Prakrit Bhasha Vimarsh

Author(s): Nathuram Premi
Publisher: B L Institute of Indology
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/004257/1

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prAkRta bhASA vimarza prophesara phUlacanda jaina premI - prakAzaka - bhogIlAla laheracanda insTITyUTa AphaeN iNDolaoNjI dillI For Personal & Private Use Only www.alinelibrary.org

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prAkRta bhASA vimarza pro. phUlacanda jaina premI nidezaka, bI. ela. insTITyUTa oNpha iNDolaoNjI dillI - prakAzaka - bhogIlAla laheracanda insTITyUTa oNpha iNDolaoNjI dillI For Personal & Private Use Only

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Prakrit Bhasha Vimarsh : A short introduction to Prakrit language and literature by Prof. Phool Chand Jain Premi prakAzaka : nidezaka, bhogIlAla laheracanda prAcya vidyA saMsthAna, vijaya vallabha smAraka jaina mandira parisara, jI. TI. karanAla roDa, posTa - alIpura, dillI 110036 kendrIya hindI nidezAlaya . (mAnava saMsAdhana vikAsa maMtrAlaya) ke saMsvIkRti - patra saMkhyA 5-69/2012 keM. anu. e. dinAMka 23/9/2013 ke mAdhyama se prApta vittIya sahAyatA se prakAzita prathama saMskaraNa : 2013 (c) pro. phUlacanda 'jaina premI mUlya : 45.00ru. mudraka : gaNeza prinTiMga presa kaMdavAriyA sara ya, naI dillI 110016 For Personal & Private Use Only

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// purovaak|| 'prAkRta bhASA vimarza' isa saMsthAna ke nidezaka (zaikSika) pro. phUlacanda jaina premI dvArA taiyAra kI gayI prAkRta bhASA aura isake vaiziSTya se paricita karAne vAlI eka acchI pustaka hai| yaha pustaka una jijJAsuoM ke lie vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai jo bI. ela. insTITyUTa oNpha iNDolaoNjI dvArA niyamita rUpa se pichale 25 varSoM se saphalatApUrvaka saMcAlita prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kI grISmakAlIna kAryazAlAoM meM prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya kA adhyayana karane Ate haiM tathA jinheM prAkRta bhASA ke viSaya meM jijJAsA hai| , sabhI prakAra kI prAkRta bhASAoM aura inake sAhitya tathA etad-viSayaka vividha jAnakAriyoM se sambandhita sarala bhASA aura saMkSepa meM likhita isa prakAra kI pustaka kI kAphI samaya se AvazyakatA anubhava kI jA rahI thii| jisakI pUrti isa pustaka ke mAdhyama se pro. phUlacanda jaina premI ne kI hai| isase prAkRta bhASA ko jAnane-samajhane ke jijJAsuoM evaM isase lagAva rakhane vAle sudhI pAThakoM ko kAphI lAbha to hogA hI, sAtha hI prAkRta bhASA ke avadAna aura isakI samRddhi se paricita hone kA avasara bhI prApta hogaa| prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya bhASAoM aura inake vizAla vAGmaya ko bhASika, bauddhika aura sAhityika rUpa meM prabhAvita karane vAlI yaha ati samRddha aura jIvanta prAcIna bhASA kaise upekSita raha gayI, isa sambandha meM cintana ke sAtha hI isake adhikAdhika vikAsa evaM prasAra-pracAra kI bahuta AvazyakatA hai| . kendrIya hindI nidezAlaya ne isa pustaka ke prakAzana hetu anudAna dekara eka anukaraNIya kArya kiyA hai kyoMki hindI ke vikAsa meM mUlataH prAkRta bhASA kA sarvAdhika yogadAna spaSTa hai| ___prAkRta bhASA ke vaiziSTya ko ujAgara karane vAlI isa pustaka ko taiyAra karane meM saMsthAna kI ora se hama pro. phUlacanda jaina premI ke prati hArdika kRtajJatA jJApita karate haiM evaM yathocita mArgadarzana hetu suprasiddha vidvAn evaM nidezaka pro. gayAcaraNa tripAThI jI ke bhI AbhArI haiN| hameM AzA hai ki prAkRta premI jijJAsuoM ke lie yaha pustaka atIva lAbhaprada siddha hogii| - DaoN. jitendra bI. zAha, upAdhyakSa, bI. ela. insTITyUTa oNpha iNDolaoNjI, dillI - evaM nidezaka ela. DI. insTITyUTa oNpha iNDolaoNjI, ahamadAbAda For Personal & Private Use Only

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// praakkthn| samasta uttara-bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa krama ke adhyayana meM prAkRta bhASA kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA ke viSaya meM sabhI vidvAn ekamata haiN| prAcIna bhAratIya vAGmaya ke aneka dhurandhara vaiyAkaraNoM evaM sarasa sAhityakAroM ne rbha prAkRta ke bhASAgata mahattva evaM usakI madhuratA kI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA kI hai| Der3ha hajAra varSoM ke lambe antarAla meM prAkRta jana-sAmAnya kI svAbhAvika bhASA rahe hai| saMskRta kA parijJAna jahA~ parizramasAdhya thA, 'gurukula kliSTatA' ke bina aprApya thA, vahIM prAkRta bhASA baccoM ko zaizavAvasthA meM hI mAtA kI goda meM khelate-kUdate prApta ho jAtI thii| bharata jaise mahAn nATyazAstrakRt aura kAlidAsa-bhavabhUti jaise saMskRta ke mahAkavi bhI prAkRta ko upekSita nahIM kara paaye| bharata ne nATakoM meM sAmAnyajana, strIpAtra evaM bAlakoM ke liye sthAnIya prAkRta kA prayoga anivArya batAyA, to saMskRta ke nATakakAroM ne khulakara aura udAratA ke sAtha usakA prayoga kiyaa| saMskRta ke aneka utkRSTa kaviyoM ne prAkRta bhASA meM mahattvapUrNa mahAkAvyoM kI evaM samagra prAkRta nATakoM (saTTakoM) kI racanA kii| saMskRta kAvyazAstriyoM ko bhI sarala aura madhura vyaMgya racanAoM ke udAharaNa khojate samaya mukhyataH prAkRta kAvyasaMgrahoM kA hI sahArA lenA pdd'aa| . bhASAzAstriyoM ke lie prAkRta kA jJAna anivArya hai, usake binA uttara bhAratIya bhASAoM kA na to vyAkaraNa likhA jA sakatA hai, aura na hI zabdoM aura unakI dhvaniyoM ke vikAsakrama ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa kA vidyArthI prAkRta meM utkIrNa saikar3oM zilAlekhoM ke jJAna ke binA adhUrA hai aura prAkRta ke jJAna ke binA jainadarzana evaM dharma ke adhyayana kI to kalpanA hI nahIM kI jA sktii| bar3I prasannatA kA viSaya hai ki bhogIlAla laheracaMda bhAratIya vidyA saMsthAna ke yazasvI nidezaka pro0 phUlacanda jaina premI ne prAkRta bhASA ke svarUpa evaM usake mahattva para atyanta manoyoga evaM parizramapUrvaka prAkRta kI yaha sAragarbhita, paricayAtmaka pustikA taiyAra kI hai| pro0 jaina ne prAkRta evaM saMskRta For Personal & Private Use Only

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ke utkRSTatama paramparAgata vidyAlayoM meM suprasiddha guruoM se prAkRta evaM jaina darzana kA jJAna prApta kiyA hai| jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAjasthAna) jaise supratiSThita saMsthAna se prAkRta evaM jaina vidyA kA adhyApana kArya prAraMbha karake ve sampUrNAnaMda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI meM aneka dazakoM taka jaina tattvadarzana ke AcArya evaM vibhAgAdhyakSa rahe haiN| viSaya ke to ve adhikArI vidvAn haiM hii| ataH yaha pustaka atIva prAmANika bana par3I hai| prastuta pustaka na kevala nava zizikSuoM ke liye apitu vidvAnoM ke liye bhI aneka dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| . isa pustaka kI racanA mukhya rUpa se saMsthAna ke rajata jayantI varSa ke zubha avasara para hamAre una pratibhAgiyoM ke hita ke liye huI hai jo yahA~ prativarSa Ayojita prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya kI grISmakAlIna adhyayanazAlA meM bhAga lene Ate haiN| pichale 25 varSoM se yaha adhyayanazAlA anavarata rUpa se Ayojita hotI calI A rahI hai| san 2013 kA yaha varSa isa adhyayanazAlA kA rajata jayantI varSa hai, jisakA Ayojana rASTriya saMskRta saMsthAna (mAnava saMsAdhana vikAsa maMtrAlaya ke adhInamAnita vizvavidyAlaya), naI dillI evaM bhogIlAla laheracaMda prAcya bhAratIya vidyA saMsthAna dillI ke saMyukta tattvAvadhAna meM huaa| isa avasara para pro0 phUlacanda jaina premI kI isa pustaka ko prastuta karate huye hameM parama harSa kA anubhava ho rahA hai| . hameM vizvAsa hai ki yaha pustikA prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya ke prati logoM kI abhiruci evaM unakA jJAna bar3hAne meM sahAyaka siddha hogii| bI0 ela0 insTITyUTa oNpha iNDolaoNjI, pro0 gayAcaraNa tripAThI buddhapUrNimA, 25-05-2013 . zaikSaNika nidezaka For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhUmikA prAcIna bhAratIya bhASAoM meM prAkRta bhASA aneka zatAbdiyoM taka bhAratIya janamAnasa kI pramukha janabhASA rahI hai| sampUrNa bhAratIya bhASAyeM inakA sAhitya, itihAsa, saMskRti, paramparAyeM, loka-jIvana aura jana-mana-gaNa isase prabhAvita evaM ota-prota hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki prAkRta bhASA ko aneka bhAratIya bhASAoM kI jananI hone kA gaurava prApta hai| sAhitya sarjanA ke rUpa meM sarvAdhika prAcIna vaidika bhASA meM bhI prAkRta bhASA ke aneka tattva prApta hote haiN| isase lagatA hai ki usa samaya bhI bolacAla kI loka-bhASA ke rUpa meM prAkRta jaisI koI jana-bhASA nizcita hI pracalana meM rahI hogii| isI jana-bhASA ko apane upadezoM aura dharma pracAra kA mAdhyama banAkara tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura bhagavAna buddha bhASAyI krAnti ke purodhA khlaaye| yahI kAraNa hai ki IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI se lekara vartamAna kAla taka prAkRta bhASA meM dharma-darzana, tattvajJAna, alaMkAra-zAstra, sAmAjika vijJAna, itihAsa-kalA-saMskRti, gaNita, jyotiSa, bhUgola-khagola, vAstuzAstra, mUrtikalA evaM jIvana mUlyoM Adi se sambandhita aneka viSaoM ke atirikta Agama evaM inakI vyAkhyA se sambandhita sAhitya kI sarjanA samRddha rUpa meM hotI A rahI hai aura yaha krama Aja bhI pravartamAna hai| kintu Azcarya hai ki jo prAkRta bhASA svayaM aneka vartamAna bhASAoM kI jananI hai aura lambe kAla taka janabhASA ke rUpa meM rASTrabhASA ke pada para pratiSThita rahI, tathA jisakA vizAla vAGmaya vidyamAna hai, rASTra kI vaha bahumUlya dharohara prAkRta bhASA Aja itanI upekSita kyoM hai ki ise Aja apanI asmitA evaM pahacAna banAne aura mUladhArA se jur3ane hetu saMgharSa karanA par3a rahA hai? inhIM praznoM ke samAdhAna hetu eka vinamra kintu prazasta prayAsa prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya kI grISmakAlIna adhyayanazAlAoM ke mAdhyama se pichale paccIsa varSoM se nirantara dillI ke vijaya vallabha smAraka jaina maMdira ke vizAla parisara meM sthita bhogIlAla laheracanda insTITyUTa oNpha iNDolaoNjI kara rahA hai| saMsthAna meM samaya-samaya para vividha viziSTa zaikSaNika kAryakramoM kA Ayojana hotA hI rahatA hai| isameM AmaMtrita viziSTa atithiyoM ko prAkRta ke For Personal & Private Use Only

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prArambhika paricaya hetu tathA prAcIna bhAratIya bhASAoM aura inake itihAsa meM abhiruci rakhane vAle jijJAsu vidvAnoM, chAtroM Adi kI AvazyakatAoM ko vizeSa dhyAna meM rakhate huye yaha pustaka taiyAra kI gaI hai, jisameM isa viSayaka sAmAnyajJAna hetu prAkRta bhASAoM kA paricaya evaM vizeSatAe~, itihAsa, upalabdha sAhitya sahita vividha viSayoM ko sAragarbhita rUpa meM prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| sudhI pAThakoM se nivedana hai ki isameM jo bhI kamiyA~ dikheM, unase mujhe avagata karAne kA avazya kaSTa kareMge, jisase AgAmI saMskaraNa meM unakA saMzodhana-saMvardhana kiyA jA ske| ise taiyAra karane meM mujhe jinakA vizeSa mArgadarzana aura protsAhana prApta huA hai ve haiM - bhAratIya prAcya vidyAoM tathA bhASAoM ke suvikhyAta vidvAn pro. gayAcaraNa tripAThI jii| isa pustaka para saMsthAna ke yazasvI upAdhyakSa baMdhuvara DaoN. jitendra bI. zAha jI ke utsAhavardhaka purovAk likhane hetu hama vizeSa AbhArI haiN| . bhArata sarakAra ke mAnava saMsAdhana vikAsa maMtrAlaya ke adhIna kendrIya hindI nidezAlaya, naI dillI se isa pustaka ke prakAzana hetu saujanya prApta huA, isake lie nidezAlaya sahita yahA~ ke upanidezaka (bhASA) zrI Ara. esa. mINA, DaoN. vedaprakAza evaM DaoN. dIpaka pANDeya - ina sabake vizeSa AbhArI haiN| rASTrIya saMskRta saMsthAna ke yazasvI kulapati pro. rAdhAvallabha tripAThI jI tathA hamAre saMsthAna ke sammAnIya ceyaramena zrI nirmala bhogIlAla mumbaI, adhyakSa zrI rAjakumAra jI jaina, upAdhyakSa DaoN. dhaneza jI jaina evaM zrI je. pI. jaina jI apane parivArajanoM dharmapatnI DaoN. munnI puSpA jaina evaM jyeSTha suputra DaoN.anekAnta kumAra jaina sahita sabhI ke saujanya ke prati hama hArdika kRtajJatA vyakta karate haiN| isa pustaka ke TaMkaNa kArya meM athaka zrama karane vAle hamAre saMsthAna ke kampyUTara prakoSTha ke prabhArI zrI lakSmI kAnta ke prati hama apanI hArdika zubhAzaMsA vyakta karate huye prasannatA kA anubhava kara rahe haiN| akSaya tRtIyA - pro. phUlacanda jaina premI 13 maI, 2013 nidezaka, bI. ela. insTITyUTa oNpha iNDolaoNjI, dillI For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta bhASA vimarza viSaya-sUcI 1. pRSThabhUmi 2. prAkRta bhASA kyA hai ? artha evaM mahattva prAkRta kA lokabhASA/janabhASA-svarUpa prAkRta bhASA kA mAdhurya prAkRta kI sArvabhaumikatA evaM vividha viSayoM kA pratipAdana prAkRta bhASA ke mUla do bheda 7. prathama starIya prAkRta dvitIya starIya prAkRta bhASA - 1. prathama yugIna, 2. madhya yugIna prAkRteM, 3. uttara arvAcIna yuga kA apabhraMza yuga . 9.. prAkRta zilAlekhoM meM janabhASA kA svarUpa nidarzana 10. vaidika (chAndasa) bhASA aura prAkRta 11. chAndasa se prAkRta bhASA kA vikAsa 12. chAndasa bhASA meM prAkRta bhASA ke tattva 13. prAkRta ko sammAna pradAna karane vAle mahApuruSa evaM kavi 14. vartamAna bhASAoM / loka-bhASAoM kA mUla-udgama 15. saMskRta aura prAkRta bhASA 16. saMskRta kA vikRta rUpa nahIM hai, janabhASA prAkRta 17. prAkRta kI utpatti sambandhI bhrama nivAraNa 18. sAhityika prAkRtoM kA Adarza stara . 19. mahAbhASAyeM aura vibhASAyeM viii For Personal & Private Use Only

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20. prAkRta gItoM kI prayoga vidhA hai - vibhASAyeM 21. prAkRta bhASAoM ke bheda-prabheda 22. mArkaNDeya ke anusAra bhASAoM ke bheda-prabheda 23. rudraTa aura daNDI ke anusAra bhASAoM ke bheda 24. AcArya hemacandra ke anusAra prAkRta bhASA ke bheda 25. anya prAkRta bhASAyeM - prathamayugIna prAkRta bhASAyeM 1. ArSa prAkRta 2. zilAlekhI prAkRta - - zilAlekhI prAkRta kA udAharaNa - khAravela ke hAthIgumphA 36 mUla lekha kA Arambhika aMza 3. niyA prAkRta . 4. dhammapada kI prAkRta evaM isakI gAthAoM ke udAharaNa 26. azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI prAkRta 27. saMskRta nATakoM meM prAkRta ka) nATakoM meM prAkRtoM ke prayoga kA zAstrIya vidhAna kha) pAtrAnusAra vibhinna prAkRta-bhASAoM ke prayoga kA vidhAna ga) mRcchakaTikam meM prAkRtoM kA prayoga vaiziSTya gha) nATakoM meM prAcyA aura AvantI prAkRta bhASAyeM Ga) nAyikAoM Adi pAtroM kI priya-bhASA ca) saMskRta nATakoM meM prAkRta samvAdoM kI adhikatA . * cha) saMskRta nATakoM meM prAkRta samvAdoM kI upekSA kyoM ? 28. saTTakaH prAkRta nATakoM kI eka viziSTa vidhA - ka) saTTaka kI vizeSatAyeM kha) upalabdha pramukha saTTaka 29.: prAkRta ke pramukha vyAkaraNa zAstra 30. prAkRta bhASA kI bhASAgata pramukha vizeSatAyeM For Personal & Private Use Only

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31. prAkRta bhASAoM kA bhASAgata vaiziSTya 1. pAli bhASA - ka) pAli aura prAkRta kha) pAli-prAkRta meM samAnatAyeM . ga) pAli-gadya kA udAharaNa gha) pAli dhammapada kI gAthAoM kA udAharaNa 2. mAgadhI prAkRta ka) mAgadhI prAkRta kI sAmAnya vizeSatAyeM kha) mAgadhI prAkRta kA udAharaNa - pratyabhijJAnakam ga) mAgadhI gAthA kA udAharaNa 3. ardhamAgadhI prAkRta ka) ardhamAgadhI kI katipaya vizeSatAyeM .. . 60 kha) ardhamAgadhI prAkRta kA pramukha Agama sAhitya - 60 1. aMga Agama sAhitya, 2. upAMga Agama sAhitya, 3. mUlasUtra, 4. chedasUtra, 5. prakIrNaka, 6. do cUlikA-sUtra, . 7. vyAkhyA sAhitya ga) ardhamAgadhI-gadya kA udAharaNa gha) ardhamAgadhI-gAthAoM kA udAharaNa 4.zaurasenI prAkRta ka) nATakoM kI zaurasenI kha) nATakoM aura jainasiddhAnta granthoM kI zaurasenI ga) zaurasenI kI bhASAgata pramukha vizeSatAyeM gha) zaurasenI prAkRta kA upalabdha pramukha sAhitya Ga) zaurasenI prAkRta gadyAMza kA udAharaNa ca) zaurasenI-gAthAoM ke udAharaNa For Personal & Private Use Only

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5. mahArASTrI prAkRta ka) bhASAgata vizeSatAyeM kha) mahArASTrI prAkRta meM racita sAhitya ga) prAkRta kAvya sAhitya 1. zAstrIya mahAkAvya, 2. khaNDakAvya, 3. caritakAvya, 4. gadya-padya mizrita carita kAvya, 5. campUkAvya, 6. muktaka kAvya, 7. rasetara muktaka kAvya; gha) prAkRta kathA sAhitya Ga) pramukha kathA grantha ca) mahArASTrI prAkRta ke gadya kA udAharaNa amaMgaliya purisassa kahA cha) mahArASTrI-gAthAoM ke udAharaNa 6. paizAcI prAkRta ka) sAmAnya vizeSatAyeM kha) paizAcI prAkRta kA udAharaNa 7. cUlikA paizAcI prAkRta ka) cUlikA kI bhASAgata sAmAnya vizeSatAyeM kha) cUlikA paizAcI kA udAharaNa - 8. apabhraMza bhASA ka) apabhraMza kA udbhava aura vikAsa kha) avahaTTha aura apabhraMza ga) bhASA - vikAsa kI sAmAnya prakriyA hai, apabhraMza gha) bhASA vikAsa meM dezI bhASAyeM aura apabhraMza Ga) apabhraMza bhASA ke bheda ca) apabhraMza kI sAmAnya vizeSatAyeM xi For Personal & Private Use Only 1 74 75 76 76 77 78 81 83 86 .86 87 88 88 89 89 90 .91 92 92 94 95

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/ 109 cha) apabhraMza sAhitya kI samRddhi meM sabhI paramparAoM kA yoga ja) apabhraMza sAhitya meM janavAdI svara jha) apabhraMza ke prati bar3hatA sammAna Ja) hindI kA prAcIna svarUpa hai, apabhraMza . 100 pa) prAkRta, apabhraMza aura hindI : antaH sambandhaM . 102 32. apabhraMza bhASA ke upalabdha pramukha grantha - ...107 ka) carita kAvya, kha) premAkhyAnaka kAvya, ga) kathA sAhitya, gha) rAsa kAvya, Ga) khaNDa kAvya 33. apabhraMza dohoM ke udAharaNa 34. apabhraMza gadya kA udAharaNa 110 35. saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza Adi ATha bhASAoM se yukta . candraprabhasvAmi stavana 36. niSkarSa 37. prAkRta nibandha - . ka) manoramaM ujjANaM kha) titthayara-mahAvIra-cariyaM 38. prAkRta bhASA meM aMkoM kI gaNanA (ginatI) . 39. kramavAcaka saMkhyAvAcI zabda 40. prAkRta kI pramukha sUktiyA~ ka) dasaveAliyaM se, kha) samaNasuttaM se, ga) vajjAlagga se, . gha) apabhraMza paumacariu se 41. prAkRta bhASA ke vikAsa hetu kendra sarakAra ke samakSa prastuta 138 chaha sujhAva 42. sahAyaka grantha sUcI *** xii For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta bhASA vimarza prAkRta bhASA aura usakA vaiziSTya pRSThabhUmi bhASA vyakti ke andara ke manobhAvoM kI abhivyakti kA sazakta mAdhyama hai| vividha bhASAyeM aura saMskRtiyA~ pradeza aura kSetra vizeSa ke bhUgola tathA itihAsa kI dena hai| ataH yaha sampUrNa vizva bhASAoM tathA saMskRtiyoM kA raMgasthala hai, jise hama raMga-biraMge phUloM kA sundara upavana kaha sakate haiM aura vividha raMgoM, AkAroM ke phUloM kI bhA~ti bhASAoM kI yaha vividhatA hI usakA saundarya hai / bhArata meM bhI sahasroM bhASAyeM aura boliyA~ haiM / inameM saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza jaisI prAcIna bhAratIya bhASAoM kA apanA vizeSa mahattva hai| ye bhASAyeM bhAratIya saMskRti aura sAhitya kI AtmA haiM / saMskRta-bhASA aura isake vizAla sAhitya ke sArvabhaumika mahattva se to prAyaH sabhI suparicita haiM, kintu atiprAcIna kAla se janabhASA ke rUpa meM pracalita mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI, apabhraMza Adi . rUpoM meM jIvanta prAkRta bhASAoM aura inake vizAla sAhitya se bhAratIya janamAnasa utanA paricita nahIM hai, jabaki prAcIna bhAratIya jJAna-vijJAna, tattvajJAna, saMskRti aura itihAsa tathA loka-paramparAoM Adi ke samyak jJAna hetu prAkRta bhASA aura isake vividha evaM vizAla sAhitya kA adhyayana aparihArya hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #15
prAkRta mUlataH lokajIvana aura lokasaMskRti kI bhASA hai| isa bhASA ke sAhitya meM mAnava jIvana kI svAbhAvika vRttiyoM aura naisargika guNoM kI sahaja-sarala abhivyakti huI hai| samrATa azoka. aura kaliMga-nareza khAravela Adi ke aneka prAcIna zilAlekha isI prAkRta bhASA aura brAhmIlipi meM upalabdha hote haiN| bhASAvidoM ne bhArata-IrAnI bhASA ke paricaya ke antargata bhAratIya Arya zAkhA parivAra kA vivecana kiyA hai| prAkRta isI bhASA parivAra kI eka Arya bhASA hai| prAkRta bhASA kyA hai ? artha evaM mahattva bhASA svabhAvataH gatizIla tattva hai| bhASA kA yaha krama hI hai ki vaha prAcIna tattvoM ko chor3atI jAe evaM navIna tattvoM ko grahaNa karatI jaae| prAkRta bhASA bhAropIya parivAra kI eka pramukha evaM prAcIna bhASA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kAla meM vaidika bhASA kA vikAsa tatkAlIna lokabhASA se huaa| prAkRta bhASA kA svarUpa to janabhASA kA hI rhaa| prAkRta evaM vaidika bhASA meM vidvAn kaI samAnatAe~ svIkAra karate haiN| isase pratIta hotA hai ki vaidika bhASA aura prAkRta ke vikasita hone se pUrva janasAmAnya kI koI eka svAbhAvika samAna bhASA rahI hogI jisake kAraNa ise 'prAkRta' bhASA kA nAma diyA gyaa| __mUlataH prAkRta zabda kI vyutpatti 'prakRtyA svabhAvena siddhaM prAkRtam' athavA "prakRtInAM sAdhAraNajanAnAmidaM prAkRtam" hai| 10vIM zatI ke vidvAn kavi rAjazekhara ne prAkRta ko 'yoni' arthAt susaMskRta sAhityika bhASA kI janmasthalI kahA hai| rudraTakRta kAvyAlaMkAra meM bhASAoM ke bhedoM ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai - prAkRta-saMskRta-mAgadhapizAcabhASAzca zaurasenI c| SASTho'tra bhUribhedo deshvishessaadpbhrNshH|| 2/12 // vidvAn vyAkhyAkAra nami sAdhu (11vIM zatAbdI) isakI vyAkhyA For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #16
karate hue 'prAkRta' zabda kI vyutpatti karate haiM - "praakRteti| sakalajagajjantUnAM vyAkaraNAdibhiranAhitasaMskAraH sahajo vacana-vyApAraH prakRtiH, tatra bhavaM saiva vA praakRtm|...... vA prAk pUrvaM kRtaM prAkkRtaM bAlamahilAdisubodhaM sakalabhASAnibaMdhanabhUtaM vcnmucyte| meghanirmuktajalamivaikasvarUpaM tadeva ca dezavizeSAt saMskArakaraNAcca samAsAdivizeSaM sat sNskRtaadhuttrvibhedaanaapnoti| ataeva zAstrakRtA prAkRtamAdau nirdiSTaM tadanu sNskRtaadiini| pANinyAdivyAkaraNoditazabdalakSaNena saMskaraNAt sNskRtmucyte|" prakRti zabda kA artha hai - vyAkaraNa Adi ke saMskAra se vihIna svAbhAvika vacana-vyApAra, usase utpanna; athavA vahI bhASA prAkRta hai| .... athavA jo pahale ho, use prAkRta kahate haiM, jo bAlaka, mahilA Adi ko saralatA se samajha meM A sakatI ho aura jo samasta bhASAoM kI mUla ho, vaha prAkRta hai| yahI prAkRta meghayukta jala ke samAna, pahale eka rUpa hone para bhI dezabheda se aura saMskAra kiye jAne para bhinnatA ko prApta karatI huI saMskRta Adi avAntara bhedoM meM pariNata hotI hai| ataeva mUla granthakAra (rudraTa) ne pahale prAkRta kA aura tatpazcAt saMskRta kA nirdeza kiyA hai| pANini Adi ke vyAkaraNoM ke anusAra, 'saMskAra' prApta karane ke kAraNa yaha bhASA saMskRta' kahI jAtI hai| __vastutaH saMskRta prAcIna hote hue bhI sadA maulika rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai, isake viparIta prAkRta cira yuvatI hai aura jisakI santAne nirantara vikasita hotI jA rahI haiN| - jisa prakAra prAkRta ne saMskRta ke aneka zabdoM, dhvanirUpoM evaM kAvyarUpoM ko grahaNa kara apanA sAhitya vikasita kiyA hai, usI prakAra saMskRta bhASA bhI samaya-samaya para prAkRta se prabhAvita hotI huI prAkRta ke aneka zabdoM aura prayogoM ko isase grahaNa karatI rahI hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #17
mahAkavi vAkpatirAja (AThavIM zatAbdI) ne prAkRta bhASA ko janabhASA mAnA hai aura isase hI samasta bhASAoM kA vikAsa svIkAra kiyA hai| gauDavaho meM vAkpatirAja ne kahA bhI hai sayalAo imaM vAA visanti etto ya NeMti vaayaao| enti samuddaM ciya NeMti sAyarAo cciya jalAI // 93 // arthAt 'sabhI bhASAeM isI prAkRta se nikalatI haiM aura isI ko prApta hotI haiN| jaise sabhI nadiyoM kA jala samudra meM hI praveza karatA hai aura samudra se hI (vASpa rUpa meM) bAhara nikalakara nadiyoM ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtA hai|' tAtparya yaha hai ki prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti anya kisI bhASA se nahIM huI hai, apitu sabhI bhASAyeM isI prAkRta se hI utpanna haiN| hindI ke prasiddha vidvAn DaoN. dhIrendra varmA kI mAnyatA hai ki 'prAkRta' nAma se jo bhASA Aja jAnI jAtI hai, vaha sAhityika bhASA hai, kintu eka mUla prAkRta bhASA bhI thI, jo saMskRta se bhI prAcIna hai| yaha mUla prAkRta janabhASA thI aura isI ne sAhityika prAkRta ko janma diyA tathA yahI bhASA bAda meM apabhraMza kahalAI / prAkRta kA lokabhASA / janabhASA prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA ne sAhitya meM jo pariniSThita svarUpa 'saMskRta' se nAma prApta kiyA, usameM zabdAnuzAsana kI aneka durbodha jaTilatAyeM utpanna ho gaI thIM / phalataH jaba lokabhASA ke rUpa meM prAcIna kAla se hI pUrva pracalita prAkRta bhASA ne sAhitya-racanA kA dAyitva sambhAlA, taba usake pariniSThita svarUpa meM saMskRta kI vyAkaraNika jaTilatAeM yathA-sambhava samApta karane kI giiN| ataH prAkRta bhASAyeM Arambha se hI sahaja, sarala, sarasa, subodha evaM mAdhurya se otaprota rahI haiN| isalie ye itanI vyApakatA ke sAtha janamAnasa meM AkarSaNa utpanna kara skiiN| - 4 Brave * svarUpa For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta bhASA aneka zatAbdiyoM taka janasAmAnya se jur3I juI bolacAla kI pramukha loka (jana) bhASA rahI hai / ataH sampUrNa bhAratIya saMskRti, sAhitya, itihAsa, loka-paramparAyeM aura sampUrNa jana-mAnasa Aja bhI isase prabhAvita evaM otaprota hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki prAkRta bhASA ko aneka pramukha bhAratIya bhASAoM kI jananI hone kA gaurava prApta hai / deza kI prAyaH sabhI bhASAyeM aura unakA sAhitya prAkRta bhASA se prabhAvita hai| vedoM kI bhASA meM prAkRta bhASA ke vividha saMketa bahutAyata rUpa meM upasthita haiN| ati sarala dhvanyAtmaka aura vyAkaraNAtmaka pravRtti ke kAraNa yaha prAkRta bhASA lambe samaya taka janasAmAnya ke bolacAla kI bhASA banI rhii| isIlie bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ne janatA ke sAmAjika evaM AdhyAtmika utthAnaM ke lie apane upadezoM meM isI lokabhASA prAkRta kA Azraya liyA, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa sAMskRtika, dArzanika, AdhyAtmika, sAmAjika Adi vividhatAoM se paripUrNa Agamika evaM tripiTaka jaise mUla AgamazAstroM kI racanA sambhava huii| IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM prAkRta bhASA gA~voM kI jhopar3iyoM se rAjamahaloM aura rAjasabhAoM taka samAdRta hone lagI thI / ataH vaha abhivyakti kA sazakta mAdhyama cuna lI gayI thI / mahAkavi hAla ne isI samaya prAkRta bhASA ke pratinidhi kaviyoM kI gAthAoM kA saMkalana kara eka gAthAkoza (gAthAsaptazatI) taiyAra kiyA, jo eka prAkRta sAhitya kA utkRSTa prAcIna grantha to hai hI sAtha hI grAmINa jIvana aura saundarya-cetanA kA pratinidhi lokapriya grantha bhI hai| isa prakAra prAkRta ne apanA nAma sArthaka kara liyA aura yaha zabda svAbhAvika vacana - vyApAra kA paryAyavAcI bana gyaa| samAja ke sabhI vargoM dvArA svIkRta bhASA prAkRta thii| isa kAraNa prAkRta kI zabda- sampatti dinoM dina bar3hatI rhii| isa zabda grahaNa kI prakriyA ke For Personal & Private Use Only

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kAraNa prAkRta ne eka ora bhArata kI vibhinna bhASAoM ke sAtha apanI ghaniSThatA bar3hAyI to dUsarI ora vaha loka jIvana aura sAhitya kI abhivyakti kA sazakta mAdhyama bhI bnii| / lokabhASA jaba jana-jana meM lokapriya ho jAtI hai tathA jaba usakI zabda-sampadA bar3ha jAtI hai, taba vaha kAvya kI bhASA bhI banane lagatI hai| prAkRta bhASA ko yaha saubhAgya do prakAra se prApta hai| eka to isameM vizAla Agama aura unakA vyAkhyA sAhitya upalabdha hai aura dUsarA isameM vipula mAtrA meM kathA, kAvya evaM caritagrantha Adi likhe gaye haiM, jinameM kAvyAtmaka saundarya aura madhura rasAtmakatA kA samAveza hai| sAhitya jagat meM kAvya kI prAyaH sabhI vidhAoM-mahAkAvya, khaNDakAvya, muktakakAvya Adi ko prAkRta bhASA ne vividha rUpoM meM samRddha kiyA hai| isa sAhitya ne prAkRta bhASA ko prAcInakAla se aba taka pratiSThita rakhA hai| prAkRta bhASA kA mAdhurya . .. prAkRta meM jo sahasrAdhika Agama grantha, vyAkhyA sAhitya, kathA evaM caritragrantha Adi upalabdha haiM, unameM kAvyAtmaka saundarya aura madhura rasAtmakatA bharI par3I hai| prAkRta bhASA ne pichale 2300 varSoM ke sudIrgha jIvanakAla taka ina vidhAoM ko nirantara jIvita evaM samRddha banAye rakhA hai| prAkRta ko tatkAlIna samAja kI mAtRbhASA kahanA adhika upayukta hogaa| eka samaya to prAkRta bhASA kA aisA svarNa yuga arthAt sAmrAjya rahA hai ki madhura, madhuratara viSayoM kI abhivyakti meM prAkRta bhASA kA sthAna sarvocca rahA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki tatkAlIna zreSTha mahAkaviyoM ne prAkRta ko apane mahAkAvyoM kI racanA kA mukhya mAdhyama banAyA hai| nau rasoM meM zrRMgAra sarvAdhika madhura haiM aura tatkAlIna vidvAnoM kA yahI nirNaya thA ki zrRMgAra ke adhiSThAtA devatA kAmadeva kI kelibhUmi prAkRta hI hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #20
usa samaya ke loga yaha ghoSaNA karane meM bahuta hI gaurava kA anubhava karate the ki -... . amiaM pAuakavvaM paDhiaM souM a je Na aannnti| kAmassa tattatantiM kuNanti te kahaMNa ljjnti||gaa0s0 1/2 // (amRtaM prAkRtakAvyaM paThituM zrotuM ca ye na jaannti| kAmasya tattvacintAM kurvanti te kathaM na lajjante) arthAt, amRtabhUta 'prAkRta-kAvya' ko jo na par3hanA jAnate haiM, na sunanA hI, unheM kAma kI tattvacintA (vArtA) karate lajjA kyoM nahIM AtI? yaha udghoSaNA kevala prAkRta ke paNDitoM kI hI nahIM thI, apitu saMskRta ke zIrSastha vidvAnoM ne kI thI aura ve svayaM prAkRta bhASA ke utkRSTa prazaMsaka bhI the| ___saMskRta ke yAyAvara mahAkavi rAjazekhara ko kauna saMskRtajJa nahIM jAnatA, jinake 'bAlarAmAyaNa' (dasa aMkoM kA vizAla-nATaka), 'viddhazAlabhaMjikA' (cAra aMkoM kI zreSTha-nATikA) Adi rUpaka-kAvya saMskRta ke rUpa ko bar3I suSThutA evaM sucArutA se, ubhArate, sa~vArate haiM aura jinakI prakhyAta evaM advitIya kAvyazAstrIya saMskRta-kRti 'kAvyamImAMsA' paNDita samAja meM sAhityazAstra kI racanA prakriyA evaM rasana vyApAra kI adbhuta vyAkhyA prastuta karatI hai| . aise mahAkavi rAjazekhara ne bhI usa samaya prAkRta ke samakSa saMskRta ko gauNa ThaharA diyA aura apane prasiddha prAkRta saTTaka 'karpUramaMjarI' (sampUrNa prAkRta bhASA meM likhita nATakoM - uparUpakoM kI saTTaka nAmaka eka prasiddha vidhA meM usa mahAkavi ne spaSTa zabdoM meM prANonmeSiNI prAkRta-bhASA kA samarthana karate hue kahA - . parusA sakkaa bandhA pAua banthovi hou suumaaro| purusamahilANaM jettiamihantaraM tettiamimaannN|| krpuurmNjrii|| For Personal & Private Use Only

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(paruSAH saMskRtabandhAH prAkRtabandho'pi bhavati sukumaarH| puruSamahilAnAM yAvadihAntaraM taavdetessaam|| . arthAt, saMskRtabaddha kAvya kaThora-karkaza hote haiM, kintu prAkRtabaddha kAvya lalita aura koml| yAnI, paruSatA saMskRta kI au sukumAratA prAkRta kI maulika vizeSatA hai| donoM meM utanA hI antara hai jitanA puruSa aura strI meM arthAt saMskRta bhASA puruSa ke samAna kaThora te prAkRta bhASA striyoM ke samAne komala/sukumAra hotI hai| .... muni jayavallaha (jayavallabha) ne bhI apane prasiddha prAkRta kALa grantha 'vajjAlagga' meM prAkRta kI saMskRtAtizAyI zlAghA karate hue kaha hai - lalie mahurakkharae juvaIjaNavallahe ssiNgaare| sante pAiakavve ko sakkai sakkoM pddhiuN|| 29 // (lalite madhurAkSare yuvatijanavallabhe sshRNgaare| sati prAkRtakAvye kaH zaknoti saMskRtaM ptthitum||) ___ arthAt lalita, madhura akSaroM se yukta yuvatiyoM ke lie manorama evaM prItikara tathA zrRMgAra rasa se otaprota prAkRta-kAvya ke rahate hue kauna saMskRta-kAvya par3hanA cAhegA? . prAkRta bhASAoM kI lokapriyatA aura mAdhurya kA sahaja jJAna hameM saMskRta ke lAkSaNika granthoM meM udAharaNa ke rUpa meM uddhRta prAkRta gAthAoM evaM saMskRta bhASA ke samRddha nATya sAhitya meM upalabdha vividha prAkRta bhASAoM ke adhikAMza saMvAdoM se ho jAtA hai| mammaTa (kAvyaprakAzakAra) jaise aneka saMskRta ke alaMkArazAstriyoM ne bhI sahajatA aura madhuratA ke kAraNa prAkRta kI gAthAoM ko apane alaMkAra zAstroM meM udAharaNoM, dRSTAntoM ke rUpa meM apanAkara inheM surakSita rakhA hai| isa taraha prAkRta bhASA kevala eka bhASA-vizeSa hI nahIM, apitu sampUrNa prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kA darpaNa to hai hI, sAtha hI apane deza ke kSetra yA pradeza (deza) vizeSa kI adhikAMza bhASAoM kA mUlasrota evaM For Personal & Private Use Only

