhanIya kadama uThAte haiM aura use bhArata kI pazcimI sImAoM kA eka lohadurga mAnate haiM / prasaGga adhika vyApaka aura viSaya dUragAmI ho jAegA, yadi hama yahA~ prasaGgAt 'dharuNamAyasI pUH' kI kalpanA isa lauha-durga meM na kreN| yaha bAta bilakula satya jAna par3atI hai ki sarasvatI apane vizAla zarIra se bhArata ke pazcimI bhAga meM avasthita raha kara, deza kI rakSA karatI rahI ho aura pazcima se bhArata para hamalA karanevAle bahAdura loga, apane udyama meM, ise bahuta bar3I bAdhA DAlane vAlI mAnate rahe hoM / yaha apanI vizAla evaM ucca laharoM se mAna na bharanevAlI banakara, unheM apane pAra karane meM cunautI detI rahI ho aura unheM bhayabhIta kara sahaja meM unakA sAhasa tor3atI rahI ho| taba jAkara kahIM use yaha gaurava prApta huA ho ki vaha eka lauha-durga khlaae| yahA~ yaha bhAvanA 2. vahI, 1.67.8; 1.25.5; 2.11.6, 25.3-5; 3.35.6 ityAdi, atharva veda, 3.13.1; 4.25.2; 10.4.15; 13.3.50 ityAdi / maikDAnela ___ aura kItha, vaidika iMDeksa, (motIlAla banArasIdAsa, bhAga 2), pR0 450 3. R0 2.41.16 4. vahI, 7.65.1 maikDAnela aura kItha, vaidika iMDeksa, bhAga 2, (motIlAla banArasIdAsa) 1658), pR0 435 6. vahI, pR0 435-36 7. vahI, pR0.436

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sarasvatI ke katipaya Rgvaidika vizeSaNoM kI vivecanA 1 satat vidyamAna hai ki vaha apanI vizAlatA ke kAraNa samudra- tulanA meM kSama rahI ho / eka anya maMtra meM, parvata se utara kara, use samudraparyaMta gamana karatI huI kahA gayA hai / yahA~ vaha nitAMta pavitra hai aura dhanoM kI dAtrI hai / yaha parvata zabda adhika mArmika hai, jaba ki vaidika paddhati meM 'megha' rUpa meM apanA eka viziSTa abhiprAya rakhatA hai / sarasvatI ko aMtarikSa- sthAnIya bhI kahA gayA hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha 'mAdhyamikA vAk' ThaharatI hai, jisakI prakRti-paraka vyAkhyA megha-dhvani athavA vidyutdhvani se kI gaI hai, parantu Azcaryajanaka samanvaya yahA~ bhI dIkha par3atA hai, jaba usakI kalpanA vAk ' ke sAtha-sAtha nadI ke rUpa meM bhI kI gaI hai| vaha bAdaloM ke sArabhUta jalapravAhoM ko lekara maidAnoM taka AtI hai tathA agaNita srotoM, nadiyoM tathA nadoM ko jala-dAna karatI hai, ata eva isa vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para bhI, use siMdhumAtA = nadiyoM kI mAtA athavA jaloM kI mAtA kahane meM Apatti nahIM pratIta hotI hai / yaha vizleSaNa aura katipaya anya, jinameM samAna hI bhAva pralupta hai, hamArA dhyAna anAyAsa hI bhArata kI usa sAmAjika sthiti kI ora AkRSTa karate haiM, jisameM mAtA kI mahatI pratiSThA thii| samAja meM mAtR-pradhAna parivAra kI prathA pracalita thI aura mA~ hI parivAra kI mukhiyA huA karatI thii| aisA jAna par3atA hai ki vaidika Arya, jinhoMne apanA bharaNa-poSaNa nadI kI chatra-chAyA meM pAyA thA, use usI prakAra Adara bhAva dete the, jaise koI mA~ apane bahuta se baccoM para samAna dRSTi rakhatI hai / unakA nitya sAhacarya mA~-putravat thA / usase prApta honevAlI aneka suvidhAoM ke kAraNa, apanI sAmAjika pravRtti (mAtRpradhAna parivAra kI prathA ) kA Aropa, apanI par3osinI niraMtara pravAhinI nadI para kiyA / eka maMtra meM isa bAta kA spaSTa saGketa milatA hai ki yaha nadI pA~ca jAtiyoM kA saMvarddhana karatI hai / prasaGga 'paJca jAtA vardhayantI' karake AyA hai, jisakI vyAkhyA sAyaNa ne nimna prakAra kI hai : paJca jAtA jAtAni niSAdapaJcamAMzcaturo varNAn gaMdharvAdIn vA vardhayantI abhivRddhAn kurvatI / sarasvatI eka mahatI udAravatI mAtA ke rUpa meM satat pravahamAna thI / vaha apane samIpa meM basane vAlI jAtiyoM kA samyak prakAra pAlana kiyA karatI thI / aneka jAtiyoM meM pA~ca jAtiyoM kA sthAna bar3e mahattva kA thA / ye pA~ca jAtiyA~ yA to pA~coM varNoM ke rUpa meM lI jA sakatI haiM yA isameM bharata, kuru, pUru, pArAvatas tathA pAJcAla logoM ko sammilita kiyA jA sakatA hai / 2. saptasvasA isa zabda kA prayoga sarasvatI ke lie Rgveda meM kevala eka bAra huA hai / 8. R0 7.65.2. 6. vahI, 66.1.12 10. vahI, 6.61.10

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ sAyaNa isakA artha 'gAyatryAdIni sapta chandAMsi svasAro yasyAstAdazI nadIrUpAyAstu gaGgAdyAH saptanadyaH svasAraH' karate haiN| zrImAdhava gaGgAdi sAta bahanoM meM isakA tAtparya mAnate haiM / grIphitha ise 'sAta bahanoM vAlI' tathA vilsana sAta bahanoM kA artha sAta chaMda tathA sAta nadI karate haiN| prazna yaha hai ki usa samaya to deza meM agaNita nadiyA~ thIM, sAta nadiyoM kA artha kina meM gamya hai ? Rgveda ke adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki una nadiyoM meM bhArata kI uttarI bhAga kI nadiyoM kA varNana mukta kaNTha se huA hai / yaha bhAga bhArata kA sadaiva se 'zIrSa' rahA hai / isI bhAga se saMbaMdha rakhane vAlI nadiyoM meM sarasvatI kA stavana bahuta bar3ha kara huA hai / DAusana" ne ina sAta nadiyoM ke nAma isa prakAra ginAe haiM : 1. gaMgA (gaijeja) 2. yamunA (jamunA) 3 sarasvatI (sarasUti) 4. sutudrI (satalaja) 5. paruSNI 6. marudvadhA 7. AjikIyA (vipAsA, hiphaisisa vyAsa) zrI abhayadeva ina nadiyoM kI kalpanA pArthiva rUpa meM karate haiM / inhIM nadiyoM ke samAna svarga loka kI bhI gaGgA Adi sAta nadiyA~ haiM, jinheM ve nimnarUpa se prastuta karanA cAhate haiM : 1 AnaMda kI dhArA 2. sattA kI dhArA 3. caitanya kI dhArA 4. vistAra aura suSoma se yukta RjugAminI satya kI dhArA 5. manu ko dhArA 6. nimnakRSNavarNadhArA se yukta vAyu se bar3hane vAlI prANa-dhArA 7. annamaya parvavatI sthUla dhArA zrI aravida sAta nadiyoM kA tAtparya jIvana ke saptadhA jaloM ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM / unake etadartha vicAra unhIM ke jaTila dArzanika zabdoM meM nimnalikhita rUpa meM uddhRta kie jA sakate haiM-- 11. DAusana, hiMdU klAsikala DikzanarI, (brADave hAusa laMdana, 1614), pR0 281 12. zrI abhayadeva, 'sarasvatI devI evaM nadI', vedavANI amRtasara, varSa 10 aGka 7, pR0 13

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sarasvatI ke katipaya Rgvaidika vizeSaNoM kI vivecanA 21 'isa prakAra saptadhA jala Upara uThate haiM aura zuddha mAnasika kriyA bana jAte haiM, ve svargIya zaktizAlI hote haiM / ve vahA~, kevala eka se udbhUta bhinna srotoM, parantu eka prathama cirasthAyI satat navIna zaktiyoM ke rUpa meM, apane ko prakaTa karate haiMkyoMki ve saba eka hI ati caitanya satya sapta zabda athavA maulika kriyAtmaka abhivyaktiyoM, divya mastiSka, sapta vANI ke garbha se pravAhita hue haiN..."|13 kucha logoM kA sAmAnya vicAra yaha bhI hai ki sAta nadiyoM kA abhiprAya paMjAba kI pA~ca nadiyoM aura sarasvatI tathA siMdhu meM samajhanA caahie| isake atirikta 'saptasvasA' kA artha, jo loga sAta chaMda mAnate haiM, usakI apanI eka viziSTa mahattA hai| isameM tanika bhI saMdeha nahIM hai ki Rgveda meM sAta prakAra ke chaMda prayukta haiM / ve saba vANI-svarUpa haiM athavA avayava ke rUpa meM sarasvatI kI sAta bahaneM haiM athavA pUre jJAna ke bhaNDAra ko inhIM dvArA vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / yaha upAdAna aura bhI mUrtimAn ho uThatA hai, jaba saptasvasA ko sUrya kI sataraGgI kiraNoM ke sAtha samIkaraNa karate pAte haiM, kyoMki bhAratI ke rUpa meM sarasvatI kA sUrya se ghaniSTha saMbaMdha hai| yaha sUrya jJAna kA pratIka hai ! yaha aMdhakAra ko dUra karatA hai tathA prakAzapuMja ko phailAtA hai| vANI jisa prakAra ilA ke rUpa meM pRthivI-sthAnIya, sarasvatI ke rUpa meM aMtarikSasthAnIya tathA bhAratI ke rUpa meM ghusthAnIya hai aura alaga-alaga saptadhA rUpa meM tInoM lokoM meM vidyamAna hai, tadvat yaha sUrya-prakAza bhI apane saptadhA-rUpa se tInoM lokoM meM satat vidyamAna hai| - isI prasaGga meM yahA~ eka aura bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai / vaidika AryoM ne 'sapta' athavA 'trika' ke prati apanI adhika AsthA vyakta kI haiM, jisa prakAra sAta nakSatra, athavA tIna deviyA~ sAta RSi, sAta loka (Rgveda meM sarasvatI, ilA aura bhAratI; bAda ke sAhitya meM sarasvatI, lakSmI aura pArvatI tathA puruSa rUpa meM brahmA, viSNa aura maheza) prasiddha hai| yadi hama 'saptasvasA' ko nadI ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM, to niHsandeha hI isase bhArata kI usa bhaugolika paristhiti kA jJAna hotA hai, jaba yahAM bahuta sI nadiyA~ rahI hoMgI, jinameM sarasvatI kA pramukha sthAna rahA hogaa| loga sadaiva inhIM kA nAma bar3e Adara tathA bhakti se lete rahe hoMge / zanaiH zanaiH logoM meM unakA mahattva aura pratiSThA bar3hatI gaI hogI aura Apasa kI ghaniSThatA ke kAraNa 'saptasvasA' svabhAvataH prakAza meM AyA hogA / yadi yahI abhiprAya lakSita hai, to 'saptasvasA' kA prayoga kisI bhI ina nadiyoM ke sAtha kiyA jAnA anucita nahIM hai| yahA~ yaha zabda prakRta sarasvatI ke sAtha AyA hai, jo isI abhiprAya ko dyotita karatA hai| 13. zrI araviMda, Ana di veda (zrI araviMda aMtarrASTrIya vizvavidyAlaya kendra, pAMDicerI, 1956), pR0 138 aura aage| -

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ .... 3. ghRtAcI sarasvatI ke vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM yaha zabda kevala eka bAra prayukta huA hai / zrI mAdhava RgarthadIpikA meM isakA artha 'udakamaJcantI' karate haiM / yahIM para isa dIpikA ke saMpAdaka zrI lakSmaNa svarUpa do" hastalipiyoM kA havAlA dete haiM, jinameM zabda kA artha 'udakaJcato' kiyA gayA hai / sampAdaka yahIM para bhaTTamAskara mizra kI TIkA kA havAlA dete haiM, jahA~ zabda kA artha 'ghRtamAjyabhAgaM pratyaJcantI' kiyA gayA hai / sAyaNa isakA artha 'ghRtamudakamaJcatI', vilsana 'jala-varSaNa karane vAlI' aura grIphitha 'vAmI' arthAt ghI athavA sAragarbhita jaloM se bharI athavA unakA varSaNa karane vAlI karate haiN| . isake atirikta isa zabda kA Rgveda meM anyatra prayoga bhI huA hai| eka sthala para yahI zabda svaNimA vidyut kA vizeSaNa bana kara AyA hai, jo (vidyut) jala kI varSA karatI hai / eka dUsare sthala para sAyaNa ne isa zabda kA artha 'ghRtenAktA naka' kiyA hai / Age ke eka maMtra meM yaha zabda indra ke vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM prayukta huA hai / isakI vyAkhyA karate hue sAyaNa likhate haiM : he puruhUta bahubhirAhUtendra dhRtaacii| ghRtazabdo havirbhAgamupalakSayati tathA ca somAjyapuroDAzAdilakSaNaM haviraJcati prApnotIti ghRtaacii|| eka anya sthala para yaha zabda dvitIyA eka vacana meM prayukta huA haiM, jisase 'dhIH' athavA buddhi kA bhAva prakaTa hotA hai / sAyaNa likhate haiM : ___ 'ghRtamudakamaJcati bhUmi prApayati yA dhIrvarSaNaM tAM dhRtAcIm ..." uparyukta avalokanoM se hama nimnalikhita niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM : ghRtAcI vaha hai : (ka) jo jala-dAna athavA jala-varSaNa karatI hai, (kha) jisake lie ghRtenAktA sra k arpita kI jAtI hai athavA jise ghRta, soma, puroDAzAdi yukta bali dI jAtI hai, 14. R05.43.11 15. pI0 ==e pAma-lIpha malayAlama mainyuskripTa, paMjAba yUnivarsiTI lAi berii| DI0 =e pAma-lIpha malayAlama mainyuskripTa, lAlacanda pusta kAlaya, DI0 e0 vI0 kAleja, laahaur| 16. vI0 bI0 -- bhaTTabhAskara mizra ko taittirIyasaMhitA kI ttiikaa| 17. vhii| 18. R0 1.167.2 16. vahI, 3.6.1 . 20. vahI, 3.30.7

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sarasvatI ke katipaya Rgvaidika vizeSaNoM kI vivecanA 23 (ga) jo ghI kA varSaNa karatI hai, isa zabda ke sUkSma vivecana se sarasvatI kI kramika vikAsAvasthA kA bhAva hotA hai / yadi vaha jala-varSaNa karatI hai athavA jala kA dAna detI hai, to vaha nizcaya-rUpa se nadI-svarUpA hai tathA apane jaloM dvArA samIpastha vaidika AryoM kI jala-sambadhI vibhinna AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karatI hai / yadi vaha yAjJikoM dvArA dI gaI bali ko yajJoM meM svIkAra karatI hai, to asaMdigdha-rUpa se usakA svarUpa pArthiva nadI-mAtra se uThatA jA rahA hai aura usakA vyaktitva zanaiH zanaiH devatAtva ko prApta karatA jA rahA hai| carma-cakSaoM ke lie isa prakAra saMvardhana ko prApta hotA huA rUpa adhika Ananda kA viSaya bana jAtA hai / 'ghRtam' kA artha kSaraNa bhI hotA hai / yaha kSaraNa vAgdevI sarasvatI kA zabdArtha-rUpa-kSaraNa hai| isI kSaraNa-rUpa usake kArya se jJAna kA prasAra hotA hai, kyoMki vaha svayaM 'jJAnavatI' athavA 'dhIrvatI' hai, ata eva 'ghRtAcI22 jisakA artha 'prakAzavatI' athavA 'jJAnavatI' kiyA gayA hai, sarvathA upayukta hai| 'ghatAcI' zabda hameM sarasvatI ke usa kriyAtmaka kArya kI ora bhI haThAta AkRSTa karatA hai, jabaki vaha apanI bahanoM ke sAtha 'milza kAu' arthAt dUdha dene vAlI gau ke rUpa meM gRhIta hai tathA jina saba ke hAtha 'ghRtA' haiM / yaha bAta bhI yahA~ avismaraNIya hai ki kyA sarasvatI satyataH logoM ke gharoM meM athavA logoM ke hAthoM meM ghUma-ghUma kara ghI, makkhana aura madhu kA dAna kiyA karatI thii| isa bAta kA samAdhAna hameM do rUpoM meM milatA hai / eka to yaha ki sarasvatI kA jala bar3A mIThA, svAdu evaM svAsthya-varvaka rahA hogA / loga usakA pAna kara bar3e-bar3e rAja-rogoM ko miTAne meM samartha rahe hoMge / astu, kucha isI prakAra ke abhiprAyoM meM sarasvatI ke ghI, makkhana tathA madhu dene ke kAryoM kI itizrI samajhanI caahie| _ 'ghRtAcI' zabda jahA~ eka ora isa artha ko dyotita karatA hai, vahIM isase eka dUsarA artha bhI lakSita hotA hai, jo mahat mahattvapUrNa hai / yaha bAta binA kisI pramANa ke satya sI jAna par3atI hai ki sarasvatI ke kinAre basane vAle vaidika Arya, samIpavartI jalavAyu ke pazuoM ke anukUla hone ke kAraNa gauoM kA pAlana adhika karate rahe hoM aura una logoM ke pAsa gau-sampatti eka zreSTha dhana-rAzi rahI ho| isameM tanika bhI atizayokti nahIM hogI, yadi yaha kahA jAya ki go-saMvardhana hamAre bApa-dAdoM kA eka AkarSaka pezA rahA hai, jisake Rgveda meM aneka chiTa-puTa pramANa milate haiM / isa vicAra-dhArA kI puSTi aura bhI prabala ho jAtI hai, jabaki eka maMtra23 meM rAjA nAhuSa kA varNana AtA hai, jinake lie sarasvatI ne 'ghRta' kA 21. vahI, 1.2.7 22. vAmana zivarAma ApTe, di praikTikala saMskRta-iGgaliza DikzanarI (pUnA, 1810), pR0 478 23. R0 7.65.2

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24 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ . dohana kiyaa| isakA tAtparya yahI samajha meM AtA hai ki rAjA nahuSa sarasvatI ke bahuta bar3e bhakta rahe hoM aura unakI bhakti se prasanna ho, usane (sarasvatI) rAjA ko aisA AzIrvAda diyA ho, jisase usakI go-sampatti dina-dUnI rAta caugunI hone lagI ho / aMtatogatvA vaha itanI bar3ha gaI ho, jo sahasra saMvatsara yAvat samApta na hone vAlI ho gaI ho / rAjA bali ke viSaya meM unake go-sambandhI kArya adhika khyAta haiM / unakA yaha AkhyAna paurANika AdhArazilA para TikA huA hai, para jahA~ eka ora rAjA bali go-samrATa ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane Ate haiM, sambhava hai vahA~ rAjA nahuSa go-rAja rahe hoN| unake pAsa gauoM kI mahatI rAzi rahI ho aura ve saMbhavataH unakA dAna bhI kisI na kisI rUpa se karate rahe hoN| yaha anveSaNa kA viSaya hai ki Rgveda meM yatra-tatta unake dAna-viSayaka bIja milate haiM athavA nhiiN| isa prakAra 'ghRtAcI' zabda se bhArata ke prAcIna vaidika AryoM kI sAmAjika tathA Arthika sthiti para bhI samyak prakAza par3atA hai / / 4. pAvIravI yaha vizeSaNa sarasvatI ke lie Rgveda meM kevala do bAra prayukta huA hai / na kevala sarasvatI ke sAtha hI yaha do bAra AyA hai, apitu pUre Rgveda meM yaha prayoga kevala mAtra hai / pahalA maMtra isa prakAra hai : pAvIravI kanyA citrAyuH sarasvatI vIrapatnI dhiyaM dhAt / gnAbhiracchidraM zaraNaM sajoSA durAdharSaM gRNate zarma saMyat // R0 6.46.7 dUsarA maMtra nimna prakAra hai : pAvIravI tanyaturekapAdajo divo dhartA sindhurApaH samudriyaH / vizve devAsaH zRNavan vacAMsi me sarasvatI saha dhIbhiH puraMdhyA // R0 10.65.13 zabda kI vyAkhyA bhinna-bhinna prakAra se kI gaI hai / kucha loga 'pAvIravI kanyA' donoM ko milAkara artha karate haiN| isake viparIta kucha loga donoM ko alaga-alaga karake artha karate haiM / sAyaNa ne donoM kI sattA alaga-alaga mAnI hai| vaha prathama maMtra ke 'pAvIravI' kA artha 'zodhayitrI' tathA 'kanyA kA artha 'kamanIyA' karate haiN| dUsare maMtra ke 'pAvIravI' kA artha 'AyudhavatI' tathA 'tanyatuH' kA artha 'stanayitrI' kara donoM ko 'cAramAdhyamikA' kA vizeSaNa mAnA hai-'pAvIravI AyudhavatI tanyatuH stanayitI vAgmAdhyamikA' / isI prakAra vilsana pahale maMtra ke 'pAvIravI' kA artha 'pyuriphAiGga' arthAt zuddha karane vAlI tathA dUsare 'pAvIravI' kA artha 'AI' arthAt Ayudhayukta karate hai / gelDanara 'pAvIravI' tathA 'kanyA' donoM ko saMyukta kara 'pavIra kI putrI' (?) aisA artha karate haiM / svayaM gelDanara pavIru ke artha se nizcita nahIM haiM, ata eva 24. vahI, 6.46.7; 10.65.13

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sarasvatI ke katipaya Rgvaidika vizeSaNoM kI vivecanA 25 I tathA 'kanyA' donoM ko artha karate haiM / dUsare unhoMne isI prasaGga meM grAsamAna tathA luDaviga ko uddhRta kiyA hai, jo pavIru kA artha 'vidyut ' karate haiM / grIphitha pahale maMtra ke 'pAvIravI' saMyukta kara 'lAiTaniMgsa cAilDa' arthAt vidyutsutA aisA maMtra ke kevala 'pAvIravI' kA artha 'lAiTaniMgsa DATara' vidyutsutA hI karate haiM, jaba kI putryartha sUcaka koI zabda vahA~ nahIM hai / 'tanyatuH' se putryartha sUcaka artha yahA~ bhI nahIM nikalatA, jisakA artha svayaM grIphitha ke dvArA 'garajo' isa 'AjJAvAcaka' artha kA sUcaka hai / 25 26 puliMga zabda 'pAvIrava' meM DIp pratyaya jur3akara strIliMga 'pAvIravI' zabda banA haiM / DA0 moniyara viliyamsa ke mata se 'pAvIrava' zabda kA artha 'vidyut se nikalanA yA vidyut se sambandha rakhanA' hai / unhoMne strIliMga meM isI zabda ke artha ko 'vidyut kI putrI' svIkAra karate hue, vAstava meM use vidyutdhvani mAnA hai / zabda kA mUla 'pavIru' hai, jisakA artha unhoMne 'vidyudAbha27 kiyA hai / 'pAvana' zabda se 'pAvIravI' kA sambandha jor3anA kucha anucita sA pratIta hotA hai / sAyaNa 'pAvIravI ' kA artha 'zodhayitrI' kara 'pAvana' se anuprANita hue hoMge, aisA jAna par3atA haiM, parantu 'pAvana' 'pAvIravI' ke niSpatti krama meM eka susaMyata evaM subaddha kar3I pratIta nahIM hotA / isake atirikta do aura zabda -' -'pavIra' tathA 'paviH' haiM, jinase 'pAvIravI' zabda kA sambandha jor3anA adhika saMbhava jAna par3atA hai / 'pavIra' kA vaidika artha 'zalAkA athavA zUla'28 hai / dUsarA zabda 'paviH' hamArI samasyA ko adhika saralatA se sulajhAtA huA pratIta hotA hai, jisakA artha nimna prakAra kiyA gayA hai : 'indra - kuliza; kuliza athavA zara kA agra bhAga; vANI; agni 29 121 isa prakAra zabda ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki 'pAvIravI' kA saMbandha inhIM zabdoM se hai / inameM se bhI 'paviH' ke sAtha isakA sambandha ghaniSTha jAna par3atA hai / 'pavi' iMdra kA astra mAnA gayA hai, jisase vaha una zatruoM kA saMhAra karate haiM, jo sRSTi krama meM bAdhA DAlate haiM / jaba vaha astra kA prayoga karate haiM, usa samaya gambhIra dhvani hotI hai| bahuta se dharma-darzanoM meM isa bAta para bala diyA gayA hai ki sRSTi kI utpatti zabda se huI hai / ve zabda devatAoM ke icchA svarUpa the / devatAoM ne apanA 1 hoMTha bhar3aphar3AyA, zabda bAhara Ae aura sRSTi prakriyA prArambha ho gaI / tIna deviyoM - 25. moniyara viliyamsa, e saMskRta iGgaliza DikzanarI, ( landana, 1872 ), pR0 571 26. vahI, pR0 571 27. vahI, pR0 558 28. vAmana zivarAma ApTe, di praikTikala saMskRta iMgaliza DikzanarI (pUnA, 1890), pR0 688 26. vahI, pR0 688

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26 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ sarasvatI, ilA evaM bhAratI ke prasaGga meM sarasvatI kA sthAna aMtarikSa athavA madhyakSetra batAyA gayA hai aura isa prakAra vaha mAdhyamikA vAk hai, jo madhyama sthAna se sarvaprathama prAkRtika anubhavoM ke rUpa meM utpanna huI kalpita kI gaI hai / spaSTa zabdoM meM ise yoM bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki sRSTi ke Adi kAla meM AkAza meM bAdala rahe hoNge| unake paraspara saMgharSa ke kAraNa bijalI utpanna huI hogI aura aMtatogatvA usase zabda utpanna huA hogaa| isI zabda ke sarvaprathama aMtarikSajAta hone ke kAraNa use prakRtiparaka vyAkhyAnusAra mAdhyamikA vAk mAnA gayA hogA aura bAda meM isI se adhika vizleSitA hokara parA, pazyaMtI, madhyamA evaM vaikharI kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA hogA / sAyaNa satya hI kahate haiM ki sarasvatI = sara ityudakanAma / tadvatI stanitAdirUpA mAdhyamikA ca vAk' / isI maMtra meM unhoMne bhAratI ko 'bhAratI bharatasyAdityasya saMbaMdhinI dyusthAnA vAk' tathA iDA 'iDA pArthivI praiSAdirUpA' kaha satyataH unako 'pazyaMtI' tathA 'vaikharI' rUpa vANiyoM ke bheda hI mAne haiN| yaha bhAratI dyusthAnA vAk ho sUrya se bhalI-bhA~ti saMbaddha raha 'razmirUpA21 kahI gaI hai, jo prAkRtika anubhAva kA hI eka rUpa hai / yahI razmirUpA bhAratI tathA stanitAdirUpA sarasvatI, pRthvI para bhalI-bhA~ti samajhI evaM samajhAI jAne vAlI hone ke kAraNa vaikharI-rUpa haiM, parantu biMdu kuliza athavA vajra hai, ata eva mAdhyamikA vANI kA janaka yahI hai / isa prakAra 'pAvIravI' ko vidyutsutA mAnakara 'mAdhyamikA vAk' kA hI eka prakAra se manovaijJAnika evaM prAkRtika vivecana karanA hai aura kucha nahIM / jahA~ para 'pAvIravI' zabda AyA hai, vahA~ sarasvatI ko vAgdevI mAnakara, usa maMtra kI buddhiparaka vyAkhyA karanA sarvathA upayukta evaM ucita pratIta hotA hai / zabda ko aura jaTila banAnA, eka prakAra se apane ko aMdhere meM rakhanA hai / prArambha meM ginAe gae RtAvari ! R0 2. 41. 14; saptasvasA R0 6. 61. 10; saptadhAtuH R0 6. 61. 12; saptathI R0 7. 36. 6; triSadhasthA R0 6. 61. 12 vizeSaNoM se sarasvatI ke sAmAjika bhaginitva para; marutsakhA R0 7. 66. 2; sakhyA R0 6.61. 14; uttarA sakhibhyaH R0 7. 65. 4 se sarasvatI ke sAmAjika sakhitva para, subhAgA R0 1. 86. 3, 7. 65. 4; 8. 21. 17; marutvatI R0 2. 30.8; vRSNaH patnI R0 5. 42. 12; vIrapatnI R0 6. 46. 7; priyatame R0 7. 65. 5; subhage ! R0 7. 65. 6, bhadrA R0 7.66. 3; se, usake sAmAjika patnitva para; pAvIravI R0 6. 46. 7; 10. 65. 13; kanyA R0 6. 46. 7; se usake sAmAjika putritva para; mayobhUH R0 1. 13. 6, 5. 5. 8; anvitame ! R0 2. 41. 16; siMdhumAtA R0 7. 36. 6 se, usake sAmAjika mAtRtva para tathA zeSa se usake anya avazeSa pakSoM para prakAza par3atA hai| 30. sAyaNa-vyAkhyA, R0 1. 142. 6 31. vahI, 2.1.11

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-4Rgvaidika sarasvatI-nadI Aja gaGgA hamAre deza kI eka mahatI pavitra nadI mAnI jAtI hai / purANoM meM isakA yazogAna mukta kaNTha se kiyA gayA hai / yaha nadI kisI samaya bhagIratha ke prayatnoM dvArA svarga se bhUtala para lAI gaI thI, ata eva svargIyA hone ke kAraNa jana-mAnasa meM ise bar3I zraddhA milI hai / loga ise gaGgA mA~ kaha kara apanI zraddhAMjali arpita karate haiM tathA isakA jala-pAna kara apane ko kRtya-kRtya mAnate haiM, parantu eka samaya aisA bhI thA, jabaki gaGgA ko itanI prasiddhi nahIM milI thii| usa kAla kA nAma 'vaidika yuga' thaa| usa yuga kI saba se bar3hI-car3hI nadI sarasvatI thii| etatsambandhI pramANa vaidika maMtroM meM bhare par3e haiM / ' Rgveda ke 'nadI-stuti' viSayaka maMtroM meM jahA~ gaGgA kA varNana do yA tIna bAra huA hai, vahA~ sarasvatI kI stuti anekazaH huI hai / isake lie saMpUrNa do sUkta Ate haiN| isake atirikta chiTa-puTa aneka maMtroM meM isakA yazogAna kiyA gayA hai| Rgvaidika eka maMtra ke anusAra sarasvatI mAtAoM, nadiyoM evaM deviyoM meM sarvazreSTha hai : ambitame nadItame devitame sarasvati' yaha nadI parvatoM se nikala kara samudra paryanta jAtI thii| vizAlakAya, tIvra, gatizIla evaM agAdha hone ke kAraNa janamAnasa meM anAyAsa bhaya utpanna karatI thii| vaidika kAla meM gaGgA evaM yamunA choTI-choTI nadiyA~ thIM / ve apane laghu patha ko pAra kara eka choTe se sAgara meM girA karatI thIM, jisakA nAma gaGgaTika samudra thaa| yaha samudra Aja ke gaGgA-yamunA ke maidAnoM meM avasthita thA / Aja kI bhA~ti gaGgA tathA yamunA kA mArga himAlaya se lekara baGgAla kI khAr3I taka nahIM thaa| sarasvatI bhI himAlaya se nikalatI thii| hama Aja jahA~ rAjapUtAnA dekhate haiM, vaidika kAla meM vahA~ eka athAha 1. Rgveda, 1.3.12; 2.41.16; 3.23.4-5; 42.12; 43.11; 6.52.6; 7.36.6; 6.6; 8.21. 17-18; 54.4; 10.17.7; 64. 6; 75.5 ityAdi / 2. vahI, 7.65.1-6,66.1-6 3. vahI, 2.41.16 4. vahI, 7.65.2 5. vahI, 6.62.14 6. e. sI. dAsa, Rgvaidika iNDiyA (kalakattA, 1917), pR0 8 7. yazapAla TaNDana, e kAMkAraDeMsa oNpha purANa kASTeNTsa (hoziArapura, - 1952), pR0 52

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28 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~...samudra hiloreM letA thA / sarasvatI isI samudra meM girA karatI thii| isa prakAra uttarI bhArata meM do samudra pUrva evaM pazcima meM avasthita the tathA dakSiNa dizA se paraspara jur3e the| inake pArasparika saMyojana se uttarI bhArata dakSiNa se pUrNarUpa se vibhakta thaa| logoM kI atIta kAla se yaha dhAraNA banI huI hai ki gaGgA, yamunA tathA sarasvatI-ye tInoM nadiyA~ prayAga meM saGgama para milatI haiM / pratyakSarUpa se yahA~ gaGgA evaM yamunA do hI nadiyA~ dikhAI detI haiM, ata eva svAbhAvika rUpa se kevala unhI donoM kA vahA~ saGgama mAnanA caahie| isa samasyA kA samAdhAna eka jaTila prazna hai| kucha zAstroM ke anusAra yaha bhI batAyA jAtA hai ki eka samaya sarasvatI pratyakSa rUpa se gaGgA tathA yamunA se prayAga meM milatI thI, parantu kaliyuga ko dekhakara athavA niSAdoM ke sparza-bhaya se lupta ho gii| aba yaha kevala aMtaH salilA hai tathA pRthibI ke bhItara hI bhItara bahatI huI prayAga meM gaGgA evaM yamunA ke saGgama para milatI hai, parantu bhUgarbhazAstra tathA anya bhUgola zAstra viSayaka khojoM ke AdhAra para yaha dhAraNA mithyA evaM hAsyAspada mAnI jAtI hai| kucha Adhunika vidvAn prayAga meM ina tInoM nadiyoM kA saGgama eka vicitra praNAlI se siddha karate haiM / prasiddha bhUtattvavettA DaoN0 DI0 ena0 vADiyA kA kathana hai ki prAcIna kAla meM sarasvatI gaGgA ke pazcima meM bahA karatI thI / kAla-krama se jaba pRthivI kI uthala-puthala prArambha huI, taba sarasvatI kI dizA pazcima se pUrva kI ora hone lagI tathA aMtatogatvA vaha prayAga meM gaGgA se jA milI / taba usakA nAma 'yamunA' par3a gyaa| isa mata ke AdhAra para bhI samasyA kA samAdhAna nahIM diikhtaa| vADiyA sAhaba ne ghUma-ghAma kara prayAga meM do hI nadiyoM kA saGgama dikhAyA hai / itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne asalI yamunA para sarasvatI kI akSipti dikhAI hai tathA samasyA ko aura bhI ulajhA diyA hai| zrI divaprasAda dAsa guptA kA mata bhI vicAraNIya hai / inhoMne pAzcAtya vidvAna pAskoI dvArA pratipAdita iNDo-brahma rIvara siddhAnta ke AdhAra para vaidika sarasvatI nadI kA eka vistRta mArga nirdhArita karane kI ceSTA kI hai / Apa kA kathana hai ki sarasvatI prAcIna kAla meM AsAma kI pahAr3iyoM se nikala kara paMjAba ke pazcima meM sthita 8. e. sI. dAsa, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 7 6, tu0 R0 10.136.5; matsyapurANa, 121.65 10. DI0 ena0 vADiyA, jiAlojI oNpha iNDiyA (nyUyArka, 1966), pR0 362 11. divaprasAda dAsa guptA, 'AiDeNTiphikezana oNpha eMzieNTa sarasvatI rIvara', prosIDiMgsa eNDa TrAMjaikzaMsa oNpha Ala iNDiyA orieNTala kAMphreMsa, 18vA~ sezana (annAmalAI nagara, 1985), pR0 535

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Rgvaidika sarasvatI nadI 26 araba kI khAr3I meM giratI thii| isake uttara meM himAlaya tathA dakSiNa meM choTA nAgapura kA pleTU thA / isa pleTU ke dakSiNa meM meghanA, brahmaputra, bhAgIrathI Adi nadiyA~ thIM, paristhitivaza jaba ina nadiyoM meM 'rIvara kaipcara' honA prArambha huA, taba meghanA, brahmaputra, bhAgIrathI Adi nadiyoM ne pIche ko haTakara sarasvatI ko pakar3a liyaa| aisI paristhiti vaidika sarasvatI kA jala Adhunika brahmaputra ke mArga se bahane lagA / bhAgIrathI meM bhI 'rIvara kaeNpcara' huA / phalasvarUpa isane gaGgA ko pakar3a liyA tathA gaGgA ne yamunA, ause Adi nadiyoM ko pakar3akara unakA jala apane meM milA liyA / 12 'iNDo brahma rIvara' kA nicalA bhAga zatadru, yamunA tathA ghaghghara ke sAtha pravAhita hotA rahA / anta yamunA 'ne bhI 'rovara kaeNpcara' se vaidika sarasvatI ke nicale bhAga ko apane meM samAzrita kara liyA / " zrI guptA isa prakAra se gaGgA, yamunA evaM sarasvatI kA prayAga meM sammilana pradarzita kiyA hai / isa siddhAnta kI sabase bar3I kaThinAI vaidika sarasvatI ko AsAma kI pahAr3iyoM se jor3anA haiM / Aja sabhI vidvAn isa bAta para sahamata haiM ki vaidika sarasvatI kA udgamasthala zivAlika kI pahAr3iyA~ haiM 4, ata eva usakA mArga AsAma kI pahAr3iyoM se dikhAnA yuktiyukta nahIM hai / phalasvarUpa zrI guptA kA mata sarvathA nirdoSa nahIM kahA jA sakatA / DaoN0 ena0 ena0 goDabole kA mata hai ki prayAga meM gaGgA evaM yamunA se milane vAlI saMbhavataH koI choTI sI sarasvatI nAmaka nadI rahI hai / isakI dizA dakSiNa se saGgama kI ora thI / saMbhava hai ki logoM ne bhramavaza ise hI vaidika sarasvatI mAna liyA ho / 15 mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne apane mahAkAvya 'raghuvaMza' meM prayAga para gaGgA tathA yamunA kI chAyA pradarzita kI hai / " unakI eka anya kRti meghadUta meM vaidika sarasvatI kI eka nizcita evaM spaSTa jhalaka pazcima se uttara-pUrva kI ora dikhAI detI hai / kAlidAsa kA yajJa megha se saMdeza bhejate samaya kahatA hai ki he megha ! jaba tuma merA saMdeza lekara merI priyatamA ke pAsa kanakhala hote hue alakApurI jAoge, to rAste meM tumheM sarasvatI nadI milegI / usakA jala pAna karane se tuma kevala varNamAtra se kAle, para bhItara se nitAMta zuddha ho jAoge / 7 12. vahI, pR0 536 13. vahI, pR0 537 14. tu0 DI0 ena0 vADiyA, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 10 ena0 ena0 goDabole, Rgvaidika sarasvatI ( rAjasthAna, 1963), pR0 17 15. ena0 ena0 goDabole, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 20 16. raghuvaMza, 13.44-48 17. meghadUta, 1.52-54

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhAMkiyA~ vastusthiti yaha hai ki Aja aneka pramANoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha kiyA jA cukA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM sarasvatI zivAlika kI pahAr3iyoM se nikalatI thI tathA rAjaputAne ke sAgara meM girA karatI thii| isa sAgara ke dakSiNa meM viMdhyAcala kI lagabhaga cAra mIla U~cI pahAr3iyA~ sudUra pUrva tathA pazcima taka phailI huI thiiN|8 bhU-parivartana ke kAraNa isa parvata kI coTiyA~ dharAzAyI ho giiN| isake avazeSa bikhara gae / isakA AdhakAza bhAga rAjaputAnA tathA gaGga Tika sAgaroM meM jA giraa| phalata: ina samudroM kA peTa bhara gayA tathA inameM girane vAlI nadiyoM kI dizAe~ bhI badala giiN| sarasvatI jo pahale rAjaputAne ke sAgara meM giratI thI, aba usakI dizA pazcima se pazcimatara ho gaI9 tathA vaha araba sAgara meM girane lgii| isa parivartana kA spaSTa saGketa purANoM meM milatA hai| vahA~ sarasvatI ko 'prAcI' evaM 'pazcimAbhimukhI' do paurANika upAdhiyoM se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai| 'prAcI' kA abhiprAya pUrva hai, arthAt sarasvatI jaba pUrva-gaGgA 21 aura yamunA se pazcima meM thI, taba 'prAcI' kahalAtI thI, parantu parivartana ke kAraNa jaba 'prAcI' se bhI pazcima ko abhimukha huI, taba 'pazcimAbhimukhI' kahalAne lagI / 22 / / ___Aja sarasvatI ke bhautika svarUpa ke nizcaya kI samasyA uTha khar3I huI hai / vaha apanI bhautika iyattA kho cukI hai, parantu usake avazeSa aba bhI bAkI haiM, jinake AdhAra para usakA mArga nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| usakI luptAvasthA ko vyakta karane ke liye sAhitya meM bahudhA 'vinazana' zabda kA prayoga milatA hai / vinazana vaha sthAna hai, jahA~ sarasvatI vilupta ho gaI / yaha sthAna paTiyAlA sTeTa meM par3atA hai| tANDyamahA 18. ena0 ena0 goDabole, pRrvoddhRta graMtha, pU0 8 'e brIpha Daiskripzana oNpha da arAvaliz2a..."aiTa vana TAima, de haiDa azyorDa greTa hAiTa abAuTa phora mAilsa eNDa veyara ivuna TAlara daina d himAlayAz2a Avara yaGgasTa Av mAuNTensa Tu dde|" 16. vahI, pR0 2 'iTa vAz2a Also sajesTeDa daiTa da DikaMpojIzana proDakTsa oNpha da arAvalI rejjeja vaMsa phora mAilsa hAI masTa haiva spreDa ina Ala DirekzaMsa... hvica ija rispAMsibula phAra DrAiviMga da yamunA eNDa gaGgA sTrImsa IsTavarDa sa eNDa da adara sTrImsa oNpha da paMjAba, iMDasa aiMDa sarasvatI TUvarDsa da vestt...|' 20. vahI, pR0 2,32-33 21. tu0 padmapurANa, 5.18.217, 28.123; bhAgavatapurANa, 10.78. 16 22. tu0 skaMdapurANa, 7.35.26 23. maiksamyulara, sekeDa buksa aoNpha da IsTa, bhAga 14 (dillI, 1965), TippaNI 8, pR0 2

