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THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY.
[JANUARY, 1873.
very few dare intrude upon their rights. A greater number now, finding letters more lucrative, attend English schools and colleges. Not a few of them enjoy coveted posts of trust under the Governinent.
KAS'I NATH. Sirsa, Allahabad, 12th Oct. 1872.
The same. SIR, Your correspondent Mr. White (Ind. Ant., vol. I, p. 289) wishes for information about the caste of Khatris in Hindustan. He says," One account is that they are sons of a Rajput (Kshatriya) woman by a Sudra father. I am not inclined to place any reliance on statements like this, for the simple reason that every caste which cannot explain its origin invariably invents the Kshatriya theory of paternity." A reference to the Institutes of Manu, chap. V. v. 12, 13, 16, and 28, will show that a tribe called Kshatri existed then and held the same theory of paternity.
B.
EARLY INDIAN BUILDINGS. To the Editor of the Indian Antiquary. SIR,-On the 4th of January 1871 Bábu Rájendralála Mitra read a paper to the Asiatic Society of Bengal, the object of which was to expose certain fallaciesinto which, he believed, I had fallen in treat- ing of the history of Architecture in India.
As my answer was easy and obvious, I thought of replying at once, but on second thoughts it appeared more fair to allow the Babu to substantiate his accusations by stating his reasons at full length before doing so, and I thought also that in the interval he might see reason to modify the crude statemente he then put forward.
Though nearly two years have elapsed since his paper was read, he has made no signs of resuming the subject, and I am now informed that we must wait till the Greek kalends for the publication of his essay. Under these circumstances, as the matter is of importance to the history of art, I hope you will allow me a brief space to state my reasons for dissenting from the Babu's conclusions.
The passages in which they are principally stated are the following
" An opinion is gaining ground that the ancient Aryans were not proficient in the art of building substantial edifices with stone and bricks, but that the primitive Hindus were dwellers in thatched huts and mud houses. Mr. Fergusson, who has adopted this opinion, adds that the Hindus learnt the art of building from the Grecians, who came to India with Alexander, and that the oldest specimens of architecture in the country appear to be in the first stage of transition from wood to stone.
" It is denied" (by the Bábu)" that the Buddhist religion- & mere reformation of the old Hindu
faith-could have any influence in originating architecture, and the invasion of Alexander is compared with the British expedition to Abyssinia, in which very little impression was produced on the domestic arts of the Abyssinians. It is difficult to believe that Alexander brought with him any large number of quarriers, masons, and architects, to leave some behind him for the education of the people of this country in architecture, and it would be absurd to suppose that a king like Asoka, who is presumed to bave lived originally in thatched hute, would of his own accord send for architects and quarriere from Greece to build him a palace," &c.
My first answer to these accusations is, that there is no passage or paragraph in any works ever written or published by me which, if fairly read with the context, will bear the interpretation here put on it, and I defy the Bábu to produce one.t
If, however, he will allow me to extend his own simile, I will try and explain to him what I did say. After the fall of Magdals and the death of King Theodore, the English retired on Egypt, which they had taken possession of on their way to Abyssinia ; and during the next seventy or eighty years keep up a continual and close intimacy, both commercial and political, with their former foes, till the acoession of the Great Theodore IV., Emperor of all Central Africa. He formed alliances with the " Chaptaro" kings of France, England, Germany, and Russia, and established missions in their capi. tals at Paris, London, Berlin, and St. Petersburg ; and, from the reports of his agents and constant intercourse with foreigners, this enlightened monarch was led to introduce into his own country some European arts hitherto unknown in Central Africa, but at the same time adapting them carefully to the state and wants of his own people.
Substitute Bactria for Egypt, and Asoka for Theodore IV., and you get pretty nearly what I believe, and always have believed, in this matter, but a very different thing from what the Bábu represents me as saying or believing.
As for the "mud" and "thatch" of the previous part of the quotation, they are entirely the Bábu's own creation ; no such words occur in any work I ever wrote, nor any expression in any degree analogous to them. My belief on the contrary is, and always was, that the palaces of the Mauryan kings of Palibothra were at least as extensive-certainly more gorgeous--and probably cost as much money as those of the Mughul emperors of Agra and Delhi, yet they certainly were in wood.
I will not ask the Bábu to undertake such a journey now, but if he will take the trouble to eximine a set of photographs of the palaces of the Burmese kings at Ava, Amirapura, or Mandalay, or of the 101 monasteries that line the shores of the Irawadi, or of the buildings at Bankok, he will ascribe to Alexander the erection of certain towers in the Kabul Valley, which I believed to be Buddhist monumenta of the third or fourth century A.D.-History of Architecture vol. II, p. 460.
• Proceedings Asiatic Society, January 1871.
+ The only passage I can find in any work I ever wrote in bich Alexander the Great's name is mentioned in connection with Indian art, is when I say that tradition