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aneka kSetrIya janabhASAoM kA eka bRhat samUha hai, jisameM aneka bhASAyeM samAhita haiN| yathA-- mAgadhI, ardha-mAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI, paizAcI, cUlikA paizAcI, zilAlekhI aura apabhraMza Adi haiN| buddha vacanoM kI pAli bhASA bhI eka prakAra kI prAkRta bhASA hI hai| ye sabhI eka hI vikAsa-dhArA kI vibhinna kar3iyA~ haiM, jinameM bhAratIya saMskRti, samAja evaM loka-paramparAoM kI vividha mAnyatAoM ke sAtha hI bhASA tathA vicAroM kA samagra itihAsa lipibaddha hai| prAkRta kI sArvabhaumikatA evaM vividha viSayoM kA pratipAdana prAkRta kisI jAti yA sampradAya vizeSa yA kAla vizeSa kI bhASA nahIM hai, apitu isakA svarUpa sadA se sArvabhaumika rahA hai| apane priya bhArata jaise vizAla deza ke prANoM meM spandita hone vAlI una boliyoM ke samUha se hai, lagabhaga jo lagabhaga IsA pUrva kI chaThI zatAbdI se lekara IsA kI caudahavIM zatAbdI taka lagabhaga do hajAra varSoM taka pratiSThita rahI hai| kucha. loga tathAgata bhagavAn buddha vacanoM kI pAli bhASA kI bhAMti prAkRta bhASA ko mAtra jaina dhArmika-sAhitya kI bhASA kahakara anadekhA kara dete haiM, kintu yaha unakA durAgraha mAtra hai| kyoMki yadi prAkRta bhASA mAtra jainAgama sAhitya taka hI sImita hotI to ukta kathana satya pratIta hotA, kintu prAyaH sabhI paramparAoM ke bhAratIya manISiyoM dvArA vyAkaraNa, rasa, chanda alaMkAra, zabdakoza, Ayurveda, yoga, jyotiSa, rAjanIti, dharma-darzana, gaNita, bhUgola, khagola, kathA- kAvya, caritakAvya, nATaka-saTTaka, nIti- subhASita, saundarya Adi viSayoM meM racA gayA vizAla sAhitya prAkRta bhASAoM meM upalabdha hai| prAkRta bhASA meM sAhitya sRjana kA yaha krama kevala bhUtakAla taka hI sImita nahIM rahA, apitu vartamAna kAla meM Aja bhI isakA sRjana abAdha gati se cala rahA hai| vartamAna yuga meM sRjita vividha vidhAoM kA For Personal & Private Use Only

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upalabdha prAkRta sAhitya ke adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki vartamAna samaya meM bhI aneka muni, AcArya evaM vidvAn prAkRta bhASA kI vividha vidhAoM meM tathA isase sambaddha viSayoM para hindI, aMgrejI tathA deza kI prAyaH sabhI prAdezika bhASAoM meM racanAyeM likha rahe haiN| ataH yaha * bhASA evaM isakA vizAla prAkRta sAhitya sArvajanIna aura sArvabhaumika hote hue hamAre rASTra kI bahumUlya dharohara hai| prAkRta bhASA ke mUla do bheda - 1. prathama starIya prAkRta - isake kathya aura sAhitya nibaddhaye do bheda haiN| kathya bhASA prAcIna kAla meM janabolI ke rUpa meM vidyamAna / thii| isakA sAhitya nahIM milatA hai, kintu usakI jhalaka chAndasa sAhitya meM milatI hai| ise prathama starIya prAkRta kahate haiN| 2. dvitIya starIya prAkRta bhASA arthAt sAhitya nibaddha bhASA ko tIna yugoM meM bAMTA gayA hai - 1. prathama yuga (600 BC se 200 AD), 2. madhya yuga (200 AD se 600 AD), 3. uttara arvAcIna yuga yA apabhraMza yuga (600 AD se 1200 AD) / . 1. prathama yugIna prAkRtoM ke antargata - 1. zilAlekhI prAkRta, 2. dhammapada kI prAkRta, 3. ArSa-pAli, 4. prAcIna jaina sUtroM kI prAkRta, 5. azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI prAkRta haiN| inakA kAla IsA pUrva chaThI zatI se dvitIya zatAbdI hai| 2. madhya yugIna prAkRtoM ke antargata - 1. bhAsa aura kAlidAsa ke nATakoM kI prAkRta, 2. gItikAvyoM aura mahAkAvyoM kI prAkRta, 3. paravartI jaina kAvya (sAhitya) kI prAkRta, 4. prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA nirUpita prAkRteM, 5. bRhatkathA kI paizAcI prAkRta haiN| inakA kAla dvitIya se chaThI zatI taka hai| 3. uttara arvAcIna yuga kA apabhraMza yuga - 600 I. se 1200 I. tk| isameM vibhinna pradeza kI prAkRta bhASAeM AtI haiN| jaise mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI, mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, paizAcI aadi| 10 For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta zilAlekhoM meM janabhASA kA svarUpa nidarzana prAkRta jana - bhASA ke rUpa meM itanI pratiSThita thI ki samrATa azoka ke samaya eka vizAla sAmrAjya kI rAjyabhASA hone kA gaurava prAkRta bhASA ko prApta huA aura usakI yaha pratiSThA hajAroM varSoM taka Age bar3hatI rahI / samrATa azoka ne (I. pUrva 270 - 250 ke madhya ) bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM abhilekhoM meM jo rAjyAdeza pracArita kiye unake lie usane do sazakta mAdhyamoM ko cunaa| eka to usane apane samaya kI janabhASA prAkRta evaM brAhmI lipi meM ina abhilekhoM ko taiyAra karAyA tAki ve jana-jana taka pahu~ca sakeM aura dUsare inheM pattharoM para khudavAyA tAki ve sadiyoM taka naitika mUlyoM ke rUpa meM ahiMsA, sadAcAra aura samanvaya kA sandeza dete rheN| samrATa azoka ke abhilekhoM kI saMkhyA lagabhaga tIsa hai| inameM mAtra zAhabAjagar3hI evaM manaserA ke abhilekha kharoSThI lipi meM hai, zeSa sabhI brAhmI lipi meM prApta haiN| IsA pUrva 300 se lekara 400 IsvI taka ina sAta sau varSoM meM lagabhaga do hajAra abhilekha prAkRta bhASA meM likhe gaye haiM / yaha sAmagrI kevala prAkRta bhASA ke hI vikAsa krama evaM mahattva ke lie upayogI nahIM hai, apitu bhAratIya saMskRti aura itihAsa ke lie bhI eka bahumUlya mahattvapUrNa dastAveja hai| DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI (prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, Amukha pR. 7) ke anusAra prAkRta bhASA kA janatA meM pracAra thA, janatA isakA upayoga karatI thI; isakA sabase bar3A pramANa zilAlekha hI haiN| zilAlekhoM, sikkoM aura rAjAjJAoM meM sarvadA janabhASA kA vyavahAra kiyA gayA hai| azoka ne dharmAjJAe~ prAkRta meM pracArita kI thIM; unake dharma - zilAlekha zAhabAjagar3hI (pezAvara jilA ), maMseharA (hajArA jilA ), giranAra (jUnAgar3ha), sopArA (thAnA jilA ), kAlasI (deharAdUna), dhaulI (purI jilA), jaugar3ha (gaMjAma jilA) aura irAguDI (nijAma riyAsata) 11 For Personal & Private Use Only

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se prApta hue haiN| stambha lekha ToparA (dillI), meraTha, kauzambI (ilAhAbAda), rAmapuravA (arerAja), lauriyA (nandanagar3ha), rUpanAtha (jabalapura), sahasarAma (zAhAbAda), vairATa (jayapura) prabhRti sthAnoM se prApta hue haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki prAkRta kA janabhASA ke rUpa meM sarvatra pracAra thaa| Andhra rAjAoM ke zilAlekhoM ke atirikta laMkA, nepAla, kAMgar3A aura mathurA prabhRti sthAnoM se prAkRta bhASA meM likhe gaye zilAlekha upalabdha hue haiN| sAgara jile se IsA pUrva tIsarI zatI kA dharmapAla kA sikkA milA hai, jisapara 'dhamapAlasa' likhA hai| eka dUsarA mahattvapUrNa sikkA IsA pUrva dUsarI kA zatI kA kharoSThI lipi meM likhA dimitriyasa kA milA hai, jisa para 'maharajasa aparajitasa dime likhA hai| itanA hI nahIM IsvI san kI prathama-dvitIya zatI taka ke prAyaH samasta zilAlekha . prAkRta meM hI likhe upalabdha hue haiN| ataH janabhASA ke rUpa meM prAkRta kA pracAra prAcIna bhArata meM thaa| vaidika (chAndasa) bhASA aura prAkRta prAcIna bhAratIya Arya-bhASA ke antargata saMskRta-bhASA ke do rUpa vidyamAna haiM - vaidika saMskRta tathA laukikaM sNskRt| inameM prAcIna saMskRta ke rUpa meM jAnI jAne vAlI chAndasa bhASA, vaidika-saMskRta ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai| prAcIna cAroM veda, brAhmaNa-grantha aura upaniSadoM kI bhASA vaidika saMskRta mAnI jAtI hai| yadyapi ina sabake upalabdha zatAdhika granthoM kI bhASA meM ekarUpatA nahIM dikhtii| Rgveda ke prathama aura dasaveM maNDala ko chor3akara zeSa kI bhASA kAphI prAcIna hai| jabaki prathama aura dasaveM maNDala kI bhASA bAda kI pratIta hotI haiN| isI taraha anya tInoM vedoM (yajurveda, sAmaveda aura atharvaveda) kI bhASA, brAhmaNoM aura upaniSadoM kI (kucha apavAdoM ko chor3akara) bhASA kA kramika vikAsa dRSTigocara hotA hai| vedoM meM vaidika-saMskRta ke jo rUpa Aja For Personal & Private Use Only

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upalabdha haiM, unheM usa kAla kI bolacAla kA rUpa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| kyoMki tatkAlIna bolacAla kI bhASA ke ve sAhityika rUpa mAtra haiN| vaidika saMskRta aura prAkRta bhASAoM meM kAphI samAnatAyeM vidyamAna haiN| vaiyAkaraNoM ne bhASA kA saMskAra karake zuddha bhASA (saMskRta) kA jo svarUpa nirdhArita kara diyA gyaa| vaha bhASA lekhakoM dvArA sAhitya kI bhASA ke rUpa meM vikasita hotI rhii| dUsarI ora lokabhASA bhI abAdha gati se nirantara vikasita hotI jA rahI thii| isa vikAsa ke phalasvarUpa isa bhASA kA jo svarUpa sAmane AyA use 'prAkRta bhASA' kahA jAne lgaa| isa prakAra saMskRta ke kAla meM jo bolacAla kI bhASA thI, vahI prAkRta ke rUpa meM vikasita hotI rahI aura usI kA vikasita rUpa sAhityika prAkRta ke rUpa meM huaa| - ina parivartita rUpoM ke kAraNa jo navIna boliyA~ yA bhASAyeM samaya-samaya para loka meM pracalita ho jAtI haiN| kAlAntara meM vaiyAkaraNa unake liye eka niyama kI, eka rUpatA kI vyavasthA karate haiN| ve kisI navIna bhASA ko nirmita nahIM karate apitu pracalita bhASA kI svarUpa vyavasthA hI karate haiN| ..... vastutaH kisI bhI bhASA kA svarUpa nirmita hone meM eka lambI avadhi kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| ataH jisa devabhASA saMskRta kA vikAsa chAndasa arthAt vaidika-bhASA se huA hai, usI prakAra vaidikakAla meM pracalita janabhASAoM se prAkRta bhASAoM kA vikAsa huA hai, jisakA pramANa prAcIna vaidika vAGmaya vizeSakara prathama Rgveda meM surakSita 'titau', 'prakaTa', 'nikaTa' Adi kucha zabdoM ke mAdhyama se prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha dhyAtavya hai ki vizva meM upalabdha prAcInatama zAstroM meM Rgveda kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| isIlie ise vizva dharohara ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA gayA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAcya bhASAvid aura sAhityakAra paM. candradhara zarmA gulerI ne purAnI hindI nAmaka apanI pustaka meM prAkRta-bhASA aura chAndasa kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karate hue likhA hai - "Rgveda pUrvakAlIna janasAmAnya kI Adima prAkRta se vikasita-bhASA hI vaha chAndasa hai, jisase ki Rgveda kI racanA huii| yahI nahIM, balki unake anusAra Adima prAkRta se vikasita ukta chAndasa se paravartI yugoM meM do sAhityika bhASAoM kA vikAsa huA - laukika saMskRta evaM sAhityika praakRt| Age calakara niyamabaddha ho jAne ke kAraNa laukika-saMskRta kA pravAha to avaruddha ho gayA, jabaki prAkRta kA pravAha binA kisI avarodha ke Age calatA rahA, jisase kramazaH apabhraMzabhASA tathA usa apabhraMza se braja, hindI, maithila, magahI, bhojapurI, baMgalA, ur3iyA, bundelI Adi Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kA vikAsa huaa| skambha, vikaTa, kIkaTa, nikaTa, daNDa, paTh, ghaTa, kSulla, uccA, nIcA, pazvA, bhotu, dUDabha, dUlabha, indrAvaruNA, mitrAvaruNa jaise aneka zabda vedoM meM vidyamAna haiM, jo tatkAlIna janabhASAoM meM pracalita rahe haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki vaidikakAla meM prAdezika boliyoM Adi ke rUpa meM janabhASAyeM vidyamAna thIM, jinakA prabhAva chAndasa para par3A hai| isa taraha vaidika-bhASA ke samAnAntara janabhASA ke rUpa meM prAkRta-bhASA nirantara vikasita hotI jA rahI thii| vastutaH prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA kA svarUpa Rgveda kI prAcIna RcAoM meM surakSita hai| chAndasa yA vaidika bhASA usa samaya kI sAhityika bhASA thI, jo janabhASA kA pariSkRta rUpa hai chAndasa bhASA, jisameM loka bhASA ke aneka srota mizrita the, pANinI ne jisa bhASA ko vyAkaraNa dvArA parimArjita aura pariSkRta kiyA, sAhityika saMskRta rUpa ko prApta huii| AcArya pANinI ne vaidika vAGmaya kI bhASA ko chAndasa aura lokabhASA ko bhASA kahA hai| isase bhI prAkRta kI prAcInatA aura For Personal & Private Use Only

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lokapriyatA jJAta hotI hai| isIlie vaidika kAla se janasAmAnya dvArA dainika vyavahara meM bolI jAne vAlI janabhASA prAkRta ko tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura bhagavAn buddha ne apane upadeza dene kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| jaba se prAkRta meM sAhityika racanA prArambha huI, tabhI se vaha saMskRta kI pratispardhA meM A gayI aura saMskRta ke samAnAntara hI isakA sAhityika vikAsa hone lgaa| vaidikabhASA ke samAnAntara janabhASA, jise prAkRta kahA gayA hai, nirantara vikasita hotI jA rahI thii| ye rUpa vastutaH prAkRta yA dezya the, jo zanaiH zanaiH vaidika bhASA meM bhI mizrita ho gye| chAndasa bhASA se prAkRta bhASA kA vikAsa chAndasa ko prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kahA gayA hai| eka hI mUlasrota se vikasita chAndasa aura laukika saMskRta - ye donoM bhASAeM sAhityika rUpa dhAraNa kara sthira ho gaIM, kintu bhASA kA pravAha nadI ke jala kI bhA~ti nirantara hotA rahA hai| chAndasa ke pahale kI jo janabhASA pravahamAna thI, usase prAkRta bhASAoM kA vikAsa huaa| isa prAkRta ke aneka rUpa/zabda chAndasa (Rgveda aura atharvaveda) meM Aja bhI surakSita haiN| isalie yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki prAkRta aura saMskRta donoM kA mUlasrota tatkAlIna janabhASA tathA chAndasa hai| .... DaoN. pI. DI. guNe ne likhA hai - prAkRtoM kA astitva nizcita rUpa se vaidika boliyoM ke sAtha-sAtha vartamAna thaa| inhIM prAkRtoM se paravartI sAhityika prAkRtoM kA vikAsa huaa| vedoM evaM paNDitoM kI bhASA ke sAtha-sAtha maMtroM kI racanA ke samaya bhI eka aisI bhASA pracalita thI, jo paNDitoM kI bhASA se adhika vikasita thii| isa bhASA meM madhyakAlIna bhAratIya boliyoM kI prAcInatama avasthA kI pramukha vizeSatAyeM vartamAna thii| (ena inTro. TU kampareTiva philAsaphI, pR. 163) __DaoN. pizala ne (prAkRta bhA. kA vyAkaraNa, pR. 14) likhA hai - "prAkRta bhASAoM kI jar3eM janatA kI boliyoM ke bhItara jamI huI haiM aura inake mukhya tattva AdikAla meM jItI jAgatI aura bolI jAne vAlI 15 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #29
bhASA ko lie huye haiM, kintu bolacAla kI ve bhASAyeM, jo bAda meM sAhityika bhASAoM ke pada para pratiSThita huI, saMskRta kI bhAMti hI bahuta ThokI-pITI gaIM, tAki unakA eka sugaThita rUpa bana paae| " DaoN. elapheDa sI. vulnara (iNTroDakzana TU prAkRta, pR. 3-4) ne likhA hai - " saMskRta ziSTa samAja kI aura prAkRta janasAdhAraNa kI bhASA hai| prAkRta kA sambandha zreNya saMskRta kI apekSA chAndasa se adhika hai| kyoMki isa sAhitya ke prAkRta kA mukhya bhAga saMskRta zabdoM se banA hai| chAndasa ke sAtha prAkRta pada-racanAoM evaM dhvaniyoM kI tulanA sahaja meM kI jA sakatI hai|" isa sabase spaSTa hai ki vaidika kAla meM koI aisI janabhASA pracalita rahI hai, jisase chAndasa sAhityika bhASA kA vikAsa huA hogA / kAlAntara meM isa chAndasa ko bhI pANinI ne anuzAsita kara isameM se vibhASA ke tattvoM ko nikAlakara laukika saMskRta ko janma diyaa| kha isa taraha bolacAla kI bhASA ke prAcIna rUpa chAndasa ke hI AdhAra para vedamantroM kI racanA huI thI aura usakA prasAra aura prabhAva brAhmaNa-granthoM tathA sUtragranthoM taka rhaa| pIche se vaha chAndasa parimArjita hokara laukika saMskRtarUpa meM prayukta hone lgii| sAtha hI sAtha bolacAla kI janabhASA prAkRta bhASA bhI samRddha rUpa meM banI rhii| vaidika tathA paravartI saMskRta ke ve zabda jinameM 'na' ke sthAna para 'Na' kA prayoga huA hai, prAkRta rUpa hai| isa prakAra chAndasa meM prAkRta bhASA ke tattvoM kA samAveza spaSTa karatA hai ki yaha bhASA laukika saMskRta kI apekSA prAcInatara hai| vartamAna meM prAkRta bhASA kA sabase prAcIna rUpa jo isa samaya hameM prApta hai, vaha samrATa azoka aura kaliMga nareza khAravela Adi ke zilAlekhoM, pAli tripiTaka aura jaina Agama granthoM meM upalabdha hai / usI 16 For Personal & Private Use Only

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ko hama prAkRta kA upalabdha prathama rUpa kaha sakate haiN| ataH jo vidvAn prAkRta ko saMskRta kA vikRta rUpa yA saMskRta se udbhUta kaha dete haiN| aba unheM apanI mithyA dhAraNA chor3akara aneka bhASAoM kI jananI prAkRta bhASA ke maulika evaM prAcIna svarUpa aura usakI mahattA ko samajha jAnA caahie| ___ DaoN. sunIti kumAra caTarjI (bhAratIya AryabhASA aura hindI, prakA. rAjakamala prakAzana, dillI 1957, pRSTha 15), paNDita prabodha becaradAsa (prAkRta-bhASA, prakAzaka-pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, vArANasI, pR. 13), DaoN. pI.DI. guNe (ena iNTroDakzana TU kampereTiva philaoNlaoNjI san 1950, pR. 163) jaise bhASA vaijJAnikoM ke matoM ke manthana se bhI yaha niSkarSa navanIta rUpa meM nikalatA hai ki prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kA udbhava aura vikAsa prAcIna janabhASA se hI huA hai| isa taraha chAndasa bhASA se vaidika vAGmaya kA praNayana huA hai, usameM lokabhASA ke aneka srota upalabdha hote haiN| ataH chAndasa bhASA ke adhyayana ke lie prAkRta bhASA kA adhyayana kAphI upayogI siddha hogaa| chAndasa bhASA meM prAkRta bhASA ke tattva prAkRta bhASA ke suprasiddha vidvAn DaoN. zrIraMjanasUrideva ne apanI pustaka "prAkRta-saMskRta kA samAnAntara adhyayana" (pR. 98-99) meM likhA hai ki - bhASAtattva kI dRSTi se bhI prAkRta ke svarUpa-jJAna ke binA chAndasa bhASA kA 'pazcAt' kI jagaha 'pazyA', 'yuSmAn' kI jagaha 'yuSmA', 'uccAt' kI jagaha para 'uccA' evaM 'nIcAt' kI jagaha 'nIcA' kA prayoga milatA hai| aise prayoga meM do sthitiyA~ haiM - prathama meM, antya vyaMjana kA lopa hotA hai aura dvitIya meM, antya vyaMjana meM dIrgha 'A' svara lagatA hai| spaSTa hI yaha pravRtti prAkRta-bhASA kI hai aura isakA praveza chAndasa bhASA meM huA hai| 17 For Personal & Private Use Only

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isI prakAra, chAndasa bhASA kI padaracanA kA adhyayana prAkRta kI pada racanA ke adhyayana ke binA apUrNa hai; kyoMki 'devebhiH' jaise aneka rUpa 'Rgveda' meM dekhe jAte haiM, unake vikasita rUpa prAkRta meM bhI prAyaH upalabdha hai| dhvanivijJAna kI dRSTi se saMskRta dhvaniyoM ke adhyayana ke sandarbha meM prAkRta dhvaniyoM ke adhyayana kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai| udAharaNArtha - "iMgAla' aura 'maireya' - ye zabda prAkRta dhvani se yukta prAkRta bhASA ke zabda haiN| prAkRta mUladhvani ke zabda iMgAla aura maireya' haiM, jinako saMskRta meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi 'mArisa' zabda kA vikAsa saMskRta ke 'mAdRza' se sambhAvita hai, parantu yaha nitAnta bhrama hI hai| kyoMki, yaha zabda Adara ke artha meM sambodhana meM prayukta hai| saMskRta nATakoM meM yaha prAkRta bhASA se liyA gayA hai| kavi zrIharSa ne 'iGgAla' (koyalA) zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai - 'vitenuriMgAlamivAyazaH pre|' (naiSadha. 1/9) yaha zabda bhI prAkRta se saMskRta meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra, 'maireya' zabda 'madirA' se vikasita ('madireya') evaM prAkRta dhvani se niSpanna zabda hai, kintu saMskRta meM isakA prayoga pracuratA se milatA hai aura Ayurveda meM to ise madya kA paryAya hI mAna liyA gayA hai| (dekhie - bhAvaprakAza, sandhAnavarga, zloka 17) isa taraha uttaravaidika kAla kI 'udIcya bhASA' prAkRta-bhASA ke adhika nikaTa hai| udIcya pradeza gAndhAra ke 'zAlAtura' gA~va meM janme tathA takSazilA meM zikSita saMskRta ke asAdhAraNa vidvAn maharSi pANini (IsA pUrva lagabhaga pAMcavIM zatAbdI) ne isI udIcya bhASA kA AdhAra lekara sAhitya evaM parisaMskRta rUpa nirmANa ke lie aSTAdhyAyI ke cAra hajAra sUtroM meM sarvAMgINa saMskRta vyAkaraNa kI racanA kii| ataH saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke adhyayana ke lie nipAtasiddha zabdoM, upasargoM tathA For Personal & Private Use Only

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avyayoM kA bodha Avazyaka hai aura inakA jJAna prAkRta evaM dezI zabdoM ke jJAna ke binA kaThina hai| . isa prakAra chAndasa ke AdhAra se tatkAlIna bhASA ko vyAkaraNa ke mAdhyama se niyantrita kara, sthiratA pradAna karate hue usa bhASA ko nayA rUpa laukika saMskRta ke rUpa meM svarUpa prastuta kiyaa| prAkRta ko sammAna pradAna karane vAle mahApuruSa aura kavi prAkRta bhASA ko apanAkara ise vyApakatA pradAna karane vAle aneka mahApuruSa hue haiN| jaina dharma evaM isakI paramparA ke anusAra to prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva se lekara antima aura caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra paryanta sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ke pravacanoM kI bhASA prAkRta hI rahI hai| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI vANI rUpa meM upasthita pavitra vizAla Agama sAhitya Aja vidyamAna hai| . . tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura gautamabuddha donoM ne hI apane dharmopadezoM kA mAdhyama isI lokabhASA prAkRta ko bnaayaa| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke upadezoM kI bhASA ko arddhamAgadhI prAkRta tathA gautamabuddha ke upadezoM kI bhASA ko mAgadhI (pAli) kahA gayA hai| ina donoM mahApuruSoM ne apane upadeza saMskRta bhASA meM na dekara jana (loka) bhASA prAkRta meM diye| bhagavAn buddha ne apane ziSyoM ko apanI-apanI bhASA meM 'dhamma' 'sIkhane kI AjJA dI thI' (cullagga 5/61) jisase prAkRta jana bhI zAstA ke upadezAmRta kA karuNamati se yatheccha pAna kara sake, ataH mahApuruSa buddha kI vANI lokabhASA thii| kahA bhI hai - . "prAkRtairati janairmadIyopadezAmRtaM yethecche samupadideza mhaapurussH| kA nAma sA laukikI vANI yA bhagavatA tadartha sambhAvitA-magadheSu tadAnIm upayujyamAnA kAcid bhaassaa| sA bhASA api maagdhiityevocytaam|"- (pAli jAtakAvali, pR. 3) __ dila ko chU lene vAlI apanI boliyoM meM ina mahApuruSoM dvArA For Personal & Private Use Only

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pradatta dharmopadeza kA prathama bAra sunanA sAdhAraNa janatA para atyadhika gaharA prabhAva DAla gyaa| isa prakAra ina do dharma-saMsthApakoM kA Azraya pAkara prAntIya boliyA~ bhI camaka uThI aura saMskRta se barAbarI kA dAvA karane lgiiN| udhara vaidika dharmAnuyAyI aura adhika dRr3hatA se apanI bhASA kI rakSA karane lge| isakA phala yaha huA ki saMskRta eka varga vizeSa kI bhASA mAnI jAne lgii| jabaki mUlataH yaha eka vyApaka bhASA hai| kahA bhI hai - bAlastrImandamUrkhANAM nRNAM cAritrakAMkSiNAm / anugrahArthaM tatvajJaiH siddhAntaH prAkRtaH kRtaH // haribhadra, dazavai. vRtti, pR. 203 arthAt ' cAritra ke AkAMkSI bAlaka, strI, manda, ajJajanoM aura manuSyoM ke hitArtha apane siddhAntoM kA prAkRta meM upadeza diyA hai| spaSTa hai ki janabolI prAkRta, saMskRta kI apekSA bahuta sarala evaM bodhagamya hai, isalie jaina aura bauddhoM ne ise apane upadezoM kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| ina mahApuruSoM kI isa bhASAyI krAnti ne samAja ke usa pichar3e aura upekSita nimna samajhe jAne vAle vyaktiyoM ke una vibhinna sabhI vargoM ko bhI AtmakalyANa karake ucca, zreSTha evaM saMyamI jIvana jIne aura samAja meM sammAnita sthAna prApti kA mArga prazasta kiyA, jo samAja meM hajAroM varSoM se dalita evaM upekSita samajhe jAne ke kAraNa sammAnita jIvana jIne aura amRtatva prApta karane kI soca bhI nahIM sakate the| rASTrIya samAja kalyANa kI antyodaya aura sarvodaya jaisI kalyANakArI bhAvanAoM kA sUtrapAta bhI aise hI cintana se huaa| pUrvokta donoM hI mahApuruSoM ne apane krAntikArI vicAroM se sAmAjika, sAMskRtika evaM dhArmika kSetroM kI vikRtiyoM ko dUra karake dharma ke nAma para bAhya kriyAkANDoM, mithyAdhAraNAoM ke sthAna para pratyeka prANI ke lie jIvanotkarSa aura AtmakalyANa kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| bhASA aura siddhAntoM kI dRSTi se unakI isa paramparA ko unake anuyAyiyoM ne Age bhI samRddha rkhaa| 20 For Personal & Private Use Only

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samrATa azoka ne bhI prAkRta ko rAjabhASA ke pada para pratiSThita kiyA aura apanI sabhI AjJAoM aura dharmalekha isI prAkRta bhASA aura brAhmI lipi meM likhvaae| prAkRta bhASA ko janabhASA ke sAtha-sAtha rAjakAja kI bhASA kA bhI gaurava prApta huA aura usakI yaha pratiSThA saikar3oM varSoM taka Age bar3hatI rhii| azoka ke zilAlekhoM ke atirikta deza ke anya aneka narezoM ne bhI prAkRta meM zilAlekha likhavAye evaM mudrAe~ aMkita krvaaiiN| kaliMga nareza mahArAjA khAravela dvArA ur3IsA kI rAjadhAnI bhuvanezvara ke samIpa udayagiri-khaNDagiri kI hAthIgumphA meM prAkRta bhASA evaM brAhmI lipi meM utkIrNa abhilekha bhI kAphI mahattvapUrNa hai, jisameM apane deza "bharadha-vasa" (bhAratavarSa) ke nAma kA sarvaprathama prAcInatama ullekha prApta hotA hai| - mahAkavi hAla ne apanI gAthAsaptazatI meM tatkAlIna prAkRta kAvyoM se sAta sau gAthAe~ cunakara prAkRta ko grAmINa jIvana, saundarya-cetanA evaM rasAnubhUti kI pratinidhi sahaja-sarasa aura sarala bhASA banA diyaa| hindI ke mahAkavi bihArI jaise aneka prasiddha mahAkaviyoM ne inhIM ke anukaraNa para apane kAvyoM kI racanA kii| ... saMskRta nATakakAroM meM bhAsa, kAlidAsa, zUdraka, bhavabhUti, hastimalla jaise aneka saMskRta nATakakAroM ne bhI apane nATakoM meM adhikAMza samvAda prAkRta bhASA meM likhakara prAkRta ko bahumAna pradAna kiyA hai| . __ lokabhASA se adhyAtma, sadAcAra aura naitika mUlyoM kI bhASA taka kA vikAsa karate hue yaha prAkRta bhASA kaviyoM ko AkarSita karane lagI thii| IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM prAkRta bhASA gA~voM kI jhopar3iyoM se rAjamahaloM kI sabhAoM taka Adara prApta karane lagI thii| vaha samAja meM abhivyakti kA sazakta mAdhyama cuna lI gayI thii| 21 For Personal & Private Use Only

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isa taraha prAkRta bhASA ne deza kI cintanadhArA sadAcAra, naitika mUlya, lokajIvana aura kAvya jagat ko nirantara anuprANita kiyA hai| ataH yaha prAkRta bhASA bhAratIya saMskRti kI saMvAhaka hai / isa bhASA ne apane ko kisI ghere meM kaida nahIM kiyA / apitu vizAla aura pavitra gaMgA nadI ke pravAha kI taraha prAkRta ke pAsa jo thA, use vaha jana-jana taka bikheratI huI AplAvita karatI rahI aura jana-mAnasa meM jo acchA lagA, use vaha grahaNa karatI rhii| isa prakAra prAkRta bhASA sarvagrAhya aura sArvabhaumika to hai hI, sAtha hI bhAratIya saMskRti kI anamola nidhi aura AtmA bhI hai| vartamAna bhASAoM / loka - bhASAoM kA mUla - udgama bhASAvaijJAnikoM kA yaha abhimata hai ki mahArASTrI apabhraMza se marAThI aura koMkaNI; mAgadhI apabhraMza kI pUrvI zAkhA se baMgalA, ur3iyA tathA asamiyA; mAgadhI apabhraMza se bihArI, maithilI, magahI aura bhojapurI; arddhamAgadhI apabhraMza se pUrvI hindI - avadhI, baghelI, chattIsagar3hI; zaurasenI apabhraMza se bundelI, kannaujI, brajabhASA, bAMgarU, hindI ; nAgara apabhraMza se rAjasthAnI, mAlavI, mevAr3I, jayapurI, mAravAr3I tathA gujarAtI; pAli se siMhalI aura mAladIvana; TAkkI yA DhAkkI se laha~DI yA pazcimI paMjAbI; zaurasenI prabhAvita TAkkI se pUrvI paMjAbI; brAcaDa apabhraMza se sindhI bhASA ( darada); paizAcI apabhraMza se kazmIrI bhASA kA vikAsa huA hai| bhASAoM ke sambandha meM yaha bhI eka mahattvapUrNa tathya hai ki bhASA kI sthiti vibhinna yugoM meM parivartita hotI rahI hai| bhAvoM ke saMvahana ke rUpa meM janatA kA jhukAva jisa ora rahA, bhASA kA pravAha usI rUpa meM DhalatA gayA / - yadyapi pUrvokta sabhI kSetrIya bhASAoM ke rUpa Aja hamAre sAmane nahIM haiM; kintu bhASAvaijJAnikoM kI bhASA viSayaka avadhAraNAoM tathA madhyakAlIna evaM Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke vikAsa krama ko - 22 For Personal & Private Use Only

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dhyAna meM rakhakara ina sambhAvanAoM ko jhuThalAyA bhI nahIM jA sktaa| vAstavikatA bhI yahI hai ki bhASAoM ke vikAsa kI jar3eM Aja bhI loka- boliyoM meM gaharAI taka jamI huI lakSita hotI haiM / kabhI-kabhI hama yaha anumAna bhI nahIM kara sakate haiM ki katipaya zabdoM ko jinheM hama kevala vaidika sAhitya meM prayukta pAte haiM / ve hamArI boliyoM meM sahaja hI upalabdha ho jAte haiN| DaoN. devendra kumAra zAstrI ( apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya kI zodha-pravRttiyA~ nAmaka pustaka ke lekhaka) kA mAnanA hai ki vibhASAyeM hI madhyakAla meM kSetrIya bhedoM ke AdhAra para apabhraMza boliyoM ke rUpa meM pracalita rhiiN| kSetrIya bhASAoM ke rUpa meM Aja hama jina boliyoM ko bhASA ke rUpa meM vikasita dekha rahe haiM, unakA janma AThavIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga apane-apane kSetroM kI apabhraMza boliyoM se huA thA / vaidika sAhitya ke adhyayana se bhI yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki boliyoM kA mahattva sadA banA hI rahA hai| ina prAkRtoM ko jaba vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM meM bA~dhA gayA, taba punaH janabhASAoM ke pravAha ko rokA na jA sakA, jisase apabhraMza bhASAoM kA janma huA / kAlAntara meM apabhraMzoM ko niyamabaddha karane ke prayatna hue, jisase Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM utpanna huIM, jinameM hindI, baMgAlI, ur3iyA, asamiyA~, bhojapurI, magahI, maithilI, paMjAbI, rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, marAThI Adi sammilita haiN| nizcita hI ina bhASAoM se aura bhI anekAneka boliyoM/bhASAoM kA vikAsa hotA rahA hai| yaha saba anusaMdhAna kA Avazyaka viSaya hai| jahA~ eka ora laukika saMskRta niyamabaddha hokara sthira ho gayI, vahIM dUsarI ora prAkRta vibhinna kSetrIya janabhASAoM ke sahayoga se vikasita huI aura pAli, arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, cUlikA, apabhraMza Adi bhaugolika nAmoM se sAhityika bhASAyeM bana gayIM / 23 For Personal & Private Use Only

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saMskRta aura prAkRta bhASA yadyapi yaha nirvivAda satya hai ki sampUrNa bhArata hI kyA pUre vizva meM devabhASA saMskRta ke prati jo sammAna hai aura apane deza ke sAMskRtika aura sAhityika itihAsa meM saMskRta kI jo amiTa chApa aura jo mahatva hai, vaha mUlyoM kI dRSTi se Aja aura adhika bar3ha gayA hai, use sabhI svIkAra karate haiN| zabda sampadA Adi vividha rUpoM meM vibhinna bhAratIya evaM videzI bhASAoM ke lie usakA jo vyApaka avadAna evaM prabhAva hai, vaha bhI kisI se chipA nahIM hai| kintu kSetra aura kAla vizeSa ke prabhAva se yaha nizcita hai ki saMskRta bhASA eka hone para bhI vAlmIki kI bhASA se kAlidAsa aura unakI bhASA se bANabhaTTa kI bhASA-zailI zabda cayana, saMracanA meM antara hai| isI se prakaTa hai ki bhASA meM vikAsa honA hI usakA jIvana hai| jaba taka bhASA apane jIvana-kAla meM rahatI hai aura jitane adhika samaya taka rahatI hai, usameM utanA adhika parivartana hotA rahatA hai| yahA~ taka ki usakA paravartI rUpa kabhI-kabhI apane mUla se itanA adhika vikasita ho jAtA hai ki sahasA vaha pahayAna meM bhI nahI aataa| hamAre deza kI do prAcInatama bhASAyeM - saMskRta aura prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti ke viSaya meM DaoN. motIlAla ne apanI pustaka 'rAjasthAnI bhASA aura sAhitya' (pR. 4) meM likhA hai ki - 'madhya eziyA ko chor3akara jisa samaya hamAre pUrvaja prAcIna Arya paMjAba meM Akara base the aura usa samaya kI jo janabhASA bolate the, usake eka rUpa se vaidika-saMskRta kI bhI utpatti huI, isI vaidika saMskRta kA hI parivartita rUpa pIche se saMskRta (laukika saMskRta) kahalAyA aura janasAdhAraNa kI bolacAla kI bhASAyeM prAkRta ke nAma se prasiddha huii| ___DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina ne apane prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa nAmaka grantha (pR. 8-9) meM likhA hai- saMskRta parimArjita aura pariSkRta 24 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhASA hone ke kAraNa ziSTajanoM kI bhASA bana gaI thii| vaha eka viziSTa varga kI bhASA.thI jisameM sAhitya kI racanA hone lagI thii| vaidika saMskRta ke liye zikSA aura vyAkaraNa kI isaliye AvazyakatA huI ki AryoM dvArA pavitra svIkAra kiye jAne vAle vedoM kI RcAoM kA sahI DhaMga se zuddha uccAraNa kiyA jA ske| prAkRta jo AryoM kI bolacAla kI bhASA rahI hai, unakI sthiti bilkula bhinna thii| prAkRta bhASA kI sAmAnya prakRti sadA parivartanazIla rahI hai| bhaugolika paristhitiyoM se yaha prabhAvita hotI gaI hai| - isa prakAra vedoM se upaniSadoM kI bhASA aura upaniSadoM se mahAkavi kAlidAsa, harSa Adi kI bhASA meM antara parilakSita hotA hai| yaha antara kisI kI bhASA meM vikAra aura kisI kI bhASA meM vikAsa ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| yathArtha meM kisI bhI bhASA kA gatihIna ho jAnA asvAbhAvika hai aura vikRta hote (badalate) rahanA usake jIvita rahane kA pramANa hai| saMskRta kA vikRta rUpa nahIM hai, janabhASA prAkRta - jaise bhASA-vikAsa kI vibhinna avasthAoM ko jAnane ke lie saMskRta bhASA aura usake sAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai, usI taraha vartamAna kI bhAratIya bhASAoM meM hindI, rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, marAThI, paMjAbI Adi aneka bhASAoM ke vikAsakrama ko jAnane ke lie prAkRta aura apabhraMza bhASAoM tathA inake sAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hI nahIM, anivArya bhI hai| kyoMki ye saba bhASAyeM prAkRta-apabhraMza bhASAoM kI sagI beTiyA~ haiN| prAkRta bhASA ke zikSaNa, adhyayana evaM vikAsa se deza kI vibhinna bhASAoM ke vikAsa, pracAra-prasAra evaM bhASAvaijJAnika adhyayana ko sugamatA evaM jIvana zakti prApta hogii| 'hindI' jisa bhASA ke viziSTa daizika aura kAlika rUpa kA nAma hai, bhArata meM isakA prAcInatama rUpa prAkRta hai| AdikAla 25 For Personal & Private Use Only

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hA hA se hI prAkRta kI jar3eM janatA kI boliyoM ke bhItara jamIM huI haiM (prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa : pRSTha 14) / bhASA-vaijJAnika adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hai ki prAkRta, saMskRta kA vikRta rUpa nahIM hai| AcArya bharata muni (IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI) ke nATyazAstra (17-18) meM jo mAgadhI, avantijA, prAcyA, zaurasenI, ardhamAgadhI, vAlIkA aura dAkSiNAtyA - ye prAkRta ke sAta bheda ginAye gaye hai, ve. ina bhASAoM kI bhaugolikatA ko hI sUcita karate haiN| matalaba yaha hai ki jo bhASA prakRti arthAt svabhAvasiddha ho aura janasAmAnya dvArA vyavahAra meM lAI jAtI ho, vaha prAkRta hai, aura saMskArita kahI jAne vAlI saMskRta se vaha bhinna hai| pANinI ne vaidika vAGmaya ko chAndasa Ara sAdhAraNa janoM kI bolacAla ko "bhASA' nAma diyA hai, isase bhI donoM bhASAoM kA pArthakya siddha hotA hai| prAkRta kI utpatti sambandhI bhrama nivAraNa Azcarya hai ki bhASA vaijJAnika tathA anyAnya pramANoM ke bAvajUda kucha loga Aja bhI yahI samajhate haiM ki saMskRta kA vikAra yA vikRta rUpa prAkRta hai aura prAkRta kA vikAra apabhraMza bhASAeM haiN| kintu unakI yaha galata avadhAraNA hai| sambhavataH isa mithyA avadhAraNA ke pIche prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM, vizeSakara AcArya hemacandra ke kathana kI yathArthatA na samajha pAne ke kAraNa bhI rahA hogaa| kucha vidvAn AcArya hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa (siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana ke aSTama adhyAya) ke "atha prAkRtam" - isa prathama sUtra aura isakI vRtti ke Arambhika aMza "prakRtiH sNskRtm| tatra bhavaM tata AgataM vA prAkRtam - kA yaha pramANa dekara binA kucha soce-samajhe kaha dete haiM ki saMskRta se prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti huI hai| kintu yaha bhI unakA bhrama mAtra hai| 26 For Personal & Private Use Only

