Jain Sahitya ka Samajshastriya Itihas

Author(s): Usha Agarwal
Publisher: Classical Publishing Company
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032855/1

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa uSA agravAla

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pustaka paricaya "jaina sAmAjika vicAroM kA itihAsa" jaina vAGgamaya para AdhArita hai| jaina vAGgamaya bhAratIya vAGgamaya kA eka abhinna aMga haiN| jainAcAryoM evaM sAhityakAroM ne samaya, paristhitiyoM evaM sAmAjika gatividhiyoM ke anukUla saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza, kannar3a, gujarAtI, mAraThI evaM tamila Adi sabhI bhASAoM meM dharma evaM darzana se sambandhita granthoM kA sRjana kiyaa| jaina darzana kI pravRtti samanvayavadI evaM udAravAdI hone ke kAraNa jaina dhArmika granthoM evaM sAhitya meM tatkAlIna sAmAjika, sAMskRtika, rAjanaitika evaM bhogolika itihAsa bhI vividha pakSoM ke sAtha svataH pratiphalita huA hai| "sAhitya" samAja kA darpaNa mAnA gayA hai| jaina sAhitya ke vibhinna svarupa-purANa, carita kAvya, kathAsAhitya evaM abhilekha bhAratIya saMskRti ke vizvakoSa haiN| ataevaM bhAratIya samAja evaM saMskRti kA sarvAGgINa vaijJAnika adhyayana karane hetu "jaina sAmAjika vicAroM ke itihAsa" ko adhyayana kendra (viSaya) banAyA gayA hai| jaina sAmAjika vicAroM kA samAjazAstrIya vizleSaNa prastuta karane hetu aitihAsika evaM tulAnAtmaka paddhatiyoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina samAja udAravAdI, nivRttimArgI evaM AdarzonmukhI hote hue bhI yathArthavAdI dharAtala para TikA hai| yaha yathArthavAdI dharAtala aitihAsika ghaTanAoM evaM sAmAjika jIvana ke vividha pakSoM se nirmita huA haiN| bhAratIya rASTra, vividha prakAra ke samAja, vibhinna dharma, sampradAya, varga Adi ke vividha koTi ke manuSyoM ke AcAra, vyavahAra, siddhAnta, purUSArtha, saMskAra, Azrama vyavasthA, rItinIti, janajIvana paddhati, rAjatantra, vANijya, vyavasAya arthopArjana evaM samAja saMgaThana ke bahuvidha vaijJAnika vicAra bhAratIya samAja ke dharohara rUpa meM prApta hote haiN| lekhikA paricaya DaoN. uSA agravAla, ema. e. (samAjazAstra evaM itihAsa) vizvavidyAlayIya yogyatA sUcI meM kramazaH dvitIya evaM tRtIya sthAna, pI.eca. DI., rIDara evaM vibhAgAdhyakSA, samAjazAstra, ku~. Ara. sI. ma. pI. jI., kAleja mainapurI (u. pra.) meM sitambara 1982 se kAryarata anekoM sammelanoM evaM goSThiyoM meM sakriya bhUmikA, vibhinna zodha patrikAoM meM kaI zodha patra prakAzita, "vyAvahArika samAjazAstra" para zIghra hI pustaka prakAzita hone vAlI hai| ISBN 81-7054-350-9 Rs. 400.00

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa

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merI UrjA ke preraNA-srota mere antasa ke sArasvata Aloka ke jyoti 'puMja' pUjya pitAjI zrI gauragopAla mAnasiMhakA / ko sAdara samarpita ..

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa DaoN0 uSA agravAla rIDara evaM vibhAgAdhyakSA (samAjazAstra) ku~ Ara.sI.ma.pI.jI. kaoNleja mainapurI klAsikala pabliziMga kampanI naI dillI

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ISBN: 81-7054-350-9 (c) - DaoN. (zrImatI) uSA agravAla prathama saMskaraNa - san 2002 prakAzaka : bI. ke. tanejA klAsikala pabliziMga kampanI 28, zaoNpiMga kAmplaiksa, karmapurA, naI dillI-110015 lez2ara TAipasaiTiMga : elIgeMTa priMTogrAphiksa 74, saverA apArTamaiMTa, saikTara-13 rohiNI, dillI-110085 mUlya - 400.00 mudraka : nAgarI priMTarsa navIna zAhadarA, dillI-110032

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Amukha samAjika vicAraka apane maulika cintana, manana evaM adhyayana dvArA tatkAlIna sAmAjika paristhitiyoM evaM gatividhiyoM ko apane sAhitya meM pratiphalita karate haiN| bhAratIya itihAsa evaM tatkAlIna samAja evaM saMskRti ke vividha pakSoM kA jJAna karAne meM jaina sAmAjika vicAraka apanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhate haiN| "jaina samAja" bhAratIya samAja kA eka abhinna evaM prAcIna samAja hai| jaina dharma ke aMtargata caubIsa tIrthakaroM dvArA diye gaye upadezoM ke AdhAra para jaina purANoM, caritakAvyoM, kathAsAhitya evaM abhilekhIya sAhitya kI racanA kI gii| dhArmika grantha evaM tatkAlIna likhA gayA sAhitya hI itihAsa nirmANa kI paraMparA ko spaSTa karate haiN| "sAhitya samAja kA darpaNa" hotA hai| kisI bhI samUha, samudAya, samAja, samiti saMsthA evaM rASTra kA hama taba taka saMpUrNa evaM samIcIna adhyayana nahIM kara sakate, jaba taka ki usake itihAsa kA sabhya rUpa se saMkalana karake usakA vizada adhyayana na kara leN| ataH jaina samAja kA samAjazAstrIya pariprekSya se adhyayana karane ke lie aitihAsika paraMparAoM ko itihAsa nirmANa ke nimila khoja nikAlane, aitihAsika mAnyatAoM kA itihAsa nirmANa kI dRSTi meM upayoga karane kI dizA meM inakA kinA vizAla yogadAna ho sakatA hai, kI jAnakArI hetu aitihAsika paddhati kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| jaina sAhitya bhAratIya vAr3amaya kA eka abhinna aMga hai| jaina sAhitya kA sUtrapAta mahAvIra ke nirvANoparAnta 160 I. pU. meM huaa| samaya-samaya para jaina itihAsakAroM evaM sAhityakAroM ne yuga kI paristhitiyoM evaM gatividhiyoM ko parakhate hue vibhinna bhASAoM meM sAhitya nirmANa kiyaa| apane dhArmika evaM dArzanika siddhAntoM ko sthAyI evaM vyApaka rUpa pradAna karane ke sAtha hI bhAratIya saMskRti ke badalate hue jIvana mUlyoM ko dRSTigata karate hue navIna pratimAnoM ke anusAra sAhitya sRjana kiyA gyaa| se spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina itihAsakAroM evaM sAmAjika vicArakoM ne saMskRti ke anya pakSoM kI apekSA dharma evaM darzana ke siddhAntoM ke sAtha AcAra vyavahAra ko vizeSa sthAna diyA hai vahIM uttarayugIna sAhitya meM dharma evaM darzana ke siddhAntoM, AcAra vyavahAroM ke sAtha hI bhAratIya saMskRti apane vividha pakSoM - sAmAjika, sAMskRtika, rAjanaitika, Arthika evaM bhaugolika rUpoM meM pratiphalita huI hai| jaina itihAsakAroM evaM sAmAjika vicArakoM dvArA apane granthoM meM kiye gaye

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vi kAlanirdeza itihAsa nirmANa evaM samAja kI parivartanazIla prakRti ko spaSTa karane meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna dete haiN| chaThI zatAbdI I. vI kA uttarayugIna sAhitya hindU AkhyAnoM evaM upAkhyAnoM se prabhAvita huaa| phalataH aneka jaina sAhityika vidhAoM-caritakAvya, purANa, kathA sAhitya Adi kA praNayana huA jo racanAkAlIna samAja kI paraMparAoM aura mAnyatAoM ko samAhita kiye hue hai| jaina sAmAjika vicArakoM neapanI sAhityika vidhAoM ko saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza, kabhar3a gujarAtI, marAThI evaM tamila Adi bhASAoM meM likhA hai, unameM tatkAlIna sAmAjika dhArmika, rAjanaitika evaM sAhityika vivaraNa prastuta kiye haiN| hindU samAja "vasudhaiva kuTumbakam" kI bhAvanA ko apane meM saMjoye hue hai| phira bhI hindU samAja ko aura adhika udAnta banAne ke dRSTikoNa se hindU tathyoM kA bhI jaina vicArakoM ne jainIkaraNa kiyA hai| hindU AkhyAnoM para AdhArita kathA sAhitya evaM abhilekhIya sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja evaM saMskRti meM mAnya saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, AcAryoM kI vaMzAvali ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| jaina aitihAsika tathyoM bhogabhUmi, karmabhUmi, avasarpiNI-utsarpiNI, bhaktidhArA yoga evaM upAsanA, tapa evaM AcAraevaM anya dhArmika siddhAntoM, mandira evaM mUrti pUjA paddhati, varNAzrama vyavasthA, purUSArtha, karma siddhAnta Adi para hindU prabhAva evaM samAnatA dikhAte hue jaina tihAsakAroM kI udAravAdI, dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| lekhana zailI meM isa bAta kA pUrNa dhyAna rakhA gayA hai ki pustaka meM varNita sAmagrI ko pAThaka saralatA pUrva samyak rUpa se samajha skeN| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki jaina samAja aura usake itihAsa ko samajhane meM yaha pustaka sahAyaka siddha hogii| bhAratIya vAr3amaya ke mahatvapUrNa aMga jaina vAr3amaya kA itihAsa nirmANa kI dRSTi se adhyayana, . evaM aitihAsika evaM sAmAjika paraMparA ke vividha svarUpoM kA itihAsa evaM samAjazAstra ke navIna mApadaMDoM ko spaSTa karane meM yaha pustaka mahatvapUrNa evaM dizA nirdezita karane meM sakSama siddha hogii| yahA~ maiM una sabhI vidvAnoM ke prati AbhAra pradarzita karanA apanA parama dAyitva samajhatI hU~ jinakI racanAoM evaM dizA nirdezana kA lAbha isa pustaka meM uThAyA gayA hai| maiM pustaka ke prakAzaka zrI bI. ke. tanejA ko vizeSa rUpa se dhanyavAda nA cAhU~gI jinake sadprayatnoM evaM sahayoga se yaha pustaka ati suMdara DhaMga se prakAzita ho pAyI hai| sahRdaya pAThakoM evaM vidvatajjanoM se namra nivedana hai ki apane sujhAvoM dvArA anugrahita kreN| DaoN (zrImatI) uSA agravAla

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Abbreviations jai0zi0saM0 ca0ma0pa0ca0 A0ka0ko0 pa0ka0ko0 bR0ka0ko0 jai0rA0 ti0ma0 . sa0ka0 ya0ca0 pra0ci0 vAhika R0ve0 a0ve0 pu0vi0 ma0bhA0 yonda0 zA0pa0 ka0u0 ma0smRti pra0sA0 bha0gI0 bA0rA0 sA0pA0 ra0ka0zrA0 hi0sa0 u0rA0ca0mA AgR0sU0 A0zru0 jainazilAlekha saMgraha caupannamahAparisacariyaM ArAdhanAkathAkoSa puNyAstravakathAkoSa bRhatkathAkoSa jainarAmAyaNa tilaka maMjarI samarAiccakahA yazodharacarita . prabandhacintAmaNi vAsudevahiNDI Rgveda arthaveda purANa vimarza mahAbhArata yogadarzana zAntiparva kaThopaniSad manusmRti pravacanasAra bhagavadgItA bAlmIki rAmAyaNa sAmAyika pATha ratnakANDa zrAvakAcAra hindU saMskAra .. uttarAmacaritamAnasa AzvAlayana gRhayasUtra AcArAMgazruta . samavAyAMgasUtra trizaSThilakSaNa mahApurANa AdipurANa mahApurANa uttarapurANa sa0sU0 tri0la0ma0pu0 A0pu0 ma0pu0 u0pu0

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viii ha0pu0 pa0pu0 pa0ca0 pa0ca0 pa0ca0 vA0pu0 mA0pu0 pA0pu0 bra0pu0 vi0pu0 zi0ma0pu0 ya0ca0 baM0ca0 va0ca0 ne0ni0ma0 jI0ca0 triza0pu00 ca0ca0 dhaza0 dvi0saM0ma0 . pra0ca0 * ha0kA0 pa0kA0 a00 e00 i0e0 i0hi0kvA0 ji0ra0ko0 pra0saM0dvA0 ni0sA0 sa0si0 ka0vi0 dha0pha ka0sa0sA0 harivaMzapurANa padmapurANa padmacarita paumacariya vimalasUri paumacariu svayambhU . bhAgavata purANa vAyupurANa mArkaNDeyapurANa pArzvanAthapurANa brahmANDapurANa viSNupurANa zivamahApurANa yazastilaka campU baMrAgacarita barddhamAnavarita neminirvANamahAkAvya jIvandharacampU trizaSThizalAkApuruSacarita candraprabhavarita dharmazarmAbhyUdaya dvisaMdhAnamahAkAvya pramumnavarita hammIrakAvya padmAnanda kAvya abhayakumAra carita epigrApikA iNDikA iNDiyana eNTIkaverI iNDiyana hisTorikala riTalI jinaratnakoSa praznasaMvaradvAra niyamasAra sarvArtha siddhi dharmaparIkSA kathAsaritsAgara

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ix vai0i0 a0za0 ku0pA0pra0 vi0ka0sa0 nA0pra0pa0 pu0ja0ma0a0 va0dha0sU0 jai0vi0mI0 zi0va0 tai00 mR0ka0 yA0smRti tai0u0 bha0A0 bhA0sa0jaindhavyo jai0sA0bR0i0 su0ma0gra0. tri0sA0 jai0vi0mI0 ka0sU0 prA0bhA0a0a0 pU0ma0kA0bhA0 hi0ka0i0pI0 pU0ma0kA0bhA0 prA0bhA0zA0pa0 prA0bhA0i0 jai0sA030 jai0A0sA0bhA0sa0 ya0ca0i0ka0 bhA0da0 jai00 pre0a0gra0 jai0ka0sAM0a0 A0pu0sa0a0 vaidika inDaiksa avadAna zataka kumArapAla pratibodha vinodakathAsaMgraha nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA purANika jaina mahilA aMka vaziSTha dharma sUtra jainavihAra mImAsA zizupAla vadha taittarIya upaniSada mRcchakaTika yAjJavalakya smRti taittarIya upaniSada bhagavatI ArAdhanA bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna jaina sAhitya kA bRhada itihAsa svarNa mahotsava grantha trilokasAra jainavihAramImAMsA kalpasUtra prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana pUrvamadhyakAlIna bhArata hisTrI eNDa kalcara aupha iNDiyana pIpula pUrvamadhyakAlIna bhArata prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa jainijma ina sAutha iNDiyA jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja yazastilaka campU eNDa iNDiyana kalcara bhAratIya darzana jaina dharma premI abhinandana grantha jaina kathAoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana Adi purANa kA sAMskRtika adhyayana aprakAzita zodha prabandha

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i00 jai0sA0saM060 prA0sA030 hi0eDa0i0 mai00 jai0si0e0 AI0phi0 e0oNpha0hi030 sTa00 hi0mii0 jI0sU0 ka00 ka0sa0sA0 jai0vyA0 pra0sA0 sthA0sU00 bha0A0 ni0cU0pI0 o0ni0 jJAtU0ka0 A0cU0 ni0cU0 bRhata0bhA0pI0 vya0bhA0 ma0zA0pa0 kau0artha jambU0pra0 ni0bhA0 cottiio vyA0pra0 ma0ni0 pi0sU0 au0sU0 sthA0sU0 . rAja0pra0TI0 itihAsa darzana jaina sAhityikA saMkSipta itihAsa prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa hindU eDIminisTreTiva insTriTayUzansa maiDivala jainijma jaina sisTama oNpha ejukezana iNDiyana philAsaphI elImeMTasa oNpha hindU ikonogrAphI sTaDIja ina jainijma hisTrI aupha miDievala iMDiyA jIvAbhigamasUtra karakaMDucariu kathAsaritsAgara jainendra vyAkaraNa pravacanasAra . sthAnAMgasUtrakramAMka bhagavatI ArAdhanA nizIdhacUrNa pIThikA audhanimukti jJAtUdharmakathA AvazyakacUrNI nizIthacUrNI bRhatkalpabhASyapIThikA vyavahArabhASya mahAbhArata zAntipUrva kauTilya arthazAstra jambUdvIpa prajJapti nizIthabhASya uttarAdhyayana TIkA vyAkhyAprajJApti mahAnizItha pipAkasUtra aupapAdika sUtra sthAnAMga sUtra rAjapraznIyaTIkA

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dI0ni0 u0cU0. . vi0sU0 AcA0cU0 * jai0sa0zo0 u0sU0 ni0sU0 pi0ni0 pra0vyA0 aM0ni0 ga00 sU0kR0 yA0smRti daza0cU0 ni0bha aMgu0ni0 gau0dha0sU0 ka0sU0TI u0da0 ni0va0 A0ni0 i0lau0sTa0 di0A0sa0au0gu0 di0A0sa0au00 jai0stU0e0a0e0au0ma0 jai0so0au0e00 e0i0hi00 ja0u0pra0hi0so0 kA0sa0 vA0saM0 i0mA0 jainyu0ni0 dIrghanikAya uttarAdhyayanacUrNI vipAkasUtra AcArAMgacUrNI jaina sandeza zodhAMka uttarAdhyayanasUtra nizIthasUtra piNDaniyukti praznavyAkaraNa aMguttaranikAya gacchAcAravRtti sUtrakRtAMga yAjJavalakya smRti dazavaikAlika cUrNI nizIthabhASya aMguntaranikAya gautamadharmasUtra kalpasUtraTIkA upAsakadazA niriyAvatio Avazyakaniyukti inDolojikala sTaDIja di Akaryolojikala sarve aupha gujarAta di Akaryolojikala sarve aupha maisUra jainastUpa eNDa adara eNTIkavarIja aupha mathurA jaina sorsaja aupha enziyanTa iNDiyA enziyanTa iNDiyana hisTorikala TreDIzansa jarnala aupha uttara pradeza hisTorikala sosAyaTI kAThaka saMhitA vAjasaneyI saMhitA ipika mAitholojI jaina yuga nirmANa

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viSayAnukramaNikA adhyAya vivaraNa pR0saM0 prathama jaina itihAsa kI utpatti eMva vikAsa chaThI zatAbdI I0vI0 se bArahavI zatAbdI I0vI0 taka jaina itihAsa kI paribhASA eMva vyAkhyA tulanAtmaka dRSTikoNa ko apanAte hue-1, jaina eMva jainetara itihAsa lekhana kI paddhatiyA~-3, jaina itihAsa kI prAcInatA eMva aitihAsikatA-4, jaina eMva jainetara sAhityika eMva purAtAtvika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para jaina itihAsa nirmANa kA prArambha eMva usakA vikAsa-6, chaThI zatAbdI I0vI0 se bArahavIM zatAbdI I0vI0 taka - vividha bhASAoM meM saMskRta sAhitya-10, prAkRta sAhitya-20, apabhraMza sAhitya, kannar3a sAhitya-33, tamila sAhitya.34, marAThI sAhitya.35 25 dvitIya jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kA uddezya eMva unakI vizeSatAeM jaina itihAsa nirmANa kI tatkAlIna paristhitiyA~ eMva unakA prabhAva-36, rAjanaitika, dhArmika,saMdha vyavasthA, sAmAjika uddezya - jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM ko sthAyI eMva vyApaka rupa denA - 40, trizaSThizalAkA - puruSoM kA caritra nirupaNa eMva tatsambandhita rAjavaMzoM kA ullekha . 45 arihaMta yA tIrthakara,cakravartI, balabhrada,nArAyaNa, pratinArAyaNa rAjavaMza - 56, ikSvAku,kuru,kAzyapa,hari nAga vidyAdhara rAkSasa eMva vAnaravaMza hindU dharma meM mAnya tathyoM kA jainIkaraNa karanA-61, jainadharma ke AzrayadAtAoM se sambandhita ghaTanAoM, kiyAkalApoM kA varNana-65, tatkAlIna samAja eMva saMskRti kA varNana-66, vizeSatAeM-kAlanirdeza-70,janasAdhAraNa kI bhASA-72 dhArmika upAkhyAnoM ke mAdhyama se dhaTanAoM kA varNana73, samanvayavAdI eMva udAravAdI dRSTikoNa apanAnA

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xiii . -74, AcAra,samudAya,sAMskRtika eMva sAhityika kSetra meM jainetara sAhitya kA sRjana eMva saMrakSaNa pradAna karanA75, sAmAjika eMva AdhyAtmika samAnatA ko sthApita kara prANImAtra ke lie sAdhanA kA mArga prastuta karanA .76, zAntimaya jIvana para bala-76, karma eMva pUrvabhavoM ke sambandhoM ko spaSTa karanA, AtmA kI ananta zaktiyoM kA varNana karanA-77, tatkAlIna jIvana ke sabhI kSetroM ke mahatvapUrNa pakSoM kA ullekha karanA -78 / tRtIya jaina itihAsa kA viSaya aura vikAsa jaina paramparA meM prApta jaina itihAsa kA prArambhika ullekha -76, tIrthakaroM dvArA samaya samaya para diye gaye upadezoM kA kAlakramAnusAra lupta eMva kSINa honA-80, jaina itihAsa lekhana kA prArambha eMva Agama sAhitya meM varNita viSaya-82, Agama sAhitya para likhe gaye vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya meM AgamoM meM varNita viSaya kA vikAsa-83,dhArmika-84, nivAsa sthAna, bairAgya,dIkSA, niSkamaNa saMskAra,muniAcAra,vratasaMyama gamanAnagamana, vidyAmaMtra eMva vidhAna,Adarza eMva apavAda mArga kA avalambana jainasaMgha-86, dhArmika sahiSNutA eMva samanvaya vAda-60, trezaTha zalAkA puruSoM ke janma dIkSA Adi sthAna eMva tatkAlIna samAja saMskRti eMva rAjanIti kA varNana-61, purANa,carita,kathA sAhitya eMva abhilekhIya sAhitya meM ina viSayoM kA vikAsa eMva siddhAnta rupa meM varNana -62 / caturtha purANa purANa kA artha eMva usakI vyAkhyA-64,jainapurANoM kA uddezya-65, jainapurANoM ke lakSaNa-65, jainapurANa lekhana kI paddhati eMva vizeSatAe~-68, purANoM meM varNita viSaya - bhogolika-loka sambandhI mAnyatAe-100,jambUdvIpa-101 kSetra.102, kulAcala.104, uttarakuru eMva devakuru-107, anya dvIpa-108, urdhvaloka eMva jyortiloka-111, /

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.in rAjanaitika-rAjya kI utpatti-112, rAjya ke aMga evaM rAjanItika gatividhi-113, abhiSeka - 114, antaHpura evaM rAjakIya Amoda pramoda-115, rAjAoM kI zikSA evaM kartavya-116, maMtripariSada-117, rAjanaitika vibhAjana118,kara vyavasthA-121, rAjyAparAdha eMva daNDa vyavasthA -122 purANa eMva samAja vyavasthA -- sAmAjika saMgaThana kA AdhAra-123, Azrama vyavasthA-128, nArI kA sthAna 126, jainaparva, utsava eMva zakuna,apazakuna kI mAnyatAeM -130 dhArmika-jainadharma kI prakRti-130, trayaratna-131, -144, daan-145| - paMcama kathA sAhitya jaina kathAkAroM kA uddezya-147, kathAsAhitya kii| . zailI-147,dhArmika-jaina dharma kI mAnyatAeM eMva siddhAnta -148, sAmAjika-suvyavasthita eMva saMgaThita samAja151,varNavyavasthA-153,vivAha-154,Amodapramoda-155, nArI kI sthiti-156,vezyA vRtti eMva vidhavA vivAha157,pardA,niyoga,eMva satI prthaa-158,gnnikaaeN-158| Arthika -arthopArjana ke sAdhana eMva sAmudrika yAtrAe~ / -156,Arthika sampannatA-160, / rAjanaitika-tatkAlIna rAjanItika vyavasthA-161,rAjA eMva usake guNa-162, daNDa vyavasthA-162,nyAyavyavasthA-163 / . SaSTha 114 caritakAvya caritakAvyoM kA uddezya,varNya viSaya,AdhAra eMva itihAsa nirmANa meM yogadAna-165, rAjanItika, - rAjA eMva usakI upAdhiyA~-166.rAjA ke guNa eMva kartavya-168,uttarAdhikAra eMva rAjyAbhiSeka-170,maMtripariSada-172,koSa-174. antararASTrIya sambandha evaM SADguNya nIti-175,dUtavyavasthA -177.guptavara vyavasthA-178,daNDavyavasthA-176,senya vyavasthA-180,yuddha eMva digvijaya-182 sAmAjika

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varNavyavasthA-185,saMskAra eMva vivAha-188, zikSA186,striyoM kI sthiti-160 bhogolika-loka sambandhI mAnyatAeM eMva loka sambandhita parvata,nadI,dvIpa kSetra Adi ' kA varNana-161 dhArmika-dhArmika paristhiti-166,janavarga eMva rAjyAzraya prApta zrAvaka dharma 167.gRhastha ke kartavya __-201,sallekhanA-202,mokSa-211, saptama 166 abhilekhIya sAhitya jaina abhilekha utkIrNa karane ke sAdhana, prakAra, uddezya paddhati evaM bhASA-230, abhilekhoM meM varNita samAja varNAzrama vyavasthA-232, saMskAra-238, vivAha evaM satIprathA-236, zikSA-240, striyoM kI sthiti-240, arthavyavasthA-kRSi evaM siMcAI ke sAdhana-241, bhUmi evaM upaja kI mApa-243, vyaapaar-246| rAjanaitika sthiti- vikendrIkaraNa kI prakriyA-247, sAmrAjya vibhAjana-246, rAjA, yuvarAja evaM uttarAdhikAra-252. maMtrimaMDala-254, pararASTravibhAga-254, senAvibhAga-255, arthavibhAga evaM kara vyvsthaa-257| dhArmika siddhAnta evaM sthiti - munivrata-256-60, maMdira evaM mUrti nirmANa-261, dAna, dAna ke avasara evaM / jainasaMgha evaM AcAryoM kI vaMzAvalI- saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, anvaya, bali kA prAraMbha, vikAsa evaM bhed-272| 1. mUlasaMgha - devagaNa, senAgaNa, (pogari yA hogarigaccha, candrakavATaanvaya) dezIgaNa-277, (ka) pustakagaccha-panasogevali, iMgulezvara vali, (kha) AgrasaMghagrahakula, (ga) candrarAcAryAmnAya, (gha) meNadAnvaya surasthagaNa (korUgaccha, citrakUTAnvaya) krANUragaNa, (tinviNIgaccha, meSapASagaccha, pustaka gaccha) vlaatkaargnn| 2. yApanIya saMgha - nandigaNa, punnAgavRkSamUlaguNa, kumudigaNa, kaNDUragaNa evaM kaareygnn| 3. drAvir3asA 4. mAthurasaMgha (lATavAgaNa gaNa) 5. gaur3a saMgha, jambUkhaNDagaNa, siNhduurgnn|

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zvi 6. maklUira, namilUra, mayUra saMgha evaM 7. kolintUra sNgh| aSThama jaina aitihAsika tathyoM para hindU prabhAva . 202 jaina itihAsa evaM saMskRti, purANa evaM purANa ke lakSaNa, , avasarpiNI evaM utsarpiNI yuga, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata evaM anya kRtiyoM evaM zailI para sAhitya sRjana, jaina mUrtikAla, yakSayakSiNiyA~ evaM gandharvamUrtiyAM, hindU devI devatAoM kA jaina devatAsamUha meM samAveza, (brahmA, viSNu, lakSmI, siddha, gaNeza ambikA sarasvatI, kRSNa, balarAma, revatI yA zaSThI, lokapAla, candra, apsarA evaM gandharva jaina dharma evaM darzana ke siddhAMtoM para prabhAva, (paMcamahAvrata, aNuvrata, dasadharma, syAdvAda, sAmyavAda, karmavAda) jaina upAsanA ke tIna AyAma, saguNa, evaM nirguNa bhakti evaM jainadharma, yoga, sthitaprajJa evaM vItarAga, mokSa evaM purUSArtha, varNAzramavyavasthA, dhArmika saMskAra (garbhAdhAna, priyodbhava, nAmakarma, bahirinA, annaprAzana, varSAvardhana, kezvA yA cola, upanayana, vratAcArya, vratAvrataraNa, vivAha / navam upasaMhAra sahAyaka grantha sUcI

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adhyAya -1 jaina itihAsa kI utpatti eMva vikAsa chaThI zatAbdI I0vI0 se bArahavIM zatAbdI I0vI0 taka hindU paramparA meM itihAsa kA ullekha atyanta hI prAcInakAla se pAyA jAtA hai| chAndogya upaniSada (7/1) ke bhASya meM AcArya zaMkara ne spaSTa rupa se itihAsa eMva purANa ke. pArthakya ko spaSTa kiyA hai| zaMkarAcArya kI dRSTi meM prAcIna AkhyAna tathA AkhyAyikA sUcaka bhAga itihAsa hai| itihAsa prAcIna AkhyAnoM kA varNana karatA hai, para vaha tithikama eMva ghaTanAoM kA saMkalana mAtra na hokara nAnA viSayoM kI zikSA dene vAlA,loka vyavahAra ke tatvoM ko udghATita karane vAlA evaM mAnava ke andara se moha eMva ajJAna ko nikAla kara use eka dizA pradAna karatA hai| Aja jo bhI jaina sAhitya upalabdha haiM vaha mahAvIra ke uttarakAla kA hai| jainadharma pUrNataH nivRttimArgI dharma eMva darzana rahA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki prArambhika jaina sAhitya ke graMtha apekSAkRta dArzanika tatvoM eMva dhArmika siddhAntoM kA vizleSaNa karate hue pAye jAteM haiN| sarvaprathama AcArya jinasenakRta harivaMza purANa meM itihAsa kI vyAkhyA prastuta kI gayI hai| AdipurANa meM iti iha AsIt yahA~ aisA huA athavA aisI aneka kathAoM kA usameM nirupaNa hone se zrRSiyoM ne itihAsa kahA hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki loga ise itivRtti aura aitihya bhI mAnate haiM / AcArya jinasena dvArA pratiSThApita itihAsa kI vyAkhyA para tatyugIna sAhitya eMva samAja meM pracalita itihAsa viSayaka vicAroM kA prabhAva lakSita hotA hai| kalhaNa ke anusAra kalhaNa se pUrva itihAsa lekhana paryApta unnati para thaa| kalhaNa apane se pUrva / / itihAsakAroM meM paoNca ke nAmoM kA ullekha karate haiM / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki pUrvamadhyakAla meM itihAsa lekhana kI paramparAaiM pracalita thI aura unakA nizcita rupa se AcArya jinasena para prabhAva par3A hai| jaina dharma nivRttimArgI dharmarahA hai phira bhI usakA dRSTikoNa hamezA samanvayavAdI rhaa| AcArya dvArA prastuta paribhASA ke antargata bhUtakAla meM ghaTita hone vAle vRtAnta jo Apta hoM, apane meM satyatA evaM vAstavikatA ko lie hoM, itihAsa kI zreNI meM Ate haiN| AcArya jinasena kI paribhASA itanI vAstavika eMva satya hai ki use--Adhunika paribhASAoM ke prakAza meM bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| Adhunika yuga meM bhI vAstavika tathyoM ko apane vAstavika rupa meM prastuta karanA itihAsakAroM kI pramukha vizeSatA mAnI gayI hai| eka itihAsakAra ko tathyoM ko prastuta karane meM vaijJAnika kI zreNI meM logoM ne rakhane kI ceSTAeM kI haiN|

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chaThI I0 ke pUrvayugIna eMva uttarayugIna jaina sAhitya ke avalokana se aisA jJAta hotA hai ki pUrvayugIna jaina sAhitya ke sRjana kartAoM ke sammukha mAtra dharma eMva dArzanika siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana karanA pramukha uddezya rhaa| chaThI I0 ke bAda kA jo jaina sAhitya hai vaha apanI katipaya vizeSatAoM ko lie hue hai| isa yuga kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai-samanvayavAda kI pravRtti / isa pravRtti kA prabhAva vibhinna kSetroM meM prApta hotA hai| itihAsa lekhana kI pUrvayugIna jainetara paramparAoM se jaina itihAsa lekhana bhI prabhAvita jAna par3atA hai| hindU paramparA meM itihAsa lekhana kA zrI gaNeza vaidika sAhitya kI vaMzagotra pravara tAlikAoM meM prApta hotA hai| vaidika sAhitya meM saMgrahIta nArAzaMsI gAthAoM kA ullekha bhI itihAsa ke vikAsa ko lakSita karane vAlA hai| purANa itihAsa lekhana ke vikAsa kI prakriyA kI sampuSTi karate haiN| purANoM meM prAcIna vaMzoM eMva vaMzAnucaritoM kA ullekha milatA hai| kalhaNa ne itihAsa ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai-pUrvakAlIna eMva arvAcIna / kalhaNa ke isa vibhAjana se bahuta kucha pUrvamadhyayugIna jaina purANakAra prabhAvita se jAna par3ate haiN| jaina purANoM meM vezaThazalAkA-puruSoM ke caritra nirupaNa,paramparAgata jaina itihAsa eMva kathAnakoM ke nivaddha karane kI ceSTAaiM pUrvamadhyayuga meM kI gayI haiN| jaina paramparA kA sampUrNa sAhitya gautamagaNadhara eMva zrutakevaliyoM ke mAdhyama se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| pariNAmasvarupa Apta vacana ke rupa meM svIkRta kiyA gayA hai| jaina dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke anusAra Aptavacana satyazaH hote haiM aura isI kAraNa jainadarzana meM Apta vacanoM ko pramANa rupa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina purANakAra AcArya jinasena dvArA prastuta kI gayI paribhASA para jainetara itihAsa lekhana kI paddhatiyoM kA prabhAva hai| jainadarzana nivRttimArgI eMva samanvayavAdI pravRtti hone ke kAraNa isa dharma ke granthoM meM tatkAlIna sAmAjika eMva sAMskRtika itihAsa bhI bahulatA ke sAtha pratiphalita huA hai| padmacarita eMva baMrAgavarita samAja eMva saMskRti ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se bar3e hI mahatvapUrNa hai| jaina eMva jainetara paramparAoM dvArA jJAta hotA hai ki jaina itihAsa atyanta prAcIna hai tathA isake saMsthApaka prathama tIrthakara RSama deva haiN| yajurveda meM RSabhadeva ajitanAtha eMva ariSTenami ina tIna tIrthakAroM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai| Rgveda,arthaveda,manusmRti,gopatha brAhmaNa eMva bhAgavata Adi graMthoM meM bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke aneka varNanoM meM unheM mUla pravartaka ke rupa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| Rgveda meM dAsoM eMva dasyuoM ke varNana ke sAtha paNi kA bhI ullekha milatA haiN| ye paNi

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jaina itihAsa kI utpatti evaM vikAsa vaidika devatA indra ko nahIM mAnate the| Aryo ke sAtha hone vAle yuddhoM se paNi zramaNa saMskRti ke pratIka hote haiN| Rgveda meM "vAtarazanA" zabda dvArA nagna mUrtiyoM kA smaraNa kiyA gayA hai| "vAtarazanA" zabda kA prayoga digambara rnigranthamuni ke lie kiyA gayA hai| bhAgavatapurANa meM bAtarazanA muniyoM ko vAtarazanA zramaNa RSi kahA gayA hai|12 RSabhAvatAra kA hetU bAtarazanA zramaNa RSiyoM ke dharma ko pragaTa karanA batalAyA gayA hai| Rgveda meM vAtarazanA RSi ke sAtha hI "kezI' kI stuti kI gayI hai jisakA artha ina RSiyoM ke pradhAna prathama tIrthakara RSabhadeva se lagAyA gayA hai|14 RSabha ke kaTila kezoM kI paramparA jainamartikalA meM prAcIna se arvAcIna taka akSuNNa hai| jaina purANoM meM bhI RSabha kI jaTAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| zivamahApurANa meM RSabhadeva ko ziva ke aTThAisa yogAvatAroM meM ginA gayA hai|16 sAhityika sAkSyoM kI hI bhAMti purAtAtvika sAkSya bhI RSabhadeva ko Adi pravartaka mAnate haiN| kaMkAlI TIle se phyUhara ko prApta jaina zilAleva meM RSabhadeva kI pUjA ke lie dAna dene kA ullekha hai| khaNDa giri,udayagiri kI hAthI guphA se prApta jaina samrATa khAkhela ke zilAlekha se RSabhadeva ke Adi tIrthakara hone eMva unakI mUrtipUjA hone ke ullekha milate haiN| sindhusabhyatA se prApta pazupati kI mUrti kAryotsarga mudrA meM khar3e hue devatAoM kI mudrA jainayogiyoM kI hai| sindhusabhyatA kI muhara para aMkita devamUrti meM eka baila banA hai, sambhava hai ki RSabha kA yaha pUrva rupa rahA ho, kyoMki RSabha kA artha baila hai jo AdinAtha kA cinha hai| rAdhAkamala mukarjI zaivadharma kI taraha jainadharma kA mUla bhI tAmrayugIna sindhu sabhyatA taka mAnate haiN| jaina paramparA batalAtI hai ki bhArata kA itihAsa bhogabhUmi kI avasthA se prArambha hotA hai| kramazaH isa avasthA meM parivartana huA eMva usa yuga kA prArambha huA jise purANakAroM ne karmabhUmi yuga kahA hai| isa yuga ko lAne vAle 14 kuMlakara mAne gaye haiN| RSabhadeva ke samaya se hI karma bhUmi yuga meM grAma,nagara Adi kI vyavasthA huyI RSabhadeva ne hI prajA ko asi,maSI,zilpa,vANijya,vidyA,kRSi ina SaTkarmo se AjIvikA pAlana sikhaayaa|" isalie inheM prajApati bhI kahA gayA hai| harivaMzapurANa se jJAta hotA hai ki jaba ye garbha meM the usa samaya devatAoM ne svarNa kI dRSTi kI isalie unheM "hiraNyagarbha' bhI kahate haiN|22 ikSu grahaNa karane ke kAraNa RSabha ko 'ikSvAkuvaMzIya' kahA gayA hai| inake putra bharata cakravartI ke nAma para hI isa deza .. kA nAma bhArata varSa pdd'aa| jaina paramparAnusAra RSabhadeva kI jaMghA para RSabha kA... cinha thA isalie RSabhadeva nAma pdd'aa| bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke lie zAstroM meM padama rAyA" "padama bhikakhAyare paDhamajiNe,paDhamatitaMdhakare zabda prayoga kiye gaye haiN| . . jaina paramparAoM se jJAta hotA hai ki RSabhadeva ke pazcAta jaina dharma ke / pravartaka 23 tIrthakara aura hue inameM se katipaya ko chor3akara anyoM kI aitihAsika

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa sattA jJAta nahIM hotI hai| antima cAra tIrthakaroM kI aitihAsikatA jaina eMva jainetara sAhitya se bhI jJAta hotI haiN| ikkIsaveM tIrthakara nami kI aitihAsikatA hindU purANa jisameM unheM janaka kA pUrvaja mAnA gayA hai, se spaSTa hotI hai| bhAratIya adhyAtma sambandhI niSkAma karma eMva anAsakti bhAvanA kA ullekha nami dvArA kiyA gayA hai| mahAbhArata kAlIna bAisaveM tIrthakara neminAtha aitihAsika puruSa haiN| inhoMne hiMsAmayI gArhastha pravRtti se virakta hokara kevala jJAna prApta kara zramaNa paramparA meM mAnya ahiMsA ko dhArmika vRtti kA mUla mAnakara use saiddhAntika rupa diyaa| mahAbhArata yuddha kA kAla 1000 I0pU0 mAnya kiyA jAtA hai lekina isa sambandha meM matabheda hai| vaidika vAgamaya meM veda se purANa taka ke sAhitya meM nemi ke varNana prApta hote haiN|31 teisaveM tIrthakara pArzvanAtha kI aitihAsikatA jaina eMva jainetara sAhitya se spaSTa hotI hai|5 pArzvanAtha kA nirvANa jaina purANAnusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa se 250 varSa pUrva tadanusAra I0pU0 527 + 250 = 777 I0 pU0 meM huA thaa| RSabhadeva kI sarvasva tyAga rupa akiMcana munivRti,nami kI nirIhatA eMva neminAtha kI ahiMsA ko apane cAturyAmarupa sAmayika dharma meM vyavasthita kiyaa| jaina Agama se spaSTa hotA hai ki mahAvIra ke pUrva ke tIrthakaroM ne sAmayika saMyama kA upadeza diyA thaa| jaina Agama batAte haiM ki antima tIrthakara mahAvIra ke mAtA pitA pArzva nAtha ke anuyAyI the| mahAvIra ne pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAmika upadeza meM saMzodhana eMva parivarddhana kara use paMcayAmI bnaayaa| dharma kA mUlAdhAra ahiMsA ko mAnate hue ahiMsA,amRSA,acaurya,amaithuna eMva aparigraha ina paoNcoM ko muniyoM ke lie Avazyaka btaayaa| jaina eMva jainetara sAhitya se mahAvIra eMva unake jIvana Adi kI vistRta jAnakArI milatI hai| sarvaprathama mahAvIra ne muni eMva zrAvaka dharma kI alaga alaga vyAkhyAkara muniyoM aura zrAvaka zrAvikAoM ko dharmopadeza diyA jinheM mahAvrata evaM aNuvrata kahA gayA hai| mahAvIra ne 28 varSa kI umra meM sAMsArika sukha tyAgakara mahAbhiniSkramaNa kiyA eMva 12 varSa taka tapa dvArA Atmazodhana karake RjuvAlakA nadI ke taTa para kaivalya prApta kiyA eMva ve arhat jin ho gye| mahAvIra ko kevala jJAna hone para devatAoM ne samavazaraNa kI racanA kii| mahAvIra ne yaha jAnakara ki yahA~ upasthitoM meM sarvavirati ke koI yogya nahIM hai kevala eka kSaNa dezanA dii|40 tatpazcAt mahAvIra ne 30 varSa taka deza dezAntaroM meM bhramaNa karake tatkAlIna lokabhASA arddhamAgadhI meM upadeza diyaa| anta meM pAvA nagarI meM nirvANa prApta kiyaa|42 mahAvIra ke nirvANa sthAna para devatAoM dvArA ratnamaya stUpa kI racanA karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai|43 mahAvIra ne syAdvAda siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyaa| syAvdAda siddhAnta jaina

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jaina itihAsa kI utpatti evaM vikAsa itihAsa kI prAcInatA siddha karatA hai kyoMki jIvana aura samAja meM samanvayAtmaka vicAroM ke nirupaNa karane vAlA siddhAnta ekAeka prastuta nahIM ho sktaa| mahAvIra ne apane upadeza kA mAdhyama tatpracalita lokabhASA arddhamAgadhI ko bnaayaa| isI bhASA meM unake ziSyoM ne unake upadezoM ko AcArAMgAdi bAraha aMgoM meM saMkalita kiyA jo dvAdazAMga Agama ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUrva hameM koI bhI jaina sAhitya apane zAbdika eMva racanAtmaka svarupa meM nahIM prApta hotA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM kA saMkalana unake gaNadharoM dvArA dvAdazAMga Agama meM karake use bAraha aMga evaM caudaha pUrvo meM nibaddha kiyA gyaa| ina pUrvo meM mahAvIra eMva mahAvIra se pUrva kI aneka vicAradhArAoM, matamatAntaroM tatha jJAna-vijJAna kA saMkalana sarvaprathama unake ziSya gautama indrabhUti dvArA kiyA gyaa| ina pUrva nAmaka racanAoM ke antargata tatkAlIna na kevala dhArmika dArzanika va naitika vicAroM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA kintu unake bhItara nAnA kalAoM jyotiSa,Ayurveda Adi vijJAnoM dvArA phalita zakuna-zAstra,mantratantra Adi viSayoM kA bhI samAveza kara diyA gayA thaa| kintu ye mUla Agama graMtha samaya ke prabhAva se Aja apane yathArtha rupa meM prApta nahIM hai| pazcAtkAlIna sAhitya meM inakA sthAna-sthAna para ullekha milatA hai| yaha graMtha mahAvIra nirvANa se 162 varSa vAda vicchinna hue kahe jAte haiN| bAraha aMga eMva caudaha pUrvo ke antima jJAtA zrutakevalI bhadravAhu hue| isa taraha kAlakama se vicchinna hote-hote vIra nirvANa se 683 varSa bItane para jaba aMgoM eMva pUrvo kA sArA jJAna lupta ho gayA taba sarvaprathama bhUtabali eMva puSpadanta ne AcArya dharasena se zrutAbhyAsa karake SaTakhanDAgama nAma ke sUtragraMtha kI racanA prAkRta bhASA meM kI. isakA racanAkAla. dvitIya zatAbdI I0pU0 mAnya kiyA gayA hai| SaTakhaNDAgama jaina Agama kI paramparA para jo sAhitya nirmANa huA use cAra anuyogoM - prathamAnuyoga, caraNAnuyoga, karaNAnuyoga eMva dravyAnuyoga meM vibhAjita kiyA gyaa| SaTakhaNDAgama se jIva dvArA karmabandha aura usase utpanna hone vAle pariNAmoM kI vyavasthA sUkSmatA eMva vistAra se jJAta hotI hai| I0pU0 dvitIya zatAbdI meM hI gaNadhara ne kaSAyapAhuDa siddhAnta graMtha prAkRta gAthAoM meM nibaddha kiyaa| tatpazcAt jaina sAhitya nirmANa Andolana kA sUtrapAta I0 pU0 160 meM kaliMga cakravartI khAkhela ne ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata para eka muni rAmmelana bulAkara kiyaa|74 saMskRta sAhitya AcArya gRddhapiccha ne prathama zatAbdi meM tatvArthasUtra kI racanA kii| yaha graMtha sUtra zailI kA prathama dArzanika graMtha hai| tatvArthasUtra 10 adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| pahale

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa adhyAya meM jJAna kI mImAMsA hai chaThe se dasaveM adhyAya taka caritra kii| tatvArthasUtra meM dharma kyA hai?45 mokSa ke sAdhana kyA haiM? paMca mahAvrata kyA hai|'' Adi jaina darzana AcAra eMva siddhAntoM kA nirupaNa kiyA gayA hai| gRddhapiccha ke bAda saMskRta bhASA kA dArzanika kavi samantabhadra hai| inakA samaya prAyaH IsA kI dUsarI sadI hai| samantabhadrakRta bRhatasvayambhU stotra meM caubIsa tIrthakaroM kI pRthaka pRthaka stutiyoM kI gayI haiN| samasta padoM kI saMkhyA 143 hai| isameM tAtvika, naitika eMva dhArmika upadeza diye gaye haiN| isa stotra meM vaMzastha,indravajA,basantatilakA Adi chandoM kA prayoga huA hai| dUsarI stotra paraka racanA stuti vidyA hai isameM 116 padya haiN| samantabhadra kRta devAgama stotra, sukatyAnuzAsana, ratnakaraNDa, - zrAvakAcAra,jIvasiddhividhAyI,tatvAnuzAsana,pramANapadArtha,karmaprabhRtta TIkA eMva gantha hasti mahAbhASya nAmaka graMtha milate haiN| isI zatAbdI meM "sanmatisUtra' kI racanA prAkRta meM eMva dvAtri-zatikAoM kI racanA saMskRta meM dArzanika kavi siddhasena ne kii| kavi parameSThI ne saMskRta kannar3a mizrita "vAgarthasaMgraha' nAmaka purANa graMtha gaMgavaMza ke zAsanakAla meM likhaa|8 vikrama kI pAcavI zadI ke uttarArddha meM jainoM kA pahalA saMskRta vyAkaraNa graMtha "jainendra vyAkaraNa" vaiyAkaraNa jainAcArya devanandi pUjyapAda dvArA likhA gyaa| isake sUtra eMva saMjJAe~ ati sUkSma haiN| jainendra vyAkaraNa ke atirikta sarvArtha siddhi, samAdhitantra aura durvinIta ke samaya huyii|50 zravaNabelgolA ke zilAlekha (za0saM0 1085) bhI isakI puSTi karate haiN| abhayanandi ne isa para mahAvRtti likhI hai| devanandi pUjyapAda ke ziSya gurunandi (550 I0) ne "jainendra prakriyA 52 vakragrIva ne "navazabda vAcya, pAtrakezarI ne "priyalakSaNaka-darzana', zrI vardhadeva ne "cUr3AmaNizAstra', RSiputra ne nimittazAstra aura sahitAgraMtha eMva zrI candrasena ne kevala jJAna hIrA Adi graMthoM kA praNayana jaina sAhitya ke vikAsa ko dikhAtA hai| paoNcavI zatAbdI taka ke jaina sAhitya meM jainoM ke tatvajJAna dArzanika cintana, lokokta adhyAtma eMva lokonnAyaka AcAra vicAra para adhika dhyAna diyaa| mUlataH jainadharma nivRttimArgI dharma rahA hai pariNAmasvarupa isa sAMsArika AvAgamana meM hone vAle klezoM se nivRtti pAne ke upAyoM para hI vizeSa rupa se bala diyA gayA hai yahI kAraNa hai ki prAraMbhika jaina sAhitya ke svarupa eMva paravartI jaina sAhitya ke svarupa meM antara hai| pUrva-madhyayugIna dhArmika sAhitya se pahale ke jaina sAhitya meM sUtra zailI kI paddhati se jaina darzana eMva dharma ke siddhAntoM kI pratisthApanA kI gayI haiN| .:. I0 ke bAda kA jo jaina sAhitya hai vaha bahuta kucha hindU paramparA ke kathAnaka eMva AkhyAnoM ke jainIkaraNa kI prakriyA apanAyI gyii| chaThI zatAbdI meM vibhinna rAjyavaMzoM ke prazraya se jaina sAhitya kI adhikAdhika samRddhi huyii| isa samaya trezaThazalAkA-puruSoM ke caritra nirupaNa ko paramapunIta eMva jainadharma ke anukUla mAnA gyaa| usa samaya ke jaina sAhitya meM tatkAlIna samAja eMva saMskRti

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jaina itihAsa kI utpatti evaM vikAsa kI mAnyatAoM kA pratiphalana huA haiN| sAMtavI zatAbdI meM "bhaktAmara stotra kA praNayana AcArya mAnatuMga ne kiyaa| digambara eMva zvetAmbara donoM hI sampradAyoM ke lie yaha samAdUta hai| yaha stotra 48 padyoM meM hai| isameM Adi tIrthakara RSabha kI stuti mahApuruSoM ke caritroM ko nibaddha karane kI paramparA I0 san kI sAtavIM zadI se hI prArambha hotI haiN| raviNa ne eMva jaTAsiMha nandI ne rAmAyaNa kI zailI para apane graMthoM kA sRjana kiyA hai| prAkRta meM jisa rAmakathA ko vimalasUri ne nibaddha kiyA thA usI rAmakathA ko saMskRta meM raviSeNa ne lalita chandoM meM nibaddha kiyA hai| raviSeNa ne rAmAyaNa ke pAtroM ke caritra ko bahuta hI udAra eMva unnata rupa meM prastuta kiyA hai| rAkSasa aura vAnara vaMza ko vidyAdhara rAjA eMva aMjanA,kekayI,sItA eMva mandodarI Adi pAtroM ke caritroM ko sahAnubhUtipUrvaka citrita kara unheM dayA,mamatA eMva vAtsalya kA strota siddha kiyA hai| padmacarita eMva baMrAgacarita samayakAlIna samAja eMva saMskRti kA digdarzana karAte haiN| 837 I0 meM "viSApahAra stotra" kI racanA dhanaMjjaya dvArA kI gyii| isa stotra meM samAja meM viSApahAra maNi auSadhiyoM eMva maMtra aura rasAyanoM kI upayogitA eMva prayoga kI jAnakArI hotI haiN| isake atirikta dhanajjaya ne aTThAraha sarga pramANa "dvisandhAna mahAkAvya 54, nAma-mAlAkoSa Adi graMtha bhI likhe| nAmamAlA meM 206 zloka haiN| zloka 5 va 6 meM bhUmi tatha pRthvI ke 26 paryAyavAcI nAma ginAye haiN| zloka 7 meM parvata,rAjA eMva vRkSa ke 27-27 paryAyavAcI 81 nAmoM kI racanA eka choTe se zloka meM kI hai| SaTakhaNDAgama kI saMskRta prAkRta mizrita maNi pravAla bhASA meM 72 hajAra zloka pramANa "dhavalATIkA' eMva guNadhara ke kaSAyapAhuDa para 20 hajAra zloka pramANa 'jayadhavalATIkA AThavI zatAbdI meM vIra-senAcArya dvArA likhI gayI jisase gaNita jyotiSa,bhUgola,samAjazAstra,rAjanItizAstra eMva tatkAlIna samAja ke anekAneka viSayoM kI jAnakArI hotI haiN| ... nyAya viSayaka saMskRta jaina sAhitya kI mahatvapUrNa racanA mahAdArzanika aMkaladeva dvArA 8 vIM zadI meM huyiiN| ladhIstrayavRtti,nyAyavinizcaya,siddhivinizcaya-pramANa saMgraha,tatvArtha-rAjavArtika eMva aSTazatI prabhRti graMthoM kI racanA isI zatAbdI meM huyii| akaMlaka ke pazcAt AcArya vidyAnandi ne anna-parIkSA,patra-parIkSA,tatvArthalokavArtika eMva yukatyAnuzAsana para TIkA karake akaMlaka ke nyAya viSayaka sAhitya ko adhika parimArjita kiyA hai| AcArya haribhadra ne yoga eMva darzana para "SaDdarzanasamuccaya":" eMva anekAntajayapatAkA nAmaka graMthoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| haribhadvAcArya dvArA 1440 graMthoM ke nirmANa karane eMva unameM se 50-60 graMthoM ke prApta hone ke ullekha milate haiN| AThavI zatAbdI meM hI jaina sAhitya meM eka nayA mor3a dikhAyI detA hai|

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* jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa jisa prakAra prAkRta meM kathAtmakaM sAhitya kA prArambha rAmakathA se hotA hai usI prakAra saMskRta meM pAyA jAtA hai| jinasena ne I0 san 785 meM harivaMzapurANa kI racanA kI jabaki uttarabhArata meM indrAyudha,dakSiNa meM kRSNa kA putra zrI ballabha.pUrva meM avanti nRpa-tathA pazcima meM vatsarAja eMva sauramaMDala meM varibarAha rAjAoM kA rAjya thaa| graMtha kA mukhya viSaya harivaMza meM utpanna hue bAisaveM tIrthakara neminAtha kA caritra varNana karanA hai| graMtha meM sabhI zalAkA-puruSoM kI stuti eMva trailokya jIvAdi dravyoM kA bhI varNana AyA hai| raviSeNa kA padmacarita saMskRta kA prasiddha graMtha hai| navIM zatAbdI meM jinasena prathama,jinasena dvitIya, guNabhadra, vidyAnandi, bappabhaTTi, vAdIbhasiMha, hemacandra,prasiddha graMthakAra hue jinhoMne purANa eMva caritakAvya likheN| jinasena dvitIya ne mahApurANa kI racanAkara ke eka nayI dvitIya sAhityika vidhA kA sRjana kiyaa| isa mahApurANa ke do bhAga haiM - eka AdipurANa dUsarA uttarapurANa / Adi purANa meM 47 parva haiM zeSa parva uttarapurANa ke haiN| uttarapurANa kI racanA jinasena ke ziSya guNabhadra dvArA kI gyii|60 guNabhadra ne amoghavarSa ne rAjyAzraya meM AtmAnuzAsana" eMva "jinadattacaritra Adi graMthoM kA bhI praNayana kiyaa| isakI racanA bhartRhari ke "vairAgyazataka ke DhaMga se bahuta prabhAvazAlinI hai|61 AdipurANa kI utthAnikA meM pUrvagAmI siddhasena,zrIdatta,samantabhadra,yazobhadra,zivakoTi, jaTAcArya, devanandipUjyapAda,akaMlaka,zrIpAtra kezarI,vAdIbhasiMha, vIrasena,jayasena eMva kavi paramezvara ina AcAryo kI stuti kI gayI haiN|62 Adi-purANa meM Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kA caritra varNana hai| zeSa 23 tIrthakaroM kA caritra nirupaNa uttarapurANa meM hai| isa prakAra isa mahApurANa meM sarvaprathama tIrthakaroM kA caritra nirupaNa vidhivat eka sAtha varNita pAyA jAtA hai| mahApurANa meM mahApuruSoM ke nAma vaidika purANoM ke anusAra hI haiM aura nAnA saMskAroM kI vyavasthA para bhI usa paramparA kI chApa spaSTa dikhAyI par3atI hai| jinasena ne purANa racanA ke sAtha hI "pArvAbhyudaya' nAmaka eka kAvya kI bhI racanA kii| vAdIbhasiMha kI "gadyacintAmaNi' bANabhaTTa kI kAdambarI kI yAda dilAtI hai| kavi ne apane guru kA nAma puSpasena batalAyA hai jinakI kRpA se vAdIbhasiMhatA eMva munipuMgavatA prApta kii|63 vAdIbhasiMha ne "kSatracUDAmaNi nAmaka kAvya bhI likhaa| navIM zatAbdI meM rASTrakUTa rAjA amoghavarSa ke rAjyAzraya meM jaina sAhitya kI adhikAdhika unnati huyii| vIrasena svAmI ke ziSya senasaMgha ke AcArya jinasena svAmI usake guru the|4 inhoMne vATanagara ke adhiSThAna meM 837 I0vI0 meM "jayadhavalATIkA" pUrNa kii| mahAvIrAcArya ne "gaNita sAra-saMgraha' kI racanA amodha ke rAjyAzraya meM kii| yApanIya saMdha ke AcArya zAkTAyana pAlyakIrti ne 'zAkTAyana' nAmaka "zabdAnuzAsana" kI racanA kI / amodhavarSa ne saMskRta meM "praznottaramAlikA

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jaina itihAsa kI utpatti evaM vikAsa nAmaka nItigraMtha likhA, isake maMgalAcaraNa meM varddhamAna tIrthakara ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| dasavI zatAbdI meM hariSeNa,asaga-kavi,bAlacandra,vIranandi eMva harizcandra saMskRta ke mahAkavi hue haiN| asaga ke "varddhamAna carita" eMva "zAntinAtha carita' mahAkAvya haiN| zAntinAtha carita meM solahaveM tIrthakara zAntinAtha kA caritra nirupaNa huA hai| vIranandi dvArA racita "candra-prabhacarita' radhuvaMza eMva kumArasaMbhava ke samAna sarala hai| mahAkavi harizcandra kA "dharmazarmAbhyudaya" kavi mAdha ke zizupAla vadha ke samAna hI mahatvapUrNa hai| kavi ke upamAna,utprekSAeM eMva kalpanAaiM eMva bimbayojanAeM bahuta mahatvapUrNa haiN| dharmazarmAbhyudaya kI eka saMskRta TIkA maNDalAcArya lalitakIrti ke ziSya yathAkIrtikRta milatI hai| jisakA nAma "sandehadhvAnta-dIpikA hai|65 gyArahavIM zatI meM pArzvanAtha kA pUrNacarita vAdirAjakRta (1025 I0vI) "pArzvanAtha carita' meM pAyA jAtA hai| yaha bAraha sarga kA mahAkAvya hai| yaha "kAmussthacaritra" nAma se bhI prasiddha hai| yaha cAlukya cakravartI jayasiMhadeva kI rAjadhAnI meM nivAsa karate hue likhA gayA thaa| malleiSaNaprazasti ke anusAra ye jayasiMhadeva dvArA pUjita bhI the|66 vAdirAja ne 'pArzvanAtha carita" meM pUrva kaviyoM ke smaraNa meM sammati kA nAma liyA hai jinhoMne "sumatisaptaka' nAmaka graMtha kI racanA kI jo aprApya hai, lekina saMdarbha prApta hote haiM / 67 pArzvanAtha-carita ke atirikta vAdirAja ke anya cAra racanAoM -"yazodhara carita 68. "ekIbhAva stotra, nyAyavinizcaya-vivaraNa, eMva pramANa nirNaya prApta hote haiN| yazodhara carita meM bhI "jayasiMha kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai|66 .. isI zatAbdI meM somadeva ne "yazastilaka campU 70, "nItivAkyAmRta"71 eMva "adhyAtmataraMgiNI 72 graMthoM kI racanA kii| isakA kathAnaka guNabhadra kRta uttarapurANa se liyA gayA hai| antima tIna adhyAyoM meM gRhastha dharma kA nirupaNa huA hai| nItivAkyAmRta ko rAjanItika eMva Arthika vicAroM kI dRSTi se koTilya ke arthazAstra ke samakakSa rakhA jA sakatA hai|73 somadeva ke yukticintAmaNistava, trivargamahendra, mAtalisaMjalpa, SaNavatiprakaraNa eMva syAdanAdopaniSada, nAmaka graMtha bhI pAye jAte haiN| nIti vAkyAmRta para saMskRta TIkA prApta hotI hai| prArambha kA maMgala zloka mUla nItivAkyAmRta kA pUrA anukaraNa hai|74 neminAthakRta nItivAkyAmRta para kannar3ITIkA prApta hotI hai| unhoMne medhacandra vidyadeva eMva vIranandi kA smaraNa kiyA hai76 ataeMva TIkA racanA kA samaya bArahavIM zatAbdI kA anta athavA terahavI zatAbdI kA prArambha mAnA jA sakatA hai| ye somadeva rASTrakUTavaMzI kRSNarAjadeva (867 se 864 I0 vI0) ke rAjyakAla meM thaa| graMtha se rASTrakUToM dvArA cAlukyoM para vijaya prApta karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai|

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10 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa isI zadI meM mahAkavi mahAsena ne "pramumnavarita mahAkAvya kI racanA kii| kavi mahAsena rAjA muMja dvArA pUjita the| muMja ke samaya meM hI (vi0saM0 1050) amitagati ne apanA "subhASitaratnasaMdoha samApta kiyaa| isameM sAMsArika viSaya mAyAhaMkAra nirAvaraNa, indriya-nigrahoMpadeza, strIguNa doSa vicAra, devanirupaNa Adi battIsa prakaraNa hai| graMtha ke upAnta meM 217 zlokoM meM zrAvaka dharma nirupaNa hai| amitagati dvArA racita "dharmaparIkSA haribhadrasUri ke dhUrtAkhyAna' nAmaka prAkRta graMtha kI taraha hai| isameM paurANika managaDhanta kathAoM ko avizvasanIya batalAyA gayA hai| isakA racanAkAla 1070 vi0saM0 hai| amitagati ne 1073 vi0saM0 meM masUtikApura nAmaka sthAna meM saMskRta zloka bata "paMcasaMgraha" kI racanA kii| isakI prazasti se amitagati ke garu mAdhavasena ke samaya rAjA sindhala dvArA rAjya karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai| amitagati kA 'upAsakAcAra amitagati "zrAvakAcAra" ke nAma se bhI prasiddha hai isa graMtha ke anta meM guruparamparA dI gayI hai| isa graMthoM ke atirikta amitagati dvArA "sAmAyika pATha", bhAvanAdvAtrizatikA eMva yogasAra prAbhRta nAmaka graMtha bhI likhe gye| nyAyakumudacandra eMva prameyamalayArtaNDa ke kartA prabhAcandra dhArAnareza bhojadeva dvArA sammAnita the|77 dhanapAla kI "tilaka-maMjarI' isI zatAbdI kI anupama gadya racanA hai| ye vAkpatirAja muMja kI rAjasabhA ke ratna eMva "sarasvatI kI upAdhi se vibhUSita the| apane choTe bhAI zobhanamunikRta 'saMskRtastotra' para eka saMskRta TIkA likhii| prAkRta eMva apabhraMza meM bhI racanAe~ prApta hotI haiN| gyArahavIM zatAbdI (vi0saM0 1162) meM jayakIrti ne "chandonuzAsana' nAmaka racanA kii| isI zatI meM zAntisUrI eMva nemicandra ne uttarAdhyayana kI vizAla TIkAeM likhii| cAlukya vaMzI siddharAja ke rAjakavi prAgvATavaMzI zrI pAla ne siddharAja dvArA nirmita saprasiddha "sahastraliMga-sAra' kI prazasti likhI hai| vAdirAja ke samasAmayika malliSeNa ne gyArahavIM zatI ke anta eMva bArahavIM zatI ke prArambha meM apanA mahApurANa pUrNa kiyaa| isameM zrezaThazalAkApuruSoM kI saMkSipta kathA hai malliSeNa ne paoNca sargo ke khaNDakAvya 'nAgakumAra kAvya eMva bhairavapadamAvatI-kalpa kI racanA kii| isa mantrazAstra ke prasiddha graMtha meM .- 1, maMtritakSaNa 2, sakalI karaNa 3. devyarcana 4, dvAdazarajikAmaMtrodvAra 5, kodhAdistambhana 6, aMganAkarSaNa 7, nimitta 8, vazIkaraNayantra 6, vazIkaraNatantra 10, garur3atantra nAma ke ye dasa adhikAra hai| bArahavIM zatAbdI meM yazapAla kavi ne (1174-77 I0 vI0) meM "moha rAja parAjaya' nATaka kI racanA kii| "neminirvANa nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA isI zadI meM vAgbhad dvArA huyii| bArahavIM zatAbdI meM dhanezvara, zrIpAla, hemacandra, jinacandra, candraprabha, municandra, devacandra, rAmacandra, guNacandra eMva vijayapAla saMskRta ke prasiddha

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jaina itihAsa kI utpatti evaM vikAsa jaina kavi hue haiN| hemacandra ne "trizaSThizalAkApuruSa carita" kI racanA kii| isake sAtha hI nyAya, vyAkaraNa, kAvya koSa sabhI viSayoM para graMtha likhe haiN| prAkRta sAhitya ardhamAgadhI prAkRta ke peMtAlIsa Agama graMthoM ke atirikta zaurasenI prAkRta Agama graMthoM meM sarvaprathama bhUtavali eMva puSpadanta ne "SaTakhaNDAgama" nAma ke sUtra graMtha kI racanA prAkRta bhASA meM kii| vi0saM0 kI dvitIya zatAbdI meM AcArya guNadhara ne "kasAyapAhuDa" nAma kA mahatvapUrNa siddhAnta graMtha prAkRta gAthAoM meM nibaddha kiyaa| isa padyamaya kasAyapAhuDa kI 233 gAthAoM meM krodha,mAna,mAyA eMva lobha Adi kathAoM ke svarupa kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta pAhuDoM kI racanA sarvaprathama AcArya kundakunda dvArA paoNcavI zatAbdI ke prAraMbha meM kI gyii| kundakunda kI kucha racanAe~ - samayasAra pravacanasAra, paMcAstikAya, niyamasAra, rayaNasAra, dazabhakti, aSTapAhuDa eMva vArasaaNuvekaravA adhika prasiddha haiN| zvetAmbara sampradAya meM eka prAkRta "paMcasaMgraha 2 pAzvairNi ke ziSya candarSi dvArA racita hai| isameM 633 gAdhAeM haiM jo zataka saptati, kasAyapAhuDa, SaThakarma eMva karmaprakRti nAmaka paoNca dvAroM meM vibhAjita haiN| graMtha para malayagiri kI TIkA bhI upalabdha haiN| chaThI zatAbdI meM jinabhadragaNIkRta "vizeSaNavatI meM 400 gAthAe~ haiN| ina gAthAoM ke dvArA jJAna,darzana,jIva,ajIva, Adi nAnA prakAra se dravya nirupaNa kiyA gayA hai| sAtavIM zatAbdI meM jaina prAkRta sAhitya meM mahApuruSoM ke caritra ko navIna .. kAvya zailI meM likhane kA prArambha vimalasUri ne kiyaa| jisa prakAra saMskRta meM AdikAvya Adikavi bAlmIki kRta rAmAyaNa mAnA jAtA hai| usI prakAra prAkRta kA AdikAvya bhI vimalasUrikRta-3 "paumacariya" hai / isa kAvya ke anta kI prazasti meM isake kartA eMva racanAkAla kA nirdeza pAyA jAtA hai| svayaM kartA ke anusAra isameM sAta adhikAra haiM - sthiti,vaMzotpati,prasthAna,raNa,lavakuza utpatti,nirvANa eMva bhv| ye adhikAra uddezoM meM vibhAjita haiM jisakI saMkhyA 118 haiN| prathama caubIsa uddezoM meM mukhyataH vidyAdhara eMva rAkSasavaMzoM kA varNana haiN| ... "vasudevahiNDI bhI prAkRta bhASA kA purANa hai| isameM mahAbhArata kI kathA hai yaha do khaNDoM meM vibhAjita haiN| prathama khaNDa ke racayitA saMdhadAsagaNi eMva dUsare ke dharmadAsagaNi haiN| prathama prakaraNa ke pazcAt "dhammilahiNDI' nAma ke prakaraNa se prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kA digdarzana hotA hai| isakA mukhya viSaya jaina purANoM meM samAhita

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa tIrthakaroM, cakravartiyoM ke upAkhyAna carita,arddhaaitihAsika vRttoM kA saMkalana karanA hai| vasudevahinDI meM rAmakathA bhI prApta hotI hai jo paumacariya se bhinna hai| udyotanasUri ne "kuvalayamAlA" nAmaka prAkRta kathA za0saM0 700 meM jAbAlipura meM pUrNa kii| vahA~ usa samaya vatsarAja kA rAjya thaa| isameM saMsAra paribhramaNa kI kathAaiM dI gayI haiN| . AMThavI zatI meM trailokya sambandhI samasta viSayoM kA jJAna karAne vAle "tilopaNNati grantha kI racanA prAkRta gAthAoM meM huyii| isakI 77 vI gAthA ke anusAra yaha ATha hajAra zloka pramANa haiN| grantha nau mahAdhikAroM meM vibhAjita hai - sAmAnya loka, narakaloka, bhavanavAsI loka, manuSyaloka, vyantaraloka, jyotiloka, devaloka eMva siddhlok| manuSya lokAntargata vezaThazalAkApuruSoM kI aitihAsika rAjavaMzIya paramparA mahAvIra nirvANa ke 1000 varSa pazcAt hue caturmukha kalki ke kAla taka varNita hai| isI zatAbdI meM zvetAmbara sampradAya meM muni AcAra para hari-bhadrasUri ne "pacavatyuga' nAmaka graMtha kI racanA kii| isameM 1714 prAkRta gAthAe~ haiM jinameM muni dIkSA,pratinikRtya,gacchAcAra,anujJA eMva sallekhanA nAmaka pAMcavastu adhikAroM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| haribhadrasUri ne vi0saM0757 meM "samarAiccakahA' nAmaka dharmakathA likhii| isameM do AtmAoM ke nau mAnavabhavoM kA vistRta varNana haiM jisakA uddezya karmaphala ke siddhAnta kA punarjanma se sambandha dikhalAnA hai| dhUrtAkhyAna' nAmaka apane kathAgraMtha meM haribhadrasUri ke dhUrto ke AkhyAnoM ke mAdhyama se asaMbhava mithyA eMva amAnavIya bAtoM kA nirAkaraNa kara sambhava,sadAcArI eMva mAnavIya AkhyAmoM ko prastuta kiyA haiN| isameM paoNca AkhyAna eMva 480 gAthAeM haiN| saMskRta bhASA kI taraha tIrthakaroM kI stuti kI paramparA kA prAcIna graMtha upasaggahara stotra hai jo bhadrabAhukRta hai isameM paoNca gAthAoM dvArA pArzvanAtha tIrthakara kI stuti kI gayI haiN| dhanapAlakRta 'RSabha paMcAzikA' meM bhI 50 padyoM dvArA prathama tIrthakara ke jIvana caritra sambandhI ullekha pAye jAte haiN| stotrazailI kA vikAsa jinasena kRta navIM zatAbdI meM "jinasahastranAmastotra' meM milatA hai| isa stotra meM Adi ke 34 zlokoM meM nAnA vizeSaNoM dvArA paramAtmA tIrthakara ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| ___ zIlaMkAcArya ne I0 san 868 meM caupannamahApanisacariya" likhA jisameM 54 uttamapuruSoM kA caritracitraNa kiyA gayA hai| tIrthakaroM eMva cakravartiyoM kA caritra yahA~ pUrvokta nAmAvaliyoM ke AdhAra se jaina paramparAnusAra varNita kiyA gayA hai| AcArya siddharSi ne vi0saM0 662 meM "upamitibhavaprapaMcakathA' kI racanA

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jaina itihAsa kI utpatti evaM vikAsa 13 kI / bhavapraMpaca kI kathA ke sAtha hI nyAya, darzana, Ayurveda, jyotiSa, sAmudrika, nimittazAstra, svapnazAstra, dhAtuvidyA, yuddhanIti eMva rAjanIti kA varNana bhI kiyA gayA hai| manuSya karmo ke anusAra hI manuSya,tiryaca,nArakI eMva devagati rupa meM jAtA hai| isI zatAbdI meM (saM0 675) meM nAilakula ke samudrasUri ke ziSya vijayasiMha ne 8611 gAthAoM yukta (gAthAoM) kathAgrantha kI racanA kii| IsA kI dasavI zatAbdI meM dakSiNa meM nemicandra-siddhAnta5 ne dhavalATIkA, SaTakhaNDAgam eva kasAyapAhuDa ina tIna Agama granthoM ke AdhAra para gommaTasAra tathA labdhisAra kSapaNAsAra nAma ke do saMgraha graMtha race unameM bhI jIva karma eMva karmoM ke vinAza kA sundara eMva gahana varNana hai| nemicandrasiddhAnta cakravarti kRta "trilokasAra" 1018 prAkRta gAthAoM meM varNita hai isakA racanAkAla 11 vIM zatI hai| nAilagacchIya guNapAla muni ne antima kevalI jamvU svAmI kA jIvana caritra "jambUsvAmIcariya" meM kiyaa| yaha 16 uddezoM meM vibhAjita hai| isakA uddezya jaina dharma ke upadezoM ko prabhAvazAlI banAnA hai| . dhanapAla ne vi0saM0 1026 meM "pAialacchInAmamAlA" nAmaka prAkRta koSa kI racanA kii| isase paramArarAjA sImakadeva dvArA rASTrakUToM kI rAjadhAnI mAnyaraveTa ko lUTane kI jAnakArI hotI hai| ___prathama tIrthakara RSabhadeva para abhayadeva ke ziSya varddhamAnasUri ne san 1103 meM 11000 zloka pramANa "AdiNAhacariya' kI racanA kii| jinaballabhasUrikRta "sArdhazataka' meM jaina siddhAntoM ke kucha viSayoM kA sUkSma nirupaNa kiyA gayA hai| isakA racanAkAla 1100 I0vI0 mAnya kiyA gayA hai| maladhArI hemacandra dvArA 1107 I0vI0 meM racita 700 zloka pramANa "jIva samAja" nAmaka racanA 286 gAthAoM se yukta hai isameM sat saMkhyA Adi sAta prarupaNoM dvArA jIvAdi dravyoM kA svarupa samajhAyA gayA hai| baTTakera svAmI kRta "mUlAcAra* digambara sampradAya meM munidharma ke lie sarvopari pramANa graMtha mAnA jAtA hai| dhavalAkAra vIrasena ne ise "AcArAMga" nAma se uddhRta kiyA hai yaha bAraha adhikAroM meM vibhAjita eMva 1243 gAthAe~ yukta haiN| jIvAnuzAsana (1105 I0vI0) meM 323 gAthAoM dvArA munisaMgha mAsakalpa,vandanA Adi muni caritra sambandhI viSayoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isakI racanA vIracandra sUri ke ziSya devacandra sUri ne kI thii| jina ballabhasUri (11vIM - 12 vIM zatI) kRta "dvAdaza kulaka" meM samyakatva eMva mithyAtva kA bheda tathA krodhAdi kaSAyoM ke parityAga kA upadeza pAyA jAtA hai| zAnti sUrI kRta (12 vIM sadI meM) "dharna-ratnaprakaraNa meM 181 gAthAoM dvArA zrAvakapada prApti ke lie saumyatA, pApabhIrutA Adi ikkIsa Avazyaka guNoM kA varNana kiyA hai|

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14 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa - tIrthakaroM ke caritra nirupaNa kI dRSTi se bAisaveM tIrthakara neminAtha kA caritravarNana jinezvara sUri ne 1175 I0 meM kiyaa| teisaveM tIrthakara pArzvanAtha kA carita abhayadeva ke praziSya devabhadrasari dvArA vi0sa0 1168 meM racA gyaa| tIrthakaroM ke caritroM ke atirikta prAkRta bhASA meM aneka graMtha aise upalabdha haiM jinameM kisI vyakti vizeSa ke jIvana carita dvArA jainadharma ke kisI vizeSa niyama-saMyama, upavAsa, pUjA, vidhividhAna, pAtradAna Adi kI mahattA varNita kI hai| inameM sabase adhika prAcIna taraMgavatI kathA hai| mahezvara sUrikRta "NAyapaMcamIkahA' kI racanA kA samaya I0san 1015 se pUrvamAnya kiyA jAtA hai| isameM 2000 gAthAe~ haiM jo 10 kathAoM meM vibhAjita haiN| jinezvara sUri ke ziSya dhanezvara sUrikRta "surasundarIcariyaM 4000 gAthAoM meM pUrNa huA hai isakA racanAkAla 1065 I0vI0 hai| isa racanA meM prAkRtika dRzyoM,putrajanma,vivAhAdi utsavoM,prAtaHsandhyA tathA vana,sarovaroM Adi kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai| udyotanasUri ke praziSya nemicandrasUri ne saM0 1136 I0 meM "mahAvIra cariya" eMva "rayaNacUDarAya-cariya" likhA hai jisakA uddezya devapUjAdi phala pratipAdana karanA hai| jaina kathAkAroM ne striyoM ke zIla satItva, eMva patiparAyaNa striyoM se prabhAvita hokara aneka carita eMva kathA graMthoM kI racanA kii| hemacandra ne kumArapAla carita ko bArahavIM zatAbdI meM pUrNa kiyaa| isa racanA se cAlukyavaMzIya nareza kumArapAla ke vaMza eMva pUrvajoM kA itihAsa jJAta hotA haiN| prAkRta kathA koSa . dharmopadeza ke nimitta laghu kathAoM kA upadeza zramaNa paramparA meM bahuta prAcInakAla se prabhAvita rahA hai| sarvaprathama dharmadAsagaNi ne isa zailI ko upadezaprakaraNa mAlA prAkRta racanA meM apnaayaa| isameM 544 gAthAe~ hai jinameM vinayazIla,vrata,saMyama,dayA, jJAna eMva dhyAnAdi viSayaka strI puruSoM ke dRSTAnta diye gaye haiN| haribhadrasUri ne AThavI zatAbdI meM upadezapada likhe| kRSNamuni ke ziSya jayasiMhasUri ne vi0saM0 615 meM dharmadAsa kI kRti ke anukaraNa para 'dharmopadeza-mAlA vivaraNa" nAmaka racanA likhI jisameM zIla,dAna Adi sadguNoM kA mAhAtmya tathA rAga dveSAdi durbhAvoM ke duSpariNAma se lekara cora juvArI,zarAbI taka sabhI staroM ke vyaktiyoM ke varNana dvArA samAja kA citraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jinezvara sUrikRta "kathAkoSaprakaraNa meM (vi0saM0 1108) meM jinapUjA,supAtradAna Adi kA mahatva, sAtha hI rAjanIti va samAja Adi kA citraNa bhI kiyA hai| isI rupa meM candraprabha mahattara ne 11 vIM zatAbdI meM vijayacandra kevalI eMva jinacandrasUri ne bArahavI zatI meM saMvegaraMga zAlA kI racanA kii| bArahavIM zatI meM guNacandra ne 50 kathAnaka yukta "kathAratna koSa' kI racanA kii| ina kathA eMva kAvyoM ko manoraMjaka eMva sarala banAne hetU vividha samvAda,

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jaina itihAsa kI utpatti evaM vikAsa prahelikA, samasyApUrti, subhASita, sUkti, viSNugItikA, carcarI gIta eMva pragItoM kI bhI racanA kI gyii| dalita eMva patita samAja kA utthAna tatha samAja ke citra prAkRta kAvya,prAkRta caritakAvya aura kathAoM meM aMkita kiye gaye haiN| vaidika rAma,kRSNa,pANDava, hanumAna Adi ke AkhyAnoM kA prAkRta-kAvyoM meM jainIkaraNa kiyA hai| apabhraMza sAhitya anya bhASAoM kI taraha apabhraMza meM bhI vidvAnoM dvArA purANa,carita eMva kathAoM kA nirmANa huA hai| jaina kaviyoM ne lokabhASA ko kAvya aura sAhitya kA mAdhyama prAcInakAla se hI banAyA hai| isI kAraNa purANa-carita eMva kathAgraMthoM ke sAtha hI gaNita,Ayurveda,vAstuzAstra,stutipUjA,viSayaka eMva AdhyAtmika,saiddhAntika eMva aupadezika sAhitya kI bhI racanA huyii| apabhraMza sAhitya ke ina rupoM ke arntagata hameM mahAkAvya, khaNDakAvya, muktaka kAvya eMva rupaka kAvya Adi sabhI Adhunika vidhAoM ke lakSaNa milate haiN| apabhraMza sAhitya kA sarvaprathama ullekha chaThI zatAbdI ke bhAmaha ne kiyA hai| bhAmaha apabhraMza ko kAvyopayogI bhASA eMva kAvya kA eka vizeSa rupa mAnate haiM:00 ! daNDI (sAMtavI zadI) ne apabhraMza ko vAgaMmaya ke eka bheda ke rupa meM nirdezita kiyA hai / jaina sAhitya ke arntagata apabhraMza kA sabase pahalA kavi caturmukha hai| inakA samaya AMThavI zatAbdI meM mAnA jAtA hai| kavi caturmukha ne paddhar3iyA chanda kA AviSkAra kiyaa| yaha chanda apabhraMza ke aneka staroM ko pArakara hindI meM isI nAma se prayukta huA hai| kavi caturmukha kI tIna kRtiyA~ harivaMzapurANa,paumacarita eMva paMcamIcarita kA ullekha milatA hai, kintu upalabdha eka bhI nahIM hai| AThavI zadI ke vidvAna lekhaka udyotanasUri apabhraMza ko Adara kI dRSTi se dekhate eMva usake sAhitya kI prazaMsA karate the|03| caritakAvya kI dRSTi se mahAkavi svayambhU04 (737 eMva 840 I0vI0) kA vaha kavi hai jisane rAma eMva kRSNa kathA para pRthak pRthak apabhraMza meM kAvyagrantha likhe haiN| "paumacariya eMva riTThamicariu mAtra purANa hI nahIM balki mahAkAvyoM ke aneka tatva ina kAvyoM meM samaveta haiM05 | paumacariya meM vidyAdhara,ayodhyA,sundara,yuddha,uttara ye paoNca kANDa haiN| svayambhU ne graMtha ke Adi meM paoNca mahAkAvya106, piMgala ke chandazAstra, bhAsa ke nyAyazAstra, bhAmaha eMva daNDi ke alaMkArazAstra,indra ke vyAkaraNa,vyAsa,kavi IzAna,bANa ke akSarADambara, zrI harSa ke nipuNatva eMva raviSaMNAcArya kI rAmakathA kA . ullekha kiyA hai| ___ rAma ke carita meM kavi ne AdarzamAnava ke samasta guNoM kA saMyojana kiyA hai| svayambhU ne apane isa purANa meM udapatta kalpanA ko bahuta adhika sthAna diyA

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa hai| vaha kahatA hai - "jAnakI apane mandira se kyA nikalI, mAnoM himavAn se gaMgA nikala par3I hoM, chandas se gAyatrI nikala par3I ho eMva zabda se vibhakti nikala par3I ho06| svayambhU kI dUsarI apabhraMza racanA "riTThaNebhicariu yA harivaMzapurANa hai| graMtha meM tIna kANDa haiM - yAdava,kuru eMva yuddha / inameM kula 112 saMdhiyA~ hai| yAdava meM 13, kuru meM 16 eMva yuddha meM 60 saMdhiyA~ haiN| yAdava kANDa meM kRSNa ke janma, bAlakrIr3A, vivAha Adi varNana kAvyarIti se kiye gaye haiM kurukANDa meM kaurava eMva pANDavoM ke janma, kumArakAla, zikSA, paraspara virodha dhUtakrIr3A eMva vanavAsa kA varNana tathA yuddhakANDa meM kaurava eMva pANDavoM ke yuddha kA varNana rocaka eMva. mahAbhArata ke varNana ke samAna hai| svayambhU kA "paMcamIcariU' nAmaka graMtha bhI kahA jAtA hai lekina abhI upalabdha nahIM haiN| svayambhUkRta svayambhUchanda eMva vyAkaraNa bhI graMtha kahe jAte haiN| ____ apabhraMza meM dhavalakavi kRta eka anya harivaMzapurANa bhI milatA hai| graMtha kI utthAnikA meM "mahAsenakRta sulocanAcarita' raviSaNakRta "padmacarita jinasenakRta" harivaMza, jaTila-munikRta "baMrAgacarita" asagakavikRta "mahAvIra carita" jinarakSita zrAvaka dvArA vijJApita eMva jayadhavalA, caturmukha eMva droNa kavi ke nAmollekha kavi . ke kAla nirNaya meM sahAyaka haiN| asaga kavi kA samaya 688 I0 hai ataeMva dhavala kavi ne bhI apanI yaha racanA dasaMvI gyArahavIM zadI meM kI hogii| jisa prakAra prAkRta meM "caupannamahApurisa cAriya' kI tathA saMskRta meM vezaThazalA kA puruSacaritoM kI racanA huyI, usI prakAra apabhraMza meM mahAkavi puSpadanta dvArA tisaTijhamahApurassagueAsaMkAru yA mahApurANa kI racanA rASTrakUTa rAjA kRSNa dvitIya ke samaya huyI10 / yaha zaka saM0 887 meM pUrNa huaa| yaha mahApurANa AdipurANa eMva uttarapurANa meM 23 tIrthakara eMva anya mahApuruSoM ke caritra nirupita hai| uttarapurANa meM padmapurANa eMva harivaMzapurANa11 bhI zAmila haiN| AdipurANa meM 80 eMva uttarapurANa meM 42 saMdhiyA haiN| yaha eka aisA mahAgraMtha hai jaisA ki kavi ne svayaM kahA hai - "isameM saba kucha haiM jo isameM nahIM hai vaha kahIM nahIM hai 112 | jaina pustakabhaNDAroM meM graMtha kI anekAneka pratiyoM prApta hotI haiN| isa para aneka TippaNI grantha bhI likhe gaye haiM jinameM prabhAcandra eMva municandra ke upalabdha haiN|13 | jasaharacariU (yazodhara carita) bhI eka khaNDakAvya hai|14 isameM yazodhara nAmaka purANa puruSa kA carita varNita hai| isameM cAra saMdhi hai| yaha kathAnaka jaina sampradAya meM itanA adhika priya rahA hai ki somadeva, vAdirAja, vAsavasena, somakIrti, haribhrada, kSamAkalyANa Adi aneka digambara eMva zvetAmbara lekhakoM ne apane DhaMga se prAkRta eMva saMskRta meM likhA hai|

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jaina itihAsa kI utpatti evaM vikAsa . 17 NAyakumAracariu (nAgakumAra carita) yaha puSpadanta kA eka khaNDakAvya hai isameM nau saMdhiyA~ hai| isameM paMcamI ke upavAsa kA phala batalAne vAlA nAgakumAra kA carita hai15 | purANoM ke atirikta vividha tIrthakaroM ke caritra para svatantra kAvya likhe gye| "pASaNAhacariU kI racanA padmakIrti ne vi0 saM0 662 meM aTThAraha saMdhiyoM meM pUrNa kI thii| kavi ne apanI guruparamparA meM sena saMdha ke candrasena eMva jinasena kA ullekha kiyA hai| dUsarA "pASaNAha cariU" kavi asavAla kRta pAyA jAtA hai isameM teraha saMdhiyA~ haiN| dasavIM zatAbdI meM dhanapAla (dhakkar3a) dvArA "bhavisayattakahA kI racanA huyii| yaha kathA bAisa saMdhiyoM meM vibhAjita haiN| graMtha meM bAlakrIr3A, samudrayAtrA, ujAr3anagara-eMva vimAnayAtrA kA sajIva varNana hai| solahaveM sarga meM acyuta svarga kA ullekha hai| dhanapAla ne 1026 I0 meM "satpurIyamahAvIra-utsAha" nAmaka phuTakara racanA kI116 | muni kanakAmara ne "karakaMDucariU" kI racanA kii| isameM kalcurI rAjA eMva candelavaMzIya rAjA vijayapAla kA ullekha huA hai| graMtha dasa saMdhiyoM meM pUrNa huA hai| graMtha meM gaMgAnadI, zmazAna, prAcIna jinamUrti ke bhavana se nikalane eMva rativegA ke vilApa kA varNana atyanta rocaka hai| ___ dhAhila dvArA racita "paumasiri-cariU' (padmacarita) cAra saMdhiyoM meM pUrNa huA hai| isakA racanAkAla vi0saM0 1100 hai| isa kAvya kI nAyikA padmazrI hai| kAvya meM dezoM va nagaroM kA varNana, hRdaya kI dAha kA citraNa eMva sandhyA va candrodaya Adi prAkRtika varNana bahuta sundara hai| - prakAzita ina caritakAvyoM ke atirikta aneka hastalikhita apabhraMza carita graMtha jaina zAstrabhaMDAroM meM haiN| inameM kucha vizeSa racanAeM isa prakAra hai - vIrakRta "jambUsvAmIcariU (vi0saM0 1076) nayanandikRta - "sudaMsaevariU" (vi0saM0 1100) zrI dharakRta sukumAlacariU (vi0saM0 1208) hai| haribhadra ke prAkRta "dhUrtAkhyAna" kathAgraMtha ke AdhAra para hariSeNa ne "dharmaparikahA" nAmaka graMtha gyAraha saMdhiyoM meM liyA hai| isakI racanA vi0 saMva 1044 meM huyii| vi0saM0 1100 meM nayamaMndi ne "saMkalavidhividhAnakahA" aura zrIcandra ne "kathAkoSa" aura "ratanakaraMDazAstra kI racanA vi0saM0 1123 meM kii| ina kathAgraMthoM ke atirikta apabhraMza sAhitya meM rAsAgraMthoM jaise 'upadezarasAyanazAstra, nemirAsa, antaraMgarAsa, jambUsvAmIrAsa, samarAsa, tathA raMvatagirirAsa jaina kaviyoM dvArA praNIta rAsAsAhitya kI pramukha racanAeM haiN| apabhraMza sAhitya racanA meM raDDhA, DhakkA, caupAI, paddhar3iyA dohA, soraThA, dhantA, duvaI, bhujaMgaprayAt dodhaka eMva gAhA Adi chandoM ko bhI paryApta sthAna milA hai|

