Bauddh Dharm Evam Darshan

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Prachya Vidyapith
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/006189/1

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prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA-58 DaoN. sAgaramala jaina Alekha saMgraha bhAga-1] bauddha dharma darzana se sambadhita Alekha bauddha dharma evaM darzana AsA DaoN. sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka : prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.)

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samarpaNa pa. pU. mAlava siMhanI zrI vallabhaku~varajI ma.sA. pa. pU. suprasidva vyAkhyAtrI zrI hemaprabhAzrIjI ma.sA. pa. pU. sevAmUrti zrI pAnaku~varajI ma.sA. pa. pU. adhyAtma rasikA zrI maNiprabhAzrIjI ma.sA.

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prAcya vidyApITha graMthamAlA kramAMka 58 sAgaramala jaina Alekha saMgraha bhAga - 7 bauddha dharma darzana se sambaMdhita Alekha lekhaka DaoN.sAgaramala jaina, ema.e., pIeca.DI. nidezaka-prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura vidyApI Relnkul jApura* prakAzaka - prAcya vidyApITha zAjApura (ma.pra.)

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina Alekha saMgraha bhAga -7 bauddha dharma darzana se sambaMdhita Alekha lekhaka : DaoN. pro. sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka - prAcya vidyApITha, dupAr3A roDa, zAjApura (ma.pra.) phona naM. 07364 - 22218 email - sagarmal.jain@gmail.com prakAzana varSa 2017 kApIrAiTa - lekhaka DaoN. sAgaramala jaina mUlya - rupae 200/ sampUrNa seTa (lagabhaga 25 bhAga) - 5000/ mudraka - AkRti oNphaseTa, naI peTha, ujjaina (ma.pra.)

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viSaya sUcI 19 37 bauddha dharma evaM darzana bauddha evaM jaina pramANamImAMsA vibhajyavAda bhASA vizleSaNa kA pUrvarupa buddha vyakti nahIM prakriyA bauddha anAtmavAda kI samyak samajha Avazyaka bauddha dharma meM sAmAjika cetanA dharma nirapekSatA aura bauddha dharma mahAyAna sampradAya kI samanvayAtmaka jIvana dRSTi bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya ke anuvAda meM paM. rAhulajI ke jaina dharma sambandhI mantavyoM kI samIkSA bauddha aura jaina pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha nidhArraNa aura anuvAda kI samasyA paramasukha kI sAdhanA 63 71 83 90

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prakAzakIya DaoN. sAgaramala jaina jaina vidyA evaM bhAratIya vidyAoM ke bahuzruta vidvAna haiN| unake vicAra evaM Alekha vigata 50 varSoM se yatratatra vibhinna patra-patrikAoM aura saMskRta, prAkRta evaM hindI ke vibhinna graMthoM kI bhUmikAoM ke rUpa meM prakAzita hote rahe haiN| una sabako ekatrita kara prakAzita karane ke prayAsa bhI alpa hI hue haiN| prathamataH unake lagabhaga 100 Alekha sAgaramala jaina abhinaMdana graMtha meM aura lagabhaga 120 Alekha - zramaNa ke vizeSAMkoM ke rUpa meM 'sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI' meM athavA jaina dharma evaM saMskRti' ke nAma se sAta bhAgoM meM prakAzita hue haiN| kiMtu DaoN. jaina ke lekhoM kI saMkhyA hI 320 se adhika haiN| sAtha hI unhoMne saMskRta evaM prAkRta tathA jaina dharma aura saMskRti se sambaMdhita aneka graMtha kI vistRta bhUmikAeM bhI likhI haiN| unakA yaha samasta lekhana prakIrNa rUpa se bikharA par3A hai| viSayAnurUpa usakA saMkalana bhI nahIM huA hai, unake aneka graMtha bhI aba punaH prakAzana kI apekSA rakha rahe haiM, kiMtu chaha-sAta hajAra pRSThoM kI isa vipula sAmagrI ko samAhita kara prakAzita karanA hamAre lie sambhava nahIM thAsAdhvIvaryA saumyaguNA zrI jI kA sujhAva rahA ki prathama krama meM unake vIkIrNa AlekhoM ko hI eka sthAna para ekatrita kara prakAzita karane kA prayatna kiyA jaae| unakI yaha preraNA hamAre lie mArgadarzaka banI aura hamane DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ke AlekhoM ko saMgrahita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| kArya bahuta vizAla hai, kiMtu jitanA sahaja rUpa se prApta ho sakegA- utanA hI prakAzita karane kA prayatna kiyA jaaegaa| aneka prAcIna patra-patrikAeM pahale hAtha se hI kampoja hokara priMTa hotI thI, sAtha hI ve vibhinna AkAroM aura vividha prakAra ke akSaroM se mudrita hotI thI, unasaba ko eka sAija meM aura eka hI phaoNNTa meM prakAzita karanA bhI kaThina thA- ataH unako punaH prakAzita karane hetu unakA punaH TaMkaNa evaM prupharIDiMga Avazyaka thaa| hamAre punaH TaMkaNa ke kArya meM sahayoga kiyA zrI dilIpa nAgara ne evaM prupha saMzodhana ke kArya meM sahayoga kiyA- zrI caitanya jI sonI evaM zrI narendra jI gaur3a hama inake evaM mudrAMka AkRti oNphaseTa ujjaina ke sAtha-sAtha ina sabhI ke AbhArI haiN| nareMdra jaina evaM TrasTa maNDala prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura

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bauddha dharma evaM darzana bhAratIya saMskRti eka samanvita saMskRti hai| isameM brAhmaNoM aura zramaNoM kA samAna avadAna hai| bauddha dharma-darzana zramaNadhArA kA eka pramukha aMga hai| bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA kA ullekha vaidika kAla se hI upalabdha hone lagatA hai| veda vizva - sAhitya ke prAcInatama graMthoM meM se hai| Rgveda meM hameM bArhatoM ke sAtha-sAtha ArhatoM evaM vrAtyoM ke bhI ullekha milate haiN| Rgveda meM Arhata-bArhata aisI do dhArAoM ke spaSTa ullekha milate haiN| isase yaha siddha hotA hai vedakAlIna ArhatoM aura vrAtyoM kI yaha paramparA hI kAlAntara meM zramaNadhArA ke rUpa meM vikasita huI hai| yadi hama niSpakSa dRSTi se vicAra kareM to aupaniSadika ciMtana prAcIna vaidika evaM zramaNa ciMtana kA samanvaya sthala hai| mAtra yahI nahIM aupaniSadika ciMtana meM zramaNadhArA ke aneka tathya spaSTa rUpa se upalabdha hote haiM, jo yaha batAte haiM ki isa yuga meM vaidikadhArA zramaNadhArA se, vizeSa rUpa se usakI AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi se, prabhAvita ho rahI thii| AraNyakoM ke kAla se hI vaidika zramaNadhArA se prabhAvita hokara apane ciMtana meM zramaNadhArA ke AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko AtmasAta kara rahe the| tyAga - vairAgyamUlaka jIvana-mUlyoM, saMnyAsa evaM nirvANa ke pratyayoM ko AtmasAta karake vaidika saMskRti meM AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi kA vikAsa ho rahA thaa| bRhadAraNyaka meM yAjJavalkya dvArA apanI sampatti ko donoM patniyoM meM vibhAjita kara lokaiSaNA, vittaiSaNA aura putraiSaNA kA tyAgakara saMnyAsa grahaNa karane aura bhikSAcaryA dvArA jIvanayApana karane kA jo nirdeza upalabdha hotA hai, vaha isa bAta kA spaSTa pramANa haiM ki vaidikadhArA zramaNadhArA ke jIvana mUlyoM ko AtmasAta kara eka nava AdhyAtmika saMskRti ko janma de rahI thii| upaniSadoM meM yajJa-yAga kI samAlocanA evaM IzAvAsyopaniSad kA tyAgamUlaka bhoga kA nirdeza isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki upaniSada zramaNadhArA ke ciMtana ko AtmasAta kara rahe the| sAMkhya-yoga kI dhyAna evaM yoga kI paramparA evaM mahAbhArata aura gItA meM hiMsAparaka yajJoM ke sthAna para prANImAtra kI sevArUpa bhUta - yajJa kA pratipAdana tathA tIrtha, snAnAdi aneka vaidika karmakANDoM ko AdhyAtmika svarUpa pradAna karanA vaidikadhArA zramaNadhArA ke sAtha samanvita hone kA pariNAma thaa| yaha bhAratIya zramaNadhArA bhI kAlAMtara meM vibhinna rUpoM meM vibhAjita hotI rahI hai| isake kucha saMketa hameM prAcIna jaina aura bauddha graMthoM se mila jAte haiM / prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha 1

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prAcIna jaina graMtha isibhAsiyAiM evaM sUtrakRtAMgasUtra aura bauddha graMtha theragAthA evaM suttanipAta meM aneka aupaniSadika RSiyoM kA sammAnapUrvaka ullekha milatA hai| isibhAsiyAiM meM jo paitAlIsa RSiyoM ke ullekha haiM, unameM nArada, asitadevala, yAjJavalkya, AruNI, uddAlaka Adi aupaniSadika RSiyoM ko arhat kahakara unheM apanI zramaNa paramparA ko sambaddha batAyA gayA hai, isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM asitadevala, pArAzara, rAmaputta Adi ko AcAragata vibhinnatA ke bAvajUda bhI apanI paramparA se sammata evaM siddhi ko prApta batAyA gayA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki zramaNadhArA bhAratIya ciMtana kI eka vyApaka dhArA rahI hai| jaina graMthoM meM pAMca prakAra ke zramaNoM ke ullekha milate haiM- (1) nirgrantha, (2) zAkyaputrIya (bauddha), (3) AjIvaka, (4) gairika aura (5) taaps| tApasoM evaM gairika (geruA vastradhArI saMnyAsiyoM) ko zramaNa kahanA isa bAta kA pramANa hai, hindUdharma meM saMnyAsa-mArga kA jo vikAsa huA hai, vaha zramaNadhArA kA hI prabhAva hai| tApasoM aura gairikoM kI yaha paramparA hI sambhavataH sAMkhya aura yogadarzana kI janaka aura unakA hI pUrvarUpa ho| bhAratIya zramaNadhArA se vikasita bauddha paramparA ke astitva ke ullekha hameM vedoM evaM upaniSadoM meM to nahIM milate haiM, kiMtu hindU purANoM meM buddha aura bauddha dharma ke ullekha haiN| isake viparIta jaina AgamoM meM pracIna kAla se hI bauddhoM ke ullekha milane lagate haiN| jahAM eka ora pAli tripiTaka meM nigraMthoM, AjIvakoM aura tApasoM ke ullekha milate haiM, vahIM jaina graMthoM meM bhI zAkyaputrIya zramaNoM (bauddha zramaNoM) ke ullekha milate haiN| jaina graMtha isibhAsiyAI meM vajjIyaputra, sAriputra aura mahAkazyapa ke ullekha upalabdha haiN| sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM udakapeDhAlaputta kA bauddha zramaNoM ke sAtha saMvAda, bauddhoM ke paMcaskandhavAda evaM saMtativAda kI sAmAnya samIkSA bhI upalabdha hotI hai| isI prakAra dIghanikAya aura suttanipAta meM buddha ke samakAlIna chaH tairthikoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai, jinameM nigraMtha jJAtaputra (mahAvIra) aura maMkhali gozAlaka pramukha haiN| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki jahAM eka ora bhAratIya dharmadarzana sambaMdhI graMthoM meM prAcInakAla se hI bauddha dharma-darzana tathA usakI tattvamImAMsA aura pramANamImAMsA sambaMdhI mAnyatAoM ke nirdeza aura unakI samIkSA upalabdha hotI hai, vahIM dUsarI ora bauddha graMthoM meM bhI anya dharma-darzanoM aura unakI mAnyatAoM ke ullekha milate haiN| 1. bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM bAsaTha mithyAdRSTiyoM ke ullekha milate haiM, vahIM jainagraMthoM meM mere anusAra tresaTha mithyAdRSTiyoM ke ullekha milate haiN| jahAM taka jaina graMthoM kA prazna hai (2 )

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usameM RSibhASita vajIputta, sAriputta aura mahAkazyapa jaise bauddha paramparA ke RSiyoM ke upadeza ko zraddhApUrvaka ullekhita karatA hai aura unheM arhat RSi ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai| tripiTaka sAhitya meM bhI hama vardhamAna Adi chaH tairthikoM ke sAmAnya siddhAMtoM ke ullekha ke sAtha mAtra itanA saMketa pAte haiM ki inakI mAnyatAeM samucita nahIM haiN| kAlAntara meM vizeSa rUpa se sUtrayuga meM hameM bauddha dharma kI dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSAeM ina sUtragraMthoM-nyAyasUtra, vaizeSikasUtra, sAMkhyasUtra Adi meM upalabdha hone lagatI haiN| bhAratIya dArzanika ciMtana ke mUla bIja cAhe aupaniSadika ciMtana meM upalabdha hoM, kiMtu bhArata meM vyavasthita rUpa se dArzanika prasthAnoM kA prAdurbhAva sUtrayuga se hI dekhA jAtA hai| sUtrayuga meM vibhinna bhAratIya dArzanika nikAyoM ne apane-apane sUtra graMthoM kA nirmANa kiyA jaise- sAMkhyasUtra, nyAyasUtra, vaizeSikasUtra, yogasUtra, tattvArthasUtra aadi| ina graMthoM meM cintakoM ne na kevala apane-apane darzanoM ko suvyavasthita rUpa meM prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA haiM, apitu anya dArzanika matoM kA, unakA nAmollekha kie binA yathAvata sUtra rUpa meM khaNDana kiyA hai, jaise yogasUtra ke kaivalyapAda ke 20-21veM sUtra ekasamaye cobhayAnavadhAraNam cittAntaradRzye buddhibuddharatiprasaMgaH smRtisaMkarazca' dvArA bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| yahAM yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jahAM prAcIna stara ke sUtra graMthoM meM bauddhoM ke paMcaskandhavAda, kSaNikavAda, saMtativAda Adi kA khaNDana milatA hai, vahIM paravartI kAla ke sUtra graMthoM meM vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda ke bhI khaNDana ke sUtra milane lagate haiN| bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda kI samIkSA karate hue yaha kahA gayA hai ki yadi pUrvakSaNa vAle citta ko uttarakSaNa vAlA citta jAnatA hai, to phira uttarakSaNa vAle citta ko jAnane vAle kisI anya citta kI kalpanA karanI hogI aura isase anavasthA evaM smRtiyoM ke sammizraNa sambaMdhI doSa hogaa| isI prakAra isI yogasUtra meM bauddhoM ke paMcaskandhavAda kA bhI khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| yadi hama brahmasUtra para vicAra kareM to usake dvitIya pAda ke dvitIya adhyAya meM sUtra kramAMka 18 se lekara 32 taka bauddha-darzana ke paMcaskaMndhavAda, pratItyasamutpAda, kSaNikavAda aura zUnyavAda kI samIkSA kI gaI hai| isase eka mahattvapUrNa tathya ubhara kara yaha AtA hai ki yadi brahmasUtra meM bauddhoM ke zUnyavAda kI samAlocanA hai, to phira brahmasUtra IsA kI dUsarI zatI se pUrva kA nahIM ho sakatA hai| kyoMki bauddha darzana meM zUnyavAda kA vikAsa dUsarI zatI se hI dekhA jAtA hai| (3)

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isI prakAra sAMkhyasUtra (5/52) meM bauddhoM ke asat-khyAtivAda arthAt zUnyavAda kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| isase sAMkhyasUtra kA racanAkAla bhI zUnyavAda ke pazcAt hI mAnanA hogaa| ina saMketoM se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki sUtrayuga meM bhAratIya dArzanika bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda, saMtativAda, paMcaskaMdhavAda, vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda se paricita ho cuke the| sUtra graMthoM kI racanA ke pazcAt bhAratIya darzana-prasthAnoM meM tattvamImAMsA evaM pramANazAstra sambaMdhI samIkSAtmaka graMthoM kA racanAkAla prArambha hotA hai| IsA kI cauthIpAMcavIM zatI se lekara prAyaH bArahavIM-terahavIM zatI taka tattvamImAMsA evaM pramANamImAMsA sambaMdhI evaM dUsare dArzanika prasthAnoM kI samIkSA rUpa gambhIra graMthoM kA praNayana tArkika zailI meM huaa| ina graMthoM meM anya darzanoM kI samIkSA meM unheM samajhe binA na kevala bAla kI khAla utArI gaI, apitu unakI sthApanAoM ko isa prakAra se prastuta kiyA gayA ki unako khaNDita kiyA jA ske| isa kAla meM do prakAra ke graMthoM kI racanA dekhI jAtI haiyA to ve kisI sUtra graMthoM kI TIkA ke rUpa meM likhe gae yA phira svataMtra graMtha ke rUpa meM likhe gae- ina donoM prakAra ke graMthoM meM pratyeka dArzanika prasthAna ne svapakSa ke maNDana aura virodhIpakSa ke khaNDana kA prayAsa kiyaa| isa yuga meM bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne jahAM eka ora apanI kRtiyoM meM bauddha avadhAraNAoM kI samIkSA kI, vahIM bauddha ciMtakoM ne anya bhAratIya darzanoM kI samIkSA kii| bauddha dharma-darzana meM aise dArzanika graMthoM kI racanA kI paramparA IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zatI se lekara lagabhaga gyArahavIM zatAbdI taka niraMtara banI rahI hai| isa bAla meM prArambha meM mukhyataH vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda ke graMthoM kI racanA huii| inameM dArzanika ciMtana kI jo gambhIratA dekhI jAtI hai, vaha nizcaya hI mahattvapUrNa hai| pazcima meM lagabhaga paMdrahavIM zatI se Adhunika kAla taka jina dArzanika prasthAnoM kA vikAsa huA hai una sabhI ke AdhArabhUta tattva mAtra bauddha paramparA kI vibhinna dArzanika nikAyoM meM mila jAte bauddha dharma-darzana meM tArkika zailI kI dArzanika racanA kA prArambha nAgArjuna se dekhA jAtA hai| nAgArjuna kI dArzanika racanAoM meM mAdhyamikakArikA, yuktiSaSTikA, vigrahavyAvartinI aura baidalyasUtraprakaraNa pramukha haiN| nAgArjuna kI mAdhyamikakArikA mAdhyamika sampradAya yA zUnyavAda kA pramukha graMtha hai| jahAM mAdhyamikakArikA zUnyavAda ke AdhArabhUta catuSkoTi-vinimukta tattva ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana karatI hai, vahAM vigrahavyAvartinI (4)

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mAdhyamika paramparA kI pramANamImAMsA kA AdhArabhUta graMtha hai| jahAM mAdhyamikakArikA meM nAgArjuna ne sat, asat, ubhaya aura anubhaya- ina cAra koTiyoM se bhinna (zUnyatattva) ke savarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai, vahIM vigrahavyAvartinI meM unhoMne nyAyasUtra ke pramANoM kI gambhIra samIkSA kI hai| isa graMtha meM nAgArjuna ne nyAya darzana dvArA mAnya cAra pramANoM kA upasthApana kara unakA khaNDana kiyA hai| isase yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki nAgArjuna nyAyasUtra evaM unakI viSayavastu se paricita the, kyoMki unhoMne nyAyasUtra meM pratipAdita pramANoM ko apanI samIkSA kA AdhAra banAyA hai| nyAya darzana meM nAgArjuna ke isa khaNDana kA pratyuttara paravartIkAlIna nyAya dArzanikoM dvArA nyAyasUtroM kI TIkAoM meM diyA gyaa| vizeSa rUpa se udyotakara (chaThI zatI uttarArdha) evaM vAcaspati mizra (9vIM zatI uttarArdha) ne apane graMthoM meM nAgArjuna ke mantavyoM kA khaNDana kiyA hai| nAgArjuna ke pazcAt maitreya ne bauddha vijJAnavAda para apane graMthoM kI racanA kI jinameM bodhisatvacaryA nirdeza, saptadazAbhUmi, abhisamaya-alaMkArikA Adi pramukha haiN| saptadazAbhUmizAstra meM maitreya ne vAda-viSaya, vAdAdhikaraNa, vAdakaraNa Adi ke nirUpaNa ke sAtha-sAtha siddhAMta, hetu, udAharaNa, sAdharmya, vaidharmya, pratyakSa, anumAna evaM Agama aise pATha pramANoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| jJAtavya hai ki maitreya ne gautama dvArA praNIta nyAyasUtra ke upamAna pramANa kA koI ullekha nahIM kiyA hai, phira bhI ve jina ATha pramANoM kA ullekha karate haiM ve nyAya darzana se avatarita pratIta hote haiN| nAgArjuna evaM maitreya ke pazcAt bauddha vijJAnavAda ke pratiSThita AcAryoM meM asaMga aura basubandhu- ina donoM bhAiyoM kA nAma AtA hai| asaMga kI racanAoM meM 'yogAcArabhUmizAstra' eka pramukha graMtha hai| yogAcArabhUmizAstra meM unhoMne pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama- ye tIna pramANa hI svIkAra kie haiN| pratijJA, hetu, dRSTAMta sAdharmya evaM vaidharmya ko anumAna kA hI aMga mAnA hai| isa prakAra asaMga apanI pramANa-vyavasthA meM kisI sImA taka nyAya darzana se nikaTatA rakhate haiN| yadyapi inakI vyAkhyAoM ko lekara inakA nyAya darzana se spaSTa matabheda bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| asaMga evaM basubandhu (IsA kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI) ke pazcAt bauddha paramparA meM dinAMga kA sthAna AtA hai| dignAMga ke pUrva bauddha nyAyazAstra para AMzika rUpa se gautama ke nyAyasUtra kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai, kiMtu dignAMga ne bauddha nyAya ko eka navIna dizA dii| paravartI kAla meM naiyAyikoM, mImAMsakoM aura jaina AcAryoM ne dinAMga ke mantavyoM ko hI (5)

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apanI AlocanA kA AdhAra bnaayaa| nyAya darzana meM udyotakara ne, mImAMsA darzana meM kumArilabhaTTa evaM prabhAkara ne aura jaina darzana meM dvAdazAranayacakra ke kartA mallavAdI, AptamImAMsA ke kartA samantabhadra Adi ne dinAMga kA khaNDana kiyA hai| dinAMga kI pramukha racanAoM meM AlambanaparIkSA, trikAlaparIkSA, hetucakra, nyAyamukha, hetumukhapramANasamuccaya evaM usakI vRtti Adi pramukha hai| jJAtavya hai ki dinAMga ke pramANasamuccaya kA khaNDana karane ke lie udyotakara ne nyAyavArtika evaM kumArila bhaTTa ne zlokavArtika kI racanA kI thii| jaina dArzanika mallavAdI ne bhI dvAdazAranayacakra kI nyAyAgamAnusAriNI TIkA meM pramANasamuccaya kI avadhAraNAoM kA khaNDana kiyaa| isake atirikta jaina graMtha tattvArtharAjavArtika, tattvArthazlokavArtika, sanmatiprakaraNaTIkA Adi meM bhI pramANasamuccaya kI sthApanAoM kI samIkSA upalabdha hotI hai| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bauddha dArzanika dinAMga ke kAla se bhAratIya dArzanika ciMtana meM vizeSa rUpa se pramANa sambaMdhI vivecanAoM ke khaNDana-maNDana ko paryApta mahattva milaa| kucha aisA bhI huA ki anya paramparA ke logoM ne apane se bhinna paramparA ke graMthoM para TIkAeM bhI likhii| dinAMga kA 'nyAyapraveza' bauddhanyAya kA eka prArambhika graMtha hai, kiMtu yahAM yaha vizeSa rUpa se jJAtavya hai ki isa graMtha para jainAcArya haribhadrasUri ne nyAyapraveza mUlataH pramANa-vyavasthA ke saMdarbha meM kevala bauddha maMtavyoM ko prastuta karatA hai| isa para haribhadrasUri kI TIkA vizeSa rUpa se isalie mahattvapUrNa hai ki unhoMne isa sampUrNa TIkA meM kahIM bhI jaina mantavyoM ko hAvI nahIM hone diyA hai| sambhavataH aisA udAravAdI dRSTikoNa haribhadra jaise samadarzI AcArya kA hI ho sakatA hai| nyAyapraveza kI vRtti meM haribhadra ne nyAyasUtra va usake bhASyakAra vAtsyAyana vArtikakAra udyotakara, tAtparyaTIkAkAra vAcaspati mizra aura tAtparyaTIkA para parizuddhi likhane vAle kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| dUsarI ora isa graMtha kI TIkA meM dharmakIrti ke vAdanyAya, nyAyabiMdu evaM pramANavArtika, zAntarakSita ke tarkasaMgraha aura nAgArjuna ke mAdhyAmikazAstra evaM dignAMga ke prasAraNasamuccaya kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| DaoN. raMjana kumAra zarmA ne isI prasaMga meM nyAyapravezasUtram kI bhUmikA meM hemacaMdra kI pramANamImAMsA kA jo nirdeza kiyA hai, vaha bhrAMta hai, kyoMki yaha graMtha haribhadra se paravartI hai| ataH isakA nirdeza haribhadra kI nyAyapraveza kI TIkA meM sambhava nahIM hai| dinAMga ke pramANasamuccaya aura nyAyapraveza ke pazcAt bauddhanyAya ke pramukha AcAryoM meM dharmakIrti kA nAma AtA hai| dharmakIrti ne jahAM eka ora apane graMtha pramANavArtika meM