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yahA~ AcArya hemacandra pUrvokta sUtra kI vRtti meM Age yaha nirdeza kara rahe haiM ki . - "saMskRtAnantaraM prAkRtamAdhikriyate / saMskRtAnantaraM ca prAkRtasyAnuzAsanaM siddhasAdhyamAnabhedasaMskRtayonereva tasya lakSaNaM na dezyasya iti jnyaapnaarthm| saMskRtasamaM tu saMskRtalakSaNenaiva gatArtham / prAkRte ca prakRtipratyayaliGgakArakasamAsasaMjJAdayaH saMskRtavad veditavyAH / arthAt saMskRta ke anantara prAkRta kA vyAkaraNa prArambha kiyA jAtA hai| siddha aura sAdhyamAna (aise do prakAra ke ) zabda honevAlA saMskRta jisakA mUla (= yoni) hai - vaha prAkRta, aisA usa prAkRta kA lakSaNa hai aura yaha lakSaNa dezya kA nahIM, isa bAta kA bodha karane ke lie 'saMskRta ke anantara prAkRta kA vivecana' - aisA kahA hai, tathApi jo prAkRta saMskRta ke samAna hai vaha ( vaha pahale kahe hue) saMskRta ke vyAkaraNa se jJAta huA hai tathA prAkRta meM prakRti, pratyaya, liMga, kAraka, samAsa, saMjJA ityAdi saMskRta ke anusAra hoMge - aisA jaaneN| uparyukta sUtra kI vRtti meM AcArya hemacandra ne spaSTa kiyA hai ki jo 'prakRtiH saMskRtam' kahA hai- isakA artha yahI hai ki aba taka hamane apane siddha hemazabdAnuzAsana nAmaka vyAkaraNagrantha ke sAta adhyAyoM meM saMskRta vyAkaraNa kA pratipAdana kiyA hai aura aba Age antima aSTama adhyAya meM hama jo prAkRta bhASA kA vyAkaraNa samajhAyeMge, vaha aba taka batAye saMskRta vyAkaraNa kI prakRti ke AdhAra para hI smjhaayeNge| arthAt saMskRta zabdoM, kriyAoM Adi ke AdhAra para prAkRta rUpoM kI siddhi kI jaaegii| ataH 'prakRtiH saMskRtam' isakA artha yaha kadApi nahIM lagAnA cAhie ki prAkRta kI prakRti (utpatti) saMskRta ( se) hai| isI taraha prAkRta ke prAyaH sabhI vaiyAkaraNoM ne 'tat' zabda se saMskRta ko lekara 'tadbhava' zabda kA vyavahAra 'saMskRta - bhava' artha isalie kiyA hai ki unheM saMskRta bhASA ke AdhAra para prAkRta vyAkaraNa samajhAnA hai| kyoMki prAkRta vyAkaraNa ko saMskRta ke AdhAra para hI samajhAne kI paramparA hai| 27 For Personal & Private Use Only

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cU~ki prAkRta kI vyAkaraNa prAkRta bhASA meM nahIM apitu saMskRta bhASA meM hI likhe jAne kI paramparA rahI hai| isIlie prAkRta ke sabhI vaiyAkaraNoM meM prAkRta bhASA meM na likhakara saMskRta bhASA meM hI likhe haiM aura saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para prAkRta kI vyAkaraNa bhI samajhAI hai / yaha saba saMskRta aura prAkRta bhASAoM evaM inake bhASA-bhASI janoM kI atyanta prAcIna kAla se hI paraspara eka-dUsare ke prati nirbharatA, maitrI jaisI aneka sauhArdapUrNa bhAvanAoM kA dyotana karatI haiN| udAharaNa ke liye prAkRta vyAkaraNoM meM saMskRta 'vRSabhaH' zabda se prAkRta vasaho yA usaho zabda kI siddhi kI hai| isI taraha se kaumudI se komuI, saundaryaM se sundaraM yA suMdariaM kI siddhi kI gaI hai| vastutaH samasta prAkRta bhASAoM meM saMskRta bhASA ke aneka zabda usI rUpa meM gRhIta hue haiN| ina zabdoM ko " tatsama " kahate haiN| ye tatsama zabda yadyapi prathama-stara kI prAkRta bhASAoM se hI saMskRta meM pracalita evaM saMrakSita hue, tathApi yaha svIkAra karanA hI hogA ki ye zabda paravartI kAla kI prAkRta bhASAoM meM jo aparivartita rUpa se vyavahRta hue haiM, ve saMskRta sAhitya ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hI / isa taraha hameM kisI bhI granthakartA ke pUre kathana ke AdhAra para artha nirdhAraNa karanA cAhiye, na ki kisI eka vAkya ke AdhAra pr| ataH hameM pUrvokta bhrama kA nivAraNa avazya kara lenA cAhiye, tAki artha kA anartha na ho ske| isa prakAra bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se saMskRta ko prAkRta kI prakRti nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, hAM, saMskRta ne prAkRta ko prabhAvita avazya kiyA hai| vastutaH jaise-jaise Arya loga pazcima se pUrva aura dakSiNa kI ora agrasara hue, bhinna-bhinna pradezoM meM unheM bahusaMkhyaka boliyoM ko AtmasAt karanA par3A jisake pariNAmasvarUpa prAkRta boliyoM kA vikAsa hotA gyaa| ye boliyA~ janasAmAnya dvArA bolI jAne vAlI bhASA para 28 For Personal & Private Use Only

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AdhArita thiiN| Age calakara jaise-jaise janasAdhAraNa ne vyAkaraNa ke kaThina niyamoM se niyaMtrita saMskRta kI durUhatA kA anubhava kiyA, vaise-vaise rAjanaitika, sAmAjika, Arthika evaM sAMskRtika zaktiyoM kI samanvaya svarUpa prAkRta boliyA~ pahale to mahAvIra aura buddha ke jana-sAmAnya-udbodhaka dharmopadeza kI mahattvapUrNa kar3iyoM ke rUpa meM aura tatpazcAt kAlakrama se sAmAnya sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM puSpita aura pallavita hotI giiN| sAhityika prAkRtoM kA Adarza-stara vastutaH bhASA zabda kA prayoga kAlAntara meM sAhityika bhASA ke lie kiyA gyaa| sAhityika prAkRtoM kA bhI eka Adarza stara rahA hai, jisake pramANa prAcIna abhilekhoM meM milate haiN| yadyapi prAcIna samaya meM prAkRta janabhASA ke rUpa meM pracalita thI, jo sindha se lekara madhyadeza tathA magadha taka bolI jAtI thI, kintu samaya-samaya para anya bhASAoM kA prabhAva bhI isa para apanA pAnI car3hAtA rhaa| . prAyaH sabhI prAkRta bhASAoM meM atyanta uttama tathA ucca koTi kA sAhitya nirmita huA hai| loka meM pracalita bhASA meM nirmita sAhitya nAgarikoM tathA vidvAnoM ke lie bhale hI arucikara tathA svArasya rahita pratIta ho, para loka meM vahI surucipUrNa aura ramaNIya hotA hai| kisI bhI deza athavA jAti kI kucha viziSTa ruciyAM athavA pravRttiyAM hotI haiM unake lie kisI kAraNa vizeSa kA jJAna karanA duSkara hotA hai| vartamAna aMgrejI bhASA meM ta, da, cha, jha, Ja, Ga, Dha, Dha, Na, dhvaniyAM nahIM haiM, phira bhI prayoga tathA vyavahAra kI dRSTi se bhASA meM kisI bhI prakAra kA vyavadhAna nahIM hotaa| isI prakAra prAkRta bhASAoM meM sarvatra n dhvani ke sthAna para N kA honA, G kI dhvani kA abhAva, T ko Da .. honA, Adi ya kA sarvatra ja honA Adi aisI pravRttiyAM haiM jo usa samaya 29 For Personal & Private Use Only

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kI pravRtti tathA ruci kA nirdeza karatI haiM aura inake abhAva meM bhI bhASA kA maundarya vikRta nahIM hotaa| ___prAkRta bhASAoM ke amyudaya-kAla meM nayanam ko 'NaaNa' kahanA, nagaram ko 'Naara', nadI ko 'NaI', nidrA ko 'NiddA' kahanA hI madhura tathA sarala pratIta hotA thaa| yajJa kA rUpa 'jaNNo' pracalita thaa| yudhiSThira kA 'jahiTThilo' rUpa isa samaya anabhyAsa ke kAraNa bhale hI sundara na pratIta ho para prAkRta bhASAoM meM yahI rUpa madhura tathA ruci pUrNa thaa| .... isa prakAra samaya-samaya para pratyeka deza tathA kAla meM bhASAoM ke rUpa vidhAnoM meM isI prakAra ke parivartana hote rahe haiN| ye parivartana, loka ruci ko hI prakaTa karate haiM kyoMki yadi loka inako svIkAra na kare to inakA pracalana hI nahIM ho sktaa| tadanusAra inakA sAhityika stara bhI vikasita hotA rahA hai aura una prAkRtoM kA prabhAva bhI bar3hatA rhaa| isI AdhAra para kisI kavi ne kahA bhI hai - . "aho tatprAkRtaM hAri priyA vaktrendu sundrm| sUktayo yatna rAjante sudhA niSyandanirjharAH" .. arthAt snehamayI priyatamA ke candra rUpI mukha ke samAna vaha prAkRta bhASA AkarSaka tathA manohara hai, jisa prAkRta bhASA meM amRta ke pravAha ke nirjharoM ke samAna sundara sUktiyAM prakAzita rahatI haiN| isa prakAra prAkRta bhASAoM meM bhI lalita evaM madhura sAhitya kI nyUnatA nahIM hai| ataH ina bhASAoM kA paThana-pAThana bhI sahRdaya bhAvukoM ke liye vAMchita hai| vastutaH madhyayugIna bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kA yuga eka atyanta samRddha yuga hai| isa yuga meM sAmAjika, rAjanItika aura dhArmika kSetroM meM jitanI unnati huI utanI saMbhavataH anya kisI yuga meM nahIM huii| isa sabameM prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza Adi bhASAoM aura inake sAhitya kA bahumUlya yogadAna rahA hai| 30 For Personal & Private Use Only

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- isa prakAra niSkarSa rUpa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaise Aja samAja meM rASTrabhASA hindI eka prAmANika bhASA hai, kintu sampUrNa bhArata aura sampUrNa samAja meM hindI kA hI prayoga nahIM hotA, apitu kSetrIya evaM grAmINa bhASAoM (boliyoM) kA bhI prayoga sAtha-sAtha hotA hai| ThIka isI prakAra saMskRta prAmANika, sAhityika evaM suzikSita tathA vidvAnoM kI bhASA thI, jabaki prAkRta sAmAnyataH grAmINajana, nArI, baccoM evaM samAja ke sAmAnyajanoM kI bhASA thii| parantu, donoM hI bhASAoM kA prayoga eka sAtha samAja meM cala rahA thaa| ataH kisI ko kisI bhASA kA pUrvavartI yA pazcAtvartI kahanA samyak nahIM hai| donoM hI bhASAeM sahodarA haiM, jo bhinna-bhinna varga ke logoM dvArA prayukta hotI rahI haiN| mahAbhASAyeM aura vibhASAyeM prAkRta AgamoM ke ullekhAnusAra tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke yuga meM (I. pU. 600 ke lagabhaga) 18 mahAbhASAeM aura 700 laghubhASAeM (boliyA~) pracalita thiiN| unameM se jaina sAhitya meM prAdezika bhedoM ke AdhAra para kucha prAkRta Agama granthoM tathA 'kuvalayamAlA' Adi kAvya racanAoM meM aThAraha prakAra kI prAkRta boliyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| isameM vistAra ke sAtha golla, magadha, antarvedi, kIra, Dhakka, sindhu, maru, gurjara, lATa, mAlavA, karNATaka, tAji, kauzala, mahArASTra prabhRti aThAraha dezI bhASAoM kA vivaraNa diyA hai| ___ "vividhA bhASA vibhASA' - isa vyutpatti ke anusAra sabase adhika vibhASAoM ke 42 prakAroM kA ullekha bharata kRta 'gItAlaMkAra' (nATyazAstra 32, 431) meM milatA hai, jinameM se kucha pramukha nAma isa prakAra haiM - mahArASTrI, kirAtI, mlecchI, somakI, kAMcI, mAlavI, kAzisaMbhavA, devikA, kuzAvartA, sUrasenikA, bAMdhI, gUrjarI, romakI, kAnamUsI, devakI, paMcapattanA, saindhavI, kauzikI, bhadrA, bhadrabhojikA, kuntalA, kauzalA, pArA, yAvanI, kurkurI, madhyadezI tathA kAmbojI ityaadi| ina sabhI meM gIta likhe jAte the| 31 For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta gItoM kI prayoga vidhA hai, vibhASAyeM AcArya bharata muni ke samaya meM prAkRta ke gIta prazasta mAne jAte the| unhoMne dhruvA tathA gItoM kA lokanATya ke prasaMga meM vividha vibhASAoM (boliyoM) kA varNana kiyA hai, jinameM mAgadha gItoM ko prathama sthAna diyA hai| ina gItoM ke vidhAna ko dekhakara aura mahAkavi kAlidAsa Adi kI racanAoM meM prayukta gItiyoM, maukhika gItoM evaM mahAkAvyoM meM prayukta gItoM ke adhyayana se yaha nizcaya hue binA nahIM rahatA ki siddhoM ke gItoM kI bhAMti isa deza kA mUla prAcInatama sAhitya lokagItoM meM nibaddha rahA hogA, jo lekhana ke abhAva meM saMrakSita nahIM raha skaa| . una svatantra boliyoM kI svataMtra pahacAna karane ke lie Aja hamAre pAsa koI sAdhana nahIM hai| na hI bhagavAna mahAvIra aura na gautamabuddha ke upadezoM kI lokabAliyA~ jyoM kI tyoM upalabdha hotI haiN| parantu isake aneka zAstrIya pramANa upalabdha hote haiN| cUMki vedoM kI saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM kA mUla srota eka hI rahA hai| hama dekha sakate haiM ki Arya-bhASAoM meM saghoSa dhvaniyoM ke eka niyama ke antargata kha, gha, dha, bha dhvaniyoM kA prAkRta meM 'ha' ho jAtA hai| ata: saMskRta meM 'bha' ke sthAna para 'ha' hone kI pravRtti mUlataH prAkRta hai; jaise ki - jagrAha, hrti| yaha sunizcita hai ki vedoM kI racanA kisI eka samaya meM eka sthAna para nahIM huii| vaidika sAhitya kI racanA lagabhaga eka sahasrAbdi meM kramazaH kAbula se lekara tirahuta taka kaI kendroM para huI thii| 'Rgveda' kA sabase prAcIna bhAga 'gotra maNDala' (Rgveda, maNDala 2-7) kahA jAtA hai, lekina prayatnoM ke lie jAne para bhI dhvaniyoM ke mUla zabdoccAra Aja surakSita nahIM hai| bhale hI prAcIna boliyoM ke bhASika rUpa Aja upalabdha na hote hoM aura na una boliyoM ko jAnane ke hamAre pAsa sAdhana hoM, phira bhI kitane Azcarya kI bAta hai ki saMskRta ke vaiyAkaraNa aura Adhunika bhASAzAstrI eka svara se yaha kaha rahe haiM ki bhASA-vikAsa kI prakriyA anAdi tathA avicchinna hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta bhASAoM ke bheda-prabheda lokabhASA bharatamuni (nATya zAstra 17, 26 evaM 48) ke samaya IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM svatantra bhASA ke rUpa meM pariNata ho cukI thii| lokabhASA prAdezika bhinnatAoM ke kAraNa kiMcit bhinna rUpoM meM bhI prayukta hotI thI jise dezabhASA bhI kahA jAtA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki vaidika saMskRta aura prAkRta meM sandhi ke niyama zithila haiM, kintu saMskRta meM zithila nahIM haiN| svara-parivartana ke vividha rUpa tathA bhattisvarayoga bhI saMskRta meM pracuratA se lakSita hotA hai| prAkRta kI sAmAnya prakRti okArAnta hai jo avestA meM bhI dikhalAI par3atI hai| vedakAlIna janaboliyoM se lekara braja aura bundelI taka lokabhASAoM meM spaSTa rUpa se okArAnta pravRtti lakSita hotI hai| ataH inameM koI sandeha nahIM hai ki bhASAzAstriyoM ke anusAra vedoM ke racanA-kAla meM aura usase pUrva bhI eka pravAha ke rUpa meM janabolI yA boliyoM ko 'prAkRta' kahA jAtA rahA hai| . AcArya narendranAtha ne 'prAkRta bhASAoM kA rUpadarzana' nAmaka pustaka kI vistRta bhUmikA meM likhA hai ki prAkRta prakAza ke kartA AcArya vararuci ne, jinakA dUsarA nAma kAtyAyana bhI thA, prAkRta bhASAoM kA "prAkRta prakAza' nAmaka prAmANika vyAkaraNa likhaa| vararUcI ne ina prAkRta bhASAoM ke cAra bheda mAne haiM - 1. prAkRta (mahArASTrI), 2. mAgadhI, 3. zaurasenI aura 4. paishaacii| yahAM prAkRta se tAtparya vaha bhASA jo zUrasena, magadha tathA pizAca prAnta ko chor3akara sAmAnya rUpa se sampUrNa deza meM bolI jAtI thii| isa sAmAnya prAkRta ko mAhArASTrI yA mahArASTrI prAkRta bhI kahate haiN| mahAkavi daNDI ko kAvyAdarza meM kahA bhI hai - 'mahArASTrAzrayAM bhASAM prakRSTaM prAkRtaM viduH'| For Personal & Private Use Only

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mArkaNDeya ke anusAra bhASAoM ke bheda-prabheda __prAkRta sarvasvakAra mArkaNDeya ne apane grantha meM bhASAoM ke tathA unake avAntara bhedoM ke 43 bheda svIkRta kie haiN| prathama bhASAoM ke cAra bheda haiM - 1. bhASA, 2. vibhASA, 3. apabhraMza, 4. paishaacii| inameM pratyeka ke upabheda isa prakAra haiM - 1. bhASA ke pAMca bheda- 1. mahArASTrI, 2. zaurasenI, 3. prAcyA, 4. avantI, 5. maagdhii| ardhamAgadhI ko mAgadhI ke andara hI parigaNita kiyA gayA hai| 2. vibhASA ke bhI pAMca bheda - 1. zAkArI, cANDAlI, 3. zAbarI, 4. AbhArikI, 5. zAkvI (shaarvii)| 3. apabhraMza ke 27 bheda - apabhraMza ke jina 27 bhedoM ke nAma Age diye gaye haiM, inameM AdrI tathA drAvir3I nahIM haiM, para isake sAtha apabhraMza ke - 1. nAgara, 2. brAcar3a, 3. upanAgara - ye tIna bheda aura haiN| isa prakAra apabhraMza ke 30 bheda haiN| 4. paizAcI ke tIna bheda - 1. kaikeyI, 2. zaurasenI, 3. paaNcaalii| isa prakAra bhASA ke 5, vibhASA ke 5, apabhraMza ke 30, aura paizAcI ke 3 kula milAkara 43 bheda mAne haiN| ____ rudraTa ke anusAra - rudraTa ne apane kAvyAlaMkAra meM bhASAoM kA vargIkaraNa - 1. prAkRta, 2. saMskRta tathA 3. apabhraMza - ina tIna rUpoM meM kiyA hai| prAkRta tathA apabhraMza kI pRthak sattA svIkRta kI hai| daNDI ke anusAra - daNDI ne kAvyAdarza meM saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza ke sAtha hI bhASAoM kA eka 'mizra' bheda aura svIkRta kiyA hai| aura inhIM cAra bhASAoM meM racita grantha pAye jAte haiN| yathA - 'tadetadvAGmayaM bhUyassaMskRta prAkRtaM tthaa| apabhraMzazca mizraM cetyaahuraaptaashcturvidhH||' 34 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #48
purANa vAgbhaTTa ne apane vAgbhaTTAlaMkAra meM 'bhUta bhASita' nAma se eka aura bhASA svIkRta kI hai arthAt saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza tathA bhUta-bhASita ye cAra bhASAeM svIkRta kI haiN| vidvAnoM ne bhUta-bhASita se unakA tAtparya paizAcI bhASA se hI liyA hai| AcArya hemacandra ke anusAra prAkRta bhASA ke bheda - inhoMne prAkRta bhASAoM kA vistRta vivecana apane 'siddha hemazabdAnuzAsana' nAmaka vyAkaraNa grantha ke antima aSTama adhyAya meM kiyA hai| unake mata se prAkRtoM ke - 1. prAkRta, 2. paizAcI, 3. cUlikA paizAcI, 4. mAgadhI, 5. ArSI, 6. zaurasenI, 7. apabhraMza - ye sAta bheda haiN| yaha ArSa prAkRta hI ardhamAgadhI hai, jo jaina AgamoM kI bhASA hai| anya prAkRta bhASAyeM IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI se IsA kI dvitIya zatAbdI taka prAkRta meM race gaye sAhitya kI bhASA ko Adi yuga athavA prathama yuga kI prAkRta kahA jA sakatA hai| - isa prathama yugIna prAkRta ke pramukha pA~ca rUpa prApta hote haiM - 1. ArSa prAkRta, 2. zilAlekhI prAkRta, 3. niyA prAkRta, 4. prAkRta dhammapada kI bhASA aura, 5. azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI prAkRta | 1. ArSaprAkRta bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ke upadezoM kI bhASA kramazaH ardhamAgadhI (prAkRta) aura mAgadhI (pAli) ke nAma se jAnI gayI haiN| ina bhASAoM ko Arpa prAkRta kahanA ucita hai, kyoMki dhArmika pracAra ke lie sarvaprathama ina bhASAoM kA prayoga huA hai / -- 2. zilAlekhI prAkRta ArSa prAkRta ke bAda zilAlekhoM meM prayukta prAkRta bhASA kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| yaha likhita rUpa meM prAkRta kA sabase purAnA sAhitya hai| azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM inake rUpa surakSita . haiN| zilAlekhI prAkRta kA kAla IsA pUrva 300 se 400 IsvI taka hai| - 35 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #49
ina sAta sau varSoM ke lambe kAlakhaNDa meM meM lagabhaga do hajAra zilAlekha prAkRta meM likhe gaye haiN| prathama yuga kI isa prAkRta kA sabase prAcIna likhita rUpa zilAlekhI prAkRta meM milatA hai| isake prAcInatama rUpa azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM prApta hote haiN| isameM azoka ke zatAdhika zilAlekha, udayagiri-khaNDagiri (bhuvanezvara, ur3IsA) ke hAthI gumphA Adi zilAlekha evaM pazcimI bhArata ke Andhra rAjAoM ke zilAlekha sAhityika, sAMskRtika evaM bhASA kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| prAkRta bhASA ke kaI rUpa isameM upalabdha haiN| bhArata ke nAma kA zilAlekhIya sarvaprAcIna ullekha bharadhavasa (bhAratavarSa) hAthI gumphA ke isI abhilekha kI 10vIM paMkti meM milatA hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se yaha abhilekha atyadhika mahattvapUrNa hai| isa prakAra prAkRta ke vikasita rUpa ina zilAlekhoM meM pAye jAte haiN| nATakIya prAkRtoM ke rUpa meM bhI ina zilAlekhoM kI bhASA samAviSTa haiN| mUlataH inameM paizAcI, mAgadhI aura zaurasenI prAkRta kI pravRttiyAM pAyI jAtI haiN| pazcimottarI zilAlekha paizAcI kA svarUpa upasthita karate haiM, pUrvI mAgadhI kA aura dakSiNa pazcimI zaurasenI kA bhii| zilolekhoM ke atirikta sikkoM para bhI prAkRta ke lekha upalabdha haiN| zilAlekhI prAkRta kA udAharaNa samrATa khAravela ke hAthIgumphA zilAlekha ke Arambhika aMza - 1. namo arahaMtAnaM (*) namo sava-sidhAnaM (1) aireNa mahArAjena mahAmeghavAhanena ceti-rAja-va [vaM] sa-vadhanena pasatha-subhalakhanena caturaMtaluTha [Na]-guNa-upitena kaliMgAdhipatinA siri-khAravelena 2. [paM]darasa-vasAni sIri-[kaDAra]-sarIra-vatA kIDitA kumAra kIDikA (i*) tato lekha-rUpa-gaNanA-kvahAra-vidhi 36 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #50
visAradena sava-vijAvadAtena nava-vasAni-yovaraja [pa] sAsitaM (*) saMpuNaM-catuvIsati-vaso tadAni vadhamAnasesayo venAbhivijayo tatiye 3. kaliMga-rAja-vase(sa)-purisa-yuge mahArAjAbhisecanaM pApunAti (*) abhisitamato ca padhame vase vAta-vihata-gopura-pAkAranivesanaM paTisaMkhArayati kaliMganagari khibI [2](1) sitala taDAga-pADiyo ca baMdhApayati savUyAna-pa [Ti]saMthapanaM ca 4. kArayati panasi(ti)sAhi sata-sahasehi pakatiyo ca raMjayati ( // *) dutiye ca vase acitayitA sAtakani pachima-disaM haya-gaja-nara-radha-bahulaM daMDaM paThApayati (1*) kanhabeMNAM-gatAya ca senAya vitAsiti asikanagaraM (1) tatiye puna vse..| hindI anuvAda 1. arhatoM ko nmskaar| sabhI siddhoM ko nmskaar| aira (Arya) mahArAja mahAmeghavAhana, cedi rAjavaMza kI vRddhi karanevAle, prazasta zubha lakSaNoM se yukta, sakala bhuva (caturanta) meM vyApta guNoM se alaMkRta, kaliMgAdhipati, zrI se yukta, piMgala zarIra-vAle, zrI khAravela - 2. pandraha varSa (kI Ayu) taka rAjakumAroM ke upayukta krIr3A karate ___ rhe| pazcAt unhoMne lekha, rUpa, gaNita, vyavahAra-vidhi (kAnUna kI .... zikSA) meM dakSatA prApta kii| tadanantara sarva-vidyA meM pAraMgata hokara nau varSa taka (unhoMne) yuvarAja ke rUpa meM prazAsana kiyaa| sampUrNa caubIsa varSa pUrNa kara ve - 3. kaliMga-rAjavaMza ke tRtIya puruSa, mahArAja ke rUpa meM abhiSeka ... karAte haiM (rAjA kahalAte haiM) tAki apane zeSa yauvana ko vijayoM dvArA samRddha karate rheN| abhiSikta (rAjA) hone ke bAda prathama varSa meM ve tUphAna se naSTa kaliMganagarI khibira ke gopuroM, prAkAroM, 37 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #51
makAnoM Adi kI marammata (pratisaMskAra) karAte haiM; zItala jalavAle tAlAba ke bA~dha ko sudRr3ha karAte haiM; sabhI bagIcoM ko naye DhaMga se sa~varavAte haiN| 4. isameM ve 35 lAkha (mudrA) vyaya karate haiN| (isa prakAra ve ) prakRti (prajA) kA raMjana karate haiM / aura dUsare varSa sAtakarNi kI paravAha na kara (ve) azva, gaja, nara, ratha, bahula senA dala pazcima dizA meM bhejate haiN| senA kRSNaveNA (nadI) ke taTa taka pahu~cakara RSikanagara meM AtaMka utpanna karatI hai| phira tIsare varSa (gandharva vidyA meM pAraMgata khAravela nagara nivAsiyoM kA manoraMjana karAte haiM / ) .... 3. niyA prAkRta niyA pradeza (cInI turkistAna) se prApta lekhoM kI bhASA 'niyA prAkRta' kahA gayA hai| isa prAkRta kA tokhArI bhASA ke sAtha ghaniSTa sambandha hai| yaha bhASA pazcimottara pradeza (pezAvara ke Asa-pAsa ) kI mAnI jAtI hai| 4. dhammapada kI prAkRta pAli dhammapada kI taraha prAkRta meM likhA gayA eka dhammapada bhI milA hai| isakI lipi kharoSThI hai| isakI prAkRta bhASA pazcimottara pradeza kI boliyoM se sambandha rakhatI hai| isa dRSTi se uttara-pazcimI bolI ke prAcIna rUpa ko samajhane kI dRSTi se prAkRta dhammapada kA kAphI mahattva hai| prAkRta dhammapada kI gAthAoM ke udAharaNa gammira - putra medhavi, margamargasa ko 'i' a utamu pravara vira, taM ahu bommi bramaNa || bra0 vagga 49 // - jisakI prajJA gaMbhIra hai, jo medhAvI hai, jo mArga - amArga ko jAnatA hai, jisane paramArtha ko prApta kara liyA hai use maiM brAhmaNa kahatI huuN| 38 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #52
udiTha na pramaje'a, dhamu sucarida cri| dhama-cari suhu zai'adi, asvi loki parama yi|| - apramaduvagga 110 // - uTho, pramAda mata kro| dharma kA AcaraNa kro| dharma kA AcaraNa karane vAlA ihaloka aura paraloka meM sukha-zAnti se rahatA hai| aroga parama labha, saduThi parama dhnn| vizpaza parama mitra, nivaNa paramo suh|| suha vagga 162 // Arogya parama lAbha hai, saMtoSa parama dhana hai, vizvAsa parama mitra hai aura nirvANa parama sukha hai| 5. azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI prAkRta prathama yuga kI prAkRtoM meM azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai kyoMki prAkRta bhASA ke vikAsa kI paramparA ina nATakoM kI bhASA meM surakSita hai| vibhinna pAtroM dvArA samvAdoM ke rUpa meM mAgadhI, zaurasenI aura ardhamAgadhI ina tInoM bhASAoM kA saphala prayoga yahAM dekhane ko milatA hai| vibhinna prAcIna zilAlekhoM meM bhI azvaghoSa kI bhASA ke saMketa dekhe jA sakate haiN| azvaghoSa ke zAradvatIputra prakaraNa meM prayukta prAkRta jainasUtroM kI prAkRta se bhinna hai, jo isa bhASA ke vikAsa ko sUcita karatI hai| saMskRta nATakoM meM prAkRta prathamayugIna prAkRta bhASA prayoga kI dRSTi se vibhinna rUpa dhAraNa kara cukI thii| vastutaH prAkRta bhASA ke vikAsa kA krama ina nATakoM kI bhASA meM surakSita hai| kyoMki prayoga kI dRSTi se mAgadhI, zaurasenI aura ardhamAgadhI - ina tInoM bhASAoM kA saMgama inameM dekhane ko milatA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #53
ka) nATakoM meM prAkRtoM ke prayoga kA zAstrIya vidhAna ..... prAkRta bhASAoM kA prathama nATakIya prayoga saMskRta nATakoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| bharatamuni ne apane nATyazAstra (17.31.43) meM dhIrodAtta aura dhIraprazAnta nAyaka, rAjapatnI, gaNikA aura zrotriya brAhmaNa Adi ke lie saMskRta bhASA bolane, tathA zramaNa, tapasvI, bhikSu, cakradhara, bhAgavata, tApasa, unmatta, bAla, nIca grahoM se pIr3ita vyakti, strI, nIca jAhata aura napuMsakoM ke lie prAkRta bolane kA nirdeza kiyA hai| yahAM bhinna-bhinna pAtroM ke lie bhI alaga-alaga prAkRta bhASAoM ko bolane kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| kha) pAtrAnusAra vibhinna prAkRtoM kA prayoga-vidhAna . nATyazAstra meM bhinna-bhinna pAtroM ke lie zaurasenI, mahArASTrI, paizAcI Adi bhinna-bhinna prAkRta bhASAe~ bole jAne kA ullekha isa prakAra hai - nAyikA aura usakI sakhiyoM dvArA zaurasenI, vidUSaka Adi dvArA prAcyA, pUrvI zaurasenI dhUrtoM dvArA avantijA (ujjainI meM bolI jAnI vAlI zaurasenI), ceTa, rAjapUta aura zreSThiyoM dvArA ardhamAgadhI, rAjA ke antaHpura rahane vAloM, suraMga khodane vAloM, seMdha lagAne vAloM, nagara rakSaka Adi aura juAriyoM dvArA dAkSiNAtyA tathA uMdIcya aura khasoM dvArA bAlIka bhASA apane samvAdoM meM bolane kA vidhAna hai| (17.50-2) isI prakAra vibhASAoM meM zAkArI, AbhIrI, cANDAlI, zAbarI, drAvir3I aura AndhrI ke nAma ginAye haiN| inameM pulkasa (Domba) dvArA . cANDAlI, aMgArakAraka (koyala taiyAra karane vAle)? vyAdha, kASTha aura mantra se AjIvikA calAne vAloM aura vanacaroM dvArA zAkArI bhASA bolI jAtI thii| gaja, azva, ajA, USTra Adi kI zAlAoM meM rahane vAloM dvArA AbhIrI athavA zAbarI, tathA vanacaroM dvArA drAvir3I bhASA bolI jAtI thii| (nATyazAstra 17.53-6) 40 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #54
DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina ne apanI pustaka - prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa (pR. 612-613) meM likhA hai ki - saMskRta nATakoM kA adhyayana karane se patA calatA hai ki ina nATakoM meM uccavarga ke puruSa, agramahiSiyA~, rAjamantriyoM kI putriyA~ Adi saMskRta tathA sAdhAraNatayA striyA~, vidUSaka, zreSThI, naukara-cAkara Adi nimnavarga ke loga prAkRta meM bAtacIta karate haiN| nATyazAstra ke paNDitoM ne jo pUrvokta rUpaka aura uparUpaka ke bheda ginAye haiM, unameM bhANa, Dima, vIthI tathA saTTaka, troTaka, goSThI, hallIza, rAsaka, bhANikA, aura prekhaNa Adi mukhyataH lokanATya ke hI prakAra haiN| ina nATayoM meM dhUrta, viTa, pAkhaNDI, ceTa, ceTI, napuMsaka, bhUta, preta, pizAca, vidUSaka hInapuruSa Adi adhikAMza pAtra vahIM haiM, jo nATakoM meM prAkRta bhASAeM bolate haiN| isase yahI pratIta hotA hai ki prAkRta sAmAnyataH sampUrNa janasAdhAraNa kI tathA saMskRta paNDita, purohita aura rAjAoM kI bhASA mAnI jAtI thii| ___striyA~ prAyaH zaurasenI prAkRta meM hI bAta karatI haiN| saMskRta unake mu~ha se acchI nahIM lgtii| mahAkavi zUdraka kRta mRcchakaTikam prakaraNa (nATaka) meM vidUSaka kahatA hai ki - 'do vastuyeM hAsya kI sRSTi karatI haiM - prathama vastu hai - 'strI ke dvArA saMskRta bhASA kA prayoga' aura dUsarI vastu hai - 'puruSa dvArA dhIme svara meM gaayn'| sUtradhAra yadyapi saMskRta meM samvAda bolatA hai, para jyoM hI vaha striyoM ko sambodhita karatA hai, taba vaha prAkRta bhASA kA prayoga karane lagatA hai| nATakoM meM adhikAMza pAtra zaurasenI meM bolate the tathA atyanta pichar3e-upekSita jana paizAcI aura mAgadhI prAkRta meN| . tAtparya yaha hai ki nimna pAtra apane-apane deza kI prAkRta bhASAoM meM bAtacIta karate the aura saMskRta nATakoM ko lokapriya banAne ke lie bhinna-bhinna pAtroM ke mukha se unhIM kI jana-boliyoM meM bAtacIta karAnA aucityapUrNa bhI thaa| For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #55
isIlie mahAkavi bhAsa, kAlidAsa, bhavabhUti, hastimalla jaise aneka utkRSTa saMskRta nATakakAroM ne apane nATakoM meM prAkRta bhASA bolane vAle pAtroM se unakI pAtratA ke AdhAra para vividha prAkRta samvAdoM ko bar3I hI sahajatA aura sammAna ke sAtha prastuta kiyaa| jahA~ mahAkavi hastimalla ke nATakoM meM vizeSakara 'vikrAnta kauravam' nATaka meM prAkRta ke jitane bar3e-bar3e samvAda haiM, vahIM mahAkavi zUdraka ke mRcchakaTikam nATaka meM to vibhinna prAkRtabhASI pAtroM kI bahulatA kA utkRSTa sAmaMjasya hai| ga) mRcchakaTikaM nATaka meM prAkRtoM kA prayoga-vaiziSTya isa nATaka kI lokapriyatA aura zreSThatA kA rahasya bhI yahI hai| jitanI prAkRta bhASAoM kA prayoga yahAM dekhane ko milatA hai utanI anya kisI nATaka meM nhiiN| isameM saMskRta ke atirikta saurasenI, avantikA, prAcyA aura mAgadhI - ina cAra prAkRtoM zAkArI, cANDAlI aura DhakkI - ina tIna apabhraMza bhASAoM kA prayoga huA hai| prAkRta bhASAoM kI prayoga kI dRSTi se isameM sUtradhAra, naTI, radanikA, madanikA, vasantasenA, isakI vRddhA mAM, naTI, dhUtA, karNapUraka, zodhanaka aura zreSThI - ye gyAraha pAtra zaurasenI bolate haiN| vIraka aura candanaka avantikA bolate haiN| vidUSaka prAcyA bolatA hai| saMvAhaka (bhikSu), tInoM ceTa (sthAvaraka, kumbhIlaka aura vardhamAnaka) tathA cArUdatta kA putra rohasena - ye pA~ca pAtra mAgadhI bolate haiN| zakArI apabhraMza kA prayoga 'zakAra' nAmaka pAtra ne tathA dazama aMka ke donoM cANDAla pAtra cANDAlI bhASA evaM dyUtakara aura sabhika mAthura - ye do pAtra DhakkI vibhASA (vanecaroM kI bhASA) kA prayoga karate haiN| pUrvokta bhASAoM meM zAkArI aura cANDAlI - ye apabhraMza bhASAyeM mAgadhI prAkRta kI vibhASAyeM tathA avaMtikA aura prAcyA - ye do zaurasenI kI vibhASAyeM pratIta hotI haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

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gha) nATakoM meM prAcyA aura AvantI prAkRta bhASAyeM prAcyA aura AvantI ina bhASAoM kA prayoga nATakoM meM dikhalAI detA hai, mukhyataH mRcchakaTika nATaka meN| isa sambandha meM DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina ne prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa (pR. 32) meM likhA hai ki nATyazAstra (1751) meM vidUSaka Adi kI bhASA ko prAcyA kahA gayA hai| yahA~ nAyikA aura usakI sakhiyoM dvArA zaurasenI bole jAne kA ullekha hai| kintu nATakoM meM prayukta ina donoM prAkRtoM ke adhyayana se patA lagatA hai ki ina pAtroM kI bhASA meM koI vAstavika antara nahIM, kevala kucha vAkyoM aura zabdoM ke prayoga hI bhinna haiN| mArkaNDeya ne prAkRtasarvasva (10.1) meM zaurasenI se hI prAcyA kA udbhava batAyA hai| (prAcyAsiddhiH shaursenyaaH)| unhoMne apane prAkRtasarvasva ke dasaveM pAda meM prAcyA ke jo lakSaNa prastuta kiye haiM unameM aura nATakoM meM prayukta vidUSaka dvArA bolI jAne vAlI zaurasenI meM kucha khAsa antara nahIM hai| . ataH prAcyA bolI ko pUrvIya zaurasenI kA hI rUpa samajhanA caahiye| puruSottama ke prAkRtAnuzAsana (11.1) kA anukaraNa karate hue mArkaNDeya ne bhI prAkRtasarvasva (11.1) meM AvantI ko mahArASTrI aura zaurasenI ke bIca kI saMkramaNakAlIna avasthA (AvantI syAn mahArASTrIzaurasenyostu saMkarAt) batAyA hai| Ga) nAyikAoM Adi aneka pAtroM kI priya-bhASA kavikulaguru kAlidAsa ke vizvaprasiddha nATaka abhijJAnazAkuntalam kI RSikanyA zakuntalA, nATakakAra bhAsa kI rAjakumArI vAsavadattA, zUdraka kavi viracita mRcchakaTikam kI nagaravadhU vasantasenA, bhavabhUti viracita uttararAmacaritam kI mahAsatI sItA, jaina mahAkavi haMstimalla viracita 'vikrAnta kauravam' nATaka kI rAjakumArI sulocanA * tathA anya tapasvinI nAriyA~, rAjA ke mitra, karmacArI tathA anya prAyaH 43 For Personal & Private Use Only