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18 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa kannar3a sAhitya jaina kannar3a sAhitya meM maukhika cetanA taragita hotI hai| gambhIra cintana, sammunnata hArdika prasAra, eMva godAvarI eMva kAverI ke dvandva isa sAhitya meM milate haiN| navIM zatAbdI meM rASTrakuTa rAjA nRpatuMga ke rAjyakAla se jainakaviyoM ne kannar3a meM kAvyaracanA kA zrIgaNeza kiyaa| navIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM rASTrakUTa rAjA kRSNa dvitIya ke Azraya meM mahAkavi guNavarma ne kannar3a bhASA meM mahApurANa kI racanA kii| kRSNa ne kannar3a bhASA ke kavi potra ko "ubhayabhASAvicakravartI' kI upAdhi se vibhUSita kiyA thaa| potra ne kRSNa tRtIya (867-864 I0 vI0) ke samaya zAntinAthapurANa' kI racanA kii| dasaMvI zatAbdI meM pazcimI cAlukya vaMza ke saMsthApaka tailapa ne kannar3abhASA ke jaina kavi ranna ko Azraya diyaa| tailapa ke uttarAdhikArI satyAzraya ne jainamuni vimalacandra paNDita deva ko apanA guru bnaayaa| tailapa ne kavi ranna ko 663 I meM "ajitapurANa" yA "purANatilaka-mahAkAvya ke pUrNa hone ke upalakSya meM kavicakravartI kI upAdhi se vibhUSita kara svarNadaNDa, caMvara, chatra, gaja Adi vastueM dekara puraskRta kiyaa| kavi pampa ne "AdipurANa campU eMva bhArata yA "vikramArjuna vijaya' graMtha kI racanA kii| bhAratagraMtha vi0 saka0 688 meM pUrNa huaa| dakSiNa ke cAlukya vaMzIya arikezarI ne kavipampa kI racanA para prasanna hokara dharmapura nAmaka grAma dAna meM diyA thaa| graMtha se arikezarI kI vaMzAvalI jJAta hotI hai| kannar3a bhASA meM "candraprabhacarita' nAmaka graMtha kI racanA Aggala kavi ne vi0saM0 1146 meM kii| Aggala kavi ne zrutakIrti ko apanA guru batalAyA hai| oDaDaya kavi dvArA viracita kavigarakAva itivRta vastuvyApAra varNana eMva dRzyacitraNa kI dRSTi se bejor3a hai| nayasena ne "dharmAmRta' nAmaka kathAgrantha kI racanA saMskRta eMva kannar3a mizrita bhASA meM racanA kii| jo sAhitya ke kSetra meM nayI dena hai| mahAkavi janna ne "yazodharacarita eMva "anantanAthacarita' kI racanA kI hai| ina graMthoM ke atirikta varNapArya dvArA racita 'neminAtha carita nemicandra kA "arddhanemipurANa" guNadharma kA puSpadantapurANa, ratnAkaravI ke bharatezavaibhava eMva zataka trayaM graMthoM kA ullekha milatA hai| mAdhurya eMva saMgIta tatva meM bharatezavaibhava gItagovinda kI apekSA uccakoTi kA hai117|| candrAloka eMva daNDI ke kAvyAdarza ke AdhAra para kannaDa meM jainAcAryoM ne alaMkAra zAstroM kA praNayana kiyA hai| ataeva yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne kannar3abhASA meM apane sAhitya kI vibhinna vidhAoM kA sRjana kara kannar3a sAhitya ke vikAsa meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai|

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jaina itihAsa kI utpatti evaM vikAsa tamila sAhitya tamila bhASA kA sAhitya bhI prArambhakAla se hI jainadharma eMva saMskRti se prabhAvita hai| jainAcAryo dvArA sarvaprathama tamilabhASA meM "nIti-viSayaka' sAhitya kI racanA kI gyii| "palamoli tamila graMtha meM purAtana sUktiyA~ haiM jo atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| "tilemAlemurembatu" nAmaka graMtha meM zrRMgAraparaka eMva yuddhaparaka siddhAntoM kA varNana hai| tamila bhASA ke paMcamahAkAvyoM meM "jIvaka cintAmaNi, zilappaDkkiArama' eMva balleyApati ye tIna jaina mahAkAvya haiN| "jIvakacintAmaNi" kAvya meM kalpanA zailI kI sundaratA eMva prAkRtika citraNa apanA vizeSa mahatva rakhatA hai| tamila sAhitya meM prApta zreSTha vyAkaraNa graMthoM kA nirmANa jaina lekhakoM dvArA hI kiyA gayA hai| tamila sAhitya meM "kuralakAvya" ko paMcamaveda kI saMjJA dI gayI hai| "nAlaDiyAra" bhI mahatvapUrNa gItikAvya haiN| isa prakAra jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne gaNita, jyotitra, kAvya, prakRti varNana, prema eMva saundarya sabhI kSetroM meM racanAeM kI haiN| marAThI sAhitya sarvaprathama jainAcAryo dvArA marAThI bhASA meM racanAeM zaka saM0688 meM prArambha kI gayI hai| jinadAsa, guNadAsa, medharAja, kAmarAja, guNanandi, puSpa sAgara, mahendracandra, mahendrakIrti, vizAlakIrti ityAdi marAThI jaina kavi prasiddha haiM jinhoMne apanI bahumukhI kRtiyoM dvArA marAThI sAhitya ko samRddha bnaayaa| uparyukta avalokanoM se aisA jJAta hotA hai ki bhArata kI aneka bhASAoM vizeSakara - saMskRta, apabhraza, tamila, kannar3a,. prAkRta eMva marAThI meM jaina sAhitya likhA gyaa| isakA kAraNa jainadharma ne prArambha se hI apane pracAra ke lie lokabhASAoM ko apanAyA / ataH aitihAsika krama meM vibhinna kAla kI lokabhASAoM meM likhI gayI jaina racanAeM prApta hotI haiN| ye jaina sAhitya kI aneka vidhAyoM-purANa, caritakAvya kathA-sAhitya, rAsA sAhitya, jyotiSa, sAhitya Adi meM likhA gayA hai| saMdarbhagrantha 1. arthava0 15/6/10 2. tatvArthasUtra - (AcArya gRddhapiccha kRta) svayambhU stotra, stutividyA devAgamastotra, pramANapadArtha, karmaprAbhRtaTIkA,gandhahasti, mahAbhASya / siddhasenakRta-sanmatisUtra, jainendra mahAvRtti, dvAviMzAtikA, jainAcArya devanandipUjyapAda kRta-samAdhitantra, duSTopadeza, deshbhkti| 3. A0pu0 1/24-25 4. i0da0pR0 20

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 5. prajJA pR0 182-185 6. enziyanTa hishoriyansa oNpha iNDiyA pR0 4 7. jainadharma pR 15 8. ha0pa0 1/3, i0e0 bhAga 6, pR. 163. i0phi0bhAga 1 pR0 287 6. manusmRti 1/2-3 bhA0pu0 5/6 10. bhAratIya jaina sAhitya saMsada-ArA adhivezana pR0 2 11. Rgveda 10/136/2-3 12. bha0pR0 5/3/20 13. bhA0pu0 5/6/12 14, Rgveda 10/136/1 15. pa0pu0 3/288, ha0pu0 6/204 16. zi0mahApurANa 7/2/6 17. jai0zi0lena0 2 bhA021 18. maoNDarna rivyU 16/35 16. hi0sa0pR0 23 20. tri0sA0 802 21. Apu0 176-180 / 22. ha0pu08/206 23. vahI 8/210 Avazyaka sUtra pUrvabhAga patra 162 (malayagiri kI TIkA) Avazyaka niyukti zloka 116-120 pR0 26 24. bhA0khaNDa 2 11/2- pR0 710 vA0pu0 33/52 vA0hi0prathama kha0 pR0 186 / 25. i0phi0 pR0 287 26. kalpasUtra sabodhikA TIkA padya 141 / 27. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 6/14 28. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 6/14 mahAjanaka jAtaka, mahAbhArata zAntiparva / 26. yuge yuge mahApuNyaM dRzyate dvaarikaapurii| avatIrNo hariryatra prabhAsa - zazibhUSaNaM / kha-tADoM jinau nemiyugaadivirmlaacle| RSINAMmAzramAdeva muktimArgastha kAraMNa (ma0bhA0zA0parva) 30. rAjArAmazAstrI mahAbhArata yuddha kA samaya 3103 I0pUrva0sI0vI0 vaidya - 3000 I0pU0, Ara0bI0vaidya 2786 I0pU0, eMva bI0jI0tilaka 1400 I0pU0 mAnate haiN| 31. "bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna' pR0 16 "jainijma di olDasTa . liviMga rilIjana" pR0 22 32. mUlAcAra 7/36-38. bhagavatIsUtra 20,8,25,7 tatvArthasUtra 6/18 kI siddhasenIya

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jaina itihAsa kI utpatti evaM vikAsa oc ttiikaa| 33. AcAMrAga 3, bhAvadhUlikA 3, sUtra 401 / / 34. kundakundAcAryakRta prAkRtabhaktiyA~, yativRSabhakRta tiloyapaNNati, pUjya-pAdakRta dazabhakti AcAMrAga, uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI Adi sUtra ha0pu0 2/417 u0pu0 74/251 35. hi0ka0i0pI0 kha-2 pR0 462, i0lau0sTa0bhA0 3 pR0 236-36, kehi0i0bhA--2 pR0 153 36. A0sU0 zrutaskandha 2/23/361-2 37. mahAvIracariyaM gAthA 1358-1365 patra 58/1, mahAvIracariyaM - (guNabhadrikRta) 25/2 triza0pu0ca0 10/4/652-657 38. AvazyakacUrNi prathama bhAga patra 322 / 36. jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra - atyanta indriyanigrahI eMva mahAna jagata vijayI hI ___"arhata jina' kahe jAte haiM eMva unake anuyAyI jaina kahe jAte haiN| 40. triza0pu0ca0 10/5/10, 36-47 / 41. "ha0pu0", vIra vihAra mImAMsA', jaina siddhAnta bhAskara bhAga 12 kirnn| pR0 16-22 meM vihAra kiye gaye sthAnoM kA vistRta ullekha hai| 42. u0pu0 506, 510 jayadhavalA khaNDa 1 pR0 81 tiya tiloyapaNNati bhAga 1/4/1208 pR0 302 pUjyapAdIyanirvANa bhakti 16-17 vaoNzloka 43. triza0pu0ca0 10/13/266 44. jai0zi0 le0saM0 bhAga 2 lekha naM0 2 pR0 6 paM0 14-15 45. ta0sU0 6/6 46. ta0sU0 1/1/2 47. ta0sU0 7/1 48. jai0zi0le0saMgraha bhAga 2 le0sa0 100 pR0 75 A0pu0zloka 6) 46. jai0vyA0 2.3,4 50. jai0zi0le0saM0 bhAga 2 le0saM0 105 pR0 83 / 51. jai0zi0le0 saM0 bhAga 1 le0saM0 40, 64 52. jainendra prakriyA kA nAma zabadArNava prakriyA bhI mAnA gayA hai| 53. jai0zi0le0saMgraha bhAga 1 bhUmikA pR072| 54. isakA dUsarA nAma rAdhavapANDavIya mahAkAvya bhI hai| 18 sargoM meM rAdhava eMva pANDavoM arthAt rAmAyaNa eMva mahAbhArata kI kathA likhI gayI hai| isa graMtha para do TIkAeM likhI gayI hai| jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa pR0 106 55. yaha eka zabdakokSa hai| nAmamAlAkoSa zloka 5,6,7 56. jai0sA0aura i0 pR0 110 /

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jaina sAhitya kA sana-zAstrIya itihAsa 57. "SaTa-prAbhRta" TIkA pR0 76 - SaDadarzana - sammucaya ke TIkAkAra guNaratna ke anusAra yApanIya saMgha ke muni nagna rahane ke sAtha moroM kI picchi rakhate eMva nagna mUrtiyoM kI pUjA karate the| 58. kuvalayamAlA zloka 38 jaina sAhitya eMva itihAsa pR0 114 - isa graMtha ka kartA jinasena punnATa saMgha ke AcArya the ve AdipurANa ke kartA jinasana se bhinna haiN| sva0DA0pAThaka, TI0esa0kuppAsvAmI Adi ne nAma sAmya ke AdhAra para donoM ko eka samajha liyA thaa| 56. paM0caM0 zloka 185 / 60. u0pu0prastAvanA-sargo ke anta meM bhI guNabhadrAcArya praNIte likhA gayA hai 61. vivdadratnamAlA pR074-77| 62. A0pu0 1/46 63. gadyacintAmaNi zloka 6 64. u0pu0pra0 zloka 6 65. isa TIkA kI eka prati bambaI ke e0pa0sarasvatI bhavana meM (38ka) hai jo vi0saM0 1652 kI hai| isake kartA kA nAma nahIM mAlUma huA hai| 66. "siMhasamaya'pIThavibhava* : malliSeNa prazasti jai0zi0saM0 bhaag-1| 67. jai0zi0 saM0bhAga 1. zravaNabelagolA kI malliSeNa prshsti| pArzvanAtha - carita zloM 22 68. yazo0 caM0 1/5 66. yazodharacarita 3/85, sarga 4 - upAntya padya meN| 70. yazodhara mahArAja kA carita aMkita karate samaya tRtIya AzvAsa meM rAjanIti kI vizada vyAkhyA kI hai| 71. yaha zuddha rAjanIti kA graMtha hai| 72. adhyAtmatarigiMNI kA nAma yogamArga bhI hai isakI eka saMskRta TIkA jhAlarapATaNa __ke sarasvatIbhavana bhaMDAra meM hai jisake kartA gaNadhara kIrti hai racanAkAla vi0saM0 1186 hai| 73. jainadharma kA yogadAna pR0 171 74. hariM haribalaM natvA haravaMrNa hriprbhm| harIjyaM bruve TIkA nItivAkyAmRtopari / / saMskRta TIkA soma somasamAkAraM somAbhaM somasambhavam / somadevaM muni natvA nItivAkyAmRtaM bruve / / nItivAkyAmRta' 75. jai0 si0bhA0 bhAga 2 aMka 1 - paM0ke0bhujavalizAstrI

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jaina itihAsa kI utpatti evaM vikAsa 76. jai0zi0le0saM0 bhAga 1, zravaNavelgolA ke zilAlekha saM0 47, 50, 52 / 77. jai0zi0le0saM0 bhAga 2 lekhana0 55 zrI dhArAdhyibhojarAjamukuTa protAzmarazmicchaTA zrImAnprabhacandramA / 78. zrI muMjena sarasvatIti sadasi kSoNI bhRtA vyAhRtaH / (tilaka maMjarI) 76. iti jayakIrti kRtau chandoDanuzAsana - samvata 1162 ASADha zudi 10 zanI likhitmidmitii|| yaha graMtha jaisalamera ke pustaka bhaMDAra meM hai| pro0 velaNa-karane anya kaI chandagraMthoM ke sAtha "jayarAmana" nAma se prakAzita kiyA hai| 80. sahastraliMgasAra prazasti ke anta meM - "ekahiniSprabha mahAprabandhaH zrI siddharAjapratiprabhu vandhuH / zrI pAlanAMbhA kavi prazastimetAma karotprazastAm / / 81. jai0sA0au0i0 pR0 316 / 82. pa0ca0 (vimala0) 117, 118 83. pa0ca0 (vimala) 103 antimaprazasti 84. pa0ca0 (vimala) 8 85. janarala Apha oriyanTala insTITyUTa bar3audA jilda 2 bhAga 2 pR 128 86. jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka khaNDa 3 87. jayadhavalATIkA kI prastAvanA pR0 61-63 88. dhavalA meM aneka sthAnoM para isakA ullekha milatA hai aura usakI bahuta sI ___gAthAe~ bhI udadhRta kI hai| - dha0pu03, pR0 36, dha0pu04 pR0 157 86. jinaratnakoSa pR0 416 60. jinaratnakoSa pR0 168 61. jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka varSa 3 aMka 3 meM prakAzita / 62. saMvatsarazatanayake dviSaSTisahite tilaMdhiteH cAsyAH / jyeSThe sitapaMcabhyAM purnavasau gurudine samAptirabhUta / (prazastipadya) 63. jinaratnakoza pR0 160, 326, 327 / - hisTrIApha iNDiyana liTarecara bhAga 2 pR0 526-532 meM vistRta varNana hai| 64. jai0sA0saM0i0 pR0 187 65. anekAnta varSa 4, aMka 3-4 66. jinaratnakoza pR0 130 jai0sA0 kA vRhada itihAsa bhAga 6 pR0 154 67. pAiyalacchInAmamAlA 276 bI gaathaa| 68. jai0sA0kA0bR0i0bhAga 6 pR0 360 / 66. anekAnta phAila varSa 11, kiraNa 6 / 100.kAvyAlaMkAra 1/16-28

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 101. kAvyAdarza 1/32 102.hariSeNa ne apanI "dharmaparikaravA", puSpadanta ne "mahApurANa kanakAmara ne apane "karakaMDucariu, eMva svayambhUdeva ne apane granthoM meM caturmukha kA svatantra rupa se smaraNa kiyA hai - "bhAratIya vidyA" varSa 2 aMka 1 meM nAthUrAma premI kA lekha / 103.apabhraMza kAvyatrayI pR0 67-68 / 104.puSpadanta ne apane "mahApurANa vi0saM0 1016 eMva hemacandra ne apane chandonuzAsana meM svayambhU kA ullekha kiyA hai - nirNayasAgara presa kI AvRtti patra 14 paM0 16 / 105.jai0sA0 aura I0pR0 166 106.radhuvaMza, kumArasaMbhava, zizupAlavadha, kirAtArjunIya eMva bhaTTi / 107.aDamAra grAma se prApta tIna tAmrapatra prApta hue haiM unameM se eka prazastikAra kA nAma IzAna hai| pANDeya ne isakA samaya I0vI0 700 ke lagabhaga batAyA hai| 108. . pa0ca0 (svayambhU) saMdhi1 kar3avaka 2/3-5 paumacariu ke antima aMza ke padya 3.7.6,10 106.pa0ca0 (svayambhU 2/23/6) 110. rASTrakUTa rAjA kRSNa dvitIya ne apabhraMza bhASA ke mahAkavi puSpadanta ko : rAjyAzraya pradAna kiyA thA aura mahApurANa jaise vizAlakAya "kAvyaguNa paMDita graMtha kA praNayana krvaayaa| 111. kevala harivaMzapurANa ko jarmanI viddhAna mAlsaDarpha ne jarmanabhASA meM prakAzita kiyA hai - jai0sA0va0i0 pR0 235 112.kicAMnyavadihAsti jainacarita nAnyatra tddhidyte| - dvAvetau bharateza puSpadantau siddhayayorI dRzam / / 113. prabhAcandrakRta TippaNI paramAra rAjA jayasiMha deva ke rAjyakAla meM aura zrI candra kA bhojadeva ke rAjyakAla meM likhI gyii| 114. jai0sA0evaM i0 pR0 337 115.NAyakumAracariU (nAgakumAracarita) 1/2/2 116.jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka varSa 3 aMka 3 meM prkaashit| 117.bhAratIya jaina sAhitya saMsada san 1665 pR0 6 /

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jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kA uddezya eMva unakI vizeSatAeM __ jaina itihAsa kA nirmANa jo vividha rupoM-purANa, carita, kathA eMva abhilekhIya sAhitya ke rupa meM huA hai, kA tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita honA thaa| chaThI zatAbdI IsA kA samaya sAhityika dRSTikoNa se udAravAdI rahA usakA mukhya kAraNa tatkAlIna rAjyavaMzoM dvArA prazraya prApta honA thaa| upalabdha sAhitya se spaSTa hotA hai ki IsA kI pAMcavI zatAbdI se sAhitya nirmANa prArambha ho gayA thaa| usa samaya hUNoM ke AkramaNa ke kAraNa kendrIya zAsana kA abhAva thA eMva vibhinna rAjyavaMza apanI apanI rAjyasImA ke antargata rAjya kara rahe the| pUrva-pazcima eMva dakSiNa bhArata meM jaina dharma vyApaka rupa se phailA thaa| dakSiNa meM pUrvamadhyakAla meM gaMga, cAlukya, kadamba, rASTrakUTa hoyyasala rAjyavaMzoM dvArA jaina dharma eMva sAhityakAroM ko prazraya diyA gyaa| vizeSakara rASTrakUTa rAjyavaMza kI zAkhAoM dvArA jainadharma eMva sAhitya sRjana ke lie yogadAna diyA gyaa| vIrasena, jinasena, guNabhadra, zAkTAyana, mahAvIrAcArya, svayambhU, puSpadanta, malliSeNa, somadeva, eMva pampa Adi kaviyoM dvArA saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza eMva kannar3a bhASAoM meM sAhitya kA nirmANa aneka sAhityika vidhAoM meM kiyA gyaa| rASTrakUTa rAjA amodhavarSa (815-77 I0) jaina sAhityakAra jinasena ke prati atyadhika zraddhA rakhatA thA jIvana ke antima samaya meM jainadharma svIkAra kiyA eMva aneka jainagranthoM kI racanA kii| gujarAta meM cAlukya eMva vaghela, rAjasthAna meM cauhAna paramAravaMza kI zAkhAeM, eMva gahalota, mAlavA eMva candela, kalcuri rAjAoM dvArA jaina zramaNoM eMva zrAvakoM ko sAhityika eMva kalAtmaka suvidhAeM pradAna kI gayI phalataH jaina sAhitya eMva kalA kA bahumukhI vikAsa huaa| rAjyavaMzoM dvArA jaina vidvAnoM ke tyAga eMva vairAgyamaya jIvana eMva vidvatA kA atyadhika sammAna kiyA jAtA thaa| dhArmika dRSTikoNa se dekhA jAya to chaThI zatAbdI meM pracalita dharmoM ke prati udAravAdI dRSTikoNa rhaa| brAhmaNa dharma sarvocca dharma ke rupa meM thA jisake antargata avatAroM kI pUjA eMva bhakti kI pradhAnatA thI lekina tatkAlIna rAjA dharmasahiSNu eMva anya dharmo ko saMrakSaNa dene vAle the| bauddha dharma bhI sudRr3ha sthiti meM thaa| jainadharma vikasita avasthA meM thaa| ballabhI meM devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ne jainAgamoM kA pA~cavI zatAbdI meM saMkalana kiyA thaa| jaina tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva eMva bhagavAna buddha hindU avatAroM meM gine jAte the| tantra mantroM kA prabhAva bar3ha rahA thaa| jainAcAryoM ne ina sabhI dharmoM eMva inake rupoM ko jainadharma meM AtmasAt kiyA evaM sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyaa|

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa jaina dharma meM parva, tIrtha, maMtra Adi kA mAhAtmya bar3hane ke sAtha hI tIrthayAtrAoM kA bhI mahatva bar3hane lgaa| __ jaina zramaNa saMdha kI vyavasthA bhI parivartita ho cukI thI jaina zramaNa vanoM, udyAnoM kI apekSA grAmoM eMva nagaroM meM rahate the| jinheM "vasativAsa" kahate the| nagaroM evaM grAmoM meM aneka maMThoM eMva mandiroM kA nirmANa prArambha ho gayA thA jinheM rAjyavaMzoM evaM janasAdhAraNa dvArA pracura mAtrA meM dAna diyA jAne lgaa| jaina gRhastha logoM ko pahale upAsaka-upAsikA kahA jAtA thaa| unheM dharmazravaNa niyata rupa se kiye jAne evaM dhArmika siddhAntoM kA pAlana karane ke kAraNa zrAvaka eMva zrAvikA kahA jAne lgaa| zramaNoM evaM gRhastha zrAvakoM ke bIca nikaTa samparka ne jainasaMdha meM matabheda utpanna kara diyaa| IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM se hI jaina zramaNa jJAnArAdhanA se dUra hokara mandira nirmANa eMva mUrtipUjA kI ora pravRtta ho gye| jisake lie ve dAnAdi grahaNa karate the| pariNAmataH sAMtavI zatAbdI ke pazcAt jinapratimA, jinAlaya nirmANa, pUjA mAhAtmya eMva vidhividhAna Adi para vizeSakara sAhitya nirmANa hone lgaa| isa samaya saMdhoM meM aneka gaNa, gaccha, anvayoM, kuloM Adi kA udaya hone lagA, isake sAtha hI pratyeka gaNa gaccha Adi kI apanI alaga alaga paramparAaiM eMva vidhividhAna mAnya hone lge| jainAgama kA zravaNa eMva paThana pAThana jo aba taka zramaNoM eMva AcAryo ke lie niyata thA vaha aba zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ke lie bhI svIkRta ho gayA isake lie paurANika mahAkAvya eMva kathA sAhitya kI racanA kI gii| 5 vIM se 10 vIM zatAbdI ke madhya kI gayI ye racanAeM paravartI racanAoM kA AdhAra bniiN| rAjanItika eMva sAmAjika parivartana ke sAtha hI sampradAyoM ke saMgaThana meM atyadhika parivartana hue| pariNAma svarupa digambara eMva zvetAmbara sampradAyoM dvArA rAjakIya varga ko apanI ora AkarSita karake rAjyAzraya prApta karake dakSiNa eMva pazcima meM aneka jJAnasatra eMva zAstrabhaMDAroM kI sthApanA kI gyii| ina zAstra bhaMDAroM meM Agama, nyAya-sAhitya, vyAkaraNa eMva dArzanika sAhitya kA saMkalana eMva inake jJAna dene kI vyavasthA kI gyii| sAmAjika dRSTikoNa se sAmAjika sthiti sudRr3ha na thii| samAja aneka jAtiyoM, upajAtiyoM eMva vyAvasAyika jAtiyoM meM vibhakta thaa| mAnava mAnava ke bIca sAmAjika eMva dhArmika kSetroM meM bhedabhAva bar3ha gayA thaa| karmakANDoM eMva yajJa yAjJikoM kI bahulatA se brAhmaNa varga meM chUA-chUta panapa cukA thaa| kSatriya varga jo rAjyoM ke adhipati hote the unase ye Adhipatya kA adhikAra dUra hone lgaa| uttarabhArata meM thAnezvara ke puSpabhUti vaizya the, maukharI eMva tatpazcAt gupta rAjA akSatriya the| baMgAla ke pAla eMva sena rAjA zUdra the| kannoja ke gurjara pratihAra paramAra eMva cauhAna videzI

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jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kA uddezya 27 the jo bAda meM kSatriya banA diye gye| jaina eMva bauddha dharma ke prabhAvasvarupa jAtigata peze zithila ho gye| uttarabhArata meM kRSi kI apekSA vyApAra karanA acchA samajhA jAne lagA isI kAraNa vaizya varga kRSikarma ko chor3akara vyApAra kI aura adhika agrasara hone lge| isI taraha jainadharma kI ahiMsAtmaka pravRtti se prabhAvita hokara kSatriya varga ne zastropajIvI jIvikA chor3akara vyApArika vRtti apanA lii| isa vyApArI varga dvArA jainadharma eMva sAhitya ko prazraya milaa| pariNAmataH jainadharma kA prasAra eMva pracAra videzoM meM huaa| aneka jainadharmAnuyAyI vibhinna rAjyavaMzoM ke mahAmAtya, daNDanAyaka, koSAdhyakSa Adi jaise padoM para the| vaizya varga ko rAjakIya pratiSThA adhika prApta hone ke kAraNa unakI ruci sAhityika nirmANa kI ora adhika thii| jaina gRhasthoM dvArA aneka graMthoM kI racanA kI gyii| apabhraMza paumacariya ke racayitA svayambhU eMva gadyakAvya tilakamaMjarI ke racayitA dhanapAla Adi jaina gRhastha the| yaha kAla saMskRta sAhitya kA svarNayuga kahA jAtA thaa| jaina dharma yadyapi tyAga eMva vairAgya para pradhAnataH bala detA rahA hai unake upadeza jIvana kI satyatA ke nikaTa hote the| aisI sthiti meM satya eMva kaTu upadezoM ko sarala eMva sahajagamya banAne ke lie anya bhASAoM meM bhI racanAaiM kI thii| tatkAlIna ina paristhitiyoM ke avalokana se jJAta hotA hai ki jainAcAryoM eMva jainaitihAsa lekhakoM ke apane mUlabhUta uddezya the jisake kAraNa pracura mAtrA meM vividha vidhAoM meM sAhitya sRjana kiyA gyaa| jainadharma ke siddhAntoM ko sthAyI eMva vyApaka rupa denaa| jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kA mUla uddezya apane dharma ke siddhAntoM kA pracAra eMva prasAra karanA thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke kAla taka kisI bhI prakAra kA jaina sAhitya nahIM racA gyaa| jaina siddhAnta maukhika paramparA se cale A rahe the| dhIre-dhIre inake lupta hone para bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pazcAt unake gaNadharoM evaM tIrthakaroM dvArA vibhinna samayoM meM diye gaye upadezoM kA saMkalana bAraha aMga eMva caudaha pUrvo meM Agama sAhitya likhA gyaa| kintu ye mUla Agama bhI samaya ke prabhAva se yathArtha rupa meM prApta nahIM hote| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 683 varSa uparAnta sarvaprathama jaina sAhitya likhA gayA jisakA mUla uddezya dharma eMva darzana ke siddhAntoM ko sthAyI rupa denA thaa| isI kAraNa kabhI unhoMne kathAgrantha likhe hai to kabhI purANa eMva caritakAvya / ina sabhI ne jainadharma ke jaTila siddhAntoM eMva munidharma-paMca mahAvrata, dAna, zIla, tapa, pUjA, svAdhyAya, trayaratna samAdhi-maraNa Adi ke varNanoM dvArA jainadharma ko atyanta vyApaka bnaayaa| jaina Agama sAhitya kA mUla uddezya jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM ko sthAyI

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa rupa denA thA isI kAraNa Agama sAhitya meM tIrthakaroM ke upadezoM ko sannihita kiyA gayA eMva vibhinna dRSTAntoM dvArA AcAra viSayaka siddhAntoM ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| Agama sAhitya meM muni AcAroM kA adhika varNana kiyA gayA hai| jaina zramaNoM ke AcAra-vicAra, vrata saMyama, tapa, tyAga, gamanAgamana, roga nivAraNa, vidyAmaMtra, upasarga, durbhikSa, upavAsa, prAyazcit Adi kA varNana karane vAlI paramparAoM janazrutiyoM, lokakathAoM eMva dharmopadeza kI paddhatiyoM kA varNana prApta hotA haiN| kathA sAhitya jaina sAhitya kA isa dRSTi se vizeSa aMga rahA hai| jaina kathAkAroM kA uddezya apane dharma ke mUlabhUta siddhAntoM kA pracAra karanA thA isake lie unhoMne kathA ko hI apnaayaa| prAyaH sabhI loka kathAoM eMva avAntara kathAoM meM jaina siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana, satkarma, pravRtti, asatkarma nivRtti, saMyama tapa tyAga, vairAgya Adi kI mahimA eMva karmasiddhAnta kI pravalatA para bala rahatA hai| haribhadra sUri kI dharmakathA "samarAicca-kahA kI mUlakathA ke antargata aneka arntakathAoM meM nirveda, vairAgya, saMsAra kI asAratA, karmoM kI vicitra pariNati, mana kI vicitratA, lobha kA pariNAma, mAyA, moha, zramaNatva kI mukhyatA Adi viSaya prati pAdita kiye gaye haiN| isI taraha udyotanasUri kI kuvalayamAlA meM kuvalayacandra kI kathA ke mAdhyama se saMsAra kA svarupa, cAra gatiyA~, jAtismaraNa, pUrvakRta karma, cAra kaSAya, pApa kA pazcAtApa, dhanatRSNA, jinamArga kI durlabhatA, pratimApUjana, paMcanamaskAra maMtra, tIrthakara dharma, saMsAra cakra, mokSa kA zAzvata sukha, samyakatva vrata, dvAdaza bhAvanAeM, lezyA, eMva vItarAga kI bhakti kA varNana karake janasAdhAraNa taka jainadharma ke upadezoM ko pahuMcAyA gayA hai| isake sAtha hI jaina kathAkAroM ne jainadharma ke trezaThazalAkA puruSoM eMva uttama puruSoM ke caritra eMva unake jIvana kI ghaTita ghaTanAoM ke mAdhyama se dAna, tapa, zIla eMva sadbhAva svarupa dharma kA vikAsa kiyaa| jaina kathAkAroM ke anusAra ye mAnava jIvana ko kalyANakArI sukhI, saMskArI eMva satkarmI banAne vAle haiN| kathA sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki jainadharma kI mAnyatA hai ki karmo kA phala avazya milatA hai satkarmoM kA zubhaphala eMva duSkarmoM kA azubhaphala prApta hotA hai jaina kathAkAroM ne dharmopadeza ko adhika prabhAvI banAne ke lie kodha, mAna, mAyA lobha eMva moha ina pAMcoM ko kramazaH canDasom mAnabhaTa, mAyAditya, lobhadeva eMva mohadatva kA pAtra rupa meM citrita kiyA hai eMva unake caritra citraNa se paMca mahAvratoM ko spaSTa kiyA hai| jaina kathAkAroM ne zrRMgArayukta premAkhyAnoM ko bhI mAdhyama bnaayaa| haribhadrasUri ne premAkhyAnoM ko dharma eMva artha kI siddhi kA strota mAnA hai va samarAiccakahA meM samarAditya azoka, kAmAMkura eMva lalitAMga nAmaka mitroM ke sAtha kAma zAstra kI carcA karatA hai| isa taraha jaina kathAkAroM kA udadezya janasAdhAraNa meM dharma ke zAzvata eMva zarIra va dhana ke nazvara rupa ko spaSTa karake dharmAnusAra AcaraNa karane kI ora prerita karanA thaa|

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jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kA uddezya __ jaina itihAsakAroM ne purANa eMva caritakAvyoM meM trezaThazalAkA puruSoM eMva tatkAlIna prasiddha mahApuruSoM kA caritra varNana kiyA hai| ye grantha dharma ke AvaraNa se AvRtta hai unhoMne dhArmika eMva naitika bhAvanAoM ko janasAdhAraNa taka pahu~cAyA hai unakA uddezya AdhyAtmika eMva naitikatA kA vAtAvaraNa samAja meM utpanna karanA thaa| ataeva purANoM meM mahApuruSoM kI jIvaniyoM unake alaukika rupoM, eMva dhArmika kAryo kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| purANoM eMva caritakAvyoM meM zalAkA puruSoM ke pUrvabhavoM kA varNana karake karma eMva pUrnajanma ke siddhAnta para bala diyA hai| karma ko atizaktizAlI tatva ke rupa meM varNita kara janasAdhAraNa ko Izvara, kartRtva, Izvara preraNA jaise paramparAgata andhavizvAsa se mukta karake AtmA kI svatantratA kA, svapuruSArtha kA, sarvazaktisampannatA kA eMva AtmA kI paripUrNatA kA jJAna karAyA hai| purANoM meM karmo ko hI mAnava sukha duHkha eMva hAnilAbha ke kAraNa batalAye gaye haiN| punarjanma mRtyu mokSa Adi sabhI ghaTanAoM ko karmasiddhAnta ke AdhAra para pratipAdita kiyA hai| jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne caritakAvyoM meM AcAra para vizeSa bala dete hue muni AcAra-paMca mahAvrata, gupti, samiti, samayaktrayaratna, tapa Adi eMva zrAvaka AcAra-paMcaaNuvrata, guNavrata zikSAvrata Adi ko spaSTa kiyA hai| sadAcAra ke dvArA navIna karmo kA kSaya eMva isake aMgabhUta tapa ke dvArA pUrva saMcita karmo kA kSaya karatA hai| isa taraha jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne karma prapaMca se bacakara AtmakalyANa ko prApta karane kA mArga btaayaa| syAdavAd ke mahanIya siddhAnta kA sAhitya meM ullekhakara jaina dharma ke samanvayAtmaka rupa eMva atizaya vyApaka dRSTi kI puSTi kii| jaina matAnusAra pratyeka vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hotI hai| kisI bhI vastu ko eka dRSTikoNa se pUrNa nahIM kahA jA sakatA use pUrNa batalAne ke lie vibhinna dRSTikoNoM kA Azraya liyA jAtA hai kyoMki samAja meM vicAra bhinnatA Avazyaka rupa se hotI hai| kisI bhI vyakti ke vicAra pUrNataH satya nahIM ho sakate AMzika satya vicAroM meM rahatA hai| syAdavAda isI mata bhinnatA meM samanvaya utpanna kara satya kA vizleSaNa karatA hai| jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne jaina darzana ko spaSTa karane ke lie caritakAvyoM meM AtmA ke vibhinna rupoM paryAyoM eMva guNoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| zuddha AtmA ko paramAtmA kahA gayA hai puNya pApa bandha mokSa kI vyavasthA vistAra se varNita kI hai| mokSamArga kA nirupaNa karate hue samyagdarzana, samyak jJAna eMva samyak caritra ke samudAya ko abhISTa prApti kA mArga kahA hai| caritakAvyoM meM jaina darzana ke jIva, ajIva, Astrava, baMdha, nirjarA eMva mokSa ina sAta tatvoM kA nirupaNa kiyA gayA hai| mUlataH do hI tatva hai jIva eMva ajIva / ananta catuSTayarupa AtmA kaSAya

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30 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa eMva pramAda se yukta hokara karmo kA Astrava karatA hai aura mithyAtva avirati Adi ke kAraNa bandha meM hotA jAtA hai| jaina darzana meM isa loka ko anAdinidhana eMva akRtrima batalAyA gayA hai jisakI racanA kA AdhAra SaDadravya hai| manuSya kA utthAna eMva patana svayaM usake hAtha meM hai arthAt AtmA svayaM kartA eMva bhoktA hai vaha kisI parokSa zakti para Azrita nahIM hai| vaha karmo kA kSaya karake nirvANa prApta karatA hai| jaina sAdhaka maraNa eMva rogoM se bhayabhIta na hokara sallekhanA vidhi se prANa tyAga karate caritakAvyoM meM jaina itikAsa lekhakoM ne dAna,tapa, zIla eMva bhAvanA zuddhi ko vizeSa mahatva diyA haiM ahiMsA satya, acaurya, brahmacarya eMva aparigraha mahAvratoM ke dvArA tyAga-saMyama eMva sadAcAra kA upadeza diyA hai| jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne apane dharma kA pracAra karane ke lie vaidika dharma ke kiyAkANDIya dUSita pakSoM se janasAdhAraNa ko avagata karAyA eMva dharma kI vaijJAnika vyAkhyA kii| jainadharma isalie vaijJAnika hai ki yaha vastu kI jo svAbhAvikatA hai use svayaM prApta kara dUsaroM ko prApta karane kA upadeza detA hai| ise prApta karane ke lie tadanukUla cAritrika guNa kA AcaraNa karanA Avazyaka hai| tIrthakara mahAvIra ke samaya bhAratIya saMskRti vaidika rIti nIti pradhAna thI | dharmamArga vaidikI hiMsA hiMsA na bhavati ke AdhAra para hiMsA pradhAna yajJoM se kaluSita thaa| ataeva hiMsA pradhAna yajJoM ke sthAna para Atmika, mAnasika eMva zArIrika tapa pradhAna sahiSNutA eMva ahiMsA ko sarvopari siddhAnta ke rupa meM pratiSThita karane eMva use vyAvahArika eMva kiyAtmaka rupa dene ke lie aneka siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana.jaina tIrthakaroM eMva jaina sAhityakAroM dvArA kiyA gyaa| isake lie jaina itihAsakAroM ne aneka rUpoM meM sAhitya kI racanA karake apane dharma ke siddhAntoM ko vistRta eMva sthAyI rupa diyaa| trizaSThizalAkA-puruSoM kA caritra nirupaNa eMva tatsambandhita rAjavaMzoM kA ullekha __ jaina paramparA meM jinendradeva dvArA bAraha prakAra ke purANoM ke upadeza dene kI jAnakArI hotI haiM ina bAraha prakAra ke purANoM ke upadeza se jinavaMzoM eMva rAjavaMzoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| inameM arihanta, cakravartiyoM, nArAyaNa pratinArAyaNa, vidhAdharoM cAraNoM - prajJAzramaNoM eMva kuruvaMza harivaMza, ikSvAkuvaMza, kAzyapavaMza eMva nAgavaMza pramukha hai| jinavaMza se abhiprAya una vaMzoM se hai jinameM jaina muniyoM ne janma liyA arthAt 1, arihanta vaMza 2, zramaNoM kA vaMza 3, prajJAzramaNoM kA vNsh|

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jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kA uddezya 31 trezaThazalAkA-puruSoM ne janma liyaa| jaina sAhitya meM ina rAjavazoM kI saMkhyA 12 nirdiSTa kI gayI hai| jainAcAryo ne ina mahApuruSoM ke caritroM ke nirupaNa dvArA jainadharma ke siddhAntoM eMva AcAroM vicAroM kA vizada citraNa prastuta kiyA hai| arihaMta yA tIrthakara vaMza jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra dharma ke uccheda hone para tIrthakara janma lete haiM eMva viveka maya saMyata jIvana vyatIta kara anta meM dIkSA lekara tapasyA karate haiM eMva pUrNajJAna hone para mokSa prApta karate hai| jaina paramparA eMva mAnyatAnusAra RSabhadeva eMva ariSTanemi kA ullekha vaidika sAhitya meM prApta hotA hai | ye nAma jaina tIrthakara ke bhava ke anurupa dharmatatva kA vaijJAnika rupa se pracAra kiyA lekina dharma nirupaNa kI zailI eMva bhAva samAna the| jaina zAstroM se tIrthakaroM ke zAsanabheda kI jAnakArI hotI hai / ataeva jainadharma kA pravAha bhagavAna RSabhadeva se huA aura bAda meM vItarAga, vrAtya, nirgrantha eMva arhat nAmoM se jaina dharma pravAhita hotA rhaa| jaina dharma meM 24 tIrthakara hue15 jinakA jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne vividha bhASAoM meM caritra nirupaNa kiyaa| RSabhadeva . RSabhadeva ne suSamAduSamA nAmaka tIsare kAla meM janma liyaa| Adi tIrthakara AdinAtha ko vaTavRkSa ke nIce kevala jJAna prApta huA thaa| bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke caritra para sarvaprathama navAMgI TIkAkAra abhayadevasUri ke ziSya vardhamAnAcArya ne saM0 1160 meM prAkRta bhASA meM "AdinAha cariyagrantha 16 likhaa| bhuvanatuMga-sUri dvArA likhita RSabhadevacariya bhI prApta hotA hai / hemacandrAcArya praNIta "trizaSThizalAkApuruSa carita" meM bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke janma se pUrva unakI mAtA ke caudaha svapna se lekara RSabhadeva ke janmAbhiSeka rAjyAbhiSeka, dharmacaka, kevalajJAna, samavasaraNa, caturvidha saMdha kI sthApanA, dIkSA lenA, caturdaza pUrva eMva dvAdazAMgI kI racanA Adi kA varNana prApta hotA hai| ina varNanoM se tatkAlIna prathAoM eMva rItirivAjoM kA ullekha kiyA hai eMva dharma dezanA dvArA jaina siddhAntoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| dUsare tIrthakaMra ajita nAtha, sambhavanAtha eMva abhinandana para bhI 12 vIM zatAbdI ke bAda caritakAvya likhe gye| pAMcave tIrthakaMra sumatinAtha kA caritra citraNa bRhadagacchIya somaprabhAcArya ne cAlukya rAjA kumArapAla ke rAjyArohaNa (saM0 1166) ke samaya prAkRta bhASA meM "subhaInAicariya"18 grantha meM kiyA hai| sAMtave tIrthakara supArzvanAtha ke jIvana carita para aneka jaina lekhakoM dvArA prAkRta meM carita kAvya

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32 . jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa likhe gaye sarvaprathama sumaInAhacariya ke racayitA somaprabhAcArya ke guru bhAI eMva abhayadevasUri ke ziSya lakSmaNagaNi ne kumArapAla ke rAjyArohaNa varSa saM0 1166 meM "supAsanAhacariya"16 likhA isameM supArzvanAtha ke pUrvabhavoM kA varNana karate hue tIrthakara janma kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| grantha se meru parvata para devoM dvArA janmAbhiSeka karane, aneka AsanoM, bibidhatapoM, samyagdarzana kA mAhAtmya, bAraha zrAvaka vrata, unake atisAra Adi ke vistRta varNana pAye jAte haiN| jo tatkAlIna AcAra vyavahAra, rItirivAja paramparAoM, rAjakIya paristhiti eMva naitika jIvana ko spaSTa karate haiN| jAlihara gaccha ke devasUri eMva kisI vivudhAcArya kI prAkRta racanAoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| AThave tIrthakaMra candraprabha ke jIvana carita para saMskRta eMva prAkRta meM aneka caritakAvya likhe gaye haiN| sarvaprathama siddhasari ke ziSya vIrasari ne saM0 1138 meM prAkRta meM kI "candappahacariya" kI racanA kI | jinezvara-sUri kRta caMdappahacariyaM meM 40 gAthAeM hai22 / devaguptasUri upavezaMgacchIya yazodeva aparanAma dhanadeva ne saM0 1176 meM candraprabhacarita likhA23 eMva caturtha racanA bar3agacchIya haribhadrasUrikRta 8031 zloka pramANa 12 vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM kI gyii| saMskRta bhASA meM "candraprabhacarita mahAkAvya5, sarvaprathama AcArya vIranandi ne 11 vIM zatI ke prArambha meM kii| kAvya se inakI guruparamparA (vIranandI ke guru abhayanandi, abhayanandi ke vivudhaguNanandi guru the), prApta hotI hai| ye dezIgaNa ke AcArya the| isa kAvya meM 18 sarga eMva 1661 padya hai isa kAvya ko udayAMka mAnA gayA hai kyoMki sabhI sargo ke anta meM "udaya" zabda AyA hai| asaga kavi dvArA racita candraprabhacarita bhI prApta hotA hai | 11veM tIrthakara zreyAMsanAtha para do prAkRta paurANika kAvya upalabdha hote haiN| sarvaprathama saM0 1172 meM vRhadagacchIya jinadeva ke ziSya haribhadra dvArA eMva candragacchIya ajitasiMhasUri ke ziSya devabhadra dvArA saM0 1332 meM racanA kI gayI28 | 15 veM tIrthakara dharmanAtha ke jIvana carita para haricandra dvArA lagabhaga saM0 1257 meM "dharmazarmAbhyudaya" kAvya saMskRta bhASA meM likhA gayA / kathA vastu kA AdhAra uttarapurANa kA 61 vaoN parva hai / isa kAvya meM dharmanAtha dvArA ulkApAtoM ko dekhakara virakta honA, dIkSA, tapasyA, kevala-jJAna, samavasaraNa meM upadeza Adi dene kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 21 veM sarga meM jainadharma eMva darzana ke siddhAntoM kA varNana hai| prAkRtika varNana kI dRSTi se saphala kAvya hai| dharmazarmAbhyudaya kI kAvya racanA neminirvANa eMva candraprabhacarita se milatI hai| 16 veM tIrthakara zAntinAtha kA jIvana caritra sarvaprathama pUrNatallagacchIya devacandrAcArya dvArA saM0 1160 meM gadyapadya mizrita prAkRta bhASA meM likhA gyaa| yaha aprakAzita hai| eka ladhu prAkRta racanA jinavallabhasUri eMva anya somaprabhasUri racita

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33 jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kA uddezya kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| asaga kavi ne zaka samvat 610 meM saMskRta bhASA meM sarvaprathama "zAntinAtha carita" kI racanA kI asaga ne 12 sargo meM eka laghu zAntipurANa kI bhI racanA kii| ___16 veM tIrthakara mallinAtha para saM0 1175 meM jinezvara sUrikRta prAkRta bhASA meM "mallinAhacariya" prApta hotA hai | ____20 veM tIrthakara munisuvratasvAmI para harSapurIyagaccha ke zrI candrasUri dvArA prAkRta meM caritakAvya likhA gayA lekina samaya anizcita hai| 22 veM tIrthakaMra neminAtha para jinezvarasUrikRta prAkRta racanA "neminAhacariya" (sa0 1175) upalabdha hai / saMskRta bhASA meM 10 vIM zatAbdI meM kavi vAgbhaTa prathama dvArA "neminirvANa mahAkAvya" likhA gyaa| isa kAvya kA pramukha uddezya neminAtha ke caritra dvArA anurakti se virakti kI ora jAne kI zikSA denA hai isakI viSayavastu bhI guNabhadra ke uttarapurANa se lI gayI pratIta hotI hai| "candraprabhacarita' (11 vIM zatI uttarArddha) ko neminirvANa mahAkAvya kI zailI se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa isakA samaya 10 vIM zatAbdI mAnya kiyA gayA hai lekina nemicandra zAstrI ise candraprabhacarita eMva dharmazarmAbhyudaya se bAda kA mAnate hai| 23 veM tIrthakara pArzvanAtha ke jIvana caritra para vi0saM0 1168 meM devabhadrAcArya ne gadya padya mizrita prAkRta bhASA meM "pAsanAhacariya' kI racanA kI42 | isa graMtha meM pArzvanAtha ke chaH pUrvabhavoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai jabaki anya meM 10 pUrvabhavoM kaa| tIrthakara pArzvanAtha ke rupa meM janma lene eMva kevala jJAna prApti eMva dharmopadeza ke sAtha vibhinna tIrtha sthAnoM meM vihAra karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai| saMskRta bhASA meM vAdirAja ne zaka saM0 647 (1025 I) meM dakSiNa ke cAlukya cakravartI rAjA jayasiMha ke rAjyakAla meM rAjadhAnI kaTTagerI meM rahate hue "pArzvanAtha carita' kI racanA kI | isameM 12 sarga hai eMva pratyeka sarga kA nAma sarga meM sannihita viSayavastu ke AdhAra para kiyA hai| vAdirAja jayasiMha ke rAjakavi the inheM jayadevamallavAdI kI upAdhi pradAna kI gayI thii| 24 veM tIrthakara mahAkavi ke jIvana caritra para gadyapadya mizrita prAkRta bhASA meM devabhadrasUri ne vi0saM0 1136 meM "mahAvIracariya" kAvya graMtha likhA / prathama cAra sargo meM mahAvIra ke pUrvabhavoM eMva antima cAra meM unake vartamAna bhava kA varNana hai| pUrvabhavoM ke ullekhoM se cakravartI, nArAyaNa eMva pratinArAyaNoM ke bIca hone gale yuddhoM eMva digvijayoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai| mahAvIra ke janma kA varNana karane vAle sarga meM maMtra tantra, vidyAsAdhana eMva vAmamArgIya eMva kApAlikoM ke kriyAkarmakANDoM kA varNana karake virodha kiyA gayA hai| isa kAvya se jaina itihAsa se sambandhita gaNadharoM ke varNana, caturvidha saMdha kI racanA eMva sAmAjika rItirivAjoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai|

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34 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa vRhadagacchIya nemicandrasUri ne bhI saM0 1141 meM "mahAvIracariya" kI racanA kI isameM mahAvIra ke 25 pUrvabhavoM kA varNana hai| prAkRta apabhraMza eMva dezIbhASAoM ke atirikta saMskRta meM mahAvIra para racanAe~ kama upalabdha hai| sarvaprathama saMskRta bhASA meM asaMga kavi ne mahAvIra carita" likhA hai / ise vardhamAna caritra eMva sanmaticaritra bhI kahate haiN| "mahAvIra carita" kI prazasti ke anusAra isakA racanAkAla zaka saM0 610 (I0 688) jJAta hotA hai| isakI kathAvastu guNabhadra ke uttarapurANa ke 74 ve parva se uddhata hai| isameM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caritra varNana ke sAtha pUrvabhavoM - marIci, vizvanandI, tripRSTha, azvagrIva, siMha, kapiSTha, hariSeNa, sUryaprabha Adi kI kathAaiM varNita hai| ina 24 tIrthakaroM kA sammilita rupa se caritra nirupaNa hameM guNabhadra kRta-uttarapurANa eMva barAMgacarita meM prApta hotA hai| cakavartI balabhadra, nArAyaNa eMva pratinArAyaNa para svatantra racanAe~ jaina dharma ke antargata trezaThazalAkA puruSoM ke antargata 12 cakravartiyoM-1, bharata 2, sagara 3, madhavA 4, sanatkumAra 5, zAnti 6, kunthU 7, araha 8, subhoma 6, padma 10, hariSeNa 11, jayasena 12, blbhdr| 6 balabhadroM - 1, acala 2, vijaya 3, bhadra 4, suprabha 5, sudarzana 6, Ananda 7, nandana 8, padma 6, rAma | 6 bAsudeva (nArAyaNa) - 1, tripRSTha 2, dvipRSTha 3, svayambhU 4. puruNottama 5. puruSasiMha 6, puruSapuNDarIka 7, datta 8, nArAyaNa 6, kRssnn| 6, prativAsudeva ko sthAna diyA gayA hai| ina para svatantra rupa se caritakAvya likhe gaye haiM lekina ve sabhI 12 vIM zatAbdI ke bAda ke haiM ataeva una caritra kAvyoM kA ullekha nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| ___cakavatiyoM kA prAcInatama ullekha samavAyAMga sUtra meM milatA hai47 bharata cakravartI ko pahalA cakravartI batalAyA gayA hai| isake pazcAt 6 baladeva eMva 6 . vAsudeva 6 prativAsudevoM kA janma hotA hai| isa sambandha kA sabase prAcIna ullekha Avazyaka bhASya meM prApta hotA hai / valadeva eMva vAsudeva hamezA bhAI ke rupa meM utpanna hote haiM tatha vAsudeva prativAsudevoM ke pratispardhI hote haiN| baMrAgacarita meM ina cakravatiyo, balabhadra, vAsudevaH prativAsudevauM2 kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| hemacandrAcArya ke "trizASThizalAkA-puruSa carita" eMva zIlAcArya kRta "cauppanamahApurisa cariya se jaina dharma ke vezaSThazalAkA-puruSoM kA

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jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kA uddezya jIvana caritra prApta hotA hai| zIlAcArya ne 6 prati vAsudevoM ko chor3akara 54 puruSoM ko uttamapuruSa kahA hai| trizaSThizalAkApuruSa carita ke pahale parva meM AditIthakara RSabha eMva cakravartI bharata ke caritra kA nirupaNa kiyA gayA hai| dUsare parva meM tIrthakara ajitanAtha eMva cakravartI sagara kA caritra hai| tIsare parva meM - saMbhava, abhinandana, sumati, padmaprabhu-supArzva, candraprabha puSpadanta eMva zAntinAtha ina ATha tIrthakaMroM ke caritra hai| caturtha parva meM - do cakravatiyoM (madhavA eMva sanatakumAra) paoNca vAsudevoM - (tripRSTha, dvipRSTha, svayambhU, puruSottama va puruSa siMha) eMva paoNca balabhadoM (acala, vijaya, bhadra, saprabha eMva sudarzana) eMva paoNca tIrthakaroM- (zreyAMsa, vAsupUjya, vimala, ananta eMva dharmanAtha ke caritroM kA varNana hai| paMcama parva meM - tIrthakara zAntinAtha eMva cakravartI zAntinAtha ke caritra haiN| chaThe parva meM - cAra tIrthakara (kuntha, arinAtha, mallinAtha eMva munisuvrata svAmI) cAra cakavatiyoM - (kunthu, arinAtha, subhauma eMva padama) do vAsudevoM (puruSa puNDarIka eMva datta) do prativAsudeva - (bali va prahalAda) do balabhadra (Ananda eMva nandana) kula 14 zalAkA puruSoM kA caritra nirupita kiyA gayA hai| sAMtave parva meM - tIrthakaMra nami, cakravartI- hariSeNa eMva jaya, vAsudeva-lakSmaNa prativAsudeva-rAvaNa eMva balabhadra-rAma inakA caritra varNana hai| AMThaveM parva meM - tIrthakara nemi, vAsudeva-kRSNa, prativAsudeva-jarAsandha, balabhadra-baladAUjI aise cAra zalAkApuruSoM kA varNana hai| nave parva meM - tIrthakaMra pArzvanAtha eMva cakravartI brahmadatta ke caritra haiN| dasaveM parva meM - tIrthakara mahAvIra kA caritra hai| trizaSThizalAkA puruSa carita se jJAta hotA hai ki bAraha cakavartiyoM meM se zAntinAtha, kunthunAtha eMva arinAtha eka hI bhava meM cakravartI eMva tIrthakara donoM hI hue haiN| AThaveM balabhadra vAsudeva lakSmaNa eMva prativAsudeva rAvaNa kA caritra padmapurANa eMva paumacariya meM bhI prApta hotA hai eMva guNabhadrakRta uttarapurANa meM bhI ina trezaThazalAkA puruSoM kA caritra nirupaNa kiyA gayA hai| ina trezaTha zalAkA puruSoM se sambandhita vibhinna carita kAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki caubIsa tIrthakaroM dvArA kevala jJAna prApta kiyA gyaa| Adi tIrthakara RSabha ko vaTavRkSa ke nIce, abhinandana svAmI ne saraladruma ke nIce, sumatinAtha ne sacchAyapriyaMga ke nIce, padmaprabhu ne zAlavRkSa ke nIce candraprabha ne nAgavRkSa eMva puSpadanta ne mAlatIvRkSa ke nIce, supArzva ko zirISa mahAdruma ke nIce zItalanAtha eMva zreyAMsa ko plakSavRkSa ke nIce dharmanAtha eMva zAntinAtha ko dadhiparNa eMva nandIvRkSa ke nIce, vAsupUjya ko pATalI latA kI chAyA meM, vimala eMva anantanAtha ne jAmuna eMva pIpala vRkSa ke nIce, kunthunAtha

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa eMva arihanAtha ko tilaka eMva sahakAra vRkSa kI chAyA meM, azoM vRkSa ke nIce mallinAtha jina ne eMva campakavRkSa ke nIce munisuvrata ne kevala jJAna prApta kiyA ! ye tIrthakaMra dharma sabhA (samavazaraNa) kA Ayojana karate the| jisameM 12 sabhAeM hotI thI unameM tIrthakaMra ke dAyeM ora se lekara - 1, muni 2, kalpavAsinI deviyA~ 3. AryikAeM 4, jyotiSI devoM kI deviyA~ 5, vyantara devoM kI deviyA~ 6, bhavanavAsI devoM kI deviyA~ 7, bhavanavAsI devI 8, vyantara deva 8, jyotiSadeva 10, kalpavAsI deva 11. manuSya eMva tiryacaM 12, gaNa kramazaH pRthaka pRthaka sthAnoM para baiThate the5 | samavasaraNa meM tIrthakaroM ke dharmopadeza kI bhASA samasta manuSyoM kI bhASA thI jo zaMkA eMva virodha ko samApta karatI huyI satyajJAna ko karAtI thI6 | syAdvAda nIti dvArA anya bhedAtmaka matoM kA khaNDana karatI thI | unakI bhASA arddhamAgadhI thii| ye sabhI tIrthakaroM ne mokSa prApta kiyA thaa| ___ 12 cakavartiyoM dvArA chahoM khaNDoM yukta pRthvI para vijaya prApta kI gayI thI unhoMne ahiMsA saMskRti kA prasAra kiyA thaa| ina treSaThazalAkA puruSoM ke caritra nirupaNa dvArA jainadharma meM mAnya karmavipAka, pUrvabhava, manuSya, tiryaMcaM, deva, naraka gatiyoM kA varNana, dharmopadeza dvArA dharmAcaraNa kI ora pravRtta honA Adi ke upadeza diye gaye haiN| sAMskRtika dRSTi se vivAha, janma mahotsava eMva rItirivAja, paramparAoM kA varNana eMva rAjanaitika dRSTi se tatkAlIna rAjya vyavasthA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| rAjavaMza jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kA uddezya tatkAlIna rAjavaMzoM kA bhI ullekha karanA thA kyoMki inameM vezaThazalAkA puruSoM ne janma liyA hai| ikSvAkuvaMza ikSvAkuvaMza Adi tIrthakara RSabhanAtha kA mUla rAjavaMza thA | "ithUn Akayati kathayatIti ikSvAku Adi se isakA nAma ikSvAkuvaMza pdd'aa| ina ikSvAkuvaMzI rAjAoM ke zilAlekha bhI prApta hote haiN| videzI "kiza" rAjavaMzAvalI meM prApta ikSvAku ke ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki isa vaMza ke mahApuruSoM ne videzoM meM rAjyasthApanA kI thii| kAlAntara meM isI vaMza se candra eMva sUrya vaMza kI utpatti hurthI kuruvaMza cakravartI bharata ke senApati jayasena isa vaMza ke adhIzvara the, ve kurukSetra ke zAsaka the unakI rAjadhAnI hastinApura thii| zAnti, kunthu eMva ari tIrthakaMra eva

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jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kA uddezya 37 cakavartI isI vaMza ke the| isa vaMza ke muni viSNukumAra ne vAtsalyadharma ke Adarza kI sthApanA kii| kaurava eMva pANDava isI vaMza ke the| harivaMza ha 'vaMza se spaSTa hotA hai ki isa vaMza kI utpatti rAjA hari dvArA tIrthakara munisuvrata nAca ke tIrthakAla meM huyii| vidyAdhara vaMza ke eka rAjA ke isa deza meM A jAne eMva usake putra ke parAkamI hone ke ullekha milate hai / AdipurANa meM Adi tIrthakara RSabha dvArA isa vaMza kI utpatti batAyI gayI haiM eMva rAjA harikAnta ko mUlanAyaka batAyA gayA hai| bAda meM isI harivaMza me rAjAyadu huA eMva usI se yAdava vaMza kA prArambha huaa| yAdavavaMza meM janatantrAtmaka zAsana praNAlI thii| kAzyapa vaMza isa vaMza ko ugravaMza bhI kahate haiN| kAzyapa isa ugravaMza kA mUlanAyaka thaa| teisaveM tIrthakaMra pArzvanAtha ugravaMza ke the| nAgavaMzIya rAjAoM ko isI vaMza se sambandhita mAnA jAtA hai| isa nAgavaMza ke samAna hI "uigurasa (UTHURS) jAti ke loga ma ya-eziyA meM rahate the2 | madhyaeziyA ke loga kAzyapa ko apanA pUrvaja mAnate haiM | nAgavaMza satI sulocanA ke pitA akampana isa nAgavaMza ke mUlanAyaka the| nAgavaMza jJAtakula nAma se bhI prasiddha rhaa| antima tIrthakara mahAvIra isI vaMza ke hue the| vidyAdhara vaMza jainAcAryo eMva sAhityakAroM kA mata hai ki Adi tIrthakara RSabha deva dvArA apane putroM meM jaba rAjya kA vibhAjana kara diyA gayA taba kaccha-sukaccha ke putra nami, vinami ko koI zAsanAdhikAra prApta nahIM huA usa samaya RSabhadeva se yAcanA karane para nAgarAja dhareNandra dvArA vijayArddha parvata jisakI uttara eMva dakSiNa do zreNiyA~ thI kA rAjya nami va vinami ko de diyA gyaa| . jamIna se dasa yojana Upara dakSiNI bhAga meM nami ne 50 nagara eMva vaitADhaya ke uttara vibhAga meM vinami ne 60 nagara basAye5 / nami eMva vinami ne vahaoN para gaoNva, kasbe eMva nagara bhI banAye aura unakA nAmakaraNa vibhinna janapadoM se Aye logoM ke janapada ke anurupa kiyaa| nami eMva vinami dharma artha kAma eMva mokSa ko koI hAni na pahuMce, isa taraha zAsana karate the| dharaNendra dvArA prApta vidyAvala se zAsana karate hue jainamandira banavAye, ve jainadharma ke upAsaka the| dharaNendra ne unake zAsana meM kaThora niyama banAye eMva ratnoM kI dIvAra meM prazasti kI taraha khudavA diye the8 / vidyAoM

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38 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa ke adhikArI hone ke kAraNa nami eMva vinami ke vaMzaja vidyAdhara kahalAaiM / munisuvratanAtha tIrthakaMra ke kAla taka vidyAdhara vaMza ke zAsaka vaitADhaya parvata taka zAsana sthApita kara cuke the| isI samaya rathUnapura (ratnapura) ke rAjA sahastrAra ke putra indra ke parAkramI hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai usane vidyAdhara vaMzIya rAjAoM ko apane AdhIna karake vahaoN devaloka ke samAna hI vyavasthA sthApita kI | usane vidyAdharoM meM se hI lokapAla, yakSa, asura, nAga, kinnara ityAdi varga-niyama karake unake nAma se vibhinna nagara sthApita kiye| pAtAla nivAsI vidyAdhara nAga, suparNa, garur3a vidyuta Adi nAma se prasiddha hue| isa taraha vidyAdhara vaMza ke aneka bheda ho gyeN| ye vidyAdhara vaMzIya vyakti Arya kSatriya mAnava the unheM sAdhAraNa mAnava jAti se adhika vidyAe~. prApta thii| vidyAdhara vaMza kI pratyeka jAti dvArA pratyeka vidyApati devatA kI sthApanA kI gardI jainapurANoM meM varNita isa vidyAdhara vaMza kI utpatti kI puSTi jainetara sAhitya eMva purAtAtvika sAkSyoM se bhI hotI hai| utkhanana meM prApta AyAgapaTToM para nAga, suparNa, garur3apa kI manuSyAkRtiyA~ utkIrNa haiM eMva eka AyAgapaTTa para eka nAga kanyA eMva anya puruSa kisI zramaNa kI bhakti karate hue dikhalAyeM gayeM haiM72 / ye nAgavaMzI vidyAdharoM kI AkRtiyA~ haiN| kahIM kahIM para vidyAdhara bhI utkIrNa prApta hote haiM / eka zilApaTTa para zivajI ke tANDavanRtya meM bAje bajAte hue vidyAdharoM ko utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai jo saMgIta meM unakI paTutA eMva vidyAdharoM kI gandharvazreNI ko spaSTa karate haiN| abhilekhIya dRSTi se khAravela ke hAthI guphA zilAlekha meM vidyAdharoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai | jisase dUsarI zatAbdI I0 meM vidyAdhara vaMza ke astitva kI jAnakArI hotI hai| ye vidyAdhara vaMza ke loga nabhacara the apane vidyAvala se AkAza meM bhI ur3a sakate the| ye khecara bhI kahalAte the76 | vidyAoM ke bheda se inakI 16 jAtiyA~ huyI thii| anya rAjavaMzoM ke vyakti bhUmi gocarI the ataeMva ye vidyAdhara bhUmigocarI vyaktiyoM ko apane se hIna mAnate the eMva isIkAraNa vaivAhika sambandha nahIM karate the| bAda meM yaha bheda samApta ho gyaa| kucha vidyAdhara kSatriyoM ke bhArata Akara rahane eMva rAjAoM se ghula mila jAne ke ullekha milate haiM / karakaMDucariu se dakSiNa vijayArddha ke nIla eMva mahAnIla nAmaka do vidyAdhara bhAiyoM dvArA terApura para rAjya sthApita karake jainamuni ke upadeza se prabhAvita hokara guphA mandira banavAne ke ullekha milate haiM jisameM ki amitavega eMva suvega nAmaka vidyAdharoM dvArA mAlAvAra pradeza ke pUrvI parvata se rAvaNa ke vaMzajoM dvArA pratiSThApita bha0pArzvanAtha kI mUrti ko lAkara sthApita kiyA thA |

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jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kA udadezya 36 dakSiNa bhArata ke AThavI zatAbdI ke zilAhAra vaMza ke rAjAoM ko vidyAdhara nIla eMva mahAnIla kA vaMzaja mAnA jAtA hai| kyoMki isa vaMza ke rAjAoM ne apane zilAlekhoM meM apane ko "jImUtavAhana vidyAdhara ke vaMzaja tathA "tathAsura ke adhIzvara" kahA hai| inake vaMzajoM dvArA tagarapura para rAjya kiyA gayA hogaa| padmagupta kRta "navasAhasAMkacaritra" meM narmadA ke dakSiNa meM eka vidyAdhara rAjakula kA ullekha milA hai / kathAsaritsAgara se vidyAdharoM ke rAjA jImUtavAhana kA honA spaSTa hai| rAkSasa eMva vAnaravaMza raviSeNAcArya ke padmapurANa meM rAvaNa eMva hanumAna ko rAkSasa eMva vAnaravaMza ke nararatna mAne gaye haiN| rAvaNa AThavaoN prativAsudeva thA jo lakSmaNa vAsudeva kA virodhI thaa| padmapurANa se spaSTa hotA hai ki vidyAdhara vaMza se hI rAkSasa eMva vAnaravaMza kI utpatti huyI thii| dUsare tIrthakara ajitanAtha ke tIrthakAla meM vijayArddha parvata kI dakSiNa zreNI ke cakavAlanagara ke rAjApUrNadhana ko vihAyotilaka nagara ke rAjA sahastranayana ne samrATa sAgara kI sahAyatA se harA diyA thaa| samavasaraNa meM pUrNadhana ke putra medhavAhana dvArA zaraNa jAne para tIrthakara ajitanAtha ke use lavaNa samudra ke rAkSasadvIpa kA rAjya de diyaa| medhavAhana ke vaMza ne bahuta samaya taka usa rAkSasa dvIpa para zAsana kiyA isI vaMza meM eka rAkSasa nAmaka parAkramI rAjA huA aura usI ke nAma se isa vaMza kA nAma rAkSasa vaMza ho gyaa| isa rAkSasa rAjA ke putra kIrtidhavala kA medhapura ke vidyAdhara nareza zrI kaMTha se vaivAhika sambandha thaa| usakI mRtyu ke pazcAt kIrtidhavala ko laMkA ke uttarabhAga tIna sau yojana dUra samudra ke madhya vAnaradvIpa kA zAsanAdhikArI banAyA gyaa| isa vAnaradvIpa meM vanamAnuSa nivAsa karate the| zrI kaMTha ne apane rAjyakAla meM kihakudaparvata para kiMhakUda nagara sthApita kiyaa| usake vaMza meM amaraprabha rAjA ne apanI dhvajA kA cinha rakhanA prArambha kiyA aura yahIM se yaha vAnaravaMzI prasiddha hue| ye rAkSasa eMva vAnaravaMza ke vyakti ahiMsAdharma ke anuyAyI eMva tIrthakaMroM meM zraddhA rakhate the| hindU dharma meM mAnya tathyoM kA jainIkaraNa karanA paurANika paramparA meM dharma pracAra hetU kathAoM aura AkhyAnoM ko mahatvapUrNa pracalana thA pariNAmasvarupa jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne tatkAlIna samaya meM pracalita dhArmika loka mAnyatAoM kI upekSA nahIM kI aura unake jainIkaraNa kI prakiyA apnaayii| hindU dharma ke antargata rAma-lakSmaNa tathA kRSNa eMva balarAma ko avatAra puruSa mAnA jAtA hai| jinake caritrarupa meM rAmAyaNa eMva mahAbhArata granthoM ko likhA gyaa| prathama zatAbdI I0pU0 meM sarvaprathama bAlmIki dvArA rAmAyaNa kI racanA kI gayI

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X0 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa jisameM rAma eMva lakSmaNa ko Izvara kA avatAra eMva rAvaNa ko rAkSasavaMza kA batalAyA gayA hai| jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne inakI gaNanA trizaSThizalAkA-puruSoM meM karake inheM ucca sthAna pradAna kiyA hai ye kamazaH baladeva, vAsudeva eMva prativAsudeva kahe gaye haiN| vimalasUri dvArA bAlmIki rAmAyaNa ko AdhAra banAkara paumacarita kI racanA jainadRSTikoNa se kI gayI hai jo jaina itihAsa kI utkRSTa vizeSatA hai| jainAcAryoM eMva sAhityakAroM dvArA hindU dharma ke antargata paramparAgata cale Ane vAle alaukika prasaMgoM ko mAnavI eMva buddhisaMgata banAne ke prayatna kiye gaye eMva jainIkaraNa kI prakriyA apanAyI gyii| jainAgamoM ke anusAra rAma AThaveM baladeva eMva lakSmaNa AThaveM vAsudeva eMva rAvaNa ko prativAsudeva mAnA gayA hai| hindU granthoM meM rAvaNa ko rAkSasa rupa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai vaha asat tAmasa pravRttiyoM kA pratIka hai vaha adhArmika thA kyoMki ve vaidikakAlIna sAdhuoM kA virodhI thaa| jaina paramparA meM rAvaNa kA yaha rupa svIkRta nahIM karake use udAtta rupa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai| use prativAsudeva kA pada diyA gayA hai vaha jinakA bhakta, dhArmika eMva vratI thaa| sItA haraNa ke pazcAt bhI usakA caritra upekSita dRSTi kA pAtra nhii| rAvaNa ko dazamukhI rAkSasa na mAnakara use vidyAdhara vaMzI mAnA hai| svayambhU ne rAvaNa ke dazamukha kahe jAne kI vyAkhyA bahuta sundara DhaMga se kI hai usake svAbhAvika eka mukha ke atirikta gale ke hAra ke nau maNiyoM meM mukha kA pratibimba par3ane se use dazAnana kahA gayA hai| rAvaNa kA vrata thA ki "vaha kisI strI ko rAjI kiye binA vaha kabhI use apane upabhoga kA sATa na nahIM bnaayegaa|" isa taraha ke ullekhoM se use rAkSasI vRtti se Upara uThAyA gayA hai eMva uccatA eMva sammAnakA sthAna diyA gayA hai| tulasIkRta rAmacaritamAnasa eMva bhavabhUti ne sItA ko devI rupa diyA hai vahA~ svayambhU use mAnavI rupa dete haiN| agni parIkSA ho jAne para bhI jisa sItA ke sambandha meM loka dhAraNA niHzaMka nahIM ho sakI usa prasaMga ko jai narAmAyaNa meM sItA dvArA rAvaNa se prema karane ke lie kisI bhI prakAra rAjI na hone eMva rAvaNa ko rAkSasI vRtti se Upara uThAkara sItA ke akSuNNa satItva kA pramANa upasthita kiyA gayA hai| jahA~ kaikeyI, urmilA, sItA, yazodharA Adi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai vahA~ hanumatjananI aMjanA kA caritra upekSita rahA hai| brAhmaNa purANoM meM jo caritra vitraNa upekSita kiyA gayA hai vaha zraddhA se kahIM adhika upekSA bhAva vitRSNA kI adhikArI / hai| jaina lekhakoM ne pati parityaktA aMjanA ke viraha kA varNana karake usake prati zraddhA eMva udAravAdI dRSTikoNa apanAyA hai kaikeyI ko bhI IrSyA jaisI durbhAvanA se bacAyA gayA hai|

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jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kA uddezya 41 rAmAyaNa meM hanumAna eMva sugrIva ko vAnara vaMzIya batalAyA gayA hai| isake sAtha hI vAnara ko pazu vizeSa mAnA gayA hai| jaina vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki hanumAna jaise vidvAna jo vyAkaraNa kI jarA bhI truTi nahIM karate ve vanyapazu kaise ho sakateM haiN| jaina kavi ke anusAra vAnara sabhya, saMskRta eMva zaktizAlI the unhoMne hanumAna sugrIva rAvaNa Adi ko vidyAdhara nAmaka jAtivizeSa ke rupa meM citrita kiyA hai| jinakA dhvaja cinha vAnara hone ke kAraNa hI unheM vAnara vizeSa saMjJA se sambodhita kiyA gyaa| . brAhmaNa saMskRti ne vAnara rupa dete hue devatA ke rupa meM pratiSThita karake bhI hanumAna ke jIvana ko AdhAra mAnakara svatantra grantha kI racanA nahIM kii| jaina kaviyoM ne hanumAna ke sampUrNa vyaktitva ko AdhAra mAnakara grantha racanA karake apanI zraddhA vyakta kI hai jisameM hanumAna ke tejomaya bAlarupa kA varNana prApta hotA hai| jaina sAhitya meM hanumAna eka mAnava rupa meM citrita kiye gaye haiM ve eka zUravIra sAmanta haiM ve madhyakAlIna sAmantoM kI bhAMti hI eka se adhika striyoM ke pati haiN| unake rupa, saundarya eMva parAkrama se abhibhUta ho AkarSita hone vAlI ko patnI rupa meM svIkAra karane meM unheM koI Apatti na thii| bAlmIki rAmAyaNa kI laMkinI ko jaina sAhityakAroM ne jaina saMskRtIkaraNa meM laMkAsundarI se hanumAna kA vivAha karAkara apane uparyukta mata kI puSTi kI hai| videzoM meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke pahuMcane ke sAtha hI hanumAna kA jaina rupa bhI prasArita huA hai| seTha govindadAsa kA mata hai ki dakSiNIpUrvI eziyA meM kucha aisI mUrtiyA~ prApta haiM jinameM hanumAna sahastra striyoM ke pati rupa meM pradarzita haiN| hindU dharma ke antargata yakSoM eMva nAgoM kI pUjA hotI thI eMva inake mandira bhI banAye jAte the| inake upAsakoM ko bhAratIya itihAsa vettAoM dvArA anArya kahA gayA hai| lekina jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne apane granthoM meM pramukha yakSa nAgAdi devatAoM ko apane tIrthakaMroM ke rakSaka rupa se svIkAra kara, unheM apane devAlayoM meM sthAna diyA rAma viSayaka grantha ko likhane kA mUla uddezya pracalita rAmakathA ke brAhmaNa rupa ke samAna apane sampradAya ke logoM ke lie rAmakathA kA jaina rupa prastuta karanA thaa| yoga vaziSTha rAmAyaNa meM rAma jinendra kI bhAMti zAnta svabhAva ke varNita kiye gaye haiM / bAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM bhI rAma ke pitA dazaratha zramaNoM kA atithi rupa meM satkAra karate haiN| 20 veM tIrthakara munisuvratanAtha rAma ke samakAlIna kahe jAte haiN| jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne rAma eMva rAvaNa donoM ke prati pUjya bhAva rakhA hai rAvaNa, kumbhakarNa sugrIva, hanumAnAdi rAkSasoM eMva vAnaroM daityoM eMva pazuoM ke rupa meM citrita na karake

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42 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa susaMskRta mAnava jAti ke rupa meM dikhAyA hai| isa taraha do virodhI siddhAntoM ke prati samAna bhAva rakhakara hindU tathyoM kA jainIkaraNa karanA unakA mukhya uddezya thaa| jainadharma ke AzrayadAtAoM se sambandhita ghaTanAoM kiyAkalApoM kA varNana jainAcAryoM eMva jainadharma ko rAjakIya eMva sAmAnya varga ke vyaktiyoM dvArA paryApta sahAyatA prApta hotI thii| jainAcAryadhanAdi bhautika kAmanAoM se pare the rAjakoSa se prApta dhana dvArA sAhitya nirmANa karanA unakA uddezya thaa| isI kAraNa jainAcAryoM eMva itihAsa lekhakoM ne rAjAoM eMva katipaya anyAnya vyaktiyoM ke dharmAnukUla jIvana se prabhAvita hokara unheM apane kAvyoM kA nAyaka banAyA eMva unakI prazastiyA~ likhakara grantha praNayana kiye| isa dRSTi se caritakAvya apanA vizeSa sthAna rakhate AcArya hemacandra ne cAlukya rAjA kumArapAla ke vaMza kI kIrtigAthA meM dvayAzraya kAvya" likhA jisameM gujarAta ke cAlukya rAjavaMza kI aNihilapura meM utpatti se lekara sampUrNa rAjyavaMza ke rAjyakAla taka kA varNana hai| isa cAlukya vaMza ke rAjAoM se anya rAjAoM bhoja, cedirAja, arNorAja ke yuddha kA varNana, dhArmika kAryo-mandira nirmANa Adi eMva kumArapAla saMvat calAne kA varNana hai| vizeSakara cAlukya vaMza nRpa siddharAja jayasiMha eMva kumArapAla kA varNana karanA hai| jayasiMha dvArA devI camatkAroM se pUrNa vijayoM dhArmika kAryoM eMva svargaprApti kA eMva isI taraha kumArapAla dvArA kokaNAdhIza-mallikArjuna para vijayaprApti se dakSiNAdhIza hone, pazcima dizA ke aneka nRpoM dvArA adhInatA svIkAra karane, kAzImagadha, gor3a kAvyakunja dazArNa vedi, jaMgala deza-Adi rAjAoM dvArA adhInatA grahaNa karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| __yazaHpAla kavi ne kumArapAla ke uttarAdhikArI ajayapAla ke rAjya kAla meM (san 1174-77) "moharAja parAjaya".7 nATaka kI racanA kii| jisase kumArapAla ke jainAcArya hemacandra ke jainadharmopadeza se prabhAvita hone, prANi hiMsA ko rokane, adattamRtadhanApaharaNa tyAga karane Adi kI jAnakArI hotI hai| kumArapAla dvArA jainadharma ko rAjakIya prazraya diyA gayA isake sAtha hI kumArapAla dvArA thArApadra (Adhunika tharAda, banAsakoThA) meM kumAra vihAra banavAne eMva jaina tIrthakara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke rathayAtrA mahotsava manAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai| isa nATaka kI vizeSatA hai ki prANImAtra ke hRdaya ke sabhI bhAvoM ko pAtrarupa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai| yazaHpAla kavi ajayapAla rAjA kA mantrI yA prAntIya zAsaka rahA hogA / abhilekhoM se bhI rAjA bhImadeva prathama dvArA san 1066 meM vAyaDa adhiSThAna kI vasatikA ke lie bhUgidAna dene eMva bhImadeva dvitIya dvArA berAvala ke candraprabhamandira

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jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kA uddezya ke jIrNodvAra karAne eMva nandisaMdha ke a. .. . .. . .... .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . rA hotI hai| AcArya mahAsena ne bharata cakravartI ke senApati eMva hastinApura ke nareza jayakumAra eMva unakI rAnI sulocanA ke zIla se prabhAvita hokara unheM apane kathA grantha kA AdhAra banAkara "jayakumAra sulocanAkathA" grantha kI racanA kii| 22 veM tIrthakara neminAtha eMva zrIkRSNa ke samakAlIna rAjA baMrAga ke dhArmika jIvana se prabhAvita hokara jayasiMha nandI ne "barAgacarita" likhaa| jainAcArya kA mukhya uddezya dharmaartha kAmamokSa caturvarga samanvita mAnava ke puruSArtha ko janasAdhAraNa ke lie upayogI batAnA hai 2 | baMrAga ko jaina muni dvArA jIva eMva karma sambandha, sukha duHkha kA kAraNa, samyakatva mithyAtva, mahAvrata gupti, samiti Adi jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM para diye gaye upadezoM kA nirupaNa kiyA gayA hai| ujjaina nareza samarAditya eMva unheM agni meM bhasma karane meM tatpara girisena cANDAla ina do AtmAoM ke nau mAnava bhavoM ke varNana se karma siddhAnta kA prarupaNa kara haribhadrasUri ne vi0saM0757 meM "samarAicca kahA" kI racanA kii| maNipati nRpa dvArA rAjyakArya chor3a dene eMva muni jIvana dhAraNa karane ke pazcAt kuMcika seTha va unake bIca hone vAle saMvAda dvArA jaina dharma ke AcAra eMva siddhAntoM ko atyAdhika ucca batAyA gayA hai| maNipati rAjA ke caritra para prAkRta va saMskRta meM aneka racanAeM likhI gyii| . cAlukya vaMzI rAjA jayasiMha ke rAjyakAla meM vAdirAja ne yazodhara carita eMva pArzvanAtha carita kI racanA kii| isase jayasiMha ke zAsanakAla eMva dhArmika kAryo kI jAnakArI hotI hai| paramAra rAjavaMza dvArA jainadharma ko prazraya diyA gayA thaa| rAjA bhoja ke pitA sindhurAja ke mahAmAtya jainAcArya mahAsenasUri ke ziSya the| mahAsena sUri ne sindhurAja ke zAsana kAla 665-668 I0 meM "pradmunnacarita kAvya 66 kI racanA kI isase mujjaM aura sindhurAja dvArA jainadharma meM zraddhA rakhane eMva jainAcAryoM ko prazraya dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai| paramAra nareza mujjaM eMva bhoja dvArA dhanapAla kavi ko bhI Azraya diyA gayA usane rAjA bhoja ke jinAgamokta kathA zravaNa se utpanna kutUhala ko dUra karane ke lie "tilakamaMjarI kI racanA kii| isameM kozalanareza meghavAhana ke putra harivAhana samaraketu kA caritra varNana hai| tilaka maMjarI se dhArA ke paramAra rAjAoM kI bairisiMha se lekara bhoja taka vaMzAvalI prApta hotI hai / bhoja dvArA dhanapAla ko "sarasvatI pada" se vibhUSita kiyA gayA thaa| rASTrakUTa rAjyavaMza dvArA bhI Azraya prApta thaa| rASTrakUTa nareza kRSNa ke sAmanta cAlukya arikezarI tRtIya ke rAjyakAla meM (656 san) soma deva sUri ne

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44 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa "yazastilaka campU kI racanA kI / isakI kathAvastu jaina purANoM eMva jaina kaviyoM ke AzrayabhUta yazodhara nRpa kI kathA se sambandhita hai| isakA varNana yathArtha rupa meM kiyA gayA hai| isakA uddezya janasAdhAraNa taka naitika eMva dhArmika upadezoM ko pracArita karanA thaa| tatkAlIna rAjataMtra vyavasthA kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| jainadharmAnuyAyI vyaktiyoM ke jIvana se prabhAvita hokara bhI aneka granthoM kI racanA kii| mahAsatI bhuvana sundarI ke satItva se prabhAvita hokara vijayasiMha ne saM0 675 meM bhuvanasundarI kathA kI racanA kI100 | jinezvarasUri ke ziSya dhanezvara sUri ne makaraketu eMva surasundarI ke premAkhyAna para "surasundarI cariya"101 kI racanA saM0 1065 meM kii| nAilakula ke guNapAla muni (6-10 vIM zatAbdI) ne RSi avasthA meM hariSeNa eMva prItimatI se utpanna putrI RSidattA ke zIla se prabhAvita hokara prAkRta bhASA meM "zrRSidattA carita* kI racanA kI jisake caritra varNana ko lekara saMskRta eMva prAkRta meM aneka caritra grantha likhe gaye haiN|02| jainakathAkAroM ne zIlavatI eMva patiparAyaNa striyoM ke caritra varNana ke lie aneka kathA granthoM kA nirupaNa kiyA hai|03 | jainAcAryo, dhArmika narezoM, rAjakumAroM, gRhasthoM eMva dhArmika striyoM ke jIvana se prabhAvita hokara itihAsa lekhakoM ne granthoM meM unake kriyAkalApoM kA varNana kiyA hai| tatkAlIna samAja eMva saMskRti kA varNana chaThI zatAbdI I0 ke pUrvayugIna sAhitya ke avalokana se jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna itihAsa lekhakoM kA mUla uddezya jainadharma ke siddhAntoM kA nirupaNa karanA thA lekina chaThI zatAbdI I0 ke uttarayugIna sAhityakAroM ne dharma eMva darzana ke siddhAntoM ke nirupaNa ke sAtha hI tatkAlIna samAja eMva saMskRti ke vividhakSoM kA bhI varNana kiyA hai| vargavyavasthA karmaNA thii| striyoM ko puruSoM ke samAna adhikAra the| vIracandra AcArya ke ziSya nemicandragaNi ke taraMgalolA kathA grantha se striyoM dvArA sAdhvI saMdha meM praveza milane eMva saMdha ke netRtva karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai 04 | pUrva bhava ke pati ke prati agAdhiprema pativratA kI ora saMketa karatA hai| gandharva vivAha ke pazcAt vidhivat vivAha karane kI paramparA samAja meM gaMdharva vivAha ke nimna sthAna hone ke saMketa prApta hote haiN| jaina itihAsakAroM ne tatkAlIna samAja meM pracalita vezyAvRtti eMva patiparAyaNatA do virodhI pakSoM kA citraNa karane ke lie "narmadAsundarI kathA" kI racanA kii| narmadAsundarI pratikUla paristhitiyoM meM par3akara bhI satItva para aDiga rahatI hai"5 / mahAsena ne tatkAlIna samAja meM pracalita svayaMvara vivAha eMva usameM hone vAle saMgharSo kA ullekha jayakumAra sulocanA kathA meM kiyA haiN|06 | samAja

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jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kA uddezya meM strI apaharaNa eMva vezyAvRtti Adi prathAeM pracalita thii| jainAcAryoM ne ina kurItiyoM se bacAne ke lie kathA grantha eMva caritakAvya likhe| jaina purANoM eMva caritakAvyoM meM itihAsa lekhakoM ne tIrthakara eMva jainadharmAnuyAyI ke mAtA pitA kA vaibhava, garbha, janma, krIr3A zikSA, dIkSA Adi kA varNana karake tatkAlIna samAja kA citraNa kiyA hai| jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne apane sAhitya ko lokaruci ke anukUla banAne ke lie use sAmAjika jIvana ke nikaTa lAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| jaina sAhitya kI upadezAtmakatA gRhastha jIvana ke adhika nikaTa haiN| samayAnukUla zrRMgArika pravRttiyoM kA varNana kiyA hai| sampUrNa prANImAtra kA kalyANa karanA hI jainadharma hai| jIvAtmA kA lakSaNa sAmAjika mAnA gayA hai vaiyaktika nhiiN| jaina saMskRti jitanA AdhyAtmika sAdhanA para bala detA hai utanA hI rASTra nagara eMva grAma ke prati apane kartavyoM ko dharma ke rupa meM varNana karatA hai| vizeSatAeM kAlanirdeza ___ jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kI eka vizeSatA tithiyukta sAhitya kA nirmANa karanA hai / jaina sAhitya kI sabhI vidhAoM purANa, caritakAvya kathAsAhitya eMva abhilekhIya sAhitya meM unakA racanAkAla, eMva sambandhita viSaya kI sabhI ghaTanAoM kA kAlakramAnusAra varNana pAyA jAtA hai| bhAratavarSa kA tithikrama itihAsa jAnane meM utkIrNa lekhoM se atyAdhika sahAyatA prApta hotI hai| abhilekhoM meM prApta kAla-nirdeza rAjya karane vAle rAjA kA, rAjA dvArA dAna, mandira, nirmANa eMva dhArmika sthAnoM kI yAtrAaiM eMva rAjAoM dvArA kI gayI vijayoM, yuddhoM eMva mahatvapUrNa upalabdhiyoM se sambadhita rahatA hai| lekhoM meM rAjA ke rAjyakAla ke varSoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| cAlukya rAjA vikramAditya ke rAjyakAla ke vibhinna lekhoM meM vibhinna varSoM meM kiye gaye dhArmika kAryoM kA ullekha prApta haiN| kadambavaMzIya rAjA ravivarmA ke una rAjyavarSo kI jAnakArI hotI hai jisameM usake dvArA dAnAdi kArya kiye gye| lekhoM meM yaha kAla nirdeza mAsa, vAra, tithi, pakSa eMva samvatoM ke ullekhoM se bhI prApta hotA hai| vizeSakara dAna ke ullekhoM meM mAsa, vAra, zukla kRSNapakSa, saMkrAnti-grahaNa Adi kA ullekha kiyA jAtA thaa| vibhinna rAjavaMzoM ke varNana meM sambatoM kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| lekhoM meM usakA utkIrNa samaya samvatoM meM diyA hotA hai| jisase tatkAlIna samaya meM pracalita samvatoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai| sAhityika eMva abhilekhIya sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki sarvaprathama jaina graMnthoM meM mahAvIra nirvANa samvat kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| sAhitya meM mahAvIra samvat