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udyotakara, bhartRhari aura kumArila kI upasthApanAoM kA khaNDana kiyA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora vAcaspati mizra, jayaMta bhaTTa, vyomaziva tathA jaina cintaka akalaMka aura vidyAnaMda ne dharmakIrti ke pramANavArttika ke mantavyoM kI samIkSA kI hai| dharmakIrti ke pUrva jahAM bauddha dArzanikoM kA bauddha darzana kI samIkSA kA AdhAra dinAMga kA pramANasamuccaya rahA thA, vahIM paravartIkAla meM dharmakIrti kA pramANavArtika bana gyaa| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki usa yuga meM bauddhetara dArzanika bauddha-graMthoM kA aura bauddha dArzanika bauddhetara dArzanikoM ke graMthoM kA adhyayana karate the| jJAtavya hai ki dharmakIrti ke anya bhI pramukha graMtha nyAyabindu, pramANavinizcaya, hetubiMdu, sambaMdhaparIkSA, vAdanyAya Adi rahe haiM, jinameM naiyAyikoM, mImAMsakoM evaM jaina upasthApanAoM kI samIkSA milatI hai| dharmakIrti ke pazcAt bauddhanyAya ke kSetra meM dharmottara aura arcaTa ke nAma Ate haiN| jaina graMtha pramANanayatattvAloka ke TIkAkAra ratnaprabhasUri ne ratnakarAvatArikA' meM zabdArtha sambaMdha ke saMdarbha meM naiyAyikoM, mImAMsakoM aura vaiyAkaraNikoM ke matoM kI samIkSA dharmottara ke nAma se kii| isI prakAra ratnaprabhasUri ne arcaTa ke nAma kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| arcaTa AcArya haribhadra ke samakAlIna pratIta hote haiN| dharmakIrti ke hetubiMdu para arcaTa kI TIkA bauddha pramANazAstra ke lie AdhArabhUta mAnI jAtI rahI hai| jJAtavya hai ki prArambha ke bauddha dArzanikoM ne apanI samAlocanA kA viSaya mukhya rUpa se nyAya darzana ko banAyA thA, kiMtu arcaTa ne hetubiMdu TIkA meM jaina darzana ke syAdvAda siddhAMta kA paiMtAlIsa padyoM meM khaNDana kiyA hai| isI prakAra arcaTa ne dravya aura paryAya kI kathaMcit avyatirekatA kA pratipAdana karane vAle samantabhadra kI AptamImAMsA ke zloka kA bhI khaNDana kiyA hai| unhoMne tattvArthasUtra ke 'utpAdavyayadhrauvyayuktaM sat' kI samIkSA karate hue sat ko kSaNika siddha kiyaa| bauddha dArzanikoM ke krama meM Age zAntarakSita aura kamalazIla ke nAma Ate haiN| zAntarakSita kA AThavIM zatI kA tattvasaMgraha, bauddhanyAya kI eka mahattvapUrNa kRti hai| zAntarakSita ne apane tattvasaMgraha meM aviddhakarNazaMkarasvAmI, bhAvIvikta tathA jaina dArzanika sumati aura pAtrasvAmI ke mantavyoM ko upasthApita kara unakA khaNDana kiyA hai| isI prakAra zAntarakSita ke tattvasaMgraha para kamalazIla kI paMjikA meM bhI jaina dArzanika sumati evaM pAtrasvAmI ke matoM kI samIkSA milatI hai| durvekamizra kA bauddha nyAyazAstra ke racayitAoM meM aMtima nAma AtA hai| hetabinduTIkAloka, dharmottarapradIpa aura nyAyabindu TIkA inakA pramukha graMtha hai| hetubiMduTIkAloka meM durvekamizra ne jaina mantavyoM kI samIkSA kI hai| isa prakAra IsA kI

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tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI se lekara gyAharavIM zatAbdI taka bhArata meM bauddha darzana evaM nyAya ke aneka graMthoM kI racanA huI, inameM jahAM bauddha dArzanikoM ne bhI bauddhetara dArzanikoM ke mantavyoM kI samIkSA kI, vahIM bauddhetara dArzanikoM ne ina bauddha AcAryoM dvArA racita graMthoM ko AdhAra banAkara bauddha mantavyoM kI samIkSA kI hai| isa prakAra lagabhaga IsA kI bArahavIM zatAbdI taka bhAratIya dArzanika eka-dUsare kI paramparA kA samyak rUpa se adhyayana karate rahe aura unheM apanI samIkSA kA viSaya banAte rhe| isa kAla ke bauddha evaM bauddhetara darzana graMthoM ke adhyayana se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki usa kAla taka apane se bhinna paramparA ke graMthoM ke adhyayana evaM samIkSA kI eka jIvanta paramparA thI, jo paravartIkAla meM lupta ho gii| jaina vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM bauddha dharma-darzana jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM nirdeza kiyA hai ki jaina graMthoM meM bauddha dharma evaM darzana sambaMdhI ullekha Agama yuga se hI milane lagate haiN| sarvaprathama isibhAsiyAiM ( RSibhASita) meM sAriputta, mahAkazyapa aura vajjIputta ke upadezoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai, isameM bauddha santativAda, skandhavAda Adi kA spaSTa ullekha hai| isake atirikta sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM bauddhoM ke paMcaskandhavAda kI samIkSA bhI hai| isake pazcAt sarvaprathama dvAtriMzikA meM nyAya darzana, terahavIM meM sAMkhya darzana, caudahavIM meM vaizeSika darzana aura paMdrahavIM dvAtriMzikA meM bauddha darzana ke kSaNikavAda Adi para cuTIle vyaMgya kie gae haiM, kiMtu vahIM saddhisena ne sanmatitarkaprakaraNa meM bauddha kSaNikavAda ko RjusUtranaya ke AdhAra para samIcIna bhI mAnA hai| isake pazcAt mallavAdI ke dvAdazAranayacakra aura usakI siMhasUri kI TIkA meM bhI bauddha mantavyoM kI vistRta samIkSA upalabdha hotI hai| mallavAdI ke dvAdazAranayacakra meM bauddha mantavyoM kI samIkSA kahAM aura kisa rUpa meM milatI hai, isakA mUla saMdarbhoM sahita nirdeza DaoN. dharmacaMda jaina ne apane graMtha 'bauddhapramANamImAMsA kI jainadRSTi se samIkSA' ke pariziSTa tRtIya, adhyAya-kha, pR. 394-396 para kiyA hai| isameM dinAMga kI upasthApanAoM ko AdhAra banAkara hI bauddha darzana kI samIkSA kI gaI hai| lagabhaga IsA kI chaThI zatI meM 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya' ke gaNadharavAda meM bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda, zUnyavAda Adi kI vistRta samIkSA upalabdha hotI hai| yadyapi siddhasena aura samantabhadra ne anekAMtavAda kI sthApanA ke apane prayatna meM bauddhoM ke sat ke parivartanazIlatA ke siddhAMta aura isake virodhI kUTastha nityatA ke siddhAMta ke madhya samanvaya kA prayatna kara bauddha mantavya kI sApekSika satyatA kA pratipAdana avazya kiyA, 8

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phira bhI haribhadra ke pUrva taka prAyaH jaina dArzanika bauddha darzana ko ekAnta kSaNikavAdI aura anAtmavAdI mAnakara usakI samIkSA karate rhe| tattvArthavArttika ke lekhaka akalaMka ne bhI bauddhoM ke tattvamImAMsIya aura jJAnamImAMsIya mantavyoM kI samIkSA kI hai| vastutaH bhAratIya darzana ke darzana-vyavasthA yuga aura pramANa-vyavasthA yuga, darzana nikAyoM ke pArasparika khaNDana-maNDana ke kAla hI rahe haiN| jaina dArzanika bhI bauddha mantavyoM kI samIkSA ke saMdarbha meM isake apavAda nahIM haiN| haribhadra ke pUrvavartI sabhI jaina dArzanikoM ne bhI bauddha-darzana aura usakI pramANa-vyavasthA kI samIkSA kI aura samIkSA kA yaha krama Age bhI calatA rahA, haribhadra ke pazcAt bhI vidyAnaMda, sumati, prabhAcaMdra, vAdidevasUri, mANikyanandI, abhayadevasUri ratnaprabhasUri, caMdrasenasUri, hemacaMdra Adi jaina dArzanikoM ne bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda, santativAda, pramANalakSaNa, pramANa kI avyavasAyAtmakatA, pramANa kA mAtra sva-prakAzaka honA, zabda aura artha meM sambaMdha kA abhAva, pratyakSa kI nirvikalpanA, apohavAda, vijJAnavAda, zUnyavAda Adi kI jamakara samIkSA kii| ina sabake bIca AcArya haribhadra kA eka aisA vyaktitva ubharA jisane bauddha mantavyoM kI samIkSA karate hue usameM nihita satyatA kA udArahRdaya se svAgata kiyA aura dinAMga ke nyAyapraveza para niSpakSa TIkA likhii| khaNDana-maNDana ke isa yuga meM haribhadra kA dUsarA sabase mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai- darzana-saMgrAhaka graMthoM kI racanA kii| zAstravArtAsamuccaya aura SaTdarzanasamuccaya unake isI koTi ke graMtha haiN| darzana-saMgrAhaka graMthoM meM bauddha darzana yadyapi darzana-saMgrAhaka graMthoM meM sarvadarzanasaMgraha ko prathama sthAna diyA jAtA hai aura use Adi zaMkarAcArya kI kRti batAyA jAtA hai, kiMtu vaha Adi zaMkarAcArya kI kRti hai, isa sambaMdha meM aneka vipratipattiyAM haiN| yahAM una sabakA ullekha sambhava nahIM hai| merI dRSTi meM darzana-saMgrAhaka graMthoM kI racanA kA dvakSara haribhadra ne hI udghATita kiyA aura SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI racanA kara khaNDana-maNDana ke isa yuga meM eka navIna dRSTi dii| jJAtavya hai ki bhArata ke darzana-saMgrAhaka sabhI graMthoM meM hameM bauddha dharma-darzana ke mUlabhUta siddhAMtoM kI jAnakArI upalabdha hotI hai| bhAratIya dArzanika graMthoM meM bauddha dharmadarzana kI sthiti ko samajhane ke lie ina darzana-saMgrAhaka graMthoM kI eka mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai| ___jaina darzana kI anekAntadRSTi ke prabhAva ke pariNAmasvarUpa kucha jainAcAryoM ne udAratA kA paricaya to avazya diyA hai, phira bhI unakI sRjanadharmitA usa stara kI nahIM hai, (9 )

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jisa stara kI haribhadra kI hai| unakI kRtiyoM meM do-cAra gAthAoM yA zlokoM meM udAratA ke cAhe saMketa mila jAeM, kiMtu aise kitane haiM, jinhoMne samanvayAtmaka aura udAradRSTi ke AdhAra para SaDdarzanasamuccaya, zAstravArtAsamuccaya aura yogadRSTisamuccaya jaisI mahAn kRtiyoM kA praNayana kiyA ho? anya dArzanika aura dhArmika paramparAoM kA adhyayana mukhyataH do dRSTiyoM se kiyA jAtA hai- eka to una paramparAoM kI AlocanA karane kI dRSTi se aura dUsarA unakA yathArtha paricaya pAne aura unameM nihita satya ko samajhane kI dRSTi se| punaH AlocanA evaM samIkSA kI dRSTi se likhe gae graMthoM meM bhI AlocanA ke ziSTa aura aziSTa aise do rUpa milate haiN| sAtha hI jaba graMthakartA kA mukhya uddezya AlocanA karanA hotA hai, to vaha anya paramparAoM ke prastutikaraNa ke sAtha nyAya nahIM karatA hai aura unakI avadhAraNAoM ko bhrAnta rUpa meM prastuta karatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM syAdvAda aura zUnyavAda ke AlocakoM ne kabhI bhI unheM samyak rUpa se prastuta karane kA prayatna nahIM kiyaa| yadyapi haribhadra ne bhI apanI kucha kRtiyoM meM anya darzanoM evaM dharmoM kI samIkSA kI hai| apane graMtha dhUrtAkhyAna meM ve dharma aura darzana ke kSetra meM panapa rahe aMdhavizvAsoM kA sacoTa khaNDana bhI karate haiM, phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki ve na to apane virodhI ke vicAroM ko bhrAnta rUpa meM prastuta karate haiM aura na unake sambaMdha meM aziSTa bhASA kA prayoga hI karate haiN| yadi hama bhAratIya darzana ke samagra itihAsa meM sabhI pramukha darzanoM ke siddhAMta ko eka hI graMtha meM pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha prastuta karane ke kSetra meM hue prayatnoM ko dekhate haiM, to hamArI dRSTi meM haribhadra hI ve prathama vyakti haiM, jinhoMne sabhI pramukha bhAratIya darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM ko niSpakSa rUpa se eka hI graMtha meM prastuta kiyA hai| haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI koTi aura usase prAcIna darzana-saMgrAhaka koI anya graMtha hameM prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM upalabdha nahIM hotaa| ___ haribhadra ke pUrva taka jaina, bauddha aura vaidika- tInoM hI paramparAoM ke kisI bhI AcArya ne apane kAla ke sabhI darzanoM kA niSpakSa paricaya dene kI dRSTi se kisI bhI graMtha kI racanA nahIM kI thii| unake graMthoM meM apane virodhI matoM kA prastutikaraNa mAtra unake khaNDana kI dRSTi se hI huA hai| jaina paramparA meM bhI haribhadra ke pUrva siddhasena divAkara aura samantabhadra ne anya darzanoM ke vivaraNa to prastuta kie haiM, kiMtu unakI dRSTi bhI khaNDanaparaka hI rahI hai| vividha darzanoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karane kI dRSTi se mallavAdI kA nayacakra (10)

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mahattvapUrNa graMtha kahA jA sakatA hai, kiMtu usakA mukhya uddezya bhI pratyeka darzana kI apUrNatA ko sUcita karate hue anekAntavAda kI sthApanA karanA rahA hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA zabdoM meM nayacakra kI kalpanA ke pIche AcArya kA Azaya yaha hai ki koI bhI mata apane Apa meM pUrNa nahIM hai| jisa prakAra usa mata kI sthApanA dalIloM se ho sakatI hai, usI prakAra usakA khaNDana bhii| sthApanA aura utthApana kA yaha cakra calatA rahatA hai| ataeva anekAntavAda meM ye mata yadi apanA ucita sthAna prApta karate haiM, tabhI ucita hai, anyathA nhiiN|' nayacakra kI mUladRSTi bhI sva-pakSa arthAt anekAntavAda ke maNDana aura para - pakSa ke khaNDana kI hI hai| isa prakAra jaina paramparA meM bhI haribhadra ke pUrva taka niSpakSa bhAva se koI bhI darzana - saMgrAhaka graMtha nahIM likhA gayA / jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM saMketa kiyA hai jainetara paramparAoM ke darzana - saMgrAhaka graMthoM meM AcArya zaMkara viracita mAne jAne vAle 'sarvasiddhAntasaMgraha' kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi yaha kRti mAdhavAcArya ke 'sarvadarzanasaMgraha' kI apekSA prAcIna hai, phira bhI isake Adya zaMkarAcArya dvArA viracita hone meM saMdeha hai| isa graMtha meM bhI pUrvadarzana kA uttaradarzana ke dvArA nirAkaraNa karate hue aMta meM advaita vedAnta kI sthApanA kI gaI hai| ataH kisI sImA taka isakI zailI ko nayacakra kI zailI ke sAtha jor3A jA sakatA hai, kiMtu jahAM nayacakra, aMtima mata kA bhI prathama mata se khaNDana karavAkara kisI bhI eka darzana ko aMtima nahIM mAnatA hai, vahAM 'sarvasiddhAMtasaMgraha' vedAMta ko ekamAtra aura aMtima satya svIkAra karatA hai| ataH yaha eka darzana-saMgrAhaka graMtha hokara bhI niSpakSa dRSTi kA pratipAdaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| haribhadra ke SaDdarzana samuccaya kI jo vizeSatA hai, vaha isameM nahIM hai| jainetara paramparAoM meM darzana- saMgrAhaka graMthoM meM dUsarA sthAna mAdhavAcArya ( I. 1350) ke 'sarvadarzanasaMgraha' kA AtA hai| kiMtu 'sarvadarzanasaMgraha' kI mUlabhUta dRSTi bhI yahI hai ki vedAMta hI ekamAtra samyagdarzana hai / 'sarvasiddhAntasaMgraha' aura 'sarvadarzanasaMgraha ' donoM kI haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya se isa artha meM bhinnatA hai ki jahAM haribhadra binA kisI khaNDana- maNDana ke taTastha bhAva se tatkAlIna vividha darzanoM ko prastuta karate haiM, vahAM vaidika paramparA ke ina donoM graMthoM kI mUlabhUta zailI khaNDanaparaka hI hai| ataH ina donoM graMthoM meM anya dArzanika matoM ke prastutikaraNa meM vaha niSpakSatA aura udAratA parilakSita nahIM hotI, jo haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya meM hai| 11

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isake pazcAt vaidika paramparA ke darzana-saMgrAhaka graMthoM meM madhusUdana sarasvatI ke 'prasthAna-bheda' kA krama AtA hai| madhusUdana sarasvatI ne darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa Astika aura nAstika ke rUpa meM kiyA hai| nAstika-avaidika darzanoM meM ve cha: prasthAnoM kA ullekha karate haiN| isameM bauddha darzana ke cAra sampradAya tathA cArvAka aura jainoM kA samAveza huA haiM Astika-vaidika darzanoM meM nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, yoga, pUrvamImAMsA aura uttaramImAMsA kA samAveza huA hai| inhoMne pAzupata darzana evaM vaiSNava darzana kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke anusAra prasthAna-bheda ke lekhaka kI eka vizeSatA avazya hai, jo use pUrva ullekhita vaidika paramparA ke anya darzana-saMgrAhaka graMthoM se alaga karatI hai vaha yaha ki isa graMtha meM vaidika darzanoM ke pArasparika virodha kA samAdhAna yaha kahakara kiyA gayA hai ki ina prasthAnoM ke prastotA sabhI muni bhrAnta to nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki ve sarvajJa the| cUMki bAhya viSayoM meM lage hue manuSyoM kA parama puruSArtha meM praviSTa honA kaThina hotA hai, ataeva nAstikoM kA nirAkaraNa karane ke lie ina muniyoM ne darzana prasthAnoM ke bheda kie haiN| isa prakAra prasthAna-bheda meM yatkiMcit udAratA kA paricaya prApta hotA hai, kiMtu yaha udAratA kevala vaidika paramparA ke Astika darzanoM ke saMdarbha meM hI hai, nAstikoM kA nirAkaraNa karanA to prasthAna-bheda evaM sarvadarzanakaumudIkAra ko iSTa hI hai| isa prakAra darzana-saMgrAhaka graMthoM meM haribhadra kI jo niSpakSatA aura udAradRSTi hai vaha hameM anya paramparAoM meM racita darzana-saMgrAhaka graMthoM meM nahIM milatI hai| yadyapi vartamAna meM bhAratIya dArzanika paramparAoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karane vAle aneka graMtha likhe jA rahe haiM, kiMtu unameM bhI kucha lekhakoM kA uddezya to kahIM na kahIM apane iSTa darzana ko hI aMtima satya ke rUpa meM prastuta karanA pratIta hotA hai| haribhadra ke pazcAt jaina paramparA meM likhe gae darzana-saMgrAhaka graMthoM meM ajJAtAkartRka 'sarvasiddhAntapravezaka' kA sthAna AtA hai, kiMtu itanA nizcita hai ki yaha graMtha kisI jaina AcArya dvArA praNIta hai, kyoMki isake maMgalAcaraNa meM 'sarvabhAva praNetAraM praNipatya jinezvara' aisA ullekha hai| paM. sukhalAla saMghavI ke anusAra prastuta graMtha kI pratipAdana zailI haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya kA hI anusaraNa karatI hai| aMtara mAtra yaha hai ki jahAM haribhadra kA graMtha padya meM hai vahAM sarvasiddhAMtapravezaka gadya meM hai| sAtha hI yaha graMtha haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI apekSA kucha vistRta bhI hai| isameM bauddha darzana para bhI eka adhyAya hai| jaina paramparA ke darzana-saMgrAhaka graMthoM meM dUsarA sthAna jIvadevasUri ke ziSya AcArya jinadattasUri

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(vi.saM.1265) ke 'vivekavilAsa' kA AtA hai| isa graMtha ke aSTam ullAsa meM SaDdarzanavicAra nAmaka prakaraNa hai, jisameM jaina, mImAMsA, bauddha, sAMkhya, zaiva aura nAstikaina chaH darzanoM kA saMkSepa meM varNana kiyA gayA hai| yaha graMtha bhI haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya ke samAna kevala paricayAtmaka aura niSpakSa vivaraNa prastuta karatA hai aura AkAra meM mAtra 66 zloka parimANa hai| jaina paramparA meM darzana - saMgrAhaka graMthoM meM tIsarA krama rAjazekhara (vikrama saM. 1405) ke 'SaDdarzanasamuccaya' kA AtA hai| isa graMtha meM jaina, sAMkhya, jaiminIya, yoga, vaizeSika aura saugata (bauddha) ina chaH darzanoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai aura aMta meM nAstika ke rUpa meM cArvAka darzana kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| haribhadra ke samAna hI isa graMtha meM bhI ina sabhI ko Astika kahA gayA hai| haribhadra ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya aura rAjazekhara ke SaDdarzanasamuccaya meM eka mukhya aMtara isa bAta ko lekara hai ki darzanoM ke prastutikaraNa meM jahAM haribhadra jainadarzana ko cauthA sthAna dete haiM, vahAM rAjazekhara jaina darzana ko prathama sthAna dete haiN| paM. sukhalAla saMghavI ke anusAra sambhavataH isakA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki rAjazekhara apane samakAlIna dArzanikoM ke abhinivezayukta prabhAva se apane ko dUra nahIM rakha sake hoN| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA kI sUcanA ke anusAra rAjazekhara ke kAla kA hI eka anya darzana-saMgrAhaka graMtha AcArya merutuMgakRta 'SaDdarzananirNaya' hai| isa graMtha meM merutuMga ne jaina, bauddha, mImAMsA, sAMkhya, nyAya aura vaizeSika- ina chaH darzanoM kI mImAMsA kI hai, kiMtu isa kRti meM haribhadra jaisI udAratA nahIM hai / yaha mukhyatayA jainamata kI sthApanA aura anya matoM ke khaNDana ke lie likhA gayA hai| isakI ekamAtra vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM. mahAbhArata, smRti, purANa Adi ke AdhAra para jainamata kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne 'SaDdarzanasamuccaya' kI prastAvanA meM isa bAta kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki somatilakasUrikRta 'SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI vRtti ke aMta meM ajJAtakRta eka kRti mudrita hai| isameM bhI jaina, nyAya, bauddha, vaizeSika, jaiminIya, sAMkhya aura cArvAka - aise sAta darzanoM kA saMkSepa meM paricaya diyA gayA hai, kiMtu aMta meM anya darzanoM kI durnaya kI koTi meM rakhakara jaina darzana ko ucca zreNI meM rakhA gayA hai| isa prakAra isakA lekhaka bhI apane ko sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se dUra nahIM rakha sakA / phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki haribhadra Adi jaina dArzanikoM ne apane darzanasaMgrAhaka meM adhika udAratA kA paricaya diyA hai aura ina sabhI meM bauddha darzana kA prastutikaraNa 13

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apekSAkRta adhika prAmANikatA se huA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki darzana- saMgrAhaka graMthoM kI racanA meM bhAratIya itihAsa meM haribhadra Adi jaina dArzanikoM ne niSpakSa bhAva se aura pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha apane graMthoM meM anya darzanoM kA vivaraNa diyA hai| isa kSetra meM ve abhI taka advitIya hai| darzana saMgrAhaka graMthoM kI yaha paramparA Adhunika yuga meM bhI dekhI jAtI hai| bhAratIya darzana para likhe gae samakAlIna lekhakoM- sureMdra nAtha dAsa guptA, DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana, pro. jadunAtha sinhA, pro. caMdradhara zarmA, DaoN. umeza mizra, paM. baladeva upAdhyAya Adi ke graMthoM meM bauddha darzana aura usakI vibhinna nikAyoM kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai, yadyapi pro. rAdhAkRSNan ne bauddha darzana kI samIkSA bhI kI hai, kiMtu adhikAMza lekhakoM kA prayatna yathAvat prastutikaraNa kA rahA hai| samIkSA meM bhI ziSTa bhASA kA prayoga darzana ke kSetra meM apanI dArzanika avadhAraNAoM kI puSTi tathA virodhI avadhAraNAoM ke khaNDana ke prayatna atyaMta prAcInakAla se hote rahe haiN| pratyeka darzana apane mantavyoM kI puSTi ke lie anya dArzanika matoM kI samAlocanA karatA hai| sva-pakSa kA maNDana tathA para-pakSa kA khaNDana- yaha dArzanikoM kI sAmAnya pravRtti rahI hai / haribhadra bhI isake apavAda nahIM haiN| phira bhI unakI yaha vizeSatA hai ki anya dArzanika matoM kI samIkSA meM ve sadaiva hI ziSTa bhASA kA prayoga karate haiM tathA virodhI darzanoM ke pravartakoM ke lie bhI bahumAna pradarzita karate haiN| isake kucha udAharaNa hameM unake graMtha 'zAstravArtAsamuccaya' meM dekhane ko mila jAte haiN| apane graMtha 'zAstravArtAsamuccaya' ke prArambha meM hI graMtha-racanA kA uddezya spaSTa karate hue ve likhate haiM ya zrutvA sarvazAstreSu prAyastattvavinizcayaH / jAyate dveSazamanaH svargasiddhisukhAvaha // arthAt isakA adhyayana karane se anya darzanoM ke prati dveSa- buddhi samApta hokara tattva kA bodha ho jAtA hai| isa graMtha meM ve kapila ko divya - puruSa evaM mahAmuni ke rUpa meM sUcita karate haiM- kapilo divyo hi sa mahAmuniH (zAstravArtAsamuccaya, 237 ) / isI prakAra ve buddha ko bhI arhata, mahAmuni, suvedyavat (vahI, 465-466 ) kahate haiN| yahAM hama dekhate haiM ki jahAM eka ora anya dArzanika apane virodhI dArzanikoM kA khulakara parihAsa 14

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karate haiM- nyAya darzana ke praNetA maharSi gautama ko gAya kA bachar3A yA baila aura maharSi kaNAda ko ullU kahate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora haribhadra apane virodhiyoM ke lie mahAmuni aura arhat jaise sammAnasUcaka vizeSaNoM kA prayoga karate haiN| 'zAstravArtAsamuccaya' meM yadyapi anya dArzanika avadhAraNAoM kI spaSTa samAlocanA hai, kiMtu isa sampUrNa graMtha meM aisA koI bhI udAharaNa nahIM milatA jahAM haribhadra ne ziSTatA kI maryAdA kA ullaMghana kiyA ho| isa prakAra haribhadra ne bauddha Adi anya paramparAoM ke prati jisa ziSTatA aura AdarabhAva kA paricaya diyA hai, vaha hameM jaina aura jainetara kisI bhI paramparA ke anya graMthoM meM upalabdha nahIM hotaa| haribhadra ne anya darzanoM ke adhyayana ke pazcAt unameM nihita sAratattva yA satya ko samajhane kA jo prayAsa kiyA hai, vaha bhI atyaMta hI mahattvapUrNa hai aura unake udAracetA vyaktitva ko ujAgara karatA hai| 'zAstravArtAsamuccaya' meM haribhadra ne bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda, vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda kI samIkSA to kI hai, kiMtu ve ina dhAraNAoM meM nihita satya ko bhI dekhane kA prayatna karate aura kahate haiM ki mahAmuni aura arhat buddha uddezyahIna hokara kisI siddhAMta kA upadeza nahIM krte| unhoMne kSaNikavAda kA upadeza padArtha ke prati hamArI Asakti ke nivAraNa ke lie hI kiyA hai, kyoMki jaba vastu kA anitya aura vinAzazIla svarUpa samajha meM A jAtA hai to usake prati Asakti gaharI nahIM hotii| isI prakAra vijJAnavAda kA upadeza bhI bAhya padArthoM ke prati tRSNA ko samApta karane ke lie hI hai / yadi saba kucha citta ke vikalpa haiM aura bAhya rUpa satya nahIM haiM to une prati tRSNA utpanna nahIM hogii| isI prakAra kucha sAdhakoM kI manobhUmikA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara saMsAra kI nissAratA kA bodha karAne ke lie zUnyavAda kA upadeza diyA hai / isa prakAra haribhadra kI dRSTi meM bauddha darzana ke kSaNikavAda, vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda- ina tInoM siddhAMtoM kA mUla uddezya yahI hai ki vyakti kI jagat ke prati utpanna hone vAlI tRSNA kA prahANa ho / yadyapi dignAMga ke pUrva taka bauddha dArzanikoM ne jaina darzana ke prati upekSA bhAva rakhA thA, kiMtu paravartIkAla meM jaina darzana bhI unakI samIkSA kA viSaya banA hai| bhAratIya dArzanikoM meM apane se itara paramparAoM ke gambhIra adhyayana kI pravRtti prArambha meM hameM dRSTigata nahIM hotI hai| bAdarAyaNa, jaimini Adi diggaja vidvAn bhI jaba bauddha Adi anya darzanoM kI samalocanA karate haiM to aisA lagatA hai ki ve dUsare darzanoM ko apane satahI jJAna ke AdhAra para bhrAntarUpa 15