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sabhI upapAtroM se lekara nATakoM ke prAyaH adhikAMza pAtra prAkRta bhASAoM kA prayoga samvAdoM ke mAdhyama se apane vicAroM aura bhAvoM ko abhivyakta karane meM karate haiN| ina nATakoM ke darzaka isa svAbhAvika apanI bhASA ko sunakara Ananda vibhora hote the| ca) saMskRta nATakoM meM prAkRta samvAdoM kI adhikatA prAkRta bhASA samAja ke sabhI vargoM dvArA svIkRta thii| vaha logoM ke sAmAnya jIvana ko abhivyakti pradAna karatI thii| itanA hI nahIM apitu saMskRta nATya sAhitya kI anamola kRtiyoM ke rUpa meM prasiddha ina saMskRta nATakoM ko yadi prAkRta nATaka kahA jAe to atyukti nahIM hogI, kyoMki inameM saMskRta kI apekSA prAkRta bhASA kA hI adhika (lagabhaga sATha-paiMsaTha pratizata) prayoga sambAdoM ke rUpa meM huA hai| sthiti yaha hai ki mahAkavi bhAsa, kAlidAsa, bhavabhUti, hastimalla Adi ke upalabdha nATaka yadyapi aneka kAraNoM se saMskRta nATaka ke rUpa meM lokapriya avazya haiM; kinta inameM bhI prAkRta bhASA aura isake bolane vAle pAtroM kI hI bahulatA hai| ___ lokapriyatA ke kAraNa sabhI prAcIna saMskRta nATakakAroM ne prAkRta bolane vAle pAtroM ko pramukha sthAna diyaa| prAkRta bhASA ke prati bar3hate hue isa janAkarSaNa ke kAraNa bharatamuni ne apane nATyazAstra meM saMskRta nATya-zAstra ke siddhAnta pratipAdita karate hue nATya lekhana meM yathocita pAtroM ke dvArA vibhinna prAkRta bhASAoM ke samvAdoM kI anivAryatA kA vidhAna kiyaa| ataH ina nATakoM meM saMskRta kI apekSA prAkRta bhASAoM ke samvAdoM kI adhikatA honA svAbhAvika hai| kyoMki prAyaH zikSita pAtra (strI pAtra ko chor3akara) saMskRta bolate haiM jo kama hI hote haiN| azikSita sabhI pAtra prAkRta bolate haiM, jinakI saMkhyA kAphI adhika hotI hai| 44 For Personal & Private Use Only

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cha) saMskRta nATakoM meM prAkRta samvAdoM kI upekSA kyoM ? yaha cintA kA viSaya hai ki nATya siddhAntoM ke viparIta prAkRta ke saMvAdoM ko saMskRtacchAyA ke AdhAra para adhyayana-adhyApana karane kI galata paramparA pracalita ho jAne ke kAraNa evaM kahIM-kahIM prAkRta saMvAdoM ko samApta karake unake sthAna para saMskRtacchAyA mAtra rakha dene se una prAkRta bhASAoM kI ghora upekSA ho rahI hai, jo kabhI janabhASAoM ke rUpa meM gaurava ke sAtha lokapriya rahakara sampUrNa deza ko bhAvanAtmaka ekatA ke sUtra meM bA~dhe hue thiiN| ataH isa kSetra ke sabhI vidvAnoM ko isa bahumUlya prAcIna virAsata ke saMrakSaNa hetu milajula kara prayAsa karanA Avazyaka hai| saTTakaH prAkRta nATakoM kI eka viziSTa vidhA mUlata: kAvya ke zravya aura dRzya - ye do bheda hote haiN| inameM zravya kAvya to sunane-par3hane ke lie hotA hai| jabaki dRzya kAvya raMgamaMca kI vastu hai| jina kAvyoM kA raMgamaMca para abhinaya kiyA jA sakatA hai, ve dRzya kAvya kahalAte haiN| dRzya kAvya ke do bheda haiM - rUpaka aura uparUpaka (sAhitya darpaNa 6/1-6) / 1. rUpaka ke dasa bheda haiM - nATaka, prakaraNa, bhANa, prahasana, Dima, vyAyoga, samavakAra, vIthI, aMka aura iihaamRg| 2. uparUpaka ke aTThAraha bheda haiM - nATikA, troTaka, goSThI, saTTaka, nATyarAsaka, prasthAna, ullApya, kAvya. peMkhaNa, rAsaka, saMlApaka, zrIgadita, zilpaka, vilAsikA, durmallikA, prakaraNI, hallIza aura bhnnikaa| ka) saTTaka kI vizeSatAyeM saTTaka kI vizeSatAyeM pUrvokta uparUpakoM meM saTTaka eka pramukha aura viziSTa nATya vidhA hai| abhinavagupta (10vIM zatI) ne saTTaka ko For Personal & Private Use Only

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nAyikA ke samAna pratipAdita kiyA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne bhI apane kAvyAnuzAsana evaM vizvanAtha meM apane sAhitya darpaNa meM saTTaka ko pUrNataH eka hI bhASA prAkRta meM racita mAnA hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne saTTaka eka bhASA meM racita jarUra mAnA hai kintu vaha bhASA prAkRta evaM saMskRta ho sakatI hai| rAjazekhara ne karpUramaMjarI (1-6) meM saTTaka ko 'nATikA' ke samAna batAyA hai, jisameM pravezaka, viSkambhaka aura aMka nahIM hote| aMka ke sthAna para 'javanikA' kahA hai| isameM kama se kama cAra javanikAyeM hotI haiN| saTTaka kA nAmakaraNa nAyikA ke nAma para hI hotA hai, jise pAuDabaMdha (prAkRtabaMdha) kahA jAtA hai| isameM strI pAtroM kI bahulatA hotI hai| isakI nAyikA gaMbhIrA aura mAninI hotI hai| isakA nAyaka . dhIralalita hotA hai| saTTaka lokanRtya se samutpanna hotA hai| drAviDa bhASA meM aTTa yA ATTa zabda mUladhAturUpa aDDa yA ADu hai, jisakA artha hai nRtya, abhinaya yA hAvabhAva pradarzana ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai| kha) upalabdha pramukha saTTaka mahAkavi rAjazekhara kRta karpUramaMjarI, kavi rudradAsa kRta candalehA, kavi ghanazyAma kRta AnandasundarI, nayacandrakRta rambhA maMjarI, vizvezvara kRta zrRMgAra maMjarI - ye saTTaka pUrNataH prAkRta bhASA meM likhita upalabdha hote haiN| sAhitya darpaNakAra ne vilAsavatI nAmaka saTTaka kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai, kintu yaha upalabdha nahIM hai| ina sar3akoM kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki inameM sabhI prakAra kI prAkRtoM kA hI prayoga kiyA gayA hai anya kisI prAkRtetara bhASAoM kA nhiiN| 46 For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta ke pramukha vyAkaraNa zAstra 1. prAkRta lakSaNa - prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA yaha sarvaprAcIna grantha hai| AcArya caNDa (dvitIya zatAbdI) ne isakI racanA kI hai| 2. prAkRta prakAza - isake racayitA AcArya vararuci (I. kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI) haiN| bAraha paricchedoM meM vibhakta isa grantha meM 509 sUtra haiN| prAkRta prakAza para aneka TIkAyeM likhI gaI haiN| pahalI bhAmaha kRta manoramA TIkA, dUsarI kAtyAyana kRta prAkRta-maMjarI TIkA, tRtIya basaMtarAja (14vIM zatI) kRta prAkRta saMjIvanI TIkA, caturtha sadAnanda (17vIM zatI) kRta prAkRta subodhinI TIkA tathA paMcama nArAyaNa vidyA vinoda kRta prAkRta vAda ttiikaa| 3. prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana - baMgAla nivAsI puruSottama deva (12vIM zatAbdI) kRta prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana 20 adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM apabhraMza bhASA kA bhI vyAkaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| 4. siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana - kalikAlasarvajJa AcArya hemacandra (12vIM zatI) kRta saMskRta evaM prAkRta bhASA ke isa vyAkaraNa grantha kI bahuta prasiddhi hai| isake prathama sAta adhyAyoM meM saMskRta bhASA kI vistRta vyAkaraNa tathA aMtima AThaveM adhyAya ke cAra pAdoM meM prAkRta bhASA kI vistRta vyAkaraNa prastuta kI gaI hai| bhASA-vaijJAnika dRSTi se yaha eka mahattvapUrNa vyAkaraNa grantha hai| 5. prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana - 13vIM zatAbdI ke AcArya trivikrama kRta yaha prAkRta vyAkaraNa svopajJa vRtti sahita hai| tIna adhyAyoM evaM 12 pAdoM se yukta isa grantha 1036 sUtra haiN| trivikrama ne isake pratyeka adhyAya meM anekArthaka zabda bhI diye haiN| 47 For Personal & Private Use Only

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6. prAkRta kAmadhenukA - 10vIM zatAbdI ke AsapAsa laMkezvara rAvaNa dvArA racita isa laghukAya grantha meM mAtra 34 sUtra haiM / 7. saMkSiptasAra - kramadIzvara ne AcArya hemacandra kI taraha saMkSiptasAra nAmaka isa saMskRta prAkRta-vyAkaraNa kI racanA kI hai| isake Arambha ke sAta adhyAyoM meM saMskRta tathA aMtima aSTama adhyAya meM prAkRta vyAkaraNa prAkRta prakAza ke AdhAra para likhA hai| 8. prAkRta kalpataru kRta yaha prAkRta bhASA kA vyAkaraNa grantha padyabaddha hai| 15vIM zatAbdI ke rAmazarma tarkavAgIza bhaTTAcArya 9. SaDbhASA caMdrikA - 16vIM zatI ke prasiddha vidvAn lakSmIdhara kRta isa prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke grantha meM trivikrama ke sUtroM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai tathA sUtrakAra ne isapara svayaM vRtti likhakara setubandha, gauDavaho, gAhA sattasaI, kappUramaMjarI Adi granthoM ke udAharaNa diye haiN| 10. prAkRta caMdrikA 16vIM zatI ke prasiddha zeSa zrIkRSNa ne isa prAkRta vyAkaraNa grantha kI racanA 449 padyoM meM kI hai| - 11. prAkRta - maNi- dIpa - 16vIM zatI ke prasiddha appayadIkSita ne isa prAkRta vyAkaraNa grantha kI racanA kI hai| 12. prAkRtAnanda - paMDita raghunAtha kavi (18vIM zatI) kRta yaha eka mahattvapUrNa prAkRta kA grantha hai| isakI eka hastalikhita pANDulipi bhogIlAla laheracanda insTITyUTa oNpha iNDolaoNjI, dillI ke hastalikhita zAstra bhaNDAra meM surakSita hai| 13. prAkRta rUpAvatAra siMharAja (15vIM zatI) kRta yaha grantha bhI trivikrama ke prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana kA anukaraNa mAtra hai / - 48 For Personal & Private Use Only

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14. prAkRta sarvasva - 17vIM zatI ke AcArya mArkaNDeya kRta yaha prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA grantha 20 pAdoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM diye gaye niyama padyabaddha haiM tathA kAvyAdarza, bhaTTikAvya, setubandha, karpUramaMjarI, gauDavaho, mRcchakaTika, zAkuntalam, prAkRta paiMgalam Adi granthoM se isameM udAharaNa prastuta kiye gaye haiN| isameM prAyaH apabhraMza kI 27 tathA paizAcI kI 11 vidhAoM para vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| mArkaNDeya ne apane isa grantha ke prArambha meM zAkalya, bharata, kohala, vararuci, bhAmaha aura vasantarAja nAmaka prAkRta vaiyyAkaraNoM ke nAmollekha kiye haiM, jinase mArkaNDeya ne apane isa grantha meM viSaya sAmagrI lI hai| isase spaSTa hai ki prAkRta vyAkaraNoM kI prAcIna aura samRddha paramparA rahI hai| AcArya bharata muni ne apane nATya zAstra ke 17veM adhyAya meM bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa sambandhI niyamoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| 15. prAkRta zabda pradIpikA - nRsiMha zAstrI kRta prAkRta bhASA ke isa vyAkaraNa grantha kA prakAzana usmAniyA vizvavidyAlaya, haidarAbAda se san 1992 meM prakAzita huA hai| isameM prAkRta kI sabhI bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa acchI taraha prastuta kiyA gayA hai| 16. jaina siddhAnta kaumudI - 19vIM zatI ke prakANDa vidvAn muni ratnacandra jI ne isa bRhad prAkRta vyAkaraNa grantha kI racanA kI hai tathA isa para svopajJa vRtti bhI likhI hai| 17. prAkRta ke anya vyAkaraNa - pUrvokta granthoM ke atirikta SaDbhASAcakravartI zubhacandrasUri ne hemacandra kA anukaraNa karake ciMtAmaNi vyAkaraNa, muni zrutasAgara ne audAryacintAmaNi, AcArya samantabhadra ne prAkRta vyAkaraNa (anupalabdha) tathA devasundara ne prAkRtayukti nAmaka For Personal & Private Use Only

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grantha kI racanA kI hai| SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA ke kartA AcArya vIrasena ne bhI ajJAtakartRka padyAtmaka vyAkaraNa ke sUtroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa taraha prAkRta vyAkaraNa para aneka granthoM kI racanA AcAryoM dvArA kI gaI hai| bIsavIM zatAbdI ke vidvAnoM meM paNDitaratna zrI pyAracaMda jI ma. sA., paNDita becaradAsa, DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI, yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, DaoN. ke. Ara. candra, DaoN. kamalacanda saugAnI, DaoN. premasumana jaina, DaoN. sudarzana lAla jaina, DaoN. udayacandra jaina Adi aneka vidvAnoM ne prAkRta vyAkaraNa viSayaka aneka granthoM kA nirmANa kara prAkRta bhASA ke adhyayana ke pracAra-prasAra meM bahumUlya sahayoga kiyA hai| pro. kamalacanda saugAnI jI ke nirdezana meM apabhraMza bhASA akAdamI, jayapura se sambaddha aneka vidvAnoM evaM viduSiyoM ne bhI prAkRta evaM apabhraMza bhASA ke vyAkaraNa granthoM kA praNayana kara isa viSayaka sAhitya paramparA ke vikAsa meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai| " prAkRta bhASA kI bhASAgata pramukha vizeSatAyeM yadyapi prAkRta bhASA ke aneka bheda-prabheda haiM, kintu sabhI prAkRta bhASAoM meM prAyaH eka sAmAnya pravRtti bhI dikhalAI detI hai, jo ise anya prAkRtetara bhASAoM se alaga karatI hai| isa sAmAnya prAkRta ko bAda meM mahArASTrI prAkRta bhI kahA gayA hai| sAmAnya prAkRta kI pramukha vizeSatAyeM 1. prAkRta meM prAyaH saMskRta bhASA ke sabhI svaroM kA anya dUsare svaroM meM parivartana hotA hai| jaise hasva svaroM kA dIrdhIkaraNa, dIrgha svaroM kA hasvIkaraNa, svaroM kA lopa evaM samprasAraNa aadi| For Personal & Private Use Only

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2. RRvarNa ke sthAna para vibhinna svaroM (a A i u e o ri) kA pryog| yathA tRNam > taNaM, RSi > isI pravRtti > pauttI Adi / 3. ai ke sthAna para e aura ai evaM au ke sthAna para o kA pryog| jaise airAvaNaH > erAvaNo, dainyaH > daicco, kaumudI > komuI, sauvarNikam > suvaNNio, kauravaH > kauravo 4. Adiza, Sa, sa ke sthAna para 'sa' kA pryog| Adi ya kA ja meM parivartana / yathA 4 5. yuvarAja > juvarAya / 6. zabda ke madhyasthAna meM prayukta asaMyukta ka, ga, ca, ja, ta, da, pa, ya aura va kA prAyaH lopa / yathA ripuH > riU, lAvaNyam > lAyaNNaM, lokaH > loo, nagaram > nayaraH, AcAraH > AyAro, gajaH > gao, latA layA, kadalI > kalI, vicAra > viAra Adi / 7. asuyaMkta madhya kha, gha, tha, dha, pha aura bha kA prAyaH ha meM parivartana / yathA - mukha > muMha, jaghana > jahana, zapatha > sabaha, badhira > bahira, muktAphala muktAhala, sabhA > sahA Adi / 8. na ke sthAna para Na kA prayoga yathA vadanaM > vayaNaM, vanam > vnnN| yathA 9. halanta padoM kA abhAva aura padAnta vyaMjanoM kA prAyaH lopa / - - pazcAt kA pacchA, tasmAt kA tamhA Adi / - 10. saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA samAnIkaraNa / yathA pUrva > puvva, ratnam > rynnN| 11. visarga ke sthAna para e yA o kA prayoga / 12. dvivacana kA lopa tathA SaSThI aura caturthI vibhakti kA paraspara eka-dUsare ke sthAna para prayoga / 13. dhAtu rUpoM meM kamI tathA saralIkaraNa / 51 For Personal & Private Use Only zakraH > sakko,

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prAkRta bhASAoM kA bhASAgata vaiziSTya pAli, mAgadhI, arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI, paizAcI, cUlikA paizAcI aura apabhraMza Adi prAkRta bhASAoM ke ina pramukha bhedoM kA saMkSipta paricaya prastuta hai - - 1. pAli bhASA pAli bauddha-tripiTakoM evaM sambaddha granthoM kI mUla bhASA hai| pAli bhI prAkRta bhASA kA hI eka rUpa (bheda) hai, jise gautamabuddha ne apane upadeza kA mAdhyama banAyA thaa| tatkAlIna pracalita aneka boliyoM ke mizraNa se pAli bhASA kA gaThana huA, jinameM mAgadhI pramukha thii| isalie kucha vidvAn ise mAgadhI se vikasita mAnate haiN| mAgadhI aura paizAcI prAkRtoM se pAli kI paryApta samAnatA bhI hai, inakI katipaya bhI pravRttiyA~ pAli meM upalabdha hotI haiN| pAli kA chAndasa ke sAtha bhI paryApta sAmya hai | isalie ise sAhityika prAkRtoM meM sarvAdhika prAcIna bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai| pAli meM madhyadezIya bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta kI pravRttiyAM bhI milatI haiN| yaha prabhAvazAlI madhyadeza kI bhASA hI pAli kA AdhAra hai| mathurA, avaMtI, kauzAmbI, kannauja, kauzala Adi sthAnoM kI boliyoM kA prabhAva bhI pAli bhASA meM dekhane ko milatA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki yaha bhI eka lokabhASA rahI hai| pAli meM bauddhoM kA vipula sAhitya upalabdha hai| isIlie mukhyatayA yaha bauddha sAhitya taka hI sImita dekhI jAtI hai| yaha bhI eka Azcarya kA viSaya hai ki samrATa azoka prAyaH bauddhadharma kA samarthaka mAnA jAtA hai phira bhI usane apane zatAdhika zilAlekha Adi pAli bhASA meM na likhavAkara prAkRta bhASA evaM brAhmIlipi meM likhvaaye| isase spaSTa hai ki prAkRta janabhASA ke pada para pratiSThita rAjamAnya lokapriya bhASA banI huI thii| 52 For Personal & Private Use Only

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ka) pAli aura prAkRta . prAkRta.ke aneka prakAroM meM 'pAli' bhASA bhI prAkRta bhASA kA hI eka prAcIna rUpa hai| kyoMki pAli bhASA kI jo vizeSatAyeM haiM, unameM adhikAMza prAkRta bhASA ke tattva haiN| parantu bhagavAna tathAgata ke vacana jisa bhASA meM saMgRhIta kiye gaye, usakA prAkRta bhASAoM se vaiziSTya pradarzita karane ke lie alaga, pAli bhASA nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA; kyoMki pAli kA nirvacana bhI pA rakSaNe dhAtu se 'pAti buddhavacanAni yA sA pAliH', arthAt buddha ke vacanoM kI jo rakSA karatI hai, use 'pAli' kahate haiN| DaoN. bharata siMha upAdhyAya ne 'pAli sAhitya ke itihAsa' (pR. 1) meM likhA hai ki pAli bhASA buddha ke upadezoM aura tatsambandhI sAhitya taka hI sImita ho gayI thii| isa rUr3hitA ke kAraNa pAli bhASA se Age calakara anya bhASAoM kA vikAsa nahIM huA, jabaki prAkRta kI santati nirantara bar3hatI rhii| kintu pAli kA sAhitya paryApta samRddha hai| yaha pAli bhASA bhI bhArata tathA anya dUsare dezoM meM samAdRta hone para bhI yaha bhASA mukhyataH bauddha dharma ke mAnane vAloM kI hI bhASA rhii| isI kAraNa pAli se siMhalI ko chor3akara anya bhASAoM kA vikAsa nahIM ho sakA, jabaki prAkRta bhASA se aneka bhASAyeM vikasita hone se yaha aneka bhASAoM kI jananI aura sarvamAnya bhASA rahI hai| isI prakAra ardhamAgadhI prAkRta ko mukhyataH jainadharma kI zvetAmbara paramparA ne apanI bhASA svIkRta kiyA aura apane dharmagranthoM kI racanA isI bhASA meM kii| kha) pAli-prAkRta meM samAnatAyeM pAli evaM prAkRta bhASAoM meM aneka samAnatAyeM haiN| jaise - 1. donoM bhASAoM kA dhvani samUha samAna hai| ____2. donoM meM R, R, lu, ai kA lopa ho jAtA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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ho jAtI hai| 3. R dhvani a i u svaroM meM se kisI eka svara meM parivartita 4. donoM meM visarga kA prayoga nahIM miltaa| 5. dvivacana donoM meM nahIM hai| 6. caturthI aura SaSThI vibhakti ke rUpa donoM bhASAoM meM prAya eka hI rahate haiN| hotA hai| 7. saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA samIkaraNa bhI donoM meM eka samAna - 8. vyaMjana parivartana bhI samAna hai| 9. donoM meM hI saMyukta vyaMjanoM kA samIkaraNa bhI samAna hai| 10. Sa aura za ke sthAna para donoM meM 'ya' pAyA jAtA hai| ga) pAli-gadya kA udAharaNa - pAli majjhimanikAya ke 1. mUlapariyAyasutta kA Arambhika vaMza - evaM me sutaM / ekaM sayamaM bhagavA ukkaTThAyaM viharati subhagavane saalraajmuule| tattha kho bhagavA bhikkhU Amantesi - "bhikkhavo " ti| 'bhadante" ti te bhikkhU bhagavato pccssosuN| bhagavA etadavoca 'sabbadhammamUlapariyAyaM vo, bhikkhave, desessAmi / taM suNAtha, sAdhukaM manasi karotha; bhAsissAmI" ti / "evaM, bhante" ti kho te bhikkhU bhagavato pccssosuN| arthAt aisA maiMne sunA hai| eka samaya bhagavAna (buddha) ukkaTThA ke subhaga vana meM kisI vizAla sAla vRkSa ke nIce virAjamAna the / vahA~ bhagavAn ne bhikSuoM ko sambodhita kiyA- una bhikSuoM ne bhagavAn ko sasammAna 'hA~ bhante' - kaha kara uttara diyaa| 54 For Personal & Private Use Only

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gha) pAli - dhammapada kI gAthAoM kA udAharaNa manopubbaMgamA dhammA, manoseTThA manomayA / manasA ce paduTThena, bhAsati vA karoti vA / tato naM dukkhamanveti cakkaM va vahato padaM / dhammapada 1 || - vicAra sabhI prakAra ke dharmoM ke agradUta haiN| sabhI dharma vicAroM para Azrita hai, vicAroM se utpanna haiM / yadi koI bure vicAra ke sAtha bolatA hai yA koI kAma karatA hai to dukha usa vyakti kA pIchA usI taraha karatA hai jaise pahiyA gAr3I khIMcane vAle baila ke paira kA pIchA karatA hai| na hi verena verAni, sammantIdha kudAcanaM / averena ca sammanti, esa dhammo sanaMtano / / vahI 5 // - isa saMsAra meM vaira se vaira kabhI zAnta nahIM hote apitu avaira ( arthAt prema) se hI zAnta hote haiM / yahI zAzvata niyama hai| mAse mAse sahassena, yo yajetha sataM samaM / ekaM ca bhAvitattAnaM, muhuttamapi pUjaye / sA eva pUjanA seyyA, yaM ce vassasataM hutaM / vahI 106 // - - jo manuSya sau barasa taka hajAroM (rupayoM) ke dvArA yajJa kare aura (dUsarI ora ) AtmasvarUpa ko jAnane vAle eka hI vyakti kI kSaNamAtra pUjA kare to vahI pUjA sau varSa taka kiye gaye havana (yajJa) kI apekSA zreSTha hai| 2. mAgadhI prAkRta kSetra kI bolI ko mAgadhI kahA jAtA hai| anya prAkRtoM kI taraha isakA svatantra sAhitya to upalabdha nahIM hai kintu saMskRta nATakoM aura zilAlekhoM meM isakA bhI prayoga milatA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki mAgadhI koI nizcita bhASA nahIM rahI, balki kaI boliyoM kA 55 For Personal & Private Use Only

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sammizraNa isameM rahA hogaa| kyoMki isakA samparka bhArata kI aneka boliyoM ke sAtha rahA hai| pAli, ardhamAgadhI Adi prAkRtoM kA vikAsa isI prAkRta se huA! sabhI vaiyAkaraNoM ne isakI vizeSatAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| isakI prakRti zaurasenI ko mAnA gayA hai| vidvAnoM ne zAkArI, cANDAlI aura zAbarI jaisI loka bhASAoM ko mAgadhI kA hI rUpAntara svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| ka) mAgadhI prAkRta kI sAmAnya vizeSatAyeM .. 1. akArAnta pulliMga zabdoM ke prathamA ekavacana meM o kI jagaha ekArAnta kA prayoga, jaise - eSaH paruSaH > eze pulize (puruss)| ra ke sthAna para la, jaise rAjA > lAA, naraH > nle| 3. sa aura Sa ke sthAna para mAtra tAlavya za kA pryog| kintu sa aura Sa kisI saMyukta varNa ke sAtha hoM to sAmAnya prAkRta kI taraha dantya sakAra kA hI prayoga hogaa| jaise niSphalam > nisphalaM, kaSTam > kasTaM, vRhaspatiH > vuhappadi jaise jAnAti > yaanndi| 4. . ja ke sthAna para y| 5. nya, Nya, jJa, Jja ke sthAna para , jaise, sAmAnya > zAmajJa, prajJA > pnyo| anAdi ccha ke sthAna para zca, jaise gaccha > gazca, pRcchati > pushcdi| ahaM ke sthAna para hake, hage aura ahake - ye tIna Adeza hote haiN| hRdaya ke sthAna para hddkk| jaise mama hRdaye > mama hddkke| - ityAdi ye saba mAgadhI kI sAmAnya vizeSatAyeM haiN| mAgadhI prAkRta ke do rUpa milate haiM - 1) prathama yuga kI For Personal & Private Use Only

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mAgadhI, jo samrATa azoka ke zilAlekhoM evaM mahAkavi azvaghoSa ke nATakoM meM prApta hotI hai| 2) dUsarI madhyayuga kI mAgadhI hai, jo bhAsa evaM inake paravartI kAla ke nATakoM meM aura prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA prayukta huI hai| zAkArI, cANDAlI aura zAbarI - ina tIna bhASAoM ko bhI mAgadhI meM sammilita mAnA jAtA hai| kha) mAgadhI prAkRta kA udAharaNa samvAda ke rUpa meM agrAMkita gadyAMza mahAkavi kAlidAsa viracita "abhijJAna zAkuntalam" nATaka ke paMcama aMka ke viSkambha se uddhata hai - - pratyabhijJAnakam (tataH pravizati nAgarikaH zyAlaH pazcAbaddhapuruSamAdAya rakSiNau ca) rakSiNau - (tADayitvA) ale kumbhilaa| kahehi, kahiM tue eze maNibandhaNukkiNNaNAmahee lAakIe aGgulIae zamAzAdie ? puruSaH - (bhItiM nATitakena) pazIdante(ntu) bhaavmishshe(shshaa)| ahake Na iidishkmmkaalii| prathamaH - kiM khu zohaNe bamhaNe tti kalia laNNA paDiggahe diNNe ? puruSaH - zuNuha daanniN| ahake zakkAvadAlabbhantalavAzI dhiivle| dvitIyaH - paaddcclaa| kiM amhehiM jAdI pucchidA ? zyAlaH - sUaa ! kaheMdu savvaM annukkmenn| mA NaM antarA pddibndhh| ubhau - yaM Abu(vu)tte aannbe(ve)di| khehi| puruSaH - ahake jAluggAlAdIhiM macchabandhaNobA(vA)ehiM kuDumbabhalaNaM klemi| . zyAlaH - (vihasya) visuddho dANiM aajiivo| For Personal & Private Use Only

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puruSa: bhaTTAmA evvaM bhnn| zahaje kila je viNindie Na hu de kamma vivajjaNI ae / pazumAlaNakammadANe aNukampAmidaM evva zottie / / -- zyAlaH tado tado / puruSaH ekkariMza diaze khaNDazo lohiamacche mae kappide jaav| tazza udalabbhantale edaM ladaNabhAzulaM aGgulIaaM dekkhiaM / pacchA ahake ze vikkaAa daMzaante gahide bhAvamizzehiM / mAleha vA, muJceha vA, azaM ze Azramavuttante / -- (hindI anuvAda) ( isake anantara pulisa kA pradhAna zyAla tathA pIche kI ora (hAtha) baMdhe hue puruSa ko lekara do sipAhI praveza karate haiM / ) donoM sipAhI ( mArakara ) are coTTe ! batA, tumhAre dvArA yaha jar3e hue evaM khude hue nAma vAlI rAjA kI aMgUThI kahA~ se pAI gaI ? puruSa ( bhaya ke abhinaya ke sAtha) mahAzaya ! prasanna hoN| maiM aisA (= corI kA ) kAma karanevAlA nahIM hUM / pahalA sipAhI - to kyA uttama brAhmaNa yaha (jAna) karake rAjA ke dvArA (isakA ) dAna diyA gayA hai| puruSa - suniye to / maiM zakrAvatAra meM rahane vAlA dhIvara hU~ / dUsarA sipAhI gaI hai| - - - - zyAla OM donoM (sipAhI) - zrImAn jI ! jaise AjJA deM / kaha / cora kahIM kA ? kyA hama logoM ke dvArA jAti pUchI sUcaka ! saba kucha krama se khe| use bIca meM mata Toko / puruSa maiM 'jAla se nikalane Adi rUpa machaliyoM ko pakar3ane ke upAya se kuTumba kA bharaNa karatA huuN| zyAla (ha~sakara) taba to bar3I zuddha AjIvikA hai| 58 For Personal & Private Use Only

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puruSa - svaamii| aisA na kheN| ___ jo nindita kAma janma se calA A rahA hai, vaha (kAma) nahIM chor3anA caahie| anukampA se mRdu uttama brAhmaNa bhI pazu ke mArane rUpa karma meM kaThora hotA hai| zyAla - usake bAda, usake bAda ? puruSa - eka dina rohita machalI jyoM hI mere dvArA kATI gaI, usake peTa ke bhItara yaha ratna se camakatI huI aMgUThI dikhii| bAda meM ise becane ke lie dikhAtA huA mahAzayoM dvArA pakar3a liyA gyaa| mArie yA chodd'ie| yaha isake Ane kA vRttAnta hai| ga) mAgadhI gAthA kA udAharaNa puje nizzAda-paJja sucale yadi-padheNa vjnte| zayala-yaya-vazcalattaM gazcante lahadi plmpdN|kumaar0 crit|| arthAt puNyAtmA, kuzAgra prajJAvAlA, suprAJjala, yatimArga kA anusaraNa karatA huA, sakala jaga kI vatsalatA kA AcaraNa karatA huA paramapada ko prApta karatA hai| 3. ardhamAgadhI prAkRta prAkRta AgamoM ke ullekhAnusAra tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke yuga meM (IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI) aTThAraha mahAbhASAyeM evaM sAta sau laghubhASAyeM (boliyA~) pracalita thii| AgamoM meM hI ardhamAgadhI ko aTThAraha dezI bhASAoM se prasUta tathA sarvabhASAmayI pramukha bhASA bhI batAyA gayA hai| ardhamAgadhI ko ArSa prAkRta bhI kahA jAtA hai| ise tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke upadezoM kI bhASA mAnA jAtA hai| isI bhASA meM zvetAmbara paramparA ke Agama grantha upalabdha haiN| - prAcIna Arya pradeza ke Adhe bhAga meM bolI jAne vAlI bhASA ko ardhamAgadhI kahate haiN| isameM mAgadhI prAkRta kI katipaya vizeSatAeM pAye For Personal & Private Use Only

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jAne ke kAraNa kucha vidvAn ise ardhamAgadhI kahate haiN| mArkaNDeya ke anusAra zaurasenI ke nikaTa hone ke kAraNa zaurasenI ko ardhamAgadhI bhI mAnate haiN| nizcaya hI uparyukta tInoM tathyoM meM saccAI mAlUma par3atI hai, kyoMki zaurasenI aura mAgadhI ke kSetra ke bIca meM bolI jAne vAlI bhASA kA ardhamAgadhI nAmakaraNa sArthaka lagatA hai| ardhamAgadhI kI rUpasaMracanA meM mAgadhI aura zaurasenI kA paryApta prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| ka) ardhamAgadhI kI katipaya vizeSatAeM ___ 1. isameM 'ka' ke sthAna para 'ga' hotA hai, kintu kahIM t aura y milate haiN| 2. p kI v, y zruti bhI dekhI jAtI hai| 3. prathamA ekavacana meM 'e' tathA 'o' pAye jAte haiN| kintu gadya meM _ 'e' tathA padya meM 'o' kA bAhulya hai| 4. dhAturUpoM ke bhUtakAla meM 'iMsu' pratyaya lagatA hai| 5. kRdanta meM eka hI dhAtu ke aneka rUpa dekhe jAte haiM - kRtvA ke kaTu, kiccA, kAritA, karittANaM aadi| 6. ardhamAgadhI meM 'na' ke sthAna para 'Na' aura 'na' donoM milate haiN| kha) ardhamAgadhI prAkRta kA pramukha Agama sAhitya aMga Agama sAhitya - 1. AcArAMgasUtra, 2. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, 3. sthAnAMgasUtra, 4. samavAyAMgasUtra, 5. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, 6. jJAtAdharmakathA, 7. upAsakadazAMgasUtra, 8. antakRtdazAsUtra, 9. anuttaraupapAtikadazAsUtra, 10. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 11. vipAkasUtra, bArahavAM dRSTivAda lupta mAnA jAtA hai| upAMga Agama sAhitya - 1. aupapAtikasUtra, 2. rAjapraznIyasUtra, 3. jIvAjIvAbhigamasUtra, 4. prajJApanAsUtra, 5. jambUdvIpaprajJaptisUtra, 60 For Personal & Private Use Only

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6-7. sUryaprajJapti aura candraprajJapti, 8. nirayAvalikA, 9. kalpAvataMsikA, 10. puSpikAsUtra, 11. puSpacUlikAsUtra, 12. vRSNidazAsUtra / mUlasUtra 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 2. dazavaikAlikasUtra, 3. nandIsUtra, 4. anuyogadvArasUtra / chedasUtra nizItha / -- - 1. dazAzrutaskaMdha, 2. bRhatkalpasUtra, 3. vyavahArasUtra, 4. prakIrNaka (paiNNA) 1. catuHzaraNa, 2. Atura pratyAkhyAna, 3. mahApratyAkhyAna, 4. bhakta - parijJA, 5. tandulavaicArika yA vaikAlika, 6. saMstAraka, 7. gacchAcAra, 8. gaNividyA, 9. devendra - stava, 10. maraNasamAdhi ye dasa prakIrNaka Agama zAstra kAphI prAcIna mAne jAte haiN| - do cUlikA sUtra - 1. nandIsUtra, 2. anuyogadvAra / ye sabhI Agama gadya aura padya donoM vidhAoM meM upalabdha haiM, jinameM saiddhAntika, dArzanika, sAMskRtika, sAmAjika, tAttvika, AcAragata evaM kathAtmaka viSayoM kA sAMgopAMga vivecana sUtra zailI meM nibaddha hai / yaha vizAla prAkRta Agama zAstra bhAratIya saMskRti kI bahumUlya dharohara hai / vyAkhyA sAhitya ina AgamoM para lambe samaya taka likhA gayA vipulaM mAtrA meM vyAkhyA sAhitya tathA zatAdhika svataMtra grantha ardhamAgadhI prAkRta sAhitya kI amUlya akSaya nidhi hai / yaha vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya pUrvokta aneka AgamoM para, mukhyataH niryukti, bhASya, cUrNI aura TIkA Adi nAmoM meM atyadhika mAtrA meM vyAkhyA sAhitya upalabdha hai| - inameM AcArya bhadrabAhu praNIta niryuktiyAM prAyaH prAkRta gAthAbaddha haiN| bhASya grantha lagabhaga pAMcavI - chaThIM zatI ke racita haiN| cUrNiyAM prAkRtasaMskRta mizrita rUpa meM gadya meM haiN| TIkAyeM prAyaH saMskRta meM haiM, kintu kathA bhAga prAya: prAkRta meM nibaddha hai| 61 For Personal & Private Use Only

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ga) ardhamAgadhI - gadya kA udAharaNa yahA~ prastuta hai ardhamAgadhI prAkRta bhASA ke gadyAMza kA udAharaNa jo ki AcArAMga ke prathama zruta-skandha, prathama adhyayana ke prathama uddezaka zastra parijJA kA prArambhika aMza hai: - 1. appaNo atthitta-padaM suyaM me Au ! teNaM bhagavayA evamakkhAyaM - ihamegesiM no saNNA bhavai, taM jahA - puratthimAo vA disAo Agao ahamaMsi dAhiNAo vA disAo Agao ahamaMsi, uttarAo vA disAo Agao ahamaMsi, paccatthimAo vA disAo Agao ahamaMsi, uDDhAo vA disAo Agao ahamaMsi, ahe vA disAo Agao ahamaMsi, aNNayarIo vA disAo Agao ahamaMsi, aNudisAo vA Agao ahamaMsi / - 2. evamegesiM No NAtaM bhavati atthi me AyA ovavAie, Natthi me AyA ovavAie, ke ahaM AsI ? ke vA io cuo iha peccA bhavissAmi ? 3. sejjaM puNa jANejjA - sahasammuiyAeM, paravAgaraNeNaM, aNNesiM vA aMtie soccA, taM jahA - puratthimAo vA disAo Agao ahamaMsi, dakkhiNAo vA disAo Agao ahamaMsi, paccatthimAo vA disAo Agao ahamaMsi, uttarAo vA disAo Agao ahamaMsi, uDDhAo vA disAo Agao ahamaMsi, ahe vA disAo Agao ahamaMsi, aNNayarIo vA disAo Agao ahamaMsi, aNudisAo vA Agao ahamaMsi / 4. evamegesiM jaM NAtaM bhavai atthi me AyA ovvaaie| jo imAo disAo aNudisAo vA aNusaMcarai, savvAo disAo savvAo aNudisAo jo Agao aNusaMcarai sohaM / 5. se AyAvAI, logAvAI, kammAvAI, kirayAvAI | - 62 For Personal & Private Use Only

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hindI anuvAda 1. AtmA kA astitva - AyuSman maiMne sunA hai| bhagavAna ne kahA - isa jagat meM kucha (manuSyoM) ko yaha saMjJA nahIM hotI, jaise - maiM pUrva dizA se AyA hUM, athavA pazcima dizA se AyA hUM, athavA uttara dizA se AyA hUM, athavA Urdhva dizA se AyA hUM, athavA adho dizA se AyA hUM, athavA kisI anya dizA se AyA hUM athavA anudizA se AyA huuN| 2. isI prakAra kucha (manuSyoM) ko yaha jJAta nahIM hotA - merI AtmA punarjanma nahIM lene vAlI hai| athavA merI AtmA punarjanma lene vAlI hai| maiM (pichale janma meM) kauna thA ? maiM yahAM se cyuta hokara agale janma meM kyA hoUMgA? 3. koI (manuSya) - pUrvajanma kI smRti se, para (pratyakSajJAnI) ke nirUpaNa se, athavA anya (pratyakSajJAnI ke dvArA zruta vyakti) ke pAsa sunakara, yaha jAna letA hai, jaise - maiM pUrva dizA se AyA hUM ? athavA dakSiNa dizA se AyA hUM, athavA pazcima dizA se AyA hUM, athavA Urdhva dizA se AyA hUM, athavA adho dizA se AyA hUM, athavA kisI anya dizA se AyA hUM, athavA anudizA se AyA huuN| 4. . isI prakAra kucha (manuSyoM) ko yaha jJAta hotA hai - merI AtmA punarjanma lene vAlI hai, jo ina dizAoM aura anudizAoM meM anusaMcaraNa karatI hai; jo saba dizAoM aura saba anudizAoM se Akara anusaMcaraNa karatA hai, vaha maiM huuN| 5. (jo anusaMcaraNa ko jAna letA hai) vahI AtmavAdI, lokavAdI, karmavAdI aura kriyAvAdI hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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gha) ardhamAgadhI-gAthAoM kA udAharaNa dhammo maMgalamukkiTuM ahiMsA saMjamo tvo| devA vi taM namasaMti jassa dhamme sayA mnno|| dazavai0 1/1 / / - dharma utkRSTa maMgala hai, vaha dharma ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa rUpa hai| jisakA mana sadA dharma meM ramA rahatA hai, use devatA bhI namaskAra karate haiN| je ya kante pie bhoe laddhe vipiddhikuvvii| sAhINe cayai bhoe se hu cAi tti vucci|| dazavai0 2/3 // - tyAgI vahI kahalAtA hai jo kAnta aura priya bhoga upalabdha hone para, unakI ora se pITha phera letA hai aura svAdhInatA pUrvaka bhogoM kA tyAga karatA hai| kahaM care kahaM ciDhe kahamAse kahaM se| kahaM bhujaMto bhAsaMto pAvaM kammaM na bNdhii|| dazavai0 4/7 // - kaise cale ? kaise khar3A ho ? kaise baiThe ? kaise soe ? kaise khAe ? kaise bole ? jisase pApa-karma kA bandhana na ho| pUrvokta praznoM kA uttara yaha hai - jayaM care jayaM ciTThe jayamAse jayaM se| jayaM bhaMjaMto bhAsaMto pAva kammaM na bNdhii| dazavai0 4/8 // - yatanApUrvaka calane, yatanApUrvaka khar3A hone, yatanApUrvaka baiThane, yatanApUrvaka sone, yAtanApUrvaka khAne aura yatanApUrvaka bolane vAlA pApa-karma kA bandhana nahIM krtaa| . jo jIve vi na yANAi ajIve vi na yaanni| jIvAjIve ayANaMto kahaM so nAhii sNjmN|| dazavai0 4/12 // - jo jIvoM ko nahIM jAnatA, ajIvoM ko bhI nahIM jAnatA vaha jIva aura ajIva ko na jAnane vAlA saMyama ko kaise jAnegA ? 64 For Personal & Private Use Only