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Rgvaidika sarasvatI-nadI 31 25 brAhmaNa meM eka sthAna para plakSaprAsravaNa tathA vinazana kA varNana milatA hai / ina donoM sthAnoM ke bIca kI dUrI 44 'AzvIna' batAI gaI hai / 24 eka 'prAzvIna' eka azvArohI kI eka dina kI yAtrA hai / AzvIna kI dUrI sarvasammati se eka sI nahIM / koI ise 4 yojana, koI 5, koI 6, 8, 9, 12 yojana kA mAnate haiM / " plakSaprAsravaNa himAlayastha vaha sthAna hai, jahA~ se sarasvatI udbhUta hotI hai / aisI vikaTa paristhiti meM plakSa - prAsravaNa se 'vinazana' taka kI eka nizcita dUrI nirdhArita karanA kaThina hI nahIM, asaMbhava kArya hai / 26 vastutaH Aja 'Adhunika sarasUti' ( mArDana sarasUti) ko vaidika sarasvatI hone kI pUrI-pUrI mAnyatA mila cukI hai / aneka bhAratIya vidvAnoM kI bhA~ti pAzcAtya vidvAn sara orela sTAina ne apane nijI paryavekSaNa ke AdhAra para isI 'sarasUti' ko Rgvaidika sarasvatI siddha karane kA zlAghanIya prayatna kiyA hai / " yaha thAnesara ke pazcima 14 mIla kI dUrI para sthita Adhunika pehuA athavA pRthUdaka ke nikaTa bahatI hai / " yaha zivAlika kI pahAr3iyoM se nikala kara Adi badrI se hotI huI jaba hanumAnagar3ha ke pAsa AtI hai' taba ghaghghara se mila jAtI hai / yaha ghaghghara bhI usI zivAlika kI pahAr3iyoM se nikalane vAlI eka nadI kA avazeSa hai / donoM kA milA-julA srota sarasUti- ghaghghara athavA kevala ghaghghara kahalAtA hai / kevala ghaghghara kahe jAne para bhI 'sarasUti' kI abhivyakti svayameva hotI rahatI haiM / paTiyAlA, hisAra, bIkAnera, bahAvala - pura se hotI huI jaba yaha pAkistAnI rAjya meM praviSTa hotI hai, taba 'hAkarA' nAma se abhihita hotI hai / yaha hAkarA sarasvatI ( sarasUti) kA puccha hai / yaha varSa meM navambara se jUna taka prAyaH sUkhI rahatI hai / ise vAstava meM 'pUrvI nArA' (isTarna nArA) kahA jAtA 24. tADyabrAhmaNa, 25.10.16 25. tu0 atharvaveda, 6. 131.3; mahAbhASya, 5. 3. 55; arthazAstra, 2.30 26. maikDAnela eNDa kItha, vaidika iNDeksa oNpha nemsa eNDa sabjekTsa, bhAga-2 (dillI, 1958), pR0 55; DaoN0 e0 bI0 ela0 avasthI, sTaDIja ina skaMdapurANa, bhAga 1 ( lakhanaU, 1966), pR0 153; skaMdapurANa, 7. 33.40-41 27. sara orela sTAina, jinAgaraphikala janarala, bhAga-66 (janavarI-jUna, 1942), pR0 137 tathA Age 28. elekjeNDara kaniGghama, da eMzieNTa jilogaraphI oNpha iNDiyA (vArANasI, 1963), pR0 283 'da olDa TAuna oNpha pehoA iz2a sicueTeD oNna da sAutha baika oNpha sarasUtI, 14 mAilsa Tu da vesTa oNpha thAnesara / '

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32 saMskRta - sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ hai, jisase hokara kabhI sarasvatI kaccha kI khAr3I meM girA karatI thii| sarasUti kA peTa pRthivI kI uthala-puthala ke kAraNa paryApta uTha AyA hai / grISma kAla meM yaha sUkhI rahatI hai / varSA kAla meM atyanta tIvra gati se bahatI hai aura isa kA jala donoM ora dUra-dUra taka phaila jAtA hai / " loka-gItoM (fAkalorsa) tathA jana- vizvAsoM (janarala vilopasa Av da pIpula ) meM ise vaidika sarasvatI hone kI pUrIpUrI mAnyatA mila cukI hai / 32 purANoM meM sArasvata logoM kA varNana milatA hai / ve loga bhArata ke pazcimI bhAga meM sarasvatI ke kinAre rahA karate the, ata eva 'sArasvata' kahalAte / aba bhI ve adhikatara bhArata ke pazcimI bhAga meM hI milate haiM tathA jAti se brAhmaNa hote haiM / unhoMne apane vizeSa jJApana ke lie kabhI sarasvatI ke kinAre eka deza basA rakkhA thA, jo 'sArasvata deza' kahalAtA thA / ve sarasvatI ko apanI 'mAtA' ke samAna mAnate the / phalataH usakI kRpA se inameM se bahuta se RSi-pada ko prApta hue / mahAbhArata meM sArasvata ke viSaya meM eka vicitra kathA AtI hai / yahA~ sArasvata ko mAnavIkRta sarasvatI kA putra evaM RSi batAyA gayA hai / eka samaya 12 varSa kA ghora durbhikSa par3A / jIvikA ke sAdhanoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa brAhmaNoM meM vedAdhyayana kI ruci jAtI rahI / phalataH saMpUrNa vaidika jJAna samApta ho gayA / sarasvatI kI kRpA se kevala sArasvata ne hI isa Adi jJAna ko surakSita rakhA / durbhikSa ke anta hone para isI sArasvata ne usa jJAna ko punaH prasArita kiyaa| yaha 'sArasvata' sArasvata logoM ke pUrvaja jAna par3ate haiM / durbhikSa se hameM sarasvatI ke sUkha jAne kI sUcanA milatI hai, jisakA sambandha 'vinazana' se jor3anA adhika yuktiyukta pratIta hotA hai / Rgveda ke eka anya maMtra meM sarasvatI ko 'paMca jAtA vardhayantI' kahA gayA hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha pA~ca jAtiyoM kA saMvardhana karatI hai / ina pA~ca jAtiyoM (12), 26. tu0 re caudhurI, eca.sI., 'di sarasvatI', sAiMsa eNDa kalcara, 8 na0 1-12, pR0 468; ena. ena. goDabole, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 16 30. vahI pR0 2 31. re caudhurI, eca. sI., pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 468 32. sara orela sTAina, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 137 Age 33. tu0 zalyaparvana 52.2 - 51; zAMtiparvana, 156.38 Age 34. tu0 brahmANDapurANa, 2.16.62; matsyapurANa, 114.50 eca0 eca0 vilsana, da viSNupurANa ( kalakattA, 1961), bhUmikA bhAga, pR0 54-55 35. R0 6.61-12

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Rgvaidika sarasvatI-nadI 33 meM kuru, puru tathA bharata mukhya haiM / inameM se kuru kA ghaniSTa sambandha 'kurukSetra' se thaa|6 puru loga kuru logoM se pArasparika vivAhAdi sambandha se ati nikaTa the / " bharata loga bhAratI ke upAsaka the, jo sarasvatI nadI se sambaddha eka devI thii| bhAratI ke bhakta hone ke kAraNa ve bharata kahalAte the| ina saba logoM kA sambandha pazcimI bhArata, vizeSa kara pUrvI paMjAba tathA dakSiNI rAjasthAna se thA, ata eva ina saba puSTa pramANoM ke AdhAra para vaidika sarasvatI ko pazcimI bhArata vizeSa-rUpa se pUrvI paMjAba tathA dakSiNI rAjasthAna se pravAhita hone vAlI nadI mAnA jAnA sarvathA yuktiyukta hai| 36. tu0 maikaDAnela eNDa kItha, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, bhAga 1, pR0 165-167; ____ iNDiyana hisTArikala kvArTaralI, bhAga 26, naM0 4, pR0 263 Age 37. tu0 maikDAnela eNDa kItha, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, bhAga 2, pR0 12 38. DonAlDa e0 mekeMjI, iNDiyana mith eNDa lejeNDa (laNDana, 1913), ... bhUmikA bhAga, pR0 40

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sarasvatI kI paurANika utpatti sarasvatI kI utpatti-viSayaka sAmagrI bhinna-bhinna purANoM meM bhinna-bhinna rUpoM meM pAI jAtI hai / yaha sAmagrI kahIM bar3I asta-vyasta dazA meM hai aura kahIM bar3e hI susaMyata rUpa meM pAI jAtI hai| sAmAnya rUpa se purANoM kA pramukha varNya viSaya paJcalakSaNa hai, jisameM sarga, pratisarga, vaMza, manvantara tathA vaMzAnucarita kI samAviSTi pAI jAtI hai / ina paJcalakSaNoM meM prAkRta sarga--(brahmasarga, bhUtasarga, vaikArika sarga), vaikRta sarga (mukhya sarga, tiryak-sarga, devasarga, mAnuSa sarga, anugraha-sarga), prAkRta-vaikRta (kaumAra sarga) tathA pratisarga' (naimittaka pralaya, prAkRta, Atyantika pralaya, nityapralaya) kA sthAna mahattvapUrNa hai / ina paJcalakSaNoM meM sarga evaM pratisarga ke prakAza meM sarasvatI devI kI utpatti kA vivecana karanA adhika upayukta hogaa| sarasvatI kI utpatti kA varNana pramukha rUpa se brahmavaivartta, matsya, padya, vAyu tathA brahmANDa purANoM meM milatA hai / 1. brahmavaivartapurANaH isa purANa meM sarasvatI kI utpatti-viSayaka sAmagrI yatra-tatra kaI sthaloM para pAI jAtI hai / isa purANa ke adhyAya 3 (brahmakhaNDa) meM paurANika deviyoM ke trika (sarasvatI, mahAlakSmI tathA durgA) kI utpatti kA vivecana karate hue sarasvatI kI utpatti paramAtmA ke mukha se batAI gaI hai| brahmavaivartapurANa ke eka anya sthala para sarasvatI kI utpatti bhagavAn zrIkRSNa ke mukha se batAI gaI hai aura vaha unakI zaktisvarUpA haiN| eka aura sthala para isI purANa meM sarasvatI kI utpatti kA vizad varNana pAyA jAtA hai / yahA~ sAMkhya-siddhAnta ke prakAza meM utpatti-prakriyA kA sundara vivecana huA hai / isa siddhAnta ke anusAra, sarvaprathama AtmA tathA usakI zakti mUlaprakRti kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / Adi kAla meM AtmA niSkriya evaM taTastha thA, parantu kAlAntara meM use sarjanecchA utpanna huI, phalataH usane strI evaM puruSa kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyaa| usakA yaha strI-rUpa prakRti kahA jAtA hai / yaha prakRti-rUpa bhI zrIkRSNa ke icchAnusAra durgA, rAdhA, lakSmI, sarasvatI 1. dra0 brahmavai0 pu0 231.1-233.75; viSNupu0 6.3.1-70, 10.4; vAyupu0 100.132,102.135; mArka0 pu0 46.1-44; kUrmapu0 2.45 / 4.46-65; garuDapu0 1.215.4-217.17; brahmANDapu0 3.1.1.128-3.113 2. brahmavai0 1.3.54-57 3. uparivat, 2.4.12

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sarasvatI kI paurANika utpatti 35 tathA sAvitrI ke rUpa meM paJcadhA ho gayA / ye prakRti ke pA~ca rUpa haiM, jinameM sarasvatI bhI eka prakRti rUpa hai / inhI pA~ca prakRtiyoM ke AdhAra para saMsAra kI utpatti mAnI gaI hai / ' isa prakAra paurANika sRSTi - vidyA meM sAMkhya darzana kA prabhAva suspaSTa hai / sAMkhya meM sRSTi racanA kA AdhAra pradhAna tathA puruSa donoM kA yoga hai| uparyukta vivecana meM bhI AtmA, zrIkRSNa tathA durgA, rAdhA, lakSmI, sarasvatI tathA sAvitrI (prakRti) sRSTi ke do anAdi tattva haiM, jinake saMyoga se saMsAra kI sRSTi hotI hai / prakRti niSkriya tathA cetanA - rahita hai / puruSa ke samparka se vaha sakriya tathA cetanAyukta ho uThatI hai tathA kArya kI jananI (kAraNa) bana jAtI hai| purANoM meM sarasvatI ko brahmA tathA viSNu kI patnI mAnA gayA hai / sAmAnyataH kahA jAtA hai ki deviyA~ devoM kI zakti kI pratIka haiM, arthAt pati-patnI ke saMyoga kA tAtparya sRSTi racanA hai / yahA~ brahmA tathA viSNu kA tAdAtmya dikhAnA anucita nahIM hai / brahmA ko advaita vedAnta meM 'brahma' saMjJA gaI hai aura isI brahma ko vaiSNava viSNu se, zaiva ziva se tathA zAkta zakti se tAdAtmya karate haiM / purANoM meM sAMkhya tathA vedAnta kA samanvaya milatA hai, arthAt jisa prakAra prakRti tathA puraSa do bhinna tattva nahIM, pratyut ve donoM brahma dvArA prerita hone para kArya-sampAdana meM samartha hote haiM, usI prakAra brahmA, viSNu, kRSNa tathA sarasvatI bhinna tattva nahIM / akArya - kAla meM unakI bhinna sthiti dikhAI detI hai, parantu kAryakAla meM sarasvatI unakI zakti (kAraNa) kArya sampAdanArtha vyakta sAdhana samajhanA cAhie / 2. matsya tathA padmapurANa : anusAra sarasvatI kI matsyapurANa ke utpatti brahmA se huI hai, jisane apane mukha se samasta vedoM tathA zAstroM ko utpanna kiyA / tadanantara brahmA ne marIci, atri, aGgirA, pulastya, pulaha, Rtu, pracetA, vasiSTha, bhRgu tathA nArada nAmaka dasa mAnasa putroM kI utpatti kI / " apanI isa mAnasa sRSTi se brahmA ko santoSa lAbha nahIM huA, ata eva vaha apane sRSTi-bhAra ko saMbhAlane kI cintA se gAyatrI kA japa karane lage / phalataH unake ardha zarIra se gAyatrI kI utpatti strI rUpa meM huI / isa strI- rUpa 1. uparivat, 2.1.1 se Age / 2. matsyapu0 3.30-43 3. brahmavaM0 pu0 2.2.56; jaoNna DAusana, klAsikala DikzanarI graoNpha hindU mAitholojI ( landana, 1671), pR0 284-285 4. matsyapurANa, 3.2-4 5. uparivat, 3.5-8

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36 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ kA vibhinna nAmakaraNa zatarUpA, sAvitrI, gAyatrI, sarasvatI tathA brahmANI ke rUpa meM huA / eka dUsare vivaraNa ke anusAra, brahmA ne apane ardha zarIra se rUpa meM eka sundara strI kI utpatti kI / vaha svayaM inake samAna hI sRSTi meM nipuNa thI / matsyapurANa kA eka anya vivaraNa bhI anusAra brahmA ne sarasvatI kI utpatti lakSmI, marutvatI, sAdhyA tathA kI / padmapurANa meM bhI isI prakAra kA varNana milatA hai / " apanI patnI ke sampUrNa saMsAra kI milatA hai / usake vizvezA ke sAtha 3. vAyupurANaH I isa purANa ke anusAra brahmA ne sarvaprathama apane mAnasa putroM kI racanA kI / ve apane pitA brahmA ke sadRza the / ve saba jJAnavAn tathA saMsAra ke pralobhanoM se taTastha the ( AgatajJAnA vItarAgA vimatsarAH), ata eva sAMsArika prapaJcoM se unheM lipsA nahIM rahI / brahmA ko apanI isa prakAra kI sRSTi se lAbha nahIM huA aura vaha cintAgrasta ho vicAramagna rahane lage / cintAgrastAvasthA meM sambhavataH apanI kAryasiddhi kI nirAzA se unheM krodha utpanna huA / phalataH unake krodha se sUrya ke sama teja dhAraNa kiye hue eka puruSa kI utpatti huI / isa puruSa kA rUpa bar3A hI bhayaMkara evaM tejasvI thA / isakA AdhA zarIra puruSa - rUpa tathA AdhA strI rUpa thA / brahmA ne ise apane puruSa tathA strI rUpa meM vibhakta karane kA Adeza diyA tathA usa puruSa ne brahmA kI AjJA kA tatkSaNa pAlana kiyA / brahmA ne puna: puruSa ko apane puruSa-rUpa meM vilaga karane kA nirdeza diyA, ata eva usane puruSa - rUpa ko gyAraha rudroM meM bA~Ta apane 1. uparivat, 3.30-32 2. uparivat 171.21-22 3. 'marutvatI' zabda ko purANoM ne vaidika sAhitya se udhAra liyA hai / yaha zabda Rgveda meM kaI sthAnoM para milatA hai / vahA~ sarasvatI kA sambandha marutoM se dikhAyA gayA hai aura use marutsakhA ( 7.96.2), marutvatI (2.30.8) tathA marutsu bhAratI (1.142.6 ) kahA gayA hai ina sandarbhoM se sarasvatI marutoM kI sakhA-svarUpa mAnI jA sakatI hai athavA inase sarasvatI kA marutoM se pragADha sambandha prakaTa hotA hai / yahA~ marutvatI sarasvatI kI upAdhi athavA vizeSaNa hai, parantu purANoM meM marutvatI tathA sarasvatI brahmA kI do bhinna santati haiM / 4. matsyapu0 171.32-36 5. padmapu0 5.37.76-80

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sarasvatI kI paurANika utpatti diyaa|' puruSa-rUpa kI apekSA puruSa kA strI rUpa atyanta hI vilakSaNa thA / usakA dakSiNa bhAga zveta tathA vAma bhAga kRSNa varNa thA / brahmA ne pUrvavat puruSa ke strI-rUpa ko Adeza diyA ki vaha apane kRSNa tathA zveta bhAgoM ko alaga-alaga kara de| antatogatvA aisA hI huA / yahI zveta bhAga svAhA, svadhA, mahAvidyA, medhA, lakSmI, sarasvatI tathA gaurI ke rUpa meM prakhyAta huaa| isa prakAra sarasvatI gaurI (zveta varNA devI) kA pratinidhitva karatI hai, jo puruSa ke strI-rUpa aMza kA zveta bhAga hai / vAyupurANa ke eka anya sthala para kahA gayA hai ki brahmA ne sarasvatI kI utpatti vizvarUpA meM kii| isa sambandha meM usakA kathana hai ki brahmA kI koI santAna nahIM thii| etadartha unhoMne dhyAna dhAraNa kiyA, jisase sarasvatI ghora zabda karatI huI vizvarUpA ke rUpa meM utpanna huii| yaha unakI mAnasa sRSTi tathA prakRti-rUpa thii| 4. brahmANDapurANaH isa purANa meM sarvaprathama puruSa tathA strI ke rUpa meM eka dampatI-prasava kA varNana milatA hai| isakA utpatti-sthala mahAlakSmI hai| prakRta-saMdarbha meM yahA~ varNana milatA hai ki mahAlakSmI ne sarvaprathama tIna aNDoM ko utpanna kiyaa| eka aNDe se brahmA kI zrI ke sAtha, dUsare se sarasvatI kI ziva ke sAtha tathA tIsare se viSNu kI ambikA ke sAtha utpatti huii| ye tInoM aNDe prAthamika rUpa se hiraNyagarbha prajApati kI avasthA ko dyotita karate haiM / tAtparya yaha hai ki sRSTi ke pUrva kucha nahIM thaa| sarvaprathama hiraNyagarbha kI utpatti huI / yaha sabhI prANiyoM kA svAmI hai / svarga evaM pRthvI kA avalambana hai / 1. DaoN0 AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya, purANa-vimarza (vArANasI, 1965), pR0 283-284, "inase pUrva sanandana, sanAtana Adi cAro kumAroM kI sRSTi brahmA ne sRSTi kI vRddhi ke lie kI thI; santAna tathA saMsAra ke prati unake audAsInya tathA nirapekSa-bhAva ko dekhakara pitAmaha ke krodha kA ThikAnA nahIM rhaa| usI samaya krodhadIpta tathA bhRkuTi-kuTila lalATa se pracaNDa sUrya ke samAna prakAzamAna rudra kA avirbhAva huaa| rudra ke zarIra kA vaiziSTya yaha thA ki unakA AdhA zarIra nara ke AkAra meM thA aura AdhA zarIra nArI ke AkAra meM thA / brahmAjI ke Adeza se rudra ne apane zarIra kA dvidhA vibhAjana kiyAstrI rUpa meM aura puruSa rUpa meM / puruSa bhAga ko gyAraha bhAgoM meM punarvibhakta kiyA tathA strI-bhAga ko saumya-krUra, zAnta-azAnta, zyAma-gaura Adi aneka rUpoM meM vibhakta kiyA / rudra dvArA AvirbhAvita yaha sRSTi raudrI sRSTi ke . nAma se purANoM meM abhihita kI gaI hai|" 2. vAyupu0 6.71-87 3. uparivat, 23.37-38

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38 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ yaha jIvana-pradAna karatA hai aura usakI AjJA kA pAlana devagaNa karate haiM / yaha devoM kA bhI deva hai| isa prakAra kI bar3I sundara dArzanika kalpanA hiraNyagarbha ke bAre meM Rgveda meM kI gaI hai / yahI hiraNyagarbha prajApatti ('prajApate na tvadetAnyanyo vizvA jAtAni pari tA babhUva', R0 10.121.10) svarUpa hai| purANoM meM brahmA ko prajApati kahA gayA hai / yaha brahmA sarvazaktimAn paramAtmA tathA mahAlakSmI se samudbhUta hai / jisa prakAra sarvazaktimAn paramAtmA se brahmA, viSNu tathA maheza tInoM devoM kI utpatti mAnI jAtI hai, usI prakAra lakSmI, sarasvatI tathA ambikA tIna paurANika deviyoM kI utpatti mahAlakSmI se mAnI gaI hai| isa sandarbha meM eka bahuta hI sundara prasaGga milatA hai, jisake anusAra sarasvatI kI utpatti kA prasaGga varNita hai / kahA jAtA hai ki eka devI hai, jo sRSTi ke samaya vibhinna rUpoM ko dhAraNa karatI hai / vaha devI mahAlakSmI ke AjJAnusAra apane ko strI tathA puruSa dvidhA rUpa meM vibhakta karatI hai / jisa prakAra puruSa-rUpa ke vibhinna nAma haiM, usI prakAra strI-rUpa ke sarasvatI ke paryAyavAcaka vidyA, bhASA, svara, akSara tathA kAmadhenu nAma haiN| mahAlakSmI se sattvotpatti kA nAma mahAvidyA, mahAvINA, bhAratI, vAk, sarasvatI, AryA, brAhmI, kAmadhenu Adi haiM / pUrva kI bhA~ti ye saba nAma bhI sarasvatI ke paryAya haiM / sUkSma dRSTi se dekhane para jJAta hotA hai ki brahmA kI brAhmI, mAnasI tathA raudrI tIna prakAra kI sRSTiyA~ haiM / inhoMne sarvaprathama lokoM kI utpatti kI / tadanantara apane putroM tathA kanyAoM ko utpanna kiyA / ye unakI brAhmI sRSTi ke antargata Ate haiN| yadi dArzanika dRSTikoNa se dekhA jAya, to brahmA se sarasvatI kI utpatti manasija hai| purANoM kI yaha pramukha vizeSatA rahI hai ki ve ati sUkSma evaM dArzanika viSaya ko bhI bar3e hI sundara rUpa meM prastuta karate haiM / yahA~ taka ki una bhAvoM ke cintana meM sthUlatA kA Azraya liyA hai, tAki pAThaka unako bhalI-bhA~ti samajha leM aura usakA una para prabhAva par3e / phalataH brahmA kA sarasvatI ko putrI-rUpa meM utpanna karanA, usase vivAha karanA tathA yugma se santAnotpatti', ye sampUrNa pratIkAtmaka athavA AlaGkArika varNana haiM / sarasvatI ko Rgveda tathA anya vedoM meM vibhinna rUpa milate haiN| brAhmaNoM meM Akara usakA vAk se tAdAtmya sthApita ho gayA hai / paurANika yuga meM isa vAyUpI 1. tu0 AcArya badrInAtha zukla, mArkaNDeyapurANaH eka adhyayana (vArANasI, 1961), pR0 64-65 2. TI0 e0 gopInAya rAya, elimeNTsa oNpha hindU AikonogrAphI, bhAga 1 (2) (madrAsa, 1614), pR0 335-336 3. matsyapu0 2.30-43; 3.43-44 4. za0 brA0 2.5.4.6; 3.1.4.6,14, 6.1.7-6; 4.2.5.14, 6.3.3; 5.2. 2.13, 14, 3.4.3, 5.4.16, 7.5.1.31; 6.3.4.17; 13.1.8.5; 14.2.1.12; tai0 brA0 1.3.4.5, 8.5.6; 3.8.11.2; ai0 brA0 2. 24; 3.1-2,37, 6.7; tANDya bA0 16.5.16; go0 bA0 2.1.20; zA0 brA0 5.2; 12.8; 14.4

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sarasvatI kI paurANika utpatti sarasvatI kA vaividhya milatA hai| yahA~ vaha vAk, vAgdevI, jJAnAdhidevI, vaktRtvadevI Adi kahI gaI hai| yahIM purANoM meM vAk kI utpatti brahmA ke mukha se batAI gaI hai| ata eva yahA~ vAk kI manovaijJAnika vivecanA apekSita hai| ___ vAk mastiSka kI upaja hai / ise eka brAhmaNika udAharaNa se bhalI-bhA~ti samajhA jA sakatA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki mastiSka 'rasa' evaM 'bala' se apanI niSkriya avasthA meM samAna rUpa se paripUrNa ('rasabalasamamAtrAvacchigna') rahatA hai / mastiSka kI isa dazA-vizeSa meM kisI prakAra kA vikAra nahIM utpanna hotA hai, lekina jaba usameM kisI prakAra kI abhivyakti kI icchA hotI hai, taba vaha zvAsa meM pariNata ho jAtA hai / sAtha hI, jaba yaha abhivyakti kI icchA atyanta balavatI hotI hai, taba yaha mastiSka vAgrUpa meM pariNata ho jAtA hai / isI prakAra brahmA kI mAnasa utpatti kA tAtparya vAka meM mAnA jA sakatA hai| vAk kA vyApaka artha jJAnasAgara-rUpa meM liyA jAtA hai / jJAna ke pramukha srota veda tathA zAstra haiM / kahA jAtA hai ki brahmA ne apane mukha se sampUrNa vedoM tathA zAstroM kI utpatti kii| sarasvatI veda-rUpa (jJAna) hai| brahmA ke cAro mukha cAro vedoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| sarasvatI bhI vAgrUpa meM brahmA ke cAro mukhoM se prasUta huI hai aura vaha cAro vedoM kA pratinidhitva karatI hai / " prakRta vivecana ke AdhAra para brahmA se sarasvatI kI utpatti kA tAtparya vAgrUpa jJAna kI sRSTi hai| anyatra vaha zakti (kAraNa-saMsAra ke udbhava tathA prasAra meM) kI pratIka hai tathA isI rUpa me brahmatara devoM se prasUta mAnA jAnA cAhie / 1. padmapu0 5.22.186; skandapu0 7.33.22; mArka0 pu0 23.57; skandapu0 6.46.26; brahmANDapu0 4.36.74; skandapu0 6.46.266; brahmavai0 pu0 2.4.73, 4.75-85, 5.11 ityAdi / 2. bhAgavatapu0 3.12.26 3. matsyapu0 3.2-4 4. tu0 DaoN0 priyabAlA zAha, viSNudharmottarapurANa, bhAga 3 (bar3audA, 1961), pR0 140 : "The four faces of Brahman represent the four Vedas; the eastern Rgveda, the southern Yajurveda, the western Samaveda and the northern Atharvaveda". 5. tu0 DaoN0 rAmazaGkara bhaTTAcArya, purANagata vedaviSayaka sAmagrI kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana (prayAga, 1965 I0), pR0 122, 378-376

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-6- sarasvatI kA paurANika nadI-rUpa mAnava-jIvana meM nadiyoM evaM parvatoM kA sadaiva se mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai / inhoMne manuSya jAti ko aneka prakAra se prabhAvita kiyA hai / sAmAjika, bhaugolika, dhArmika, aitihAsika Adi aneka dRSTikoNoM se inakI mahattA hai| nadiyA~ hamArI na kevala bhautika AkAkSAoM kI pUraka rahI haiM, apitu unase eka divya saMdeza milatA rahA hai aura ve 'divya preraNA kA srota' samajhI jAtI rahI haiM / sarvAtmadarzI RSiyoM ne unameM jIvana kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA hai tathA paramparA se hama bhI tadvat AbhAsa karate rahe haiM / vaidika sAhitya ke adhyayana se hameM yaha jJAta hotA hai ki Adi RSi Adyanta sthUla prakRtivAdI nahIM the, pratyut prakRti ke prati unakA apanA eka vizeSa prakAra kA manovaijJAnika dRSTikoNa thA / isa dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para unhoMne prakRti ke bhinna-bhinna padArthoM ko bhinna-bhinna pratIkoM kA rUpa de rakhA thA / phalataH unase bAhya evaM Antarika prabhAva kI apekSA rahI / sthUla prakRti ke bhItara mastiSka evaM AtmA' kI sattA hai / vaijJAnika yuga meM anveSaNoM ke AdhAra para siddha kiyA jA cukA hai ki per3a-paudhoM meM jIvana evaM anubhUti-bhAvanA hai / jaba jala athavA jalAzayoM kI upAsanA 'santati' athavA kisI 'varadAna' kI AzA se kI jAtI hai, taba apratyakSa rUpa se hama unameM jIvatva svIkAra kara hI lete haiM / jIvatva kI yaha kalpanA aura sAkAra ho uThatI hai, jaba hama Adi kAla se hI nadI-vizeSa ko tannAmaka devI- vizeSa se pratiSThita karate haiM / aisI sthiti meM usa devI ko usa nadI - vizeSa kI adhiSThAtrI devI mAnA jAtA hai / sarasvatI ko vaidika kAla se hI aisI pratiSThA prApta rahI haiM / Rgveda meM 'divya jala' (divyA ApaH ) kA varNana bahudhA huA hai / yaha divya jala sAmAnya rUpa se sabhI nadiyoM kA vAcaka hai, jinameM sarasvatI pradhAna hai / " purANoM meM sarasvatI kI isa vaidika maryAdA kI na kevala pratiSThA 1. zrI aravindo, naoNna da veda (pANDicerI, 1956), pR0 104 - 105 2. Rgveda, 10 / 30 / 12, sarasvatI ne 'vadhUyazva' ko 'divodAsa' nAmaka putra 'varadAnasvarUpa, diyA thA, tu0 vahI, 6/61 / 1 3. Ananda svarUpa gupta, 'sarasvatI ez2a da rIvara gADesa in da purANAz2a' prosIDiGgas eNDa TrAnsaikzansa oNpha da bAla iNDiyA orieNTala kaoNnphrensa, bhAga-2 ( gauhATI, 1965), pR0 66 4. yAska, nirukta, 2 23, "tatra sarasvatyekasya nadIvaddevatAvacca nigamA bhavanti " 5. lUisa renu, vaidika iNDiyA ( kalakattA, 1967), pR0 71

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sarasvatI kA paurANika nadI - rUpa hai, apitu usakA aura bhI mAhAtmya varNita hai / yahA~ sarasvatI ko 'kAmagA' kahA gayA hai / vaha meghoM meM 'jala-sarjana' karatI hai tathA sabhI jala 'sarasvatI' nAma se vyavahRta haiM / ' uparyukta paurANika vacana se sarasvatI kA 'divyatva' sahaja siddha hai / yahI nahIM, balki usakA divyatva yahA~ pUrNarUpa se nikhara cukA hai / sarasvatI ke 'nadItva' kI kalpanA kA eka anya vaicitrya, usake vaidika rIti kI kalpanA se bhinnatA meM hai / yahA~ sarasvatI nadI 'sarasvatI devI' kA prArUpa hai / vaha prArambha se hI 'nadI- devatA' rahI hai, na ki tannAmaka kisI devI se adhiSThita / isa kathana kI puSTi mUrtividyA - labdha pramANa dvArA kI jA sakatI hai / mUrti-vidyA ke kSetra meM sarasvatI ke hAtha meM prAyaH 'kamaNDalu ' dikhAyA gayA hai / yaha pAtra rikta nahIM hai, balki jala- pUrita hai / jala bhI sAdhAraNa nahIM, balki 'divya' hai / yahA~ sarasvatI prathamataH devI hai, tadanantara usake hAtha meM kamaNDalustha jala / yaha pratyakSa pramANa prakArAntara se sarasvatI ko 'nadI- devatA' ghoSita karatA hai aura jala usake divyatva evaM prArambhika jala-sambandha ko bhI / " purANoM ke anusAra sarasvatI ko mukhyataH do rUpoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai : (1) jJAna evaM vaktRtva kI devI, (2) nadI athavA nadI- devatA / prakRta nibandha meM sarasvatI ke paurANika nadI- devatA-rUpa kA vivecana nimna zIrSakoM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai : (1) sarasvatI kI paurANika utpatti, (2) sarasvatI kI paurANika pavitratA, (3) sarasvatI ke katipaya paurANika vizeSaNa | 1. sarasvatI kI paurANika utpattiH purANoM kA viSaya vastutaH bar3A vizAla evaM vistRta hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki purANoM kI saMkhyA bhI agaNita hai / jIvana kA koI bhI svArasya inase achUtA nahIM rahA 1. vAmanapurANa, 40.14 " tvameva kAmagA devI megheSu sujase payaH / sarvAstvApastvameveti tvatto vayaM vahAmahe " 2. dra0 sarasvatyutpatti-viSayaka vicAra, pR0 34-36 3. Ananda svarUpa gupta, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 6e 4. vahI, pR0 66-70 5. kamaNDalu-jala evaM usake divyatva ke lie tu0 muhammada isarAila khA~, 'purANoM meM sarasvatI kI pratimA', prAcya prajJA, varSa 2 aGga 1 (saMskRta vibhAga, alIgaDha muslima vizvavidyAlaya, 1969), pR061-62 6. Ananda svarUpa, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 69-70

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ hai / astu, nadiyoM ke viSaya meM bhI yahI bAta kahI jA sakatI hai / purANoM meM nAnA prakAra kI nadiyoM kA varNana sthAna-sthAna para svAbhAvika rUpa se kiyA gayA hai / unameM bhI sarasvatI-viSayaka vicAra bar3e hI saMyata rUpa se prastuta kiye gaye hai| usake utpattiviSayaka' prazna ko moTe rUpa se do zreNiyoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai : (1) dhArmika, (2) bhautika / (a) dhArmika utpatti: dhArmika vizvAsoM ke anusAra sarasvatI pahale devI thii| tatpazcAt kaI kAraNoM se use nadI honA pdd'aa| una pramukha kAraNoM kA dhArmika vivecana nimnalikhita hai : (1) brahmavaivartapurANa ke anusAra sarasvatI hari-patnI hai / hari kI-sarasvatI, lakSmI evaM gaGgA tIna patniyA~ thIM tathA ina tInoM kA nivAsa hari ke sAtha svarga meM thaa| eka bAra gaGgA ne sotkaNThita dRSTi se hari ko bArambAra dekhA / hari usake abhiprAya ko jAnakara ha~sa par3e / hari kA yaha vyavahAra sarasvatI ko nahIM bhAyA / phalataH krodha ke Aveza meM Akara usane hari ke gaGgA ke prati premAdhikya kI bhartsanA kii| krodhAbhibhUta sarasvatI kI yaha dazA dekhakara hari-sarasvatI, gaGgA evaM lakSmI tInoM ko bhItara kakSa meM hI chor3akara svayaM bAhara nikala Aye / lakSmI ne apane komala vacanoM dvArA sarasvatI ko zAnta karane kA anekadhA prayatna kiyA, para vaha viphala rhii| sarasvatI ne ulaTe hI lakSmI ko 'vRkSArUpA' evaM 'saridrUpA' sone kA zApa de diyA / gaGgA ko jaba yaha jJAta huA, to usane lakSmI ko sAntvanA dI aura diye gaye zApa kI pratikriyA karatI huI bolI ki "sarasvatI svayaM hI nadI hokara pRthvI-loka para calI jAya, jahA~ pApAtmA basate haiN|" isa prakAra ke zApa ke pratikAra meM gaGgA bhI sarasvatI dvArA tatsadRza zApa se zapta huii| jaba zApa ke dAna-pratidAna kI prakriyA cala hI rahI thI ki isI bIca hari andara praviSTa hue tathA sArI ghaTanA ko jo ghaTa cukI thI, unhoMne sunA, para aba vaha kara hI kyA sakate the| unhoMne duHkha prakaTa kiyA aura bole ki "he bhArati (sara1. nadI se bhinna devyutpatti viSayaka prazna ke liye tu0 brahmavaivartapurANa, 1 / 3 / 54-57, 2 / 1 / 1 Age, 4 / 12 Age; matsyapurANa, 3 / 2-8, 30-32, 171 / 20-21, 32-33; padmapurANa, 5 // 37 / 79-80; vAyupurANa, 671 / 87, 23 / 37-38; brahmANDapurANa, 4 / 405 Age; AcArya badrInAtha zukla, mArkaNDeya purANaH eka adhyayana (vArANasI, 1961), pR0 64-65; TI. e. gopInAtha rAva, elimeNTsa oNpha da hindU AikonegrephI, 1-2 (madrAsa, 1614), pR0 335-336 / / 2. brahmavaivartapurANa, 2 / 6 / 17-40

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sarasvatI kA paurANika nadI- rUpa 43 svatI ) ! tumane gaGgA tathA niraparAdha lakSmI ke sAtha kalaha khar3A kiyA hai, ata eva isakA pariNAma bhogo' / tuma pRthvI loka calI jAo / tumhAre samAna gaGgA bhI zivanivAsa ko calI jAyegI / padmA (lakSmI) isa kalaha meM taTastha rahI hai, ata eva vaha hI ekamAtra niraparAdha hone ke kAraNa mere sAtha yahA~ svarga meM rahegI" / tatpazcAt sarasvatI pRthvI tala para A gayI / pRthvI tala para hone ke kAraNa vaha bhAratI kahalAyI; brahmA kI priyA hone ke kAraNa brAhmI; vANI kI adhiSThAtrI devI hone ke kAraNa vANI; satapravahamAna srota kI bhA~ti ( srotasyeva) sampUrNa saMsAra ko parivyApta kara vartamAna hone tathA hari ke sarovara se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa 'sarasvatI' kahalAI / hama vaidiketara sAhitya meM yaha dekhate haiM ki gaGgA ko sarvAdhika mahattA dI gaI hai / use ziva-sira para nivAsa karane vAlI kahA gayA hai / AkAza-sarit ( AkAza. gaGgA) mAnakara isakI ananya divyatA svIkAra kI gaI hai / gaGgA kA astitva pRthvI para aba bhI hai, ata eva paurANika isa kathana ko, ki vaha pahale svarga meM thI, tatpazcAt ziva ke sirasthAna ko prApta karatI huI pRthvI para AI, ata eva divya hai - paryApta sahArA evaM lokapriyatA milI hai, parantu Rgvaidika kAla meM sarasvatI kI maryAdA gaGgA kI apekSA kaI gunI bar3hI car3hI thii| apane vistAra, gahanatA, satatpravAha Adi guNoM kAraNa vaha 'loha-durga' kahalAtI thI, parantu jaba yaha nadI vinaSTa ho gayI, to spaSTa hai ki isakI lokapriyatA ko paryApta AghAta phuNcaa| paurANika vizvAsa ke anusAra gaGgA divya hai tathA usakA udgama vahI hai, jo sarasvatI kA hai / usase siddha hai ki sarasvatI bhI divya huI / (2) skandapurANa meM kucha isI prakAra kI kathA AtI hai / isake anusAra bhI sarasvatI pahale eka devI thii| pRthvI tala para phailA huA samudra vaDavAgni- Alupta thA / isa vaDavAgni ko pAtAla loka meM karane tathA isake kuprabhAva se devoM ko bacAne ke nimitta, bhagavAn viSNu ne svayaM sarasvatI se prArthanA kI, ki vaha pRthvI para padhAre / , 9. vahI, 2 / 6 / 41-53 2. vahI, / 2 / 7 / 1-3 "puNyakSetra hyAjagAma bhArate sA bhAratI / gaGgAzApena kalayA svayaM tasthau hareH padam // 1 // bhAratI bhArataM gatvA brAhmI ca brahmaNaH priyA / vAgadhiSThAtrI sA tena vANI ca kIrtitA // 2 // sarvavizvaM parivyApya srotasyeva hi dRzyate / hariH saraHsu tasyeyaM tena nAmnA sarasvatI // 3 // " 3. tu0 muhammada isarAila khA~, 'sarasvatI ke katipaya Rgvaidika vizeSaNoM kI vivecanA' nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA zraddhAJjali zraGka (vArANasI, saM. 2024), pR0 470-471

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44 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ brahmA kI suyogya evaM AjJAkAriNI putrI hone se sarasvatI ne pitA kI AjJA ke binA anyatra jAnA asvIkAra kara diyA / tadanantara viSNu ne svayaM brahmA se prArthanA kiyA ki vaha sarasvatI ko pRthvI para jAne kI anumati de deM / anta meM aisA hI huA / sarasvatI saridrUpa meM pariNata ho gaI / svarga se himAlaya para utara kara, taMtrastha plakSaprAsravaNa se hotI huI dharaNi- pRSTha para A gaI / vaDavAgni ke utpatti ke viSaya meM purANoM meM varNita hai ki jaba dadhIci RSi ko devoM ne chalapUrvaka mAra DAlA, taba RSiputra pippalAda ne apane pitA ke vadha kA badalA lene ke lie ghora tapa kiyA / isake phalasvarUpa vaDavAgni kI utpatti huI / devoM ne 'vaDavAgni' ko svarNa-kalaza meM rakhakara sarasvatI ko de diyA ki vaha use samudra meM nyasta kara de / sarasvatI ne isa vaDavAgni ko lekara pazcimI samudra meM 'prabhAsa' nAmaka sthAna ke samIpa chor3a diyA / (3) sAmAnyatayA yaha jana zruti hai ki jaba sagara ke 60,000 putra jalakara bhasma ho gaye, taba unakA nistAra karane ke lie rAjA bhagIratha ne gaGgA ko pRthvI para lAne kI ghora tapasyA kI tathA vaha apane isa prayatna kI siddhi meM saphala bhI hue / purANoM meM sarasvatI ke viSaya meM bhI kucha isI prakAra kI kalpanA kI gayI hai, jisake anusAra mAnavoddhAra evaM kalyANa ke nimitta kramazaH pItAmbara evaM mArkaNDeya RSi sarasvatI ko svarga se puSkara tathA kurukSetra pradezoM me lAe yn (4) matsya, bhAgavata' Adi purANoM ne brahmA (pitA) evaM sarasvatI (putrI) ke bIca aupanyAsika prema-prapaJca kI kalpanA kI hai / yaha kalpanA kisI ghaTanA athavA kArya kI pratIka rUpa hai / ina purANoM se jJAta hotA hai ki premAtura brahmA apane isa sAhasa meM saphala bhI hue, parantu brahmapurANa meM isa azlIlatA kA parihAra kiyA gayA hai / isa purANa meM do prakAra ke varNana pAe jAte haiN| eka ke anusAra yaha kahA gayA hai ki sarasvatI kA rAjA pururavA ke sAtha gupta prema thA / brahmA ko jaba yaha jJAta huA, to unhoMne sarasvatI ko nadI hone kA zApa de diyaa| dUsare ke anusAra sarasvatI kA nadI-rUpa dhAraNa karanA svaicchika hai / kahA jAtA hai ki brahmA ke prema ke bhaya se vaha 1. skandapurANa, 7 / 33 / 13-15 2 . vahI, 7 / 33 / 40-42 tathA dra0 Ananda svarUpa gupta, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 71 3. vAmanapurANa, 37 / 16-23 4. matsyapurANa, 3 / 30-43 5. bhAgavatapurANa, 3 / 12 / 28 6. tu0 esa. jI. kAMTavAlA, 'da brahmA - sarasvatI epIsoDa ina da matsyapurANa', janarala oNpha orieNTala insTIcyUTa ( bar3audA, 1958), pR0 38-40 tathA AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya, purANavimarza (vArANasI, 1964), pR0 256-260