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meM prastuta karake unakA khaNDana kara rahe haiN| yaha satya hai ki anaikAntika evaM samanvayAtmaka dRSTi ke kAraNa anya darzanoM ke gambhIra adhyayana kI paramparA kA vikAsa sarvaprathama jaina dArzanikoM ne hI kiyA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki haribhadra Adi jainAcAryoM ne samAlocya bauddha Adi pratyeka darzana kA ImAnadArIpUrvaka gambhIra adhyayana kiyA thA, kyoMki isake binA ve na to una darzanoM meM nihita satyoM ko samajhA sakate the, na unakI svastha samIkSA hI kara sakate the aura na hI unakA jaina mantavyoM ke sAtha samanvaya kara sakate the| haribhadra anya darzanoM ke adhyayana taka hI sImita nahIM rahe, apitu unhoMne unake kucha mahattvapUrNa graMthoM para taTastha bhAva se TIkAeM bhI likhiiN| dinAMga ke bauddha graMtha 'nyAyapraveza' para unakI TIkA mahattvapUrNa mAnI jAtI hai| pataMjali ke yogasUtra' kA unakA adhyayana bhI kAphI gambhIra hai, kyoMki unhoMne usI ke AdhAra para navIna dRSTikoNa se yogadRSTisamuccaya', yogabindu', 'yogaviMzikA' Adi graMthoM kI racanA kI thii| isa prakAra haribhadra jaina aura jainetara paramparAoM ke eka ImAnadAra adhyetA evaM vyAkhyAkAra bhI haiN| jisa prakAra prazastapAda ne darzana graMthoM kI TIkA likhate samaya tad-tad darzanoM ke mantavyoM kA anusaraNa karate hue taTastha bhAva rakhA, usI prakAra haribhadra ne bhI bauddha Adi itara paramparAoM kA vivecana karate samaya taTastha bhAva rakhA hai| AcArya haribhadra kI dArzanika kRtiyoM meM SaDdarzanasamuccaya eka pramukha kRti hai| isa graMtha meM AcArya haribhadra ne bauddha, nyAya, sAMkhya, jaina, vaizeSika tathA jaiminI (mImAMsaka) ina cha: darzanoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| jJAtavya hai ki SaDdarzanasamuccaya ke SaDdarzanoM meM bauddha darzana ko prathama sthAna diyA gayA hai| bauddhoM ke ArAdhya sugata kA ullekha karate hue cAra AryasatyoM kI bAta kahI gaI haiM cAra AryasatyoM ke sAtha-sAtha, isameM paMcaskaMdhoM kA ullekha hai aura usake pazcAt saMskAroM kI kSaNikatA ko batalAte hue yaha kahA gayA hai ki vAsanA kA virodha honA hI mukti hai, sAtha hI isameM bAraha dharma AyatanoM aura do pramANoM-pratyakSa aura anumAna kA bhI ullekha huA hai| SaDdarzanasamuccaya meM bauddha dharma ke mUlabhUta siddhAMtoM kA niSpakSa dRSTi se pratipAdana huA hai, sAtha hI TIkAkAra guNaratna ne inakI jaina dRSTi se samIkSA bhI prastuta kI hai| haribhadra kA dUsarA graMtha zAstravArtAsamuccaya hai| jahAM SaDdarzanasamuccaya meM vibhinna darzanoM ke mantavyoM kA niSpakSa dRSTi se pratipAdana hai, vahAM zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM samAdara bhAvapUrvaka samIkSA evaM samanvayAtmaka niSkarSa prastuta kie gae haiN| isa graMtha ke caturtha aura 16

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chaThaveM stabaka meM kSaNikavAda kI samIkSA hai| vahAM pAMcaveM stabaka meM vijJAnavAda aura chaThaveM stabaka meM zUnyavAda kI samIkSA kI gaI hai| isake atirikta dasaveM stabaka meM sarvajJatA pratiSedhavAda tathA gyArahaveM stabaka zabdArtha pratiSedha meM bhI bauddha mantavyoM kI samIkSA kI gaI hai| samIkSA ke sAtha buddha ke prati samAdarabhAva vyakta karate hue buddha ne ina siddhAMtoM kA pratipAdana tRSNA ke prahANa ke lie kiyA, aisA ullekha kiyA hai| isake atirikta anekAntajayapatAkA ke pAMcaveM Adi adhikAroM meM bauddha ke yogAcAra darzana kI samIkSA upalabdha hotI hai| anekAntavAda praveza meM bhI anekAntajayapatAkA ke samAna hI anekAntavAda ko sarala DhaMga se sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| isa graMtha meM bauddha graMthoM ke ullekha evaM samIkSAeM upalabdha hotI haiN| isI krama meM haribhadra ke yogadRSTisamuccaya meM bhI bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda kI samIkSA upalabdha hotI hai| saMkSepa meM haribhadra ne bauddha darzana ke kSaNikavAda, vijJAnavAda, zUnyavAda ko hI mukhya rUpa se apanI samAlocanA kA viSaya banAyA hai| kiMtu haribhadra ke anusAra kSaNikavAda, vijJAnavAda, zUnyavAda mUlataH bAhyArthoM ke prati rahI huI vyakti kI tRSNA ke uccheda ke lie haiN| bauddha darzana kI tattvamImAMsA kI anya paramparAoM se samAnatA aura aMtara bhAratIya ciMtana meM bauddha darzana kI tattvamImAMsA evaM pramANamImAMsA kI kyA sthiti hai ise nimna biMduoM se samajhA jA sakatA hai1. sat ke svarUpa ke sambaMdha meM jahAM advaita vedAMta use apariNAmI yA avikArI mAnatA hai vahAM bauddha darzana use satat parivartanazIla mAnatA hai, jaina dArzanika use utpAdavyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka sat' kahakara donoM meM samanvaya karate haiN| yahAM mImAMsaka bhI jainoM ke dRSTikoNa ke samarthaka pratIta hote haiM, kiMtu sAMkhya apanI prakRti aura puruSa kI avadhAraNA meM puruSa ko kUTastha nitya aura prakRti ko pariNAmI mAnate haiN| 2. bauddha dArzanika jahAM sat ko kSaNika kahatA hai, vahAM vedAMta use zAzvata kahatA hai| jaina darzana bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda kI samIkSA to karate haiM, kiMtu ve usameM paryAyoM kI dRSTi se anityatA ko bhI svIkAra karate haiN| unakI dRSTi meM dravya nitya hai, kiMtu usakI paryAye anitya haiN| 3. bauddha ke zUnyavAda meM tattva ko sat, asat aura anubhaya- ina cAroM vikalpoM se bhinna zUnya kahA gayA hai, jabaki jainoM ne use sat, asat, ubhaya aura anubhaya cAroM vikalpoM se yukta mAnA haiM sattA kI anirvacanIyatA ko lekara prAyaH zUnyavAda aura advaitavAda (17)

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meM samAnatA parilakSita hotI hai, phira bhI jahAM bauddhoM kI anirvacanIyatA nakArAtmaka hai, vahAM vedAMta kI anirvacanIyatA ko bhI sApekSa mAnA hai, ve use kathaMcit avaktavya aura kathaMcit vaktavya mAnate haiN| jainoM kI avaktavyatA bhASAgata samasyA hai, jabaki bauddhoM aura vedAntiyoM kI anirvacanIyatA svarUpAtmaka hai, kiMtu jahAM bauddha use ni:svabhAva mAnatA hai, vahAM vedAMta anirvacaniyatA ko sattA kA svarUpa lakSaNa mAnatA hai| 4. jahAM bauddha vijJAnavAda meM kSaNakSayI citta (vijJAna) ko hI paramatattva mAnA gayA hai, vahAM jaina darzana meM AtmA ko mahattva dete hue bhI jar3a aura cetana donoM kI svataMtra sattA mAnI gaI hai, sAMkhyoM ne bhI puruSa evaM prakRti ke rUpa meM isa dvaitavAda ko svIkArA hai| nyAya, vaizeSika aura mImAMsaka bahutattvavAdI haiM, kiMtu ve bhI cit aura acit donoM kA svataMtra astitva mAnate haiN| jaina cetana (jIva ) aura jar3a (ajIva) donoM ke sambaMdha meM bahutattvavAdI haiM, yadyapi ve AkAza, dharma aura adharma ko eka-eka svataMtra tattva hI mAnate haiN| sAMkhya puruSa kI anekatA aura prakRti kA ekatva mAnatA hai| jabaki vijJAnavAdI aura zUnyavAdI bauddha tathA zAMkara vedAMta advaitavAdI haiN| 5. bauddha vijJAnavAda jahAM bAhyArtha kA niSedha karatA hai, vahAM jaina darzana, naiyAyika evaM mImAMsaka ke samAna bAhyArtha kI sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki bauddhoM meM bhI sarvAstivAdI - sautrAntika evaM vaibhASika bAhyArtha kI sattA ko svIkAra karate haiM, phira bhI sautrAntika use pratyakSa kA viSaya na mAnakara anumeya hI mAnate haiN| 6. vastu kI bahuAyAmitA ko AdhAra banAkara jainoM ne anekAMtavAda kI sthApanA kii| mImAMsakoM ne bhI isakA samarthana kiyA, kiMtu bauddha niSedhamukhI hone se anekAMta kI apekSA zUnyavAda kI dizA meM agrasara ho gae, phira bhI zUnyavAda aura anekAMtavAda donoM hI ekAMta kA virodha to samAna rUpa se karate haiN| aMtara yaha hai ki bauddha ekAntavAda kA khaNDana jahAM niSedhamukha se karate haiM, vahAM jaina pratipakSa meM niSedhamukha se aura svapakSa meM vidhimukha se karate haiN| 7. zabda aura artha ke madhya sambaMdha ko lekara jahAM mImAMsaka tAdAtmya sambaMdha mAnate haiM, nyAya-vaizeSika tadutpatti sambaMdha mAnate haiM aura jaina vAcya vAcaka sambaMdha mAnate haiM, vahIM bauddha zabda aura artha meM kisI bhI prakAra kA sambaMdha nahIM mAnate haiN| ve apohavAda ke mAdhyama se zabda dvArA arthabodha ko ghaTita karate haiM, kiMtu zabda ko mAtra apohaparaka yA niSedhaparaka mAnane se usakI vAcyatA sAmarthya apUrNa rahatI hai| vastutaH zabda kA vidhiparaka 18

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arthAt 'aisA hai' aura niSedhaparaka 'aisA nahIM hai', yaha ubhaya rUpa grahaNa karane para hI pUrNa arthabodha sambhava hotA hai| 8. jahA~ taka vibhajyavAdI dRSTikoNa kA prazna hai bauddha aura jaina donoM hI vibhajyavAdI haiM donoM hI ekAMtika pratisthApanAoM ke virodhI haiM aura vizleSaNapUrvaka uttara dene kI bAta karate haiN| 9. jainoM ne apanI anaikAMtika dRSTi ke kAraNa bauddhoM kI aneka avadhAraNAoM kA unakI virodhI avadhAraNAoM ke sAtha samanvaya kiyA hai| bauddha aura jaina pramANamImAMsA eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaina evaM bauddha pramANazAstra kA aitihAsika vikAsakrama jaina aura bauddha darzana bhAratIya zramaNa saMskRti ke darzana haiN| AcArazAstra ke siddhAMta pakSa kI apekSA se donoM meM bahuta kucha samAnatAeM haiM, kiMtu jahAM taka tattvamImAMsIya aura pramANazAstrIya vivecanoM kA prazna hai, donoM meM kucha samAnatAeM aura kucha aMtara parilakSita hote haiM / jaina aura bauddha donoM hI darzana ekAMtavAda ke virodhI haiN| donoM ke dArzanika vivecana ke mUla meM vibhajyavAdI dRSTikoNa samAhita hai| tattvamImAMsA evaM AcAramImAMsA ke kSetra meM bauddha darzana jahAM ekAMtavAda kA niSedha karake madhyama - pratipadA kI bAta karatA hai, vahIM jaina darzana ekAMtavAda kA niSedha kara anekAMtavAda kI avadhAraNA ko prastuta karatA hai| isa prakAra donoM darzanoM kI mUlabhUta dRSTi arthAt ekAMtavAda ke niSedha meM samanatA hai, kiMtu apanI dArzanika vivecanAoM ke agrima caraNoM meM donoM darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM meM aMtara dekhA jAtA hai| usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki jahAM ekAMtavAda se bacane ke lie bauddhadarzana niSedhaparaka rahA, vahAM jaina darzana ne vidhimukha se apanI bAta kahI / jaina darzana kA carama vikAsa usake anekAMtavAda aura syAdvAda ke siddhAMta ke rUpa meM huA, vahIM bauddha darzana kA carama vikAsa apanI madhyamapratipadA para AdhArita hote hue bhI aMtataH vijJAnavAda aura zUnyavAda ke rUpa 19

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meM huaa| __ jahAM taka jaina aura bauddha pramANazAstra kA prazna hai, prAcIna jaina AgamasAhitya aura bauddha tripiTaka meM hameM pramANazAstra saMbaMdhI vizeSa vivecanAeM upalabdha nahIM hotI haiN| paravartI jaina AgamoM samavAyAMga, anuyogadvArasUtra aura nandIsUtra meM jJAnamImAMsA kI to vistRta carcA hai, kiMtu pramANazAstra saMbaMdhI carcA kA unameM bhI kucha saMketoM ke atirikta prAyaH abhAva hI hai| isa prakAra pAli tripiTaka aura arddhamAgadhI AgamoM meM pramANazAstra saMbaMdhI chuTapuTa zabdoM yathA takka, vimaMsI, pamANa, hetu vyavasAya Adi ke prayoga to mila jAte haiM, kiMtu eka suvyavasthita pramANazAstra kI upalabdhi nahIM hotI hai| bauddha paramparA meM sarvaprathama nAgArjuna ne lagabhaga IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI meM zUnyavAda kI sthApanA ke sAtha vigrahavyAvartanI aura vaidalyasUtra meM pramANoM kA spaSTa rUpa se khaNDana kiyA hai| bauddha paramparA meM pramANazAstra ke vikAsa kA mukhya zreya vijJAnavAdI yogAcAra darzana ko jAtA hai| bauddha paramparA meM dinAMga (cauthI-pAMcavIM zatI) ko bauddha pramANa-zAstra prastotA mAnA jA sakatA hai| ___ mallavAdI (cauthI-pAMcavIM zatI) Adi prAcIna jaina AcAryoM ne bauddha pramANamImAMsA ke khaNDana meM pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM dinAMga ke graMthoM ko hI AdhAra banAyA hai| mallavAdI kI kRti dvAdazAranayacakra meM dinAMga kI avadhAraNAoM ko uddhRta karake unakI samIkSA kI gaI hai| dinAMga ke guru bauddha vijJAnavAdI asaMga ke laghubhrAtA vasubaMdha rahe haiN| yadyapi vasubaMdhu ke graMthoM meM bhInyAyazAstra sambaMdhI kucha vivecana upalabdha hote haiM, phira bhI pramANazAstra kI vivecanA kI dRSTi se dinAMga kA pramANasamuccaya hI bauddha paramparA kA prathama svataMtra aura mahattvapUrNa graMtha hai| paravartI jaina aura jainetara dArzanikoM ne bauddha pramANamImAMsA ke khaNDana meM ise hI AdhAra banAyA hai| dinAMga ke pazcAt bauddha nyAya ke prastotAoM meM dharmakIrti pramukha mAne jAte haiN| dharmakIrti ke sattAkAla ko lekara vidvAnoM meM kucha matabheda hai, phira bhI itanA sunizcita hai ki ve IsA kI sAtavIM zatAbdI ke bauddha vidvAn haiN| jaina vidvAn paM. maheMdra kumAra nyAyAcArya ne unakA kAla 620 IsvI se 690 IsvI mAnA hai, jo samucita hI pratIta hotA hai| yadyapi dharmakIrti ke pazcAt bhI dharmottara, arcaTa, zAMtarakSita, kamalazIla, deveMdrabuddhi, zAkyabuddhi, prajJAkaragupta, ravigupta, karnakagaumI Adi aneka bauddha AcArya hue haiM, jinhoMne bauddha pramANamImAMsA para graMtha likhe haiM, kiMtu prastuta vivecanA meM hama 20

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apane dharmakIrti taka hI sImita rakhane kA prayatna kreNge| kyoMki akalaMka (AThavIM zatI) Adi jaina AcAryoM ne dinAMga eMva dharmakIrti kI sthApanAoM ko hI apane khaNDana kA viSaya banAyA hai| jahAM taka jaina pramANazAstra kA prazna hai, usakA prArambha siddhasena divAkara ke nyAyAvatAra se hotA hai| siddhasenadivAkara ko lagabhaga cauthI-pAMcavIM zatAbdI kA vidvAn mAnA jAtA hai| unakA nyAyAvatAra jaina pramANazAstra kA prathama graMtha hai| isameM pramANa kI paribhASA ke sAtha-sAtha pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama (zabda) pramANoM kA ullekha huA hai, yadyapi isa graMtha kI mUla kArikAoM meM bauddha pramANazAstra ke khaNDana kA spaSTa rUpa se koI nirdeza nahIM hai| phira bhI svaparAbhAsijJAnaM pramANam' kahakara pramANa ko mAtra svaprakAzaka mAnane vAlI bauddha paramparA ke khaNDana kA saMketa avazya milatA hai, kiMtu bauddha pramANazAstra kI spaSTa samIkSA kA isa graMtha meM prAyaH abhAva hI hai| isa graMtha ke avalokana se itanA to nizcita ho jAtA hai ki siddhasena divAkara bauddha pramANazAstra se paricita avazya the, kyoMki isa graMtha meM kahIM bauddhamata se samarUpatA aura kahIM virodha parilakSita hotA hai| yadyapi jaina paramparA meM siddhasena ke pUrva umAsvAti (tIsarI zatI) ne tattvArthasUtra meM jJAna ke Agamika pAMca prakAroM kA ullekha karake agale sUtra meM unheM pramANa ke rUpa meM ullekhita kiyA hai, sAtha hI pramANa ke pratyakSa aura parokSa aise do bhedoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai, phi ra bhI umAsvAti ko jaina nyAya ke AdyapraNetA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki unake tattvArthasUtra aura usake svopajJabhASya meM ina do sUtroM ke atirikta pramANa sambaMdhI koI vizeSa carcA upalabdha nahIM hai| unake pazcAt siddhasena divAkara ne yadyapi jaina pramANavyavasthA ke sambaMdha meM eka svataMtra graMtha kI racanA to kI, kiMtu unhoMne pramANamImAMsA sambaMdhI bauddha evaM anya darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA kA koI prayatna nahIM kiyaa| jaina paramparA meM bauddha pramANamImAMsA kI samIkSA yadi sarvaprathama kisI ne kI hai, to ve dvAdazAranayacakra ke praNetA mallavAdI (lagabhaga pAMcavIM zatI) haiN| mallavAdI ke dignAMga ke pramANasamuccaya se aneka saMdarbho ko uddhRta karake unakI samIkSA kI hai| mallavAdI dinAMga se paravartI aura dharmakIrti se pUrvavartI haiN| bauddha vidvAnoM ne dinAMga kA kAla IsA kI pAMcavIM zatI mAnA hai, kiMtu dvAdazAranayacakra kI prazasti se mallavAdI kA kAla vikrama saM. 414 tadanusAra I. san 357 mAnA hai| isa dRSTi se dignAMga ko bhI IsA kI cauthI zatI ke uttarArddha se pAMcavIM zatI ke pUrvArddha kA mAnanA hogaa| (21)

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jaina paramparA, bauddha pramANazAstra se yadi paricita huI hai to vaha prathamataH dinAMga aura phira dharmakIrti se hI vizeSa rUpa se paricita pratIta hotI hai, kyoMki jaina AcAryoM ne bauddha pramANa patra kI samIkSA meM inhIM ke graMthoM ko mukhya AdhAra banAyA hai, yadyapi dharmottara, arcaTa, zAntarakSita aura kamalazIla ke bhI saMdarbha jaina graMthoM meM milate haiN| tibbatI paramparA ke anusAra dinAMga ke pramANasamuccaya ke atirikta pramANazAstra para unakI jo dUsarI pramukha kRti hai, vaha nyAyapraveza hai| yadyapi kucha vidvAnoM ne usake kartA dinAMga ke ziSya zaMkarasvAmI ko mAnA hai| bauddha pramANazAstra meM nyAyapraveza hI eka aisA graMtha hai, jisa para jaina AcAryoM ne TIkAeM rcii| AcArya haribhadrasUri ne (lagabhaga AThavIM zatAbdI kI) isa nyAyapraveza para vRtti likhI, jo upalabdha hai| Age calakara haribhadra kI isa nyAyapravezavRtti para pArzvadevagaNi ne paMjikA kI racanA kii| yadyapi ye donoM TIkA graMtha jaina paramparA ke AcAryoM kI racanAeM haiM, kiMtu ye samIkSAtmaka na hokara vivecanAtmaka hI haiN| samIkSA kI dRSTi se dinAMga ke pramANasamuccaya ke pazcAt jaina AcAryoM ne dharmakIrti ke pramANavArtika ko hI adhika uddhRta kiyA hai| jJAtavya hai ki pramANavArtika dinAMga ke pramANasamuccaya kI hI TIkA hai, phira bhI jaina AcAryoM ne apanI bauddha pramANazAstra kI samIkSA meM isako hI pramukha AdhAra banAyA hai| dharmakIrti ke dUsare do graMtha jo jaina AcAryoM kI samIkSA ke viSaya rahe haiM ve haiM pramANavinizcaya aura sNbNdhpriikssaa| pramANavinizcaya vastutaH unake pramANavArtika kA hI saMkSipta rUpa hai aura isake Adhe se adhika zloka pramANavArtika se hI grahaNa kie gae haiN| dharmakIrti kI dUsarI kRti saMbaMdhaparIkSA vartamAna meM anupalabdha hai, kiMtu isakA kucha aMza, jo Aja surakSita hai usakA zreya jainAcAryoM ko hI hai| digambara jainAcArya prabhAcaMdra ke prameyakamalamArtaMDa (10vIM zatI) meM na kevala isakI bAIsa kArikAyeM upalabdha haiM, apitu unhoMne una para vyAkhyA bhI kI hai| isI prakAra zvetAmbara vidvAn bRhadgacchIya vAdidevasUri (11vIM zatI) ne bhI syAdvAdaratnAkara meM isakI kucha kArikAeM uddhRta kI hai| yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki jahAM jaina graMtha dvAdazAranayacakra kI mUlakArikAoM kI punarracanA kA AdhAra dharmakIrti ke graMthoM kI tibbatI srota rahe haiM, vahIM dharmakIrti kI saMbaMdhaparIkSA ke kucha aMzoM ke saMrakSaNa kA AdhAra prabhAcaMdra kA prameyakamalamArtaMDa hai| jaina paramparA meM bauddha pramANamImAMsA kI jo samIkSA upalabdha hotI hai, usameM siddhasena ke nyAyAvatAra aura mallavAdI ke dvAdazAranayacakra ke bAda usake TIkAkAra siMhasUri kA krama AtA hai, kiMtu siMhasUri kI dvAdazAranayacakra para likhI gaI

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TIkA meM bhI bauddha paramparA kA jo khaNDana huA hai, vaha vasubaMdhu aura dignAMga ke dArzanika maMtavyoM ko hI pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hai| unhoMne bauddhoM ke pramANalakSaNa evaM unakI pratyakSa pramANa kI avadhAraNA kI vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se samIkSA kI, kiMtu siMhasUri ne kahIM bhI dharmakIrti ko uddhRta nahIM kiyA hai| unhoMne mukhyatayA vasubaMdhu aura dignAMga ke maMtavyoM ko hI apanI samIkSA kA viSaya banAyA, isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki siMhasUri vasubaMdhu evaM dinAMga ke paravartI kiMtu dharmakIrti ke pUrvavartI rahe haiN| inakA kAla chaThIM zatAbdI kA uttarArdha yA sAtavIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha mAnA jAtA hai| jaina pramANazAstra ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se siddhasena aura mallavAdI ke pazcAt inhIM kA krama AtA hai, kyoMki ye mallavAdI ke dvAdazAranayacakra ke TIkAkAra bhI haiN| pAMcavIM-chaThI zatAbdI pazcAt se jaina AcAryoM ne bauddha tattvamImAMsA aura pramANamImAMsA kI samIkSA kI, isI krama meM yahAM hama pramukha rUpa se unhIM AcAryoM kA ullekha kareMge jinhoMne na kevala jaina pramANazAstra ke vikAsa meM apanA avadAna diyA hai, apitu pramANazAstrIya bauddha maMtavyoM kI samIkSA bhI kI hai athavA unake pramANazAstrIya maMtavyoM kI samIkSA bauddha AcAryoM ne kii| siddhasena, mallavAdI aura siMhasUri ke pazcAt AcArya sumati (lagabhaga 7vIM zatI) hue haiM, ye jainadharma kI yApanIya paramparA ke AcArya rahe haiN| durbhAgya se Aja unakI koI bhI kRti upalabdha nahIM hotI hai, kiMtu bauddha dArzanika zAMtarakSita (AThavIM zatI) ne apane graMtha tattvasaMgraha meM sumati ke nAmollekhapUrvaka unake pramANazAstrIya maMtavyoM kI samIkSA kI hai| jJAtavya hai ki AcArya sumati ne zvetAmbara AcArya siddhasena ke sanmatitarka para eka vivRtti bhI racI thI jo Aja anupalabdha hai, isase lagatA hai ki AcArya sumati usa udAra yApanIya paramparA ke AcArya rahe haiM, jo Aja lupta ho cukI hai| isI kAla ke arthAt sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI ke anya jaina naiyAyika pAtrakesarI haiN| inakI prasiddha racanA trilakSaNakadarthana hai| isameM bauddhoM ke trairUpya hetu kA vistAra se khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| jahAM bauddha dArzanika zAMtarakSita ne apane tattvasaMgraha (136) meM inake graMtha se eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai, vahIM akalaMka Adi jaina dArzanikoM ne bhI pAtrakesarI ke trilakSaNakadarthana ke zlokoM ko uddhRta karake bauddhoM ke trirUpahetu kA khaNDana kiyA hai| lagabhaga isI kAla meM zvetAmbara jaina paramparA meM AcArya haribhadrasUri (AThavIM zatI) hue haiN| haribhadrasUri ne zAstravArtAsamuccaya aura SaTdarzanasamuccaya jaise graMthoM meM bauddha paramparA ke maMtavyoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai, kiMtu ve eka samanvayavAdI AcArya rahe 23