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savve jIvA vi icchanti jIviDaM na marijjiuM / tamhA. pANavahaM ghoraM niggaMthA vajjayaMti NaM / / dazavai0 6 / 10 / / - sabhI jIva jInA cAhate haiM, maranA nhiiN| isalie prANa-vadha ko bhayAnaka jAnakara nirgrantha usakA varjana (tyAga) karate haiN| jAe saddhAe nikkhato pariyAyadvANamuttamaM / -- ! tameva aNupAlejjA guNe Ayariyasammae / dazavai0 8 / 60 / / he mune ! jisa zraddhA se uttama pravrajyA - sthAna ke lie ghara se nikalA, usa zraddhA ko (jIvana paryanta) pUrvavat banAe rakhe aura AcAryasammata guNoM kA anupAlana kare / je lakkhaNaM ca suviNaM ca aMgavijjaM ca je pauMjaMti / na hu te samaNA vuccaMti, eva AyariehiM akkhAyaM // uttarAdhyayana 8/13 jo sAdhu lakSaNazAstra, svapnazAstra aura aMgavidyA kA prayoga karate haiM, unheM zramaNa nahIM kahA jAtA, aisA AcAryoM ne kahA hai / cattAri paramaMgANi, dullahANIha jaMtuNo / mANusataM suI saddhA, saMjamammi ya vIriyaM / / uttarAdhyayana 3 / 1 // isa jagata meM prANI ko (mokSaprApti ke) cAra parama aMgoM ( utkRSTa vastuoM) kI prApti durlabha hai| ve cAra ye haiM 1. manuSyatva arthAt manuSya janma kI prApti, 2. zruta-zAstra- zravaNa, 3. zraddhA aura 4. saMyamamArga meM puruSArtha / jaM annANI kammaM, khevai bahuAhiM vAsakoDihiM / taM nANI tihiM gutto, khaveda usAsamitteNa // ajJAnI jina karmoM ko bahuta karor3oM varSoM se khapAtA hai, una ina tIna guptiyoM se eka karmoM ko jJAnI jIva mana-vacana-kAya - ucchvAsa mAtra samaya meM khapAtA (kSaya kara letA hai| 65 - For Personal & Private Use Only

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4. zaurasenI prAkRta .. zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA zUrasena janapada arthAt mathurA pradeza aura isake AsapAsa sampUrNa brajamaNDala meM bolI jAne vAlI loka bolI evaM bhASA rahI hai| zUrasena janapada kI sthApanA bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna neminAtha ke eka yAdava-vaMzI pUrvaja zUrasena ne kI thii| prAcIna vAGmaya se jJAta hotA hai ki yaduvaMza ke isa pratApI nareza ne zaurIpura nagara basAyA thaa| isa vaMza meM samudravijaya, vasudeva, bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAn neminAtha, nauveM balabhadra balarAma aura nauveM nArAyaNa zrIkRSNa Adi pratApI rAjA hue| . inake prabhAvaka vyaktitva aura ajeya zaurya ne samasta saMsAra meM zUrasena janapada ko, jo mahArAja zUrasena ke nAma para sthApita huA thA, mahAn gaurava pradAna kiyA aura usa janapada meM bolI jAne vAlI bhASA zUrasena janapada ke nAma para zaurasenI kahalAne lgii| . SaDbhASAcandrikAkAra lakSmIdhara ne zaurasenI kA svarUpa isa prakAra batalAyA hai - 'zUrasenodbhavA bhASA zaurasenIti giiyte'| arthAt - . zUrasena deza meM utpanna huI bhASA zaurasenI kahI jAtI hai| isa bhASA kA pracAra-prasAra pUrva meM kaliMga, pazcima meM saurASTra tathA dakSiNa meM karnATaka, Andhra, tamila Adi aneka pradezoM taka thaa| madhya-deza (gaMgA-yamunA kI upatyakA) to isakA mUlasthAna hI thaa| madhyadeza prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kA pramukha kendra aura saMskRta nATakoM kI utpatti kA bhI pramukha kendra rahA hai| isa bhASA kI yaha mahattvapUrNa vizeSatA hai ki isa bhASA kA udbhava aura vikAsa uttara bhArata meM huA kintu isa bhASA meM sAhitya kA adhika praNayana dakSiNa bhArata meM huaa| digambara jaina paramparA ke pramukha Agamika tathA saiddhAntika grantha isI bhASA meM nibaddha haiN| inameM SaTkhaNDAgama, kasAyapAhuDasutta jaise For Personal & Private Use Only

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Agama grantha tathA AcArya kundakunda, vaTTakera, zivArya, yativRSabha, puSpadantabhUtabali, nemicandra siddhAnta cakravartI, kArtikeya, vasunandi Adi aneka AcAryo ke grantha zaurasenI prAkRta meM hI likhe gaye haiN| __ kucha prAcIna jaina granthoM kI zaurasenI bhASA meM katipaya viziSTatAeM pAyI jAtI haiM, jisase kucha vidvAnoM kI dRSTi se ise 'jaina zaurasenI' bhI kahA jAtA hai| kintu mAtra kucha vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa yaha alaga nAmakaraNa upayukta nahIM hai| ataH mUlataH yaha bhI zaurasenI hI hai| ka) nATakoM kI zaurasenI AcArya bharata muni ne nATyazAstra (17.46, 51) meM kahA hai ki nATakoM kI bolacAla kI bhASA meM zaurasenI kA Azraya lenA cAhiye tathA mahilAoM aura unakI sakhiyoM, dAsiyoM, sAmAnyataH kulIna striyoM aura madhyama varga ke puruSoM ko isa bhASA meM vArtAlApa karanA caahiye| tadanusAra azvaghoSa, bhAsa, zUdraka, kAlidAsa, vizAkhadatta meM prAkRta kA gadyabhAga sAmAnyatayA zaurasenI meM likhA gayA hai| azvaghoSa dvArA prayukta zaurasenI uttarakAlIna saMskRta nATakoM kI zaurasenI kA prAcInatama rUpa hai, jo pAli aura azoka ke zilAlekhoM kI prAkRta ke anurUpa hai| azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI zaurasenI aura anya prAkRteM uttarakAlIna klAsikala saMskRta nATakoM kI zaurasenI kI apekSA, saMskRta ke adhika nikaTa pAI gaI haiM, isase vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki nATakoM meM zaurasenI tathA anya prAkRtoM kA prayoga taba Arambha kiyA gayA jabaki adhikatara prAkRta bolane vAle saMskRta samajha sakate the| vararuci ne prAkRtaprakAza (12.2) meM saMskRta ko zaurasenI kA AdhArabhUta svIkAra kiyA hai| klAsikala saMskRta nATakoM meM prayukta zaurasenI vibhakti-bahula hone para bhI vaha saMskRta kI apekSA kAphI sahajagamya thI aura use apabhraza, jo zanaiH zanaiH vikasita ho rahI thI, ko bolane vAle AsAnI se samajha sakate the| (prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR. 31) 67 For Personal & Private Use Only

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kha) nATakoM aura jaina siddhAnta granthoM kI zaurasenI nATakoM kI zaurasenI meM jaina siddhAnta granthoM kI zaurasenI kI apekSA kucha adhika bhinnatA hai / usameM ta kA da, ka kA ga, ya zruti aura prathamA ekavacana meM o milate haiM / isake kR dhAtu ke kuvvadi, karedi, kudi, kuNaI, kuNadi tathA ktvA ke samatulya ya, ccA, iya, ttu, dUNa, UNa Adi pratyaya pAye jAte haiN| zaurasenI meM na kA Na ho jAtA hai / 'ya' ke sthAna para ya evaM jja donoM kA prayoga hotA hai| ga) zaurasenI kI bhASAgata pramukha vizeSatAyeM AcArya hemacandra ne apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM zaurasenI prAkRta kI aneka vyAkaraNagata vizeSatAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| vastutaH zaurasenI madhyadeza kI bhASA hone ke kAraNa yaha saMskRta se bhI kAphI prabhAvita rahI hai, isIlie isakI prakRti bhI saMskRta mAnI jAtI hai / phira bhI prAcIna prAkRta hone ke kAraNa isameM dezI zabdoM kA bAhulya evaM vaikalpika prayoga bhI milate haiN| 1. 3. zaurasenI kI katipaya bhASAgata vizeSatAyeM isa prakAra haiM ka) anAdi meM vidyamAna t kA d aura th kA dh hotA hai| kha) kintu saMyukta hone se tU ko d nahIM hotaa| ga) sAtha hI Adi meM rahane para bhI t kA d nahIM hotaa| jaise ka) AgataH > Agado, kha) nAthaH > NAdho, NAho, katham > kadhaM, kahaM, ga) AryaputraH > ajjautto, gha) tasya > tassa, tathA > tathA / - 'rya' ke sthAna para vikalpa meM 'yya' Adeza hotA hai aura vikalpAbhAva meM 'jjaM' Adeza hotA hai| jaise - AryaputraH > ayyautto, ajjautto, paryAkulaH payyAulo, pajjAulo / 'kSa' ke sthAna para 'kkha' hotA hai| jaise ikSuH > ikkhu / 68 - For Personal & Private Use Only - cakSu cakkhu,

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4. zaurasenI ke siddhAnta granthoM meM 'na' ke sthAna para 'Na' hI pravRtti prAyaHH dekhane ko milatI hai| jaise - namo > Namo, nAma > NAma, Alapana > AlAvaNa, jJAnI > nnaannii| 5. kha, gha, tha, dha, pha, bha ko 'ha' ho jAtA hai| jaise - mukham > muhaM, meghaH > meho , medhA > mehA, phulla > hulla, lAbha: > laaho| kartAkAraka (prathamA) ke ekavacana meM 'o' pratyaya ke atirikta 'e' pratyaya kA bhI prayoga hotA hai| jaise - iMdiyo, iMdie, kAo > kAe, jogo > joge| innanka zabdoM ke sambodhana ke ekavacana meM vikalpa se nakAra ko AkAra hotA hai| jaise - sukhin > sukhiA, kaJcukin > knyciaa| 8. iha aura hya Adeza ke sthAna para vikalpa se 'dha' hotA hai| jaise- iha > idha, iha, paritrAyadhva > parittAyadha, prittaayh| 9. bhU dhAtu ke bhakAra ko vikalpa se hakAra Adeza hotA hai| jaise bhavati > hodi; bhodi| 10. strI zabda ke sthAna para itthI, iva ko via, eva ko jevva aura . Azcarya ko accariaM Adeza hotA hai| 11. pUrva ke sthAna para vikalpa se purava, idAnIm ko dANiM, tasmAt ko ___tA Adeza hotA hai| 12. gRdha jaise zabdoM ke RkAra ke sthAna para ikAra hotA hai| jaise - gRddhaH > giddho| 13. brAhmaNya, vijJa, yajJa aura kanyA zabdoM ke kramazaH Nya, jJa, aura nya .. ke sthAna para vikalpa se 'a' Adeza hotA hai| jaise - brAhmaNya: > bamhaJjo, bamhaNo, vijJaH > viJjo, viNNo, yajJaH > jaJjo, jaNNo, kanyA > kaJjo, knnnnaa| For Personal & Private Use Only

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14. ka)'ktvA' pratyaya ko vikalpa se iya aura dUNa Adeza hotA hai| jaise bhUtvA > bhaviya, bhodUNa, bhottA / paThitvA > paDhiya paDhidUNa, paDhittA / - kha) pUrvokta AdezoM ke sAtha hI vikalpa se 'aDua' Adeza bhI hotA hai| jaise kRtvA > kaDua, kariya, karidUNa / gatvA > gaDua, gacchia, gacchidUNa / gha) zaurasenI prAkRta kA upalabdha pramukha sAhitya jaise zvetAmbara jaina paramparA ke AgamoM kI bhASA ardhamAgadhI prAkRta hai, usI prakAra digambara jaina paramparA ke Agama grantha zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha haiN| vaise hI mathurA prAcInakAla se hI jaina AcAryoM kI gatividhiyoM kA pramukha kendra rahA hai, ataeva unakI kRtiyoM meM zaurasenI kI pramukhatA AnA svAbhAvika hai| zaurasenI ke upalabdha pramukha Agama granthoM kA vivaraNa prastuta hai - > AcArya puSpadanta evaM bhUtabali dvArA racita SaTkhaNDAgama, AcArya guNadhara dvArA racita kasAyapAhuDa, ( kaSAyaprAbhRta), AcArya yativRSabha dvArA racita tiloyapaNNatti, AcArya vaTTakera kRta mUlAcAra, AcArya zivArya kRta bhagavatI ArAdhanA, AcArya kundakunda kRta samayasAra, paMcAstikAya, pravacanasAra, niyamasAra, aSTapAhuDa, bArasa aNuvekkhA, bhattisaMgaho / AcArya nemicandra siddhAntacakravartI kRta gommaTasAra, trilokasAra, labdhisAra, kSapaNAsAra, AcArya devasena praNIta darzanasAra, bhAvasaMgraha, ArAdhanAsAra, tattvasAra, AcArya zrutamuni praNIta paramAgamasAro, bhAva tribhaMgI, Azrava tribhaMgI / AcArya vasunandi praNIta vasunandizrAvakAcAra, taccaviyAro sAro, AcArya kArtikeya praNIta kArtikeyAnuprekSA / muni nemicandra kRta dravyasaMgraha, AcArya zivazarma praNIta kammapayaDi, zatakacUrNi ityAdi zaurasenI prAkRta ke pramukha Agamasama graMtha haiN| 70 For Personal & Private Use Only

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Ga) zaurasenI prAkRta ke gadyAMza kA udAharaNa teNa vi soraTTha-visaya-giriNayara-paTTaNa-caMdaguhA-ThieNa alaiMga-mahANimittapAraeNa gaMtha-vocchedo hohidi tti jAda-bhaeNa pavayaNa-vacchaleNa dakSiNAvahAiriyANaM mahimAe miliyANaM leho pesido| leha-TThiya-dharaseNAiriya-vayaNamavadhAriya tehi vi Airiehi be sAhU gahaNa-dhAraNa-samatthA dhavalAmala-bahu-viha-viNayavihUsiyaMgA sIla-mAlA-harA guru-pesaNAsaNa-tittA desa-kulajAi-suddhA sayala-kalA-pArayA tikkhuttAbucchiyAiriyA aMdhavisayaveNNAyaDAdo pesidaa| tesu AgamacchamANesu rayaNIe pacchimabhAe kuMdeMdu-saMkhavaNNA sabba-lakkhaNa-saMpuNNA appaNo kaya-tippadAhiNA pAesu NisuDhiyapadiyaMgA be vasahA sumiNaMtareNa dharaseNa-bhaDAraeNa ditttthaa| evaMvihasumiNaM daThUNa tuTTeNa dharaseNAirieNa 'jayau suya devadA' tti sNlviyN'| - taddivase ceya te do vi jaNA saMpattA dhrsennaairiyN| tado dharaseNa-bhayavado kidiyamaM kAuNa doNNi divase bolAviya tadiya-divase viNaeNa dharaseNa-bhaDArao tehiM viNNatto 'aNeNa kajjeNamhA do vi jaNA tumhaM pAdamUlamugavayA' tti| 'suThu bhaI' ti bhaNiUNa dharaseNa-bhaDAraeNa do vi aasaasidaa| (yaha gadyAMza AcArya puSpadanta-bhUtabali praNIta "ghaTakhaNDAgama, bhAga 1, pR. 68-69 se liyA gayA hai, jisameM isa Agama grantha-lekhana kA pUrA vRttAnta prastuta kiyA gayA hai) hindI anuvAda - saurASTra (gujarAta-kAThiyAvAr3a) deza ke girinAra nAma ke nagara kI candraguphA meM rahane vAle, aSTAMga mahAnimittake pAragAmI, pravacana-vatsala For Personal & Private Use Only

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aura Age aMga- zrutakA viccheda ho jaayegaa| - isa prakAra utpanna ho gayA hai bhaya jinako, aise una dharasenAcArya ne mahAmahimA arthAt paMcavarSIya sAdhu-sammelana meM sammilita hue dakSiNApatha ke (dakSiNa deza ke nivAsI) AcAryoM ke pAsa eka lekha (patra) bhejA / lekha (patra) meM likhe gaye dharasenAcArya ke vacanoM ko bhalIbhAMti samajhakara, (dakSiNApatha ke) una AcAryoM ne zAstra ke artha ko grahaNa aura dhAraNa karane meM samartha, nAnA prakAra kI ujjvala aura nirmala vinaya se vibhUSita aMgavAle, zIlarUpI mAlA ke dhAraka, guruoM dvArA preSaNa (bhejane) rUpI bhojana se tRpta hue, deza, kula aura jAti se zuddha, arthAt uttama deza, uttama kula aura uttama jAti meM utpanna hue, samasta kalAoM meM pAraMgata aura tIna bAra pUchA hai AcAryoM se jinhoMne, (arthAt AcAryoM se tIna bAra AjJA lekara) aise (puSpadanta aura bhUtabali nAmaka do sAdhuoM ko Andhra-deza meM bahanevAlI veNAnadI ke taTa se bhejaa| mArga meM una donoM sAdhuoM ke Ate samaya, jo kunda ke puSpa, candramA aura zaMkha ke samAna sapheda varNavAle haiM, jo samasta lakSaNoM se paripUrNa haiM, jinhoMne AcArya (dharasena) kI tIna pradakSiNA dI haiM aura jinake aMga namrata hokara AcArya ke caraNoM meM par3a gaye haiM aise do bailoM ko dharasena bhaTTAraka ne rAtri ke pichale bhAga meM svapna meM dekhaa| isa prakAra svapna ko dekhakara saMtuSTa hue dharasenAcArya ne 'jayau suya devadA' (zrutadevatA jayavanta ho ) - aisA vAkya uccAraNa kiyaa| usI dina dakSiNApatha se bheje hue ve donoM sAdhu dharasenAcArya ko prApta hue| usake bAda dharasenAcArya kI pAdavandanA Adi kRtikarma karake aura do dina bitAkara tIsare dina una donoM ne dharasenAcArya se nivedana kiyA ki 'isa kArya se hama donoM Apake pAdamUla ko prApta hue haiN|' una donoM sAdhuoM ke isa prakAra nivedana karane para 'acchA hai, kalyANa ho' isa prakAra kahakara dharasena bhaTTAraka ne una sAdhuoM ko AzvAsana diyaa| 72 For Personal & Private Use Only

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ca) zaurasenI - gAthAoM ke udAharaNa esa surAsuramaNusiMdavaMdidaM dhodaghAikammamalaM / paNamAmi vaDamANaM titthaM dhammassa kattAraM // 1 // yaha jo surendroM, asurendroM aura narendroM se vandita haiM tathA jinhoMne ghAti karmamalako dho DAlA hai, aise tIrtharUpa aura dharma ke kartA zrI barddhamAna svAmI ko maiM (kundakundAcArya) praNAma ( namana karatA hU~ / sese puNa titthayare sasavvasiddhe visuddhasabbhAve / samaNe ya NANadaMsaNacarittatavavIriyAyAre // 2 // punaH vizuddha sattAvAle zeSa tIrthaMkaroM kI sarva siddha-bhagavantoM ke sAtha hI, jJAnAcAra, darzanAcAra, cAritrAcAra, tapAcAra tathA vIryAcAra yukta zramaNoM ko namaskAra karatA huuN| te te savve samagaM samagaM pattegameva pattegaM / vaMdAmi ya vaTTaMte arahaMte mANuse khette || 3 || una-una sabako ekasAtha tathA manuSya kSetra meM vidyamAna arahantoM vyaktigata samudAya rUpa se aura pratyeka ko ko sAtha hI sAtha vandanA karatA huuN| - kiccA arahaMtANaM siddhANaM taha Namo gaNaharANaM / ajjhAvayavaggANaM sAhUNaM cedi savvesiM // 4 // tesiM visuddhadaMsaNaNANapahANAsamaM samAsejja / uvasaMpayAmi sammaM jatto NivvANa saMpattI // 5 // (paNagaM) isa prakAra arahantoM ko, siddhoM ko, AcAryoM ko, upAdhyAya varga kA aura sarva sAdhuoM ko namaskAra karake unake vizuddha-darzanajJAnapradhAna Azrama ko prApta karake, maiM sAmya ko prApta karatA hU~, jisase nirvANa kI prApti hotI hai| 73 For Personal & Private Use Only

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bAraha - aMgaggijjhA viyaliya-mala- - mUDha - dNsnnuttilyaa| viviha- vara-caraNa - bhUsA pasiyau suya devayA suiraM // 6 // * SaTkhaNDAgama dhavalA TIkA 1/1/2 jo zrutajJAna ke prasiddha bAraha aMgoM se grahaNa karane yogya hai, arthAt bAraha aMgoM kA samUha hI jisakA zarIra hai, jo sarva prakAra ke mala (aticAra) aura tIna mUDhatAoM se rahita samyagdarzana - rUpaM unnata tilaka meM virAjamAna hai aura nAnA prakAra ke nirmala cAritra hI jisake AbhUSaNa haiM, aisI bhagavatI zrutadevatA cirakAla taka prasanna raho / 5. mahArASTrI prAkRta 'sAmAnya prAkRta' bhASA ke rUpa meM mahArASTrI prAkRta svIkRta mAnI jAtI hai| kintu mahArASTrI isa nAmakaraNa kA mUla kAraNa mahArASTra meM isakI utpatti sthAna hI hai| marAThI bhASA kA vikAsa bhI isI prAkRta se huaa| mahArASTra meM jo prAcIna prAkRta pracalita thI, use lIlAvaI - kahA ke kartA koUhala ne marahaTTa ko dezI bhASA kahA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki marahaTTa dezI bhASA se hI prAkRta kAvyoM aura nATakoM meM prayukta mahArASTrI prAkRta kA vikAsa huA hogaa| isameM saMskRta varNoM lopa kI pravRtti sabase adhika hai| isake varNa adhika komala lalita aura madhura haiN| isalie kAvyoM meM ise sarvAdhika sthAna milA hai| IsA kI prathama zatAbdI se vartamAna kAla taka isI prAkRta meM kAvya sAhitya kA praNayana hotA A rahA hai / isa bhASA kA kathA aura kAvya sAhitya vipula mAtrA meM upalabdha hai| mahAkavi daNDI (IsA kI chaThI zatI) ne apane kAvyAdarza nAmaka alaMkAra zAstra meM likhA hai - mahArASTrAzrayAM bhASAM prakRSTaM prAkRtaM viduH / sAgaraH sUktiratnAnAM setubandhAdi yanmayam / / 74 For Personal & Private Use Only

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arthAt mahArASTra meM bolI jAne vAlI isa prAkRta ko uttama prAkRta ke rUpa se vihita kiyA hai| kyoMki yaha prAkRta sUktirUpI ratnoM kA sAgara hai aura isameM setubandha Adi kI racanA kI gaI hai| isa kathana se mahArASTrI prAkRta ke sAhitya kI samRddhi kA jJAna hotA hai| prAkRta ke jaina kAvya-granthoM aura nATaka Adi itara kAvya-granthoM kI mahArASTrI meM kucha bhinnatA bhI dekhI jAtI hai| isalie kucha vidvAn ise bhI jaina mahArASTrI kaha dete haiM tathA 'jainamahArASTrI' aura 'mahArASTrI' isake ye do bheda bhI svIkAra karate haiN| ka) bhASAgata vizeSatAyeM - sAmAnya prAkRta mAne jAne ke kAraNa bhI aneka Adhunika bhAratIya bhASA tathA boliyA~ isase sarvAdhika prabhAvita dekhI jAtI haiN| prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne mahArASTrI prAkRta ke lakSaNa likhakara anya prAkRtoM kI kevala vizeSatAyeM ginAIM haiN| ve isa prakAra haiM - 1. R, R evaM lu kA sarvathA abhaav| R varga ke sthAna para a, i, u, ri kA pryog| jaise - ai, au ke sthAnoM para e, o kA pryog| 3. visarga kA abhAva, padAnta vyaMjanoM kA lop| 4. za, Sa aura sa ke sthAna para ke "sa" kA pryog| 5. dvivacana kA lop| 6. . halanta prAtipAdita kI smaapti| 7. padAnta vyaMjanoM kA lop| 8. saMyukta vyaMjanAnta dhvaniyoM kA smiikrnn| mahArASTrI prAkRta kI ye saba pramukha sAmAnya vizeSatAyeM haiM, jinakA ullekha pahale hI sAmAnya prAkRta kI vizeSatAoM meM kiyA jA cukA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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kha) mahArASTrI prAkRta meM racita sAhitya - sabhI prakAra kI prAkRta bhASAoM kI apekSA mahArASTrI prAkRta meM vividha prakAra kA aura prAyaH sabhI viSayoM kA sarvAdhika sAhitya prApta hotA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki mahArASTrI prAkRta sAmAnya kahalAtI hai| yaha sarasa, subodha evaM sarala bhI hai| isIlie isameM gadya evaM padya donoM vidhAoM zatAdhika meM carita kAvya evaM kathA kAvya Adi upalabdha haiN| mahAkavi vAkpatirAja ne (gauDavaho 92) kahA bhI hai - Navamattha - daMsaNaM saMnivesa sisirAo bndh-riddhiio| aviralamiNamo AbhuvaNa-bandhamiha Navara pyymmi|| arthAt - sRSTi ke prArambha se lekara Aja taka pracura parimANa meM nUtana-nUtana arthoM kA darzana tathA sundara racanAvalI prabandha-sampatti yadi kahIM bhI hai, to kevala prAkRta meM hai| isIlie mahArASTrI-prAkRta meM vividha viSayoM ke carita evaM kathA-granthoM kA vipula rUpa meM praNayana kiyA gayA hai| isakA saMkSipta vivaraNa prastuta hai - ga) prAkRta kAvya sAhitya - 1. zAstrIya mahAkAvya - mahAkavi pravarasena (pAMcavIM zatAbdI) kRta setubandha, vAkpatirAja (I. san 760) kRta gauDavaho, AcArya hemacandra (bArahavIM sadI) kRta vyAzraya mahAkAvya, mahAkavi koUhala 9vIM zatI) dvArA racita lIlAvaI kahA, kavi kRSNalIlA zuka evaM durgAdAsa (13vIM zatI) dvArA racita siriciMdhakavva (zrIcihnakAvya) aparanAma govindAbhiSeka tathA mahAkavi zrIkaNTha (aThArahavIM sadI) dvArA racita sori (zauri) carita Adi pramukha mahAkAvya mukhyata: mahArASTrI prAkRta meM racita haiN| 2. khaNDakAvya - rAmapANivAda (janma I. san 1707) kRta kaMsavaho, uSAniruddha tathA ajJAtakartRka bhRGgasaMdeza jaise khaNDakAvya . mahArASTrI prAkRta bhASA meM upalabdha haiN| 3. carita kAvya - AcArya vimalasUri (dUsarI zatI) viracita 76 For Personal & Private Use Only

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paumacariyaM, dhanezvara sUri (11vIM zatI) viracita surasundarI cariyaM, lakSmaNagaNi (12vIM zatI) viracita supAsanAhacariya, candraprabha mahattara (12vIM zatI) dvArA racita sirivijayacaMdakevalicariyaM, nemicandrasUri (12vIM zatI) dvArA racita mahAvIra cariyaM, devendrasUri (13vIM zatI) dvArA racita kaNhacariyaM evaM sudaMsaNA cariyaM, anantahaMsa (16vIM zatI) viracita kummAputta cariyaM, somaprabhasUri viracita sumatinAha cariyaM, vardhamAna sUri viracita AdinAha cariyaM evaM manoramA cariyaM, jinezvarasUri sUri viracita caMdappahacariyaM ityAdi pramukha carita kAvya grantha haiN| 4. gadya-padya mizrita carita kAvya - zrI zIlAMkAcArya (9vIM zatI) viracita cauppana mahApurisa cariyaM, guNapAla muni (11vIM zatAbdI) viracita jaMbUcariyaM, nemicandrasUri (12vIM zatI) viracita rayaNacUDarAya cariyaM, guNacandrasUri (11vIM zatI) dvArA racita mahAvIracariyaM - jaise gadya-padya maya carita kAvya haiN| 5. campUkAvya - udyotanasUri (zaka saM. 700) viracita kuvalamAlA khaa| . 6. muktaka kAvya - hAla kavi (IsA kI prathama zatI) viracita gAhAsattasaI (gAthAsaptazatI), muni jayavallabha (cauthI zatI) viracita vajjAlagga, ajJAtakartRka viSamabANalIlA aura prAkRta pusskrinnii| 7. rasetara muktaka kAvya - ajJAtakartRka vairAgya zataka, lakSmIlAbhagaNi viracita vairAgya rasAyana prakaraNa, padmanandi muni viracita dhammarasAyaNa, kavi dhanapAla racita RSabha paMcAsikA, uvasaggahara stotr| inake atirikta mahArASTrI prAkRta meM anyAnya prAyaH sabhI vidhAoM kA vipula sAhitya upalabdha hai| gha) prAkRta kathA sAhitya prAkRta bhASA kA kathA sAhitya bahuta hI samRddha hai| jaina AgamoM meM udAharaNa dRSTAnta, upamA, rUpaka, samvAda aura loka pracalita kathA AkhyAna Adi vipula mAtrA meM prApta hotA hai| jaina AgamoM kA TIkA 77 For Personal & Private Use Only

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sAhitya bhI kathA, kahAniyoM kA acchA bhaNDAra hai| ye TIkAyeM saMskRta meM hone para bhI inakA kathA bhAga prAkRta meM bhI nibaddha hai| prAkRta bhASA kI ina racanAoM ko harmana yAkobI jaise vidvAnoM ne mahArASTrI prAkRta. nAma diyA hai| DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina ne apane 'prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa' (pR. 320) meM ThIka hI likhA kiyA hai - alpa buddhivAle loga saMskRta nahIM samajhate, isaliye sukhabodha prAkRtakAvya kI racanA kI jAtI hai, tathA gUr3ha aura dezI zabdoM se rahita, sulalita padoM se guMphita aura ramya aisA prAkRta-kAvya kisake hRdaya ko Ananda nahIM detA ? (mahezvarasUri kRta jJAnapaMcamIkathA) dharmopadezamAlAvivaraNa meM mahArASTrI bhASA kI kAminI aura aTavI ke sAtha tulanA karate hue use sulalita padoM se sampanna, kAmotpAdaka tathA sundara varNo se zobhita batAyA hai| prAkRta ke kathA granthoM meM saMskRta aura apabhraMza bhASAoM kA bhI yatheSTa upayoga kiyA gayA hai| aneka sthaloM para bIca-bIca meM sUktiyoM athavA apabhraMza ko liyA gayA hai| dezI bhASA ke aneka mahattvapUrNa zabda isa sAhitya meM yatra-tatra bikhare par3e haiM jo bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se atyaMta upayogI hai| prAkRta kathAoM ke racayitA prAyaH prAkRta aura saMskRta donoM hI bhASAoM para samAna pAMDitya rakhate the| IsavI san kI nauMvI-dasavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva jaina AcAryoM ke likhe hue prAkRta kathA-granthoM kI saMkhyA bahuta kama thii| lekina gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatAbdI meM vidvAnoM meM eka abhUtapUrva jAgRti utpanna huI, jisake phalasvarUpa do-tIna sau varSoM ke bhItara saikar3oM abhinava kathA-granthoM kA nirmANa huaa| Ga) pramukha kathA grantha AcArya pAdalipta sUri (dUsarI zatI) kRta taraMgavaI kahA (taraMgavatI kathA) anupalabdha hone se, isI kathA grantha ko saMkSipta rUpa meM nemicandra gaNi ne lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa bAda taraMgalolA nAma se eka kathA grantha 78 For Personal & Private Use Only

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nAma kI racanA kI joki eka atimahatvapUrNa kathA grantha hai| vasudaivahiNDI (prathama khaNDa ke racayitA saMghadAsa gaNi tathA dvitIya khaNDa ke racayitA dharmadAsa gaNi- caturtha zatI) eka suprasiddha kathA grantha hai| bhAratIya kathAoM kA srotabhUta yaha grantha vizvakathA sAhitya meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| isameM zrIkRSNa ke pitA vasudeva ke bhramaNa vRtAnta kA mukhyata: varNana hai| sAtha hI vividha jJAnavardhaka evaM manoraMjaka AkhyAnoM, caritoM tathA aitihAsika vRttAntoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isI grantha kI AdhAra para aneka svatantra grantha likhe gaye haiN| yadyapi paizAcI prAkRta bhASA meM mahAkavi guNADya dvArA viracita vasadevahiNDI to vizvakathA sAhitya kA anamola grantha rahA hai, kintu isa samaya yaha anupalabdha hai| isI ke AdhAra para uparyukta grantha kI racanA huii| AcArya haribhadra sUri (AThavIM zatI) praNIta samarAiccakahA evaM dhuttakkhANa (dhUrtAkhyAna) pramukha kathA grantha haiN| AcArya haribhadra ke ziSya dAkSiNAtya udyotana sUri (AThavIM zatI) ne jAlaura meM kuvalayamAlA kahA nAmaka evaM zreSTha bRhad grantha kI racanA gadya evaM padya donoM zailI meM kii| isIlie kucha vidvAna ise prAkRta campakAvya bhI kahate haiM! kadalI (kelA) stambha kI taraha isameM mUla kathAnaka ke sAtha hI aneka avAntara kathAeM bhI gamphita haiN| 18. dezI bhASAoM sahita isameM saMskRta, vibhinna prAkRtoM evaM apabhraMza ke bhI uddharaNa dekhane ko bhI mila jAte hai| kAvyAtmaka saundarya kI dRSTi se yaha eka advitIya kathA grantha hai| isI taraha jinezvara sUri (11vIM zatI) dvArA racita nivvANa lIlAvaI kahA (nirvANa lIlAvatI kathA) evaM kahAkosapagaraNaM (kathAkoSa prakaraNa), mahezvarasUri (11vIM zatI) kRta nANapaMcamI kahA, guNacandrasUri (devabhadrasUri - 12vIM zatI) dvArA gadya-padya donoM meM racita mahArayaNakoSa, mahezvara (mahendra) sUri kRta nammayAsundarIkahA, somaprabhasUri 79 For Personal & Private Use Only

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(12vIM zatI) dvArA racita kumAravAla Diboha (kumArapAla prati - bodha), nemicandrasUri (12vIM zatI) viracita AkhyAnamaNi koza, jinacandrasUri (12vIM zatI) kRta saMvegaraMgazAlA, sumatisUri (13vIM zatI) dvArA racita jinadattAkhyAna, ratnazekharasUri (15vIM zatI) dvArA saMkalita sirivAlakahA, jinaharSasUri (15vIM zatI) kRta rayaNaseharanivakahA, vIradeva gaNi (15vIM zatI) kRta mahivAlakahA, ajJAtakRta pAiakahAsaMgahoM Adi pramukha haiN| inake atirikta ArAmasohAkathA ( samyaktvasaptati meM se uddhRta), aMjanAsundarIkathA, anantakIrtikathA, ArdrakumArakathA, jayasundarIkathA, bhavyasundarI kathA, naradevakathA, padmazrIkathA, pUjASTakakathA, pRthvIcandrakathA, pratyekabuddhakathA, brahmadattAkathA, vatsarAjakathA, vizvasenakumArakathA, zaMkhakalAvatIkathA, zIlavatIkathA, sarvAMgasundarIkathA, sahasramallacaurakathA, siddhasenadivAkarakathA, surasundaranRpakathA, suvratakathA, susamAkathA, somazrIkathA, harizcandrakathAnaka Adi zatAdhika kathAgrantha prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha upalabdha haiN| isI prakAra tithiyoM ko lekara mauna ekAdazIkathA jaisI aneka kathAyeM tathA gaMDayassakathA, dharmAkhyAnakakoza, maMgalamAlAkathA Adi saMgraha - kathAyeM upalabdha hotI haiN| vartamAna yuga (vizeSakara bIsavIM sadI) meM bhI prAkRta kathA sAhitya lekhana kI paramparA jArI hai| inameM se mukhyataH vijaya kastUra sUri viracita pAiyavinnANakahA, caMdanamuni viracita rayaNabAlakahA, muni vimalakumAra viracita piyaMkarakahA, sAdhvI kaMcana kumArI kRta pAiyakahAo Adi pramukha hai| inake atirikta pro. kamalacanda sogANI, pro. rAjArAma jaina, pro. premasumana jaina, DaoN. udayacanda jaina, AcArya sunIlasAgara jI viracita aneka prAkRta kathAyeM upalabdha hotI haiN| 80 For Personal & Private Use Only