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46 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa kA prAcInatama upalabdha prayoga vimalasUri ke paumacariu se prApta hotA hai isakI racanAtithi mahAvIra sambat 530 (arthAta san I0vI03) dI hai | zilAlekhoM meM mahAvIra samvat kA prAcInatama jJAta prayoga mahAvIra nirvANa saM0 84 (IsApUrpa 443) ke bar3alI abhilekhoM meM prApta hotA hai| jisase mahAvIra nirvANa samvat 527 I0 pU0 ke 470 varSa bAda vikrama samvat evaM 605 varSa bAda zaka samvata pracalita huA jo kramazaH 57 I0 pU0 (vikramasamvata) evaM 78 I0 (zakasamvata) nizcita hotA hai| 112 ina donoM ke madhya 135 varSa kA antarAla hai| jaina lekhoM meM zaka samvat evaM vikrama samvat kA sAtha-sAtha ullekha kiyA gayA hai| gurjara pratihAra nareza bhojadeva ke devagar3ha sthita 862 I0 ke jaina satambhalekha meM ukta mAnastambha kI pratiSThA kA samaya vi0 saM0 616 evaM zaka samvat 784 sAtha sAtha diyA hai / 13 AThavIM zatI I0 pU0 meM svAmI vIrasena ne apanI dhavalATIkA vikrama samvat 838 (780 I0) meM samApta kI aura unakA ullekha jinasena-sUri punnATa ne apane harivaMzapurANa meM kiyA hai jisakI samApti kA kAla svayaM unhoMne zaka saM0 705 (I0 783) diyA hai / 114 jaina sAhitya meM prApta kAlanirdeza kAlakramAnusAra itihAsa nirmANa meM atyanta mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| janasAdhAraNa kI bhASA ___ janasAdhAraNa ko apane dharma ke AcAroM vicAroM evaM siddhAMtoM se avagata karanA unakI apanI vizeSatA hai| apane upadezoM ko sarala evaM sahajagamya banAne ke lie jainAcAryoM ne na kevala saMskRta meM hI racanA kI balki prAkRta apabhraMza Adi bhASAoM meM bhI kii| prAkRta unake dharmagranthoM kI bhASA thI, sAmAnya varga taka pahuMcane ke lie unhoMne arddhamAgadhI eMva aprabhaMza eMva rAjakIya, va sambhrAntavarga taka pahu~cane ke lie unhoMne saMskRta ko apnaayaa| sAhitya nirmANa ke kSetra meM unakA dhyAna lokaruci kI ora thA isI kAraNa samayAnukUla prAkRta saMskRta, apabhraMza, kannar3a, gujarAtI rAjasthAnI eMva marAThI bhASAoM meM racanAeM kii| jainAcArya janasAdhAraNa kI bhASA meM upadeza karate the| jaina sAhitya se tIrthakaroM dvArA samavasazaraNa meM janasAdhAraNa kI bhASA meM upadeza dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai| jaina bhikSu eMva AcArya jahA~ jahA~ bhI gaye vahA~ vahA~ kI bhASAoM ko cAhe ve Arya parivAra ko hoM cAhe drabir3a parivAra ke hoM sabhI ko apane upadeza kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| isI udAra pravRtti ke kAraNa madhyayugIna janapadIya bhASAoM ke mUla rupa abhI taka surakSita hai| dhArmika upAkhyAnoM ke mAdhyama se ghaTanAoM kA varNana __jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne ghaTanAoM ko dhArmika upAkhyAnoM ke mAdhyama se prakaTa kiyA hai| svadharma ko vyApaka eMva sthAyI rupa denA unakA mukhya uddezya thaa|

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jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kA uddezya 47 jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne jana-sAdhAraNa meM dhArmika cetanA eMva zraddhAbhakti utpanna karane ke lie kathAoM kI racanA kii| tIrthakaroM kI stuti, tIrthakaroM eMva muniyoM kA nagara ke bAhara udyAna Adi meM AnA, eMva rAjA dvArA tatkAlocita veSa meM AnA eMva unakA Adara satkAra karanA, upadeza eMva saMvAda ke dvArA apanI zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna karanA eMva tIrthakaroM ko sarvocca sthAna denA, Adi kA varNana karake dharma, artha kAma eMva mokSa ke phala ko spaSTa karanA jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kI vizeSatA hai| kAma, moha, ahaMkAra, ajJAna Adi rAgAdi bhAvanAtmaka tatvoM ko pAtroM ke rupa meM varNita karanA inakI vizeSatA hai| jainadharma eMva saMskRti ke bane aneka tIrtha eMva mandira bhI jaina itihAsa kI apanI viziSTatA hai| jainAcAryo eMva dharmaguruoM kI mandira nirmANa kI pradatta preraNA eMva jaina zrAvikA zrAvaka Adi kI dhArmika, zraddhA eMva bhakti bhAvanA kA kalA meM vizeSa sthAna hai| jainamandira AdhyAtmika sthAna hone ke sAtha hI kalAkAroM dvArA mAnasika bhAvoM dvArA use alaMkRta karake vItarAgatva kI ora unmukha karanA apanI vizeSatA hai| jaina itihAsa kI vizeSatA hai ki jaina itihAsa kisI samudAya yA dharmavizeSa kI saMkucita sImA meM baMdhA huA nahIM hai aura na hI usakA kSetra kisI eka deza yA yuga taka hI sImita hai| usakA sambandha prANImAtra kI bhAvanA se haiM vaha atIta vartamAna va bhaviSya ko apane meM samAye haiN| jainoM kA namaskAra maMtra kisI vyaktigata stuti kI ora saMketa nahIM karatA usameM paMca parameSThiyoM ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| ve cAhe kisI bhI jAti dharma mata se sambandhita ho| jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kI yaha samanvaya bhAvanA vicAra eMva AcAra donoM hI kSetroM meM prApta hotI hai| vicAra samanvaya kI dizA meM anekAntavAda mahatvapUrNa dena hai| AcAra samanvaya kI dizA meM jaina darzana meM munidharma eMva gRhastha dharma kA pRthak pRthak nirupaNa karake pravRtti eMva nivRtti meM sAmanjasya kiyA gayA hai| munidharma meM mahAvratoM eMva gRhasthadharma meM aNuvratoM kI vyavasthA kI gayI hai| sAMskRtika ekatA kI dRSTi se bhI jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne samanvaya vAdI dRSTikoNa ko apanAyA hai| unake dvArA racita sAhitya eMva viSaya sArvabhaumika eMva vizvavyApI haiN| kathAsAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki bahuta sI jainakathAaiM bhArata ke vibhinna dharmasampradAyoM ke granthoM meM hI nahIM balki videzoM meM bhI prApta hotI haiN| vibhinna tIrthakaroM kI janmabhUmi, dIkSAsthalI, tapobhUmi, nirvANasthala alaga alaga rahe haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra videha uttara-vihAra meM utpanna hue to unakA sAdhanA kSetra va nirvANa sthala magadha dakSiNa vihAra rhaa| teisaveM tIrthakaMra pArzvanAtha kA janma vArANasI meM huA para unakA nirvANasthala banA sammedazikhara / prathama tIrthakara RSabha ayodhyA meM janme para unakI tapobhUmi rahI kailAzaparvata aura bhagavAna ariSTanemi kA karma va dharmakSetra rahA

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48 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa gujarAta / jainoM ke prApta lekha isa samanvayavAdI eMva sArvabhaumika rupa ke pratIka haiN| jaina itihAsa lekhakoM dvArA isa samanvayavAdI rupa ko sAhitya sRjana meM bhI apanAyA gayA hai| unhoMne pracalita dhArmika loka mAnyatAoM eMva viziSTa kathAnakoM, rur3hiyoM kI upekSA nahIM kI hai| hindU dharma ke lokapriya caritra nAyakoM rAma eMva kRSNa ko jaina sAhitya meM trezaThazalAkA puruSoM meM sammAna kA sthAna diyA gayA hai| inheM unhoMne apane DhaMga se varNana kiyA hai| vaidika paramparA meM jo pAtra vIbhatsa eMva ghRNita dRSTi se varNita kiye gaye haiM jaina dharma ke arntagata ucita sammAna ke adhikArI baneM haiN| isa taraha jaina sAhityakAroM dvArA anya dharmo kI bhAvanAoM ko Thesa na pahu~cAnA unakI eka apUrva vizeSatA hai| jainetara sAhitya kA sRjana eMva use saMrakSaNa pradAna karanA jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kI vizeSatA hai| jaina itihAsa lekhakoM dvArA jainetara viSayoM para svatantra grantha nirmANa ke sAtha sAtha una para vistRta prazaMsAtmaka TIkAeM bhI likhI gayI haiN| jaina grantha bhaMDAroM meM kaI prAcIna mahatvapUrNa jainetara grantha bhI surakSita haiN| vIsaladeva rAsoM kI lagabhaga samasta pratiyaoN jainakaviyoM dvArA likhita upalabdha hotI hai| amaracandrasUri ne vAyaDanivAsI brAhmaNoM kI prArthanA para "bAlabhArata kI tathA nayacandrasUri ne "hammIramahAkAvya kI racanA kii| mANikacandra ne kAvya prakAza para saMketa TIkA likhii| anya jainetara granthoM meM paMcatantra, betAlapaMcaviMgazatikA, vikramacarita, paMcadaNDachatraprabandha Adi kA nirmANa kiyaa| abhilekhoM meM bhI cittor3a ke mokana jI mandira ke lie digambarAcArya rAmakIrti se (vi0sa0 1207) prazasti likhaayii| adhikAMzataH jaina abhilekha jainAcAryo dvArA likhe gaye, ve unake dhArmika sthAnoM eMva mandiroM meM pAye jAte haiM lekina dUsare dharma ke prati sahiSNu hone ke kAraNa ye jainetara mandiroM meM prApta hote haiN| unhoMne apane dharma ke prati zraddhA se hI nahIM balki itihAsa nirmANa kI dRSTi se grantha likhe| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jisa samatAmUlaka samAja racanA kI vaha sarva dharmasamabhAva, sarvajAti samabhAva eMva sarvajIvasamabhAva para AdhArita hai| jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne isameM uccatA eMva nimnatA kA AdhAra AcaraNa batAyA hai| puruSa ke samAna strI ko sAmAjika adhikAra hI nahIM diye varan AdhyAtmika adhikAra bhI diye haiN| svayaM mahAvIra ne dAsI vandanA se bhikSA grahaNa karane ke sAtha hI use dIkSita kara chattIsa hajAra sAdhviyoM kA netRtva soNpaa| zUdrakulotpanna harikezI eMva metArya ko apane bhikSusaMdha meM sammilita kara sAmAjika eMva AdhyAtmika samAnatA ko sthApita kiyA hai| isa taraha mAnava se bhI Age bar3hakara prANImAtra ke lie sAdhanA kA mArga prastuta karanA jainAcAryo eMva jaina itihAsajJoM kI vizeSatA hai| jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne prAyaH apane sabhI sAhitya meM jainadharma ke siddhAntoM kA varNana kiyA hai| aparigraha vrata kA

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jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kA uddezya 46 vistRta ullekha kara Arthika viSamatA ke samAja meM Arthika samanvaya kA rupa apanAyA gayA hai| - jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne apane sAhitya ke mAdhyama se zAntimaya jIvana para adhika bala diyA hai lekina unhoMne AvazyakatAnusAra zrRMgAra, vIra, raudra Adi kA varNana karane para bhI zAntarasa ko pradhAnatA dI hai| isakA kAraNa jIvana kI aneka upalabdhiyoM ko prApta karane para bhI kisI jaina tIrthakara athavA muni ke upadeza zravaNa dvArA jIvana eMva saMsAra se virakta honA Adi ko spaSTa karake nivRttimUlaka pravRtti ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna detA hai| jaina itihAsa lekhakoM dvArA apane sAhitya meM alaukika eMva aprAkRta tatvoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| samaya samaya para vidyAdhara yakSa, gandharva, deva, rAkSasa Adi dvArA alaukika kArya kiye jAne eMva mAnavIya pAtroM kI sahAyatA karate hue dikhAkara pUrvabhava ke karmo eMva sambandhoM ke mahatva ko spaSTa karanA unakI mUla vizeSatA hai| jaina itihAsakAroM kA vicAra darzana hai - karmavAda, duSkarma se vacanA eMva satkarma kI aura pravRtta honaa| isI mUla cetanA ke AdhAra para vizeSakara kathA sAhityakAroM ne apane kathAnakoM meM aisI ghaTanAoM ko janma diyA jinake dvArA janasAdhAraNa ko pApa karmo kI ora aruci eMva zubhakAmoM kI ora pravRtti jAgRta hotI hai| sat pAtroM ko kathAoM ke anta meM sukha eMva asata pAtroM ko duHkha prApta karate hue citrita karanA jaina itihAsakAroM kI apane dharma ke AcAroM vicAroM ko vyApaka eMva cirasthAyI banAne kI vizeSatA hai| jaina granthoM meM IzvarIya vividha kalpanAoM ke sthAna para AtmA kI ananta zaktiyoM kA varNana karake AtmA eMva Izvara sambandhI tatvajJAna kI vicAradhArAoM ko AtmA kI hI prAkRtika svabhAva janita anantatA meM pravAhita karanA jainAcAryo kI pramukha vizeSatA hai| jainoM ke karmavAda meM Izvara kA koI sthAna nahIM use kevala eka Adarza aura utkRSTattama dhyeya mAnA hai vaha vizva kA sRSTA eMva niyAmaka nahIM mAnA gayA hai yaha pratyeka AtmA kA utkRSTatama vikAsa mAtra hai| AtmA sAtvikatA eMva naitikatA ke bala para Izvaratva ko prApta kara sakatI hai eMva AvAgamana se mukta ho jAtI hai| jainadharma kI ye mAnyatA kathAoM ke pAdhyama se atyAdhika spaSTa kI gayI hai| isake anusAra AtmA ke tIna stara - bahirAtmA, antarAtmA eMva paramAtmA hote haiN| yaha zarIra hI AtmA hai yahI bahirAtmA hai| zarIra, indriya eMva mana se bhinna vastu mohanIya Adi karmo ke vazIbhUta hone vAlA jIva hI antarAtmA ke nAma se pukArA jAtA hai yaha antarAtmA viziSTa sAdhanoM ke dvArA paramAtmA kA rupa dhAraNa kara letA hai| paramAtmA AtmA ke atirikta kucha nahIM hai ataeMva duHkha se nivRtti kA sAdhana AtmA ko paramAtmA kA rupa samajhanA eMva karmo kA kSaya kA upadeza apane sAhitya

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa dvArA jaina lekhakoM kI vizeSatA hai| jaina itihAsa AdarzonmukhI hote hue bhI jIvana ke yathArtha dharAtala para TikA hai| yaha dharAtala aitihAsika ghaTanAoM eMva sAmAjika jIvana ke vividha pakSoM se nirmita huA hai| aitihAsika kathAnaka prAyaH rAjakuloM se sambandhita haiM eMva sAmAjika jIvana samAja ke ucca-nimna dhanI nirdhana sabhI vargoM se sambandhita haiN|.. ___ jaina itihAsakAroM ke sAhitya meM manusmRti jaisI brAhmaNa kSatriya vaizya ke lie alaga alaga raMga ke kapar3e choTe bar3e daNDa, samAna sthiti meM samAna suvidhAoM kA na honA Adi jaisI viSamatAeM nahIM hai| Arya eMva anArya sabhI ko samAna sthAna diyA gayA hai| jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne atIta eMva anAgata kI ghaTanAoM ke sAtha hI sAtha vartamAna kAlika ghaTanAoM kA varNana bhI kiyA hai jisase tatkAlIna jIvana ke sabhI kSetroM ke mahatvapUrNa pakSoM kA jJAna ho jAtA hai| jaina sAhitya ke vividharupoM ko dekhane se jJAta hotA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne "AcAra para vizeSa bala diyA hai kAraNa ki jaina tIrthakaroM ke Age mUla samasyA duHkha kA nivAraNa thii| jaina sAhitya AcAra sampanna AcAryo kI dena hai| inhoMne zrRMgAra pradhAna kAvyoM kI bhI racanA kI kintu unakA zrRMgAravarNana uddIpaka nahIM hai kintu upazAmaka hai| kyoMki se zAnta rasa meM nimagna AcAryo dvArA likhA gayA hai| jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne apane dharma ko pracArita eva sthAyI rupa dene ke lie sAhitya racanA kI aura isameM tatkAlIna jIvana ke sabhI pakSoM kA citraNa karanA unakI vizeSatA hai| saMdarbha grantha 1. ajitapurANa 2-57, mallinAtha purANa 241/242. syaNacUDarAyacariya, jina ratna koSa pU0 160 / 2. . pATana kA zAstra bhaMDAra, AgarA kA sarasvatI bhavana, jhAlarapATaNa kA sarasvatI bhavana, jaisalamera ke pustaka bhaMDAra, bambaI ke e0paM0 sarasvatI bhvn| jainazilA lekha saMgraha bhAga 4 lekha naM 217 / hisTrI oNpha rASTrakUTarAja pR 272-73 epIgrAphikA iMDikA bhAga 10 pR 146 / epIgrAphikA iMDikA bhAga 6. pR 26/3| . 4. prA0sA0i0 pR0 476 / 5. ta0sU0 10/3 / 6. AuTa lAinsa oNpha jainijma pR7-66 / pa0ca0 "vimala 22/11 jai0zi0sa0bhAga

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jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kA uddezya 2 lekha naM0 264, bhAga 2 lena0 144, 136, jai0zi0saM0 bhAga 3 lenaM0 410, bhAga 4 le0na0 76, 143, 176 / 7. pra0sA0adhyAya 1 gAthA 6-7 tai0u0 1.11.2 sthA0sU0 ka 266 .' u0sU0 23/8/27 vyA0pra020.8 mUlAcAra 7/115-126, 7/34 / SaTkhaNDAgama-TIkAH (dhavalATIkA prathama pustaka kAraMjA 1636) pR0 112 / 11. triza0pu0ca0parva 20-21 12. Rgveda 8/8/24, yajurveda 25/16 . 13. bhAgavata 2/7/10, mA0pu0 50/36-41 / 14. mUlAcAra 533 eMva uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kezI gautama samvAda / 15. samavAyAMgasUtra 24, kalpasUtra 6-7, Avazyaka niyukti 366 / ba0ca0 17/37-36 pR0 267 / 16. jinaratnakoza pR0 28 17. vahI pR0 57 18. vahI pR0 446 16. vahI pR0 445 20. jinaratnakoza pR0 445 21. vahI pR 116 22. candappaha cariya 23. jinaratna pR0 116 24. paTTAvalI parAga pR 363 25. jinaratnakoza pR 116, candraprabhacarita mahAkAvya, ___saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna pR81, DA0 nemicandrazAstrI 26. jinaratnakoza pR0 116 27. jinaratnakoza pR0 366 28. vahI pR0 400 26. vahI pR0 163 jai0sa0zo0 7 pR 251-254. 30. uttarapurANa ke 61veM parva meM dharmanAtha kA caritra 52 padyoM meM varNita hai jinameM ki do pUrvabhavoM eMva vartamAna bhava kA nirNana hai| 31. dharmazarmAbhyudaya 2/77, 3/26-27,33,34,10/6 11/72, 14/8, 30, .

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 16/18-45-46 Adi / 32. jai0sA0kA0bR0i0bhAga 6 pR0 486 / 33. jinaratnakoza pR 376 34. vahI pR 380 / 35. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa pR0 431 / 36. jinaratnakoza pR0 336 / 37. vahI pR0 302 38. vahI pR0 311 36. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna pR0 135 - jai0pii0jain| 40. neminirvANa mahAkAvya - nAgaura ke zAstra bhaMDAra meM isa kAvya kI cAra hastalikhita pratiyA~ hai naM0 21, 66, 107, 254 / 41. saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jainakaviyoM kA yogadAna pR0 81, DA0 nemicandra zAstrI, jaina zodhAMka 8, pR0 2-5-286 "vAgabhaTa eMva haricanda meM pUrvavartI kauna" - paM0 amRtalAla jain| 42. jinaratnakoza pR0 244, pAsanAhacariya 43. jinaratnakoza pR0 246 - pArzvanAtha carita, jai0sA0aura i0pR0 267 44. jinaratnakoza pR0 306 mahAvIracariya 45. jinaratnakoza pR0 306 46. jinaratnakoza pR0 342 47. samavAyAMga sUtra 12, Avazyaka niyukti 374, sthAnAMgasUtra 10, 718 tiloyapaSNati 1282 48. Avazyaka bhASya sUtra 41 46. ba0ca0 17/40.41. pR0 268 50. vahI 17/43 pR0 268 51. vahI 17/42 pR0 268 52. vahI 17/44 pR0 268 53. samavAyAMga sUtra 132 54. pa0ca0bhA0 24/1-11 pR0 163 55. ha0pu0 2/77-87 / tri0la0ma0pu0parva 22 / 56. tri0la0ma0pu0 23/70 57. vahI 23/154 58. vahI 25/250

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jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kA uddezya 56. A0pu0 pR0 77-78 60. ha0pu0 15/52-58 pR0 246 61. A0pu0 16/341-375 62. i0hi0kvA0bhA0 1 pR0 460 63. vahI bhAga 2 pR 28 64. triza0pu0ca0 1/3/218 pR0 233 65. vahI 1/3/186-165-208/ pR0 231-32 66. vahI 1/3/206-212/ pR0 232 67. vahI 1/3/225-233 pR0 234 68. vahI 1/3/217-18, pR0 233 66. pa0pu0 3/306-6 70. pa0pu0pR0 106-113 71. pa0pu0 pR0 68 72. jai0stU0e0a0ai0au0ma0pleTa naM0 17 73. di0A0sa0o0ga0pR0 166 di0A0saM0au0meM pR032 san 1630 74. di0A0sa0au0meM pR0 66 san 1630 75. jai0zi0 saM0 bhAga 2 lena03 paM05 76. ka0ca0 5/1 77. triza0pu0ca0 1/3/216-224 pR0 233 78. ka0ca0 5/1-3 76. vahI 5/4-8 80. vahI pR 17 granthaparicaya 81. vahI bhUmikA pR 48 82. ka0sa0sA0 14/3/65-66 83. pa0ca0 (svayambhU) 6/1, 2,6,8 84. "hanumata caritra 475-76 85. e0i0hi00pu0 261 86. yoga vaziSTha rAmAyaNa adhyAya 15/8 87. pa0caM0 (vi0sU0) 5 88. gAyakavAr3a oriyanTala sIrIja saMkhyA 6, bar3audA 1618 86. jai0zi0saM0 bhAga 4 le0naM0 146 60. vahI bhAga 4 lenaM0 287

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 61. jinaratnakoza pR 447 jai0sA0evaM i0pR0 420-421 . jinaratnakoza pR0 342 A0pu0 1/66 63. jai0sA0kA0bR0i0bhAga 3 pR0 40, 356, 363 64. jinaratnakoza pR0 310-311 65. jai0sA0 aura i0pR0 161-308 jinaratnakoza pR0 318 66. saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna pR0 106-136 jainasAhitya aura itihAsa pR0 411 jinaratnakoza pR 264 67. nirNayasAgara presa bambaI 1638 / jaina sAhitya kA vRhada itihAsa bhAga 6 pR0 535 vAda TippaNI naM0 4, guru gopAladAsa baraiyA smRti graMtha pR0 484-61 / 68. tilaka maMjarI padya 38-51 66. nirNaya sAgara presa bambaI se do bhAgoM meM prakAzita 1601-3, mahAvIra jaina granthamAlA vArANasI ne 1660 eMva 1671 meM saMskRta hindI TIkA sahita - paM0 sundaralAla jain| 100. jinaratnakoza pR 266 -101. jaina vividha sAhitya zAstramAlA dvArA prakAzita banArasa saM0 1672 102. jinaratnakoza pR 56 103. jai0sA0kA0bR0i0bhAga 6 pR 360 104. jinaratnakoza pR 152 105. jinaratnakoza pR 447 106. jai0sA0 aura i0 pR0 420-21 107. jinaratnakoza pR 301 108. jai0zi0le0saM0 bhAga 2 lekha naM 227,237.251,253,267,272 106. jai0zi0le0saM0 bhAga 4 lekha naM0 21 110. pa0caM0 (vi0sU0) antima sarga gAthA 103 111. jai0sa0zau0 36, pR0 463 112. di jai0so0Apha e0i0pR0 66-81 113. e0i0bhA0 4 naM0 44 pR 306-310 114. di0jai0sI0Apha e0i0adhyAya 10

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adhyAya -3 jaina itihAsa kA viSaya aura vikAsa jaina paramparA meM kAlakrama vibhAjana ke antargata utsarpiNI avasarpiNI, yugoM kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai| utsarpiNI yuga meM kisa taraha se kramazaH naitikatA kA abhyudaya eMva avasarpiNI yuga meM naitikatA ke hAsa eMva pariNAmasvarupa bahuta sI naI cIjoM ke prakAza meM Ane kI bAta paravartI sAhitya meM prApta hotI hai| grahoM eMva nakSatrAdikoM ke prakAza meM Ane ke pariNAmasvarupa janatA kA unase bhayabhIta honA eMva bhaya traNa hetU apane samakAlIna kula karake pAsa jAne eMva bhayamukta hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai / antima kulakara nAbhi ke putra RSabhadeva ke samaya bhogabhUmi ke naSTa hone para RSabha dvArA prajA ko upadeza kara, karmabhUmi kI sthApanA kara prajA ko karma karane ke lie prerita karane kI kathAe~ prApta hotI haiN| karmabhUmi ke prAdurbhAva ke sAtha hI sAtha samAja eMva sAmAjika jIvana se sambandhita vibhinna pakSoM kA logoM ko jJAna hone ke sAtha hI jaina itihAsa ke prArambha kA sUtrapAta hotA hai| jaina itihAsa ke mUla eMva prArambhika stara meM Adi tIrthakara RSabhadeva eMva unake vaMza se sambanTi ta vaMzAnugatoM ke caritra eMva kiyAkalApoM kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra RSabha ke bAda eMva mahAvIra se pahale bAisa aura tIrthakaMra ke hone kI bAta jJAta hotI hai| jaina dharma meM ina tIrthakaroM kA bhI mahatva antima tIrthakara mahAvIra kI hI bhAMti svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| sabhI ne apane apane samaya ke anukUla jaina dharma ke mUlabhUta siddhAntoM kA pracAra, prasAra eMva parivarddhana kiyaa| antima tIrthakara pArzvanAtha eMva mahAvIra ko aitihAsika puruSa ke rupa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| pArzva ke dvArA upadiSTa dharma ke svarupa meM kucha aura cIjeM mahAvIra ke dvArA jor3I gayI / tatkAlIna mAnyatA eMva AvazyakatA ke pariveza meM hI mahAvIra ke dvArA saMzodhana eMva parivarddhana prastuta kiyA gayA hogaa| ___"jina" upAdhi jainoM ke antima tIrthakara mahAvIra ke lie prayukta huyI thI jinhoMne indriyoM ko jIta liyA thaa| "jina" zabda una strI puruSoM ke lie bhI vyavahRta pAyA jAtA hai jinhoMne indriyoM kA damana kara antima satya kA sAkSAtkAra kara liyA hai| ataeva jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kA viSaya ina jinAtmA eMva tIrthakaroM dvArA samaya samaya para diye gaye upadezoM kA varNana karanA hai kyoMki ye upadeza jainadharma eMva darzana ke siddhAntoM ko sthAyI rupa pradAna karanA thaa| yaha unheM likhita rupa pradAna karake hI sambhava thA kyoMki prArambha meM jaba jaina AgamoM kA jJAna zruta paramparA se calA A

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56 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa rahA thaa| kAlakramAnusAra AgamoM kA jJAna lupta eMva kSINa hotA gyaa| kAlAntara meM jaina AtmAjJAna kI zikSAoM kA pravAha itanA adhika lupta ho gayA ki tIrthakaMroM dvArA diye gaye upadezoM ke mUla pATha lupta ho gye| taba jaina itihAsakAroM eMva AcAryo ke lie samasta dhArmika eMva dArzanika siddhAntoM ke mUla pATha ko lipibaddha karanA Avazyaka ho gyaa| _aisI sthiti meM jaina AcAryo dvArA vyaktigata rupa meM eMva jaina itihAsakAroM dvArA jaina itihAsa likhanA prArambha huA jisakA mukhya viSaya dhArmika siddhAntoM kA varNana karanA thaa| jaina itihAsakAroM ne apane sAhitya meM mahAvrata, aNuvrata, guNavrata, zikSAvrata, gupti, samiti, dAna, tapa, zIla, trayaratna eMva mokSa Adi ke vistRta varNana ke sAtha karma siddhAnta ko spaSTa kiyA hai| jaina itihAsa sarvaprathama Agama sAhitya meM likhA gyaa| Agama sAhitya para prathama vAcanA mahAvIra nirvANa (527 I0pU0) ke 160 varSa pazcAt candragupta maurya ke rAjyakAla meM par3ane vAle duSkAla ke samApta hone para sthUlabhadra ke netRtva meM pATaliputra meM huyI jisameM zrutajJAna kA 11 aMgoM meM saMkalana kiyA gyaa| ise pATaliputra vAcanA ke nAma se kahA jAtA hai / AgamoM ko vyavasthita rupa dene ke lie dUsarI vAcanA mahAvIra nirvANa 827 yA 840 varSa bAda (IsavI san 300-313) meM Arya skandila ke netRtva meM mathurA meM huyI jise mAthurI vAcanA kahA gayA hai| isa vAcanA meM jise jo kucha smaraNa thA use kAlika zruta ke rupa meM saMkalita kiyA gyaa| isI samaya ballabhI meM nAgArjunasUri ke netRtva meM eka sammelana huA jisamaM vismRta sUtroM ko punaH smaraNa karane kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| isake pazcAt 543-466 I0vI0 meM ballabhI meM hI devardhigaNa kSamA-zramaNa ke netRtva meM antima sammelana huA jisameM vAcanAbhedoM ko vyavasthita karake mAthurI vAcanA ke AdhAra se AgamoM ko lipibaddha kiyA gyaa| Agama sAhitya meM jaina zramaNoM ke AcAra-vicAra, vratasaMyama, tapa tyAga, gamanAgamana, roga cikitsA, vidyAmaMtra eMva prAyazcita Adi kA varNana karane vAlI paramparAoM eMva dharmopadeza kI paddhatiyoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| dhArmika siddhAntoM ke varNana ke sAtha hI jaina itihAsa kAroM ne arahaMto, cakravartiyoM, vAsudevoM, baladevoM eMva prativAsudevoM ke mAtA pitA janmasthAna, dIkSAsthAna, ziSya-paramparA, kaThora sAdhanA, AryakSetroM kI sImA unake pUrvabhavoM eMva tatkAlIna rAjavaMzoM kA varNana bhI apane sAhitya kA viSaya bnaaaayaa| isakA AdhAra dvAdazAMga Agama ke bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda kA avAntarabheda prathamAnuyoga thaa| jaina itihAsakAra mahApuruSoM ke jIvana caritra ke mAdhyama se janasAdhAraNa taka naitika bhAvanAoM ko pahuMcAne ke sAtha hI AdhyAtmika vAtAvaraNa samAja meM utpanna karanA cAhate the| Agama sAhitya meM varNita itihAsakAroM ke viSaya kA vikAsa Agama sAhitya para likhI jAne vAlI TIkAoM, niyuktiyoM, cUrNiyoM eMva bhASyoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| isa

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jaina itihAsa kA viSaya aura vikAsa 57 vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya meM itihAsakAroM ne pUrva pracalita paramparAoM ko pratipAdita kiyA hai| vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya meM niyuktiyA~ apanA vizeSa sthAna rakhatI haiM | AgamoM ke viSaya kA pratipAdana karane ke lie isameM aneka kathAnaka, udAharaNa, dRSTAntoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| saMkSipta eMva padyamaya hone ke kAraNa niyuktiyoM dvArA dharmika siddhAntoM kA pracAra eMva prasAra janasAdhAraNa meM huaa| AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAgoM-sUryAprajJapti vyavahAra kalpa, dazAzrutaskandha uttarAdhyayana, Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika eMva RSibhASita ina dasa sUtroM para niyuktiyA~ likhI gyii| ina niyuktiyoM kI racanA ballabhI vAcanA ke samaya IsavI san kI paoNcavI chaThI zatAbdI ke pUrva hI huyI hogii| AgamoM para likhe gaye bhASya sAhitya kA samaya cauthI pA~cavI zatAbdI I0vI0 mAnya kiyA gayA hai| bhASyoM meM AgamoM meM varNita anuzrutiyoM eMva laukika kathAoM ke dvArA nirgranthoM ke paramparAgata prAcIna AcAra vicAroM kI vidhiyoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| isameM nizItha vyavahAra bhASya eMva bRhatkatpabhASya apanA vizeSa sthAna rakhate haiN| chaThI zatAbdI I0vI0 meM Agama granthoM para gadyAtmaka saMskRta mizrita prAkRta bhASA meM cUNiyA~ likhI gyii| cUrNI sAhitya meM rItirivAja, mele, tyauhAra, vyApAra ke mArga Adi kA jJAna hotA hai| AgamoM para likhI gayI TIkAoM meM laukika eMva dhArmika kathAoM, janazrutiyoM, arddhaaitihAsika eMva paurANika paramparAoM dvArA jaina zramaNoM ke AcAra-vicAra pratipAdita kiye gaye haiN| AgamoM ke pramukha TIkAkAra haribhadra, zIlAMka, zAntisUri-nemicandrasUAre abhayadevasUri ora malayagiri Adi AcArya haiN| dhArmika nivAsa sthAna Agama graMthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki zramaNoM kA samAja meM Adara kA sthAna thaa| zramaNoM ko cAturmAsa ke atirikta kisI eka vizeSa sthAna para na rahane kA nirdeza diyA gyaa| isI kAraNa jaina zramaNa eka janapada se dUsare janapada meM vihAra karate hue dharma kA upadeza karate the| ye prAyaH nagara eMva grAma ke pAsa bane hue caityoM athavA udyAnoM meM rahate the| rAjakIya varga ke sadasya eMva jana sAmAnya unake darzanoM ko jAte eMva Avazyaka vastue bheTa karate the| vairAgya ye zramaNa sAMsArika bhoga vilAsa kI vastuoM ko nAzavAna eMva kSaNabhaMgura

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58 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa jAnakara sAMsArika jIvana ko tyAgakara bhikSu jIvana vyatIta karate the / jaina dharma ke antargata yaha nivRtti hI nirgrantha dharma kA mUla hai | sthAnAMga-sUtra ke antargata vairAgya ke dasa kAraNa batalAye gaye haiM | AgamoM se rAjAoM dvArA bhI bhAvukatAvaza eMva paramparAgata AdhAra para dIkSA lene kI jAnakArI hotI hai / satya, ahiMsA, aparigraha, asteya eMva brahmacarya kA jIvana vyatIta karate hue trayaratnoM kA pAlana karate the| isake sAtha hI antaraMga eMva bahiraMga bAraha prakAra ke tapa eMva saMvara aura nirjarA, gupti eMva samitiyoM ke dvArA karmabandhanoM se mukti prApta karake mokSa prApta karate the| vrata saMyama Agama sAhitya meM jaina zramaNoM ke lie Avazyaka vrata saMyama Adi se sambandhita niyamoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, jinakA pAlana karanA atyanta kaThina thA3 / AhAra lete samaya unheM binA svAda kA AsvAdana lene4 eMva kaThoratapa karane meM zarIra ke zoSaNa kA dhyAna na dene kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai5 | cilAta muni dvArA kI gayI kaThora tapasyA kI jAnakArI Agama sAhitya se hotI hai | __ zramaNa nirgrantha bhikSA dvArA jIvana yApana karate eMva pratidina keza loca karate the| rAtribhojana tyAga, sthAvara eMva trasa jIvoM kI rakSA, abhavaya vastuoM kA tyAga, gRhastha ke pAtra meM bhojana karane kA tyAga, payaMka Asana, snAna eMva zarIrabhUSA kA tyAga Adi vrata saMyamoM kA pAlana unake lie Avazyaka thA | gamanAgamana zramaNa eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para dharmopadeza karate the isa gamanAgamana meM mArgajanya kaSToM ke kAraNa jaMgaloM meM pathabhraSTa honA, durgama rAstoM para calanA, cora DAkuoM eMva jaMgalI jAtiyoM ke upadrava, prAkRtika prakopa eMva jaMgalI jAnavaroM Adi se utpanna kaThinAIyoM kA sAmanA jaina zramaNoM ko karanA par3atA thaa| dIkSA udAravAdI prakRti hone ke kAraNa nirgrantha zramaNoM kI dIkSA lene kA sabako samAna adhikAra thA / lekina kucha paristhitiyoM meM jaise napuMsakatA, vAtarogI, bAla, vRddha, jar3a, rAjApakArI, RNagrasta eMva garbhAvasthA vAlI ko dIkSA lene kA niSedha thA | phira bhI kucha vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM bAla, vRddha, garbhavatI2 ko pravajyA lene kA adhikAra prApta thaa| . jaina dharma ke antargata pravajyA (dIkSA) grahaNa karane ke lie mAtA pitA athavA abhibhAvakoM kI svIkRti prApta karanA Avazyaka thaa|

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jaina itihAsa kA viSaya aura vikAsa 56 niSkamaNa saMskAra Agama sAhitya se dIkSA grahaNa kara lene ke pazcAt niSkramaNa saMskAra kiye jAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai| niSkramaNa saMskAra meM rAjA bhI sakriya rupa se bhAga lete theM yaha atyanta dhUmadhAma se manAyA jAtA thaa| zramaNa dIkSA lene vAle ke parivAra . ko rAjya dvArA sahAyatA pradAna kI jAtI thii| muni AcAra mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa paMcayAmI mArga ko apanAnA zramaNoM ko anivArya thaa|36 nAva dvArA nadI Adi jalAzaya pAra karane meM aneka upasargo ko sahana karanA par3atA thA7 / nAva dvArA nadI pAra karane meM upasargo kA sAmanA karane ke vidhAnoM kA Agama granthoM meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai| zramaNoM ko arAjakatA pUrNa rAjyoM eMva videzI rAjAoM ke rAjya meM rAjakIya karmacAriyoM dvArA aneka prakAra ke kaSTa diye jAte the| isI mArga meM upAzraya janya, rogajanya, durbhikSajanya vAdavivAda janya 3. eMva brahmacarya janya aneka kaThinAIyA~ utpanna hotI thii| vidyAmantra eMva vidhAna ___dharmopadeza eMva bhikSu jIvana yApana meM Ane vAlI kaThinAiyoM se rakSA karane ke lie aneka prakAra ke vidhAnoM kA ullekha AgamagranthoM meM kiyA gayA hai| upAzraya janya saMkaToM se bacane ke lie zramaNoM ko apanI bastI kI dina meM tIna bAra dekhabhAla karane, khule sthAnoM para na rahane Adi kA Adeza diyA gayA hai| - roga-janya saMkaToM meM kuzala sAdhu, zubha Asana para baiThe vaidya cikitsA karAne evaM vaidya ke kahane para use upAzraya meM bulAne kA nirdeza dene ke sAtha hI zUla uThane, sarpadaMza Adi se pIr3ita hone para rAtri ke samaya auSadhi lene kA vidhAna hai|46 jaina sUtroM meM bhikSuoM ko kAma vAsanA, vilAsI jIvana evaM gamanAgamana meM striyoM ke upasarga se dUra rahane ke lie dRSTAntoM dvArA upadeza diyA gayA hai|47 brahmacarya jIvana meM striyoM ke upasarga na saha sakane ke kAraNa prANatyAga karane kA vidhAna batalAyA gayA hai|48 vezyAoM dvArA brahmacarya naSTa karane para jaina granthoM meM, zramaNoM dvArA se badhikara rAjakula meM le jAne kA Adeza diyA gayA hai|46 ___ jaina sUtroM meM prApta ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina bhikSu saMkaToM ke samaya maMtra, vidyA, cUrNa evaM nimitta Adi kA bhI prayoga karate the| rAjAoM dvArA AcArya kA apaharaNa evaM hatyA ke prayatna karane para bhikSu ke liye dhanurveda kA parAkrama dikhAkara AcArya kI rakSA karane kA vidhAna hai|51 rAjA dvArA rAjya niSkAsana kA Adeza diye jAna para AkAza vidyA kA bhI upayoga karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / 52 duSkAla

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60 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa ke samaya athavA niyamavihita bhikSA prApta na hone para maMtra vidyA ke bala se AhAra lAkara bhikSuoM kI jIvikA calAte the|53 Adarza eMva apavAda mArga kA avalambana jaina tIrthakaroM dvArA jainadharmAnuyAyiyoM ko apane dharma eMva vrata niyamoM kA pAlana karane ke upadeza bhI diye gye| isI AdhAra para Agama granthoM meM vrata eMva zIla ko khaNDita karane kI apekSA zuddha karma karate hue prANotsarga karanA acchA batalAyA gayA hai| jaina bhikSuoM ko sarvaprayatnoM dvArA dharmasaMyukta zarIra kI rakSA karane kA Adeza diyA gayA hai| bhikSu, bhikSuNiyoM ko rAjAoM, maMtriyoM eMva purohitoM dvArA kaSTa diye jAne para zAntipUrNa DhaMga se unheM dUra karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai lekina isameM asaphala hone para apavAda mArga kA avalambana lene ke lie bhikSuoM ko Adeza prApta thaa| kyoMki tIrthakaroM dvArA satya ko hI saMyama kahA gayA hai apavAda mArga kA avalambana lene para prAyazcita karane kA bhI vidhAna batalAyA gayA hai| jainasaMgha tIrthakara mahAvIra ne jaina zramaNoM ke saMgha ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA thA - zramaNa, zramaNI, zrAvaka eMva zrAvikA / jaina bhikSu apane saMgha eMva gaNoM kA nirmANa karake, kisI AcArya ke netRtva meM, niyamoM eMva vratoM kA pAlana karate hue rahate the | AcArya vrajasvAmI ke gaNa meM 500 bhikSuoM ke eka sAtha rahane ke ullekha milate haiM / Agama granthoM meM zramaNoM ke paoNca prakAra batalAye gaye haiM61 - 1, NiggaMtha (khamaga), 2, sakka (stapaDa). 3. tAvasa (vaNavAsI) gehaa (parivvAyaa) eMva AjIviya (paMDarAbhiksuH gozAla ke ziSya) dhArmika sahiSNutA eMva samanvayavAda Agama granthoM meM prApta ullekhoM se jaina dharma kI dhArmika sahiSNutA eMva samanvayAtmaka pravRtti jJAta hotI hai| hindU dharma meM mAnya paramparAgata devI devatAoM indra3, skanda64, ruda65 mukunda6, ziva67, vezramaNa8. nAga, yakSa, bhUta. AryA aura koTTakiriyA Adi devI devatAoM kI pUjA ke sAtha hI samaya samaya para eMva viziSTa avasaroM para tatsambandhita utsava bhI manAye jAte the| jaina granthoM meM inakA ullekha milatA hai| treSTha zalAkA puruSa jainAcAryo ne tIrthakaroM dvArA upadiSTa dharma ke varNana ke sAtha hI treSaThazalAkA

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jaina itihAsa kA vita; ' aura vikAsa 61 puruSoM kA bhI varNana kiyA hai| jinameM caubIsa tIrthakaMroM ke sambandha meM prAcIna ullekha samaMvAMyAga, kalpasUtra eMva Avazyaka niyukti meM milatA hai| sarvaprathama ullekha samavAyAMga sUtra meM kiyA gayA hai 5 Avazyaka niyukti meM baladeva, vAsudeva eMva prativAsudevoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai "jisase jJAta hotA hai ki baladeva aura vAsudeva hamezA bhAI ke rupa meM utpanna hote haiM tathA prativAsudeva vAsudevoM ke pratispardhI (virodhI) hote haiN| vAsudeva prativAsudevoM ke bIca yuddha hone, vAsudevoM dvArA prativAsudevoM ke prANaharaNa karane eMva vijaya prApta karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai | jainAcAryo eMva itihAsakAroM dvArA Agama sAhitya meM jaina tIrthakaroM dvArA upadiSTa dharma eMva zramaNa AcAra vicAra ke sAtha jainadharma ke mAnya treSaThazalAkApuruSoM ke janma sthAna, dIkSAsthAna Adi viSayoM ke ullekhoM se tatkAlIna rAjanaitika, sAmAjika eMva bhogolika jAnakArI hAtI haiN| chaThI zatAbdI I0vI0 ke uttarayugIna jaina itihAsakAroM dvArA samAja saMskRti, rAjanIti ko apane sAhitya kA viSaya banAyA gyaa| Agama sAhitya ke AdhAra para jaina itihAsa kA vikAsa huA jo sAhitya kI aneka vidhAoM meM prApta hotA hai| ina sAhityika vidhAoM meM AgamoM meM varNita viSayoM ko siddhAntoM kA rupa diyA gayA eMva mahA puruSoM ke jIvana varNana dvArA samAja ke sabhI kSetroM meM AdhyAtmikatA eMva naitikatA lAnA itihAsakAroM ne apanA uddezya bnaayaa| hindU dharma ke antargata chaThI zatAbdI I0vI0 taka aneka dhArmika granthoM eMva purANoM Adi kI racanA ho cukI thii| hindU dhArmika granthoM-paurANika AkhyAnoM eMva paramparAoM se jaina itihAsakAra prabhAvita hue| pariNAmasvarupa apane dhArmika siddhAntoM ko sarvopari rupa dene ke lie hindU purANoM ke AdhAra para purANoM meM jaina itihAsa likhanA prArambha kiyaa| jaina itihAsakAroM ne apane paurANika sAhitya meM tIrthakara; cakravarti, nArAyaNa, pratinArAyaNa eMva baladeva Adi mahApuruSoM ke caritoM ko nirupaNa karane ke * sAtha hI jaina dharma ke paramparAgata cale Ate hue siddhAntoM ko vikasita eva sarvopari rupa dene ke lie hindU purANoM ke kathAnakoM ke jainIkaraNa kI prakriyA apnaayii| bAlmIki rAmAyaNa kI zailI para jaina itihAsakAroM ne sAMtavI zatAbdI meM caritakAvyoM kI racanA kI jinameM padmacarita eMva baMrAgacarita pramukha haiN| jaina itihAsakAra sAhityakAra hone ke sAtha hI upadezaka eMva dharmapracAraka the ve apanI sAhityika kRtiyoM dvArA jainadharma ke siddhAntoM eMva naitika bhAvanAoM ko janasAdhAraNa meM pahuMcAnA cAhate the| isake lie unhoMne tatkAlIna prasiddha mahApuruSa, jaina dharmAnuyAyI eMva AcAra sampanna strI puruSoM ke jIvana se prabhAvita hokara carita granthoM meM unakA caritra varNana kiyA / caritagrantha dhArmika eMva dArzanika tathyoM se yukta haiN| aneka caritagranthoM meM AzrayadAtAoM ke caritra varNana kiye gaye haiM kyoMki unake dvArA jaina dharma ko prazraya diyA gayA thaa|

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62 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa purANa eMva caritakAvyoM kI taraha hI jaina itihAsakAroM ne apane viSaya dhArmika siddhAntoM kA vikAsa karane ke lie kathA sAhitya ko bhI apanAyA kyoMki jaina dharma ke aneka tatvoM, vrata, saMyama, anuSThAna, vratoM kA svarupa unake vidhi vidhAn aparigraha, asteya, brahmacarya, satya eMva ahiMsA ke rupoM eMva unake pariNAmoM ko kathAoM eMva kahAniyoM ke dvArA ati sugamatA se samAja ke ucca eMva nimna, dhanI eMva nirdhana, zikSita 'eMva azikSita sabhI vargo ke manuSyoM taka pahuMcAyA jAnA sambhava thaa| ataeva jaina itihAsakAroM ne samAja ke sabhI vargo se sambandhita kathAoM, AkhyAnoM eMva kathAkoSoM kI racanA kI jisameM dhArmika siddhAntoM ko sthAna diyaa| ___ jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM kA vikAsa abhilekhIya sAhitya ke dvArA bhI huA, jaina dharma ko janavarga eMva rAjavaMzoM dvArA prazraya prApta thaa| isI kAraNa janavarga eMva rAjyAdhikAriyoM dvArA utkIrNa karAye gaye abhilekhoM meM dAna, tapa, zIla, samAdhimaraNa, muni eMva zrAvaka AcAroM eMva mokSa ke varNana ke sAtha hI jaina saMgha, gaNa gaccha eMva jainAcAryoM aura unakI vaMzAvali kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| jaina Agama sAhitya meM varNita viSaya upadiSTa dharma, AcAravicAra eMva mahApuruSoM ke caritra nirupaNa kA vikAsa chaThI zatAbdI I0vI0 ke uttarakAlIna purANoM, caritakAvyoM, kathA sAhitya, eMva abhilekhIya sAhitya ke mAdhyama se hotA haiN| jaina itihAsakAroM ne samAja, saMskRti eMva rAjanIti eMva bhogolika varNanoM ko bhI apanI sAhityika kRtiyoM kA viSaya banAyA jinakA vizleSaNa vibhinna adhyAyoM meM vistAra ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai| saMdarbhagrantha OM 1. A0pu0 3/14-20 2. A0pu0 3/57-62 3. A0pu0 3/80-200, ha0pu0 7/124 ___ A0pu0 16/176-186, ha0pu0 7/65 5. sa0sU0 24, ka0sU0 6-7, A0ni0 366 DaukTrInsa Ava da jainsa pR 23 mUlAcAra 7/36-38 7. ___ mUlAcAra 7/126-133, ta0sU0 6,18 8. A0cU02, pR 187 6. ni0cU0pR 8 10. vIra nirvANa eMva jaina kAla gaNanA pR 120 11. bhAratIya jaina zramaNa pR 17 / 12. sama0sU0 246-75 A0cU0pR0 460 14. bR0ka0sU0 bhAga pR5

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63 jaina itihAsa kA viSaya aura vikAsa 15. da invejana oNpha alaikjenDara da greTa pR 358, A0cU02, pR 63 16. o0ni0 170-71 17. au0sU0 11-2 pR0 42-47 18. au0sU0 14 pR 46 16. u0sU0 8/1-2 20. sthA0 sU0 10/712 21. A0cU0 2 pR 202, u0TI0 18/232-a, u0sU06vaoN adhyAya meM nami dvArA dIkSA grahaNa karane kA vistRta varNana hai| 22. u0sU0 6vaoN adhyAya 23. u0sU0 16 pR 36-43 jJAtR dha0ka0 1, pR0 28 / 24. A0sU07/4/212 pR0 252 25. jJAtR dha0ka0 1 pR 43, u0TI01, pR0 21 26. nidAna kathA pR0 87-88 | A0cU0pR0 467 27. daza0 vai0sU0 6/8 . 28. vya0bhA0bhAga 4, 2/201 26. sthA0sU0 3.202, ni0bhA0 11/2506-7 30. ni0bhA0 11/3537-36, 11/3536 31. ni0bhA0 11/3536 32. u0TI0 6, pR0 133 33. ka0saM05/110 pR 121 / jJAtR0dha0ka0 1, pR 33 / u0sU022 pR 276 34. jJAtR dha0ka0 1, pR 24-34, A0cU0pR0 266-67, u0TI0 18 pR 257 35. davai0cU0pR0 83 jJAtR dha0ka05 pR 70-71 . 36. bRha0ka0bhA0 1/2363-64, 1/3055-57, 1/3073, 3/3604, A0cU02, pR0 154, ni0cU0pI0 255, 286 kI cUrNI 37. bRha0ke0bhA0 4/5626-33, ni0bhA0 12/4218, 12/4234 38. A0sU0 2, 3.2. pR0 347 a, vRha0ka0sU0 4/33 ni0bhA0 12/4228, ni0cU0pI0 168-66 / 36. ni0cU0 6/2573 40. bRha0ka0bhA0 1/2463-66, ni0bhA0 5/1614 kI cUrNI, o0ni0218 puM0 88-a bRha0ka0bhA004/5673-77, 3/4745-46 41. vya0bhA 5/86-60 pR0 20. 42. bRha0ka0bhA0 4/4656-58 1/622-23 43. ni0bhA0 16/5740-43, vya0bhA0 5/27-81 ni0cU0 12/4023 kI cUrNI, su0sU0 2/6, bRha0ka0mA 6/6167 / / 44. A0sU0 2, 2/1/264 pR0 332, u0TI0 1 pR0 20-a| sU0kR0TI0 4/1.2 . 45. bRhaka0sU0 3/11, bRha0ka0bhA0 4ru5673-77 46. bRha0ka0bhA0 1/610-2013, vya0bha0 5/86-60 pR0.20, ni0sU0

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 10/16-36 / 47. vya0bhA0 3/245-54 pR 52, 2/267-8, 5/73-74, pR0 17, ni0sU0 6/1-77, ni0sU0bhA0 2166-2286 48. A0sU0 1/212 pR0 252 46. pi0ni0 474 50. bRha0ka0bhA0 1/3014 51. bRha0ka0bhA0 1/2755-87 52. vya0bhA0vR0 1/60-61 pR0 76-77 53. bRha0ka0bhA0 4/4654-55 54. varaM praveSTuM jvaliMta hutAzanaM, na cApi bhagsnaM cirasaMcitaM vrtN| / varaM hi mRtyuH suvizuddhakarmaNoM, na cApi zIlaskhalitasya jIvitam / / vRha0ka0bhA0 4/4646 kI cUrNI 55. vRha0ka0bhA0 1/2600 kI TIkA 56. vRha ka0bhA0 1/2664-68 57. ni0cU0 16/5248 kI cUrNI 58. bRha0ka0bhA0 4/4647-54, ni0bhA0pI0 367-8,6/2242-44 bha0A0gAthA 625 meM bhI prAyazcita se asaMyama sevana kA nAza batAyA gayA hai| 56. prA0sA0kA i0pR0 218 60. A0cU0pR0 364 61. A0cU0 2.1 pR 330. vRha ka0bhA0vR0 1/1460 62. e0oNva hi0i0 bhUmikA 63. sthA0sU0 64. A0cU0pR0 213, triza, pu0ca0 1/6/214-15, u0TI0 8 pR0 136 vRha ka0bhA0 4/5153, ka0sU0 1/13 64. A0cU0pR0 315 65. vya0bhA0 7/313, pR055, a, A0cU0pR0 115 66. A0ni0 481, A0cU0pR0 264 67. A0cU0pR0 312, A0ni0 506 68. jI0sU031 281, i0mA0pR0 142-48 66. u0sU0 adhyAya 18, gAthA 35 kI bhAvavijaya TIkA, zloka 67, va0hi0pR0 304-305, jJAtR tR0dhaka08 pR0 65 A0ni0335, TIkA pR 385 70. vi0sU07 pR0 51, jJAtR dha0ka02, pR0 84-1, 85.2 / 71. u0sU036/205, jJAtRdha0ka08 pR 16 / / 72-73. pi0ni0441, jJAtR dha0ka08 pR0138 a, i0mA0pR0 224 / 74. sa0sU024, kalpasUtra 6-7, A0ni0 366 75. sa0sU0 12, A0ni0 374, sthA0 sU0 10/718 . 76. A0ni0 41 77. vA0hi0 pR0 240-245. u0TI0 18, pR0 255-a 78. u0sU0 22

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adhyAya -4 purANa __ mahAvIra ke upadezoM kA saMgraha dvAdazAMga Agama ke bArahaveM aMga ke tIsare khaNDa prathamAnuyoga meM haiM jo paurANika sAhitya ke rupa meM jJAta hai| mahAvIra ke samaya prathamAnuyoga meM 5000 pada the| jinasenAcArya ne "purANa" kI vyAkhyA "purAtana purANa syAt" se kI hai| jaba yaha bAta mahApuruSoM ke viSaya meM athavA mahAna AcAryoM ke upadeza ke rupa meM kahI jAtI hai taba ise mahApurANa kahA jAtA hai| AdipurANa meM aneka mahApuruSoM ke viSaya meM athavA mahAna AcAryo ke upadeza ke rupa meM kahI jAtI hai taba ise mahApurANa kahA jAtA hai| AdipurANa meM aneka mahApuruSoM kA carita nirupaNa huA hai isalie mahApurANa kahalAtA hai| purANa grantha RSi praNIta hone se "ArSa', satyArtha kA nirupaka hone se "sUkta" tathA dharma kA prarupaka hone se "dharmazAstra mAnA jAtA hai| "iti iha AsIta" yahA~ aisA haA aisI aneka kathAoM kA nirupaNa hone se RSigaNa ise "itihAsa" aitihya eMva itivRtta bhI mAnate haiN| puSpadanta ke mahApurANa meM "aTTahAsa eka puruSAzrita kathA", purANatriSaSTi puruSAzritA kayAH purANani kA ullekha hai| purANoM kI kathAaiM tIrthakaroM ke dvArA upadiSTa eMva paramparA meM calI A rahI thiiN| isI AdhAra para sAhitya nirmANa sUtrapAta hone para samaya-samaya para badalatI huyI bhASAoM meM purANoM kA sRjana huaa| jaina dharma meM mAnya trezaThazalAkA puruSoM ke jIvana caritra kA varNana karanA hI purANoM kA uddezya hai| jaina purANakAroM ne vaidika dhArmika granthoM ke suprasiddha AkhyAnoM ko apanAkara unake jainIkaraNa karane kI prakriyA bhI apane paurANika sAhitya meM apnaayii| - vibhinna bAraha jina parivAroM eMva zAhI sAmrAjyoM ke varNana ke kAraNa jaina purANa bAraha prakAra ke kahe gaye haiN| dUsare dRSTikoNa se rAjya, samaya, dharma, mahAna vyaktiyoM eMva unake kAryo kA varNana karane ke pariNAma svarupa purANoM ke paoNca prakAra batAye gaye haiN| jaina purANa brAhmaNa purANoM ke anurupa haiM kyoMki jaina purANoM meM bhI sAmrAjya kathAoM eMva vaMzoM, manvantara Adi kA varNana prApta hotA hai / jaina purANoM ke lakSaNa jaina dharma ke anusAra vizva ko jar3acetana rupa se anAdi eMva ananta mAnA gayA hai isakI kabhI na to utpatti huyI hai na hI kabhI isakA sarvathA vinAza, balki isakA vikAsa eMva avanati kAlacakra ke Aroha-avaroha krama se Upara nIce kI ora

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66 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa parivartana zIlatA ko lie hue badalA karatA hai| isI AdhAra para jaina purANoM kA prathama lakSaNa hai - utsarpiNI eMva avasarpiNI yuga meM kAlakama ke anusAra loka vyavasthA meM parivartana / jaina purANoM kA yaha lakSaNa hindU purANoM ke prathama eMva dvitIya lakSaNa-sarga, pratisarga se milatA julatA hai| hindU purANoM ke ina lakSaNoM meM utsarpiNI eMva avasarpiNI yuga ke samAna hI isa jagata kI utpatti eMva pralaya kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| utsarpiNI yuga meM manuSyoM ke bala, Ayu eMva zarIra kA pramANa bar3hatA hai aura avasarpiNI yuga meM bala Ayu eMva zarIra kA pramANa kamazaH ghaTatA jAtA hai| pratyeka yuga kA kAla dasa kor3A-kor3I sAgara batalAyA gayA hai| ina donoM hI kAloM ke cha: cha: bheda batalAye gaye haiM jo kAlacaka ke paribhramaNa se kRSNa aura zukla pakSa kI taraha ghUmA karate haiN| jaina purANoM kA tIsarA lakSaNa hai - vNsh| AdipurANa meM karmabhUmi kI sthApanA kara cAra-hari, akampana, kAzyapa eMva somaprabha rAjAoM ko prathama tIrthakara RSabhadeva dvArA mahAmANDalika rAjA banAye jAne kI bAta jJAta hotI hai| somaprabha eMva hari kamazaH kuruvaMza eMva harivaMza ke ziromaNi kahalAye isI prakAra akampana nAthavaMza eMva kAzyapa ugravaMza ke rAjA hae / bhAgavata purANa brahamA dvArA rAjAoM kI sRSTi kA ullekha karatA hai / jaina paramparA meM bhogabhUmi ke antargata na koI zAsaka thA aura na koI prjaa| RSabhadeva ne hI karmabhUmi meM pRthak pRthak rAjAoM ko niyukta kiyaa| jaina purANoM kA cauthA lakSaNa hai - manuoM athavA kulakaroM ke kAryo eMva unakI U~cAI lambAI ityAdi kA ullekha | jaina purANoM meM caudaha kulakaroM kI gaNanA kI gayI hai | ina kulakaroM kI paurANika kAla gaNanA apanA eka viziSTa sthAna rakhatI haiN| kulakaroM ne prajA ko jIvana kA patha pradarzana karAyA ataH evaM ye manu kahalAe17 eka kulakara se dUsare kulakara ke bIca kA antara manvantara kahalAtA hai kaI karor3a varSoM kA eka manvantara mAnA gayA hai| jaina purANa meM rAjAoM ke vaMza varNana ko "vaMzAnucarita" kahA jAtA hai| harivaMza purANa meM kuru, hari, nAtha eMva ugravaMza ke rAjAoM kA varNana hai| inake atirikta jaina purANoM ke AkhyAnoM ko bhI unakA lakSaNa batalAyA jA sakatA hai| jaina purANoM meM loka, deza, nagara, rAjA, tIrtha, dAna, tapa, gati aura phala kA varNana Avazyaka batalAyA gayA hai| loka kA nAma kahanA tathA lambAI cauDAI batalAnA eMva usase sambandha rakhane vAlI anya ghaTanAoM kA ullekha lokAkhyAna kahalAtA hai| adholoka, madhyaloka aura urdhva loka kA AkAra kramazaH vetrAsana ke samAna nIce vistRta aura Upara sakarA, jhallarI ke samAna saba ora phailA huA tathA mRdaMga ke samAna bIca meM

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purANa 67 caur3A batalAyA gayA hai| inhIM lokA nadhyaloka ke kisI eka bhAga meM deza, parvata, dvIpa eMva samudra Adi kA varNana dezAkhyAna eMva deza kI rAjadhAnI ityAdi kA varNana purAkhyAna kahalAtA hai| kisI rAjA kI nagarI Adi ke varNana ko rAjAkhyAn kI saMjJA dI gayI hai| isa prakAra jaina purANoM meM loka, deza, nagara, rAjya, tIrtha, dAna, tapa, gati Adi unake vikAsa kI ora saMketa karate haiN| hindU purANoM kI bhAMti hara sthAna para pUrva kathita bAta ke samApta hone para "sUta uvAca" jaisI zailI nahIM apanAyI gayI hai| binA usa rupa ke pUrva pakSa kA uttarapakSa se sambandha milAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| jainapurANoM para isa dRSTi se mahAkAvyoM kA prabhAva spaSTataH lakSita hotA hai / jainapurANoM meM kAvyAtmaka zailI bhI dRSTigocara hotI hai| jaina purANoM meM mahAkAvyoM kI taraha vaktA zrotA ko bahuta kama sthaloM para sambodhita karatA hai| AdipurANa meM kevala eka hI sthAna para zrotA dvArA purANa sunane kI icchA vyakta kI gayI hai | jaina purANoM kA prArambha prAyaH arhadeva kI vandanA se hotA hai22 prArambha meM tInoM lokoM, kAlacaka eMva kulakaroM ke prAdurbhAva kA varNana hotA hai usake pazcAt jambUdvIpa eMva bhArata deza kA varNana karake tIrthasthApanA eMva vaMza vistAra kA varNana prApta hotA hai| tatpazcAt sambandhita puruSa ke caritra kA varNana hotA hai| pUrvabhava kI kathAoM ke prasaMga ke sAtha sAtha prasaMgAnusAra anya avAntara kathAoM kA bhI samAveza milatA hai| ina loka kathA eMva avAntara kathAoM meM jaina siddhAnta kA pratipAdana, satkarma pravRtti, asatkarma nivRtti, saMyama, tapa, tyAga, vairAgya Adi kI mahimA, karma siddhAnta kI prabalatA ityAdi varNana milatA hai| purANoM ke zeSa bhAga meM tIrthakaMra kI nagarI, mAtApitA kA vaibhava, garbha janma, krIr3A, zikSA-dIkSA, pravajyA, tapasyA, pariSaha, apasarga, kevala prApti, samavasaraNa, dharmopadeza, vihAra nirmANa ityAdi kA varNana saMkSepa meM yA vistAra se pAye jAte haiN| jaina purANoM meM trezaThazalAkA puruSoM ke caritra eMva ghaTanAoM ke varNana ke atirikta vibhinna vyApAroM eMva paristhitiyoM, prema, vivAha, saMgIta, samAja eMva goSThI, rAjakAja mantraNA, dUtapreSaNa, sainika abhiyAna, vyUharacanA, yuddha eMva nAyaka ke rupa meM cakravartI Adi bhI jaina purANoM kA viSaya rahA hai| jaina purANakAroM ne madhyayugIna sAmanta vargIya zrRMgArika pravRttiyoM kA varNana karane ke lie zrRMgAra rasa kA prayoga rAnI rAjAoM eMva premI premikAoM ke prasaMga meM maryAdAnukUlita hokara kiyA hai| madhyayugIna sAmanta vargIya zrRMgArika pravRttiyoM kI puSTi navIM, dasavIM zatAbdI ke mandiroM para utkIrNa mithuna mUrtiyoM ke aMkana se hotI hai| mahatI ghaTanAoM eMva mahAna caritroM dvArA jaina dharma ke nivRtti paraka siddhAntoM ke pratirasAnubhUti karAne ke lie alaMkAroM kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| jaina purANoM kI zailI ko ojapUrNa, gambhIra eMva garimAyukta banAne ke lie jaina purANakAroM meM RSabha, bharata, bAhubalI, paurANika rAma jaise mahAna caritroM kA varNana kiyA hai|

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa bhogolika purAtAtvika sAkSyoM ke prApta tathyoM kI bhAMti hI jaina purANoM meM bhAratavarSa ke bhUgola kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai| trezaThazalAkA puruSoM kA carita nirupaNa karane ke sAtha hI inase sambandhita bhogolika sthAnoM kA bhI varNana pAyA jAtA hai| ina bhogolika varNanoM meM tatkAlIna lokAloka vibhAga dvIpa samudra ke varNanoM ke sAtha janapadoM, nagaroM eMva nadI parvatoM kA bhI prasaMgAnukUla ullekha huA hai| loka sambandhI mAnyatAaiM jaina purANoM meM isa sampUrNa brahmANDa ko do lokoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai - alokAkAza eMva lokaakaash| alokAkAza jainapurANoM meM alokAkAza meM jIva-ajIvAtmaka Adi padArthoM kA abhAva pAyA jAtA hai| gati eMva sthiti ke lie Avazyaka dharmAstikAya adharmAstikAya kA abhAva hone se alokAkAza meM jIva eMva pudRgala kI gati eMva sthiti nahIM pAyI jAtI hai| yaha alokAkAza asImita vistAra vAlA hai| lokAkAza lokAkAza meM kAladravya eMva avAntara vistAra se anya sabhI paMcAstikAya isameM sthira rahate haiN| yaha loka nIce, Upara madhya meM kramazaH vetrAsana, bhRdaMga eka-eka bahuta bar3I jhAlara ke samAna hai| inheM adholoka madhyaloka eMva urdhvaloka kahA gayA adholoka adholoka vetrAsana kI AkRti kA cokaura hai| yaha nIce kI aura sAtarajju pramANa hai jo dhIre-dhIre madhyaloka kI sthiti taka eka rajju pramANa raha jAtA hai| . Upara kI aura isakA vistAra brahma brahmottara svarga taka paoNca rajju pramANa hai| dhanodadhi dhanavAta aura tanuvAta ye tInoM vAtAvalaya isake cAroM aura hai | jinakA raMga kramazaH gomUtra ke varNa, mUMga ke samAna varNa eMva paraspara mile hae varNo kI AkRti ' ke samAna hai| pRthvI ke nIce ye daNDa/kAra AkRti ko dhAraNa kiye hue bIsa-bIsa hajAra yojana taka vistRta haiN| ina tInoM vAtAvalayoM ke Upara ratnaprabhA, zarkarAprabhA, paMkaprabhA, vAlukAprabhA, dhUmaprabhA, tamaHprabhA eMva mahAtamaH prabhA nAmaka sapta bhUmiyaoN sthita haiM purANoM meM inakA vistRta varNana pAyA jAtA hai|

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purANa madhya loka adholoka ke tanupAtavalaya ke antabhAga taka madhyaloka sthita hai| yaha muMdagAkRti haiN| tiryaka loka pRthvI tala ke eka hajAra nIce eMva ninyAyaveM hajAra yojana UcAI taka hai| madhyaloka ke madhyabhAga meM jambudvIpa lavaNa samudra se ghirA huA hai" lavaNa samudra eka hajAra yojana vistAra vAlA hai / lavaNa samudra ko AkAza ke samAna vistRta, pAtAla ke samAna gaharA eMva tamAlavana ke samAna zyAma varNa kA batalAyA gayA hai26 jambUdvIpa ___ bharata jambUdvIpa ke dakSiNI bhAga meM sthita hai| jaina purANoM meM varNita dvIpoM meM jambUdvIpa kA varNana adhika vistRta pAyA jAtA hai| jambUvRkSa hone ke kAraNa dvIpa kA nAma jambUdvIpa huaa| isakA AkAra gola hai| harivaMza purANa meM jambUdvIpa kI paridhi tIna lAkha, solaha hajAra, do sau sattAisa yojana, tInakoza eka sau aTThAisa dhanuSa eMva sAr3he tIna UMgala batAyI gayI hai| AdipurANa meM jambUdvIpa ko eka lAkha yojana caur3A mAnA gayA hai | jambUdvIpa kA dhanAkAra kSetra sAta sau navve karor3a, chappanalAkha, caurAnabbe hajAra eka sau pacAsa yojana batalAyA gayA hai | jambUdvIpa meM sAtakSetra, eka meru, do karu, jambU eMva zAlmalI nAmaka do vRkSa, cha: kulAcala, cha: mahAsarovara, caudaha mahAnadiyA, bAraha vibhaMgA nadiyA~ Adi kI sthiti mAnya kI gayI hai| kSetra jambUdvIpa meM bharata, hemavata, hari, videha, ramyaka hairaNyavata aura airAvata ye sAta kSetra sthita haiN| bharata kSetra jambUdvIpa ke uttara meM eMva airAvata kSetra dakSiNa meM hai| bharata bharata kSetra kA vistAra pA~ca sau chabbIsa yojana tathA eka yojana ke unnIsa bhAgoM meM cha: bhAga pramANa hai5 yaha jambUdvIpa ke vistAra kA eka sau nabve vaoN bhAga hai| bharata kSetra kI pratyaMcA caudaha hajAra cAra sau ikahattara yojana eMva kucha kama cha: kalA hai| isakI cUlikA aThAraha sau pacahattara yojana tathA kucha adhika sAr3he cha: bhAga batalAyI gayI hai | bharata kSetra ke ThIka madhyabhAga meM vijayArddha parvata hai| yaha parvata pUrva eMva pazcima ke samudroM taka vistRta hai37 | rajata ke samAna sapheda yaha parvata paccIsa yojana pRthvI ke Upara eMva chaha yojana pRthvI ke nIce taka vistRta hai| pRthvI se dasa yojana Upara parvata kI uttara eMva dakSiNa do zreNiyA~ haiM / dakSiNa-zreNI meM svargapurI

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa ke samAna sATha nagaroM eMva uttarazreNI meM paccAsa nagaroM kI sthiti batalAyI gayI haiM jahA~ vidyAdhara nivAsa karate the| isa parvata ke agrabhAga para nau kUTa haiN| isa bharata kSetra kA nAma Adi tIrthakara RSabhanAtha ke putra bharata ke nAma para par3A / hindU dhArmika granthoM meM bhI bhagavAna RSabha ke putra bharata ke nAma se hI "bhArata" nAma par3ane ke vRtAnta milate haiN| airAvata jambUdvIpa ke dakSiNa meM airAvata kSetra haiN| isakA vistAra hairaNyavata kSetra kA 1/4 hai42 / bharata kSetra kI bhAMti isa kSetra ke agrabhAga para 6 kUTa haiN| hemavata kSetra bharata kSetra ke Age hemavata kSetra hai isakA vistAra do hajAra eka sau pA~ca yojana tathA paoNca kalA pramANa mAnA gayA hai| harivarSa kSetra hemavata kSetra se Age ATha hajAra cAra sau ikkIsa yojana tathA eka yojana ke unnIsa bhAgoM meM se eka bhAga pramANa yukta harivarSa kSetra hai| videha kSetra isakA vistAra taiMtIsa hajAra, chaha sau caurAsI yojana tathA eka yojana ke unnIsa bhAgoM meM cAra bhAga pramANa hai| isakI pratyaMcA jambUdvIpa ke barAbara eka lAkha yojana hai| ramyaka eMva hairaNyavata kSetra videha kSetra ke vistAra se cauthAI vistAra ramyaka kSetra kA eMva ramyaka se cauthAI vistAra hairaNyavata kSetra kA hai| kulAcala ___ jambUdvIpa ke arntagata sAta kSetroM kI sthiti ke sAtha hI chaha kulAcaloM eMva gaMgA, sindhu Adi caudaha nadiyoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai46 | himavAna, mahAhimavAn, niSadha, nIla, rukamI aura zikharI ye cha: kulAcala haiM inameM uttaravartI kulAcala apane se pUrva kulAcala se caugune vistAra vAlA haiN| inameM se Age ke tIna kulAcala dakSiNa ke kulAcaloM ke samAna kahe gaye haiN| ye kulAcala jambUdvIpa ke pratyeka kSetra meM pAye

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purANa . 71 gaye haiN| pratyeka kulAcala para vibhinna saMkhyAoM meM kUToM kI sthiti batalAyI gayI haiN| bharatakSetra meM himavAna kulAcala hai jisake pUrva se pazcima dizA meM gyAraha kUTa suzobhita haiM / hemavata kSetra ke Age mahAhimavAn kulAcala hai jisakA varNa sapheda hai| isake zikhara para 8 kUToM kI sthiti batalAyI gayI hai | harivarSa kSetra ke Age niSadha kulAcala hai jisakA varNa svarNamaya hai isa para 6 kUTa sthita haiM / videha kSetra se Age vaidUryamaNi kulAcala hai| isake zikhara para 6 kUTa haiN|1 / ramyaka kSetra se Age rajata kI bhaoNti varNavAlA svAmI kulAcala hai jisake zikhara para ATha kUTa hai| ye kUTa U~cAI, mUla, madhya eMva agrabhAga ke AkAra meM mahAhimavAn parvata ke samAna hai2 | zikharI kulAcala kI sthiti heraNyavata kSetra eMva airAvata kSetra ke bIca meM batalAyI gayI hai| suvarNamaya isa parvata para himavat parvata ke kUToM kI bhAMti gyAraha kUTa haiM3 / harivaMza purANa meM parvatoM eMva kSetroM kA vistAra diyA gayA hai| parvata yojana himavat parvata / mahAhimavat parvata 4210 10 yojana 6 kSetra . 1. bharatakSetra 2. hemavata kSetra 3. harikSetra 4. videha kSetra 5. ramyaka kSetra yojana 5266 yojana 2105 84211 336844... 8421 3. harikSetra . 8421 niSadha parvata 168 * | #Tv || 23 : nIla parvata rUSamI parvata 4210 6. heraNyavata kSetra 2105 7. zikharI parvata 8. airAvata kSetra 526 // hindU purANoM meM kulAcaloM kI saMkhyA sAta batalAyI gayI hai jo jaina purANoM kI mAnyatA se bhinna hai5| nadI eMva sarovara -- jambUdvIpa ke sAta kSetroM ke bIca sthita chaha kulAcaloM ke madhyabhAga meM pUrva se pazcima chaha vizAla sarovaroM kI sthiti batalAyI gayI hai| unake nAma isa prakAra

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72 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa haiM - padama, mahApadma, tigiccha, kezarI, mahApuNDarIka eMva punnddriik| ina sarovaroM se caudaha nadiyA~ nikalI haiM jinameM sAta to pUrva sAgara meM eMva sAta pazcima sAgara meM praveza karatI haiN| uttara kuru eMva devakuru jambUdvIpa meM videha kSetra ke Age vaidUryamaNi nIla kulAcala eMva sumeru parvata ke madhya sthita pradeza meM uttara kuru eMva sumeru eMva niSadha kulAcala ke madhya sthita pradeza meM devakuru nAmaka bhogabhUmiyoM kI sthiti batalAyI gayI hai7 bhogabhUmi hone ke kAraNa yahA~ ke nivAsiyoM kI sabhI icchAeM kalpavRkSoM se pUrI hotI thIM ina kalpavRkSoM kI saMkhyA dasa batalAyI gayI hai| uttarakuru kA varNana jainevara sAhitya meM bhI milatA hai| mahAbhArata ke anusAra uttarakuru meru ke uttara meM thA jahA~ himavanta ko pArakara pahu~cate the / uttarakuru kI sthiti pAmIra paThAra ke uttara meM batalAyI gayI hai| ___uttarakuru eMva devakuru gyAraha hajAra ATha sau yojana do kalA pramANa vistRta mAne gaye haiN| inakI pratyaMcA trepana hajAra aura dhanupRSTha chaha hajAra cAra sau aThAraha yojana bAraha kalA hai| ina donoM kuru-pradezoM kA vRttakSetra ikahattara hajAra eka sau taiMtAlIsa yojana tathA eka yojana ke nau aMzoM meM cAra aMza pramANa hai1 devakuru kI sthili sItodA nadI ke dUsare taTa para niSadhAcala ke samIpa sthita zAlmalIvRkSa kI dakSiNa dizA ko chor3akara anya dizAoM meM mAnI gayI hai| isa sthAna para veNu eMva veNudhArI deva nivAsa karate haiM ataeva veNadhArI deva devakuru meM iSTa mAne gaye haiN| dhAtakI khaMDa dvIpa saMkhyAta dvIpa samudroM ko pAkara dhAta-kI khaNDa dvIpa kI sthiti batalAyI gayI hai| dhAtakI khaNDa dvIpa kA vistAra jambUdvIpa se dugunA hai / isakA vistAra cAra lAkha yojana vistAra vAlA cUr3I ke AkAra kA lavaNa samudra se ghirA huA hai| isa dhAtakI khaNDa dvIpa meM bhI pratyeka meru kI apekSA bhArata Adi sAta kSetra eMva himavAna Adi chaha kulAcala hai| puSkaradvIpa kamala ke vizAla cinha se yukta puSkaradvIpa kAlodadhi ko cAroM ora se gherakara sthita hai| puSkaradvIpa kA ardhabhAga mAnuSottara parvata se ghirA huA hai isalie ise puSkarArddha mAnA gayA hai| iSvAkAra parvatoM se yaha pUrva puSkarArddha eMva pazcima puSkarArddha meM vibhAjita hai| mAnuSottara parvata kI paridhi kA vistAra eka karor3a chattIsa hajAra sAta sau teraha haiN| ina donoM khaNDoM meM dhAta-kI khaNDa dvIpa kI bhAMti meru,

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purANa 73 . parvata, kSetra eMva nadiyA~ hai| jisa prakAra jambUdvIpa ko lavaNa samudra ghere haiM usI prakAra puSkaradvIpa ko puSkaravara samudra ghere hue hai | (4), (5). (6). (7) - puSkaradvIpa ke Age vAruNIvara dvIpa, kSIravara dvIpa, dhRtavaradvIpa, ikSuvara dvIpa Adi kI sthiti batalAyI gayI hai| jinheM inhIM ke nAmAnurupa sAgara ghere nandIzvara dvIpa nandIzvara sAgara nandIzvara dvIpa ko cAroM aura se ghere hue sthita hai| nandIzvara dvIpa meM nandottarA Adi vApikAoM kI sthiti batalAyI gayI hai jo svaccha jala se yukta rhtii| inakI gaharAI eka lAkha yojana eMva lambAI caur3AI jambUdvIpa ke barAbara eka lAkha yojana hai | tIrthakara RSabha ke abhiSeka ke samaya inhIM vApikAoM se jala lAyA gayA thA | nandIzvara dvIpa kA vistAra eka sau tiresaTha karor3a caurAsI lAkha yojana batalAyA gayA hai / isa dvIpa kI abhyantara paridhi eka hajAra chattIsa karor3a bAraha lAkha do hajAra sAta sau yojana eMva bAhya paridhi do hajAra bahattara karor3a, teMtIsa lAkha cauvana hajAra eka sau nabve yojana hai| Dhola ke AkAra eMva caurAsI hajAra yojana U~ce eMva itane hI caur3e tathA eka hajAra yojana gahare vistAra vAlA ajjana parvata naMdIzvara dvIpa ko ghere hue hai | nandIzvara dvIpa ke antargata bAvana caityAlayoM kI sthiti batalAyI gayI hai| vibhinna utsavoM para saudharmendra dvArA pUjA hone ke ullekha milate hai| aruNa dvIpa aruNa dvIpa aruNa sAgara se ghirA huA hai| samudra se lekara brahmaloka paryanta anya kAra vyApta rahatA hai jisameM alpa zrRddhidhArI deva dizAvimUr3ha hokara bhaTakate rahate haiN| kuNDalavara dvIpa kuMDalavara dvIpa ke madhya meM cUr3I ke AkAra ke kuNDalagiri parvata eMva cAroM aura kuNDalavara sAgara kI sthili batalAyI gayI hai| kuNDalagiri ke cAroM aura cAra jinAlaya hai jo ajjanagiri ke jinAlayoM ke samAna haiM | rucakavara dvIpa isake madhya meM rucakavara parvata hai| cAroM dizAoM meM cAra-cAra kUTa hai| devoM ke sthAna para deviyA~ suzobhita haiN| svayambhUramaNa dvIpa isake madhya meM cUr3I ke AkAra vAlA svayaMprabha parvata hai eMva cAroM aura svayaMprabha

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74 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa sAgara sthita haiN| urdhvaloka jambUdvIpa ke madhyabhAga meM sthita meruparvata ninanyAve hajAra UMcA eMva tIna mekhalAoM se yukta hai| yaha cAlIsa yojana UMcI cUlikA se suzobhita hai / meruparvata kI isI cUlikA se Upara urdhvaloka kI sthiti batalAyI gayI hai| urdhvaloka meM uttara eMva dakSiNa dizA meM alaga-alaga 16 kalpavRkSa hai | meruparvata kI cUlikA ke Upara nava graiveyaka, nau anudiza eMva inase Age paoNca anuttara vimAnoM kI sthiti hai| urdhvaloka kI antima sImA para ISatprAgbhAra bhUmi hai| jyortiloka pRthvItala se sAta sau nabve yojana Upara jyortiloka hai jisakA vistAra eka sau dasa yojana hai| yaha sampUrNa AkAza meM vyApta hai jisakI moTAI eka sau dasa yojana batalAyI gayI hai| jyortiloka kA prArambha tArA paTala se hotA hai| tArApaTala ke Upara sUryapaTala eMva sUryapaTala se assI yojana Upara candrapaTala aura isake Age budha, zuka, guru, maMgala, zanezvara grahoM ke paTala sthita haiN| . purANoM meM nagara grAma Adi kA vibhAjana spaSTataH prApta hotA hai| jo nagara nadI eMva parvata se ghirA rahatA hai use kheta kahA gayA hai| kevala parvata se ghire hue ko kharbaTa aura pA~ca sau gaoNvoM se ghire hue sthAna ko maTamba saMjJA dI gayI hai| isI taraha samudra ke kinAre sthita eMva nAvoM dvArA AvAgamana hone vAle sthAna ko droNa mukha evaM zUdroM eMva kisAnoM ke nivAsa sthAna, bAga bagIcoM se yukta eMva bAr3a se ghire hue ghara jahA~ ho use grAma kahA gayA hai| rAjanaitika rAjya kI utpatti jaina purANoM meM varNita rAjya viSayaka siddhAnta hindU eMva bauddha paramparA se milate haiN| jaina paramparA meM rAjya kA prArambha RSabha dvArA "avyavasthA se bacane ke lie eMva prajA ke rakSaNa ke lie cAra mAMDalika rAjAoM kI niyukti se hotA hai | rAjya ke aMga rAjyazAstrIya granthoM meM varNita rAjya ke aMga eMva upAMgoM ke samyak varNana kI bhAMti jaina purANoM meM eka sAtha eMva kama se aMga eMva upAMgoM kA varNana nahIM huA hai| paurANika kathAnakoM meM varNita rAjAoM ke paurANika AkhyAnaparaka kathAnakoM meM rAjA

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purANa 75 eMva rAjya ke saptAMgoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / somadeva ina saptAMgoM ko rAjya ke lie paramAvazyaka batalAte hai | rAjanItika gatividhi purANoM meM varNita rAjyavaMzIya paramparAoM, utsavoM, Amoda-pramodoM tathA vaibhavAdi ke varNanoM se jaina jagata meM pracalita katipaya rAjanItika gatividhiyoM para prakAza par3atA hai| rAjya pada kI garimA ke anukUla rAjA kI dinacaryA kA honA nitAnta Avazyaka batalAyA gayA hai| jaina dharma AcAra para vizeSa bala detA hai isI kAraNa rAjA ke jaina muni ke samIpa paidala jAne, pradakSiNA karake natAMjali hokara praNAma karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai | jainAcAryo zramaNoM Adi kA rAjakula meM Adara hotA thA | rAjyazAstrIya granthoM meM rAjA ke kartavyoM kA varNana karate hue dharma ke abhyudaya hetU anukUla vAtAvaraNa ke sRjana kA uttaradAyitva rAjA ko diyA gayA hai jisake nimitta rAjA mandiroM meM dhArmika pUjA ke lie AjJA prasArita karate the| jisase sAmAnya janatA para prabhAva par3e aura loga dharma kA AcaraNa kreN| isI taraha rAjA kA prajA dvArA vizeSa sammAna kiyA jAtA thaa| abhiSeka rAjyataMtra ke mUla meM abhiSeka kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hindu eMva jaina paramparA meM samAna rupa se batalAyA gayA hai| rAjyataMtra meM rAjA ke rAjapadIya jIvana kA prArambha yahIM se hotA hai| Adi purANa meM tIrthakara RSabhadeva ke rAjyAbhiSeka kA varNana prApta hotA hai| abhiSeka meM sabhI vargoM kA pratinidhitva honA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| tIna prakAra ke jala dvArA abhiSeka karanA tInoM varNo ke pratinidhitva kI aura saMketa karatA huA pAyAvAlA hai| abhiSeka ke uparAnta rAjA dvArA paTTabandha bA~dhA jAtA thaa| yaha paTTavandha caMcalA rAjalakSmI ko sthira karane kA sUcaka mAnA gayA hai | RSabhadeva dvArA paTTabandha ityAdi dhAraNa karane ke vRtAnta kA varNana spaSTataH pUrvamadhyayugIna abhiSekIya paramparAoM kI aura saMketa karatA huA pAyA jAtA hai| rASTrakUTa nareza indra tRtIya eMva govinda caturtha ke paTTabandha mahotsava ke lie godAvarI jAne ke ullekha milate haiM | antaH pura rAjyatantra ke antargata antaHpurIya vyavasthAoM para vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA thaa| kuMcakI antaHpura kI vyavasthA karate the5 / antaH puroM meM dvArapAliyaoN eMva paricArikAe~ rakhI jAtI thIM ye rAniyoM eMva rAjAoM kI sabhI prakAra kI sevAeM karatI thI | dvArapAlikAeM astroM se yukta hokara bAhya eMva Antarika sthAnoM para paharA detI thii|

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76 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa rAjakIya Amoda pramoda purANoM ke kathAnaka rAjAoM ke Amoda-pramoda kA varNana karate haiM jo rAjakIya jIvana meM vyavahRta hone vAle Amoda-pramodIya padvatiyoM kA vizleSaNa karate hue tatyugIna jIvana meM vyavahRta hone vAlI paddhatiyoM kI ora pracchanna rupa se saMketa karate hue pAye jAte hai| pramadodyAna meM jhUlA, kRtrima kIr3A parvata, vRkSoM ke jhuramuTa, sarovara manovinoda hetU banAye jAte the / vezyA, nRtyakAra, bandIjana, cAraNa eMva bhAToM kA manoraMjana ke sAdhana ke rupa meM ullekha huA hai| rAjAoM kI zikSA rAjyatantra ke antargata yuvarAjoM kI zikSA kA prAvidhAna milatA hai| una zikSAoM kA yathocita jJAna prApta kiye binA vaha na to rAjyapada kA adhikArI hotA thA aura na hI rAjapada ke saMcAlana meM apane ko sakSama pAtA thaa| prazAsakIya guNa eMva jJAna ke abhAva meM aneka rAjAoM kA rAjapada eMva jIvana se hAtha dhone ke dRSTAnta prApta hote hai102 | AnvIkSikI, trayI, vArtA eMva daNDanIti ke sAtha dharmazAstra, kAmazAstra dharmatantrara hastitantra, chaMda, Ayurveda, tantra, maMtra, jyotiSa Adi vidyAoM kA jJAna Avazyaka hotA thA04 | inake dvArA hI vaha puruSArtho kI prApti eMva zAsana ko sucAru rupa se calA sakatA thA05 | rAjA ke kartavya rAjyapada kI utpatti ke mUla meM kartavya kI bhAvanA sabhI paramparAoM ke siddhAntoM meM samAna rupa se sannihita hai| rAjyapada ke udgama ke sAtha hI sAtha rAjAoM ke kartavyoM kI jo paramparA prArambha hotI hai vaha pUrvamadhyayugIna rAjAoM ke jIvana se bhI sambaddha rahI hai| sabhI jaina purANa rAjA ke kartavyoM para thor3e bahuta parivartana ke sAtha prakAza DAlate haiN| prajApAlana, prajArakSaNa eMva prajAraMjana rAjA ke Avazyaka kartavya the06 / duSTa puruSoM kA nigraha eMva ziSTa puruSoM kI rakSA usakA dharma thA | nagaranirmANa prAcIna vastuoM kA rakSaNa, aparAdhiyoM ko daNDa, nyAyapUrvaka kara vasUla karanA, eMva yuvarAjoM ke, rAjapada ke yogya ho jAne para Atmika cintana eMva dIkSA dhAraNa kara mokSa sAdhana meM apane ko lagA lenA rAjAoM ke kartavya the / aneka sAmantoM, guptavaroM, lekhavAhaka, dUtoM tathA anya prazAsakoM dvArA rAjya kI sthiti se avagata hokara apane vyavahAra kA nirNaya kiyA karatA thA06 | apane guNoM eMva kartavyoM ke pAlana se rAjA devatulya samajhe jAte the| maMtri pariSada . rAjakIya kAryoM meM rAjA ko sahayoga dene eMva vicAra vimarza karane hetU