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haiN| ataH unhoMne anya darzanoM ke khaNDana kI apekSA unakI dArzanika avadhAraNAoM kI jaina darzana ke sAtha saMgati kaise saMbhava hai, yahI dikhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| unhoMne bauddhapramANamImAMsA kI samIkSA nahIM kI, kiMtu jaisA hama pUrva meM ullekha kara cuke haiM, unhoMne dignAMga ke nyAyapraveza kI TIkA avazya racI hai| __ jaina pramANazAstra ke vyavasthita prastutikaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha bauddha pramANazAstra kI tArkika samIkSA karane vAle AcAryoM meM bhaTTa akalaMka (IsvI 720 se 780) kA sthAna prathama hai| unhoMne tattvArthavArtika ke atirikta laghIyastraya, nyAyavinizcaya, siddhivinizcaya, pramANasaMgraha Adi aneka graMtha race haiM, jinameM jahAM eka ora jaina pramANamImAMsA kA suvyavasthita prastutikaraNa hai, vahIM dUsarI ora anya darzanoM ke sAthasAtha bauddha pramANamImAMsA ke pramANalakSaNa, nirvikalpapratyakSa, apohavAda, zabdArtha-saMbaMdha, hetu kI trirUpatA Adi kA khaNDana tathA smRti, pratyabhijJA evaM tarka ke pramANya kA sthApana tathA unako na mAnane saMbaMdhI bauddhoM ke tarkoM kA nirasana kiyA gayA hai| akalaMka ke pazcAt vidyAnaMda (9vIM zatI) ke zlokavArtika, pramANaparIkSA Adi graMthoM meM bhI pramANa saMbaMdhI bauddha maMtavyoM kI spaSTa samIkSA kI gaI hai| jahAM akalaMka ke graMthoM meM bauddha maMtavyoM kI samIkSA hetu dinAMga aura dharmakIrti ke graMtha hI AdhAra rahe haiM, vahAM vidyAnaMda ne dinAMga aura dharmakIrti ke atirikta prajJAkaragupta ke maMtavyoM kA bhI yuktisaMgata khaNDana kiyA hai| vidyAnaMda ke pazcAt jaina pramANazAstra ke eka pramukha AcArya anantavIrya hue haiM, inakA kAla dasavIM zatI hai| inhoMne akalaMka ke do graMthoM siddhivinizcaya aura pramANasaMgraha para vyAkhyA likhI hai| inameM dinAMga evaM dharmakIrti ke atirikta dharmottara, arcaTa, prajJAkaragupta, zAMtarakSita aura kamalazIla jaise bauddha dArzanikoM ko na kevala uddhRta kiyA gayA hai, apitu unake maMtavyoM kI samIkSA bhI kI gaI hai| anantavIrya ke pazcAt jaina nyAya ke kSetra meM tattvabodhavidhAyanI nAmaka sanmatitarka kI TIkA ke kartA abhayadevasUri (11vIM zatI), prameyakamalamArtaNDa aura nyAyakumudacaMdra ke racanAkAra prabhAcaMdra (11vIM zatI), pramANanayatattvAloka aura usakI svopajJa TIkA syAdvAdaratnAkara ke kartA vAdIdevasUri (12vIM zatI) tathA usI graMtha kI ratnAkarAvatArikA nAmaka TIkA ke racanAkAra AcArya ratnaprabha aura pramANamImAMsA ke kartA AcArya hemacaMdra (12vIM zatI) Adi jainapramANazAstra ke prabuddha AcArya hue haiN| ina sabhI ne dinAMga, dharmakIrti, dharmottara, arcaTa, prajJAkaragupta, zAMtarakSita, kamalazIla Adi bauddha AcAryoM aura unake graMthoM kA na kevala 24

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ullekha kiyA hai, apitu unake graMthoM ke unake maMtavyoM ko uddhRta kara unakI samIkSA bhI kI hai| inake pazcAt bhI jaina nyAya kI yaha paramparA yazovijaya, vimaladAsa Adi ke kAla taka arthAt lagabhaga 18vIM zatI taka calatI rahI aura jaina AcArya bauddha maMtavyoM ko pUrva pakSa ke rUpa meM rakhakara unakI samIkSA karate rhe| yahI nahIM, bIsavIM zatI meM bhI paM. sukhalAlajI, paM. dalasukha bhAI, DaoN.nathamalajI TATiyA, muni jambUvijayajI Adi jaina vidvAn bauddha pramANazAstra ke jJAtA rahe haiN| muni jambUvijayajI ne to tibbatI sIkhakara dvAdazAranayacakra jaise prAcIna truTitagraMtha kA punaH saMrakSaNa kiyA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki 5vIM zatI se lekara 20vIM zatI taka aneka jaina AcArya bauddha pramANazAstra ke jJAtA aura samIkSaka rahe haiM, kiMtu bauddha nyAya kA vikAsa bhArata meM lagabhaga 11vIM-12vIM zatI ke bAda avaruddha ho gyaa| pramANalakSaNa bauddhadarzana meM pramANalakSaNa ke nirUpaNa ke sambaMdha meM tIna dRSTikoNa upalabdha hote haiM- sarvaprathama dignAMga ne apane graMtha pramANasamuccaya meM smRti, icchA, dveSa Adi ko pUrva adhigata viSaya kA jJAna karAne vAlA hone se pramANa kA viSaya nahIM mAnA hai isI AdhAra para dignAMga ke TIkAkAra jinendrabuddhi ne pramANasamuccaya kI TIkA meM pramANa ko ajJAta artha kA jJApaka kahA hai| unake pazcAt AcArya dharmakIrti ne pramANa kI paribhASA dete hue pramANa avisaMvAdIjJAnam kahakara pramANa ko avisaMvAdI jJAna kahA hai| yadyapi unhoMne pramANa kI yaha svataMtra paribhASA dI hai, kiMtu unhoMne ajJAtArthaprakAzakovA' kahakara dignAMga kI pramANa kI pUrva paribhASA ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| bauddha paramparA meM pramANalakSaNa ke sambaMdha meM tIsarA dRSTikoNa arthasArUpyasya pramANam' ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, kiMtu prastuta prasaMga meM hamArA vivecana dharmakIrti taka sImita hai| ataH hama prathama evaM dvitIya pramANalakSaNa kI hI jaina dRSTi se samIkSA kareMge, kyoMki ye donoM lakSaNa dharmakIrti ko bhI mAnya haiN| unake dvArA tRtIya lakSaNa vastutaH pramANaphala ke rUpa meM vivecita hai| dharmakIrti kA kathana hai ki jJAna kA artha ke sAtha jo prArUpa yA sAdRzya hai vahI pramANa hai| jahAM taka anAdhigata yA ajJAta artha ke jJApaka jJAna ko pramANa mAnane kA prazna hai, mImAMsaka aura bauddha donoM hI isa sambaMdha meM ekamata pratIta hote haiN| jaina AcAryoM meM akalaMka (8vIM zatI), mANikyanaMdI Adi kucha digambara vidvAnoM ne bhI pramANa ko apUrva artha kA jJApaka mAnA thA, kiMtu kAlAMtara meM jaina dArzanikoM ko pramANa ke isa lakSaNa ko svIkAra karane meM 25

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tArkika asaMgati pratIta huI, kyoMki svayaM akalaMka ne smRti aura pratyabhijJAna ko parokSa pramANa ke bheda ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai aura ye donoM hI adhigata jJAna haiM, apUrva jJAna nahIM, isalie Age calakara vidyAnaMda ne zlokavArtika meM, vAdIdevasUri ne syAdvAdaratnAkara meM tathA hemacaMdra ne pramANamImAMsA meM pramANalakSaNa nirUpaNa meM use apUrva artha kA grAhaka honA Avazyaka nahIM maanaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, ina AcAryoM ne apanI kRtiyoM meM isakI vistRta samIkSA bhI kI hai| pramANamImAMsA meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA hai ki grahISyamAnajJAna kI bhAMti grahItAgrAhI jJAna bhI pramANa hai ( 1 / 1 /4) / jahAM taka dharmakIrti ke dvArA avisaMvAdI jJAna ko hI pramANa lakSaNa svIkAra karane kA prazna hai jaina dArzanikoM kA isase sAMvyavahArika stara para koI vizeSa virodha nahIM rahA hai, kyoMki akalaMka Adi ne to ise pramANalakSaNa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA bhI hai| bauddha pramANazAstra meM dharmakIrti kA yaha pramANalakSaNa hI sarvAdhika mAnya rahA hai| yahAM jJAtavya hai ki dharmakIrti ne avisaMvAditA kA tAtparya, artha aura jJAna meM sArUpya yA abhrAntatA na mAnakara arthakriyAsthiti ko svIkAra kiyaa| pramANavArtika (1/3) meM ve spaSTa rUpa se likhate haiM ki 'arthakriyA kI sthiti hI avisaMvAditA' hai / punaH arthakriyA kI sthiti kA bhI arthaprApaNa kI yogyatA ke rUpa meM pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| bauddha paramparA meM dharmakIrti ke TIkAkAra dharmottara ne isakI vistRta vivecanA bhI kI hai| yahAM yaha jJAtavya hai ki dignAMga aura dharmakIrti ne apane pramANa lakSaNa kI vivecanA meM jaina dRSTikoNa ko na to pUrva pakSa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai aura na hI usakI samIkSA kI hai| jabaki jaina dArzanikoM ne dignAMga aura dharmakIrti donoM kI hI pramANa saMbaMdhI avadhAraNA ko apanI samIkSA kA viSaya banAyA hai| yadyapi yahAM yaha jJAtavya hai ki dharmakIrti ke pUrvavartI jaina dArzanikoM meM siddhasena divAkara aura mallavAdI ne pramANalakSaNa kI carcA meM dinAMga kI mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA kI hai / yadyapi siddhasena divAkara spaSTa nAmollekhakapUrvaka dignAMga pramANalakSaNa kI samIkSA nahIM karate haiN| apane pramANalakSaNa kI carcA meM unhoMne use sva aura para kA AbhAsaka tathA bAdhavivarjita jJAna kahA hai ( pramANasvaparAbhAsi jJAnaM bAdhavivarjitam, nyAyAvatAra 1 ) / siddhasena dvArA pratipAdita isa pramANalakSaNa meM naiyAyikoM ke samAna jJAna ke kAraNa ( hetuoM) ko pramANa na kahakara jJAna ko hI pramANa kahA gayA hai| jJAna ko hI pramANa mAnane ke saMbaMdha meM jaina aura bauddha dArzanikoM meM kisI prakAra kA vaimatya nahIM hai / 26

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jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM saMketa kiyA hai ki siddhasena divAkara spaSTa rUpa se to apane graMtha meM bauddhoM kA nAma lekara unakA khaNDana nahIM karate haiM, kiMtu pramANalakSaNakI unakI yaha paribhASA eka ora jJAnAdvaitavAdI bauddhavijJAnavAda (yogAcAra) kA, dUsarI ora bAhyArthavAdI mImAMsakoM aura naiyAyikoM kI aikAMtika mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana kara unameM samanvaya karatI hai| jJAnAdvaitavAdI bauddhavijJAnavAda arthAt yogAcAradarzana bAhyArtha kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai, isalie unake anusAra pramANa (jJAna) svaprakAzaka hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jJAna apane ko hI jAnatA hai| jaina dArzanikoM meM siddhasena ke pazcAt akalaMka, vidyAnaMda, vAdidevasUri, hemacaMdra Adi sabhI apane sambaMdhI graMthoM meM bAhyArtha kA niSedha karane vAle yA yaha mAnane vAle ki jJAna kevala sva prakAzaka hai, vijJAnavAdI bauddhoM kA vistAra se khaNDana karate haiN| unakI samIkSA kA sAra yaha hai ki jJAna se bhinna jJeya rUpa bAhyArtha kA abhAva mAnane para svayaM jJAna ke abhAva kA prasaMga upasthita hogaa| kyoMki jJAna jJeya ke abhAva meM saMbhava nahIM hai, isake virodha meM bauddhoM kA uttara yaha hai ki svapna Adi meM artha ke abhAva meM jJAna hotA hai, kiMtu unakA yaha kathana sArthaka nahIM hai| prathama to yaha ki sabhI jJAna artha ke binA hote haiM yaha mAnanA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai, dUsare yaha ki svapna meM jina vastuoM kA anubhava hotA hai, ve usake pUrva yathArtha se anubhUta hotI haiM yahAM yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki - siddhasena divAkara ne apane pramANalakSaNa kI carcA meM use apUrva artha kA grAhaka athavA anadhigatajJAna nahIM mAnA hai| jahAM taka dharmakIrti dvArA pramANa ko avisaMvAdaka mAnane kA prazna hai jaina paramparA siddhasena divAkara ne bhI nyAyAvatAra meM pramANa ko bAdhavivarjita kahA hai| yadyapi bAdhavivarjita aura avisaMvAdI meM AMzika samAnatA aura AMzika aMtara hai, isakI carcA Age kI gaI hai| jaina darzana meM akalaMka eka aise AcArya haiM, jinhoMne aSTasahastrI meM pramANalakSaNa kA nirUpaNa karate hue pramANa ko avisaMvAdI evaM anadhigata artha kA jJAna mAnA hai (pramANamavisaMvAdijJAnamanadhigatArthAdhigamalakSaNatvAt aSTazatI, aSTasahastrI, pR. 175) / yahAM hama dekhate haiM ki akalaMka ne bauddha dArzanikoM meM dignAMga aura dharmakIrti donoM pramANalakSaNa ko samanvita kara apanA pramANalakSaNa banAyA hai| yahAM yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki svayaM dharmakIrti ne bhI pramANalakSaNa meM avisaMvAditA ke sAtha-sAtha anadhigatatA ko svIkAra kiyA thaa| isa prakAra pramANalakSaNa ke nirUpaNa meM bauddhAcArya dharmakIrti aura jainAcArya akalaMka donoM kA maMtavya samAna haiM yahI kAraNa hai ki kucha vidvAn spaSTa rUpa se 27

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mAnate haiM ki akalaMka ne jo pramANa lakSaNa nirUpita kiyA hai, vaha bauddhoM se aura vizeSa rUpa se dharmakIrti se pabhAvita hai| yahAM yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki akalaMka (8vIM zatI) aura dharmakIrti (7vIM zatI) meM lagabhaga eka zatI kA aMtara hai| ataH unake ciMtana para dharmakIrti kA prabhAva parilakSita honA asvAbhAvika nahIM hai, kiMtu Azcaryajanaka tathya to yaha hai ki jainanyAya ke pramukha vidvAn akalaMka jahAM eka ora tattvArthavArtika meM pramANa ko anAdhigata jJAna mAnane kA khaNDana karate haiM, vahIM aSTazatI meM meM usakA samarthana karate hue pratIta hote haiN| isa saMdarbha meM jaina aura bauddha nyAya ke yuvA vidvAn DaoN. dharmacaMdra jaina kA yaha kathana yukti saMgata hai ki kSaNikavAdI evaM pramANaviplavavAdI bauddhoM kI tattvamImAMsA va pramANamImAMsA meM anAdhigata artha ke grAhaka jJAna kA pramANa honA upayukta ho sakatA hai, kiMtu nityAnityavAdI evaM pramANasaMplavavAdI jaina dArzanikoM ke mata meM nahIM (bauddha pramANamImAMsA kI jainadRSTi se samIkSA, pR.79) jainanyAya meM anAdhigata arthAt agRhIta-grAhI jJAna yA apUrvajJAna ko pramANalakSaNa meM sarvaprathama sthAna akalaMka ne hI diyA thA, usake pazcAt mANikyanaMdI Adi aneka digambara jaina dArzanika pramANalakSaNa meM apUrva yA anAdhigata zabda kA prayoga karate rahe haiM, kiMtu akalaMka ke nikaTaparavartI vidyAnaMda (lagabhaga 9vIM zatI) ne tattvArthazlokavArtika meM spaSTa rUpa se apUrva yA anAdhigata vizeSaNa ko pramANalakSaNa meM vyartha mAnA hai| (tattvArthazlokavArtika 1/10/77) / unake pazcAt prabhAcaMdra (dasavIM zatI) ne apUrva yA anAdhigata adhra ke grAhI jJAna ko pramANalakSaNa nirUpaNa meM ekAMtarUpa se avyartha to nahIM kahA, lekina itanA avazya kahA hai ki pramANa kathaMcit hI apUrva artha kA grAhI hotA hai, kiMtu sarvathA apUrNa kA grAhI nahIM hotaa| jahAM taka dharmakIrti ke pramANa ke avisaMvAdaka lakSaNa kA prazna hai, yadyapi siddhasena divAkara ne bAdhavivarjita kahakara kisI artha meM use svIkAra kiyA hai, kiMtu bAdhavivarjita evaM avisaMvAdakatA donoM eka nahIM haiN| bAdhavivarjita hone kA artha hai svataH evaM anya kisI pramANa kA virodhI yA avisaMvAdI nahIM honA hai, jabaki avisaMvAditA kA sAmAnya artha hai jJAna aura jJeya meM sArUpya yA sNgti| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM sUcita kiyA hai ki jaina dArzanika akalaMka ne dharmakIrti ke isa avisaMvAdakatA nAmaka pramANa lakSaNa ko svIkAra kiyA hai| unake paravartI mANikyanandI Adi anya digambara jaina AcAryoM ne bhI usakA samarthana kiyA, kiMtu digambara vidvAn vidyAnaMda tathA zvetAmbara vidvAn siddharSi 28

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(9vIM zatI) ne pramANa ke avisaMvAditA nAmaka lakSaNa kA khaNDana kiyA hai| vidyAnaMda kA kahanA hai ki bauddhoM ne svasaMvedanA, indriya, mAnasa evaM yogaja aise cAra prakAra ke pratyakSa mAne haiM, kiMtu bauddha dArzanika dharmakIrti ke anusAra ye pratyakSa nirvikalpaka hI hote haiN| nirvikalpaka hone se vyavasAyAtmaka (nizcayAtmaka) nahIM ho sakate aura jo vyavasAyAtmaka nahIM hai, vaha svaviSaya kA upadarzaka bhI nahIM ho sakatA hai aura jo svaviSaya kA upadarzaka nahIM ho sakatA hai vaha artha kA prApaka bhI nahIM ho sakatA hai TThaura jo artha kA prApaka nahIM hai, vaha artha se avisaMvAdaka kaise ho sakatA hai? isa prakAra vidyAnaMda dharmakIrti kI pratyakSapramANa kI avisaMvAdakatA kA khaNDana kara dete haiN| ___anumAna ke saMdarbha meM bhI vidyAnaMda likhate haiM ki bauddhoM ke anusAra anumAna bhrAnta hai aura yadi anumAna bhrAnta hai to phira vaha avisaMvAdaka kaise ho sakatA hai? dUsare anumAna kA Alambana sAmAnya hai aura bauddha paramparA ke anusAra sAmAnya, mithyA, yA avAstavika hai| sAmAnya ke Alambana ke binA anumAna saMbhava hI nahIM hai, ataH usake avisaMvAdaka hone kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai| isa prakAra vidyAnaMda dharmakIrti ke pramANa ke avisaMvAdaka nAmaka lakSaNa kA unheM mAnya pratyakSa aura anumAna donoM hI pramANoM se khaNDana kara dete haiN| vidyAnaMda kA kahanA hai ki bauddha pramANavyavasthA meM pramANa kA avisaMvAdaka nAmaka lakSaNa ghaTita nahIM ho sakatA hai| dharmakIrti ke pramANa ke avisaMvAdaka lakSaNa kA khaNDana jaina dArzanika vidyAnaMda ke atirikta abhayadevasUri ne apanI sanmatitarkaprakaraNa kI tattvabodhAyanITIkA meM, siddharSi ne nyAyAvatAra kI vivRtti meM, prabhAcaMdra ne prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM tathA hemacaMdra ne pramANamImAMsA kI svopajJaTIkA meM isakA khaNDana kiyA hai| vistAra bhaya se yahAM usa samasta carcA meM jAnA sambhava nahIM hai| jJAtavya hai ki jaina dArzanikoM ne dharmakIrti ke pramANalakSaNa meM avisaMvAdakatA kA jo khaNDana kiyA hai vaha bauddhoM kI pAramArthika dRSTi ke AdhAra para hI kiyA hai| jainoM kA kathana hai ki avisaMvAditA nAmaka pramANalakSaNa pAramArthikadRSTi se ghaTita honA cAhie, tabhI avisaMvAdaka jJAna ko pramANa kA sAmAnya lakSaNa svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| kiMtu yaha bhI satya hai ki dharmakIrti Adi bauddha dArzanika pramANa ke avisaMvAditA nAmaka lakSaNa ko sAMvyahArika dRSTi se hI ghaTita karate haiM, pAramArthika dRSTi se nahIM, kyoMki bauddha dArzanika pramANavyavasthA ko sAMvyavahArika AdhAra para hI mAnya karate haiM, paramArthika dRSTi se to unake yahAM pramANa-prameya vyavasthA banatI hI nahIM hai| 29

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pramANoM ke prakAra jaina darzana meM pramANoM kI saMkhyA meM kAlakrama meM parivartana hotA rahA hai| ardhamAgadhI jaina AgamoM meM bhagavatIsUtra evaM anuyogadvArasUtra meM pratyakSa, anumAna, aupamya aura Agama aise cAra pramANa pratipAdita kie gae haiN| sthAnAMgasUtra meM inhIM cAra pramANoM ko hetu zabda se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| isI sUtra meM anyatra vyavasAya zabda se abhihita karate hue pramANoM ke tIna bheda batAe gae haiM- 1. pratyakSa, 2. prAtyayika aura 3. anugaamii| isa prakAra jaina AgamoM meM kahIM cAra aura kahIM tIna pramANoM ke ullekha milate haiN| AgamoM meM jina cAra yA tIna pramANoM kA ullekha huA hai ve kramazaH nyAyadarzana evaM sAMkhyadarzana ko bhI mAnaya rahe haiN| cAhe ina pramANoM ke svarUpa evaM bheda-prabheda vivecanAoM meM aMtara ho, kiMtu nAmoM ke saMdarbha meM koI matabheda nahIM hai| pratyakSa pramANa ke bhedoM ke sambaMdha meM jainoM ne nyAyadarzana kA anukaraNa na karake apanI hI dRSTi se carcA kI hai aura vahAM pratyakSa ke 'kevala' aura 'no kevala' aise do vibhAga kie gae haiN| yahI donoM vibhAga paravartI jaina nyAya ke graMthoM meM bhI sakala pratyakSa aura vikala pratyakSa ke rUpa meM upalabdha hote haiN| anuyogadvArasUtra meM indriyajJAna ko pratyakSa mAnakara usake indriya pratyakSa aura noindriya pratyakSa arthAt mAnasa pratyakSa aise do bheda kie haiN| isa prakAra pratyakSa pramANa kA ullekha hote hue bhI usake bheda-prabheda kI apekSA se jaina darzana aura nyAya darzana meM matabheda hai| yahAM yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jaina AgamoM meM pramANa ke jo cAra bheda kie gae haiM ve hI cAra bheda bauddha graMtha upAyahRdaya meM bhI milate haiN| (atha katividhaM caturvidhaM prmaannm| pratyakSamanumAnamupamAnamAgamaceti- upAyahRdaya, pR.13) upAyahRdaya ko yadyapi cInI srota nAgArjuna kI racanA mAnate haiM, kiMtu jahAM nAgArjuna vaidalyasUtra meM evaM vigrahavyAvartanI meM pramANa evaM prameya kA khaNDana karate haiM, vahAM upAyahRdaya meM ve unakA maNDana kareM, yaha saMbhava pratIta nahIM hotA, phira bhI yaha graMtha bauddha nyAya kA prAcIna graMtha hone ke sAtha-sAtha nyAyadarzana aura jainoM kI Agamika pramANa vyavasthA kA anusaraNa karanA pratIta hotA hai| yahAM eka vizeSa mahattvapUrNa tathya yaha bhI hai ki jainagraMtha anuyogadvArasUtra, bauddhagraMtha upAyahRdaya, nyAyadarzana aura sAMkhyadarzana meM anumAna pramANa ke pUrvavat, zeSavat aura dRSTasAdharmyavat- aise tIna bheda bhI samAna rUpa se upalabdha hote haiN| yahIM jJAtavya hai ki, bauddhagraMtha upAyahRdaya, nyAyasUtra aura sAMkhyadarzana meM dRSTasAdharmyavat ke sthAna para sAmAnyatodRSTa' zabda kA ullekha huA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki, 30)

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bhAratIya nyAyazAstra ke prArambhika vikAsa ke kAla meM jaina, bauddha, nyAya evaM sAMkhya darzana meM kucha ekarUpatA thI, jo kAlAMtara meM nahIM rhii| pramANa saMkhyA ko lekara jahAM jaina paramparA meM kAlakrama meM aneka parivartana hue haiM vahAM bauddha paramparA meM upAyahRdaya ke pazcAt eka sthiratA parilakSita hotI hai| upAyahRdaya ke pazcAt dignAMga se lekara paravartI sabhI bauddha AcAryoM ne pratyakSa aura anumAna aise do hI pramANa mAne haiN| pramANoM kI saMkhyA ko lekara jaina paramparA meM hameM tIna prakAra kI avadhAraNAeM milatI haiN| sarvaprathama Agama yuga meM jaina paramparA meM cAra pramANa svIkAra kie gae the| usake pazcAt tattvArthasUtra (2rI-3rI zatI) meM pramANa ke pratyakSa evaM parokSa aise do bheda kie ge| siddhasena divAkara (cauthI zatI) ne apane nyAyAvatAra meM Agamika yuga ke aupamya ko alaga karake tIna pramANa hI svIkAra kie| tattvArthasUtra meM pAMca jJAnoM ko pramANa kahakara mati aura zruta jJAna ko parokSa pramANa ke rUpa meM tathA avadhi, manaHparyaya aura kevala jJAna ko pratyakSa pramANa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA thaa| umAsvAti kA pramANavAda vastutaH Agamika paMca jJAnavAda se prabhAvita hai| jabaki siddhasena kI pramANa vyavasthA Agamika evaM anya darzanoM ke pramANavAda se prabhAvita hai| siddhasena ke pazcAt aura akalaMka ke pUrva taka haribhadra Adi jaina AcArya pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama ye tIna pramANa hI mAnate rahe, kiMtu lagabhaga AThavIM zatAbdI meM akalaMka ne sarvaprathama smRti, pratyabhijJA aura tarka ko pramANa mAnakara jaina darzana meM pramANoM kI saMkhyA chaH nirdhArita kii| akalaMka ne apane graMthoM meM smRti, pratyabhijJA aura tarka ko svataMtra pramANa siddha karane ke lie aneka tarka bhI prastuta kie haiM, unake pazcAt siddharSi, vidyAnaMda, prabhAcaMdra, vAdidevasUri, hemacaMdra Adi jaina AcAryoM ne apanI-apanI kRtiyoM meM vistAra se smRti, pratyabhijJA aura tarka kA svataMtra pramANya sthApita kiyA hai| vistArabhaya se yahAM una tarkoM ko prastuta karanA sambhava nahIM hai, phira bhI yaha jJAtavya hai ki akalaMka, vidyAnaMda, prabhAcaMdra, vAdidevasUri Adi ne bauddhAcAryoM dvArA smRti, pratyabhijJA aura tarka ko pramANa nahIM mAnane kA aneka yuktiyoM se khaNDana kiyA hai| - jahAM taka Agama pramANa kA prazna hai, bauddha vaizeSikoM ke samAna hI isakA aMtarbhAva anumAna pramANa meM karate haiM, jabaki jaina use svataMtra pramANa mAnate haiM, kiMtu yahAM yaha jJAtavya hai ki, jaina dArzanikoM ke samAna hI dharmakIrti bhI zabda ko pauruSeya mAnate haiM, phira bhI ve use svataMtra pramANa nahIM mAnate, jabaki jaina dArzanika akalaMka, prabhAcaMdra, (31