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ca) mahArASTrI-prAkRta ke gadya kA udAharaNa - amaMgaliyapurisassa kahA egaMmi nayare ego amaMgaliyo muddho puriso aasi| so eriso atthi, jo ko vi pabhAyaMmi tassa muhaM pAsejja, so bhoyaNaM pi na lhejjaa| paurA pacyUse kayA vi tassa muhaM na pekkhNti| naravaiNA vi amaMgaliyapurisassa vattA suyaa| parikkhatthaM nariMdeNa egayA pabhAyakAle so AhUo, tassa muhaM dittuN| ____ jayA rAyA bhoyaNatthamuvavisai, kavalaM ca muhe pakkhivai, tayA ahilaMmi nayare sahasA paracakkabhaeNa halabolo jaao| tayA naravaI vi bhoyaNaM caittA sahasA utthAya saseNNo nayarAo bahiM niggo| bhayakAraNamadaTTaNaM puNo paDiAgao samANo nariMdo ciMtei - "assa amaMgaliassa sarUvaM mae paccakkhaM diTheM, tao eso haMtavvo" evaM ciMtiUNa amaMgaliyaM bollAviUNa vahatthaM caMDAlassa appei| .. : jayA eso ruyaMto, sakammaM niMdato caMDAleNa saha gcchi| tayA ego kAruNio buddhinihANo vahAi neijjamANaM taM daNaM kAraNaM NaccA tassa rakkhaNAya kaNNe kiMpi kahiUNa uvAyaM dNsei| harisaMto jayA vahatthaMbhe Thavio, tayA caMDAleNa so pucchio- 'jaijIvaNaM viNA tava kAvi icchA siyA, taM maggasu tti'| ... so kahei - "majjha nariMdamuhadaMsaNecchA atthi|" jayA so nariMdasamIvamANIo tayA nariMdo taM pucchai "kimettha AgamaNapaoyaNaM ?" / so kahei - "he nariMda ! paccUse mama muhassa daMsaNeNa na labbhai, parantu tumhANaM muhapekkhaNeNa mama vaho bhavissai, tayA paurA kiM kahissaMti ? mama muhAo sirimaMtANaM muhadasaNaM kerisaphalayaM saMjAyaM, nAyarA vi pabhAe tumhArANaM muhaM kahaM paasihire|" evaM tassa 81 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #95
vayaNajuttIe saMtuTTho nariMdo vahAesaM nisehiUNa pAritosiaM ca daia taM amaMgaliaM saMtosI a|| (hindI artha) amAMgalika puruSa kI kathA eka nagara meM eka amAMgalika bholA puruSa thaa| vaha aisA thA, ki jo koI bhI prAtaH kAla meM usakA muMha dekhatA, use bhojana bhI prApta nahIM hotA thaa| nAgarika loga bhI prAtaHkAla meM kabhI bhI usakA muMha nahIM dekhate the| rAjA ne bhI amAMgalika puruSa kI vArtA sunii| parIkSA lene ke lie eka bAra rAjA ne prAtaHkAla meM use bulAyA, usakA muMha dekhaa| jaba rAjA bhojana karane ke lie baiThatA hai aura kavala (kaura) muMha meM DAlatA hai, tabhI sampUrNa nagara meM acAnaka zatru ke cakra ke bhaya se kolAhala ho gyaa| taba rAjA bhojana ko chor3akara acAnaka uThakara senA sahita nagara se bAhara niklaa| bhaya ke kAraNa ko dekhakara punaH vApasa A gayA aura udAsa/khinna hokara vicAra karatA hai ki - "isa amAMgalika puruSa ke svarUpa ko maiMne pratyakSa dekha liyA, tabhI yaha ho gayA hai|'' isa prakAra vicAra karake amAMgalika ko bulavAkara usakA vadha karane ke lie cANDAla ko sauMpa detA hai| ___jaba vaha rotA huA, apane karma kI nindA karatA huA cANDAla ke sAtha jA rahA thA, taba eka dayAlu buddhimAna ke dvArA vadha ke lie le jAye jAte hue, usako dekhakara aura kAraNa ko jAnakara usakI rakSA ke lie usake kAna meM kucha kahakara upAya batAtA hai| prasannatA ko prApta huA jaba vadha ke khambhe para usa amAMgalika ko khar3A kiyA, taba cANDAla ne pUchA - "jIvana ko chor3akara tumhArI koI icchA ho, to maaNgo'| vaha kahatA hai - mujhe rAjA ke muMha-darzana kI icchA hai| jaba vaha amAMgalika puruSa rAjA ke samIpa lAyA gayA taba rAjA-usako pUchatA 82 . For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #96
mukha hai- yahAM kisa prayojana se Aye ho ? vaha kahatA hai - "he rAjan prAtaH kAla meM mere mukhadarzana se bhojana prApta nahIM hotA, kintu Apake ko dekhane se merA vadha hogA, taba nAgarika jana kyA kaheMge ? mere mukha se zrImAnajI (Apake) ke mukhadarzana kA kaise phala prApta huaa| nAgarika jana bhI prAtaH kAla Apake mukha ko kyoM dekheMge ?" isa prakAra usake yuktipUrNa vacanoM se saMtuSTa rAjA ne vadha ke Adeza kA niSedha ( nirasta) karake aura pAritoSika dekara usa amAMgalika ko saMtuSTa kiyaa| cha) mahArASTrI - gAthAoM ke udAharaNa amiaM pAuakavvaM paDhiuM a je Na ANanti / kAmassa tattatantiM kuNanti te kaha~ Na lajjanti / / gA0sa0 1.2 // jo amRta rUpa prAkRta-kAvya ko par3hanA aura sunanA nahIM jAnate haiM aura kAma (zRGgAra) kI tattvacintA karate haiM, ve lajjita kyoM nahIM hote ? | - pAiyakavvammiM raso jo jAyai taha va cheyabhaNiehiM / yas ya vAsiya-sIyalassa tittiM na vaccAmo // vajjA021 / / prAkRta-kAvya meM jo rasa (Ananda) hotA hai, evaM nipuNa ( vyaktiyoM) kI ukti pUrNa vacanoM se jo rasa utpanna hotA hai aura sugandhita zItala jala kA Ananda jo hotA hai, usameM (hama sabhI kabhI ) tRpti ko prApta nahIM kara pAte haiM / : desiyasaddapaloTTaM mahurakkharachandasaMThiyaM laliyaM / phuDaviyaDapAyaDatthaM pAiyakavvaM paDheyavvaM / / vajjA0 28 / / arthAt dezI zabdoM se racita tathA madhura akSaroM evaM chandoM meM sthita (nibaddha), vilAsa se pUrNa, spaSTa, sundara, prakaTa artha vAle lalita prAkRta kAvya paThanIya haiN| 83 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #97
pAiyakavvassa namo pAiyakavvaM ca nimmiyaM jenn| tAhaM ciya paNamAmo paDhiUNa ya je viyaannnti|| vjjaa031|| - prAkRta kAvya ko namana aura unako, jinake dvArA prAkRta kAvya banAyA (racA) gayA hai - unheM namaskAra hai aura jo par3hakara unheM jAna lete haiM - unheM bhI praNAma karate haiN| sayalAo imaM vAyA visaMti etto ya Neti vaayaao| eMti samudaM ciya Neti sAyarAo cciya jlaaiN|| gauDa0 93 // - jisa prakAra jala samudra meM praveza karatA hai aura samudra se hI vASya rUpa se bAhara nikalatA hai, isI taraha prAkRta bhASA meM saba bhASAeM praveza karatI hai aura isa prAkRta bhASA se hI saba bhASAeM nikalatI haiN| je lakkhaNe Na siddhA Na pasiddhA sakkayAhihANesu / Na ya gauNalakkhaNasadisaMbhavA teM iha nnibddhaa| hem01.3|| - jo zabda na to vyAkaraNa se vyutpanna hai aura na saMskRta-kozoM meM nibaddha haiM tathA lakSaNA zakti ke dvArA bhI jinakA artha prasiddha nahIM hai, mAtra rUr3hi para avalambita hai, aise zabdoM ko dezI kahA jAtA hai| aNNe vi hu honti chaNA Na uNo diiaaliaasricchaade| jattha jahicchaM gammai piavasahI diivamisenn||sr.k0 5.315 / / - utsava bahuta se haiM, para dIpAvalI ke samAna koI utsava nahIM haiN| isa avasara para icchAnusAra kahIM bhI jA sakate haiM aura dIpaka jalAne ke bahAne apane priya kI vasati meM praveza kara sakate haiN| uddhaccho piai jalaM jaha jaha viralaMgulI ciraM phio| pAAvaliyA vi taha taha dhAraM taNuaMpi tnuei|| - gAthAsaptazatI, 2/61 - Upara kI ora nayana uThAkara hAtha kI aMguliyoM ko viralakara pathika pAnI pilAne vAlI ke saundarya kA pAna karane ke lie, bahuta dera 84 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #98
taka pAnI pItA hai, pyAU para baiTha kara pAnI pilAnevAlI sundarI bhI pAnI kI dhAra ko kama-kama karatI jAtI hai| NehabbhariyaM sabbhAvaNibbharaM ruuv-gunnmhgyviyN| samasuha-dakkhaM jassa'tthi mANusaM so suhaM jiyi| - cauppannamahApurisacarita, gA. 26 .. - snehapUrita, sadbhAvayukta aura rUpa-guNoM se suzobhita nArI pati ke sukha-duHkha meM samAna rUpa se bhAga letI hai, isa prakAra kI nArI ko prApta kara manuSya sukha aura zAntipUrvaka jIvana-yApana karatA hai| varajuvaivilasiNINaM gaMdhavveNa ca ettha loymmi| jassa na hIrai hiyayaM so pasuo ahava puNa devaa| - nAgapaMcamIkahA 10/294 _- sundara yuvatiyoM ke hAva-bhAva se athavA saMgIta ke madhura AlApa se jisakA hRdaya mugdha nahIM hotA vaha yA to pazu hai athavA devtaa| saMgIta, kAvya aura ramaNiyoM ke hAva-bhAva mAnava-mAtra ko rasasikta banAne kI kSamatA rakhate haiN| _jaM ji khamei samattho, dhaNavaMto jaM na gvvmubhi| ____ jaM ca savijjo namiro, tisu tesu alaMkiyA puhvii||vjjaa0 87 // - sAmarthyavAn vahI jo kSamA kare, dhanavAn vahI jo garva na kare, vidvAn vahI jo vinamra ho - ina tInoM se hI pRthvI alaMkRta hotI hai| kisiNijjati layaMtA udahijalaM jalaharA pyttenn| dhavalI huMtI hu deMtA, deMtalayantantaraM pecch|| vajjA0 137 // - bAdala samudra se jala lene meM kAle (zyAmala) par3a jAte haiM aura jala dene meM arthAt varSA ho jAne ke uparAnta dhavala (ujjavala) ho jAte haiM; dene aura lene vAle kA yaha antara spaSTa dekhA jA sakatA hai| 85 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #99
6. paizAcI prAkRta / paizAcI eka bahuta hI prAcIna prAkRta hai| yaha kisI pradeza vizeSa kI bhASA nahIM thI, apitu jana-jAti vizeSa kI bhASA thii| mukhyataH yaha jana-jAti kaikaya, zUrasena, pANDya, kAJcI aura pAMcAla meM nivAsa karatI rahI hogI yA bhramaNa karatI rahI hogii| isakA pracAra bhI inhIM pradezoM meM rhaa| sambhavataH yaha bhramaNazIla jAti bhArata meM Adhunika baMjAroM aura haMgarI meM jipsI jAtiyoM kI pUrvaja rahI ho| deza ke uttara-pazcima prAntoM ke kucha bhAga ko paizAca deza bhI kahA jAtA rahA hai| mArkaNDeya ne ise zUrasena aura pAMcAla kI bhASA kahA hai| vAgbhaTTa ne paizAcI ko bhUtabhASA kahA hai| isake anusAra yaha pizAca jAti ke logoM kI bhASA thii| ___ sara jArja griyarsana ke anusAra paizAcI kA Adima sthAna uttarapazcima paMjAba athavA aphagAnistAna prAnta hai| yahIM se isa bhASA kA vistAra anyatra huA hai| pizAca, zaka aura yavanoM ke mela kI eka jAti thI, jisakA nivAsa sthAna sambhavataH bhArata ke pazcimottara pradeza meM rahA hai, unhIM kI bolI kA AdhAra paizAcI prAkRta hai| vaise bhI paMjAba, sindha, byUcistAna aura kazmIra kI bhASAoM para isakA prabhAva Aja bhI dikhatA hai| cInI turkistAna ke kharoSThI zilAlekha tathA udyotanasUri racita kuvalayamAlA kathA meM isakI vizeSatAe~ dekhane ko milatI haiN| guNADhya kI bRhatkathA paizAcI bhASA kI pramukha racanA thI, jo Aja upalabdha nahIM hai| kintu isake rUpAntara upalabdha haiN| ka) paizAcI kI sAmAnya vizeSatAyeM 1. paizAcI meM anAdi tIsare aura cauthe vargoM ke sthAna para usI varga ke pahale aura dUsare varNa ho jAte haiN| yathA - gakanaM = gaganam, mekho = meghaH, rAcA = raajaa| 2. jJa aura nya ko , Ja, aM, Na ko na hotA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #100
3. kriyAoM meM di aura de ke sthAna para ti aura te| ktvA pratyaya ke sthAna para tUna, tthuna aura dhUna paizAcI kI pramukha vizeSatAe~ haiN| isameM madhyavartI ka, ga, ca Adi vargoM kA lopa nahIM hotaa| STa ke sthAna para saTa jaise kaSTa > kasaTa , rya ke sthAna para riya aura snAna ke sna ko sana Adeza hotA hai| sinAna jaise - snAnaH sinAna prAkRta kI prAcIna pravRtti kI taraha svaroM ke madhyavartI k, ga, c, j, t, d, ya aura v kA lopa nahIM hotaa| jaise loka > loka, iMgAra > aNgaar| nRsiMha zAstrI kRta "prAkRta zabda pradIpikA" (prakAzaka - usmAniyA vizvavidyAlaya, haidarAbAda, 1992) ke anusAra paizAcI prAkRta kI nimnalikhita vizeSatAeM haiM - noNa no paizAcyAm - isa sUtra ke anusAra Na ko na tathA nyaNyajJAM sUtra ke anusAra bru ko dvitva hotA hai| jaise dhanyaH > dho, prAjJaH > paJo, gaNyaH > go| anya vizeSatAeM - ta ya da ko ta (madaH > mto)| dR ko ti (yAdRzaH > yaatiso)| rya, sna, STa ko kramazaH ria, sina, siTa Adeza hotA hai| Tu ko tu vikalpa se hotA hai - kaTukaH > katuko, kttuko|sh aura Sa ko sa (zeSaH > seso), STva ko ThUna, tthUna Adeza (kRSTvA > kaThUna, ktthuun)| zeSa zaurasenI kI trh| kha) paizAcI prAkRta kA udAharaNa yati ariha-paramamaMto paDhiyyate kIrate na jiivbdho| - yAtisa-tAtisa-jAtI tato jano nivvutiM yaati|| arthAt yadi koI arhata ke parama mantra kA pATha karatA hai, jIva-vadha nahIM karatA, to aisI-vaisI jAti kA hotA huA bhI vaha nirvRti ko prApta hotA hai| (kumAravAlacariyaM, sarga 8) 87 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #101
7. cUlikA paizAcI prAkRta DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI (prA. bhA. sA. Alo. iti., pR. 94) ke anusAra cUlikA paizAcI, paizAcI kA hI eka bheda hai| isakA sambandha sambhavataH " zUlig' arthAt kAzagara se mAnA jAya to anucita na hogA / usa pradeza ke samIpavartI cInI, turkistAna se mile hue paTTikA lekhoM meM isakI vizeSatAyeM pAyI jAtI haiM / cUlikA paizAcI ke kucha udAharaNa hemacandra ke kumArapAla aura jayasiMha sUri ke hammIra - mardana nAmaka nATaka tathA SaDbhASA stotroM meM pAye jAte haiN| -- T ka) cUlikA kI bhASAgata sAmAnya vizeSatAyeM kucha vidvAnoM ne cUlikA paizAcI ko paizAcI kA hI bheda mAnA hai, jabaki kucha vidvAn ise svatantra bhASA mAnate haiN| paizAcI se isameM thor3A hI antara hai| paizAcI kI apekSA cUlikA meM ra ke sthAna para vikalpa se la hotA hai / jaise - rAjA > lAcA, caraNa > calana, gorI > golI / isI taraha bh ko ph Adeza hotA hai| jaise- bhavati > photi / "prAkRta zabda pradIpikA " (nRsiMha zAstrI kRta) ke anusAra cUlikA paizAcI prAkRta kI nimnalikhita vizeSatAeM haiM - rolastu cUlikA paizAcyAm isa sUtra ke anusAra ra ko la - ( vikalpa se) hotA hai - rAmaH > lAmo, rAmo / gajaDajavaghajhar3hadhabhAM kacaTatapakhachaThathaphAl isa sUtra se kramazaH 1. ga ko ka (nagaH > nako, mArgaNaH > makkano / 2. ja ho ca (rAjA > rAcA, lAcA) / 3. Da ko Ta (DamarukaH > Tamaruko, Tamaluko) / 4. da ko ta ( madanaH > matano) 5. ba ko pa ( bAlakaH > pAlako) / 88 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #102
6. gha ko kha (meghaH > mekho) 7. jha ko cha (jhara: > chalo, chro)| 8. Dha ko Tha (gADham > kaatth)| 9. dha ko tha (dhArA > thArA), 10. bha ko pha (rambhA > raMphA, lNbhaa)| pratimA ko paTimA, pddimaa| zeSa paizAcI kI trh| kha) cUlikA paizAcI kA udAharaNa - AcArya hemacandra ne kumArapAla carita ke aMtima do sargoM meM zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, cUlikA paizAcI aura apabhraMza bhASA ke niyama udAharaNa sahita samajhAye haiN| yahA~ prastuta hai cUlikA paizAcI kI gAthA kA yaha udAharaNa - jhajjhara-DamarUka-bherI-DhakkA -jImUta-ghosA vi| bahmaniyojitamappaM jassa na dolinti so dho||1|| arthAt jhajjhara, DamarUsa, bherI aura paTaha inakA megha ke samAna gambhIra ghoSa bhI jisakI brahma-niyojita AtmA ko dolAyamAna nahIM karatA, vaha dhanya hai| 8. apabhraMza bhASA paricaya - apabhraMza prAkRta aura Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kI madhyavartI bhASA hai arthAt Adhunika AryabhASAoM kI pUrva kI bhAratIya AryabhASA kI kar3I kA nAma apabhraMza hai| bhASA vaijJAnika dRSTi se kahA jAtA hai ki prAkRta kI antima avasthA apabhraMza hai| parantu svarUpa kI dRSTi se prAkRtoM se apabhraMza kA pArthakya spaSTa hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #103
ka) apabhraMza udbhava aura vikAsa apabhraMza mUlataH sindhu pradeza se lekara baMgAla taka kI janabolI thii| bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se bhASA kI vikRti yA vicyuti (girane) kA Azaya usake vikAsa se hai| bharata muni ne jisa ukAra bahulA bhASA kA ullekha kiyA hai aura jo himAcala se sindha tathA paMjAba taka bolI jAtI thI, vaha ukAra bahulA aura koI bhASA nahIM apitu vaha apabhraMza hI hai| bharata muni ne likhA hai - himavatsindhu sauvIrAn ye janAH smupaashritaaH| ukAra bahulA tajjJasteSu bhASAM pryojyet||naattyshaastr 6/62 // isase spaSTa hai |ke bharata muni ke samaya apabhraMza bolacAla kI bhASA thii| pahale prAkRta ko bhI apabhraMza kahA jAtA thA - praakRtmevaapbhrNshH| saMskRtetara bhASAyeM bhI apabhraMza kahalAtI thii| kAlAntara meM prAkRta sAhitya kI bhASA ho gaI aura ve rUDha ho gyiiN| unakA sambandha dhIre-dhIre janabolI se dUra hotA gyaa| prAkRtoM kI isI paramparA meM janabolI kA vikAsa hotA rahA aura usa vikasita avasthA ko apabhraMza kahA gyaa| arthAt janabhASA ke rUpa meM pracalita inhIM prAkRtoM meM se eka anya bhASA kA janma huA, vidvAnoM ne jisakA "apabhraMza" nAma diyaa| vikrama kI 7vIM zatAbdI se lekara 11vIM zatAbdI taka apabhraMza kI pradhAnatA rahI aura bAda meM vaha purAnI hindI meM pariNata ho gyii| (apabhraMza bhASA aura vyAkaraNa, pR. 27) ____ vastutaH bhASAyeM kabhI vikRta nahIM hotIM, apitu unameM deza-kAla ke anusAra parivartana hotA rahatA hai, jo ki unake vikAsa kI hI sUcaka hai| vaise bhI vikAra, vikAsa aura parivartana kA sUcaka hai| jaise dUdha kA dahI rUpa meM parivartana, dUdha ke vikAsa meM hI paricAyaka hai| tabhI to hameM makkhana kI prApti sambhava hogii| bhASA ke sambandha meM bhI yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki kisI bhI bhASA kA gatihIna honA usakI asvAbhAvikatA For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #104
kA sUcaka hai aura parivartita, vikasita yA vikRta honA usake jIvita rahane kA pramANa hai| tabhI to mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne vikRti ko hI jIvita kahA hai - "maraNaM prakRtiH zarIriNAM tikRti- rjiivitmucyte"| (raghuvaMza 8/87) madhyakAlIna Arya bhASAoM meM prAkRta, pAli jaise nAma to garimAyukta lagate haiM kintu "apabhraMza" yaha zabda hI kucha viparIta manaHsthiti kA bodha karAtA hai| kyoMki saMskRta kozoM aura sAmAnya artha meM bhI "apabhraMza' zabda apabhraSTa arthAt bigar3e hue zabdoM vAlI bhASA kA bodha karAte haiN| jabaki yaha eka bhASA vikAsa kI sAmAnya aura svAbhAvika pravRtti mAtra hI hai| vastutaH saMskRta eka parimArjita, susaMskRta evaM vyAkaraNAdi niyamoM se Abaddha bhASA hai| ata: 'apabhraMzo'zabdaH syAt' isa siddhAnta ke anusAra saMskRta ke viziSTa mAnadaNDa se jo zabda skhalita arthAt cyuta ho jAyeM unheM apabhraMza mAna liyA jAtA thaa| vastutaH lagatA hai ki prArambhika kAla meM loka boliyoM Adi meM prayukta zabdoM ke lie "apabhraMza" isa zabda kA prayoga kara dete hoNge| bAda meM jaba inhIM boliyoM Adi meM zreSTha vidvAnoM dvArA utkRSTa sAhitya nirmita hone lgaa| taba saMbhavataH isI sAhityika bhASA ko apabhraMza yaha nAma de diyA hogaa| aura "apabhraMza" isa nAma se hI ise rASTravyApI sammAna prApta hone lagA, aneka sampradAyoM ke vidvAn isameM sAhitya racanA karane lage, taba yaha bhASA isI nAma se lokapriya aura prasiddha ho gyii| kha) avahaTTa aura apabhraMza - apabhraMza ke lie dezIbhASA, avahaTTa (TTha), ke atirikta avahaMsa, avabbhaMsa jaise zabdoM kA prayoga bhI prAcIna pustakoM meM prApta hotA hai| udyotanasUri kI 'kuvalayamAlA kahA' meM 'avahaMsa' ke viSaya meM prazna kiyA gayA hai ki vaha kyA hai - "tA kiM avahaMsa hoi?" phira uttara dete hue kahA gayA hai ki vaha zuddha ho yA azuddha pratihata dhArA meM pravAhita hotI huI praNayakupita priyamAninI ke For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #105
saMlApa kI taraha manohara ho| mahApurANa meM bhI avahaMsa zabda hai| mahAkavi svayaMbhU ne bhI 'avahattha' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| 'avahaTTa' zabda apabhraMza kA hI paravartI rUpa pratIta hotA hai na ki alaga bhASA kA ruup| maithila kavi vidyApati bhI kIrtilatA meM kahate haiM - "desila baanA saba jana miTThA, taM taisana jaMpao avhtttthaa|" ga) bhASA vikAsa kI sAmAnya prakriyA hai : apabhraMza isa prakAra yaha apabhraMza vibhinna kSetrIya yA bhaugolika kAraNoM se aneka nAmoM se abhihita kI gaI hai| vastutaH prAkRta ke bAda apabhraMza bhASA kA pracalana bhASA-vikAsa kI eka sAmAnya prakriyA hai| varNa vikAra evaM lopa kI jina pravRttiyoM ke AdhAra para prAkRta bhASAoM kA vikAsa huA hai, ve apabhraMza meM apanI caramasImA para pahuMca gayI kyoMki . apabhraMza bhASA meM komalatA adhika hai| ____DaoN. devendra kumAra zAstrI ne apabhraMza bhASA sAhitya kI zodha-pravRttiyA~ nAmaka apanI pustaka (pR. 39) meM likhA hai ki yadyapi bahuta pahale prAkRta ko bhI apabhraMza kahA jAtA thA, kyoMki saMskRta ko chor3akara jitanI bhI bhASAyeM thI, ve saba apabhraMza kahalAtI thiiN| kintu prAkRta bhASA ke sAhityika sthAna para ArUr3ha ho jAne para mala bolI ko prAkRta tathA sAhitya kI bhASA ko bhI mUla bolI se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa prAkRta kahA gyaa| prAkRta kI isa paramparA meM hI, jaba prAkRteM lokaboliyoM se haTane lagI taba jisa vikasita avasthA kA svarUpa dekhane ko milA, use apabhraMza nAma diyA gyaa| bhASA vikAsa kI yaha vaha avasthA thI, jisameM bhAratIya AryabhASA apanI saMyogAvasthA se viyogAvasthA meM saMkramita hone lagI thii| gha) bhASA-vikAsa ke mUla meM dezI bhASAyeM aura apabhraMza vastutaH pratyeka yuga meM sAhitya-rUr3ha bhASA ke samAnAntara koI na koI dezI avazya rahI hai aura yahI dezI bhASA usa sAhityika bhASA 92 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #106
ko nayA jIvana pradAna kara sadaiva vikasita karatI calatI hai| chAndasa kI bhASA ne tatkAlIna dezI-bhASA se zakti arjita karake saMskRta kA rUpa grahaNa kiyaa| avasara Ane para prAkRta ko bhI apanI Antarika rUr3hi dUra karane ke lie loka-bhASA kI sahAyatA lenI pdd'ii| phalataH bhAratIya Arya bhASA kI apabhraMza avasthA utpanna huI, jisane Age calakara sindhI, gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI, paMjAbI, braja, avadhI Adi Adhunika dezI bhASAoM ko janma diyaa| vikAsa ke isa krama meM aisI avasthA AtI hai jaba Arambhika dezI bhASA ziSToM kI sAhityika bhASA bana jAtI hai aura vaiyAkaraNa loga usakA niyama likhate samaya ziSToM ke prayoga ko sAmane rakhate haiN| jisa apabhraMza ko mahAkavi svayaMbhU ne 'gAmillabhAsa' kahA thA, use 11vIM zatAbdI ke vaiyAkaraNa puruSottama ne ziSToM ke prayoga se jAnane kI salAha dI thii| (apabhraMza bhASA aura vyAkaraNa, pR. 36) jaise sAdhAraNa vezabhUSA vAlI striyA~ jisa prakAra apane gRhakAryoM ko bar3I khUbI se nibaTAtI haiM, jabaki usa prakAra nakha se zikhA taka alaMkRta-maryAdita mahilAeM nahIM nibaTA pAtIM; isI prakAra alaMkRta prAkRta-bhASA bhI janopayogI kAryoM ke lie kAragara siddha na hone se zanaiH-zanaiH vyAvahArikatA se taTastha hotI calI gii| phalataH, usakI jagaha kArya-vyavahAra ke kSetra meM apabhraMza bhASA ne janma liyaa| jaba apabhraMza bhASA bhI krama-krama se sauSThava-buddhi aura sAhityika saMskAroM se udbhAsita hokara zAstrIya bhASA bana gaI, taba vyavahAra ke lie usI apabhraMza ke AdhAra para prAdezika bhASAoM kI utpatti huI, aisA prAyaH sabhI bhASA tattvavettA jAnate aura mAnate haiN| isa prakAra lokabhASA kI paramparA ke rUpa meM Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM ko apanI paramparAgata zrRMkhalA se jor3ane vAlI bhASA kA nAma apabhraMza hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #107
jisa samaya prAkRta aura apabhraMza zAstrIya bhASA banIM, usI samaya hemacandrAcArya (san 1150 I.) ne prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa aura koza kI racanA kii| isIlie unhoMne ina donoM racanAoM ke anta meM apabhraMza ke niyama aura saMskAra bhI saMgrahIta kiye haiN| vastutaH apabhraMza kA sAhityika DhA~cA prAkRtoM kA hone se bhASA aura sAhitya rUpoM para prAkRtoM kA atyadhika prabhAva hai| usameM prAkRtoM kI prAyaH sabhI vizeSatAyeM prApta haiN| parantu mukhya rUpa se yaha zaurasenI ke anusAra vikasita huI haiN| (prAyaH zaurasenIvat kAryaM bhavati - hema 4/446) / . Ga) apabhraMza bhASA ke bheda sAmAnyatayA apabhraMza ke pUrvI aura pazcimI - ye do bheda kie gaye haiN| vidvAn pUrvI apabhraMza ko mAgadhI se tathA pazcimI apabhraMza ko zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI se jor3ate haiN| mArkaNDeya ne prAkRta sarvasva nAmaka apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa grantha meM apabhraMza ke sattAIsa bheda ginAe haiM- bAcaDa, lATI, vaidarbhI, upanAgara, nAgara, bArbara, AvaMti, paMcAlI, TAkka, mAlavI, kaikayI, gaur3I, kauntelI, auDrI, pAzcAtyA, pANDyA, kauntalI, saiMhalI, kaliMgI, prAcyA, kArNATI, kAMcI, drAvir3I, gaurjarI, AbhIrI, madhyadeziyA evaM vaitaalikaa| bhASA-vaijJAnikoM ne prAkRta ke sandarbha meM apabhraMza ke jo bheda kie haiM, ve isa prakAra haiM - 1. zaurasenI apabhraMza, 2. mAgadhI apabhraMza, 3. ardhamAgadhI apabhraMza, 4. mahArASTrI apabhraMza, 5. paizAcI apbhrNsh| kucha vidvAn jina bhedoM ko adhika upayukta mAnate haiM ve haiM - 1. nAgara apabhraMza, 2. brAcaDa apabhraMza, 3. upanAgara apbhrNsh| isameM nAgara apabhraMza kA kSetra gujarAta, brAcaDa apabhraMza kA kSetra sindha prAnta kI bolI aura upanAgara apabhraMza kA kSetra pazcimI rAjasthAna, paMjAba mAnA jAtA hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #108
isa prakAra ina saba bheda-prabhedoM aura pUrvokta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki apabhraMzoM aura samakAlIna janabhASAoM (prAkRtoM) se hI vibhinna Adhunika Arya bhASAoM kA janma huaa| vizeSakara vartamAna hindI bhASA inhIM apabhraMza bhASAoM se sIdhe prabhAvita aura utpanna haiN| Adhunika Arya-bhASAoM ke nAmoM kI jhalaka hameM apabhraMzoM ke nAmoM se bhI prApta ho jAtI hai| isalie apabhraMza ko madhyakAlIna evaM Adhunika Arya bhASAoM ke bIca kI sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa kar3I mAnA gayA hai| ca) apabhraMza kI sAmAnya vizeSatAyeM 1. ukAra bahulatA apabhraMza kI pramukha vizeSatA hai| 2. isameM liMga bheda prAyaH samApta ho gyaa| 3. sarvanAma ke rUpoM meM alpatA dikhalAI detI hai| 4. Adya svara ko pUrI taraha surakSita rkhnaa| antya svaroM kA hraas| 5. upAntya svaroM kI mAtrA surkssit| 6. samIpavartI svaroM meM saMkoca ke sAtha vistaar| 7. a, i, u, e~ aura auM - ye pA~ca hrasva svara aura A, I, U, e, o - ye dIrgha pAMca svara mAne gaye haiN| kintu yahA~ R, lu, ai aura au svaroM kA abhAva hai| 8. Adya vyaMjanoM ko surakSita rakhane kI prvRti| 9. Adya akSara meM kSatipUraka dIrdhIkaraNa dvArA dvitva vyaMjanoM ke sthAna para eka vyaMjana kA pryog| 10. kriyAoM kA artha vyakta karane ke liye kRdantarUpoM kA adhika pryog| 11. Atmanepada kA sarvathA abhaav| 12. ktvA pratyaya ke rUpa - kR dhAtu ke sAtha kara + Iu + kariu, kara + ivI-karivi, kara + eppi-kerappi, kara + evINa-kareviNu Adi draSTavya haiN| For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #109
cha) apabhraMza sAhitya kI samRddhi meM sabhI paramparAoM kA yoga vividhatAoM se yukta apabhraMza sAhitya caritakAvya, prabandhakAvya, khaNDakAvya, rAso kAvya Adi rUpoM meM bahuta vizAla hai| DaoN. rAjamaNi zarmA ne apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya nAmaka pustaka meM likhA hai - apabhraMza sAhitya meM kevala jaina hI nahIM apitu sAmAnya kI saMvedanA ke saMvAhaka nAtha siddha aura yogI tathA sAdhaka bhI haiM jinhoMne apane vacanoM se, apanI vANI se apekSita hindU jAti ke eka bar3e varga ko svAvalambI bnaayaa| unameM jIvana jIne kI lalaka tathA saMgharSa kI aTUTa kSamatA bhrii| apabhraMza kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki bauddha siddhoM, zaivoM Adi aneka paramparA ke vidvAnoM ne bhI apabhraMza meM racanAyeM likhakara isa bhASA aura sAhitya kI zrIvRddhi meM apanA yogadAna diyA hai| bauddha vajrayAna kI eka zAkhA sahajayAna ke siddhacaurAsI ke rUpa meM prasiddha sAdhakoM meM sarahapA evaM kaNhapA ke dohA-koSa tathA gIta apabhraMza bhASA meM upalabdha hote haiN| isI taraha kazmIra zaiva sampradAya kI kucha kRtiyA~ apabhraMza meM prApta hotI haiN| inameM se abhinava gupta (1014 I.) kA tantrasAra, bhaTTa vAmadeva mahezvarAcArya (11vIM zatI) ke janmamaraNa vicAra meM eka dohA-chanda, zItikaNThAcArya kRta 'mahAnayaprakAza' meM apabhraMza ke 94 chaMda haiN| itanA hI nahIM kAlidAsa ke vikramorvazIyam, Anandavardhana ke dhvanyAloka, bhojakRta sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa evaM zrRMgAraprakAza, rudraTa ke kAvyAlaMkAra Adi meM bhI apabhraMza ke chanda milate haiN| ___ abdurrahamAna kRta saMdezarAsaka, vidyApati kRta kIrtilatA, candabaradAI kRta pRthvIrAja rAso Adi aneka grantha paravartI apabhraMza ke acche udAharaNa haiN| isa prakAra prAkRta bhASA kI taraha apabhraMza bhASA evaM sAhitya ke vikAsa meM bhI mAtra jainoM kA hI nahIM apitu anya aneka paramparAoM ke vidvAnoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| . 96 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #110
. jaina kaviyoM aura muniyoM ne loka-kathA ko AdhAra mAnakara kathA-kAvyoM aura racita kAvyoM kI racanA kii| sAtha hI muniyoM kI anubhUti ne apabhraMza meM rahasyavAdI kAvya ke svarUpa ko AdhAra pradAna kiyaa| pariNAma yaha huA ki pahalI bAra prabhUta mAtrA meM sAhitya kI racanA to huI hI, sAtha hI kAvya rUpa kI dRSTi se bhI bhAratIya vAGmaya samRddha ho utthaa| ____ mahAkAvyoM aura khaMDakAvyoM kI paramparA meM jaina matAvalambI mahAkavi svayambhU aura dhanapAla kA avismaraNIya yodAna hai| ina racanAkAroM ne dohA aura caupAI kA sahArA lekara naye kAvya rUpa kA vikAsa kiyaa| yahI kAvya-rUpa saguNa bhakti dhArA ke tulasIdAsa aura premAzrayI zAkhA ke kutubana, maMjhana aura jAyasI meM mila jAtA hai| yaha paramparA rItikAla kI yAtrA pUrI karate hue Adhunika kAla meM praveza paayii| - jaina kaviyoM ne jahA~ paurANika aura aitihAsika caritroM ko apane kAvya kA nAyaka banAyA, vahIM lokajIvana se bhI nAyaka aura nAyikAoM kA cayana kiyA aura hindI kAvya-paramparA ko cAritrika vidhAna kA eka Thosa AdhAra pradAna kiyaa| yaha AdhAra bhakti-kAla se hote hue Adhunika kAla aura samakAlIna yuga taka, yathAvat vidyamAna hai| - apabhraMza sAhitya meM rAsaka granthoM kI bhI saMkhyA hajAroM meM hai| apabhraMza sAhitya eka sAtha kaI morcoM para saMgharSa karatA huA Age bddh'aa| apabhraMza ko pAli-prAkRta ke samAna bahuta adhika rAjakIya saMrakSaNa bhI prApta nahIM thaa| ataH apabhraMza ke vikAsa evaM pracAra-prasAra kA atyadhika uttaradAyitva gurjara-AbhIrAdi jAtiyoM evaM jainAcAryoM ke kandhe para thaa| inake vyApaka evaM paryApta jana samarthana ne evaM apabhraMza kI apanI Antarika UrjA evaM prANavAyu ne hI apabhraMza ko saMskRta evaM anya samakAlIna bhASAoM ke samakSa pratiSThita kiyaa| 97 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #111
ja) apabhraMza sAhitya meM janavAdI svara / apabhraMza sAhitya meM prabandha kAvya, khaNDakAvya ke sAtha-sAtha muktaka racanAe~ bhI sAmane aayiiN| nAthoM aura siddhoM dvArA likhita sAhitya kI aguvAI sarahapA aura kaNhapA jaise siddhoM / racanAkAroM ne kii| isameM kevala upadeza hI nahIM hai apitu sAmAjika kurItiyoM, viDambanAoM, virUpa paramparAoM para karArA prahAra kiyA gayA hai, sAtha hI nayI sAmAjika vyavasthA ko svarUpa dene kA prayAsa bhI lakSita hotA hai| apabhraMza bhASA kI lokapriyatA itanI vyApaka huI ki bauddhoM, zaivoM Adi paramparA ke saMtoM ke sAtha hI bArahavIM zatI ke ardurahamAna evaM vidyApati Adi ne ise apanAkara isakI vyApakatA aura cmkaayaa| itanA hI nahIM yadi bhArata meM janavAdI kA AdhAra khojA jAe to vaha AdhAra inhIM racanAoM meM milegaa| bhaktikAlIna nirguNa jJAnAzrayI zAkhA, jisakA pratinidhitva karate haiM - kabIra, raidAsa, dAdU, nAnaka, sundaradAsa Adi aura unakA bhI AdhAra hai yaha nAtha siddha saahity| ___apabhraMza ke krAntidarzI kaviyoM kA mukhya uddezya sAmAnyajana kI bhASA meM loka jIvana kI jIvanta paramparAoM ko grahaNa karate hue jana sAmAnya ke madhya apane abhISTa sandezoM kA pracAra karanA thaa| ardurahamAna ne 'sandezarAsaka' meM svayaM hI grantha ke sandarbha meM likhA hai ki unhoMne yaha racanA aise samAja ke lie kI hai, jo na to adhika buddhijanoM kA ho aura na hI mUroM kA - Nahu rahai buhaha kukavitta resu avahattiNi abuhaha Nahu pvesuN| jiNa mukkha Na paNDiya majjhayAra tiha purau paDhibbau sbbvaar|| saMdeza rA0 1/21 // isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki ina sAhityakAroM ke lieapabhraMza sAhitya kA hindI ke vikAsa meM cAhe vaha bhASika ho yA sAhityika, aitihAsika mahattva rahA hai| 98 For Personal & Private Use Only