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sarasvatI kA paurANika nadI - rUpa 45 svayaM hI nadI banakara gautamI gaGgA meM mila gayI / ' saMkSepataH yahA~ sarasvatI kA devI se nadI meM pariNata hone kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / Age isake udgama sthala kA varNana kiyA jA rahA hai / (ba) bhautika utpatti : (1) purANoM meM nadiyoM ke udgama sthaloM kA varNana bhinna-bhinna sthaloM para kiyA gayA hai / inakA varNana bar3A hI susambaddha hai| nadiyA~ parvatoM se nikala kara maidAnoM athavA samudroM meM giratI haiN| purANoM meM bhinna-bhinna nadiyoM ke srotoM kA varNana sthAnavizeSa kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai / yathA - RkSa niHsRtAH, pariyAtra - niHsRtAH, himavatpAda - niHsRtAH, malaya-niHsRtAH, mahendra - niHsRtAH, vindhyApAda niHsRtAH, zuktimatpAda - niHsRtAH, sahyapAda- niHsRtAH ityAdi / inameM sarasvatI kA udgama 'himavatpAda' hai tathA usI srota se udbhUta usakI anya sahacAriNI nadiyA~ - ikSu, gotamI, nizcIrA, zatadru, irAvatI, candrabhAgA, bAhudA, sarayU, kuhU, tRtIyA, yamunA, kauzikI, dRSadvatI, lauhitya, sindhu, gaGgA, devikA, vitastA, gaNDakI, dhUtapApA, vipAzA ityAdi haiM / (2) yahI nahIM, nadiyoM kA varNana samudAya vizeSa se sambaddha rUpa meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai / isa yatna meM skandapurANa vizeSa ullekhanIya hai / yaha bhAratavarSa kI sampUrNa nadiyoM ko gyAraha samudAyoM meM vibhakta karatA hai : (1) sItA-cakSu samudAya, ( ba ) sindhu samudAya, ( sa ) sarasvatI - dRSadvatI samudAya, ( da ) gaGgA-yamunA samudAya, (ya) brahmaputra samudAya, (ra) ziprAmahI samudAya, (la) zAbhramatI samudAya, (va) narmadA - tAptI samudAya, (za) mahAnadI samudAya, ( pa ) kRSNA-godAvarI samudAya, tathA (ha) kAverI kRtamAlA samudAya / isa prakAra ke vibhAjanoM meM sarasvatI kA sambandha 'sarasvatI-zadvatI' samudAya se hai / isakI utpatti brahmA se batAI gaI hai / aneka sthAnoM evaM tadanurUpa vibhinna nAmoM ko dhAraNa karatI huI, vaha antatogatvA pazcimI samudra meM jA giratI haiM / yahA~ use brahmA se utpanna kahA gayA hai, ata eva vaha nadI rUpa meM bhI 'brahmA-putrI' huI / isakI puSTi zrI hemacandrAcArya ke vacanAnusAra bhI kI jA sakatI hai, jo sarasvatI nadI ko (1) 'brahma 1. tu0 Ananda svarUpa gupta, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 70-71 2. yazapAla TaNDana, a kAnkAraDensa oNpha purANa kANTeNTsa (vizvezvarAnanda vaidika risarca insTIcyUTa, hoziArapura, 1952), pR0 51-52 3. vahI, pR0 52, tathA dra0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla, mArkaNDeya purANa: eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana (ilAhAbAda, 1961), pR0 146 4. DaoN0 e.bI.ela. avasthI, sTaDIja ina skandapurANa bhAga 1 ( lakhanaU, 1966), pR0 146, 153, 154

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46 saMskRta sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ putrI', tathA ( 2 ) 'sarasvatI' nAma se abhihita karate haiM / (3) matsyapurANa ke anusAra sarasvatI kA Adi srota sarpasarovara ( sarpANAM tatsaraH ) hai / isa sarovara se 'sarasvatI' tathA 'jyotiSmatI' do nadiyoM kA avirbhAva hotA hai / ye donoM nadiyA~ isase nikala kara kramaza: 'pUrvI' evaM 'pazcimI' samudroM meM giratI hai / ' (4) vAmanapurANa sarasvatI ko 'brahmasarovara' se nikalI huI mAnatA hai / vAstava meM brahmasarovara kI kalpanA kavi-kalpita athavA manasija jAna par3atI hai, kyoMki isakI bhautika sthiti abhI taka siddha nahIM ho sakI hai / isakA tAdAtmya 'mAnasarovara' athavA 'mAnasa - sara' se sambhAvita hai, parantu isakI sthiti kI kalpanA itastataH kI gaI hai / yaha 'zivAlika kI pahAr3iyoM ke pazcima meM bhI mAnA gayA hai tathA isase sudUra pUrva dizA meM bhI / yadi yaha 'zivAlika' ke pazcima meM sthita hai, taba nizcita rUpa se ise Rgvaidika sarasvatI kA udgama sthala nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki sarvasammatyA 'zivAlika' hI vaidika sarasvatI kA udgama sthala mAnA gayA hai / * yadi ise 'zivAlika' ke pUrva meM bhI mAneM, to bhI isase vaidika sarasvatI kI utpatti nahIM mAnI jA sakatI / vaha kevala 'baGgAla' meM hone vAlI tannAmaka koI nadI mAnI jA sakatI hai, " na ki Rgvaidika sarasvatI / 5 Rgvaidika sarasvatI kA sambandha prArambha se hI himAlaya se rahA hai, jaisA ki hama ne pahale dekhA hai, lekina kAla-krama se nadiyoM kA mArga sadaiva parivartita hotA rahA hai ; sarasvatI ke viSaya meM bhI yahI bAta lAgU hotI hai / samayAnusAra sarasvatI kA sthAna parivartana hotA rahA aura eka samaya aisA AyA jaba yaha pUrNa rUpa se vilIna ( guptA ) ho gaI / isa para sAhityika, dhArmika, bhaugolika, aitihAsika, bhUtattvIya Adi aneka dRSTikoNoM se vicAra hue haiM aura ho rahe haiN| logoM meM sAmAnya vizvAsa hai ki yaha nadI prayAga meM gaGgA evaM yamunA se milatI hai / pratyakSataH yahA~ gaGgA evaM yamunA do 1. zrI hemacandrAcArya, abhidhAnacintAmaNi, 4 / 151 2. matsyapurANa, 121 / 64-65 3. vAmanapurANa, 40 / 13 4. DI. ena. vADiyA, jiyAlojI zraoNpha iNDiyA ( nyUyArka, 1966), pR0 10; tu0 ena. ena. goDabole, Rgvaidika sarasvatI ( rAjasthAna sarakAra, 1963), pR0 17 5. 'iNDo-brahma rIvara' sambandhI vicAra-dhArA se tu0 divaprasAda dAsa gupta, 'AiDeNTiphikezana oNpha da enzieNTa sarasvatI rIvara', "prosIDiGgas eNDa TrAnsakzansa oNpha Ala iNDiyA proriyaNTala kAnpharensa ( annAmalAI nagara, 1158), pR0 36 Age

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sarasvatI kA paurANika nadI -rUpa nadiyA~ hI dikhAI par3atI haiM, para yaha vizvAsa kaise ho ki 'sarasvatI' bhI yahA~ Akara gaGgA evaM yamunA se milatI hai / vADiyA jaise saMsAra - prasiddha bhUtatva - vettA kA kahanA hai ki sarasvatI yamunA ke pazcima meM bahA karatI thI, lekina jaba pRthvI kI uthala-puthala huI, usa samaya sarasvatI apanA purAnA mArga chor3a kara pUrva dizA kI ora bar3hane lagI tathA eka samaya aisA AyA jaba ki vaha yamunA meM pUrNatayA vilIna ho gaI / ' yaha mata sarvathA nirdoSa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki hama Age calakara dekheMge ki isa nadI kA pUrva kI apekSA pazcima dizA kI ora jAnA siddha hotA hai / " 47 dhArmika niSThA kI dRSThi se yaha kahA jAtA hai ki sarasvatI eka mahatI pavitra nadI thI / vaha kaliyuga ko dekhakara athavA niSAdoM ke sparza-bhaya se pRthvI meM chupa gaI tathA anta:salilA hokara prayAga meM gaGgA evaM yamunA ke saGgama para prakaTa hotI hai / eka ora isa vicAradhArA ke bhI mAnane vAle loga haiM ki prayAga meM gaGgA-yamunA se milane vAlI sarasvatI nAmaka eka choTI sI nadI rahI hai / logoM ne use hI bhramavaza vaidika sarasvatI samajhA / kAla-krama se isake lupta ho jAne para logoM kI pUrvakathita vicAra dhArA banI rahI / tathya to yaha hai ki sAmAnya jana vizvAsa meM 'mADarna' sarasUti ko vaidika sarasvatI kI mAnyatA mila cukI hai / sthAnIya logoM meM isake 'vaidika sarasvatI' hone kI pUrI AsthA hai / Aja kala ise 'ghaghghara' kahate haiM, jisakA udgama sthala zivAlika kI pahAr3iyA~ haiM / Age calakara hanumAnagar3ha ke pAsa yaha ghaghghara nahara (eka purAnI nadI kA peTa ) se milatI hai, jisakA udgama sthala zivAlika kI pahAr3iyA~ hI haiM / ina donoM kA milA-julA srota bhI sAmAnyatayA 'ghaghghara' athavA 'sarasUti - ghaghghara ' kahalAtA hai / kevala 'ghaghghara' kahe jAne para bhI sarasUti ( sarasvatI kA bigar3A rUpa ) nadI kI abhivyakti hotI rahatI hai / yaha 'srota' paTiyAlA, hisAra, bIkAnera, bahAvalapura Adi sthAnoM se hotA huA pAkistAnI rAjya meM praviSTa hotA hai, jahA~ 'hAkarA' nAma se abhihita hotA haiN|" yahA~ 'hAkarA' 'sukkara-bandha-yojanA' ke mArga se hotA huA anta 1. DI. ena. vADiyA, pUrvIddhRta grantha, pR0 362 2. tu0 prakRta lekha, pR0 46-50 3. tu0 ena. ena. goDabole, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 20 : "The so-called Sarasvati near Allahabad was perhpaps a small stream and the real Sarasvati is left behind near Hanumangarh." 4. sara orela sTAina, jyAgaraphikala janarala, bhAga 66 (1942), pR0 137 Age 5. re caudhurI eca. sI., 'da sarasvatI', sAinsa eNDa kalcara 8 ( 12 ), 1942, pR0 468, ena. ena. goDabole, pUrvoddhRta grantha pR0 16, " The Ghaggar is known as Hakra when it enters the Pakistan area."

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48 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhAMkiyA~ meM kaccha meM praviSTa ho gayA hai|' ___ yaha sarasvatI kA Adhunika mArga hai, jise hama paurANika dRSTi se dekhanA cAheMge / yahA~ eka mUla bAta dhyAna dene kI hai, jo bhUtatvIya-zilA para AdhArita hai| bhUtatvavettAoM kA kathana hai ki prAcIna kAla meM samasta rAjasthAna samudra ke garbha meM thaa| yahA~ eka vizAla samudra hiloreM bharatA thA, jisakA nAma 'rAjaputAnA kA samudra' thaa| isake dakSiNa kI dizA meM arAvalI kI pahAr3iyA~ thIM, jo sudUra pUrva evaM pazcima taka phailI huI thIM aura lagabhaga cAra mIla U~cI thiiN| una dinoM himAlaya-parvata itanA U~cA nahIM thA, jitanA ki Aja hama dekhate haiM / vaha una dinoM pRthvI ke garbha se uThA rahA thaa| prakRti-nirmANa-kAla meM jaba uthala-puthala prArambha huI, taba bhArata kA sarvocca parvata 'arAvalI' dhArAzAyI ho gyaa| usake avazeSa cAro ora bikhara gye| adhikAMza avazeSa rAjaputAne ke samudra meM jA girA / pariNAmasvarUpa isa samudra meM girane vAlI nadiyoM kI dizAe~ badala gaIM / gaGgA evaM yamunA aura pUrva-dizA meM calI gaIM tathA sarasvatI evaM dRSadvatI pazcimatara ho giiN| purANoM meM isakA nirdeza prakArAntara se huA haiM / yahA~ sarasvatI kramazaH 'prAcI" evaM pazcimAbhimukhI' kahI gaI hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki jaba sarasvatI prAk-parivartana 'rAjaputAnA sAgara' meM giratI thI, taba vaha 'prAcI' thI, parantu jaba parivartana ke kAraNa usakI dizA badala gaI arthAt araba sAgara meM girane lagI, taba 'pazcimAbhimukhI' khlaaii| isa kAraNa 'prAcI' evaM 'pazcimAbhimukhI' sarasvatI eka hI haiM / isako 'phArmara' evaM 'leTara' kahanA cAhie, na ki inakA tAdAtmya kramazaH 'sarasvatI' evaM 'sindhu' se karanA yukta hai| aisA karanA ucita nahIM hogA, kyoMki inake tAdAtmya kI sambhAvanA vistAra dhAraNa kara legii| aisI sthiti meM 1. vahI, pR0 2, 20-21 2. e. sI. dAsa, Rgvaidika iNDiyA (kalakattA, 1927), pR0 17 3. ena. ena. goDabole, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 8 4. vahI, pR0 2 5. padmapurANa, 5 / 18 / 217-28 / 123; bhAgavatapurANa, 1078 / 16 6. skandapurANa, 7 / 35 / 26 7. e. e. maikDAnela eNDa e.vI. kItha, vaidika iNDeksa oNpha nemsa eNDa sabjekTsa, bhAga-2 (motIlAla banArasI dAsa, dillI, 1958), pR0 426, "But There are strong reasons to accept the indentification of the later and the earlier Sarasvati throughout." 8. ke. sI. caTTopAdhyAya, 'Rgvaidika rIvara sarasvatI', jaranala oNpha da DipArTamenTa oNpha leTarsa, bhAga 15, kalakattA; bI. Ara. zarmA dvArA unake uddhRta vicAra, da kalakattA rivyu, bhAga 112, na0 1 (1945), pR0 53 Age tathA maiksamyUlara, sekreTa buksa oNpha da isTa, bhAga 32 (dillI, 1964), pR0 60

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sarasvatI kA paurANika nadI-rUpa 46 'leTara' kA artha 'arthandava' (afagAnistAna kI eka nadI kA nAma) tathA 'helamanda' (isa afagAnistAnI nadI kA irAniyana nAma harakvaitI) se bhI vyakta hone lagegA' tathA pUrvI tannAmaka kisI nadI athavA srota se bhii| ___isa nadI kA nizcikaraNa 'vinazana' ke AdhAra para karanA adhika yukta pratIta hotA hai / 'vinazana' vaha sthAna hai, jahA~ sarasvatI luptaprAya ho gaI / yaha sthAna jilA paTiyAlA meM par3atA hai / lupta hone ke pUrva isakI gati meM 'skhalana' evaM 'vikRtiprAya' A cukI thii| isakI gati sthAna-sthAna para avaruddha ho cukI thI tathA kaI sthAnoM para gahare jalakuNDa bana cuke the / 'sarasvatI tu paJcadhA sambhavataH isI ora saGkata karatA hai| kucha logoM ke vicAra se isake dvArA 'pA~ca sarasvatI' (sAmAnya artha meM pA~ca nadiyoM) kA bodha mAnA gayA hai| purANoM meM sarasvatI kI etatsambandhI gati kA bar3A sundara saGkata 'dRzyAdRzyagatiH' dvArA kiyA gayA hai / sarasvatI jaba maraNAsanna avasthA meM dikhAI detI thI, taba 'dRzyagatiH' thI aura jaba chupa jAtI thI, taba 'adRzyagatiH' / purANoM ke anusAra bhI sarasvatI kA pUrvakathita mArga rahA hai / vaha himAlaya se nikala kara 'plakSa prAsravaNa' se hotI huI maidAnoM meM AtI hai / sarvaprathama Ada-badrI AtI hai| 1. tu0 Ananda svarUpa gupta, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 77 2. maiksa myUlara, pUrvodadhRta grantha, bhAga-14 (dillI, 1965), pR0 2, phUTa noTa 8 3. yajurveda, 33 / 11 4. re caudhurI, eca. sI., pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 472 5. Ananda svarUpa gupta, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 76 6. vAmanapurANa, 32 / 3; tathA DaoN0 dineza candra sarakAra, 'TaikTsa oNpha da purANika lisTa oNpha rIvarsa',da iNDiyana hisTArikala kvArTaralI, bhAga-27, na03, pR0 216, "Sarasvati rises in the Sirmur hills of the Siwalik ranges in the Himalayas and emerges into the plains at Ad-Badri in the Ambala District, Punjab. at disappears once at Chaiaur, but reappears It Bhawanipur; then it disappears at Balchappar but again appears at Bara-Khera...' isa siramUra se nikalane vAlI sarasvatI tathA vaidika sarasvatI ko do (tu0 Ananda svarUpa gupta, pUrvoddhRta, grantha, pR0 76) mAnanA ThIka nahIM / donoM eka haiM (tu0 DaoN0 dineza candra sarakAra, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 216) 7. DaoN0 e.bI.ela. avasthI, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 153; tathA tu0 skandapurANa, 7 / 33 / 40-41 "sato visRjya tAM devI nadIbhUtvA sarasvatI // himavataM giriM prApya plakSAt tatra vinirgtaa| avatIrNA dhraapRsstth.........................||" 8. DaoN. dineza candra sarakAra, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 216

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhAMkiyAM tadanantara pUrvakathita mArgoM se hotI huI kurukSetra pahu~catI hai tathA 'kurukSetrapradAyinI" kI upAdhi grahaNa karatI hai / sarasvatI kA eka anya nAma 'aMzumatI' hai| yaha nAmakaraNa sarvathA sAbhiprAya hai / 'aMzumatI, kurukSetra kI sarasvatI hI hai, jisakA tAtparya 'soma se paripUrNa' hai| kahA gayA hai ki eka bAra soma, vatra ke bhaya se bhAgakara 'aMzamatI meM chupa gyaa| / phalasvarUpa devagaNa bhI vahIM Akara rahane lage tathA vahA~ 'somayajJa' kI sthApanA kI / yaha yaha 'aMzumatI' nizcaya hI 'vaidika sarasvatI' hai / brAhmaNa granthoM meM devoM kA soma ke prati atyAkarSaNa dikhA gayA hai / vAka (vANI) soma-pradAna karane meM devoM kI abhUtapUrva sahAyatA karatI hai / isa vAk ko sarasvatI kA vikAsAtmaka rUpa samajhanA cAhie, brahmANika siddhAnta 'vAgvai sarasvatI' ke dvArA sarasvatI siddha kiyA gayA hai / kurukSetra ke bAda sarasvatI rAjasthAna ke 'puSkara se hotI huI kaccha meM jA giratI hai| 2. sarasvatI kI paurANika pavitratAH prArambha kAla se hI AryoM ne apane dhArmika kAryoM evaM yajJoM meM sarasvatI ko mahatI pratiSThA de rakhI thii| isakA pramANa yaha hai ki Rgvaidika kAlIna yajJoM meM usakA bArambAra AhvAhana kiyA gayA hai / sambhavataH usako yajJa kI devI hI mAna kara aisA kiyA gayA hai| purANoM ne bhI usakI vaidika pratiSThA ko jIvita rakhA hai / brahmANDapurANa meM eka sthala para kAverI, kRSNaveNA, narmadA, yamunA, godAvarI, candrabhAgA, irAvatI, vipAzA, kauzikI, zatadru, sarayu, sItA, sarasvatI, hlAdinI tathA pAvanI nadiyoM kA vivAha agni ke sAtha batAyA gayA hai| agni ko prakAza evaM pavi. tratA kA pratIka mAnA gayA / jaba agni kA tAdAtmya sarasvatI se kiyA jAtA hai, taba aparokSa-rUpa se agni ke guNoM kA sarasvatI para AdhAna huaa| brahmANDapurANa ke upayukta kathana kA tAtparya sambhavatayA yaha jAna par3atA hai ki Arya loga ina nadiyoM ke 1. vAmanapurANa, 32 / 1 2. DaoN0 sUryakAnta, sarasa, soma eNDa sIra', ainalsa praoNpha da bhaNDArakara morieNTala risarca insTIcyUTa, bhAga-38 (pUnA, 1958), pR0 115 3. tu0 muhammada isarAila khA~, brAhmANika lejeNDa oNpha vAk eNDa gandharvas', maisUra orieNTalisTa, bhAga-2, na0 1 (maisUra, 1966), pR0 26-27 4. vAmanapurANa, 37 / 23 5. ena. ena. goDabole, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 2,32-33 6. tu0 Rgveda, 1 / 3 / 10-11 / 136 (5.5.8), 142 / 6; 34 / 8 (7 / 2 / 8) 43 / 11; 7 / 65 / 4; 10 / 17 / 8-110 / 8 7. brahmANDapurANa, 2 / 12 / 13-16 8. Rgveda, 2 / 1 / 11

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sarasvatI kA paurANika padI-spa kinAre rahA karate the| ye unake lie nitAnta sammAna-janaka thIM, ata eva unake sammAnArtha yajJAni ko prajjvalita karanA svAbhAvika thA / zanaiH-zanaiH ve dakSiNa-dizA kI ora bar3hane lage, parantu unake prati unakA sammAna pUrvavat banA rahA / yahI kAraNa hai ki uttara bhArata kI nadiyA~ dakSiNa kI apekSA adhika sammAnAspada haiN| brahmapurANa kI bhAMti agnipurANa meM bhI pavitra nadiyoM kI eka lambI paramparA milatI hai / ' agnipurANa ne nadI-vizeSa kI pavitratA sthAna-vizeSa para batAI hai| usake anusAra gaGgA kI pavitratA kanakhala meM hai, sarasvatI kI kurukSetra meM, parantu narmadA kI pavitratA sarvatra hai / nadI-jala vizeSa kI prazaMsA meM isa purANa kA kathana hai ki sarasvatI kA jala manuSya ko tIna dina meM pavitra banAtA hai, yamunA kA sAta dina meM, gaGgA kA tatkSaNa; parantu narmadA kevala dRSTimAtra se hI sabako pUta karatI hai| astu, sarasvatI apanI pavitratA se sava pApoM kA bhajana karane vAlI hai, ata eva use sarvapApapraNAzinI" kahA gayA hai| sarasvatI kA na kevala jala, apitu taTaprAnta bhI atIva pavitra mAnA gayA hai| pavitra jalayukta (puNyatoyA, puNyajalA') hone ke kAraNa use 'zubhA, puNyA 'atipuNyA" Adi upAdhiyoM se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai| tapasyAcaraNa karane vAle RSiyoM ko zAnta vAtAvaraNa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, jo unake cittekAgratA meM sahAyaka siddha ho ske| sarasvatI kA taTabhAga anukUla vAtAvaraNa se yukta thA, ata eva vaha RSigaNoM se parivyApta thaa|' RSigaNa vahA~ apane nitya-karma kA anuSThAna karate hue rahA karate the tathA sarasvatI ke jala kA pAna kara atizayAnanda uThAte the / isa prakAra ke RSiyoM meM sarvAdhika sammAnArha RSi kardama the| unake viSaya meM prasiddhi hai ki vaha sarasvatI ke mahAna bhakta the evaM usake kinAre raha kara dasa hajAra varSoM taka ghora tapa kiyaa| yahIM sarasvatI kA vaha sthAna hai, jahA~ 'azvattha' vRkSa ke nIce samAdhistha bhagavAn zrIkRSNa ne 'Atmotsarga kara diyA thaa| 1. agnipurANa, 216 / 69-72 2 vahI, 168 / 10-11 3. vAmanapurANa, 32 / 3; skandapurANa, 7 / 34 / 31 4. matsyapurANa, 7 / 3 5. vAmanapurANa, 32 / 2; 37 / 26,38 6. padmapurANa, 5 / 27 / 116 7. vAmanapurANa, 32 / 2; mArkaNDeyapurANa, 23 // 3. 8. vAmanapurANa, 32 / 24, 3416 6. vahI, 42 / 6 10. bhAgavatapurANa, 3 / 22 / 27 11. vahI, 3 / 2116 12. vahI, 3 / 4 / 3-8

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ hama ne pahale yaha dekhA hai ki sarasvatI nadI-rUpa meM bhI 'brahmaputrI' kahI gaI hai| brahmA kA isake prati agAdha sneha thaa| usake snehAdhikya kA spaSTIkaraNa eka laghu dRSTAnta se kiyA jA sakatA hai / eka bAra brahmA marIci Adi RSiyoM ke sAtha karmada ke usa Azrama kA darzana kiyA, jo sarasvatI ke dvArA caturdizAliGgita thaa| bhAgavatapurANa meM sarasvatI ke kinAre sthita aneka pavitra sthAnoM tathA tIrthoM ke prasaGga Ate haiM, jo usakI pavitratA kI abhivyakti karate haiM / eka prasaMga ke anusAra isI sarasvatI ke kinAre devoM evaM asuroM ke bIca eka ghamAsAna yuddha huA thA, jabaki viSNu ne diti kI santAna kA samUla nAza kara diyA, ata eva diti sarasvatI tIrastha 'syamantapaJcaka' nAmaka sthAna para jAkara apane pati kI ArAdhanA karate hue dIrghakAlIna tapasyA kii| matsyapurANa ke adhyAya 22 meM 'zrAddha' ke nimita aneka tIrthoM kA varNana milatA hai, jinameM pitRtIrtha, nIlakuNDa, rudrasarovara, mAnasarovara, mandAkinI, acchodA, vipAzA, sarasvatI Adi vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| devamAtA ke lie sarasvatI kI pavitratA apane kinAre 'pArAvAra' para batAI gaI hai| purANoM kA kathana hai ki bhagavAn tripurAri ne apane ratha meM gaGgA, sindhu, zatadru, candrabhAgA, irAvatI, vitastA, vipAzA, yamunA, gaNDakI, sarasvatI, devikA tathA sarayU ko bA~sa-rUpa se prayukta kiyA thaa| yahA~ sambhavataH nadiyoM kI daivI sAhAyya kI ora saGketa jAna par3atA hai| 3. sarasvatI ke katipaya paurANika vizeSaNa vedoM kI bhA~ti purANoM ne sarasvatI ko vividha upAdhiyoM se alaGa kRta kiyA hai| yadi yoM kahA jAya ki purANoM ne vedoM se bahuta sI sAmagrI udhAra lI haiM, to anucita nahIM hogaa| yaha bAta 'purANAgata vedaviSayaka sAmagriyoM ke svatantra anusaMdhAna-viSayaka sAmagriyoM se prAmANika rUpa se siddha ho cukI hai / astu, vaidika upAdhiyoM kI bhA~ti paurANika upAdhiyA~ bhI sAragarbhita evaM sAbhiprAya haiM / prakRta meM sarasvatI kI katipaya nadIbhUta paurANika upAdhiyoM kA saMkSipta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| purANoM meM nadiyoM kA sAmAnya rUpa se 'zivA,' 'puNyA', 'zivajalA' Adi nAmoM ke AhvAhana kiyA gayA hai / yaha sambodhana unake guNa-vizeSa kA bodhaka hai / guNa-vizeSa kA mukhya abhiprAya unake paropakAra evaM dayA-bhAva se hai| nadiyoM kA bahanA evaM 1. vahI, 3 / 346 2. matsyapurANa, 7 / 2-3 3. vahI, 22 / 22-23 4. vahI, 13 / 44 5. vahI, 133 / 23-24 6. tu0 DaoN0 rAmazaMkara bhaTTAcArya, itihAsa purANa kA anuzIlana (vArANasI, 1963), pR0 216

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sarasvatI kA paurANika nadI-rUpa 53 pRthivI-siJcana paropakAra ke lie hotA hai / pRthivI ke siJcana dvArA ve mAnavasamRddhi kA vardhana karatI haiM / mA~ kA apane baccoM kI bhA~ti ve mAnava-jAti kA nirvizeSa pAlana-poSaNa karatI haiM / sambhavataH inhIM kAraNoM se unheM 'jaganmAtA' (vizvasya mAtaraH) kahA gayA hai / ye sambodhana prAya: saba nadiyoM ko lakSya karake kahe gaye haiN| sarasvatI ke prati kathana-vizeSa nimnalikhita haiN| purANoM meM nadiyoM kA vibhAjana pravAha ke dRSTikoNa se do rUpoM meM kiyA gayA hai -eka jI kevala varSA-kAla meM pravAhita hone vAlI haiM tathA dUsarI jo satatpravAhinI haiN| sarasvatI dUsarI koTi meM AtI hai / vAmanapurANa kA kathana hai ki kevala sarasvatI hI 'satatpravAhinI' hai / isI gati-vizeSa ke kAraNa sambhavataH use 'pravAhasaMyuktA, 'vegayuktA', 'srotasyeva' jaisI paurANika upAdhiyoM se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai / Rgvaidika vizeSaNa 'nadItamA' se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki sarasvatI tatkAlika 'sarvazreSTha' nadI thii| purANoM ne isa nadI kI vaidika maryAdA kI rakSA kI hai| yahA~ bArambAra use 'mahAnadI se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / mahAnadiyoM kI kucha apanI nijI vizeSatAe~ hotI haiM, jo tadetara (choTI) nadiyoM meM nahIM hotI haiM / choTI nadiyA~ yA to bar3I nadiyoM se nikalatI haiM athavA sIdhe parvatoM se udbhUta hotI haiN| bar3I nadiyoM se nikalane para ve unakI sahAyaka nadiyA~ kahalAtI haiM, anyathA-rUpa se parvatoM se nikala kara bar3I nadiyoM meM vilIna ho jAtI haiM / donoM hI dazAoM meM unakA nijI astitva alpakAlika athavA alpamArgayAvat hotA hai, parantu bar3I nadiyoM kI dazA bhinna hotI hai / ve parvatoM se nikala kara antatogatvA samudra me jA milatI haiM, ata eva 'samudragA'" jaisI unakI upAdhi yuktiyukta hI hai| anyatra kahA jA cukA hai ki sarasvatI sarvaprathama himAlaya se nikalakara rAjasthAna ke samudra meM girA karatI thI, parantu bhU-parivartana ke kAraNa usakA mArga badala gayA / parivartita sthiti meM rAjasthAna ke samudra ke bajAya araba sAgara meM girane lgii| purANoM meM etadviSayaka bar3A sundara saGketa milatA hai| sarasvatI kI isa dazA-vizeSa 1. pR0, 216 2. vahI, pR0 223, "varSAkAlabahAH sarvA varjayitvA sarasvatI" 3. vAmanapurANa, 348 4. vahI, 331 5. vahI, 37 / 22 brahmavaivartapurANa, 27 7. Rgveda, 2 / 41 / 16 8. vAmana purANa, 37 / 31, 40 / 8; bhAgavatapurANa, 5 / 16 / 18 6. DaoN0 rAmazaMkara bhaTTAcArya, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 232

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhAMkiyA~ mA parijJAna do paurANika vizeSaNa-'prAcI" tathA pazcimAbhimukhI" dvArA kiyA gayA hai| sarasvatI kA chapa jAnA(guptA) sarvajJAta hai, parantu isakA 'vinazana' Akasmika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| usane apane jIvanAnta meM aneka karavaTeM lI, jisase dizA-parivartana huA / antima-kAla meM usakI dazA aisI ho gaI thI ki vaha kabhI dikhAI detI thI, to kabhI chupa jAtI thii| isakA bhI saGkata purANoM meM 'dRzyAdRzyagatiH" dvArA kiyA gayA hai / kurukSetra se hokara bahane ke kAraNa vaha 'kurukSetra pradAyinI" kahalAI ; cUMki sarasvatI sadaiva zubha-jala kA vahana kiyA karatI thI, ata eva use katipaya sAbhiprAya pavitratA-sUcaka paurANika upAdhiyoM-'puNyadA', 'puNyajananI', 'puNyatIrthasvarUpiNI', 'puNyavabhiniSevyA','sthitiH puNyavatAm', 'tapasvinAM taporUpA', 'tapasyAkArarUpiNI, 'jvaladagnisvarUpiNo, 'tIrtharUpAtipAvanI', 'zubhA', 'puNyA', 'puNyajananI', 'pApanirmokA',13. sarvapApapraNAzinI',14 'atipuNyA',5 'puNyatoyA', ityAdi dvArA abhihita kiyA gayA hai / Arya evaM anArya donoM-gaGgA sindhu evaM sarasvatI ke kSetra meM nivAsa karate the| unheM ina nadiyoM se aneka prakAra kI suvidhAe~ prApta thiiN| ve binA kisI pArasparika bheda-bhAva ke ina nadiyoM kA jala grahaNa kiyA karate the| yahA~ abheda-bhAva se tAtparya yaha nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki ina donoM jAtiyoM ko ina nadiyoM ne eka 1. padmapurANa, 5 / 18 / 217, 28 / 123; bhAvatapurANa, 1078 / 16 2. skandapurANa, 7 / 35 / 26 3. vAmanapurANa, 23 / 2; tu0 iNDiyana hisTArikala kvArTaralI, bhAga 27, naM03, pR. 216 4. vAmanapurANa, 32 / 1 5. vahI, 32 / 24 6. brahmavaivarta purANa, 2 / 6 / 2,12 7. vahI, 2 / 6 / 2 8. vahI, 2 / 6 / 3 6. vahI, 2 / 7 / 4 10. vAmanapurANa, 32 / 2 11. vahI, 32 / 24,34 / 6 12. padmapurANa, 5 / 27 / 116 13. vahI, 5 / 27 / 116 14. skandapurA , 7 / 34 / 31 15. vAmanapurANa, 42 / 6 16. vahI, 37 / 26,38 17. matsyapurANa, 114120

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sarasvatI kA paurANika nadI -rUpa 55 aisA zAntipUrNa vAtAvaraNa prastuta kiyA thA, jisase ve ApasI vaimanasya ko bhulAkara mitra-bhAva se rahA karate the| sAmUhika rUpa se 'sAridvarA : " kI upAdhi sarasvatI, devikA evaM sarajU ko dI gaI hai / isake atirikta sarasvatI ko 'brahmanadI" kahA gayA hai / isI 'brahmanadI' sarasvatI meM parazurAma ne apanA 'avabhRta snAna" kiyA thA / 'brahmanadI' vizeSaNa dvArA jJAta hotA hai ki sarasvatI kA brahmA ke sAtha ghaniSTa sambandha thA tathA isa sambandha ke AdhAra para brahmA ke sarasvatI ke prati snehAdhikya kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai / saMkSepa meM yahA~ sarasvatI ke katipaya paurANika upAdhiyoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / vANI, vAgdevI, devI, vidyA devI, jJAnAdhiSThAtrI, vastutvadevI ityAdi ke rUpa meM bhI use aneka upAdhiyA~ milI haiM / * 1. vahI, 133 / 24 2. bhAgavatapurANa, 6 / 16 / 23 " 3. moniyara viliyamsa ne 'avabhUta' kA artha isa prakAra kiyA hai : "Carrying off, removing; purification by bathing of the sacrificer and the sacrificial vessels after a sacrifice... isa prakAra 'avabhRta snAna' kA artha huA " bathing or ablution after a sacrificial ceremoney."--e saMskRta - iGgaliza DikzanarI ( da klaireNDana presa, AksaphorDa, 1872), pR0 62 4. brahmayoni (mArkaNDeya purANa, 23 / 30), jagaddhAtrI ( vahI ), brahmavAsinI (matsyapurANa, 66 / 11 ), zabdavAsinI (padmapurANa, 5 / 22 / 186), zrutilakSaNA (skandapurANa, 7 / 33 / 22), brahmANI, brahmasadRzI ( matsyapurANa, 261/24), sarvajihvA (mArkaNDeya purANa), 23 / 57, viSNojihvA (vahI, 23048), rasanA (skandapurANa, 6 | 46 / 29 ), paramezvarI ( vahI, 6 / 46 / 36 ), brahmavAdinI ( matsyapurANa, 4/24), vAgIzvarI ( brahmANDapurANa, 4/36/74), bhASAakSarA, svarA, girA, bhAratI (skandapurANa 4 / 46 / 266), vAgdevatA ( brahmavaivartapurANa, 2/4/73), vAgvAdinI (vahI, 204/75), vidyAdhiSThAtrI (vahI, 2 / 4 / 75), vidyAsvarUpA (vahI, 22478), sarvavaNAtmikA (vahI, 2/4/76), sarvakaNThavAsinI (vahI, 2/4/80), jihvAgravAsinI ( vahI ), budhajananI ( vahI, 20481), kavijihvAgravAsinI (vahI, 2/4/83), sadambikA (vahI, 224283), gadyapadyavAsinI ( vahI ), sarvazAstravAsinI (vahI, 2/4/84 ), pustakavAsinI (vahI, 24/85), granthabIjarUpA ( vahI), brahmasvarUpA (vahI, 2/5/10), jJAnAdhidevI (vahI, 2 / 5 / 11) ityAdi /

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-7sarasvatI-nadI ke katipaya paurANika vizeSaNa prArambha se hI sarasvatI ke nadI evaM devI-do rUpa pAye jAte haiM / kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai ki sampUrNa sAhitya meM usake vizeSaNoM kA bAhulya devI-rUpa meM hai, na ki nadI-rUpa meM / astu, ye upAdhiyA~ sAragarbhita evaM sAbhiprAya haiM / prakRta meM sarasvatI ke kevala nadIbhUta vizeSaNoM kA saMkSipta paricaya dene kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| 1. udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hama yahA~ Rgveda, yajurveda, brAhmaNa, evaM purANoM ko le rahe haiM / Rgvaidika usakI kucha upAdhiyA~ haiM : vAjinIvatI (1.3.10; 2.41. 14; 6.61.3,4; 7.66.3): pAvakA (1.3.10); ghRtAcI (5.43.11); pArAvataghnI (6.61.2); citrAyuH (6.46.7); hiraNyavartani: (6.61.7); asuryA (7.66.1); dharuNamAyasI pU: (7.65.1); akavArI (7.66.7); ambitamA (2.41.16); sindhumAtA (7.36.6); mAtA (10.65.6); saptasvasA (6.61.10); saptadhAtuH (6.61.12); saptathI (7.36.6); triSadhasthA (6.61.12); svasRranyA RtAvarI (2.41.18, 6.61.6); vIrapatnI (6.46.7); vRSNaH patnI (5.42.12); marutvatI (2.30.8); pAvIravI (6.46.7; 10.65.13); marutsakhA (7.66.2); sakhyA (6.61. 14), ityAdi; katipaya Rgvaidika vizeSaNoM ke vizeSa jJAna ke lie tu0 muhammada isarAila khA~, 'sarasvatI ke katipaya Rgvaidika vizeSaNoM kI vivecanA' nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA-zraddhAJjali aGka, varSa 72 (vArANasI, saM0 2024), pR0 469-476; isI prakAra yajurveda meM sarasvatI ko yazobhaginI (2.20); haviSmatI (20.74); sudughA (20.75); jAgRvi (21. 36) ityAdi; evaM brAhmaNoM meM pramukha rUpa se vaizambhalyA (taittirIyabrAhmaNa, 2.5.8.6); satyavAk (vahI, 2.5.4.6); sumRDIkA (taittirIya-AraNyaka, 1.1.3, 21.3, 31.6; 4.42.1) ityAdi upAdhiyoM se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai, paurANika yuga meM usakA vyaktitva pUrNarUpa meM nikhara cukA hai / vaha eka mukhI na hokara bahumukhI ho gayA hai, ata eva usake bhinna-bhinna vyaktitva se sambaddha vibhinna upAdhiyA~ usI krama se pAyI jAtI haiM / tu0 AnandasvarUpa gupta, kanzepTa Apha sarasvatI ina di purANAja hApha-iyaralI buleTina oNpha di purANa DipArTameNTa, bhAga 4, naM0 1, Ala-iNDiyA kAzirAja TrasTa, rAmanagara, vArANasI, 1962), pR0 66

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sarasvatI-nadI ke katipaya paurANika vizeSaNa nadiyoM ko sAmAnya rUpa se 'zivA', 'puNyA', 'zivajalA', ityAdi upAdhiyoM se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai / ye upAdhiyA~ sAmAnya rUpa se unake paropakAra evaM dayA "(i) Attributes, relating to Specceh : vAgdevI, vAgdevatA, vAgvAdinI, varNAdhidevI, sarvavarNAtmikA, sarvakaNThavAsinI, jihvAgravAsinI, kavijihvAgravAsinI, gadya-padyavAsinI, (BVP., II.4.5) zabdavAsinI, (MP., 66.11 b, V. 1.); vAgIzA (BrP., 101.1 1); mahAvANI (Pradh R.), etc. (ii) Atiributes relating to mental faculties and functions : smRtizakti, jJAnazakti, vuddhizaktisvarUpiNI, kalpanAzakti, pratibhA, vicArakAriNI-(Bv.P., II.4.5); dhRti, medhA, bhakti, tuSTi, gati, prIti, lajjA, smRti, dakSA, kSamA-(SkP.,VI. 46.25-27), etc. (ii) Attributes relating to knowledge and learning : vidyA, mahAvidyA, yI, vedagarbhA-(Pradh R); trayIvidyA (PdP., V. 27-118); vedAraNi (Samr., 32.16); zruti, kalA-(SA P.,VI.46); vidyAdhidevatA, sarva vidyAdhidevI, vidyAsvarUpA, sarvavidyAsvarUpA, jJAnAdhidevI, budhajananI, sarvazAstravAsinI, sarvazAstrAdhidevatA, pustakavAsinI, graMthabIjarUpA, graMthakAriNI, vyAkhyAsvarUpA, vyAkhyAdhipTAtRdevatA, bhramasiddhAntarUpA, viSayajJAnarUyA, sarvasaGgItasaMdhAnatAlakAraNarUpiNI, vINApustakadhAriNI(BVP., 11.1-7) etc. (iv) Attributes rclating to her cosm c aspects : zatarUpA (MP); vizvarUpA (VP); sarvalokAnAM mAtA (Vam P., 32.6); jagaddhAtrI (MarP., 23.30); jaganmAtA, jagadambikA, sadambikA, zaktirUpiNI (BVP., II.4.5); sarvabhUtanivAsinI, kSiti, kRSi, vRSTi-(SkP., VI. 46); saMdhyA, rAtri, prabhA, bhUti-(PdP., V.28.1); sinIvAlI, kuhU, rAkA-(SkP., V. 46.27); prakRti, gau----(VP., 1.23,50); etc. (v) Attributes relating to her divine aspects : act, surezvarI, brahmasvarUpA, jyotirUpA, sanAtanI, acyutA (BVP., II.1.7); mahezvarI (VP); brahmayoni (MarP., 23.30); brahmavAsinI (MP., 6611b); devamAtA (SkP., VI., 45. 72; VII. 34. 36; 35. 103); lakSmI, gaurI, zivA, brahmANI, dAkSAyaNI, devezI, svadhA, svAhA, gaGgA, aditi, sAvitrI, gAyatrI, vinatA, kadrU, rohiNI, sinIvAlI, kuhU, rAkA(SkP., VI. 46); etc. (vi) Other attributes : kIrti, nidrA, kSudhA, puSTi, vapuH, prIti, satya, dharma, balA, nADI-(SkP., VI. 46); AryAM, kAmadhenu-(Pradh R); etc."