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purANa 77 maMtripariSada kI niyukti hotI thii| mantriyoM ko rAjya ke cAra mUlabhUta sthira stambha mAnA gayA hai | naye rAjA kI niyukti eMva rAjya kArya saMcAlana kA bhAra maMtriyoM para hotA thaa| vilAsitA priya rAjAoM dvArA rAjyabhAra maMtriyoM para soMpane ke ullekha milate haiN|11| maMtriyoM kI saMkhyA AvazyakatAnusAra nizcita kI jAtI thii| mahAmAtya, saciva, rAjyavRddha, buddhi saciva, kArya saciva ityAdi zabda maMtriyoM ke lie prayukta hote rahe haiN|12 | rAjya eMva rAjA ke hita sAdhana meM lage rahanA eMva rAjakIya kAryo meM rAjA ke sAtha vicAra vimarza karanA maMtriyoM ke kartavya the113 | rAvaNa ke maMtrimaMDala kA ullekha prApta hotA hai114 | nItivAkyAmRta meM maMtriyoM ke viruddha jAne vAle rAjAoM ke vinAza kI bAta kahI gayI hai115 | rAjanaitika vibhAjana chaThI zatAbdI se bhArata meM eka kendrIya zakti kA abhAva rahane lgaa| purANoM meM mANDalika16, maNDalezvara 17. sAmanta- rAjAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| AdipurANa se maNDala se pRthaka rAjadhAnI, doNamukhA eMva kharpaTa Adi vibhAjana kI jAnakArI hotI hai116 | rAjadhAnI meM ATha sau, droNamukhA meM cAra sau eMva khAMTa meM do sau grAmoM kI sthiti mAnya kI gayI hai| zAsana kI sabase choTI ikkAI gaoNva thI : dasa gaoNvoM ke bIca eka bar3e gaoNva kI kalpanA kI gayI hai jise "saMgraha" kI saMjJA se abhihita kiyA jA sakatA hai|20 / purANoM meM varNita rAjanaitika sthiti rAjyamantra zAsana praNAlI kI ora saMketa karatI hai| kara vyavasthA ... purANoM meM rAjA dvArA nyAyapUrvaka eMva vyAvahArika kara lene kI jAnakArI hotI sainya vyavasthA rAjya ko suvyavasthita rupa se banAye rakhane ke lie rAjya ke saptAMgAoM meM . prabala senA kA honA Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai| purANoM meM caturaMgiNI senA122 (ratha, azva, hAthI, paidala) eMva akSohiNI senA ke ullekha milate haiM"23 cakravartI bharata kI digvijaya yAtrA meM sabase Age padAti, phira azva tatpazcAt ratha eMva hAthiyoM kI senA ke calane kI jAnakArI hotI hai124 | caturaMgiNI senA ke ullekha sAMcI eMva bharahuta kI ukeriyoM meM bhI prApta hote haiN| AdipurANa meM mahArAja vajra danta kI SaMDAga senA kA ullekha milatA hai jisameM hAthI, ghor3A, ratha, padAti, deva eMva vidyAdharoM kI senA ko sammilita kiyA gayA hai|25 | padmapurANa meM bhI rAjA indra rAvaNa ke sAtha apanI

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78 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa. . SaMDAga senA ko yuddha kI taiyArI kI AjJA detA hai|27 / purANoM meM senA ke mukhiyA senApati ke lie prAyaH senAnI zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai12 | vibhinna kAloM meM senApati ke lie mahAdaNDAdhipati, daNDanAtha, daNDanAyaka Adi zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA126 | yuddha purANoM se digvijaya, kanyA dvArA rAjA kA varaNa karanA eMva kanyA apaharaNa yuddha ke kAraNa hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai|30 | bhAratIya paramparA meM yuddhoM ko sampAdita karane kI apanI paramparA rahI hai| yuddhoM ke sampAdanArtha yuddha kI AcAra saMhitAaiM pracalita rahI haiN| sAmAnyatayA jaina paramparA meM dharmayuddha prazasta mAnA gayA hai|31| Adi purANa yuddha viSayaka siddhAntoM kA vizleSaNa to karatA hai sAtha hI sAtha yuddha ke prakAroM kA bhI ullekha karatA hai| netra yuddha, mallayuddha Adi ke vizeSa sAkSya nahIM prApta hote lekina dRSTiyuddha, jayayuddha, bAhuyuddha eMva gajayuddha ke paryApta sAkSya prApta hote haiM132 / yuddha ke lie rAjA maMtripariSada eMva senApati se salAha lete the|33 | mitra rAjA astra zastra, vAhana eMva senA dvArA sahAyatA dete the|34 | yuddha kI taiyArI eMva abhiyAna ke samaya raNabherI zaMkha, turahI Adi bajAye jAte the|35 rAjaparivAra kI sAhasI eMva yuddhapriya mahilAeM eMva dAsiyA~ bhI sainika abhiyAna ke sAtha jAtI thIM136 | yuddha meM prayoga kiye jAne vAle astra-zastroM eMva AyudhoM kA vistRta ullekha padmapurANa meM kiyA gayA hai|37 | AgneyAstra, vAruNAstra, tAmazAstra, prabhAstra, nAmAstra, garur3Astra Adi divyAstroM38 eMva nidrA prativodhanI'36 aura aneka vidyAdharoM dvArA sAdhita vidyAoM ke prayogoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai40 ! yoddhAoM ke vastrAbhUSaNoM kA bhI varNana milatA hai jinheM vaha yuddha meM jAte samaya apane zarIra rakSA ke lie prayoga karate the| yuddhabhUmi meM yoddhAoM ko uttejita karane ke lie vividha vAdya yantroM dvArA tumulanAda kiyA jAtA thA42 | rAjA bhI yuddha karate the|43 | jIvita zatruoM ko bandI banAkara Dere para eMva bandI rAjA ko rAjA ke sammukha lAyA jAtA thA44 | kisI mahApuruSa kI prArthanA para bandI rAjA ko chor3a dene eMva sammAna dene ke ullekha milate haiN|45 | kabhI-kabhI dvIpoM ke jIte gaye rAjAoM ko vahaoN kA adhikArI banA diyA jAtA thA6 | digvijaya vIratA kA dyotaka thI jisakA svAgata anya rAjA bheMTa lAkara eMva natamastaka hokara karate the| paTahazaMkha, jharjhara eMva bandIjanoM ke jayanAda dvArA abhinaMdana kiyA jAtA thA / dUta vyavasthA kauTilya kAlIna dUtanIti ke anusAra hI zaktizAlI rAjAnirbala rAjA ke

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purANa pAsa adhInatA svIkRta karane ke lie dUta bhejatA thA jo rAjA ko dUta nIti se samajhAtA thA / pAkhaNDapUrNa zabdoM ke prayoga kI bhI jAnakArI hotI hai / dUtoM kI tIna zreNiyA~ batAyI gayI haiM146 | dUta ko mAranA niSiddha thA usakA apamAna kiyA jA sakatA thaa| adhika apamAna kiye jAne eMva prastAva ke asvIkRta kara dene para zaktizAlI rAjA yuddha ke lie taiyAra ho jAtA thA 51 | rAjyAparAdha eMva daNDa upadrava, lUTa, rAjadroha, viSadAna, hatyA, SaDayantra antaHpura meM upadrava karanA, hAthI ghor3oM kI corI, vIroM kI hatyA Adi rAjyA-parAdha eMva kanyAharaNa, vezyAvRtti, nAgarikoM ko lUTanA, corI Adi sAmAjika aparAdhoM kA ullekha purANoM meM milatA hai|52 | ina aparAdhiyoM ko kaThora daNDa dene sAMkaloM se bA~dhakara rAjadarabAra meM le jAne, nagara meM ghumAne, caurAhoM para gardana, hAtha pairoM ko sAMkala se jakar3akara dhUla pheMkane, aparAdhI ko rAjadarabAra meM talavAra se do Tukar3e karane, pAnI meM viSa milAkara pilAne Adi daNDoM ke prakAra ke ullekha prApta hote hai53 / sarvaprathama pratizruti kulakara ne hA, mA, eMva dhika meM tIna daNDa kI dhArAeM sthApita kI154 | purANa eMva samAja vyavasthA jaina dharma nivRttimArgI dharma hai| isakI isa pravRtti ko badalatI huyI paristhitiyoM se atyadhika prabhAvita honA pdd'aa| mahAvIra ke kAla meM zramaNa paramparA ke antargata karma eMva tapa kA mahatva bar3ha gayA thA jisane jaina sAmAjika saMgaThana ko kAphI prabhAvita kiyaa| jaina samAja meM vyakti se hI cAroM varNo kI utpatti mAnI gayI hai155 | jaina purANoM eMva anyAnya sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina samAjIya Adima vyavasthA brAhmaNa eMva bauddhoM kI Adima vyavasthA se milatI julatI hai| bhogabhUmi vyavasthA ke naSTa hone para karmabhUmi kI sthApanA karake, RSabha ne zastra dhAraNa kara kSatriyoM kI, apane uruoM se yAtrA dikhalAkara vaizyoM kI eMva dainya bhAva se sevA karma kA upadeza kara zUdroM kI racanA aura unakI AjIvikA ke sAdhanoM ko unakI utpatti ke anurupa hI nizcita kiyA"56 | brAhmaNa varNa kI utpatti bharata dvArA kI gyii| inakI ahiMsAtmaka eMva bauddhika nipuNatA se prabhAvita hokara adhyayana adhyApana, yajana yAjana Adi kArya brAhmaNa varNa ke nizcita kiye / sAmAjika saMgaThana kA AdhAra __purANoM meM varNa vibheda kA AdhAra karma athavA vRtti ko mAnA gayA hai58 | jaina purANoM meM ullikhita varNa vyavasthA hindU dhArmika granthoM ke ullekha se milatI

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60 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa brAhmaNa jaina dharma meM brAhmaNoM ke lie hindU dharma kI bhAMti chaH vRttiyA~ batalAyI haiM yadyapi ye bhinnatA liye hue haiM - ijyA, (arhata pUjA) vArtA (vyApAra) dayAdatti anugrahayogya (pAtradAtti) mahAtapasvI muniyoM ko AhAra denA (samadatti) zraddhApUrvaka suvarNa Adi kA dAna (anvayadatti zAstroM kI bhAvanA eMva upavAsa karanA) ye karma brAhmaNoM ke lie atyAvazyaka the| smRtiyoM meM brAhmaNoM ko ina cha: karmo ke atirikta kRSikarma kI anumati dI gayI hai160 / dAna meM prApta bhUmi kA upayoga kRSi karma dvArA hI karate the| __ jaina brAhmaNoM ke dasa adhikAra batalAye gaye hai161 / hindU paramparA kI bhAMti jaina paramparA meM duSkarma eMva anyAya karane vAlA brAhmaNa avadhya nahIM kyoMki jaina dharma AcAra para atyadhika bala detA hai| brAhmaNa jaina rAjAoM ke purohita hote the|62 | cAritrika bhraSTatA se yukta brAhmaNa durAcaraNoM dvArA jIvanayApana karate the|63 | caritra se zuddha brAhmaNoM kI jainasamAja meM sthiti acchI thI164 | sabhI jIvoM meM samabhAva rakhanA unakI zreSThatA thii| kSatriya tIrthakara RSabha ne karmabhUmi kI sthApanA karake hAthoM meM zastra lekara durbaloM kI rakSA karanA sikhalAyA thaa| kSatriyoM kA mukhya adhikAra zastra dhAraNa kara prajA kI rakSA karanA thA5 : jaina paramparA meM tIrthakaroM ke kSatriya vaMza meM hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai|66 | zramaNa paramparA meM kSatriya varNa ko brAhmaNa varNa se zreSTha batalAyA gayA hai|65 | daizya purANoM meM khetI, pazupAlana, vANijya eMva zilpa dvArA jIvikopArjana karane kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| brAhmaNoM dvArA bhI vaizyoM ke vyApAra kArya ko pramukha pezA mAnane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM166 | zudra brAhmaNa kSatriya eMva vaizya ina tIna varNo kI sevA suzrUSA Adi inakI jIvikA ke sAdhana the| inheM spRzya eMva aspRzya do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai170 / AdipurANa meM prApta ullekhoM meM zUdroM ko dhArmika kSetra meM tIna varNo kI bhAMti suvidhA na milane kI jAnakArI hotI hai171 / ina jAtiyoM ke atirikta isa kAla meM aneka jAtiyoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai jisakA kAraNa samAja meM anuloma eMva pratiloma vivAhoM kA pracalana thA72 / isI kAraNa RSabha ne apane hI varNa se sambandhita vyavasAya ko karane eMva ullaMdhana

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purANa karane vAle ke lie rAjA dvArA daNDa dene kA vidhAna kiyaa| isake sAtha hI purANoM meM akSatriya (kSatriyettara) varNo ko kSatriya ho jAne kI anumati dI gayI hai| isa prakAra kA anumodana paravartI kAla meM jaina samAja kI asta vyastatA meM kamabaddhatA lAne ke lie diyA gyaa| isameM vizeSa rupa se brAhmaNa varNa ne bhAga liyaa| kSatriya dharma svIkAra kara lene para unheM brahma kSatriya kI saMjJA dI gayI hai74 | Azrama vyavasthA jaina paramparA meM Azrama sammucaya, Azramavikalpa, eMva AzramavAda ke siddhAnta pAye jAte haiN| Azrama sammucaya meM cAroM AzramoM brahmacaryAzrama, gRhasthAzrama, vAnaprasthAzrama eMva sanyAsAzrama kA ullekha milatA hai| jinakA pAlana karanA Avazyaka batalAyA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM Azrama vikalpa para adhika bala diyA hai jisameM brahmacArI se bhikSu banane aura gRhasthAzrama meM bhikSuoM ke rahane kI anumati dI gayI hai| jinheM kamazaH muni-AryikA zrAvaka zrAvikA kahA gayA hai| AzramavAda kA siddhAnta gRhasthAzrama kI mahimA ko batalAtA hai jisameM rahakara vyakti pratyeka kAma kara sakatA hai176 | jaina paramparA meM arhata eMva tIrthakaroM ke zuddha vaMza meM utpanna hone ke ullekha milate haiM / jaina paramparA meM gaNoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo hindU purANoM ke caturtha Azrama se milatA julatA hai| gaNa kA sarvaprathama udaya zrutakevalI bhadravAhu ke netRtva meM bAraha hajAra bhikSuoM ke dakSiNa bhArata meM jAne eMva saMgaThita rupa meM rahane se huaa| puruSArtha jaina paramparA meM dharma artha, kAma eMva mokSa ina cAra puruSArthoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| jaina dharma nivRttimArgI eMva AcAra pradhAna hone ke kAraNa karma eMva punarjanma para adhika bala diyA gayA hai jise samyak darzana caritrajJAna ina trayaratnoM dvArA prApta kara sakate haiM178 | dharma ko artha aura kAma kA mUla mAnate hue dharma ko vRkSa, artha ko usake phala eMva kAma ko rasa kI saMjJA dI gayI hai176 | prathama tIna gRhastha ke puruSArtha eMva caturtha sanyAsiyoM kA mUla kahA gayA haiM180 | mokSa puruSArtha kI prApti para jIva purnajanma AvAgamana se mukta ho jAtA thaa| puruSAthoM kI prApti ke lie gRhasthAzrama eMva bhikSuAzrama kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| vivAha . jaina purANoM meM prApta ullekhoM se anuloma vivAha prathA kI jAnakArI hotI hai / sampannatA, zIlatA eMva uttama parivArIjana vara kI zreSThatA ke sUcaka the|82 /

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa svayaMvara vivAha pracalita the / rAjya parivAroM eMva uccavargIya vyaktiyoM meM bahupatnI vivAha pracalita the / isIkAraNa vivAhita mahilAoM eMva vidhavAoM kI saMkhyA atyadhika thii| jaina purANoM meM vidhavA vivAha ke ullekha milate haiM lekina yaha sArvabhaumika nahIM thaa| pati kI mRtyu ke bAda sAdA jIvana eMva AjIvana usI avasthA meM rahane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai|5 | jaina paramparA meM mAmAphUphI ke lar3ake lar3akiyoM meM paraspara vivAha kI prathA kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai186 / daheja prathA pracalita thI87 | hindU paramparA kI bhAMti putra na hone para putra dvArA mokSa prApti ke lie dUsarA vivAha jaina paramparA meM mAnya nahIM thA lekina hindU paramparA meM paramparAgata pracalita niyoga prathA ko jaina samAja meM bhI apanAyA gyaa| rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI na hone para sAdhuoM ko dharmazravaNa ke bahAne rAjaprAsAda meM bulAkara unase santAnotpati karAne ke ullekha milate haiM18 | kabhI kabhI puruSoM dvArA striyoM kA apaharaNa karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai6 | vivAha kI vedI para citra racanA kI jAtI thii| yauna naitikatA ___ vezyA sevana, dyUta, tathA surApAna pracalita the91| rAjagharAnoM meM dhArmika sanyAsiyoM ke gupta yauna sambandha eMva mitra kI patnI meM Asakti hone ke udAharaNa prApta hote haiN|2 / naitika dRSTi se para puruSa eMva paranArI kA parivAra hI zlAdhya thA3 / anaitika dRSTi se garbhadhAraNa karane vAlI striyoM ko parivAra se nirvAsita kara diyA jAtA thaa| nArI kA sthAna jaina paramparA meM putroM ke samAna hI putriyoM ke sAtha vyavahAra karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| striyA~ munidharma meM dIkSita eMva zrAvikA vrata ko grahaNa kara sakatI thI'65 mahAvIra ke anuyAyiyoM meM zrAvikAeM eMva AryikAeM bhI thiiN| paitRka sampati meM putra ke samAna adhikAra rakhatI thI66 | striyoM ko cakravartI ke 14 ratnoM meM ginA gayA hai, jaina granthoM meM striyoM ko cauMsaTha kalAoM kA jJAtA kahA gayA hai| striyoM dvArA kaThora tapa karane kI bhI jAnakArI hotI hai167 | striyoM dvArA khaNDakAvyoM kA bhI nirmANa kiyA gayA hai | rAjya darabAroM meM striyoM dvArA svatantratApUrvaka jAne eMva rAjA dvArA unakA sammAna karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai|66 | pardA prathA kA abhAva thA ve tIrthasthAnoM para jAtI thiiN| striyoM dvArA yuddhAdi meM jAne eMva prati pakSI ko lalakArane ke ullekha milate haiN200| .. .

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purANa 83 RSabha dvArA apanI putriyoM ko lipi kI zikSA dene eMva zrAvaka ke ghara hI zikSA vyavasthA hone ke kAraNa strI zikSA kA paryApta vikAsa huaa201| rAjagharAnoM kI eMva jana sAmAnya striyA~ zAstroM meM niSNAta eMva kaviyatrI milatI hai / purANoM se vibhinna nagaroM kI striyoM ke aMga pratyaMgoM ke saundarya ke ullekha milate haiN| paunArI kI striyoM ke caraNatala, siMhalanagara kI striyoM ke nakha, beulla kI striyoM kI aMguliyA~, golka kI striyoM kI er3I, kaoNcI kI striyoM kI zroNi eMva gambhIra deza kI striyoM kI nAbhi ityAdi203 / isa taraha vibhinna guNoM se yukta nArI ke vibhinna prakAroM kA varNana milatA hai| jaina parva eMva utsava jaina paramparA meM aSTAnhikA mahAparva eMva nandIzvara aSTAnhikA mahotsavoM kA vizeSa mahatva hai ye utsava atyanta dhUmadhAma se manAye jAte the| parvo eMva utsavoM para jinendra pratibhA kA abhiSeka kiyA jAtA eMva unakI aSTavidhi pUjA kI jAtI thii204| zakuna, apazakuna kI mAnyatAeM jaina purANeM se prasthAna kAlika maMgaloM eMva maMgalAcaraNa karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai| jAne vAle vyakti ke Age sapallavamukha pUrNa kumbha rakhA jAtA thA05 | dAye aMga kA phar3akanA zubha mAnA jAtA thaa| prasthAna karate samaya aneka zakuna apazakuna hone ke vRtAnta milate haiM06 | dhArmika ___ purANoM ke anusAra mokSa mArga ke lie samyak jJAna, darzana, cAritra eMva ahiMsA se yukta dhArmika anuSThAnAdi hI jaina dharma hai207 / padmapurANa ke anusAra jainadharma kA mUla hai dayA aura usakA mUla hai ahiMsA28 / nivRttamArgI eMva paralokavAdI dharma hone ke kAraNa jaina dharma meM prANImAtra kA yathArtha rupa meM vargIkaraNa, jJAna sambandhI siddhAnta, syAdvAda eMva saptabhaMgI, saMyama pradhAna nItizAstra (AcArazAstra) eMva kiyAtmaka AcAra zAstra kA dArzanika kalpanA ke sAtha mizraNa dekhane ko milatA hai206 | jaina dharmAcAryo ne laukika eMva pAralaukika sukha kI prApti dharma dvArA batalAyI hai| sarvasAdhAraNa ko dharma meM pravRtta karAnA hI jainAcAryo kA pramukha uddezya rahA hai| jainAcArya samantabhadra ne jaina dharma ko prANiyoM ko sAMsArika kaSToM se chur3Akara uttama sukha meM niyojita karane vAlA mAnA hai210 /

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84 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa trayaratna samyaka jJAna, cAritra eMva darzana mokSamArga ke sAdhana haiN| samanta bhadra inheM dukha se chUTane eMva sukha prApta karane kA sAdhana mAnate haiM11 / samyak darzana sAMsArika mithyAbhAvoM kA jJAna honA eMva jJAna kI satyatA para dRr3ha AsthA hI samyak darzana hai| jaina darzana meM mUlataH do tatva haiM jIvaeMva ajIva / ina donoM kA vistAra pA~ca AstikAya, cha: dravya, sAta yA nau tatva ke rupa meM pAyA jAtA hai212 | samyak jJAna tIrthakara mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa jJAna sambandhI dharmopadeza hI samyakajJAna hai213 | mati, zruti, avadhi, manaHparyAyaH eMva kevala ke bheda se yaha samyak jJAna ke pA~ca prakAra haiN14| samyak caritra acchA vyavahAra hI samyak caritra hai| Astrava, saMvara, virati, nirjarA, Adi samyaka caritra ke aMga haiM215 | .... 'bandhana ke kAraNoM ko AtmA kI aura se Ane ko Astrava kahate haiN| AtmA ko dukha dene vAle kodha, mAnAbhimAn, mAyAkapaTa eMva lobha ye cAra kaSAya hI kAraNa haiN| Astrava ko rokanA arthAt karmo ko na Ane denA saMvara haiN| baMdhe hue eMva Ane vAle karmoM se chUTane ke lie jIva ko jo tapazcaryA, dhArmika anuSThAnAdi karane par3ate haiN| mahAvrata guNavrata, zikSAvrata, guptiyA~, eMva samitiyA~ Adi aneka niyama isake antargata Ate haiM216 | muniAcAra eMva zrAvakAcAra avasarpiNI kAla ke prArambha meM bhogabhUmi vyavasthA meM dharmakI koI sattA nahIM thiiN| kintu tIrthakara RSabha dvArA karmabhUmi kI sthApanA hone para unake dvArA AjIvikA ke sAdhanoM kA upadeza diyA gayA17 | RSabha ne pratyeka kArya meM ahiMsAmUlaka vyavahAra kA upadeza dekara ahiMsA ko hI dharma btlaayaa| ahiMsA arthAt dharma kI rakSA ke lie satya, acaurya, brahmacarya eMva aparigraha ina cAra anya dharmo kA pAlana Avazyaka btaayaa| isI kA eka deza se gRhastha pAlana karate haiM aura savadeza se muni pAlate haiN| ye hI gRhastha eMva muniyoM ke dharma haiM18 / jaina paramparAoM eMva sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina dharma AcAra pradhAna dharma

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purANa ... 85 hai yaha muni AcAra para adhika bala detA hai| AcAra se sambandhita vratoM ke dhAraka mahAvratI kahe jAte haiN| ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya eMva aparigraha kA pAlana karanA ye paMca mahAvrata eMva aNuvrata hai219 / ahiMsA muniyoM eMva gRhasthoM ke lie manasA, vAcA karmaNA sabhI prakAra se hiMsA kA tyAga Avazyaka hai220 / ahiMsA paramo dharmaH mAnakara jaina dharma ahiMsA kI vyAkhyA karatA hai| tatvArtha sUtra meM pramAda, mana, vacana eMva kAya ke yoga se hone vAle prANoM ke dhAta ko hiMsA kahA gayA hai| isI kAraNa chahoM kAya ke jIva kI hiMsA na karane, ke lie kAma, kodha Adi bhAvoM ko na Ane dene eMva rAtri bhojana na karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| jaina siddhAnta ke anusAra jIva do prakAra ke haiM - sthAvara eMva trasa222 / calane phirane vAle - manuSya pazu pakSI trasa jIva eMva pRthvI rupa, jala rupa, agni rupa, vAyurupa eMva vanaspati rupa jIva haiM unheM sthAvara kahA gayA hai| gRhastha sthAvara jIva kI hiMsA se nahIM baca skte| trasoM kI hiMsA cAra prakAra kI batalAyI gayI hai - saMkalpI, Arambha, udyogI, virodhI / ataeva jaina zrAvakoM ko saMkalpI hiMsA kA tyAga karane eMva anya hiMsAoM se bacane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai223 | satya ___ muniyoM ke lie prANoM para saMkaTa Ane para bhI satya para aDiga rahanA unakA satya mahAvrata hai| jaina Agama graMthoM meM kahA gayA hai ki satya kA Azraya lene vAlA mRtyu se tairakara bhI pAra ho jAtA hai224 / hiMsAtmaka eMva pIr3Atmaka satya bolane ko tyAjya batalAyA gayA hai25 / krodha, lobha, bhaya tathA hAsya kA parityAga eMva zAstroM ke anusAra kahe gaye vacanoM ko satyamahAvrata ke antargata liyA gayA hai226 | jaina siddhAntoM ke anusAra zrAvaka ko satyANuvrata kA pAlana karanA gAvazyaka batAyA gayA hai227 / prANoM para saMkaTa A par3ane para zrAvaka ko jhUTha bolane kI anumati to dI gayI hai lekina prAyazcita Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| acaurya binA diye hue kisI kI koI vastu na lenA acaurya mahAvrata kahA gayA hai228 | jaina bhikSu ko AvazyakatAnusAra doSarahita vastu lene kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai226 | parimita eMva tapazcaraNa yogya AhAra zrAvaka kI prArthanA para vidhi ke anusAra lenA isa mahAvrata ke antargata AtA hai230 | corI kA dhana, parAye dhana kI lipsA, dUsare ko

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86 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa dukha dene eMva lobha kI jar3a hai231 / ___ zrAvakoM ke lie isa aNuvrata kA pAlana Avazyaka batalAyA hai232 | isa vrata dvArA jaina samAja meM satyatA ImAnadArI eMva nispRhatA kI sthApanA karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| brahmacarya jaina bhikSu antaraMga eMva bahiraMga sabhI prakAra ke aparigraha ke tyAgI hote haiN| pUrvabhogoM kI smRti, striyoM kI saMgati eMva gariSTha bhojanAdi, vilAsI vastuoM kA pUrNarupeNa parityAga karake ekAnta sevana Avazyaka batalAyA gayA hai233 / kyoMki brahmacarya hI uttama tapasyA, niyama, jJAna, caritra, saMyama eMva vinaya kA mUla hai234 | jaina dharma puruSoM eMva striyoM ko kAma vAsanAoM para niyantraNa rakhane kA upadeza detA hai| parastriyoM meM rAga chor3akara apanI striyoM meM hI santoSa karanA brahmacaryANuvrata hai35 | aparigraha sAMsArika vastuoM eMva Abhyantara kAma, kodha, mada, moha Adi bhAvoM kA tyAga hI aparigraha mahAvrata hai| sajIva yA nirjIva vastuoM kA saMgraha karane yA karAne se dukha prApta hote haiM236 | nyAyocita dhana meM santuSTa rahane eMva svarNa dAsa, gRha, kheta Adi padArtho ke parimANa buddhipUrvaka kara lenA hI zrAvakoM kA aparigrahANuvrata hai37 // pA~ca samiti paurANika sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki mahAvrato ke pAlana ke sAtha hI jaina zramaNa eMva zrAvakoM ko paoNca samiti - IrSyA, bhASA, eSaNA, AdAna, nikSepaNa eMva utsarga kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka thA38 | tIna guptiyA~ rAga, kAma, krodha Adi viSayoM se Ane vAle doSoM se jaina bhikSu apanI rakSA karate the| ve tIrthakaroM kI stuti ke sAtha hI doSoM ke zodhana, tapa kI vRddhi eMva kamoM kI nirjarA ke lie kAyotsarga krte| isake lie manogupti, vacanagupti, eMva kAya gupti kA pAlana anivArya hotA thA236 |

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purANa 87 ___mahAvratoM, samitiyoM eMva guptiyoM ke sAtha hI jaina bhikSuoM kA anyAnya niyamoM . kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka thA / w bh sh snAna na karanA, gRhastha ke ghara jAne para gRhastha svayaM unakA zarIra poMcha dete haiN| dantamaMjana na krnaa| bhojana ke samaya hI dantazuddhi eMva mukhazuddhi karate hai| pRthvI para sonA eMva khar3e hokara bhojana karanA, vaha bhI sUrya asta hone se pUrva eka baar| nagna rhnaa| kezaloMca karanA 4, 5. tapa eMva yoga paurANika sAhitya se kaThora tapa dvArA hI mokSa eMva kevala jJAna prApta karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai41 | apabhraMza pauma cariu meM caubIsa tIrthakaroM dvArA vibhinna vRkSoM ke nIce kaThora tapa dvArA kevala jJAna prApta karane kA ullekha prApta hotA hai42 / purANoM meM ahiMsA, saMyama eMva tapa rupa dharma ko hI utkRSTa maMgala batAyA gayA hai| muniyoM kA tapa antaraMga eMva bahiraMga ke bheda se bAraha prakAra kA batalAyA gayA hai| Abhyantara (antaraMga) tapa243 mana kA niyamana karane ke lie jaina bhikSu antaraMga tapoM ko apanAte / prAyazcita, vinaya, veyAvRtya, svAdhyAya, vyutsarga eMva dhyAna Abhyantara tapa ke prakAra hai| bahiraMga tapa244 muni AcAra kA samyak rupa se pAlana karane ke lie bahiraMga tapa kiyA jaataa| upavAsa, avamaudarya, vRtti parisaMkhyAna, rasaparityAga vivikta zayyAsana eMva kAyakleza bahiraMga tapa ke prakAra haiN| tapa ke dvArA hI aNimA, mahimA, garimA, ladhimA, prApti, prAkAmya iMzikha eMva vazitva ina ATha prakAra kI siddhiyoM kI prApti sambhava hai245 | bArahaveM balabhadra eMva basudeva dvArA bAraha anuprekSAoM eMva bAisa parISahoM ko jItakara kaThora tapa karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| Adi purANa meM ina bAraha tapoM ke atirikta taptadhora, mahAdhora, ugra, mahAugra eMva dIpta ityAdi tapoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai246 | jaina paramparA meM kamoM ke saMvara tathA nirjarA ko yoga kahA jAtA hai| yoga meM mana, vANI eMva karma se zArIrika eMva laukika sabhI manovikAroM ko rokakara

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 88 ekAgratA dhAraNa kI jAtI hai 47 muni tapa dvArA yoga sAdhanA meM pravRtta hote / tIrthakara mahAvIra ne yoga meM pravRtta hone se pUrva bAhya eMva Abhyantara donoM prakAra ke tapa kiye the / harivaMza purANa meM mahAvIra dvArA AtApana yoga se Arur3ha hone kA ullekha milatA hai| purANoM meM yogAsanoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| jaina paramparAnusAra viSama Asana meM baiThane se mana meM ekAgratA nahIM A pAtI hai51 | paryakaM eMva kAyotsarga nAmaka Asana ko sukhAsana mAnA gayA haiM mana vacana tathA kAya kA nigraha karanA eMva zubhAzubha kI bhAvanA rakhanA prANAyAma kahalAtA hai| dharma tIrtha ke pravartaka jaina tIrthakaroM kI mUrtiyA~ padmAsana eMva khaDagAsana meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| ye AkRtiyaoN AtmadhyAna meM lIna yogI kI taraha hI haiN| bhagavadgItA meM bhI yogAbhyAsI kA varNana milatA hai52 | yoga ke vibhinna AsanoM kI taraha hI samAdhAna, adhyayana, dhAraNA, dhyeya aura dhyAna ityAdi bhI yoga ke aMga hai| yoga kI paramparA kA vikAsa jaina bhikSuoM kI tapasyAparaka pravRttiyoM se hI huaa| dhyAna tapa meM Ane vAlI bAdhAoM eMva citta kI zuddhi ke lie dhyAna nAmaka kiyA kI jAtI thii| jaina paramparA meM dhyAna ke cAra bheda batalAye gaye haiM - dharma, zukla, Arta eMva raudra dhyAna / dharma eMva zukla dhyAna ko mokSa kA kAraNa hone ke kAraNa inheM prazasta mAnA gayA hai| indriyoM tathA rAgadveSAdi bhAvoM se mana kA nirodha karake dhArmika cintana meM lagAtAra jaina bhikSu dharmadhyAna karate the| AjJAvicaya, upAya vicaya, vipAka vicaya eMva saMsthAna vicaya ke bheda se dharma dhyAna cAra prakAra kA batalAyA gayA hai53 | zukla dhyAna kevala jJAna kI carama avasthA meM hI hotA thaa| pRthaktva vicAra tathA ekatatva tarka vicAra ke bheda se do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai254 | dharmadhyAna kI taraha hI zukla dhyAna dvArA kamazaH AtmA uttarottara karmamala se rahita hokara antataH mokSa pada prApta karatI hai| AtmA dvArA zarIra kA parityAga hone para siddhoM ke AtmajJAna kA rupa dhAraNa kara letA hai| prAyazcita muni AcAra eMva zrAvaka AcAra kA pUrNarupeNa pAlana na karane para muniyoM eMva zrAvaka zrAvikAoM dvArA prAyazcita karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM jinameM nirdoSa muniyoM ke sAtha bhojana na karane, caryA ke lie na jAne, pIchI, kamaNDalu alaga rakhane eMva upavAsAdi rakhane Adi kRtya kiye jAte the| jana purANa viveka, tapa, cheda, parihAra eMva sthApanA dvArA prAyazcita karane kA anumodana karate haiM55 |

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purANa 86 zrAvakAcAra nivRttimUlaka munidharma yA AcAra kI bhAMti hI zrAvakAcAra yA dharma kucha pravRttimUlaka hotA hai| pUrvamadhyayugIna laukika eMva pAralaukika sukhoM kI prApti kI icchA tatyugIna pravRttimUlaka dharma kI vizeSatA hai| dharma dvArA hI laukika eMva pAralaukika sukhoM kI prApti hotI hai| jaina saMdha muni, AryikA, zrAvaka eMva zrAvikA ina cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta thaa| zrAvaka saMdha hI muni saMgha kA AdhAra hai| jaina zramaNoM eMva tIrthakaroM ne zrAvakAcAra ke antargata bAraha prakAra ke vratoM kA upadeza diyaa| ina bAraha vratoM meM paoNca aNuvratoM, cAra zikSAvratoM eMva tIna guNavratoM kA pAlana karanA hotA paoNca aNuvratoM57 ahiMsA, amRSA, asteya, amaithuna eMva aparigraha kA jaina zrAvakoM ke lie karanA Avazyaka batalAyA gayA hai jinakA ullekha muniyoM ke pA~ca mahAvratoM ke sAtha kiyA jA cukA hai| guNavrata zrAvakoM ko tRSNA eMva saMcayavRtti para niyantraNa, indriyalipsA kA damana eMva dAnazIla banane ke lie aNuvratoM ke sAtha guNavratoM kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka batalAyA gayA hai| digvrata, dezavrata, eMva anarthadaNDa se tIna guNavratoM kA ullekha jaina purANoM meM prApta hotA hai25 / dasoM dizAoM meM gamanAgamana, AyAta niryAtAdi apane kArya kalApoM ko sImita karanA digvata nAmaka guNavrata hai| digvrata ke andara samudra, nadI, pahAr3I, parvata va grAma eMva dUrI pramANa ke anusAra sImAe~ bA~dhakara apanA sambandha kucha vizeSa sthAnoM se rakhanA dezavrata guNavrata hai| anarthadaNDa guNavrata ko dhAraNa karane para pApAtmaka cintana eMva upadeza, apadhyAna, pramAdAcarita, hiMsAdAna eMva duHzruti ina pA~ca anarthadaNDoM kA gRhastha sarvathA tyAga karatA hai| ina tIna vratoM ke pAlana karane se mUlavratoM ke guNoM meM vRddhi hotI hai isI kAraNa inheM guNavrata kahA jAtA hai256 | zikSAvrata jaina purANeM meM prayatnapUrvaka sAmAyika karanA, prauSadhopabAsa dhAraNa karanA, atithi saMvibhAga aura Ayu ke kSaya hone para sallekhanA dhAraNa karanA, ina cAra zikSAvratoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai260 | sAmAjika vrata meM gRhastha ko pratidina madhyAnha eMva sandhyA meM kucha samaya taka mana, vacana eMva karma ko sthira rakhakara paramAtmA eMva mokSa Adi AdhyAtmika cintana karanA hotA hai|

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60 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa prauSadhopavAsa ke antargata pratyeka aSTamI eMva caturdazI ko gRha vyApArAdi eMva khAnapAna tyAgakara japa eMva svAdhyAya meM dina vyatIta karanA Avazyaka mAnA gayA trayaratnoM se yukta eMva parigraha se rahita muni pahale binA samaya nirdiSTa kiye gRhastha ke ghara jAtA hai taba vaha atithi kahalAtA hai| aise atithiyoM ko premapUrvaka apanI sAmarthya ke anusAra lobharahita hokara bhojana karAne eMva upakaraNa Adi denA atithi saMvibhAga zikSAvrata kahalAtA hai262 | samAdhimaraNa zikSAvrata muni eMva gRhastha donoM ke lie hI Avazyaka batalAyA gayA hai| muni eMva zrAvaka sabhI manovikAroM se mukta hokara, zuddha mana ke dvArA apane sabhI pApoM kA prAyazcita karake eMva mahAvratoM ko apanAkara samAdhimaraNa kara lete haiM263 | sallekhanA prAyaH muni avasthA prApta hone para kI jAtI hai| gyAraha pratimAe~ gRhastha ko chor3ane meM asamartha zrAvaka eMva zrAvikAoM ke lie jaina dharma meM zrAvaka kI gyAraha pratimAoM kA sthAna diyA hai| jinameM zrAvaka eMva zrAvikAeM apane zrAvakAcAra kA pAlana krtii|| 1, darzana 2, vrata 3, sAmAyika 4, proSadhopavAsa 5, saMcita tyAga pratimA 6, brahmacarya pratimA 7, Arambha tyAga pratimA 8, parigrahatyAga pratimA 6, anumati tyAga pratimA 10, udiSTa tyAga pratimA eMva 11, divAmaithuna tyAga pratimAyeM hai264 | bAraha anuprekSAeM purANoM meM zrAvaka ke anAsakti yoga ke lie bAraha prakAra kI anuprekSAeM batalAyI gayI hai| kRSNa ke prANarahita hone para akhaNDacarita ke dhAraka baldeva dvArA anuprekSAoM ke cintana karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM265 | anitya, azaraNa, ekatva, anyatva, azucitva, Astrava, saMvara, saMsAra, triloka, nirjarA, dAsadharma eMva bodhi anuprekSAye bAraha anuprekSAeM haiM266 | __ina anuprekSAoM dvArA saMsAra ko kSaNabhaMgura batAkara, kaSAyoM se rahita hokara satkarmoM ko karane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| kyoMki anuprekSAoM ke cintana dvArA hI bAisa parISada rupI zatruoM ko jItA jA sakatA hai267 | paMca parameSThI eMva pUjA jaina dharma ke arntagata arhanta, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya eMva sAdhu ko paMca parameSThI kahA gayA hai| AdipurANa meM lokottama parameSThI eMva arahanta parameSThI kA

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purANa 61 ullekha kiyA gayA hai | rAga, dveSa, kAma, kodha Adi doSoM se rahita eMva vayaratnoM se yukta prANI hI jainadharma meM sAdhu-AcArya, upAdhyAya, siddha tathA parameSThI kahA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM pUjA ke cAra prakAra batAye gaye haiM - 1, nityapUjA 2, caturmukha pUjA 3, kalpadruma eMva aSTAnhikA pUjA270 / grAma, bhUmi Adi kA dAna, mandira, nirmANa unakI vyavasthA eMva gandha, puSpa akSata se jinendra kI pratidina pUjA karanA nityapUjA kahI jAtI hai| rAjAoM dvArA kiye jAne vAle mahAyajJa caturmukha pUjA, eMva cakravartiyoM dvArA saba prANiyoM kI icchAoM ko pUrNa karane ko kalpadruma pUjA kahA gayA hai271 / aSTAnhikA pUjA sabhI sAdhAraNa vyaktiyoM dvArA kI jA sakatI hai| jinasena kI taraha AcArya raviSeNa ne bhI jinapUjA kA ullekha kiyA hai72 / purANoM meM pUjana meM prayukta hone vAlI ATha vastuoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai jisake kAraNa ise aSTavidhi pUjA kahA gayA hai| indra dvArA jinendradeva kI aSTavidhi pUjA karane ke ullekha milate haiM.73 / pUjA kI ye ATha vastuyeM jala, gandha, akSata, puSpa, naivedya, dIpa, dhUpa eMva phala nivRttimUlaka jainadharma ke siddhAntoM ke anurupa apanA apanA eka vizeSa sAMketika artha rakhate haiN| jaina paramparA meM ina AThoM vastuoM ko punaH eka sAtha milAkara car3hAne ko arghya kahA jAtA hai| pratyeka vastu se pUjana karate samaya alaga-alaga maMtroM kA uccAraNa karane eMva maMtroM dvArA kArya kI siddhi hone ke ullekha prApta hote haiM274 | dAna dhArmika pravRttiyoM kI vRddhi ke sAtha hI dhArmika kRtyoM meM bhI vRddhi huyii| jainadharma ke antargata dAna ko dharma kA vizeSa aMga mAnA gayA hai| jaina bhikSuoM ko gRhasthoM se prApta zuddha bhojana ko karane kA vidhAna batalAyA gayA hai| AdipurANa meM dAna ke mahatva kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai75 | abhaya AhAra, auSadha eMva zAstra dAna ye dAna ke cAra prakAra kahe gaye haiN| abhayadAna kA pAlana muniyoM eMva zrAvakoM ke lie atyAvazyaka batalAyA gayA hai kyoMki isI ke dvArA ahiMsA mahAvrata kA pAlana sambhava hai| rAjAoM dvArA apane rAjya meM viziSTa utsavoM eMva parvo para hiMsA niSedha karane eMva prajA ko usakA pAlana karane ke Adeza dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai276 | jainadharmAnuyAyI rAjAoM eMva vyaktiyoM dvArA jaina bhikSu bhikSuNiyoM ke lie AhAra eMva AvAsAdi kI vyavasthA karane ke ullekha milate haiN| isake sAtha hI jaina bhikSuoM ko eka janapada se dUsare janapada meM dhUmate hue anekAneka kaSToM eMva bImAriyoM kA sAmanA karanA hotA thaa| jaina bhikSu svAdhyAya bhI karate ataeMva unheM auSadhi eMva zAstra dAna dene kA vidhAna batalAyA gayA hai| ina dAnoM meM abhayadAna jaina dharma kI

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. 62 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa apanI vizeSatA hai| dAna dete samaya dAna, deya aura pAtra para vizeSa dhyAna diyA gayA hai| purANoM meM satpAtra ko dAna dene se svarga eMva manuSya gati prApta hone eMva apAtra ko dAna dene se tiryaka eMva naraka gati prApta hone ke ullekha prApta hote haiM277 / purANoM meM prApta muni AcAra, zrAvakAcAra eMva dharma ke siddhAntoM se jJAta hotA hai ki tIrthakaMroM dvArA upadiSTa dharma jo AgamoM meM varNita huA hai vaha purANoM meM AcAra eMva siddhAntoM kA rupa dhAraNa kara letA hai| saMdarbha grantha + OM OM __ A0 pu. prathama bhAga 2/110- 111 2. A0 pu0 1/21-26 3. A0 pu0 pR0 21 __ A0 pu0 24/25 ha0pu0 1/70 5. ma0 pu0 bhAga 1 pR0 32 pa0 ca0 pR0 8, pa0 pu0 1/21-24 araMhatoM, cakravartiyoM, vidyAdharoM, vAsudevoM, cAraNoM, prajJAzramaNoM, kauravoM, ikSvAkuoM, kAzikoM, vAdiyoM, harivaMza eMva nAtha vNsh| SaTkhaNDAgama bhAga 1 pR0 112 6. A0 pu0 2/38 10. viSNupurANa khaNDa 3 6/25-26 11. A0 pu0 3/14-21 12. A0 pu0 16/256-257 13. A0 pu0 16/260 14. bhA0 pu0 12/7/16 15. A0 pu0 16/255 16. A0 pu0 3/63-165 17. A0 pu0 3/230 / 18. A0 pu0 4/3, 2/38 16. A0 pu0 4/41 20. su0 ma0 gra0 pR0 71 21. A0 pu0 1/152 22. A0 pu0 1/1

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purANa 23. ha0 pR0 4/3-4 24. ha0 pu04/5-6 25. ha0 pu0 4/10 26. ha0 pu. 4/46 27. mahAbhArata ke anusAra meru ke pUrva meM sItA eMva pazcima meM vaMsu nadiyA~ bahatI haiN| 28. pa0 pu0 3/32 26. pa0 pu05/156 30. ha0 pu05/177 31. ha0 pu05/4-5 32. A0 pu0 4/48-46 33. ha0 pu0 5/6-7 34. ha0 pu0 5/8-11 A0 pu0 4/46 35. ha0 pu0 5/17 36. ha0 pu05/43 37. A0pu0 18/146, ha0pu05/20 38. pa0 pu03/38 36. ha0 pu0 5/26-28 40. Aopu0 12/8 41. bhA0 pu0 5/47, vA0 pu0 33/52 42. ha0 pu0 5/12-14 43. ha0 pu0 5/57 . 44. ha0 pu0 5/74-76 45. ha0 pu0 5/61-66 46. ha0 pu0 4/46 47. ha0 pu0 5/15-16 48. ha0 pu0 5/53-56 46. ha0 pu0 5/71-73 50. ha0 pu0 5/88-60 51. ha0 pu0 5/66-101 52. ha0 pu0 5/102 53. ha0 pu05/105-108

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64 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 54. ha. pu0 pR071 55. bhA0 pu0 a0 7, pR0 136 56. a0 pu0 5/123-126, vistRta varNana pR0 60-81 57. A0 pu0 3/24, ha0 pu0 5/167 58. A0 pu0 3/38-40, ha0pu0 7/81 56. A0 pu0 kA sA0 a0 pR0 33 60. A0 pu0 3/28-34 61. ha0 pu0 5/170 62. ha0 pu0 5/186-160 63. ha0 pu05/460 64. ha0 pu05/277 65. ha0pu05/576-564 66. ha0pu0 5/613 67. ha0pu0 5/614-615 68. ha0pu0 5/657 66. A0 pu0 16/214 70. ha0pu05/647 71. ha0 pu0 5/652-653 72. A0 pu05/262 73. ha0 pu0 5/676-680 74. ha0 pu0 5/685 75. ha0 pu0 5/686-668 76. ha0 pu 5/731 77. ha0 pu0 5/283-284 78. ha0pu0 6/35-38 76. ha0 pu06/36-41 80. tri0 sA0 332 81. A0 pu0 16/164-173 82. ma0 zA0 pa0 adhyAya 58, dIgha nikAya bhAga 3 pR0 84-85 83. A0 pu. 16/255 84. pa0 pu0 26/22, 55/83-86, 8/467-468, 4/61-66 85. nI0 vA0 a0 17-18 86. pa0 pu0 3/1-5, 35, 2/216/220, 253, 10/57

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purANa 87. pa0pu0 3/13-15 88. pa0pu0 10/142, 26/87 86. pa0pu0 66/21 60. pa0 pu0 26/42 61. A0 pu0 16/223-231 . 62. A0 pu0 16/227 63. A0 pu0 16/232-233 64. dvayAzraya kAvya 2/106, 3/115 A0 pu0 pariziSTa 56-57 65. pa0pu0 26/41 66. pa0 pu0 28/8 67. pa0 pu0 3/114, 15 pa0 ca0 (vimalasUri) 23/8 68. pa0 pu0 3/117 66. pa0 pu0 5/267-304, 6/227-231, 6/335 100. pa0 pu0 2/36-43 101. nI0 vA0pR0 56 102. bhA0 pu04/14/34 103. A0 pu0 4/136, 41/136 bharata dvArA ina zikSAoM ko prApta karane kA ullekha 104. A0 pu0 41/141-148 105. A0 pu0 41/176-178 106. A0 pu0 41/67, pa0 pu0 26/22 107. A0 pu0 41/100, 42/166 108. A0 pu. 17/61 106. pa0pu06/538, 12/76-81, 10/20-22 110. A0 pu0 5/12, 5/161, paMcatantra pR0 66 111. iM0 aM0 jilda 3 pR0 122, 134, 144 112. pra0 ci0 pR0 78, ti0 maM0 pR0 33 113. zi0 va0 2/2, A0 pu0 4/164 114. a0 pa0 ca0 (svayambhU) 42/11 115. nI0 vA0 pR0 108 116. A0 pu. 16/256-262 117. A0 pu0 28/24

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66 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 118. e0 iM0 jilda 6pR0 23. e0 iM0 ji0 4 pR0 306 116. A0 pu0 16/170-174 120. A0 pu. 16/175 121. A0 pu0 16/254 122. pa0 pu0 66/51-56, 6/68, pa0 ca0 (svayaMmbhU) 25/14/1-10 bhAga 2, 25/16/8 ha0 pu0 2/70 123. pa0 pu0 55/36, pa0 ca0 (svayaMmbhU) 43/6/1 124. A0 pu0 26/77, 8/41 125. sAMcI phu0 15 126. A0 pu0 6/113 127. pa0 pu0 12/182-184 128. A0 pu0 26/82, 30/111 126. hisTrI oNpha miDievala iMDiyA jilda 1 pR0 142-55 130. pa0 pu0 6/427-433, 6/15-16 131. pa0 pu0 63/28-36 132. pa0 pu0 4/71-72, 8/451 133. pa0 pu0 55/2, pa0 ca0 (svayaMmbhU) 48/5/5, bhAga 3 134. pa0 pu0 55/83-86 135. pa0 pu0 55/3-5 136. A0 pu0 27/118-116, e0 iM0 jilda 18 pR0 244 137. pa0pu0 10/112, 12/134, 136, 212, 257, 50/32, 37, 52/40, 62/7, 73/174 A0 pu0 37/161, 167 138. pa0 pu0 12/324-336, pa0ca0 48/12/1 136. pa0 pu0 60/60-62 140. pa0ca0 (svayaMmbha) bhA03, 56/7/1-6 141. pa.pu. 12/188, 44/56, 10/116, 57/30, 32, 36 142. pa0ca0 (svayaMmbhU) 56/1/10, pa0 pu0 58/26-28 143. pa0 pu0 8/446, 10/115 144. pa0 pu0 10/158, 60/112 145. pa0pu0 10/156-161, 13/1-22 146. pa0 pu. 10/20 147. pa0 pu0 12/355, 10/147 148. pa0pu0 6/51-65 .

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purANa 67 146. ha0 pu0 2/70 150. pa0pu0 66/51-56, 6/68, pa0ca0 (svayaMmbhU) 25/14/1-10 151. pa0 pu0 27/53-54 152. pa0 pu0 37/81-85 153. pa0 pu0 72/73-76 154. ha0 pu0 7/141. 155. A. pu0 36/117 156. A0 pu0 16/243-245, 16/183 157. A0 pu0 38/18, 20 pa0 pu0 4/122 158. A0 pu0 38/45-46, pa0 pu. 11/200, 203 156. bha0 gI0 4/13, 18/41, manu-smRti 18/84 160. bRhatparAzara saMhitA 5/3 161. Ao pu0 40/175-176, 164-201 162. pa0 pu05/36 163. pa0 pu0 35/11-15, 5/36-40 164. pa0 va0 (svayaMmbhU) 27/14/5 165. A0 pu0 16/243, 16/181, ya0ca0pR0 66, pa0pu0 3/256 166. ka0 sU0 2/232, bA0 saM0 38/16, kA0 saM0 28/5 167. kAsTa eNDa resa ina iNDiyA pR0 213-214 168. A0 pu0 16/184, pa0 pu0 5/66-66 166. A0 pu0 38/35, pa0 pu0 11/202 170. A0 pu0 16/185 171. A0 pu0 26/150 172. jai0 vi0mI0 pR0 40, jaina kamyUniTI pR0 70-111 173. A0 pu0 16-248 174. A0 pu0 42/28 175. vedAntasAra 3/4/40. manu0 5/1, 4/1, 33-37. 88-87 176. manu0 5/86-60, va0 dha0 sU0 8/14-17, 56/26 177. da rilIjana oNpha inDiyA pR0 163 178. A0 pu0 21/107 176. A0 pu0 24/.. 180. A0 pu0 4/165 181. A0 pu. 16/247

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68 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 182. pa0 pu0 6/41, 70, 66/61-64 183. pa0 pu0 6/356-423. raghuvaMza 6/12-86, pa0ca0 (svayaMmbhU) 21/1-10 , 184. A0 pu0 37/35-37, pa0 pu0 48/3 185. eri0 jilda 6 pR0 251, A0 pu0 26/32 186. pa0 pu0 8/373, 65/31 187. pa0 pu0 38/6-10 188. bRha0 ka0. bhA0 4/4658, kusa jAtaka 531 186. pa0 pu0 44 160. pa0 pu0 6/163 161. pa0 pu05/60-101. 162. pa0 pu0 41/72-76 163. pa0 pu053/146-147. pa0 ca0 (svayaMmbhU) bhAga 3. 51/5/1 164. pa0 pu0 48/45 165. A0 pu0 24/175, 177. 176 pa0ca0 (svayaMmbhU) 47/3/6 166. nI0 vA0 24, 10 aura 25 167. a0 pu0 64/123 168. jai0 si0 e0 pR0 201, 202, A0 pu0 24/1-28, me0 jai0 pR0 266 166. pu0 jai0 ma0 aM0 jilda 26 naM0 1 pu06 200. 50 pu0 24/130, pa0ca0 (svayaMmmU) 21/4/1, bhAga 3, 48/8/1-2 201. bA0 pu0 24/175 202. nA0pra0pa0 bhA0 2, pR0 80-85 203. pa0ca0 (svayaMmbhU) 51/8/1-16 . 204. pa0pu0 261-6, 68/1-22 aSTavidhi pUjA - jala, candana, akSata, puSpa (pIle cAvala) naivedya, dhUpa, phala, dIpa / isake sAtha hI ina saba cIjoM ko milAkara ardhyacar3hAyA jAtA thA jo jaina dharma kI apanI vizeSatA hai| 205. pa0 pu0 16/76, 16/82, 83 / 206. pa0 ca0 (svayaMmbhU) 56/8/1-4, 38/10/1-6, bhAga 2. 207. pa0 pu0 2/86-87, A0 pu05/20 208. pa0 pu0 6/286 206. bhA0 da0 pR0 270 210. 20 ka0 zrA0 A02 211. ta0 sU0 1/1 para sarvArthasiddhi TIkA, ra0ka0 zrA0A03 , pR0 80-85

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purANa sa0si0 bhUmikA pR0 34, ni0 sA0 102 212. ha0 pu0 58/5-6. pa0 pu0 6/282 213. bhA0 da0 pR0 270 214. ta0 sU0 1/6 215. ha0 pu0 58/266, ta0 sU0 6/1 216. ha0 pu0 58/296 217. ha0 pu0 6/35, A0 pu0 16/176-180 218. ha0 pu0 58/136-137 216. paM0 ca0 (svayaMmbhU) 36/4/1-11, bhA-2, ha0pu0 2/116-121, A0pu0 20/156, 10/163 . 220. A0 pu0 20/161, ha0 pu0 58/126 221. A0 zru0 1/3/3 222. ha0 pu0 58/138, 3/116-120 223. jai0 dha0 pR0 16, A0 pu0 41/110 224. A0 zru0 1/3/3 225. da0 vai0 7/11-12 226. A0 pu0 20/162, ha0 pu0 58/130 227. ha0 pu0 58/136 228. ha0 pu0 58/131 226. u0 sU0 16/26 230. A0 pu0 20/163 231. pra0 vyA0 3/6 232. ha0 pu0 58/140 233. pa0 ca0 (svayambhU) 4 bhA0 2 46/14-1-10, Ao pu0 20/164, sU0 kR0 3/6/23. 1/15/6, u0 sU0 16/3-4 234. pra0 saM0 dvA0 4/1 u0 sU0 22/40 235. ha0 pu0 58/141 236. A0 pu0 20/165, sU0 kR0 1/1/2 237. hA0 pu0 58/142 238. ha0 pu0 2/122-126 236. ha0 pu0 2/127 - khar3e hokara donoM bhujAoM ko nIce kI aura laTakAkara, paira ke donoM paMjoM ko eka sIdha meM cAra aMgula ke antara se rakhakara sAdhu ke nizcala dhyAna meM lIna .

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100 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa hone ko kAyotsarga kahate haiN| 240. ha0 pu0 2/126 241. A0 pu0. 20/456-471, ha0 pu0 6/101-110, 60/10 242. pa0 ca0 bhA0 2 4/1-11 243. ha0 pu0 64/27-32 A0 pu0 18/67-68 244. ha0 pu0 64/21-26 245. A0 pu0 sA0 a0 pR0 161 246. A0 pu0 36/146-150 247. A0 pu02/225, 18/2 248. sTaDIja ina jainijma pR0 58, 56, ha0 pu0 6/135 246. ha0 pu0 3/188-186 250. ha0 pu0 2/58 251. A0 pu0 26/58-64, 70-71 252. bha0 gI06/14 253. A0 pu0 21/134 254. A0 pu0 21/168 255. ha0 pu0 64/27-28 256. pa0 pu0 14/183, A0 pu0 10/162 . 257. pa0 pu0 14/184-164, pa0ca0 36/4/1/11, A0 pu. 10/163 258. pa0 pu0 14/168, A0 pu. 10/165 256. ha0 pu0 58/144-152, 2/130 / 260. ha0 pu0 58/161, A0 pu. 10/166, pa0 pu0 14/166 261. pa0ca0 bhA0 2 34/1 262. pa0 pu0 24/200-201, ha0 pu0 58/158 263. ha0 pu0 58/160 264. A0 pu. 10/156-161, jaina dharma, pR0 186-66, jainadharma kA yogadAna pR0 213-214 265. ha. pu02/132 pR 63/78 266. jainadharma kA yogadAna pR0 266-70 267. ha0pu0 63/61 268. A0pu05/245 266. ya0ca0i0ka00 266-70 270. A0pu0 38/26 / 23/113-36, 24/28, 23/76 meM cakavartI dvArA kI

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101 purANa gaI pUjA kA ullekha hai| 271. A0 pu0 38/31 272. pa0pu0 24/213 273. A0pu0 13/201 274. A0pu0 40/2 vistRta varNana 40/5-77 275. A0 pu0 6/85-86 276. dvayAzraya kAvya 1/15/34 277. A0 pu0 6/86-86

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adhyAya - 5 kathA sAhitya kathA sAhitya jaina sAhitya kA vizeSa aMga rahA hai| nivRttimArgI hote hue bhI jaina kathAkAroM kA uddezya apane dharma ke mUlabhUta siddhAntoM kA pratiSThApana eMva pracAra karanA thaa| ve pratyeka ghaTanA ko dhArmika AkhyAna eMva upAkhyAnoM ke mAdhyama se prastuta karate haiN| jaina kathAsAhityakAroM ne tIrthakaroM, zramaNoM eMva anya zalAkA puruSoM ke naitika eMva sadAcAra maya jIvana ko kathAoM ke mAdhyama se pravAhita karake janasAdhAraNa ke jIvana stara ko unnata bnaayaa'| jaina kathAoM kI zailI eka paramparA ko apanAye hue hai| bhUta eMva vartamAna ke sukha dukha kI vyAkhyA kAraNa nirdeza sahita kI gayI hai| kathAoM ko janasAdhAraNa meM rocaka banAne hetu kahAvatoM muhAvaroM eMva suktiyoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| pratyeka kathA ke prArambha meM maMgalAcaraNa svarupa jinendra bhagavAna kI stuti paraka kucha paMktiyA~ hotI haiM tathA kathA kI samApti para jinendra bhakti kI kAmanA kI jAtI hai| jaina kathAkAroM ne saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza Adi janapadIya bhASAoM meM gadyAtmaka padyAtmaka mizrita zailI meM kathAsAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA hai| unakA uddezya janasAdhAraNa meM naitika bhAvanA ko pahu~cAnA thaa| ina kathAkhyAnoM meM mAnava jIvana ke ihalaukika eMva pAralaukika sukha ko pradhAnatA dekara AdarzavAda ko sthAna diyA gayA hai| jaina kathA sAhitya kI prAcInatA paramparAgata lakSita hotI haiM dharma, artha eMva kAma se sambandhita kathAoM ke varNana ke sAtha hI mokSa viSayaka bhAvanA sarvatra vidyamAna hai jisameM virakti tyAga, tapasyA, pUjana Adi dhArmika cintana mukhya hai| dhArmika jaina dharma ke antaragata saMsAra ko dukha, kaSToM se yukta hote hue kSaNa bhaMgura mAnA gayA hai| jaina dharma karma para bala dete hue karmo kA phala avazyambhAvI mAnatA hai| isI kAraNa jaina kathA sAhityakAroM ne apane kathAgranthoM meM Atma viSaya damana karane, icchAoM para niyantraNa karane eMva saMsAra ke mAyA, moha ke tyAga dvArA hI zAzvata nirvANa sukha prApta ho sakatA hai, ko spaSTa kiyA hai| ___ mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa paMca mahAvratoM kA kathAsAhityakAroM ne loka pracalita kathAoM ke mAdhyama se upadeza diyaa| saMyama, tapa, tyAga eMva vairAgya para pradhAnatA dete hue dharma ke zAzvata rupa se janasAdhAraNa ko paricita karAyA" / pariNAma svarupa samAja

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kathA sAhitya 103 ke sabhI ucca eMva nimna varga ke strI puruSoM dvArA nirvANa sukha kI prApti ke lie tyAga pUrNa vairAgyamArga ko apanAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai / jaina dharma kI mAnyatA ke anusAra yadi samasta bharata kSetra ke dhAnyoM ko ekatra kara unameM eka prastha sarasoM milA dI jAye aura taba eka vRddhA ke lie usameM se sarasoM ko nikAlanA kaThina hai usI prakAra aneka yoniyoM meM bhramaNa karate hue jIva ko manuSya jIvana durlabha hai / ataeva mAnava zarIra prApta kara ajJAna meM dharma ko na chor3ane kA upadeza kathAkAroM dvArA diyA gyaa| Avazyaka niyukti meM bhI manuSya janma kI durlabhatA pratipAdita karane hetu collaka, pAzaka, dhAnya, dyUta, ratna, svapna, cakacarma, yuga eMva paramANu ye dasa dRSTAnta diye gaye haiM jaina kathAkAroM ne dhArmika kAyoM meM bAdhaka kodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha eMva moha ko mAnavI rupa pradAna karake unakI kathAoM dvArA janasAdhAraNa ko inase pare rahane kA upadeza diyaa| jaina dharma kI mAnyatA hai ki auSadhi, maMtra, tantra eMva yoga vidyA se roga kI cikitsA ho sakatI hai lekina pUrvajanmakRta karmo se jIva kI rakSA nahIM kI jA sakatI satkarmo se manuSya zubha phaloM ko prApta karatA hai| jaina kathAkAroM ne apanI kathAoM meM vrata eMva zIla ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna diyA hai| vizuddha karma karate hue prANotsarga eMva dhadhakatI agni meM praveza karanA dhArmika dRSTikoNa se acchA hai lekina vrata eMva zIla ko bhaMga karanA acchA nahIM batAyA gayA hai| saMsAra kI sabhI uttama vastuaiM - saubhAgya, sampadA, viddhatA, vimalayaza, vazIkaraNa, nirogatA eMva AdhyAtmika vastueM - svarga, mokSa Adi kI prApti zIla eMva dharma ke dvArA hI sambhava hai| kathA sAhitya meM muni AcAra eMva zrAvaka AcAra ko spaSTa karate hue sadAcAra para bala diyA gayA hai| isake lie jaina kathAkAroM ne mUroM eMva viToM kI kathAoM eMva tIrthakaMroM, zramaNoM eMva anya zalAkA puruSoM ke sadAcAramaya jIvana kI ghaTanAoM ko apanA viSaya banAyA hai | jaina dharma ke antargata samasta jIvoM ko bhavya eMva abhavya do prakAroM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| lekina kathA sAhityakAroM ne tIna mArga bhraSTa vyApAriyoM kI kathA dvArA tIna prakAra ke abhavya, kAlabhavya eMva tatkSaNabhavya jIvoM kA ullekha kiyA hai | jaina paramparA meM yaha mAnyatA thI ki janapada vihAra karane se jaina sAdhuoM kI darzana zuddhi eMva mahAna AcAryo kI saMgati se dhArmika bhAvanAeM utpanna hotI hai| ye AcArya jayaratnoM-samyak jJAna darzana cAritra eMva samyakasvarupa ina cAra ArAdhanAoM kA pAlana karate the| jaina kathAkAroM ne kathAoM ke mAdhyama se zAntipUrvaka samAdhi maraNa karane kA janasAdhAraNa ko upadeza diyA hai| jaina lekhakoM ne dharmopadeza ke lie upadeza paraka kathAoM ke sAtha hI premAkhyAnoM ko bhI apanA mAdhyama banAyA hai| haribhadrasUri ne premAkhyAnoM ko dharma eMva

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104 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa artha kI siddhi kA strota mAnA hai| samarAiccakahA meM samarAditya azoka, kAmAkura eMva lalitAMga nAmaka mitroM ke sAtha kAmazAstra kI carcA karatA hai| jaina kathAaiM dhArmika siddhAntoM ke ullekha ke sAtha hI una mahAna AtmAoM ke mahatvapUrNa janma kA bhI varNana karatI haiM jo dhArmika upadezaka ke rUpa meM sAmane Ate hai / vRhatkathAkoSa se punarjanma, karma, Izvara, deva dvArA mandiroM meM pUjA grahaNa karane, mandiroM meM utsava, vrata eMva anuSThAna Adi hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai| bauddha eMva brAhmaNa dharma ke samAna hI utsavoM para ratha yAtrA kA pradarzana kiyA jAtA thA | sAdhu sevA, jaina zAsana prabhAvanA kA phala, dAna, muniyoM ke doSa nirupaNa kA phala Adi jaina dharma se sambandhita siddhAntoM ko kathAkAroM ne apane kathAsAhitya meM varNita kiyA hai| __ jaina zramaNa ghAtaka kamoM ko nAzakara mokSa prApta karate the| jaina kathAsAhityakAroM ne viSayoM meM Asakta jIva ko mukta hone eMva pavitra dharma bhAvoM ko dhAraNa karane kA upadeza diyA hai23 / dAna, pUjA, vrata eMva zIla rupa pavitra cAra dharma kA pAlana zrAvakoM ko karate rahane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| jaina dharma meM guru ko sammAnIya sthAna prApta thaa| guru kI prathama vandanA eMva AjJA pAlana karane vAle sukha prApti ke sAtha hI mokSa prApta karate the | jaina dharma kA paMca namaskAra maMtra prANImAtra ko zAnti pUrvaka mRtyu eMva sugati pradAna karane vAlA batAyA gayA hai | sAmAjika tatkAlIna sAmAjika paramparAoM, mAnyatAoM eMva vibhinna prakaraNoM kA pratyakSa yA apratyakSa rupa se sAhityika granthoM meM samAveza honA svAbhAvika hotA hai| jisase svAbhAvika yA asvAbhAvika rupa se tatkAlIna itivRtta pratibimbita ho uThate haiN| hindU paramparA ke antargata kathAoM ke mAdhyama se itivRttiyoM ko nibaddha karane kI paramparA rahI hai usI paramparA kA anugamana jaina kathA sAhitya meM kiyA gayA hai| kathAkAroM ne janasAdhAraNa ko prabhAvita karane ke lie kathAoM ko apnaayaa| jainadharma mUlataH janasAmAnya meM vyApta huaa| prAyaH sabhI zramaNa paramparA ke dhArmika matoM ke dhArmika pracAra ke kendra jana sAdhAraNa hI rahe, para ina dharmo kI apanI udAtta bhAvanAoM ne sAmantavAdI vicAradhArA vAle samAja ko bhI prabhAvita kiyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki kathAoM ke pAtra sAmantavAdI samAja ke rAjakIya varga se lekara janasAdhAraNa taka ke varga ke haiN| jaina dharma kA abhyudaya hI samAja ke upekSita varga ko sammAnita sthAna pradAna karane hetu huaa| samAja meM vyApta avyavasthA ko dUra karane vAlI pravRttiyoM ke darzana bhI ina kathAoM meM hote haiN| zAsaka aura sAmAnya varga ke bIca kI dUrI dUra karane hetu sAmAjika pravRttiyoM meM starIkaraNa eMva kamIkaraNa ke prayAsa kiye

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kathA sAhitya 105 gye| pUrvamadhyayugIna samAja pUrNa rupeNa vidhaTanakArI pravRttiyoM se pUrNa rahA hai ina pravRttiyoM ko samApta kara samAja meM eka naye jIvana saMcAra karane kA prayAsa jaina kathA sAhitya meM milatA hai| jaina kathAoM se jJAta hotA hai ki janasAdhAraNa kA jIvana saMgaThita eMva suvyavasthita thA rAjA prajA ko putra ke samAna mAnatA thA, prajA apanI ruci ke anusAra hI apanA jIvana yApana karatI thI | utsarpiNI yuga meM sabhI manuSyoM kI icchAeM kalpavRkSoM dvArA pUrNa hotI thI isa Adarza ko pUrvamadhyayugIna jIvana ke AdazoM se jor3ane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| varNa vyavasthA jaina kathA sAhitya ke samyak avalokana se aisA jJAta hotA hai ki varNavyavasthA kA AdhAra karma thaa| isa samaya taka jainavyavasthA ke antargata bhI cAturvarNya vyavasthA ko svIkAra kara liyA gyaa| zramaNa-paramparA ke sabhI dharma sampradAyoM meM karma kI pradhAnatA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| karmatyAga se jAticyuta hone kI paramparA hindU dharma meM pracalita rhii| rAjyavyavasthAkAroM ke anusAra sabhI vargoM ke logoM ko apane apane varNAnusAra kamoM meM pravRtta karAnA rAjA kA kartavya mAnA jAtA thaa| Adhunika samAjazAstriyoM ke anusAra kisI vyavasthita samAja ke vibhinna vargoM ke logoM kA vibhinna prakAra ke kAryo meM niSNAta honA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai anyathA sAmAjika vyavasthA kA calanA sambhava nahIM hogA kyoMki pratyeka vyakti kA pratyeka prakAra ke kAryo meM niSNAta honA asambhava hai| isa vyavasthA ko ullaMdhana karane para vyakti ko daNDita kiyA jAtA thA, sAtha hI vaha rAjya se nikAla diyA jAtA thA | cAturvarNya vyavasthA ke antargata brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya eMva zUdra meM kSatriyoM ko ucca sthAna prApta thaa| Adi tIrthakara RSabha deva ne tIna varNoM kI racanA kI thI bharata ne vrata saMskAra kI apekSA kara brAhmaNa varNa kI sthApanA kI | SaTkamoM ke sAtha sAtha brAhmaNa ko kRSikarma karane kI anumati prApta thI | vaizya sthala eMva jalamArga donoM hI ke dvArA vyApAra karate the| kathAoM se vyApAra meM Ane vAlI kaThinAiyoM ko sahana karake dhanopArjana kI jAnakArI hotI hai / zAsana se sambandhita eMva prajA kI rakSA meM tatpara kSatriya varNa maSi dvArA jIvikA calAte the| vivAha jaina dharma meM bhI vivAha ko eka dhArmika saMskAra mAnA jAtA hai| yaha kisI vizeSa zarta para AdhArita na hokara janma-janmAntaroM kA aTUTa bandhana mAnA gayA hai isake sAtha hI kucha vagoM meM vivAha ko eka samajhautA mAnA gayA hai, jisameM ki

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106 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa strI apane Upara bAlaka ke janma eMva pAlana kI aura puruSa strI eMva santati ke khAna-pAna eMva surakSA Adi kI jimmedArI letA hai| mAnava jIvana meM sAmAjika saMracanA banAye rakhane hetU vivAha Avazyaka thA / vivAha saMskAra zubha muharta meM sampanna kiyA jAtA thaa| jaina paramparA meM vivAha ko dhArmika jIvana meM sAdhaka mAnA gayA hai| kathAoM meM prApta ullekhoM se vayaska vivAha hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai | udAravAdI dRSTikoNa ke pariNAma svarupa varNa jAti eMva dharma kA bandhana nahIM thaa| sAmAnyatayA samAna kula vAle parivAroM ke bIca vivAha sambandha hote the / jaina sUtroM meM vivAha ke tIna prakAra - Ayojita, svayaMvara eMva gAndharva vivAha ke ullekha milate hai| apaharaNa vivAha bhI vivAha kA eka prakAra thA / mauna rahanA vivAha kI svIkRti mAnI jAtI thii| jainAgamoM meM varNita svayaMvaroM ke dRzya isa bAta ke pramANa hai ki kanyA apanA vara cunane meM svatantra thii| svayaMvara maNDapa meM kanyA ko AmantritoM kA pUrNa paricaya karA diyA jAtA thaa| svayaMvara vivAha meM koI viziSTa zarta-gatiyuddha, jaya, bedhana ityAdi rakhI jAtI thii| eka vivAha kA Adarza hote hue bhI bahupatnI vivAha pracalita the| sAmantavAdI yuga ke vAtAvaraNa se paripUrNa ye jaina kathAe~ narapatiyoM kI vilAsitA kI aura saMketa karatI haiN| ye vaivAhika bandhanoM ko tor3akara mlecchoM kI kanyAoM ko varaNakara kAma pipAsA zAnta karate the| anuloma vivAhoM ko samAja meM mAnyatA prApta thii| Amoda-pramoda dhArmika kRtyoM ke samAna hI Amoda pramoda ko jaina samAja meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta thaa| juA eMva zikAra manoraMjana ke pramukha sAdhana the| manovinodArtha aneka prakAra ke khela khelane, nATaka dekhane, jalakIr3A karane, basantAAdi utsava manAne, nRtyagAAna karane Adi sAmUhika kAryakrama sampAdana karane kI jAnakArI hotI nArI kI sthiti yadyapi jaina saMskRti nivRtti kA mArga prazasta karatI hai kintu phira bhI usameM sAMsArika vyavasthA ko bhI sthAna diyA gayA hai| striyoM ke udAtta prema ke ullekha milate haiM" / santAna prApti ke lie ve indra, skanda, nAga eMva yakSa Adi devI devatAoM kI upAsanA karatI thI | zikSA ke kSetra meM bhI striyoM ke agrasara rahane ke ullekha milate haiN| ve aneka prakAra kI vidyAoM kA upArjana karake dharma pracAra krtii|

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kathA sAhitya 107 jaina kathAoM se AdhyAtmika zakti dvArA laukika vinAza eMva dukhadAyI zaktiyoM ke samAdhAna karane kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| vibhinna kathAoM se jJAta hotA hai ki striyA~ apane vrata sAdhanAdi dvArA apane pati eMva parivArIjanoM ko kaSToM se bacAtI thii| zIlavatI, sudarzana nIlI eMva aMjanA satI kI kathAoM se jJAta hotA hai ki sadAcAra ko surakSita rakhanA apanA vizeSa kartavya samajhatI thii| rAjA kA bhI yaha kartavya thA ki dezATana paraM gaye vyApAriyoM kI striyoM kI rakSA kare | puruSoM ke samAna striyA~ dhArmika kRtyoM meM bhAga letI, eMva dIkSA grahaNa karake saMgha kA netRtva karatI thI / brAhmI, sundarI, candanA jayantI Adi kanyAoM ne Ajanma brahamacarya pAlana kiyaa| jaina kathAoM meM upadezikAoM ke ullekha milate hai | striyoM dvArA grantha praNayana karane eMva viddhatA meM ucca sthAna prApta karane ke vRtAnta prApta hai| striyoM dvArA jina pUjA karane, puSpa arpita karane eMva nirvANa prApta karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai5 | striyoM ko bharata cakravartI ke 14 ratnoM meM ginA gayA hai56 | ucca sthiti ke sAtha hI unakI parAdhInatA kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai | vezyA vRtti jaina kathAoM meM dikhAyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra se samAja ke antargata nindanIya samajhI jAne vAlI vezyAoM ke samAjIkaraNa kA prayAsa kiyA gyaa| vezyAe~ nRtya, saMgIta eMva vAdya meM niSNAt mAnI gayI haiN| prAcIna kAla meM rAjakumArI ko ziSTAcAra kI zikSA prApta karane hetu vezyAoM ke pAsa bhejA jAtA thaa| unake pAsa zikSA hetu bhejane kA uddezya unakI sAmAjika sthiti kI abhivRddhi karanA abhipreta rahA hai| samAja meM una vezyAoM kA sammAna kiyA jAtA thaa| jo rAjya dvArA puraskRta hotI eMva buddhimAna vyakti jisakI prazaMsA karate the| vidhavA vivAha jaina samAja meM vidhavA vivAha niSedha thaa| vaha apanA jIvana adhyAtma kI aura lagAkara samAja sevA karate hue jIvana yApana krtii| pardA, niyoga eMva satI prathA kathAoM meM prApta ullekhoM se pardA prathA kA abhAva jJAta hotA hai| ve svatantratA pUrvaka patiyoM ke sAtha bhramaNa hetu jAtI thiiN| striyoM dvArA utsava meM jAne eMva zramaNoM se apanI zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna karane ke ullekha prApta hote hai / jaina kathAoM meM prApta ullekhoM se samAja meM niyoga prathA pracalita hone kI

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108 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa jAnakArI hotI hai| prAyaH strI ke vidhavA hone eMva saMntAna na hone para devara ke sAtha niyoga karAyA jAtA thaa| lekina yaha sArvabhaumika niyama nahIM thaa| __satI prathA kA pUrNataH abhAva thA / jaina saMskRti meM jaina nArI ko AryikA banakara dharma dhyAna meM jIvana vyatIta karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA haiN| gaNikAe~ ___ jaina saMskRti meM gaNikAeM samAja kA eka Avazyaka aMga thii| tIrthakara RSabha deva ke dIkSA ke samaya dvAra para dvArayoSitAoM ko maMgala dravya lie khar3A kiyA gayA thaa| gaNikAoM ko ratizAstra ke AcArya ke rupa meM svIkRta kiyA gayA hai| cAroM vedoM eMva aneka lipiyoM meM niSNAta hone ke ullekha milate haiM | gaNikAoM dvArA zrAvaka dharma svIkAra karane kI bhI jAnakArI hotI hai| dhUrtoM eMva pAkhaNDI vyakti sIdhe nAgarikoM ko Thagane ke sAtha hI paradeza gaye hue vyaktiyoM kI patniyoM ko apaharaNa kara lete the5 | steMyazAstra ke pravartaka mUladeva dvArA ziSyoM ko dhUrta eMva dambha kI zikSA dene kI jAnakArI hotI haiM66 | vasudeva hiNDI meM dhUrtasabhA eMva dhUrtazAlA kA ullekha haiM | kSemendra ne apane kalAvilAsa meM dhUrto ke kucha guNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai | jaina kathAaiM vizvAsa pAtra banakara Thagane vAle mitroM kA bhI ullekha karatI hai | ina kathAoM ko likhane kA uddezya janasAdhAraNa ko inase sAvadhAna rahane kA upadeza denA thaa| Arthika kathA sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki asi, kRSi, vANijya, zilpa eMva dhAtuvAda arthopArjana ke sAdhana the| haribhadra sUri ne sAma daNDa eMva bheda ko arthopArjana kA sAdhana kahA hai | vyApArI varga jalapotoM eMva naukAoM dvArA videzoM se vyApAra karate the| vyApAra meM aneka prakAra ke kaSToM ko sahana karanA hotA thA | cora DAkU rAste meM saba sAmAna lUTa lete the73 | acAnaka bAr3ha kA A jAnA vyApAriyoM ke lie bahuta kaSTa pahu~cAtI thii| ___ kathAsAhitya meM ullikhita samudra yAtrAoM se jJAta hotA hai ki vyApArika kendra bar3e nagaroM meM hote the| kaI dvIpoM se ratnoM kI prApti bhI hotI thii| vyApArI apane sAtha meM khAne pIne kA sAmAna eMva rogiyoM ke lie apathya eMva davAeM sAtha meM le jAte the| nAva meM baiThane se pUrva samudra eMva vAyu kI puSpa eMva gandha dravya se pUjA karate the| jalapotoM ke samudra meM DUba jAne ke ullekha milate haiM jisase vyApAriyoM kI matyu ho jAtI thii| kathAoM se jaina varga kI Arthika sampannatA kI jAnakArI hotI hai| manuSya

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kathA sAhitya 106 vilepana, pAna, itra, phulela eMva bahumUlyavastra, svarNa, hIrA, motI eMva panne se nirmita AbhUSaNoM kA zarIra saundarya kI vRddhi ke lie prayoga karate the| dUdha, ghI, dahI zakkara kI bahulatA thii| isIkAraNa jainoM meM sAtvika AhAra, khAdya, svAda, peya, leya ina cAroM ke prati abhiruci thI" | kathAoM se vyApArika sthAnoM eMva vahA~ ke nivAsiyoM ke rahana sahana vezabhUSA eMva svabhAva vyavahAra kI jAnakArI hotI hai | rAjanaitika kathAoM meM prApta ullekhoM se kucha aMzoM meM tatkAlIna rAjanaitika vyavasthA kI jAnakArI hotI hai| mahAvIra kAlIna rAjAoM dvArA usa samaya meM pracalita sabhI dharmo ko prazraya diyA gayA kyoMki ve kisI vizeSa vyaktigata dharma se sambandhita na rahakara, mahAna puruSoM kI sevA karanA apanA dharma samajhate the | pahale yAtAyAta ke sAdhanoM ke abhAva meM jaina zramaNa kisI AcArya yA saMghapati ke netRtva meM tIrthayAtrAoM ke lie jAte the | dharmopadeza ke nimitta likhI gayIM kisI kathA meM vidizA para mlecchoM (zako) ke aitihAsika AkramaNa kA ullekha hai to kisI meM nandarAjA eMva usake maMtrI zakaTAra kA ullekha hai| cANakya ne kuTanIti dvArA nandavaMza kA vinAza kiyA eMva maurya sAmrAjya kI sthApanA kii| maurya samrATa caMdragupta eMva usake guru bhadrabAhu kA caritra citraNa vibhinna kathAoM meM kiyA gayA hai| samprati dvArA anArya dezoM ko jaina zramaNoM ke vihAra yogya banAne kA ullekha kathAoM meM prApta hotA hai | __ kathA sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA senA, zAsana, eMva vidhi vyavahAra kA kendra thaa| pIr3ita prajA kabhI bhI rAjadarabAra meM rAjA se apane kaSToM ko kaha sakatI thI | rAjakIya sadasyoM, brAhmaNa, purohita eMva janasAmAnya ke sAtha niSpakSa nyAya hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai| nyAya vyavasthA kaThora hote hue bhI rAjA niraMkuza hote the| niraparAdhI ko daNDa milane eMva aparAdhI ke chUTa jAne ke ullekha kathA sAhitya meM prApta hote haiN| phira bhI vibhinna prakAra ke upAyoM se vAstavika tathya kI jAnakArI kara nirNaya dene kI paddhati apanAyI jAtI thii| kathA sAhitya meM vibhinna prakAra ke daNDoM kA ullekha milatA hai| rAjakarmacArI dvArA coroM ko vastra yugala eMva gale meM kanera ke puSpoM kI mAlA pahanAkara, zarIra ko tela se sikta karake usa para bhasma lagAkara unheM nagara ke caurAhoM para dhumAte hue daNDoM eMva kor3oM se pITA jAtA thaa| kisI sammAnanIya puruSa kA aparAdha karane yA prANaharaNa karane para usake nAka, kAna kaTavAkara gadhe para car3hAkara rAjya se niSkASita kara diyA jAtA thaa| prANa haraNa karane para prANa daNDa dene eMva aparAdha ke anusAra aparAdhI ko aMga vihIna kiye jAne kI jAnakArI kathAsAhitya se hotI haiM / sAmAjika saMgaThana ko vyavasthita banAye rakhane ke lie

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110 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa varNa vyavasthA ke ullaMdhana karane vAle ko niSkAsita kara diyA jAtA thA | vaivAhika baMdhanoM ko tor3ane ke aparAdha meM usake aMga kATa kara usakA galA coTI se bA~dha diyA jAtA thaa| coroM kI bhaoNti durAcAriyoM ko ziromuMDana, tarjana, tADana, liMgacchedana, nirvAsana aura mRtyu Adi daNDa diye jAte the| isake sAtha hI mRttikA bhakSaNa, viSTAbhakSaNa, malloM dvArA mukke, sarvasvaharaNa Adi daNDa bhI diye jAte the| zUlI dene kA pracalana bhI kathAoM se jJAta hai| daNDa dene vAle daNDAdhikArI kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai| rAga, dveSa eMva moha se rahita hokara, aparAdhoM kI vAstavika jAnakArI kara, niSpakSa hokara daNDa dene kI dhoSaNA daNDAdhikArI kA kArya thaa| grAmINa stara para paMcAyate bhI nyAya kArya karatI thii| grAma kA mukhiyA paMcoM ke sAtha milakara aparAdhiyoM ko daNDita krte| nyAya ke lie manovaijJAnika AdhAra bhI apanAne ke ullekha milate haiN| rAniyA~ bhI rAjadarabAra meM rAjA ke sAtha nyAya kArya karatI thii| kathAoM meM prApta ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki maMtrI rAjya kArya meM sahayoga dete the| rAjA ke vilAsI hone eMva rAjya para dhyAna na dene para maMtri naye rAjA kI niyukti karate the| rAjA kI niyukti ke lie hAthI ko jala kA ghar3A dekara chor3A jAtA thA vaha jisakA abhiSeka karatA use rAjA banA diyA jaataa| isa taraha maMtrI pariSada samAja kA mahatvapUrNa aMga thaa| saMdarbha grantha 1. Rgveda meM stutiyoM ke rupa meM kahAnI ke mUla tatva pAye jAte haiN| arthaveda meM itihAsa, purANa, gAthA eMva nArAzaMsI ina cAra zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| mAdhavAcArya ke pakSa eMva pratipakSa parigraha ko kathA kahA hai| purANoM meM kathAoM ke mAdhyama se veda ke gUDhArtha kA pratipAdana huA hai| 2. hariyANA pradeza kA loka sAhitya pR0 11 3. marudhara kezarI abhinandana grantha pR0 202 4. jai0 ka0 sA0aM0 pR0 72 5. A0 ka0 ko0 bhA0 1 pR0 30. pu0 ka0 ko0 pu0 72, A0ka0 ko0 bhA0 2 pR0 73 6. u0 sU0 8/1-12 7. kSaNaM citraM kSaNaM vittaM kSaNaM jIvati mAnava : / yamasya karuNA nAsti dharmasya tvaritA

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kathA sAhitya 111 gati 8. sI0 2 pR0 148-6, kuvalaya mAlA 266 pR0 188-61, ma0bhA0zA0pa0 178 6. upadeza pada, gAthA 8, pR0 20 bhAga 2, gAthA 551, pR0 272. vR0ka0ko0 pR0 35-40 10. A0ni0 833 11. kuvalayamAlA pR0 45-80 12. ka0ko0pra0gAthA 10-25 / kuvalayamAlA 230 pR0 140 / jai0rA0pR0 442 A0ka0ko0bhA02 pR0 1 13. bR0ka0ko0 bhA01 pR0 42 14. A0ka0ko0bha03, pR0 137, vR0ka0ko0bhA02, pR0 243 15. vika0saM0 kathA 26.30, A0ka0ko0bhA02pR011, jai0rA0pu0 256 16. kuvalayamAlA 166 pR0 78 17. Aopu0 1/46. vRka0ko0 pR075, A0ka0ko0bhA03, pR0 176-177, A0ka0ko0 bhA02 pR0 17 18. ku0pA0pra0 pariziSTa parva 3, 16, 75, 215 / va0hi0 pR0 6-10 16. bRha0ka0ko0 kathA naM0 35, 44, 62, 53, 148 20. bRhaka0ko0kathA naM0 13, 33, 56, 57, 63, 115, 134, 136/ 21. prA0sA0itihAsa pR0 431-436 22. A0ka0ko0bhA02 pR0 164 23. A0ka0ko0bhA02 pR0 36-40 24. A0ka0ko0bhA02 pR0 3. 56 25. A0ka0ko0bhA02 pR055-57 26. ArAdhanA kathA koza bhAga 1, pR0 8, 35, 107, 146, 154 27. ArAdhanA kathA koza bhAga 1 pR0 143 28. "AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata" pR0 147-148 26. bR0pa0saM0 5/3 30. A0ka0ko0 bhA02 pR0 35, 135, "do hajAra varSa purAnI kahAniyA~' pR0 31, 66 31. pa0ka0ko0 pR0 377 32. A0ka0ko0bhA02, mRgasena dhIvara kI kathA 33. A0 pu0 paM0bhA0 160-161, arthazAstra 3/2, 56/53, sAdha0 2/56-60 ..... 34. pa0ka0ko0 pR0 37, 67, A0ka0ko0bhA01 pR0 121 35. A0ka0ko0bhA02 pR0 46 36. jaina dharma kI udAratA pR0 68, pu0ka0ko0 pR0 126