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jha) apabhraMza ke prati bar3hatA sammAna prAkRta aura apabhraMza zabdoM ke lAlitya tathA mAdhurya ke sambandha meM bhinna-bhinna vicAradhArAyeM haiN| mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali to isa prakAra ke vikRta zabdoM ke prayoga ke sarvathA viruddha haiN| ve to isa prakAra ke rUpoM ko zabda kahane meM bhI saMkoca karate haiN| unhoMne inako apazabda kI saMjJA dI hai| unake vicAra se zabda kama haiM aura apazabda bahuta adhika haiN| eka hI zabda ke bahuta se apabhraMza hote haiN| jaise - gauH isa zabda ke gAvI, goNI, gotA, gopotalikA Adi apabhraMza rUpa pAye jAte haiN| isa prakAra maharSi pataMjali prAkRta padoM ke pakSa meM nahIM pratIta hote| para eka dUsare AcArya kA vicAra hai ki - "saMskRtAt prAkRtaM zreSThaM tato'pabhraMza bhASaNam / arthAt saMskRta se prAkRta zreSTha hai aura prAkRta se bhI apabhraMza bhASA adhika madhura tathA zreSTha hai| vRddha vAgbhaTTa apabhraMza zabdoM ko azuddha yA apazabdoM ke rUpa meM nahIM svIkAra karate aura apabhraMza zabda se una bhASAoM ko grahaNa karate haiM, jo apane apane dezoM meM bolI jAtI thIM - 'apabhraMza stuyacchuddhaM tattaddezeSu bhASitam' arthAt zuddha apabhraMza vaha bhASA hai jo apane-apane prAntoM yA dezoM meM bolI jAtI hai| ... isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki apabhraMza padoM ke prati jo upekSA-bhAva mahAbhASyakAra ko thA, vaha vRddha vAgbhaTTa meM nahIM rahA aura ve apabhraMza ko bhI zuddha hI mAnate haiN| rAjazekhara ne (bAla rAmAyaNa meM) saMskRta vANI ko sunane yogya, prAkRta ko svabhAva madhura, apabhraMza ko subhavya aura bhUtabhASA ko sarasa * kahA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki apabhraMza bhASA nirantara lokamAnya hotI gaI aura isameM prAyaH sabhI paramparAoM ke vidvAn grantha racanA karake gaurava kA anubhava karate hue ise sammAna pradAna karate rhe| 99 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #113
Ja) hindI kA prAcIna svarUpa hai : apabhraMza hindI bhASA, prAkRta aura apabhraMza bhASAoM kA hI vikasita svarUpa hai| isIlie ye hindI kI jananI mAnI jAtI haiN| apanI ina jananI svarUpa bhASAoM ke tattvoM ko hindI ne AtmasAta kiyA / yahI kAraNa hai ki prAkRta, apabhraMza aura saMskRta meM isake tattva AsAnI se khoje jA sakate haiM / kintu hindI bhASA ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza ke sIdhe yogadAna kA isalie adhika mahattva diyA jAtA hai, cUMki hindI apabhraMza ke tatkAla bAda kI isI se vikasita bhASA hai| zabda evaM dhAtu rUpoM meM naye-naye prayoga kara apabhraMza ne hindI tathA Adhunika Arya bhASAoM ke vikAsa kI AdhArabhUmi upasthita ra dI hai| apabhraMza kA sAhityika kSetra madhyadeza hai| jo ki hindI kA janma sthAna hai| yaha hindI ke vikAsa kI pUrva pIThikA hai| isalie suprasiddha paMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana apabhraMza ko hindI kA prAcIna rUpa mAnate haiM / apabhraMza meM do prakAra kI racanAe~ prApta huI haiN| vizuddha apabhraMza ke rUpa meM aura lokapracalita dezI bhASA meM / yaha dezI bhASA hI apabhraMza kA loka pracalita rUpa thA, para hindI ke prAcIna rUpa meM aura dezI bhASA meM kaThinAI se antara kiyA jA sakatA hai| ataH loka pracalita apabhraMza (dezI bhASA) meM racanA karane vAle vidvAnoM kI racanAoM ko prAcIna hindI svIkAra karane meM koI Apatti nahIM honA caahie| (hindI sAhitya kA samIkSAtmaka itihAsa, DaoN. kRSNalAla haMsa, pR. 18) kintu bAda meM prAkRta kI bhAMti apabhraMza bhASA bhI vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM Abaddha hokara kevala sAhitya meM vyavahRta hone lagI / phira bhI usakA svAbhAvika pravAha calatA rhaa| kramazaH vaha bhASA eka aisI avasthA meM pahuMcI, jo kucha aMzoM meM to hamArI Adhunika bhASAoM se milatA hai aura kucha aMzoM meM apabhraMza se / 100 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #114
Adhunika hindI bhASA aura zaurasenI apabhraMza ke madhya kI avasthA kabhI-kabhI 'avahaTTha' kahI gaI hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne ise purAnI hindI nAma bhI diyA hai| yadyapi isakA ThIka-ThIka nirNaya karanA kaThina hai ki apabhraMza kA kaba anta hotA hai aura purAnI hindI kA kahIM se Arambha hotA hai, tathApi bArahavIM zatAbdI kA madhya bhAga apabhraMza ke asta aura Adhunika bhASAoM ke udaya kA kAla yathAkathaMcit mAnA jA sakatA hai / ( hindI bhASA kA saMkSipta itihAsa, pR. 6) paM. candradhara zarmA gulerI ( purAnI hindI - bhUmikA, pR. 9) ne vikrama kI sAtavIM se gyArahavIM zatAbdI taka kI bhASA ko apabhraMza aura isake bAda kI bhASA ko purAnI hindI kahA hai| inake anusAra itane kAla taka apabhraMza kI pradhAnatA rahI, phira vaha purAnI hindI meM pariNata ho gii| unhoMne purAnI hindI vAle bhASA-svarUpa meM dezI zabdoM kI pradhAnatA dekhI hai, vibhaktiyoM ko ghisI huI dekhA hai, kArakoM meM kisI eka kAraka kA, anya kArakoM ke rUpoM taka vistAra pAyA hai| avibhaktika pada vikasita hote haiM / vibhaktiyoM ke ghisa jAne ke kAraNa kaI avyaya yA pada luptavibhaktika pada ke Age vibhaktyartha prayukta hone lage haiM kriyApadoM kA bhI saralIkaraNa huA hai| I inake anusAra apabhraMza ne na kevala prAkRta hI ke tadbhava aura tatsama pada lie, apitu dhanavatI aputrA mausI (saMskRta) se bhI kaI tatsama pada lie| (gulerI racanAvalI, pR. 24) isa prakAra purAnI hindI athavA paravartI apabhraMza meM prAkRta ke tatsama aura tadbhava zabdoM ke atirikta saMskRta ke tatsama pada gRhIta hue haiN| saMskRta ke aise pada unhIM sthaloM para Ate haiM, jahAM prAkRta meM tadbhava prayoga adhika ghisa gaye haiN| gulerI jI kI mAnyatA meM zaurasenI prAkRta aura bhUtabhASA (paizAcI prAkRta) kI bhUmi hI apabhraMza kI bhUmi huI aura vahI purAnI hindI kI bhUmi hai| ve prAkRta, apabhraMza tathA purAnI hindI kI deza- vyApakatA meM 101 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #115
sAmAnya pravRttiyoM ko mukhya tathA dezabheda ko gauNa mAnate haiN| isIlie ve antarveda (gaMgA-jagunA ke bIca kA deza), braja, dakSiNI, paMjAba, Takka (TAMka, dakSiNa-pazcimI paMjAba), bhAdAnaka (rAjapUtAnA), marubhUmi, avaMtI, pAriyAtra (betavA aura cambala kA nikAsa), dazapura (maMdasaura) aura saurASTra sarvatra apabhraMza ko hI mukhya bhASA mAnate haiN| ataH purAnI hindI se tAtparya paravartI apabhraMza ke usa rUpa se hai, jo apanI pravRttiyoM ke AdhAra para sArvadezika ho calI thI, bhale hI prAdezikatA ke prabhAva se usameM bhedopabheda dikhAI dete hoN| purAnI gujarAtI, purAnI rAjasthAnI, purAnI pazcimI rAjasthAnI Adi nAma vastutaH vartamAna bhedoM ko kevala purAnA kaha diye gaye haiN| ina sabake sthAna para 'purAnI hindI' nAma hI adhika upayukta hai, kyoMki sArvadezikatA ke lakSaNa jo usa samaya kI bhASA meM dikhAI dete haiN| - Age calakara vividha jaina sAhitya ke sAtha hI candarabaradAI ke pRthvIrAja rAso, vidyApati kI kIrtilatA, mIrA ke pada tathA tulasIdAsa ke rAmacaritamAnasa meM vikAsa karate haiN| saMkrAntikAlIna bhASA meM apanI pUrvavartI bhASA ke rUpoM ko milAkara likhane kI paramparA rahI hai, sAtha hI prAdezika boliyoM ko bhI yathAsthAna prayukta hote dekhA jAtA hai| ataH prAdezikatA ke prabhAva se dUra haTakara sAmAnya pravRttiyoM ke AdhAra para purAnI hindI ko tatkAlIna sArvadezika bhASA mAnanA hogA, jisa prakAra nAnaka se lekara dakSiNa ke haridAsoM taka kI kavitA 'bajabhASA' kahalAtI hai| pa) prAkRta apabhraMza aura hindI : antaH sambandha ___ saMskRta sahita ye sabhI bhASAyeM paraspara eka-dUsare se isa prakAra sambaddha haiM, jaise ki gaMgA, yamunA aura sarasvatI nadiyoM kA saMgama sthala hai| vastutaH sAhityika prAkRtoM meM apabhraMza bhASA aMtima kar3I hai| ise bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke madhyayuga ke antima yuga kI bhASA mAnA gayA hai| 102 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #116
varNa vikAra aura varNa lopa kI jina pravRttiyoM ke AdhAra para prAkRta bhASAoM kA vikAsa huA hai| ve apabhraMza meM apanI caramasImA para pahuMca gayI haiM / isIlie apabhraMza bhASA meM komalatA adhika hai / isa dRSTi se apabhraMza bhASA nizcita hI hindI bhASA kI jananI hai| Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM meM hindI kA pramukha sthAna hai| deza ke adhikAMza logoM dvArA yaha bolI jAtI hai / rASTrabhASA hone kA ise gaurava prApta hai| dUradarzana, sI.DI., kampyUTara, iNTaraneTa Adi ke bar3hate prabhAva ne bhI hindI bhASA kI lokapriyatA, vyApakatA aura prabhAva ko teja gati pradAna kI hai| aba to vizva ke aneka dezoM meM isakA adhyayana-adhyApana ho rahA hai| deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM aura bhASAoM kI samparka bhASA hone ke kAraNa hindI meM vibhinna bhASAoM aura lokabhASAoM ke zabda bhI sammilita ho gaye haiN| yaha kahanA atizayokti nahIM hai ki apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya kA hI vikasita rUpa hindI hai / DaoN. hajArIprasAda dvivedI ke anusAra "sAhityika paramparA kI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAye to apabhraMza ke prAyaH sabhI kAvyarUpoM kI paramparA hindI meM hI surakSita hai / " DaoN. sakaladeva zarmA likhate haiM - "hindI kAvya kA viSaya hI nahIM, usakI racanA zailI aura chandoM para bhI apabhraMza sAhitya kA prabhAva hai| alaMkAroM ke lie bhI hindI apabhraMza kI RNI hai| dhvanyAtmaka zabdoM kA prayoga bhI hindI meM apabhraMza se aayaa| apabhraMza kI aneka lokoktiyoM, muhAvaroM aura kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM ko bhI hindI ne saharSa apanA liyA hai| isa taraha bhAvapakSa aura kalApakSa donoM hI dRSTiyoM se hindI sAhitya apabhraMza sAhitya se prabhAvita hai| hindI, prAkRta aura apabhraMza kA antaH sambandha bahuta pragADha aura gaharA hai kyoMki hindI meM aneka bhASAoM ke bahutAyata zabda haiM jarUra, kintu yadi bhASAzAstrIya dRSTi se adhyayana kiyA jAye to spaSTa hai ki 103 - For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #117
prAkRta evaM apabhraMza bhASAoM kA vikasita rUpa hI hindI hai| ataH hindI to apabhraMza aura prAkRta bhASA kI beTI hai / isa dRSTi se prAkRta aura apabhraMza bhASAoM ko yadi hindI bhASA kI jananI kahA jAya to koI atyukti na hogI / vastutaH Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kA vikAsa apabhraMza ke sthAnIya bhedoM se huA hai| zrI jagadIzaprasAda kauzika ne apanI pustaka bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kA itihAsa (pR. 161 ) meM apabhraMza se vikasita bhASAoM kA nimnalikhita ullekha kiyA hai - ka) pUrvI bhASAeM baMgalA, 5. asamiyA / kha) ga) gha) Ga) G 1. pUrvI hindI, 2 . bihArI, 3. ur3iyA, 4. pazcimI bhASAeM - gujarAtI aura rAjasthAnI / uttarI bhASAeM - sindhI, lahandA aura paMjAbI | dakSiNI bhASA marAThI | madhyadezIya bhASA pazcimI hindI | isa prakAra apabhraMza bhASA hI hindI aura anya Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa ke mUla meM hai / isalie hindI tathA anya bhAratIya bhASAoM ko acchI taraha se samajhane ke lie apabhraMza bhASA kA jJAna Avazyaka hI nahIM aparihArya bhI hai| kyoMki hindI hI nahIM apitu anyAnya navya bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kI AdhArazilA apabhraMza hI hai| www pro. prema sumana jaina ne apanI "prAkRta - apabhraMza tathA anya bhAratIya bhASAyeM" nAmaka laghu pustikA meM udAharaNArtha kucha prAkRta zabda aura unake hindI rUpAntaraNa kI sUcI prastuta karate hue likhA hai ki hindI meM prAkRta - apabhraMza jaisI lokabhASAoM ke zabdoM kI bahulatA hai| yadi ina zabdoM kI jAnakArI ho to hindI ke pratyeka zabda kI vyutpatti ke lie saMskRta para nirbhara nahIM rahanA pdd'egaa| 104 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #118
chailA AcArya hemacandra kI kRti 'dezInAmamAlA' tathA prAkRta-apabhraMza ke anya granthoM ke ve kucha zabda yahAM udAharaNa ke rUpa meM uddhRta haiM, jo hindI meM sIdhe se grahaNa kara liye gaye haiM tathA unake artha meM bhI koI parivartana nahIM AyA hai - prAkRta . hindI prAkRta hindI akkhAr3a akhAr3A . chaillo arahaTTa rahaTa challi chAla ukkhala okhalI jhamAla jhamelA ulluTaM ulaTA jhADaM jhAr3a kakkaDI . kakar3I jhaMjhaDiyA jhaMjhaTa kahAro kahAra Doro Dora, DorA kuhADa kuhAr3A taggaM tAgA khaTTIka . khaTIka DAlI DAlI khalahAna khalihAna thiggala thegalA khaDDA nAI khalla khAla. bApa . gaMThI . gAMTha. bailla . gaDDa . beTTiya . . ' gobbara .. gobara baDDA bar3A cAulA cAMvala poTTalI poTalI ciDiya cir3iyA pattala patalA cAro cArA . bhalla bhalA culli cUlhA saloNa salaunA cokkha cokhA sADI sAr3I 105 khaDDa nAI bappa baila gaDDhA beTI For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #119
DasanA kudda kuTTa khella khudda - isa taraha hindI bhASA meM prAkRta ke zabda hI nahIM, apitu prAkRta kI bahuta sI kriyAeM bhI Aja bhI jahA~ kI tahA~ surakSita haiN| hindI kI kisI kriyA kI saMskRta se sIdhe utpatti nahIM hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se kriyAoM ke kucha udAharaNa prAkRta hindI prAkRta hindI / uDDa ur3anA bhiDai ... bhir3anA. kaDDha kAr3hanA bolla . bolanA kUdanA DaMsa . DasanA kUTanA saMbhaliya saMbhAlana khelanA baiThTha baiThanA khodanA piMjiya. pIMjanA cUkanA bheTiyo bheMTanA cuNNa cuganA cholliya cholanA camakka camakanA jAga jAganA chaDDa joDiyA jor3anA chuTTa . chUTanA jhullaMti jhUlanA jhillio jhelanA nikkAleuM nikAlanA dekkha lukkar3a lukanA bujjha bujhanA pallaTTa palaTanA se piTTa pITanA hallai halana zabda aura dhAtuoM ke atirikta prAkRta kI anya pravRttiyAM bhI hindI meM parilakSita hotI haiN| dvivacana kA prayoga nahIM hotA, saMyukta cukka chor3anA EEEEEEE sAta dekhanA 106 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #120
vyaMjanoM meM saralIkaraNa hai| vibhaktiyoM kA adarzana tathA parasargoM kA prayoga prAkRta - apabhraMza ke prabhAva se hindI meM hone laga gayA hai| pUrvokta adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki prAkRta aura apabhraMza bhASAoM ne bhArata kI prAcIna aura arvAcIna prAyaH sabhI bhASAoM ko prabhAvita hI nahIM kiyA, apitu hindI sahita aneka bhASAoM kI jananI hone kA bhI inhoMne gaurava prApta kiyA hai| ataH prAkRta, apabhraMza aura hindI sahita aneka bhASAoM kA gahana antaHsambandha svayaM siddha hai| apabhraMza bhASA ke upalabdha pramukha grantha ka) carita kAvya 1. mahAkavi svayaMbhU (8vIM zatI) kRta paumacariu evaM riTThaNemicariu, 2. amarakIrti gaNi kRta neminAtha carita, 3. zubhakIrti kRta zAntinAtha carita, 4. yazaH kIrti kRta candraprabhu carita, 5. mahindu kRta zAntinAtha purANa, 6. devadatta kRta pArzvanAtha carita, 7. dhanapAla (vi. saM. 1454) kRta bAhubali carita, 8. lakSmaNa kRta neminAtha carita, 9. zrIdhara (vi. sa. 13vIM zatAbdI) kRta candraprabha carita, pAsaNAha cariu, sukumAla cariu, 10. padmakIrti (vi. sa. 1134) pArzvanAtha carita, 11. narasena (vi. saM. 1512 se pUrva) kRta varddhamAna kathA, 12. dAmodara kRta candraprabha carita, 13. raidhU (vi. sa. 15vIM - 16vIM zatAbdI) kRta mehesara ( meghezvara) carita, sammai cariu, 14. dhanyakumAra carita, sukauzala carita, jIvandhara carita, yazodhara carita, sanmatinAtha carita, 15. puSpadanta (vi. saM. 1016 - 1022) kRta mahApurANa, NAyakumAra cariu, jasahara cariu, sammai cariu | 16. vIra kavi (vi. saM. 1076) kRta jambUsAmi cariu, 17. nayanandI (vi. saM. 1100) kRta sudaMsaNa cariu, 18. muni kanakAmara (11vIM zatI) kRta karakaMDu cariu, 19. devasena g2aNi (vi. saM. 107 For Personal & Private Use Only

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1029-1072) kRta suloyaNa cariu, 20. siddhasiMha (vi. saM. 13vIM zatAbdI) pajjuNNa cariu (pradyumna caritra), 21. haribhadrasUri (vi. saM. 1216) kRta sanatkumAra cariu, 22. lakhamadeva (vi. saM. 1512 se pUrva) kRta NemiNAha cariu, 23. jayamitra (vi. saM. 1545 se pUrva) kRta varddhamAna caritra, 24. mANikya rAva (vi. saM. 1576-1589) kRta nAgakumAra caritra, 25. harideva (12vIM se 15vIM zatAbdI) kRta mayaNa parAjaya criu| kha) premAkhyAnaka kAvya 1. siddha kRta vilAsavatI kahA, 2. lAkhU kRta jinadatta kahA, 3. dhAhila kRta paumasiri cariu, 4. nayanandI kRta sudaMsaNa cariu, 5. mANikya nandI kRta sudarzana critr| ga) kathA sAhitya 1. dhanapAla kRta bhavisayatta kahA, 2. lAkhU kRta jinadatta kahA, 3. siddha kRta vilAsavatI kahA, 4. raidhU kRta siripAla kahA, 5. zrIdhara kRta bhavisayatta, 6. dAmodara kRta siripAla criu| gha) rAsa kAvya 1. jinadatta sUri (sa. 1295) kRta upadeza rasAyana rAsa, 2. somatilaka kRta kumArapAla deva rAsa, 3. rAjatilaka kRta candanabAlA rAsu, 4. zAlibhadra sUri kRta buddhi rAsa, 5. addahamANa (abdurrahamAna - 12vIM zatI) kRta sandeza rAsaka, 6. jinadatta sUri kRta carcarI, 7. devendra sUri kRta gaya sukumAra rAsa, 8. jinaprabha kRta nemi rAsa, joindu kRta yogI rAsu, 9. lakSmIcanda kRta dohANuprekSA raas| isa prakAra hajAroM kI saMkhyA meM prakAzita-aprakAzita rAso grantha upalabdha haiN| 108 For Personal & Private Use Only

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Ga) khaNDa kAvya 1. puSpadanta kRta NAyakumAra cariu, jasahara cariu, 2. vIra kavi kRta jaMbusAmi cariu, 3. nayanandI kRta sudaMsaNa cariu, sakalavidhinidhAna kAvya, 4. abhayagaNi kRta subhadra carita, 5. abhayadeva sUri kRta mahAvIra carita, 6. kumudacandra muni kRta neminAtha rAsa, 7. udayakIrti kRta sugandha dazamI kathA, 8. jayasAgara kRta vajrasvAmI rAsa. 9. raidhU kRta AtmasaMbodhana kAvya, 10. jinaprabha kRta mallinAtha carita, 11. jayamitra hala kRta mallinAtha kAvya, 12. vidyApati kRta kIrtikalA, 13. kanakAmara (11vIM zatI) kRta karakaNDu cariu, 14. dhAhila kRta paumasiri cariu, 15. padmakIrti kRta paascriu| 16. zrIdhara kRta bhavisayatta cariu, 17. devasena gaNi kRta sulocanA cariu, 18. haribhadra kRta sanatkumAra cariu, 19. lAkhU (yA) lakkhaNa kRta jiNadatta carita, 20. dhanapAla (palhaNapurI) kRta bAhubali carita, 21. bhagavatI, dAsa (vi. sa. 1700) kRta mRgAMkalekhA critr| inake atirikta yogIndu deva kA paramappayAsu (paramAtmaprakAza) evaM yogasAra tathA anya aneka vidvAnoM dvArA apabhraMza meM praNIta adhyAtma paraka utkRSTa grantha upalabdha haiN| apabhraMza dohoM ke udAharaNa ubbhiyabAha asArau savvuvi, ma bhami ku-tithia-paDheM muhiaa| ... parihari tRNu jimba sabbu vi bhava-suhu, puttA tuha mai eu khiaa||. - he putra ! maiMne apanI bhujAyeM Upara uThAkara tujhase kahA hai ki saba kucha asAra hai, tU vyartha hI kutIrthoM (mithyAdRSTiyoM) ke pIche mata phira, samasta saMsAra ke sukha ko tRNa ke samAna tyAga de| ... mahAkavi kAlIdAsa ke vikramorvazIyam meM apabhraMza bhASA meM yaha sundara gIta prastuta kiyA hai - 109 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #123
hauM paiM puchimi Akkhahi gaavaru lliaphaarainnaasiatruvru| dUraviNijjiasasaharakantI diTThI pia paI saMmuha jntii|| - he gajavara ! maiM tujha se pUcha rahA hU~, uttara de| tU ne apane sundara prahAra se vRkSoM kA nAza kara diyA hai| dUra se hI candramA kI kAnti ko jItane ke liye merI priyA ko kyA tUne priya ke sammukha jAte dekhA hai ? siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana meM samAgata dohA - bhallA huA jo mAriA, vahiNi mhArA kNtu| lajjejaMtu vayaMsiyahu, jahibhaggA ghara eNtu|| - prastuta dohe meM kahA hai ki puruSa ke pauruSa aura vIra ramaNI ke darpa kA anUThA rUpa milatA hai| yuddha kSetra meM pati kA jUjhate hue mRtyu prApta karanA usa kAla kI nAyikA ke lie garva kI tathA pITha dikhAkara bhAganevAle nAyaka kI patnI ke lie kitanI lajjA kI bAta thI ? apabhraMza gadya kA udAharaNa ___ amaMgaliya purisaho kahA ekkahiM Nayari ekku amaMgaliu muddha purisu aasi| so erisu atthi jo ko vi pabhAye taho muha pAsei, so bhoyaNu pi na lhei| paurA vi paccUse kayAvi taho muhu na pikkhhiN| naravaieM vi amaMgaliya purisaho vaTTA sunniaa| parikkhevaM nariMdeM egayA pabhAyakAle so AhUu, tAsu muhu ditttth| jaiyahaM rAu bhoyaNA uvavisai, kavalu ca muhi pakkhivai, taiyahuM ahili nayare akamhA paracakka bhayeM halabolu jaau| tAvehiM naravai vi bhoyaNu cayevi uTheviNu saseNNu nayarahe bAhiM niggu| bhaya kAraNu adalUNa puNu pacchA aagu| samANu nariMdu ciMtei - imaho amaMgaliyaho sarUvu maI paccakkhu dinu, tao eho hNtvyo| evaM ciMteppi amaMgaliya kokkAvieppiNu vahevaM caMDAlasu appei| jayayahuM 110 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #124
eho ruvaMtu, sakammu niMdaMtu caMDAleM saha gacchaMtu atthi, taiyarlDa ekku kAruNiu buddhiNihANu vahAhe neijjamANu taM daNaM kAraNu NAi tAsu rakkhaNasu kaNNi kiMpi kaheppiNu uvAya dNsei| harisaMtu jAvehiM vahassu thaMbhi Thaviu tAvehiM caMDAlu taM pucchai - 'jIvaNu viNA tau kAvi icchA hoi, tayA mggiyvvaa|' so kahei - mahu nariMda muha daMsaNa icchA atthi| tayA so nariMda samIvaM aanniiu| nariMdu taM pucchai - etthu AgamaNa kiM paoyaNu? so kahei - he nariMdu ! paccUse mahu muhassa daMsaNeM bhoyaNu na lhijji| parantu tumhahaM muha pekkhaNe majjhu vahu bhavesai, taiyahuM paura kiM khesNti/kheshiN| mahu muhahe sirimaMtahaM muha daMsaNu kerisu phalau jAi ? nAyarA vi pabhAe tumhahaM muha kahaM pAsihire ? evaM tAsu vayaNa juttie saMtuTu nriNdu| so vahAesu nisehevi pAritosiu ca dAyavi harisiu so amaMgaliu vi sNtussiu| (prastuta mUla, prAkRta kathA kA yaha apabhraMza rUpAntaraNa prAkRta apabhraMza ke suprasiddha vidvAn pro. kamalacanda sogANI, jayapura dvArA kiyA, jo ki unake dvArA likhita 'apabhraMza abhyAsa saurabha' nAmaka pustaka, prakAzaka - apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura san 2012 ke pR. 156 se sAbhAra uddhRta hai|) hindI anuvAda amAMgalika puruSa kI kathA eka nagara meM eka amAMgalika mUrkha puruSa thaa| vaha aisA thA, jo koI bhI prabhAta meM mu~ha ko dekhatA, vaha bhojana bhI nahIM pAtA (use bhojana bhI nahIM miltaa)| nagara ke nivAsI bhI prAtaHkAla meM kabhI bhI usake mu~ha ko nahIM dekhate the| rAjA ke dvArA bhI amAMgalika puruSa kI bAta sunI For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #125
gii| parIkSA ke lie rAjA ke dvArA eka bAra prabhAtakAla meM vaha bulAyA gayA, usakA mukha dekhA gyaa| jyohiM rAjA bhojana ke lie baiThA aura mu~ha meM (roTI kA) grAsa rakhA, tyoMhiM samasta nagara meM akasmAt zatru ke dvArA AkramaNa ke bhaya se zoragula huaa| taba rAjA ne bhI bhojana ko chor3akara (aura) zIghra uThakara senA sahita nagara se bAhara gyaa| phira bhaya ke kAraNa ko na dekhakara bAda meM A gyaa| ahaMkArI rAjA ne socA - isa amAMgalika kA svarUpa mere dvArA pratyakSa dekhA gayA, isalie yaha mArA jAnA caahie| isa prakAra vicArakara amAMgalika ko bulavAkara vadha ke lie cAMDAla ko sauMpa diyaa| jaba yaha rotA huA sva-karma kI (ko) nindA karatA huA cAMDAla ke sAtha jA rahA thA, taba eka dayAvAna, buddhimAna ne vadha ke lie jAte hue usako dekhakara, kAraNa ko jAnakara usakI rakSA ke lie kAna meM kucha kahakara upAya dikhlaayaa| (isake phalasvarUpa vaha) prasanna hote hue (claa)| jaba (vaha) vadha ke khambhe para khar3A kiyA gayA taba cAMDAla ne usako pUchA - jIvana ke alAvA tumhArI koI bhI (vastu kI) icchA hai, to (tumhAre dvArA) (vaha vastu) mA~gI jAnI caahie| usane kahA - merI icchA rAjA ke mukha-darzana kI hai| taba vaha rAjA ke samIpa lAyA gyaa| rAjA ne usako pUchA - yahA~ Ane kA prayojana kyA hai ? usane kahA - he rAjA ! prAtaHkAla meM mere mukha ke darzana se (tumhAre dvArA) bhojana grahaNa nahIM kiyA gayA, parantu tumhArA mukha ke dekhane se merA vadha hogA taba nagara ke nivAsI kyA kaheMge ? mere mu~ha (darzana) kI tulanA meM zrImAn kA mukha-darzana kaisA phala utpanna karatA hai ? nAgarika bhI prabhAta meM tumhAre mukha ko kaise dekheMge ? isa prakAra usakI vacana-yukti se rAjA santuSTa huaa| rAjA ne vadha ke Adeza ko radda karake usako pAritoSika dekara prasanna huaa| isase vaha amAMgalika bhI santuSTa huaa| 112 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #126
saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza Adi ATha bhASAoM se yukta .. candraprabhasvAmi stavana chaha prakAra kI prAkRtoM kA zrI candraprabhasvAmI stavana meM ekasAtha prayoga kiyA gayA hai| isake racayitA AcArya jinaprabhasUri haiN| SaDbhASAmaya yaha stavana nAmaka teraha padyoM se yukta hai| vastutaH hamAre AcArya apanI racanAoM meM adbhuta prayoga karate rahate the| usakA pratyakSa udAharaNa yaha laghu stavana hai| isakI hastalikhita prati bhogIlAla laheracanda iMsTITyUTa oNpha iNDolaoNjI, dillI ke zAstra bhaNDAra meM surakSita hai| isI aprakAzita prati ke AdhAra para isa adbhuta stavana kA paricaya prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| isameM A. jinaprabhasUri ne prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva se lekara antima evaM caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra paryanta ina caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI zrRMkhalA meM aSTama tIrthaMkara zrI candraprabhu svAmI kA guNAnuvAda svarUpa mAtra eka hI stavana do prakAra kI saMskRta ke sAtha prAkRta kI alaga-alaga chaha prAkRta bhASAoM meM - isa prakAra kula ATha bhASAoM meM racanA karane kA adbhuta evaM saphala prayoga kiyA hai| yaha bAta unhoMne antima padya meM sUcita kI hai| kintu unhoMne saMskRta, prAkRta (mahArASTrI sAmAnya prAkRta), zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcika, cUlikA paizAcika, apabhraMza tathA samasaMskRta - isa taraha ina ATha bhASAoM meM kramazaH pratyeka bhASA meM eka evaM kahIM-kahIM do padyoM dvArA stavana kI racanA kI hai| - bhASA kI dRSTi se isa stavana ke lekhaka ne jahA~ prAkRta ke pramukha bhedoM meM se prAyaH sabhI pramukha prAkRtoM meM gAthAyeM nibaddha kI haiM, vahIM saMskRta bhASA ke do bheda saMskRta aura samasaMskRta - ina do bhedoM meM kramazaH Adi aura anta meM padya tathA navama evaM dazama padya apabhraMza bhASA meM race haiN| isa prayoga se hameM saMskRta ke sAtha-sAtha vibhinna bhASAoM ke sAtha prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA acchA . 113 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #127
avasara milatA hai| sAtha hI hameM eka sAtha eka hI stavana meM prAkRta kI chaha bhASAoM kA svarUpa bheda bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai| yahA~ yaha sampUrNa stavana prastuta hai - saMskRta namo mahasena narendratanUja jagajjanalocana bhaMgasaroja / zaradbhavasomasamadyutikAya dayAmaya tubhyamanaMta sukhAya // 1 // sukhIkRtasAdarasevakalakSa vinirjita durjayabhAvavipakSa / surAsuravRMdanamaskRtanaMda mahodayakalpa mahIruhakaMda // 2 // prAkRta (mahArASTra prAkRta) jayanirasiyatihuyaNa jaMtu bhaMti jayamohamahIruha dalaNadaMti / jayakuMdakaliyasamadaMtipaMti jaya jaya caMdappahacaMdakaMti // 3 // jaya paNayapANigaNakapparukkha jaya jagaDiya payaDa kasAyakhka / jayanimmalakevalaNANageha jayajaya jiNiMda appaDimadeha // 4 // zaurasenI vigada duha hedumohAri keidayaM dalidaguruduridamadha vihida kumudakhkayaM // nAtha taM namadi josadanadavatsalaM lahadi nivvudi gadisAdadaM nimmalaM // 5 // . mAgadhI azrulathulavisalanalalAya sevida pade / namila jaya jaMtu tudi dinnaziva pulapade // dalanapulanilada sNsaalislsiiluhe| dehi me sAmi taMsAlasAsadapade // 6 // 114 For Personal & Private Use Only

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paizAcikaM talitAkhilatosatayAsatanaM madanAnala-nIla-manAna guNaM / nalinAruNa pAta talaM namate jinajoidhataMsazivaMlabhate // 7 // cUlikA paizAcikaM kalanAlikanAtula tappahalaM lacanIkara cAluyazappasalaM / lalanAcanakItakunalucilaM dina rAca mahaMsamalAmicilaM // 8 // apabhraMza sAsayasukhkanihANunAhana, diTTho jehiMtaUM punnavihUNau / jANuniSphala jammutihanarapasuhaM // 9 // nimmalatuhamuhaMcaMdu jepahu pikhkai pasarasiuM / iyanirudamaANaMdatihiM manisAmI vipphurai // 10 // samasaMskRta hArihAraharahAsakuMdasuMdaradehAbhaya, kevalakamalAkelinilaya maMjula gunngnnmy| kamalAruNakaracaraNa caraNabharadharaNa dhavalabala, siddhiramaNasaMgamavilAsa lAlasamalamavadala // 11 // bhavadavanavajaladAha vimalamaMgalakula maMdira, vAmakAmakarikeliharaNaharivaraguNabaMdhura / maMdiragirigurusArasabalakalibhUruha kuMjara, dehimahodayamevadevamamakevalikuMjara // 12 // iti jagadabhinandanajanahadicaMdanacandraprabha jinacaMdravara / SaDbhASAbhiSTutamamamaMgalayuta siddhisukhAni vibhovitara // 13 // * iti zrI candraprabhasvAmi stavanaM kRtiriyaM zrIjinaprabhasUrINA . 115 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #129
niSkarSa isa taraha Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kI saMracanA aura zabda tathA dhAturUpoM para bhI prAkRta kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| yaha usakI saralatA aura jana-bhASA hone kA pramANa hai| na kevala bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa meM apitu ina bhASAoM ke sAhitya kI vibhinna vidhAoM ko bhI prAkRta-apabhraMza bhASAoM ke sAhitya ne puSTa kiyA hai| . kisI bhI jana-bhASA ke lie ina pravRttiyoM se gujaranA svAbhAvika hai| kintu svataMtratA prApti ke bAda rASTrabhASA hindI ke pracAra-prasAra hetu aneka aise kaThina evaM saMskRtaniSTha zabda gar3ha diye gaye, jinase hindI ke pracAra-prasAra. para viparIta prabhAva hI pdd'aa| vastutaH lokapriyatA kI dRSTi se vahI hindI bhASA jana-jana taka pahuMca sakatI hai, jo sugama aura subodha hai aura ise bhAratIya AryabhASA ke madhyayuga ke antima yuga kI bhASA mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra apabhraMza bhASA se hI purAnI hindI tathA isase Adhunika hindI bhASA kA vikAsa huA hai| zabda evaM dhAturUpoM meM naye-naye prayoga kara apabhraMza ne hindI tathA Adhunika AryabhASAoM ke vikAsa kI AdhArabhUmi upasthita kara dI hai| apabhraMza kA sAhityika kSetra madhyadeza hai, jo ki hindI kA janmasthAna hai| yaha hindI ke vikAsa kI pUrvapIThikA hai| isa prakAra prAkRta evaM apabhraMza bhASAyeM vibhinna kAloM meM vibhinna vizeSakara uttara bhAratIya bhASAoM ko nirantara prabhAvita aura vikasita karatI rahI haiN| ataH ina sabake vikAsa kA itihAsa jAnane ke lie prAkRta-apabhraMza bhASAoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| yadyapi prAkRta-bhASA aura isakA sAhitya atyadhika samRddha hone se bhAratIya saMskRti meM isakA apanA viziSTa sthAna aura mahattva hai| ise 116 For Personal & Private Use Only