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58 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ bhAva ko vyakta karatI haiN| unakA bahanA evaM pRthivI kA siMcana paropakAra - hetu hI hotA hai / apane isa kArya dvArA ve mAnava kI samRddhi kA vardhana karatI haiM / ve mAnavajAti kA pAlana-poSaNa usI prakAra karatI haiM, jaise mA~ apane baccoM kA kiyA karatI hai / sambhavata: inhIM kAraNoM se unako jaganmAtA ( vizvasya mAtaraH ) kahA gayA hai'| sAmAnyarUpa se yaha sabhI nadiyoM ke viSaya meM jJAtavya hai / sarasvatI ke viSaya meM vizeSa kathana nimna hai / pravAha ke dRSTikoNa se purANoM meM do prakAra kI nadiyoM ke varNana milate haiM / eka ve jo kevala varSA-kAla meM pravAhita hone vAlI haiM tathA dUsarI ve jo satat pravahamAna rahatI haiM / sarasvatI dUsarI koTi meM AtI hai / vAmanapurANa kA kathana hai ki kevala sarasvatI hI satat pravAhinI nadI hai / anya nadiyA~ kevala varSA kAla meM bahatI haiM, parantu sarasvatI kAlAtizAyinI hai " varSAkAlavahAH sarvA varjayitvA sarasvatIm / "" sarasvatI kI isI gativizeSa ko dhyAna meM rakhakara sambhavataH purANoM ne use 'pravAha saMyuktA', ' 'vegayuktA', 'srotasyeva" ityAdi gatyanurUpa paurANika upAdhiyoM se abhihita kiyA gayA hai / sarasvatI ke Rgvaidika vizeSaNa 'nadItamA" dvArA yaha spaSTa rUpa se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha niHsaMdeha rUpa se zreSTatama Rgvaidika nadI thii| purANoM ne bhI sarasvatI kI isa vaidika maryAdA kI rakSA kI hai / yahA~ use 'mahAnadI" kahA gayA hai / mahAnadiyoM kI kucha apanI nijI vizeSatAe~ hotI haiM, jinakA choTI nadiyoM meM abhAva pAyA jAtA hai / choTI nadiyA~ yA to bar3I nadiyoM se nikalatI haiM athavA parvatoM se / bar3I nadiyoM se nikalane para unakI zAkhA nadiyA~ kahalAtI haiM / viparItAvasthA meM parvatoM se nikala kara bar3I nadiyoM meM mila jAtI haiM / ina donoM dazAoM meM unakA jIvana alpakAlika athavA alpamArga yAvat hotA hai. parantu bar3I nadiyoM ke viSaya meM aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / ve parvatoM se nikalakara antatogatvA samudra meM jA milatI haiM, ata eva unakA sambodhana 'samudragA ucita hI hai / Rgvaidika yuga meM sarasvatI isI prakAra kI nadI 1. tu0 DaoN0 rAmazaGkara bhaTTAcArya, itihAsa - purANA kA anuzIlana ( vArANasI, 1963), pR0 216 2. vahI, pR0 216 3. vahI, pR0 223 4. vAmanapurANa, 34.8 5. vahI, 33.1 6. vahI, 37.22 7. brahma0 pu0 2.7.3 8. Rgveda, 2.41.16 'ambitame nadItame devitame sarasvati / ' 6. vAmanapurANa, 37.31; 40.8; bhAgavatapurANa 5.16.18 10. DaoN0 rAmazaGkara bhaTTAcArya, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 223

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sarasvatI nadI ke katipaya paurANika vizeSaNa 5ha thI / vaha parvata se nikalakara apratihatarUpa se samudra meM girA karatI thI / usake udgamabhUta parvata kA nAma himAlaya hai / sthAna- vizeSa kA nAma plakSa - prAsravaNa hai / usakA gantavya sthala 'rAjapUtAne kA samudra' thA / sarasvatI sarvaprathama parvata se nikalakara isI sAgara meM girA karatI thI, parantu kAlAntara meM jaba bhU parivartana huA, usa samaya sarasvatI kI dizA bhI badala gaI / pRthivI kI uthala-puthala ke kAraNa rAjasthAna kA samudra bhara AyA, ata eva usameM girane vAlI nadiyoM kA pravAha bhI svabhAvataH bhinna dizAbhimukha ho gayA / aba sarasvatI pazcimI samudra arthAt araba sAgara meM girane lagI / purANoM meM sarasvatI ko 'prAcI" evaM 'pazcimAbhimukhI" kahA gayA hai / sarasvatI ke ye paurANika vizeSaNa sambhavataH usakI isI dazA kA bodhana karate haiM / isI 'prAcI' evaM 'pazcimAbhimukhI' sarasvatI ko 'phArmara' evaM 'leTara' kahA jA sakatA hai, jo eka haiM / " 1. Rgveda, 7.65.2, "ekA cetat sarasvatI nadInAM zuciryatI giribhya A samudrAt 2. ena0 ena0 goDabole, Rgvaidika sarasvatI ( rAjasthAna sarakAra prakAzana, 1963), pR0 17 3. DaoN0 e0 bI0 ela0 avasthI, sTaDIja ina skandapurANa bhAga 1 ( lakhanaU, 1966), pR0 153; tu0 skandapurANa, 7.33.40-41 " satI visRjya tAM devIM nadIbhUtvA sarasvatI / himavantaM giriM prApya lakSAt tatra vinirgatA // avatIrNA dharApRSTha "1 4. Rgveda meM do samudra - pUrvI evaM pazcimI ( 10.136. 5 ) kA varNana milatA hai / maMtra meM pUrva se abhiprAya pUrvI samudra evaM ' para : ' se tAtparya pazcimI samudra hai / gaGgA evaM yamunA himAlaya se nikalakara pUrvI samudra meM girA karatI thIM tathA sarasvatI evaM dRSadvatI nadiyA~ pazcimI samudra arthAt rAjapUtAnA sAgara meM giratI thIM- tu0 esa0 sI0 dAsa, Rgvaidika iNDiyA ( kalakattA, 1927), pR0 10; do samudroM se bhinna Rgveda meM cAra samudroM kA bhI varNana milatA hai (6.33.6; 10.47 . 2 ) / ye samudra kramaza: ( 1 ) pUrvI samudra, (2) dakSiNI samudra ( rAjapUtAnA sAgara), (3) pazcimI samudra ( araba sAgara ) aura (4) uttarI cIna kA samudra haiM / sarasvatI sarvaprathama rAjapUtAnA sAgara meM giratI thI, parantu bAda meM usakI dizA badala gaI / 5. padmapurANa, 5.18.217, 28.123; bhAgavata purANa, 10.78.16 6. skandapurANa, 7.35.26 7. e0 e0 maikDAnela eNDa e0 bI0 kItha, vaidika inDekla praoNpha nemsa eNDa sabjekTsa, bhAga 2 (motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI, 1958), pR0 436; "******'But there are strong reasons to accept the identification of the later and the earlier Sarasvati throughout."

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ sarasvatI kA eka anya paurANika vizeSaNa usakI dazA - vizeSa kA bar3A sundara paricaya karAtA hai / sarasvatI ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha jilA paTiyAlA meM bahuta pahale vinaSTa ho gaI / usake vinaSTa hone kA sthAna 'vinazana' nAma se vikhyAta hai' / lupta hone ke pUrva isakI gati meM 'skhalana' evaM 'vikRti' A cukI thI / gati sthAna-sthAna para avaruddha ho gaI thI tathA kaI sthAnoM para gahare jala - kuNDa bana cuke the / 'sarasvatI tu paJcadhA so dezo'bhavat sarit ' meM 'paJcadhA' sambhavataH sarasvatI kI isI dazA kI ora saGka eta karatA hai / sarasvatI kI etatsambandhI gati kA purANoM meM bahuta sundara saGketa milatA hai / yahA~ use 'dRzyAdRSyagatiH' kahA gayA hai / java sarasvatI maraNAsannAvasthA meM dikhAI detI thI, taba 'dRzyagati" thI, aura jaba chupa jAtI thI, taba 'adRzyagati' / cU~ki vaha kurukSetra se hokara bahatI thI, ata eva vaha 'kurukSa trapravAhinI " kahalAtI thI / sarasvatI sadaiva zubha-jala kA vahana kiyA karatI thI, ata eva use sAyujya paurANika upAdhiyoM - yathA 'puNdA', 'puNyajananI, puNyatIrthasvarUpiNI, puNyavadirbhAnaSevyA, sthitiH puNyavatAn', 'tapasvinAM taporUpA, pararUpiNI, jvaladagnisvarUpiNI', 'tIrtharUpAtipAvanI ", 'zubhA', 'puNyA, ' 'puNyajalA', 'pApanirmokA', 'sarvapApapraNAzinI', 'pratipuNyA', 'puNyatoyA", 7 12 6. 1. maiksa myUlara, sekareDa buksa Apha di isTa, bhAga 14 (dillI, 1665), pR0 2, phUTa noTa 8 2. yajurveda, 34.11 3. re caudharI, eca0sI0 'di sarasvatI', sAiMsa enDa kalcara, 8 (12), (1942), pR0 472 4. vAmana purANa, 31.2; tu0 DA0 dinezacandra sarakAra, 'TekTsa Apha di purANika lisTa oNpha rIvarsa', di iMDiyana hisTArikala kvArTaralI, bhAga 27, na0 3, pR0 216; "Saraswati rises in the Sirmur hills of the Siwalik ranges in the Himalayas and emerges into the plains at Ad Badari in the Ambala District, Punjab. It disappears once at Chalur but reappears at Bhawanipur; then it disappears at Balchapper, but again appears at BaraKhera "" 5. vAmana purANa, 32.1 7. brahmavaivarta purANa, 2.6.2, 12 6. vahI, 2.6.3 11. vAmanapurANa, 32.2 13. padmapurANa, 5.27.116 15. skandapurANa, 7.34.31 17. vahI, 37.26, 38 6. vahI, 32.24 8. vahI, 2.6.2 10. vahI, 2.7.4 12 . vahI, 32.24; 34.6 14. vahI, 5.27.116 16. vAmanapurANa, 42.6

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sarasvatI-nadI ke katipaya paurANika vizeSaNa yuktameva alaGkRta kiyA gayA hai| jaisA ki pahale batAyA gayA hai ki nadiyoM se sadaiva kalyANa kI AzA rahI hai / ve sabake lie samAna rUpa se udAra rahI haiM / anya nadiyoM kI apekSA graGgA, sindhu evaM sarasvatI kI udAratA sarvajJAta hai / isako eka paurANika dRSTAnta se bhalI-bhA~ti A~kA jA sakatA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki Arya evaM anArya donoM gaGgA, sindhu evaM sarasvatI ke par3osa meM rahA karate the tathA ve vinA kisI bheda-bhAva ke ina nadiyoM kA jala grahaNa karate the / yaha spaSTa hai ki do bhinna matAvalambiyoM kI svatantra iyattA kisI siddhAnta para AdhArita hotI hai, ata eva pArasparika vaimanasya athavA matamatAntara kA honA svAbhAvika sI bAta hai, parantu uparyukta dRSTAnta meM isa siddhAnta kA khaMDana dIkha par3atA hai| ina nadiyoM ne Arya evaM anArya donoM ko aisA vAtAvaraNa prastuta kiyA thA ki ve pArasparika bheda-bhAva ko bhUlakara mitra-bhAva se sAtha-sAtha rahA karate the| sAmahika rUpa se 'saridvarAH' kI upAdhi sarasvatI, devikA evaM sarayU ko dI gaI hai| yaha vizeSaNa tulanAtmaka bhAva ko abhivyakta karatA hai, arthAt isa vizeSaNa dvArA yaha jJAta hotA hai ki anya nadiyoM kI tulanA meM sarasvatI, devikA evaM sarayU zreSTha haiM / vyaktigatarUpa se 'saridarA' pratyeka nadI ke lie lAgU hotA hai / sarasvatI kA eka vizeSaNa 'brahmanadI hai / aisA jAna par3atA hai ki brahmA se ghaniSTha sambandha hone ke kAraNa use yaha upAdhi milI hai / yahI vaha brahmanadI sarasvatI hai, jisameM parazurAma ne apanA 'avabhRtha snAna' kiyA thaa| uparyukta meM sarasvatI ke kevala pramukha vizeSaNoM kA saMkSipta paricaya diyA gayA hai / devI-rUpa meM usake aneka vizeSaNa haiM, jinakA phUTanoTa meM saMketa kara diyA gayA hai| una para anyatra gaharAI ke sAtha svatantra vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai tathA ucita sArAMza nikAlA jA sakatA hai / 1. matsyapurANa, 114.20 2. vahI, 133.24 3. bhAgavatapurANa, 6.16.23

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purANoM meM sarasvatI kI pratimA yadi yoM kahA jAya ki saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI ko devIrUpa meM pratiSThA zatAbdiyoM pazcAt milI hai, to atyukti na hogii| Rgvaidika kAla meM usakA jo bhI pArthiva rUpa upalabdha hai, vaha hai ndii| brAhmaNa-kAlIna usake caritra kI pramukha vizeSatA vANI se tAdAtmya hai : 'vAgvaM sarasvatI', parantu paurANika kAla Ate-Ate usakI mUrtivattA meM paryApta parivartana ho gayA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki purANoM ne usake pratimA-nirmANa kI aneka vidhiyA~ nirdhArita kara rakhI haiM / unakA avalokana hI prastuta lekha kA viSaya hai| 1. sarasvatI kI mUrti nirmANa-vidhi : purANoM meM na kevala sarasvatI kA, apitu aneka devI-devoM ke pratimAvidyAsambandhI vidhAna yatra-tatra upalabdha hote haiN| isa dRSTi se agni, matsya tathA viSNudharmottara purANa pramukha rUpa se ullekhanIya haiM / agnipurANa ke 49-50 adhyAya vividha deviyoM evaM devoM kI mUrti-vidhiyoM kA hI pratipAdana karate haiM / 46veM adhyAya meM brahmA kI mUrti-vidhi pratipAdita karate samaya batAyA gayA hai ki sarasvatI kI mUrti unake bAyeM tathA sAvitrI kI dakSiNa bhAga meM sthApita honI cAhie 'AjyasthAlI sarasvatI sAvitrI vAmadakSiNe' / ' 1. tulanIya Rgveda, 1.3.12; 2.41.16, 3.23.4, 5.42.12, 43.11; 6.52.6, 7.36.6, 66.1-2; 8.21.17-18, 54.4; 10.17.7, 46.6, 75.5 ityAdi / 2. zatapathabrAhmaNa, 2.5.4.6; 3.1.4.6,14; 6.1.7,6; 4.2.5.14, 6.3.3; 5.2.2.13-14, 3.4.3, 5.4.16; 7.5.1.31; 6.3.4.17; 13.1.8.5, 14.2.1.12 / taittirIyabrAhmaNa, 1.3.4.5, 8.5.6; 3.8.11.2 aitareyabrAhmaNa, 2.24; 3.1-2, 37; 6.7 tANDyamahAbrAhmaNa, 16.5.16 gaupathabrAhmaNa, 2.1.20 zAGa khAyanabrAhmaNa, 5.2; 12.8; 14.4 3. agnipurANa, 46.15

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purANoM meM sarasvatI kI pratimA 63 agnipurANa kI bhA~ti matsyapurANa ke 258 - 264 adhyAya isI vidhi kA pratipAdana karate haiM / isa purANa ke anusAra bhI sarasvatI kI mUrti meM brahmA kI mUrti kA anukaraNa sAdRzya spaSTa hai / vidhAna hai ki brAhmANI ( brahmA kI putrI athavA strI arthAt sarasvatI) brahmasadRzI honI cAhie : 'brahmANI brahmasadRzI' / ' brahmA ke viSaya meM batAyA gayA hai ki unheM kamaNDaludhArI evaM caturmukhApanna honA caahie| ve haMsAdhirUDha bhI ho sakate haiM evaM kamalAsIna bhI / ataH tadanurUpa sarasvatI kI pratimA bhI cAra mukhoM, cAra hAthoM, haMsAdhirUDhA, akSamAlA evaM kamaNDaludhAriNI honI cAhie : 'caturvaktrA caturbhujA'; 'haMsA dhirUDhA karttavyA sAkSasUtrakamaNDaluH' / ' isa purANa 'anusAra bhI sarasvatI - mUrti kA brahmA - mUrti ke sAtha ghaniSTha sambandha evaM tAdAtmya hai / eka sthala para yaha bAta balapUrvaka kahI gaI hai ki brahmA kI mUrti ke samIpa eka sthala aisA bhI honA cAhie, jo ghRtabali ke kArya Ae; cAro veda samIpastha hoM; sAvitrI bAyeM bhAga meM hoM tathA sarasvatI dakSiNastha / ' yahA~ jahA~ taka sAvitrI evaM sarasvatI ke sthAna - grahaNa kA prazna hai, agnipurANa kI 'AjyasthAlI sarasvatI sAvitrI vAmadakSiNe' se mela nahIM khAtI; donoM meM virodha sA lagatA hai| aisA jAna par3atA hai ki upasthiti kI apekSA sthAna - vizeSa kI nigUDhatA parihArya hai / agni evaM matsya purANoM kI bhA~ti viSNudharmottara kA tIsarA khaNDa pUrNatayA pratimAvidyA kI vizeSatA kA hI varNana karatA / isake 44veM adhyAya meM brahmA ko kamalAsana rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai / yahA~ sAvitrI unakI bAyIM goda ko suzobhita karatI haiM / " isakI sabase bar3I vizeSatA sarasvatI kI anupasthiti hai, jo agnipurANa tathA matsyapurANa meM prAya: sAvitrI ke sAtha pAI jAtI haiM / purANoM ne mUrti kI jina vidhiyoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, unakA deza ke vibhinna mUrtikalAoM meM prayogAtmaka svarUpa bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai / isa kathana kI 1. matsyapurANa, 261.24 2 . vahI, 260. 40 "brahmA kamaNDaludharaH kartavyaH sa caturmukhaH / haMsArUDhaH kvacitkAryaH kvacicca kamalAsanaH // 3. vahI, 261.24 4. vahI, 261.25 5. vahI, 260.44 'AjyasthAloM nyasetpAdarve vedAMzca caturaH punaH / vAmapArastha sAvitrI dakSiNe ca sarasvatIm // ' 6. agnipurANa, 46.15 7. tulanIya DaoN0 priyabAlA zAha, viSNudharmottarapurANa, tRtIya khaNDa, bhAga 2, ( ema0 esa0 yUnIvarsITI, bar3audA, 1961), pR0 140

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ puSTi katipaya pramANoM se kI jA sakatI hai / mathurA-mUrtikalA meM brahmA ke sAtha sarasvatI ko jo sthAna milA huA hai, usameM paurANika vidhiyoM kI AMzika anukRti prakaTa hotI hai / AMzika kA tAtparya yaha hai ki viSNudharmottara meM brahmA ke sAtha sAvitrI citrita kI gaI hai, jabaki mathurA-mUrtikalA meM brahmA ke sAtha sarasvatI ko saMyukta hone kA gaurava prApta huA hai, parantu siddhAnta evaM prayoga kI yaha bhinnatA sadaiva jar3a pakar3I rahI ho, aisI bAta nahIM / mUrtikalA ke kucha anya aise pramANa bhI milate haiM, jinameM paurANika prayoga evaM siddhAMta kA saMtulana sahaja hai tathA jinakI puSTi kI jA sakatI hai / brahmA kI mUrti ke sAtha sarasvatI evaM sAvitrI kI mUrti sindha sthita 'mIrapura khAsa', prArambhika colA, antima hoyasAla meM upalabdha hai| rAjA ambuvIci ke viSaya meM prasiddha hai ki vaha bhAratI ke mahAna bhakta the / apane snehAdhikya ke prakaTIkaraNArtha unhoMne sarasvatI nadI kI mRtrikA se bhAratI kI pratimA nirmita kii| isI prakAra bhagavAn ziva ke viSaya meM vAmanapurANa kA kathana hai ki unhoMne sthANu-tIrtha para sarasvatI kI liGgAnukRti mUrti sthApita kI / 2. mukhaH mUrti-jagat meM kisI bhI devI evaM deva kI pratimA meM unakI mukhAkAra-prakAra kI mahatI mahattA hai / kAraNa hai ki usake hI mApa-taula para sampUrNa pratimA kA aGkana hotA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki pratimA-jagat meM aneka prakAra ke mApoM yA tAloM kA janma pAyA jAtA hai / mAnasAra ke anusAra sarasvatI evaM sAvitrI kI pratimA dazatAlAnusAra honI cAhie : 'sarasvatIm ca sAvitrIm ca dazatAlena kArayet' / navatAla, aSTatAla, saptatAla Adi tAloM meM dazatAla ko sarvottama mAnA gayA hai / isa tAla ke anusAra sampUrNa pratimA mukha (mukha kI lambAI) kI dazagunI honI cAhie / punaH daza 1. tulanIya bI0 sI0 bhaTTAcArya, iMDiyana imejeja, pArTa pharsTa (Thekara sprika eNDa ___ ko0, kalakattA tathA simalA-), pR0 13 2. DaoN. priyabAlA zAha, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 140 3. tulanIya jitendranAtha banarjI, di DevalapmenTa oNpha hindU AikonogrephI __ (kalakattA yUnIvarsiTI, 1656), pR0 518 4. vahI, pR0 518 5. skandapurANa, 6.64.16-17 6. vAmanapurANa, 40.4 "yatreSThvA bhagavAn sthANuH pUjayitvA sarasvatIm / sthApayAmAsa devezo liGkAkArAM sarasvatIm // " 7. mAnasAra oNna ArkiTekcara enDa skalpacara, 54.16 (prasannakumAra AcArya, landana, 1933)

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purANoM meM sarasvatI kI pratimA tAla ko uttama, madhyama evaM adhama tIna zreNiyoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| sabase lambA dazatAla (uttama dazatAla) sampUrNa pratimA kI lambAI ko 124 samabhAgoM meM vibhakta karatA hai, madhyama 120 tathA adhama 116 bhAgoM meM / ' mukha-nirmiti kukkuTANDAkAra batAI gaI hai / zilparatna meM dazatAloM ke tInoM bhedoM kI vizad vyAkhyA kI gaI hai' aura aGgala kI vyAkhyA mAnasAra zilpazAstra meM bar3e sundara DhaGga se kI isa prakAra mukha kI jo uparyukta vyAkhyA kI gaI hai, use mUrti-vidyA ke kSetra meM bar3I mAnyatA milI hai, lekina jahA~ taka purANoM kA prazna hai, ve itane vistArapUrvaka kisI devI evaM deva ke mukha, tadanusAra, unakI pratimA-nirmANa kI vyAkhyA nahIM karate / para itanA avazya hai ki unhoMne devatAoM aura deviyoM ke siroM kI saMkhyA nizcita karane kA zlAghanIya kArya kiyA hai| itanA hote hue bhI unameM etatsaMkhyA-viSayaka mataikya nahIM hai / sarasvatI ke sAtha bhI yahI prazna hai / ve unheM aneka rUpoM se citrita karate haiN| apane janaka brahmA kI bhA~ti unheM eka se lekara cAra mukhoM vAlI batAyA gayA hai| kahIM-kahIM unake paJcamukhI hone kA bhI saGketa milatA hai / matsyapurANa ke anusAra 1. prasannakumAra AcArya, iNDiyana ArkiTekcara akArDiGga TU mAnasAra-zilpazAstra (AksaphorDa yUnivarsiTI presa, landana, 1927), pR0 78, 123 2. vahI, pR0 84 "'The face is taken as the standard of the tala measurement and is generally twelve angulas or about nine inches in length. The face is stated to be of vocal shape (Kukkut anda-samakara, lit, 'shaped like the egg of a ben.')". 3. zrI kumAra, zilparatna, 5.1-114.1/2; 6.1-10.1/2; 7.1-42.1/2 4. prasanna kumAra AcArya, zilpazAstra, e samarI oNpha di mAnasAra, pI-eca0 DI0 kI upAdhi ke lie lIDena vizvavidyAlaya meM prastuta prabandha), pR0 35 "The paramanu or atom is the smallest unit of measurement. 8 paramanu -- 1 rathadhuli (lit. car-dust). 8 rathadhulis = 1 balagra (lit. hair' 8 balagras -- 1 liksha (lit. nail) 8 likshas = 1 yuka (lit. a lense). 8 yukas = 1 yava (lit. a barley corn). 8 yavas = 1 angulas (lit. finger's breadth). Three kinds of angulas are distinguished by the largest of which is made of 8 yavas, the intermediate of 7 yavas, and the smallest one of 6 yavas......

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhAMkiyAM zAzvat phaloM ko dhAraNa karatI hai, jisa meM RtuoM kA vyavadhAna nahIM hotA hai| eka dudhAru gAya ke rUpa meM vaha pazuoM meM sarvottama hai, ata eva vaha pazu-samudAya kI mA~ kahI jAtI hai| kahA jAtA hai ki usa ke hAtha sataila haiN| vaha jisa gRha meM nivAsa karatI hai, vahA~ agni zatruoM se rakSA karatA hai aura zAzvat kalyANa ko lAtA hai / hAthoM ke samAna usa ke paira bhI tailayukta haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki usa se yajJa-puroDAza para bahane ke lie prArthanA kI gaI hai / 22 ilA kI bhA~ti bhAratI eka yajJa kI devI hai / 25 vedoM meM sAmAnyataH vaha svataMtra rUpa se AtI hai, parantu kucha sthAnoM para sarasvatI ke sAtha AhUta hai| isa devI ke vyaktitva ke sAtha kucha abhUtapUrva vicitratAe~ dRSTigocara hotI haiM / vedoM meM to vaha sarvathA svataMtra hai tathA sarasvatI se bhinna eka devI hai, parantu vaidiketara kAla meM usa kI vaiyaktika sattA sarasvatI meM ghula-mila sI gaI hai| donoM ke nAma prAyaH eka dUsare ke paryAya haiM / isa sAmaJjasya kA bIja svataH atharvaveda meM upalabdha hotA hai, jahA~ na kevala sarasvatI tathA bhAratI ke, apitu ilA ke bhI vyaktitva kA pArasparika sAmaJjasya dRSTigocara hotA hai / zrIaravindo ke anusAra ilA, sarasvatI aura bhAratI kramazaH dRSTi, zruti tathA satya cetanA kI mahAnatA kA pratinidhitva karatI haiM / 25 ye tInoM deviyA~ vANI ke tIna rUpoM kA pratinidhitva karatI haiM / vedoM meM sambhavataH yaha vaNita nahIM hai ki kauna devI kisa vAgrUpa kA pratinidhitva karatI hai| etadartha hameM sAyaNa jaise vyAkhyAkAroM ke bhASya kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai| bhAratI kA eka anya nAma mahI bhI hai / sAyaNa kA spaSTa kathana hai ki ye tInoM deviyA~ svataH vANI ke tIna rUpa haiM / unhoM ne bhAratI ko 'dyusthAnA vAk' mAnA hai / unhoM ne use 18. vahI, 4.50.8 16. vahI, 5.41.16 20. vahI, 7.16.8 21. vahI, 10.70.8 22. vahI, 10.36.5 23. tu0 jemsa hesTigsa, insAiklopIDiyA oNpha rilIjana eNDa ethiksa, bhAga 12 (nyUyArka, 1956), pR0 607 24. atharvaveda, 6.100.1 (tu0 tisraH sarasvatIH) 25. zrIaravindo, oNna da veda (pANDicerI, 1956), pR0 110 26. sAyaNa-bhASya R0 1.142.6 "bhAratI bharatasyAdityasya sambandhinI asthAnA vAk

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purANoM meM sarasvatI kI pratimA beda meM gAyatrI, triSTup, jagatI, anuSTupAdi sAta prakAra ke chanda prayukta haiN| ina sabhI chandoM meM gAyatrI ko pramukhatA dI gaI hai / ye sampUrNa chanda saMyukta athavA viyukta rUpa se na kevala chanda kA hI pratinidhitva karate haiM, varan vyApaka rUpa se veda-bhAva ko bhI dhvanita karate haiN| ata: yaha svataH siddha ho jAtA hai ki sarasvatI kA Rgvaidika vizeSaNa 'saptasvasA' jahA~ eka ora unako vAk se sambaddha karatA hai, vahA~ dUsarI ora paurANikasiddhAntAnusAra unake mukha kA dhvanitArtha sAvitrI athavA gAyatrI meM mAnA jAya, to aisI avasthA meM yaha unake vAk sambandha ko hI spaSTa karatA hai / paurANika siddhAntAnusAra sarasvatyutpatti brahmA se mAnI gaI hai, parantu eka paga aura Age bar3hakara unakA yaha kahanA ki sarasvatI kI utpatti brahmA ke mukha se huI hai| yaha spaSTa rUpa se sarasvatI-rUpI vAgotpatti kA hI pratipAdana karanA hai, kyoMki vAk kI utpatti brahmA ke mukha se mAnI gaI hai| sAmAnya rUpa se isa vAga dvArA vAgotpatti kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, parantu vizeSa rUpa se usake dvArA vedoM evaM zAstroM kI lakSaNotpatyabhivyakti hotI hai / matsyapurANa meM eka sthala para kahA gayA hai ki vedoM evaM zAstroM kI utpatti brahmA ke mukha se huI hai, ata eva sarasvatI ke mukha kI kalpanA veda se karanA nizcita rUpa se unakI utpatti tathA brahmA ke mukha se utpanna veda-zAstra-viSayaka siddhAnta kA dRDhIkaraNa hai / jisa prakAra brahmA ke cAro mukha cAro vedoM ke pratIka haiM, tadvat sarasvatImukha bhI veda ke pratIka hue, aisA mAnanA sarvathA nirdoSa evaM yuktiyukta hai / purANoM meM yaha bAta bArambAra kahI gaI hai ki brahmA se sampUrNa jagat kI sRSTi huI hai| isa kArya hetu unheM apane mastiSka athavA pratibhA dvArA utpatti-viSayaka Ayojana pUrva se hI karanA par3A / yahA~ mastiSka athavA pratibhA veda-vAcaka hai, jise caturvidha prakRti se yukta brahmANDa kA rUpaka mAnA gayA hai, ata eva brahmA-mastiSka 1. matsyapurANa, 171.33; vAyupurANa, 6. 75-78 2. brahmavaivartapurANa, 1.3.54-57 prAvirbabhUva tatpazcAnmukhataH prmaatmnH| ekA devI zuklavarNA vINApustakadhAriNI // 54 // xxx vAgadhiSThAtRdevI sA kavInAmiSTadevatA / zuddhasattvasvarUpAzca zAntarUpA sarasvatI // 57 / / 3. bhAgavatapurANa, 3. 12. 26 4. matsyapurANa, 3.2-4 5. DaoN0 priyabAlA zAha, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 140 "The four faces of Brahman represent the four Vedas : the eastern Rgveda, the southern Yajurveda, the western Samaveda and the northern Atharvaveda." 6. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, matsyapurANa-e sTaDI (Ala iNDiyA kAzirAja TrasTa, rAmanagara, vArANasI, 1963), pR0 15, 28

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ veda-vAcaka ThaharA / 'veda' zabda svataH sAmAnyatayA cAro vedoM kA bodha karAtA hai, ata eva cAro vedoM se unake cAro mukhoM ke sAtha tAdAtmya sarvathA yukta hai| isI prakAra kA artha sarasvatI ke cAro mukhoM se lagAyA jAnA cAhie / unake tIna mukhoM kI kalpanA pramukha tIna vedoM-Rgveda, yajurveda evaM sAmaveda meM kI gaI hai, kyoMki unheM trayIvidyA' kahe jAne kA yahI kAraNa pratIta hotA hai| tadvat unake pA~ca mukhoM kI kalpanA pA~ca vedoM meM kI jA sakatI hai / pA~ca vedoM se tAtparya-Rgveda, yajurveda, sAmaveda, atharvaveda evaM nATyaveda se hai / kahA jAtA hai ki jisa prakAra brahmA ne cAro vedoM kA nirmANa kiyA, usI prakAra unhoMne pA~cavA~ 'nATyaveda' banAyA / 'nATyaveda' anya vedoM se zreSTha mAnA gayA haiM, kyoMki brahmA ne cAro vedoM kA smaraNa karake unake aGgoM se isakA nirmANa kiyA hai| cUMki sampUrNa zAstra evaM kalAe~ nATyaveda meM antarbhUta ho jAtI haiM; veda kI pratIka hone se sarasvatI ko isI kAraNa sabhI kalAoM evaM vijJAnoM kA pratinidhitva karatI huI, unako 'sarvasaGgItasandhAnatAlakAraNarUpiNI" kahA gayA hai| 3. sarasvatI ke hAthoM kI saMkhyA evaM tatrastha vastue~: purANoM meM sarasvatI ke hAthoM kI saMkhyA sthAna-sthAna para bhinna-bhinna pAI jAtI hai / unameM adhikatara unake caturhastA hone kA saGkata pAyA jAtA hai, parantu katipaya paurANika upAdhiyoM-yathA 'vINApustakadhAriNI" se unake dvihastA hone kA 1. padmapurANa, 5. 27.117-18 "devaiH kRtA sarasvatI stutiH 'tvaM siddhistvaM svadhA svAhA tvaM pavitra mataM mahat / saMdhyA rAtriH prabhA bhUtirmedhA zraddhA sarasvatI' / 117 / / yaza-vidyA mahAvidyA ca zobhanA / AnvikSiko trayIvidyA daNDanItizca kathyate // 118 // viSNupurANa, 1. 6. 116-121 pUrvArddha tulanIya rAma prasAda canda, di iNDo Aryana resesa, e sTaDI oNpha di orijana oNpha di iNDo Aryana pIpula eNDa iNsTITyUsansa (varendra risarca sosAiTI, rAjazAhI, 1916), pR0 228-30 2. bharata, nATyazAstra, 1. 15-16 "sarvazAstrArthasampannaM sarvazilpapravartakam / nATyAkhyapaJcamaM vedaM setihAsaM karomyaham // evaM saMkalpya bhagavAn sarvavedAnanusmaran / nATyavedaM tatazcakra caturvedAGgasambhavam // 3. vahI, 1.15 4. je0 DAusana, klAsikala DikzanarI oNpha hindU mAithAlojI, (rAuTaleja eNDa kegana pola li0, landana, 1961), pR0284 5. brahmavaivartapurANa, 2.1.34 6. vahI, 2.1.35, 2.5.5

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purANoM meM sarasvatI kI pratimA 66 nirdeza hotA hai / dvihastA hone para unake eka hAtha meM vINA tathA dUsare meM pustaka suzobhita hai / matsyapurANa meM sarasvatI kI mUrti-prakriyA kA vidhAna karate samaya batAyA gayA hai ki brahmA kI bhA~ti unakI mUrti cAra hAthoM vAlI (caturhastA) honI caahie|' agnipurANa kI bhI yahI mAnyatA hai / cAro hAthoM meM kramazaH pustaka, akSamAlA, vINA evaM kamaNDalu hone kA vidhAna hai| viSNudharmottarapurANa meM etadviSayaka kaI prasaGga Ae haiN| eka sthAna para unako cAra hAthoM vAlI batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki unake donoM dAhine hAthoM meM kramaza: pustaka evaM akSamAlA haiM; donoM bAyeM hAtha kamaNDalu evaM vINA se suzobhita haiN| eka anya sthala para bhI unake caturhastA hone kA saGketa milatA hai, parantu hastadhArita pratIkoM (padArthoM) kA krama badalA huA hai / isa parivartitAvasthA meM unake donoM dAhine hAthoM meM kramazaH akSamAlA evaM trizUla haiM tathA bAyeM hAthoM meM pustaka evaM kamaNDalu haiM / yahA~ vINA kI anupasthiti dikhAI gaI hai aura trizUla ne usakA sthAna grahaNa kara liyA hai| eka anya sthala para unheM cAra hAthoM vAlI batAyA gayA hai / jaise pUrva-kathita prasaGga meM trizUla ne vINA kA sthAna grahaNa kara liyA hai, tadvat yahA~ vINA para 'vaiNavI' kI AkSipti huI hai| DaoN0 kramariza ne vaiNavI kA artha vaiSNavI kiyA hai| vaiNavI kA artha-bA~sa se nirmita vINa-daNDa hai-aisA DaoN. priyabAlA kA mata hai|" sarasvatI ko jabaki prakRti ke pA~ca rUpoM- 'durgA, rAdhA, lakSmI, sarasvatI evaM sAvitrI' meM se eka mAnA gayA hai, usa avasthA meM bhI unako caturhastA batAyA gayA hai / vAyupurANa meM tadvat unako 'prakRtigauMH' kahA gayA hai / vahA~ vaha cAra mukha, cAra sIMga, cAra dA~ta, cAra netra evaM cAra bhujAoM vAlI batAI gaI haiN| cUMki vaha svayaM prakRti gau haiM, ata eva unhIM ke prabhAva se sabhI pazuoM ke cAra pagoM evaM cAra stanoM vAlI hone kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai|" 1. matsyapurANa, 261. 24 2. agnipurANa, 50. 16 3. DaoN0 priyabAlA zAha, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 225 4. vahI, pR0 227 5. vahI, pR0 154 6. vahI, phUTa noTa-1, pR0 154 7. vahI, pR0 154 8. brahmavaivartapurANa, 2. 1. 1 Ame 6. vAyupurANa, 23. 44-45 10. vahI, 23.88

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70 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ jaina dharma kI adhikatara vidyA-deviyA~ cAra hAthoM vAlI mAnI gaI haiM, lekina bauddha dharma meM sarasvatI ko do athavA chaH hAthoM vAlI batAyA gayA hai| dvihastA hone para unake cAra rUpa vibhinna nAmAntaragata haiN| isake atirikta sarasvatI devI ko ATha tathA daza bhujAoM vAlI bhI batAyA gayA hai, parantu purANoM meM etadviSayaka siddhAntamAtra haiM, aisA kahanA yukta pratIta nahIM hotA, kyoMki vahA~ usakA prayogAtmaka svarUpa bhI upalabdha hai / kahA jAtA hai ki rAjA ambuvIci ne sarasvatI kI jisa pratimA kA nirmANa kiyA thA, vaha paurANika pratimAvidyA-siddhAnta-saGgata thI, arthAt usakI cAra bhujAe~ thIM aura unameM kramazaH kamala, akSamAlA, kamaNDalu evaM pustaka suzobhita the|' jisa prakAra sarasvatI ke cAro mukha cAro vedoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiM, vaisA hI bhAva unake cAra hAthoM se nikAlA gayA hai, arthAt cAro hAtha cAro vedoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / kamaNDalu zAstroM ke sAra ko bodhita karatA hai| cUMki vaha svayaM sampUrNa jJAna kI pratirUpa haiM, ata eva vaha sAre zAstroM kI pratinidhi haiM-aisA bhAva prakaTa hotA hai / sambhavataH isI kAraNa unako 'zrutilakSaNA" kI upAdhi se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai / hastadhArita pustaka bhI isI bhAva ko abhivyakta karatI hai| purANa meM eka sthala para unake hastadhArita pustaka kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI gaI hai : 'pustakaM ca tathA vAme srvvidyaasmudbhvm'| yaha nitAnta satya hai ki sarasvatI devI kA sambandha sarvaprathama jala se rahA hai, kyoMki Adi kAla meM vaha jalamaya (sarit) thIM aura unake prati anya vicAra-dhArAe~ usI se puSpita evaM pallavita huI haiM / jaba unheM tanmAtrAoM kI utpatti-sthala arthAt jananI mAnA jAtA hai, jinameM (tanmAtrAoM) meM jala svataH A jAtA hai, to isase unakA jala-sambandha svataH spaSTa ho jAtA hai| ina 1. vinayatoza bhaTTAcArya, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 346-51 2. vaikRti rahasya, 15 3. eca0 kRSNa zAstrI, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 187; zAradAtantra, 6.37 4. skandapurANa, 6.46. 16-16 5. DaoN0 priyabAlA zAha, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 184 6. vahI, pR0 185 7. skandapurANa, 33.22 8. DaoN0 priyabAlA zAha, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 186 6. skandapurANa, 6. 46. 16 10. tulanIya jemsa hesTiGgasa, iMsAiklopIDiyA oNpha rIlIjana eNDa ethiksa, bhAga 11 (nyUyArka, 1954), pR0 166 eca0 eca0 vilsana, viSNapurANa, e sisTama praoNpha hindU mAithAlojI eNDa TreDIzana (kalakattA, 1961), bhUmikA bhAga 1, pR0 14-15 11. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 53