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vAdidevasUri, hemacaMdra Adi ne Agama ko svataMtra pramANa mAnane ke saMdarbha meM aneka yuktiyAM dI haiM, sAtha hI bauddhoM dvArA Agama ko anumAna meM samAhita karane ke dRSTikoNa kI vistRta samIkSA bhI kI hai| jaina dArzanikoM kA yaha vaiziSTya hai ki unhoMne smRti, pratyabhijJA, tarka, anumAna aura Agama kA parokSapramANa meM antarbhAva karake bhI pratyeka ko svataMtra rUpa se pramANa mAnA hai| sampUrNa bhAratIya darzanoM meM smRti, pratyabhijJA aura tarka ko svataMtra rUpa se pramANa kA sthAna denA kevala jainadarzana kA hI vaiziSTya hai| anya darzanoM ne inakI upayogitA ko to svIkAra kiyA, kiMtu unheM svataMtra pramANa hone kA gaurava nahIM diyaa| prameya kA svarUpa evaM samIkSA jahAM taka prameya kA prazna hai, jaina darzana meM utpAdavyaghrauvyalakSaNayukta sAmAnya, vizeSAtmaka aura dravyaparyAyAtmaka vastutattva yA artha ko hI samasta pramANoM kA viSaya mAnA hai| jaina dArzanika bauddha dArzanikoM ke samAna alaga-alaga pramANoM ke lie alagaalaga prameyoM kI vyavasthA nahIM karate haiN| vastutaH jahAM bauddha pramANavyavasthAvAdI haiM vahAM jaina pramANasaMplavavAdI haiN| bauddha darzana meM prameya do haiM- 1. svalakSaNa aura 2. sAmAnya lkssnn| punaH usake anusAra pratyakSa pramANa kA viSaya svalakSaNa artha arthAt paramArthasat hai aura anumAna pramANa kA viSaya sAmAnyalakSaNa yA saMvRttisat hai| yadyapi bauddha dArzanika dharmakIrti svalakSaNa ko hI eka mAtra prameya mAnate haiM, kyoMki usI meM arthakriyAsAmarthya hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne dharmakIrti ke darzana ko vijJAnadvaitavAda mAnA hai, vijJAnadvaitavAdI hone ke kAraNa dharmakIrti ke mata meM paramArthasat to eka hI haiM ataH prameya bhI bhinna-bhinna nahIM ho sakate, yadi sAmAnyalakSaNa ko prameya kahA jAegA to vaha to kAlpanika aura avastu rUpa hai, vaha prameya nahIM ho sakatA hai| punaH jaina dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai prameya yA artha jaba bhI pratibhAsita hotA hai, vaha sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka yA dravyaparyAyAtmaka hI hotA hai| dravya se rahita paryAya aura paryAya se rahita dravya kI anubhUti nahIM hai, usI prakAra sAmAnya se rahita vizeSa aura vizeSa se rahita sAmAnya kI bhI kahIM anubhUti nahIM hai| vyaSTi meM samaSTi aura samaSTi meM vyaSTi anusyUta haiM, ataH bauddha dArzanikoM kA sAmAnyalakSaNa prameya nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki vaha vastusat yA svalakSaNa nahIM hai| punaH akalaMka kA kahanA hai ki mAtra svalakSaNa bhI prameya nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usakA bhI alaga se kahIM bodha nahIM hotA hai aura na vaha abhidheya hotA hai| ataH pramANa kA viSaya yA prameya to sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka yA dravyaparyAyAtmaka vastu hI haiN| punaH bauddhoM ne jise svalakSaNa kahA use yA to kSaNika mAnanA (32)

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hogA yA nitya mAnanA hogA, kiMtu ekAMta kSaNika aura ekAMta nitya meM bhI arthakriyA sambhava nahIM haiM, jabaki svalakSaNa ko arthakriyA meM samartha honA cAhie, ataH jaina dArzanikoM kA kathana hai kiM nityAnitya yA utpAdavyayadhrauvyAtmaka vastu hI prameya ho sakatI hai| yahAM jJAtavya hai ki bauddha dArzanika bhI paramatattva, paramArtha yA svalakSaNa ko na to nitya mAnate haiM aura na anitya mAnate haiM / jaina aura bauddha darzana meM mAtra aMtara yaha hai ki jahAM jaina darzana vidhimukha se use nityAtyi, sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka yA dravyaparyAyAtmaka kahatA hai, vahAM bauddha darzana usake sambaMdha meM niSedhamukha se yaha kahatA hai ki vaha sAmAnya bhI nahIM haiM, vizeSa bhI nahIM hai, zAzvata bhI nahIM hai, vinAzazIla bhI nahIM hai aadi| prameya ke svarUpa ke sambaMdha meM donoM meM jo aMtara hai vaha pratipAdana kI vidhimukha aura niSedhamukha zailI kA hai / isa prakAra donoM darzanoM meM pramANa aura prameya ke svarUpa ke sambaMdha meM kvacit samAnatAeM aura kvacit bhinnatAeM haiN| upasaMhAra bauddha aura jaina pramANamImAMsA meM jo samAnatAeM aura asamAnatAeM parilakSita hotI haiM, unakA saMkSipta ullekha Avazyaka hai 1. jaina aura bauddha darzana donoM hI do pramANa mAnate haiM, kiMtu jahAM jainadarzana pramANa ke isa dvividha meM pratyakSa aura parokSa aise do pramANoM kA ullekha karatA hai, vahAM bauddha darzana pratyakSa aura anumAna aise do pramANa svIkAra karatA hai| isa prakAra pramANa ke dvividhavargIkaraNa ke sambaMdha meM ekamata hote hue bhI unake nAma aura svarUpa ko lekara donoM meM matabheda hai| donoM darzanoM meM pratyakSa pramANa to samAna rUpa se svIkRta haiM, kiMtu dUsare pramANa ke rUpa meM jahAM bauddha anumAna kA ullekha karate haiM, vahAM jaina parokSa pramANa kA ullekha karate haiM aura parokSa pramANa ke pAMca bhedoM meM eka bheda anumAna pramANa mAnate haiN| pratyakSa ke atirikta parokSapramANa meM ve smRti, pratyabhijJA, tarka, anumAna aura Agama ko bhI pramANa mAnate haiN| 2. bauddhadarzana meM svalakSaNa aura sAmAnyalakSaNa nAmaka do prameyoM ke lie do alagaalaga pramANoM kI vyavasthA kI gaI hai, kyoMki unake anusAra svalakSaNa kA nirNaya pratyakSa pramANa se hotA hai, kiMtu jaina darzana vastutattva ko sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka mAnakara yaha mAnatA hai ki jisa prameya ko kisI eka pramANa ko jAnA jAtA hai use anya - anya pramANoM se bhI jAnA jA sakatA hai, arthAt sabhI prameya sabhI pramANoM ke viSaya ho sakate haiM, jaise agni ko pratyakSa aura anumAna donoM pramANoM se jAnA jA sakatA hai| isa AdhAra para 33

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vidvAnoM ne bauddhadarzana ko pramANavyavasthAvAdI aura jainadarzana ko pramANasaMplavavAdI kahA 3. pramANalakSaNa ke sambaMdha meM bhI donoM meM kucha samAnatAeM aura kucha matabheda haiN| pramANa kI avisaMvAdakatA donoM ko mAnya hai, kiMtu avisaMvAdakatA ke tAtparya ko lekara donoM meM matabheda hai| jahAM jainadarzana avisaMvAdakatA kA artha jJAna meM Atmagata saMgati aura jJAna aura usake viSaya (artha) meM vastugata saMgati aura usakA pramANoM se abAdhita honA mAnatA hai, vahIM bauddhadarzana avisaMvAdakatA kA sambaMdha arthakriyA se jor3atA hai| bauddhadarzana meM avisaMvAdakatA kA artha hai arthakriyAsthiti, avaMcakatA aura arthpraapktaa| isa prakAra donoM darzanoM meM avisaMvAditA kA abhiprAya bhinna-bhinna hai| dUsare bauddhadarzana meM avisaMvAditA ko sAMvyavahArika stara para mAnA gayA hai, jabaki jaina darzana kA kahanA hai ki avisaMvAditA pAramArthika stara para honA caahie| pramANa ke dUsare lakSaNa anadhigata artha kA grAhaka honA, akalaMka Adi kucha dArzanikoM ko to mAnya hai, kiMtu vidyAnaMda Ada kucha jaina dArzanika ise pramANa kA Avazyaka lakSaNa nahIM mAnate haiN| 4. jaina aura bauddha donoM darzana isa sambaMdha meM ekamata haiM ki pramANa jJAnAtmaka hai| ve jJAna ke kAraNa yA hetu (sAdhana) ko pramANa nahIM mAnate haiM, phira bhI jahAM jaina dArzanika pramANa ko vyavasAyAtmaka mAnate haiM vahAM bauddha dArzanika kama se kama pratyakSa pramANa ko to nirvikalpaka mAnakara vyavasAyAtmaka nahIM mAnate haiN| 5. bauddha darzana meM jahAM pratyakSa ko nirvikalpaka aura anumAna pramANa ko savikalpaka mAnA gayA hai vahAM jaina darzana donoM hI pramANoM ko savikalpa mAnatA hai, kyoMki unake anusAra pramANa vyavasAyAtmaka yA nizcayAyAtmaka hI hotA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki pramANa jJAna hai aura jJAna sadaiva sAmAnyavizeSaNAtmaka aura savikalpaka hI hotA hai| jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM darzana aura jJAna meM bheda kiyA gayA hai| yahAM darzana ko sAmAnya evaM nirvikalpaka aura jJAna ko vizeSa aura savikalpaka kahA gayA hai| bauddhoM kA nirvikalpaka pratyakSa vastutaH jainoM kA darzana' hai| 6. jainadarzana meM siddhasena divAkara ne pratyakSa aura anumAna donoM ko hI abhrAnta mAnA hai, jabaki bauddhadarzana meM pratyakSa ko abhrAnta tathA anumAna ko bhrAnta kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra pratyakSa kI abhrAntatA to donoM ko svIkArya hai, kiMtu anumAna kI abhrAntatA ke sambaMdha meM donoM meM vaimatya (matabheda) hai| jaina dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai ki jo bhrAnta ho, use (34)

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pramANa kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai ? 7. bauddhadarzana nirvikalpaka jJAna ko abhrAnta kahakara use pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai, jabaki jainadarzana nirvikalpaka jJAna ko, jise ve apanI pAribhASika zailI meM 'darzana' kahate haiM kyoMki vaha mAtra anubhUta hai, nirNIta nhiiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra pramANa vyavasAyAtmaka hone se savikalpaka hI hotA hai nirvikalpaka darzana arthAt bauddhoM kA nirvikalpaka pratyakSa pramANa nahIM ho sakatA hai| 8. pramANa kI paribhASA ko lekara bhI donoM meM kathaMcit matabheda dekhA jAtA hai| bauddha darzana meM pramANa ko sva kA prakAzaka mAnA gayA hai, para kA prakAzaka nhiiN| kyoMki unake yahAM yogAcAra darzana meM artha arthAt pramANa kA viSaya ( prameya) bhI vasturUpa na hokara jJAna rUpa hI hai| jabaki jaina darzana meM pramANa ko sva para arthAt apanA aura apane artha kA prakAzaka mAnA gayA hai| (svaparavyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnaM pramANam) jainoM ke anusAra pramANa svayaM apane ko aura apane viSaya ko donoM ko hI jAnatA hai| jaina aura bauddha donoM hI darzana 'pratyakSa' ko kalpanAjanya to nahIM mAnate haiM, kiMtu kalpanA rahita hone kA tAtparya hai vastusat arthAt vastugatasattA (Objective Reality) honA hai, jabaki bauddha darzana meM kalpanA rahita hone kA artha anubhUta sat yA AtmagatasattA (Subjective Re - (ality) hai| bauddha dArzanika anumAna ke do bheda karate haiM, svArtha aura parArtha jaina dArzanika bhI anumAna ke ina donoM bhedoM ko svIkAra karate haiM, kiMtu jainadArzanika siddhasena nyAyAvatAra meM pratyakSa ke bhI svArtha aura parArtha aise do bheda karate haiN| siddhasena divAkara ke atirikta kucha anya jaina AcAryoM jaise zAMtisUri evaM vAdidevasUri ne bhI ina bhedoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| 10. pratyakSapramANa ke svarUpa evaM bhedoM ko lekara bhI donoM meM matabheda dekhA jA sakatA hai| prathama to jaisA ki pUrva meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai jahAM bauddha dArzanika pratyakSa ko kalpanA se rahita aura nirvikalpaka mAnate haiM vahAM jaina dArzanika use savikalpaka kahate haiN| punaH bauddha dArzanika pratyakSa ke jainoM ke samAna sAMvyavahArika aura pAramArthika aise do bheda nahIM karate haiN| unake yahAM pratyakSa ke cAra bheda haiM- 1. svasaMvedanA pratyakSa, 2. indriya pratyakSa, 3. mAnasa pratyakSa aura 4. yogaja pratyakSa prathama to jahAM jaina iMdriya pratyakSa aura mAnasa pratyakSa ko sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kahate haiM, vahAM bauddha pratyakSa meM aisA koI vibhAjana nahIM 35

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krte| punaH jahAM jaina darzana meM iMdriya aura mAnasa pratyakSa ke avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA- aise cAra bheda kie gae haiM vahAM bauddha darzana meM aisA koI ullekha nahIM hai| bauddha darzana meM atIndriya pratyakSa ke rUpa meM yogaja pratyakSa ko rakhA gayA hai, jabaki jaina darzana meM atIndriya jJAna yA pAramArthika pratyakSa ke rUpa meM avadhijJAna, manaHparyayajJAna aura kevalajJAna ko rakhA gayA hai| jahAM taka bauddha svasaMvedana kA prazna hai, jainoM ne use darzana kahA hai| isa prakAra pratyakSa ke svarUpa aura prakAroM ko lekara donoM meM matabheda hai| 11. punaH pratyakSa pramANa ke aMtargata iMdriya pratyakSa meM jahAM bauddha dArzanika zrotendriya aura cakSu-indriya donoM ko aprApyakArI mAnate haiM, vahAM jaina dArzanika kevala cakSu-iMdriya ko hI aprApyakArI mAnate haiN| jainoM ke anusAra zrotendriya zabda kA grahaNa indriya samparka hone ke AdhAra para hI karatI haiM, dUra se nahIM karatI hai| isa prakAra zrotendriya kI prApyakAritA ko lekara donoM meM matabheda hai| ratnaprabha kI ratnAkarAvatArikA meM aneka tarkoM ke AdhAra para zrotendriya ko prApyakArI siddha kiyA gayA hai| kiMtu cakSu-indriya ko donoM hI aprApyakArI mAnate haiN| 12. hetu ke lakSaNa ko lekara bhI donoM paramparAoM meM matabheda dekhA jA sakatA hai| jahAM bauddha dArzanika trairUpya hetu arthAt pakSadharmattva, sapakSasattva, vipakSa-asattva kA pratipAdana karate haiM, vahAM jaina dArzanika sAdhyasAdhana avinAbhAva arthAt anyathAnupalabdhi ko hI hetu kA ekamAtra lakSaNa batAte haiN| jaina dArzanika pAtrakesarI ne to etadartha trilakSaNakadarzana nAmaka svataMtra graMtha kI hI racanA kI thii| 13. anupalabdhi ko jahAM bauddha dArzanika mAtra niSedhAtmaka yA abhAva rUpa mAnate haiM, vahAM jaina dArzanika use vidhi-niSedha rUpa mAnate haiN| 36

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vibhajyavAda : bhASA-vizleSaNa kA pUrvarUpa buddha ke samaya aneka dArzanika vicAradhArAeM pracalita thiiN| jainoM ke anusAra usa samaya kriyAvAda-akriyAvAda Adi 363 aura bauddhoM ke anusAra 62 dArzanika sampradAya pracalita the| buddha aura mahAvIra ne ina sabake dArzanika virodhoM ko dekhA aura pAyA ki ye sabhI dArzanika matavAda dArzanika jijJAsAoM ke ekapakSIya samAdhAnoM para khar3e hue haiM aura isalie paraspara eka-dUsare ke virodhI bana gae haiN| unakI dRSTi meM tattva-mImAMsIya praznoM ke ekapakSIya evaM nirapekSa uttara hI mithyA dhAraNAoM ko janma dete haiN| AtmA nitya hai yA anitya hai? zarIra aura AtmA bhinna hai yA abhinna? Adi praznoM kA uttara jaba aikAMtika yA nirapekSa rUpa meM diyA jAtA hai to vastu-svarUpa kA yathArtha pratipAdana nahIM ho paataa| vizva kI samasta sattAeM aura samagra ghaTanAeM apane Apa meM eka jaTita tathya hai aura ina tathyoM kA samyak pratipAdana to vizleSaNa kA paddhati ke dvArA hI sambhava hai| isalie bhagavAna buddha ne eka aisI praNAlI vikasita kI, jisameM dArzanika evaM jaTila praznoM ke uttara unheM vividha pahaluoM meM vizleSita kara die jAte the| praznoM ko vizleSita kara uttara dene kI yaha paddhati jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM vibhajyavAda ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| vibhajyavAda eka vizleSaNavAdI (Analytic method) paddhati hai| praznoM kA yaha vizleSaNa hI hameM tAttvika samasyAoM kI sahI samajha de sakatA hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki aneka saMdarbho meM buddha ne samakAlIna bhASA-vizleSakoM ke samAna hI tattva-mImAMsA kA pratyAkhyAna kara tAttvika praznoM kI Anubhavika stara para hI vyAkhyA karanA ucita samajhA aura yaha kahA ki jahAM Anubhavika stara para vyAkhyA karanA sambhava nahIM ho, vahAM mauna rahanA hI adhika zreyaskara hai| mahAvIra ne bhI apane bhikSuoM ko spaSTa nirdeza diyA thA ki ve tAttvika carcA yA vyAvahArika praznoM ke samAdhAna meM vibhajyavAdI yA vizleSaNAtmaka paddhati hI apanAeM aura nirapekSa rUpa se koI bhI kathana na kreN|' buddha bhI svayaM apane ko avibhajyavAdI kahate the| - bauddha-graMtha aMguttara nikAya meM kisI prazna kA uttara dene kI cAra paddhatiyAM prastuta kI gaI haiM- 1. ekAMzavAda- prazna kA ekapakSIya yA nirapekSa uttara denA, 2. vibhajyavAdaprazna ko vibhAjita karake usake pratyeka pakSa kA sApekSa uttara denA, 3. pratiprazna- prazna kA sIdhA uttara na dekara usa para pratiprazna kara denA aura 4. avyAkRtavAda- prazna ko 37

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avyAkRta arthAt uttara ke ayogya kaha denaa|' buddha ne tattvamImAMsIya praznoM ke saMdarbha meM mukhyataH avyAkRtavAda aura vibhajyavAda kI paddhati ko apnaayaa| mahAvIra ne bhI kisI sImA taka ina donoM paddhatiyoM ko svIkAra kiyaa| phira bhI paravartI bauddha dArzanikoM kI dRSTi meM avyAkRtatA kA siddhAMta pramukha aura vibhajyavAda (vizleSaNavAda) gauNa bana gayA aura aMta meM zUnyavAda kA vikAsa huA, jisameM vibhajyavAdI (vizleSaNavAdI) paddhati sattA kI avyAkRtatA (zUnyatA) kA sAdhana bana gii| jabaki paravartI jaina dArzanikoM ne isI vibhajyavAda (vizleSaNavAda) ke AdhAra para syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI kA vikAsa kiyA, jisameM avyAkatavAda avaktavya-bhaMga ke rUpa se saptabhaMgI kA eka bhaMga mAtra raha gayA aura usa avaktavyatA ko bhI sApekSa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, jaina AcAryoM ne ekAMzavAda kI paddhati ko apane nae siddhAMta ke sAtha samAyojita karake use bhI syAdvAda ke adhIna kara liyaa| jainoM ke syAdvAda aura nayavAda meM kisa prakAra samakAlIna bhASAvizleSaNavAda ke tattva upasthita hai, isakI carcA to hama yathAprasaMga kareMge hI, yahAM isa prAstavika kathana meM mAtra itanA hI batAnA cAhate haiM ki bhASA-vizleSaNa kI paddhati ke bIja vibhajyavAda ke rUpa meM kisa prakAra IsA kI 6 ThI zatAbdI pUrva bhI jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM upasthita the| vibhajyavAda kA zAbdika artha bhI vizleSaNavAda (Analytic-method) hI hai| vastutaH jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM svIkRta vibhajyavAda, jisakA paravartI vikAsa kramazaH syAdvAda aura zUnyavAda meM huA, mUlataH vizleSaNa kI paddhati hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha samakAlIna pAzcAtya bhASA-vizleSaNa kA hI pUrvarUpa yA agraha hai| vibhajyavAda ko spaSTa karane ke lie yahAM hama kucha dArzanika aura vyavahArika prazna ko leMge aura dekheMge ki vibhajyavAdI usakA vizleSaNa kisa prakAra karatA hai| mAna lIjie- sikI ne prazna kiyA ki zarIra aura cetanA zarIra aura jIva yA AtmA bhinnabhinna hai yA abhinna hai? vibhajyavAdI isakA sIdhA uttara na dekara pahale to yaha jAnanA cAhegA ki bhinnatA athavA abhinnatA se usakA kyA tAtparya hai? dUsare yaha ki yaha bhinnatA aura abhinnatA kisa saMdarbha meM pUchI jA rahI hai? bhinnatA se usakA tAtparya tathyAtmaka bhinnatA se hai athavA vaicArika yA pratyayAtmaka bhinnatA se hai? punaH yaha bhinnatA kisa saMdarbha meM pUchI gaI hai- Anubhavika jagat ke saMdarbha meM yA anya kisI ati-laukika ke saMdarbha meM pUchI jA rahI hai? kyoMki bhinnatA zabda ke pratyeka tAtparya ke AdhAra para aura pratyeka saMdarbha 38

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meM isa prazna ke uttara alaga-alaga ho sakate haiN| jaise zarIra aura cetanA ko vicAra ke kSetra meM pRthak-pRthak kiyA jA sakatA hai, kiMtu tathyAtmaka kSetra meM hama unheM eka-dUsare se pRthake nahIM kara skte| ve ciMtana ke kSetra meM bhinna mAne jA sakate haiM, lekina jAgatika anubhava ke kSetra meM to abhinna hai, kyoMki jagat meM zarIra ke pRthak kahIM cetanA upalabdha nahIM hotI hai| punaH mRta vyakti ke saMdarbha meM zarIra kI cetanA se pRthak mAnA jA sakatA hai, kiMtu jIvita vyakti ke saMdarbha meM unheM eka-dUsare se pRthak nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| ataH mahAvIra aura paravartI jaina AcAryoM ne kahA ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna bhI haiM aura abhinna bhI haiN| isI prakAra vyAvahArika jIvana meM yadi yaha pUchA jAe ki sonA acchA hai . yA jAganA acchA hai, to isa prazna kA koI bhI sahI uttara jaba taka nahIM diyA jA sakatA, jaba taka ki yaha spaSTa na ho ki sone aura jAgane se praznakartA kA kyA tAtparya hai| punaH yaha bAta kisa prasaMga meM aura kisa vyakti ke sambaMdha meM pUchI jA rahI hai isakA bhI mahatva hogaa| udAharaNa ke lie sonA kaI uddezyoM meM ho sakatA hai- zarIra kI thakAvaTa miTAkara sphUrti prApta karane ke lie sonA yA Alasyavaza sonA, isI prakAra sone kA kaI sthiti meM artha ho sakatA hai- rAtri meM sonA, dina meM sonA, kakSA meM sonaa| punaH sone vAle vyakti kaI prakAra ke ho sakate haiM- hiMsaka, atyAcArI aura duSTa athavA sajjana, sadAcArI aura sevaabhaavii| yahAM kisalie, kaba aura kisakA yaha sabhI tathya sone yA jAgane ke tAtparya ke sAtha jur3e hue haiN| inakA vizleSaNa kie binA hama nirapekSa rUpa se yaha nahIM kaha sakate haiM ki sonA acchA hai yA burA hai| zArIrika sphUrti ke lie rAtri meM sonA acchA ho sakatA hai, jabaki Alasyavaza dina meM sonA burA ho sakatA hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM jayaMti ne jaba mahAvIra se yahI prazna pUchA thA to unhoMne kahA thA ki durAcArI kA sonA acchA hai aura sadAcArI kA jAganA acchA hai| vibhajyavAda anya kucha nahIM apitu praznoM yA pratyayoM kA vizleSaNa karake unheM sApekSa rUpa se spaSTa karanA hai| Aja kA bhASA-vizleSaNa bhI pratyayoM yA zabdoM ke artha kA vizleSaNa karake Anubhavika saMdarbha meM unakI vyAkhyA karatA hai| niSkarSoM meM AMzika bhinnatA ke hote hue bhI paddhati kI dRSTi se vibhajyavAda aura bhASAvizleSaNa meM samAnatA hai aura isI AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki Aja se 2500 varSa pUrva prastuta mahAvIra aura buddha kA vibhajyavAda samakAlIna bhASA-vizleSaNavAda kA pUrvaja hai| 39

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saMdarbha - 1. sUyagaDeNa asIyassa kiriyAvAisayassa, caurAsIMIe akiriyA bAieNaM, sattaTThIe aNNAnivAINaM, battIsAe veNaiyavAINaM, tiNNatisaTThINaM pAsaMDitayANaM vhaM kiccA sasamae ThAvijjai / - nandisUtra, 84 - Pali-English Dictionary, p. 156 2. 3. 4. bhikkhU vibhajjavAyaM ca viyAgarejjA / - sUtrakRtAMga, 1114122 vibhajjavAdo kho ahamettha mANava nAhamettha ekaMsavAdo / - 5. * majjhimanikAya, Vol. II, pR.468 ( subhasatta) cattArimAni, bhikkhave, paJhavyAkaraNAni / katamAni cattAri ? atthi, bhikkhave, paJha ekaMsa vyAkaraNIyo, atthi, bhikkhaye, paJho vibhajjavyAkaraNIyo, atthi, bhikkhave, paJho paTipucchA vyAkaraNIyo, atthi, bhikkhave, paJho tthpniiyo| imAni kho, bhikkhave, cattAri paJhavyAkaraNAnIti / dvaastttthiditttthigtaani.....| dekheM, dIghanikAya, brhmjaalsutt| 7. ekaMsavacanaM ekaM, vibhajjavacanAparaM / tatiyaM paTipuccheyya, catutthaM pana ThApaye // ( catukkAnipAto rohitassa vaggo paJha vyAkaraNasuttaM ) / AyA, bhante! kAye, anne kAye ? 6. - aMgatturanikAya, Vol. II, pR. 48 1 gAyemA ! AyA vi kAye anne vi kAye / bhagavatI, 13 /7 - tulanIya - majjhimanikAya, Vol. II, pR. 175-177 suttattaM, bhante ! sAhU, jAgariyattaM sAhU ? jayaMti ! attha egaiyANaM jIvANaM suttataM sAhU, attha egaiyANaM jIvANaM jAgariyattaM ahammiyA .... jIvANaM suttattaM sAhU / dhammiyA jIvANaM jAgariyattaM sAhU / 12121 saahuu|.. bhagavatI sUtra, 40