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aneka prAcIna aura arvAcIna pramukha bhAratIya bhASAoM kI jananI hone kA bhI gaurava prApta haiM; kintu isakI hara stara para upekSA ke kAraNa isake astitva para bhI saMkaTa ke kAle bAdala maMDarA rahe haiN| yaha prasannatA kI bAta hai ki prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti aura saMskAroM kI AtmA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita saMskRta-bhASA ko sarakArI tathA anya staroM para protsAhana milanA zubha saMketa hai; kintu isI kI sahodarA prAkRta-bhASA kI upekSA para cintita honA bhI svAbhAvika hai| Azcarya to taba hotA hai jaba vidvAn saMskRta-bhASA ko sabhI bhASAoM kI jananI mAnate hue prAkRta-bhASA ko bhI saMskRta-bhASA se utpanna kaha dete haiN| isa mithyA mAnyatA ke pIche kucha prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ke sahI sUtroM kI galata vyAkhyA kara lenA to hai hI, sAtha hI kucha logoM ko isa bhASA sAhitya aura usakI paramparA ke vaibhava ke prati pUrvAgraha bhI eka kAraNa hai| pUrvokta mithyA mAnyatA aura dhAraNA ko na to bhASAvaijJAnika svIkAra karate haiM aura na hI yaha anya pramANoM se siddha hotI hai| ise sabhI ekamata se svIkAra karate haiM ki saMskRta-bhASA ke vizAla aura samRddha zabda-bhaNDAra se dezI-videzI aneka bhASAyeM samRddha avazya huI haiM, para saMskRta-bhASA se na to prAkRta-bhASA utpanna huI hai aura na anya bhaassaayeN| vikAsa kI dRSTi se to donoM bhASAyeM sahodarA mAnI jA sakatI haiM; kintu eka dUsare ko, eka dUsare kI jananI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| 'aneka pratiSThita vidvAnoM ne prAcIna AryabhASA 'chAndasa' se prAkRta kA vikAsa mAnA hai| sAtha hI laukika saMskRta arthAt devabhASA saMskRta kA vikAsa bhI isI chAndas se mAnA hai| ataH prAkRta evaM saMskRta - ina donoM kA srota eka hI hone se ye sahodarA bhASAyeM haiN| vedoM kI bhASA prayatna-sAdhya athavA ekalayabaddha, eka rUpa tathA eka chandabaddha hone se ise 'chAndasa' bhASA isa nAma se abhihita kiyA gyaa| 117 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #131
DaoN. rAjamala borA ne 'bhArata kI bhASAyeM' nAmaka pustaka meM likhA hai ki saMskRta bhASA apane mUla rUpa meM vaidika saMskRta thI aura usakA vistAra jaba pUraba aura dakSiNa kI ora rahA thA, usa samaya deza meM anya bhASAyeM bolI jAtI thIM / - yaha isa bAta kA pratIka hai ki rASTrIya ekatA, akhaNDatA, sauhArdabhAva aura inake lie vAtAvaraNa nirmANa meM bhASA kitanA mahatvapUrNa mAdhyama hotI hai ? saMskRti kI surakSA bhASA kI udAratA para hI nirbhara hai| aura prAkRta-apabhraMza bhASAoM kI surakSA bhI hama sabhI kI udAratA para hI nirbhara hai| kyoMki ye bhASAeM sadA se udAratA ke kSetra meM agraNI rahI haiN| jinakA prabhAva Aja kI prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya bhASAoM meM spSTa dikhalAI detA hai| prAkRta- apabhraMza bhASAyeM aura inake samRddha sAhitya meM bhAratIya saMskRti evaM loka saMskRti ke mUla svara ojasvI rUpa meM mukharita hote haiM / kintu Azcarya hai ki jo svayaM aneka bhASAoM kI jananI aura lambe kAla taka rASTrabhASA ke pada para pratiSThita rahI - vaha rASTra kI 'bahumUlya dharohara prAkRta bhASA Aja itanI upekSita kyoM hai ? jise Aja apanI asmitA evaM pahacAna bacAne aura mUladhArA se jur3ane hetu saMgharSa karanA par3a rahA hai ? kendra aura rAjya sarakAroM kI ora se anya aneka bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa hetu sthApita akAdamI yA saMsthAnoM kI bhAMti sampUrNa deza meM eka bhI prAkRta akAdamI, prAkRta vizvavidyAlaya yA saMsthAna kI sthApanA Aja taka kyoM nahIM huI ? ye saba prazna bAra-bAra uThate aura mana ko kacoTate haiM / kintu ina saba praznoM kA samAdhAna hama sabhI ko mila-julakara khojanA hai aura vividha prayAsoM se prAkRta apabhraMza bhASA ko vyApaka rUpa meM punaH pratiSThA karanA hai, anyathA hamArI bhAvI pIr3hI hameM inakI upekSA ke lie kabhI kSamA nahIM kara skegii| 118 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #132
prAkRta nibaMdha 1. maNoramaM ujjANaM idaM ujjANaM asthi / ujjANe bAlaA kIDaMti / idaM maNoramaM ujjANaM atthi| imammi ujjANe rukkhA, ladAo kuMjANi saMti / pakkhiNo rukkhesu ladAsu ThaidUNa kolAhalaM kuNaMti / egammi ThANe kAgA, kukkuDA, caDagA * kiM pi dhANNAdigaM bhakkhaMti / atthA sugA ciTThati / imA mayUrA saMti / jadA risA kAle ghaNA gajjaMti tadA imA mayUrA nncvNti| jaNA mayUrassa NaccaNaM pAsidUNa harisaMti / imammi ujjANe kavoda - kogila- baka- haMsa- sugA sadA sudimahuraM jati / ujjANassa avare vibhAge aNegA pasuNo saMti / siMha-vagghasaMgAla-bhalla-sUgarA sage-sage piMjare ciTThati / hariNa-sasa-vAkarANaM pigaM atthi / idaM ujjANaM visAlaM asthi / attha ego ramaNIyaM rovaraM asthi / imammi sarovare vivihA jalacarA ido tado saMcarati / tattha taNA magarA kacchavA maMDUgA pAsidUNa raMjaMti / jaNA attha pupphANa suMderaM pAsidaM AgacchaMti / imammi ujjANe peda-pIda-ratta NIlavaNNANa pupphANa sohA vijjade / bAlaA attha kIDaMti tadhA tatthaM ThaDdUNa appAhAraM vi giNhaMti / idaM maNoharaM ujjANaM sohAe maNoraMjaNassa vA ThANaM atthi / (pro. premasumana jaina dvArA likhita zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA aura vyAkaraNa, pR. 164 se sAbhAra uddhRta) 119 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #133
2. titthayara-mahAvIracariyaM jayai suANaM pabhavo titthayarANaM apacchimo jyi| jayai gurU logANaM jayai mahappA mhaaviiro|| sagabodhadIvaNijjida bhuvnnttyruddhmNdmohtmo| NamidasurAsura saMgho jayadu jiNiMdo mhaaviiro|| amhe jANImo jaM pAINakAlAo jjeva pAiyabhAsA loyANaM jaNabhAsA aasii| sA bhAsA aNega bhArahabhAsANaM jaNaNI atthi| sA ya aisohaNA, mahurajaladhArA bva pvhi| tIe bhAsAe jiNadhammassa aMtima titthayarassa mahAvIrassa cariyaM lihiuM ahaM pautto mhi| jiNadhammo bhArahadesassa pAINapamuho ya dhammo atthi| 'jiNadhammovAsayA sAvayA titthayare pUjeMti, thuvanti y| jiNadhamme cauvIsatitthayarANaM dIhaparamparA atthi| tesu usaho paDhamo mahAvIro ya antimo atthiA chavvIsa-varisasayapuvvaM caittamAse sukkilapakkhassa terasame diyahe bhagavaMtassa mahAvIrassa jammaM jaayN| tassa jammaTThANaM videhapaesassa (ahuNA bihArapaesa) vesAlI-gaNataMte khattiyakuMDagAmo atthi| mahAvIrassa piyA siddhattho AsI, mAyA ya tisalA aasi| tassa paMca nAmANi jANIyaMti - vaDDhamANo, sammaI, vIro ahavIro, mahAvIro y| so niggaMthanAyaputta-rUveNAvi jaannijji| pAli sAhicce so niggaMthanAtaputto tti nAmeNa ullihio atthi| bAlAvatthAe mAyApiyarehi 'vaDDhamANo' tti nAmeNa sNbohio| kAraNaM - tassa jammakAle savvaMgINavuDDhI sNjaayaa| sa bAlakAle jjeva abbhuya parakkamI, sAhasI, balavaMto, NANI ya aasii| taheva savvAsu kalAsu kusalo, saMveyaNasIlo vijjAjutto ya aasii| sesavakAlammi jjeva tassa tattadaMsaNe asAhAraNa-gaI aasii| juvANAvatthAe so jayA viUDho tayA vi virattabhAveNa jjeva 120 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #134
AsI / so baMbhaceravayaM gahIa / ThANaMga sutte (5/234) evamuttaM - paMcatitthayarA kumAravAsamajjhe vAsittA muMDA bhavittA agArAo aNagAriyaM pavvaiyA, taM jahA - vAsupujje, mallI, ariTThaNemI, pAse, vIre ya / loiya-visasu vi bAlagavaDDhamANassa hiyayaM saMpuNNarUveNa virayaM AsI / tassa hiyae sayasA ime bhAvA ahesI 9. sarIramAhu nAva tti jIvo vuccai nAvio / saMsAra aNNavo vatto jaM taranti mahesiNo || 2. iTThaNiTTha aTThesu mA mujjhaha ! mA rajjaha ! mA dUsaha ! 3. samayo khalu Nimmalo appA / samayaM mA pamAe / 4. je egaM jANai te savvaM jANai, je savvaM jANai, se egaM jANai / so bArasadivasa sattamAsaM ahiaM aTThAvIsavAsaM kumArattaNeNa gaUNa mAgasIsa mAsassa kaNhapakkhassa dasamIe tihIe pavvajjaM gehiya paMcamuTThiloyaM kariya niggaMtho jAo / Agame uttaM ca - ROD maggasirabahuladasamI avaraNhe uttarAsu NAdhavaNe / tadiyavvavaNammi gahidaM mahavvadaM vaDamANeNa / / - tiloyapaNNatti 4/667 / / tao NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre dAhiNeNaM dAhiNaM vAmeNaM vAmaM paMcamuTThiyaM loyaM karettA siddhANaM NamokkAraM karei, karettA, "savvaM me akaraNijjaM pAvakammaM" ti kaTTu sAmAiyaM carittaM paDivajjai / (AyAracUlA 15/32) tado NiggaMtha bhAvaM aMgIkariya samaNamahAvIro appakAleNa jhANAvatthAe evaM aNubhUo - 121 - For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #135
ahamekko khalu suddho daMsaNa-NANa maMio sayA ruuvii| Na vi asthi majjha kiMcivi aNNaM paramANu mettaM vi|| ego me sassao appA NANadaMsaNa lkkhnno| sesA me bAhirA bhAvA savve saMjoga lkkhnnaa|| . dhammo maMgalamukkiTheM, ahiMsA saMjamo tvo| devA vi taM namasaMti, jassa dhamme sayA mnno|| itthaM saddhabArahasaMccharaperaMtaM dIhaM tavaM teNa kyN| tavaM kuMNanteNa teNa aNege uvasaggA samayAbhAveNa soddhaa| paraMtu so jhANAo Na bhttttho| thirabhAvAo teNa kiMci vi avicaliUNa ahakaTTeNa tavaM kyN| egayA so ujjuvAliyA NaIaDe sAlavacchassa heDhe jhANaM jhAyanto Asi, tayA tassa savvoccaNANaM kevalaNANaM smuppnnnnN| teNa so arihanto sabvaNNU savvadaMsI vIyarAI ya jaao| uttaM ca tiloyapaNNattimmi 4/1701 vaisAhasuddhadasamI maghArikkhammi viirnnaahss| rijUkUlaNadItIre avaraNhe kevalaM nnaannN| bhagavaMteNa paDhamA desaNA rAyagihaNagarassa viulAcale dttaa| jiNadhamme tassa dhammasahA 'samosaraNaM' tti kNhijji| tassa samosaraNaM savvodayatittho bhvi| jaMsi pasu-pakkhI-deva-dANava-maNussAI uvaesaM souM aagcchti| mahAvIrassa ekkArasa gaNaharA ahesi| tassa uvaesassa addhamAgahI bhAsA aasii| Agame uttaM - bhagavaM ca NaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe dhmmmaaikkhi| bhagavayA dhammadesaNAe evaM paNNattaM- dhammo duviho-paDhamo samaNANaM vidio gahatthANaM c| samaNANaM dhamme aTThAvIsA mUlaguNA snti| uttaM ca - paMca ya mahavvayAI samidIo paMca jinnvrudditttthaa| paMceviMdiyarohA chappi ya AvAsayA loco|| 122 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #136
acelakamaNhANaM khidisayaNamadaMtaghaMsaNaM ceva / ThidibhoyaNeyabhattaM mUlaguNA aTThavIsA du|| mUlAcAra 1/2-3 / / paMcamahavvayA itthaM hiMsAviradI, saccaM, adatta parivajjaNaM ca baMbhaM ca / saMga vittIya tahA mahavvayA paMca paNNattA / / mUlAcAra 1/4 / / gihatthANaM dhamme bArahavayAiM saMti - paMca aNuvvayANi, tiNNi guNavayANi cattArasikkhAvayANi ya / evaM dhammadesaNaM aNusariya bhagavayA caDavviha saMgho raio samaNo samaNI sAvao sAviyA ya / uttaM ca pavayaNe teNa - - - timiraharA jai diTThI, jaNassa dIveNa Natthi kAdavvaM / taha sokkhaM sayamAdA visayA kiM tattha kuvvaMti / / savve vi poggaliya bhavvA puNNakammapaNulliyA (puNyakarmapreritA) saMta / sujogaM viNA puNNabaMdho Na hoi / suhajoe NiameNa Nijjaro hoi / NijjarA vi tavamaMtareNa Na hoi / tavo vi payaMDa dhammaMgo atthi / taM dhammo jjeva savvasuhamUlaM 'ti viNicchiaM tattaM / suhecchUNaM avikahaM suhoppattI jAya paravatthummi tesiM suhagavesaNA hoi / appA aNaMtasuharUvo atthi / paravatthummi AsattI jjeva dukkhakAraNaM / tamhA dhammo paDhamaM kAyavvo / NANavihUNA kiMriA vi aMdhabANaparaMparA viva Na sammaM lakkhaM bhiMdiuM khamA / aNuUlapaDiUlesuM sammattaNaM bhAvemANA vIyarAyA Na katthai khijjati / teNa kahiyaM - sAmAiyamAIyaM suyanANaM jAva bindusArAo / tassavi sAro caraNaM sAro caraNassa NivvANaM / / 123 - pavayaNasAro 67 - Avazyaka niryukti 93 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #137
jahA sUi sasuttA nA vinnssii| tahA jIve sasutte saMsAre na vinnssi|| jo sutto vavahAre so joI jaggae skjjmmi| jo jaggadi vavahAre so sutto appaNe kjje|| mokkhpaahuddN|| appahiyaM kAyavvaM jai sakkar3a parahiMya ca kaadvvN| appahiyaparahiyAdo appahidaM suTTa kaadvvN|| - bhagavatI ArAdhanA, pR. 351 tao NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre uppaNNaNANadaMsaNadhare goyamAINaM samaNANaM NiggaMthANaM paMcamahavvayAiM sabhAvaNAo chajjIvanikAyAI ca Aikkhar3a bhAsai pruuvei| egayA goyameNa gaNahareNa mahAvIro pucchio kadhaM care kadhaM ciDhe kadhamAse kadhaM se| kadhaM bhuMjejja bhAsejja kadhaM pAvaM Na bjjhii||muulaacaar|| titthayaro mahAvIro evaM vayAsI - . jadaM care jadaM ciTTe jadamAse jadaM se| jadaM bhuMjejja bhAsejja evaM pAvaM Na bjjhii| muulaacaar|| paDhamo gaNaharo goyamo iMdabhUI ya titthayarassa arahaMtassa mahAvIrassa uvaese bAraha-aMgesu guMphIa (gNthiia)| uttaM ca - atthaM bhAsai arahA, suttaM gaMthaMti gaNaharA niunnN| sAsaNassa hiyaTThAe, tao suttaM pvtti|| - Avazyaka niyukti 93 bArahANaM aMgANaM NAmAI itthaM saMti - AyAraMgo, sUyagaDaMgo, ThANaMgo, samavAyaMgo, viyANapaNNatti NAyAdhammakahAo, uvAsagadasAo, aMtagaDadasAo, aNuttarovavAiyadasAo, paNhAvAgaraNAiM, vivAgasuyaM, didvivAo y| 124 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #138
evaM bhagavanto mahAvIro uvaesaM kuNanto gAmANugAmaM viharanto savvapANe mokkhamaggaM NidaMseMto kattiyamAsassa kiNhapakkhassa amAvassAe tihIe bamhamuhutte pAvANayarIe NivvANaM ptto| tao pahui imo NivvANadivaso dIvAvalI ucchavvarUveNa pasiddho jaao| uttaM ca harivaMzapurANammi (66/19) - jvalatpradIpAlikayA pravRddhayA surAsuraiH dIpitayA prdiiptyaa| tadAsmapAvAnagarI samantataH pradIpitAkAzatalA prkaashte|| jIe rayaNIe samaNo bhagavaM mahAvIro NivvANaM patto, tIe rayaNIe navamallaI-navalicchaI kAsI-kosalAi aTThAraha gaNarAyANo pArAbhAyaM posahovavAsaM ptttthviNsu| mahAvIre NivvANaM patte bhAvujjoo go| amhe davbujjoyaM krissaamo| (yaha prAkRta nibandha lekhaka dvArA sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI ke zramaNa vidyA saMkAya meM Ayojita mahAvIra jayaMtI (1982) ke avasara para prastuta kiyA gyaa|) 125 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #139
prAkRta bhASA meM aMkoM kI gaNanA (ginatI) prAkRta meM gaNanA - vAcaka saMkhyA zabda 1. ekka, ikka, ega, ea do, duve, ve, doNi ti, tiNi 3. 4. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. cau, cauro paMca cha, chaTTha satta aTTha Nava dasa, daha ekkArarha, ekkArasa, ikkAraha, egAraha, eAraha, bAraha, bArasa, duvAlasa teraha, terasa G cauddaha, cauddasa, coddasa paNNaraha, paNNarasa, paMcaraha solasa, solaha, chaddasa sattaraha, sattarasa, sattaddasa aTThAraha, aTThArasa, aTThadasa, aTThadaha egUNavIsA, aDaNavIsA, auNavIsar3a vIsA, vIsa ekkavIsA, egavIsA, egavIsai bAisA, bAvIsA, bAvIsai tevIsA, tevIsai cauvIsA, cauvIsai 126 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #140
paNNavIsA, paNNavIsai, paNuvIsA 26. . chabbIsA sattavIsA, sattAvIsA, sattavIsai, sattAvIsai aTThavIsA, aTThAvIsA, aTThAvIsai auNatIsA, egUNatIsA, egUNatIsai, auNatIsai tIsA egatIsA, ekkatIsA battIsA tettIsA, tittIsA, tettIsai cautIsA, cautIsai paNNatIsA, paMcatIsA, paNNatIsai, paMcatIsai chattIsA, chattIsai sattatIsA, sattatIsai aTThatIsA, adrutIsaha egUNacattAlIsA, auNacattAlIsA cattAlIsA, cAlIsA ega (ekka) cattAlIsA, igayAlA bAyAlIsA teAlIsA, teyAlIsA cauAlIsA, coyAlIsA paNayAlIsA, paNayAlA, paMcatAlIsA chAyAlIsA 47. . sIyAlIsA, sattacAlIsA 48. aTThayAlIsA, advaitAlIsA, aTThayAlA, aDhayAlIsA 49. egUNapaNNAsA, auNApaNNA, egUNapannA 50... paNNAsA, pannAsA 51. egAvannA, egapaNNAsA, ekkapaNNAsA, egAvaNNA 46. . 127 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #141
bAvaNNA tevannA cauvannA, caupaNNA, caupaNNAsA paNapaNNA, paNavannA chappannA, chavvannA sattAvannA aTThAvannA, aTThAvaNNA egUNasahi, auNasaTThi, auNaTThi saTTi 69. egasaddhi bAsaTThi, bAvaTThi, bisaTThi tesaTThi, tevaTThi, tisaTThi causaTThi paNasaTThi, paMcasaTTi chasaTThi sattasaTThi aTThasaTThi, aDasaTThi egUNasattari, auNattari sattari, sayari ekkasattari, egasattari, ikkasattari, ehattari bAhattari, bAvattari, bisattari, bisayari tevattari, tevuttari cauhattari paJcahattari chahattari, chassayari, chAhattari sattahattari, sattahuttari aTThahattari egUNAsIi 128 "73. 74 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #142
80. 2 . 84. 85. 86. 87. asII ekkAsIi, egAsII bAsI, bAIsi, bAsIi.. teAsI, tesIi caurAsI, caurAsIi, caurAsIyA paNasIi, paMcAsII chAsIi, chalasIi sattAsIi aTThAsI, aTThAsIi egaNanaui Navai, naui ekkANaui bANaui, bANuvai teNavai, teNaui, tiNavai cauNavai, cauNaui paMcANaui, paNNAui chaNNavai, chaNNaui, chaNuvai sattaNavau, sattANaui aDhANavai, aTThANaui NavaNavai, nauNaui saya 91. 93. 94. 95. 100. . 200 dusaya 300 400 tisaya, tiNNi saya cattAri saya paNasaya, paJcasaya chasaya, chassaya sattasaya aTThasaya 600 700 800 129 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #143
900 navasaya 1000 sahassa 10000 dasasahassa 100000 lakkha 1000000 dasalakkha 10000000 koDi 100000000 dahakoDi krama vAcaka saMkhyAvAcI zabda prathama dvitIya tRtIya caturtha paMcama SaSTha saptama aSTama navama dasama bIsavA~ tIsavA~ cAlIsavA~ pacAsavA~ sAThavA~ sattaravA~ -assIvA~ nabbevA~ . sauvA~ paDhama (First) bIya, viiya (Second) taiya, tijhya, tiijja, tacca (Third ) cauttha (Fourth) paMcama (Fifth ) chaTTa (Sixth) sattama (Seventh) aTThama (Eighth) navama, Navama (Nineth) dasama, dahama (Tenth) vIsaima (Twentieth) tIsaima, tIsama (Thirtieth ) cAlIsama, cattAlIsama (Fortieth) paNNasama, paNNasaima (Fiftieth) saTThima (Sixtieth) sattarima, sayarima (Seventieth) asIima (Eightieth) . Navaiyama, Navaima (Ninetieth) sayama (Hundredth) 130 For Personal & Private Use Only

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ka) dasave AliyaM se prAkRta kI - paDhamaM nANaM tao dayA / 4/10 AcaraNa se pahale jAno / pahale jJAna hai phira dayA / - -- pramukha sUktiyA~ annANI kiM kAhIM kiM vA nAhii cheya pAvagaM / 4/10 ajJAnI kyA karegA jo zreya aura pApa ko bhI nahIM jAnatA ? jo jIve vi viyANAi ajIve vi viyANaI / jIvAjIve viyANato so hu nAhii saMjamaM // 4 / 13 // - * jo jIvoM ko bhI jAnatA hai, ajIvoM ko bhI jAnatA hai, vahI jIva aura ajIva donoM ko jAnane vAlA, saMyama ko jAna sakegA / kAle kAlaM samAyare / 5/2/4 - hara kAma ThIka samaya para karo / - je na vaMde na se kuppe vaMdio na samukkase / 5/2/30 sammAna na milane para krodha aura milane para garva mata kro| ahiMsA niuNaM diTThA savvabhUesu saMjamo / 6/8 saba jIvoM ke prati jo saMyama hai, vahI ahiMsA hai| mucchA pariggaho vRtto / 6 / 20 - - mUrcchA hI parigraha hai| suyalAbhe na majjejjA / 8/30 * jJAna kA garva mata kro| jarA jAva na pIlei vAhI jAva na vaDDaI / jAviMdiyA na hAyaMti tAva dhammaM samAyare / / 8/35 / / 131 For Personal & Private Use Only

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- - jaba taka jarA pIr3ita na kare, vyAdhi na bar3he aura indriyA~ kSINa na hoM, taka taka dharma kA AcaraNa kara le| rAiNiesu viNayaM pauMje / 8/40 - bar3oM kA sammAna kro| dhammassa viNao mUlaM / 9/2/2 - dharma kA mUla vinaya hai| niccaM cittasamAhio havejjA / 10/1 - sadA prasanna (Atma-lIna) rho| attasame mannejja chappi kAe / 10/5 - saMbako Atma-tulya maano| na ya vuggahiyaM kahaM kahejjA / 10/10 - kalaha ko bar3hAne vAlI carcA mata kro| saMpikkhaI appagamappaeNaM / cUlikA 2/12 - AtmA se AtmA ko dekho| savvabhUya pabhUyassa sammaM bhUyAi paaso| pihiyAsavassa daMtassa pAvaM kammaM na baMdhaI // 4/9 // - jo saba jIvoM ko Atmavat mAnatA hai, jo saba jIvoM ko samyak-dRSTi se dekhatA hai, jo Asrava kA nirodha kara cukA hai aura jo dAnta hai, usake pApa-karma kA bandhana nahIM hotaa| kha) samaNasuttaM se - suTThavi maggijjaMto, kattha vi kelIi natthi jaha sAro / iMdiavisaesu tahA, natthi suhaM suTTha vi gavihra / / 47 // - bahuta khojane para bhI jaise kele ke per3a meM koI sAra dikhAI nahIM detA, vaise hI indriya-viSayoM meM bhI koI sukha dikhAI nahIM detaa| For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaM jaM samayaM jIvo Avisai jeNa jeNa bhAveNa / so taMmi-taMmi samae, suhAsuhaM baMdhae kammaM // 57 // - jisa samaya jIva jaise bhAva karatA hai, vaha usa samaya vaise hI zubha-azubha karmoM kA baMdha karatA hai| dhammo vatthusahAvo, khamAdibhAvo ya dasaviho dhammo / rayaNattayaM ca dhammo, jIvANaM rakkhaNaM dhammo // 83 // - vastu kA svabhAva dharma hai| kSamA Adi arthAt kSamA, mArdava, Arjava, zauca, satya, saMyama, tapa, tyAga, AkiMcanya aura brahmacarya - ina bhAvoM kI apekSA se vaha dasa prakAra kA hai| ratnatraya (samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyak cAritra) dharma hai| tathA jIvoM kI rakSA karanA dharma hai| khammAmi savvajIvANaM, sabve jIvA khamaMtu me / mittI me savvebhUdesu, veraM majjhaM Na keNa vi // 86 // - maiM saba jIvoM ko kSamA karatA huuN| saba jIva mujhe kSamA kreN| merA saba prANiyoM ke prati maitrIbhAva hai| merA kisI se bhI vaira nahIM hai| appA kattA vikattA ya, duhANa ya suhANa ya / appA mittamamittaM ca, duppaTThiya suppaTTio // 123 // AtmA hI sukha-duHkha kA kartA hai aura vikartA (bhoktA) hai| satpravRtti meM sthita AtmA hI apanA mitra hai aura duSpravRtti meM sthita AtmA hI apanA zatru hai| jo sahassaM sahassANaM, saMgAme dujjae jiNe / egaM jiNejja appANaM, esa se paramo jao // 125 // __- jo durjeya saMgrAma meM hajAroM-hajAra yoddhAoM ko jItatA hai, usakI apekSA jo eka apane Apa ko jIta letA hai, usakI vijaya hI parama (utkRSTa) vijaya hai| 133 For Personal & Private Use Only

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appA ceva dameyavvo, appA hu khalu duddama / appA daMto suhI hoi, assi loe parattha ya // 127 // - * svayaM (apane Apa arthAt AtmA) para hI vijaya Apa prApta karanA caahie| apane Apa para vijaya prApta karanA hI kaThina hai| kyoMki Atma-vijetA hI isa loka aura paraloka meM sukhI hotA hai| aNa thovaM vaNathovaM, aggIthovaM kasAyathovaM ca / na hu bhe vIsasiyavvaM, thovaM pi hu taM bahu hoI // 134 // RNa (karja) ko thor3A, ghAva ko choTA, Aga ko tanika (thor3I) aura kaSAya ko alpa mAna ina para vizvasta hokara nahIM baiTha jAnA caahie| kyoMki ye saba thor3e hote hue bhI bar3hakara bahuta ho jAte haiN| savve jIvA vi icchaMti, jIviDaM na marijjiuM / tamhA pANavahaM dhoraM, niggaMthA vajjayaMti NaM // 148 // - sabhI jIva jInA cAhate haiM, maranA nhiiN| isalie (pratyeka jIva ke) prANavadha ko bhayAnaka jAnakara nirgrantha usakA varjana (tyAga) karate haiN| COMM jAgaraha narA ! NiccaM, jAgaramANassa vaDDhate buddhI / jo suvati Na so dhanno, jo jaggati so sayA dhanno // 168 // he manuSyo ! satata jAgRta rhoN| jo jAgatA hai usakI buddhi bar3hatI hai| jo sotA hai vaha dhanya nahIM hai, dhanya vaha hai, jo sadA jAgatA hai| ga) vajjAlagga se - dukkhaM kIrai kavvaM kavvammi kae pauMjaNA dukkhaM / saMte pauMjamANe soyArA dullahA huMti // 6 // --- kAvya-racanA kaSTa se hotI hai, (kAvya-racanA ) ho jAne para use sunAnA kaSTaprabha hotA hai aura jaba sunAyA jAtA hai, taba sunane vAle bhI kaThinAI se milate haiN| 134 For Personal & Private Use Only

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pAiyakavvammi raso jo jAyai taha ya cheyabhaNiehiM / uyayassa ya vAsiyasIlassa tittiM na vaccAmo // 293 // - * prAkRta-kAvya, vidagdha - bhaNiti (dvayarthaka vyaMgyokti) tathA suvAsita zItala jala se jo Ananda utpanna hotA hai, usase hameM pUrNatayA tRpti nahIM hotI hai| diTThe vi hu hoi suhaM jai vi na pAvaMti aMgasaMgAI / dUraTThio vi caMdo suNivvuiM kuNai kumuyANaM // 78 // premI yadyapi aMgoM kA sparza nahIM pAte haiM tathApi dekha kara bhI unheM sukha mila jAtA hai| candramA sudUra sthira hone para bhI kumuda - kAnana ko AhlAdita kara detA hai| -- sIlaM varaM kulAo dAliddaM bhavvayaM ca rogAo / vijjA rajjAu varaM khamA varaM suTTha vi tavAo ||86 // - * kula se zIla zreSTha haiM, roga se dAridraya zreSTha hai, vidyA rAjya se zreSTha hai aura kSamAM bar3e tapa se bhI zreSTha hai| jaM ji khamei samattho dhaNavaMto jaM na gavvamuvvahai / jaM ca savijjo namiro tisu alaMkiyA puhabI // 87 // - jo 'munaSya' samartha hone para bhI kSamA karatA hai, dhanavAn hone para bhI garva nahIM karatA aura jo vidvAn hone para bhI vinamra rahatA hai - ina tInoM se pRthvI alaMkRta hotI hai| sigdhaM Aruha kajjaM pAraddhaM mA kahaM pi siDhile / pAraddhasiDhiliyAI kajjAi puNo na sijjhati // 92 // - kArya kA Arambha zIghra karo, prArabdha (arthAt prArambha kie hue) kArya meM kisI bhI prakAra kI zithilatA mata karo / prArambha kie hue kAryoM meM zithilatA A jAne para ve punaH pUrNa nahIM hote| 135 For Personal & Private Use Only

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pakkhINa sAvayANa ya vicchoyaM Na karei jo puriso / jIvesu ya kuNaidayaM tassa avaccAiM jIvaMti // - - sumatisAmi cariyaM gA. 81 - pakSiyoM ke baccoM kA jo vyakti viyoga nahIM karatA hai aura jIvoM para dayA karatA hai usakI santati ciraMjIvI hotI hai| nehaM viNA vivAho Ajamma kuNai paridAhaM arthAt sneha ke binA vivAha jIvanabhara dukhadAyI hotA hai- nmmyaasundriikhaa| gAM. 391, patte viNAsakAlo nAsai buddhiM narANa nikkhuttaM arthAt vinAzakAle viparIta buddhi - paumacariyaM 53/138 / gha) apabhraMza paumacariu se tiha bhujju jiha Na muccahi dhaNeNa / paumacariu 1.7.12.2 - - isa prakAra bhoga karo ki dhana samApta na ho / tiha taju puNu vi Na hoi saMgu / paumacariu 1.7.12.3 - - isa prakAra tyAga karo ki phira se saMgraha na ho / siddhi NANeNa biNu Na diTThi / paumacariu 4.68.10.9 jJAna ke binA siddhi nahIM dikha pdd'tii| yi - jammabhUmi jaNaNieN sahiya sagge vi hoi ai - dullahiya / apanI janmabhUmi aura apanI jananI mAtA, svarga se bhI -- - adhika pyArI hotI hai / - paumacariu 5.78.17.4 tiha jIvahi jiha paribhamai kitti / isa prakAra jIo jisase kIrti phaile| - viNu jIvadayA Na atthi dhammu / mahApurANa 84.1.9 - jIva dayA ke binA dharma nahIM hotaa| 136 For Personal & Private Use Only

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ujjama viNu hoi Na kA vi siddhi dhaNNaku0 ca0 2.13.10 - udyama ke binA koI bhI siddhi nahIM hotii| maha mayavaMtu akajje Ne jaMpai / vaDDamANa cariu 4.10.4. buddhimAna vyakti binA prayojana ke nahIM bolte| vihavaho phalu dutthiya AsAsaNu / sudaMsaNacariu 1.10.3 - vaibhava kA phala dIna-dukhiyoM ko AzvAsana yathAyogya (sahAyatA) denA hai| saraNe paiTTha jIva rakkhijjai / sudaMsaNacariu 6.18.11 - zaraNa meM Aye hue jIva kI rakSA karanI caahiye| *** 137 For Personal & Private Use Only

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prAkRta bhASA ke vikAsa hetu kendra sarakAra ke samakSa prastuta chaha sujhAva saMskRta/prAkRta/pAli bhASA ke vikAsa hetu dinAMka 22 janavarI san 2013 ko mAnava saMsAdhana vikAsa maMtrAlaya, bhArata sarakAra, naI dillI dvArA gaThita "rASTrIya saMskRta pariSad" kI baiThaka kendrIya mAnava saMsAdhana vikAsa maMtrI mAnanIya zrI ema. ema. pallamma rAju jI kI adhyakSatA meM zAstrI bhavana meM Ayojita huii| jisameM deza ke khyAtilabdha bhASAvid, deza ke sabhI saMskRta vizvavidyAlayoM ke mAnanIya kulapati evaM sabhI saMskRta akAdamiyoM ke saciva, ucca zikSA saciva tathA saMbaMdhita aneka viziSTa adhikArI evaM sadasya sammilita hue| isa pariSad meM prAkRta bhASA kI ora se nAmita sadasya pro. phUlacanda jaina premI nidezaka, bI. ela. insTITyUTa oNpha iNDolaoNjI, dillI evaM pAli bhASA kI ora se pro. bhAgacanda jaina bhAskara, nAgapura sammilita hue| sarvaprathama isa pariSad ke sadasya saciva evaM rASTrIya saMskRta saMsthAna ke mA. kulapati pro. rAdhAvallabha tripAThI ne isa pariSada kI pUrva Ayojita baiThaka tathA anya pragati riporTa ke sAtha hI rASTrIya saMskRta saMsthAna evaM usake dasa parisaroM, Adarza yojanAoM Adi kI pragati AkhyA kA vistRta vivaraNa prastuta kiyaa| kucha mAnanIya sadasyoM ne saMskRta bhASA ke vikAsa evaM usake vyApaka pracAra-prasAra hetu apane sujhAva evaM naI yojanAyeM kendra sarakAra ke samakSa prastuta kii| prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya ke vikAsa hetu pro. phUlacanda jaina premI dvArA prastuta kiye gaye sujhAvoM ko mA. maMtrI mahodaya evaM sampUrNa pariSad ne gambhIratA se sunA, vicAra kiyA aura inheM pariSad kI kAryavAhI meM sammilita kara liyA gayA hai| 138 For Personal & Private Use Only

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yadyapi prAkRta aura apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya ke vikAsa hetu sujhAka aura upAya batalAye jA sakate haiM, kintu isakI pahala hetu Arambhika rUpa meM chaha sujhAva isa prakAra prastuta kiye gaye haiM aneka - 1. sarakAra dvArA mAnya bhASAoM kI AThavIM anusUcI meM prAkRta bhASA ko sammilita kiyA jAye prAkRta bhASA prAcIna kAla meM janabhASA ke rUpa meM eka samRddha rAjabhASA rahI hai| vartamAna meM isakA vizAla sAhitya upalabdha hai / kintu sarakAra kI ora se isake vyApaka pracAra-prasAra hetu abhI taka atyalpa hI prayAsa hue haiN| ataH bhArata sarakAra dvArA bhASAoM kI mAnya AThavIM anusUcI meM prAkRta bhASA ko bhI sammilita kiyA jAye, tAki isakI caraNabaddha rUpa meM nirantara pragati hotI rhe| 2. Adarza prAkRta mahAvidyAlaya evaM zodha saMsthAna kI sthApanA rASTrIya saMskRta saMsthAna se sambaddha aneka Adarza saMskRta mahAvidyAlaya evaM kucha Adarza saMskRta zodha saMsthAna sampUrNa deza meM saMcAlita ho rahe haiN| ataH Arambhika caraNa meM kama se kama eka prAkRta mahAvidyAlaya evaM eka prAkRta zodha saMsthAna ko Adarza yojanA ke antargata gRhIta karake rASTrIya saMskRta saMsthAna ke antargata sthApita kiyA jaae| jayapura, vArANasI, mumbaI, lakhanaU evaM bhopAla - ina zaharoM meM se kisI eka meM inakI sthApanA se prAkRta bhASA ke adhyayana ke icchuka vidyArthI evaM zodha chAtra sahaja rUpa meM bahutAyata upalabdha ho sakate haiN| - 3. kendrIya vizvavidyAlayoM meM prAkRta vibhAga kI sthApanA kendra sarakAra dvArA sthApita deza ke kisI bhI kendrIya vizva- vidyAlayoM evaM anya ucca zikSA saMsthAnoM meM prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya ke adhyayana hetu svatantra vibhAga nahIM haiN| ataH Arambha meM inameM se kucha pramukha vizvavidyAlayoM meM svatantra prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya vibhAga kI sthApanA kI jaaye| - - 4. deza ke sabhI mAdhyamika stara ke pAThyakramoM meM prAkRta pAThyakrama kA nirdhAraNa - sI. bI. esa. I. tathA deza ke anya sabhI mAdhyamika (10+2) stara kI parIkSAoM ke pAThyakrama meM nirdhArita bhASAoM ke sthAna 139 For Personal & Private Use Only

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para vaikalpika rUpa meM prAkRta bhASA ke pAThyakrama ke adhyayana kA prAvadha Ana kiyA jaaye| isase aba taka prAkRta meM ucca zikSA prApta zatAdhika yuvA vidvAnoM ko rojagAra ke avasara bhI prApta ho sakeMge, sAtha hI mAdhyamika kakSAoM se hI prAkRta bhASA ke adhyayana ke prati chAtroM meM AkarSaNa bar3hegA aura isase prAkRta bhASA ke vyApaka pracAra-prasAra evaM adhyayana ko bhI adhika bar3hAvA milegaa| 5. rASTrIya saMskRta saMsthAna ke parisaroM meM prAkRta vibhAga kI sthApanA - rASTrIya saMskRta saMsthAna ke dasa parisaroM meM se kisI bhI parisara meM svataMtra vibhAga ke rUpa meM prAkRta vibhAga nahIM hai| isase prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya ke adhyayana ke icchuka chAtra vaMcita raha jAte haiN| ata: prArambhika caraNa meM kisI eka upayukta parisara meM svataMtra prAkRta vibhAga kI sthApanA kI jaaye| 6. prAkRta evaM pAli donoM bhASAoM ke vidvAnoM ko pratyeka varSa rASTrapati puraskAra kA prAvadhAna - abhI taka prAkRta evaM pAli bhASA ke vidvAnoM meM se bArI-bArI se prativarSa kisI eka bhASA ke vidvAn ko kramazaH rASTrapati puraskAra pradAna kiyA jAtA hai| ataH prAkRta evaM pAli donoM ke alaga-alaga vidvAnoM ko prativarSa rASTrapati puraskAra pradAna kiyA jaaye| sAtha hI puraskAra kI sammAnita rAzi bhI saMskRta bhASA ke puraskAra kI taraha pradAna kI jaaye| vizeSa - yadi kendra aura rAjya sarakAreM Arambhika rUpa meM caraNabaddha paddhati se uparyukta sujhAvoM ko kAryAnvita karatI haiM to nizcita hI prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA vikAsa sugamatA se saMbhava hai| rAjya sarakAroM ko bhI saMskRta aura hindI Adi akAdamI kI taraha prAkRta bhASA kI akAdamI sthApita karane hetu pahala karanI caahiye| 140 For Personal & Private Use Only

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. sahAyaka grantha sUcI apabhraMza abhyAsa saurabha, DaoN. kamalacaMda sogANI, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura, san 2012; apabhraMza bhAratI (aMka 7) meM prakAzita, DaoN. sakaladeva zarmA kA lekha "apabhraMza sAhitya kA punarAvalokana, prakA0 apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura; apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya, DaoN. rAjamaNi zarmA, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI , 2009; apabhraMza bhASA sAhitya kI zodha-pravRttiyA~, DaoN. devendra kumAra zAstrI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI 1996; apabhraMza : bhASA aura vyAkaraNa - DaoN. ziva sahAya pAThaka, prakAzaka - ma. pra. hindI grantha akAdamI, bhopAla, 1976; abhinava prAkRta vyAkaraNa, DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI, tArA pablikezana; aSTAdhyAyI : pANinI, prakA. khemarAja zrIkRSNadAsa, mumbaI, samvat 1954; 8. AyAro, jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM, rAjasthAna; 9. gAthAsaptazatI : motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI; 10. jainadharma : eka jhalaka, DaoN. anekAnta jaina, meraTha, 2006; 11. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (bhAga 1-6), pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI; 12. jainendra siddhAnta koza (bhAga 1-4): jinendravarNI bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI; . 141 For Personal & Private Use Only

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17. 13. nATyazAstra : bharata muni, saM. DaoN. pArzvanAtha dvivedI, prakA. sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI, 1992; .. pAiasadda mahaNNavo, prAkRta graMtha pariSada, vArANasI, 1972; 15. pravacana parIkSA, sampA0 pro. phUlacanda jaina premI, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI; 16. prAkRta-apabhraMza tathA anya bhAratIya bhASA meM, DaoN. premasumana jaina, prakAzana bhArata jaina mahAmaNDala, bambaI, 1975; prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, DaoN. nemicaMda zAstrI, prakAzana tArA buka ejensI, vArANasI, 1988; 18. prAkRta-bhASA evaM sAhitya, sampA. DaoN. prema sumana jaina, prAkRta jJAna bhAratI, ejukezana TrasTa, baiMgalora 1993; . prAkRta bhASAoM kA rUpadarzana, AcArya narendranAtha, rAmA prakAzana, najIrAbAda, lakhanaU 1973; 20. prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa, DaoN. Ara. pizala, vidvata rASTrabhASA pariSada, paTanA, 1958; prAkRta vyAkaraNa, AcArya hemacandra kRta, saMpA. DaoN. ke. vA. ApTe, caukhambA saMskRta bhavana, vArANasI, 1996; / 22. prAkRta vyAkaraNa, jaina divAkara divya jyoti kAryAlaya, byAvara; 23. prAkRta vyAkaraNa pravezikA, DaoN. satyaraMjana banarjI, jaina bhavana kalakattA, 1999; 24. prAkRta-zabda pradIpikA, nRsiMha zAstrI, saMskRta pariSad, usmAniyA vizvavidyAlaya, haidarAbAda 1992; prAkRta-sAhitya kA itihAsa, DaoN. jagadIza caMda jaina, caukhambA vidyA bhavana, vArANasI, 1985; prAcIna bhArata ke pramukha abhilekha, DaoN. paramezvarI lAla gupta, vizvavidyAlaya prakAzana, vArANasI 2007; . 21. 26. 142 For Personal & Private Use Only

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31. 27. bhArata kI bhASAyeM : DaoN. rAjamala borA, vANI prakA., naI dillI; 28. madhyakAlIna saTTakanATaka : saMpA. DaoN. rAjArAma jaina, prakA. prAcya zramaNa bhAratI, ArA, 1992; ( mUlAcAra kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pro. phUlacanda jaina premI, prakAzaka - pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI-1987; mUlAcAra : bhASA vacanikA, saM. phUlacanda premI evaM DaoN. munnI jaina, prakA. anekAnta vidvat pariSad, 1996; rAjasthAnI bhASA aura sAhitya, DaoN. motIlAla, jayapura; 32. vajjAlaggaM - jayavallabhakRta, anu. DaoN. vizvanAtha pAThaka, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, 1984; / zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya kA itihAsa, DaoN. indu jaina, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI, 2011; 34. zaurasenI prAkRta sAhitya ke pramukha AcArya, pro. phUlacanda jaina premI, saM. saM: vi. vi., vArANasI, (saMkAya patrikA bhAga-3); 35. saMskRta rUpaka aura prAkRta, DaoN. mahezvara prasAda siMha, prakAzaka . - Aditya buka senTara, kamalAnagara, dillI, 1997; 36. . samaNasuttaM, prakA. sarva sevA saMgha, rAjaghATa, vArANasI, 1989; 37. hindI gadya ke vikAsa meM jaina manISi paM. sadAsukhadAsa kA yogadAna, DaoN. munnI jaina, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, 2002; 38. hindI sAhitya : udbhava aura vikAsa, DaoN. hajArI prasAda dvivedI, rAjakamala prakAzana, naI dillI; - *** - 143 For Personal & Private Use Only

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LIST OF OUR SOME PUBLICATIONS A catalogue of Manuscripts in the Jaisalmer Jain Bhandaras (In Hindi) by MUNI SHRI JAMBUVIJAYJI Apabhransha Language and Literature by DR. H.C. BHAYANI Arhat Parsva and Dharanendra Nexus by PROF. M.A. DHAKY Jain Philosophy and Religion by DR. NAGIN J. SHAH Jain Theory of Multiple Facets of Reality and Truth (Anekantavada) by DR. NAGIN J. SHAH 7. Jaina Bhasa Darsan (in Hindi) by DR. SAGARMAL JAIN 8-9. Jaina Uddharan Kosh-Vol. I & II, by DR. KAMALESH K. JAIN Mahabharat based plays and epics (till 1300 A.D.) (in Gujarati) by DR. S.M. PANDYA 10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. Pancagranthi Vyakarana of Buddhisagarsuri (A Critical Edition) by DR. N. M. KANSARA Pancasutrakam of Cirantanacarya by MUNI SHRI JAMBUVIJAYA Patan-Jain-Dhatu-Pratima-Lekha-Sangraha (In Hindi) by Pt. LAXMAN BHAI H. BHOJAK Patanjala Yoga Evam Jaina Yoga Ka Tulanatmaka Adhyayana (In Hindi) by DR. A. ANAND 15-16. Prakrit Verses in Sanskrit Works on Poetics, Vol. I & II, by Dr. V.M. KULKARNI Shantinathacaritam (Prakrit) of Devacandra Suri (In Hindi) by MUNI SHRI DHARMADHURANDHARSURI Some Aspects of the Rasa Theory by DR. V.M. KULKARNI Studies in Sanskrit Sahitya Sastra by DR.V.M. KULKARNI Tattvachintamani of Gangesh Upadhyaya with Sukhabodhika by DR. NAGIN J. SHAH 11. 12. 13. 14. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. The Gahakosa of Hala, part-II by DR. V. M. PATWARDHAN Samavayangasuttam, English Tr. & Ed. by ASHOK K. SINGH Prakrit Bhasha Vimarsh, by PROF. PHOOL CHAND JAIN PREMI For Personal & Private Use Only

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pro0 phUlacanda jaina 'premI' vArANasI mAtA evaM pitA- sva. zrImatI udyaitI devI evaM siMghaI nemicandra jaina janmatithi evaM sthAna- 12.07.1948, po. A. dalapatapura, sAgara (ma.pra.) zikSA- ema. e. (saMskRta), pI-eca.DI., sAhityAcArya, zAstrAcArya (jainadarzana), prAkRtAcArya, siddhAntazAstrI vizeSajJatA kA kSetra- prAkRta-pAli-saMskRta, apabhraMza bhASA evaM sAhitya, jainadharma-darzana, prAcya bhAratIya evaM zramaNa saMskRti, itihAsa samprati kAryakSetra - nidezaka, bI. ela. insTITyUTa oNpha iNDolaoNjI, dillI, 1. pUrva prophesara evaM jainadarzana vibhAgAdhyakSa, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI, 2. pUrva-adhyakSa, a.bhA.di. jaina vidvat pariSad, 3. adhiSThAtA - zrI syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya, vaaraannsii| sampAdaka- 'jainasaMdeza' bhA. di. jaina saMgha, mathurA se prakAzita paakssik-ptr| prakAzita nibandha- jainadharma-darzana, samAja-saMskRti evaM prAkRta saMskRta-bhASA evaM sAhitya viSayaka zatAdhika zodha evaM sAmayika Alekha prkaashit| prakAzita maulika grantha- 1. mUlAcAra kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana (tIna puraskAroM se puraskRta zodhaprabandha) 2. lADanUM ke jaina maMdira kA kalA-vaibhava 3. vaidika vrAtya aura zramaNa saMskRti 4. jainadharma meM zramaNasaMgha 5. jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM tapa 6. uttara pradeza kA jaina sAhitya ko avdaan| sampAdita grantha : 1. mUlAcAra : bhASA-vacanikA (puraskRta bRhad grantha) 2. pravacana-parIkSA 3. zramaNa Avazyaka niyukti 4-5. tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha (isa viSayaka do grantha) 6. AdipurANa parizIlana, 7. Atmaprabodha, 8. AtmAnuzAsana, 9. saMskRta vAGmaya kA bRhad itihAsa (dvAdaza khaNDa), 10. bIsavIM sadI ke jaina manISiyoM kA avadAna, 11. mathurA kA jaina sAMskRtika purAvaibhava, 12. jaina vidyA ke vividha AyAma, 13. syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya zatAbdI smArikA, 14. RSabha saurabha, 15. abhinandana grantha (anek)| puraskAra- 1. zrI cAMdamala pANDyA puraskAra (1981), 2. mahAvIra puraskAra (1988), 3. campAlAla smRti sAhitya puraskAra, 4. prAkRta sAhitya kA viziSTa puraskAra (u. pra. saMskRta saMsthAna, lakhanaU), 5. zrutasaMvardhana puraskAra (1988), 6. gommaTezvara vidyApITha (2000), 7. AcArya jJAnasAgara puraskAra (2005), 8. ahiMsA iNTaranezanala evArDa (2009), 9. DaoN. pannAlAla sAhityAcArya puraskAra (2009), 10. a. bhA. jaina vidvat sammelana, zravaNabelagolA kA 'saMyojakIya' sammAna (2006) sthAyI patA- anekAnta vidyA bhavana bI 23/45 pI-6 zAradAnagara, khojavAM, vArANasI, mo. 09450179254, 09868883648, anekant76@yahoo.co.in For Personal & Private Use Only