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purANoM meM sarasvatI kI pratimA 71 sampUrNa tanmAtrAoM ke yoga se jagat kI sRSTi mAnI gaI hai aura cUMki vaha svayaM sampUrNa tanmAtrAoM kI jananI haiM, ata eva yuktameva unako jagadutpAdayitrI kahA gayA hai / utpatti meM jala kI mUlataH AvazyakatA hotI hai, sambhavaH isI kAraNa apane kamaNDalu meM jaladhAraNa dvArA, jala ke sAtha apane prAcInatama saMsarga ko / isa jala ko sAdhAraNa jala kI apekSA divya mAnA gayA hai tathA vasthA meM hI yaha unake kamaNDalu meM rakhA huA samajhanA cAhie / " vyakta karatI kevala divyA sarasvatI- hasta-dhArita vINA kI kucha kama mahattA nahIM / kahA gayA hai ki vINA siddhi athavA pravINatA kA pratinidhitva karatI hai / sAtha-sAtha apane hAtha meM vINA evaM pustaka dhAraNa karane se unakA pArasparika ghaniSTha sambandha prakaTa hotA hai / vaha pramukha rUpa se vAgadhiSThAtrI devI haiM, ata eva vAk pratiniyama kA pratinidhitva nitAnta sahaja hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki brAhmaNoM meM unheM punaH punaH 'vAgvai sarasvatI" kahA gayA hai / vAk kA vibhAjana moTe taura para dhvani evaM zabda ( pada + vAkya) meM kiyA jA sakatA hai tathA pustaka kA sambandha vAk se mAnA jA sakatA hai evaM vINA kA sambandha dhvani se | sarasvatI ke hAtha meM kevala vINA pAI jAtI hai, koI anya vAdya yantra nahIM, isakA kAraNa aitareya brAhmaNa ke anusAra usakI prAcInatA kahI jA sakatI hai / saGgIta mAnasika ekAgratA kA mahAn sAdhana mAnA gayA hai / vINA yantroM meM sarvotkRSTa vAdya yantra hai, kyoMki soma-saMgIta utpanna karane meM vaha mahAn sahAyaka siddha huA hai / " samaya sadaiva gatimAn hai, ata eva jaba sarasvatI hastadhArita akSamAlA ko samaya kA pratinidhitvakAriNI mAnA jAtA hai, to usase samaya- gati athavA kAla - mApana kA bodha hotA hai / 1. tulanIya brahmavaivarta purANa, 2.1.1 Age / 2. tulanIya skandapurANa, 6.46.16 3. DaoN0 priyabAlA zAha, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 186 4. tulanIya vahI, phUTa noTa 2, pR0 1 5. tulanIya devIbhAgavatapurANa, 3.30.2 6. DaoN0 priyabAlA zAha, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 185

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-hai sarasvatI kA vAhana vedoM meM sarasvatI ke do rUpa upalabdha hote haiM / vaha bhautika rUpa se eka prakhyAta nadI hai aura tatpazcAt vAk tathA devI ke rUpa meM bhI pratiSThita hai / devI ke rUpa meM use mUrtivattA nahIM milI hai, jaisA ki anya deviyoM evaM devoM ko paurANika kAla meM prApta huI hai | paurANika kAla kI eka mahAn dena yaha hai ki usa kAla meM prAya: deviyoM aura devoM ko unakI mUrtivattA ke sAtha-sAtha viziSTa vAhanoM se saMyukta kara diyA gayA hai / vedoM meM sarasvatI ko bhautika rUpa meM arthAt eka pArthiva nadI ke rUpa meM prastuta kara use eka vAhana se saMyukta samajhA jA sakatA hai / yaha sAmAnyataH nadiyoM ke sAtha svIkRta hai ki ve nadI bhI haiM tathA una una nadiyoM kI ve devI svarUpa bhI haiM / sarasvatI ke sAtha yaha bAta vizeSa rUpa se kahI jA sakatI hai / yAska ne isa sambandha meM likhA hai : sarasvatI nadIvad devatAvacca nigamA bhavanti / ' Rgveda meM sarasvatI ko eka nadI ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara use nadI kI devI bhI mAnA gayA hai | devI ke rUpa meM vaha apane jala dvArA vahana kI jAtI hai / isa prakAra jala usakA vAhana hai / sarasvatI kA artha hai ki jo sadA gatimAn ho / sAmAnyataH paurANika kAla meM vAhanoM kI kalpanA sAkAra hotI hai / yahA~ vAhana pratIka ke rUpa meM haiM / bhinna-bhinna devoM ke sAtha unako sambaddha kara una vAhanoM ke aneka artha nikAle gaye haiM / prakRta sandarbha meM sarasvatI ke vAhanoM para vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai / brAhmaNika sarasvatI kA vAhana haMsa hai| purANoM meM sarasvatI ko isI se saMyukta kiyA gayA hai / purANoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki isa devI ne haMsa - vAhana ko apane pitA brahmA se paitrika sampadA ke rUpa meM prApta kiyA hai / matsyapurANa ke aneka adhyAya mUrti-vidyA kI aneka mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana karate haiM / tadanusAra brahmA ko kamalAsanastha athavA haMsAdhirUDha prastuta kiyA gayA hai / isI purANa meM sarasvatI kI mUrti ko haMsAdhirUDha pradarzita kiyA gayA hai / 1. nirukta, 2.23 2. ma0 pu0 260. 40 3. vahI, 261. 24-25

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sarasvatI kA vAhana jaina dharma meM aneka vidyA-deviyA~ haiM / unameM se vajrazRGkhalA, kAlI', gAndhArI' ityAdi ko haMsa-vAhanoM se saMyukta kiyA gayA hai| haMsa ke atirikta mora ko bhI sarasvatI kA vAhana mAnA gayA hai / yaha varNana purANoM meM upalabdha nahIM hotA hai, parantu anyatra isa kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai| haMsa kI bhA~ti mora ko jaina-dharma meM kucha vidyA-deviyoM kA vAhana mAnA gayA hai / rohiNI, prajJapti,' apraticakrA Adi deviyoM kA vAhana haMsa hai / jaina dharma ke zvetAmbara tathA digambara do mukhya sampradAya haiN| ina sampradAyoM kI bhinna-bhinna deviyoM ke vAhana bhinnabhinna haiM / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM kucha kA varNana isa prakAra hai / zvetAmbara sampradAya kI rohiNI kA vAhana haMsa hai|" isI prakAra isI sampradAya ko vajrAMkuza kA vAhana hAthI hai / 12 digambara sampradAya kI apraticakrA kA vAhana garuDa,13 puruSadattA kA koyala,14 aura kAlI kA hiraNa hai| isI sampradAya kI mahAkAlI kA vAhana kacchapa hai / 16 zvetAmbara sampradAya kI mahAkAlI tathA gaurI ke vAhana manuSya tathA ghaDiyAla" haiM / 1. hasa tathA mora ke tAtparyArtha : __pakSiyoM meM haMsa eka zreSTha pakSI hai / isakA varNana sAhitya meM vividha prakAra se huA haiM / kaviyoM evaM adhyAtmavAdiyoM ne ise bhinna-bhinna prasaGgoM meM lie haiM / isa prakAra bhautika tathA adhyAtma-tattva isa se anekazaH jur3e haiM / kaviyoM ne isa pakSI ko nIra-kSIra viveka se jor3a rakhA hai, jisakA samAdhAna logoM ne bhinna-bhinna prakAra se 4. tu0 bI0 sI0 bhaTTAcArya, di jaina prAikonogrAphI (lAhaura, 1936), pR0 124 5. vahI, pR0 124 6. vahI, pR0 141, 173 7. cArlsa kAlemana, di mAithAlojI oNpha di hindUja (landana, 1832), pR0 6 8. bI0 sI0 bhaTTAcArya, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 166 6. vahI, pR0 167 10. vahI, pR068, 166 11. vahI, pR0 166 12. vahI, pR0 168 13. vahI, pR0 166 14. vahI, pR0 126 15. vahI, pR0 170 16. vahI, pR0 12617. vahI, pR0 171 18. vahI, pR0 172

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ kiyA hai / isake atirikta yaha kahA jAtA hai ki yaha pakSI sadaiva svaccha jala tathA kamala vAle jalAzayoM meM rahatA hai / varSA-kAla meM jalAzayoM kA jala malina ho jAne para bhArata ke bhU-bhAgoM ko chor3akara mAnasarovara ko calA jAtA hai| yaha artha sAmAnyarUpa se isI prakAra, parantu vizeSa-rUpa se adhyAtma-bhAva kA bodhaka hai / ina arthoM kI gaharAI meM jAnA prakRta viSaya ke mArga se cyuta honA hai, ata eva ise yahIM chor3akara zIrSaka kI saraNi lI jA rahI hai| hama ne pahale batAyA hai ki yaha pakSI brahmA, sarasvatI tathA katipaya anya devoM tathA deviyoM ke sAtha jur3A huA hai, ata eva vizeSa-bhAva kA pratipAdana hamArI khoja aura anyoM kI jijJAsA kA viSaya hai| yaha pakSI daivatvApanna samajhA jAtA hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki ise viSNu ke avatAroM meM se ginA jAtA hai| prapaJcasAra, paTala 4 meM isa sampUrNa saMsAra ko haMsAtmaka kahA gayA hai / yaha kathana dArzanika pariprekSya meM hai, jisake anusAra sampUrNa saMsAra haMsa-svarUpa athavA haMsamaya hai / yaha saMsAra haMsasvarUpa athavA haMsamaya kyoM hai, ise nimnalikhita kathana ke sandarbha se hI bhalI-bhA~ti jAnA jA sakatA hai / yahA~ saMsAra kA tAtparya vyakti, vyakti-samUha tathA una saba ke sAtha jagat tathA jAgatika padArthoM kI anviti hai / isa prakAra haMsa ke artha se ina saba bhAvoM kA artha grahaNa karanA cAhie / haMsa kA bhAva isa prakAra hai : ___I am that'-jo isa prakAra ke samIkaraNa kI bhAvanA rakhatA hai aura saMsAra-bhaya ko kho detA hai, vaha haMsa hai / isa artha kI parikalpanA meM haMsa kA vigraha 'aham' tathA 'saH' karanA hogA yA kiyA gayA hai / yahA~ 'aham' 'jIvAtmA' tathA 'saH' paramAtmA athavA brahma kA jJApaka hai / yaha haMsa sarasvatI kA vAhana hai, ata eva isI pariprekSya meM sarasvatI kI AdhyAtmikatA athavA usase sambaddha pakSoM para vicAra karanA cAhie / purANoM meM sarasvatI ke adhyAtma pakSa ko kaI sthaloM para ubhArA gayA hai / vaha vyaktigata rUpa se tInoM saMsAroM, tInoM vedoM, tInoM agniyoM, tInoM guNoM, tInoM avasthAoM aura sampUrNa tanmAtrAoM kA pratinidhitva karatI hai / isa prakAra vaha saMsAra ke nirmANa sambandhI sabhI tattvoM kA sAkSAt mUrta-rUpa hai|9| 19. vRndAvana sI0 bhaTTAcArya, iNDiyana imejeja, bhAga 1 (kalakattA), pR0 13 20. moniyara viliyamsa, e saMskRta-iGgaliza DikzanarI (AksaphorDa, 1872), pR0 1163 "The vehicle of Brahma (represented as borne on a Hansa); the Supreme Soul or Universal Spirit (=Brahman : according to Say. on Rig-Veda IV. 40.5 in this sense derived either fr. rt. 1. han in the sense 'to go' i. e., 'who goes eternally', or resolvable into aham sa I am that, i. e., the Supreme Being)" 21. vAmanapurANa, 32.10-12; skandapurANa, 6.46.26-30

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sarasvatI kA vAhana jisa prakAra Atman saMsAra kI sRSTi karatA hai, isI prakAra sarasvatI saMsAra kI sRSTi karatI hai / brahmavaM vartapurANa meM isa prakAra kA varNana milatA hai aura isa sambandha meM vahA~ sAMkhya-siddhAnta kA anukaraNa upalabdha hotA hai / isa sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki Atman sarvaprathama thA, jisakI zakti kA nAma 'mUlaprakRti' hai / prArambha meM Atman niSkriya thaa| jaba use sRSTi kI icchA huI, taba usane svayaM strI evaM puruSa kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyaa| isakA strI-rUpa prakRti khlaayaa| zrIkRSNa kI icchAnusAra yaha prakRti paJcadhA ho gaI, jinakA nAma durgA, rAdhA, lakSmI, sarasvatI aura sAvitrI thaa| isa prakAra sarasvatI pA~ca prakRtiyoM meM se eka hai, jo sRSTi kI kI hai / isa prakAra yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki sarasvatI paramAtmA kI zakti hai, jisa zakti ke AdhAra para usane saMsAra kA nirmANa kiyaa| kArya kI yaha zakti use paramAtmA se ghaniSTha-rUpa se sambaddha karatI hai / antatogatvA yaha sambandha samanvaya meM parivartita ho jAtA hai / sarasvatI se sambaddha yaha haMsa isa samanvaya ko bhI abhivyakta karatA hai| haMsa kA tAtparyArtha eka bhinna prakAra se bhI spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| pahale kahA gayA hai ki haMsa, I' and 'He' ke tAdAtmya ko abhivyakta karatA haiM / 'I' and 'He' ke tAdAtmya kI bhAvanA sampUrNa jJAna kI rakSaka hai| haMsa kA jJAna se gaharA sambandha hai aura tathAkathita jJAna ke sandarbha se haMsa sarasvatI se sambaddha hai / haMsa eka maMtra kA bhI nAma hai, jise 'ajayA maMtra' kahate haiM aura jo vinA prayatna ke bolA jAtA hai| isakI dhvani carama sattA kI carama dhvani kA pratinidhitva karatI hai / isI carama dhvani ke bala para jJAna vitarita hotA hai / sarasvatI se sambaddha haMsa ina saba kA pratinidhitva karatA hai / isI kAraNa sAmAnya jana-vizvAsa meM haMsa jJAnavAn' kahA jAtA hai / sarasvatI kA haMsa-gamana jJAna ke sAtha bhramaNa karanA hai| isake atirikta haMsa zuddhatA (purity) ko vyakta karatA hai / isa zuddhatA athavA nirmalatA kA sambandha bAhya vastuoM se nahIM hai, apitu mana athavA mastiSka kI tathAkathita bhAvanA ko abhivyakta karatA hai / isa avasthA meM yaha mastiSka athavA mana sAMsArika pralobhanoM se mukta rahatA hai / sarasvatI se sambaddha haMsa usakI pavitratA ko abhivyakta karatA hai, kyoMki vaha jJAna kA sAkSAd-rUpa hai aura jJAna aisA sAdhana hai, jisase zAzvat pavitratA prApta kI jAtI hai / 22. vAyupurANa, 6. 71-87 23. di mADarna sAiklopIDiyA, bhAga 7 (landana), pR0 344 "The name of Sarasvati itself implies the female energy." 24. jAna gairaTa, klAsikala DikzanarI oNpha iNDiyA (madrAsa, 1871), pR0 668

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya aba anta meM mora kA tAtparyArtha prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai / mora ke lie saMskRta meM 'zikhin' zabda kA prayoga milatA hai / yaha 'zikhin' zabda mora tathA afro artha kA vAcaka hai / 25 agni kA tAdAtmya sarasvatI se aura sarasvatI ( vANI ) kA tAdAtmya yajJa se hai / 27 agni kI tIna lapaTeM (forms) sarasvatI ke tIna rUpoM kA pratinidhitva karatI haiM / sambhavataH sarasvatI agni ke sAtha apane aTUTa sambandha ko abhivyakta karane ke lie mora ko vAhana banAtI hai, jo mora agni kA pratIka hai / 76 25. moniyara viliyamsa, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 1005 26. vAmanapurANa, 32. 10; R02. 1. 11 27. zatapathabrAhmaNa, 3. 1. 49.14 "vvag vai sarasvati vvag yajnah."

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-10 grIka aura romana paurANika kathA meM sarasvatI kI samakakSa deviyA~ --- grIka aura bhAratIya paurANika kathA meM aneka samatAe~ upalabdha hotI haiM / spaSTataH vahA~ bahudevavAda' hone para bhI grIsa, roma tathA bhArata kI deviyoM meM Azcaryayukta samAnatAe~ upalabdha hotI haiM / ' grIka kI kucha deviyA~ romana deviyoM ke samakakSa haiM / jaise grIka 'apharodite' romana 'venasa' ke samakakSa hai / grIka 'ethIna' romana 'minarvA ' ke samakakSa haiM / isI prakAra anya deviyoM meM samAnatAoM kA anveSaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai | yahA~ 'samakakSatA' athavA 'samAnatA' kA tAtparya kAryoM kI tulanAtmaka tulyatA hai| athavA sthAna - vizeSa kI tulyatA hai / isa tulyatA meM anya aneka bAtoM kA samAveza hotA hai / ina samAnatAoM kA mela hameM isa bAta kI yAda dilAtA hai ki ina viprakRSTa dezoM meM ati prAcIna kAla meM pArasparika sambandha thA aura unameM lena-dena kI prathAe~ pracalita thIM / prAcIna kAla meM ina dezoM kI bhaugolika sthiti Aja jaisI nahIM thI aura yaha kalpanA kI jAtI hai ki inakA pArasparika saMbandha samudrI mArgoM se jur3A thA / ye samudrI mArga ina dezoM ko Arthika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika Adi sambandhoM ke nimitta jor3e hue the / prakRta viSaya meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhAratIya sarasvatI romana minarvA tathA grIka ethIna ke samakatha hai / ethIna ko ethanA bhI kahate haiM, jise romana minarvA se samIkRta karate haiM / 1. sarasvatI tathA minarvA : minarvA romana devI hai / vaha sampUrNa ArTasa, vyApAra, smRti tathA yuddha kI saMrakSikA hai / ' sarasvatI bhI sabhI prakAra ke kalAoM aura vidyAoM kI saMrakSikA hai / 1. siDanI spensara, misTisIjma ina varlDa rilIjana ( laNDana, 1966), pR0 122 2. cArlsa kAlemana, di mAithAlojI zraoNpha di hindUja ( laNDana, 1832), pR0 10 3. sI0 viTa, mithsa oNpha hellAsa aura grIka Telsa (nyuyArka, 1903), pR0 10 ( bhUmikA bhAga ) 4. insAiklopIDiyA briTenikA, bhAga 2 ( zikAgo, 1966), pR0 668 5. caimbarsa insAiklopIDiyA, bhAga 6 ( laNDana, 1967), pR0 427 6. jAna DAusana, e klAsikala DikzanarI zraoNpha hindU mAithAlojI ( laNDana, 1661), pR0 284

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78 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ usakA kisI bhI vyApAra athavA vANijya se ghaniSTha sambandha nahIM hai| yaha una meM eka mahAn antara hai| Rgveda meM sarasvatI ke do rUpa upalabdha hote haiM / vaha eka rUpa se saumya hai, to dUsare rUpa se asaumya hai / usake asaumya rUpa ko prakaTa karane ke lie svataH Rgveda meM katipaya vizeSaNa prayukta haiN| aise vizeSaNoM meM 'ghorA" aura 'vRtraghnI pramukha haiN| ye vizeSaNa yaha ghoSita karate haiM ki usa kA yuddha se ghaniSTha hai / sarasvatI ke vizeSaNa 'vRtraghnI' se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha indra ke zatru vRtra kA hanana karatI hai aura indra kI sahAyatA karatI hai| isake atirikta Rgveda meM sarasvatI ko vIroM kI rakSA karate hue pradarzita kiyA gayA hai tathA isa kAraNa se use 'vIrapatnI' kahA gayA hai| sarasvatI se sambaddha ye vIratApUrNa kArya hameM isa bAta kA vizvAsa dilAte haiM ki ati prAcIna kAla meM zakti-pUjA kI kalpanA janma le cukI thI / phalataH vIra yuddhoM meM jAne ke pUrva apanI rakSA evaM vijaya ke lie sarasvatI kA kisI na kisI prakAra AvAhana aura utpreraNa kiyA karate the / Rgveda meM sarasvatI ko 'pAvIravI' kahA gayA hai, jisakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki sarasvatI apane hAtha meM 'pavi' astra rakhatI thii| yaha devI Rgveda meM spaSTatara rUpa se yuddha kI devI vaNita nahIM hai, parantu usa ke sAhasika tathA vIratApUrNa kArya isa bAta kA vizvAsa dilAte haiM ki usa ke caritra meM yuddha-bhAva praviSTa ho gayA hai / isa bhAva kI jhalaka kucha anya prasaGgoM se jAnI jA sakatI hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM eka prasaGga ko spaSTa kiyA jA rahA hai / prakRti-paraka siddhAnta ke AdhAra para sarasvatI kA eka rUpa mAdhyamikA vAk hai| vaha madhyama sthAna antarikSa meM bAdaloM meM nivAsa karatI hai tathA jala-yakta megha meM mAdhyamikA vAk hai, jisameM bijalI camakatI hai aura zabda hotA hai| vRtra bhI megha hI hai, jo jala kA varSaNa nahIM karatA / sUrya ko indra kahA gayA hai, jo teja tathA zakti kA pratIka hai / usI kA teja vidyut ke rUpa meM antarikSastha bAdaloM meM rahatA hai aura vahI teja vidyut ke rUpa meM nikala kara na varSane vAle bAdaloM ko barasane ke lie prerita karatA hai| inhIM bijalI ke kSepaNoM ko indra-vajra-(pavi) kSepaNa kahA gayA hai| yadyapi yaha kArya sarasvatI kA hai, tathApi ise indra kA kArya mAnA gayA hai| sarasvatI kA yahI kArya indra ko vRtra-vadha meM sahAyatA pahu~cAnA hai / indra (sUrya) vIra kA pratIka hai / vaidiketara sAhitya meM kAttikeya aura durgA yuddha se sambaddha haiM, parantu vaidika sAhitya meM una kA nAma bhI upalabdha hotA hai / sarasvatI kA yuddha-sambandhI rUpa usa ke 'ghora' rUpa se tathA indra aura vRtra ke sambandhoM se prakaTa hotA hai / 7. R0 6.61.7 8. vahI, 1.61.7 6. tu0 vilsana vyAkhyA vahI, 6.46.7 (vIrapatnI ke sandarbha se) 10. tu0 vahI, 6.46.7; 10.65.13 para sAyaNa, gelDanara, moniyara viliyamsa ke mata 'pAvIravI' ke prasaGga se|

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grIka aura romana paurANika kathA meM sarasvatI kI samakakSa deviyA~ 76 romana devI minarvA bhI sarasvatI kI bhA~ti do rUpoM meM hamAre sammukha AtI hai / vaha eka rUpa se sAyudha minarvA (armed Minerva) tathA dUsare se nissastra (unarmed Minerva) kahalAtI hai|" sAyudha minarvA sarasvatI kI bhA~ti aneka kAryoM ko karatI hai, parantu apane komala rUpa se vaha akSaroM (zabdoM) kI saMrakSikA hai, jo kavitvapUrNa kArya ke lie Avazyaka haiM / 12 apane komala svabhAva se minarvA kalAoM aura smRti kI saMrakSikA hai / sarasvatI apane saumya rUpa se vidyA, saGgIta, kavitA, itihAsa, kalA, Adi kI saMrakSikA hai / sAyudha minarvA ko yuddha kI devI mAnA gayA hai / vaha isa rUpa meM camakatA huA kavaca, viSailA phAvar3A aura apane janma se hI saMrakSaka zastra ko dhAraNa karatI hai / 5 2. sarasvatI aura grIka myujeja : ___sarasvatI aura grIka myujeja ke vyaktitva meM apekSAkRpa adhika samAnatAe~ haiM / sarasvatI vaidiketara paurANika kathA meM una sabhI vidyAoM kA pratinidhitva karatI hai, jo buddhimattA aura vaktRtva-zakti se utpanna hotI haiN| itanA hI nahIM, apitu vaha buddhimattA evaM vaktRtva-zakti kI devI mAnI jAtI haiN| phalataH tadartha eka 'myUz2a' ke rUpa meM usa kA bArambAra AvAhana huA hai / bhAratIya vidyA-sambandhI vicAra-dhArA grIka paurANika kathA meM bhI pAI jAtI hai| vahA~ ina bhAratIya vidyA' athavA 'gopyA' ko 'myUz2a' kI saMjJA dI gaI hai / sarasvatI tathA grIka myUjeja kI tulanA karane ke pUrva yaha apekSita jAna par3atA hai ki sarvaprathama hama prAcIna sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI myUz2asambandhI kalpanA ko bhalI-bhA~tI jAna leN| 'myUz2a' kA artha kAvya, saGgIta Adi kalAoM kI devI hai / sarasvatI ke sAtha isa prakAra kI parikalpanA ati prAcIna kAla se jur3I hai, ata eva isa kA eka spaSTa Akalana atyanta Avazyaka hai| 3. Rgveda tathA myUz2a-parikalpanA : yaha sarvajJAta hai ki Rgveda paurANika kAvya-zailI meM likhita hai| yaha Aja jaisA kAvya nahIM hai, parantu isa ke adhyayana se RcA se haTakara kAvya kI kucha jhalakiyA~ upalabdha hotI haiN| Rgveda meM sthUla zarIriNI deviyoM ke atirikta kucha aisI 11. tu0 eca0 e0 garbara, di mithsa oNpha grIsa eNDa roma (laNDana), pR0 36-43 12. e0 Ara0 hopa mAnakipha, klAsika mitha eNDa lejeNDa (laNDana), pR0 38 13. cembarsa insAiklopIDiyA, bhAga 6, pR0 427 14. eca0 e0 garbara, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 36 15. e0 Ara0 hopa mAnakipha, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 37 16. jemsa hesTiGgasa, insAiklopIDiyA oNpha rIlIjana eNDa ethiksa (nyUyArka, 1654), pR0 166 17. cArlsa kAlemana, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 10

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80 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhAMkiyA~ deviyoM kI stutiyA~ upalabdha hotI haiM, jo nitAnta sUkSma zarIriNI haiM tathA jinakA sUkSma vicAroM se pragADha sambandha hai / aisI deviyoM meM zraddhA, anumati', ityAdi pramukha haiM / ina deviyoM kA adhyayana hameM vizvAsa dilAtA hai ki Rgvaidika RSi bhinna-bhinna sUkSma padArthoM kI khoja meM the, jo unheM kAvya ke anveSaNa meM sAhAyya pradAna kara skeN| kAvya ke lie maulika apUrva buddhi kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| isa apUrva buddhi ko prApta karane ke lie RSiyoM ne sUkSma-vicAroM para daivatvAropaNa kiyA aura una kI anekazaH ArAdhanA kiyaa| isa anveSaNa meM sUnRtA", sUryA, Adi kI devI-rUpa meM mahatI ArAdhanA huI aura inheM apUrva buddhi ke kAvya kI deviyA~ svIkAra kiyA gyaa| gelDanara 'sUryA' athavA 'sUryasya duhitA' (R0 10.72.3) meM isI prakAra kI udbhAvanA svIkAra karate haiM aura vaha use kAvya tathA gIta kI apUrva buddhi svIkAra karate haiM / kucha isI prakAra kI vicAra-dhArA sarasvatI se saMyukta hai, jahA~ use 'codayitrI sunatAnAM cetantI sumatInAm22 kahA gayA hai / isa prakAra yahA~ sarasvatI evaM sUryA meM atyanta nikaTatA hai| vaidiketara sAhitya meM sarasvatI eka devI evaM kAvya kI saMrakSikA mAnI gaI hai, parantu isakA brIja Rgveda meM bhI prApta hotA hai, kyoMki katipaya sthaloM para use buddhi kI saMrakSikA mAnA gayA hai| isa prasaGga meM Rgveda meM eka sthala para use 'dhInAm pavitrI23 kahA gayA hai / sUryA sarvaprathama Rgvaidika kAvya kI eka devI thI, usa ne bAda meM sacetana kAvya kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA aura sarasvatI kAvya kI devI bana gii| vaidika deva-kathA meM sUryA ko vAk mAnA gayA hai tathA yaha bhI dhyAtavya hai ki vAk sUryA tathA sarasvatI kA paryAya hai / isa sambandha meM hama nighaNTu ke kAla ko rekhAGkita kara sakate haiM, jahA~ sUryA tathA sarasvatI kA samIkaraNa huA hai tathA jahA~ sUryA kA vyaktitva sarasvatI meM mila gayA hai / yaha bAta sUryA tathA sarasvatI ke vAk kahe jAne se svataH spaSTa hai / 25 4. sarasvatI aura grIka myUjeja kI samAnatAe~ : 'myUz2a' grIka mena (men) se banA hai, jisakA artha socanA athavA yAda karanA 18. R0 10.151.5 16. vahI, 10.56.6,167.3 20. vahI, 1.40.3; 10.1412 21. vahI, 6.72.3 22. tu0 sAyaNa, mAdhava, vilsana aura grIphitha vahI, 1.3.11 23. vahI, 6.61.4 24. esa0 esa0 bhAve, 'di kAnsepzana oNpha myUz2a oNpha poyiTrI ina di Rgveda 25. nighaNTu, 1.11

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groka aura romana paurANika kathA meM sarasvatI kI samakakSa deviyA~ 81 hai| grIka myUjeja prathamataH tIna thIM, parantu aba unakI saMkhyA nau hai tathA ve saba prAcIna jeyasa (Zeus) tathA mImAsIm (Mnemosyme) kI putriyA~ haiN| ve saba kavitva-buddhi kI pratIka haiM aura eka kavi ko usa kI kavi-sAdhanA meM sahAyatA detI haiN|28 sarasvatI bhI isI prakAra ke kArya se sambaddha hai aura vizeSa rUpa se laukika sAhitya meM use kaviyoM kI udbodhinI athavA unheM apane kavi-karma meM utsAha-pradAna karane vAlI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| use utsAha kI devI mAnA gayA hai| yaha artha zrIaravindo ne kiyA hai / 29 use utsAha kI devI mAnane kA artha eka prakAra se use apUrva kavitva-buddhi athavA kAvya-sambandhI-zakti kI udbhAvanA karane vAlI hI mAnanA hai| grIka paurANika kathA meM nau prakAra kI myujeja mAnI gaI haiM, jina ke nAma klIo (Clo), yUTI (Euterpe), thAliyA (Thalia), melapomIna (Melpomene), TIcora (Terpsichore), irATo (Erato), pAlimaniyA (Polymnia), yUrainiyA (Urania) tathA kailiyappa (Calliope) hai| deg grIka-sAhitya meM ina myuz2eja ke svarUpa atyanta spaSTa haiM, kyoMki ve bhinna-bhinna kAryoM aura atyanta nizcita kartavyoM se saMyukta haiM / klIo itihAsa kA pratinidhitva karatI hai| yUTI gAyanasambandhI kavitA (Lyric poetry), thAliyA sukhAnta, melpomIna duHkhAnta, TarsIcora nRtya evaM gIta, irATo prema-gIta (Love song), pAlimaniyA madhura stuti (Sublime hymn), yUreniyA jyotiSa vidyA aura kailiyappa vIracaritra-sambandhI kAvya kA pratinidhitva karatI haiM / isI prakAra sUnatA, vAryAi3, sUryasya duhitA, sasarparI35, ityAdi kavitA kI deviyA~ athavA kAvya kI apUrva buddhi ke rUpa meM gRhIta haiM tathA unheM myuz2eja mAnA jA sakatA hai / ye sabhI deviyA~ bAda meM calakara sarasvatI ke vyaktitva meM ghula-mila gaI haiM tathA yaha sarasvatI devI akele aneka rUpoM se vidyA, kalA, sAiMsa, 26. vijilIyasa pharma, insAiklopIDiyA oNpha rilIjana, pR0 511 / 27. klairensa ela0 vArna hArTa, di nyu sencurI sAiklopIDiyA oNpha nemsa, bhAga 2, (nyUyArka, 1954), pR0 2868 / 28. vijilIyasa pharma, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 511 26. zrIaravindo, oNna di veda (aravindo Azrama, pANDicerI, 1956), pR0 104-105 30. jemsa hesTiGgasa, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 4 31. e0 Ara0 hopa mAnakripha, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 34 32. Rgveda, 1.40.3; 10.141.233. vahI, 1.88.4 34. vahI, 6.72.3 35. vahI, 3.53.15

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82 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhAMkiyAM kavitA ityAdi kI devI athavA rakSikA ke rUpa meM kArya karatI hai / grIka myujeja ke samAna sarasvatI vibhinna kSetroM kA pratinidhitva karatI hai| brAhmI athavA brahmANI ke rUpa meM sarasvatI sampUrNa sAinsesa kI devI samajhI jAtI hai tathA bhAratI ke rUpa meM vaha itihAsa kI devI hai / 36 paurANika kAla meM sarasvatI ke eka hAtha meM vINA prastuta kI gaI hai / yaha vINA use saGgIta se sambaddha karatI hai| vaha kevala vINA se sambaddha hI nahIM hai, apitu saGgItakAroM kI abhISTa devI bhI mAnI jAtI hai / sAmUhika-rUpa se sabhI grIka myujeja saGgIta tathA nRtya se prema rakhatI haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki unhoMne ekatrita devoM kA manoraJjana kiyA aura gAne vAloM yA nAcane vAloM kI maNDalI ke netA ke rUpa meM apolo ne unakA netRtva kiyaa| unakA saGgIta tathA nRtya ke prati pragADha prema hai / yaha prema itanA adhika hai ki unhoMne apane isa prema kA pradarzana aganippI nadI ke cAro ora DelfI (Delphi) meM helikana parvata (Mt. Helicon) para kiyA / " ye myuz2a ja eka pArthiva nadI se atyadhika rUpa se sambaddha haiM / usa nadI kA nAma hippokrIna (Hippocrine) hai| paurANika kathA ke mAdhyama se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki vaha nadI eka daivI azva ke khura-prahAra se pravAhita huI hai tathA isa daivI azva kA nAma paigAsas (Pegasus) hai / isa prakAra yaha nadI usa devI azva se sambaddha hai, ata eva usakI divyatA meM saMdeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ina grIka myujeja kA nivAsa olimpasa parvata (Mt. Olympus) ke nikaTastha sthAna meM hai / isa prakAra yaha mAnA jAnA cAhie ki ye myujeja usa parvata ke devoM se sambaddha haiN| ina myujeja kA eka parvata tathA nadI kA sambandha unheM svataH sarasvatI ke samakakSa lAtA hai, jo sarasvatI eka nadI ke rUpa meM eka parvata se samutpanna huI hai," jisakA caritra daivI hai / pippokrIna nadI pegAsas ke khura se nikalI hai / pegAsas 36. cArlsa kAlemana, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 6 37. tu0 "vINApustakadhAriNI' upAdhi jo sarasvatI ke lie prayukta hai : brahmavaivarta purANa, 2.1.35, 2.55; agnipurANa, 4.16; DaoN0 priyabAlA zAha, viSNu dharmottarapurANa, tIsarA bhAga (bar3audA, 1961), pR0 225 38. jemsa hesTiGgasa, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 4 36. tu0 zrIaravindo, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 105; pegAsas ke vistRta jJAna ke lie dra0 jemsa hesTiGgasa, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, bhAga 12, pR0 741-742 40. dra0 olimpasa ke devatA----Ara0 pI0 vairan, di gADsa praoNpha mAuNTa prolimpasa (nyUyArka, 1656), pR0 1-52 41. R0 7.65.2 42. tu0 bahI, 7.65.2; maiksa mUlara, sekaDa buksa oNpha di isTa, bhAga 32 (dillI), pR0 57-58

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grIka aura romana paurANika kathA meM sarasvatI kI samakakSa deviyA~ 83 isa prakAra zabda saMskRta ke 'pAjas' ke nikaTa hai, jisakA artha zakti athavA gati hai / pegAsasa ke mUla meM pAjas dhAtu hai / sarasvatI bhI sR gatau se nirmita hai aura gati - artha ko dhvanita karatI hai / vaha mAdhyamikA ke rUpa meM meghoM meM nivAsa karatI hai / " isa prakAra sarasvatI (nadI) tathA hippokrIna (nadI) ke utpatti krama meM atyanta nikaTa kA sambandha hai / nikaTatA ke sAtha-sAtha thor3A antara haiM tathA yaha antara yaha hai ki sarasvatI kA dharatI para astitva indra devatA ke kAraNa hai, " jaba ki hippokrIna kA janma pegAsas azva ke dvArA huA hai / yaha antara atyalpa hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki yaha antara indra tathA pegAsas*" ke dArzanika mahattva kI hAni nahIM pahu~cAtA hai, kyoMki donoM hI zakti athavA tejas ke pratIka haiM / 45 43. zrIaravindo, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 106 44. tu0 atharvaveda, 7.12.1; zrIpAdadAmodara sAtavalekara, atharvaveda subodha bhASya, bhAga 3 ( sUrata, 1958), pR0 45 (atharva0 7.12.1 ke sandarbha meM) 55. tu0 vRSNaH patnIH R0 5.42.12 meM AyA hai, jisakA artha sAyaNa ne isa prakAra kiyA hai : " vRSNaH varSakasyendrasya patnIH nadyaH / nadanazIlA gaGgAdyA: / " gelDanara ne isakA artha vRSabha arthAt indra kI patniyA~ kiyA hai / 46. moniyara viliyamsa, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 140 47. zrIaravindo, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, 106

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-11 brahmA aura sarasvatI ke madhya paurANika premAkhyAna brahmA premAtura hokara apanI hI putrI ke sAtha balAtkAra kiyA, yaha upakathA purANoM meM pUrNa rUpa se vikasita huI hai / vedoM meM prAkRtika upAdAna ke rUpa meM isa kathA kA varNana bhinna prakAra se huA hai / yahA~ ina vaidika srotoM kI ora yathA-sthAna varNana huA hai| paurANika isa kathA kA varNana bahuta kucha aspaSTa hai, parantu phira bhI isakI vizeSatAe~ haiM / isakA varNana vibhinna purANoM meM kaI sthaloM para huA hai / isakA eka saMkSipta vivecana nimnalikhita hai / brahmA tathA sarasvatI ke madhya yaha kathA eka AlaGkArika rUpa meM varNita hai / isa kathA ke dvArA yaha dikhAyA gayA hai ki brahmA ne eka pitA hote hue bhI apanI putrI ke sAtha balAtkAra kiyA / katipaya anya purANoM kI apekSA matsyapurANa meM tathAkathita kathA kA vistRta varNana hai / isa purANa meM varNita hai ki sarasvatI brahmA ke artha zarIra meM una kI putrI ke rUpa meM utpanna huii| isakA zarIra atyanta sundara tathA mugdhakArI thA / jaba brahmA ne sarasvatI ko dekhA, taba vaha usa para atyanta mugdha ho gaye aura usake saundarya kI prazaMsA karate hue bole "oha ! kitanA sundara rUpa hai", "oha ! kitanA sundara rUpa hai / " brahmA ne apane ye aupanyAsika vacana svayaM apane mAnasa putroM kI upasthiti meM kahA / phalataH sarasvatI ne atIva lajjA kA anubhava kiyA / vaha atyanta pazcAtApa meM brahmA ke cAro ora pradakSiNA karane lagI / brahmA premAtura the, ata eva unheM kucha bhI zoka nahIM huA / vaha nirantara nirnimeSa dRSTi se apanI putrI ko nihAranA prArambha kara diyA / putrI ke pradakSiNA karane para vaha caturmukhadhArI ho gaye, jisase putrI ko nirantara dekha sakeM / tadanantara sarasvatI pazcAtApa evaM lajjAvaza svarga kI ora bar3hane lagI / brahmA taba bhI zAnta nahIM hue| ve punaH pA~ca mukhoM vAle ho gaye, jisase paJcama mukha dvArA sarasvatI ko svarga jAte hue bhI dekha sakeM / antatogatvA brahmA ne sRSTi kA kArya apane putroM ko sauMpa diyA aura sarasvatI se vivAha kara liyA, jo saikar3oM rUpoM kI rAzi (zatarUpA ) thI / isa prakAra brahmA kamala - mandira meM rahate hue eka sau sAla taka sarasvatI ke sAtha sambhoga kiyA / " isa purANa se spaSTa nahIM haiM ki brahmA ne apanI putrI ko kaise vazIbhUta kiyA, jabaki vaha anicchuka thI / vastutaH aisI sthiti meM prema kA paripAka nahIM hotA / zAstra meM pratipAdita haiM ki prema kA paripAka strI tathA puruSa donoM ke samAna icchuka 1. matsyapurANa, 3.30; tu0 vAmanapurANa, 27.5

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brahmA aura sarasvatI ke madhya paurANika premAkhyAna 85 hone para hI hotA hai / matsyapurANa meM isa sambandha meM kucha nahIM kahA gayA hai, parantu bhAgavatapurANa kA kathana hai ki sarasvatI sarvaprathama anicchuka thI tathA unhoMne sarasvatI kA hRdaya jiitaa| jaba brahmA ne sarasvatI ke sAtha vivAha kara liyA, taba unakI tapasyA kI mahattA samApta ho gaI tathA unheM punaH tapazcaraNa karanA pdd'aa| isa tapasyA ke phalasvarUpa unhoMne apane Adhe zarIra se apanI patnI ko utpanna kiyA / unakI yaha patnI sRSTi ko utpanna karane meM samartha thI tathA yaha sAkSAt saundarya kI mUrti thI / vaha eka surabhi ke rUpa meM brahmA ke samIpa khar3I rahI / brahmA ne usakI saGgati kA Ananda uThAyA / usa saGgati se dhuMe ke samAna varNa kI santati utpanna huI / prakRta sandarbha meM brahmA kI strI kA sAkSAt rUpa se nAma kA ullekha nahIM hai / sambhavataH yahA~ sAvitrI kI ora saGketa kiyA gayA hai, jisakI puSTi nimnalikhati kathana se hotI hai / brahmavaivartapurANa meM sAvitrI ko brahmA kI patnI batAyA gayA hai / jaba brahmA ne usakI saGgati kA Ananda uThAyA, taba veda, zAstra, varSa, mAsa, dina, rAtri, sUrya - jyoti, uSA ityAdi kI utpatti huI / purANoM meM sarasvatI tathA sAvitrI kA varNana vibhinna prasaGgoM meM huA hai / prakRti ke rUpa meM donoM samakakSa haiM tathA katipaya anya prasaGgoM meM unheM mUlata: eka mAnA gayA hai / kabhI-kabhI ve donoM hamAre sammukha brahmA kI do patniyoM ke rUpa meM AtI haiM / " 1. brahmA evaM sarasvatI ke premAkhyAna kA srota : isa kathA kA mUla svataH Rgveda meM upalabdha hotA hai / isa prasaGga meM eka maMtra nimnalikhita prakAra kA hai / mahe yat pitra IM rasaM dive karava tsarat pRzanyazcikitvAn / sRjadastA dhRSatA didyasmai svAyAM devo duhitari tviSi dhAt // isI prakAra Rgveda ke dazama maNDala ke kucha mantra isI prasaGga meM atyanta upAdeya haiM tathA unameM tIna maMtra atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiM / Upara ke uddhRta maMtra meM 'pitre' devoM ke usa samUha ke rUpa meM AyA hai, jo svarga meM nivAsa karatA hai / 'duhitari' prakAza kA dyotaka hai / sAyaNAcArya isakA artha karate haiM: "uSaH kAle hi sUryakiraNAH prAdurbha 2. bhAgavatapurANa, 3.12.28 3. matsyapurANa, 171.20-23 4. vahI, 171.34-36 5. brahmavaivartapurANa, 1.8.1-6 6. vahI, 2.1.1,4.4 7. matsyapurANa, 3.30-32 8. R0 1.71.5