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bauddhadarzana meM buddha 'vyakti' nahIM 'prakriyA' (eka saMsmaraNa) mere zodha - chAtra zrI ramezacaMdra gupta 'tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra kI avadhAraNA' para zodha kArya kara rahe the| hama logoM ke sAmane mukhya samasyA thI ki Izvara aura AtmA kI sattA ko asvIkAra karane vAle kSaNikavAdI bauddha darzana meM buddha, bodhisatva aura trikAya kI avadhAraNAoM kI saMgatipUrNa vyAkhyA kaise sambhava hai ? jaba kisI nitya AtmA kI sattA ko hI svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, to hama kaise kaha sakate haiM ki koI vyakti buddha banatA hai| punaH jaba AtmA hI nahIM hai taba bodhicitta kA utpAta kisameM hotA hai? punaH bauddha darzana yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki pratyeka satva buddha - bIja hai, kiMtu jaba satva kI hI kSaNa mAtra se adhika sattA nahIM hai to vaha buddha - bIja kaise vaha bodhisatva hokara vibhinna janmoM meM bodhiparimitAoM kI sAdhanA karatA huA buddhatva ko prApta karegA? yadi sattA mAtra kSaNahai to kyA buddha kA astittva bhI kSaNa - jIvI hai ? ' mahAsaMdhikoM ne to buddha ke rupakAya ko bhI amara aura usakI Ayu ko ananta mAnA hai| 2 sampuNDarIka meM bhI buddha kI Ayu aparimita kahI gaI hai| kiMtu yadi buddha kA rupakAya amara aura Ayu aparimita yA ananta hai to phira bauddha darzana kI kSaNikavAdI avadhAraNA kaise susaMgata siddha hogI? punaH bauddhadarzana meM yaha bhI mAnA jAtA hai ki buddha nirmANakAya ke dvArA nAnA rUpoM prakaTa hokara lohita ke rUpa meM upadeza karate haiM, to phira yaha samasyA svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotI hai ki kisI nitya-tattva ke abhAva meM isa nirmANakAya kI racanA kauna karatA hai ? yadi vizuddhimagga kI bhASA meM hama mAtra kriyA kI sattA mAneM, kartA kI nahIM, to phira koI vyakti mArga kA upadezaka kaise ho sakatA hai ? dharmacakra kA pravarttana kauna karatA hai ? vaha kauna sA satva yA citta hai, jo buddhatva ko prApta hotA hai aura parama kAruNika hokara jana-jana ke kalyANa ke lie yugoM-yugoM taka prayatnazIla banA rahatA hai? mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkAra meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki buddha ke tInoM kAya, Azraya aura karma se nirvizeSa haiN| ina tInoM kAryoM meM tIna prakAra kI nityatA hai, jinake kAraNa tathAgata nitya kahalAte haiN| 4 samasyA yaha hai ki ekAntarUpa se kSaNikavAdI bauddha ke darzana meM nitya nikAyoM kI avadhAraNA kaise sambhava ho sakatI hai? ye sabhI samasyAeM hamAre mAnasa ko jhakajhora rahI thIM aura hama yaha nizcita nahIM 41

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kara pA rahe the ki anAtmavAdI bauddha darzana ke sAMce meM ina visaMgatiyoM kA nirAkaraNa kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai? isa sambaMdha meM hamane bauddha-vidyA evaM darzana ke vidvAnoM se vicAravimarza kie, paraMtu aisA koI samAdhAna nahIM milA jo hamAre mAnasa ko pUrNa saMtoSa de ske| inhIM samasyAoM ko lekara hamaneM antatogatvA vArANasI ke bauddhadharma evaM darzana ke variSTha vidvAn paM. jagannAthajI upAdhyAya kI sevA meM upasthita hone kA nizcaya kiyA aura eka dina unake pAsa pahuMca hI ge| hamane unase ina samasyAoM ke saMdarbha meM lagabhaga do ghaMTe taka carcA kii| ina samasyAoM ke sambaMdha meM unase hameM jo uttara prApta hue, unase na kevala hameM saMtoSa hI huA, balki yaha bhI bodha huA ki paM. jagannAthajI upAdhyAya aise bahuzruta vidvAn haiM, jo bauddhadharma evaM darzana ko usake hI dharAtala para khar3e hokara samajhane aura usake sambaMdha meM uThAI gaI samasyAoM kA usakI hI dRSTi se samAdhAna dene kI sAmarthya rakhate haiN| sambhavataH unake sthAna para dUsarA koI paNDita hotA to vaha ina samasyAoM ko bauddhadarzana kI kamajorI kahakara alaga ho jaataa| kiMtu unhoMne jo pratyuttara die, ve isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki unhoMne niSThApUrvaka zramaNa paramparA kA aura vizeSa rUpa se bauddha paramparA kA gambhIra adhyayana kiyA thaa| yadyapi nitya Atma tattva ke abhAva meM karma-phala, punarjanma, nirvANa Adi kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna bauddhadarzana ke anAtmavAdI aura kSaNika DhAMce meM kaise sambhava hai ? isa samasyA ke samAdhAna ke lie pro. hiriyannA ne apane graMtha 'bhAratIya darzana ke mUlatattva' (Elements of Indian Philosophy) meM kisI sImA taka eka samAdhAna dene kA prayatna kiyA hai, kiMtu paNDita jagannAthajI upAdhyAya ne buddhatva kI samasyAoM kA isI dRSTi se jo samAdhAna prastuta kiyA usake AdhAra para ve nizcita hI bauddha darzana ke pratyutpannamati ke zreSTha dArzanika kahe jA sakate haiM, kyoMki 'buddha' kI avadhAraNA ke saMdarbha meM uparyukta samasyAoM kA samAdhAna na to hameM graMthoM se aura na vidvAnoM se prApta ho sakA thaa| uparyukta samasyAoM ke saMdarbha se prajJApuruSa paM. jagannAthajI upAdhyAya ne jo samAdhAna die the, unakI bhASA cAhe Aja hamArI apanI ho, paraMtu vicAra unake hI haiN| vastutaH hama unakI hI bAta apanI bhASA meM vyakta kara rahe haiM- yadi hameM isa bAta kA jarA bhI ehasAsa hotA ki itane suMdara samAdhAna prApta hoMge aura paM. jI hama logoM ke bIca se itanI jaldI vidA ho jAeMge to hama unakI vANI ko rikArDa karane kI pUrNa vyavasthA kara lete, kiMtu Aja hamAre bIca na to vaha pratibhA hai aura na isa sambaMdha meM unake zabda hI haiM, phira bhI hama jo kucha likha rahe haiM, vaha unakA hI kathana hai / yadyapi 42

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prastutikaraNa kI kamI hamArI apanI hI ho sakatI hai| unakA kahanA thA ki buddhatva kI avadhAraNA ke saMdarbha meM Apake dvArA prastuta ina sabhI asaMgatiyoM kA nirAkaraNa cittasantati yA cittadhArA ke rUpa meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| hama buddha ko vyakti na mAneM, apitu parArtha kriyAkAritva kI eka prakriyA maaneN| buddha eka nitya-vyaktitva (An Eternal Personality) nahIM apitu, eka prakriyA (A Process) hai| buddha ke jo tIna yA cAra kAya mAne gae haiM, ve isa prakriyA ke upAya yA sAdhana haiN| dharmakAya kI nityatA kI jo bAta kahI gaI hai, vaha sthitigata nityatA nahIM apitu kriyAgata nityatA hai| jisa prakAra nadI kA pravAha yugoM-yugoM taka calatA rahatA hai, yadyapi usameM kSaNa-kSaNa parivartana aura navInatA hotI rahatI hai| ThIka usI prakAra buddha yA bodhisatva bhI eka cittadhArA hai, jo upAyoM ke mAdhyama se sadaiva parArtha meM lagI rahatI hai| buddha ke saMdarbha meM jo trikAyoM kI avadhAraNA hai usakA artha yaha nahIM ki koI nitya AtmasattA hai, jo ina kAryoM ko dhAraNa karatI hai| vastutaH ye kAya parArtha ke sAdhana yA upAya haiN| jisa cittadhArA se bodhicitta kA utpAda hotA hai, vaha bodhicitta ina kAryoM ke mAdhyama se kArya karatA hai| buddhatva koI vyakti nahIM hai, apitu vaha eka prakriyA (A Process) hai| dharma kI nityatA mArga kI nityatA hai| dharma bhI koI vastu nahIM, apitu prakriyA hai| jaba hama dharmakAya kI nityatA kI bAta karate haiM, to vaha vyakti kI nityatA nahIM apitu prakriyA vizeSa kI nityatA hai| dharmakAya nitya hai, isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki dharma yA parinirvANa ke upAya nitya haiN| bauddhadarzana meM kAryoM kI isa avadhAraNA ko bhI hameM isI upAya prakriyA ke rUpa meM samajhanA caahie| aisA nahIM mAnanA cAhie ki koI nitya AtmA hai, jo inheM dhAraNa karatI hai| apitu inheM parArthakriyAkAritva ke upAyoM ke rUpa meM samajhanA cAhie aura yaha mAnanA cAhie ki parArthakriyAkAritva hI buddhatva hai| buddha ke trikAyoM ke nitya hone kA artha itanA hI hai ki parArthakriyAkAritva kI prakriyA sadaiva-sadaiva rahatI hai| vaha citta jisane lokamaMgala kA saMkalpa le rakhA hai, jaba taka vaha saMkalpa pUrNa nahIM hotA hai, apane isa saMkalpa kI kriyAnviti ke rUpa meM parArthakriyA karatA rahatA hai| sAtha hI vaha saMkalpa lene vAlA citta bhI ApakI, hamArI yA kisI kI bhI cittadhArA kI saMtAna ho sakatA hai, kyoMki sabhI cittadhArAoM meM bodhicitta ke utpAda kI sambhAvanA hai| isI AdhAra para yaha kahA jAtA hai ki sabhI jIva buddha-bIja haiN| mahAyAna meM jo ananta buddhoM kI kalpanA hai, vaha kalpanA bhI vyakti kI kalpanA nahIM, 43

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apitu prakriyA kI kalpanA hai| kyoMki yadi prakriyA ko satat calanA hai to hameM ananta buddhoM kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| yadi pratyeka cittadhArA meM bodhicitta ke utpAda kI sambhAvanA hai, to aisI sthiti meM bodhicitta eka nahIM aneka bhI ho sakate haiN| vastutaH buddha ke sambaMdha meM jo ekatva aura anekatva ke saMdarbha upalabdha haiM, ve bhI koI virodhAbhAra, prastuta nahIM krte| prakriyA ke rUpa meM buddha eka hai, kiMtu prakriyA ke ghaTakoM ke rUpa meM ve aneka bhI haiN| buddha aneka rUpoM meM prakaTa hote haiM isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM ki koI vyakti aneka rUpoM meM prakaTa hotA hai, apitu yaha ki lokamaMgalakArI cittadhArA, jo eka prakriyA hai, aneka rUpoM meM prakaTa hotI huI aneka rUpoM meM lokamaMgala karatI hai| buddha ke dvArA aneka sambhogakAya dhAraNa karane kA matalaba yaha hai ki bodhicittadhArA ke aneka cittakSaNa anekAneka upAyoM se lokahita kA sAdhana karate haiN| mahAyAna paramparA meM bodhicitta ke isa saMkalpa kA, ki jaba taka samasta prANI nirvANa lAbha na kara leM yA duHkha se mukta nahIM ho jAte, taba taka maiM loka-maMgala ke lie satat prayatnazIla rahUMgA, tAtparya yaha hai ki cittasaMtati kI dhArA satata rUpa se lokamaMgala meM tatpara rahane kA nirNaya letI hai aura tadanusAra apanI cittasaMtati ke pravAha ko banAe rakhatI hai| punaH buddha ke saMdarbha meM jo yaha kahA jAtA hai ki buddha na to nirvANa meM sthita haiM aura na saMsAra meN| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki mahAyAna paramparA meM buddha ke do pramukha lakSaNa mAne gae haiM- prajJA aura krunnaa| prajJA ke kAraNa bodhicitta saMsAra meM pratiSThita nahIM hotaa| dUsare zabdoM meM prajJA unheM saMsAra meM pratiSThita nahIM hone detii| (koI bhI prajJAyukta puruSa duHkhamaya saMsAra meM rahanA nahIM cAhegA), kiMtu dUsarI ora buddha apane karuNA-lakSaNa ke kAraNa nirvANa meM bhI pratiSThita nahIM ho paate| unakI karuNA unheM nirvANa meM bhI pratiSThita nahIM hone detI, kyoMki koI bhI paramakAruNika vyaktitva dUsaroM ko duHkhoM meM lIna dekhakara kaise nirvANa meM pratiSThita raha sakatA hai| ataH bodhicitta na to ve nirvANa prApti ke kAraNa niSkriya hote haiM aura na lokamaMgala karate hue bhI saMsAra meM Abaddha hote haiN| yaha bodhicitta bhI vyakti nahIM prakriyA hI hotA hai jo nirvANa ko prApta karake bhI lokamaMgala ke hetu satat kriyAzIla banA rahatA hai aura yahI lokamaMgala ke kriyAzIla bodhi prApta citta santati hI buddha yA bodhisatva hai| ataH buddha nitya-vyaktitva nahIM apitu nitya prakriyA hai aura buddha kI nityatA kA artha lokamaMgala kI prakriyA kI nityatA hai| 44

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saMdarbha - 1. draSTavya - tIrthaMkara, buddha aura avatAra, sampAdaka- DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, lekhaka DaoN. ramezacaMdra gupta, prakAzaka-pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI-5, pR. 169172 2. draSTavya - bauddhadharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR. 341 3. saddharmapuNDarIka, pR. 206-207 4. mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkAra, pR. 45-46 bauddha anAtmavAda kI samyak samajha Avazyaka bhagavAna buddha bhI AtmA kI zAzvatavAdI aura ucchedavAdI-dhAraNAoM ko naitika evaM sAdhanAtmaka-jIvana kI dRSTi se anucita mAnate haiN| saMyuttanikAya meM buddha ne AtmA ke sambaMdha meM zAzvatavAdI aura ucchedavAdI-donoM prakAra kI dhAraNAoM ko mithyAdRSTi kahA hai| ve kahate haiM, rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA Adi ke svarUpa kA yathArtha jJAna nahIM hone para aisI mithyAdRSTi utpanna hotI hai- maiM marakara nitya, dhruva, zAzvata, avipariNAmadharmA hoUMgA athavA aisI mithyAdRSTi utpanna hotI hai ki sabhI ucchinna ho jAte haiM, lupta ho jAte haiM, marane ke bAda nahIM rahate''buddha kI dRSTi meM yadi yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vahI aparivartiSNu AtmA marakara punarjanma letI hai, to zAzvatavAda ho jAtA hai aura yadi yaha mAnA jAe ki mAtA-pitA ke saMyoga se cAra mahAbhUtoM se AtmA utpanna hotI hai aura isalie zarIra ke naSTa hote hI AtmA bhI ucchinna, viniSTa aura vilupta hotI hai, to yaha ucchedavAda hai|12 acelakAzyapa ko buddha ne savistAra yaha spaSTa kara diyA thA ki ve zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda-ina do antoM (ekAntika-mAnyatAoM) ko chor3akara satya ko madhyama prakAra se batAte haiN| buddha sadaiva hI isa sambaMdha meM satarka rahe haiM ki unakA koI bhI kathana aisA na ho, jisakA artha zAzvatavAda athavA ucchedavAda ke rUpa meM lagAyA jA sake, isalie buddha ne duHkha svakRta hai yA parakRta, jIva bhinna hai aura zarIra bhinna hai yA jIva vahI hai, jo zarIra hai, tathAgata kA marane ke bAda kyA hotA hai? Adi praznoM kA nizcita uttara na dekara (45

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unheM avyAkRta batAyA, kyoMki ina praznoM kA hAM yA nA meM ekAntika uttara dene para zAzvatavAda yA ucchedavAda meM kisI eka vicAra kA anusaraNa hotA hai| buddha AtmA ke sambaMdha meM kisI bhI ekAntika dRSTikoNa ko asvIkAra karate haiN| buddha spaSTa kahate haiM ki 'maiM hUM' - yaha galata vicAra hai, - 'maiM nahIM hUM' - yaha galata vicAra hai, 'maiM hoUMgA' - yaha gala vicAra hai aura 'maiM nahIM hoUMgA yaha galata vicAra hai| ye galata vicAra roga haiM, phor3e haiM kATe haiN| buddha ne inheM roga, phor3e aura zalya isalie kahA ki isa prakAra ke vicAroM se mAnava mana ko zAMti nahIM mila sktii| buddha yaha nahIM cAhate the ki manuSya yaha soce vi kahIM maiM mRtyu ke bAda vinaSTa to nahIM ho jAUMgA, kyoMki aisA socegA to use atyaMta vedana hogii| svayaM bhagavAn buddha ke zabdoM meM use AMtarika azanitrAsa hogaa| aise hogA jaise hRda para bijalI gira par3I ho - hA! maiM ucchinna ho jaauuNgaa| hA! maiM naSTa ho jaauuNgaa| hAya! maiM naha rahUMgA! isa prakAra, ajJa puruSa zoka karatA hai, mUrcchita hotA hai| 14 ucchedavAda mAnava kaM zAMti pradAna nahIM kara sktaa| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki ucchedavAda ko mAnane para durAcAroM ka ora pravRtti ho jAe, kyoMki durAcAroM kA pratiphala bhAvI janmoM meM milegA- aisA vicA bhI mAnava - mana meM nahIM rhegaa| isa prakAra, eka ora anAvazyaka bhaya mAnava-mana ko akrA kareMge, dUsarI ora anaitika - jIvana kI ora pravRtti hogii| buddha yaha bhI nahIM cAhate the vi manuSya yaha soce ki marakara maiM to nitya, dhruva, zAzvata, nirvikAra hoUMgA aura ananta varSa taka vaise hI sthita rahUMgA, kyoMki unakI dRSTi meM aisA vicAra Asaktivarddhaka hai| AtmA ka zAzvata mAnane para manuSya yaha vicAra karane lagatA hai ki maiM vigata janma meM kyA thA, kauna merA thA, maiM bhaviSya meM kyA houuNgaa| buddha kI dRSTi meM ye vicAra bhI citta ke cirAga ke lie nahIM hote, ulTe inase Asakti bar3hatI hai, rAga aura dveSa utpanna hote haiM / buddha ke zabdoM meM ye vicAra amana sikaraNIyadharma ( ayogya vicAra) haiN| 15 isa prakAra, buddha sAdhaka ko AtmA sambaMdha meM ucchedavAda aura zAzvatavAda kI mithyA dhAraNAoM se bacane kA hI saMdeza dete haiM, lekina Akhira buddha kA AtmA ke sambaMdha meM kyA dRSTikoNa hai, ise bhI to jAnanA hogaa| yadi buddha ke Atma-siddhAMta ke bAre meM kucha kahanA hai, to use azAzvatAnucchedavAda hI kaha sakate haiN| buddha ke anAtmavAda ke sambaMdha meM do galata dRSTikoNa yadyapi buddha ne AtmA ke sambaMdha meM zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda kI ekAntika dhAraNAoM kA virodha kiyA, phira bhI unake anitya, anAtma, avyAkRta tathA mauna ko 46

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samyak rUpa se samajhe binA vicArakoM ne unheM kisI eka ati kI ora le jAne kA prayatna kiyaa| eka ora prAcIna evaM madhya yuga ke bauddha-darzana ke sabhI dArzanika AlocakagaNa tathA sampratiyuge ke bauddha-darzana ke marmajJa vidvAn paM. rAhula sAMskRtyAyana haiM, to dUsarI ora sampratiyuga ke rAyajaDeviDsa, ku. AI.bI.hArnara, AnaMda ke.kumAra svAmI aura DaoN.rAdhAkRSNan jaise manISI haiN| prathama varga buddha ke anitya, kSaNika aura anAtma para adhika bala dekara unakA artha ucchedavAdI-dRSTikoNa se karatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bauddha-darzana ke ina dArzanikaAlocakoM ne usa para kRtapraNAza, akRtabhoga, smRtibhaMga aura pramokSabhaMga ke doSa lagAkara usakI dArzanika-mAnyatAoM ko naitika-darzana ke pratikUla siddha kiyaa| yaha isalie huA ki bauddha-darzana kA Alocaka varga kevala AlocanA ke uddezya se buddha ke mantavyoM kA artha lagAnA cAhatA thA, tAki bauddha-darzana ko tarka kI dRSTi se nirbala, avyAvahArika tathA naitika-jIvana kI vyAkhyA karane meM asaphala siddha kara ske| ina vicArakoM meM sAmpradAyika-abhiniveza evaM doSadarzanabuddhi kA prAdhAnya thaa| paM. rAhulajI bhI bauddhamantavyoM kI vyAkhyA meM ucchedavAdI-dRSTikoNa ke samarthaka pratIta hote haiN| ve likhate haiM, 'buddha kA anityavAda bhI dUsarA utpanna hotA hai, dUsarA naSTa hotA hai- ke kahe ke anusAra kisI eka maulika-tattva kA bAharI parivartana mAtra nahIM, balki eka kA bilkula nAza aura dUsare kA bilkula nayA utpAda hai| buddha kArya-kAraNa kI niraMtara yA avicchinna saMtati ko nahIM maante| pratItyasamutpAda kArya-kAraNa-niyama ko avicchinna nahIM, vicchinna pravAha batalAtA hai, lekina yaha mAnane para bauddha-darzana ko kRtapraNAza aura akRtabhoga ke doSoM se bacAyA nahIM jA sktaa| dUsare, yadi buddha kA mantavya yahI thA ki dUsarA utpanna hotA, dUsarA vinaSTa hotA hai, to phira unheM ucchedavAda kA samarthana karane meM kauna-sA doSa pratIta huA? unhoMne AlokAzyapa ke sAmane yaha kyoM svIkAra nahIM kiyA ki sukha-duHkha kA bhoga svIkRta nahIM hai? phira isa AdhAra para buddha ke karma-siddhAMta kI vyAkhyA kaise hogI? hamAre dRSTikoNa se buddha ke mantavyoM kI aisI vyAkhyA unake naitika-AdarzoM ke anukUla siddha nahIM hogii| dUsare, yaha mAnanA ki pratItyasamutpAda kAryakAraNa-niyama ko vicchinna pravAha batAtA hai, nitAnta asaMgata hai| pravAha sadaiva hI vicchinna nahIM, avicchinna hotA hai| yadi vicchinna hogA, to vaha pravAha hI nahIM raha jaaegaa| kAryakAraNa ke pratyaya sadaiva hI avicchinna (abhinna) hote haiN| yadi ve vicchinna haiM, eka-dUsare se pUrNa svataMtra haiM, 47

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to phira unameM kArya-kAraNa ( santAna - santanie) kA sambaMdha kaise hogA ? kArya-kAraNa yA pratItyasamutpAda kA niyama vastutaH parivartanazIlatA kA dyotaka haiM, na ki uccheda kA sambhavataH, rAhulajI aisI vyAkhyA isalie kara gae, tAki ve buddha ke darzana ko varttamAna bhautikavAdI caukhaTeM meM phiTa kara skeN| 17 dUsare varga ne buddha ke mauna, avyAkRta evaM piTaka - graMthoM ke kucha anya saMdarbhoM ke AdhAra para buddha ke AtmA - sambaMdhI dRSTikoNa meM aupaniSadika - AtmA ko khojane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| rAyajraDeviDsa, ku. AI.bI. hArnara, AnaMda ke kumArasvAmI evaM DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan kA prayatna isI dizA meM rahA hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan kA kathana hai, upaniSadeM AtmA ke eka AvaraNa ke bAda dUsare AvaraNa ko dUra karatI huI anta meM saba vastuoM kI AdhArabhUmi taka pahuMcatI haiN| isa prakriyA ke aMta meM ve sArvabhauma vyApaka AtmA kI upalabdhi karatI haiM, jo ki saba sAnta vastuoM meM se eka bhI nahIM hai, yadyapi una sabakI AdhAra - bhUmi hai| buddha kA bhI vastutaH yahI mata hai, yadyapi nizcita rUpa se ve isako kahate nahIM hai / " ku. hArnara aura kumArasvAmI bhI likhate haiM ki buddha ke samasta siddhAMtavAkyoM meM yaha kahIM bhI nahIM likhA milatA ki AtmA nahIM hai| yaha AtmA vyAvahArika - AtmA ( jIvAtmA) se, jisakA punaH punaH kSaya hotA rahatA hai, bhinna hai| vastusthiti yaha hai ki pratyakSa tathA apratyakSa- donoM prakAra se AtmA kI pratiSThA hI kI gaI hai| bAra-bAra duharAe gae kathana ki yaha merI AtmA nahIM hai, AtmA kI sthApanA ke sabala pramANa haiN| pratyeka bauddha se yaha AzA kI jAtI hai ki vaha usa AtmA kA, jo usakI AtmA kI apekSA pradhAna hai, Adara kregaa| yaha pradhAna AtmA hI AtmA kA svAmI hai, yA AtmA kA carama lakSya hai| buddha apane isa kathana meM ki maiMne AtmA kI zaraNa le lI hai, apanI zaraNa kI ora saMketa nahIM karate, varan ve isI 'AtmA' kI ora saMketa karate haiN| isI 'AtmA' kA varNana unake ina kathanoM meM bhI milatA hai- AtmA kI khoja karo (attAnaM gaveseyyAtha), AtmA ko apanA Azraya aura dIpaka banAo ( attasaraNa attadIpa ) / yahAM para mahAn AtmA tathA laghu AtmA meM bheda spaSTa ho jAtA hai, ataH yaha nizcita hai ki buddha ne na to Izvara kI, na AtmA kI aura na zAzvata kI upekSA kI hai, lekina buddha - mantavyoM meM aupaniSadika-AtmA ko khojane kA prayAsa bhI anadhikAra ceSTA hI kahA jaaegaa| zrI bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ke zabdoM meM 'hamArA vinamra mantavya hai ki ( isa uparyukta AkhyAna ke) attAnaM gaveseyyAtha (AtmA ko DhUMDho ) meM aupaniSad - 'AtmA' ke upadeza ko dekhanA 18 48