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112 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 37. jJA0dhaka0 1 pR0 23 38. nA0dha0ka0 16 pR0 186 . 36. jJAta dha0ka0 16 pR0.168. antakRdazA 3 pR0 16 40. pu0ka0ko0 pR0 371, A0ka0ko0 bhA0 2 pR0 67 41. jaivyu0ni0 pR0 260 / 42. u0da04 pR0 61 43. bR0ka00saM0 pR0 216, va0hi0 pR0 132 44. pu0ka0ko0 pR0 82, pR0 16 45. pu0ka0ko0 pR0 1679 pR0 126, pR0 107 46. jJA0dha0ka0 pR025, u0sU0 pR0 16 47. jJA0,0ka0 pR0 46, A0cU0 pR0 264, 357, a0za03. pR014 48. A0pu0 5 16/103. 104 46. ku0 pA0 pra0 pR0 21-22 50. ku0pA0pra0 pR0 21-22 51. va0hi0 pR0 233 52. do hajAra varSa purAnI kahAniyA~ pR0 101, A0 ka0 ko0 bhA02 pR0 63 53. nAyAdhamma kahA 2 pR0 220-230 . 54. ha0 pu0 pR0 326, paM0 candrAbAI abhinandana grantha pR0 481 55. jJA0dha0ka0 8, ka0sU0TI0 2 pR0 32 56. ja0vI0pra0 3/67, u0TI0 18, pR0 247 57. vya0 bhA03/233 58. ka0sa0sA0 1 aipiDaiksa 4 pR0 138 56. dha0 pa0 zloka 11-13, ma0ni0pR0 24 60. A0 pu0 44/86 61. ma0ni0 pR0 42 62. A0 pu0 17/86 63. nAyAdhamma kahA pR0 108 64. nAyAdhamma kahA pR0 60 65. va0 hi0 pR0 206 / dRSTApi dRSTApi : kUrAbhiH kRtaka vacana muDAbhiH / dhurto muSNAMti vadhUM mugdhA viproSite ptyau|| ka00 6/56 66. "Ajakala' agasta 1670 meM prakAzita - dhUrta ziromaNi malladeva eMva dhUrta vidyA nAmaka lekha 67. va0hi0 pR0 210, 247-248 68. ka0vi0 1/18, 16, yaza0 ca0 bhAga 2 pR0 145

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kathA sAhitya 113 66. kuvalayamAlA pR0 58-56 70. sa0ka0 pR0 3 71. A0ka0ko0 bhA02 pR0 135, (pu0ka0ko0 pR0 16, do hajAra varSa purAnI - kahAniyA~ pR0 31, 66 72. pu0ka0ko0 pR0 82 A0ka0ko0 bhA02 pR0 53 73. pu0 ka0ko0 pR0 230, A0ka0ko0bhA02 pR0 73 74. kuvalayamAlA pR0 65, 68 75. do hajAra varSa purAnI kahAniyA~ - "mAkandI putrI kI kahAnI" 76. A0ka0 ko0 bhAga 2 pR0 46, pR0 65 do hajAra varSa purAnI kahAniyA~, pR0 41 77. pu0ka0ko0 pR0 276 78. kuvalayamAlA pR0 152 76. A0ka0ko0bhA02 pR0 8, 35, 107, 146, 154 para vibhinna kathAe~ 80. anekAnta bhA05 pR0 366, bhA021 pR0 54-84 81. bR0 ka0ko0pR0 246 82. pu0ka0ko0pR0 13 83. pu0ka0ko0 pR0357, vR0 ka0ko0pR0 317, A0ka0ko0bhA02 pR0 165-167 84. pre0 a0 gra0 pR0 251 85. pu0 ka0ko0 pR0 47 86. A0ka0ko0 pR0 34, dIdhanikAya kI aTThakathA2 pR0 516 meM vaizAlI kI nyAyavyavasthA kA ullekha hai| 87. jAtaka 4 pR0 28, u0sU0 6/30, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pR0 64-65 88. jaina kathAoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana pR0 153-154 / pu0ka0ko0pR0 255 86. A0ka0ko0 bhA02 pR0 218 60. A0ka0ko0 bhA0 1 pR0 142 61. pu0ka0ko0pR0 146 62. jainAgama meM bhAratIya samAja pR0 81-83, A0 pra0bhA0 pR0 361, 362, A0ka0ko0bhA02 kathA 5 63. pu0ka0ko0 pR0 82 64. A0 pra0bhA0 pR0 354 65. pu0ka0ko0 pR0 47 66. A0ka0ko0 bhA02 pR0 22 67. A0ka0ko0bhA02 pR0 36 68. A0ka0ko0bha02 pR0 36

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adhyAya -6 caritakAvya itihAsa jJAna hetU caritakAvyoM kA atyadhika mahatva rahA hai| aitihAsika samasyAoM para prakAza DAlane meM ina caritakAvyoM se paryApta sahAyatA prApta hotI hai| caritakAvyoM meM varNita rAjA rAniyoM eMva anya caritroM kA adhyayana una paristhitiyoM vizeSa meM karanA ora una paristhitiyoM dvArA vaha kitane aMzoM meM prabhAvita huA, kA jJAna prApta karanA itihAsa kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| caritakAvyoM meM rAjA, rAnI, bhikSu eMva arhatoM, jaina dharmAnuyAyI puruSoM eMva striyoM ke sAtha hI samAja ke samRddhatama logoM ko pramukha pAtroM ke rupa meM liyA gayA hai| sAmAnyatayA ina cune hue caritroM ko jaina dharmAbalambI yA dharmAnuyAyI banAnA uddezya rahA hai jainAcAryo ne ina caritroM se zikSA grahaNa karane eMva karAne ke uddezya se caritakAvyoM kA sRjana kiyaa| ataeMva caritakAvyoM meM kabhI bhI mukhya pAtroM ke sambandha meM parAjaya yA apriya ghaTanAe~ prApta nahIM hotI haiN| caritagranthoM meM nAyaka ke guNoM ke varNana meM kalpanAeM bhI pradarzita kI gayI haiN| caritakAvyoM kA racanAkAla prAyaH usa samaya prArambha ho jAtA hai jaba hindU eMva bauddha paramparAoM meM itihAsa paraka granthoM ke nirmANa kI prakriyA prArambha ho cukI thI ataH ghaTanAoM ke varNana eMva tithiyoM kA vivaraNa itihAsa sammata pAyA jAtA hai| sarvaprathama hindU bAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke AdhAra para raviSeNa eMva jaTAsiMha nandI dvArA padmacarita eMva barAMgacarita kA sRjana kiyA gayA jo samAja eMva saMskRti kI dRSTi se atyanta mahatvapUrNa haiN| caritakAvyoM meM alaukika eMva aprAkRta tatvoM kA abhAva dikhatA hai jisake pariNAma svarupa divya lokoM, divyapuruSa, divyayugoM eMva arddhadaivI (vidyAdhara yakSa, gandharva, deva rAkSasa Adi) pAtroM kA varNana nahIM ke barAbara AyA hai| jina caritakAvyoM meM inakA ullekha huA hai vahaoN jainAcAryo ne udAravAdI eMva mAnavIya buddhi saMgata dRSTikoNa dvArA unnata eMva udAtta mAnavIya rupa meM prastuta kiyA hai| caritakAvyoM meM varNita kathAnakoM ke AdhAra para jo tatkAlIna paristhitiyA~ prativimbita huyI haiM unakA prastutIkaraNa vibhinna kamoM se vizleSita haiN| rAjanItika caritakAvyoM se rAjya ke svarupa eMva usake mahatvapUrNa aMga rAjA kI

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caritakAvya 115 jAnakArI hotI hai'| pRthvI para rAjA na hone para "matsyagatAgalanyAya' kI saba jagaha pravRtti hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai| caritakAvyoM meM rAjA eMva prajA ke pArasparika sambandhoM kA nirupaNa prApta hotA hai / pApAcaraNa se dUra rahane vAlA trivarga - dharma, artha, kAma kA sevana karane vAlA, anubhavI vRddhoM ke jJAna se rAjyakArya karane vAlA gurujanoM kI vinaya karane vAlA rAjA dvArA prajAkalyANa ke sAtha hI apane loka eMva paraloka ko saphala banAne ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / "dharmazarmAbhyudaya meM dharmanAtha ko diye gaye upadezoM meM rAjanIti zAstrIya viSayaka siddhAntoM kA nirupaNa huA hai| durvinIta rAjA apane AcaraNoM se apanI AzrayIbhUta prajA ko apane viruddha banA letA hai| rAjA eMva usakI upAdhiyA~ __ saMskRta caritakAvyoM meM rAjA ke lie rAjA, mahArAjA", mANDalika, arddhacakravartI', eMva cakravartI zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| rAjA kI ye vibhinna upAdhiyA~ usakI zaktivaibhava eMva rAjya vistAra para Adha pArita thii| nagara yA janapada rAjA dvArA zAsita hotA thA, rAjya kI Aya sImita hotI thii| rAjA kI apekSA mahArAjA kucha bar3e sAmrAjya kA adhipati eMva usakI sainya zakti sudRr3ha eMva sabala hotI thii| caritakAvyoM meM mahArAjA ke lie sArvabhaumika eMva samrATa zabda bhI prayukta hone kI jAnakArI milatI hai| sArvabhaumika rAjA naisarpa, pANDu, piMgala, kAla, mahAkAla, zaMkha, padma, mANava, sarvaratna Adi navanidhiyoM ke adhipati hote the jo sAmrAjya kI sampannatA eMva sudRr3hatA meM vistAra karatI thI" | mANDalika rAjA ke adhIna aneka sAmanta rAjA rAjya karate the| arddhacakravartI kA sAmrAjya vistRta hotA thA, ve rAjyavistAra ke lie sAmarika yAtrA eMva yuddha bhI karate the| cakravartI digvijaya karate the pariNAmataH 6 khaNDoM ke adhipati banate the| ye cakravartI sArvabhauma bhI kahalAte the kyoMki sabhI rAjA isake adhIna hote the / - caritakAvyoM se rAjA ke navaprakAroM kI jAnakArI hotI hai - 1, vijigISu 2, ari 3. mitra 4, pANigrAha 5, madhyama 6, udAsIna 7, Akanda 8, AsAra 6, antarddhi the| ye yathAyogya guNa eMva aizvarya se sampanna hone ke kAraNa rAjamaNDala ke adhiSThAtA kahe gaye haiN| rAjA ke guNa eMva kartavya rAjA ke antargata rAjakIya guNoM meM zatrusaMhAra zakti, indriyajayI, vyasanasevanarahita, paropakAra vRtti, eMva sabhI ke sAtha sammAnayukta vyavahAra Avazyaka evaM rAjya ko sthAyitva pradAna karane vAle mAne jAte the| inake sAtha hI samyak jJAna darzana eMva caritra ke yukta sadAcAra, udAratA, zUratA Adi pArthiva guNa, zakti

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116 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa senA eMva koza se mitra rAjAoM ke deza ko vRddhigata karane vAle guNa, muni, jaina brAhmaNoM kA satkAra karane, dharma artha kAma mokSa zAstroM kA jJAna honA, yAcakoM kI icchAeM pUrNa karane, triveda - (Rgveda, sAmaveda, yajurveda athavA tarka vyAkaraNa va siddhAnta) ko jAnanA, puruSArtho kI prApti meM saMlagnatA, AnvIkSikI, trayI,(varNAzramoM ke kartavya ko batAne vAlI vidyA) vArtA (kRSi va vyApArAdi daNDanIti rAjanIti) Adi guNoM kA honA rAjA ke lie Avazyaka thA | caritakAvyoM meM rAjA ke lie kAmottejaka kAryo se dUra rahane eMva viSayAsakta hone para maMtriyoM para rAjyabhAra soMpa dene ke nirdeza prApta hote haiM | caritakAvyoM se rAjAoM ke udAravAdI dRSTikoNa kI jAnakArI hotI hai rAjA prAyaH sabhI dharmo ko Azraya pradAna karate the| sabhI prakAra ke kaSToM se prajA ko mukti dilAnA rAjA kA kartavya thA | prajArakSaNa, prajApAlana eMva prajAraMjana Adi kartavyoM ko pUrNa rupeNa pAlana karane para rAjya kI bhUmi ratnagarbhA eMva dhanadhAnya se yukta hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai| rAjA anuzAsanarahita, prajA pIr3aka rAjakarmacAriyoM ko daNDa eMva prajA kA kalyANa karane vAle rAjya karmacAriyoM ko puraskAra, dAna dvArA sammAnita karate the23 | rAjA prajA ke kalyANArtha naitika AdhAroM para kara letA thA vibhinna mAdhyamoM se koza eMva sainika zakti ko samRddha karatA thaa| rahasyAtmaka kAryo kI jAnakArI prApta karanA, vRddhoM kI sevA karanA, zaraNAgatoM kI rakSA, dInadukhiyoM kI sevA karanA Adi rAjya ko sucAru rupa se calAne ke lie rAjA ke mahatvapUrNa kartavya the| santAnavat prajApAlana, udyamI maMtriyoM kI niyukti, rAjakIya surakSA hetU caturagiMNI senA ke prabandha dvArA "rAjya ko sudRr3ha banAtA thA25 | uttarAdhikAra ___ caritakAvyoM meM prApta varNanoM ke AdhAra para jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna vyavasthA rAjatantrIya vyavasthA thI jisameM rAjA kA putra hI rAjyapada kA uttarAdhikArI hotA thA | uttarakozala ke ratnura nagara ke rAjA mahAsena dvArA dIkSA grahaNa karane para apane putra 15 veM tIrthakara dharmanAtha ko rAjyabhAra sauMpe dene ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / prAyaH rAjA putroM ke samartha hone para rAjyabhAra se mukta ho jAte28 | kabhI kabhI rAjA agramahiSI dvArA utpanna putra ke sthAna para navavivAhita rAnI se utpanna hone vAle putra ko rAjya dene kI zapatha grahaNa kara lete the aura taduparAnta vivAha kara lete the / putra na hone para anujaputra rAjyAdhikArI hotA thA | anya putroM meM bhI unakI yogyatAnusAra deza de diye jAte the| yuvarAjoM dvArA rAjakIya kAryabhAra grahaNa karane se pUrva prazAsanika kAryo kA jJAna eMva anubhava prApta karanA Avazyaka thA / prAyaH rAjA rAjaputroM ko zikSita karAne

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caritakAvya 117 ke lie kuzala vyakti, niyukta karate the3 | rAjyAbhiSeka ke samaya yuvarAja ko dharma, artha, kAma ke yathAsamaya pAlana karane eMva mokSa kI sAdhanA karane ke upadeza dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai | jJAna, karma eMva zIla dvArA prajA kA kalyANa karanA, pramAda se dUra rahakara nIti eMva parAkrama ko dhAraNa karanA usakA parama kartavya mAnA jAtA thA5 | dhanuSavidyA meM niSNAta honA Avazyaka thaa| rAjazAstrIya maryAdAoM kA aMkuza hone ke kAraNa yuvarAjoM kA nirdhArita AdarzoM kI avahelanA karanA asambhava thaa| rAjyAbhiSeka rAjyapada grahaNa karane se pUrva uttarAdhikArI kA rAjyAbhiSeka honA Avazyaka thA | rAjyAbhiSeka ke samaya sabhI vargoM ke vyakti jyotiSI eMva rAjakIya karmacArI - amAtya senApati, maMtrivarga, zreSThi, puravAsI Adi ekatrita rahate the| pavitra 18 tIrtho ke sugandhita zItala jala se zreSThigaNa dvArA pAdAbhiSeka karane eMva taduparAnta sAmanta, rAjA, amAtya Adi dvArA jala se pUrNa ratnajaTita kumbha se mUrdhAbhiSeka karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai" | rAjyAbhiSeka ke pazcAt rAjA yuvarAjapaTTha baoNdhatA thA / isa avasara para vibhinna dezoM ke rAjA bheMTa lekara Ate the eMva sampUrNa rAjya meM sajAvaTa kI jAtI thii| - rAjyAbhiSeka ke lie abhiSeka maNDapa kA nirmANa hotA eMva mRdaMga zaMkha jhallarI Adi vAdya yaMtroM dvArA jayadhoSa hone ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| isI samaya ghoSa yuvarAja dharmopadeza grahaNa karate the| maMtripariSada __ prazAsakIya kAryo meM maMtrI purohita eMva senApati Adi aTThAraha prakAra kI prakRtiyoM dvArA sahAyatA eMva aizvarya prApta karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM | caritakAvyoM se maMtripariSada hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai| amAtya, saciva, mahattara, purohita, eMva daNDanAyaka ko maMtrimaMDala meM sammilita karane ke ullekha prApta hote hai43 jabaki candraprabhacarita meM maMtrI, purohita, senApati, durgAdhikArI, koSAdhyakSa eMva jyotiSI ko maMtrImaMDala meM zAmila kiyA hai | rAjya kA pradhAnamaMtrI amAtya hotA thaa| caritakAvyoM meM amAtya ke guNoM meM rAjakIya kAryo ke cintana karane, caturagiMNI senA kI vyavasthA karane eMva yuddha, AkramaNa, bhUmikara eMva daNDa ke sambandha meM rAjA ke sAtha vicAra vimarza karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM46 | maMtriyoM ko rAjya ke stambha mAnA gayA hai| apane vicAroM kA nirNaya paraspara salAha ke AdhAra para karate eMva rAjakIya nItiyoM, kAryoM eMva akAryo se rAjA ko avagata karAte the| maMtrI nIti ke pAragAmI hote the eMva rAjadrohoM ko rokane kA prayatna karate the|

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118 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa maMtripariSad kA rAjA para aMkuza rahatA thaa| rAjA ke avyAvahArika kAryo se asaMtuSTa hokara maMtriyoM dvArA rAjadroha eMva yuddha karane ke sAtha hI rAjA ko padacyuta kara svayaM rAjya karane ke ullekha milate haiN| duzcarita maMtriyoM se rAjya naSTa hone kI bhI jAnakArI hotI hai| . purohita dhanurveda kA jJAtA, dhArmika eMva vyUhAdi kAryoM meM kuzala hotA thA | karoM ko nirdhArita eMva rAjakIya Arthika vyavasthA banAye rakhanA mahattara nAmaka adhikArI kA kArya thaa| rAjakIya eMva sArvajanika vivAdoM kA pramANoM dvArA parIkSaNa karane ke lie daNDanAyaka kI niyukti kI jAtI thii| Antarika eMva bAhya AkramaNoM se rakSA karane ke lie senA kA ucita prabandha kiyA jAtA thaa| pradhAna senApati durga, caturagiMNI senA kA prabandha eMva saMcAlana karatA thA | koSAdhyakSa rAjakIya samRddhi kI vRddhi eMva rakSA karatA thaa| caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjya meM yuvarAja kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hotA thA yaha sampUrNa rAjyakIya kAryo meM sahAyatA eMva gRhamantrI ke dAyitva ko pUrNa karatA thaa| rAjA yuvarAja sahita mantrAlaya meM upasthita hote the | rASTrIya eMva antarrASTrIya sambandhoM ko banAye rakhane eMva gopanIya bAtoM kI jAnakArI rAjA ko denA dUta kA mahatvapUrNa kArya hotA thaa| gopanIya tathyoM kI jAnakArI eMva vizleSaNa ye rahasyAtmaka bhASA eMva saMketoM dvArA prApta karate the| __rAjA ke lie vRddha mantriyoM eMva pratyeka varNa ke vRddha vyaktiyoM kA sammAna karanA acchA mAnA jAtA thaa| rAjA dvArA atithiyoM kA paryApta sammAna karane eMva rAjAoM dvArA lAyI gayI bheMTa svIkAra karane eMva unheM pradAna karane kI jAnakArI hotI koza koza bala hI rAjA kA pradhAna bala mAnA gayA hai| rAjya kI Arthika sthiti ko sudRr3ha banAne ke lie khanija eMva araNya kSetroM meM udyogoM kI sthApanA kI jAtI thI | caritakAvyoM se khanija kSetroM meM sonA, cAMdI, zilAjIta, tA~bA, zIzA, lohA, maNi, lavaNa, koyalA Adi ke eMva araNya kSetroM meM vibhinna prakAra kI lakar3iyoM ke udyogoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai | kara vyavasthA ke spaSTa ullekha prApta nahIM hote udyoga eMva udyogoM kI pUMjI, zrama, kRSi eMva anya vibhinna prakAra ke kara vasUla kiye jAte hoMge kyoMki cirakAla se kSubdha prajA ko dekhakara kara rahita kara dene ke ullekhoM se kara vyavasthA kI jAnakArI hotI hai | azva, hasti, gau, bher3a bakariyA~ Adi pAlaka pazu rAjya kI sampatti the | caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki kRSi vyavasthA ko sudRr3ha banAne ke lie siMcAI kA vizeSa prabandha kiyA jAtA thA / siMcAI ke sAdhanoM meM tAlAba eMva sarovara

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caritakAvya 116 pramukha the jisase "akRSTapajyA" dhAnya kI utpatti hotI thii| rAjA kRSakoM se upaja kA SaSThAzaM kara rupa se grahaNa karatA thaa| bAjAra eMva samudra taTa para kI jAne vAlI vikraya sAmagrI para vizeSa kara lagA sakatA thaa| Aya ke sAdhanoM para rAjA apanA prabhutva rakhatA thaa| antarrASTrIya sambandha eMva SADaguNya nIti caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki bhArata aneka rAjyoM meM vibhakta thaa| pramukha rAjyoM kA deza eMva videza ke rAjAoM ke sAtha rAjanaitika, vyApArika eMva sAMskRtika sambandha rahatA thaa| antarrASTrIya sambandhoM ko banAye rakhane ke lie rAjAoM ko SADguNya nItiyoM kA pAlana atyAvazyaka hotA thaa| isa SADaguNya nIti kA prayoga rAjA apanI samRddhi, zakti eMva utsAha ke anusAra karate the / rAjA ekAnta meM rAjyamaMtriyoM se SADaguNya sambandhI mantraNA karate the / M5cww. saMdhi - zAMtipUrvaka paraspara maitrI sambandha sthApita karanA vigraha - saMdharSa eMva yuddha kA dRSTikoNa yAna - yuddha kI taiyArI Asana - udAsIna dRSTikoNa dvaidhIbhAva - eka se yuddha dUsare se saMdhi saMzraya - zaktimAna rAjA kA Azraya lenaa| caritakAvyoM meM yuddhabhUmi eMva pararASTra sambandhI cAra prakAra kI paramparAgata nIti ke ullekha milate haiN| jinapara rAjA apane maMtriyoM se parAmarza karate the| __sAma - zAntipUrvaka samajhautA dAma - Arthika sahAyatA yA rAjanItika karma bheda - pararASTra meM Antarika saMdharSa eMva bheda daNDa - bala yA senA kA prayoga ina nItiyoM ke samyak vyavahAra kI paddhati bhI carita kAvyoM meM prApta hotI hai| rAjA apane virodhiyoM eMva zatruoM para ekAeka daNDa kA prayoga nahIM karate the| ve kamazaH sAma dAma daNDa bheda72 Adi nItiyoM kA prayoga karake hI daNDa ko vyAvahArika rupa73 dete the| sAma dvArA apane zatruoM ko vaza meM karanA rAjA kA sarvottama guNa mAnA jAtA thA kyoMki isase rAjA apane koza, yaza eMva senA ko surakSita banAye rakha sakatA hai| ina nItiyoM ke sAtha hI aise bhI ullekha milate

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa haiM jinameM zatru ke sAtha zAntipUrvaka samajhaute ke sthAna para kaThoratA kA vyavahAra kiyA jAtA thaa| daNDanIti kA prayoga sAma, dAna eMva bheda se kArya ke siddha na hone para kiyA jAtA thA / apane rAjya ko svatantra banAye rakhanA rAjA kA pramukha kartavya thA / dUta vyavasthA caritakAvya se rAjya meM dUta niyukta karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai jinakA pramukha kArya rAjya se sambandhita viSayoM se rAjA ko avagata karAnA hotA thaa| rAjA tathA yuvarAja ke rAjakIya eMva vyaktigata sandezoM ko dUsare rAjA taka pahu~cAte the | ye nIti nipuNa hote the saMdhi, vigraha Adi nItiyoM ke prayoga meM ye rAjA kI sahAyatA karate. | caritakAvyoM se dUtoM ke yuddhabhUmi meM jAne eMva yuddha ke samAcAroM se rAjA ko avagata karAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai| vaivAhika sambandhoM meM bhI dUtoM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hotA thaa| caritakAvyoM meM rAjadUta meM svAmIbhakti, dhUtakIr3ana, madyapAnAdi vyasanoM meM anAsakta, catura, pavitra, vidvAna, udAra, buddhimAna, rahasyajJAtA kulInatA Adi guNoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai-2 | caritakAvyoM se 3 prakAra ke rAjadUtoM kI jAnakArI milatI hai| jinakA pramukha kartavya pararASTra meM sAma dAma daNDa bheda Adi nItiyoM kA ucita pAlana karanA hai| guptavara vyavasthA caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA apanI prajA kI sukha zAnti meM vRddhi karane eMva rAjAjJAoM kA pAlana karavAne, zatruoM ko daNDita karane ke lie guptavaroM kI niyukti karate the| rAjya kI sarvAgINa jAnakArI ke lie kRSi ke kSetra meM kRSakoM ko, bAhya pradeza meM gvAloM ko, jaMgaloM meM bhIloM ko, zaharoM meM vyApAriyoM ko, rAjakIya gharAne meM rAjakarmacArI ko guptavara niyukta karane ke ullekha milate haiN| inhIM para rAjya kA saMcAlana nirbhara rahatA5 / kauTilya ke arthazAstra se bhI guptavara vibhAga eMva kAryabheda se kiye gaye usake nau vibhAgoM kI jAnakArI milatI hai| caritakAvyoM se guptavaroM ke lakSaNa, guNa va unake hone se lAbha evaM na hone se hAni kI jAnakArI hotI hai / isa taraha rAjA ko prAmANika sUcanAeM upalabdha hotI thii| daNDa vyavasthA caritakAvyoM se aparAdha eMva daNDavyavasthA kI jAnakArI hotI hai| rAjA ke pAsa akhaNDa adhikAra eMva caturagiMNI senA hotI thI jinakA prayoga vaha rAjakIya vyavasthA meM hastakSepa eMva anya aparAdhoM ke karane para karatA thaa| daNDa vyavasthA ke

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caritakAvya 121 antargata hAkAra, mAkAra, dhikkAra, arthadaNDa, bandhana, tADana, nirvAsana, prANadaNDa Adi nItiyoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / asambhava aparAdhoM kI vAstavikatA kI jAnakArI kevala dUtoM ke dvArA hI na karake pUrNarupeNa chAnabIna dvArA kI jAtI thii| daNDa vyavasthA aparAdhoM ke anukUla hotI thii| zatru eMva mitra ko aparAdha ke samAna hone para samAna daNDa denA rAjanIti thI / sarvaprathama aparAdhI ke prati "hAkAranIti' apanAyI jAtI thii| caritakAvyoM se "hAkAra nIti kA ullaMghana karane para tIsare kulakara yazasvI dvArA "mAkAranIti se daNDa dene kI nIti apanAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai | hAkAra eMva mAkAra nIti ke pAlana na karane para pA~cave kulakara prasenajita ke rAjyakAla meM "dhikkAra nIti" ko upayoga meM lAne ke ullekha milate haiM | corI karane vAle aparAdhI ko dhAtumaya cUrNa se kAlA karake, sira para karavI ke puSpa tathA kaMdhe para zUla rakhakara usake sira para jIrNasUna kA chatra lagAAkara, pU~cha eMva kAna rahita karake gardabha para baiThAkara nagara meM dhumAte hue apamAnapUrNa DhaMga se vadha karane ke ullekha milate haiM 6 / sambhavataH isa taraha daNDa denA sAmAnya prajA ko aparAdhI pravRtti se rokanA thaa| bhagavAna RSabha ke samaya ber3I DAlane, kaur3e lagAne eMva phaoNsI kI sajA kI jAnakArI hotI hai / abhaya kumAracarita se jJAta hotA hai ki putra ke aparAdha meM . pitA bhI aparAdhI samajhA jAtA thaa| sainyavyavasthA rAjya ko sucAru rupa se calAne ke lie usakA nagaroM, prAntoM Adi meM vibhAjana kara diyA jAtA thaa| pratyeka 2 choTe 2 rAjya apane ko zaktizAlI banAne kA prayatna karate the isI kAraNa sainyazakti sudRr3ha hotI jA rahI thii| rAjya ke saptAMgoM meM senA kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna thaa| senA ke tIna vibhAga the| durga 2 astra zastrAgAra 3 senAgaThana caritakAvyoM se senA ke antargata caturaMgiNI senA - azva, gaja, ratha eMva padAti senA ke hone ke ullekha milate haiN|00 | gajasenA ko vizeSa mahatva thaa| senA meM sainika loga kaI strotoM se bharatI kiye jAte the01| maula - vaMzAnugata kSatriya Adi jAtiyA~ bhRtya - kevala vetana ke lie bharatI zreNI - zastropajIvI gaNa jAtiyA~ AraNya- jaMgala jAtiyoM se bharatI huyI senA durga - durga meM rahakara lar3ane vAlI athavA pahAr3I jAtiyoM se nirmita senA

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122 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa mitravala - mitra rAjyoM kI senA senA kA mukhya senApati hotA thaa| jo sampUrNa senA kA saMcAlana karatA ! yuddha paraspara rAjAoM meM rAjya sattA ke lie yuddha hote the jisameM ca. 'gaNI senA bhAga letI thii| do rAjAoM meM yuddha hone para anya log2a eka dUsare kI sahAyatA karate the04 / yuddha se pUrva rAjA loga aneka prakAra se zakti saMcaya karate the| vardhamAna carita se vijaya balabhadra dvArA devatAoM, siMhavAhinI, vijayA vegavatI, prabhaMkarI, azA Adi se utkRSTa vidyAoM eMva mUsala, gadA, hala eMva ratnamAlA ko prApta karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai|05 | yuddha ke lie prayANa karate samaya nAnAprakAra ke vAdyayantroM se dhvani kI jAtI thI | caturagiMNI senA kI AvAja eMva zaMkha bherI paTaha ghaMTA Adi kI dhvani se pRthvI eMva AkAza gujAMyamAna ho jAtA thaa| yuddha sthala meM yuddha sAmagrI kI pUrNa vyavasthA rahatI jisase ki yuddhavIroM ke astra-zastra, savAroM, kavaca, bhojanasAmagrI Adi samApta hone para unakI tatkAla vyavasthA kara lI jAtI thI | azva, hasti, ratha, padAti senA ke sainika apane apane vAhanoM para ArUr3ha hokara samayAnukUla veza dhAraNa karate the | senA zveta chatroM se yukta hotii| yuddha bhUmi meM jAte samaya rAjA ke lie kavaca zirastrANa, do bhAle dhanuSa dhAraNa karanA Avazyaka thA / yuddha bhUmi meM zatru ko Amantrita karane eMva zUra vIra yoddhAoM ko sUcita karane ke lie pRthvI eMva AkAza taka gujAMyamAna-mRdaMga eMva zaMkha dhvani kI jAtI thI | hastisenA hastisenA se, padAti, padAti se, azvasenA azvasenA se rathI rathI senA se yuddha karate the12 / sArvabhaumika rAjA ke sAtha anya mANDalika rAjAoM ke yuddha hone ke ullekha milate haiN| ___ sainikoM dvArA maNimAlA, mukuTa bAjUbanda, vastra, pralambasUtra, hAra, kirITa, kaTivandhana Adi dhAraNa karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai|14 | rAjA prAyaH inheM pAritoSika rupa meM dete the| yuddha ke lie abhiyAnakama meM nadI yA parvata Adi pAra karane hote the15 | sainika vibhinna prakAra ke astra zastroM se susajjita rahate jinameM dhanuSa eMva kavaca pramukha the16 | zakti tomaha, zUla, jAla, paridha, bhAle, talavAre, mudagara daNDa astra zastroM dvArA yuddha kI jAnakArI hotI hai115 | vibhinna prakAra ke vAdyayantroM dvArA sainikoM ko protsAhita kiyA jAtA thA | senA meM senAnAyaka ke prati sahAnubhUti hotI thI isIkAraNa atyadhika ghAyala ho jAne para bhI prANaparyanta yuddha se vimukha nahIM hote the | baMrAga carita se yuddha bhUmi meM sainya zobhA eMva yuddha varNana kI jAnakArI hotI hai120 / senA ke Upara phaharAtI huyI patAkAeM isa bAta kA pratIka hotI ki vijayI senA parAjita senA ke teja kA apaharaNa kara rahI hai|21| caritakAvyoM se zastrAdi yuddhoM

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caritakAvya 123 ke ullekha ke sAtha hI devatAoM dvArA rAjAoM ko dRSTi, vANI, bAhu, mantrayuddha Adi karane ke nirdeza dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai122 / bharata cakravartI eMva mahAbAhu bAhubali ke bIca dRSTiyuddha, vANIyuddha, bAhuyuddha, bhujadaNDa yuddha eMva daNDayuddha hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai123 / zastra yuddha kI apekSA mantrayuddha mahatvapUrNa mAnA jAtA thA | digvijaya - kSatriyoM ke lie zastra dhAraNa karanA unakA kartavya thaa| caritakAvyoM se cakravartI rAjAoM dvArA digvijaya karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai| prayANa karane se pUrva maMgalasnAna kiyA karane eMva digvijaya abhiyAna meM cakaratna, daNDaratna, senApati, ratna, azvaratna, purohitaratna, gRhapatiratna, varddhakiratna, carmaratna chatraratna ye saba sAtha sAtha calate the|25 | cakaratna sabase Age calatA thA, bharata cakravartI dvArA cakaratna ke pIche pratidina eka yojana pramANa calane ke ullekha milate haiM126 | caritakAvyoM se cakravartI kA digvijaya kama pUrva, dakSiNa, pazcima va uttara dizA Adi kamoM se hotI thii| vijita rAjA vividha prakAra kI bheMTe lekara cakravartI ke samIpa upasthita hokara unakI adhInatA svIkAra karake prasanna karate the28 | sAmAjika caritakAvyoM se tatkAlIna sAmAjika sthiti jJAta hotI hai126 / vibhinna jAtiyoM eMva varNo ke prApta ullekhoM se samAja meM cArtu-varNa vyavasthA hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai|30 / varNavyavasthA janmajAta na hokara karma para AdhArita thI31 | carita kAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki brAhmaNoM kI utpatti cakravartI bharata dvArA kI gyii| ye svAdhyAya meM lIna rahakara apUrva jJAna dhAraNa karane meM tatpara rahate the|32 / bharata cakravartI dvArA arhatoM kI stuti eMva zrAvakoM kI samAcArI se pavitra cAra vedoM kI racanA brAhmaNoM ke svAdhyAya ke lie karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| brAhmaNoM kA cinha yajJopavItamAnya thA jo tatkAlIna samAja meM kAMkiNIratna, svarNa, cA~dI, rezama ke dhAgoM se nirmita hotA thaa| ye brAhmaNa varNa karma para AdhArita thA34 | apane guNa eMva karmo ke kAraNa cANDAla ke brAhmaNa hone ke ullekha milate haiM.35 / brAhmaNa kula ko ucca kula mAnA jAtA thA36 / brAhmaNa sampUrNa vedoM ke jJAtA eMva zAstra pAraMgata hote the|37 / caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki brAhmaNa svayaM ko eMva dUsaroM ko saMsAra se mukti dilAne ke kAraNa sAdhu kahe jAte the13 / brAhmaNa jAti eMva usake dvArA sampAdita hone vAle yajJoM ke ullekhoM se jAtigata pezoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai|36 | kSatriya varNa anya vaNoM kA saMrakSaka hotA thA zastra dhAraNa karanA unakA

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124 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa kartavya thaa| kSatriya varNa dvArA zAsana karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai 40 | caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki sampUrNa prajA cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta thI - uga : rAjA daNDa dene ke adhikArI logoM kA, bhoga : rAjA yA rAjA ke mantrI kA kAma karane vAloM kA kula bhogakula eMva jo rAjA ke sAtha rahate eMva mitra the ve, rAja kula eMva zeSa prajA kSatriyakula kI kahalAyI141 / kSatriya bhI apane jIvana ke anta meM tapa karate the| vaizya varNa kA varNavyavasthA meM ucca sthAna thA ve vyApAra kuzala hote the| prAyaH ye vyApArI eka dala ke rupa meM rahate the| zreSThI zabda kA prayoga vyApArI eMva vaizya varNa ke lie hotA thA43 | kRSi vANijya, pazupAlana inakI jIvikA ke sAdhana the144 | vaizya varNa ke yuddha se bhayabhIta hone ke ullekha milate hai45 zUdra varNa kI sthiti samAja ke apekSAkRta nimna thii| ye jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM eMva upadeza ko grahaNa kara sakate the|46 | cAroM varNa apane ucita udyogoM meM saMlagna rahate the| cAturvarNya vyavasthA ke atirikta 18 zreNI eMva prazreNI kI jAnakArI hotI hai| nau taraha ke kArIgara eMva nau halkI jAtiyoM ke loga aThAraha zreNiyoM ke antargata sammilita the| halkI jAtiyoM ko navazAyaka kahate the| gvAlA, telI, nAI, mAlI, julAhA, halavAI, bar3haI, kumhAra, cir3ImAra ye navazAyaka the | bhagavAna RSabha ne kumhAra, citrakAra, julAhe, nAI, rAja ina paoNca zilpakAroM eMva pratyeka ke 10-10 bhedoM kI utpatti apanI prajA ke samucita pAlana karane kI dRSTi se kI46 | bhIla jAti ke bhI ullekha prApta hote haiM jo vanoM meM rahatI thI inakA apanA eka rAjA hotA thA ye yuddha meM kuzala hote the150 | vyApAra mArga meM vaizya eMva bhIloM ke bIca yuddha hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai| saMskAra caritakAvyoM se bhagavAna RSabha ke samaya se hI saMskAroM ke sampanna karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| saMskAroM meM nAmakaraNa, cUDAkarma, upanayana, pANigrahaNa, dattakanyA se vivAha Adi saMskAra mukhya the"52 / dAha saMskAra karane kI bhI jAnakArI hotI hai / ye saMskAra atyanta vidhi-vidhAna ke sAtha sampanna hote the / agni ko sAkSI karake vivAha saMskAra hotA thA55 |

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caritakAvya 125 vivAha caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki vivAha saMskAra eka mahatvapUrNa saMskAra thA yaha zubha mahurta meM sampanna kiyA jAtA thA56 | samAja meM jyotiSI varga kA mahatva thaa| vivAha saMskAra meM sugandhita jala se paripUrNa svarNaghaTa se abhiSeka karane kI paramparA jJAta hotI hai|57 kulAnurUpa jAtIya vivAha hote the58 | lekina jAti ke bAhara vivAha hone ke bhI ullekha prApta hote haiN|56 | svayaMvara prathA pracalita thI jisameM kisI kalA vizeSa meM parIkSA karane eMva svayaMvaramaNDapa kI racanA hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai160 | usake sAtha hI premavivAha eMva brAhmavivAha ke bhI ullekha milate haiN|61 / vaivAhika sambandhoM meM gotra vivAha amAnya thA62 | saundarya saubhAgya eMva pAtivratya ye tIna guNa striyoM ke Avazyaka guNa samajhe jAte the|63 | caritakAvyoM meM prApta antaHpura ke ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki bahuvivAha pracalita the164 | rAniyoM ke bIca paraspara dveSayukta vyavahAra hone ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| isa vyavahAra meM kucha mantrI bhI apanA sahayoga dete the65 | ina rAniyoM meM eka paTarAnI hotI thI166 | zikSA zikSA ke lie vidyAlaya hote the| guru ziSya ke sambandha ziSTAcArayukta hote the| guru ziSya ke hita ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue apanI AjJAoM kA pAlana karAnA hI gurudakSiNA ke rupa meM mAnya karate the| guru zikSA nIti mArga ke upadezoM yukta hotI thI167 | bhagavAna RSabha ne bharata ko 72 prakAra kI kalAaiM eMva bAhubali ko azva, gaja, striyoM aura puruSoM ke aneka bhedoM vAle lakSaNoM kA jJAna diyaa| brAhmI ko 18 lipi eMva sundarI ko gaNita vidyA mApa, avamAna pratimAna eMva maNi Adi pirone kI kalA sikhAI68 | striyoM kI sthiti puruSoM ke samAna hI striyoM kI ucca sthiti thii| striyoM dvArA dharmopadeza eMva dIkSA grahaNa karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai166 | dIkSA dene vAlI striyoM ko AryikA kahA jAtA thA, jisake pAsa dIkSA grahaNa kara striyA~ AjIvana brahmacarya jIvana vyatIta karatI thii| __ caritakAvyoM meM prApta ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki seja sajjA meM puSpa zrRMgAra ke pramukha sAdhana the| puSpoM ke vividha prakAra ke AbhUSaNa banAye jAte the| caritakAvyoM meM strI upayogI zrRMgAra priya vastuoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| striyA~ zItakAla meM kezara ke lepa, garmI meM gomatI nadI ke ramaNIya taToM ke vRkSoM kI chAyA meM eMva varSA meM kunda ke phUla khilane ke samaya prakAzamAna maNiyoM ke sAtha krIr3AaiM

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126 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa karatI thii| __samAja meM putra kA sthAna mahatvapUrNa thaa| putra prApti ke lie vrata eMva devatAoM kI pUjA karatI thii| pitA kI AjJA mAnanA putra kA Avazyaka kartavya thA72 / bhojana karane, jala pIne, snAna dhyAna vyAyAma eMva svAsthya banAye rakhane sambandhI niyamoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai73 | isake sAtha hI caritakAvyoM se grISma, varSA, zarada Adi RtuoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai| dharmAtmA vyakti rAhagIroM kI dhUpa, varSA se rakSA karane ke lie vRkSAropaNa karate eMva pyAU lagavAte the| DhAka, tAr3apatra, hiMtAla, eMva kele ke pattoM dvArA paMkhA banAne eMva unase havA karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai / varSAkAla meM pRthvI para sarvatra pAnI ho jAne ke kAraNa yAtrAoM ke mArga durgama ho jAte the| vyApAriyoM ko vyApAra kArya meM atyAdhika parezAnI hotI thii| ataeva dharma, deza eMva kAla ke anusAra caritakAvyoM meM surakSita sthAnoM para ruka jAne ke nirdezoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai|75 | vyApAriyoM dvArA dakSiNa dizA ke dvIpAntaroM meM sAmudrika vijaya yAtrA karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM jisase tatkAlIna nAvikatantra kI kuzalatA kI jAnakArI hotI hai16 | jahAja dvArA vyApAra karane eMva tUphAna dvArA vAdhAeM Ane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / vyApAriyoM ke lie sArthika eMva vyApArI saMgha ke netA ke lie sArthapati zabdoM ke ullekhoM se tatkAlIna vyApArika sthiti jJAta hotI hai | bhogolika caritakAvyoM meM prApta yAtrAoM, digvijaya, nagaroM Adi ke varNana se tatkAlIna bhogolika sthiti jJAta hotI hai jisakI puSTi paurANika sAhitya se hotI hai| caritakAvyoM meM loka kI sthiti kamara para hAtha rakha, pairoM ko caur3e kara khar3e hue puruSa kI AkRti jaisI hai| yaha utpatti sthiti eMva nAzamAna paryAyoM vAle dravyoM se bharA huA hai| isakI AkRti nIce vetrAsana, madhya meM jhAlara aura Upara se mRdaMga ke samAna batAyI gayI hai | caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki sampUrNa loka tIna jagata - adholoka, tiryagaloka eMva urdhvaloka se ghirA hai| adholoka meM eka eka ke nIce anukrama se sAta bhUtiyoM eMva unameM nArakiyoM ke bhayaMkara nivAsa sthAna hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai / narakoM ke nAma ratnaprabhA zarkarAprabhA bAlukAprabhA paMka prabhA moTAI narakAvAsA eka lAkha assI hajAra yojana tIsa lAkha eka lAkha battIsa hajAra yojana paccIsa lAkha , eka lAkha aTThAisa hajAra yojana pandraha lAkha eka lAkha bIsa hajAra yojana dasa lAkha

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caritakAvya 127 dhUma prabhA eka lAkha aTThAraha hajAra yojana tIna lAkha tama prabhA eka lAkha solaha hajAra yojana paoNca kama eka lAkha mahAtama prabhA eka lAkha ATha hajAra yojana paoNca lAkha tiryagaloka kI sthiti rucakapradezoM ke umara eMva nIce nausau, yojana taka batalAyI gayI hai| madhya loka madhyaloka meM jambUdvIpa eMva lavaNa samudra ke samAna vistRta aneka dvIpa aura samudra haiN| pratyeka dvIpa ko samudra ghere hue haiM isI kAraNa pratyeka dvIpa golAkAra AkRti vAlA hai| jambU dvIpa ke madhya meruparvata hone eMva jambU dvIpa ke sAta khaMDoM - 1 bharata, 2 hemavaMta, 3 harivarSa, 4 mahAvideha, 5 ramyaka, 6 hairaNyavRtta, 7 airAvata meM vibhAjita hone ke ullekha milate haiN| varSadhara parvata - himapAna, mahAhimavAna, niSadha, nIlavaMta rukamI eMva zikharI ina bharatAdi sAta khaMr3oM kA uttara eMva dakSiNa dizAoM meM vibhakta karane vAle haiN| trizaSaThipuruSa carita se ina parvatoM eMva parvatoM para sthita sarovaroM eMva sarovaroM para nivAsa karane vAlI deviyoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai182 | jambU dvIpa ke cAroM aura jambUdvIpa se tigune vistRta lavaNa samudra kI sthiti jJAta hotI hai| lavaNasamudra ke cAroM aura dugane vistAra vAlA dhAtakI khaMDa hai| isa dhAtakI khaMDa ke cAroM ora ATha lAkha yojana vistRta kAlodadhi samudra haiN| dhAtakIkhaMDa ke cAroM aura puSkaravara dvIpArdha hai jo vistAra meM dhAtakIkhaMDa ke samAna hai| dhAtakIkhaMDa eMva puSkaravara dvIpa meM sthita parvatoM evaM vanoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai|83 | puSkaravara dvIpa ke cAroM tarapha mAnuSottara parvata hai mAnuSottara parvata ke andara kA bhAga manuSya kSetra kahA jAtA hai| isa parvata ke bAhara janma maraNa nahIM hotaa| isa taraha isa manuSya kSetra meM DhAI dvIpa, do samudra paittIsa kSetra, paoNca meru, tIsa vardhadhara parvata, pA~ca uttarakuru eMva eka sau sATha vijaya hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai184 | mAnuSottara parvata zahara ke koTa kI taraha golAkAra hai isake andara kI aura 56 antadvIpoM eMva 35 kSetra hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai| ina antadvIpoM meM aTThAisa antadvIpa kSudrahimAlaya parvata ke pUrvI eMva pazcima dizA ke anta meM IsAnakoNa Adi cAra vidizAoM meM lavaNa samudra se nikalI huyI DAr3hoM para sthita hai ora aTThAisa antarvIpa zikharI parvata para sthita hai.5 | caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki ina antadvIpoM meM bhI manuSya rahate haiM puNalie hone ke kAraNa ve dharma adharma ko nahIM samajhate-6 / ina manuSyoM ke do bheda haiM - Arya eMva mlecch| Arya kSetra jAti, kula, karma, zilpa eMva bhASA ke bheda se chaH taraha ke haiN| bharatakSetra ke sAr3he paccIsa kSetroM meM janmeM hue manuSya kSetra Arya kahalAte haiN| isa taraha

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c jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa caritakAvyoM se Arya dezoM eMva unakI nagariyoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai| tIrthakaroM, cakravartiyoM, vAsudevoM eMva balabhadroM ke janma inhIM Arya dezoM meM hone ke ullekha milate haiN| urdhvaloka urdhvaloka ko tiryagaloka para sthita eMva nau sau yojana kama sAta rajju pramANa vAlA batalAyA gayA hai| urdhvaloka meM bAraha devaloka, nau graivaiyaka eMva paoNca anuttara vimAna eMva eka siddhazilA hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai| ina devalokoM meM rAjaloka hone eMva devalokoM kI sthiti vistAra, eMva inameM rahane vAle devoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai| jyortiloka caritakAvyoM se candra, sUrya, nakSatra Adi se yukta jyotiloMka kI jAnakArI hotI hai| yaha tyotirloka ratnaprabhA ke tala ke Upara dasa kama ATha sau yojana dUrI para sthita haiM isakA vistAra eka sau dasa yojana haiN| isameM sabase agra sImA para tAre sthita hai unase dasa yojana Upara sUraja eMva sUraja se assI yojana Upara candramA sthita haiN|60 / meruparvata se gyAraha sau yojana dUra meruparvata ko na chatA sabhI dizAoM meM vyApta maMDalAkRti jyotiSa cakra phiratA rahatA hai| kevala eka dhruvatArA nizcala rahatA hai| nakSatroM meM sabase nIce bharaNI nakSatra, sabase Upara svAti nakSatra eMva dakSiNa meM mUla nakSatra eMva uttara meM abhijita nakSatra kI sthiti jJAta hotI hai| caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki ina candra eMva sUrya kI saMkhyA bhinna bhinna dvIpoM meM bhinna bhinna hotI hai| pratyeka candramA ke sAtha aTThAsI graha, aTThAsI nakSatra eMva chayAsaTha hajAra nausau pacahattara kauTA koTi tArAoM ke samUha hone eMva inake vimAnoM ke vistAra kI jAnakArI hotI hai| inake vimAnoM ke nIce pUrva kI tarapha siMha, dakSiNa kI tarapha hAthI pazcima kI tarapha baila eMva uttara kI tarapha ghor3e haiM ye candrAdika vimAnoM ke vAhana hai| triza0pu0 carita se jJAta hotA hai ki Abhiyogika devatA hAthI, siMha Adi kA rupa dhAraNa karake vAhana rupa meM rahate haiN| svabhAva se hI gatizIla hone para bhI sUraja eMva candra ke solaha hajAra, graha ke ATha hajAra, tAre ke do hajAra bAhanabhUta Abhiyogika deva hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai163 isa taraha yaha AkRti vAlA loka na to kisI ke dvArA banAyA gayA hai na dhAraNa hI kiyA gayA hai yaha svataMntra rupa se AkAza meM sthita haiN|64 /

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caritakAvya 126 dhArmika jainadharma kI nivRtti paraka eMva AcAramUlaka pravRttiyoM kI jAnakArI caritakAvyoM se prApta hotI hai| barAMgacarita eMva yazastilaka campU sAMskRtika dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| jainadharma kA vikAsa tatkAlIna samAja meM vyApta dhArmika kiyAkANDoM ke pariNAma svarupa huaa| caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki tIrthakara bhikSu eMva dharmAcArya bhramaNa karate hue apane upadezoM se dharma ke AcAra vicAroM ityAdi siddhAntoM se janasAmAnya ko lAbhAnvita karate the65 | ye dharmAcArya udyAna meM rukate the 6 rAjAoM dvArA tatkAlocita veza meM purajana parijana aMgarakSakoM eMva antaHpura ke sAtha dharmAcAryoM se milane eMva dharmopadeza sunane jAne ke ullekha milate haiM160 / ye rAjAoM ko samayAnukUla upadeza dete eMva pUrvabhavoM eMva bhaviSya se avagata karAte the | dharmopadeza se prabhAvita hokara virakta bhAva se paribhramaNa karate hue dharmadezanA karake rAjAoM dvArA mokSa prApta karane eMva antaHpura kI striyoM dvArA bhI jina dIkSA grahaNa kara karmabandhana dUra karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN|68 | ye upadeza itane adhika prabhAvita hote the ki hiMsArata rAjA bhI ahiMsA kI ora pravRtta ho jAte eMva jina dIkSA grahaNa karate the / caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki jainadharma ko rAjyAzraya prApta thA eMva rAjAoM dvArA jinagRha eMva jinapratimA banavAne ke ullekha prApta hote haiM200 / mandiroM kI surakSA eMva vyaya rAjakIya koSa se hotA thaa| rAjAoM dvArA jina pratimAoM kI pUjA karane eMva darzanArtha jAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai201 | zrAvaka eMva munidharma caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki jainadharma do rupoM anAgAra eMva sAgAra meM vibhAjita haiM.02 / sAgAra dharma kA sambandha zrAvaka dharma se eMva anAgAra dharma kA sambandha munidharma se hai| gRhastha dharma ke prANiyoM ke lie samyak jJAna eMva samyak darzana se yukta paMca aNuvratoM, tIna guNavratoM eMva cAra zikSA vratoM kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka thA03 / baMrAgacarita se rAjakumAra vaMrAga dvArA bhagavAna neminAtha ke ziSya varadatta muni se upadeza grahaNa kara aNuvratoM kA AcaraNa karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai204 / pA~ca aNuvratoM ke antargata ahiMsA, amRSA, asteya, eMva aparigraha ko sammilita kiyA gayA hai206 | caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki zrAvaka aNuvratoM ke pAlana se kalyANa ko prApta karate haiM207 / caritakAvyoM meM ina aNuvratoM ke sAtha mada, mAsa, madya eMva pA~ca ThaDambaraphaloM kA tyAga Avazyaka batalAyA gayA hai208 | ina aNuvratoM kA pAlana muniyoM ko ati kaTTaratA se karanA hotA thA isI kAraNa inheM mahAvrata kahA gayA hai06 / muni eMva zrAvaka dharma kA mUla samyak darzana hI hai10 /

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130 . jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa ahiMsA . ahiMsA ko jainadharma kA prANa mAnA gayA hai| kisI prANI ko prANahIna karanA dravya hiMsA eMva mana meM kisI jIva kI hiMsA kA vicAra karanA bhAva hiMsA hai"| muniyoM ko hiMsA pUrNarupeNa tyAjya karane eMva zrAvaka ko saMkalpI hiMsA pUrNarupeNa tyAjya karane eMva ArambhI, udyogI, vikalpI hiMsA ko paristhiti ke anusAra tyAjya karana kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai212 | tIrthakara neminAtha dvArA vivAhotsava meM pazuvadha rokane ke ullekha milate haiM13 / yazastilaka campU se prANImAtra ko abhaya dAna dene eMva usake vizeSa phala kI jAnakArI hotI hai214 | satya satyANuvrata AtmapariNAmoM kI zuddhi eMva sva evaM parakIya pIr3Arupa hiMsA kA nivAraNa hI hai215|. asteya jainadharma meM bhikSu ke lie, Avazyaka, adhikRta eMva vAdhArahita vastu ko hI lene kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai jisase bhikSuvarga meM pUrNa nispRhatA banI rhe| brahmacarya jainadharma ke antargata mokSa ko saccA sukha mAnA gayA hai isI kAraNa pravRtti se nivRtti kI ora unmukha hone ke lie brahmacarya vrata para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| aparigraha __ aparigrahANuvrata se tAtparya sAMsArika vastuoM se lipsA mamatvabhAva Adi ko dUra karanA hai kyoMki ye dhArmika kiyAkalApoM meM bAdhaka hote haiN| dharmAcAryo dvArA diye gaye upadezoM se prabhAvita hokara rAjyabhAra chor3akara jina dIkSA grahaNa karanA unakI aparigrahavRtti ko spaSTa karatA hai218 | guNavrata aNuvratoM ke sAtha hI tRSNA eMva saMcayavRtti para niyantraNa rakhane, indriya lipsA kA damana karane ke lie guNavratoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai16 |"digvt' - gamanAgamana, AyAta niryAta kI sImA nizcita karane ko "digvrata kahA gayA hai / isI taraha AyAta niryAta kI nizcita sImA ke antargata vyApAra kArya karanA

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caritakAvya 131 "dezavrata" nAmaka guNavrata kahA gayA hai| adhArmika cintana eMva upadeza, daNDa viSa, mAranA bandhana Adi kukRtyoM kA tyAga, jinheM ki vyakti svayaM apane Upara nahIM karanA / cAhatA, "anarthadaNDa" nAmaka guNavrata kahA gayA hai220 / caritakAvyoM se ina guNavratoM ke lakSaNa evaM inake pAlana se hone vAle lAbhoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai / zikSAvrata caritakAvyoM se gRhastha dharma ke antargata cAra zikSAvratoM kA pAlana Avazyaka hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai223 / sAmAyika zikSAvrata prANImAtra ke prati samatAbhAva ko udaya karanA, hiMsA Ata eMva raudra kA tyAga karanA caritakAvyoM meM sAmAyika zikSAvrata kahA gayA hai24 / mahAvIra se pUrva tIrthakaroM dvArA isa vrata para adhika bala diyA gayA / vyavahAra meM jaina ise sandhyA kahate proSadhopavAsa zikSAvrata isake antargata gRha vyapArAdi ko chor3akara upavAsa vidhi se devapUjana, japazAstra, svAdhyAya Adi dhArmika kriyAoM ko karanA Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai225 | bhogopabhoga parimANavata isameM dhArmika kriyAoM kA sampAdana pratyeka pakSa kI kucha vizeSa tithiyoM - aSTamI, caturdazI ko karane eMva khAdya padArtho eMva vastrAbhUSaNa zayanAsana meM se kinhIM vizeSa prakAra kI vastuoM kA parityAga batAyA gayA hai226 | atithisaMvibhAga zikSAvrata isameM muni, sAdhu eMva anya vyaktiyoM ko satkArapUrvaka AhAra, auSadhi denA gRhastha ke lie atyAvazyaka batAyA gayA hai220 / gRhastha ke kartavya gRhasthAzramI ko deza, dravya, Agama eMva pAtra ke anusAra dAna dene ko nirdezita kiyA gayA hai| caritakAvyoM meM dAtA kA svarupa eMva dAna ke bhedoM ke sAtha228 hI dAna ke phaloM ko spaSTa karate hue abhayadAna kI zreSThatA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai226 / cAroM varNo ko AhAradAna ke yogya batalAyA gayA hai kyoMki sabhI zarIra pAlana

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132 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa ke lie anumati prApta hai| ___ jala snAna karake, sarvajJa vItarAga arhata pUjA, guru upAsanA, Agama eMva zAstroM kA adhyayana, saMyama, tapa eMva dhyAna ye cha: gRhasthoM ke Avazyaka kartavya batalAye gaye haiM231 / sallekhanA ___ caritakAvyoM meM zAntipUrvaka dhArmika rIti se prANatyAga karanA zreSTha batalAyA gayA hai232 | kanakadhvaja rAjA dvArA sallekhanA vidhi se prANa tyAga kara svarga prApta karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM33 | 'caritakAvyoM se marannAsana avasthA meM paMcaparameSThI mantropadeza karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai234 | trizaSThizalAkA puruSa carita se sallekhanA do taraha kI batalAyI gayI hai235 - sAdhuoM kA saba taraha ke unmAdoM eMva mahArogoM ke kAraNoM kA nAza karanA, "dravya sallekhanA eMva rAga, dveSa, moha eMva sabhI kaSAya rupI svAbhAvika zatruoM kA viccheda karanA" bhAva sallekhanA hai| muni dharma bhikSu parigrahavRtti kA pUrNarupeNa parityAgakara nagnavRtti dhAraNa karake ahiMsAdi pAMca mahAvratoM eMva unakI 25 bhAvanAoM kA sAvadhAnI se pAlana karate haiM36 | baMrAgacarita se rAjakumAra baMrAga dvArA jina dIkSA grahaNa kara lene para paMca mahAvratoM ko grahaNa karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai237 / ahiMsA mahAvrata ahiMsA mahAvrata ke andara manasA, vAcA, karmaNA, sUkSma se sUkSma ekandriya jIva se lekara kisI bhI jIva kI hiMsA na karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai| apane mana ke vicAroM, vacana prayogoM, gamanAgamana, vastuoM ko uThAne rakhane eMva bhojanapAna kI kiyAoM meM jAgaruka rahanA ahiMsA vrata kI ina pAMca bhAvanAoM kI jAnakArI baMrAgacarita se hotI hai238 / satyamahAvrata36 ___ zrAvaka dharma ke antargata isa vrata kA sambandha jahA~ mUla bhAvanA se sambandhita hai vahA~ muni dharma ke antargata dravya kriyA eMva bhAva kriyA donoM meM hI satyavrata kA pAlana Avazyaka hai| kodha, lobha, bhaya, haMsI, bhASaNa meM aucitya rakhanA ye satyamahAvrata kI pAMca bhAvanAeM haiN|

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caritakAvya 133 asteya mahAvrata bhikSuoM ke lie tilamAtra bhI vastu binA diye lene kA niSedha hai| sAtha hI parvatoM kI guphAoM, vRkSakoTara eMva parityakta dharoM meM, dUsare ko vAdhA na pahu~cAnA, sImita anna grahaNa karanA vAda vivAda meM na par3anA, nispRhatA isakI paMca bhAvanAeM hai240| brahmacarya mahAvrata muni yA bhikSu ke lie sarvathA kAmabhAva kA tyAga Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai| strI puruSa ke manohara aMgoM kA nirIkSaNa, zrRMgArAtmaka kathAvArtA sunanA, pUrva kI kAmavAsanAoM kA smaraNa karanA, kAmottejaka vastuoM kA sevana tathA zarIra zrRMgAra ina paoNcoM pravRttiyoM kA parityAga karanA isakI paMca bhAvanAeM haiN| aparigraha mahAvrata mamatvabhAva ko Abhyantara cetanA dvArA niyantrita karane ke lie sAMsArika vastuoM meM tilamAtra bhI parigraha rakhane kA muniyoM ke lie niSedha kiyA gayA hai| aparigrahavRtti ko sudRr3ha banAne ke lie paoNcoM indriya sambandhI manojJA vastuoM ke prati rAga eMva amanojJa ke prati dveSa bhAva kA parityAga ina pA~ca bhAvanAoM kA pAlana Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai242 / ___ ina mahAvratoM kA saMyama eMva pUrNa virakti ke sAtha pAlana na karane para bhikSu isa loka eMva paraloka meM daNDa prApta karate eMva saMsAracakra meM par3ate hai243 | samiti mahAvratoM ke sAtha hI paoNca samitiyoM eMva tIna guptiyoM kA pAlana jaina bhikSuoM ke Avazyaka thaa| IryAsamiti - caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki ahiMsA jainadharma kA prANa hai| bhikSuoM ke lie isase pUrNarupeNa bacane ke lie pRthvI para calane phirane meM cAra paoNca hAtha Age dekhakara calane eMva andhakAra meM AvAgamana karanA niSiddha hai| yahI IryA samiti hai| bhASA samiti ke antargata nindA, haMsI, asatya, kaTu, apriya vANI kA prayoga na karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai|

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134 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa eSaNA samiti bhikSA dvArA zuddha nirAmiSa AhAra kA nirlobha bhAva se grahaNa karane ko nirdezita kiyA gayA hai| AdAna nikSepa samiti jJAna eMva cAritra kI rakSA ke lie Avazyaka vastue~ yathA - jJAnArjana ke lie zAstra, hiMsA se rakSA ke lie picchikA, zauca nimitta kamaMDala, Adi rakhane kI anumati prApta hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai| pratisthApana samiti ___ saba prANiyoM ke hita ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue jIvana jantu rahita ekAnta eMva sUkhe sthAna para malamUtrAdi tyAga karanA muni kI pratisthApanA samiti kahalAtI hai| caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki paMca samitiyA~ karmAstrava ko rokakara nivRtti kI ora le jAtI hai245 | gupti ___ mana vacana eMva kAya kI kiyAaiM hI karmavandha ko rokatI eMva baMdhe hue karmoM kI nirjarA karatI hai| jisase dhArmika kriyAe~ sambhava hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai46 | * trigupti AcaraNa yukta muniyoM kA jIvana saphala mAnA gayA hai / (mano) - manogupti dhyAna ko - mana ko bure saMkalpoM eMva vicAroM meM pravRtta na hone dene ko "manogupti kahate haiN| vacanagupti mauna rahane ko, AvazyakatA hone para bolane, jisase kisI dUsare ko duHkha na ho, "vacanagupti" kahate haiN| kAyagupti __zarIra ko sthira rakhanA, AvazyakatA hone para hilane calane kI pravRtti karanA jisase kisI ko kaSTa na ho isI kA nAma kAyagupti hai| - amitakIrti muni dvArA tripuSTha ko siMha bhava meM triguptiyoM kA pAlana karane ke upadeza dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai248 |

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caritakAvya __ . 135 bAraha anuprekSAai caritakAvyoM se muniyoM dvArA sAMsArika sukhoM meM anAsakta bhAva lAne eMva pravRtti se nivRtti kI ora unmukha hone ke lie bAraha anuprekSAoM ke pAlana karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai246 | saMsAra kSaNabhaMgura hai isameM jo kucha bhI hai vaha anitya hai ataeva Asakti karanA niSphala hai isa prakAra ke cintana ko anitya-bhAvanA50 kahA gayA hai| isa anitya saMsAra cakra meM jarA, janma, mRtyu Adi vipattiyoM se jIva kI koI rakSA nahIM kara sakatA kevala AtmA hI ise bacA sakatI hai| isa prakAra ke bhAvoM kA udaya honA hI azaraNa bhAvanA hai| - manuSya ko saMsAra meM karmo ke anusAra rtiyaMca, deva, manuSya eMva naraka gati prApta hotI hai eMva karmo ke bheda se hI mohavaza duHkha prApta hotA hai yaha cintana saMsAra bhAvanA hai| jIva akele hI utpanna hokara apane karmo kA phala akele hI bhogatA hai, akele hI mRtyu ko prApta karatA hai isa taraha ke vicAra jaba muni ke hRdaya meM utpanna hote haiM use ekatva bhAvanA53 kahA gayA hai| indriya eMva indriya grAhya padArtha dehAdi AtmA se bhinna hai deha eMva AtmA kA sthAyI sambandha nahIM hai| yaha anyatva bhAvanA hai254 | yaha zarIra rudhira, maoNsa, piNDa kA banA hai, apavitra hai isase anurAga karanA niSphala hai yaha azucitva bhAvanA hai255 | mana, vacana eMva kAya kI pravRttiyoM se kisa prakAra karmo kA Astrava hotA hai isakA cintana hI "Astrava bhAvanA hai256 / muniyoM ke lie mahAvrata, samiti, guptiyoM, dharma, parISaha eMva anuprekSAoM kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka batalAyA gayA hai unase kisa prakAra karmAstrava ko rokA jA sakatA hai ye cintana hI saMvara bhAvanA hai257 / vratoM eMva bAhya eMva Abhyantara tapa ke dvArA baMdhe hue karmo ko kisa prakAra rokA jA sakatA hai muniyoM dvArA isa prakAra cintana karanA unakI nirjarA bhAvanA hai58 | isa ananta AkAza, usake loka eMva aloka vibhAga, unakI utpatti sthiti eMva pralaya, anAditva, akartRtva, eMva loka meM vidyamAna sabhI jIvAdi dravyoM kA cintana lokabhAvanA hai256|| jaina dharma meM mAnya trayaratnoM ke pAlana se hI bAra bAra saMsAragamana ke bAda prApta mAnava janma ko sArthaka kiyA jA sakatA hai yaha bodhi-durlabha hai26 / janma, jarA, mRtyu eMva mahAbhayoM kI auSadhi rupa jo dasa prakAra kA dharma jinendra deva dvArA kahA gayA hai vaha "dharmabhAvanA hai261 |

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136 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa dasa -dharma caritakAvyoM se rAgadveSa Adi durbhAvanAoM se dUSita hone vAlI mAnasika avasthAoM ke upazamana ke lie dasa prakAra ke dharmo - uttama, kSamA mArdava, Arjava, zauca, satya, saMyama, tapa, tyAga, akiMcanya eMva brahmacarya Adi kI jAnakArI hotI hai| ina dharmo ke dvArA mana ke kodhAdi kaSAyoM ko jIvana ke lie virodhI guNoM ko utpanna kiyA jAtA hai| dharma ko svarga sukha, eMva indriya sukha eMva samasta sukhoM kA mUla263 mAnA gayA hai| parISaha mahAvratoM, anuprekSAoM, samiti, gupti eMva dharma Adi ke niyamoM ke pAlana se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina bhikSuoM kI mukhya sAdhanA samatva ko prApta karane ke lie hotI hai| karmo ke Astrava ko rokane eMva mokSa prApti ke lie unheM sabhI prakAra ke parISahoM ko sahana karanA hotA hai264 / kSudhA, tRSA, zIta, uSNa, DaoNsa, macchara, nagnatA, arati, strIparISaha, nidrA, zaiyyA, Akoza, vadha, yAcanA, alAbha, rogavijaya, tRNasparzavijaya, malaparISaha, satkArapuraskAra vijaya, ajJAna, prajJAvijaya, adarzana Adi 22 parISahoM eMva una para vijaya prApta karane ke ullekha vardhamAnacaritra meM prApta hote haiM265 | tapa karmo dvArA utpanna doSoM ke vinAza ke lie tapa ko mahatvapUrNa sAdhana mAnA gayA hai266 | sparza, rasa, gandha, rupa eMva zabda kI saMgati ke tyAga eMva kAyakaleza dvArA zarIra kSINa karane ko tapa kahA jAtA hai267 | bAhya eMva Abhyantara do prakAra ke tapoM ke upadeza karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai268 | anazana, avamaudarya, vRttiparisakhyAna, rasa parityAga, vivikta zaiyyAsana, eMva kAyakaleza ye bAhya tapa hai66 eMva prAyazcita, vinaya, vaiyAvRtya, svAdhyAya, vyutsarga, eMva dhyAna ye chaH Abhyantara tapa hai70 / rAjAoM dvArA jinadIkSA grahaNa kara lene para bAraha prakAra ke kaThora tapa nirvidhana zepa meM karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai| dhyAna ___ mana ko lalATa ke madhya meM sannihita karake, netroM ko nAsAgra karake, ekAgra mana se cintana karanA dhyAna kahA jAtA hai272 | Arta, raudra, dharma eMva zukla ke bheda se dhyAna cAra prakAra kahA gayA hai.73 / Ata eMva raudra dhyAna ke svarupa, prakAra ke varNana ke sAtha ise tyAjya batalAyA gayA hai274 | caritakAvyoM meM dharma dhyAna para bala eMva isakI mahattA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai75 | zukla dhyAna ke cAra prakAroM -

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caritakAvya 137 pRthakatva vitarka vicAra, ekatva vitarka atIcAra, sUkSma kriyA pratipAtI, eMva vyuparata-kiyA-nivRtti kA ullekha milatA hai276 | yaha dhyAna kevala jJAna ke carama avasthA meM hotA hai yogI kamazaH AtmA ko karmamala se rahita banAkara antataH mokSa pada prApta kara letA hai207| isa taraha dhyAna dvArA pApoM ke naSTa hone, buddhi zuddha eMva caritra pAlana sthira hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai278 | caritakAvyoM se dhyAna ke AsanoM ke svarupa kI jAnakArI hotI hai jinameM padmAsana, vIrAsana eMva sukhAsana pramukha haiN| mokSa - jainadharma ke antargata cirasthAyI eMva anantasukha mokSa kI prApti karmo ke kSaya ho jAne para prApta hotI hai280 | isI kAraNa bhikSuoM ko sAMsArika pravRtti se dharmasAdhanarupa virakti kI ora jAne ke upadeza dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai| mokSa ko jainadarzana meM saoNtavA tatva mAnA hai282 | vaizeSika AtmA ke jJAnAdi vizeSa guNoM ke abhAva ko eMva sAMkhyavAdI jJAnAdi se rahita kevala caitanyasvarupa kI prApti ko mokSa mAnate haiM | caritakAvyoM meM mokSa mArgI ko tatvoM kA jJAtA eMva samyag dRSTi yukta kahA gayA hai184 | jayaratna trayaratnoM ko mokSa prApti kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai285 | vardhamAna carita meM trayaratnoM ke sAtha tapa ko hI mokSa prApti kA mahatvapUrNa sAdhana mAnA gayA hai286 | vaidika paramparA meM bhI zraddhA, jJAna eMva karma ko trayaratna mAnA gayA hai287 | ratnatraya ko cAra dhAtiyoM karmo kA nAzaka kahA gayA hai288 | zAstrokta tatvoM ke svarupa saccI zraddhA utpanna hone ko samyakadarzana kahA gayA hai286 caritakAvyoM se samyakadarzana ke dasa prakAroM eMva unase janma janmAntaroM ke pApoM ke naSTa hone eMva mokSa prApti kI jAnakArI hotI hai60 jIvAdi sAta tatvoM meM jo zraddhA bhAva utpanna hote haiM unakI pUrNa jAnakArI prApta karanA samyak jJAna hai261 | caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki jJAnahIna kiyA se kArya meM saphalatA prApta nahIM hotI hai isI kAraNa ise mokSa prApti kA dvitIya sopAna mAnA gayA hai92 | mati, zruti, avadhi, manaparyayaH eMva kevala jJAna ke bheda se samyaka jJAna ke paoNca prakAroM eMva RSabha dvArA samyakjJAna dvArA mokSa mArga ko jAnane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM23 / karmo ke saMvara eMva nirjarA ke lie samyajJAna eMva darzana ke sAtha hI samyakcaritra bhI Avazyaka hai| caritakAvyoM se samyakatva Adi ke bheda se 5 bhedoM24 eMva sAgAra eMva anAgAra kI dRSTi se do bhedoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai295 | samyakacAritra

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138 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa sadAcArI banAne eMva mokSa prApti kA mahatpapUrNa sAdhana hai266 / isa taraha samyaktraya ko vizeSa mahatva diyA gayA hai297 // samyakatva mithyAtva samyakatva dvArA mokSa prApti ke sAtha hI mithyAtva dvArA jIvoM ko karmavandhanoM meM vaddha kara lene kI jAnakArI hotI hai | caritakAvyoM se mithyAtva ke viparIta svabhAva Adi paoNca lakSaNoM eMva samyakatva ke cAra lakSaNoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiM266 | mithyAtva ke naSTa hone para hI aSTAMga samyakatva prApti sambhava hai jisase saMsAra kA utkarSa hotA hai300 / aupazamika, kSAyika, sAsvAdana, kSAyopazamika, eMva vedaka ye samyakatva ke paoNca bheda haiM301 / karma siddhAnta caritakAvyoM se mAnava, tiryaca, svarga, naraka Adi caturgatiyA~ eMva unameM prApta hone vAle sukha duHkha karmAnusAra prApta hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai| yahI jainadharma kA karma siddhAnta hai302 | jaina dharma eMva darzana ke antargata karma ko eka vastubhUta padArtha mAnA gayA hai jo ki jIva kI kriyA se Asakta hokara usameM mila jAtA hai isI kAraNa jaina darzana karma eMva jIva kA sambandha anAdi mAnatA hai03 | jIvoM dvArA satkarmo ko duSkarmo se naSTa karake duHkha prApta karane eMva satkarmo se duSkarmo ko naSTa karake sukha prApta karane ke ullekha milate haiN| prAyaH rAgI manuSya karmo se baMdhatA eMva vItarAgI unmukta hotA hai305 | karma ke prakAra karma kI ATha mUla prakRti hone ke kAraNa karmo ke ATha prakAra eMva unake uttarabhedoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai306 / "darzanAvaraNa karma AtmA ke darzananAmaka caitanya guNa ko AtmasAta karatA hai307 isa karma kI nau uttara prakRtiyoM kA ullekha baMrAga carita meM prApta hotA hai | "jJAnAvaraNI karma AtmA ke jJAna guNa ko AtmasAta kara letA hai jisase saMsArAvasthA meM jJAnaguNa pUrNarupeNa vikasita nahIM ho pAtA hai| isa karma kI pA~ca uttara prakRtiyoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai jinakI prApti jJAnAvaraNIya karmoM ke samApta kara lene para hI sambhava hai|06| caturgatiyoM meM sukha duHkha kI prApti karAne vAle karmo ko vedanIya karma kahA gayA hai| sAtA eMva asAtA bheda se isa karma kI do mUla prakRti hai310 / "mohanIya karma" aparigraha vRtti meM aviveka Adi virodhI guNoM ko utpanna karate haiN| caritra eMva

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caritakAvya 136 darzana mohanIya kI tIna uttara prakRtiyoM kI jAnakArI caritakAvyoM se hotI hai| cAritra mohanIya kI cAra uttara prakRtiyoM kodha, mAna, mAyA lobha ke cAra cAra prakAroM kI jAnakArI caritakAvyoM se hotI hai11 / karmAnusAra prApta hone vAlI deva, naraka, tiryaca eMva manuSya gatiyoM meM Ayu kA nirdhAraNa karane vAle karma "Ayu karma" kahalAte haiM312 / devAyu, narakAyu, manuSyAyu eMva tiryavAyu ye cAra Ayu karma kI uttara prakRtiyA~ hai313|| mohanIya karmo kI bhaoNti hI "antarAya karma' bAhya padArtha eMva bhogopabhoga kI . vastuoM ke vikAsa meM bAdhAeM utpanna karate haiN| dAna, bhoga, lAbha, upabhoga, vIrya ye paoNca uttara prakRtiyA~ haiM / antarAya karmo ke naSTa ho jAne para hI ina kI prApti hotI hai15/ __ caritakAvyoM se "nAma karmo se zArIrika guNoM kA vikAsa hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai| nAmakarma ke 42 bheda eMva upabhedoM kI 63 uttara prakRtiyoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai16 / ___"gotra karma" kA sambandha loka vyavahAra sambandhI AcaraNa se sambandhita hai| lokapUjita AcaraNa hone vAle kula ko ucca gotra eMva lokanindita AcaraNa hone vAle kula ko nIca gotra kahA jAtA hai317 / / ___ caritakAvyoM meM prApta ATha karmo meM sAtA vedanIya, nAmakarma kI 42 prakRti eMva ucca gotra ina karma prakRtiyoM ko puNya prakRti eMva zeSa ko pApa prakRti kahA gayA hai318 | mohanIya karma ko sarvAdhika zaktizAlI batalAyA gayA hai kyoMki jIvana kI Adi kriyAoM kA strota jIvana kI manovRtti hI hai| ' caritakAvyoM se kaSAyoM ke bheda eMva unake svarupa kI jAnakArI hotI hai316 | jaina darzana ___ caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki pratyeka jIvAtmA apanI svataMtra sattA ko lie mukta ho sakatA hai| mukta jIva ananta jJAna ke adhikArI hote haiM isI kAraNa jainadharma meM inakA Izvara rupa meM ullekha hai320 / tIrthakaMra ke janma se pUrva jinamAtA ko 16 svapna dikhAyI dene eMva surAMganAoM dvArA sevA karane ke ullekha prApta hote hai21 / caritakAvyoM se tIrthakaroM kI utpatti, janmAbhiSeka, bAlakIr3A, vivAha, sAmrAjya prApti ke sAtha hI sAMsArika kSaNabhaMguratA dekhakara dIkSA grahaNa karane eMva nirvANa prApti kI jAnakArI hotI hai322 / ina avasaroM para indrAdika deva sammilita hote eMva pUjA karate the23 | paMcakalyANarupa pUjA ke kAraNa inheM "arhat" eMva mukti hone se pUrva mukti kA mArga batAne ke kAraNa "tIrthakara kahA gayA haiN| ye samavasazaraNa sabhA meM dharma ke AcAra vicAroM eMva mokSa ke mArga se prANImAtra ko upadeza dete the|24 | jo karmavandhana

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140 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa ko naSTa karane vAle eMva kalyANakArI hote tha25 / siMha ko usake pUrvabhavoM se avagata karAkara jainadharma ke siddhAntoM ke upadeza karane eMva pazuoM dvArA mAnava ke prati kiye gaye upakAroM ke varNana jaina dharma kI prANImAtra ke prati udAravAdI bhAvanAoM ko vyakta karate haiM326 / paMca parameSThI namaskAra maMtra meM arihanta ko prathama sthAna diyA gayA hai| ise anupama sukha pradAna karane vAlA eMva saMsAra se pAra karane vAlA batalAyA gayA hai327 / sAMsArika kSaNabhaMguratA eMva kAyA kalezoM kA ullekha karake svadharma pAlana karane ke upadeza diye gaye haiM328 | dravya vyavasthA jaina darzana meM dravya vyavasthA ke dvArA hI vizva ke samasta sattAtmaka padArthoM kA nirmANa mAnA jAtA hai / mukhyataH jIva eMva ajIva do prakAra ke dravya mAne gaye haiM326 | baMrAga carita meM dravya ke cAra prakAra mAne gaye haiM30 | caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina darzana meM jIva eka tatva hai jo cha: prakAra kA hai vaha prati samaya utpAda, vyaya eMva dhovya svarupa hai ataeva jIva dravyaM dRSTi se nitya eMva paryAya dRSTi se anitya hai| jIva ke mukhya lakSaNa upayoga ke do bheda haiM - darzana eMva jJAna / apanI sattA ko anubhava karane kI zakti kA nAma darzana eMva bAhya padArtho ko jAnane, samajhane kI zakti kA nAma jJAna hai31 / vyAvahArika dRSTi se paMcendriyoM, mana, vacana, kAya rupa tIna baloM eMva zvAsocchavAsa Ayu eMva caitanya ina dasa prANa rupa lakSaNoM kI sattA ke dvArA jIva kI pahacAna sambhava hai332 | jIva ke bheda mUlataH jIva kA maulika svarupa eka samAna hone para bhI karmo ke anusAra jIvoM ke do bheda haiM333 - saMsArI eMva mukta / karmavandhana se baddha, purnajanmamaraNa ko prApta karane vAle saMsArI334 eMva karmabandhanoM se mukta vItarAgI mukta jIva kahalAte haiM-35 | indriya apekSA se sthAvara eMva trasa do bheda haiN| ekendriya jIvoM ko sthAvara kahA gayA hai| pRthvI kAyika jalakAyika, tejasakAyika, vAyukAyika eMva vanaspatikAyika bheda se yaha paoNca prakAra ke haiM336 | trasa jIvoM ke cAra prakAra haiM - dviindriya, triindriya caturindriya eMva paMcendriya37 / vikAsa dRSTi se jIva ke kramazaH bahirAtmA eMva antarAtmA eMva paramAtmA tIna prakAra haiM38 / caturgati caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki gati kI apekSA jIva ke cAra bheda haiM361 manuSya, 2 deva, 3 tiryaMca, 4 naraka / caritakAvyoM meM jIva ko anAdi eMva karmo ke anusAra

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caritakAvya 141 gati prApta karane vAlA batalAyA gayA hai| manuSya eMva tiryaca gati ko prApta jIva apane satkarmo se deva gati eMva duSkarmo se naraka gati ko prApta karatA hai340 / muniyoM ne naraka kI paoNca gati batalAyI hai341 jinheM jIva apane karmo ke bheda ke anusAra prApta karatA he| naraka meM prApta duHkha eMva daNDa vidhAna karmo ke anurupa hI prApta hote haiM42 / devagati meM bhI svAmI ke svAmitva meM baMdhe rahane eMva Apasa meM lar3ane se duHkha prApta hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai343 / karmo ke anurupa manuSya eMva tiryaMca jIva ekendriya gati taka meM jAte haiM344 / isa taraha jaina darzana meM mAnava jAti se lekara per3a paudhe pazu taka sUkSma kAyika jIvoM se lekara sthUlakAyika samasta jIvoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai| ajIva dravya __ caitanya guNa se rahita jIvoM ko ajIva kahA jAtA hai| ye paoNca prakAra ke pudgala dravya ajIva dravyoM ke antargata mUrtimAna padArtho ko pudgala dravya eMva amUrtimAna padArtho ko anya ajIva dravya / jaina zAstroM meM pudgala kA lakSaNa rupa, rasa, gandha eMva sparza batalAye gaye haiN| ina cAroM lakSaNoM kI kucha na kucha mAtrA meM dhAraNa karane ke jAnakArI hotI hai| sthUlatama rupa parvatoM eMva pRthvI ke rupa meM eMva sUkSmatama rupa paramANu meM hai| ina paramANuoM ke yoga se hI pudgala ke ye vibhinnarupa banate eMva guNa utpanna hote haiM347 | zabda, bandha, sUkSmatA, sthUlatA, AkAra, khaNDa, andhakAra, chAyA, caoNdanI eMva dhUpa ko pudgala kA paryAya kahA gayA hai| kyoMki ye sabhI indriya grAhya hai | jJAnAvaraNAdika ATha karma, kaudArika, vaikiyaka Adi paoNca prakAra kA zarIra, mana vacana pravRtti sabhI sAMsArika jIva pudgala dravya meM vyApta haiM346 / 2-3 dharma eMva adharma dravya inheM svatantra dravya mAnA gayA hai jo jIva eMva pudgala dravyoM ko kramazaH calane eMva rokane meM sahAyatA dete haiM350 / ye donoM AkAza kI taraha amUrtika samasta loka vyApI eMva asaMkhyAta pradeza yukta eMva rupa, rasa, gandha, sparza zabda Adi se rahita akhaNDita haiN351| AkAza dravyara52 AkAza dravya ko amUrtika eMva vizvavyApI batalAyA gayA hai jo anya sabhI

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142 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa dravyoM ko sthAna detA hai / AkAza dravya ke do bheda haiM - lokAkAza eMva alokaakaash| jisake kAraNa dharma eMva adharma dravya haiN| sarvavyApI AkAza ke madhya meM "lokAkAza hai| sImita hote hue sabhI dravyoM kI sattA apane meM samAhita kiye haiN| lokAkAza ke cAroM ora "alokAkAza haiN| dharma eMva adharma dravyoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa isameM kisI bhI dravya kA astitva nahIM hai| 5 . kAladravya53 vastumAtra meM parivartana kAla dravya ke dvArA hotA hai ye nizcaya eMva vyavahAra ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai| nizcayakAla samasta lokAkAza meM vyApta rahate hue apanI dravyAtmaka sattA ko banAye haiN| anya dravyoM kI bhAMti bahupradezI nahIM hai pratyeka pradeza ekatra rahate hue bhI apane apane rupa meM pRthaka haiM - jo paryAyoM dvArA parivartita hote rahate haiN| pudgala vyavahArakAla nizcayakAla ke viparIta haiN| AkAza ke eka pradeza meM sthita pudgala kA eka paramANu mandagati se jitanI dera meM usa pradeza se lage hue dUsare pradeza meM pahu~catA hai vaha vyavahAra kAla kA samaya hai| yaha samaya kAladravya kI paryAya hai| samayoM ke samUha ko hI Avali, ucchavAsa, muhurta, dina-rAta, pakSa, mAsa, varSa, yuga Adi kahA jAtA hai | isa vyavahAra kAla kI jAnakArI sauramaMDala kI gati eMva ghar3I bagairaha ke dvArA hotI hai| jaina darzana meM mAnya ina SaDdravyoM meM jIva dravya hI cetana hai eMva anya sabhI | dravya acetana haiN| isI taraha pudgala dravya hI mUrta hai eMva anya dravya amUrta haiN| sabhI dravyoM ke sAmAnya lakSaNoM kI jAnakArI caritakAvyoM se hotI hai | bandha dravya karmo eMva unakI uttara prakRtiyoM se karmabandha kA kAraNa jIva kA kaSAyAtmaka mana, vacana, eMva kAya kI pravRttiyA~ haiN| karma paramANuoM kA Atma pradezoM ke sAtha sambandha ho jAne ko karmavandha kahate haiM / mithyAtva pariNAma, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya eMva yoga hI vandha ke kAraNa hai57 | caritakAvyoM se mithyAtvapariNAma ke sAta bhedoM, avirati ke bAraha bhedoM, pramAda ke ATha bhedoM, kaSAya ke paccIsa bhedoM eMva yoga ke tIna bhedoM eMva aneka prabhedoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai358 / karma siddhAnta meM karmoM ke satva, udaya, udIraNA, utkarSaNa, apakarSaNa, sakramaNa, upazama, nidhatti eMva nikAcanA para vicAra karane kI bhI jAnakArI hotI hai.56 | zubha eMva azubha donoM hI pravRttiyA~ karmabandha kA kAraNa hai| inake dvArA jIva

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caritakAvya 143 eka gati se dUsarI gati eMva sukha-duHkha ko prApta karatA hai60 / ina karmo se pRthaka zuddhAvasthA hI mokSa gati ko prApta karAtI hai| karmabandha ke cAra prakAra - prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga eMva pradeza haiM362 / vastu ke svabhAva ko prakRti kahA jAtA hai| karma paramANuoM meM jisa prakAra kI pariNAma utpAdaka zaktiyA~ AtI haiM usI ke anurupa karma prakRtiyA~ nizcita hotI hai| prakRti bandha se kaSAyAtmaka pravRttiyoM eMva karma ke ATha prakAroM kI jAnakArI hotI hai|63 / AtmapradezoM ke madhya karmo meM kaSAyoM kI tIvratA eMva mandatA ke anusAra nizcita kAla taka jIva ke sAtha rahane kI zakti hotI hai use sthiti bandha kahate haiN| caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki jIva ke karmo ke anusAra yaha sthiti tIna prakAra kI hotI hai364 -- jadhanya, madhyama eMva utkRSTa / caritakAvyoM se AThoM karmo kI jadhanya eMva utkRSTa kI jAnakArI hotI hai365 | karma prakRtiyoM meM sthiti bandha ke sAtha-sAtha jo tIvra yA manda sukha-duHkha pradAyinI zakti bhI utpanna hotI hai usako hI anubhAga bandha kahA gayA hai| anubhAga bandha jIvoM ke bhAvoM ke anusAra utpanna hotA hai366 | kaSAyAtmaka pravRttiyoM dvArA AtmapradezoM ke sAtha karmaparamANuoM ke sambandha hone ko pradeza bandha kahA jAtA hai| ina karma paramANuoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai jinakA vibhAjana karma kI ATha mUla prakRtiyoM meM hotA hai367 | Astrava dravya caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki mana, vacana eMva kAya yoga (kriyAoM ke saMcAlana) dvArA AtmA ke pradezoM meM eka parispandana hotA hai jisase AtmA meM aisI eka avasthA utpanna hotI hai ki Asa pAsa sthita sUkSmAtisUkSma pudgala parimANu AtmA ke samIpa A jAte haiN| AtmA eMva pudgala parimANuoM kA milana hI Astrava hai| Astrava ke zubhAstrava eMva azubhAstrava do bheda hai68 | zubhAstrava krodha, lobha, mAna, mAyA Adi kaSAyoM se rahita zuddha eMva puNyAtmaka kriyAoM yukta hotA hai| isase AtmA eMva karmapradezoM kA koI sthira bandha utpanna nahIM hotA hai| mana vacana eMva kAya se pratikSaNa kriyA hone ke kAraNa yaha samasta sAMsArika eMva cetana prANiyoM meM pAyA jAtA hai lekina AtmA para isakA koI vizeSa prabhAva nahIM hotaa| azubhAstrava kaSAyoM se yukta azuddha eMva pApAtmaka hotA hai| inase AtmapradezoM meM para padArtha grahaNa karane kI zakti utpanna hone ke kAraNa AtmA ko binA prabhAvita kiye pRthak nahIM hotA hai| azubhAstrava ke cAra kaSAoM, pAMcendriyoM, avirati eMva

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144 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa paMcabIsa kriyAoM ke anusAra aneka bheda haiM unake tIvra, manda, jJAta eMva ajJAta pariNAmoM ke AdhAra para hI jIva sukha-duHkha prApta karate haiN| jIva eMva ajIva donoM hI dravya Astrava ke AdhIna haiN| caritakAvyoM se jIvadravya ke adhikAra se Astrava tatva ke 108 bheda eMva 432 uttarabheda eMva ajIvadravya ke adhikAra se 4 bhedoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai| darzanAvaraNIya Adi ATha karmo ke vibhinna karmAstravoM eMva karmAstravoM ke anusAra caturgati prApta hone ke ullekha prApta hote haiN|66 | 5 saMvara dravya naye karmo kA jIva meM na AnA hI saMvara hai370 | bhAva eMva dravya ke bheda se saMvara dravya do prakAra kA hai371| mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya eMva yoga se AtmA ko pUrNarupeNa pRthaka karane ko bhAva saMvara kahate haiN| jainadharma eMva darzana meM varNita samiti, gupti, dharma, anuprekSA, parISaha janya, cAritra Adi bhAva saMvara ke pramukha sAdhana haiN| ___ jIva ko pUrva saMcita karmo se pRthaka hone ke sAtha hI naye karmo ke bandha se dUra rahane ke upadezoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai| navIna karmo se AtmA ko mukta karanA hI dravya saMvara hai| 6 nirjarA dravya jisa taraha jIva meM pratyeka samaya naye karmo kA Astrava hotA hai usI taraha pratikSaNa pahale baMdhe huye karmo kI nirjarA bhI hotI hai kyoMki jo karma apanA phala dete jAte haiM ve naSTa hote jAte haiN| nirjarA dravya ke do prakAra haiM372 -- saMvipAka eMva avipaak| jaba eka ora naye karmo ke Astrava ko roka diyA jAtA hai eMva dUsarI aura pahale ko hue karmosa alaga kara diyA jAtA hai taba ise saMvipAka athavA saMvarapUrvaka narjarA ..haiN| jaba eka aura naye karmo keva ko roka diyA jAtA hai eMva dUsarI aura pahale baMdhe hue karmo ko jIva se alaga kara diyA jAtA hai taba ise saMvipAka athavA saMvarapUrvaka nirjarA kahate haiN| jaba kevala pUrva baMdhe hue karmo se jIva ko alaga kara diyA jAtA hai use avipAka nirjarA kahate haiM lekina isa nirjarA se karmabandhana se chuTakArA nahIM mila sakatA kyoMki pratyeka samaya naye karmoM kA Astrava hotA rahatA hai|

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caritakAvya 145 pramANa mokSaprApti ke lie jainadharma meM jJAnopAsanA ko atyanta Avazyaka batalAyA gayA hai| padArtho ke jJAna kI utpatti do prakAra se hotI hai - pramANa eMva naya73 / mati, zruti, avadhi, paryAya eMva kevala jJAna kI jAnakArI pramANa dvArA hI hotI hai| ina pramANabhUta jJAnoM ke dvArA dravyoM kA samagrarupa meM bodha hotA hai| caritakAvyoM se pramANa ke do prakAroM pratyakSa eMva parokSa kI jAnakArI hotI hai374 / pratyakSa kA tAtparya indriya pratyakSa se hai| zabda upamAna, eMva anumAna ko parokSa pramANa mAnA gayA hai kyoMki inase parokSa padArthoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai| inheM zrutajJAna se sambandhita mAnA gayA hai| naya ___ padArtho ke ananta guNa eMva paryAyoM meM se prayojanAnusAra kisI eka guNa dharma ke pratipAdana ko nAma naya hai| nayoM dvArA vastu ke vividha guNAMzoM kA nirupaNa bhI sambhava hai| caritakAvyoM se dravyArthika eMva paryAyArthika nayoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai | dravyArthika naya ___ vastu kA vaha dharma jisase vastu ke vividha pariNAmoM ke bIca ekatA banI raha sakatI hai usakI saMjJA dravyArthika naya hai| naigama, saMgraha, eMva vyavahAra ko dravyArthika naya mAnA gayA hai kyoMki inameM pratipAdya vastu kI dravyAtmakatA ko grahaNa kara vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| isakI paryAyeM gauNa hotI hai376 | paryAyArthika naya - dezakAla ke anusAra utpanna hone vAle vizeSa dharmo ke nirupaNa ko paryAyArthika naya kI saMjJA dI gayI hai| RjusUtra, zabda, samabhiruDha eMva eMvabhUta naya paryAyArthika naya kahe gaye haiM kyoMki inameM padArtho kI paryAya vizeSa kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| donoM prakAra ke nayoM kA samAyojana karane para naya ke sAta prakAra kiye gaye haiN| dArzanikoM dvArA tatvoM ke svarupa vivecanArtha naya ke do anya bheda bhI kiye gaye haiM-6 - 1 nizcaya naya, 2 vyavahAra ny| nizcaya naya dvArA tatvoM ke vAstavika .. svarupa eMva isameM nihita sabhI guNoM kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai| vyAvahArika naya dvArA tatvoM .. kI sAMsArika upAdeyatA para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| cAra nikSepa caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki dravya kA svarupa vibhinna prakAra kA hotA

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146 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa hai isakA kAraNa isakA syAdvAda athavA anekAnta praNAlI hai| ina vividha rupoM ko samajhane eMva samajhAne kI paddhatiyoM ko hI jainadarzana meM nikSepa kahA gayA hai| caritakAvyoM meM nikSepa cAra prakAra ke batalAye gaye haiM 1 nAma nikSepa, 2 sthApanA nikSepa, 3 bhAva nikSepa eMva 4 dravya nikssep| isa taraha vastu vivecana meM dravya, kSetra, kAla eMva bhAva ke sambandha meM dhyAna rakhane, vastu ko usakI sattA, saMkhyA, sparzana, kAla, antara, bhAva eMva alpa bahutva ke anusAra samajhane eMva ekAnta dRSTi se bacAne ke lie cAra nikSepoM ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna diyA gayA hai380 / syAdvAda eMva anekAnta vAda jaina darzana meM dravya ko ananta guNAtmaka eMva ananta paryAyAtmaka batalAyA gayA hai| ina dravya yA vastuoM meM aneka guNa dharmo kI svIkRti anekAnta haiM eMva usapakA vivecana syAdvAda paddhati se kiyA jAtA hai| yaha anekAnta anantadharmAtmaka vastu ke prati vyakti kA jJAnAtmaka dRSTikoNa hai| caritakAvyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki vyakti apanI apanI dRSTi se vastu ke svarupa kA pratipAdana karatA hai| pratyeka vastu kA bhinna bhinna dRSTiyoM se vicAra karanA, bhAvanA banAnA, matasthira karanA hI anekAnta hai| anekAnta vAda ke antargata jIva ko sabhI matoM ke prati vidheyAtmaka dRSTikoNa eMva samanvayabhAva ko apanAnA atyanta Avazyaka hai81 | jaba yaha anekAnta vANI, bhASA eMva abhivyakti kA rupa dhAraNa karatA hai taba yahI syAdvAda kahalAtA hai| sambhAvanAtmaka vicAroM ke anusAra syAdvAda kI sAta pramANa bhaMgimA~ mAnI gayI haiM - syAdasti, syAdanAsti, syAdasti nAsti, syAdavaktavyam, syAdastiavakatavyam, syAdnAstiavakatavyam aura syAdastinAstiavaktavyam / isa taraha dravya ke aneka guNoM eMva dharmo kI sattA ko svIkAra karanA anekAnta eMva usakA pratipAdana syAdvAda hai82 | saMdarbha grantha dviSo jagadvilayamayAnyapAtayata nyaSevata smaraNapi snttiicchyaa| gRhItavAn karamapamityayAcituM svajanma yaH samagabhayatparArthatAm / / dvi0ma0 2/10 triza0pu0ca0 parva 1/3/8 ya0ca0, pU0kha0 2/30 ke bAda gadya 1 baM0caM0 2196 ca0ca04/36.40 dha0za0 18/30-34 * OM OM

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caritakAvya 147 va0ca0 1/43 ca0ca0 1/37-46, va0ca0 2/6 ca0ca0 1/47 va0ca0 7/53 ca0ca0 sarga 7 va0ca0 14/24-34 va0ca0 3/58-64, jI0ca0 10/26 triza0pu0ca0 1/4/658-70, 2/4/346-70 triza0pu0ca0 1/5/456-70, jI0ca0 10/36, 37 ya0ca0pR0kha 3/66 ca0ca0 3/4, dvi0ma0 2/11 ya0ca0pU0kha 2/31 jI0ca0 1/33-35, 36 ya0ca0pU0kha0 2/32, jI0ca0 7/30 triza0pu0ca02/1/174-76 ya0ca0, ukha, 5/127 jI0ca0 11/2 ca0ca0 4/41 cha0cU0 196, baM0caM0 21/10-16 triza0pu0ca0 1/2/624-33 triza0pu0ca0 1/1/266-73, 1/3/8-10 .. pra0ca08/20-21, dha0za0.18 vaoN sarga triza0pu0ca0 1/1/178 pra0ca0 4/61 ne0ma0 prathama sarga triza0pu0ca0 1/3/17 ca0ca0 4/16-66 jI0ca0 10/11-13 trizapu0ca0 2/1/210-26 . triza0pu0ca0 2/1/206 baM0ca0 20/6, a0za0 18vaoN sarga, triza0pu0ca0 1/2/605-11 triza0pu0ca0 1/3/11-16, 2/1/166-67 / 2/3/64-66 baM0caM0 11/53-62 32. 36. 37. 38.

