________________
JULY, 1873.]
THE JAINS.
197
cided indeed whether Dhanesvara was the au- After this, of course, merely approximative thor of the Satrunjayamáhátmya, or whether & deturmination of the beginning of the Jaina later writer has made use of his name in writing doctrine, I proceed to set forth the most importhe history of his sect; I prefer, however, the tant arguments for their Buddhist origin. second supposition, because in the passages For this origin, first of all, two names vouched where Dhanes vara appears as the teacher for by them testify, i. e. Jaina and Arhata, of Silê dit ya he is mentioned in the third the former being a derivation from an oft-used person. After this estimate of the value of the name of Buddha, i.e. Jina, and the latter desigSatrunjayamahatmya, I am unable also to place nates not merely one of the highest degrees of much faith in the time of the death of Vira nar. the Buddhist hierarchy, but also Buddha him. rated in it. According to it he died 947 years self. Further, the Jainas assume 24 Jinas, before the first year of Siladitya's reign, in which particnlar they agree with the Bud. which event took place according to that book dhists, who also specially point out just as A.D. 555.1 Accordingly Vira would have died many Buddhas. That the names are different 392 B. C. This decision would place the Jaina among the Jainas does not invalidate the comsect back in too early an age, as any disin- parison. Of the other names of Jina only two terested person can easily see. According to ! more need be pointed out here, i. e. Sarvajna, other data, this man, who is so prominent in omniscient, and Sugata, which are applied also the traditions of the Jainas, departed this life to Buddha. On the other hand, the Jainas 980 years before A.D. 411 ; in which year Bha- have attempted an approach to the Brahrnang dra båhu published his Kalpasútra, that is, by attributing to their Supreme Being the name during the reign of Dhruvasena. Accord- Tirthaikara; it designated merely the preparer ing to this determination the death of Viral of a tirtha, or holy place of pilgrimage, whilst must have taken place 569 B. C. But accord the Buddhists applied to their antagonists the ing to the inscriptions Dhruvasen a reigned name Tirthya and Tirthika. from about 632 till 650, so that that celebrated A second coincidence between the Jainas and Tirthankara must have died in 358 B.c. This the Bauddhas manifests itself in the circumstance conclusion also would make the beginning of that the former pay divine homage also to the separation of the Jainas from the Band. mortal men, namely, to their teachers, and erect dhas too early, and it must be reserved to later statues to them in their temples; this is specialdiscoveries to ascertain accurately this period. ly the caset with the 23rd Jina or Tirthankara Approximately, I propose to place the first be- Parávanátha, as will afterwards appear. This ginnings of the Jaina doctrine about the 1st or coincidence is no doubt an appropriation on the 2nd centary after Christ. In this it must not be part of the Jainas. The same holds good also overlooked that to Mahâ vira a large share and this is a third agreement between the two in the propagation of the religious doctrine religions-of the great value which the Jainas represented by him must also be assigned; he attribute to the ahinsa, i. e. non-lesion of all had most probably a real precursor, the 23rd living beings. Some of their Yatis or pious Jina, i.e. Påráva nátha, and is also called men go so far in this respect that they sweep Vardha mânal
the streets in which they walk with a broom • See above, p. 195.
TOn this degre: see Ind. Alt. II. p. 541, and Boehtlagk
and Roth's Sanskrit Wörterbuche under the word arhal. + See above, p. 195. From the reasons adduced above,
• See Colebrooke (passim ) in his Misc. Essays, II. p. it follows that I cannot agree with the calculation proposed
297, Wilson (passim) in As. Res. XVII. p. 250, and J. Foley's by A. Weber (passim, p. 12), according to which Vra died
Notes on the Buddha from Cingalese authorities, and in 927 years before 598 A.D., 1. e. 349. I shall again below
J. of the As. S. of Beng. V. p. 321. The 24 Bauddhas are return to a second determination of this event.
considered the predecessors of the historical Buddha. A I J. Stevenson's preface to his edition of this book, list of the 34 Jinas or Tirthankaras, with notices of their p. in. Hitherto this book is the oldest in the literature of
acta and duration of their lives, occurg in Colebrooke's the Jainas, the age of which can be accurately ascer Misc. Ess. II. p. 207 seqq. and Wilson 4s. Res. XVII. tained.
p. 220. [And a more extended sooount in the second of $ On the time of the reign of this sovereign, see Ind.
these papers, supra, p. 184.] A. III. pp. 520, 521.
It is scarcely necessary to correct this mistake, founded
on the somewhat loose statements of early writers. At sa|| A short account of his life occurs in Wilson's Sketch truñjaya, Adin Stha or Bishabhadova is probably of the Religious Sects of the Hindus, ir As. Res. XVIL. most frequently represented, and he, together with Nemip. 951 seqq. As is s al in similar narrativee, here also n&ths, and Mahavirs appear to be general favourites in fictions are commingled with the trath.
Gajarat and Rajputans-ED.