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19 - bekAra hai, cAhe bhale hI DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan, kumArasvAmI aura AI. bI. hArnara ne isa prakAra kA anadhikArapUrNa pratyana kiyA ho|" isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha darzana ke AtmasiddhAMta ko samajhane meM donoM hI dRSTikoNa ucita nahIM haiN| vastutaH, ina bhrAntiyoM ke mUla meM jahAM Agraha-dRSTi hai, vahIM bauddha sAhitya meM prayukta anAtma, anitya, avyAkRta, buddha mauna tathA AtmA zabda kI samyak vyAkhyA kA abhAva bhI hai, ataH Avazyaka hai ki inake samyak artha ko samajhane kA thor3A prayAsa kiyA jaae| bhrAnta dhAraNAoM kA kAraNa anAtma ( anatta) kA artha bauddha darzana meM 'attA' zabda kA artha hai- merA, apanA / buddha jaba anAtma kA upadeza dete haiM, to unakA tAtparya yaha hai ki isa Anubhavika jagat meM koI bhI padArtha aisA nahIM, jise merA yA apanA kahA jA sake, kyoMki sabhI padArtha, sabhI rUpa, sabhI vedanA, sabhI saMskAra aura sabhI vijJAna (caittasika - anubhUtiyAM) hamArI icchAoM ke anurUpa nahIM haiM, anitya haiM, duHkharUpa haiN| unake bAre meM yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki ve apane haiM, ataH ve anAtma (apane nahIM) haiN| buddha ke dvArA diyA gayA vaha anAtma kA upadeza hameM kundakunda ke una vacanoM kI yAda dilAtA hai, jisameM unhoMne jJAtA (AtmA) kA jJAna ke samasta viSayoM se vibheda batAyA hai| 20 bauddha-AgamoM meM ye hI mUlabhUta vicAra anAtmavAda ke upadeza ke rUpa meM pAe jAte haiN| inakA yaha phalitArtha nahIM milatA hai ki AtmA nahIM hai| zrI bharatasiMha upAdhyAya kA mantavya hai ki buddha kA eka bhI vacana sampUrNa pAli - tripiTaka meM isa nirvizeSa artha kA uddhRta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki AtmA nahIM hai| jahAM unhoMne 'anAtmA' kahA, vahAM paMca skandhoM kI apekSA se hI kahA hai, bAraha AyatanoM aura aThAraha dhAtuoM ke kSetra ko lekara hI kahA hai| 21 isa prakAra, buddha vacanoM meM anAtma kA artha 'apanA nahIM', itanA hI hai / vaha sApekSa kathana hai| isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki 'AtmA nahIM haiM / buddha ne AtmA ko na zAzvata kahA, na azAzvata kahA, na yaha kahA ki AtmA hai, na yaha kahA ki AtmA nahIM hai, kevala rUpAdi paMcaskaMdhoM kA vizleSaNa kara yaha batA diyA inameM kahIM AtmA nahIM hai| bauddha darzana ke anAtmavAda ko usake AcAradarzana ke saMdarbha meM hI samajhA jA sakatA hai / buddha ke AcAradarzana kA sArA bala tRSNA ke prahANa para hai| tRSNA na kevala sthUla padArthoM para hotI hai, varan sUkSma AdhyAtmika padArthoM para bhI ho sakatI hai| vaha astitva kI bhI ho sakatI hai ( bhavatRSNA) aura anastitva kI bhI 49 -

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(vibhavatRSNA), ataH usa tRSNA ke sabhI nivezanoM (Azraya sthAnoM) ko ucchinna karane lie buddha ne anAtma kA upadeza diyaa| vastutaH, anAtmavAda vinamratA kI Atyantika koTi, anAsakti kI uccatama avasthA aura AtmasaMyama kI ekamAtra kasauTI hai / isa anAtma kA upadeza unhoMne tRSNA ke prahANa evaM mamatva ke visarjana ke lie diyaa| yadi unheM anAtma kA artha 'AtmA nahIM' abhipreta hotA, to ve ucchedavAda kA virodha hI kyoM karate? buddha ne ucchedavAda ko asvIkAra kiyA hai, ataH bauddha-mantavya meM anAtma kA artha 'AtmA nahIM hai' karanA anucita hai| AtmA (attA) kA artha piTaka-sAhitya meM jahAM anAtma (anatta) kA prayoga huA hai, vahIM usameM AtmA (attA) zabda kA bhI prayoga huA hai| buddha ne yaha bhI upadeza diyA hai ki AtmA kI zaraNa svIkAra karo (attasaraNa), AtmA ko hI apanA prakAza banAo (attadIpa), AtmA kI khoja karo (attAnaM gaveseyyAtha ) / isI AdhAra para AnaMda ke . kumAra svAmI, ku. hArnara aura DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan ne bauddha darzana meM aupaniSadika AtmA ko khojane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, lekina yaha prayatna samyak nahIM hai| zrI upAdhyAya ke zabdoM meM yaha anadhikArapUrNa prayatna hI hai| yahAM buddha kisI pAramArthika avinAzI evaM akSaya AtmA kI zaraNa grahaNa karane yA khoja karane kI bAta nahIM kahate haiN| sampUrNa buddha vacanoM ke prakAza meM yahAM AtmA zabda kA artha svayaM (Self) yA parivartanazIla sva hai / jisa prakAra anAtma kA artha 'apanA nahIM' hai, usI prakAra Atma kA artha 'apanA' yA 'svayaM' hai| 22 anitya kA artha anitya kA artha vinAzazIla mAnA jAtA hai, lekina yadi anitya kA artha vinAzI kareMge, to hama phira ucchedavAda kI ora hoNge| vastutaH, anitya kA artha haiparivartanazIla / parivartana aura vinAza alaga-alaga haiN| vinAza meM abhAva ho jAtA hai, parivartana meM vaha punaH eka nae rUpa meM upasthita ho jAtA hai, jaise bIja paudhe ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAtA hai, vinaSTa nahIM hotaa| buddha satva kI anityatA yA kSaNikavAda kA upadeza dete haiM, to unakA Azaya yaha nahIM hai ki vaha vinaSTa ho jAne vAlA hai, varan yahI hai ki vaha parivartanazIla hai, vaha eka kSaNa bhI binA parivartana hIM rhtaa| bauddha darzana meM anitya aura kSaNika kA matalaba hai - satat parivartanazIla / jaina darzana jise pariNAmI kahatA hai, use hI bauddha darzana meM anitya yA kSaNika kahA jAtA hai| 50

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avyAkRta kA samyak artha buddha ne jIva aura zarIra kI bhinnatA, tathAgata kI parinirvANa ke pazcAt kI sthiti Adi praznoM ko avyAkRta-koTi meM rakhA hai| buddha kA avyAkRta kahane kA Azaya yahI hai ki asti aura nAsti kI koTiyoM se sImita vyAvahArika bhASA use batA pAne meM asamartha hai| hAM aura nA meM isakA koI uttara nahIM diyA jA sktaa| jaina- darzana meM jo artha 'avaktavya' kA hai, vahI artha bauddha darzana meM 'avyAkRta' kA hai| buddha mauna kyoM rahe? buddha ke mauna rahane kA artha yaha hai ki AtmA-sambaMdhI praznoM kA uttara hAM aura nA meM nahIM diyA jA sakatA, ataH jahAM kisI ekAntika mAnyatA meM jAne kI sambhAvanA ho, vahAM mauna rahanA hI adhika upayukta hai| buddha ne AnaMda ke samakSa apane mauna kA kAraNa spaSTa kara diyA thA ki ve yadi 'hAM' kahate, to zAzvatavAda ho jAtA hai aura 'nA' kahate, to ucchedavAda ho jaataa| jaina aura bauddha - dRSTikoNa kI tulanA mahAvIra tathA buddha- donoM hI AtmA ke sambaMdha meM ucchedavAdI evaM zAzvatavAdI ekAntika dRSTikoNoM ke virodhI haiN| donoM meM aMtara kevala yaha hai ki jahAM mahAvIra vidheyAtmaka-bhASA meM AtmA ko nityAnitya kahate haiM, vahIM buddha niSedhAtmaka - bhASA meM use anucchedAzAzvata kahate haiN| buddha jahAM anitya- AtmavAda aura nitya - AtmavAda ke doSoM ko dikhAkara donoM dRSTikoNoM ko asvIkAra kara dete haiM, vahAM mahAvIra una ekAntikamAnyatAoM ke apekSAmUlaka samanvaya ke AdhAra para unake doSoM kA nirAkaraNa karane kA prayatna karate haiN| 23 - buddha ne AtmA ke parivartanazIla pakSa para adhika bala diyA aura isI AdhAra para use anitya bhI kahA aura yaha bhI batAyA ki isa parivartanazIla cetanA se svataMtra koI AtmA nahIM hai yA kriyA se bhinna kAraka kI sattA nahIM hai / buddha avicchinna, parivartanazIla cetanA-pravAha ke rUpa meM AtmA ko svIkAra karate haiM, lekina buddha kA yaha mantavya jainavicAraNA se utanA adhika dUra nahIM hai, jitanA ki samajhA jAtA hai| jaina- vicAraNA dravyaAtmA kI zAzvatatA para bala dekara yaha samajhatI hai ki usakA mantavya bauddha - vicAraNA kA virodhI hai, lekina jaina- vicAraNA meM dravya kA svarUpa kyA hai ? yahI na ki jo guNa aura paryAya se yukta haiba vaha dravya hai| 24 51

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jaina-vicAraNA meM dravya paryAya se abhinna rahI hai aura yadi isI abhinnatA ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jAe ki kriyA (paryAya) se bhinna kartA (dravya) nahIM hai, to usameM kahAM virodha raha jAtA hai? dravya aura paryAya, ye AtmA ke sambaMdha meM do dRSTikoNa haiM, do vivikti sattAeM nahIM haiN| unakI isa abhinnatA ke AdhAra para yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki jainadarzana kA AtmA bhI sadaiva hI parivartanazIla hai| phira, avicchinna cetanA-pravAha (parivartanoM kI paramparA) kI dRSTi se AtmA ko zAzvata mAnane meM bauddha-darzana ko bhI koI bAdhA nahIM hai, kyoMki usake anusAra bhI pratyeka cetana-dhArA kA pravAha banA rahatA hai| isa AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki buddha ke mantavya meM bhI cetanA-pravAha yA cetanA-paramparA kI dRSTi se AtmA nitya (anuccheda) hai aura parivartanazIlatA kI dRSTi se AtmA anitya (azAzvata) hai| jaina-paramparA meM dravyArthika-naya kA Agamika-nAma avyucchiti-naya aura paryAyArthikanaya kA vyucchiti-naya bhI hai| hamArI sammati meM avyucchiti-naya kA tAtparya hai- pravAha yA paramparA kI apekSA se aura vyucchiti-naya kA tAtparya hai- avasthA-vizeSa kI apekSA se| yadi isa AdhAra para kahA jAe ki jaina-darzana cetana-dhArA kI apekSA se (avyucchitinaya se) AtmA ko nitya aura cetana avasthA (vyucchiti-naya) kI dRSTi se AtmA ko anitya mAnatA hai, to vaha apane ko bauddha-darzana ke nikaTa hI khar3A pAtA hai| gItA kA dRSTikoNa AtmA kI nityatA ke prazna para gItA kA dRSTikoNa bilkula spaSTa hai| gItA meM AtmA ko spaSTarUpa se nitya kahA gayA hai| zrIkRSNa kahate haiM ki jIvAtmA ke ye sabhI zarIra nAzavAn kahe gae haiM, lekina yaha jIvAtmA to avinAzI hai| na to yaha kabhI utpanna hotA hai aura na maratA hai| yaha ajanmA, nitya, zAzvata aura purAtana hai| zarIra kA nAza hone para bhI isakA nAza nahIM hotaa| vaha AtmA acchedya, AdAhya, akledya, azoSya, nitya, sarvavyApaka, acala aura sanAtana hai| isa AtmA ko jo mAranevAlA samajhatA hai aura jo dUsarA (koI) isa AtmA ko deha ke nAza se maiM naSTa ho gayA- aise naSTa huA mAnatA hai, arthAt hananakriyA kA karma mAnatA hai, ve donoM hI ahaMpratyaya ke viSayabhUta AtmA ko aviveka ke kAraNa nahIM jaante| yaha AtmA utpanna nahIM hotA aura maratA bhI nhiiN| isa prakAra, gItA AtmA kI nityatA kA pratipAdana karatI hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke dRSTikoNoM kI tulanA jaina-darzana ke samAna gItA bhI tAttvika-AtmA kI nityatA kA pratipAdana (52

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karatI hai| itanA hI nahIM, gItA meM jIva kI vibhinna zArIrika evaM mAnasika-avasthAoM kI anityatA kA saMketa bhI upalabdha hai| isa AdhAra para gItA kA mantavya bhI jainadRSTikoNa se adhika dUra nahIM hai, yadyapi gItA AtmA ke avinAzI svarUpa para hI adhika jora detI hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jahAM eka ora bauddha-darzana AtmA ke anitya yA parivartanazIla pakSa para adhika bala detA hai, vahAM dUsarI ora, gItA AtmA ke nitya yA zAzvata pakSa para adhika bala detI hai, jabaki jaina-darzana donoM pakSoM para samAna bala dete hue unameM suMdara samanvaya prastuta karatA hai| bauddhadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA bauddhadharma bhArata kI zramaNa paramparA kA dharma hai| sAmAnyatayA zramaNa paramparA ko nivRttimArgI mAnA jAtA hai aura isa AdhAra para yaha kalpanA kI jAtI hai ki nivartaka dhArA kA samarthana aura saMnyAsamArgI paramparA kA hone ke kAraNa bauddhadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA kA abhAva hai| yadyapi bauddhadharma saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA kA citraNa karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki sAMsArika tRSNAoM aura vAsanAoM ke tyAga se hI jIvana ke paramalakSya nirvANa kI upalabdhi sambhava hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki zramaNadhArA ke anya dharmoM kI taraha prArambhika bauddhadharma meM bhI zrAmaNya yA bhikSu-jIvana para adhika bala diyA gyaa| usameM gRhastha dharma aura gRhastha jIvanazailI ko varIyatA pradAna kI gaI, kiMtu isa AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki bauddha dharma sAmAjika cetanA arthAt samAja kalyANa kI bhAvanA se parAMgamukha rahA hai, bhrAMtipUrNa hI hogaa| phira bhI yahAM hameM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA ki zramaNa paramparA meM jo sAmAjika saMdarbha upasthita hai, ve avazya hI pravartaka dharmoM kI apekSA thor3e bhinna prakAra ke ____ sAmAjika cetanA ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhAratIya ciMtana ko hama tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiN| jahAM vaidika yuga meM saMgacchadhvaM, saMvadadhvaM' ke udghoSa ke dvArA sAmAjika cetA ko vikasita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA, vahIM aupaniSadika yuga meM isa 53

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sAmAjika cetanA ke lie dArzanika AdhAra kA prastutikaraNa kiyA gyaa| samAja ke sadasyoM ke bIca abheda niSThA jAgRta karake ekAtmakatA kI anubhUti karAne kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| IzAvAsyopaniSad kA RSi kahatA hai - yastu sarvANi bhUtAnyAtmanyevAnupazyati / sarvabhUteSu cAtmAnaM tato na vijugupsate // sUtra - 6 arthAt jo sabhI prANiyoM ko apane se aura apane ko sabhI prANiyoM meM dekhatA hai, vaha isa ekAtmakatA kI anubhUti ke kAraNa kisI se bhI ghRNA nahIM karatA hai| aupaniSadika yuga meM yaha ekAtmakatA kI anubhUti sAmAjika cetanA kA AdhAra bnii| kiMtu sAmAnyarUpa se zramaNa paramparA meM jo sAmAjika cetanA ke saMdarbha upasthita haiM ve vastutaH sAmAjika sambaMdhoM kI zuddhi ke lie haiN| bauddhadharma meM mukhyataH sAmAjika jIvana ko dUSita banAne vAle tattvoM ke nirasana para bala diyA gayA hai| bauddhadharma kI paMcazIla kI avadhAraNA meM vastutaH una duSpravRttiyoM para aMkuza lagAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai jo hamAre sAmAjika sambaMdhoM ko vikRta karatI thiiN| paMcazIloM ke mAdhyama se usameM jo hiMsA, asatyabhASaNa, cauryakarma, vyabhicAra aura mAdaka dravyoM ke sevana se dUra rahane kI bAta kahI gaI hai usakA mukhya AdhAra hamArI sAmAjika cetanA hI hai| hiMsA kA artha hai dUsare prANiyoM ko kaSTa denA, unake hitoM kI upekSA karanA, isI prakAra asatya bhASaNa kA tAtparya dUsaroM ko galata jAnakArI denA yA unake sAtha kapaTapUrNa vyavahAra krnaa| corI kA artha hai, dUsaroM kI sampatti kA apaharaNa yA zoSaNa krnaa| isI prakAra vyabhicAra kA matalaba hai sAmAjika mAnyatAoM ke viruddha yauna sambaMdha sthApita karanA aura sadAcAra ke mUlyoM kI avahelanA kara sAmAjika sambaMdhoM ko viSAkta evaM asthira banAnA / isI prakAra mAdaka dravyoM kA sevana bhI sAmAjika cetanA aura dAyitvabodha kI upekSA kA hI kAraNa kahA jA sakatA hai| yadi hama gaharAI se vicAra kareM to sAmAjika jIvana ke abhAva meM ina paMcazIloM kA koI artha aura saMdarbha hI nahIM raha jaataa| paMcazIla ke rUpa meM jo maryAdAeM bauddha dharma ke dvArA prastuta kIgaI haiM, unakA mukhya sambaMdha hamAre sAmAjika sambaMdhoM kI zuddhi se hI hai| bauddha sAhitya meM aise aneka saMdarbha haiM, jo vyakti ko usake sAmAjika sambaMdhoM aura dAyitvoM IT bodha karAte haiM, jinakI carcA hama isI Alekha ke aMta meM kara rahe haiN| saMgha kI sarvoparitA zramaNa paramparA meM aura vizeSa rUpa se bauddhadharma meM dharmasaMgha kI sthApanA kA jo 54

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prayatna huA vaha vastutaH isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki bauddha dharma meM usake prArambhika kAla se hI sAmAjika cetanA upasthita thii| sAmUhika-sAdhanA yA saMghIya jIvanazailI bauddha dharma kI viziSTa dena hai| buddha ne apane jIvana ke aMtima kSaNa taka saMghIya-jIvana aura saMgha kI mahattA ko svIkAra kiyaa| apane parinirvANa ke avasara para bhI unhoMne apane sthAna para kisI bhikSu ko sthApita na karake yahI kahA ki mere pazcAt saMgha hI bhikSu-bhikSuNI varga kI anuzAstA hogaa| jo loga bauddhadharma ko zramaNa yA saMnyAsamArgIya paramparA kA dharma hone ke kAraNa yaha kahate haiM ki usameM sAmAjika cetanA kA abhAva hai ve vastutaH bauddhadharma kI isa sAmAjika prakRti se sarvathA anabhijJa haiN| bauddhadharma meM sadaiva hI saMgha kI mahattA aura garimA kA guNagAna kiyA gayA aura sAdhanAmaya jIvana meM sahavargIya bhikSu aura prANiyoM kI sevA ko sAdhanA kA ucca Adarza mAnA gyaa| samasta AcAra niyamoM kA mUla srota buddha ke pazcAt saMgha hI rahA hai| saMgha kI dUsare zabdoM meM samAja kI sarvoparitA ko bauddhadharma ne sadaiva hI svIkAra kiyA hai| trizaraNoM meM saMghazaraNa' kA vidhAna isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki bauddhadharma meM sAmAjika cetanA ko sadaiva hI mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyA gayA hai| rAga kA prahANa aura sAmAjika cetanA ___ bauddhadharma rAga ke prahANa para bala detA hai aura isIlie vaha zrAmaNya (saMnyAsa) aura nirvANa kI bAta kahatA hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki rAga kA prahANa hI aisA tattva hai, jo vyakti kI sAmAjika cetanA ko avaruddha karatA hai, kiMtu yaha mAnyatA bhrAMta hI hai| rAga yA mamatva se Upara uThane kA artha sAmAjikatA kI cetanA se vilaga honA nahIM hai| yaha satya hai ki rAga ke prahANa ke lie vyakti zrAmaNya ko svIkAra karatA hai aura apane pArivArika sambaMdhoM ko bhI tor3a letA hai, kiMtu yaha pArivArika jIvana se virakta honA sAmAjika jIvana se vimukha honA nahIM hai, apitu yaha hamArI sAmAjika cetanA aura sAmAjika sambaMdhoM ko vyApaka banAne kA hI eka prayatna hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki rAgAtmakatA kI upasthiti meM hamAre yathArtha sAmAjika sambaMdha bana hI nahIM paate| rAga hameM vyApaka banAne kI apekSA sImita hI karatA hai| vaha apane aura parAye kA gherA khar3A karatA hai| yadi hama ImAnadArIpUrvaka vizleSaNa kareM to hama pAeMge ki sAmAjika jIvana aura sAmAjika sambaMdhoM kI viSamatA ke mUla meM kahIM na kahIM vyakti kI rAgAtmakatA hI kArya karatI hai| maiM aura merA aise pratyaya haiM jo hameM cAhe kucha logoM ke sAtha jor3ate hoM, lekina ve hameM bahujana samAja se to alaga hI karate haiN| mamatva kI upasthiti hamArI sAmAjika cetanA 55

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kI saMkIrNatA kI hI sUcaka hai| rAgabhAvanA jor3ane kA kAma kama aura tor3ane kA kAma adhika karatI hai| mamatva kI upasthiti meM samatva sambhava nahIM hai aura samatA ke abhAva meM sAmAjikatA nahIM hotI hai| sAmAnyatayA rAga-dveSa kA sahagAmI hotA hai aura jaba sambaMdha rAga aura dveSa ke AdhAra para banate haiM to ve viSamatA aura saMgharSa ko janma dete haiN| bodhicaryAvatAra meM AcArya zAMtideva likhate haiM upadravA ye ca bhavanti loke yAvanti duHkhAni bhayAni c| sarvANi tAnyAtmaparigraheNa tat kiM mamAnena parigraheNa // AtmAnamaparityajya duHkhaM tyaktuM na shkyte| yathAgnimaparityajya dAhaM tyaktuM na zakyate // arthAt saMsAra ke sabhI duHkha aura bhaya tathA tajanya upadrava mamatva ke kAraNa hI hote haiM, jaba taka mamatva buddhi kA parityAga nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka una duHkhoM kI samApti sambhava nahIM hai| jaise agni kA parityAka kie binA tajjanya dAha se bacanA sambhava nahIM hai, vaise hI mamatva kA parityAga kie binA duHkha se bacanA sambhava nahIM hai| para meM Atmabuddhi yA rAga bhAva ke kAraNa hI 'maiM' aura 'mere' pana kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai| yahI mamatva bhAva hai| isI AdhAra para vyakti merA parivAra, merI jAti, merA dharma, merA rASTra aise kSudra ghere banAtA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa bhAI-bhatIjAvAda, jAtivAda, sAmpradAyikatA aura saMkucita rASTravAda kA janma hotA hai| Aja yadi mAnava jAti ke sumadhura sambaMdhoM meM koI bhI tattva sabase adhika bAdhaka hai to vaha mamatva yA rAgAtmakatA kA bhAva hI hai| mamatva yA rAgAtmakatA vyakti ko pArivArika, jAtIya, sAmpradAyika aura rASTrIya kSudra svArthoM se Upara nahIM uThane detii| bauddha darzana isIlie rAga ke prahANapara bala dekara sAmAjika cetanA ko eka yathArtha dRSTi pradAna karatA hai| kyoMki rAga sadaiva hI kucha para hotA hai aura jo kucha para hotA hai vaha saba para nahIM ho sakatA hai| rAga ke kAraNa hamAre sva kI sImA saMkucita hotI hai| yaha apane aura parAye ke bIca dIvAra khar3I karatA hai| vyakti jise apanA mAnatA hai, usake hita kI kAmanA karatA hai aura jise parAyA mAnatA hai usake hitoM kA hanana karatA hai| sAmAjika jIvana meM zoSaNa, krUra vyavahAra, ghRNA Adi unhIM ke prati kie jAte haiM, jinheM hama apanA nahIM mAnate haiN| ataH rAgAtmaka sambaMdhoM ke AdhAra para sAmAjikatA kI saccI cetanA jAgRta nahIM hotii| yadyapi rAgAtmakatA yA mamatva ke ghere ko pUrI taraha tor3a pAnA sAmAnya vyakti ke 56

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lie sambhava nahIM hai, kiMtu yaha bhI utanA hI satya hai ki usakA eka sImA taka visarjana kie binA apekSita sAmAjika jIvana kA vikAsa nahIM ho sktaa| parivAra kI sevA ke lie hameM apane vaiyaktika kSudra svArthoM ko, samAja kI sevA ke lie pArivArika svArthoM ko aura rASTra kI sevA ke lie jAti, dharma aura varga ke kSudra svArthoM ko chor3anA hogaa| ina kSudra svArthoM kA eka sImA taka visarjana kie binA sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa sambhava nahIM hai| mamatva evaM svahita kI vRtti cAhe vaha parivAra ke prati ho yA rASTra ke prati, samAna rUpa se sAmAjikatA kI virodhI siddha hotI hai| usake hote hue eka vyApaka sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa sambhava nahIM hotA hai| punaH samAja tyAga aura samarpaNa ke mUlyoM ke AdhAra para khar3A hotA hai| yadi mujhe patnI, baccoM evaM parivAra kI sevA karanA hai to kahIM na kahIM apane vaiyaktika svArthoM ko tyAganA hI hogaa| isI prakAra rASTra kI sevA ke lie pArivArika aura jAtIya svArthoM ko chor3anA hI hogaa| yahI nahIM, yadi hama samagra mAnava jAti yA prANimAtra kA kalyANa cAhate rASTrIyatA ke kSudra ghere se bhI Upara uThanA hogaa| isa vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki bauddha paramparA meM jo rAga aura tRSNA ke prahANa kI bAta kI gaI hai vaha sAmAjika cetanA ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka nahIM apitu sAdhaka hai| hamAre samAjika sambaMdhoM kA AdhAra rAga nahIM, apitu viveka kA tattva honA caahie| karttavyabodha kI bhAvanA hI eka aisA tattva hai jo hamArI sAmAjika cetanA kA AdhAra bana sakatA hai| rAga kI bhASA merepana kI bhASA hai, adhikAra kI bhASA hai, jabaki viveka kI bhASA karttavyabodha kI bhASA hai| jahAM kevala adhikAroM kI bAta hotI hai vahAM kevala vikRta sAmAjikatA panapatI hai| rAga ke AdhAra para jo bhI sAmAjika cetanA nirmita hogI vaha anivArya rUpa se varga bheda aura varNa bheda ko janma degii| bauddhadharma meM jisa sAmAjika cetanA ke nirmANa kI bAta kahI gaI hai vaha sAmAjika cetanA prajJA aura sArvabhauma karuNA ke AdhAra para phalita hotI hai| usameM mere aura tere yA apane yA parAye kI cetanA hI samApta ho jAtI hai| parama prajJA se jo karuNA niHsRta hotI hai, vaha sImita nahIM hotI hai, vaha ananta hotI hai, vaha kisI eka para nahIM, apitu sabhI para hotI hai| saMnyAsa aura samAja-sevA sAmAnyatayA saMnyAsa kI avadhAraNA ko bhI sAmAjikatA kA virodhI mAnA jAtA hai| bauddhadharma nizcaya hI eka saMnyAsamArgI paramparA kA dharma hai| yaha bhI sahI hai ki 57