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jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 36. . jI0ca0 10/126 40. jI0ca0 10/132 41. jI0ca0 11/40, triza0pu0ca02/1/198-206, 2/3/163-177 42. pA0ca02/55-57. va0ca07/1, trizapu0ca0 1/5/253-61, ya00 pU0kha 3/116, 2/44 / 43. dvi0ma02/12, 22 eMva isa para kavidevarabhaTTa dvArA kI gayI vRtti ca0ca0 4/47 45. ya0ca0pU0kha 3/72 46. . triza0pu0ca02/1/163-70, ca0ca0 12/57, baM0caM0 2/8, 13, 14, 33. 50. 53.. triza0pu0ca0 2/1/174-76 48. trizapu0ca0 1/1/260-63, jI0ca0 7/36, ya0ca0u0kha04/208, jI0ca0 1/30-32, 10/30 46. jI0ca0 1/66-73 / / jI0ca0 1/65-76 51. ya0ca0pU0kha 3/123-271 hammIrakAvya 2/22 triza0pu0 ca0 1/4/248-66 baM0caM0 11/53-65 caM0ca0 12/58-76 jI0ca0 11/2 dvi0ma0 2/13 pa0kA0 2/257-60 jI0ca0 10/132 60. pa0kA0 10/103, dvi0ma0 1/31-34 61. dvi0ma02/23 62. ca0ca0 16/5 63. ca0ca0 15/137 64. dvi0ma0 7/50-51 65. baM0ca0 21/55-57 66. pa0kA06/16 67. ya0ca0pU0kha 3/16 68. dvima02/14, ca0ca0 5/23, ya0ca0pa0kha03/260

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caritakAvya 146 66. ya0ca0pU0kha03/260, 3/74 70. ya0ca0pU0kha 3/61 71. va0ca07/30, 31 72. ya0ca0pU0kha0 3/63-65 73. baM0ca0 18/1, va00 7/3, 25 74. ca0ca0 12/78-81, va0ca0 7/3, 25 75. ca0ca0 12/85 76. va0ca0 3/62, ca0ca0 12/86-66 77. va0ca0 6/53-70, 7/13-46 78. va0ca0 8/1, ya0ca0pU0kha 3/403-25, triza0pu0ca0 1/5/80-85 76. jI0ca0 10/25 80. ya0ca0pU0kha 3/438-42 81. baM0caM0 2/34-50 82. ya0ca0pU0kha 3/111, 251 83. ya0ca0pU0kha 3/115 84. dvi0ma0 2/16 85. . ya0ca0pU0kha 3/116 86. kau0a0pR0 35, 43 87. ya0ca0pU0kha 3/118 88. triza0pu0ca0 1/2/863-68 pa0kA0 7/166-238 60. pA0ca02/55-60 61. triza0pu0ca0 1/2/677-84 62. ya0ca0u0kha 6/168 63. trizapu0ca0 1/2/161-64 64. triza0pu0ca0 1/2/176-76 65. vahI 1/2/161-64 66. a0ca06/660-68 67. triza0pu0ca0 1/2/665-66 68. a0ca0 4/258 66. baM0ca021/55-57 100. pra0ca08/170, jI0ca0 10/11-14, 4/4, 2/23 101. dvi0ma0 2/11 kI devarabhaTTa dvArA saMskRta vRtti meM kI gayI vyAkhyA

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150 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 102. dha0za0 16 vaoN sarga 103. baM0ca0 17/13-18 104. baM0ca0 20/16-27 105. va0ca0 7/56, 8/86 106. ya0ca0pU0kha03/437, gadyAtmaka bhAga pR0 386 107. baM0ca0 17/36-44, pra0caM0 8/181 108. triza0pu0ca0 1/5/352-63 106. va0cA) 7/66 110. triza0pu0ca0 1/5/406-13 111. va0ca07/61, 8/61 112. va0ca06/5, pra0ca08/182 113. jI0ca0 10/38 114. jI0ca0 10/103, baM0ca0 17/6 115. ca0ca0 10vaoN sarga . 116. jI0ca0 10/36, va0ca0 6/11 117. jI0ca0 10/68, triza0pu0ca0 1/5/413-34 118. triza0pu0ca0 1/5/42 116. va0ca0 6/27 120. baM0ca0 17/36-86 121. va0ca07/64 122. triza0pu0ca0 1/5/471-74, 510-17 123. vahI 1/5/508-724 124. ya0ca0pU0kha 3/72 125. triza0pu0cu0 1/4/14-47 126. vahI 1/4/66-80 127. vahI 2/4/76-126 128. triza0pu0ca0 1/4/146-55, 2/4/101-104 126. dha0za0ma0 2/15, 16, 4/28 130. jI0ca0 1/62, va0ca0 14/3 131. baM0caM prastAvanA pR0 32-34, 68-70, baM0caM0 25/2-4 132. triza0pu0ca01/6/227-26 133. vahI 1/6/226-50 134. A0pu0 38/43, ka0ko0pra0pR0 122

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caritakAvya 155 135. pa0pu0 11/203 136. va0ca03/72-76 137. pra0ca0 5/71 138. vahI 5/81 136. jI0ca04/12, pra0ca0 5/112 140. nI0vA07/8 141. triza0pu0ca0 1/2/674-76 142. neca0zloka 13 143. pra0ca06/18, jI0ca0 10/34 144. va0ca03/54-55 145. triza0pu0ca01/5/528 146. jI0ca07/8 147. va0caM0 13/7 148. triza0pu0ca0 1/4/658-68 146. vahI 1/2/647-56 150. baM0ca0 14/8 151. baM0ca0 14/8-15 152. triza0pu0ca0 1/2/654-56, 1/2/670-73, ya0ca0pu0kha-2/pR0 123 153. vahI 1/6/562-65, 1/1/418 154. ya0ca0u0kha0 8/20-22 155. jI0ca0 2/35 156.. baM0ca0 2/86 157. vahI 2/71 158. pra0ca06/23 156. jI0ca03/36 160. vahI 3/27-28, dha0ma0 17 vaoN sarga 161. ne0ma0 11vaoN sarga 162. baM0cA) 1/56 163. vacaH 13/4 164. baM0ca0 2/56-70, triza0pu0ca0 2/3/72-77 165. vahI 1/55-62, 12/4-6, 11-23 166. vahI 1/63-67 !

Page #170
152 ... jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 167. jI0ca0 2/1, 18-20 . .. 168. triza0pu0ca0 1/2/660-64 / 166. ya0ca0u0kha06/pR 330, ne0caM0 124 pR0 58 170. jI0ca0 11/4, 10. . 171. neca0zloka 71, 78 172. va0ca02/25 173. ya0ca0pU0kha 2/322-75 174. triza0pu0ca0 1/1/80-86 175. vahI 1/1/100-101 .. 176. ja0u0pra0hi0so0bhA02, aMka 1-2 177. jI0ca0 3/5 178. baMca0 13/66-70 176. triza0pu0 ca0 2/3/477-80 180. vahI 2/3/481-85 181. triza0pu0ca0 2/3/552-53 182. vahI 2/3/566-610 183. vahI 2/3/616-652 184 triza0pu0ca0 2/3/653-54 185. vahI 2/3/686-700 186. vahI 293/84-85 187. vahI 2/3/664-70 188. vahI 2/3/671-72 186. triza0pu0ca0 2/3/750-7721/2 160. vahI pR0 2/3/526 161. vahI 2/3/530-31 162. vahI 2/3/532-34 . 163. triza0pu0ca02/3/540-46 164. vahI 2/3/767-800 165. baM0ca0 3/8, triza0pu0ca0 1/1/140-145 166. va0ca02/65, pra0ca06/25 167. va0ca02/70, baM0ca03/13-32, pa0ca06/31 / 168. ne0ma0 15/87 166. triza0pu0ca0 1/1/188, 1/3/651-53, pra0ca06/54 . . . ..

Page #171
caritakAvya . . . 153 200. baM0caM0 22/55-76 201. baM0ca0 23/1-47. 63 202. baM0ca0 22/27-54. pra0caM06/67, va0caM0 12/48 203. ya0ca0u0kha07/46. triza0pu0ca0 1/3/628, baM0caM0 15/111 204. baM0caM0 11/41-51, pra0caM0 6/67. vaM0ca0 11/44 / 205. pra0ca0 6/72-77, va0ca03/12. dha0ma0 tRtIya sarga 206. va0caM0 12/50, triza0pu0ca0 1/1/186, 1/3/620-27 207. triza0pu0ca0 1/3/620 208. * jI0ca07/14-16 / ya0ca0u0kha 7/2-27 206. va0caM0 15/52 210. vahI 12/46 211. baM0va022/26, yaM0ca0u0kha 7/53-64. baM0ca 15/112 212. jI0caM0 6/12 213. ya0ca0u0kha04/ pR0 55 214. vahI 4/57 215. baM0ca0 22/26, ya0ca07/107-35 / 4/56 216. ya0ca0u0kha 7/65-106 217. ya0ca0u0kha 7/136-62 218. ya0ca0u0kha 7/163-76/ jI0ca0 1/36 216. jI0ca07/16, triza0pu0ca01/1/160, ya0ca0pU0kha 2/176 220. baM0ca0 15/117-120 221. ya0ca0u0kha 7/181-86 222. triza0pu0ca 1/3/628-35 223. yazca0u0kha08/1, jI0ca07/18, baM0caM0 22/30, triza0pu0ca0 1/1/261 1/3/635-43 224. baM0caM0 15/122, va0caM0 12/62 225. baM0ca015/123, ya0ca08/263-301 226. vahI 15/124, ya0ca0 8/302-7 227. baM0ca0 15/124 228. ya0ca0 u0kha0 8/308-314 226. ya0ca0u0kha0 8/315-318 230. vahI 8/334 231. ya0ca0pU0kha 4/64, 8/454

Page #172
154 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 232. baM0caM0 15/125, pra0caM0 6/60, ya0ca08/434-48, vAcaM0 11/47 233. va0ca0 12/70, 13/83 234. jI0ca0 4/11, ya0ca08/150-54 235. triza0pu0ca0 1/6/432-33 236. ya0ca0pU0kha 4/110, va0ca0 15/53 237. baM0ca0 31/17 238. baM0ca0 15/112, 31/76, vaM0ca0 15/54 236. vahI 15/113, 31/77, va0ca0 15/55 240. baM0ca0 31/78, 15/114, va0va0 15/56-57 241. vahI 15/115, 31/76, va0ca0 15/58 242. vahI 15/116, 31/80, vahI 15/56 243. va0ca0 15/60 244. baM0ca0 31/81-83. triza0pu0ca0 1/1/177 245. baM0ca031/106, va0va0 15/84 246. baM0ca0 31/84, triza0pu0ca0 1/1/178-82, pA0Ti04 / bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna pR0 270-71 247. va0ca0 15/84 / 16/4 248. va0ca0 11/25 246. baM0ca028/31, va0ca015/86 / 250. baM0ca0 31/86 va0ca0 15/60 251. baM0ca0 31/87 va0ca0 15/61 252. baM0ca0 31/88 va0ca0 15/62 253. baM0ca0 31/86 va0ca0 15/63 254. vahI 31/60 vahI 15/64 255. vahI 31/61, vahI 15/64 256. vahI 31/62, vahI 15/66 . 257. vahI 31/63, vahI 15/67 258. vahI 31/64, vahI 15/68 256. baM0ca031/65, va0ca015/66 260. baM0ca031/66, va0ca015/100 261. baM0ca031/67, va0ca0 15/101-102 262. va0ca015/86-86, bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna pR0 268 : 263. pra0ca0 6/62-65, triza0pu0ca0 1/1/146-51

Page #173
. . . caritakAvya carita 155 264. va0ca0 15/103 265. vahI 15/014-125 266. baM0ca0 31/71, va0ca011/45, 14/12, ya0ca0 4/50 267. ya0ca04pR58, 8/465-66, ne0ca0zloka 13 268. baM0ca031/72, va0ca015/132 266. va0ca015/132-37, triza0pu0ca0 1/1/168 270. va0ca015/138-41, triza0ku0ca0 1/1/166 271. va0ca012/63-66 272. baM0ca0 31/66, ya0ca08/160-86 273. va0ca015/143-53 274. ya0ca08/183-63 275. ya0ca08/164-201 276. va0ca015/153-62, ya0ca0 8/202-3, bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna pR0 273 277. baM0ca0 31/100-8, va0ca0 15/115 278. ne0cazloka 2 276. ba0ca0 8/275 280. baM0ca010/2-6, 56, va0ca015/186, ya0ca0 8/204 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna pR0 240 281. baM0ca0 10/11-28 282. va0ca0 15/168-86, pra0saM0gAAthA 28-26 283. ya0ca06/117 284. vahI 6/246 285. baM0ca026/62, viza0pu0ca0 1/3/243. ya0ca06/117, va0ca0 2/16, 15/3. pra0ca0 6/44 286. va0ca011/45, 12/53 287. ma0smRti 2/1 288. va0ca010/60 286. ya0ca04/75. pra0ca0 6/45-46, triza0pu0ca 1/3/585 260. vahI 6/237, va0ca0 10/45, 16/3 261. pra0ca06/45, 47. triza0pu0ca 1/3/578-84 262. baM0ca026/100 263. pra0ca06/27. va0ca03/54, triza0pu0ca0 1/1/526-27

Page #174
,156 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 264. vahI 6/48 265. ya0ca06/265-67 266. triza0pu0ca0 1/3/260. baM0ca026/101 . 267. ya0ca06/268-70, baM0ca0 11/16 268. baM0ca011/2, pra0ca0 6/35-40 266. vahI 11/4, 11/34 300. baM0ca026/65, 6, 11/13-16 301. triza0pu0ca0 1/3/566-607 302. baM0ca04/1, 53, 3/43-44, va0ca0 3/30, ya0ca04/47, neca0zloka 117 303. paMcAstikAya zloka 128-30 304. baMca03/46, 2/19-85, va0ca04/106, trizavuca0 1/1/557-58 305. va0ca0 3/31, 12/12 306. va0ca03/31, 15/72-73, triza0pu0ca0 1/3/586 307. vahI 15/73 308. baM0ca04/24 306. va0ca015/73, baM0ca04/10-23 310. baM0ca04/25-26, va0ca0 15/27-73, 80 311. baM0ca04/27-32, va0ca0 15/66, 73 312. baM0ca04/33-34, triza0pu0ca0 1/1/515, 538 313. va0ca0 15/73 314. baM0ca04/37, va0ca015/73 315. va0ca015/11 316. baMca04/35, va0ca015/73, bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna pR0 230 317. baM0ca04/36, va0ca0 15/73 317. va0ca0 15/80 310. ya0ca08/468-66 320. baM0ca0 25/76-85 prastAvanA 32-34, ya0ca0 4: pR0 57 . 321. va0ca0 17/31-35, 16/38, dha0za0ma0 paMcama sarga 322. ca0ca0 sarga 17 323. va0ca0 3/53 324. va0ca0 15/2

Page #175
caritakAvya 157 325. va0ca011/36-40, 16/12, 18 pra0caM0 6/27-26. triza0pu0ca0 1/3/651-53 326. va0ca011/24-50, 16/13. baM0ca012/58-70, ca0ca0sarga 327. va0ca011/43 328. pra0ca06/51, va0ca010/46, baM0ca0 3/44 326. baM0ca0 26/2 330. vahI 26/3. jaindha0pR0 81 331. vahI 26/5-6 332. ya0ca04/58, go0 jI0 126 333. tIrthakara mahAvIra eMva unakI AcArya paramparA pR0 364 334. vahI pR0 345, pu0saM0 gAthA 106 335. jai0dha0pR0 226, baM0ca0 26/6-13 336. triza0pu0ca0 1/1!158-60 337. baM0ca06/3-7. trizapu0ca 1/1/160-61 338. arhata pravacana pR 13-15 336. baM0ca07/56-66, 6/73-78, 6/54-56, 5/43-54 340. triza0pu0ca 1/1/570-78 341. baM0ca0 5/6 342. vahI 5/10-16, 33-101, 26-27. va0ca0 11/7-22, tri0za0pu0ca0 1/1/424, 561-66 343. triza0pu0ca0 1/1/583 344. vahI 1/1/570-82 345. va0ca0 15/15 346. jai0dha0pR0 65 347. vaM0ca026/15-22, va0ca0 15/18-16, paMcAstikAya 77, 81 348. jai0dha0 pR0 68 dravya saMgraha - 17 346. va0ca0 15/20 350. va0ca0 15/17, baM0ca 26/23-24 351. jai0dha0pR0 101, paMcAstikAya 83, 85, va0ca0 15/86 352. baM0ca026/31-32, va0ca0 15/16-17, paMcAstikAya 61 353. va0ca0 15/17 354. baM0ca0 26/30 355. vahI 26/33-44

Page #176
158 - jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 356. vaMca0 4/42-104, va0ca0 3/33. ya0ca06/114 357. va0ca0 15/63. pra0ca05/31, 6/33, ya0ca0 6/117 358. va0ca0 15/63-67, pra0ca06/33-43, ya0caM0 6/118-16 356. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna pR0 225 360. va0ca0 11/27, baM0ca04/106-113 361. baM0ca0 4/84-85 362. va0ca015/70-71, ya0ca0 6/115 363. baM0ca04/42-104, va0ca015/72 364. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna pR0 235 365. va0ca015/74-75, baM0ca0 4/36-41 366. va0ca0 15/72 367. vahI 15/72 . 368. vahI 15/21-24 366. va0ca0 15/25-34, 41-44 370. vahI 15/81 371. vahI 15/82, 83 372. va0ca0 15/166 373. ta0su0 1,6 374. baM0ca0 26/45-47 375. baM0ca0 26/48, sthA0sU0 7, bha0saM0jainyau0 pR0 246 376. baM0ca0 26/50 377. baM0ca0 26/51 378. laghIstraya 3:6, 70-71 nayakarNikA ta0rA0vA01/33-35 376. bha0sU0 18, 36, samayasAra - gAthA 27, 28 380. baM0ca026/52, bhA0saM0 jaivyau0 pR0 253 381. svayambhUstrota zloka 68 tatvArthazloka vArtika pR0 137, jainanyAya 322 3682. baM0ca0 26/76-60, pra0caM0 5/28

Page #177
adhyAya -7 abhilekha sAhityika sAkSyoM kI bhAMti hI abhilekhIya sAkSya bhI jaina itihAsa nirmANa meM apanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhate hai| ye abhilekha pASANa eMva dhAtu nirmita vibhinna upAdAnoM - guphAoM, caTTAnoM, dIvAroM, stambhoM, stUpoM, zilApaTToM AyAga-paTToM eMva mUrtiyoM, tAmrapatroM para utkIrNa kiye gaye haiN| isake sAtha hI katipaya jaina abhilekha kASThapaTTikAoM para kAlI syAhI se likhe mile haiM jinakI prAcInatA lagabhaga 550 varSa I0pU0 mAnI gayI hai| ye lekha patthara para jyoM ke tyoM hai jisase prAcIna syAhI ke sthAyitva kI jAnakArI hotI hai| isI taraha pustaka ke pariveSTana para suI se kar3hA huA jaina lekha bhI (bIkAnera se ) prApta hai| vyUlara ko silka para syAhI se chapA grantha eMva piTarsana ko kapar3e para syAhI se chapA grantha milA hai| suI se aMkita lekha jaina kalAkAroM kI apanI dena hai| sAhityika sAkSyoM kI apekSAkRta purAtAtvika (abhilekhIya) sAkSya vAstavikatA ke adhika nikaTa haiM kyoMki ye abhilekha ghaTanA ke samaya para (lekha meM varNita ghaTanAoM ke ghaTita) mahatvapUrNa ghaTanAoM eMva kriyAkalApoM ko sthAyI rupa dene ke lie hI utkIrNa karAye gaye the| __mukhyataH jaina abhilekha do rupoM - rAjAoM dvArA zAsanapatroM ke rupa meM evaM janavarga se sambandhita sAMskRtika, sAmAjika Adi vizeSatAoM se yukta vyaktigata rupa meN| rAjavarga eMva adhikArI varga se sambandhita lekha prAyaH prazastiyoM ke rupa meM likhe jAte the| inameM rAjAoM dvArA upalabdha kI gayI upAdhiyoM, vijayoM, sAmrAjya vistAra, eMva vaMzAvalI, ke sAtha hI rAjA eMva rAjanaitika saMsthAoM dvArA kiye gaye dhArmika kAryo, kA varNana prApta hotA hai| jisase tatkAlIna rAjanaitika paristhiti kI jAnakArI hotI hai| janavarga se sambandhita lekhoM kA mUla prayojana dhArmika hai| ye lekha jaina dharmAnuyAyI puruSoM, eMva striyoM dvArA likhAye jAte the| inase sAmAjika, sAMskRtika eMva jainAcAryoM ke saMdha, gaNa, gaccha, Adi ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| jaina abhilekhoM meM prAya: eka nizcita zailI kA anusaraNa kiyA gayA hai prArambha meM maMgalAcaraNa hotA hai jisameM ki "sarvajJAyaH namaH" "U~namaH siddhebhyaH" Adi ke bAda prazasti prArambha hotI hai| jisameM ki rAjA kA nAma, yuddha meM vijaya, sAmrAjya, sImA, dAna, mandira nirmANa Adi dhArmika kAryo eMva vaMza paramparA kA varNana prApta hotA hai| lekha meM rAjA athavA

Page #178
160 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa kisI anya dAtA dvArA diye gaye dAna ke varNana meM deya pAtra eMva dAna meM dI gayI vastu, samaya Adi kA ullekha milatA hai isake sAtha hI yadi muni yA AcArya Adi hai to usake saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, AcArya paramparA Adi kI jAnakArI hotI hai| lekha meM lekhaka eMva utkIrNa karAne vAle zAsaka eMva strI-puruSoM kA ullekha hotA hai| jaina lekhoM meM prAyaH kAlanirdeza pAyA jAtA hai yaha kAlanirdeza zAsana karane vAle rAjA kA athavA tatkAlIna samaya meM pracalita samvat meM hotA hai| kabhI kabhI to zAsaka kA zAsana varSa, mahInA, dina, tithi, Rtu Adi ke varNana prApta hote haiM jo kamavaddha, rAjanItika itihAsa kI dRSTi se atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| mUrtiyoM, dharma sthAnoM, mandiroM ke nirmANa kA kAla aMkita rahatA hai jisase kalA evaM dharma ke vikAsa kama kI jAnakArI hotI hai| jaina abhilekhoM kA mUla prayojana dhArmika thaa| jaina itihAsakAra sAhitya, kalA ke mAdhyama se apane dharma ko pracArita eMva sthAyI rupa denA cAhate the ataeva ve samaya eMva paristhiti ke anukUla hI bhASA ko apanA mAdhyama banAte the| isI kAraNa jaina abhilekha prAcIna se arvAcIna taka prAkRta, saMskRta, telagU, tamila kannar3a Adi sabhI bhASAoM meM pAye jAte haiN| jaina abhilekhoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki prArambhika jaina abhilekha dvitIya zatAbdI taka prAkRta meM hI likhe gye| prAkRta bhASA kA sabase prAcIna abhilekha ajamera se 32 mIla dUra bAralI nAmaka grAma se eka pASANa stambha para prApta huA hai jisameM sva0 gaurIzaMkara ojhA ne vIra nirvANa saM0 84 likhA batAyA hai| isa lekha kI lipi bhI azoka ke lekhoM se pUrva kI mAnI gayI hai| abhilekhoM meM varNita samAja sAhityika sAkSyoM kI bhAMti abhilekhIya sAkSyoM kA uddezya varNAzrama dharma kA varNana karanA nahIM thA kevala zAsana eMva dAna ke prasaMga meM dAnagrAhI eMva dAna dene vAlI jAtiyoM ke ullekhoM se varNa vyavasthA kI jAnakArI hotI hai| abhilekhoM meM rAjAoM ko varNAzrama vyavasthA kA poSaka kahA gayA hai| lekhoM se vyavasAya, dharma, gotra eMva vivAha Adi ke AdhAra para upajAtiyoM eMva vyAvasAyika jAtiyoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai jo mandira nirmANa, gaoNva eMva bhUmidAna Adi kI prabandhaka hotI thii| jaina dharma ke antargata muni eMva zrAvaka ke antargata strI puruSoM ke saMghoM ko jAti zabda se varNita kiyA gayA hai | cAroM varNo eMva vyAvasAyika jAtiyoM ko saMghoM meM praveza karane eMva 6 pArmika kRtyoM meM samAna adhikAra prApta the| brAhmaNa viddhatA, AcaraNa eMva vyavahAra kuzalatA ke lie brAhmaNa cAroM vargoM meM zreSTha

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abhilekha / 161 mAne jAte the| pUrva madhyakAla kI prazastiyoM meM unake kula ke sAtha brAhmaNa vidyA kI bhI carcA kI gayI hai| tInoM varNa eMva upajAtiyA~ inake dvArA pradarzita mArga para calatI thii| rAjya darabAra meM brAhmaNoM ko sammAna eMva vizvAsa prApta thaa| lekhoM se rAjya kI aura se brAhmaNoM ko bhUmi, grAma mandira dene eMva unakI AjIvikA hetu satra kholane kI jAnakArI hotI hai / hosyasala vaMzIya rAjAoM dvArA brAhmaNoM ko tAlAva dene ke ullekha prApta hote haiM | lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki pUrvamadhyakAla meM brAhmaNoM meM gotra, zAkhA, pravara eMva sthAnIya AdhAroM ko lekara upajAtiyA~ banane lgii| isI kAraNa dAnagrAhI brAhmaNoM ke sAtha unake vizeSa gotra eMva zAkhA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| smRtiyoM kI bhaoNti hI pUrvakAlIna jaina abhilekhoM meM unake SaTkamoM (yajan-yAjan, adhyayana, adhyApana, dAna eMva pratigraha) Adi kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| dAna lenA brAhmaNa ke Avazyaka kartavyoM meM se thA / brAhmaNoM dvArA anya karmo ko bhI apanAyA gayA / bhakti ke pracAra se pUrva madhyayuga meM mandiroM kA nirmANa aEi ka hone se brAhmaNoM dvArA mUrtipUjA ko bhI apanAyA gyaa| jaina abhilekhoM meM inheM purohita nAma se sUcita kiyA gayA hai| gaMgavaMzIya abhilekhoM se purohita varga eMva use dAna dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai | ye mandira kI dekha rekha karate the / isake sAtha hI brAhmaNoM dvArA zAsana meM maMtrI eMva senApati ke kArya karane ke bhI ullekha prApta hote haiN| senA meM mRtyu ho jAne para rAjya kI ora se brAhmaNa ke parivAra ko "mRtyuka vRtti dI jAtI thI| lekhoM meM prApta brAhmaNa ko bhUmi eMva grAma dAna ke ullekhoM se kRSikarma karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai jisakI upaja se prApta Aya mandira prabandha | ke kAma AtI hogii| cola lekhoM meM brAhmaNoM ko nizcita samaya taka bhUmikara adeya hone ke ullekha prApta hote haiM lekina usake pazcAt bhUmikara na dene para bhUmi jabta kara lene kI jAnakArI hotI hai| brAhmaNa jaina eMva zaiva donoM hI dharmoM ke anukUla jIvanayApana karate the sambhavataH ve udAravAdI hRdaya ke rahe hogeM" | kSatriya cAturvarNya vyavasthA meM brAhmaNa ke pazcAt kSatriya ko sthAna diyA gayA hai| saoNtavI zatAbdI se zAsana sambandhI lekhoM meM "kSatriya" kA nAma prApta hotA hai jo rAjya kArya karane ke kAraNa samAja meM agraNI mAne gaye haiN| pUrvamadhyayuga meM kSatriyoM ke lie 'rAjapUta" zabda kA bhI prayoga milatA hai20 | prazastiyoM meM varNita padAdhikAriyoM me yuvarAja ko rAjaputra kahA gayA hai jo kSatriya jAti kA vaMzaja hone ko spaSTa karatA hai| rAjapUta narezoM ke abhilekha bhI unheM kSatriyavaMzI batalAte haiN| zAsana kArya ke atirikta ye sainika kArya bhI karate the| candela zAsana dvArA yuddha meM mAre jAne para

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162 / jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa kSatriya sainika ke parivAra ko vRtti dene ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / kSatriyoM ko zAsaka eMva samAja kA rakSaka mAnA gayA hai| vaizya lekhoM meM "prApta vaNika" zabda ko prayoga vaizya varga ke lie kiyA gayA hai| isake sAtha hI "seThiTa, dhanika, nagarAdhipati zabda bhI prApta hote haiM jo vaizya varga ke samAja kA sarvAdhika dhanADhaya varga hone eMva unake karmoM kA ullekha karate haiM3 / dAna denA, eMva kRSi, pazupAlana, vyApAra karanA Adi isa varNa ke pramukha kartavya haiN| vaizya varNa dvArA mandira nirmANa, pratimAsthApanA, eMva bhUmi, grAma, upaja Adi dAna dene kI jAnakArI hotI haiM / vyApAra bheda ke anusAra vaNika zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita the | zudra cAturvarNa vyavasthA meM zUdroM ko antima eMva nimna sthAna diyA gayA hai| zUdra kA dharma dvijAtimAtra kI sevA karanA thaa| lekhoM meM zUdra varNa kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA hai| kucha anya upajAtiyoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai| pUrvamadhyakAla meM "cANDAla" zabda kA prayoga adhika prApta hotA hai| usakI sthiti nimna hote hue bhI jainadharma dvArA use samAna adhikAra diye gaye the ve apane karmo se brAhmaNa bhI ho sakate * the| lekhoM meM zabara, kirAta, pulinda Adi jaMgalI jAtiyoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| pahAr3apura se prApta miTTI kI caukAre vastuyeM prApta hai unameM zArIrika banAvaTa eMva vezabhUSA jaMgalI jAtiyoM ke samAna hai | ___ paMcama varNa ke antargata Doma, camAra, naTa Adi kA ullekha prApta hotA hai jo apane vyavasAyoM ke anusAra aneka nAmoM meM jAnI jAtI rahI inheM zUdroM kI upajAtiyA~ mAnA gayA hai| bhATa zAsakoM kI kAvyamaya prazaMsA karane, eMva naTa va nartakiyoM dhArmika utsavoM para rAjya darabAra meM nRtya karane ke upalakSya meM rAjya dvArA dAna prApta karate the| lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki sAtavI zatAbdI I0vI0 se bhAratIya lekhoM meM mleccha eMva hammIra zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAne lgaa| dasavI, bArahavI zatAbdI I0vI0 ke lekha hindU narezoM ke sAtha unake yuddha kA ullekha karate haiM / lekhoM meM turuSka zabda kA prayoga bhI musalamAnoM ke lie kiyA gayA hai| lekhoM meM prApta varNanoM se cAturvarNa eMva upajAtiyoM kI sthiti sAmya hone eMva unake bIca vibhAjana karmo ke anusAra honA spaSTa hotA hai| dhArmika kSetra me sabhI ko samAna adhikAra the|

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abhilekha 163 Azrama vyavasthA __ jaina abhilekhoM meM Azrama vyavasthA kA spaSTa ullekha prApta nahIM hotA lekina prApta varNanoM se brahamacaryAzrama, gRhasthAzrama, vAnaprasthAzrama eMva sanyAsAzrama ke svarupa kI jAnakArI hotI hai| lekhoM meM mandiroM meM paTTazAlA nirmANa karAne, adhyayana kArya hone eMva vidyArthiyoM para hone vAle vyaya ke prabandha hetU bhUmidAna ke ullekha brahmacaryAzrama ke samAna svarupa kI aura saMketa karate haiM | jainadharma zrAvaka eMva muni ina do dharmoM meM vibhakta hai jisameM rahakara jainadharma ke AcAra-vicAroM eMva siddhAntoM kA pAlana kiyA jAtA thaa|4 | gRhastha bhI jainAcAryo ke ziSya hotethe5 | dAnAdi kArya gRhasthoM dvArA hI sampanna kiye jAte the jo gRhasthAzrama kI mahattA para prakAza DAlate hai| lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki paripakva avasthA Ane para rAjA rAjya chor3akara jaMgala meM cale jAte eMva gRhastha bhI saMsAra ko nAzavAn jAnakara munidharma ko grahaNa kara lete the6 | isa avasthA meM dharma ke siddhAntoM kA kaThoratA se pAlana karatA huA trayaratnoM kI prApti ke prayatna karatA thaa| lekhoM se ina bhikSuoM ko AhAra dAna dene eMva bhikSuoM dvArA jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM ke upadeza karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai | muni AcAra vrata kA dhAraNa karanA vAnaprastha avasthA ke svarupa ko spaSTa karatA hai| jaina muniyoM eMva rAjAoM dvArA sanyAsavrata karane ke ullekha spaSTataH sanyAsAzrama ko iMgita karate haiN| sanyAsavrata ko grahaNa kara lena para dvAdaza prakAra kA kaThora tapa, samiti gupti vrata kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka thaa| isI avasthA meM kevala jJAna prApta kara samAdhi-maraNa karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai jisase mokSa prApta hotA thaa| ' saMskAra jaina samAja meM saMskAroM kA rupa atyanta vistRta pAyA jAtA hai| jaina abhilekhoM meM saMskAroM ke sambandha meM ullekha prApta nahIM hote kintu dAnAdi ke prakaraNa meM kucha saMskAroM ke nAma prApta hote haiN| sAMtavI zatAbdI ke pazcAt ke lekhoM meM jAtakarma, nAmakarma,upanayana, vivAha eMva zrAddha saMskAra kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| putra janma para jAtakarma eMva nAmakaraNa saMskAra ke avasara para rAjAoM dvArA dAna dene ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / vaivAhika sambandhoM eMva samAdhimaraNa dvArA prANatyAga karane para unakI niSadyA banAye jAne se vivAha eMva zrAddha saMskAra kI jAnakArI hotI hai| upanayana saMskAra kA vizeSa mahatva thA2 | vivAha lekhoM meM prApta ullekhoM se vivAha ke svarupoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai| vibhinna rAjavaMzoM ke bIca vaivAhika sambandha hote the jinakA uddezya Apasa meM maitrI

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164 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa sambandhoM ko banAye rakhanA thaa| samAja meM anuloma eMva antararjAtIya vivAha pracalita the| lekhoM meM prApta paTTarAjJI, paTTamahiSI, jyeSThapatnI Adi zabda bahupatnI vivAha kI ora saMketa karate haiM ! rAjagharAnoM kI taraha sAdhAraNa janatA meM bhI bahupatnI vivAha pracalita the| satI prathA lekhoM meM prApta ullekhoM se satI prathA pracalita hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai| kalcuri nareza gAMgeyadeva kI sau striyoM dvArA Aga meM jalakara marane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM | jodhapura ke eka lekha se rAjapUta rAnI ke satI hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai | hoyyasala rAjavaMza meM apane svAmI kI mRtyu para kheda prakaTa karane ke lie dehatyAga karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| zikSA lekhoM meM prApta paTTazAlA nirmANa karAne50, RSivarga ke AhAra vidyArthiyoM ke vyaya prabandha eMva zAstroM ke likhe jAne hetu dAna dene ke sAtha zAstra likhane vAloM ko rAjakIya sammAna dene eMva guru ziSya paramparA ke ullekhoM se samAja meM zikSA kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai| strI eva puruSa donoM hI zikSA grahaNa karate the| zikSA grahaNa ke pazcAt guru-dakSiNA dene ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| zikSA ke lie vAcanAlaya kholane kI bhI paramparA rhii| AcAryo ke samasta zAstroM meM nipuNa hone ke ullekhoM se zikSA kI ucca sthiti jJAta hotI hai| striyoM kI sthiti jaina abhilekhoM se samAja meM striyoM ko puruSoM ke samAna hI sabhI adhikAra prApta the| lekhoM meM prApta "ardhAMginI zabda striyoM kI ucca sthiti kI ora saMketa karatA hai / zIla, dayA, pativratA, strI ke mahatvapUrNa guNa mAne jAte5 / striyoM dvArA zikSA grahaNa karane ke sAtha hI rAjyakArya karane eMva upAdhi dhAraNa karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai | striyA~ yuddha kSetra meM jAtI eMva vIragati ko prApta karatI thIM / dhArmika jagata meM bhI striyoM kI sthiti puruSoM ke samAna hI thI striyoM dvArA ziSyatva grahaNa karane eMva saMghoM meM rahane kI jAnakArI hotI hai jo zrAvikA kahalAtI hai| striyA~ dharma parAyaNa hotii| dhArmika bhAvanAoM se prabhAvita hokara jina mandira, mUrti, niSadhA nirmANa eMva mandira jIrNodvAra ke sAtha pUjA, prabandha, RSi eMva vidyArthiyoM ke AhAra eMva zIta se rakSA karane hetU bhUmidAna dene ke ullekha prApta hote haiM | striyoM dvArA purANAdi zAstra sarjana karAye jAne kI bhI jAnakArI hotI hai|

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abhilekha 165 lekhoM se jainadharma ke antargata striyoM dvArA kaThora vratoM kA pAlana karate hue tapa eMva kezaluMcana karane eMva samAdhimaraNa karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai62 / abhilekhoM se prApta sAkSya striyoM kI ucca sthiti ke dyotaka mAne jA sakate haiN| Arthika jaina abhilekhoM kA mukhya uddezya dhArmika thA lekina dhArmika kriyAoM eMva dAnAdi ke prasaMgoM se tatkAlIna sudRr3ha Arthika sthiti kI jAnakArI hotI hai| lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki kRSi jIvikA kA mukhya sAdhana thii| janatA adhikatara gaoNvoM meM rhtii| rAjya ko kRSi se kAphI Aya hotI thI kyoMki rAjA kRSakoM se upaja kA chaThA bhAga kara rupa meM letA thaa| kRSi yogya bhUmi ko pahale jotA jAtA thaa| abhilekhoM se zreSThiyoM dvArA bhUmi jotane ke prabandha karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai63 | bhUmi kI siMcAI kI ora rAjA kA bhI dhyAna rahatA thA lekhoM meM sicAI ke nimitta jhIla nahara kue eMva tAlAba Adi ke nirmANa kAryoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| khArakhela ke hAthI guMphA abhilekha se rAjadhAnI taka nahara taiyAra karAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai| hoyyasala rAjA vinayAditya dvArA siMcAI ke lie nahara banavAne4 eMva cAlukya rAjA mArasiMha dvArA uttarI siMcAI kI rakSA karane ke ullekha lekhoM meM prApta hote haiM65 | kevala prazasti se nadI se rAjadhAnI taka rAjA dvArA nahara taiyAra karAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai tAki bAga bagIce kI siMcAI sarala ho jAya siMcAI ke lie kUpa nirmANa ke bhI ullekha milate haiN| lekhoM meM prApta tAlAboM ke nAma eMva tAlAva nirmANa karAne ke ullekhoM se siMcAI kA sAdhana hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai| gaMgapemmADideva dvArA mandira ko dAna meM prApta bhUmi kI siMcAI ke lie tAlAba khudavAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai68 | hoyyasala vaMzI rAjAoM dvArA bhI kUpa eMva tAlAba nirmANa karAne ke ullekha prApta hote haiM | lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki tAlAva se jo phAyadA uThAte the, ve utpanna phasala kA, 10vaoN bhAga nirmANa karAne vAle ko dete the| jaina abhilekhoM se tatkAlIna khetoM ke mApa kA varNana sthAna-sthAna para milatA hai| jisase pUrvamadhyakAla meM bhUmi nApane kI prathA kI jAnakArI hotI haiM bhUmi ko dAna dete samaya dAnakartA ke lie kSetra kI sImA tathA usake mApa kA spaSTa ullekha karanA nitAnta Avazyaka thA jisa bhUbhAga ko dAnagrAhI grahaNa karatA usI kSetraphala se "kara* grahaNa karatA thA tathA AvazyakatA par3ane para baMdhaka bhI rakhatA / chaThI zatAbdI se bArahavI zatAbdI taka ke dAnapatroM meM mApa ke do rupoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai| eka rupa meM khetoM (bhUmi) kI lambAI, caur3AI nApane ke sAdhana kA nAma, ullikhita hai jo lekhoM meM vibhinna nAma se utkIrNa hai jaise - nivartana, mattara, kamma, gaja, hAtha, kuNDI, puTTi, eMva khaDaDuga aadi| dUsare rupa meM mApa bhUmi kI upaja se

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166 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa' sambandhita thaa| jaise - hona, kalasa aadi| ina mApoM kA upayoga karake bhUmi dAna meM dI jAtI thii| lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki dakSiNa bhArata meM 10 vI, 12vI zatAbdI meM nivartana bhUmi kA pramukha mApa thii| zIlahAra vaMza, raTTavaMza eMva gaMgavaMza ke rAjAoM dvArA mandira nirmANa hetu nivartana mApa se bhUmidAna ke ullekha prApta hote hai| cAlukya rAjA pemmADideva dvArA 12 nivartana bhUmi dAna dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai| zilAhAra vaMza ke lekha se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha bhUmi kuNDi ke nApa se nApa meM cauthAI nivarttana thI5 / pratihAra eMva rASTrakUTa prazastiyoM meM bhI nivartana zabda kSetra mApa ke lie prayukta hai / parantu nizcita rupa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki isase kisa kSetra phala kA parijJAna hotA hai| dUsare mApa ko mattara kahate the| raTTavaMzIya zAntivarmA dvArA 150 mattara bhUmi eMva cAlukya rAjA somezvara dvitIya dvArA khetoM kI kAphI saMkhyA meM mattara bhUmi pArzvajinezvara kI pUjA, zAstra likhane vAloM ke AhAra ke lie dAna dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai / sambhavataH ye nivartana se choTA bhAga rahA hogaa| kamma bhI bhUmi kI mApa thI jo AhAradAna, basadi nirmANa, eMva udyAna hetu dAna meM dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai78 | 11vIM zatAbdI meM yaha mApa adhika pracalita thaa| . lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki dAna meM diye jAne vAle bhavana prAyaH gaja se nApe jAte the| zilAhAra vaMzIya mahAmaMDalezvara ballAladeva eMva gaNDarAditya dvArA 3 gaja kA eka bhavana tapasviyoM ke AhAradAna hetU dAna meM dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai| isI lekha se pArzvanAtha svAmI kI mUrti kA nApa 2 phuTa 3 iMca hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai | yaha bhUmi mApa kama jagaha ke mApane ke kAma AtA hogaa| . lekhoM meM hasta (hAtha) kA nAma kSetra mApa ke lie prayukta kiyA gayA hai| saMbhavataH kisI vyakti vizeSa ke hAtha kI lambAI prAmANika samajhI gayI hogI jisake kAraNa ise bhUmi mApa kA eka sAdhana mAna liyA gyaa| zilAhAra vaMzIya rAjA vijayAditya dvArA 12 hAtha kA eka makAna dAna dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai| pratihAra lekha meM bhI hasta mApa kA ullekha hai / lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki 18 iMca se kama kA hAtha nahIM ho sktaa| eka lekha meM cha: hAtha bhUmi 3 gaja bhUmi ke mApa kI batalAyI gayI hai jo uparyukta bAta kI puSTi karatI hai | yaha sAdhAraNa janatA ke mApa kA sAdhana thaa| sAdhAraNa janatA vilasta se bhI DaMDA nApakara bhUmidAna karatI thii| ye vilasta nApa ke DaMDe se nahara ityAdi nApane kI jAnakArI hotI hai / hoyyasala vaMza ke eka lekha se 33 vilasta ke DaMDe se nApakara bhUmi dAna dene ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| lekhoM se kuNDI nAmaka dezImApa kI jAnakArI hotI hai jo bhUmi mApane ke

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abhilekha 167 kAma meM AtI thI / yaha bhUmi nApa meM apekSAkRta bar3A nApa hogA kyoMki nivartana ko isakA cauthAI bhAga mAnA gayA hai| pallavAditya vAdirAjajula kula nAmaka zAsaka dvArA grAmamukhya ko 3 "puTTi jamIna diye jAne ke ullekha prApta hote haiM yaha bhI eka bhUmi mApa thA jo dAna dene ke samaya kAma meM AtA thaa| 'khaDDuga" bhUmi mApa kA koI paimAnA thA jo dAna meM nApakara dene ke kAma AtA thaa| seThoM dvArA basadi nirmANa hetu pA~ca khaDakuMga bhUmidAna meM dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai| lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki hona eMva kalam bhUmi se utpanna upaja kA kucha bhAga rahA hogaa| kulotuMga coladeva dvArA candraprabha kI pUjA ke lie 420 kalam cAvala arpaNa kiye jAne eMva hoyyasala vaMzIya devarAja hoyyasala dvArA 10 hona bhUmidAna kI jAnakArI hotI hai / nApakara dAna meM dI gayI bhUmi dAna kartA dvArA kara Adi mukta karake dI jAtI thii| vyApAra lekhoM meM vyApArika kendro eMva vyApAriyoM ke nAma prApta hote haiM jinheM vikramasiMha rAjA dvArA "zreSThI" kI padavI dI gayI / "seTThI" eMva mahAjana zabda kA prayoga bhI vyApAriyoM ke lie kiyA gayA hai| vyApArI prAyaH dhanika hote the| unake dvArA dukAna, bhavana bhUmi Adi mandiroM ko dAna dene ke ullekha prApta hote haiM | vyApAriyoM dvArA mandira nirmANa karAne eMva rakSA karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai| lekhoM meM prApta vibhinna dhAtuoM - sonA, caoNdI, ratna, mANikya, mUMgA eMva paMcadhAtu Adi ke ullekha tatkAlIna sudRDha Arthika vyavasthA kI ora saMketa karate hai| sone ke AbhUSaNa banAye jAte the| hoyyasala rAjavaMza ke eka lekha se kAlImirca, akharoTa, cAvala, supArI ke vRkSa tathA pAna ke gaTThoM para Aye dhana ko dAna dene se inakI upaja eMva vyApAra hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai| rASTrakUTa lekhoM meM vyApAriyo se prApta karoM ke ullekhoM se AyAta niryAta kI gayI vastuoM para kara lagAye jAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai| gAMva ke ghATa se prApta AmadanI se jalamArga dvArA vyApAra hone- eMva pratyeka kolhU para eka karadhaTikA tela kara rupa meM dene eMva tela kI cakkiyoM ke ullekhoM se tela ke vyavasAya kI jAnakArI hotI hai / isa taraha jaina abhilekha gauNa rupa meM tatkAlIna Arthika sthiti ko varNita karate haiN| rAjanItika guptottara yuga meM vikendrIkaraNa kI nIti ke balavatI hone ke kAraNa

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168 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa choTe-choTe rAjyoM kA abhyudaya huaa| lekhoM se uttara bhArata meM candela,kalcurI, paramAra, cAlukya, cAhamAna eMva dakSiNa bhArata meM gaMga, rASTrakUTa hoyayasala, kadamba, pAMDaya, pallava eMva cola rAjAoM dvArA apane apane rAjya sthApita karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai| koI bhI rAjavaMza sarvAdhika zaktizAlI na thA phira bhI prAyaH sabhI rAjAoM dvArA paramabhaTTAraka, mahArAjAdhirAja, paramezvara Adi upAdhiyoM ko dhAraNa kiyA gayA / prAyaH sabhI lekhoM meM "sAmanta zabda AtA hai jisase spaSTa hotA hai ki pratyeka zAsaka ke apane sAmanta hote the jo rAja ke adhInastha hote the| sAmantoM ko mahAsAmanta bhI kahA gayA hai rAjAoM ke samAna sAmanta bhI adhIzvara Adi upAdhiyoM ko dhAraNa karate the|02| lekhoM meM prApta sAmantoM kI vaMzAvalI sAmanta pada ke vaMzAnugata hone ko spaSTa karatI hai|03 | rAjA ko dAnAdi karate samaya sAmantoM kI svIkRti prApta karanA Avazyaka thA0 / sAmantoM dvArA rAjya kI bhUmi eMva grAma dAna dene ke ullekha prApta hote hai | lekhoM meM nolamba06, sindikula07, raTTakula08, zilAhAra, kAkatIya10, sAntara111 eMva kauMgAtva'12 Adi sAmanta rAjavaMzoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiM jinhoMne rASTrakUTa, gaMga, cAlukya eMva hoyyasala rAjyoM meM sAmantoM ke rupa meM zAsana kArya kiyaa| cAlukya lekhoM se sAmanta rAjAoM dvArA vijita rAjA ko vividha prakAra kI bheMTa dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai| AvazyakatA par3ane para ye rAjA ko sainika sahAyatA karane ke sAtha hI yuddha bhI karate the / abhilekhoM se rAjyoM ke bIca saMgharSa hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai - jisameM eka rAjA dUsare rAjA kI sahAyatA bhI karate the14 | rASTrakUTa eMva cola rAjA ke bIca hue saMgharSa meM gaMgabutuga dvArA sahAyatA karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN|5 | sArvabhaumika rAjya sthApita karane ke lie rAjAoM dvArA digvijaya karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai16 | yuddha abhiyAnakama meM sthAna sthAna para vijaya skandhAvAra banAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai117 | rAjAoM dvArA kI gayI vijayoM ke ullekhoM se tatkAlIna rAjyoM kI sthiti eMva vibhinna rAjavaMzoM kI samakAlInatA jJAta hotI hai118 | sAmrAjya vibhAjana prazAsanika dRSTi se rAjya aneka bhuktiyoM (prAntoM) meM vibhAjita thaa| lekhoM meM maNDala zabda kA prayoga bhI prApta hotA hai| pratyeka maMDala meM aneka bar3e-bar3e viSaya (jile) hote the| viSaya aneka puroM (nagaroM) meM tathA pura aneka grAmoM meM vibhAjita the| lekhoM se deza kA grAma nagara, kheDa, karvaNa, maDamba, droNamukha, pura, paTTana, rAjadhAnI ina nau vibhAgoM meM vibhAjita hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai|16 | prAntIya zAsana prabandha ke lie prAntapati rAjA kI ora se niyukta kiyA jAtA thA yaha prAyaH rAjakumAra, rAjavaMzIya athavA koI bar3A sAmanta hotA thaa|

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abhilekha 166 zilAhAra vaMza ke mahAmaNDalezvara eMva sAmanta hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai|20 / cAlukya rAjA somezvara eMva hoyyasala rAjavaMza ke lekhoM se mahAmaNDalezvaroM kI upAdhiyoM ke ullekha prApta hote hai / prAyaH sabhI rAjAoM ke mAMDalika rAjA hote the|22 / cAlukya lekhoM meM maMDalezvara ko prAntIya zAsaka kahA gayA hai123 / prAntIya zAsaka ke lie rAjasthAnIya kumArAmAtya, uparika, bhogapati, bhogika Adi zabdoM kA prayoga pUrvamadhyakAla meM hotA rahA hai| bhUmi kara, tathA anya kara rAjadhAnI meM vasUla karane ke bAda zAsana vyaya kATakara kendrIya zAsaka ko bheja diyA jAtA thaa| yaha maNDala prazAsaka kendrIya sarakAra kI sahAyatA se apane adhInastha padAdhikAriyoM ko niyukta karatA thaa| pUrvamadhyakAlIna lekhoM meM viSayapati kA nAma milatA hai - jo jilAdhIza ke anurupa hotA thaa| viSayapati ke pAsa nyAya kA adhikAra na thA yaha jile meM zAnti tathA suvyavasthA banAye rakhatA thA yaha mAlagujArI Adi karoM kI vasUlI karatA thaa| lekhoM se "pura' (nagara) sambandhI zAsana kI jAnakArI hotI hai| para mAra rAjA bhoja ke gvAliyara lekha se nagara ke lie pura, sthAna tathA borDa zabdoM ke prayoga hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai|5 | yAdava vaMza ke lekha meM nagara ke pramukha adhikArI ko "mahAmattama" kahA gayA hai126 / lekhoM meM nagara ke rAjA ko purAvadhIzvara kahe jAne eMva mahArAjAdhirAja kI upAdhi dhAraNa karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN|27 / pura kA kArya sucAru rupa se calAne ke lie kAryakAriNI samiti kA gaThana kiyA jAtA thA jisake sadasyoM kI kArya avadhi eka varSa hotI thI128 | ___ zAsana ke suprabandha ke lie ise bhI aneka upavibhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA thA jo grAma ke nAma se prasiddha the| rAjatantra ke antargata prajAtantrIya paddhati para zAsana karane vAlI yaha saMsthA thii| grAmINa zAsana meM grAma vyavasthA kSetrIya stara para hone ke kAraNa grAma sabhA kA vizeSa sthAna thA | grAma meM eka grAma pramukha hotA thaa| pallava lekhoM meM ise grAmapramukha, cAlukya rAjA kIrtivarmA dvitIya ke lekha meM ise "grAmAdhikArI, kalcurI lekha meM "grAma mahattarAdhikArAn" eMva candela rAjA paramardi ke "semarA tAmrapatra meM grAmapramukha ko mahattara kahA gayA hai|30 / grAma pramukha prajAtantra praNAlI para grAma sabhA saMgaThita karatA ora kaI upasamitiyoM dvArA sArA prabandha karatA thaa| pUrva madhyakAlIna lekhoM meM ise "paMcakulI" kahA gayA hai|31 | grAma pramukha dvArA vasUla kiyA huA kara rAjakoSa meM vRddhi karatA thA usakA kucha aMza grAma ke vyaya ke lie rakhA jAtA thaa| lekhoM se grAmapramukha dvArA jinAlaya banavAne eMva prabandha hetu dAna dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai|32 | grAma sabhA grAma kI bhUmi ko kara mukta karake beca sakatI thI33 | lekhoM meM prApta sthAnIya adhikArI kA ullekha sthAnIya prazAsana kI aura saMketa karatA

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170 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa rAjA lekho se jJAta hotA hai ki sAmrAjya ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hone eMva sAmanta rAjya sthApita hone para bhI sAmrAjya kI sampUrNa sattA kA strota rAjA hotA thA usakA pada vaMzaparamparAgata hotA thaa| prAyaH ye kSatriya vaMza ke hote the|35 / rAjAoM kI apanI apanI rAjadhAnI hotI thI136 | prajA kI Antarika azAnti eMva bAharI zatruoM se rakSA karanA rAjA kA pramukha kartavya thaa| lekhoM meM rAjA ko duSTanigraha eMva ziSTapratipAlaka kahA gayA hai137 | dharma para atyadhika bala diye jAne ke kAraNa jaina lekhoM meM paMca aNuvratoM kA pAlana, madhu, maoNsa, madya kA tyAga dhArmika vRtti ko apanAnA, yAcakoM ko paryApta dAna denA, duSToM se dUra rahanA, yuddha bhUmi se na bhAganA Adi rAjA ke Avazyaka kartavya batalAye gaye haiN|38 | rAjA mahArAjAdhirAja, paramezvara, paramabhaTTAraka, Adi bar3I-bar3I upAdhiyoM ko dhAraNa karate the eMva rAjakIya padAdhikAriyoM se ghire rahate the| uttarAdhikAra eMva yuvarAja ___ lekhoM meM rAjakIya padAdhikAriyoM meM yuvarAja kA nAma prApta hotA hai| apane pitA ke zAsana kArya meM yoga dete hue rAjakIya viSayoM, zastra eMva zAstroM kI zikSA prApta kara lete the| rAjA dvArA apane putroM ko prAyaH prAntIya zAsaka niyukta kiyA jAtA thaa| yuvarAja aneka upAdhiyoM ko dhAraNa karate the| mahAsAmanta yuvarAja ke adhInastha hokara pradezoM para zAsana karate40 / rAjA dvArA diye gaye dAnoM para yuvarAja punaH sammati dete the| lekhoM meM vRddhAvasthA Ane para rAjAoM dvArA putra ko rAjyabhAra de dene ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| prAyaH jyeSTha putra ko hI rAjA yuvarAja nizcita karatA thA 42 / parantu kabhI kabhI yogyatA ke AdhAra para choTe putra ko uttarAdhikAra prApta ho jAtA thaa| lekhoM meM kabhI kabhI paTTarAjJI ke bhAI dvArA bhI rAjyAdhikAra prApta karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM jo usa paTTarAjJI kI mahatvapUrNa sthiti para prakAza DAlate haiM143 | putra ke abhAva meM pautra eMva tatpazcAta rAjA dvArA rAjyaprApti ke ullekha prApta hote haiM144 | cAlukya lekha se rAjA kI mRtyu ke pazcAt rAjyaprApti ke lie paraspara yuddha hone ke ullekha milate hai145 | rASTrakUTa lekha se uttarAdhikAra ke samaya evaM rAjAoM ke rAjyakAla meM sAmantoM dvArA vidroha karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN|46 | __rAjya prApta karane se pUrva yuvarAja kA rAjyAbhiSeka eMva rAjatilaka karanA Avazyaka thA147 / isa avasara para rAjA dvArA paryApta dAna diyA jAtA thA'48 / lekhoM meM prApta paTTarAjJI, paTTamahiSI zabda mukhya rAnI kI aura saMketa karate haiN| striyoM dvArA bhI rAjyakArya karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai /

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abhilekha 171 maMtrimaMDala maMtrimaMDala rAjA ko nyAya eMva zAsana saMcAlana meM sahAyatA detA thA150 / lekhoM meM maMtriyoM ke lie saciva eMva mahApradhAna zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai | hoyyasala rAjavaMza ke lekhoM meM maMtrI ke lie mahAmaMtrI mahAsaciva eMva sacivAdhIza zabda prayukta hue haiM152 | prAntIya zAsaka bhI apanA maMtrimaMDala rakhate the| lekhoM se matriyoM kI saMkhyA eMva unake adhInastha vibhAgIya kAryo kI jAnakArI nahIM hotI hai| rAjanaitika eMva sAMskRtika kAryo kA cintana eMva rakSaNa unakA paramadharma thA rAjA maMtriyoM se rAjakIya kAryo meM salAha mantraNA karate the53 / pararASTra vibhAga antarrASTrIya kSetra meM eka rAjA dUsare rAjA se rAjanItika sambandha banAye rakhatA thaa| pararASTranIti kA saMcAlana kArya bhI maMntriyoM dvArA kiyA jAtA thaa| pararASTnIti vibhAga ke maMtrI ke lie "mahAsAndhivigrahika" zabda kA ullekha prApta hotA hai | cAlukya rAjA somezvara prathama ke lekha se prAdezika zAsana meM bhI saMdhivigrahika maMtrI niyukta kiye jAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai|55 | yaha saMdhi eMva yuddha kA nirNaya karatA thA jisameM sAma, dAma, daNDa, bheda ina caturnItiyoM kA prayoga karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| videziyoM kI nIti eMva gatividhi para niyantraNa rakhanA isake kAryakSetra ke antargata AtA thA56 | senAvibhAga maMtrimaMDala meM mahAmaMtrI ke pazcAt yuddha maMtrI kA sthAna thA jise ki lekhoM meM senApati kahA gayA hai / hoyyasala lekhoM meM senApati ke sthAna para "mahApradhAna 158 eMva anya lekhoM meM mahAdaNDanAyaka, daNDAdhinAtha eMva daNDAdhipati zabda prayukta kiye gaye hai56 | sAmrAjya kI rakSA ke lie rAjya meM eka vizAla senA hotI thI jisakA saMcAlana kArya senApati karatA thaa| lekhoM se caturaMgiNI senA160 - azva, rathI, hasti eMva paidala hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai| jisameM azva eMva hasti senA kA vizeSa ullekha prApta hotA hai|61 | azva senA ke vizeSa ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjAoM ko sthala bhUmi para yuddha karane hote the isI kAraNa zatru ke virodha meM azvoM kI adhika AvazyakatA rahatI thii| pAla lekhoM meM nau senA kA ullekha milatA hai jo samudra ke samIpa rahate the|62 | kadamba kula rAjA vappa ke aTThAraha akSauhiNI senA hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai|63 / pratyeka senA pramukha senAdhyakSa eMva mahApradhAna senApati nAma se abhihita kiye jAte the| ___ lekhoM meM prApta senApatiyoM kI vaMzAvalI se yaha pada vaMza paramparAgata jJAta hotA hai165|| senApati apane parAkrama eMva zakti se aneka upAdhiyoM ko dhAraNa karate

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172 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa the, lekho meM prApta vibhinna nAma isake sUcaka hai / daNDAdhinAtha rAjya vistAra meM sarvAdhika sahayogI hote the lekhoM se cAlukya rAjA vijjala ke daNDAdhinAtha dvArA rAjyalakSmI vRddhi karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai|67 / rAjAoM dvArA inheM prAntIya zAsaka banAye jAne ke ullekha prApta hote haiM168 | yuddha meM senApatiyoM kI mRtyu ho jAne para parivAra ke logoM ko rAjya dvArA mAsika dhana dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai166 | senApatiyoM dvArA dAna dene eMva sanyAsa dhAraNa karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN|70 / rAjA senApati kI prazaMsA meM lekha bhI likhavAte the171| rASTrIya rakSA meM durga kA bahuta bar3A sthAna thA, lekhoM se rAjAoM dvArA durga nirmANa karAne eMva usakI dekharekha ke lie koTTapAla nAmaka adhikArI kI niyukti karAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai| durga prAyaH sImA ke pAsa banAye jAte the|72 / artha vibhAga lekhoM meM prApta "koSAdhyakSa" zabda se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjya meM eka arthavibhAga hotA thA jisakI Aya vyaya kA lekhA koSAdhyakSa ke pAsa rahatA thA73 | hoyyasala lekha meM khaMjjAcI zabda prApta hotA hai | lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjya kI Aya ke aneka sAdhana the jinameM pramukha sAdhana bhUmikara thA75 | yaha sambhavataH upaja 1/4 yA 1/6 bhAga hotA thA jo dhana tathA anna donoM rupoM meM liyA jAtA thaa| bhUmi kara nizcita karane ke lie rAjAoM dvArA bhUmi kI nApa Adi karAyI gyii| anAja eMva anya upaja para lagAye gaye kara ko "vizoSaka kara kahA gayA hai176 | bhUmi eMva grAma dAna ke lekha jinameM dAnagrAhI ko kara mukta karane kA varNana hai, bhUmi kara hone kA spaSTIkaraNa karate haiM177 | cola lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki yadi kisI kAraNa bhUmi kI phasala naSTa ho jAtI to rAjya bhUmikara mApha yA kama kara detA thaa| samaya samaya para bhUmi kA vargIkaraNa hone eMva tadanusAra navIna kara nirdhAraNa karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM ye bhUmikara grAma sabhAoM dvArA ekatrita kiyA jAtA thA, kara na dene vAloM kI bhUmi jabta kara lI jAtI thI | __ bhUmikara ke atirikta rAjya vyavasAyiyoM eMva zilpiyoM se bhI kara letA thaa| sthala mArgo eMva jalamArgo para cuMgI vasUla kI jAtI thI / khetoM, vano, bAgAoM, khAnoM se bhI rAjya ko atyadhika Aya hotI thii| lekhoM meM prApta ullekhoM se AyAta eMva niryAta kI gayI vastuoM para kara vyavasthA kI jAnakArI hotI hai ye kara vyApAriyoM se liye jAte the|81| ___brAhmaNoM eMva mandiroM se liye jAne vAle kara atyadhika halke hote the| sAmantoM se prApta kara eMva upahAroM se bhI rAjya kI kAphI Aya hotI thI182 | lekhoM meM gadyANa, paNa eMva kAzu sikkoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai jo bheMTa eMva kara rupa

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abhilekha 173 meM diye jAte the-3 | vyApAriyoM dvArA honnu nAmaka sikke kara rupa meM dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai14 | rAjAoM dvArA, pauNA5. suvarNa-tulAkA86 eMva drambha-7 nAmaka sikke mandiroM ko dAna meM prApta hote the| lekhoM se vivAha eMva mRtyu para bhI rAjya kI Aya hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai| nisantAna eMva sambandhIvihIna vyaktiyoM ke mara jAne para unakI sampatti rAjya kI samajhI jaatii| bahudhA abhiyuktoM se prApta arthadaNDa bhI rAjya kI Aya thii| samaya ya para parAjita dezoM se bhI prabhUta dhana prApta hotA thA88 | grAmoM se rAjya ko vizeSa Aya hotI thii| lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki karoM ko grahaNa karane vAlA eka adhikArI hotA | jise cuMgI adhyakSa kahA gayA hai|90 | jala mArga se kara grahaNa karane vAle ko dhATa adhikArI kahA gayA hai|61 | isa taraha lekhoM meM prApta karoM ke ullekhoM se jJAta hotA ki tatkAlIna samaya meM kara vyavasthA suvyavasthita rahI hogI eMva kara se rAjya ko pazaSa AmadanI hotI rahI hogI162 / rAjA dvArA bhUmi, grAma, AyAta niryAta eMva sthAnIya vikI para prApta karoM ko mandira ke nirmANa, prabandha hetU, RSiyoM ke AhAra eMva dIpa prajvalita karane ke lie dAna dene ke ullekha prApta hote haiM193 | dhArmika siddhAnta __ jaina abhilekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki chaThI zatAbdI se hI mahAvIra ne jainamata kA pracAra kiyA thaa| azoka ke lekhoM meM "nigaMTha" (nirgrantha) zabda kA prayoga jainoM ke lie kiyA gayA hai|94 | jisase jJAta hotA hai ki jaina bhikSu granthi rahita arthAt sAMsArika bhoga, upabhoga se pare eMva punarjanma se mukta hote the| jaina abhilekhoM se isa muktAvasthA ko prApta karane ke lie sAdhana rupa aneka siddhAntoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai| jaina abhilekhoM meM jaina dharma ko do bhAgoM - zrAvaka eMva munidharma meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai jinameM muniyoM ko jaina siddhAntoM kA pAlana ati kaThoratA se karanA hotA thaa| munivrata __ lekhoM se muniyoM dvArA pApa, ajJAna eMva mithyAtva se dUra rahane eMva indriyoM kA damana karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai| ve isake lie ve paMca mahAvratoM - ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya eMva aparigraha kA pAlana karate the|65 | muni AcAra ke antargata trayaratna, bAraha bhAvanAoM dvArA cAroM kaSAyoM ko naSTa karane ke lie nirdezita kiyA gayA hai|66 | muniyoM dvArA bAraha prakAra ke kaThora tapa dvArA karmo kA nAza karane kI

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174 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa karane jAnakArI hotI hai|67 / samyak jJAna darzana eMva cAritra ina trayaratnoM kA mokSa prApti hetu pAlana atyAvazyaka thA | muniyoM dvArA dvAdazAgoM kA adhyayana karane eMva apane upadezoM se manuSyoM ko dhArmika kRtyoM ke karane ke lie protsAhita karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| dharma ko sarvocca sthAna prApta thaa| muni dharma phala ke kAraNa hI nirvANa prApta karate the isake lie muni samitigupti vrata ke pAlana ke sAtha hI sanyAsa vrata ko dhAraNa karate the / ye muni yati bhI hote the, ye tArkika eMva zAstroM ke jJAtA hote the| ye itane adhika zaktizAlI hote ki prasanna hone para sampUrNa rAjya bhI de dete the01 / strI samudAya se mAtRvat vyavahAra karane kI jAnakArI hotI haiN202| .. muniyoM kI taraha zrAvaka bhI jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM kA pAlana karate the| ve saMdha meM rahate eMva mandira nirmANa, jIrNoddhAra, dAnAdi dhArmika kRtyoM ko karate the203 | jaina lekhoM meM rAjAoM ko bhI paMcaaNuvratoM, mahAvratoM kA pAlana karane eMva mA~sa, madya, madhu kA tyAga karanA Avazyaka batalAyA gayA hai| lekhoM meM jhUTha bolanA, yuddha meM bhaya, paradArArata, zaraNArthiyoM ko zaraNa na denA, adhInasthoM ko aparitRpta rakhanA, sabhI se droha, yogya ko chor3a denA, ye sAta naraka ke dvAra batAye gaye haiN| ataeva rAjAoM ko inase bacane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai204 / lekhoM se mRtyu ke samaya paMca parameSThI ko paMcanamaskAra maMtra pUrvaka smaraNa ke ullekha milate hai205 | mandira nirmANa lekhoM se rAjavaMzoM ke sAtha hI sAtha janasAdhAraNa ke jainadharma se prabhAvita hone kI jAnakArI hotI haiN| pUrvamadhyayuga mandira nirmANa kA pramukha kAla thA, sthAna-sthAna para mandiroM kA nirmANa hone lagA206 | janasAdhAraNa207 eMva vibhinna rAjavaMzoM - gaMga208, cAlukya06 raTTa10, hoyyasala11, kadamba12 rAjavaMza dvArA jina mandira nirmANa karAne ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| mandira nirmANa hetu karoM se mukta karake bhUmi eMva grAmadAna kiye jAte the213 / lekhoM se mandira vAstukalA kI jAnakArI nahIM hotI kintu kucha mandiroM kI coTI ratnoM se jar3ita hone eMva gopura hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai|14 / mandiroM meM dvAra, stambha, zAlA eMva maNDapa banAye jAte the| jainamandiroM ke samakSa mAnastambha yA pUjArtha staMbha sthApita kiye jAte the jina para tIrthakaroM kI eMva anya devatAoM kI laTa tu AkRtiyA~ utkIrNa kI jAtI thI215 | ye mandira prAyaH pASANayA IMTa ke banate the para kucha lekhoM meM lakar3I ke mandira banane kI jAnakArI hotI haiM16 | mUrti nirmANa mUrti lekhoM eMva mUrti nirmANa ke hetu dAna dene ke ullekhoM se mandiroM meM

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abhilekha 175 mUrti sthApanA karane ke ullekha milate haiM217 / vizeSakara ye mUrtiyA~ Asanastha banAyIM gayIM haiM21: / mUrtiyoM meM vizeSakara zAmtinAtha, pArzvanAtha, RSabha, mahAvIra eMva candraprabha kI mUrtiyA~ mandiroM meM pratiSThita kI jAtI thI219 | pArzvanAtha kI mUrti khaDgAsanastha hone eMva sarpa ke sapta phaNadhArI chatra hone kI jAnakArI milatI hai / lekhoM se caubIsa tIrthakaroM kI mUrti kI pratiSThA eka hI mandira meM hone ke ullekha prApta hote haiM221 / ye mUrtiyaoN pItala dvArA nirmita hotI hai222 / lekhoM meM ina mUrtiyoM kI sthApanA kA samaya bhI prApta hotA haiM223 / lekhoM se tIrthakaMra kI mUrti ke samAna hI bAhubali eMva gommaTadeva padmAvatI devI kI pratimAoM kI pUjA hetu dAna dene ke ullekha prApta hote hai220 / sone caoNdI, mUMgA, ratnoM eMva paMcadhAtu kI pratimAeM hone kI jAnakArI hotI haiM ye mUrtiyA~ nAmollekha se yukta hotI hai225 | __jaina zAstroM meM pratyeka tIrthakara ke yakSa eMva yakSI hone kA ullekha milatA hai| devagar3ha ke mukhya mandira kI bhittiyoM para jo tIrthakara kI jainamUrtiyA~ utkIrNa haiM unake sAtha unakI yakSiyoM kI mUrtiyA~ eMva zIrSaka bhI prApta hote haiN| inameM samayollekha bhI kiyA gayA hai26 | yakSiNiyoM ke utkIrNa nAma ye haiM - bhagavatI sarasvatI-abhinandana, sulocanA-padmaprabha, mayUravAhinI-supArzva, sumAlinI-candraprabha, bahurupI-puSpadanta, zrIyAdevI-zItalanAtha, baDI-zreyAMsa, siddhadU-munisubrata abhaMgaratina-vAsupUjya, sulakSaNA-vimalanAtha, anantavIryA, - anantanAtha, surakSita-dharmanAtha, zrIyAdevI-zAMtinAtha, ardikaravi-kunthunAtha, tArAdevI, - aranAtha, himAvatI-mallinAtha, hayavaI-naminAtha eMva apraajitaa-vrdhmaan|| jaina abhilekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki adhikAMzataH jaina mUrtiyoM kI pahacAna una para utkIrNa lAMcchanoM eMva paricAyaka cinhoM se hotI hai| yathA - zAntinAtha kI hirana se, mallanAtha kI kalaza se, sambhavanAtha kI azva se, padamaprabha kI kamala se eMva AdinAtha kI vRSabha se / abhilekhoM meM ina tIrthakaroM ke mandiroM ke lie - caitya, basati, harmya, mandira, vaizya, vihAra, bhuvana, prasAda, eMva sthAna zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| lekhoM se jina mandira ke donoM ora lokapAloM kI mUrtiyA~ banAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai227 / lekhoM se tIrthakaMroM kI mUrtiyoM ke abhiSeka, pUjA eMva kalyANotsava sampanna kiye jAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai28 | dAna : (dAtavya vastue~) jaina abhilekhIya sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki dAna dharma kA eka Avazyaka aMga thaa| mandira nirmANa prakriyA meM vRddhi hone se bhUmi eMva grAma dAna vizeSataH diye jAte the| lekhoM se mandiroM ke jIrNoddhAra, nirmANa, prabandha, dainika pratimA pUjA,

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176 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa abhiSeka, RSi varga ke AhAra, tapasviyoM kI sevA, divya vratiyoM, zAstra likhane vAloM, vidyArthiyoM eMva vAcanAlaya nirmANa hetu vibhinna rAjavaMzoM dvArA grAma eMva bhUmi dAna diye jAne ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| bhUmi eMva grAma kara mukta karake dAna meM diye jAte the226 | bhUmi eMva grAma dAna ke atirikta kheta, bagIcA, dukAna, vRkSa, tAlAba, nadI, kuA, makAna Adi sthAyI vastueM bhI dAna meM dI jAtI thI20 / isake sAtha hI pratimA pUjA, puSpoM eMva dIpaka jalAne hetu tela kI cakkI, tela, cAvala ke kSetra, anAja kA hissA, zaharoM kI cuMgI, gaoNva ke ghATa kI AmadanI eMva anyAnya sthAnIya kara, kAlImirca, akharoTa, pAna Adi vikrI kI Aya, kolhU, khAda ke gaDDe, ghI, muphta zrama, bherI zaMkha, cAmara, nagAr3e, suvarNa eMva suvarNa ke bane AbhUSaNa, gAya, bakarI, ghor3e eMva dAsa dAsI rAjakIya eMva sAmAnya vyaktiyoM dvArA dAna meM diye jAte the231 | lekhoM meM samAja ke dhanika varga dvArA vArSika candA dene ke ullekha prApta hote haiM32 lekhoM se dAna dete samaya sAkSiyoM ke upasthita rahane kI jAnakArI hotI hai233 | dharma ko rAjakIya saMrakSaNa prApta hone ke pariNAma svarupa dhArmika kriyA kalApoM meM samagra rupa se AcAra viSayaka siddhAntoM ko kriyAnvita kiyA jA rahA hai yA nahIM hetu rAjA dvArA rAjapaDitoM kI niyukti kI jAtI thI234 / bhUmidAna prakaraNoM meM yuvarAja se lekara grAma pramukha taka ke samasta zAsana adhikAriyoM se dAna prApta karane vAle vyakti kI adhikAra rakSA kA anurodha kiyA gayA hai| dAna ke avasara abhilekhIya sAhitya meM prApta mAha, pakSa, tithi, vAra saMkAnti Adi ke ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki dAna dene kI prakriyA meM ucita eMva zubha samaya kA vicAra Avazyaka thaa| vizeSa dinoM, eMva nakSatroM meM dAna dene, mandira nirmANa eMva jIrNoddhAra Adi karAne kA vizeSa mAhAtmya hotA thA235 / sUrya eMva candragrahaNa athavA kisI mukhya parva ke avasara para dAna dene eMva mandira nirmANa karAne kA vidhAna thA76 | grahaNa ke atirikta ekAdazI, akSayatRtIyA, saMkrAnti, adhika mAsa, uttarAyaNa, pUrNimA Adi dAna ke zubha avasara mAne jAte the237 / putra janmAbhiSeka, rAjyAbhiSeka eMva vijaya ke avasaroM para rAjAoM dvArA dAna dene ke ullekha prApta hote haiM238 | tIrthayAtrA ke samaya brAhmaNoM ko dAna dene eMva unakI AjIvikA ke lie satra kholane kI jAnakArI hotI hai236 / dAna kI paddhati dAna ke avasara para dAna dene vAlA vyakti upavAsa rakhakara, jina kI pUjA karake saMkalpa karatA thaa| saMkalpa meM dAnagrAhI ke gotra ke sAtha nAma kA uccAraNa

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abhilekha 177 kiyA jAtA thaa| usa samaya purohita svastivAcana karatA thaa| dAna meM dI gayI vastu se dAnakartA eMva usake parivAra kA kisI prakAra koI sambandha nahIM rahatA thaa| dAna meM dI gayI vastu se hone vAlI Aya para adhikAra rAjA kA na hokara dAnagrAhI kA hotaa| dAnakartA zAsaka rAjakarmacAriyoM eMva sAkSiyoM ke sammukha ghoSaNA karatA ki ye bhUbhAga athavA vastu amuka gotra ke vyakti (AcArya) amuka AcArya ke ziSya, brAhmaNa yA dhArmika saMsthA ko de diyA gayA hai| dAnagrAhI ko saba prakAra ke kara vasUla karane kA adhikAra diyA jAtA hai| isake sAtha hI rAjA dvArA apane uttarAdhikAriyoM ke lie isa bAta ke ullekha karane ki dAna diye gaye bhUbhAga ko vApasa lene athavA dAna meM bAdhA pahuMcAne para vaha narakagAmI hogaa| eMva isa niyama kA pAlana karane para svarga kI prApti hogI, ke ullekha prAyaH sabhI dAna patroM meM prApta hote haiN| ye zloka smRti granthoM se liye gaye haiM-40 / samAdhimaraNa muniyoM, AryikAoM, zrAvaka eMva zrAvikAoM eMva rAjakIya parivAra ke vyaktiyoM dvArA samAdhimaraNa dvArA prANatyAga karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai| samAdhimaraNa ke upalakSya meM smAraka nirmANa kiye jAte241 / samAdhimaraNa se sambandhita lekhoM meM prApta tithiyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki sAtavI, AThavI, zatAbdI meM sallekhanA kA pracAra paravartI zatAbdiyoM kI apekSAkRta adhika thaa| lekhoM meM ise sallekhanA, samAdhi, sanyAsa, vrata upavAsa, tapa anazana dvArA maraNa, eMva svArohaNa kahA gayA hai42 / kabhI kabhI to sallekhanA (maraNa) kI sUcanA kevala muniyoM eMva zrAvakoM kI niSadyAoM (smArakoM) se patA calatA hai243 / lekhoM se.una tithiyoM, vAroM, eMva pakSoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiM jisa dina sallekhanA vidhi se prANatyAga karanA zubha mAnA jAtA thaa| AcAryo dvArA sallekhanA vidhi se prANatyAga karane ke ullekha AcAryoM kI prazastiyoM meM prApta hote haiN| dhArmika sahiSNutA abhilekhIya sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki pUrvamadhyakAlIna zAsaka dharma sahiSNu the| chaThI zatAbdI I0vI0 se pUrva se hI jainadharma ke sAtha anya dharmo ke pracalita hone eMva rAjAoM dvArA rAjyAzraya pradAna karane kI jAnakArI hotI haiN| jainAcAryo eMva anya dharmavettAoM dvArA paristhitiyoM ke anusAra apane apane dharma kI rakSA ke lie samAja meM anya dharmo se sambandhita pracalita siddhAntoM ko apanAyA gyaa| cAlukya vaMzIya lekha se zaiva, bauddha eMva brAhmaNa dharma se sambandhita sabhI devatAoM ke mandira hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai245 | jaina abhilekha prAyaH jinakA maMgalAcaraNa "U~ namo