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86 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ vanti / " spaSTataH yahA~ uSA tathA prakAza kA varNana hai, jinakA pArasparika sambandha hameM eka daihika sambandha jAna par3atA hai / isa sambandha meM Rgveda ke dazama maNDala ke tInoM maMtroM kA avalokana aparihArya jAna par3atA hai / ' yahA~ rudra ko rudra kahA gayA hai tathA vaha rudra rudra ko utpanna karatA hai / isa kathana kA abhiprAya bahuta kucha asSTa hai / artha kI anviti ke lie ucita vyAkhyA kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai, ata eva isakI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI gaI hai ki rudra prajApati hai, arthAt prajApati santati kA svAmI hai ( prajAnAm + patiH) / jahA~ yaha kahA gayA hai ki rudra rudra ko utpanna karatA hai, taba isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki prajApati (rudra) ne devoM ko utpanna kiyaa| retas kA artha karma hai tathA isa karma ke dvArA utpanna rudra yA to dina hai athavA uSA hai| isa kathA dvArA saMsAra tathA prANiyoM kI sRSTi kI Adi avasthA kA bodha hotA hai / prArambhAvasthA meM kevala prajApati thA aura jaba usane sRSTi kI AkAMkSA kI, taba usane sabase pahale apane meM se hI devoM ko utpanna kiyA / isa sRSTi ke pUrva cAro ora aMdhakAra hI aMdhakAra thA / usane aMdhakAra ko dUra kiyA / aMdhakAra ko dUra karane kA abhiprAya sRSTi karanA hai / etadartha usane apane ko aneka bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA / ye sabhI bhAga deva haiM tathA ye devagaNa bhI prajA pati haiM / kahA jAtA hai ki Aditya bAraha haiM tathA rudra gyAraha haiM / yaha vibhAjana lagabhaga samAna hai / isa prakAra rudra tathA prajApati eka haiM aura devatA usakI santati haiM, jinheM usane dina athavA uSA ke goda meM paidA kiyaa| jaba taka aMdherA thA, taba taka kucha bhI paidA nahIM huA tathA prakAza hI vastuoM athavA padArthoM ke samutpAdana meM samartha thA / pratIkAtmaka rUpa se dina athavA uSA zakti kA pratinidhitva karate haiM, jisake AdhAra para vastue~ astitva meM AIM / I isa upakathA kA varNana eka bhinna prakAra se bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai / vaidika viSaya nitAnta gUDha tathA rahasyamaya haiM tathA eka hI samaya meM unake bhinna-bhinna artha kiye gaye haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki kisI viSaya ke pratipAdana meM aneka zailiyoM kI sahAyatA lI gaI hai tathA aneka siddhAntoM tathA pathoM ne janma le liyA hai / vaidika vAG maya ke adhyayana se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki sAMsArika padArtha tathA prANijAta aneka devoM ke aMzoM se utpanna hue haiM / hama isa sambandha meM aitareya upaniSad ko uddhRta kara sakate haiM / isakA kathana hai ki vibhinna deva apane sthUla rUpa se vibhinna lokoM athavA sthAnoM meM nivAsa karate haiM, parantu apane sUkSma rUpa se sAMsArika padArthoM athavA vastuoM meM nivAsa karate haiM / "agnirvAgbhUtvA mukhaM prAvizat / vAyuH prANo bhUtvA nAsike prAvizat / AdityazcakSurbhUtvA akSiNI prAvizat / dizaH zrotraM bhUtvA karNau prAvizan / oSadhivanaspatayo lomAni mUtvA tvacaM prAvizat / caMdramA mano bhUtvA hRdayaM prAvizat / mRtyurapAno bhUtvA 6. vahI, 16.61.5-7

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brahmA aura sarasvatI ke madhya paurANika premAkhyAna 87 87 nAbhiM prAvizat / Apo reto bhUtvA ziznaM prAvizan / " ai0 u0 1.2.4 sAyaNAcArya ne 'duhita' kA artha dina athavA uSA kiyA hai / tadanusAra hama isa kathA ko eka bhinna prakAra se vyAkhyAyita kara sakate haiN| prajApati eka svargIya deva hai, ata eva usane sarvaprathama svargIya deva kA sarjana svarga meM kiyA hogA (divi; dhu=to shine and deva is one who is incessantly shining). prakRta sandarbha kA dhyAna rakhate hue hama kaha sakate haiM ki prajApati ne sarvaprathama uccatama AkAza meM apane retas kA AdhAna kiyA hogA, jahA~ uSA dina Ane ke pahale nivAsa karatI hai / brahmA tathA sarasvatI kA daihika milana tathA tatpazcAt utpatti kA prasaGga isa prAkRtika ghaTanA kI ora saGkata karatA hai| prakRti-paraka vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para viSaya ke samyagadhyayana se uparyukta artha sahaja-rUpa se nikAlA jA sakatA hai / purANoM ne sarasvatI tathA brahmA ko patnI tathA pati ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA hai (mathunau) / yAska ne mithuna kA bhAva do abhiprAyoM meM kiyA hai| unameM se eka devI tathA dUsarA bhautika athavA sAMsArika prasaGga meM hai / sUrya tathA uSA prathama koTi meM parigaNita haiM tathA pati tathA patnI dUsarI koTi meM Ate haiN| brahmA tathA sarasvatI kI jo paurANika upakathA hai, vaha tadvat vaidika upakathA meM sannihita hai, parantu Azcarya kI bAta yaha hai ki vaidika evaM paurANika mithuna ke artha meM mahAn antara hai / yAska kA kathana hai ki jaba uSA ke sAtha sUrya utpanna huA, taba saba devoM ne sampUrNa saMsAra ko dekhaa| yaha mithuna daivI hai, yaha sAtha-sAtha rahatA hai tathA yaha eka dUsare ke Azrita hai / yaha artha zabda-niSpatti se svataH spaSTa hai : mithuna =/mithu+nIPage #106
saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ vAcaM duhitaraM tanvIM svayambhUharati manaH / akAmAM cakrame saktaH sakAma iti naH zrutam // " 2. samasyA kA samAdhAna : anveSaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki purANoM meM aneka AlaGkArika varNana haiM / AlakArika vastuoM ke varNana kA samAdhAna ucita vyAkhyA ke vinA nahIM ho sakatA / isa kathana kI puSTi ke lie hama kucha udAharaNoM ko prastuta kara sakate haiN| rAmAyaNa meM varNita hai ki kauzalyA putreSThi ke samaya sampUrNa rAtri eka azva ke sAtha soI / azva eka pazu hai / yaha pazu apanI bhautika sattA ke viparIta zakti kA pratIka hai / vastutaH rAnI ne azva kI saGgati kA Ananda nahIM liyA, apitu usa zakiA ke sAtha vibhinna rUpa se khilavAr3a kiyA, jisakA pratIka azva hai| isI prakAra purANoM meM varNita hai ki indra ne pArthivI maraNazIla strI prahalyA kI saGgati ke Ananda kA bhoga kiyA / ahalyA kA artha hai-ahnA yamyate, aho yamati vA sA arthAt ahalyA vaha hai, jo dina ke sAtha vyatIta ho / isa prakAra yahA~ rAtri artha meM tAtparya hai / gotama ahalyA ke pati haiN| aba yahA~ indra ke sAtha gotama kA artha jAnanA Avazyaka hai| gotama pRthivI se nikalane vAlI kRSNa varNa kI kiraNoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / indra prakAza ke pratIka haiM tathA candramA do paMkha vAle pakSI kA pratinidhitva karatA hai / isakI nimnalikhati prakAra se vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai| dina meM prakAza cAro ora phailA huA hotA hai / rAtri ke Agamana para yaha Upara calA jAtA hai| isa prakAra jaba prakAza kA devatA Upara calA gayA, taba usane candramA kI sahAyatA lI, jise AlaGa kArika rUpa se eka pakSI kahA gayA hai / isa kathA ko eka anya vidhi ke sAtha varNita kiyA jA sakatA hai / rAtri meM (ahalyA) prakAza (indra) do pakSIya pakSI (candramA) ke dvArA pRthivI (gotama) para prasRta hotA hai| . ina do udAharaNoM ke AdhAra para brahmA tathA sarasvatI kI kathA ko samajhA jA sakatA hai / brahmA tathA sarasvatI kI upakathA kA bIja Rgveda meM upalabdha hotA hai / kAmastadane samavartatAdhi manaso retaH prathamaM yadAsIt suSTi ke Adi meM brahmA apane ko vibhinna rUpoM meM prakaTa karanA cAhate the| unakI icchA 'kAma' kahI gaI hai / yaha kAma mana se prabhAvita hai / vedoM tathA purANoM meM mana ko prajApati kahA gayA hai / isa kahAvata ko purANoM meM atyanta prasiddhi milI hai, phalataH kucha brAhmaNoM meM mana ko bahuzaH prajApati 11. bhAgavatapurANa, 3.12.28 12. zrIaravindo, oNna da veda (pANDicerI, 1956), pR0 104-105 13. grIphith kI TippaNI Rgveda 7.3: "The mind : meaning Prajapati."

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brahmA aura sarasvatI ke madhya paurANika premAkhyAna kahA gayA hai : "mano vai prjaaptiH|" yahI prajApati apane retas (kAma)ko vAk (sarasvatI) meM nikSipta karatA hai| kahIM-kahIM vAk kA tAdAtmya prajApati, vizvakarmA, sampUrNa saMsAra tathA indra ke sAtha pAyA jAtA hai / 14 zatapathabrAhmaNa ke sRSTiviyaSaka AkhyAna meM kahA gayA hai ki jaba prajApati sRSTi ke lie icchuka the, taba unhoMne apane mastiSka se vAka kI saSTi thii| pana: usase jaloM ko utpanna kiyaa| yahA~ prajApati tathA vAk ke madhya laiGgika sambandha pradarzita kiyA gayA hai / kAThaka-upaniSad meM isI ko nimnalikhita rUpa meM abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai : "Prajapati was this universe. Vak was second to him. He associated sexually with her; she became pregnant ; she departed from him ; she produced these creatures ; she again entered into Prajapati" __ prajApati sRSTi ke srota haiM tathA sRSTi ke pA~ca tattvoM meM se eka vAk prajApati kI mahattA (greatness) kI pratIka hai| yahA~ bhAvArtha usa prakAra nikAlA jA sakatA hai / prajApati brahmA ke samakakSa haiN| sarasvatI ke garbhAzaya meM jisa vIrya (retas) kA AdhAna kiyA gayA, vaha prajApati kI zakti hai, jisakA upayoga vAk kI utpatti ke lie kiyA gyaa| yahA~ eka anya susaMyata mata prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai ki kaise mana se vAk kI utpatti hotI hai / abhivyaktikaraNa ke pUrva vAk svataH mana hai / manas tathA vAk kA pArasparika sambandha tathA samanvaya isa prakAra jAnanA cAhie / manas (mana) prathamataH 'rasa' tathA 'bala' se samamAtrA meM avacchinna rahatA hai (rasabalasamamAtrAvacchinnaH) / donoM tattvoM kI sAmyAvasthA meM saba vastu sthirAvasthA meM hotI hai, ata eva koI kArya utpanna nahIM hotA hai / jaba thor3A sA balAghAta hotA hai, arthAt vicAra ke prakaTIkaraNArtha jaba icchA hotI hai, taba mana zvAsa meM pariNata ho jAtA hai / jaba balAghAta tIvra tathA tIvratara ho jAtA hai, taba vahI zvAsa vAk meM pariNata ho jAtI hai / isa manovaijJAnika AdhAra para bhI vAk tathA mana kA ghaniSTha sambandha haiM, arthAt ye mind aura speech hI haiM, jina kA purANoM meM brahmA ke manas kA sarasvatI (vAk) ke sAtha eka sAMsArika prema kI pariNiti sI hai| punaH isa kathA ko eka bhinna praNAlI se spaSTa kara sakate haiM / pratyakSa-rUpa se 14. e0 bI0 kItha, da rilIjana eNDa philAsophI oNpha da veda eNDa upaniSadsa, bhAga 2 (laNDana, 1925), pR0 438 15. jaoNna DAusana, e klAsikala DikzanarI oNpha hindU mAithAlojI (laNDana, 1961), pR0 226-330 16. vahI, pR0 330 17. vI0 esa0 agravAla, 'ka' prajApati, janarala oNpha orienTala insTIcyUTa, bhAga 8, na0 1 (bar3audA, 1958), pR0 1-4

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10 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ isa upakathA meM brahmA tathA sarasvatI kA varNana hai / sarasvatI uSA se eka bhinna devI hai| Rgveda ke eka maMtra meM dikhAyA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra eka laukika premI apanI preyasI kA anugamana karatA hai, tadvat sUrya daivI uSA kA pIchA kara rahA hai| jisa prakAra sarasvatI brahmA se sambaddha hai, usI prakAra uSA prajApati se sambaddha hai| isa sandarbha meM aitareya-brAhmaNa meM nimnalikhita prakAra kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai : prajApatiH svAM duhitaramabhyadhyAyaddivamityanya AhuruSasamityanye rohitmbhuutaabhyet| yahA~ uSA usa uSA se bhinna hai, jo sUrya se usakI preyasI ke rUpa meM sambaddha hai / aitareyabrAhmaNa kI uSA prajApati ke putrI ke rUpa meM varNita hai / isa sambandha kI saGgati brahmA tathA sarasvatI se nahIM baiThatI hai / isakI saGgati bhinna prakAra se baiThAI jA sakatI hai / jaba uSA AtI hai, taba vaha devoM ke svAgatArtha gIta (arcanA) prastutArtha RSiyoM ko jagAtI hai / uSA sUrya ke sAtha AtI hai tathA sUrya uSA ko janma detA hai| vaidika-sAhitya meM kahIM-kahIM prajApati tathA indra ko sUrya kahA gayA hai / isa prakAra sUrya evaM uSA ko brahmA tathA sarasvatI ke samakakSa mAnA jA sakatA hai / sAhitya tathA kavikati meM prakAza ko jJAna kA pratIka mAnA gayA hai / prakAza sarvaprathama uSA se AtA hai| tadanantara sUrya se AtA hai / sUrya uSA ko prerita karatA hai tathA yaha utpreraNA jJAnautpatti-svarUpa hai / aitareyabrAhmaNa meM sItAsAvitrI athavA sUryAsAvitrI ko prajApati kI putrI mAnA gayA hai / kucha vidvAn isa kathA ko eka bhinna rUpa meM varNita karate haiN| nissaMdehataH prajApati saMsAra evaM prANiyoM kA pati (svAmI) hai / usane isa jagat ko svAtmA se utpanna kiyA hai| prajApati kA samanvaya sanvatsara tth| yajJa se bhI pAyA jAtA hai / 21 sarasvatI ke mUla meM sa dhAtu hai, jisakA artha gamana hai / isa prakAra sarasvatI vaha hai. jo madeva gamana karane vAlI hai / varSa ke rUpa meM prajApati apanI niyantR-zakti sarasvatI ke mAdhyama se paribhramaNa karatA hai / jaba prajApati kA tAdAtmya yajJa se ho gayA hai, taba isa paurANika upakathA ke viSaya kI aneka bhrAntiyA~ dUra ho jAtI haiM, kyoMki yajJa meM vaidika maMtroM kA viniyoga hotA hai / isa viniyoga meM vAk patnI-svarUpa hai, jo patirUpa prajApati se milatI hai / paurANika kAla meM prajApati (vaidika) kA vyaktitva brahmA 18. R0 1.115.2 16. ai0 brA0 3.33 20. te0 brA0 2.3.10 21. tu0 vI0 vI0 dIkSita, 'brahman eNDa sarasvatI', da pUnA orieNTalisTa, bhAga 8 (1943), pR0 66

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brahmA aura sarasvatI ke madhya paurANika premAkhyAna ke vyaktitva meM mila gayA hai / yaha brahmA paurANika trika meM sarvopari haiN| samayAnusAra vAk meM bhI parivartana huA aura isakA nAma sarasvatI par3a gyaa| yadi yaha paurANika kathA isa prakAza meM dekhI jAye, taba to usase sambaddha aneka bhrAntiyA~ dUra ho jaayeNgii| sAyaNAcArya ne yukta hI kahA hai : _ "kAmaM yathecchaM kRNvAne kurvANe pitari prajApatau yuvatyAM duhitaryuSasi divi vaa| 'divamityanye iti hi brAhmaNaM pradarzitam / madhyA tayormadhye'ntarikSamadhye vA amIke samIpe yatkatvaM karmAbhavat mithunIbhAvAkhyaM tadAnoM manAnaka alpaM retaM jahatuH vyaktavantau / kiM kurvANAvIti tatrAha / viyanto parasparamabhigacchantau / prajApatinA sAno samucchite sthAne sukRtasya yajJasya yaunau niSiktamAsIdityarthaH / tato rudra utpanna ityarthaH / " vaidika tathA paurANika sAhitya rahasyoM tathA pratIkoM se bhare par3e haiM / tattat sAhitya kI vastue~ usa rUpa meM varNita haiM, kyoMki una-una sAhitya meM vicAroM kI dhanADhayatA hai / vicAroM kI dhanADhyatA ke kAraNa prakRta sandarbha ko kaI dRSTiyoM se dekhanA hogaa| kucha vidvAnoM ke matAnusAra isa upakathA meM jyotiSa-vidyA-sambandhI ghaTanAoM kA mela hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM yahA~ 'procession of vernal equinox' hai, jo pAkSika saMvatsara kA prArambha hai / prajApati kA vyabhicAra naye varSa kI viparIta gati (retrograde motion of new year) kA pratIka hai / varSa (prajApati) pUnarvasa se mRgaziras ko calA gyaa| isI ko AlaGkarika rUpa se vyabhicAra kI saMjJA dI gaI hai / 23 isI vaidika upakathA kA varNana yahA~ paurANika pariveza meM huA hai / hameM isa kathA kA samAdhAna Upara ke vyAkhyAnoM ke prakAza meM dekhanA hogaa| __isa upakathA ke dvArA hameM eka sIkha bhI milatI sI dIkhatI hai / yahA~ hama atharvaveda kA eka udAharaNa prastuta kara sakate haiM / atharvaveda meM indra tathA marutoM ko kRSakoM ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai / yaha udAharaNa kRSi-karma ko uttama ghoSita karatA hai / 24 isase hameM yaha zikSA bhI milatI hai ki apane vaMza tathA varNa kA abhimAna chor3a kara kRSi-karma karane meM lajjA kA anubhava nahIM karanA caahie| isI prakAra jaba brahmA ne apanI putrI ke sAtha vyabhicAra kiyA, taba unhoMne apanI tapasyA kI mahattA kho dii| phalataH unhoMne tapasyA kii| isase zikSA milatI hai ki yadi kisI se kabhI koI truTi ho jAya, to usakA pariSkAra karanA athavA pazcAtApa karanA anucita nahIM hai| 22. tu0 sAyaNa kI vyAvyA R0 10.61.6 23. vI0 vI0 dIkSita; pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 66 24. tu0 zrIpAda dAmodara sAtavalekara, atharvaveda-subodha bhASya, bhAga 2 (sUrata, 1960), pR0 61

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ purANoM meM kahA gayA hai ki brahmA ne apane mukha se saba vedoM evaM zAstroM ko utpanna kiyA / sarasvatI sabhI deviyoM meM eka pradhAna devI hai tathA vaha sabhI vidyAoM evaM vijJAnoM kA pratinidhitva karatI hai| isa bhAva kI abhivyakti ke lie hI purANoM meM usake do hAthoM meM pustaka tathA kamaNDalu ko prasthApita kiyA gayA hai / sabhI jJAna vedoM se samudbhUta haiM tathA veda brahmA ke mukha kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / vidyA-devI ke rUpa meM sarasvatI brahmA kI putrI hai| prakRta sandarbha meM isakA artha yaha huA ki vaha vAk ke rUpa meM vedoM (brahmA ke mukhoM) se utpanna huI hai| purANoM meM brahmA evaM sarasvatI ke madhya prema-varNana pUrNa rUpa se pratIkAtmaka hai, kyoM sarasvatI pavitra jJAna kA pratinidhitva karatI hai, na ki azuddha jJAna kA / hamAre kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki jJAna kI devI ke rUpa meM sarasvatI pavitra jJAna kA pratinidhitva karatI hai| yaha upakathA arasikatA ko janma detI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki kAlAntara meM brahmA ko svata: apanI putrI ke pati-rUpa meM citraNa karane kA vicAra tyAga diyA gyaa| 25. vI0 vI0 dIkSita, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 67

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-12- Rgveda meM deviyoM kA trika bhAratIya purANa kathA meM sarasvatI kA atyanta mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai, kyoMki isa purANa - kathA meM isa devI ke sAtha aneka vicitratAeM saMyukta haiM, jo usake pecIde caritra ke vikAsa meM eka-eka karake jur3I haiM / phalataH isa devI ke caritra ne bhAratIya tathA pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA dhyAnAkarSaNa kiyA hai tathA unhoMne apane-apane DhaMga se isake apUrva caritra para vicAra kiyA hai / yaha bAta satya hai ki Rgveda meM isa devI kA mUrtikaraNa nahIM huA hai, jaisA ki anyatra purANoM tathA tadetara sAhitya meM upalabdha hotA hai / vaha vaidiketara sAhitya meM mukhyataH eka devI ke rUpa meM varNita hai / Rgveda meM bhI mukhyataH eka devI ke rUpa meM citrita hai, parantu kucha maMtra use nadI ke rUpa meM bhI prastuta karate haiM / Rgveda meM devI ke rUpa meM usa kI mUrtivattA kahIM-kahIM abhivyakta hotI hai, parantu yaha mUrtivattA ret apanI prArambhika avasthA meM hai| nadI rUpa meM usa kI mUrtivattA to hai hI, devI ke rUpa meM usa kI mUrtivattA kI kalpanA hameM isa bAta kA vizvAsa dilAtI hai ki Rgvedika RSi isa ke sUkSma rUpa se santuSTa nahIM the aura use zanaiH zanaiH mUrtimAn rUpa de rahe the / ' yaha mUrtimAn rUpa sarasvatI ke bhautika rUpa ko die gaye haiM, jo usa ke naitika tathA manovaijJAnika vicAroM kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / vaidika deviyoM evaM devoM kI paramparA meM utpatti tathA vikAsa kI anupama chaTA dekhane ko milatI hai / vahA~ sarvaprathama aneka deviyoM tathA devoM kI utpatti krama meM una kA samudbhava dikhAI detA hai tathA tatpazcAt eka kA dUsare meM mizraNa ho jAtA hai / yadi kisI kA astitva bacA bhI raha jAtA hai, to vaha nirasa rUpa (steriotyped form ) meM rahatA hai / sarasvatI ke caritra ke viSaya meM nitAnta viparIta bAta dRSTigocara hotI hai / usa ke caritra meM AditaH nirantara parivartana tathA vikAsa kI dazA lakSita hotI hai / eka Rgvaidika devI ke rUpa meM vaha tIna deviyoM kA trika' banAtI hai, jisameM ilA tathA bhAratI sammilita haiM / vANI ke tIna rUpa prakalpita haiM tathA ve madhyamA, vaikharI tathA pazyantI haiM / ye tInoM deviyA~ ina tInoM vANiyoM kA pratinidhitva karatI haiM / ye madhyamA Adi eka manuSya meM antataH eka vANI kI tIna avasthAoM kA pratinidhitva karatI haiM / saMskRta 1. tu0 suyamA (R0 6.81.4); subhrA (vahI, 5.42.12; 7.46.6, 66.2); supezas (vahI, 6.5.8 ) 2 . vahI,

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64 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhAMkiyAM ----- meM tIna lokoM (rajAMsi) kI kalpanA pAI jAtI hai tathA ve tIna loka pRthivI, AkAza tathA dhuloka haiN| ye tInoM deviyA~ ina tInoM lokoM kA bhI pratinidhitva karatI haiN| Rgveda ke katipaya maMtroM meM sarasvatI kA AvAhana vibhinna deviyoM ke sAtha huA hai / yaha AvAhana sAmAnya rUpa meM hai tathA aditi', guGga', sinIvAlI', rAkA', indrANI', varuNAnI', gnAH, pRthivI", purandhI ityAdi ke sAtha huA hai| sarasvatI kA vizeSa sambandha ilA tathA bhAratI se hai| inhIM se Rgvaidika deviyoM kA vik hai, jo vaidiketara se bhinna hai| isa trika para samyak vicAra karane ke pUrva yaha apekSita pratIta hotA hai ki una deviyoM para bhI vicAra kara liyA jAye, jina ke sAtha sarasvatI kA gaharA sambandha hai| sarasvatI kA varNana Rgveda meM aditi, guGga , sinIvAlI, rAkA, indrANI, varuNAnI, pRthivI, ityAdi ke sAtha nitAnta svataMtra rUpa se huA hai / purandhI, dhIH tathA gnAH ke sAtha usa kA apekSAkRta sambandha gaharA hai / Rgveda ke eka maMtra meM sarasvatI kA dhIH ke sAtha varNana upalabdha hotA hai / isa sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha sarasvatI saubhAgya-pradAna kare tathA dhI: ke sAtha pUjakoM kI vANiyoM kA zravaNa kare : "zaM sarasvatI saha dhIbhirastu / "12 isI prakAra purandhI ke sAtha bhI stuti pAI jAtI hai : "zRNvan vacAMsi bhe sarasvatI saha dhIbhiH purandhyA / 12 isa prakAra sarasvatI kA AvAhana dhIH ke sAtha do bAra huA hai / isa se sarasvatI tathA dhIH kA ghaniSTha sambandha prakaTa hotA hai / dhIbhiH kA artha vibhinna prakAra se kiyA gayA hai / sAyaNa ne isa kA artha "stutibhiH karmabhirvA", grIphith "pavitra vicAra" athavA "cetana vicAra", (Holy thoughts or Devotions personified) aura vilsana "pavitra AcAra" (holy - 3. Rgveda, 1.86.3; 7.36.5; 10.15.1 4. vahI, 2.32.8 . 5. vahI, 2.32.8; 10.184.2 6. vahI, 2.32.8; 1.42.12 7. vahI, 2.32.8 8. vahI, 2.32.8 9. vahI, 5.46.2; 6.46.7 10. vahI, 8.54.4 11. vahI, 10.65.13 12. bahI, 7.35.11 13. vahI, 10.65.13

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Rgveda meM deviyoM kA trik 65 rites ) kiyA hai / dhIH dharmaniSThA athavA bhakti kI devI pratIta hotI hai aura yaha sarasvatI ke sAtha usI prakAra sambaddha hai, jisa prakAra purandhI hai, jo pUjakoM ke vacanoM ko sunane ke lie prArthita hai / " Rgveda meM gnAH ke sAtha sarasvatI kA ghaniSTha sambandha hai, kyoMki vaha una meM se eka hai / isa ke atirikta Rgveda ke eka maMtra ( 5.46.2 ) meM nA kA varNana agni, indra, varuNa, mitra, marut, viSNu, nAsatyA, rudra, pUSan tathA anya devoM (devAH ) ke sAtha huA hai / sambhavataH gnAH bahuvacana meM strI kA vAcaka hai / yaha sAmAnyataH sabhI devoM kI striyoM tathA maMtra meM parigANita devoM kI striyoM kA vizeSa- rUpaka se vAcaka pratIta hotA hai / Rgveda kA eka anya maMtra sarasvatI ko gnAH se pragADha rUpa se sambaddha karatA hai| isa maMtra meM sarasvatI se prArthanA kI gaI hai ki vaha pUjaka ko zaraNa tathA parama sukha pradAna kare : "gnAbhiracchidraM zaraNaM sajoSA durAdharSa gRNate zarma yaMsat (R0 6.46.7 ) 1. Rgvaidika deviyoM kA trik : deviyoM evaM devoM ke trikU kA itihAsa bar3A prAcIna hai / yaha trika vaidika tathA vaidiketara donoM sAhityoM meM upalabdha hotA hai tathA isa trika kA sambandha deviyoM tathA devoM se hai / Upara Rgvaidika deviyoM ke trik kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai / veda meM hI devoM kA tri agni, vAyu athavA indra tathA sUrya se banatA hai / jisa prakAra sarasvatI, ilA tathA bhAratI ke sthAna bhinna-bhinna haiM, usI prakAra vaidika deva -tri ke sthAna bhI bhinna-bhinna haiM / yAskAcArya isa sambandha meM isa prakAra likhate haiM : "ti eva devatA iti nairuktAH / agniH pRthivIsthAnaH vAyurvendro vAntarikSasthAnaH | sUryo sthAnaH / " ( nirukta, 72 ) vaidika trik kI bhA~ti paurANika deva trik brahmA, viSNu tathA maheza se banatA hai tathA deviyoM kA sarasvatI, lakSmI tathA pArvatI yA gaurI se banatA hai / 16 prakRta sandarbha kA dhyAna rakhate hue Rgvaidika devI- tri kA varNana kiyA jA rahA hai / Rgveda meM ilA dUdha tathA ghI ko bali kA cetana ( personified) rUpa hai / isa prakAra ilA usa dhana kA pratinidhitva karatI hai, jo gau se prApta hotA hai / vaha urvaratA (fertility) kI bhI devI samajhI jAtI hai| Rgveda meM bahuta thor3e se maMtra haiM, jina meM ilA kI stuti akele kI gaI hai, anyathA vaha sarasvatI evaM bhAratI ke sAtha varNita hai | sarasvatI kI bhA~ti ilA eka dudhAru gAya ( milck-cow ) hai / 7 ilA 17 14. vahI, 10.65.13 15. DonAlDa e0 mekeMjI, iNDiyana mitha eNDa lejeNDa ( laNDana, 1913), pR0 151 16. vahI, pR0 15017. R0, 3.55.13

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhAMkiyA~ zAzvat phaloM ko dhAraNa karatI hai, jisa meM RtuoM kA vyavadhAna nahIM hotA hai| eka dudhAru gAya ke rUpa meM vaha pazuoM meM sarvottama hai, ata eva vaha pazu-samudAya kI mA~ kahI jAtI hai| kahA jAtA hai ki usa ke hAtha sataila haiM / vaha jisa gRha meM nivAsa karatI hai, vahA~ agni zatruoM se rakSA karatA hai aura zAzvat kalyANa ko lAtA hai| hAthoM ke samAna usa ke paira bhI tailayukta haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki usa se yajJa-puroDAza para bahane ke lie prArthanA kI gaI hai / 22 ilA kI bhA~ti bhAratI eka yajJa kI devI hai / 23 vedoM meM sAmAnyataH vaha svataMtra rUpa se AtI hai, parantu kucha sthAnoM para sarasvatI ke sAtha AhUta hai| isa devI ke vyaktitva ke sAtha kucha abhUtapUrva vicitratAe~ dRSTigocara hotI haiM / vedoM meM to vaha sarvathA svataMtra hai tathA sarasvatI se bhinna eka devI hai, paranta vaidiketara kAla meM usa kI vaiyaktika sattA sarasvatI meM ghula-mila sI gaI hai / donoM ke nAma prAyaH eka dUsare ke paryAya haiM / isa sAmaJjasya kA bIja svataH atharvaveda meM upalabdha hotA hai, jahA~ na kevala sarasvatI tathA bhAratI ke, apitu ilA ke bhI vyaktitva kA pArasparika sAmaJjasya dRSTigocara hotA hai / 24 zrIaravindo ke anusAra ilA, sarasvatI aura bhAratI kramazaH dRSTi, zruti tathA satya cetanA kI mahAnatA kA pratinidhitva karatI haiM / 25 __ ye tInoM deviyA~ vANI ke tIna rUpoM kA pratinidhitva karatI haiM / vedoM meM sambhavataH yaha varNita nahIM hai ki kauna devI kisa vAgrUpa kA pratinidhitva karatI hai| etadartha hameM sAyaNa jaise vyAkhyAkAroM ke bhASya kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai| bhAratI kA eka anya nAma mahI bhI hai / sAyaNa kA spaSTa kathana hai ki ye tInoM deviyA~ svataH vANI ke tIna rUpa haiM / unhoM ne bhAratI ko 'dyusthAnA vAk' mAnA hai / unhoM ne use 18. vahI, 4.50.8 16. vahI, 5.41.16 20. vahI, 7.16.8 21. vahI, 10.70.8 22. vahI, 10.36.5 23. tu0 jemsa hesTigsa, insAiklopIDiyA oNpha rilIjana eNDa ethiksa, bhAga 12 (nyUyArka, 1956), pR0 607 24. atharvaveda, 6.100.1 (tu0 tisraH sarasvatIH) 25. zrIaravindo, oNna da veda (pANDicerI, 1956), pR0 110 26. sAyaNa-bhASya R0 1.142.6 "bhAratI bharatasyAdityasya sambandhinI yasdhAnA vAk"

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Rgveda meM deviyoM kA trika 'razmirUpA 27 kahA hai / isI prakAra unhoM ne sarasvatI ko 'mAdhyamikA vAk mAnA haiM / unhoM ne sarasvatI kI isa rUpa meM vyAkhyA karate hue use 'stanitAdirUpA' kahA hai, jisa kA sthAna antarikSa hai / punaH sarasvatI kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahate haiM : "sarasvatI saraH vAgudakaM vA / tadvatyantarikSadevatA tAdRzI / "" stanita yA dhvani vAyu dvArA bAhya hai, ata eva sarasvatI vAyurUpA hai athavA vAyu kI niyantR hai / " anyatra anekazaH use 'mAdhyamikA vAk' kahA gayA hai / " ilA pArthivI vANI ( pArthivI preSAdirUpA ) hai / " tInoM deviyoM ko tIna vANiyA~ batAte hue unheM tInoM vANiyoM kI adhiSThAtR deviyA~ bhI mAnA gayA hai, tathA vaha kathana veda-siddhAntAnugata bhI hai : " etAstisraH tristhAnavAgabhimAnidevatAH / Rgveda meM ilA, sarasvatI tathA bhAratI kA agni se samanvaya bhI upalabdha hotA hai / Rgveda meM unheM 'agnimUrtayaH "" kahA gayA hai, isa kathana se Upara kA bhAva svayameva spaSTa hai / agni tejas ( brilliance intelligence) kA pratIka hai / pRthivI para sthita agni sUrya ke rUpa ko abhivyakta karatA hai tathA vaha sUrya vastutaH dyulokavAsI hai| bhAratI kA sUrya" tathA marutoM se ghaniSTha sambandha hai / " yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratI ko 'marutsu bhAratI' kahA gayA / marut A~dhI-pAnI tathA prakAza ke devatA haiM tathA ve antarikSa-sthAnIya haiM / marutoM ke sambandha se bhAratI antarikSa sthAnIya huI, parantu vAstavika rUpa se vaha dyuloka sthAnIya hai / vastutaH sarasvatI hI antarikSa sthAnIya hai aura yadi donoM ko antarikSa sthAnIya pradarzita kiyA gayA hai, to isa prakAra vAk kA ekatva bhinnatA hote hue bhI pradarzita hai / yaha dRSTAnta kramazaH hameM vAk kI tAdAtmyatA kI ora le jA rahA hai / agni ko bIca meM DAlakara jJAna ke mahA srota 'sUrya' se una ko samudbhUta jAnanA cAhie / 67 27. vahI, 2.1.11 28. sAyaNa - bhASya, vahI, 1.142.6, sarasvatI / sara ityudakanAma tadvatI stanitAdirUpA mAdhyamikA ca vAk" 26. vahI, 1.188.8 30. vahI, 2.1.11, "sarasvatI saraNavAn vAyuH / tatsambandhinI etanniyAmikA mAdhyamikA" 31. tu0 vahI, 2.30.8; 5.43.11; 7.66.2; 10.17.7, 65.12 32. vahI, 1.142.6 33. vahI, 1.146.6 34. tu0 vilsana kI TippaNI vahI, 1.13.e 35. R0 1.142.6 36. vahI, 1.142.6

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ ilA, sarasvatI tathA bhAratI bhUH bhuvaH tathA sva: kI pratinidhikAriNI deviyA~ haiM, ata eva ve tattatsthAnoM kI vAk haiN| ina deviyoM ko eka dUsare nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai / vANI ke tIna anya bheda bhI haiM, jinheM pazyantI, madhyamA tathA vaikharI kahA gayA hai / tInoM deviyA~ meM se bhAratI pazyantI hai, sarasvatI madhyamA hai tathA ilA vaikharI hai / " vahI nAdAtmikA vAk parA, pazyantI, madhyamA aura vaikharI ke rUpoM meM prasiddha hai / apane mUla srota-rUpa meM vAk parA hai / jaba vaha sUkSma rUpa se hRdayagata hai, taba vaha pazyantI hai, kyoMki usa avasthA meM vaha kevala yogiyoM dvArA hI jAnI jA sakatI hai / jaba vaha hRdaya ke madhya meM utpanna hokara spaSTa tathA jJAtavya ho jAtI hai, taba madhyamA hai | jaba vaha tAlu, kaNTha, oSTha Adi mukhastha avayavoM se bahirgata hotI hai, taba vaikharI kahI jAtI hai| vANI ke ye catuvidha rUpa eka manuSya meM vANI ke prakaTIkaraNa kI cAra avasthAoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / 39 hai 8 eka anya mata ke anusAra ilA, sarasvatI tathA bhAratI ke tInoM lokoM ke sambandha ko eka bhinna prakAra se abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai| tadanusAra ilA ko irA jAnanA cAhie, jisa irA kA artha vedoM meM isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai : "... any drinkable fluid, a draught ( especially of milk), refreshment, comfort, ejnoyment, etc". taba vAk ke rUpa meM ilA kA artha pArthiva jJAna se hai, jo hameM bhojana, peya, vizrAma aura jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM ko detA hai tathA jo hameM jIvikopArjana meM sahAyatA pradAna karatA hai / antarikSa sthAnIya vAk ke rUpa meM sarasvatI dharma-niSThA ke jJAna kA pratinidhitva karatI hai, jo manuSyoM ke lie svarga Yo 37. DaoN0 sUrya kAnta, 'sarasa, soma eNDa sIra', e0 bI0 pro0 Ara0, AI0, bhAga 38 ( pUnA, 1658), pR0 127- 128 38. sAyaNa - bhASya R0 1.164.45 "parA pazyantI madhyamA vaikharIti catvArIti / ekaiva nAdAtmikA vAk mUlAdhArAduditA satI paretyucyate / nAdasya ca sUkSmatvena durnirUpatvAt saMva hRdayagAminI pazyantI ityucyate yogibhirdraSTuM zakyatvAt / saiva buddhi gatA vivakSAM prAptA madhyametyucyate / madhye hRdayAkhye udIyamAnatvAt madhyamA vAk / atha yadA saiva vaktre sthitA tAlvoSTAdivyApAreNa bahirnirgacchati tadA vaikharI ityucyate, "; tu0 vilsana - bhASya, vahI, 1.164.45 ( catvAri vAkyaparimitA padAni ) 36. vahI, 1.164.45 40. moniyara viliyamsa, pra saMskRta - iGgaliza DikzanarI (AksaphorDa, 1872 ), pR0 141

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Rgveda meM deviyoM kA trika 66 tathA usa ke Ananda ko jItatA hai| bhAratI svargIya vANI kA jJAna hai, jo nirvANa lAtA hai|" sarasvatI paurANika kAla meM mahAlakSmI tathA durgA ke sAtha trika banAtI hai / yahAM pArvatI ke sthAna para durgA ko pradarzita kiyA gayA hai, jo durgA zakti kI avatAra hai| sAmAnyataH vaidiketara kAla meM lakSmI hI trika banAtI haiM, parantu purANoM meM kahIM-kahIM mahAlakSmI ko lakSmI ke sthAna para rakhA gayA hai| yahA~ mahAlakSmI kA artha lakSmI ke artha se bhinna hai| yaha mahAlakSmI paramAtmA ke samAna strI-zakti ko bodhikA hai tathA ise brahmA, viSNu, ziva, sarasvatI, ambikA Adi kI utpAdikA mAnA gayA hai| 41. DaoN0 sUrya kAnta, pUrvoddhRta grantha, pR0 128 42. vistRta jJAna ke lie dra0 brahmANDapurANa 4.40.5 tathA Age / isa sandarbha meM kahA gayA hai ki sarvaprathama eka dampati kI utpatti huI, jo eka strI tathA puruSa ke rUpa meM thii| isakI utpatti mahAlakSmI ke kAraNa huii| isa utpatti ke lie mahAlakSmI ne sabase pahale tIna aNDoM ko utpanna kiyA / una tIna aNDoM meM se paurANika trika kI utpatti huii| brahmA zrI ke sAtha, ziva sarasvatI ke sAtha tathA viSNu ambikA ke sAtha utpanna hue / vedoM meM kahA gayA hai ki sarvaprathama jaba paramAtmA sRSTi karanA cAhate the, to unhoMne devoM ko paidA kiyA tathA una devoM ne paramAtmA kI icchAnusAra sRSTi kA vistAra kiyaa| isI prakAra yahA~ mahAlakSmI paramAtmA kI mahAzakti jAna par3atI hai, jo sRSTi ke vistAra ke lie strI-rUpa meM prasiddha hai|