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178 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa sarvajJAya, U~ namo vItarAgAya Adi se hotA hai, kinhI kinhIM lekhoM meM maMgalAcaraNa hindU devatAoM ke nAmoM dvArA prApta hotA hai | lekhoM se vaiSNava dharma kI apekSA jainadharma zaivadharma ke adhika nikaTa lakSita hotA hai| tantrAloka meM zaivadharma ke vibhinna sampradAyoM meM arhat (jaina) kI gaNanA kI gayI hai247 / pUrvamadhyayugIna rAjavaMzoM dvArA jaina eMva zaivadharma ko rAjyAzraya denA isa kathana kI puSTi karatA hai| hoyayasala vaMzI jaina rAjA viSNuvarddhana dvArA ziva mandira banavAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai48 | cAlukyarAjA kumArapAla eMva somezvara dvArA zivamandira ke lie gaoNva dAna dene ke ullekha prApta hote haiM249 | jaina lekhoM meM jaina maMgalAcaraNa ke pazcAt ziva ke aneka nAmoM se unakI stuti eMva Adizakti pArvatI ke sAtha pUjA karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM250 / kadambavaMzIya rAjA brAhmaNa dharmAnuyAyI hote hue bhI jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM ko bhUmidAna dete the51 | rASTrakUTa vaMzI amodhavarSa pramukha rupa se jainamatAbalambI thA, abhilekhoM se usake mahAkAlI ke upAsaka hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai252 / isI prakAra brAhamaNoM dvArA jainoM ke eMva jainoM dvArA zaivoM ke mandira nirmANa karAne eMva dAnAdi dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai253 / lekhoM se gyArahavIM bArahavI zatAbdI meM jainadharma eMva zaivadharma ke bIca vivAda hone eMva zaivadharma ke vijayI hone ke ullekha milate haiM254 | jaina lekhoM meM zivamandiroM eMva ziva kI pUjA kA mAhAtmya varNana kiyA gayA hai255 | - lekhoM se jainadharmAnuyAyiyoM dvArA anya paurANika devI devatAoM kI pUjA karane, dAna dene ke sAtha hI samanvayavAdI rupa ko bhI apanAyA gyaa| jayasiMha ke belUra zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai ki akkhAdevI ne jaina, bauddha, eMva anantavidhi tathA zAstroM ke anusAra kriyAeM kI256 / katipaya lekhoM meM jina, viSNu eMva zambhu ko eka rupa meM namaskAra kiyA gayA hai257 / pUrvamadhyakAla meM jainAcAryoM ne jina, buddha, viSNu eMva ziva ko eka hI tatva ke rupa meM mAnA gayA hai| isI kAraNa viSNu eMva ziva ke sahastranAmoM meM se katipaya nAma jina ke lie prayukta kiye gaye hai258 | jainAcArya hinduoM ke avatAra vAda se prabhAvita hokara RSabha ke dasa bhavoM pUrvajanmoM kI kalpanA karate hue pAye jAte haiM256 | jainavidyA kI deviyoM meM sarasvatI se sahAyatA prApta karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai260 | gaNeza kI aTThAraha bhujAvAlI eka mUrti milI hai jise jainadharmAnuyAyI pUjate rhe| cAhamAna lekha se rAjA alhaNadeva dvArA sUrya kI pUjA karane eMva dAna dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai261 | cola rAjA vIra cola dvArA tiruppAnmalaika devatA ke lie gA~va kI AmadanI dAna meM dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai262 | gaMgavaMzIya rAjAoM dvArA padmAvatI nAmaka devI ke mandira ko cirakAla taka ke lie paNa nAmaka sikke dAna dene eMva prasanna hokara devI dvArA rAjya eMva talavAra ke sAtha vara dene kI jAnakArI lekhoM se hotI hai|63 | jvAlinI devI eMva kalideva kI upAsanA hone eMva unake mandira hetu dAna dene ke bhI ullekha prApta hote haiM264

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abhilekha 176 __rAjya kI ora se anya devI devatAoM ke mandira nirmANa ke ullekha milate haiM sambhavataH ye devI devatA alaga-alaga gA~voM se sambandhita rahe hoMge265 / lekhoM se tatkAlIna samAja meM tantra mantroM kA vyApaka prasAra hone eMva maMtroM dvArA devI ko prasanna karane kI jAnakArI milatI hai / tIrthakaMroM kI mUrtiyoM ke pAsa unakI adhiSThAtrI devI kI mUrtiyoM ko sthApita kiyA jAtA thA267 / abhilekhIya sAhitya se tIrthakaroM ke kevala jJAna utpanna hone eMva nirvANa prApti ke samaya indra dvArA pUjA karane eMva rAjA dvArA darzana pUjA Adi karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM268 | jaina samAja meM yakSayakSiNiyoM kI pUjA prathA vihita rhii| ye martiyaoN tIrthakaroM ke pArzvabhAga meM sthApita kI jAtI thI266 / kulotuMgacoladeva dvArA yakSI eMva trichatrAdhipatideva kI taoNbe kI mUrti banavAne, mandira jIrNodvAra karAne evaM usameM kolhu, cAvala ke kSetra eMva dukAna dAna meM dene ke varNana prApta hote haiM270 | jaina jagata meM pUjya yakSayakSiNiyoM kI mUrtiyoM kA ullekha abhilekhoM meM sAmAnyatayA pAyA jAtA hai271 / lekhoM meM prApta ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne vibhinna dhArmika tatvoM meM samanvaya sthApita kiyaa| apane dharma kI rakSA eMva vyApaka rupa pradAna karane hetu anya dharmo ke tatvoM ko AtmasAta kiyaa| unakA mUla uddezya pUrva se pazcima, uttara se dakSiNa taka aMgoM eMva pUrvo meM Akalita jaina saMskRti ko vistRta eMva vyApaka rupa pradAna karanA thaa| jainasaMgha eMva AcAryoM kI vaMzAvalI jaina zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra se lekara unake gaNa eMva gaNadharoM kI paramparA kA smaraNa karate hue kAlAntara ke guru ziSya paramparA ke dvArA apane vidyAvaMza kI pUrI vaMzAvali rakhanA cAhate the| unake dharmazAsaka AcAryo kI guru ziSya paramparA rAjavaMzIya paramparA kI bhaoNti hI calatI thI272 / isI kAraNa jaina paramparA meM jaina saMgha kI sthApanA huyii| kalpasUtra meM jaina saMgha ke saMgaThana kI mUla rekhA jJAta hotI hai jaina saMgha bhikSuoM kA varga thA jo apane se choTe bhikSuoM ko dhArmika pustakoM kA adhyayana karAte the| abhilekhoM se jaina saMgha meM cAra adhikAriyoM - antevAsin, gaNin, vAcaka eMva zraddhAkara ke hone ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| abhilekhoM meM "vAcaka zabda I0pU0 se hI prApta hotA hai| 7vIM zatAbdI ke lekhoM meM AcArya, upAdhyAya, sUri, ganina, eMva bhaTTAraka zabdoM ko pAte haiN| inakA sthAna atyadhika mahatvapUrNa thaa| 10vI 12vIM zatAbdI ke digambara lekhoM meM saMgha ke viziSTa adhikArI ko mahAmaMDalAcArya kahA gayA hai| ye zakti eMva adhikAra meM zreSTha hote the kabhI kabhI ye kevala AcArya kahe jAte the jo zikSA eMva dIkSA dete the| sAdhAraNa sAdhuoM ko antevAsi, antevAsin ziSya, ziSyANI, samana eMva

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180 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa samanazrAvikA kahA jAtA thaa| ganin zabda suzikSita ziSya ke lie kahA gayA hai jo inake sammAna kA sUcaka thA273 | ... dhIre-dhIre ina saMghoM kA prAntIya saMgaThana hone lagA ye saMgha gaNa nAma se prasiddha the, gaNoM meM kaI kula hote the ina kuloM kI kaI zAkhAyeM hotI thiiN| isake atirikta ye dhArmika saMgha sambhAgoM meM vibhAjita the| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pazcAt jaina saMgha meM sampradAya bheda hotA hai| IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM ke digambara zvetAmbara sampradAya bheda ke arddhaaitihAsika upAkhyAna haribhadra eMva zAntisUri kI TIkAoM meM milate haiN| jaina saMghoM ke kAryoM kA kendra jaba mathurA se gujarAta eMva rAjapUtAnA kI ora bar3hatA hai taba asaMkhya gacchoM kA udaya hotA hai| inameM bahuta se kSetrIya rupa meM utpanna hue| gacchoM kA vikAsa ziSyoM eMva praziSyoM ke rupa meM bhI huA, isI kAraNa madhyakAla meM dakSiNa bhArata meM kucha naye saMghoM aura unakI naI zAkhAoM - gaNa, gaccha, anvaya eMva baliyoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| abhilekhIya sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki dakSiNa bhArata meM sarvaprathama bhadravAhu dvitIya Aye the aura jainadharma kA prArambha inake dvArA hI huA74 | zilAlekhoM se cauthI pAMcavI zatAbdI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM jainasaMgha ke vizAla do sampradAya-zvetapaTa mahAzramaNa saMgha eMva nirgrantha mahAzramaNa saMgha ke hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai75 | nirgrantha mahAzramaNa saMgha kI sthApanA bhadravAhu dvitIya dvArA kiye jAne ke ullekha prApta hote haiM276 | nirgrantha zabda kA prayoga mahAvIra eMva unake anuyAyI sampradAya mAtra ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa| isa sampradAya ke AcAryo ke nAma para bhUmi, grAma Adi dAna meM diye jAte the277 / isake pazcAt kAlIna zilAlekhoM meM nirgrantha sampradAya kA ullekha prApta nahIM hotA hai aura isake sthAna para 5vIM zatAbdI I0 meM mUla saMgha kA ullekha prApta hotA hai278 / sambhavataH dakSiNa bhArata meM zvetAmbara sampradAya ko digambara sampradAya se bhinna spaSTa karane ke lie mUla saMgha kA prayoga kiyA jAne lgaa| mUla saMgha __ mUla saMgha kA sarvaprathama ullekha cauthI pAMcavI zatAbdI meM prApta hotA hai| zilA lekhoM se mUla saMgha ke antargata gaNa gaccha eMva anvaya, bali kI jAnakArI sAMtavI zatAbdI (687 I0) ke lekhoM se hotI hai281 / lekhoM se mUlasaMgha ke devagaNa, senagaNa, deziyagaNa, sUrasthagaNa, kAnUragaNa eMva balAtkAra gaNa kI jAnakArI hotI haiN| ina gaNoM kA nAmakaraNa : sambhavataH AcAryo ke nAmAntara zabdo athavA prAnta sthAna ke nAmoM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai|

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abhilekha 181 __11vIM zatAbdI ke AcArya indranandi ke (zrutAvatAra) eMva lekhoM se zaka saM0 1320 meM mUla saMgha meM vivAda utpanna hone eMva isake sAtha hI arhabali AcArya dvArA sena, nandi, siMha, deva nAma se cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai282 | kucha lekhoM meM aMkalaka deva ke pazcAt saMgha ke vibhAjita hone ke ullekha prApta hote hai| ina gaNoM meM AcAra vyavahAra kI dRSTi se pArasparika bheda nahIM the284 | kunda-kunda ko mUlasaMdhagraNI mAnA gayA hai285 | 1 devagaNa mUla saMgha ke anya guNoM meM devagaNa prAcIna hai| lekhoM meM isakA sarvaprathama ullekha pazcimI cAlukya rAMjavaMza ke 7vIM zatAbdI I0 vI0 ke abhilekhoM meM prApta hotA hai| jisameM devagaNa ke AcArya udayadeva, rAmadeva, jayadeva, vijayadeva ko grAma dAna dene ke ullekha prApta hote haiM286 | isake pazcAt gaMgarAjA mArasiMha deva dvArA eka deva eMva jayadeva AcArya ko dAna dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai287 | devagaNa kA antima ullekha 11vIM zatAbdI ke eka lekha jisameM devagaNa ke aMka deva mahIdeva ke gRhastha ziSya dvArA jinAlaya nirmANa karane kA varNana hai, meM prApta hotA hai88 | ina lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki isa gaNa kA nAma AcAryoM ke nAmAnta para rakhA gayA pratIta hotA hai| 2 senagaNa lekhoM meM isa gaNa kA prAcInatama ullekha san 821 ke lekha meM prApta hotA hai| jisameM gujarAta ke rASTrakUTa zAsaka karkarAja dvArA senasaMgha ke mallavAdi ke ziSya sumatipUjyapAda ke ziSya aparAjita guru ko hiraNyayogA nAmaka kheta dAna dene kA ullekha hai| isa lekha meM senasaMgha ko "catuSTaya mUla saMgha kA udayAnvaya senasaMgha' kahA hai286 | 10 vIM zatAbdI pUrvArddha ke eka lekha meM senagaNa ko senAnvaya kahA gayA hai eMva kanakasena mani ko eka kheta dAna dene kA ullekha hai| isa lekha se kanaka sena kI guru paramparA jJAta hotI hai90 / uparyukta do lekhoM se senagaNa ke AcAryo kI vaMzAvalI jJAta hotI hai| jaina abhilekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki senagaNa ke tIna upabheda the| 1 pogari yA hogari gaccha, 2 pustaka gaccha, 3 caMdraka vATa anvy| pogAriyA hogari gaccha lekhoM meM ise "mUlasaMgha-senAnvaya kA pogariyagaNa" kahA gayA hai jisase jJAta hotA hai ki yaha senagaNa kA upabheda thaa| isake AcAyoM ko dAna dene kI

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182 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa jAnakArI hotI hai261 / eka lekha meM ise hogari gaccha bhI kahA gayA hai262 . lekhoM meM prApta AcAryoM ke nAma se ise gaccha kI AcArya paramparA nahIM dI jA sakatI hai| candraka vATa anvaya lekhoM se isa anvaya ke AcArya nayasena ko sindakula ke saradAra kaMca rasa dvArA eMva nayasena ke ziSya narendrasena dvitIya ko droNa nAmaka adhikArI dvArA dAna diye jAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai| ina lekhoM se isa anvaya kI guru ziSya paramparA jJAta hotI hai| senagaNa ke tIsare bheda pustaka gaccha kA ullekha 14 vIM zatAbdI ke lekhoM meM huA hai| isI taraha senagaNa kA ullekha anyalekhoM meM prApta hai jo 12 vIM zatAbdI ke bAda ke haiN| dezIgaNa aura kauNDa kundAnvaya lekhoM meM deziya, dezika, desiya, desiga eMva mahAdezigaNa nAma prApta hotA hai ki deziya zabda deza zabda se nikalA hai| "deza" yaha eka vizeSa prAnta rahA hogaa| isa deza nAmaka prAnta meM rahane vAle sAdhu samudAya ko desiya kahA gayA hogA jo kSetrIya AdhAra para eka pramukhagaNa ke rupa meM pariNita ho gyaa| a-pustakagavcha yA kauNDakundAnvaya ___rASTrakUTa rAjAamodhavarSa ke 860 I0 ke lekha se isa deziyagaNa ke koNDakundAnvaya ke. Adi AcArya devendra muni jJAta hote haiM64 jinakA nAmollekha anya lekhoM meM bhI prApta hotA hai| ina lekhoM se isa gaNa kI AcArya paramparA jJAta hotI haiM265 | lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki isa gaNa ke AcAryo ke nAma ke sAtha bhaTTAra pada jur3A hai| ye ina AcAyoM kI upAdhi hai266 | lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha kauNDakundAnvaya pustaka gaccha kA vizeSaNa hai kyoMki lekhoM meM kauNDa kundAnvaya se pUrva pustakagaccha kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| sarvaprathama mUlasaMgha kauNDakundAnvaya kA ullekha 1044 I0meM prApta hotA hai267 / lekhoM meM kaunDakundAnvaya ko eka gaNa bhI kahA gayA hai eMva isa anvaya ke AcArya mauni siddhAntadeva bhaTAra28 eMva anya tIna AcAryo - toraNAcArya, puSpanandi eMva prabhacandra nAma diye gaye haiM.66 | pustaka gaccha - panasoge bali lekhoM se pustaka gaccha ke dUsare upabheda panasoge (hanasoge) bali jJAta hotA hai| yaha karnATaka prAnta kA eka sthAna thA jo dezIgaNa kA kendra thaa| bAda meM kSetrIya

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abhilekha 183 AdhAra para isakA udaya huaa| isakA sarvaprathama ullekha 10vIM zatAbdI ke lekhoM meM prApta hotA hai| jisase isa gaNa ke mandira hone evaM caMgAlva narezoM dvArA saMrakSaNa prApta hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai / 300 lekhoM saM panasoge bali kI AcArya paramparA bhI jJAta hotI hai / 201 isa bali ke AcAryoM dvArA samAdhimaraNa karane202 evaM mUrti sthApita karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai / 203 pustakagaccha - iMgulezvara bali lekhoM se pustaka gaccha ke dUsare upabheda haMgulezvara bali kI jAnakArI hotI hai304 / isa bali ke AcArya prAyaH kolhApura ke Asa-pAsa rahate the205 / lekhoM se guru ziSya paramparA kramAnusAra prApta nahIM hotii| AryasaMghagRhakula rAjA udyotakezarI ke khaNDagiri se prApta 10 vIM zatAbdI ke lekha se dezIyagaNa ke isa AryasaMghagrahakula ke AcArya kulacandra ke ziSya zubhacandra kI i candrakarAcAryAmnAya kalcuri rAjA gayAvarNa ke sAmanta rASTrakUTa golhaNa deva ke 12 vIM zatAbdI ke eka lekha se isa apamnAya ke AcArya subhadra dvArA mandira kI pratiSThA hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai| I maiNadAnvaya dezIgaNa ke isa upabheda kI jAnakArI 13 vIM zatAbdI ke lekha se hotI hai| lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki mUlasaMgha ke deMzIgaNa kA ullekha prAyaH mUlasaMgha dezIgaNa ke nAma se haA hai306 / kucha lekhoM meM dezIgaNa kA ullekha binA kisI anvaya, Adi ke ullekha ke huA hai310 | 4 sUrasthagaNa lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki mUla saMgha kA eka gaNa sUrasthagaNa nAma se prasiddha thaa| lekhoM meM isakA sUrasta, surASTra eMva sUrastha nAma se ullekha hai311 / sUrasthagaNa prArambha meM mUla saMgha ke senagaNa se sambandhita thaa|12 | sUrastha gaNa kA sarvaprathama ullekha gaMgarAjA mArasiMha ke san 662 ke tAmrapatra meM prApta hotA hai| isameM prabhAcandra kalneladeva-ravicandra-elAcArya isa AcArya paramparA kA varNana hai13 |

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184 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa lekhoM se isa gaNa ke do upabhedoM - kaurura gaccha eMva citrakUTAnvaya kI jAnakArI hotI hai| kaurura gaccha cAlukya samrATa - Ahavamalla ke sAmanta vAjikula ke nAgadeva ke san 1007 ke lekha se isakI patnI dvArA sUrasIgaNa - kaururagaccha ke arhaNandi paNDita ko dAna dene se hotI hai314 | citrakUTAnvaya ___lekhoM se isa anvaya ke zrI nandipaMDita kI AcArya paramparA jJAta hotI hai15 | zrI nandi eMva guruvandhu bhAskaranandi ke samAdhimaraNa ke smAraka rupa meM lekha likhAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai316 | cAlukya rAjA jagadekamalla ke san 1148 ke eka lekha se citrakUTAnvaya kI eka anya AcArya paramparA kI jAnakArI hotI hai jinako jinAlaya ke lie bhUmidAna kI gayI thI17 | 5 kANuragaNa / kANura kisI sthAna vizeSa ko sUcita karatA he sambhavataH kSetrIya AdhAra para isa gaNa kA vikAsa huA ho| gaMgavaMza ke rAjA rakkasagaMga tathA nanniyagaMga ke 10 vIM zatAbdI ke eka lekha se kANUragaNa ke candrasiddhAnta deva ko grAma kI kucha bhUmi dAna dene ke sAtha hI kANUragaNa kI AcArya paramparA vistRta rupa se prApta hotI hai18 | lekhoM se isa gaNa ke tIna gacchoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai| tintriNI gaccha hoyasala rAjA viSNuvardhana ke mahApradhAnadaNDanAyaka dvArA isa gaccha ke meghacandradeva ko bhUmidAna kI jAnakArI hotI hai316 | isa gaccha kA ullekha maisUra se prApta pArzvanAtha mUrti ke pITha ke lekha para bhI prApta hotA hai320 | lekhoM se tintriNIka gaccha kI AcArya paramparA jJAta hotI hai321 / tintriNIya gaccha ke municandra eMva unake ziSya kalyANI ke cAlukyoM ke adhIna sAmantoM ke guru the, ve yantra tantra maMtra meM ati pravINa the, ye maNDalAcArya kahalAte the tathA isa pada para 40 varSa taka rahe22 / isake sAtha hI bandaNikApura ke adhipati hone kI jAnakArI prApta hotI hai323 | meSapASANa gaccha gaMgavaMzIya rAjAoM ke lekhoM se isa gaccha ke AcArya ko bhUmidAna dene 24

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abhilekha . . 185 eMva AcAryo kI vaMzAvalI jJAta hotI hai325 | hoyyasala vaMza ke pradhAnamantrI dvArA isa gaccha ke AcAryo ko bhUmidAna karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai26 | lekhoM se isa kANUragaNa meSapASANagaccha ke eka AcArya siMhanandI dvArA gaMga rAjavaMza kI nIva rakhane kI jAnakArI hotI hai327 / gaMga nareza isa gaccha ke AcAryo ke bhakta the aura unheM dAnAdi se sammAnita karate the| lekhoM se kadamvavaMza dvArA isa gaccha ke AcAryo ko bhUmidAna kI jAnakArI hotI hai328 | pustakagaccha pArzvanAtha basadi ke pASANa se san 1150 ke lekha se kANUragaNa ke pustakagaccha kI jAnakArI hotI hai326 | balAtkAragaNa lekhoM meM isa gaNa kA ullekha sarvaprathama gaMgapemArDi ke 1071 I0 ke lekha meM prApta hotA hai jisase isa gaNa ke guNakIrti ko grAmadAna dene eMva isake AcAryo kI guru ziSya paramparA kI jAnakArI hotI hai330 | yApanIya saMgha lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki kadamba, cAlukya, gaMga, rASTrakUTa eMva raTTavaMza ke rAjAoM ko yApanIya saMgha eMva isake sAdhuoM ko bhUmidAnAdi diye gye| kadamba vaMza ke lekhoM se isa vaMza dvArA yApanIya saMgha ko caityAlaya kI marammata, pUjA Adi ke lie bhUmidAna dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai331 | gaMgavaMzIya rAjA avinIta dvArA yApanIya saMgha dvArA anuSThita jina mandira ke lie bhUmi dene ke ullekha prApta haiM lekha meM yAvanika zabda prApta hotA hai332 | yApanIya saMgha ke AcAryo dvArA samAdhimaraNa karane eMva smAraka banavAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai333 / lekhoM se yApanIya saMgha ke gaNoM eMva gacchoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai| nandigaNa nandigaNa isa sampradAya kA pramukha hai| lekha se jJAta hotA hai ki isa gaccha ke AcAryoM kA nAma vizeSataH nandyanta aura kIrtyanta hotA thA34 | nandi saMgha kaI gaNoM meM vibhakta thA - kanakopalasambhUta vRkSamUla gaNa35 zrImUlamUlagaNa336 tathA punnAgavRkSamUla gaNa pramukha the| lekhoM se inakI AcArya paramparAaiM jJAta hotI haiN| isa yApanIya saMgha ke nandigaNa ko mUlasaMgha dvArA apanAyA gyaa| lekhoM meM mUlasaMgha ke dezIya gaNa ko

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186 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa isakA prabheda mAnA gayA hai| zravaNavelgolA se prApta kaI lekhoM meM mUlasaMgha nandIgaNa pustakagaccha kI AcArya paramparA dI gayI hai jo yApanIya saMgha ke nandigaNa ke AcAryo se milatI huyI hai337 / punnAgavRkSamUlagaNa punnAgavRkSamUla gaNa ke AcAryoM ko dAna dene ke ullekha prApta hote haiM338 | zilAhAra vaMza ke san 1165 ke eka lekha se isa gaNa kI guru paramparA jJAta hotI hai336 | kumudigaNa naMvI zatAbdI ke eka lekha se isa gaNa ke mahAvIra guru ke ziSya amaramudala guru dvArA dezavallabha jinAlaya nirmANa karAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai| lekhoM se isake kucha AcAryoM kA bhI varNana prApta hotA hai340 / kaNDUragaNa lekhoM se yApanIya saMgha ke isa kaNDUra gaNa kI guru ziSya paramparA eMva unheM dAna dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai341 / cAlukya samrATa vikramAditya SaSTha ke lekha meM yApanIya saMgha ko sudharma gaNadhara kI paramparA se sambandhita batalAte hue kaNDUragaNa ke kucha AcAryo kA varNana kiyA gayA hai lekina unameM paraspara sambandha spaSTa nahIM hai342 / kAreyagaNa' raTTa vaMzIya narezoM ke lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki prathama nareza pRthvI rAma ke guru kAreyagaNa ke guNakIrti ke ziSya indrakIrti the43 / lekhoM se guNakIrti se lekara devakIrti taka isa gaNa kI AcArya paramparA jJAta hotI hai344 | raTTavaMzIya rAjAoM dvArA isa gaNa ke AcAryoM ko dAna diye gaye45 | ye gaNa yApanIya saMgha se hI udbhUta thA346 | lekhoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki yApanIya saMgha cauthI zatAbdI se 10 vIM zatAbdI taka susaMgaThita rupa meM thaa| isa saMgha ke punnAgavRkSamUlagaNa, balahArigaNa, aura kaNDUragaNa mUlasaMgha meM zAmila kara liye gye| nandisaMgha pahale draviNa saMgha eMva pIche mUlasaMgha meM mila gyaa| ___ yApanIya saMgha dakSiNa bhArata ke zvetAmbara eMva digamvara sampradAya ke AcAroM vicAroM kA mizrita rupa thaa| isa saMgha ke AcArya digambaroM ke samAna nagna rahate, morapicchI rakhate eMva pANitalabhojI the| isake sAtha hI ye mUrtipUjaka the aura inameM

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abhilekha 187 zraddhA rakhane vAloM ko ye dharmopadeza se lAbhAnvita krte| dUsarI aura ye zvetAmbaroM ke samAna strImukti, kaivalIkavalAhAra aura sagranthAvasthA bhI mAnate the| sambhavataH ye saMgha zvetAmbara digambara sampradAya ke bIca kI kar3I the347 | 3. drAvir3a saMgha isa saMgha ke prApta lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki kaugADalva vaMza, zAntaravaMza eMva hoyyasala rAjavaMzo dvArA isa saMgha ko saMrakSaNa prApta thaa| hoyasala vaMza ke prApta eka lekha meM isa saMgha ko dravilasaMgha koNDakundAnvaya kahA gayA hai|48 eMva kucha anya lekhoM meM isakA dravir3agaNa ke rupa meM nandisaMgha irugaMDlAnvaya yA arugaMDlAnvaya ke sAtha ullekha kiyA gayA hai346 | ina lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki prArambha meM isa dravir3a saMgha ne apanA AdhAra mUla saMgha yA kundakundAnvaya ko banAyA hogA bAda meM yApanIya saMgha ke nandisaMgha se apanA sambandha bar3hAyA aura usameM antarhita ho gayA aura usake bAda yaha apane prabhAva se pRthak saMgha ke rupa meM A gyaa| lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki isa saMgha ke sAdhu basadi yA jaina mandiroM meM rahate the| guNasena paMDita kI gRhastha ziSyA dvArA apane guru kI pratimA banavAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai350 | hoyyasala vaMza ke lekhoM se drAvir3a saMgha irugaMlAnvaya ke gautama se lekara AcAryoM kI paramparA jJAta hotI hai351 / isa saMgha ke AcAryoM dvArA samAdhimaraNa karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai.52 | hoyyasala rAjA narasiMha dvArA isa saMgha ke AdinAtha eMva pArzvanAtha basadi ke lie dAna dene ke ullekha prApta hote haiM353 / isa saMgha ke lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki isa saMgha ke AcAryoM ne padmAvatI devI kI pUjA eMva pratiSThA ke prasAra meM mahatvapUrNa kArya kiye| zAMtara eMva hoyyasala vaMza ke Adi rAjAoM dvArA padmAvatI devI ke prabhAva se rAjya sattA pAne kI jAnakArI hotI hai354 | lekhoM meM isa saMgha ko dramiDa, dravir3a, draviNa, draviDa, drAviDa, davila, daravila nAma se ullikhita kiyA gayA hai| lekhoM meM prApta samayollekha se jJAta hotA hai ki isa saMgha ke sabhI lekha 10 vIM zatAbdI ke yA bAda ke haiN| 4 mAthurasaMgha __jaina lekhoM se mAthura saMgha meM chatrasena nAma ke AcArya kI jAnakArI hotI hai jo dharmopadeza se zrotAoM ko lAbhAnvita karate the55 | isa anvaya ke mahAmuni guNabhadra dvArA lekha likhane kI jAnakArI hotI hai jisase sAbhara ke cauhAna rAjAoM kI vaMzAvalI cAhamAna se somezvara taka jJAta hotI hai356 | lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki mAthurasaMgha nAma sthAna ke AdhAra para par3A hai| mathurA prAcIna kAla se jainadharma kA pramukha sthAna rahA hai mathurA nagara yA prAnta kA jo

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188 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa munisaMgha hai vaha mAthura saMgha hai.57 / lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki mAthura saMgha bAda meM kASThA saMgha kA eka gaccha bana gyaa| isI kAraNa kASThAsaMgha mAthurAnvaya nAma se isakA ullekha pAte hai| lATavAgaTa gaNa kacchapaghAta vaMza ke lekhoM se lATavAgaTa gaNa ke AcAryoM ke nAma guru ziSya paramparA rupa meM jJAta hote haiN| isa gaNa ke vijayakIrti dvArA hI yaha lekha likhA gayA56 | eka lekha meM isa gaNa ke mahAcArya devasena kI pAdukAoM kI sthApanA kA ullekha hai jisase jJAta hotA hai ki ye apane gaNa ke unnata AcArya the| yaha lekha devasena kI smRti ko banAye rakhane ke lie likhA gyaa| isake sAtha hI isa lekha meM "kASThAsaMgha lATa bAgaTa' aisA ullekha milatA hai / ataeMva lATa vAgaTha gaNa kASThAsaMgha kI eka zAkhA thI360 | pradmumna carita kAvya ke racayitA AcArya mahAsena bhI isI zAkhA ke the jo paramAra rAjA muMja ke samaya vi0sa0 1050 ke lagabhaga hue261| 5 gaur3asaMgha isa saMgha kA ullekha kevala cAlukya rAjA vaddega ke 10 vIM zatAbdI ke lekha meM prApta hotA hai jisameM isa saMgha ke AcArya somadevasUri ke lie jinAlaya banavAne kA varNana hai362 | somadevasUri ke yazastilaka campU eMva nItivAkyAmRta grantha prApta hote haiN| jambUkhaNDagaNa sendraka vaMza ke adhirAja indraNanda dvArA isa gaNa ke AcArya Aryanandi ko arhatpratimApUjana eMva tapasviyoM kI sevA ke lie kucha bhUmi dAna dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai|63 | siMhadUragaNa rASTrakUTa rAjA amodhavarSa ke samaya ke eka lekha se isa gaNa ke AcArya nAganandi AcArya ko kucha dAna dene kI jAnakArI hotI hai264 ! 6 nabilUra, namilUra va mayUra saMgha lekhoM meM navilUra saMgha kA ullekha prApta hotA hai65 | kahIM kahIM para isa saMgha ko namilUra saMgha.66 eMva mayUra saMgha267 kahA gayA hai| yaha saMgha vali va zAkhA ke samAna sthAna vizeSa ka nAma se abhihita hai|

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abhilekha 186 7 kolittUra saMgha lekhoM meM kolittUra saMgha ke eka AcArya ke samAdhimaraNa kA ullekha hai368 | sambhavataH se saMgha dezIya gaNa kI sthAnIya zAkhAyeM jJAta hotI haiN| lekhoM se prApta vibhinna saMghoM ke ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki prAyaH pratyeka saMgha gaNa gaccha, anvaya Adi meM vikasita hotA hai jinameM alaga alaga guru ziSya paramparAaiM prApta hotI haiM ina gaNa, kula, zAkhA, sambhAgoM kA varNana I0pU0 se hI prApta hotA hai| ye kalpasUtra meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| gaNoM kA nAma unake saMsthApaka ke nAma para rakhe gaye bahuta se kula, anvaya, zAkhAoM kA nAmakaraNa vyaktigata eMva kSetrIya AdhAroM para huaa| gacchoM kA vikAsa ziSya eMva praziSyoM kI paramparA para adhika vikasita hue| lekhoM meM sabase adhika varNana mUlasaMgha se sambandhita gaNoM eMva gacchoM kA pAyA jAtA hai| saMghoM ke AcAryo ke varNanoM se spaSTa hai ki inameM vyAvahArika dRSTi se spaSTa bheda nahIM thaa| sabhI AcAryamuni jinAlaya, maTha Adi banavAte eMva vibhinna rAjavaMzoM eMva dhArmika vyaktiyoM dvArA kheta, ghara, bagIce, grAma eMva bhUmi dAna meM dI jAtI thii| pratyeka saMgha apane yaMtra-maMtra eMva jyotiSa Adi kA Azraya lekara apane prabhAva ko bar3hAte the| saMdarbha grantha 1. jai0sA0bR0 I0 bhAga 6 pR0 466 2. e00 4 pR0 210, 27 pR0 64 3. jai0zi0saM0 bhA0 3 le0naM0 438 4. vahI le0naM0 386 vahI bhAga 4 lena0 106, 107, 265 6. vahI bhAga 2 lena0 206 7. vadha0sama0 1/12/41 jai0zi0saM0, bhAga 2 le0naM0 277 6. vahI lena0 221, 228 bhAga04 le0naM0 86 . 10. vahI bhAga 3 lena0 333, 376 11. vahI bhAga 4 lena0 116, bhAga 3 lena0 305, e03024 pR 202 12. jai0zi0saM0 bhA0 2 lena0 168 13. vahI bhAga 3 le0naM0 320 14. vahI bhA02 le0na0 146, 206

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160 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 15. e0i01pR0 222, bhA0 15 pR0 205, bhA0 4 pR0 158. bhA0 2, pR0 160, bhA0 16 pR 272 16. jai0zi0saM0, bhaga 4 le0naM0 154 17. vahI lena0 116 / 18. vahI bha03 le0 na0 435, bha0 4 lena0 130 16. jai0zi0saM0 bhA0 1 lena0 106, bhA02, le0na0 246, 305, bhA03 le0na0 320 20. e0i0 14 pR0 156, i0e0bhA015, pR0 308 21. prA0bhA0a0a0pR0 80 22. e0i0 16 pR0 275 23. jai0zi0saM0bhA02, le0na0 137, 267, bhA03, le0na0 305, bhA04 le0na0 271 24. jai0zi0saM0 bhA03. le0naM0 316, bhA02 le0na0 212 25. e0i0 1 pR0 175, bhA0 16 pR0 57, bhA0 18 pR0 67 26. pa0pu0 11/203, 205 . 27. jai0zi0saM0bhA01, le0naM038e, i0bhA01 pR0 134 28. pU0ma0kA0bhA0 pR0 134 26. jai0zi0saM0bhA02 le0naM0 253 30. e0i0bhA0 18, pR 107, i0e0 18 pR0 16, e060, bhA0110, i0e041 pR 16 31. e0i06 pR 326, i0hi0kavA023 pR 46, e0i08 pR 265, bhA0 13 pR0 217 32. jai0zi0saM0bhA03 lena0 334 33. vahI lena0 356, bhA04, le0naM0 166 34. vahI bhA01 lena0 32, bhA0 2 le0 naM0 167 35. vahI bhA0 1 le0naM0) 22, 44, bhA0 2 lena0 248, 250, bhA03 le0na0 316 36. jai0zi0saM0 bhA04, le0na0 81, e0i0 18 pR0 66 37. vahI bhA02 le0na0 206, 210, bhA04 le0naM0 166, bhA03 le0naM0 401 38. vahI bhAga 1 le0naM0 8,13,14,38, bhA02 le0naM0 140, 178, 300, bhAga03 le0na0461, 356, bhA04 le0na0 76, 143, 144, 275, 276 36. e0304 pR0 126, i0e018 pR0 126 40. jai0zi0saM0kRbhAga 1 le0na0 57 41. jai0zi0saM0bhA01 le0na068, 144 bhA02 le0na0 180, bhAga 4 le0na0 143, 144 42. vahI bhA03 lena0 305 43. vahI bhA02 le0na0 57

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abhilekha 161 . 44. e0i0 18 pR0 65, e0302 pR0 4 45. jai0zi0saM0bhAga 1 le0naM0 50, 53 bhA02 le0na0 150, 206, 266, bhA03 le0na0 308, 343, bhA04 le0na0 265 46. jai0zi0saM0 bhAga 2 le0na0 213, 218, 253, 264 47. bhA0a0a0pR0 86 / 48. e0i020 pR0 58 / / 46. jai0zi0saM0bhA04, le0na0 182 50. vahI le0na0 166 51. vahI bhA02 lena0 206.210, 267, bhA03 lena0 316, 373, 333, bhA04 lena0 166, 262 52. jai0zi0 saM0 bhAga 3 lena0 356, 408 53. vahI bhA02 lena0 210 54. vahI le0na0 253 55. vahI lena0 263 56. jai0zi0saM0 bhA02 lena0 253 57. vahI bhA01 lena061 58. vahI bhA03 le0na. 436, bhA01 le0na0 27, 26, 48, 50, 123, 136, 61, . bhA02 le0 na0 253, 150, 166, bhA03 le0na0 336 56. vahI bhA01 le0 na0 44, 53, 56, 124, bhA02 le0na0 168, 214, 263, 248, bhA03, le0na0 486, bhA04 le0na0 76, 124 60. vahI bhA03 lena0 326, 401 . 61. vahI bhA02 le0na0 150 62. vahI bhA01 le0na0 27,26,35,48,46, 53, 136, 214, bhA02 le0na0 207, 230, bhA03 le0na0 420, bhA04 le0na0 105 63. jai0zi0 saM0 bhA0 4 le0na0 154 64. jai0zi0 saM0 bhA0 4 le0 naM0 152 65. vahI bhA02 le0na0 166, 241 66. e0i0bhA01 pR0 16 67. jai0zi0saM0 bhA02 le0na0 161, 246, bhA04 le0na0 166 68. jai0zi0saM0 bhA02 le0naM0 167. 216, bhA0 3 le0na0 333 66. vahI bhA03 le0naM0 364 70. vahI bhA02 le0naM0 246 71. vahI bhA03 le0naM0 334

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162 ___ jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 72. vahI bhA02 le0naM0 130 73. vahI le0naM0 146 74. jai0zi0saM0 bhAga 2 lena0 237 75. vahI bhA03 lena0 334.320 76. e0i04 pR060 77. jai0zi0 saM0 bhA02 la0na0 210, 160 78. vahI le0na0 227, 241, 250 76. vahI lena0 250 80. jai0zi0saM0bhA0 3 lena0 320 81. e030bhA01 siyaudonI lekha 82. bhA0a0a0pR0 160 83. jai0zi0saM0 bhA02 le0naM0 250 84. vahI le0na0 241 85. vahI bhA0 3 le0na0 373 86. vahI lena0 320 87. jai0zi0saM0bhA04 le0na0 36 88. vahI bhA04 le0naM0 63, 267 86. vahI le0naM0 223, bhA03 le0na0 324 60. vahI bhAga 2 le0naM0 228 bhA04 le0na0 154 61. vahI bhA02 le0na0 212, 218, 266, bhA03 le0na0 326 62. vahI bhA02 lena0 247, bhA03 lena0 315, bhA04 le0na0 153 63. jai0zi0saM0bhA01 lena0 25, 130, 226, bhA02 lena0 228 64. vahI bhA02 le0na0 167, bhA01 le0na0 61, 62 65. vahI bhA04 le0na0 23, 127 66. vahI bhA02 le0na0 262, bhA03 le0na0356, 408, 347, bhA04 lena0 223 67. vahI bhA04 lena081 68. vahI bhA03 le0na0 347 66. vahI le0naM0 228 100. jai0zi0saM0bhA01 lena0 38, 57, 124, 130, 138, bhA02 le0naM0 121, 73, 124, 130, 131, 146 101. jai0zi0saM0bhA3 le0naM0 318. 320, 334 bhAga04 lena0130 / 102. vahI bhA01 le0na024, 44, 47, bhA02, le0na0 140, 218, 302 bhA03 lena0 333, 356

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abhilekha 163 103. vahI bhA03, le0naM0 356, bhA04 le0na0 356, bhA04 lena0 273 104. vahI bhA03 le0naM0 364 105. vahI bhA04 le0naM0 236, 240, 241 106. vahI bhA04 le0naM0 56, 61, 123, 136 107. vahI le0naM0 138, 166, 261, 264 108. vahI bhA01 lenaM0 130, bhA04 le0naM0 176, 186, 256 106. vahI bhAga 1 le0na0 250, 320, 334, bhA04 le0naM0 162, 221, 223, 256 110. vahI bhA04 le0naM0 167 111. vahI le0naM0 137, 258, bhA01 le0 146 112. vahI bhA01 le0naM0 186, bhA04 lena0 163 113. jai0zi0saM0bhAga 2 le0naM0 204 114. vahI bhA01 lena0 38, 466 bhA02 le0naM0 130, bhA04 lena055 115. vahI bhA02 le0naM0 142 116. vahI bhA01 le0naM0 60 bhA02 le0naM0 108, 301 117. vahI bhA02 le0naM0 1135bhA04 le0naM0 154 118. vahI bhA02 le0na0 204, 218, 214, 174, 277 bhA03 le0na0 307, 308 116. vahI bhA03 lena0 408 120. jai0zi0saM0bhA03 le0na0 334 bhA04 la0na0 221 121. vahI bhA02 le0naM0 213, 214, bhA03 le0na0 435, 336 122. vahI bhA01 le0na0 53, 80, 844, bhA02 le0na0 181, 204, 213, 248, 262 123. vahI bhA04 lenaM0 166, bhA03 le0naM0 321 124. e0i01 pR0 2 125. vahI pR0 25 126. jai0zi0saM0bhA03 le0na0 317 127. vahI lena0 333, 408 128. prA0bhA0zA pa0 pR0 165 126. jai0zi0saM0bhA02 lena0 272 130. vahI bhA03 le0na0 36, 46 131. e0i0 bhA0 11 pR0 46 132. jai0zi0saM0 bhA04, le0naM0 46, 150, 151 133. vahI le0naM0 215 134. vahI 130 135. vahI bhA02 lena0 213, 228, 248, 277 bhA03 le0naM0 305, 320 10 ra

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164 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 136. vahI bhA02 le0na0 217 137. vahI bhA03 lena0 411 138. vahI bhA02 le0naM0 277 136. jai0zi0saM0 bhA02 le0na0 277 140. vahI bhA04 lena0 165 141. vahI bhA04 lena0 81 142. vahI bhA02 le0na0 228, 267 bhA04 le0na0 81 143. vahI bhA02 lena0 253 144. vahI bhA03 lena0 408 145. vahI bhA02 le0naM0 143 146. vahI bhA04 le0na0 55 147. jai0zi0saM0bhA02 lena0 143, 144, bhA03 lena0 376 148. vahI bhA03 lena0 373 146. vahI bhA02 le0na0 266, bha01 lena0 50, 53, bhA03 le0na0 308 150. vahI bhA02 le0na0 277 151. vahI bhA01 le0naM0 40, 42, 44, 106, bhA03 lena0 347 152. vahI bhA01 le0naM0 461, bhA02 le0na0 230, 264, 266 / bhA03 lena0 305 153. vahI bhA02 lena0 277 154. jai0zi0saM0bhA03 le0na0 346, 376, bhA02 lena0 264 155. vahI bhA04 lenaM0 138 156. vahI bhA03 lena0 431 . 157. vahI bhA01 le0na0 46, 58, bhA02 le0na0 122, bhA03 lena0 411, 435 158. vahI bhA03 lena0 327, 336, 352 156. vahI bhA01 lena0 44, 56, 45, 47, 48, 51, 52, 63, 60, 446, 471, 478, 460 bhA02 le0 na0 288, 261, bhA03 le0na0 305, 347 160. vahI bhA03 lena0 324, 431 - 161. vahI bhA01 le0na0 61, bhA03 le0na0 411, 305 / . 162. pU0ma0kA0bhA0 pR0104 163. jai0zi0saM0bhA0 3 lena0 408 164. vahI lekhna0 322, bhA04 lena0 153 165. vahI bhA01 lena0 144, bhA03 lena0 305 166. vahI bhA03 lena0 305 167. vahI bhA03 le0na0 408

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165 168. vahI bhA02 lena0 264 166. e0i016, pR0 20, bhA01 pR0 2 170. jai0zi0saM0bhA04 le0na0 67 171. vahI 67 172. jai0zi0sa0bhA02 le0na0 277, pU0ma0kA0bha0pu0 105 173. vahI bhA01 lena0 60 174. vahI bhA02 lena0 230 175. vahI bhA03 lena0 174 176. vahI bhA02 lena0 340 177. vahI bhA02 lena0 123, 131, 138, 214, 253, 284, bhA01 lena0 138, bhA04 le0na0 258, 262, 282 178. prA0bhA0i0 vi0kha0 pR0 78 176. jai0zi0saM0bhA02 le0na0 167, bhA03 lena0 347, 364 180. vahI bhA02 lena0 253, 288 181. vahI le0na0 24, 253. bhA04 lena0 81, bhA03 lena0 376 182. vahI bhA02 le0na0 104 183. vahI lena0 167, 222, 236, bhA03 le0na0 312, 338, bhA04 le0na0 248 184. vahI bhA03 lena0 411, 426 185 vahI bhA04 lena0 68, 66 186. vahI le0na0 81 187, vahI bhA04 lena0 136 188. prA0bhA0i0dvi0,kha pR0 47 186 jai0zi0saM0bhA02 le0na0 131, 146 160. vahI bhA03 le0na0 360 161. vahI lena0 364 162. vahI bhA04 le0na0 152, 166, 255, 261, 267, 268 163. vahI bhA03 lena0 376, 360 / / 164. vahI bhA02 le01 / 165. jai0zi0saM0 bhA01 lena0 125 166. vahI lena0 112, 113 167. vahI lena0 85, 156, 163, bhA02 le0na0 28, 232 168. vahI bhA02 le0na0 85, 160, 268, bhA0 2 lena0 113 166. vahI bhA01 le0na0 112, 160 bhA02 le0na0 228

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166 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 200. vahI bhA02 le0na0 214, 200, 124, bhA01 lena0 8.13, 14 201. jai0zi0 sa0bhA02 le0na0 248, 277 202. jai0 zi0 sa0bhA0 2 le0 na0 266 203. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 2 le0 na0 237 204. jai0 zi0saM0 bhA0 2 le0 na0 277, 301 206. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 4 le0 na0 63 207. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 2 le0 0 228 208. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 1 le0 na0 38, 56, 46, 45, 60, 53, 56, 62, 65, 66, 67, 144, bhA0 3 le0 na0 122, 182, 277, 206. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhAga 2 le0 na0 204 210. jai0zi0 saM0 bhA0 2 le0 na0 130 211. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 1 le0 na0 137, bhA0 3 le0 na0 264, 318 212. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 4 le0 la0 na0 63 213. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 2 le0 na0 266 214. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 2 le0 na0 263 . 215. jai0 mUrtikalA eMva sthApatya, khaNDa 2 pR0 457 216. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 3 le0 na0 277, 204 217. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 1 le0 na0 75, bhA0 4 le0 na0 63 218. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 2 le0 na0 161, 211, 247 . 216. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 3 le0 na0 306, 318, 336, 305 bhA0 2 le0 na0 108, , 210 / bha0 4 le0 na0 183, 287 220. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA02 le0 naM0 250 221. vahI bhA01 le0 na0 78, 361, bhA04 le0 na0 63, 260 * 222. vahI bhA0 4 lena0 65, 314 223. vahI bhA02 le0 na0 431 224. vahI bhA0 1 le0 na0 115, bhA04 le0 na0 68-66 225. vahI bhA0 2 lena0 167 226. jaina mUrtikalA evaM sthApatya khaNDa 1 a02 pR 15 jai0zi0saM0 2 lena024 227. jai0zi0saM0 bhA04 lena0 166 228. vahI bhA01 lena0 78, 130 bhA02 lena0 22, 138, 166, bhA04 lena0 166, 216 226. jai0zi0le0saM0bhA01. 51, 88, 86, 56, 45, 56, 80, 60, 107, 130, bhA02

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abhilekha 167 - 123, 222, 227, 264, 206, 210, 213, 226, 248, 274, 277. 131, 143, 144, 146 bhA03, le0na0 318, 327, 408, 461, 364, 376, 373, 356, 408 bhA04, le0na0 265, 282, 22, 21, 186, 166, 256, 262, 166 230. vahI bha0le0na0 284, 228, 147, bhA04 le0na0 24, 55, 136, 153, 168, 286 231. vahI bhA02 le0na0 138, 140. 181, 163, 218, 216, 251, 253, 274, 284, 262, 302, 267 __ bhA03 le0na0 347, 356, 373, 408, bhA04le0na0 23, 127, 166, 173, 246, 250, 150, 151 232. vahI bhA01 lena0 61 bhA02 le0na0 146 233. vahI bhA02 lena0 121, 122, 124, 131 234. vahI bhA02 lena0 210 235. jai0zi0saM0 bhA02 lena0 248, 277, 288, 262, 301, bhA03 lena0 314, 318, 316 - 324, 356, 385 236. vahI bhA02 le0na0 248, bhA03 le0na0 334, 320, bhA04 le0na0 204, 263 237. vahI bhA03, lena0 327, 431, bhA04 lena0 56, 83. 165, 161, 282 238. vahI bhA04 lenaM0 21 236. vahI bha03 jai0na0 373, 431, bhA01 le0na0 137 240. manusmRti ke cAra zloka pratyeka lekha ke anta meM diye gaye haiN| 241. jai0zi0saM0bha02 le0na0 136, 158, 166 bhA04 lena0 105, 176, 288 242. vahI bhA01 lena0 38, 152, bhA02 le0na0 144, 136, 178, 180, bhA03 le0na0 461, bhA04 lena0 275, 281, 76, 143, 268, 303, 315 . 243. vahI bhA0 1 lena0 68, 144, bhA02 le0na0 143, 180, bhA04 lena0 144, 143 244. jai0zi0saM0bhA01 devakIrti prazasti lena0 36, 40, zubhacandraprazasti lenA 41, meghacandra prazasti le0na0 47, prabhAcandra prazasti le0na050 Adi 245. vahI bhA02 lena0 204 246. vahI bhA03 lena0 312, 333 247. prajJA pR0 2 248. jai0zi0saM0 bhA03 lena0 315 246. vahI bha03 lena0 332, 435 250. vahI bhA03 lena0 332

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168 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 251. i0e0ji07 pa034 252. vahI ji018 pR0 248 253. jai0zi0saM0bhA03 le0naM0 333. pU0ma0kA0bhA0pR0 342, prajJA pR0 3 254. vahI bhA03 le0na0 435 255. vahI bhA04 lena0 265 256. vahI i0e0 ji0 17 pR 274 257. i0e0ji04 pR0 176 258. A0pu0 25/76-217 256. vahI 14/80-85 260. jai0zi0sa0 bhA03 le0 332 261. pU0ma0kA0bhA pR0 343 262. jai0zi0saM0bhA0 2 le0na0 167 263. vahI lena0 222, 277 264. vahI bhA04 lena0 154 265. jai0kaza0saM0bhA02 le0na0 262, bhA04 lena0 167 266. vahI bhA02 lena0 301 267. vahI bhA03 le0na0 346 268. vahI bhA02 lena0 277 266. vahI bhA01 le0na0 104, 110, bhA02 le0na0 247 270. vahI bhA03 lena0 431, bhA04 le0na0 168 271. vahI bhA04 lena0 51, 53 272. ji0 ra0ko0pR0 108, 106 273. "hisTI aupha maunicijma phoma inzakapazansa enDa liTarecara pu0 513 274. jai0 zi0saM0 bhA01 le0na01 275. jai0 zi0saM0 bhA02 le0na0 68 276. jai0zi0saM0 bhA01 lena01 277. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA02 lena0 68, 66 278. jai0 zi0saM0 bhA02 le0na0 60, 61 276. jai0 sA0i0, ddhi0saM0 pR0 485 280. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 2 le0 na0 60, 64 281. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 3 le0 naM0 111, i0 e0 7 pR0 112 282. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 1 le0 na0 105 283. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 1 le0 na0 108

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abhilekha 166 284. nItisAra (indranandikRta) padya na0 6-8 285. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 1 le0 na0 55 286. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA02 le0 na0 111, 113, 114 287. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 2 le0 naM0 146 288. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 2 le0 na0 163 286. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 4 le0 na0 55 260. jai0 zi0. saM0 bhA02 le0 na0 137 261. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 2 le0 na0 186, 217, bhA04 le0 na0 61. bhA0 3 le0 na0 321 262. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 4 le0 na0 134|5-jai0shi0sN0bhaa04le0n0 138,165 263. jai0 pa0 1, aM0 3. pR0 63, 66 264. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA02 le0 na0 127 265. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA02 le0na0 150, bhA0 1 le0na0 55, 56, 45, 462 266. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA02 le0 na0 65, 127, 131-137, 144, 146, 150, 158, 204 267. jai0zi0 saM0bhA04 lena0 180, 222 268. jai0zi0 saM0bhA02 le0 naM0 132 266. jai0 zi0 saM0bhA02 le0naM0 122, 123 300. jai0 zi0saM0bhA02 le0 naM0 223 301. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA02 le0 na0 223. 232, 236, 241, 253. 266. 284, 285 302. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA04 le0 na0 74 303. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA0 4 le0 na0.272 304. jai0 zi0saM0bhA04 lena0 260, 360, bhA03 lena0 411, 465 305. vahI bhA03 le0na0 411 306. vahI bhA04 lena0 64 307. vahI bhA04 le0na0 217 308. vahI bhA04 le0na0 372 306. vahI lena0 163, 226, 256 . 310. vahI lena0 126, 136, 140 311. jai0zi0saM0bhA02 lena0 185, 234, 266, bhA03 lena0. 318 312. jai0sA0i0le0na046 pR0 367-74 313. jai0zi0saM0bhA04 lena0 85, bhA02 le0na0 267 314. vahI le0na0 117

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200 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 315. vahI bhA04 le0na0 153, jai0e0bhA0 11 aMka 2 pR0 63, 65 316. vahI lena0 160 317. jai0zi0saM0bhA04 lena0 237, 238 318. vahI bhA04 lena0 66, bhA02 le0na0 207. 267, 277 316. vahI lena0 212, bhA02 le0na0 206 320. vahI lena0 261 321. vahI bhA03 le0na0 313, 377, 386, 408, 431 322. vahI le0na0 313, 408 323. vahI le0na0 377 324. jai0zi0saM0bhA02 lena0 267. 325. vahI lena0 277 326. vahI bhA03 le0na0 266 327. vahI bhA04 lena0 277 328. vahI bhA04 le0na0 214 326. vahI bhA04 lena0 240 330. vahI le0na0 154, 155, 157, bhA02 le0na0 227 331. jai0zi0saM0bhA02 le0na0 66, 100, 105 . 332. vahI bhA04 lena0 20 333. vahI bhA04 lena0 143. 268, 300 334. vahI bhA04 lena0 124 335. vahI bhA02 le0naM0 106 336. vahI lena0 121 337. jai0zi0saM0bhA0 1 le0na0 42, 43, 47, 50 bhA01 lena0 40 338. vahI bhA04 lena0 130, 168. 336. vahI bhA02 lena0 124, bhA04 le0na0 256 340. vahI bhA04 le0na0 70, 131 341. vahI bhA02 lena0 160, 205 342. vahI bhA04 lena0 207 343. jaizi0saM0bhA02 lena0 130 344. vahI lena0 182 345. vahI bhA04 le0na0.206 346. vahI jai0e0bhA06 aMka 2 pR0 68, 66. 347. jai0zi0saM0bhA03 bhUmikA pR0 15, 16

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abhilekha 201 348. jai0zi0saM0bhA02 le0na0 166, 178 346. vahI lena0 188, 160, 162, 202, 214-216, 226, 246 350. vahI lena0 186 351. vahI bhA0.4 lena0 282, bhA02 le0na0 274, bhA03 lena0 305, 316, 326, 408 / 352. vahIM le0 na0 175 353. vahI lena0 226, 252 354. vahI le0na0 213, 216 355. jai0zi0saM0 bhA03 lena0 305 356. vahI bhA04 le0 na0 265 357. jaina siddhanta bhAskara bhA0 2 ki0na0 4 pu0 28, 26 358. jai0zi0sAM0bhA0 3 lena0 305 356. vahI bhA02 lena0 228 360. jai0zi0sAM0bhA0 3 le0na0 305 361. vahI bhA03 bhUmikA pR0 66 362. vahI bhA04 lena0 84 363. vahI bhA04 lena0 22 ..364. vahI bhA04 lena0 56 365. jai0shi0sN0bhaa0| le0na0 28, 31, 211, 212, 214, 218 366. vahIM le0na0 27. 207, 215 / 367. vahI le0na0 27. 26 368. vahI lena0 31, 33 /

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adhyAya - 8 jaina aitihAsika tathyoM para hindU prabhAva jaina mAnyatAoM eMva prAcIna sAhitya ke anusAra bhogabhUmi ke pazcAt karmamUlaka jagata kA udaya huaa| karmabhUmi kI pratiSThA kA zreya prathama tIrthakara RSabhadeva ko hI diyA gayA hai| inhoMne dhArmika, Arthika, sAmAjika eMva rAjanaitika vyavasthA kI ora bhI dhyAna diyA / vaidika sAhitya meM RSabhadeva ko eka mahAna tapasvI eMva ArAdhya ke rupa meM varNita kiyA gayA hai | RSabhadeva ke pazcAt anya tIrthakaMroM ne jaina paramparA kI vibhinna dhArAoM ko Age bddh'aayaa| pArzvanAtha ne apanI sAdhanA eMva tapazcaryA ke bala para isa bAta ko janamAnasa meM pahu~cAyA ki ahiMsA hI dharma kI AtmA hai| samanvaya kI bhAvanA hI saMskRti kA bala eMva jIvana hai| mahAvIra ne ahiMsA syAdvAda, karmavAda eMva sAmyavAda ko mAnava jIvana ke sukha eMva zAnti kA mAdhyama maanaa| mahAvIra ke pazcAt jaina sAhityakAroM eMva AcAryo ne pUrva kI paramparA kA saMrakSaNa eMva saMvarddhana kiyaa| jaina saMskRti ke vikAsa meM hindU saMskRti kA paryApta yogadAna rhaa| hindU saMskRti ke anurupa hI jaina saMskRti ne mAnava ke Antarika jIvana ko zuddha karane eMva bAhya sAdhanoM dvArA Antarika zuddhatA kI ora le jAne meM sahAyaka AcAra evaM vicAroM ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna diyaa| jainadharma ne apanI vicAra eMva jIvana sambandhI vyavasthAoM meM saMkucita dRSTikoNa ko nahIM apnaayaa| apane dhArmika siddhAntoM evaM itihAsa ko sthAyI evaM vyApaka rupa dene ke lie udAravAdI eMva samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa ko apnaayaa| isI taraha jainAcAryo ne lokabhAvanAoM ke sambandha meM udAravAdI dRSTikoNa ko sthAna diyaa| vaidika paramparA meM saMskRta sAhitya ko atyanta Adara kA sthAna diyA gayA hai| use hI devI vAk mAnakara hindU AcAryo eMva itihAsa lekhakoM ne sadaiva usI meM sAhitya sRjana kiyaa| jainAcAryoM ne bhI apanA sAhitya adhikAMzataH saMskRta bhASA meM likhA jisase vaidika bhASA saMskRta kA uttarottara vikAsa huA lekina jainAcAryo ne samaya evaM kSetrIya AdhAra para dharma upadeza ke lie lokabhASAoM kA upayoga kiyaa| chaThI zatAbdI I0vI0 ke uttarayugIna jaina sAhitya se prApta tathyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne dharma eMva darzana ke siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai jisameM tatkAlIna rAjanItika, sAmAjika eMva dhArmika jIvana ke vividha pakSoM kA

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jaina aitihAsika tathyoM para hindU prabhAva 203 prativimbana huA hai| isa samaya taka vaidika paramparA meM hindU purANoM eMva mahAkAvyoM kA nirmANa ho cukA thaa| inhIM Adarzo para jaina sAhityakAroM ne aneka purANoM evaM caritakAvyoM kI racanA kii| tIrthakara, cakravartI, nArAyaNa, pratinArAyaNa, prabhRti mahApuruSoM ke carita ko kAvya rupa meM nibaddha karane kI paramparA IsavI san kI saoNtavI zatAbdI se prArambha hotI hai| raviSeNa eMva jaTAsiMha nandI ne rAmAyaNa kI zailI para apane carita eMva purANa nAmaka sAhitya kA sRjana kiyaa| purANa puSpadanta ke mahApurANa meM aihAsa eka puruSAzritA kathA, purANa trizaSTi puruSAzritA kathA : purANAni kA ullekha hai| ataeva hindU purANa kI bhaoNti jaina purANoM kA sambandha trezaThazalAkA puruSoM ke carita se mAnA gayA hai| AdipurANa meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki yaha grantha atyanta prAcIna kAla se pracalita hai isalie purANa kahalAtA hai| purANoM ke lakSaNa hindU purANoM kI bhaoNti jainapurANoM meM unake lakSaNoM kA ullekha nahIM pAyA jAtA lekina purANoM ke adhyayana se unake lakSaNoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai| hindU purANoM ke "sarga eMva pratisarga prathama do lakSaNa jainAcAryo dvArA varNita avasarpiNI eMva utsarpiNI yuga kI avadhAraNA meM pAye jAte haiN| hindU purANoM ke sarga, pratisarga, meM isa jagata kI utpatti eMva pralaya kA vistRta varNana diyA gayA hai| isI taraha Adi purANa meM varNita avasarpiNI eMva utsarpiNI yuga ke kramazaH manuSyoM ke bala, Ayu eMva zarIra ke bar3hane eMva kama hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai| ina yugoM ke chaha chaha bheda kAlacaka ke paribhramaNa se kRSNa eMva zukla pakSa kI taraha ghUmate rahate haiN| vaMza zabda vaMza paramparA ko spaSTa karatA hai| pUrvamadhyakAlIna jainaAcAryo ne bhI apane dharma pracAra kA mAdhyama pUrvakAla se calI AtI huI vaMza paramparA ko banAyA hai| harivaMzapurANa meM vibhinna vaMzoM kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai / jaina purANoM meM 14 kulakaroM (manuoM) kI gaNanA kI gayI hai| inhoMne bhogabhUmi ke naSTa hone ke pazcAt vibhinna prakAra ke kAryo meM vyaktiyoM ko pravRtta kraayaa| jaina purANoM meM 14 manuoM kA vistRta varNana na karake antima kulakara ikSvAku RSabha ke pitA nAbhi kA vistRta varNana diyA hai| jaina purANoM meM varNita ina manuoM athavA kulakaroM ke varNana meM vaidika sAhitya se kucha bhinnatA dRSTigocara hotI hai| Agamika sAhitya meM kisI bhI prakAra ke vibhinna yugIna manuoM kI avadhAraNA kA ullekha nahIM hai| paurANika sAhitya meM prApta manuoM kI yaha avadhAraNA mahAbhArata meM bhI prApta hotI hai|

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204 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa . jaina purANoM meM hindU purANoM kI hI bhaoNti rAjAoM ke vaMza varNana ko vaMzAnucarita kahA jA sakatA hai| AdipurANa meM vibhinna rAjAoM kI vaMzAvaliyA~ prApta hotI haiN| jaina purANoM ke AkhyAnoM ko bhI unakA lakSaNa kahA jA sakatA hai| jaina purANoM meM loka, deza, nagara, rAjya, tIrtha, dAna, tapa, gati eMva phala kA varNana prApta hotA hai| avasarpiNI eMva utsarpiNI yuga jainapurANoM meM varNita avasarpiNI eMva utsarpiNI yuga kA varNana mahAbhArata eMva anya vaidika granthoM meM varNita uttarakuru kI vyavasthA para AdhArita hai| avasarpiNI yuga kI sAmAjika sthiti kA varNana purANoM meM prApta hotA hai| manuSya bhogabhUmi vyavasthA meM rahate the| purANoM meM varNita isake chaha bhedoM se spaSTa hai ki dhIre dhIre ye vyavasthA kSaya hotI jA rahI thI eMva avasarpiNI yuga apaharaNa eMva doSa yukta vAtAvaraNa meM badala gyaa| jainoM kI ye yugIna vyavasthA brAhmaNa granthoM meM naitika eMva AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke hAsakAla kamazaH satyayuga, tretA, dvApara eMva kaliyuga se milatI hai | jaina purANoM meM varNita RSabha dvArA karmabhUmi vyavasthA meM asi, masi kRSi vANijya eMva zilpa kI zikSA dene kA varNana prApta hotA hai | vaidika brAhmaNa granthoM se bhI brahmA ke pAsa vyaktiyoM ke jAne eMva prajA ke lie unake dvArA bhUmi ko dhanadhAnya se pUrNa karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| rAmAyaNa eMva mahAbhArata ke pAtroM para sAhitya sRjana ___ jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne apane dharma ko vyApaka eMva sthAyI rupa dene ke lie evaM hindU purANoM meM varNita pAtroM ko unnata eMva udAtta rupa dene ke lie jainIkaraNa kI prakiyA apnaayii| rAmAyaNa ko AdhAra banAkara sarvaprathama vimalasUri ne prAkRta grantha "paumacariya' kI racanA kii| usake pazcAt svayambhU ne apabhraMza meM evaM raviSeNa ne saMskRta meM padamapurANa kI racanA kii| rAmAyaNa meM prApta hone vAle pAtra-dazaratha, rAma, sItA, hanumAna, lakSmaNa, rAvaNa, trijaTA, mandodarI, kumbhakarNa meghavAhana eMva vibhISaNa Adi kA jyoM kI tyoM ullekha svayambhU ne kiyA hai| rAvaNa kA bahurupiNI vidyA siddha karane hetu zAnti jinAlaya meM dhyAna magna hone para aMgada, nIla, evaM skanda dvArA usakA dhyAna bhaMga karane ke lie laMkA meM upadrava karane kA varNana prApta hotA hai| isI taraha vAnara vaMza meM hanumAna ke pitA pavanadeva kI utpatti vivAha evaM vIratA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| jaina padmapurANa meM rAmAyaNa meM varNita rAkSasa eMva vAnara vaMza ko vidyAdhara vaMza se, eMva kaikeyI, aMjanA, sItA eMva mandodarI AdinArI pAtroM ke caritra ko

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jaina aitihAsika tathyoM para hindU prabhAva . 205 sahAnubhUti pUrvaka citrita karake unheM dayA, mamatA eMva vAtsalya kA strota siddha kiyA hai| rAmacarita ko U~cA uThAne hetu unake hAtha se bharata ke sira para rAjapaTTa baMdhavAte haiN| dazaratha jinabhakta batalAye gaye haiN| rAmAyaNa kI taraha hI jaina padmapurANa meM cAra vaMzoM kI utpatti kA varNana diyA gayA hai| rAmAyaNa ke samAna hI mahAbhArata sambandhI kathAoM ko jainapurANakAroM dvArA apanAyA gyaa| ye racanAe~ "harivaMzapurANa yA pANDava purANa' nAma se prasiddha haiN| ina purANoM meM 22 veM tIrthakara neminAtha, vAsudevakRSNa, baladeva, jarAsindhu tathA kaurava evaM pANDavoM kA varNana hai| svayambhU ne aprabhaMza meM harivaMza aparanAma "riTThanemicariu* eMva dhavala ne "harivaMzapurANa' likhaa| kathA kA AdhAra harivaMzapurANa hai| jinasena ne saMskRta meM harivaMzapurANa' likhaa| hindU dharma ke kRSNa kA varNana jainoM dvArA atyadhika kiyA gyaa| kavi guNavarman ne kannar3a bhASA meM 'harivaMza" nAmaka racanA kI isameM harivaMza eMva kuruvaMza kI kathA varNita hai jisameM kRSNacarita kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| pampa ne "pampabhArata' meM kRSNa ko laukika mahApuruSa ke rupa meM citrita kiyA hai| kavikarNamArya ne apane apane "neminAtha purANa meM kRSNa carita kA bahuta sajIva varNana kiyA hai nemicandrakRta "neminAtha purANa" meM bhI kRSNacarita prApta hotA hai| hoyyasala nareza vIra vallAla deva ke darabArI kavi ne "jagannAtha vijaya" nAmaka nATaka meM kRSNacarita kRSNa janma se zAlvavadha karake dvArikAgamana taka kI kathA taka varNita kiyA hai| isameM kRSNa lokarakSaka ke rupa meM Aye haiN| rAmAyaNa eMva mahAbhArata kI taraha anya khyAtiprApta kAvyakRtiyoM se preraNA prApta kara usI anukaraNa para yA zailI para kAvya racanAeM kii| bANa kI kAdambarI para dhanapAla ne "tilakamaMjarI eMva oDayadeva vAdIbhasiMha ne "gadyacintAmaNi", evaM "kirAtArjunIya" eMva "zizupAlavadha" kI zailI para haricandra ne "dharmAzarmAbhyudaya evaM munibhadrasUri ne "zAntinAtha carita" kI racanA kii| jinasena ne apane "pArvAbhyudaya" kI racanA kAlidAsa ke meghadUta grantha kI samasyAoM ko lekara kii| . jainamUrtikalA para hindU prabhAva jainadharma nivRttimArgI hone ke kAraNa AdhyAtmikatA se anuprANita hai| samanvayavAda kI vizeSatA jainadharma ko akSuNNa banAye rakhane meM saphala siddha huyii| jainadharma kI vizeSatA hai ki sAMsArika jIvana eMva janmajanmAntaroM se mukti pAne ke sAdhanoM ko dhArmika upAkhyAnoM ke mAdhyama se janasAdhAraNa taka pahu~cAte rhnaa| dhArmika bhAvanAoM ko mUrta rupa dene ke lie jaina mUrtiyoM evaM mandiroM kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| zanaiHzanaiH ye tIrthakara hI upAsyadeva ke rupa meM sAmane aaye| mUrtiyoM ke sAtha hI upAsanA ke pratIkoM kA bhI prAdurbhAva huaa| caityastambha, caityavRkSa, triratna, stUpa evaM

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206 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa aSTamAMgalika cinha-pUrNaghaTa, zrI vatsa, saMpuTa, puSpapAtra, puSpapaDalaga, svastika, matsyayugma, bhadrAsana eMva dharmacaka pUjA ke pratIka the| jainadharma kI mAnya ye pratIka pUjA hindU dharma meM mAnya pratIka pUjA se prabhAvita hai jisameM vibhinna pratIkoM - (yathA-kamala ko lakSmI, siMha ko durgA, zrIvatsa ko viSNu ityAdi) ko vibhinna devatAoM se sambandhita kiyA gayA hai aura usa pratIka meM usI devatA kA dhyAnakara pUjA kI jAtI hai| sarvaprathama kuSANa kAlIna mathurA kalA ne tIrthakara mUrti ko janma diyaa| isI samaya bauddha dharma meM buddha kI eMva hindU dharma meM viSNu, durgA, ziva, sUrya, kubera Adi brAhmaNa dharma kI upAsyamUrtiyaoN bahutAyata se banane lgii| ina jaina mUrtiyoM para gAndhAra kalA kA pUrNarupeNa prabhAva dRSTigata hotA hai| hindU mUrtiyoM kI bhaoNti hI ye mUrtiyA~ AdhyAtmika hai eMva bAhya saMsAra ke prati udAsInatA kA bhAva abhivyakta karatI haiM | jaina kalA vaiSNava dharma se anuprANita zuMgakAlIna kalA kI bhaoNti hI mAnava jIvana ke sabhI pahaluoM para paryApta prakAza DAlatI hai| eka ora vItarAga upadeza dete hue upAdhyAya parameSThI ko dekhate haiM to dUsarI aura parastrI lampaTa ko piTate hue| pazu pakSiyoM, lAkSAvRkSoM eMva pratIkoM kA aMkana bhI hindU dharma kA prabhAva hai| tIrthakaroM kI mUrtiyoM meM vizeSakara AdinAtha, pArzvanAtha, neminAtha, mahAvIra eMva zAntinAtha kI pratimAeM upalabdha hotI haiN| ye mUrtiyA~ padmAsana eMva kAyotsarga mudrA meM prApta haiN| inake mastaka muNDita yA choTe ghugharAle bAloM se yukta hai| kAna kandhe taka laTakane vAle nahIM, mahApuruSa ke bodhaka cinhoM meM hatheliyoM para dharmacaka evaM pairoM ke taluvoM para trirala eMva dharmacaka donoM bane rahate haiN| kucha pratimAoM meM hAtha kI U~galiyoM ke paura para bhI zrI vatsAdi maMgalacinha bane haiM jo bauddha eMva hindU dharma ke prabhAva svarupa hai| AdinAtha ke kaMdhoM para laharAtI bAloM kI laToM eMva pArzvanAtha tIrthakara kI mUrtiyoM meM sarpa phaNAvali kA aMkana ziva ke sAtha nAgoM kI phaNAvali eMva viSNu kI zeSazaiyyA kA hI prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai| ye phaNAvali pRSThabhAga meM takiyA ke rupa meM dikhalAyI gayI hai22 / devagar3ha se do aisI pArzvanAtha kI mUrtiyA~ milI haiM jinake Asana ke rupa meM sarpa kI kuNDalI bhI dikhAyI gayI hai| ise zeSazAyI viSNu kA anukaraNa mAnA gayA hai| __ zeSazAyI viSNu ke anukaraNa meM tIrthakaroM kI mAtA ko eka AkarSaka mudrA meM leTe hue dikhalAyA gayA hai jisakI sevA meM vibhinna deviyA~ saMlagna haiN| mAtA ke gaurava eMva sneha ke pratIka 24 tIrthakaMroM kA bhI aMkana isameM pradarzita hai23 / ziva kI jaTAeM lambI hone ke sAtha hI juDenumA AkAra meM baMdhI hotI hai lekina tIrthakaMroM kI jaTAeM itanI lambI eMva vistRta dikhalAyI gayI haiM ki ve jur3enumA AkAra meM baMdhI hone para bhI kandhoM eMva pITha para phailI rahatI hai kabhI kabhI ye piNDaliyoM taka lambI

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jaina aitihAsika tathyoM para hindU prabhAva 207 dikhAyI gayI hai jo jaina mUrti kI apanI vizeSatA hai| Asanastha tIrthakara jo siMhAsanoM para baiThAye dikhalAye gaye haiN| ve cakravartitva kA bodhaka hote hue bhI hindUdharma meM mAnya pUjA paddhati se prabhAvita haiN| kucha mUrtiyA~ jo vastrayukta athavA hAtha se vastra pakar3e haiM para hindU mUrtiyoM kA prabhAva hai| jaina mUrtiyA~ bhI hindU mUrtiyoM kI bhaoNti vizeSa cinhoM se jAnI jAtI thii| brAhmaNa dharma meM viSNu eMva anya devI devatAoM kI mUrtiyoM ke pRSTha bhAga meM jyotipunja kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| jaba jaina dharma meM tIrthakara pratimAeM banane lagI taba apane upAsya deva ko prabhAvayukta, kAntiyukta eMva janasAmAnya ko AkarSita karane ke lie jyotipujja ko prabhAmaMDala ke rupa meM citrita kiyA gyaa| isake sAtha hI tIrthakara ke janma ke samaya tIrthakara kI mAtAoM ko jo 16 svapna dikhAyI dete usameM zveta hasti bhI thA use pradarzita karane ke lie prabhAmaMDala hastinakha se alaMkRta kiye gye| jaina pratimAoM meM caukI para nava grahoM kI AkRtiyA~ bhI dRSTigocara hotI haiM jo hindUmata ke navagrahoM kA anukaraNa thaa| yakSa yakSiNiyA~ eMva gandharva mUrtiyA~ __ bAhmaNadharma meM mAnyatA hai ki upAsya devoM kI mUrtiyoM ke sAtha meM unakI zakti arthAt sambandhita deviyoM kI mUrtiyA~ bhI sthApita kI jAtI thiiN| isake sAtha hI vizeSa devoM kI vizeSa prayojanoM se pUjA kI jAtI thii| isI ke pariNAma svarupa jaina tIrthakaMra kI mUrti ke pAsa yakSa yakSiNiyoM eMva gandhavoM kI mUrtiyoM kA aMkana prApta hotA hai | jainamatAnusAra iMdra ne pratyeka tIrthakaMra kI sevA hetu yakSiNiyoM ko niyukta kiyA hai| ye gandharva tathA vidyAdhara kI zreNiyoM meM rakhe gaye haiN| ye bahumUlya ratnoM se alaMkRta kI gayI haiN| ina yakSiNiyoM meM mukhyataH cakezvarI, padmAvatI, ambikA Adi eMva yakSoM meM anuSaMgI, dharanendra Adi haiN| inase spaSTa hai ki pUrvamadhyakAla meM devI kI pUjA vizeSa rupa se loka pracalita thii| hindU devI devatAoM kA jaina devatA samUha meM samAveza jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM ke matAnusAra dhArmika puruSoM kI pratimAeM manuSyoM ko satkArya kI ora prerita karatI haiN| ataeva unake dvArA apane dharma se hI sambandhita nahIM apitu hindUdharma se sambandhita anya mUrtiyoM kA ullekha apane sAhitya meM kiyA gayA hai| isake sAtha hI una mUrtiyoM ko aise sthAna para rakhA gayA jisa sthAna se mahApuruSoM kA sambandha ho isI kAraNa jainoM dvArA tIrthakara pratimA ke atirarikta brAhmaNa mUrtiyoM - zrI gaNeza, ambikA, balarAma, vAsudeva eMva tAntrika devoM eMva deviyoM

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208 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa kA samAveza jaina devatA samUha meM kiyA gyaa| jaina purANoM meM hindU granthoM meM varNita devI devatAoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| inameM pramukha rupa se brahmA, viSNu, lakSmI, ziva, candra, kAma, rati, apsarA, nArada, bRhaspati, azvinI, Aditya, gaNeza, kinnara, rAhu Adi kA varNana prApta hotA hai| brahmA ___brahmA ko utpatti viSayaka siddhAnta meM jagata kA niyAmaka mAnA gayA hai| brahmA dvArA ATha dizAoM meM icchAnusAra lokapAla niyukta karane kI jAnakArI milatI hai | jaina purANoM dvArA RSabha ke pitA nAbhi ko sampUrNa sRSTi ke nirmAtA rupa kartAra, vidhAtA, loka pitAmaha, ajA, ajanmA, ayonija, svayambhU5 eMva AtmabhU kahA gayA hai| viSNu jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ne 6 vAsudevoM ke atirikta brAhmaNa dharma ke "viSNu ko bhI apane sAhitya meM sthAna diyA hai| jaina purANoM meM viSNu ke "nRsiMha"37 evaM "vAmana"38 avatAra kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| viSNu devI lakSmI ke pati rupa meM aneka nAmoM se kahe gaye haiN| rAma eMva ramApati zabda kA prayoga jaina purANa kAroM ne eka sAtha kiyA haiM eMva unake ArzIvAda prApti ke lie icchA vyakta kI hai| hindU dhArmika granthoM meM viSNu ke sahastra nAma pAye jAte haiN| jainAcAyoM ne viSNu ke sahastra nAmoM kA prayoga nija ke lie kiyA hai / lakSmI brAhmaNa hindU purANoM kI bhaoNti hI lakSmI ko samudra kI putrI batalAyA gayA hai| jaina purANoM meM lakSmI ke zrI, padma, kamalA, Adi nAma prApta hote haiN| guNabhadra ne lakSmI ko candramA kI bahina batalAyA hai | saundarya eMva sampatti kI pratIka lakSmI ke kamalAsana ke paramparAtmaka vizvAsoM ko jaina purANakAroM dvArA svIkRta kiyA gayA hai5 | tIrthakaMroM kI mAtA ke putra janma para hIM, zrI kIrti ke sAtha lakSmI ke Ane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / vaidika purANoM meM lakSmI eMva ina deviyoM kA varNana umA eMva. sarasvatI ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai / dhRti eMva buddhi ko dharma kI ATha patniyoM meM sthAna diyA gayA hai| zivA mahAbhArata meM prApta gyAraha rudoM ke varNana ko jaina purANakAroM dvArA apanAyA

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jaina aitihAsika tathyoM para hindU prabhAva 206 gyaa| lekina jaina purANoM meM inake nAma meM kucha bhinnatA pAyI jAtI hai | jainapurANoM meM ye Izvara rupa meM svIkAra nahIM kiye gaye haiN| mahAvIra ke jIvana varNana meM guNabhadra ne inake "razanu" nAma eMva rupa kA varNana kiyA hai| ziva ke isa prasiddha nAma kA ullekha mahAbhArata meM kiyA gayA hai| tri0 za0 pu0 carita meM kahIM ziva ko nRtya karate hue to kahIM gaMgA eMva umA ke sAtha apane gaNa samUhoM ke sAtha nRtya karate hue dikhAye gaye hai3 | bharata eMva bAhubali ke bIca hone vAle yuddha ko indra eMva ziva dvArA dekhe jAne ke ullekha milate haiM | gaNeza brAhmaNa devatA gaNeza ko apanAyA gayA / jaina purANoM meM ise maMgalakAraka devatA mAnA gayA hai5 | prastara eMva kAsya pratimAeM prApta hotI hai| gaNeza kI mUrti ko prAyaH ambikA ke sAtha sthAna diyA gayA hai jisameM hindU paramparA ke anusAra unake bAeM hAtha meM laDDU haiM jise sUMDa sparza kara rahI hai| ambikA ziva kI zakti ambikA ko jainAcAryo dvArA mahatvapUrNa sthAna diyA gayA hai| ambikA ko tIrthakara neminAtha kI yakSiNI mAnA gayA hai| isakI sabase prAcIna va vikhyAta mUrti kA ullekha samantabhadra ne khAcarayoSita (vidyAdharI) nAma se kiyA hai6 | jina sena ne bhI apane harivaMza purANa meM isa devI kA smaraNa kiyA hai| sarasvatI - jainAcAryo dvArA sarasvatI kI atyanta prAcInakAla se pUjA kI jAtI rahI hai| jaina mandiroM meM sarasvatI kI mUrti sthApita kI jAtI thii| hindU mAnyatA ke anusAra hI ye haMsavAhinI pAyI jAtI haiM jisake hAtha meM pustaka avazya rahatI hai| jaina granthoM meM isa devI ke lakSaNa bhinna bhinna pAye gaye haiM | kRSNa balarAma jaina purANoM meM kRSNa eMva balarAma ko oNThaveM eMva naveM vAsudeva mAnA gayA hai| tIrthakaMra neminAtha ke pArzvavartI devatAoM ke rUpa meM kiye gaye inake aMkana meM kRSNa caturbhuja eMva balarAma hAtha meM madirA kA pyAlA lie hue haiM sAtha hI inake mastaka para nAgaphaNa hai| kRSNa ko hindU paramparA ke anusAra hI zaMkha, cakAdi se yukta citrita kiyA gayA hai|

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210 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa revatI yA SaSThI jaina purANoM meM inakA sambandha zizujagata se mAnya kiyA gayA hai| mUrtiyoM meM godI meM eka pAlanA eMva usameM zizu ko dikhAyA gayA hai jisakI mukhAkRti bakare ke samAna hai| lokapAla ina devI devatAoM ke atirikta jaina purANoM meM vaidika purANo ke lokapAloM ko bhI apane sAhitya meM sthAna diyA gayA hai| kucha itihAsa lekhakoM ne cAra lokapAloM eMva kucha lekhakoM ne paravartI paurANika paramparA. ke AdhAra para ATha lokapAloM kA ullekha kiyA hai| hindU dharma meM bhI rAmAyaNa eMva mahAbhArata meM lokapAloM kI saMkhyA cAra dI gayI hai| mahAbhArata meM eka sthAna para indra eMva agni ko lokapAloM ke samUha se bAhara mAnA haiM3 / guNabhadra ne paurANika paramparA ke AdhAra para ATha lokapAloM kA ullekha kiyA hai / hindU purANoM meM varNita ina devatAoM ke vAhanoM kA bhI ullekha jainapurANakAroM dvArA kiyA gayA hai| indra ke vAhana airAvata hAthI eMva zaMkara ke baila kA ullekha prApta hotA hai jisake kAraNa unheM IzAna eMva baila kI savArI karane vAlA kahA gayA hai | candra brAhmaNa granthoM kI bhaoNti hI jaina purANoM meM candra kI utpatti kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| candramA kI utpatti samudra se mAnI gayI hai | mahAbhArata se dakSa kI 27 kanyAeM candramA ko dene ke ullekha prApta hote hai | candra ko dakSa kI putriyoM kA pati eMva dAkSAyaNI pati kahA gayA hai| apsarA eMva gandharva rAmAyaNa eMva mahAbhArata meM prApta kAma eMva rati urvazI, rambhA, tilottamA, alambusA, menakA, Adi sabhI pramukha apsarAo5 ko jaina itihAsa lekhakoM dvArA apane sAhitya meM sthAna diyA gyaa| inako jaina itihAsajJoM ne hindU paurANika grantho kI apekSA adhika ucca sthAna diyA hai ve jinabhakta thIM evaM jainadIkSA dhAraNa karatI thii| hindU paurANika sAhitya meM ullikhita vizvavasu, tumburu eMva nArada, dahA~, huhA Adi prasiddha gandharvo ko jaina lekhakoM dvArA tIrthakaMroM ke nirvANotsava para nRtya karate hue dikhAyA gayA hai| trizaSThizalAkA puruSa carita meM prathama tIrthakaMra ke vivAhotsava para upasthita rambhA, urvazI, dhRtAka, maMjUghoSa, sugandhA, tilottamA, menakA,

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jaina aitihAsika tathyoM para hindU prabhAva 211 sukezI, sahAjanayA, citralekhA, mArIci sumukhI, gAndharvI eMva divyA Adi svarga kI apsarAoM dvArA nRtya karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / isI taraha brAhmaNa granthoM meM varNita nArada", vRhaspati', Aditya', azvinI, jayanta , gaNeza kinnara eMva rAhU ko jainAcAryoM ne apane purANa granthoM meM sthAna diyA eMva unakI utpatti viSayaka vicAra brAhmaNa granthoM ke hI anurupa diye haiN| dharma eMva darzana ke siddhAntoM para prabhAva ___hindU purANoMkAroM kA mUla uddezya mAnavIya naitika mUlyoM eMva AdarzoM.ko citrita karanA thaa| vaidika paurANika upadeza inhIM mAnavIya mUlyoM eMva Adarzo meM sannihita hai| mahAbhArata meM kI gayI dharma kI paribhASAe~ isI satya ko prakaTa karatI hai| ahiMsA, satya, aparigraha, dayA, indriyasaMyama, :... Arjava Adi dharma ke viziSTa lakSaNa kahe gaye hai| dharma eMva nIti sambandhI AcaraNa yukta samAja meM niyantraNa rahatA hai dharma sabhI prANiyoM se sambandha rakhatA hai| dharma duSkarmo eMva durAcaraNoM se prANImAtra kI rakSA karatA thaa| jainapurANoM ke upadeza hindU dharma ke anurupa hI hai| jinasena ne Adi purANa meM do jagaha dharma kI paribhASA dI hai| prathama paribhASA vaizeSika sUtra se milatI hai jisameM bhautika eMva Atmika kalyANa karane vAlA hI dharma kahA gayA hai"| dUsarI paribhASA manusmRti se pUrNarupeNa milatI hai jisake AdhAra para mahApurANa meM veda, purANa, smRti, caritra, kiyAvidhi, mantra, devatA, zuddha, AhAra Adi jahA~ hoM vahI dharma hai kahA gayA hai| mahAbhArata meM prApta dharma kI paribhASA kA anukaraNa guNabhadra ne kiyA hai| jisameM dharma ko ucca vyaktiyoM dvArA dhAraNa karane eMva samyaka jJAna, darzana cAritra eMva tapa ko dharma ke cAra tatva batalAye gaye haiM | ahiMsA jainadharma ke AcAra kA mUla hai ahiMsA / ahiMsA eka kendra bindu hai jisake cAroM aura jaina mata ghUmate haiN| jaina dharma ke antargata mana, vacana eMva karma kisI bhI prakAra se hone vAlI hiMsA ahiMsA nahIM ho sakatI hai lekina ahiMsA kA vyAvahArika rupa paravartI vaidika dharma ke samAna hai| hindU purANoM meM ahiMsA ko mahAnadharma ke rupa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jainAcAryoM ne ahiMsA ko ati sUkSmatA ke sAtha evaM hinduoM ne kucha lacIlepana se dharma meM sthAna diyA hai / vaidika paramparA meM manu ne saba kAryo meM ahiMsA ko pradhAnatA dI eMva mAnava saMskRti ko ahiMsA para AdhArita kiyaa| jainoM kI isa ahiMsAtmaka bhAvanA yA siddhAnta para "hindU sAMkhya" kA prabhAva spaSTataH dRSTigocara hotA hai| vaidika kAla meM "vaidikI hiMsA hiMsA na bhavati" jaisI

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212 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa mAnyatAoM ke A jAne para bhI ina bhAvanAoM ke viparIta sAMkhya meM vidheya hiMsA ko bhI vastubhUta hiMsA mAnakara" adharmAcaraNa mAnA gayA hai| maharSi patajjaliM dvArA bhI ahiMsA kI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai| satya ___jaina dharma ke ye paMca mahAvrata yogadarzana ke pravartaka patajjali dvArA batAye gaye paoNca yamoM se pUrNa rupeNa milate haiN| mahAvIra svAmI ke yoga kA dUsarA AdhAra satya hai| asatya ko anRta kahA gayA hai| pAtajjaMli yogadarzana ke anusAra satya meM sudRr3ha sthiti ho jAne para yogI kI vANI se kabhI asatya nikalatA hI nhiiN| usake antaHkaraNa se vahI bAta nikalatI hai jo kiyArupa meM pariNita hone vAlI ho| mahAvIra kI vANI bhI satyavrata thI unake vacana trikAla satya rhe| yogadarzana kI bhaoNti hI jainadharma ke antargata vaha satya bhI asatya hai jo dUsaroM ko duHkha athavA ahita karane vAlA ho| asteya mahAvIra svAmI kI pAtajjalayoga darzana ke samAna hI asteya meM sudRr3ha AsthA thii| asteya meM pratiSThita vyakti rAga ko pUrNatayA tyAga detA hai| isI kAraNa vaha saMsAra kI samasta sampattiyoM kA svAmI bana jAtA thaa| isI taraha mahAvIra svAmI cAroM ora rAjavaibhava hone para bhI bairAgya kI ora pravRtta the lekina ve saMsAra ke vaibhava se sampanna the| yaha asteya hI unake yoga kA tIsarA mAdhyama thaa| brahmacarya kAma vAsanAmaya pravRttiyoM meM rata rahanA avrahmacarya hai eMva usase pare rahanA brahmacarya hai| mahAvIra svAmI ne rAjasI vaibhava kA tyAga kara yAvat jIvana brahmacarya vrata pAlana kiyaa| brahmacarya unake yoga kA cauthA mAdhyama thaa| pAtaMjala yogadarzana meM kahA gayA hai ki yogI meM brahmacarya pratiSThita ho jAne para use aparimita vIryalAbha prApta hotA hai| mahAvIra ne vIryalAbha dvArA zArIrika mAnasika eMva Atmika zaktiyoM ko prApta kara "mahAvIra" padavI. ko dhAraNa kiyA thA unakA vAstavika nAma vardhamAna thaa| aparigraha saMsAra ke samasta padArtho meM Asakti bhAva rakhanA parigraha hai eMva parigraha kA tyAga, anAsakti bhAva se rakhanA aparigraha hai| mahAvIrasvAmI ke yoga ke pAMcave

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jaina aitihAsika tathyoM para hindU prabhAva 213 mAdhyama ke bAre meM yogadarzana kA kahanA hai ki sthUla sAMsArika parigrahoM kA tyAga to yogI apane abhyAsa ke prathama caraNa meM tyAga detA hai lekina avidyA, rAga kleza eMva apanI deha meM mamatva bhAva Adi ina parigrahoM ko tyAga dene para yogI yathArtha jJAna ko prApta karane meM samartha ho jAtA hai| aparigraha yogI tInoM kAloM meM apane svarupa kA jJAtA rahatA hai| isa sarvajJatA ko mahAvIra svAmI ne prApta kiyA thaa| ___ mahAvIra kA yaha paMca mahAvrata jo ki upaniSad vidyA se pUrNarupeNa prabhAvita hai atyanta kaThina hai| isI kAraNa Atma jJAna ko rahasyavidyA athavA upaniSad vidyA kahA gayA hai | mahAvIra svAmI antarmukhI vyakti the unhoMne apanI indriyoM ko bAhyavRttiyoM se parAGmukha kara liyA thA isI kAraNa ve aupaniSadika yogI the| ye dharmatIrtha kA pravartana karane vAle, mokSamArga ke upadezaka eMva tIrthakaMra kahe gaye haiN|02| jaina dharma ke dArzanika eMva upadezaka matoM para bhI hindU granthoM kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| syAddhAda jainadharma meM vicAra kA mUla-syAddhAda hai lekina sAkhya meM isa prakAra ke vicAroM ko svIkRta nahIM kiyA gayA hai lekina vicArazailI ke AdhAra para jo pariNAma dRSTigata hote haiM unase spaSTa hai ki jaina syAdvAra para gakhya ke vicAroM kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| jainadharma ke vicAra jisa dRSTi ka lekara calate haiM unake anusAra samasta vizva ke mUlabhUta tatva do bhAgoM meM eka jIva tatva dUsare ajIva yA jar3a tatva meM vibhakta haiN| sAMkhya meM bhI mUlabhUta tatvoM ko do bhAgoM meM - "puruSa eMva "prakRti meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| puruSa cetana tatva hai eMva prakRti jar3a tatva / cetana eMva jar3a ina do svatantra tatvoM ko svIkAra karane ke kAraNa hI sAMkhya vaidika darzana ko dvaitavAdI samajhA jAtA hai / isa prakAra mAnava eMva vizva kI samasyAoM ko sulajhAne ke lie jainadharma ke dvaitavAdI darzana syAdvAMda para sAMkhya darzana ke dvaitavAda kA prabhAva sAmyavAda hindU saMskRti ke mUlatatva adhyAtmavAda, ahiMsAvAda, sAmyavAda eMva karmavAda kA prabhAva jaina aitihAsika tathyoM para spaSTataH dikhAyI detA hai| jaina saMskRti meM vyaktipUjA kI apekSA tyAga eMva tapasyA jaise guNoM para bala diyA jAtA hai| NamoMkAra maMtra meM una samasta tIrthakaroM ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai jo nirvANa prApta kara cuke haiM "arahaMta zaraNam pravajjAmi" meM unhIM AtmAoM kI zaraNa ke lie prArthanA kI gayI.

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214 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa hai jo jainadharma ke mAnya ananta jJAna, anantasukha, eMva anantavIrya guNoM se yukta hai| samatva kA siddhAnta jo vaidika granthoM, upaniSadoM, smRtiyoM meM sabhI varNo, dharmo eMva prANI mAtra ke lie pAyA jAtA hai vaha jaina dharma kI AtmA hai| karmavAda hindU karma ke siddhAnta ko jaina saMskRti meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai| karma ke anusAra hI use phala milatA hai| Izvara yA anya koI bAhyasattA isa kAraNa kArya ke niyama para hastakSepa nahIM kara sakatA hai| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra karma eka svatantra dravya hai yAra jIva ke karmo se AkRSTa hokara Atma pariNAmoM kI tIvratA evaM mandatA ke anura" ra vandha ko prApta hotA hai| sukha dukha, utthAna, patana, manuSya deva, tiryaca, naraka Adi sabhI gati karmo para AdhArita hai| jaina upAsanA ke tIna AyAma eMva hindUdharma jaina dharma meM upAsanA ke tIna AyAma dRSTigata hote haiM ye bhI hindU dharma se pUrNarupeNa prabhAvita hai| AtmajJAna ___ pahale AyAma meM AtmAnubhUta upAsanA hai jisameM samyak cAritra ko vizeSa bala dete hue mokSa prApti hI mukhya uddezya thA / upaniSadoM, sAMkhyayoga eMva bauddha sabhI meM brahmajJAna Atma jJAna eMva zuddhajJAna kI sAdhanA kA lakSya mokSa prApti kahA gayA hai Atmaviveka eMva Atma zuddhi ko mokSa prApti kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| tantra-mantra hindU dharma meM tantramantroM ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta thaa| jaina dharma meM bhI upAsanA kA dvitIya AyAma-tantra mantra ke dvArA aneka prakAra kI AdhyAtmika zaktiyA~ upalabdha karanA thA lekina ye AyAma apekSAkRta kama mahatvapUrNa thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA eka tApasa dvArA mukhaputra gauzAlaka para chor3I gayI tejolezyA ko zAnta karane ke lie zItolezyA kA prayoga karane kI jAnakArI milatI hai| mahAvIra ne isa prakAra kI siddhiyoM ko prApta karane ke lie sAdhanA karane kA upadeza kisI ko nahIM diyaa| samatA bhAva dhAraNa karate hue karmakSaya karane ke 12 prakAra ke antaraMga eMva bahiraMga tapa karane ke upadeza diye| phira bhI prApta jaina avazeSoM para yakSa yakSiNiyoM eMva yantra bane hue haiM ataeva spaSTa hai ki jaina tantra mantra kA prayoga kucha jainAcArya avazya karate rahe aura ye hindU dharma kA prabhAva thaa|

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jaina aitihAsika tathyoM para hindU prabhAva 215 bhakti ___ jainadharma meM upAsanA ke tRtIya AyAma bhakti dhArA kI utpatti hindUdharma kI bhaktidhArA se huyii| bhAgavatapurANa vartamAna bhakti dhArA kA strota hai| dakSiNa pUrva meM yAmunAcArya eMva rAmAnujAcArya dvArA bhaktivAda ko eka sunizcita dArzanika AdhAra pradAna kiyA gyaa| hindU dharma kI bhaktidhArA se prerita hokara jaina mandiroM meM bhakti upAsanA hone ke sAtha hI bhakti kAvya sAhitya kI racanA kI gyii| isI. kAraNa pUrvamadhyakAla meM jainadharma meM paMcavratoM kA pAlana utanA mukhya nahIM rahA jitanA ki mandira, caitya banavAnA, mUrtiyA~ pratiSThita karAnA eMva bhakti bhAva sa vibhora hokara mUrtiyoM ke sAmane pUjA eMva kIrtana karate hue madamasta ho jAnA -paa| isake lie antaraMga eMva bahiraMga zuddhi ke bAda devapUjA, dAna, vrata abhiSeka Adi karanA Avazyaka ho gayA04 | hindU dharma ke antargata sAdhanA mArga - jJAna, bhakti eMva kiyA para samAna bala diyA gayA hai| jaina sAdhanA meM ekAnta jJAna, bhakti yA kriyA ko mahatva nahIM diyA gayA hai| vahA~ samyakadarzana jJAnacAritraNi mokSamArgaH kahakara ratnatraya ArAdhanA kA vidhAna prApta hotA hai| saguNa eMva nirguNa bhakti kA prabhAva jainadarzana meM nirAkAra AtmA eMva vItarAga sAkAra bhagavAna ke svarupa meM ekatA ke darzana hote haiN| paMcaparameSThI mahAmantra meM saguNa eMva nirguNa bhakti kA samanvaya prApta hotA hai| arhanta sakala saguNa paramAtmA jAne jAte haiM unake zarIra hotA hai ve dikhAyI dete haiN| siddha nirAkAra hote haiM unake koI zarIra nahIM hotA, unheM hama dekha nahIM skte| lekina jainadharma samAna rupa se arhanta eMva siddha kI pUjA eMva bhakti karane kA upadeza dete haiN| yoga hindU dhArmika granthoM meM varNita yoga kA prabhAva jaina paurANika sAhitya meM varNita jaina yogiyoM ke vyavahAra eMva AcAra para spaSTa dikhAyI detA hai| bhagavadgItA meM "samatva" hI yoga hai, kahA gayA hai / kRSNa ne arjuna ko jo zikSA dI ki tU anAsakta bhAva se yoga meM sthita hokara karma kara / yahI karmabandhana se chUTane kA upAya hai|5| isI taraha jainAcAryoM ne moha eMva kSobha se rahita Atma pariNAma rupa rAmatva hI dharma hai, batalAyA hai yaha samyak cAritra hI mokSa kA mUla hai''| mahApurANa meM jaina yogiyoM ke vyavahAra eMva AcAra vicAroM kA jo varNana prApta hotA he vaha gItA meM varNita AcAra vyavahAra ke aneka tatvoM ko lie hue hai| jaina yogI dvArA satya ahiMsA, asteya, brahacarya, vimuktatA eMva rAtribhojana tyAga kA jo vrata liyA jAtA hai| vaha

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216 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa gItA ke anurupa ha / jaina darzana meM mAnya kSamA, mArdava, Arjava, satya, zauca, tapa, tyAga, akiMcana, saMyama eMva brahmacarya ina dasa dharmo kA varNana gItA meM vistRta rupa se prApta hotA hai / jinasena dvArA varNita jaina yogI Atmasukha se bilkula pare the, santoSIvRtti dvArA unakI sabhI icchAeM naSTa kara dI gayI thI, ve AdhyAtmika adhyayana meM lIna rahate", abhISTa vastuoM kI prApti se prasanna eMva aprApti se dukhI nahIM hote| ve mAna apamAna, sukha-duHkha, prasannatA aprasannatA, prazaMsA anindA ' Adi ko samAna rupa se anubhava karate the / yogiyoM ke ye vyavahAra gItA meM varNita varNanoM se pUrNarupeNa milate haiN|14 | jisameM sukha-duHkha, hAni-lAbha, jaya-parAjaya, priya ko prApta kara harSita na honA apriya ko prApta kara udvigna na honA arthAt sukha-duHkha ko samAna samajhane vAlA dhIrapuruSa mokSa kA adhikArI hotA hai| jaina dharma ke antargata sAmayika kI atyanta pratiSThA hai| aNuvratI gRhastha ke cAra zikSAvratoM eMva mahAvratI sAdhu ke paoNca cAritroM meM sAmayika kA samAveza hai| rAgadveSa kI nivRtti paraka Avazyaka kartavyoM meM samatA bhAva kA avalambana sAmAyika hai | AcArya amitagati ne "sAmAyika pATha" meM sAmAyika ke svarupa kA acchA pratipAdana kiyA hai | AcArya kundakunda sambhAva ko zramaNatva kA mUla mAnate hai 17 saMyama evaM tapa se yukta vItarAga zramaNa jaba sukha dukha meM samAna anubhUti karane lagatA hai tabhI vaha mokSopayogI kahA jAtA he yaha gItA ke sukha-dukha kI samatva ke anubhUti kA 'prabhAva hai| sthitaprajJa eMva vItarAga zrI madbhagavadgItA meM varNita "sthita prajJa" na. to duHkha meM udvigna hotA hai aura na sukha meM spRhii| isa taraha rAgadveSa se rahita indriya saMyamI AtmA vAlA antaH karaNa hI nirmalatA ko prApta karatA hai | jainAcAryo ne "sthitaprajJa ko hI vItarAga" kI saMjJA dI hai aura vItarAgatA ko Izvara (Apta) kA lakSaNa mAnA hai116 | gItA kI taraha hI jinasena kahate haiM ki karmo se vimukha honA mithyAcAra hai, vijaya nahIM20 / sneha eMva rAga se dUra eMva saMsAra se viraktatA hI unakI vijaya hai| una buddhimAnoM kI indriyA~ vaza meM hotI hai| jisakI indriyA~ vaMza meM nahIM hotI vaha kaSTa uThAtA hai / gItA ke ye varNana jaina purANoM meM vItarAgI dvArA mokSa prApti ke lie Avazyaka batAye gaye haiN| 3 mukti jo paramAtmA kI vAstavikatA hai vaha AtmA svabhAva kI sthiratA (sAmya) dvArA prApta kara sakate haiM / mokSa eMva puruSArtha hindU dharma ke antargata mAnava jIvana kA mukhya lakSya mokSa kI prApti

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jaina aitihAsika tathyoM para hindU prabhAva . 217 batalAyA gayA hai| dharma, artha, kAma, mokSa ina cAra puruSArthoM meM prathama tIna ko antima puruSArtha mokSa kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| jise trivarga kahA gayA hai| __ jainadharma ke antargata jIvana kA antima lakSya mokSa hI mAnya kiyA gayA hai - sAmAjika jIvana vyatIta karane ke pazcAt mAnava mokSa kI ora agrasara hotA thaa| usake lie dharmAcaraNa, tapa, saMyama, mUrtipUjA, eMva bhakti upAsanA dAna, tyAga, mandira eMva mUrti nirmANa ityAdi ko Avazyaka batalAyA hai jo dharma eMva artha sAdhana kI ora saMketa karate haiN| hindU purANoM meM mAnya kAma ko jainadharma meM mAnavI rupa diyA gayA hai eMva 24 kAmadevoM ko jainapuruSa mAnA hai| jainAcAryo ne inake caritra para grantha bhI likhe| inake mAdhyama se mAnava kI durbalatAoM eMva utthAna patana ke citraNoM dvArA manuSya ko mokSa kI ora unmukha hone kI dizA pradAna kI hai| dharma artha kAma ko hI mokSa prAti kA sAdhana mAnA hai|27 | dhArmika dRSTi se sAhityika kRtiyoM ke samAna hI abhilekhIya kSetra meM bhI hindU dharma kA prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai| jaina abhilekhoM meM prAyaH prazastiyoM kA prArambha "U~ namo vItarAgAya se hotA hai jisase jJAta hotA hai ki yaha jainamata ke samarthakoM kA hai| yaha maMgalAcaraNa prasiddha vaiSNavamantra-U~ namo vAsudevAya yA U~ namo nArAyaNAya ke sadRza jainamaMtra kI vizeSatA hai| sambhavataH yaha hindUmata kA hI prabhAva thA ki lekhoM meM isa prakAra ke maMgalAcaraNa kA prayoga hone lgaa| hindU granthoM meM iSTadeva kI prArthanA pahale pada meM kI jAtI thI isI taraha jaina sAhitya meM pahalA pada tIrthakara prArthanA ke nimitta likhA jAtA thaa| prAyaH sabhI jaina abhilekhoM ke anta meM manu ke cAra zlokoM ko sthAna diyA gayA hai jisameM dAna kI gayI vastu kI rakSA karane vAle puNya ke bhAgI eMva rakSA na karane vAle pApa ke bhAgI kahe gaye haiM inase spaSTa hotA hai ki jainAcArya manusmRti meM varNita dhArmika upadezoM se prabhAvita the| varNavyavasthA jaina purANoM meM prApta dhArmika eMva dArzanika varNanoM kI bhaoNti hI sAmAjika varNana bhI hindU dhArmika granthoM se prabhAvita eMva samAnatA rakhe hue haiN| hindU paramparA meM varNavyavasthA kA AdhAra karma rahA hai| karma ke dvArA hI vyakti ucca eMva nimna varNa ko prApta karatA hai| gItA meM kahA gayA hai ki samadarzI paNDita brAhmaNa eMva cANDAla meM tathA gAya hAthI eMva kutte meM koI bheda nahIM karate2 | manu ne bhI veda kA adhyayana na karane vAle brAhmaNa ko parivAra sahita zUdra hone kA ullekha kiyA hai| hindU dharma kI bhaoNti hI jainadharma janmanA varNa vyavasthA kA virodha karatA huA karmaNA varNavyavasthA meM vizvAsa karatA hai| jaina Agamika sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki janma

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218 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa ke AdhAra para brAhmaNa varNa kI zreSThatA svIkAra nahIM kI jA sktii| RSabha ne brAhmaNa ke guNoM kA varNana kiyA hai| RSabha dvArA bharata se mAhan mAhan kahe jAne ke kAraNa ye mAhana kahe jAne lage / hemacandra ne isakA samarthana kiyA hai ki ye mAhan dhArmika vicAroM vAle vyakti the ye bAda meM brAhmaNa kahalAne lge| vaidika purANoM kI bhAti hI jainAcAryoM ne dvijoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai jo kucha saMskAroM ke sampanna karane se isa saMjJA ko dhAraNa karate the| dvija pavitra dhAge kA prayoga karate the4 eMva asi, masi, kRSi, vANijya, dvArA jIvikopArjana karate the| hindU dharma meM mAnya brAhmaNa utpatti viSayaka siddhAnta ko bhI jaina purANakAroM dvArA mAnya kiyA gayA hai 36 | rAmAyaNa" batAtI hai ki prArambha meM samasta samAja eka varga se sambandhita thaa| mahAbhArata meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki prArambha meM bhinna bhinna varga nahIM the sabhI mAnava brahmA se sambandhita the| apane apane kAryo ke anurupa ye vizeSa vargoM meM vibhAjita kara diye gye| vAyupurANa meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki satyayuga me varNa saMsthA eMva usake kArya vibhAjita nahIM the| mAnava jAti kA vibhinna vargoM meM starIkaraNa tretAyuga meM huA / jaina mahApurANa meM bhI hinduoM ke anurupa hI prArambha meM eka jAti hone eMva jIvikopArjana ke vibhinna sAdhanoM ke apanAne ke kAraNa ye vargoM meM vibhakta hone ke varNana prApta hote haiM / jo bhagavadgItA kI taraha hI guNakarmo ke anusAra cAroM varNo kI sRSTi hone kI bAta batalAte haiN| jaina purANoM meM varNo ke batalAye gaye kartavya rAmAyaNa mahAbhArata eMva gItA se pUrNataH milate hai| jainapurANoM meM prApta kSatriyoM ke kArya kAlidAsa ke dvArA kI gayI chatra zabda kI vyAkhyA para AdhArita hai|43 | puruSa sUkta eMva mahAbhArata kI taraha hI RSabha dvArA apane bhujAoM se zastra dhAraNa karane vAle kSatriyoM eMva jaMdhAoM se vyApArika kArya karane vAle vaizyoM eMva nimna jIvana bitAne vAle zUdro kI utpatti pairoM dvArA karane kI jAnakArI hotI hai | zIlAMka ne samAja ko RSabha dvArA do vargo 1 rAjan evaM 2 prakRtiloka meM vibhAjita karane kI bAta kahI hai|47 / hemacandra ne kSatriyoM ke cAra vargo - ugra, bhoja, rAjanya eMva kSetra kA varNana kiyA hai14 / ___ vaidika dhArmika granthoM kI taraha hI jaina purANoM meM zUdroM (zvapAkoM) ko paryApta sammAna diyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM harikezava nAma cANDAla ke guNa sampanna muni hone ke ullekha milate haiN| isa caturtha varNa kA mukhya kartavya tInoM varNo kI sevA karanA thA" | zUdroM ko do vargo - chUta eMva achUta meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| chUta zUdra ke antargata dhobI eMva nAI ko sammilita kiyA hai| manusmRti ke samAna hI zIlAMka ne cAra varNo ke atirikta 60 vargo (milI julI jAti) kI utpatti kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa taraha hindU dharma ke anukUla hI eka vyakti kA varNa karma

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jaina aitihAsika tathyoM para hindU prabhAva 216 ke dvArA nizcita hone kI bAta kahI gayI hai| Azrama vyavasthA . jaina sAhitya meM Azrama vyavasthA kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| purANoM meM do AzramoM - sAgarAzrama eMva "nirgarAzrama" kramazaH gRhasthoM eMva muniyoM ke lie varNita kiyA gayA hai| jo RSabha ke rAjyakAla se hI bane huye the| raviSeNa ne do prakAra ke AcAroM zrAvakAcAra eMva muniAcAra kA ullekha kiyA hai| isake atirikta tIsare AcAra kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai jo mAyAvI AcAra kahalAtA thA"5 | hindU paurANika Azrama vyavasthA kA apratyakSa rupa se varNana kiyA hai jisameM jIvana ke cAra stara vizeSa upAdhiyoM se varNita kiye gaye haiN| jIvana ke ye cAra Azrama--brahmacarya, gRhastha, vAnaprastha eMva bhikSuka nAma se jAne jAte haiM jo ki jainadharmAnuyAyiyoM ko eka stara se dUsare stara meM adhika zuddha banAte hai156 | jinasena dvArA varNita ye Azrama eMva varNa vyavasthA jo vaidika saMsthAoM para AdhArita hai ko vaidika vyavasthA ke virodha meM jaina pratikriyA ke pariNAma svarupa varNita kiyA gayA hai | dhArmika saMskAra jinasena ne vyakti ke jIvana ko unnata eMva saphala banAne ke lie dhArmika saMskAroM ko adhika mahatva diyA hai| hindU smRtikAroM kI taraha usane kahA hai ki AcAroM kI pavitratA ko binA prApta kiye koI vyA hai / zArIrika, mAnasika eMva AdhyAtmika unnati nahIM prApta kara sakatA hai | jai| purANakAroM ne garbhAnvaya eMva dIkSAnvaya do prakAra ke saMskAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| garbhAnvaya jaina samudAya (samAja)meM utpanna vyaktiyoM ke lie eMva dIkSAnvaya jainadharma meM dIkSita hone vAle ke lie"" / garbhAnvaya saMskAroM kI saMkhyA 53 eMva dIkSAnvaya saMskAroM kI saMkhyA 48 batAyI gayI hai | manusmRti meM janma se lekara maraNa taka jina garbhadhAnAdi Adi kriyAoM kA varNana milatA hai ve sabhI hindU saMskAra inake antargata A jAte haiN| hindU smRtikAroM kI taraha hI" jinasena saMskAroM kA prArambha garbhastha zizu ke AcAroM se hI karate haiN| jainadharma ke antargata saMskAroM ko sImAvaddha nahIM kiyA gayA hai jabaki hindU dharma meM antima do AzramoM kA sevana karane vAle vyaktiyoM ke lie kisI vizeSa saMskAra kI vyavasthA nahIM kI gayI / garbhAdhAna __ jinasena ke anusAra yaha mantrapUrvaka kiyA jAtA thaa| jise "AdhAna" kahA jAtA thaa| hindU saMskAra garbhAdhAna kI apekSA adhika kriyAe~ sampanna kI jAtI thii|

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220 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa jisameM tIna caka, tIna chatra, eMva tIna pavitra agni kI rekhAeM jinamUrti ke bAyeM eMva dAye citrita kI jAtI thii| jinasena ne hindU pusaMvana eMva garbhAdhAna donoM ko "AdhAna" saMskAra meM sammilita rupa diyA hai| vaidika sImantonnayana ko bhI saMskAroM meM sammilita nahIM kiyA hai| priyodbhava hindU paramparA ke anusAra hI yaha saMskAra janma lene ke bAda manAyA jAtA thA" | jaina ise priyodbhava kahate haiN| hindU paddhati se kucha bhinnatA lie pitA dvArA kucha kriyAeM kI jAtI thii| mahAbhArata meM: jAtakarma ke samaya uccAraNa kiyA jAne vAlA maMtra mahApurANa meM jyoM kI tyoM pAyA jAtA hai jo isa saMskAra ke samaya bolA jAtA thaa| nAmakarma manusmRti kI bhAMti hI mahApurANa meM janma ke 12 veM dina nAmakaraNa saMskAra sampanna karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN|70 / mahApurANa ke anusAra bacce eMva mAtApitA ke kalyANa ke lie yaha eka zubha dina meM manAne kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| parivAra kI samRddhi varddhaka bacce kA nAma rakhA jAtA thA172 | bahirinA yaha saMskAra hindU saMskAra niSkAsana kI hI bhAMti hai jo janma ke bAda dUsare, tIsare eMva cauthe mAha meM zubha dina meM manAyA jAtA thA jisameM baccA pahalI bAra ghara se bAhara jAtA thA73 | annaprAzana hindU saMskAra annaprAzana kI bhAMti jainoM meM yaha saMskAra janma ke bAda chaThe mAsa meM sampanna kiyA jAtA thA175 | varSAvardhana __ mahApurANa ke anusAra yaha janma ke eka varSa bAda manAyA jAtA thaa| manusmRti, sUtrasAhitya evaM yAjJavalakaya smRti meM isa saMskAra kA ullekha nahIM hai lekina bhavabhUti ke rAmacaritamAnasa meM isakA ullekha prApta hotA hai | yaha saMskAra prativarSa manAyA jAtA thA evaM isa saMskAra meM bacce kI kalAI para bIte hue varSoM kI saMkhyA ke anusAra dhAge meM gAMTheM bA~dhakara bA~dhA jAtA thaa| uttararAmacarita mAnasa meM

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jaina aitihAsika tathyoM para hindU prabhAva 221 ise saMkhyAmaMgala granthi kahA gayA hai| kezavA yA cola saMskAra hindU saMskAroM meM varNita cUDAkarma eMva muMDana saMskAra ko jaina zAstroM meM kezavA saMskAra kahA gayA hai isameM zubha dina meM bacce ke bAla kATe jAte hai" jainoM kA yaha nAma AzvAlayana gRhayasUtra ke AdhAra para rakhA gayA hai jisameM bAla kATane ke kArya ko kezavApana kahA gayA hai | smRtiyoM meM varNita cola nAma bhI jainoM dvArA isa saMskAra ko diyA gayA hai-" | smRtiyoM ke anusAra yaha saMskAra eka varSa se pA~cave varSa ke bIca meM sampanna kiyA jAtA thA jinasena ke anusAra bhI yaha saMskAra tIsare varSa yA pAMcave varSa meM sampanna kiyA jAtA thaa| upanayana hindU upanayana saMskAra ko jainoM dvArA mahatvapUrNa sthAna diyA gayA hai yaha janma ke sAtave varSa meM sampanna hotA thaa| hinduoM meM tInoM vargoM ke upanayana saMskAra kA samaya alaga alaga diyA gayA hai | isa saMskAra meM bacce ke bAla kATakara, eka kaupIna eMva sAdA vastra pahanane ko diyA jAtA thaa| isake sAtha hI pavitra maMtroM se zuddha kiye hue dhAge se banA janeU (muMjagrAsa) usake vakSasthala para lapeTA jAtA thaa| jo ki brahmacArI dvArA pavitra vrata dhAraNa karane kA sUcaka thA-4 | isI saMskAra ke kAraNa tInoM varNo meM janma lene vAlA dvija kahalAtA thA5 / yahA~ se eka mahatvapUrNa jIvana prArambha hotA hai jo brahmacaryAzrama kahalAtA hai | vratAcArya ' hindU saMskAra "vratAdeza-7 kI bhaoNti hI isa "vratAcArya saMskAra meM brahmacArI ko vratoM kA pAlana karane ke lie zikSA dI jAtI thI / inakA pAlana vidyArthI jIvana kI samApti taka karatA thA | vratAvrataraNa - jainoM ke isa saMskAra para hinduoM ke "samAvartana saMskAra kA spaSTa prabhAva hai jo brahmacArI dvArA adhyayana samApta kara lene ke bAda kiyA jAtA thaa| jinasena ke anusAra vidyArthI jIvana prArambha hone se 12 yA 16 varSo taka vratoM kA pAlana kiyA jAtA thA | hindU granthoM ke anusAra 24 varSa kI Ayu ke bAda "samAvartana saMskAra sampanna karane kA samaya mAnA jAtA thaa| isa saMskAra ke samaya apane guru kI AjJA se vastra AbhUSaNa Adi pahanatA thA /

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222 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa vivAha vaidika purANoM eMva smRtikAroM kI taraha hI jinasena ne vivAha ko eka mahatvapUrNa sthAna diyA hai| vaivAhika saMskAra kI vidhi eMva kriyAe~ hindU dharma kI bhAMti hI sampanna kI jAtI thii| pavitra agni ko sAkSI mAnakara vivAha kiyA jAtA thaa| siddha mUrti ke sAmane vara eMva kanyA pANigrahaNa karake kucha vratoM ko dhAraNa karate the | jinasena ne manu kA anukaraNa karate hue anuloma antarjAtIya vivAha ko mAnyatA dI / hindU dharma se prabhAvita ina saMskAroM se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina itihAsa lekhakoM ke lie apane dharma ke siddhAnta ko vyApaka rupa dene ke lie tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM se sAmajasya karanA Avazyaka thA isI kAraNa unakI sAmAjika avadhAraNAyeM hindUoM se prabhAvita eMva bahuta kucha samAnatA liye haiN| kabhI kabhI to jaina itihAsa kAroM dvArA hindU dhArmika granthoM ke zlokoM gAthAoM eMva padyoM ko jyoM kI tyoM le liyA gayA hai| mahAbhArata kI yatodharmaH tatraH vijaya" yaha gAthA padmapurANa meM milatI hai | mahApurANa eMva trizaSThizalAkA puruSa carita meM prApta dArzanika eMva zikSAtmaka vicAra mahAbhArata se liye gaye haiN|67 | rAmAyaNa ke aneka udAharaNoM ko jaina purANakAroM dvArA unhIM sthitiyoM meM hI nahIM liye gaye balki unhIM zabdoM meM liyA gayA hai| vizeSa rupa se kahAvata, zikSA eMva varNanAtmaka zailI meM samAnatA hai| AdipurANa meM varNita sAMsArika kSaNabhaMguratA kA AdhAra bAlmIki rAmAyaNa hai| jinasena kA kAvyAtmaka rekhAcitra bAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke kalAtmaka varNana kA anukaraNa hai| bAlmIki rAmAyaNa ne usakoM sazakta zabda zakti dI tathA kalpanA zakti eMva dRzyoM ko spaSTa DhaMga se varNana karane kI zakti dI' ! saMdarbha grantha 1. Rgaveda 8/8/24, a0ve016/52, vi0pu02/1. pu0 77, mA0 pu0 pu0 150 brapu0 14/56-61, bhA0pu0 5/3-6 / 2. ma0pU0bhA0 / pR 33 3. A.pu0 1/16-23 4. vahI 3/14-21 5. pa0pu0 1/51 6. ha0pu0 3/165 pa0ca0bhA05 3/50-55, padma003/73-87. ha0pu0 7/125, 166 - A0pu03/63. 152, triza0pu0ca0 1/2/160-206 . - pa0ca0 3/50 padma0ca03/75, A0pu0 3/226-230 / OM //

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jaina etihAsika tathyoM para hindU prabhAva 6. ma0bhA0 13/18/206. 3/3/56 10. pu0vi0 pu0 68-66 / 11. A0pu0 4/3. 2/38, 4/41 / 12. paM.ca0 3/35-42. padma ca0 3/46-63, ha0pu0 7/64-105, A0pu0 3/24-50 / / 13. ma0bhA0bhA003 140/11ba, 146, 12-22 14. vahI 146/11-40 15. ha0pu0 6/35, ma0pu0 16/180 16. vA0pu0 8/61-62, mA0pu0 46/64-76 / 17. 'prakAzitamana' akTUbara 1678 varSa 5 AMkaM 5 / 18. devagar3ha kI jainakalA - citra saMkhyA 51 / 16. devagar3ha kI jainakalA, adhyAya 5 / 20. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA02 le0 na0 161, 250 / 21. "mathurA kalA meM mAMgalika cinha" Aja vArANasI 16 pha0 1664 / 22. jaina AikonogrAphI - e vAlyUma oNpha iNDiyana evaM irAniyana sTaDIja pu0 342 / jai0 zi0 saM0 bhA02 le0 na0 250 / 23. devagar3ha kI jainakalA citra saM0 63 / 24. devagar3ha kI jainakalA - citra saMkhyA 68, 73 / 25. bhA0 saM0 je0 dha0 yo0 pu0 346 / 26. jai0 zi0 saM0 bhaa0| prstaavnaa| 27. bhA0 saM0 jai0 dha0 yo0 pu0 346-350 / u0 pu0 54/103-110 / ma0 pu0 258 140 / . 30. ma0 pu0 16/267 / 31. ma0 pu0 25/142 / 32. ma0 pu0 24/34, 25/106 / 33. ma0 pu0 24/30, 25/106 / ma0 pu0 25/106 / 35. ma0 pu0 24/35, 25/100 / 36. ma0 pu0 24/33. 25/100 / 37. ca0 ma0 pu0 pu0 167. 111. tri, zA0 pu0 ca0 bhA0 5 pu0 277-78 | 38. ca0 ma0 pu0 ca0 pu0 41 / 36. ci0 za0 pu0 ca0 4/75 / 40. A0pu0 25/67. 100-107, 113, 117, 120-128, 133, 144, 146, 167,

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224 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 201, 210-11 / 41. ha0 pu. 17/3ba, ma0 pu0 43/265-67 / 42. pa0ca0 7/70 / 43. padma ca07/152 / 44. u0 pu0 54/188ba / 45. pa0ca0 7/70, padma ca0 7/152, ca0 ma0 pu0 ca0 pu0 221 / / 46. pa0 ca0 2/56, A0 pu. 12/165 pa0 ca0 1/14/2 (svayaMbhbhU) ma0pu0 bhA0 3. 1/6, ha0 pu0 8/36 | 47. bha0 bhA0 3 37/33, rA0bhA0 3 46/16b| 48. ma0 bhA0 1/66, 14/15 | 46. ha0 pu0 60/531-37, pa0ca0 5/6/6cha / 50. ma0 bhA0 1/66, 1/122 / 51. u0 pu0 74/331-37 / 52. ma0 bhA0 1/210, 3/38, 3/125 / 53. tri0 za0 pu0 ca0 bhA0 5 pu0 316, 342 / 54. tri0 za0 pu0 ca0 1/5/578 | .55. tri0 za0 pu0 ca0 bhA0 3 pu0 287 / 56. bRhatsvayambhUstotra padya 127, pu0 336 | 57. ha0pu0 prazasti 58. bhA0 saM0 jai0dha0 yo0pu0 358 / .. 56. jai0e0mArca 1637, pu0 75-76 / 60. pa0ca07/20, 7/27-31, pa0ca07/47 (vimala) 61. bA0rA02/16.24 / 62. ma0bhA0 3/41, 55, 6/17.46 | 63. ma0bhA0 5/16-27 / 64. u0pu0 54/102/110 65. pa0ca02/115, pa0ca0 (ravie) 2/243 / 66. triza0pu0ca0 7/7/50, pa0ca0 (svayambhU) 8/5/2-10 / 67. pa0ca0 (svaMyambhU) 8/5/6, triza0pu0ca0 1/5/560 / 68. triza0pu0ca0 4/7/225 ba / 66. ma0bhA01/56, 6/35-45 / 70. triza0pu0ca0bhA05 pR0 343 / 71. vahI bhA04 pR0 54 72. bA0rA01/23/10-14

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jaina aitihAsika tathyoM para hindU -prabhAva 225 73. ma0bhA0 13/11/3 74. ma0pu043/264, pa0ca0 (svayambhU) 1/6/5, triza0pu0ca0 1/3/428ba 75. pa0ca0(ravi0) 7/31, ha0pu0 8/112 ba, pa0ca0 (svayambhU) 8/1/8 triza0pu0ca04/7/320/76. pa0ca0 (ravi) 3/176-81, ha0pu08/158,triza0pu0ca 4/7/320 77. ma0bhA01/22/54-56, 3/43/14, 14/88/36-46 / / 78 triza0pu0ca0 1/2/785, 763. ma0bhA0 1/122/60ba 3/43/28-30 76. paMca0 11/50pha, pa0ca0(ravi) 11/117pu, triza0pu0ca07/2/504-14 80. pa0ca0 7/11, pa0ca0 (ravi) 7/31, pa0ca0 (svayambhU) 8/1/4 / 81. triza0pu0ca0bhA03, pu0 232 / 82. vahI 4/5/85 / 83. vahI bhA03 pu0 270 / 84. vahI pu0 287 / 85. vahI 4/1/654 / / 86. vahI bhA0 3 pR0 220 87. ma0bhA0 8/22/16 88. ma0bhA0 66/58 86. vahI 2/106/12 60. A0pu0 1/120. 5/20 61. ma0pu0 36/20-21, ma0smRti 2/12 62. vahI 47/302-303 a 63. A0tI0 pu0 26-35 64. ma0 bhA0 8/115/1 65. ma0bhA0 10/25-28, zA0pa0 271/1-13 66. yo0da0 2/135 67. vahI 2/136 68. vahI 2/137 66. yonda0 2/138 100. vahI 2/136 101. ka0u0 4/1 102. va0ca0 15/13/5 103. pra0ca0 5/38 pu0 51 104. ya0ca0 8/3-10 105. bha0gI0 2/48-50

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226 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 106. pra0sA0 1/7 107. ma0pu0 34/166 108. ma0gI0 6/1-3 106. ma0pu0 36/157-58, bha0gI06/10-14, 16/1-3 110. vahI 34/171 a 173ba 111. vahI 24/187a 112. vahI 34/203 a 113. vahI 34/204, bo0pA0 46 / 114. bhagI02/56.57, 66-71, 3/30, 4/21-222, 5/20, 6/7-10, 7/13-14, 16, 18, 16/ 115. sa0 sU0 7/12, 6/12 / 116. saa0paa03| 117. pra0sA0 1/14/ 118. bhgii02/56-57,64| 116. ra0ka0zrA0 1/6 120. bha0gI03/6, 1/60-61, 68 121. bhagI02/61 122. vahI 6/36,5/22ba 123. triza0pu0ca0bhA 04 pu 68 124. bhagI05/16 125. bha0bhA0 12/161, A0pu02/31, ma0pu01/118, 2/31, 24/5a vahI 12/162-66, 12/245 126. vahI 12/162-66, 12/245 127. triza0pu0ca0 2/1/26, 225, ma0pu0 24/50, 44/50, 44/50. 51/8, 53/5 / 128. bha0gI05/18 126. ma0smRti 2/168 130. pa0ca04/81 131. vahI 4/84, pa0ca0 (ravi) 4/121-122, triza0pu0ca 1/6/226 ba 132. triza0pu0ca0 1/6/22-28 133 vahI 1/6/248a, ha0pu0 11/105-107 134. ma0pu0 38/47-46 / . 135. ma0pu0 40/167

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jaina aitihAsika tathyoM para hindU prabhAva 227 136. vahI 37/117a, 36/127 137. u0kA0 30, 21 138. ma0bhA0 12/188/10 136. vA0pu08/61ba 57/600, 57/81-87 140. ma0pu0 38/45, ha0pu07/103 a 141. gItA 4/13 142. pa0ca0 3/115-317, pa0ca0 (ravi) 3/256-58, ha0 pu0 6/36 | ma0pu0 38/46, gItA 18/43-44, ma0bhA0 12/266/20-21 / 143. raghuvaMza 2/53 144. R0 10/60/12 145. ma0bhA0 6/67/10-16, 8/32 dva437-44 146. ma0pu0 16/244-45 147. ca0ma0puca0 pu0 36 148. triza0pu0ca0 1/2/34-38 146. u0sa012/1 150. ma0pu0 5/10/4 151. A0pu0 16/185-86 152. ca0pa0pu0ca0pu0 36 153. u0sU0 25/33. ma0pu0 38/43 154. pa0ca05/166 155. vahI 4/445 156. ma0pu0 36/151-52, ma0bhA0 12/242-43ba 157. ma0pu0 36/24-151ba 158. ma0pu0 38/47-46 156. vahI 36/7 160. vahI 38/52 161. ma0smRti bhA02 16/27,26,30,34,36 bhA003 2/4 162. ma0bhA0 12/162/1-6 . 163. ma0pu0 38/70a, ma0smRti 2/26-27. 3/45,hi0sa0 pu0 60-66 164. ma0pu0 38/71-73 165. ma0pu0 38/71, 40/3-4 . 166. vahI 38/85, 40/108-133 167. hi0sa0 pu0 86-68

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228 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 168. a0bhA0 1/68 166. A0pu0 40/114 170. ma0smRti 2/30, ma0pu0 38/87. hi0saM0pu0 108 . 171. ma0pu0 38/87 ba 172. vahI 38/88ba 173. ma0pu0 38/60-62 ma0smRti 2/34 a 174. ma0pu 38/65, ma0smRti 2/34ba 175. vahI 38/66-67 / 176. u0rA0ca0mA0 3/45 177. vahI 3/3 178. ma0pu0 38/68 a 176. A0gR0sU0 1/17/12 180. ma0pu0 38/68ba 181. ma0smRti 2/35 182. ma0pu0 38/104a 183. ma0smRti 2/66-36 184. ma0pu0 38/104, 136, 40/156-158 185. vahI 38/156 186. ma0bhA0 12/161-68/ 187. ma0smRti 2/173 188. ma0pu0 38/115-16, ma0smRti 2/176-78, 2/108 186. vahI 38/117, ma0smRti 2/108 160. vahI 38/123 161. hi0saM0 pu0 161 162. ma0pu0 38/124 163. vahI 38/127-34 164. ma0smRti 3/13 165. A0pu0 16/247, ma0pu0 36/85 166. pa0ca0 11/74, ma0bhA0 6/66/35 167. ma0pu 34/166-171, triza0pu0ca0 1/3/166, 271-73 168. A0pu08/77 166. bA0rA02/105-116 200. A0pu026/27. rA030/48, ma0pu026/42, bA0rA030/47

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adhyAya -6 upasaMhAra jaina itihAsa ke antargata sarvaprathama AcArya jinasena ne apane AdipurANa meM "iti iha AsIt" kahakara itihAsa kI vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai| itihAsa kI pUrvayugIna mAnyatAoM ne jaina itihAsa ke svarupa ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| pUrva vRtAntoM ko unake vAstavika rupa meM prastuta karanA jaina itihAsa kI vizeSatA hai| itihAsa lekhana kA prArambha mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt prArambha hotA hai| jaina itihAsa apane prArambhika caraNa meM dhArmika eMva dArzanika siddhAntoM kA mAtra vizleSaNa prastuta karane vAlA hai| pUrva madhyayuga meM jainadharma kI samanvayavAdI pravRttiyoM kA digdarzana sAmAjika, rAjanaitika, sAMskRtika eMva anyAya pakSoM ke prastutIkaraNa meM huA hai| __ jaina itihAsa meM karmabhUmi se pahale bhogabhUmi vyavasthA thii| sarvaprathama Adi tIrthakara RSabhadeva ne karmabhUmi kI sthApanA kI eMva prajA ko asi, maSi, kRSi, zilpa, vANijya, vidyA ina SaTkarmo kI zikSA dii| jaina itihAsa kA prastutIkaraNa isI kama se huA hai| RSabhadeva ke pazcAt jainadharma meM teisa tIrthakara hue| antima cAra tIrthakaroM kI aitihAsikatA jainetara paramparAoM meM bhI svIkRta hai| mahAvIra ne dharma kA mUlAdhAra ahiMsA ko banAkara pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAmika upadeza ko paMcayAmI bnaayaa| jaina itihAsa meM mahAvIra ke upadezoM ke saMkalana jo sarvaprathama gaNadhara dvArA dvAdazAMga Agama bAraha aMga eMva caudaha pUrvo ke rupa meM kiye gaye, inameM mahAvIra eMva mahAvIra se pUrva ke dhArmika, dArzanika naitika vicAroM ke sAtha hI jyotiSa, Ayurveda, Adi zAstroM kA samAveza kiyA gyaa| kAlAntara meM aMgoM eMva pUrvo kA lopa ho jAne ke pazcAt jaina sAhitya ke purnanirmANa ke Andolana kA sUtrapAta I0pU0 160 meM kaliMga cakravartI samrATa khAravela ne ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata para eka muni sammelana bulAkara kiyA gyaa| prathama zatAbdI se paoNcavI zatAbdI taka ke sAhitya meM dArzanika cintana, lokotta adhyAtma, eMva lokonnAyaka AcAra vicAra para adhika dhyAna diyA gayA aura vibhinna AcAryoM dvArA vibhinna granthoM kI racanAe~ kI gyiiN| chaThI zatAbdI I0 vI0 ke bAda kA jainasAhitya hindU paramparA ke kathAnaka eMva AkhyAnoM se prabhAvita jAna par3atA hai| vibhinna rAjyavaMzoM ke prazraya se jaina sAhitya

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230 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa kI adhikAdhika samRddhi huyii| saoNtavI zatAbdI meM raviSeNa eMva jaTAsiMhanandI ne rAmAyaNa kI zailI para padmacarita eMva barAMgacarita kI racanA kI / raviSeNa ne rAmAyaNa meM heya dRSTi se dekhe jAne pAtroM ke prati udAtta eMva sahAnubhUti pUrNa bhAva pradarzita kiyA hai| ye donoM hI grantha jaina itihAsa ke antargata samAja eMva saMskRti ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| ___AMThavI zatAbdI meM jaina AcAryo dvArA praNIta grantha gaNita, jyotiSa, bhUgola, samAja, rAjanIti para prakAza DAlate haiN| navIM zatAbdI ke jaina AcAryo dvArA purANa eMva mahApurANa kI racano karake eka navIna sAhityika vidhA ko janma diyA gayA jo jaina itihAsa ke sAtha hI sAtha kAvyazAstrIya siddhAntoM ke aitihAsika adhyayana kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| navIna sAhityika zailI kA digdarzana "pArvAbhyudaya meM huA hai| dasavI, gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM praNIta caritakAvya itihAsaparaka vibhinna pakSoM ko prastuta karane vAle haiN| caritakAvyoM kI zailIgata vizeSatAoM ke atirikta ve tatyugIna itihAsa kA sAMgopAMga varNana karane meM atyadhika sakSama hai| isake atirikta bArahavIM zatAbdI meM itihAsakAroM dvArA praNIta granthoM meM itihAsa ke adhyayana hetu vipula sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| dvitIya zatAbdI se lekara bArahavI zatAbdI ke antarAla meM saMskRta bhASA kI taraha hI prAkRta bhASA meM bhI jaina itihAsakAroM dvArA sAhitya sRjana kiyA gayA jisameM tIrthakaMroM ke caritra ke sAtha hI sAtha vibhinna kathAoM AkhyAnoM, upAkhyAnoM eMva rAjA eMva sAmrAjJiyoM ke caritroM kA nirupaNa kiyA gayA hai| ___ apabhraMza bhASA meM kAvya, kathA, purANa ke sAtha hI gaNita Ayurveda, vAstuzAstra Adi vividha viSayoM para racanAaiM kI gyii| . navI zatAbdI meM rASTrakUTa rAjA nRpatuMga ke rAjyakAla se jaina sAhityakAroM ne kannaDa, tamila eMva marAThI bhASAoM meM kAvya racanA kA prArambha kiyA jo jaina itihAsa kI dRSTi se bar3e hI mahatva ke haiN| nivRttimArgI eMva AcAra pradhAna dharma hone ke kAraNa jaina itihAsakAroM kA mUla uddezya apane dharma eMva darzana ke siddhAntoM ko sthAyI rupa denA thaa| ve janasAdhAraNa meM naitika bhAvanA eMva AdhyAtmika vAtAvaraNa utpanna karanA cAhate the isa uddezya se unhoMne jainadharma meM mAnya zalAkApuruSoM kA caritra nirupaNa kiyaa| pUrvamadhyayugIna jainAcArya pUrva pracalita vaidika paramparAoM kI samIkSA karate hue pAye jAte haiM isI kAraNa unake dvArA hindU dharma ke aitihAsika tathyoM ke jainIkaraNa karane ke prayAsa kiye gye| rAjyAzraya prApta hone ke kAraNa jainadharmAnuyAyI rAjAoM dvArA kiye gaye dhArmika kAryo kA varNana karanA bhI unake sAhitya kA uddezya thaa| vibhinna janapadIya lokabhASAoM meM dhArmika, AkhyAna, upAkhyAnoM ke mAdhyama

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upasaMhAra 231 se jainadharma ko vyApaka eMva sarvoparirupa pradAna karanA jaina itihAsa lekhakoM kI vizeSatA thii| pUrvamadhyakAla meM jainAcAryo eMva itihAsa lekhakoM dvArA samanvayavAdI pravRtti ko apanAnA unakI dhArmika sahiSNutA eMva udAravAdI dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa karatA hai| jainagranthoM meM prApta kAla nirdeza itihAsa nirmANa meM apanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| apane inhIM uddezyoM ke anurupa hI jaina itihAsakAroM ne jainadharma eMva darzana ke siddhAntoM kA vizleSaNa eMva trezaThazalAkApuruSoM ke caritra nirupaNa eMva unake pUrvabhavoM ke varNana nirupaNa ko apane sAhitya kA viSaya bnaayaa| tIrthakaroM dvArA upadiSTa dhArmika siddhAnta zrutaparamparA se cale A rahe the| kAlakramAnusAra unake lupta hone para jaina itihAsakAroM ne dharma eMva darzana ke siddhAntoM ko sthAyI rupa denA cAhA jisake lie samaya samaya para vAcanAeM huyI anta meM pAMcavI zatAbdI I0 vI0 meM vibhinna vAcanAbhedoM ko vyavasthita rupa pradAna karake devardhigaNa kSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM AgamoM ko lipivaddha kiyaa| jaina zramaNoM ke AcAra vicAroM eMva dharma ke mUlabhUta siddhAntoM ko Agama sAhitya kA viSaya banAyA gyaa| sAdhAraNa ke lie hRdayagamya banAne hetu AkhyAnoM upAkhyAnoM ke rupa meM zalAkApuruSoM ke caritroM ko apanAyA gyaa| __Agama sAhitya meM nirupita viSaya kA vikAsa Agama sAhitya para likhe jAne vAle vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya-cUrNI, bhASya, TIkAoM eMva niyuktiyoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| chaThI zatAbdI I0 vI0 meM hindU dharma ke vibhinna dhArmika cintana kI dhArAoM ko vikAsa ho cukA thA unake antargata vibhinna prakAra ke sAhitya kA praNayana bhI ho cukA thaa| jaina itihAsakAra purANoM sadRza dhArmika sAhitya se prabhAvita hue, pariNAmasvarupa aitihAsika kAvya eMva purANa lekhana kI paramparA jaina itihAsa meM bhI zrRMkhalA rupa meM pAyI jAtI hai| sAhitya samAja kA darpaNa mAnA jAtA hai| pariNAmasvarupa tatkAlIna paristhitiyA~ eMva sAmAjika mAnyatAeM, sAhitya meM svataH pratibimbita ho uThatI haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki paurANika eMva caritakAvyAtmaka sAhitya meM trezaThazalAkApuruSoM eMva jainadharmAnuyAyI vyaktiyoM ke caritra-nirupaNa ke sAtha hI tatkAlIna vibhinna paristhitiyoM kA citraNa bhI naisagiMka rupa meM huA hai| pariNAmataH Agama sAhitya meM sUtra rupa meM varNita viSaya paravartIyugIna sAhitya meM vistRta hokara siddhAntoM kA rupa dhAraNa kara lete haiN| jaina itihAsakAroM ne dhArmika siddhAntoM ko lokapriya eMva vyApaka rupa pradAna karane ke lie kathAtmaka zailI ko apnaayaa| kathA sAhitya tatkAlIna jaina jagata eMva saMskRti kA vAstavika citraNa prastuta karane meM atyadhika sakSama mAne jAte haiN|

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232 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa vartamAna meM sAhityika sAkSya kI apekSA abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ko adhika vizvasanIya eMva mahatvapUrNa mAnA jAtA hai| AgamoM meM varNita viSayoM kA vikAsa abhilekhIya sAhitya meM bhI pAyA jAtA haiN| jainadharma ko janasAdhAraNa ke sAtha hI sAtha rAjavaMzoM dvArA prazraya prApta thA isI kAraNa jainadharmAnuyAyI rAjAoM dvArA kiye gaye dhArmika kRtya, bhUmidAna grAmadAna, mandira eMva mUrtinirmANa, mandira jIrNodvAra, bhikSujIvana apanAne samAdhimaraNa karane Adi kA ullekha abhilekhIya sAhitya meM huA hai| tatkAlIna saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, bali eMva AcArya paramparA kA ullekha jaina prazasti eMva abhilekhoM meM prApta hotA hai| . jaina sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki nivRttimArgI jainadharma pravRttimUlaka udAravAdI dRSTikoNa ko apane meM samAhita kiye hue haiN| jaina dharma meM dharma ko niHzreyasa kI siddhi pradAna karane vAlA batalAyA gayA hai| trayaratnoM ko mokSaprApti ke sAdhana (rupa) meM mAnA gayA hai| jainadharma muniAcAra eMva zrAvaka AcAra meM vibhakta hai jinameM muniyoM ke lie paMcamahAvratoM - ahiMsA, satya, asteya, aparigraha, amaithuna ke sAtha hI trigupti eMva paMcasamitiyoM kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka thaa| tapa, dhyAna, tyAga, vairAgya eMva zIla para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| zrAvakoM ko paMca aNuvrata, guNavrata, zikSAvrata, bAraha anuprekSAoM eMva gyAraha pratimAoM kA pAlana karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai jainadharma meM karma ke siddhAnta para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| karmo ke anusAra hI zubha, azubha, gatiyoM eMva duHkha sukhoM ke prApta hone kI bAta kahI gayI hai| duSkarmo ke phaloM kA nirupaNa karake satkamoM eMva dharma meM pravRtta karAnA unakA uddezya thaa| __ jainadharma meM paMcaparameSThI maMtra, pUjA eMva dAna kA apanA mahatva hai| jaina bhikSuoM ke nivAsa sthAna, rahanasahana, AhAra Adi ke sambandha meM nizcita niyamoM kA pAlana karanA hotA thA lekina durbhikSa eMva anya kaSToM ke Ane para unheM apavAda mArga kA Azraya lene kI anumati pradAna kI gayI hai| chaThI zatAbdI I0 vI0 se bArahavI zatAbdI ke jainasAhitya meM citrita samAja eMva saMskRti pUrvamadhyayugIna sAmAjika vizeSatAoM se yukta hai| jaina sAmAjika saMgaThana kA AdhAra karma thaa| Azrama vyavasthA ke antargata Azramavikalpa, saMvibhAga eMva AzramavAda para bala diyA gayA hai| vizeSataH muniyoM kA nivAsa sthAna nagara se bAhara udyAna eMva jaMgaloM meM thA sajAtIya eMva eka vivAha ko adhika mahatva diyA gayA thaa| vivAha prAyaH vayaska hone para kiyA jAtA thaa| pardAprathA kA abhAva, zikSA kA samAna adhikAra, dhArmika kSetra meM samAna adhikAra honA striyoM kI ucca avasthA ko spaSTa karatA hai| jaina sAhitya meM varNita rAjA kA svarupa hindU paramparA kI bhaoNti devI zakti sampanna na hokara mAnavIya rahA hai| sAmAnyatayA chaH zatruoM para vijaya, pakSapAta rahita

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upasaMhAra 233 honA, dharma artha kAma kA avirodha sevana, dayAlutA, nIti, parAkrama Adi zreSTha guNoM kA honA Avazyaka thaa| rAjya kA hastAntaraNa karate samaya prAyaH rAjakumAra ko zikSA dI jAtI hai| prAyaH rAjya kA vistRta svarupa prApta hotA hai| deza, samaya, zatruvala, Atmabala eMva zarIrabala ko pradhAnatA dete hue sAma, dAma, daNDa, bheda se kisa samaya kisa nIti ko apanAnA cAhie, kI mImAMsA kI gayI hai| rAjA kA pramukha kartavya prajA kA samucita pAlana karanA hai| prajAraMjana va prajA, pAlana Avazyaka. kartavya batalAyA gayA hai| rAjya kI mUla zakti AcAra parAkama, sainya, eMva koza kI zakti meM nihita batAyI gayI haiN| rAjA antaraMga zatruoM ko jItane vAlA eMva trivarga kA pravartaka hai| manuSyoM kI rakSA ke kAraNa nRpa, pRthvI kI rakSA ke kAraNa bhUpa eMva prajA ko anuraMjita karane ke kAraNa rAjA kahA gayA hai| rAjA ke aneka bheda-kulakara, cakravartI, vidyAdhara, mahAmANDalika, maMDalAdhipa, sAmanta, dvIpapati, bhUdhara Adi varNita kiye gaye haiN| cakravartI, nArAyaNa, pratinArAyaNa rAjAoM ke jo lakSaNa jaina granthoM meM pAye jAte haiM ve anya paramparA ke lakSaNoM ke apekSAkRta kucha vaicitrya rakhate haiN| cakravartI bharata ko bharata Adi chaH khaNDoM kA adhipati kahA gayA hai usake caudaha ratna, navanidhi eMva dasa prakAra ke bhogoM kA vistRta varNana kiyA hai| nyAya eMva parAkama rAjAoM kI vijaya ke AdhAra the| zikSA prApti ke bAda eMva rAjyAbhiSeka Adi anya avasaroM para mAtA, pitA, guru eMva AcAryo dvArA zikSA dene kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| maMtripariSada eMva anya adhikAriyoM eMva unake guNoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| rAjya ke saptAgoM meM koSa eMva durga kA varNana, senA ke bheda, dUta vyavasthA, nyAya vyavasthA Adi kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| prabhutA, utsAha eMva maMtra zakti dvArA rAjA prajA ke kaSToM ko dUra karane kA prayatna karate the| purANoM meM lokoM, dvIpoM tathA kSetroM ke ullekha ke sAtha-sAtha nagaroM parvatoM eMva nadiyoM kA vistRta varNana pAyA jAtA hai jo bhUgola viSayaka jJAna ko spaSTa karatA hai| sAtha hI sAtha vibhinna rAjAoM ke rAjya sImAoM, rAjya ke svarupa eMva vyApArika ... kendroM Adi kA varNana bhUgola kI jAnakArI hetu mahatvapUrNa hai| sabhI prakAra ke jIvana meM artha ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta rahA hai| asi, maSi, kRSi, zilpa, vANijya arthopArjana ke sAdhana the| jala eMva sthala mArgo se vyApAra hone eMva vyApAra meM Ane vAle kaSToM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| kathAoM se vyApArika sthAnoM, vastuoM eMva vahA~ ke nivAsiyoM ke rahana-sahana, vezabhUSA, eMva svabhAva vyavahAra kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| __ jaina sAhitya kI uparokta vidhAoM ke vizleSaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki vivecyakAla meM jainadharma ne anya dharmo ke tatvoM ko apane meM AtmasAt kara liyA thAM dharma ko sarvopari rupa dene evaM dharma kI rakSA ke lie jainadharma dvArA hindU dharma ke mUlabhUta

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234 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa siddhAntoM ko apanAyA gyaa| jaina saMskRti ke vikAsa meM hindU saMskRti kA paryApta yogadAna rhaa| udAravAdI eMva samanvayavAdI pravRtti hone ke kAraNa jainadharma meM aneka hindU aitihAsika tathyoM kA samAveza huA hai| jainapurANoM meM hindU purANoM kI paramparA eMva varNita viSaya ko apanAyA gayA hai| rAmAyaNa eMva mahAbhArata ke pAtroM ke AdhAra para caritakAvyoM eMva purANoM kA nirmANa huaa| purANoM meM varNita pAtroM ko unnata eMva udAtta rupa dene ke lie jainIkaraNa kI prakriyA apanAkara jainadharma ko sarvopari rupa diyaa| dhArmika bhAvanAoM ko mUrta rupa dene hetu hindU dharma ke anurupa mandiroM eMva mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA eMva vaidika devI devatAoM ko jaina devatA samUha meM sthAna diyA gyaa| jina, ziva, viSNu tathA buddha ko eka hI tatva ke vibhinna rupa mAne gye| jaina itihAsa meM prApta muni AcAra hindU dhArmika granthoM meM varNita dharma ke lakSaNoM se milate haiN| jaina sAhitya meM dharma kI paribhASA mahAbhArata ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai| jainadharma ke syAdvAda para sAMkhya ke vicAroM eMva adhyAtmavAda, sAmyavAda, karmavAda eMva dhArmika aitihAsika tathyoM para bhagavadgItA ke upadezoM kA pUrNa prabhAva jJAta hotA hai| hindU dharma kI upAsanA paddhati eMva yoga se jaina upAsanA eMva jaina yogiyoM ke vyavahAra eMva AcAra pUrNarupeNa prabhAvita haiN| varNa vyavasthA, Azrama vyavasthA, puruSArtha, saMskAra, vyavasthA, hindU vyavasthA ke anurupa haiN| jaina sAhityika vidhAoM kA sRjana hindU aitihAsika sAhitya ke AdhAra para huaa| caritakAvyoM meM prApta tIrthakaMra ke upadeza gItA ke zlokoM kI taraha hI uccArita kiye jAte haiN| caubIsa tIrthakaroM kI aitihAsikatA bhAgavata sampradAya kI caubIsa avatAroM kI mAnyatA se bahuta kucha prabhAvita hai| Rgveda ke prAkRtika dRzyoM kI kucha alaMkArika kathAoM ke AdhAra para jaina loka kathAoM eMva upakathAoM kA nirmANa huA hai| antatogatvA kahA jA sakatA hai ki hindU dharma ke anurupa eMva prabhAvita hone para bhI jaina sAhitya kI apanI vizeSatAeM haiM jisake kAraNa vaha apanI sattA vyApaka rupa meM banAye hue haiN| jaina itihAsa sAhitya kI aneka vidhAoM meM likhA gayA jisakA ki varNya viSaya dhArmika siddhAntoM eMva vezaThazalAkApuruSoM ke caritra nirupaNa ke sAtha hI tatkAlIna sAmAjika Arthika, rAjanaitika eMva bhogoMlika paristhitiyoM kA citraNa karanA rahA pariNAmasvarupa itihAsa nirmANa eMva aitihAsika paramparA ko kamavaddha rupa dene meM jaina itihAsa kA paryApta yogadAna hai| 1. tatvArthasUtra, yuktyAnuzAsana, sammatisUtra, dvAtrizaMtikAoM, jainendravyAkaraNa, sarvArthasiddhi, dazabhakti, priyalakSaNaka darzana-Adi /

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__la OM upasaMhAra 235 dvisandhAna mahAkAvya, nAmamAlAkoSa, jayadhavalATIkA, ladhIstrayIvRtti tatvArtha rAjavArtika, SaDadarzanasammukha aadi| bRharakathAkoSa, vardhamAnacarita, zAntinAtha carita, candraprabhacarita, dharmazarmAbhyudaya, yazastilaka campU, nItivAkyAmRta, pradmumnacarita tilaka-maMjarI aadi| moharAjaparAjaya, neminirvANa - mahAkAvya, trizaSThizalAkApurUSa carita kumArapAlacarita, evaM dhanezvara, zrIpAla, haricandra, padmAnanda, guNacanda evaM vijayapAla Adi dvArA praNIta grnth| SaTakhaNDAgama, kasAyapAhuDa, paumacariya, vasudeva, hiNDI, kuvalayamAlA jinasahastranAmastrota, caupannamahApurisacariya, mahAvIracariya, rayaNacUDarAyacariyaM, dhUrtA, khyAna, surasundarIcariyaM, kumArapAlacarita / aadi| paumacirata, riTThaNemicariu evaM puSpadanta, tribhuvanasvayambhU, dhanapAla dvArA praNIta grnth| yazodharacarita, anantanAtha carita, neminAthacarita, bharatezavaibhava, dharmAmUla, jIvakacintAmaNi, zilappaDikArama aadi| OM

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sahAyaka grantha sUcI mUlagrantha bhagavatI ArAdhanA - (zivakoTi) devendrakIrtigranthamAlA zolApura 1635 nizIthacUrNI, eMva bhASya - jinadAsamaNi - sanmatijJAnapITha, AgarA 1957-60 mahAnizItha - DablyU0 zUbiMga, barlina 1618 vipAkasUtra - (TIkA) abhayadeva, bar3audA vi0saM0 1622 / audhaniyukti - TIkA droNAcArya bambaI 1616 / jJAtRdharmakathA - TIkA-abhayadeva, Agamodaya, bambaI 1616. . AvazyakacUrNI - jinadAsagaNi, ratalAma 1628 bRhatkalpabhASya - saMdhadAsagaNi, AtmAnanda jaina sabhA, bhavanagara 1633-38 * vyavahArabhASya, TIkA - malayagiri, bhavanagara 1626 / jambUdvIpa prajJapti - TIkA, zanticandra bambaI 1620 / uttarAdhyayana - TIkA, nemicandra bambaI 1620 / aMgrejI anuvAda, haramana utjaikaavii| vyAkhyAprajJapti-TIkA, abhayadeva, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI 1621, ratalAma 1637, gujarAtI anupAda, vecaradAsa, ahamadAbAda, vi0saM0 1676-88 / aupapAdikasUtra - TIkA, abhayadeva, dvitIya saMskaraNa, vi0saM0 1614 / sthAnAMgasUtra - TIkA, abhayadeva, ahamadAbAda, 1637 / rAjapraznIyaTIkA - abhayadeva, gujarAtI anuvAda, becaradAsa, ahamadAbAda, vi0saM0 1664 / uttarAdhyayanacUrNI - jinadAsagaNi ratalAma 1633 / AMcArAMgacUrNI - jinadAsagaNi ratalAma 1641 / praznavyAkaraNa - TIkA abhayadeva bambaI 1616 gacchAcAravRtti - TIkA, vijayavimalagaNi ahamadAbAda 1624 / sUtrakRtAMga - cUrNI-jinadAsagaNi, ratalAma 1614, TIkA, zIlAMka, Agamodaya / samiti bambaI 1617 / dazavaikAlika cUrNI - nidAsagaNi ratalAma 1623 / kalpasUtra TIkA - sabhayasundaragaNi, bambaI 1636 / upAsaka dazA - sampAdana, pI0ela0vaiSapUnA 1630, TIkA abhayadeva niriyAvaliyoM - TIkA, candrasUri, ahamadAbAda 1638, sampAdana ahamadAbAda 1634 Avazyaka niyukti - bhadravAhucUrNI - TIkA - Agamodayasamiti bambaI 1616 jIvAbhigamasUtra, TIkA - malayagiri bambaI 1616

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237 sahAyaka grantha sUcI paumacariu (svayambhU) bhAratIya jJAnapITha saMskaraNa bhAga 1-3, 1657-58 jinadattavacarita - (guNabhadra) mA0di0jai0 granthamAlA jinaratnakoza - paM0maNivijaya granthamAlA ahamadAbAda 1646, ha0dA0velaNakara, pUnA ' 1644 supAsanAhacariya - (lakSmaNagaNi) - jaina vividha sAhitya zAstramAlA banArasa san 1618, gujarAtI anuvAda - jaina AtmAnanda sabhA bhAva-nagara 1625 / jinaratnakoza - jaina vividha sAhitya zAstramAlA banArasa san 1618, candraprabha carita (vIranandI) nirNaya sAgara presa bambaI 1612, neminirvaNi mahAkAvya (vAgbhaTa prathama) nirNaya sAgara presa bambaI 1636 / mahAvIra carita - hindI anuvAda paM0 khUvacandra zAstrI, sUrata 1618 | aMguttara nikAya - hindI anuvAda - mahAbodhi sabhA kalakattA 1657, karakaMDacariTha - hIrAlAla jaina dvArA sampAdita kArajA sIrIja 1644 / uttarAdhyayana - eca0 jaikovI dvArA aMgrejI meM anuvAdita sekreDa buksa Apha IsT, jilda, 4.5, (1665) 'arthaveda saMhitA 1-2 anu0 griphidha banArasa 1616 / AcArAMga - ha. jaikovI (pAli TaikasTa sosAyaTI, landana, 1882 / kauTilyIya arthazAstra - rAjArAmazAstrI dvArA anuvAdita, maisUra 1606, jambUdvIpa paNNati - bambaI 1620, jahasara caruiGa (puSpadanta) - pI0ela0 baidya dvArA sampAdita kArAM sIrIja 1631 jina sahastranAma - AzAdhara, jinasena, sakala kIrti, hemacandra kRta stotroM kA pATha, bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI 1654, tatvArthasUtra (umAsvAti)- jJAnapITha kAzI, 1646 dIrdhanikAya - hindI anuvAda, prathama saMskaraNa bhikSu rAhUla sAMkRtyAyana tathA bhikSu jagadIza kazyapa, sAranAtha, 1642 dharmaparIkSA (amitagati) - hindI anuvAda bambaI 1608 | nItivAkayAmRta (somadeva) - sindhI jaina granthamAlA, sIrIja na0 22 bambaI pAzvabhyuidaya (jinasena) - yogirAja TIkA, 1606, mANika candra digambara jaina grantha mAlA bambaI vI0saM0 2451, . mahApurANa (jinasena-guNabhadra) 1, 3 - pI0 ela0 vaidya dvArA sampAdita mA0 di0 graMtha bambaI 1637-47, . mahAbhArata - gItA presa, gorakhapura mahAbhArata - rAvala siMha cauhAna - bhArgava pustAkalaya kAzI meghadUta (kAlidAsa) - motI lAla banArasIdAsa, banArasa 1661,

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238 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra - campatarAya kRta aMgrejI anuvAda vijanaura 1631 / pravacanasAra (kundakunda) - bambaI 1635, taittirIya upaniSad - AnandAzrama saMskRta granthAvalI, graMnyAMka 15 AnandAzrama mudraNAlaya 1862-1638 pANDava purANa - zubhacandrAcArya - jaina saMskRta saMdha sItApura vI ni0sa0 2480 prabandha cintAmaNi (merutuMga) - sindhI je0sI0 zAnti niketana 1633, vAsudeva hiNDI (saMdhadAsa-dharmasana) - bhAvanagara 1631, AtmAnanda jaina, graMthamAlA prathama khaNDa / vaziSTha dharmasUtra - gamarnamenTa senTla presa, bambaI 1616 / SaTakhaMDAgama (dhavalATIkA sahita) - hIrA lAla jaina, amarAvatI va vidizA bhAga 1-16 bhUmikA, hindI 1636-1656 anuvAda, anukramaNikA Adi shit| sUtrakRtAMga (niyurkita sahita) - pI0 ela0 vaidya, pUnA, 1638 / vaidika inDeksa bhAga - 2 - maikaDonala eNDa kItha, 1612 dazakumAra carita kAle - bambaI 1625. sarvArtha siddhi - rAvajI sakhArAma doSI - mA0 di0 jai0 1637, kathAsaritsAgara (somadeva) bhAga 1-10 - landana 1624-28, kauTilya arthazAstra - cauravambA vidyAbhavana vArANasI 1662 yukatyAnuzAsana, samantabhadra vIra seva. mandira dillI vI0ni0saM0 2477 tatvArthasUtra sukha lAla jaina kizanagar3ha, maganalAla, hIrAlAla pATanI 1652 pAtajjala yogadarzana - vijayAnanda sUrI, zrI AtmAnanda jaina pu0pra0 maMDala AgarA * vI0 ni0 saM0 2448 / bAlmIki rAmAyaNa - paM0 pustakAlaya kAzI saM0 2013, pArzvanAtha carita - vANijasUri, di, jai, granthamAlA vi0 1673, uttarAdhyayanasUtra - sarvodaya prakAzana, 1656 (prAkRta) rAjatariMgaNI (kalhaNa) - caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, 1650 / manusmRti - darzanAnanda sarasvatI, pustaka mandira mathurA saM0 2015, bhAgavata purANa - bhUdharadAsa 1605 Apva mImAMsA - jaina saMskRta saMzodhana maMDala banArAsa 1653 / upamitibhava prapaMca kathA - devacandra lAlabhAI pustakodvAra phanDa (saM046) bambaI 1618-20 / bhavisayantakahA - gAyakavAr3a oriyanTala sIrIja 22 bar3aur3hA 1623, caupatra mahApurisa cariyaM - prAkRta grantha pariSada vArANasI 5, 1661

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sahAyaka grantha sUcI 236 jinAgama kathA saMgraha - gopAla dAsa jIvAbhAI paTela - vI0 mi0 saM0 24 78 bRhatkathAkoSa hariSeNAcArya - bhAratIya vidyAbhavana bambaI saM0 1666 saM0-A0 ne0 upaadhye| pArzvanAtha kA cAturyAmadharma - hemacandra maudI pustakamAlA hIrA, bambaI 1657 kathAkoza prakaraNa - jinezvara sUri, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI bI0ni0sa0 2005 pariziSTa parva - jarmana jaikauvI, kalakatA, 1632 3. ArAdhanA kathA koSa - jinavANI pracAraka kAryAlaya saM0 1654 4. bhagavatI ArAdhanA - (zivakoTi) devendrakIrti granthamAlA zolApura 1635 4. ArAdhanA kathA koSa - jina vANI pracAraka kAryAlaya pravacana sArotrari (nemicandra) bambaI 1622-26 jaina zilAlekha saMgraha - mA0di00 grantha samiti bambaI 1628 jaina zilAlekha saMgraha bhAga-2 mA0di0jaina granthamAlA bambaI 1652 jaina zilAlekha saMgraha bhAga-3 mA0di0jaina granthamAlA bambaI 1657 jaina zilAlekha saMgraha bhAga-4 bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI vIra nirvANa saM0 2461 jaina grantha prazasti saMgraha - vIrasevA mandira dillI 1654 jaina dhAtu pratimA lekha - zrI jinadattasUri - jJAnabhaMDAra sUrata I0 sU0 1650 jaina lekha saMgraha - pUranacandra nAhara - banArasa hindU vi0 vi0 saM0 1626 prAcIna jaina smAraka bIkAnera jaina lekha saMgraha - pAza0 agravAla, kalakattA nAhaTA brAdarsa vI0ni0saM0 2482 varddhamAna carita - asaga - rAvajI sakhArAma dozI, nemacandra jaina granthamAlA solApura mArca san 1631 kSatracUr3AmaNi - cAdIbhasiMha - digambara jaina jambU vidyAlaya, vIra ni0sa0 2453 pArzvanAtha carita bhA0 4 vAdirAja - mAM0di00 granthamAlA bambaI sana 1972 hindI anuvAda - (paM0 zrI lAlakRta) jayacandra jaina kalakattA 1622 baMrAga carita - jaTAsiMha nandI, saM0Aone0 upAdhyAya, mANika candra digambara jaina granthamAlA bambaI 1638 jIvandhara campU haricandra, bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI julAI 1658 carita cakravartI - mUlacandra kisanadAsa kApar3iyA vI0ni0saM0 2476 | pramuna carita - mahAsena - mA0di00 granthamAlA samiti, vi0ni0saM0 1637 nemicarita - vikrama kavi - nirNaya sAgara presa bambaI maI san 1614 jasaharacariu - kAMrajA jaina sIrIja 7, bambaI 1631 trizaSThizalAkA puruSa carita - hemacandra sUri, jaivdha0pra0sa0 bhAvanagara 1606-13

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240 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa bhA0 1-2 kA hindI anuvAda, jainendra presa lalitapura rAjImatI - di0phAina ArTa priTiMga presa ajamera vi0sa0 2008 candraprabhacarita - vIranandi - bambaI 1612 surasundarI cariya - jaina vividha sAhitya zAstramAlA banArasa saM0 1972 karaMkuDacariu - kAraMjA jaina sIrIja 4, san 1634 NAyakumAracariu - devakIni jaina sIrIja 1, san 1633 dharma-zarmAbhyudaya (haricandra) - kAvyamAlA-8, nirNaya sAgara presa bambaI 1633, ___bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI (hindI anuvAda) dvisaMdhAna mahAkAvya (dhanajaMya) kAvyamAlA 57, nirNaya sAgara presa bambaI 1620 bhAratIya tilaka maMjarI (dhanapAla) nirNaya sAgara presa bambaI 1638 yazastilaka campU prathama khaNDa (somadeva sUri) paM0 sundaralAla shaastrii| zrI mahAvIra __ jaina granthamAlA vArANasI 1660 yazastilaka campU dvitIya khaNDa (somadeva) zrI mahAvIra jaina granthamAlA vArANasI 1671 samarAicca kahA - (haribhadrasUri) saM0 madhusUdana ci0modI gUrjararatna grantha kAryAlaya ahamadAbAda 1636 yazodharacarita - vAdirAja gadyacintAmaNi - (vAdIbhasiMha) vANI vilAsa prema, zrI raMgam 1616 bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI se hindU anuvAda kuvalayamAlA (udyotanasUri) bhAratIya vidyAbhavana bambaI 1656-1670 do bhAgoM meM rayaNacUr3a rAyacariya-paM0 maNivijaya granthamAlA ahamadAbAda 1646 / / caupannamahApurisa cariya (zIlaMkAcArya) prAkRta grantha pariSada san 1961 jambUcariya - siMdhI jaina zAstra vidyApITha, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana bambaI 1658 kumArapAla caritaM - AcArya hemacandra - bhaMDArakara oriyanTala risarca insTITayUTa pUnA 1636 vRhatkathAmaMjarI - zrI kSemendra - nirNaya sAgara presa bambaI 1631 dhUrtAkhyAna (haribhadra) saM0 zrI jinavijayamuni bhAratIya vidyAbhavana bambaI 2000 jaina pustaka prazasti saMgraha - (muni jinavijaya) bhAratIya vidyAbhavana bambaI saM0 1666 tatvAthavArtika - (aMkalaka deva) bhA01, bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI-18 pharavarI 1644 kathAsaritsAgara (somadevabhaTTa) nirNaya sAgara presa saM0 1852 padmapurANa - prathama dvitIya, tRtIya bhAga (raviSeNAcArya) bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI julAI 1658, 1656, saM0 pannAlAla jaina harivaMzapurANa (jinasena) saM0 pannAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI pharavarI 1644,

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sahAyaka grantha sUcI 241 1662 / AkhyAnaka maNikozaH (muni nemicandra) prAkRta grantha pariSada 1661 paumacariyaM (vimala sUri) saM0 munipuNyavijaya prAkRta grantha pariSada vArANasI 1662 / kaSAyapAhuDa (guNadharA cArya) saM0 phUlacandra zAstrI, bhAratIya digambara jaina saMgha caurAsI mathurA san 1648 / kasAya pAhuDa bhAga 2 se bhAga 6 kamazaH san 1648, 55, 56, 58, 61, 63 / samavAyAga sUtram - bhAga-1 (ghAsIlAla TIkAkAra) akhila bhArata jaina zAstrodvAra samiti san 1962 lokavibhAga (siMha sUrirSi) saM0 bAlacandra siddhAntazAstrI - jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha zolApura san 1962 pANDava purANa (zubhacandrAcArya) jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha zolApura san 1954 nizIthasUtram bhAga 1,2,3,4, (amaramuni) sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA san 1657, 1658, 1660 / ___ OM OM OM sahAyaka grantha zramaNa saMskRti kI rupa rekhA - puruSottamacandra jaina, paTiyAlA 1657 jaina sAhitya va itihAsa para vizada prakAza - jai0sI0jaina0bhA0jJA0 kAzI 1661 jainadharma viSayaka praznottara - AtmAnanda jaina ambAlA vI0ni0saM0 2015 aitihAsika jaina kAvya saMgraha - zubharAja nAhaTA kalakattA vI0ni0saM0 1664 jaina itihAsa kI pUrva pIThikA - hIrAlAla jaina, hindI grantha ratnAkara kAryAlaya, vi0ni0saM0 1636 / jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa - nAthUrAma premI - yazodhara modI, vidyAdhara modI 1656 prAcIna jaina itihAsa - mUlacandra kisanadAsa kApar3iyA vI0ni0saM0 2447 jaina dharma meM ahiMsA - di00pu0 sUrata 1638 bhAratIya itihAsa eka dRSTi - jai0pI0jaisana, bhA0jJA0kAzI 1661 jaina mandira eMva harijana-bAlacandra presa jayapura vI0ni0saM0 2465 jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa para vizadaprakAza - jugalakizora mukhtAra 1656 12.. jaina gajaTa hIraka jayantI grantha, ajitakumArazAstrI vI0ni0saM0 2478 13. jainavIroM kA itihAsa - hindI vidyAmandira dehalI vI0ni0saM0 2456 do OM OM

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242 : jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa 17. hajAra varSa purAnI kahAniyA~ - kAzI 1646 zrImadrarAjendra sUri smAraka grantha-jaina zvetAmbara saMgha lAhora 1657 mahAvIra smRti grantha bhA-1 kAmtAprasAda jaina, 1648-46 bra0paM0 candrAbAI abhinandana grantha akhila bhAratIya jaina grantha mahilA pariSada ArA 1654 hindU sabhyatA - mukarjI, vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla dillI 1958 / guru gopAladAsa baraiyA smRtigrantha - akhila bhAratIya jaina viddhata pariSada 1667 / gurudeva ratnamuni smRti grantha - gurudeva smRti grantha samiti - lohAmaMDI AgarA 1664 / varNI abhinandana grantha - zrI varNI hIraka jayantI mahotsava samiti vi0ni0saM0 2476 / chavi svarNa jayantI grantha - bhArata kalA bhavana 1620-1670 hIraka jayanta kAnajI svAmI abhinandana grantha - paM0 phUlacandra jI zAstrI 1664 jainadharma kA paricaya - zrI zAntisAgara jaina siddhAnta prakAzinI saMsthA rAjasthAna vI0ni0saM0 2484 / prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekha (pra0bhA0) prajJAprakAzana paTanA 1670 dvi0saM0 samanvaya kI gaMgA mUrtizilpa (caturvedI jagadIza candra) navacetanA prakAzana guinaroDa lakhanaU 1664 jaina pratimA vijJAna- madanamahala janarala sTora jabalapura san 1674 jaina lekha saMgraha - ajJAta itihAsa praveza - saMskaraNa-4, indracandra nAraMga - hindI bhAvana 312, ilAhAbAda san 1952 tIrthakara mahAvIra bhAga-1, kAzInAtha sarAga, yazodharma mandira, bambaI 1662 tIrthakara mahAvIra bhAga-2, kAzInAtha sarAga, yazodharma mandira, bambaI 1662 pramukha aitihAsa jaina puruSa eMva mahilAaiM -jyoti prasAda jaina - bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana san 1675 / / premI abhinandana grantha - premI abhinandana grantha samiti TIkamagar3ha 1646 pauddhAra abhinandana grantha - akhila bhAratIya braja sAhitya maMDala mathurA saM0 / 2010 / jaina sAhitya eMva itihAsa - saMskaraNa 2 sAhityamAlA bambaI 2 san 1656 / 28. 30. * 31. 32.

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sahAyaka grantha sUcI 243 34. jainAcArya zrI vijayendrasUri - kAzInAtha sarAga, yazodharma mandira bambaI 1658 / prAkRta jaina kathA sAhitya - bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira ahamadAbAda 1671 / jaina sAhitya kA bRhada itihAsa - bhAga-1 dozI paM0 becaradAsa - pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna 1656 vahI bhAga 2, jagadIza eMva mehatA, mohanalAla saM0 1666 vahI bhAga 3. jagadIza eMva mehatA, mohanalAla saM0 1667 vahI bhAga 4, jagadIza eMva mehatA, mohanalAla saM0 1968 vahI bhAga 5, zAha ambAlAla san 1966 vahI bhAga 6, caudharI gulAbacandra san 1973 jaina kathAoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana - zrI jagadIzacandra jaina suzIla voharA prakAzana jayapura 1671 somadevakRta yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana- DA. gokulacandra pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama 1665 hindU sabhyatA - rAdhakamala mukurjI - rAjakamala prakAzana dillI 1628 vIra vihAra mImAMsA - dillI 1646 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja(jagadIzacandra jaina) caukhambA vidyAbhavana vArANasI 1, 1665 / bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna - madhyapradeza zAsana sAhitya (hIrAlAla jaina) pariSad bhopAla 1662 jaina kalA eMva sthApatya khaNDa 1,2.3. bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI 1675 saM0 lakSmIcandra jain| devagar3ha kI jainakalA - DA0bhAgacandra jaina - bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana * 1674 hindU saMskAra - rAjavalI pANDeya, banArasa 1657 / pUrva madhyakAlIna bhArata - DA0 vAsudeva upAdhyAya - bhArata darpaNa - granyamAlA pra0saM0 saM0 2006 prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - haradeva bAharI, rAjakamala prakAzana dillii| bAlmIki rAmAyaNa - gItA presa gorkhpur| radhuvaMza (kAlidAsa) - caukhambhA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI 1631 hitopadeza - nirNaya sAgara presa bambaI kAThaka saMhitA - ela0 bI0 zreDara, lIpasiMga 1622 bAjasaneyI saMhitA

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244 jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa aMgrejI pustakeM - sahAyaka grantha ___ espaikTasa oNpha jaina ArTa eNDa ATITekcara - navajIvana presa ahamadAbAda disambara 1675 hisTrI oNpha jaina monacijma phoma inzakipazansa eNDa liTarecara hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana liTarecara - bhAga 2 viSTaranitsa / devacandra lAlabhAI, pustakoMddhAra phanDa bambaI 1618-20 / poliTikala hisTrI oNpha naudarna iNDiyA phoma - gulAbacandra caudharI - prakAzita zodha prabandha jaina sorseja, 650 e0DI0 TU 1300 e0DI0 amRtasara 1654 di jaina sorsaja oNpha hisTrI oNpha enziyanTha iNDiyA - jyoti prasAda jaina prakAzita zodha prbndh| AspaikTa oNpha enziyanTa - iMDiyana poliTI, - ena0ena0lA0 AksaphorDa, 1621 arlI hisTrI Apha iNDiyA - bI0e0 smitha, AkasapharDa, 1624, catu0saMskaraNa AuTa lAina oNpha jainijma - jai0ela0jainI0kaimbrija 1616 aurijana eNDa DaivalapainTa Apha kasTama ina iNDiyA - ena0ke0datta, landana 1631 . iNDiyana philAsaphI - esa0rAdhAkRSNan landana 1623 insAiklopIDiyA oNpha rilIjana eNDa aithiksa jilda 1-12 nanigopAla majUmadAra bAMgala 1626 enziyanTa iNDiyA eja - DiskAibaDa ina kalAsikala liTarecara jeDablyU0maikakiDala vaisTamiMsTara 1601 jinapUjAdhikAra mImAMsA - je0kemukhatAra baumbe 1613. e0 hisTrI oNpha hindU - yU0 dhoSAla, kalakattA 1623 poliTikala thiyarIja jaina kamyUniTI - e sozala sarve - bI0e0saMgakekha bombe 1656 jaina darzana - mahendra kumAra nyAyAcArya kAzI 1655 / jainadharma - kailAzacandra zAstrI, mathurA vi0saM0 2475 jaina viviliogrephI - choTelAla jaina, kalakattA, 1645 jaina sAhityinoM saMkSipta itihAsa (gujarAtI ema0DI0 desAI) bAmbe 1623 jaina zAsana sumerucandra divAkara kAzI 1650 i , , , ,

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sahAyaka grantha sUcI ...... 245 21. jaina sisTama oNpha eDUkezana bI0sI0dAsa guptA kalakattA 1642 22.. jyogrephikala DikzanarI oNpha enziyanTa eNDa maiDikala iNDiyA nandalAla De, landana 1627 DaoNkiTrana oNpha karma ina jaina philAsaphI - eca0glAsapa, bAmbe 1642 DaivalapamenTa oNpha hindU AikonogrephI - je0ena0banarjI (dvi.sa. - kalakattA) DaivalapamainTa oNpha hindU pAliTI eNDa poliTikala thiyarIja - ena0sI0 bandhyopAdhyAya, kalakattA 1127 dikalcara eNDa di hisTrI oNpha di iNDiyana pIpula jilda-2. (dvi0saM0) ramezacandra majUmadAra aura esa0DI0 pusalakara, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, 1653 / di jainAja ina di hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana liTarecara, ema0viNTaranitsa ahamadAbAda 1646 lAipha inaenizayanTa iNDiyA - eja DipakaTeDa ina jaina kainanasa - jagadIza candra jaina baumbe 1647 / sTaDIja ina ipika eNDa purAvyaja - eDI0phusAlkara baumbe 1655 / hisTrI oNpha kasTam ina iNDiyA - esa0bI0kelakara, nyUyArka, 1647 hisTrI oNpha dharmazAstra jilda-4 pI0vI0kANe, bhaNDArakara - oriyanTala risarca insTITayUTa pUnA hindU poliTaksa - ke0pI0 jAyasavAla kalakattA 1624 hindU kAsTam eNDa sekTsa - je0ena0bhaTTAcArya, kalakattA 1866 / / sTaDIja ina cola hisTrI eNDa eDaminesTrezana - ke0e0nIlakaNDa zAstrI madrAsa 1632 espaikTsa oNpha brAhmaNekila inphalurensa auna jaina mAitholojI - bhAratI bhAratI bhaNDAra dillI 1678 / skUlsa saikTsa ina jaina liTarecara - vizvabhAratI apraila 1631 37. yazastilaka eNDa iMDiyana kalcara - zolApura 1646 38. jaina philAsaphI - jaina kalcara risarva sosAyaTI banArasa 1655 | 36. ipika mAitholojI - hApikansa IDablyU sTrAsabarga 1615 / / patrikAe~ jaina siddhAnta darpaNa, patrikA, prakAzita mana jainagajaTa

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246 "jaina sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya itihAsa jainabhAratI jainendra prakriyA tulasI prajJA nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA jaina zataka jaina mahilAdarza anekAnta, pharavarI 1641 se 1655 taka jaina siddhAnta bhAskara - hIrAlAla jaina jainamitra jainahitucchu - nAthUlAla jaina jinavANI sanmati sandeza amarabhAratI janarala oNpha iNDiyana hisTrI janarala oNpha vihAra risarca sosAiTI, bhAratI jaina sAhitya saMgoSThI smArikA akTUbara 1678 prajJA iMDiyana eNTIkaverI bhAratIya jaina sAhitya saMsada jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka jaina zodhAMka jaina sandeza iNDiyana kalcara impIriyala gajeTiyara epigrAphika iMDikA enasAiklopiDiyA oNpha ithiksa eNDa barajIjana jaina iMDiyana eNDa enTIkaverI bhAratIya vidyA Arkiolojikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA ripoTarsa janarala oNpha uttarapradeza hisTorikala sosAiTI vIravANI jaina pracAraka digambara jaina siddhAnta darpaNa

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sahAyaka grantha sUcI 247 ahiMsA vANI jainahitabodha iDiyana eNTIkaverI prakAzitamana prajJA nAgapura yUnivarsiTI janarala jarnala Ava bAMbe brAMca rAyala eziyATika sosAyaTI mathurA saMgrahAlaya purAtatva patrikA, vizva jyoti| jaina yuga nirmANa di Ayolojikala sarve oNpha gujarAta di Aryolojikala sarve oNpha maisUra janarala oNpha oriyanTala insTITayUTa baDaudA

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