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-13brAhmaNoM meM sarasvatI kA svarUpa 1. vANI tathA unakA paricaya : vaidiketara kAla meM vANI kA vaijJAnika AdhAra para vizleSaNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai / akSara, zabda, vAkya, sAhitya tathA dhvani ye sabhI vANI ke kSetra meM Ate haiN| isI vANI ko vAk, girA Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai / Rgveda meM vANI ke lie vAk kA prayoga milatA hai tathA gIH kA bhI prayoga milatA hai / vANI kI utpatti ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM mata-bheda hai / eka vicAra-dhArA ke anusAra isa vANI kA srota manuSya hai tathA eka pIr3hI se dUsarI pIr3hI taka vicAra-vinimaya ke mAdhyama se isa kA pracAra evaM prasAra hotA rahA hai / eka dUsare vicAra-dhArA ke anusAra isa vANI kI utpatti devI hai| vANI bhASA ke rUpa meM vikasita hotI hai / bhASA-vettA tadartha katipaya siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana karate haiN| una siddhAntoM meM eka siddhAnta mukhyarUpa se bhASAvikAsa ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta karatA hai (1) bhASA Izvara dvArA banAI gaI hai| (2) bhASA vikAsa kA pariNAma hai / prathama siddhAnta ke anusAra bhASA pRthvI para Izvara kI kRpA ke pariNAmasvarUpa AI / isa ke viparIta dUsarA mata isa kA khaNDana karatA hai| isa kA kathana hai ki bhASA pRthivI para manuSyoM ke prayatnoM ke pariNAma svarUpa janmI tathA isa kI utpatti tathA vikAsa meM Izvara kA koI hAtha nahIM hai| dhArmika graMtha prathama siddhAnta kI puSTi karate haiM tathA aise graMthoM meM Rgveda tathA brAhmaNa graMtha pramukha haiN| nIce RgvaM. dika tathA brAhmaNika siddhAntoM kA saMkSipta vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai / 2. Rgvaidika siddhAnta : Rgveda-(10.71) meM vAk svayaM apane svarUpa ko abhivyakta karatI hai| isa sUkta meM 11 maMtra haiM tathA isa sUkta ke prathama cAra maMtroM meM vANI ke utpatti kA varNana hai / eka maMtra meM varNita hai ki bRhaspati prathama vAk hai tathA usa se anya padArthoM ke lie anya zabdoM kI utpatti huI : bRhaspate prathamaM vAco agraM yat prerata nAmadheyaM dadhAnAH / yadeSA zreSThaM yadaripramAsIt preraNA tadeSAM nihitaM guhAviH // ' 1. maiksa mUlara, sAinsa oNpha laiMgveja (vArANasI, 1961), pR0 4 2. AI0 je0 esa0 tArApora vAlA, elimeNTsa oNpha da sAinsa oNpha laiMgveja (kalakattA, 1951), pR0 10-11 3. Rgveda, 10.71.1

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brAhmaNoM meM sarasvatI kA svarUpa 101 isa maMtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki bRhaspati ne sarvaprathama vAk kI utpatti kI / dUsare maMtra meM kahA gayA hai ki buddhimAnoM ne (wise men) vAk kI racanA kI : "yatra dhIrA manasA vaacmkt"| eka dUsarA maMtra yaha udghATita karatA hai ki kaise sAMsArika prayoga ke lie vANI kI prApti huI / tadartha maMtra meM ullikhita hai ki buddhimAnoM ne vANI ko yajJa ke mAdhyama se prApta kiyaa| vANI kI prApti meM pUrNa zreya kevala unhIM ko nahIM hai, apitu RSiyoM ko bhI hai, jinhoMne sarvaprathama vANI ko prApta kiyA tathA usa ke vyApaka prayoga ke lie buddhimAnoM ko de diyA : yajJana vAcaH padavIyamAyan tAmanvavindaMRSiSu praviSTAm / tAmAbhatyA vyadadhuH purutrA tAM sapta rebhA abhi saM navante // isa Rgvaidika pramANa se spaSTa hai ki vAk daivI hai, arthAt usa kI utpatti devI hai / RSiyoM ne use prApta kara buddhimAnoM ko diyA / ina logoM ne jJAna athavA veda ke rUpa meM isa vANI kA adhyayana kiyA / anta meM vANI sAmAnya jana ko milii| nimnalikhita maMtra meM vANI kA rahasyodghATana hai : uta tvaH pazyan na dadarza vAcamuta tvaH zRNvan na zRNotyenAm / uto tvasmai tanvaM vi sasra jAyeva patya uzatI suvAsAH // 3. brAhmaNika siddhAnta : brAhmaNa graMtha anekazaH vANI kI divyatA kA varNana karate haiN| vANI kI divyatA isa se bhI spaSTa hai ki vaha devoM se ghaniSTha rUpa se sambaddha hai / isI vANI ne vedoM ko janma diyA tathA isa ke andara sampUrNa saMsAra nihita hai : "vAcA vai vedAH sandhIyante vAcA chandAMsi "vAcA sarvANi / " vAk ko mA~ tathA zvAsa (prANa) ko usa kA putra kahA gayA hai : "vAg vai mAtA prANaH putraH / " isa se spaSTa hai ki vAk atyanta zaktizAlinI hai tathA saMsAra ko utpanna karane meM sakSama hai, parantu yaha saMsAra sAkSAt usa se samutpanna nahIM jAnanA cAhie / isa sandarbha meM ullikhita hai ki vaha prajApati se pragADha rUpa se sambaddha hai / vaha prajApati saMsAra ko utpanna karatA hai / isI prakAra bRhaspati sarvaprathama vAk ko utpanna karatA hai tathA vaha vAk kA svAmI hai / yahA~ bRhaspati tathA prajApati donoM ko vAk se sambaddha kiyA gayA hai / vedoM meM bRhaspati tathA prajApati donoM bhinna-bhinna deva haiM, parantu yahA~ donoM kA tAdAtmya lakSita hotA hai, kyoMki donoM vAk 4. vahI, 10.71.2 5. vahI, 10.71.3 6. vilsana kI TippaNI vahI, 10.71.3 7. vahI, 10.71.4 8. aitareya-prAraNyaka, 3.1.6 6. vahI, 3.1.6

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI ko katipaya jhA~kiyA~ ke pati haiM tathA donoM kA utpatti se sambandha hai / bRhaspati maMtroM kA svAmI hai / upaniSadoM meM use brahman kahA gayA hai, jo maMtroM kA adhiSThAtA hai / vAcaspati" vAk kA svAmI athavA vANI-svarUpa hai tathA brAhmaNoM meM yaha bArambAra AyA hai / yaha vAcaspati bRhaspati, brahmaNaspati tathA brahman kA paryAya hai / vAk kA tAdAtmya kabhI-kabhI jaloM se pAyA jAtA hai / ye saMsAra kI utpatti ke prathama tattva haiM / prajApati jaba sRSTi karanA cAhate the, to sarvaprathama unhoMne jaloM ko utpanna kiyA / tadanantara anya vastue~ unase utpanna huIM / vAk isa prakAra jaloM kI pratinidhitva karatI hai tathA vaha utpatti - karttA kI icchA hai, kyoMki usakI icchA vANI (vAk ) meM prasphuTita huI hai / " Upara vAk kA jaloM se tAdAtmya dikhAyA gayA hai / vedoM meM sarasvatI jala tathA devI - donoM ke rUpoM ko dhAraNa karatI hai / vaha sarvaprathama eka nadI thI, parantu kAlAntara meM devI bana gii| devI ke rUpa meM bhI vaha jala kA pratinidhitva karatI hai / vedoM meM use 'bAdaloM meM sarasvatI' kahA gayA hai / isa prakAra vaha mAdhyamikA vAk hai, jisameM jala tathA vidyut kA bhAva sannihita hai / kabhI-kabhI vAk kA tAdAtmya prajApati, vizvakarmA, sampUrNa saMsAra tathA indra se prApta hotA haiM / " zatapatha brAhmaNa meM eka kathA varNita hai, jisameM prajApati ko sRSTi ke lie icchuka pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| usane isa sthiti meM apane mastiSka se vAk ko utpanna kiyA tathA punaH usase jaloM ko utpanna kiyA / isa sandarbha se unameM laiGgika sambandha thA / " yaha prasaGga kAThaka- upaniSad meM bhI AyA hai : "Prajapati was this universe. Vach was a second to him. He associated sexually with her; she became pregnant; she departed from him; she produced these creatures. She again entered into Prajapati." isa prakAra prajApati sRSTi kA srota hai aura vAk sRSTi ke pA~ca tatvoM meM se eka haiM evaM vaha prajApati kI mahattA ko sUcita karatI hai / " hamane pahale 'sarasvatI kI paurANika utpatti', 'sarasvatI kA paurANika nadI- rUpa' tathA 'purANoM meM sarasvatI kI 14 102 10. aitareya brAhmaNa, 5. 25; zatapatha brAhmaNa, 4.1.1.6, 5.1.1.16; taittirIyabrAhmaNa, 1.3.5.1;3.12.5.1; taittirIya prAraNyaka, 3.1.1 ityAdi / 11. e0 bI0 kItha, da rilIjana eNDa philAsophI oNpha da veda eNDa upaniSad, bhAga 2 ( laNDana, 1925), pR0 438 12. vahI, pR0 438 13. jaoNna DAusana, e klAsikala DikzanarI oNpha hindU mAithAlojI ( laNDana, 1961), pR0 329-330 14. vahI, pR0 330 15. vI0 esa0 agravAla, 'ka' prajApati, jarnala oNpha bar3audA insTIcyUTa, bhAga 8, na0 1 ( bar3audA, 1958), pR0 1-4

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brAhmaNoM meM sarasvatI kA svarUpa 103 pratimA' nAmaka zIrSakoM meM sarasvatI ko sthAna-sthAna para prakRti kA rUpa diyA hai / isa prakAra vaha sRSTi karane vAlI hai / sarasvatI se sRSTi do prakAra se ho sakatI hai / vaha devI-rUpa se apane 'prakRti' nAmaka caritra se sRSTi karatI hai athavA jala dvArA sRSTi karatI hai / jaba vAk ko jala pradarzita kiyA gayA hai, taba isa se sarasvatI kI vAk ke rUpa se kalpanA janma lene lagatI hai / vaha mAdhyamikA vAk se bAdaloM meM rahatI hai, indra kI vRtra (megha) hanana meM sahAyatA karatI hai aura jala-varSaNa hotA hai / isa varSaNa se sRSTi kA kArya calatA hai| Upara vAk ko prajApati ke mastiSka se utpanna dikhAyA gayA hai aura vaha vAk vedoM kA pratinidhitva karatI hai / purANoM meM svataH sarasvatI (vAk) ko brahmA ke mukha se utpanna pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra vaidika vAk tathA prajApati paurANika sarasvatI tathA brahmA ke samAnAntara haiM / brahmA tathA sarasvatI ke samanvaya kA bIja vedoM meM nAmAntara se huA hai| 4. vAka tathA gandharvo kI kathA : brAhmaNoM meM vAk tathA gandharyoM kI kathA atyanta rocaka hai| isa kathA kA pUrNa vivecana karane ke pUrva yaha apekSita pratIta hotA hai ki hama gandharvo ke viSaya meM kucha jAnakArI prApta kara leN| gandhoM ke caritra tathA prakRti ke viSaya me bar3A mata-bheda hai| ve kevala brAhmaNoM meM hI varNita nahIM haiM, apitu Rgveda meM bhI unakA varNana upalabdha hotA hai / vahA~ ve eka vacana tathA bahuvacana meM pradarzita haiM / vedoM meM unheM soma-peya se vaJcita pradarzita kiyA gayA hai tathA yaha vaJcitatA unheM eka aparAdha-svarUpa milI hai, kyoMki unakI saMrakSatA meM vizvAvasu soma ko curA le gyaa| ve apsarAoM se sambaddha haiM tathA ye apsarAe~ divya jaloM se sambaddha haiM / jala unakA mUla nivAsa mAnA gayA hai tathA ye jala kI 35CAT-FTET I The "dominant trait in the character of the Apsarases, the original water-spirits, is their significant relation with apah, the aerial waters, and consequenty, their sway over the human mind-a later development to link mind with the deities connected with waters."19 isI prakAra gandharva AkAza meM rahate haiM tathA 16. R0 1.163.2; 6.83.4,85.12; 10.10.4, 85.40-41, 123.4,7, 136.5-6,177.2 17. vahI, 6.113.3 18. bI0 Ara0 zarmA, 'sama AsapekTsa oNpha gandharvasa eNDa apasarasas', pUnA orieNTalisTa, bhAga 13, na0 1-2 (pUnA, 1648), pR068 ___16. vahI, pR0 66

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhAMkiyAM ve AkAza tathA svarga ke rahasyoM ko jAnate haiM aura ve bhI jaloM se sambaddha haiN| cUMki gandharva AkAza se sambaddha haiM, ata eva ve vahA~ se jala utpanna karane meM samartha haiN|" gandharvo ke divya jaloM kA sambandha unheM vAk ke samIpa lAtA hai, kyoMki jaba prajApati sRSTi karanA cAhate the, taba unhoMne vAk se jaloM ko utpanna kiyA / jala ko utpanna karane ke kAraNa inakA svabhAva samAna haiN| isa samAnatA ke kAraNa vAk, gandharvo tathA apsarAoM meM atyanta sAnnikaTya hai| vAk bhAvanAoM kI mA~ hai aura gandharva unake pratIka haiM / vAk apsarAoM kI bhI kI hai : "She is," as Danielou rightly observes, "the mother of the emotions, pictured as the Fragrances or the celestial musicians (gandharva) : She gives birth to the uncreated potentialities, represented as celestial dancers, the water-nymphs (apsaras)."22 isa varNana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vAk ne gandhoM tathA apsarAoM ko janma diyA / kahA jAtA hai ki gandharvo kA sugandha ke prati ati prema hai / ve soma kI rakSA karate haiM aura unakA soma para Adhipatya hai / brAhmaNoM meM unheM mAnavIya garmabhraNa se sambaddha dikhAyA gayA hai tathA ve avivAhita kumAriyoM se atyanta prema karate haiM / brAhmaNetara purANa-kathA meM unakI dazA bhinna hai / yahA~ ve daivI atyuttama gAyakoM ke rUpa meM pradarzita haiM tathA ve vINA bajAte dikhAye gaye haiN| unheM saGgIta kA sampUrNa rahasya jJAta hai| isI prakAra vaidiketara sAhitya tathA mUrti-vidyA ke kSetra meM dikhAyA gayA hai ki sarasvatI apane eka hAtha meM vINA dhAraNa karatI hai aura usake dvArA gIta tathA gIta-dhvaniyoM ko utpanna karatI hai / 5 jisa prakAra saGgItajJa apane vAdya-yantra ke dvArA vibhinna bhAvanAoM tathA vicAroM ko prakaTa karatA hai, usI prakAra sarasvatI apanI vINA dvArA bhAvanAoM ko prakaTa karatI hai tathA zrotAoM ke mAnasika bhAvanAoM ko jagAtI hai, ata eva use bhAvanAoM kI mA~ kahA gayA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki saGgIta tathA bhAvanAoM kA pArasparika ghaniSTha sambandha hai / gandharva bhAvanAoM ke pratIka haiM aura unakA saGgIta se mahAn prema hai / isI kAraNa ve sadaiva vINA dhAraNa kiye rahate haiM / Upara vAk kA sambandha bhAvanAoM tathA gandhoM se dikhAyA gayA hai, parantu prasaGgAnusAra vAka ko sarasvatI samajhanA cAhie, kyoMki vaha hI saGgIta kI srota hai tathA usakA hI 20. elAna DenilU, hindU pAlithIjma (landana, 1964), pR0 305 21. jAna DAusana, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 326-330 22. elAna DenilU, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 260 23. vahI, pR0 306 24. vahI, pR0 306 25. dra0 DaoN0 muhammada isarAila khA~, sarasvatI ina saMskRta liTirecara (gAz2iyA bAda, 1978), pR0 130-133 .

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brAhmaNoM meM sarasvatI kA svarUpaM 105 vINA se ghaniSTha sambandha hai / gandharvoM kA soma se sambandha pradarzita kiyA gayA hai, parantu sarasvatI bhI indra se sambaddha hai / jaba indra adhika soma-pAna kara letA hai, taba sarasvatI usakI cikitsA karatI hai / vaha kathA yajurveda meM savistAra varNita hai / vAk tathA gandharvoM kI kathA soma se prArambha hotI hai / yaha kathA kucha bhinnatA ke sAtha yajurveda meM ghaTita hotI hai, jisameM soma, indra, namuci, sarasvatI tathA azvinoM kA varNana hai / " brAhmaNoM meM bhI yaha kathA varNita hai / pratIta hotA hai ki brAhmaNoM ne yaha kathA yajurveda se udhAra lI hai, parantu isa kathA meM thor3A antara hai / yajurveda meM namuci ko soma curAte hue pradarzita kiyA gayA hai, parantu brAhmaNoM meM gandharva indra ke soma kA apaharaNa karate haiM tathA ve use jala meM chipA dete hai : " gandharvA ha vA indrasya momamapsu pratyAyitA gopayanti ta uha strIkAmAste hAsu manAMsi kurvate / " 7 gandharva soma kI kevala corI hI nahIM karate, apitu unakI rakSA bhI karate haiM / 28 phira bhI soma kI corI ke viSaya meM bar3I bhrAntiyA~ haiM / antataH yaha soma gandharvo ke pUrNa Adhipatya meM A gayA thA tathA devatA use vApasa kevala parikrayaNa ke mAdhyama se prApta kara sake / soma kI prApti-vidhi kA nAma ' soma-traya' hai / " yaha varNana savistAra aitareya tathA zatapatha brAhmaNoM meM AyA hai tathA usakA saMkSipta varNana nimnalikhita hai / 5. etareya brAhmaNa kI kathA : pariNata ho gaI / meM brAhmaNoM kA kathana hai ki vAk svecchAnusAra strI-rUpa meM yaha kathana nimnalikhita pratyavekSaNa se svataH siddha haiM / isa sambandha kahA gayA hai ki gandharva striyoM ke atyanta premI haiM / yahA~ vAk devoM kI strI rUpa meM prakalpita hai / soma gandharvo ke pAsa thA, jisake kAraNa devoM ko bar3I cintA thI / phalataH ve RSiyoM se mila kara soma ko vApisa pAne kI vidhi para vicAra karane lage / isI bIca vAk ne madhyasthatA kI aura bolI ki mujhe gandharvo kI strI-priyatA kA jJAna hai / usane apanI sevAe~ arpita kI aura bolI ki maiM strI-rUpa banA kara gandharvoM ke pAsa jA sakatI hU~ tathA soma kA kraya kara sakatI hU~ / devoM ne vAk kI anumati ko asvIkAra kara diyA, kyoMki ve usake vinA nahIM raha sakate the / vAk ne praNa kiyA ki mantavya kI pUrti hote hI maiM vApasa A jAU~gI / devoM ne usa praNa ko svIkAra kara liyA tathA usa vidhi se soma-kraya huA : " soma vai rAjA gandharveSvAsIt taM devAzca RSayazcAbhyadhyAyan katham ayam 26. dra0 yajurveda, 10.33-34; R0 10.131-4-5; maiksamUlara, seka eDa buksa oNpha da isTa, bhAga 42, pR0 328 27. zAhU khAyana brAhmaNa, 12.3 28. bI0 Ara0 zarmA, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 68 26. dra0 Age kI zatapatha brAhmaNa kI kathA

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106 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ asmAn somo rAjA '' gacchediti sA vAgabravIta strIkAmA vai gandharvA mayaiva strIyA bhUtayA paNadhvamiti neti devA abru ban kathaM vayaM tvaRte syAmeti sA abravIta koNItaiva mayA arthoM bhavitA to vo'haM punarAgatA'smIti tatheti tayA mahAnagnayA bhUtayA somaM rAjanam akroNam / / 10 / / etadanusAra soma gandharva vizvAvasu ke dvArA curAyA gayA thA tathA svAn tathA bhrAji nAmaka gandharvo se rakSita thA / 6. zatapathabrAhmaNa kI kathA : isa brAhmaNa meM kathA kucha adhika vistAra se varNita hai| isa brAhmaNa meM dikhAyA gayA hai ki soma svarga meM thaa| devatA pRthivI-tala para soma-yajJa karanA cAhate the, parantu soma ke abhAva meM yaha sambhava nahIM thaa| phalataH soma ko lAne ke lie unhoMne suparNI evaM kadrU nAmaka do mAyAoM ko utpanna kiyaa| suparNI tathA kadrU Apasa meM lar3ane lagIM tathA kadra ne suparNI ko harA diyaa| phalataH suparNI ko soma lAnA pdd'aa| tadartha usane svayaM ko chandoM meM pariNata kara diyA tathA una chandoM meM se chandoM kI devI gAyatrI soma ko lAI / 2 yahA~ soma ko svargastha dikhAyA gayA hai| gAyatrI soma ko lAne ke lie eka pakSI. kA rUpa dhAraNa kara svarga ko ur3I / 32 soma lekara Ate samaya vizvAvasu nAmaka gandharva ne use rokA tathA gandharvo ne usase soma le liyA / jaba gAyatrI ko vApasa Ane meM atyadhika vilamba ho gayA, taba unhoMne vicAra kiyA ki ho na ho, gandharvo ne soma chIna liyA ho| jaba kucha AzA nahIM rahI, taba unhoMne kisI anya ko bhejane kA vicAra kiyaa| unheM jJAta thA ki gandharva striyoM ke premI haiM, ata eva unhoMne vAk ko tadartha bhejA / 35. ina donoM kathAoM meM kucha antara hai |aitrey-braahmnn ke anusAra svayaM vAk hI devoM kI sahAyatA ke lie udyata hai| usane svayaM hI kahA ki devatA strI-premI haiM / maiM Apa logoM kI sahAyatA karU~gI tathA soma prApta hote hI vApasa A jaauuNgii| zatapathabrAhmaNa ke anusAra devoM ko svataH jAta thA ki gandharva strI-premI haiM, ata eva unheM vAk ko bhejanA par3A / zatapathabrAhmaNa ke anusAra jaba vAk soma lekara vApasa A rahI 30. aitareyabrAhmaNa, 1.27 31. tu0 vahI, 1.27; isI para sAyaNa kI vyAkhyA / 32. zatapathabrAhmaNa, 3.2.4.1 33. vahI, 3.2.4.2 34. vahI, 3.2.4.2 35. vahI, pR0 3.2.4.3 36. aitareyabrAhmaNa, 1.27

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brAhmaNoM meM sarasvatI kA svarUpa 107 thI, taba gandharvoM ne usakA anugamana kiyA / ve devatAoM se bole ki soma ke badale meM hameM vAk ko de deM / devatAoM ne eka zarta para unakI prArthanA svIkAra kara lI ki yadi vAk unake pAsa se AnA cAhe, to ve use apane pAsa rahane ko bAdhya na kareM / 27 phalataH devatA tathA gandharva use lubhAne lage / gandharva veda kA uccAraNa karane lage " tathA devatA usako lubhAne ke lie vINA bajAne lage / devatA vijayI hue tathA gandharvoM ko vAk tathA soma donoM ko tyAga denA pdd'aa| laukika - sAhitya meM sarasvatI sabhI kalAoM tathA vidyAoM kI saMrakSikA hai tathA myUja ke rUpa meM usakI bahuzaH stuti huI hai / " sarasvatI kA yaha vaidiketara svarUpa, jo sabhI kalAoM tathA vidyAoM se jur3A huA hai, vaha rUpa brAhmaNoM meM upalabdha hotA hai / 40 farai - rUpa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki sarasvatI laukika sAhitya meM vINA vAdana karatI huI pradarzita hai / vaha saGgIta kI devI bhI hai / vaha sabhI kalAoM tathA vidyAoM kI saMrakSikA hai / phalataH mUrti - vidyA ke kSetra meM usake eka hAtha meM vINA dikhAI gaI hai / / zubha kAryoM ke prArambha meM sarasvatI kI stuti saGgIta tathA vAk kI devI ke rUpa meM kI gaI hai / isa saMrambha kA bIja svataH brAhmaNoM meM upalabdha hotA hai / vahA~ kucha antara ke sAtha vINA tathA gAyana kA varNana hai / vahA~ svataH devoM ke hAtha meM vINA hai tathA ve use bajA kara vAk ko pralobhita karanA cAhate haiM / yahA~ devoM tathA vAk kA prasaGga hai / yaha krama laukika - sAhitya meM badalA huA hai / laukika - sAhitya meM sarasvatI svayaM vINA dhAraNa karatI hai tathA usase devoM tathA anyoM kA manoraJjana hotA hai / isa prasaGga se hama vAk kA tAdAtmya sarasvatI se kara sakate haiM / 7. sarasvatI kI kucha mahatvapUrNa upAdhiyA~ : brAhmaNoM meM sarasvatI ko atyalpa upAdhiyA~ milI huI haiM / unameM se kucha pramukha kA varNana nimnalikhita hai / (ka) vaizambhalyA : brAhmaNoM tathA AraNyakoM meM se kevala taittirIya brAhmaNa meM sarasvatI ko yaha upAdhi kevala eka bAra milI hai / sAyaNa isakI vyAkhyA karate hue likhate haiM : 37. zatapathabrAhmaNa, 3.2.4.4 38. vahI, 3.2.4.5 36. vahI, 3.2.4.6-7 40. jAna DAusana. pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 284 41. jemsa hesTiGgasa, insAiklopIDiyA oNoNpha rilIjana eNDa ethiksa, bhAga 7 ( nyUyArka, 1955), pR0 605 42. taitirIya brAhmaNa, 2.5.8.6

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108 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ "vizvAM prajAnAM bharaNaM poSaNaM vizambhalaM tatkartuM kSamA vizambhalyA taadRshii|" tadanusAra vaizambhalyA vaha hai, jo sampUrNa prajAoM kA bharaNa-poSaNa karatI hai| yaha saMyukta zabda vaizam +bhalyA se banA hai| vaishm| viz se banA hai, jisake aneka artha haiM : "a man, who settles down on or accupies the soil, an agriculturist, a merchant, a man of the third or agricultural caste (=vaisya, p. v.); a nan in general; people." isI prakAra 'bhalyA' bhara (/bhR=dhAraNa karanA yA sahArA denA) ke samakakSa pratIta hotA hai| yahA~ vaizambhalyA sarasvatI ke prakRti athavA caritra para dhyAna rakhate hue yaha eka sarvapriya upAdhi pratIta hotI hai / yaha upAdhi sarasvatI ko eka nadI udghoSita karatI hai / sarasvatI ko aisA isalie kahA gayA hai, kyoMki vaha apane svAsthya-vardhaka jaloM dvArA una logoM kA bharaNa-poSaNa karatI hai, jo kRSi-karma para apanA jIvana vyatIta karate haiM athavA jo usake prativAsI haiN| sarasvatI ko 'vAjinIvatI' kahA gayA hai, kyoMki vaha anna-dAtrI hai / vaizambhalyA kA artha isa vAjinIvatI ke artha ke Asa-pAsa hai| isa taraha kI upAdhiyoM ke prayukta hone ke pahale jaloM kI mahatI prazaMsA kI gaI hai / una jaloM ko auSadha ke samAna mAnA gayA hai tathA unheM vizva bheSajIH' kahA gayA hai, jisakA artha hai ki ve jala sampUrNa saMsAra ke lie auSadha ke samAna haiN| vizvabheSajIH kA prayoga pahale hai, tadanantara vAjinIvatI tathA vaizambhalyA ke prayoga milate haiM / vaizambhalyA se uparyukta artha kI pratIti hotI hai / " madhura madhu ke samAna sarasvatI kA jala gauoM meM prabhUta dugdha tathA azvoM meM zakti ko utpanna karatA hai / vAk ke rUpa meM bhI sarasvatI pAlana-poSaNa athavA zakti (puSTi) pradAna karatI hai, jisameM pazu bhI samAzrita haiM / 51 43. sAyaNa-vyAkhyA vahI, 2.5.8.6 44. tu. moniyara viliyamsa, e saMskRta-iMgaliza DikzanarI (AksaphorDa, 1972), pR0 641 45. vAmana zivarAma ApTe, da praikTikala saMskRta-iGgaliza DikzanarI(pUnA, 1890), pR0 806 46. ta0 brA0 2.5.8.6 47. vahI, 2.5.8.6 48. sAyaNa-vyAkhyA vahI, 2.5.8.6 46. tu0 DaoN0 muhammada isarAila khA~, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 82-83 50. tu0 gelDanara R0 7.66.3 (vAjinIvatI ke prasaGga meM) 51. za0 brA0 3.1.4.14

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brAhmaNoM meM sarasvatI kA svarUpa 106 (kha) satyavAk: Rgveda meM sarasvatI ko 'codayitrI sanatAnAm' kahA gayA hai, kyoMki vaha sundara tathA satya vAk ko prerita karane vAlI hai| isa sandarbha meM sarasvatI kI athavA sAdhana hai tathA satya vAk karma hai / yahA~ donoM kA aikya vaNita nahIM hai / isake viparIta taMtirIyabrAhmaNa meM use satyavAk hI kaha diyA gayA hai, arthAt sarasvatI satya vAk-svarUpa hI hai / zrImAdhava ne satya vAk kA caturthyanta rUpa 'satyavAce' kA 'amRtavAkyarahitAya' artha kiyA hai|54 yaha artha sUcita karatA hai ki vAk ke rUpa meM sarasvatI pUrNa satya hai / isakI puSTi eka Rgvaidika udAharaNa se hotI hai, jisameM use 'pavitra vicAroM ko prakAzita karane vAlI-cetantI sumatInAm" kahA gayA hai / (ga) sumRDIkA : 'sumRDIkA' upAdhi taittirIyabrAhmaNa tathA tattirIya-AraNyaka meM prayukta hai| isakA tAtparya 'mayobhUH56 ke artha meM hai, jo sarasvatI ke lie Rgveda meM prayukta hai tathA jisakA artha sAyaNAcArya ne 'sukhotpAdikA tathA 'sukhasya 'bhAvayitrI58 kiyA hai| sumRDIkA kA prayoga caturthyanta meM aditi ke lie taittirIyabrAhmaNa meM prayukta hai| 'aditya svAhA aditya mahatyai svAhA / aditya sumRDIkArya svAhetyAha / 59 yahA~ sumRDIkA kA artha dayAlu (liberal)hai / devoM kI mAtA ke rUpa meM aditi svabhAva se apanI santAnoM ke prati nitAnta udAra hai / tattirIya-AraNyaka meM yaha zabda anekazaH prayukta hai / sAyaNa ne isakI vyAkhyA 'suSThu sukhahetuH' aura 'suSThu sukhakArI 62 kiyA hai / sarasvatI iDA ke rUpa se zAnti tathA samRddhi ko pradAna karatI hai tathA logoM ko sundara upahAroM ko detI hai| isa prakAra vaha logoM ke lie vizrAma tathA prasannatA lAtI hai / sAyaNa ne taittirIya-bhAraNyaka meM sarasvatI ke lie prayukta sumRDIkA se isI prakAra kA bhAva athavA artha grahaNa kiyA hai / sumRDIkA kA artha 'acchI miTTI rakhane vAlI' bhI hai / yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki taittirIya-AraNyaka sarasvatI 52. R0 1.3.11 53. brAhmaNa, 2.5.4.6 54. tattirIyabrAhmaNa, bhaTTabhASkara mizra kI vyAkhyA sahita aSTaka 2, (maisUra, 1921), pR0 246 55. R0 1.3.11 56. vahI, 1.15.6:5.5.8 57. sAyaNa-bhASya vahI, 1.13.6 58. vahI, 5.5.8 56. 0 brA0 3.8.11.2 60. taM0 mA0 1.1.3, 21.3, 31.6; 4.42.1 61. tu0 sAyaNa-bhASya vahI, 1.1. 3 6 2. vahI, 4.42.1 .

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saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhAMkiyA~ ko eka aisI bhUmi ke rUpa meM citrita kara rahA hai, jo jala-yukta hai : 'sarasvatI saroyuktabhUmirUpA iNTake' / isa sthiti meM sarasvatI sumRDIkA ke rUpa se usa bhUmi kA pratinidhitva karatI hai, jisakI miTTI atyanta urvarA hai / upajAU bhUmi acchI phasala ko utpanna karatI hai, jisase samRddhi AtI hai| sarasvatI isa prakAra kA kArya karatI hai, ata eva use 'zivA' tathA 'zantamA' hone kI prArthanA kI gaI hai| yahA~ 'zivA' kA artha kalyANa pradAna karane vAlI tathA 'zantamA' kA artha zAnti pradAna karane vAlI, duHkhoM aura ApattiyoM kA damana karane vAlI hai| ____ ina upAdhiyoM ke atirikta sarasvatI ko brAhmaNoM meM subhagA, vAjinIvatI6 pAvakA 7, ityAdi kahA gayA hai / 8. sarasvatI tathA sarasvAn : zatapathabrAhmaNa ke anusAra sarasvAn manas kA pratIka hai: 'mano vai sarasvAn' tathA sarasvatI vAk kI pratIka haiH 'vAk srsvtii|' yahIM do sArasvatoM kI kalpanA do srotoM ke rUpa meM kI gaI hai: 'sArasvato tvotsau| sarasvAn tathA sarasvatI kI mana tathA vAk meM tAdAtmyatA kI jhalaka spaSTataH eka dUsare kANDa meM prApta hotI hai : "manazcaivA'sya vAk caighArau sarasvAMzca sarasvatI ca savvidyAn manazcaiva me vvAk cAghArau sarasvAMzca sarasvatI ceti / "999 isa prakAra mana tathA vAk sannikaTatA se eka dUsare se sambaddha haiM / etadartha sAyaNa ko uddhRta kiyA jA rahA hai : "manazcaivetyAdi / 'asya' yajJazarIrasya imau AdhArau manovA po jJAtavyo / tau krameNa 'sarasvAMzca sarasvatI ca etad dvayAtmako bhavataH / AdhyAtmakaM tayorupAsanamAha / savIdyAditi / mama manazca vA ca sarasvatsarasvatIrUpAvAdhArAviti jaaniiyaadityrthH|"70 ___ mana tathA vAk ke tAdAtmya ko eka bhinna prakAra se bhI jAnA jA sakatA hai / manas samAna rUpa se 'rasa' tathA 'bala' Acchinna mAnA gayA hai (rasabalasamamAtrAvacchinna) / samatA kI sthiti meM sampUrNa vastu sthira tathA nizcala rahatI hai, ata eva koI prabhAva tathA kArya kI sthiti nahIM banatI hai / jaba thor3A bhI balAghAta hotA hai, 63. vahI, 1.1.3 64. vahI, 4.42.1 65. taM brA0 2.5.4.6 66. vahI, 2.5.4.6,8.6 67. vahI, 2.4.3.1 68. za0 brA0 7.5.1.31 66. vahI, 11.2.6.3 70. sAyaNa-bhASya vahI, 11.2.6.3

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brAhmaNoM meM sarasvatI kA svarUpa 111 jaise kisI vicAra ke prakaTIkaraNa kI icchA, taba mana zvAsa meM pariNata ho jAtA hai / jaba balAghAta tIvratama ho jAtA hai, taba vaha hI zvAsa vAk meM pariNata ho jAtI hai / isa manovaijJAnika AdhAra para mana tathA vAk kA nikaTatama sambandha hai tathA mana tathA vAk kA pratinidhitva sarasvAn tathA sarasvatI karate haiM / aitareya brAhmaNa meM sarasvAn ko sarasvatIvAn tathA bhAratIvAn kahA gayA hai / 72 isase vahA~ prArthanA kI gaI hai ki vaha yajJa kI agni meM DAle gaye 'parivApa' ko grahaNaM kare / isI prakAra sarasvatI ko bahuzaH yajJa meM bulAyA gayA hai tathA vaha vAk ke rUpa meM yajJa se samanvita hai athavA yajJa-rUpa hI hai sarasvAn vAk yA vANI se yukta hai, ata eva vaha sarasvatIvAn kahA gayA hai / isI prakAra sarasvAn bhAratI arthAt prANa athavA zvAsa se saMyukta hai, ata eva use bhAratIvAn kahA gayA hai / yahI prANa athavA zvAsa zarIra ko dhAraNa kiye rahatA hai / 75 / 6. sarasvatI kA vAk se tAdAtmya : 74 sarasvatI sarvaprathama eka pArthiva nadI thI, parantu apane jaloM kI pavitratA ke kAraNa use devI caritra milA / tatpazcAt vaha vAk tathA vAk kI devI bhI bana gaI / 76 sarasvatI nadI ke pavitra jaloM ne logoM meM pavitra jIvana pradAna kiyA / isa pavitra jIvana ke kAraNa unameM pavitra vAk kA janma RcAoM ke rUpa meM udbuddha huA / ina pavitra RcAoM ke kAraNa sarasvatI nadI kA tAdAtmya vAk tathA vAgdevI se ho gayA / sarasvatI nadI kA tAdAtmya vAk se hai, isakI puSTi isa pramANa se hotI hai ki vAk kuru-paJcAla ke madhya avasthita pradarzita hai : "tasmAdatro'trAhi vvAg vadati kurupaJcAlatrA vvAg dhyeSA / " yahA~ jisa vAk kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, vaha sarasvatI nadI hI hai, jo kuru- paJcAla kSetra se hokara bahatI hai / sarasvatI athavA vAk kA sambandha soma se bhI pAyA jAtA hai tathA isa sambandha ke kAraNa sarasvatI ko 'aMzumatI' kahA gayA hai, jisakA artha soma se paripUrNa hai : "Soma frightened by Vrtra, ... 71. tu0 zatapatha brAhmaNa hindIvijJAnabhASya sahita, bhAga 2 ( rAjasthAna- vaidikatattvazodha saMsthAna, jayapura, 1656), pR0 1353 72. ai0 brA0 2.24 73. tu0 DaoN0 muhammada isarAila khA~, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 54, pAda-TippaNI 165 74, za0 brA0 3.1.4.6, 14 ityAdi / 75. sAyaNa - bhASya ai0 brA0 2.24 76. tu0 DaoN0 muhammada isarAila khA~, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 28-26 77. za0 brA0 3.2.3.15 78. tu0 DaoN0 muhammada isarAila khA~, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 66 - 103

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112 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ fled to the Anshumati, flowing in the kuruksetra region. He settled there along with him. They used Soma, and thereby evolved Soma-sacrifices. 179 zatapathabrAhmaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki sarasvatI kA jala pavitrIkaraNa - saMskAra meM prayukta hotA thA / isI sandarbha meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki pavitrIkaraNa - saMskAra jala se nahIM, apitu vAk se kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra isa kathana se jala kA tAdAtmya vAk se dikhAyA gayA hai / isa kathana ko spaSTa rUpa se isa prakAra samajhA jA sakatA hai / yaza sarasvatI ke taToM para sampanna hue tathA yajJoM ke sampAdanArtha sarasvatI ke AzIrvAdoM kI yAcanA kI gaI / tadanantara sarasvatI kI stuti pavitra vANI ke lie kI gaI tathA sarasvatI nadI ko hI vAk tathA vAk kI devI mAna liyA gayA / zatapatha brAhmaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki yajJoM meM uccArita maMtra vAk-svarUpa haiM tathA yajJoM meM maMtroM ke adhika uccAraNa se svataH yajJa ko hI vAk kaha diyA gayA hai / " jaba yajJa se sambaddha devoM ke sammAnArtha mantroM kA nirantara pATha hotA hai, taba yajJa kA hI devoM se tAdAtmya ho gayA hai| sAtha hI sAtha yajJa kA tAdAtmya vAk se mAnA gayA hai / " 10 brAhmaNoM meM jagat sambandhI vAk kI kathA : Rgveda meM sarasvatI ke lie 'saptasvasA kA prayoga huA hai / sAyaNAcArya tathA anya vyAkhyAkAroM ne saptasvasA kA artha gAyatrI Adi sAta chanda kiyA hai / ina chandoM meM gAyatrI, triSTup tathA jagatI kI vizvavidyA ( Cosmology) ke sambandha se atyadhika mahattva hai / gAyatrI ke viSaya meM eka atyanta sundara kathA pAI jAtI hai / gAyatrI ko ATha akSaroM vAlI mAnA jAtA hai / gAyatrI ke ye ATha akSara prajApati ke ATha kSaraNa vyApAra haiM, jinheM prajApati ne ATha bAra meM kiyA thA / prajApati ne ye ATha kSaraNa-vyApAra usa samaya kiyA, jaba vaha sRSTi karanA cAhate the / isa kathA kA prArambha isa prakAra hotA hai / prArambha meM prajApati akelA thA, ata eva vaha apane ko punaH utpanna karane kI icchA rakhatA thA / etadartha usane tapa kiyA tathA isa tapa ke phalasvarUpa jala utpanna hue / jaloM ne prajApati se apanI upayogitA ke viSaya meM pUchA / prajApati ne kahA ki tumheM garma kiyA jAnA cAhie / phalataH ve tapAye gaye tathA tapane 76. DaoN0 sUryakAnta, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 115 80 za0 brA0 5.3.4.3, 5.8 89. vahI, 3.1.4.6, 14 ityAdi / 82. tu0 go0 brA0 2.1.12 83. za0 brA0 3.1.4.6, 14 ityAdi / 84. tu0 DaoN0 muhammada isarAila khA~, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 38-39 85, za0 brA0 6.1.3.1, 85

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brAhmaNoM meM sarasvatI kA svarUpa 113 ke kAraNa una se gAja (foam) utpanna huaa| isI prakAra gAja ko tapAyA gayA tathA usase miTTI utpanna huii| jaba miTTI tapAI gaI, taba usase bAlU utpanna huaa| usI prakAra bAlU se kaGkar3a, kaGkaDa se patthara, patthara se dhAtu aura anta meM svarNa utpanna huA / yahI prajApati kA kSaraNa-vyApAra hai tathA usakA hara vyApAra prati akSara kA pratinidhitva karatA hai, jo gAyatrI se upalabdha hai| isa prakAra gAyatrI ATha akSaroM vAlI bnii| kahA jAtA hai ki vAk ne isa saMsAra kI utpatti kii| gAyatrI bhI yahI kArya karatI hai / vaha prajApati ke saMsarga se saMsAra ke sarjana meM apanI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAI hai| triSadhasthA ke rUpa meM sarasvatI tInoM saMsAra, pRthivI, AkAza tathA dhuloka kA pratinidhitva karatI hai / " gAyatrI ko bhI tripadA kahate haiM tathA zatapathabrAhmaNa kI kathA ke anusAra vaha prajApati se samutpanna hai / prajApati ne tInoM saMsAra, pRthivI, AkAza tathA dhuloka kA nirmANa kiyA tathA gAyatrI ke tIna caraNa unakA pratinidhitva karate haiN| yahI gAyatrI sarasvatI kA pratinidhitva karatI hai, jo apane bhinna-bhinna vyaktittvoM se bhinna-bhinna kSetroM kA pratinidhitva karatI hai / vaha iDA ke rUpa se pRthivI kA, sarasvatI ke rUpa se AkAza tathA bhAratI ke rUpa se svarga kA pratinidhitva karatI hai / aitareya-brAhmaNa meM vAk ko prajApati kI santAna mAnA gayA hai| yahI vaidika prajApati vaidiketara sAhitya meM brahmA bana gayA hai tathA jagat kA sraSTA jAnA jAtA hai / brahmA tathA prajApati ke vyaktitva kA aikya aitareyabrAhmaNa meM upalabdha hotA hai, jahA~ gAyatrI usakA kSaraNa hai tathA vyAhRti bhUH bhuvaH tathA sva: haiN| inhIM vyAhRtiyoM kA una tIna akSaroM se samanvaya ho gayA hai, jo OM kA nirmANa karatI haiM tathA yaha o3m brahma kA pratIka hai / prajApati kA chandoM se tAdAtmya isa prakAra batAyA gayA hai ki vizva kI utpatti kA siddhAnta vAk se jur3A huA hai tathA yaha vAk chanda ke rUpa se mana hai 86. vahI, 6.1.3.2 87. vahI, 6.1.3.3 88. vahI, 6.1.3.4 86. vahI, 6.1.3.5 60. vahI, 6.1.3.6 91. R0 6.61.12 62. ai0 bA0 20 63. tu0 DaoN0 muhammada isarAila sA~, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 64-68 64. ai0 vA0, 20 65. vahI, 20 66. 20 mA0 6.2.1.30

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114 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ tathA mana prajApati hai / chanda vibhinna tatvoM kA pratinidhitva karatA hai / " isa prakAra prajApati, vAk tathA chanda kA pArasparika sambandha hai / sRSTi ke Adi meM prajApati thA / tadanantara vAk kI utpatti huI / sRSTi ke nirmANa ke lie prajApati kA vAk para pUrNa Adhipatya hai / isI Adhipatya ke kAraNa vahI prajApati vAcaspati bhI kahalAtA haiM / " prajApati ko katipaya anya nAmoM se bhI abhihita kiyA gayA hai tathA ye nAma unakI upAdhiyA~ pratIta hotI haiM / unameM pramukha ilaspati, vAcaspati, brahmaNaspati Adi haiM / " vAk nirmANa meM prabala zakti hai, kyoMki chanda jo vAk ke hI avayava haiM, unheM indriya kahA gayA hai / 100 99 11. vAk kA sarasvatI se samanvaya : kevala brAhmaNa-graMthoM meM vAk tathA sarasvatI kA samanvaya spaSTa rUpa se prastuta kiyA gayA hai / isa sambandha meM pramukha brAhmaNoM ke kucha sandarbha prastuta kiye jA rahe haiM / (ka) zatapathabrAhmaNa: uparyukta prasaGga se zatapatha brAhmaNa meM kaI sandarbha prApta hote haiM / yahA~ kucha sthala draSTavya hai / yahA~ kahA gayA hai ki pavitrIkaraNa - saMskAra ho rahA hai aura usameM sarasvatI kA jala chir3akA jA rahA hai / yaha vidhi vastutaH vAk ke dvArA sampanna samajhanI cAhie / " yaha brAhmaNa punaH balapUrvaka kahatA hai ki sarasvatI vAk hai tathA vAk yajJa hai / 102 cU~ki sarasvatI vAk hai, ata eva prajApati ne isase svayaM ko zaktizAlI banAyA / 103 hama Rgveda meM dekhate haiM ki vAk eka RSi kI putrI hai " tathA vaha eka strI ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane AtI hai / isa sandarbha meM sarasvatI kA varNana nahIM hai, parantu jaba vAk ko eka RSi kI putrI kahA gayA hai, to isase sarasvatI kI utpatti kA AbhAsa milatA hai, kyoMki sarasvatI vAk ke mukha se nissRta hai / zatapathabrAhmaNa sarasvatI ko eka strI ke rUpa meM prastuta karatA hai tathA vaha vAk- svarUpa hai / 105 67. zatapathabrAhmaNa ratnadIpikA bhASya sahita, bhAga 1 ( naI dillI, 1967), pR0 113 - 114; za0 brA0 8.5.2.6 ke prasaGga meM / 18. vahI, 3.1.3.22; 5.1.1.16 66. bRhaddevatA, 3.71 100. taittirIyabrAhmaNa, 2.6.18.1.3 101. za0 brA0, 5.3.4.3, 5.8 102. vahI, 3.1.4.6,14 103. vahI, 3.9.1.7 104. R0 10.71 105. za0 brA0 4.2.5.14,6.3.3

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brAhmaNoM meM sarasvatI kA svarUpa yajurveda meM vAk ko sarasvatI kI niyantrI-zakti mAnA gayA hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa 07 meM sarvaprathama sarasvatI ko vAk ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai tathA punaH vAk ko usakI niyantrI-zakti ghoSita kiyA gayA hai / sambhavataH yahA~ jJAna kI ora saGkata kiyA gayA hai, jo viveka se utpanna hotA hai| sarasvatI tathA vAk kA tAdAtmya mana se bhI upalabdha hotA hai tathA isI mana meM prakaTa hone ke pUrva vicAra prasupta rahate haiN| eka anya sthala para sarasvatI kA tAdAtmya mana tathA vAk se prApta hotA hai : "sarasvatI tvotsavI prAvatAmiti mano vai sarasvAn vAk srsvtyeto|" isa prakAra sarasvatI tathA sarasvAn vAk kA pUrNa nirmANa karate haiM / (kha) gopathabrAhmaNa-yahA~ bhI vAk kA sarasvatI se spaSTa tAdAtmya prastuta kiyA gayA hai / isa brAhmaNa kA kathana hai ki jo sarasvatI kI stuti karatA hai, vaha vAk ko hI prasanna karatA hai, kyoMki vAk sarasvatI hai : "pratha yat sarasvatI yajati, vAg vai sarasvatI, vAcameva tena prINAti / 110 (ga) tADyamahAbrAhmaNa-vaidiketara sAhitya meM vAk kI bRhat kalpanA pAI jAtI hai / isakI paridhi meM sarasvatI, varNa, akSara, pada, vAkya tathA dhvani kA samAveza mAnA gayA hai / 19 yaha samanvaya brAhmaNoM meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai / sarasvatI kI vAk se tAdAtmyatA prastuta karate hue brAhmaNa kahatA hai : "vAgvai sarasvatI vAg vairUpaM varUvameva asmai tayA punakti / 112 yahA~ sarasvatI ko zabdAtmikA vAk ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, arthAt sarasvatI vAgrUpa hai, jisase zabda tathA dhvani kI abhivyakti hotI hai / yahA~ 'rUpam' zabda kA prayoga huA haiM, yaha vAk ke vibhinna rUpoM ko pragaTa karatA hai / 'vairUpam' ke dvArA vibhinna padArthoM kA prakaTIkaraNa huA hai / 115 (gha) aitareyabrAhmaNa-isa brAhmaNa ke eka sthala para sarasvatI ko vAk tathA punaH use pAvIravI kI saMjJA dI gaI hai / jo pAvIravI kI stuti karatA hai, vaha sarasvatI ko hI prasanna karatA hai / yahA~ pAvIravI se dhvani kI abhivyakti ho rahI hai| 114 (Ga) etareya-AraNyaka-Rgveda meM sarasvatI ko dhiyAvasuH tathA pAvakA kahA 106. yajurveda, 6.30 107. za0 brA0 5.2.2.13,14 108. vahI, 12.6.1.13 106. vahI, 7.5.1.13,11.2.4.6,6.3 110. gopathabrA0 2.20 111. tu0 DaoN0 muhammada isarAila khA~, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 66 112. tA0 brA0 16.5.16 / 113. sAyaNa kI vyAkhyA vahI / ___. 114. sAyaNa-vyAkhyA ai0 brA0 3.37

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116 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ gayA hai / 115 aitareya brAhmaNa meM bhI sarasvatI ko pAvakA tathA dhiyAvasuH kahA gayA hai tathA ina donoM kI vAk se tAdAtmyatA prastuta kI gaI hai : "pAvakA naH sarasvatI yajJa N vaSTu dhiyAvasuriti vAgvaM dhiyAvasuH / ' 11116 (ca) zAGakhAyana - brAhmaNa - yaha brAhmaNa sarasvatI ko vAk se samIkRta karatA hai / isakA kathana hai ki dArzapaurNamAsI ke avasara para jo sarasvatI kI stuti karatA hai, vaha vAk ko prasanna karatA hai : "yat sarasvatIM yajati vAgvai sarasvatI vAcameva tat prINAtyatha" 11 117 (cha) taittirIya brAhmaNa - isa brAhmaNa meM bhI sarasvatI ke kucha sundara sandarbha upalabdha hote haiM / "" yahA~ prajApati kA tAdAtmya yajJa tathA vAk se upalabdha hotA hai / "" zatapathabrAhmaNa ke anusAra isa prajApati ko prANa tathA vAk se saMyukta dikhAyA gayA hai / vAk prANoM (mana, zvAsa Adi) kA prakaTIkaraNa hai / brAhmaNoM ke anusAra vAk sarasvatI hai tathA yaha sarasvatI prANoM se bar3ha kara hai : " vAgvai sarasvatI tasmAtprANAnAM vAguttamam / ' 120 1,121 laukika - sAhitya meM 'girA' zabda kA prayoga milatA hai, jo gira se niSpanna hai / girA use kahate haiM, jo mAnavIya dhvani ko apanAne meM samartha hai / 121 laukikasAhitya meM sarasvatI ko girA kI saMjJA dI gaI hai, kyoMki vaha mAnavoccArita vAk kA pratinidhitva karatI hai / laukika sAhitya meM sarasvatI kA mAnavoccArita vak jo tAdAtmya upalabdha hotA hai, usakA bIja athavA saGketa svayaM brAhmaNoM meM upalabdha hotA hai / girA vastutaH vANI athavA rasanA ko kahate haiM / isakA eka paryAyavAcI zabda jihvA hai, jo vAk ke prakaTIkaraNa kA sAdhana hai tathA sAtha-sAtha vAk kA uccArita rUpa bhI / isa jihvA zabda kA prayoga zatapathabrAhmaNa meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai / 113 isa prakAra prakRta sandarbha meM kucha avalokanIya bAtoM para dRSTipAta kiyA gayA hai, jinheM anyatra savistAra samajhane tathA samajhAne kI apekSA hai / 115. R0 1.3.10 116. ai0 A0 1.14 117. zA0 brA0 5.2 118. tai0 brA0 1.3.4.5;3.8.11.2 116. vahI, 1.3.4.5 120. tu0 zatapathabrAhmaNa hindI - vijJAna bhASya sahita, bhAga 2, pR0 1353 121. tai0 brA0 1.3.4.5 122. moniyara viliyamsa, pUrvoddhRta graMtha, pR0 286 123. za0 brA0 12.6.1.14 "jihvA sarasvatI"

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-14- sarasvatI - sambandhI kucha paurANika pAThya lokasRSTayarthaM hRdi kRtvA samasthitaH / tataH saMjapatastasya bhittvA dehamakalmaSam // 30 // strIrUpamardhaM makarodardhaM puruSarUpavat / zatarUpA ca sA khyAtA sAvitrI ca nigadyate // 31 // sarasvatyatha gAyatrI brahmANI ca paraMtapa / tataH svadehasaMstAmAtmajAmityakalpayat // 32 // dRSTvA tAM vyathitastAvatkAmabANAdito vibhuH / aho rUpamaho rUpamiti cA''ha prajApatiH // 33 // tato vasiSThapramukhA bhaginimiti cukra uzuH / brahmA na kiJciddadRze tanmukhAlokamAdRte // 34 // aho rUpamaho rUpamiti prAha punaH punaH / tataH praNAmanastrAM tAM punarevAbhyalokayat // 35 // zratha pradakSiNAM cakra sA piturvaravarNinI / putrebhyo lajjitasyAsya tadrUpAlokanecchyA // 36 // zrAvirbhUtaM tato vaktraM dakSiNaM pANDugaNDavat / vismayasphuradoSThaM ca pAzcAtyamudagAttataH // 37 // caturthamabhavatpazcAdvAmaM kAmazarAturam / tato'nyadabhavattasya kAmAturatayA tathA // 38 // utpatantyAstadAkAza AlokanakutUhalAt / sRSTyarthaM yatkRtaM tena tapaH paramadAruNam // 36 // tatsarvaM nAzamagamatsvasutopagamecchayA / tenodhvaM vaktramabhavatpaJcamaM tasya dhImataH / zrAvirbhavajjaTAbhizca tadvaktraM cA''vRNotprabhuH // 40 // X X upayeme sa vizvAtmA zatarUpAmaninditAm / sababhUva tayA sArdhamatikAmAturo vibhuH / sa lajjAM cakame devaH kamalodaramandire // 43 //

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118 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ yAvadandazataM divyaM yathA'nyaH prAkRto janaH / tataH kAlena mahatA tasyAH putro'bhavatmanuH // 44 // matsyapu0 zradhyA0 3 paraspareNa dviguNA dharmataH kAmato'rthataH / hemakUTasya pRSThe tu sarpANAM tatsaraH smRtam // 64 // sarasvatI prabhavati tasmAjjyotiSmatI tu yA / avagADhe hya ubhayataH samudrau pUrvapazcimau // 65 // ma0 pu0 adhyA0 121 puNyA kanakhale gaGgA kurukSetre sarasvatI / grAme kA yadi vA'raNye puNyA sarvatra narmadA // 10 // ma0 pu0 adhyA0 186 prAjyasthAloM nyaset pArzve vedAMzca caturaH punaH / vAmapArzve'sya sAvitrIM dakSiNe ca sarasvatIm // 44 // ma0 pu0 adhyA0 260 mAtRNAM lakSaNaM vakSye yathAvadanupUrvazaH / brahmANI brahmasadRzI caturvaktrA caturbhujA // 24 // haMsAdhirUDhA karttavyA sAkSasUtrakamaNDaluH / mahezvarasya rUpeNa tathA mAhezvarI matA // 25 // ma0 pu0 adhyA0 261 prAdurbhUtA mahAnAdA vizvarUpA sarasvatI / vizva mAlyAmbaradharaM vizvayajJopavItinam // 38 // X X X Anandastu sa vijJeya zrAnandasve mahAtapaH / gAlavyagotratapasA mama putrastvamAgataH // 50 // tvayi yogazca sAMkhyaM ca vidyAvidhiH kriyA / RtaM satyaM ca yadbrahma ahiMsA saMtatikramAH // 51 // dhyAnaM dhyAnavapuH zAntividyA'vidyA matidhU tiH / kAntiH zAntiH smRtirmedhA lajjA zuddhiH sarasvatI / tuSThiH puSTiH kriyA caiva lajjA zAMtiH pratiSThitA // 52-53 // SaDvazattadguNA hyeSA dvAtriMzAkSarasaMjJitA / prakRti viddhi tAM brahmaNastvatprasUti mahezvarIm // 54 // saivA bhagavatI devI tatprasUtiH svayaMbhuvaH / caturmukhI jagadyoniH prakRtigauM prakIrtitA // 55 //

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sarasvatI-sambandhI kucha paurANika pAThya X x pradhAnaM prakRti caiva yadAhustatvacintakAH // 56 // ajAmetAM lohitAM zuklakRSNAM vizvaM saMprasRjamAnAM surUpAm // ajo'haM vai buddhimAnvizvarUpAM gAyatrI gAM vizvarUpAM hi buddhvA // 56 // evaM uktvA mahAdevaH a (vastva) hahAsamathAkarot / valitAsphoTitaravaM kahAkahanadaM tathA // 58 // X yasmAccatuSpadA hyaSA tvayA dRSTA srsvtii| tasmAcca pazavaH sarve bhaviSyanti ctusspdaaH|| tasmAccaiSAM bhaviSyanti catvAro vai payodharAH // 8 // ___ vA0 pu0 pradhyA0 23 jaigISavyeti vikhyAtaH sarveSAM yoginAM vrH| tatrApi mama te putrA bhaviSyanti yuge tathA // 138 // sArasvataH sumedhazca vasuvAhaH suvaahnH| te'pi tenaiva mArgeNa dhyAnayukti samAzritAH // 136 // vA0 pu0 adhyA0 23 parivarte'tha navame vyAsaH sArasvato ydaa| tadA cAhaM bhaviSyAmi RSabho nAma nAmataH // 143 // vA0 pu0 adhyA0 23 AvirvabhUva kanyakA dharmasya vAmapArvataH / mUrtimUtimatI sAkSAdvitIyA kamalAlayA // 53 // AvirvabhUva tatpazcAnmukhataH paramAtmanaH / ekA devI zuklavarNA vINApustakadhAriNI // 54 // koTipUrNenduzobhAyA zaratpaGkajalocanA / vahnizuddhAMzukAdhAnAratnabhUSaNabhUSitA // 55 // sasmitA sudatI zyAmA sundarINAM ca sundarI / zreSThA zrutInAM zAstrANAM viduSAM jananI parA // 56 / vAgadhiSThAtRdevI sA kviinaamissttdevtaa| zuddhasattvasvarUpA ca zAntarUpA sarasvatI // 57 // govindapurataH sthitvA jagau prathamataH sukham / tannAmaguNakottiM ca vINayA sA nanarta ca // 58 //

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120 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ kRtAni yAni karmANi kalpe kalpe yuge yuge| tAni sarvANi hariNA tuSThAva ca puSpAJjaliH // 56 // x brahmavai0 pu0 brahmakhaNDaH, adhyA0 3 Adau sarasvatIpUjA zrIkRSNena vinirmitA / yatprasAdAnmunizreSTha mUl bhavati paNDitaH // 11 // AvirbhUtA yadA devI vakrataH kRSNayoSitaH / iyeSa kRSNaM kAmena kAmukI kAmarUpiNI // 12 // sa ca vijJAya tadbhAvaM sarvajJaH sarvamAtaram / tAmuvAca hitaM satyaM pariNAmasukhAvaham // 13 // bhaja nArAyaNaM sAdhvi madaMzaM ca caturbhujam / yuvAnaM sundaraM sarvaguNayuktaM ca matsamam // 14 // X kAnte kAntaM ca mAM kRtvA yadi sthAtumihecchasi / tvatto balavatI rAdhA na te bhadraM bhaviSyati // 17 // brahmavai0 pu0 prakRtikhaNDaH, madhyA0 X lakSmIH sarasvatI gaGgA tisro bhAryA harerapi / premNA samAstAstiSThanti satataM harisannidhau // 17 // cakAra saikadA gaGgA viSNormukhanirIkSaNam / sasmitA ca sakAmA ca sakaTAkSaM punaH punaH // 10 // vibhurjahAsa tadvaktraM nirIkSya ca mudA kSaNam / kSamAM cakAra tadRSTvA lakSmI va sarasvatI // 16 // bodhayAmAsa tAM padmA sasvarUpA ca ssmitaa| krodhAviSTA ca sA vANI na ca zAntA vabhUva hi // 20 // uvAca gaGgAbhartAraM raktAsyA raktalocanA / kampitA kopavegena zazvatprasphuritAdharA // 21 // sarvatra samatAbuddhiH sadbhartuH kAminIH prati / dharmiSThasya variSThasya viparItA khalasya ca // 22 // jJAtaM saubhAgyamadhikaM gaGgAyAM te gadAdhara / kamalAyAM ca tasulAM na ca kiJcinmayi prabho // 23 // X X

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121 sarasvatI-sambandhI kucha paurANika pAThaca gaGgAyAH papayA sAdhaM prItizcApi susNmtaa| kSamAM cakAra tenedaM viparItaM haripriyA // 24 // kiM jIvanena me'traiva durbhagAyAzca sAmpratam / niSphalaM nIvanaM tasyA yA patyuH premAnvitam // 25 // sarasvatIvacaH zrutvA dRSTvA tAM kopasayutAm / manasA tu samAlocya sa jagAma bahiH sabhA // 27 // gate nArAyaNe gaGgAmavocannibhayaM russaa| vAgadhiSThAtRdevI sA- vAkyaM zravaNaduHkham // 28 // he nirlajje sakAme tvaM svAmigarva karoSi kim / adhikaM svAmisaubhAgyaM vijJApayitum // 26 // mAnahAni kariSyAmi tavAdya harisannidhau / kiM kariSyati te kAnto mama vai kAntavallabhaH // 30 // ityevamuktvA gaGgAyA jidhakSu zapamudyatAm / vArayAmAsa tAM padmA madhyadezasthitA satI // 31 // zazApa vANI tAM padmAM mahAkopavatI stii| vRkSarUpA saridrUpA bhaviSyasi na saMzayaH // 32 // viparItaM yato dRSTvA kiJcinno vaktumarhasi / santiSThasi sabhAmadhye yayA vRkSe yathA sarit / / 33 / / zApaM zrutvA ca sA devI na zazApa cukopa na / tatraiva duHkhitA tasthau vANI dhRtvA kareNa ca // 34 // atyuddhatAM ca tAM dRSTvA kopaprasphuritAnanA / uvAca gaGgA tAM devIM padmAM padmavilocanA / / 35 / / tvamutsRja mahogrAM tAM padma ki me kariSyati / vAgduSTA vAgadhiSThAtrI devIyaM kalahapriyA / / 36 / / yAvatI yogyatA'syAzca yAvatI zaktireva vA / tathA karotu vAdaM ca mayA sAdhaM sudurmukhA // 37 / / svaba yanmama balaM vijnyaapyitumhtu| jAnantu sarve hya bhayoH prabhAvaM vikramaM sati // 38 // ityuktvA sA devI vANya-zApaM dadAviti / saritsvarUpA bhavatu sA yA tvAmazapadruSA // 36 / madhomatyaM so prayAtu santi yatraiva paapinH| kalau teSAM ca pApAMzaM lamiSyati na saMzayaH // 40 //

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122 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ ityevaM vacanaM zrutvA tAM zazApa sarasvatI / tvameva yAsyasi mahIM pApipApaM sabhiSyasi // 41 // brahma0 pu0 prakRtikhaNDaH, adhyA0 6 sarasvatI / padam // puNyakSetre hyA jagAma bhArate sA gaGgAzApena kalayA svayaM tasthau hareH bhAratI bhArataM gatvA brAhmI ca brahmaNaH priyA / vAgadhiSThAtRdevI sA tena vANI ca kIrtitA // sarvaM vizvaM parivyApya strotasyeva hi dRzyate / hariH sara. su tasyeyaM tena nAmnA sarasvatI // sarasvatI nadI sA ca tIrtharupAtipAvanI / pApapApedhamadAhAya jvaladagnisvarUpiNI // X X brahma0 pu0 prakRtikhaNDaH, pradhyA0 7 X teSvevaM nirapekSeSu lokasRSTau mahAtmanaH / brahmaNo'bhUnmahAkrodhastrailokyadahanakSamaH 11 2 // 3 // 4 // 11 5 11 & 11 tasya krodhAt samudbhUtajvAlAmAlAvidIpitam / brahmaNo'bhUt tadA sarvaM trailokyamakhilaM munI // bhRkuTikuTilAt tasya lalATAt krodhadIpitAt / samutpannastadA rudro madhyAhlArkasamaprabhaH // 10 // ardhanArInaravapuH pracaNDo'tizarIravAn / vibhajAtmAnamityuktvA taM brahmAntardadhe tataH // 11 // tathokto'sau dvidhA strItvaM puruSattraM tathAkarot / vibheda puruSatvaJca dazadhA caikadhA ca saH // 12 // saumyA saumyaistathA zAntAzAntaiH strItvaJca sa prabhuH / vibheda bahudhA devaH svarUpairasitaiH sitaiH / / 13 / / tato brahmAtmasambhUtaM pUrvaM svAyambhuvaM prabhuH / zrAtmAnameva kRtavAn prajApAlye manaM dvijam // 14 // zatarUpAJca tAM nArIM taponirdhUtakalmaSAm / svAyambhuvo manurdevaH patnItve jagRhe vibhuH // 15 // X X X viSNu pu0 1.7

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sarasvatI-sambandhI kucha paurANika pAThya 123 tatprabhAvaM sarasvatyAH sa vijJAya mahIpatiH / zraddhayA parayA yukto dhyAyamAnaH sarasvatIm // 16 // tatastUrNa samAdAya mRttikAM sa nadItaTAt / cakAra bhAratI devIM svayameva caturbhujAm // 17 // dadhatIM dakSiNe haste kamalaM sumanoharam / akSamAlAM tathAnyasmiJjitatArakaM varcasam // 18 // kamaNDalu tathAnyasmindivyavAriprapUritam / pustakaM ca tathA vAme sarvavidyAsamudbhavam / / 16 / / skandapu0 6.46 tataH sarasvatIM prAha devadevo janAInaH / tvameva vraja kalyANi pratIcyAM lavaNodadhau // 13 // evaM kRte surAH sarve bhaviSyanti bhayojjhitAH / anyathA vADavenaite dahyate svena tejasA / / 14 / / tasmAttvaM rakSa vibudhAne tasmAttumulAdbhayAt / / - mAteva bhava suzroNi surANAmabhayapradA / / 15 / / X tato visRjya tAM devI nadI bhUtvA sarasvatI // 40 // himavataM giri prApya plakSAttatra vinirgtaa| avatIrNA gharApRSThe matsyakacchapasaGa kulA / / 41 // ska0 pu0 7.33 tavimizrA janapadA AryA mlecchAzca bhaagshH| pIyante yairimA nadyo gaGgA sindhuH sarasvatI // 24 // zata druzcandrabhAgA ca yamunA sarayustathA / irAvatI vitastA ca vipAzA devikA kuhUH // 25 // gomatI dhUtapApA ca bubudA ca dRssdvtii| kauzikI tridivA caiva niSThivI gaNDakI tathA // 26 // cArlohita ityetA himtpaadnissRtaaH| vedasmRtirvedavatI vRtradhnI sindhureva ca // 27 // brahmapu0 2.16 savitA mRtyave prAha mRtyuzcandrAya vai punH|| indrazcApi vasiSThAya so'pi sArasvatAya ca // 60 //

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124 saMskRta sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ sArasvata stridhAmne'tha tridhAmA ca zaradvate / zaradvAMstu triviSTAya so'ntarikSAya dattavAn // 61 // brahmapu0 4.4 tvaM siddhistvaM svadhA svAhA tvaM pavitraM mataM mahat / sandhyA rAtriH prabhA bhUtirmedhA zraddhA sarasvatI / / 117 / / yajJavidyA mahAvidyA guhyavidyA ca zobhanA / AvikSikI trayIvidyA daNDanItizca kathyate // 118 // padmapu0 5.27 7 // zrAsanAdIn haretairmantrairdadyAd vRSadhvaja / viSNuzaktyAH sarasvatyAH pUjAM zRNu zubhapradAm // oM hrIM sarasvayai namaH oM hrAM hRdayAya namaH hR oM hrIM zirase namaH oM hrIM zikhAyai namaH hrIM hra kavavAya namaH oM hrauM / 8 // netratrayAya namaH zroM haH strAya namaH // zraddhA RddhiH kalA medhA tuSTiH puSTiH prabhA matiH / oMkArAdyA namo'ntAzca sarasvatyAzca zaktyaH // oM kSetrapAlAya namaH noM gurubhyo namaH / oM paramagurubhyo namaH / / 10 / / padmasthAyAH sarasvatyA zrAsanAdyaM prakalpayet / sUryyAdInAM svakairmantraiH pavitrArohaNantathA // 11 // & 11 garuDapu0 1.7 candravazA tAmraparNI avaTodA kRtamAlA vaihAyasI kAverI veNI payasvinI zarkarAvatI tuGgabhadrA kRSNA veNyA bhairathI godAvarI nirvindhyA payoSNI tApI revA surasA narmadA carmaNvatI sindhurandhaH zoNazca nadau mahanadI vedasmRtiRSikulyA trisAmA kauzikI mandAkinI yamunA sarasvatI dRSadvatI gomatI sarayU rodhasvatI saptavatI suSomA zatatruzcandrabhAgA marudddhA vitastA siknI vizveti mahAnadyaH // bhAga0 pu0 5.16.18 vAcaM duhitaraM tanvIM svayaMbhUrharantIM manaH / akAmAM cakame kSattaH sakAma iti naH zrutam // bhA0 pu0 3.12.28 tvaM devi sarvalokanAM mAtA devAraNiH zubhA / sadasaddevi yatkiJcinmokSabodhAya yatpadam / / 6 / / yathA jalaM sAgare hi tathA tattvayi saMsthitam / akSaraM paramaM brahma vizvaM caitatkSarAtmakam // 7 //

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sarasvatI-sambandhI kucha paurANika pAThaya 125 dAruNyavasthito vahnibhUmau gandho yathA zrutam / tathA tvayi sthitaM brahma jagaccedamazeSataH // 8 // U~kArAkSarasaMsthAnaM yatra devi sthirAsthiram / tatra mAtrAtrayaM sarvamasti yaddevi nAsti ca // 6 // trayo lokAstrayo vedAstravidyaM pAvakatrayam / trINi jyotIMSi vargAzca trayo dharmAdayastathA / / 10 / / trayo guNAstrayo varNAstrayo devAstathA mAt / vidhAtavastathA'vasthAH pitarazcANimAdayaH // 11 // etanmAtrAtrayaM devi tava rUpaM sarasvati / vibhinnadarzanA AdyA brahmaNo hi sanAtanAH // 12 // vAmanapu0 adhyA0 32 vanAnyetAni vai sapta nadIH zRNuta me dvijaaH| sarasvatI nadI puNyA tathA vaitaraNI nadI // 6 // ApagA ca mahApuNyA gaGgA mandAkinI ndii| madhulavA amlunadI kauzikI pApanAziko // 7 // dRSadvatI mahApuNyA tathA hiraNvatI ndii| varSAkAlavahAH sarvA varjayitvA sarasvatI // 8 // vAmanapu0 adhyA0 34 puSTidha tistathA kItiH kAntiH kSamA tathA / svadhA svAhA tathA vANI tavAyattamidaM jagat // 15 // tvameva sarvabhUteSu vANIrUpeNa saMsthitA / evaM sarasvatI tena stutA bhagavatI tadA // 16 // vAmanapu0 adhyA0 40 gaurIdehAt samudbhUtA yA stvaikgunnaashryaa| sAkSAtsarasvatI proktA. zumbhAsuranibahiNI // 14 // dadhau cASTabhujAbANamusale zUlacakrabhRt / zaGkha ghaNTA lAgalaM ca kArmukaM vasudhAdhipa // 15 // eSA sampUjitA bhaktyA sarvajJatvaM prayacchati / nizumbhamathinI devI zumbhAsuranibahiNI // 16 // vaikRtirahasyam 56 -:0:--

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-15mUrti-vyAkhyA pleTa 1 : zira-rahita sarasvatI kI pratimA hai, jisameM zaka samvat 54 (132 I0) aGkita hai| yaha sambhavataH sarvaprathama sarasvatI kI pratimA hai, jo kaGkAlI TIlA, mathurA se prApta hai| isa kA dakSiNa hAtha abhaya mudrA meM hai tathA vAma hAtha eka pustaka ko dhAraNa karatA hai| mUrti kA AdhAra sUcita karatA hai ki yaha mUrti sIha ke putra smitha goA kI upahAra hai / pleTa 2 : jIvadhArI nadI-devatA sarasvatI kI pratimA hai| yaha tribhaGga-mudrA meM pattoM ke gucchoM tathA latA ke madhya eka kamala para khar3I hai| yaha patalI evaM lambI mUrti jIvadhArI do anya nadI-devatA gaGgA aura yamunA ke sAtha dakSiNa bhArata ke elorA ke vizAla kailAza mandira meM khudI huI hai| sarasvatI kI yaha mUrti baiThI huI sthiti meM hai| isa ke UparI do hAthoM meM akSamAlA tathA pustaka haiN| nIce ke donoM hAthoM se vINA bajA rahI hai / suhAniyA~ se prApta mUrti kA sambandha gurajara-pratihAra kAla havIM zatAbdI se hai / isa samaya yaha kendrIya purAtattva-sambandhI saMgrahAlaya, gvAliyara meM surakSita hai| pleTa 4 : sarasvatI kI sampUrNa aGgoM sahita yaha mUrti tribhaGga mudrA meM khar3I hai| yaha vidyA-mandira kI aThiSThAtR-devI hai, jise rAjA bhoja ne sthApita kiyA thA / rAjA bhoja dhArA ke paramAra vaMza ke eka mahAn pratApI rAjA the| mUrti ke AdhAra para likhita Alekha batAtA hai ki yaha pratimA mUrtikAra manthala dvArA 1034 meM banAI gaI thii| isa samaya yaha briTiza saMgrahAlaya, laNDana meM pradarzita hai| pleTa 5 : sarasvatI kI yaha pratimA kamala para lalitAsana meM hai| yaha apane UparI donoM hAthoM meM akSamAlA tathA pustaka dhAraNa kie hue hai| nIce kA dAhinA hAtha varada-mudrA meM hai tathA usa kA dUsarA samakakSa hAtha sambhavataH eka kamaNDalu ko dhAraNa karatA hai / yaha jaTA-mukuTa tathA dUsare AbhUSaNoM ko dhAraNa karatI hai| pjeTa 6 : yaha pratimA tribhaGga mudrA meM pUrNa vikasita kamala para khar3I hai / yaha akSa mAlA, kamala, tAr3a-patra-pustaka tathA kamaNDalu ko dhAraNa kie hue hai|

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mUrti-vyAkhyA 127 svaccha saGgamarrara para khudI yaha pratimA zirobhUSaNa tathA anya AbhUSaNoM ko dhAraNa kie hue hai| yaha do anya vINA bajAto huI strI-pratimAoM se saMyukta hai / dAtA tathA usa kI patnI stuti meM isa ke caraNoM meM par3e haiN| sAmane AdhAra-sthala para haMsa citrita hai| pleTa 7 : eka dUsarI sarasvatI kI pratimA Upara ke sabhI pratimA-siddhAntoM ke sAtha bIkAnera saMgrahAlaya meM pradarzita hai| pratimA eka prabhAtoraNa rakhatI hai, jo vibhinna jaina deviyoM ko pradarzita kara rahI hai| pleTa 8 : do hAthoM vAlI puSTi kI TUTI huI pratimA viSNu kI patniyoM meM se eka hai / yaha apane hAthoM meM vINA ko dhAraNa kie hue hai| pleTa 6 : lalitAsana meM baiThI sarasvatI apanI priya vINA bajA rahI hai| isa kA UparI dAhinA hAtha TUTA huA hai tathA nIce ke vAma hAtha meM pustaka hai| sAmane haMsa tathA do bhakta aJjali-mudrA meM pradarzita haiN| pleTa 10 : kA~sa kI nirmita sarasvatI kI do hAthoM kI pratimA apane goda meM vINA bajA rahI hai| yaha do puruSa-pratimAoM se saMyukta hai, jo bA~surI tathA maMjIrA bajA rahe haiM / isa kA vAhana sAmane dAhine ora pradarzita hai / prabhAmaNDala prajjvalita paridhi vAlA hai / pleTa 11 : yaha sarasvatI duhare kamalAsana para sthita hai| yaha apane UparI hAthoM meM akSamAlA tathA pustaka dhAraNa karatI hai tathA isa ke nIce ke hAtha vINA dhAraNa karate haiN| isa ke keza dhammila-paddhati meM gumphita haiN| yaha anokhe AbhUSaNoM ko dhAraNa kie hue hai| usa kA vAhana haMsa ke sthAna para bheMDA hai| pleTa 12 : do hAthoM vAlI sarasvatI apane hAthoM se vINA bajA rahI hai| yaha usa samaya ke AbhUSaNoM ke sAtha-sAtha sAr3I dhAraNa kie hue hai, jo mekhalA se Abaddha hai| pleTa 13 : yaha nRtya karatI huI sarasvatI hai, jisakA dAhinA pada bhUmi para hai, vAma uThA huA hai tathA jAnu para jhukI huI hai| Amra-vRkSa ke nIce pradarzita bahuhasta-devI akSamAlA, akuza, pustaka tathA vINA dhAraNa kie hue hai / yaha AbhUSaNoM se ladI huI hai| pleTa 14 : bhArata ke anya bhAgoM kI apekSA sarasvatI karnATaka meM mUrti-vidyA-siddhAntoM ke anusAra adhikatara nRtya karatI huI mudrA meM pradarzita hai| uttara bhArata meM sambhavataH nartana karatI huI sarasvatI kevala rAyapura meM hArsalezvara mandira meM upalabdha hai (ma0 pra0, paramAra, 11vIM shtaabdii)|

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128 saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhAMkiyAM ... nRtya karatI huI sarasvatI kI pratimA hAthoM meM akSamAlA, aGkaza, kamala, phandA, pustaka tathA vINA dhAraNa karatI hai / yaha ratna-jaTita mukuTa tathA tatkAlIna AbhUSaNoM se susajjita hai| isa kA vAhana haMsa dakSiNa pada ke nikaTa pradarzita hai| yaha mUrti hoyazAla kalA kI atyuttama kalAoM meM se eka hai| tleTa 15 : kamalAsana para kamalAsana mudrA meM baiThI sarasvatI kI mUrti hai| isa kA dAhinA hAtha TUTA huA hai tathA vAma hAtha pustaka dhAraNa karatA hai / yaha jaTAmukuTa, sAmAnya AbhUSaNa tathA stana-paTTI dhAraNa kie hue hai| donoM ora caurI dhAraNa karane vAle do sevaka haiN| dAr3hI-dhAraNa kie hue RSi donoM ora pradarzita haiM, jo usa kI ArAdhanA kara rahe haiM / pratimA colA kalA kI utkRSTa pratikRti hai| pleTa 16 : vidyA evaM kalA kI devI dviguNita kamalAsana para baiThI hai / yaha cAra hAthoM vAlI devI jaTA-mukuTa, ardhacandrAkAra hAra, pavitra yajJopavIta tathA kardhanI se baMdhI dhotI dhAraNa karatI hai /

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Erica sarasvatI kuzANa, dvitIya zatAbdI rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU

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( 2 ) sarasvatI rASTrakUTa vIM zatAbdI kailAza mandira, elaurA, mahArASTra

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sarasvatI, havIM zatAbdI, kendrIya purAtattva saMgrahAlaya, gvAliyara ( 3 )

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( 4 ) sarasvatI 1034 zatAbdI, paramAra, briTiza saMgrahAlaya, laNDana

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( 5 ) sarasvatI paramAra, 11vIM zatAbdI, rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya, naI dillI

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( 6 ) sarasvatI cauhAna, 12vIM zatAbdI pallu, bikAnera, rAjasthAna, rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya, nadillI

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( 7 ) 10 jana sarasvatI pAna 905 JAN SARASWATER sarasvatI cauhAna, 12vIM zatAbdI, pallu, bikAnera, rAjasthAna, gaGgA golDena jubilI saMgrahAlaya, bikAnera

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( 8 ) Sanskrit sarasvatI gAhaDavAla, 11vIM-12vIM zatAbdI gorakhapura, u0 pra0, rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU

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(&) sarasvatI gAhaDavAla, 12vIM zatAbdI gorakhapura, uttara pradeza, rAjya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU

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( 10 ) sarasvatI pAla, havIM zatAbdI nAlandA, bihAra, rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya, naI dillI

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( 11 ) sarasvatI pAla, 10vIM zatAbdI gayA, bihAra, rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya, naI dillI

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( 12 ) SARASVA sarasvatI pAla, 10vIM zatAbdI 24 paraganA, gaGgAla, AzutoSa saMgrahAlaya, kalakattA

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( 13 ) sarasvatI hoyazAla, 12vIM zatAbdI kezava mandira somanAthapura karnATaka

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sarasvatI hoyazAla, 12vIM zatAbdI hArsalezvara mandira, helebiDa, karnATaka

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( 15 ) sarasvatI, colA, 12vIM zatAbdI, bRhadezvara mandira, tajaura, tamila nADU

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( 16 ) sarasvatI colA, vijaya nagara, 13vIM-14vIM zatAbdI tamila nADU

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pustaka ke viSaya meM sarasvatI Rgvaidika AryoM kI eka pramukha devI thii| AryoM kI sabhyatA evaM saMskRti ke vikAsa meM sarasvatI kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| isa sarasvatI ke vibhinna svarUpoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara abhI taka kisI vidvAn ne kAma nahIM kiyA hai / DaoN0 muhammada isarAila khA~ kA isa dizA meM prathama prayAsa hai| inakA 'Sarasvati In Sanskrit Literature' zodha-prabandha san 1978 meM prakAzita huA thA, jo aba out of print hai / isa pustaka kI atyanta mA~ga thI aura aba bhI hai / deza-videzoM se usa pustaka kI prApti-hetu patra Ate rahe haiN| usa pustaka kI kamI yaha prakRta pustaka 'saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~' karegI, aisI AzA hai| isa grantha meM 13 zodha-lekha tathA kucha anya sAmagriyA~ anta meM haiM / lekha sarasvatI ke vibhinna pakSoM para haiM, jinakI apekSA saMskRta, sabhyatA, saMskRti, itihAsa, purANa, saMgrahAlaya, purAtattvasarvekSaNa, kalA, saGgIta Adi vibhAgoM tathA saMsthAoM ko hai| viSayoM kI vibhinnatA pustaka meM cAra cAMda lagA detI hai, jisase grantha kI upayogitA bar3ha gaI hai| mulya ru. 100/- mAtra

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granna ke viSaya meM sammati "DaoN0 muhammada isarAila khA~ ne sarasvatI para hI saMskRta meM alIgar3a muslima yUnivarsiTI se pI-eca0 DI0 kI upAdhi prApta kI thii| inake zodha-prabandha kA viSaya thA "Sarasvati In Sanskrit Literature'. yaha zodha-prabandha 1978 meM prakAzita huA thaa| isI viSaya para inakA cintana aura zodha-kArya cAlU rahA aura samaya-samaya para inhoMne sarasvatI ke anyAnya pakSoM para apane lekha prakAzita kie| inhIM lekhoM kA saMgraha aba yahA~ 'saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~' isa zIrSaka ke sAtha vidvAnoM ke sAmane prastata ho rahA hai / ............. ..................."veda meM prApta sarasvatI ke vizeSaNoM ke AdhAra para sarasvatI ke svarUpa kA citraNa bahuta acchA banA hai|.............. ......"DaoN0 khAM ne vAstava meM isa viSaya meM khUba parizrama kiyA hai aura ve hArdika badhAI ke pAtra haiM / maiM isa pustaka kA svAgata karatA hU~ aura apane sahakarmI vidvAn DaoN0 muhammada isarAila khAM kA pANDityapUrNa lekha-saMgraha ke lie hArdika abhinandana karatA huuN|" -rasika vihArI jozI dillI 16.7.85 ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0, DI0 liT (perisa) __prophesara evaM adhyakSa, saMskRta-vibhAga dillI vizvavidyAlaya lekhaka kI kRtiyA~ : Sarasvati In Sanskrit Literature Brahma In the Pura nas 3. Some Graphical Pusanic Texts on Brahma 4. saMskRta-nATya-siddhAMta ke anAlocita pakSa 5. saMskRta-sAhitya meM sarasvatI kI katipaya jhA~kiyA~ 6. saMskRta-zodha-lekhamAlA Editted-books as the Asstt. Editor 7. Meerut University Sanskrit Research Journal (MUSTA) Vol. I, Jan. 1976 Vol. I, July, 1977 Vol. I, Jan.-June 1978 Vol. II, July-Dec., 1978 Vol. I, Jan.-June, 1979 12. Vol. II. Inly-Dec., 1979 13. ___Lan.-Dec., 1980 14. n.-Dec., 1981 n.-Dec., 1982 Forhtcoming b kiyaa| 1. Sources of Sanskrit Dri 2. Som Gems of Sanskrit rnal The Naisadhiyacaritam,n. 1976 ly, 1977.ent Publishing House F/D-56 New Kavinagar,Ghaziabad, U. P.(INDIA) 10. 11. 15.