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saMnyAsI ghara parivAra aura samAja se apanA sambaMdha tor3a letA hai tathA dhana, sampatti kA bhI parityAga kara detA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, eka saccA saMnyAsI to lokeSaNA kA bhI tyAga kara detA hai, kiMtu dhana, sampadA, parivAra aura lokeSaNA kA tyAga, samAja kA parityAga nahIM hai, vastutaH yaha tyAga svArthavRtti kA tyAga hai, vAsanAmaya jIvana kA tyAga hai| saMnyAsI kA yaha saMkalpa use samAja vimukha nahIM banAtA hai apitu samAja kalyANa kI uccatara bhUmikA meM adhiSThita karatA hai| kyoMki saccA samAja kalyANa niHsvArthatA aura virAga kI bhUmi para adhiSThita hokara hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| apane kSudra svArthoM kI pUrti ke lie ekatrita vyaktiyoM kA samUha samAja nahIM hotA aura aise svArthI aura vAsanA - lolupa vyaktiyAM tathAkathita sevA kA kArya samAja-sevA kI koTi meM nahIM AtA hai| samAja una logoM kA samUha hotA hai jo apane vaiyaktika aura pArivArika hitoM kA parityAga karate haiN| niHsvArthabhAva se lokamaMgala ke lie uTha khar3e hote haiN| cAroM aura luTeroM kA bhI samUha hotA hai, kiMtu vaha samAja nahIM khlaataa| samAja kI bhAvanA hI vahIM panapatI hai, jahAM tyAga aura svahita ke visarjana kA saMkalpa hotA hai| bhagavAna buddha ne jo bhikSu saMgha kI vyavasthA dI, vaha sAmAjika cetanA kI virodhI nahIM hai| bauddha bhikSu lokamaMgala aura sAmAjika dAyitvoM se vimukha hokara bhikSu nahIM banatA, apitu vaha lokakalyANa ke lie bhikSu jIvana aMgIkAra karatA hai| buddha kA yaha Adeza- 'caratthabhikkhave cArikkaM' bAhujanahitAya bahujanasukhAya, lokAnukampAya, atthAya hitAya sukhAya devamunassAnaM' isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki unakA bhikSu saMgha lokamaMgala ke lie hI hai| saMnyAsa kI bhUmikA meM nizcita hI svArtha aura mamatva ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai| phira bhI saMnyAsa loka kalyANa aura sAmAjika dAyitvoM ke palAyana nahIM hai, apitu bahujana samAja ke prati samarpaNa hai| saccA zramaNa usa bhUmikA para khar3A hotA hai jahAM vaha apane ko samaSTi meM aura samaSTi ko apane meM dekhatA hai| vastutaH nirmamatva aura niHsvArthabhAva se tathA apane aura parAye ke saMkIrNa ghere se Upara uThakara lokakalyANa ke lie prayatnazIla bane rahanA, zramaNa jIvana kI saccI bhUmikA hai| saccA zramaNa vaha vyakti hai jo lokamaMgala ke lie apane ko aura apane zarIra ko bhI samarpita kara detA hai| saMnyAsa kA tAtparya hai vyakti apane aura parAye ke ghere se Upara uThe aura prANimAtra prati usakA hRdaya karuNAzIla bane / AcArya zAMtideva bodhicaryAvatAra meM likhate haiM 58

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kAyasyAvayavatvena yathAbhISTA karAdayaH / jagato'vayavatvena tathA kasmAnnadehinaH / bodhi. 8 / 114 jisa prakAra hAtha Adi sva zarIra ke avayava hone se priya ho jAte haiM to phira jagat ke avayava hone se sabhI prANI priya kyoM nahIM hoMge? vastutaH saccA zramaNa aura saccA saMnyAsI vaha vyakti hotA hai jisakI cetanA apane aura parAye ke bheda se Upara uTha jAtI hai| zrAmaNya kI bhUmikA na to Asakti kI bhUmikA hai aura na upekSA kI, apitu vaha eka aisI bhUmikA hai jahAM mAtra karttavya bhAva se loka kalyANa ke bhAva se jIvana ke vyavahAra phalita hote haiN| samAja meM naitika cetanA ko jAgRta karanA tathA samAja meM AnevAlI duSpravRttiyoM se vyaktiyoM evaM samAja ko bacAkara lokamaMgala ke lie prerita karanA hI saMnyAsI kA sarvopari karttavya mAnA gayA hai| nirvANa kA pratyaya aura samAja yadyapi bauddha darzana meM nirvANa ko sAdhanA kA sarvopari lakSya mAnA gayA hai, kiMtu nirvANa kA yaha pratyaya bhI sAmAjika cetanA se vimukha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| nirvANa kA artha hai tRSNA aura Asakti kA prahANa | Adhunika manovijJAna kI bhASA meM yaha mAnasika tanAvoM se mukti kA prayAsa hI hai| vastutaH nirvANa prApta citta eka aisA zAMta citta hotA hai, jo tanAvoM evaM vikSobhoM se mukta rahatA hai| yadi hama nirvANa ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika sArthakatA ke saMdarbha meM vicAra kareM to hameM inhIM mAnasika vikSobhoM ke nirAkaraNa ke saMdarbha meM hI usa para vicAra karanA hogaa| sambhavataH isa sambaMdha meM koI bhI do mata nahIM hogA ki rAga, dveSa, tRSNA, Asakti, mamatva, IrSyA, vaimanasya Adi manovRttiyAM hamAre sAmAjika jIvana ke lie adhika ghAtaka hai| yadi ina manovRttiyoM se mukta honA hI mukti kA artha hai to mukti kA sambaMdha hamAre sAmAjika jIvana ke sAtha jur3a jAtA hai| nirvANa mAtra eka maraNottara avasthA nahIM hai, apitu vaha hamAre jIvana se sambaMdhita hai| bhAratIya ciMtakoM ne mokSa ko puruSArtha mAnA hai| usakA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha isI jIvana se prAptavya hai| jo loga nirvANa ko eka maraNottara avasthA mAnate haiM, ve nirvANa ke vAstavika svarUpa se anabhijJa haiM / jIvanamukti pratyaya kI sAmAjika sArthakatA ko hama asvIkAra bhI nahIM kara sakate, kyoMki jIvanamukta eka aisA vyakti hai jo sadaiva loka-kalyANakArI hotA hai| bauddha darzana meM buddha, arhat evaM bodhisatva kI jo avadhAraNAeM prastuta kI gaI haiM aura unake vyaktitva ko jisa rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai, usase hama nizcaya hI isa niSkarSa para 59

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pahuMca sakate haiM ki nirvANa ke pratyaya kI sAmAjika upAdeyatA bhI hai| vaha loka maMgala aura mAnava-kalyANa kA eka mahAna Adarza mAnA jA sakatA hai| jana-jana ko duHkhoM se mukta karanA hI vAstavika mukti hai| bauddha dArzanikoM ne vaiyaktika mukti kI apekSA lokakalyANa ke lie prayatnazIla bane rahane ko adhika mahatva diyA hai| bauddha-darzana meM bodhisatva kA jo Adarza prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaha hameM spaSTa rUpa se yaha batAtA hai ki kevala vaiyaktika mukti ko prApta kara lenA hI jIvana kA aMtima lakSya nahIM hai| bodhisatva to lokamaMgala ke lie apane baMdhana aura duHkha kI koI paravAha nahIM karatA, vaha kahatA hai bahunAmekaduHkhena yadi duHkhaM vigcchti| utpAdyameva tad duHkhaM sadayena parAtmanoH // bodhi. 8/105 mucyamAneSu sattveSu ye te prmodysaagraaH|| taireva nanu paryAptaM, mokSeNArasikena kim // bodhi. 8/108 yadi eka ke kaSTa uThAne se bahutoM kA duHkha dUra hotA ho, to karuNApUrvaka unake duHkhoM ko dUra karanA hI acchA hai| prANiyoM ko duHkhoM se mukta hotA huA dekhakara jo AnaMda prApta hotA hai, vaha kyA kama hai, phira nIrasa nirvANa prApta karane kI icchA kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? __isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki nirvANa kI avadhAraNA bhI sAmAjikatA kI virodhI nahIM hai| bauddha darzana meM nirvANa kA artha hai AtmabhAva kA pUrNatayA vigln| vastutaH maiM, ahaM aura merepana ke bhAva se mukta ho jAnA hI nirvANa prApta karanA hai| isa dRSTi se nirvANa kA artha hai, apane Apako miTAkara samaSTi yA samAja meM lIna kara lenaa| bauddha darzana meM vahI vyakti nirvANa prApta kara sakatA hai jo apane vyaktitva ko samaSTi meM lIna kara de| AcArya zAMtideva bodhicaryAvatAra' meM likhate haiM sarvatyAgazca nirvANaM, nirvANArthi ca me manaH / tyaktavaM cenmayA sarvaM varaM satveSu dIyatAm // bodhi. 3/11 arthAt yadi sarva kA tyAga hI nirvANa hai aura merA mana nirvANa ko cAhatA hai to saba kucha jo tyAga karanA hai, use anya prANiyoM ko kyoM na de diyA jaae| isa prakAra zAMtideva kI dRSTi meM vyakti kA pUrNataH samaSTi meM lIna ho jAnA arthAt apane ko prANimAtra kI sevA meM samarpita kara denA hI sAdhanA kA ekamAtra Adarza hai| ataH nirvANa kA pratyaya sAmAjikatA kA virodhI hai, yaha dhAraNA bhrAMta hai| 60

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aMta meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki bauddha darzana meM, cAhe zrAmaNya yA saMnyAsa kA pratyaya ho, cAhe nirvANa kA, vaha kisI bhI artha meM sAmAjikatA kA virodhI nahIM hai| bauddha AcAryoM kI dRSTi aura vizeSakara mahAyAna AcAryoM kI dRSTi sadaiva hI sAmAjika cetanA se paripUrNa rahI hai aura unhoMne sadaiva hI loka maMgalakArI dRSTi ko jIvana kA Adarza mAnA hai| AcArya zAMtideva bodhicaryAvatAra (8/125-129) meM bauddha dharma aura darzana meM sAmAjika cetanA kitanI udAtta hai, isakA spaSTa citraNa karate haiN| hama yahAM unake vacanoM ko yathAvata prastuta kara rahe haiM yadi dAsyAmi kiMbhokSye ityAtmArthe pishaactaa| yadibhokSye kiM dadAmIti parArtha devraajtaa||bodhi. 8/125 'yadi dUMgA to maiM kyA khAUMgA' yaha vicAra pizAcavRtti hai| apane khAne ko dUsare kI apekSA parAye ke lie dene kI bhAvanA rakhanA hI devarAjatA hai| AtmArtha pIDayitvAnyaM narakAdiSu pcyte| AtmAnaM pIDayitvA tu parArtha sarvasaMpadaH // bodhi. 8/126 apane lie dUsare ko pIr3A dekara (manuSya ko) naraka Adi meM pakanA par3atA hai| para dUsare ke lie svayaM kleza uThAne se (manuSya ko) saba sampattiyAM milatI haiN| durgatirnIcatA moyaM yyaivaatmonntiicchyaa| tAmevAnyatra saMkrAmyasugatiH stkRtirmtiH||bodhi. 8/127 apane prakarSa kI jisa icchA se durgati, paravazatA aura mUrkhatA milatI hai, usI (icchA) kA dUsaroM ke hita meM saMkramaNa karane se sugati, satkAra aura prajJA milatI AtmArtha paramAjJApya daastvaaydynubhuuyte| parArtha tvenamAjJApya svAmitvAdyanubhUyate // bodhi. 8/128 apane svArtha ke lie dUsare ko AjJA dekara, usa karma ke pariNAma svarUpa dAsatA Adi kA anubhava karanA par3atA hai| kiMtu dUsare ke hitae ke lie apane ko AjJA dekara usa karma ke phalasvarUpa prabhutA Adi kA anubhava karane ko milatA hai| ye kecid loke sarve te svsukhecchyaa| ye kecit sukhitA loke sarve te'nysukhecchyaa|| bodhi.8/129 61)

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saMsAra meM jo koI duHkhI hai, ve saba apanI sukhecchA ke kaarnn| saMsAra meM jo koI sukhI hai, ve parakIya sukhecchA ke kAraNa haiN| isa samagra ciMtana meM yaha phalita hotA hai ki bauddhadharma meM lokamaMgala kI udAra bhAvanA bhagavAna buddha se lekara paravartI AcAryoM meM bhI yathAvata kAyama rahI hai| bhagavAna buddha ne jo bahujana hitAya bahujana sukhAya' kA udghoSa kiyA thA vaha bauddha dharma darzana kA mukhya adhiSThAna hai| aisI lokamaMgala kI sarvocca bhAvanA kA pratibimba hameM AcArya zAMtideva ke 'zikSAsamuccaya' nAmaka graMtha meM milatA hai| hindI meM anUdita unakI nimna paMktiyAM mananIya haiM isa duHkhamaya naraloka meM, jitane dalita, bandhagrasita, pIr3ita vipatti vilIna haiM, jitane bahudhandhI viveka vihIna haiN| jo kaThina bhaya se aura dAruNa zoka se atidIna haiM, ve mukta hoM nijabaMdha se, svacchanda hoM saba dvandva se, chUTe dalana ke phanda se, ho aisA jaga meM, duHkha se vilakhe na koI, vedanArtha hile na koI, pApa karma kare na koI, asanmArga dhare na koI, ho sabhI sukhazIla, puNyAcAra dharmavratI, sabakA ho parama kalyANa, sabakA ho parama kalyANa // 62

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dharma nirapekSatA aura bauddhadharma vaijJAnika pragati ke pariNAma svarUpa Aja hamArA vizva simaTa gayA hai| vibhinna saMskRtiyoM aura vibhinna dharmoM ke loga Aja eka dUsare ke nikaTa samparka meM haiN| sAtha hI vaijJAnika evaM audyogika pragati ke kAraNa aura viziSTIkaraNa se hama parasparAzrita ho gae haiN| Aja kisI bhI dharma aura saMskRti ke loga dUsare dharmoM aura saMskRtiyoM se nirapekSa hokara jIvana nahIM jI skte| hamArA durbhAgya yaha hai ki hama parivezajanya nikaTatA aura pArasparika nirbharatA ke bAvajUda Aja manuSya manuSya ke bIca hRdaya kI dUriyAM bar3hatI jA rahI hai| vaiyaktika yA rASTrIya svArthalipsA evaM mahattvAkAMkSA ke kAraNa hama eka-dUsare se kaTate cale jA rahe haiN| dharmoM aura dhArmika sampradAyoM ke saMgharSa bar3hate jA rahe haiM aura manuSya Aja bhI dharma ke nAma para damana, atyAcAra, nRzaMsatA aura raktaplAvana kA zikAra ho rahA hai| eka dharma aura eka sampradAya ke loga dUsare dharma aura sampradAya ko maTiyAmeTa karane para tule hue haiN| ina saba paristhitiyoM meM Aja rASTrIya aura aMtarrASTrIya stara para dharmanirapekSatA kA prazna atyaMta prAsaMgika ho gayA hai| dharmanirapekSatA se hI dharmoM ke nAma para hone vAlI ina saba durghaTanAoM se mAnavatA ko bacAyA jA sakatA hai| isa saMdarbha meM sarvaprathama hameM yaha vicAra karanA hogA ki dharmanirapekSatA se hamArA kyA tAtparya hai? vastutaH dharmanirapekSatA ko aMgrejI zabda 'sekyularijma' kA hindI paryAyAvAcI mAna liyA gayA hai| hama aksara 'sekyulara sTeTa' kI bAta karate haiN| yahAM hamArA tAtparya aise rAjya / rASTra se hotA hai jo kisI dharma vizeSa ko rASTrIya dharma ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karake apane rASTra meM pracalita sabhI dharmoM ko apanI-apanI sAdhanA paddhati ko apanAne kI svataMtratA, apane vikAsa ke samAna avasara aura sabhI ke prati samAna Adara bhAva pradAna karatA hai| ataH rASTrIya nIti ke saMdarbha meM 'sekyularijma' kA artha dharmavihInatA nahIM apitu kisI dharma vizeSa ko pramukhatA na dekara, sabhI dharmoM ke prati samavyavahAra hai| jo loga dharmanirapekSatA kA artha dharma athavA nIti vihInatA karate haiM, ve bhI eka bhrAMta dhAraNA ko prastuta karate haiN| koI bhI vyakti athavA rASTra dharmavihIna nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki dharma eka jIvanazailI hai| sekyularijma yA dharmanirapekSatA ke lie mahAtmA gAMdhI ne hameM 'sarvadharma samabhAva' zabda diyA thA, jo adhika mahattvapUrNa aura sArthaka hai| sabhI dharmoM kI sApekSika mUlyavattA ko svIkAra karate hue unake vikAsa ke samAna avasara pradAna karanA hI dharmanirapekSatA 63

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hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki dhArmika durbhiniveza evaM matAgraha se mukta honA hI dRSTi kI parivAsanA se mukta honA hai| vaha kisI dRSTi karmakANDa/upAsanA paddhati se baMdhanA nahIM hai| isI prakAra 'dharma' zabda bhI aneka artha meM prayukta hotA hai| vaha eka ora vastusvarUpa kA sUcaka hai to dUsarI ora karttavya aura kisI sAdhanA yA upAsanA kI paddhati vizeSa kA bhI sUcaka hai| ataH jaba hama dharmanirapekSatA kI avadhAraNA ke saMdarbha meM 'dharma' zabda kA prayoga kareM, to hameM usake artha ke sambaMdha meM spaSTatA rakhanI hogii| prastuta saMdarbha meM dharma kA artha na svabhAva hai, na karttavya aura na sadAcaraNa hai| dharma nirapekSatA ke saMdarbha meM 'dharma' zabda AdhyAtmika sAdhanA aura upAsanA kI paddhati vizeSa kA paricAyaka hai, jo kisa sImA taka nIti aura AcAra ke vizeSa niyamoM se bhI jur3A hai| ataH dharmanirapekSatA kA tAtparya upAsanA yA sAdhanA kI vibhinna paddhatiyoM kI sApekSika satyatA aura mUlyavattA ko svIkAra karanA hai| saMkSepa meM kisI eka dharma/sampradAya/karmakANDa yA upAsanA kI paddhati ke prati pratibaddha na hokara sAdhanA aura upAsanA kI sabhI paddhatiyoM ko vikasita hone evaM jIvita rahane kA samAna adhikAra pradAna karanA hI dharmanirapekSatA hai| jaba hama bauddhadharma ke saMdarbha meM isa dharmanirapekSatA kI avadhAraNA para vicAra karate haiM to hameM isa tathya ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kara lenA cAhie ki bauddhadharma bhI eka dharmavizeSa hI hai, ataH usameM dharmanirapekSatA kA vaha artha nahIM hai jise sAmAnyatayA hama svIkAra karate haiN| usameM dharmanirapekSatA kA tAtparya dUsare dharmoM ke prati samAdara bhAva se adhika nahIM hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki bauddhadharma meM anya dhArmika evaM dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI usI prakAra samIkSA kI gaI hai jisa prakAra anya dharmoM evaM darzanoM meM bauddhadharma kI gaI thii| phira bhI bauddhadharma meM sarvadharmasamabhAva evaM dhArmika sahiSNutA ke paryApta AdhAra haiN| ___bhAratIya saMskRti aura bhAratIya ciMtana prArambha se hI udAravAdI aura samanvayavAdI rahA hai| bhAratIya ciMtana kI isI udAratA evaM samanvayavAditA ke pariNAmasvarUpa hindUdharma vibhinna sAdhanA aura upAsanA kI paddhatiyoM kA eka aisA saMgrahAlaya bana gayA ki Aja koI bhI vidvAna hindU dharma kI sunizcita paribhASA dene meM asaphala ho jAtA hai| upAsanA evaM karmakANDa kI Adima pravRttiyoM se lekara advaita vedAMta kA zreSThatama dArzanika siddhAMta usameM samAhita hai| prakRti pUjA ke vividha rUpoM se lekara nirguNa-sAdhanA kA vikasita rUpa usameM parilakSita hotA hai| usakI dhArmika samanvayazIlatA hamAre sAmane eka advitIya Adarza upasthita karatI hai| 64

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bhAratIya ciMtanadhArA kA hI aMga hone ke kAraNa bauddhadharma bhI apane prArambhika kAla se lekara Aja taka dhArmika samanvayazIlatA aura sarvadharmasamabhAva kA Adarza prastuta karatA rahA hai| kyoMki usane pratidvaMdvI dharmoM ko zakti ke bala para samApta karane kA kabhI prayatna nahIM kiyaa| eka ora usakI isa samanvayavAditA kA pariNAma yaha huA ki vaha vyApaka hindU dharma meM AtmasAt hokara bhArata meM apanA svataMtra astitva hI nahIM rakha sakA, kiMtu dUsarI ora usane apanI isa samanvayavAditA ke pariNAmasvarUpa vizva ke dharmoM meM zIrSastha sthAna prApta kara liyA aura bhArata ke bAhara bhUTAna, tibbata, cIna, viyatanAma, jApAna, kamboDiyA, thAIlaiNDa, barmA, laMkA Adi dezoM meM unakI saMskRtiyoM se samanvaya sAdhate hue apane astitva kA vistAra kara liyA hai| yahAM hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki bauddhadharma ne apanA vistAra sattA aura zakti ke bala para nahIM kiyA hai| bauddhadharma kI udAra aura samanvayazIla dRSTi kA hI yaha pariNAma thA ki vaha jisa deza meM gayA vahAM ke AcAra-vicAra aura nIti vyavahAra ko, vahAM ke devI-devatAoM ko isa prakAra se samanvita kara liyA ki una dezoM ke lie vaha eka bAharI dharma na rahakara unakA apanA hI aMga bana gyaa| isa prakAra vaha videza kI bhUmi meM bhI videzI nahIM rhaa| yaha usakI samanvayavAditA hI thI, jisake kAraNa vaha videzI bhUmi meM apane ko khar3A rakha skaa| bauddhadharma meM dharmanirapekSatA kA AdhAra-dRSTigata kA prahANa dharmanirapekSatA yA sarvadharmasamabhAva kI avadhAraNA tabhI balavatI hotI hai jaba vyakti apane ko Agraha aura matAndhatA ke ghere se Upara uThA ske| Agraha aura matAndhatA se Upara uThane ke lie bauddhadharma meM dRSTirAga (diTThI parivAsanA) kA spaSTarUpa se niSedha kiyA gayA hai| bauddhadharma aura sAdhanA paddhati kI anivArya zarta yaha hai ki vyakti apane ko dRSTirAga se Upara uThAe, kyoMki bauddha paramparA meM dRSTirAga ko hI mithyAdRSTi aura dRSTirAga ke prahANa ko samyakdRSTi kahA gayA hai| yadyapi kucha vicAraka yaha kaha sakate haiM ki bauddhadharma yA darzana svayaM meM bhI to eka dRSTi hai| lekina yadi hama bauddhadharma kA gambhIratA se adhyayana kareM to hameM yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki buddha kA saMdeza kisI dRSTi ko apanAnA nahIM thA, kyoMki sabhI dRSTiyAM tRSNA ke hI, rAga ke hI rUpa haiM aura satya ke ekAMza kA grahaNa karatI haiN| ina dRSTiyoM se Upara uThanA hI buddha kI dharmadezanA kA sAra hai| dRSTirAga se U para uThanA hI dRSTinirapekSatA hai aura ise hI hama dharmanirapekSatA kaha sakate haiN| yadyapi yaha eka niSedhAtmaka prayAsa hI adhika hai, jainoM ke anekAnta ke samAna vidhAyaka prayAsa nahIM hai| 65

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phira bhI bauddhadharma meM samyakdRSTi aura mithyAdRSTi kI carcA huI hai, kiMtu usakI samyakdRSTi dRSTinirapekSatA yA dRSTizUnyatA ke atirikta kucha nahIM hai| bauddhadharma kI dRSTi meM sabhI dRSTiyAM aikAntika hotI haiN| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki Agraha yA ekAMgIdRSTi rAga ke hI rUpa haiM aura jo isa prakAra ke dRSTirAga meM rahata rahatA hai vaha samyakadRSTi ko ko upalabdha nahIM hotaa| apitu jahAM eka ora svayaM dRSTirAga ke kAraNa baMdhana meM par3A rahatA hai vahIM dUsarI ora isI dRSTirAga ke pariNAmasvarUpa kalaha aura vivAda kA kAraNa banatA hai| isake viparIta jo manuSya dRSTipakSa yA Agraha se Upara uTha jAtA hai, vaha na to vivAda meM par3atA hai na baMdhana meN| vaha vizvazAMti kA sAdhaka hotA hai| suttanipAta meM buddha bahuta hI mArmika zabdoM meM kahate haiM ki 'jo apanI dRSTi' kA dRr3hAgrahI ho dUsaroM ko mUkha mAnatA haiM, vaha dUsare dharma ko mUrkha aura azuddha batalAne vAlA svayaM hI kalaha kA AhvAna karatA hai| vaha kisI dhAraNA yA dRSTi para avasthita ho, usake dvArA saMsAra meM vivAda yA kalaha utpanna karatA hai / kiMtu jo sabhI dhAraNAoM ko tyAga detA hai vaha manuSya saMsAra meM kalaha nahIM karatA hai'|' kyoMki dRSTi rAga bAMdhatA hai, jo bAMdhatA hai vaha anyatra se tor3atA bhI hai aura jo tor3egA vaha kalaha aura vinAza ko AmaMtrita kregaa| buddha punaH spaSTa zabdoM meM kahate haiM ki sAdhAraNa manuSyoM kI jo kucha dRSTiyAM haiM, paNDita una sabameM nahIM par3atA hai / dRSTi ko na grahaNa karane vAlA Asaktirahita paNDita kyA grahaNa karegA? buddha ke zabdoM meM jo loga apane dharma ko paripUrNa aura dUsare ke dharma ko hIna batAte haiM, ve dUsaroM kI avajJA (niMdA) se hIna hokara dharma meM zreSTha nahIM ho skte| 2 jo kisI dRSTi vizeSa ko mAnatA hai, jo kisI vAdavizeSameM Asakta hai vaha manuSya zuddhi ko prApta nahIM ho sktaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki buddha ke zabdoM meM vivekI brAhmaNa dRSTi kI tRSNA meM nahIM par3atA, vaha jo 'kucha' bhI dRSTi, zruti yA vicAra hai, una saba para vijayI hotA hai aura dRSTiyoM se pUrNarUpa se mukta ho saMsAra meM lipta nahIM hotA / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bauddhadharma dRSTirAga kA niSedha karake isa bAta kA saMdeza detA hai ki vyakti ko sAdhanA aura AdhyAtma ke kSetra meM kisI prakAra ke durAgraha se grasita nahIM honA caahie| bauddhadharma kI yaha spaSTa dhAraNA hai ki binA dRSTirAga ko chor3e koI bhI vyakti na to samyagdRSTi ko prApta ho sakatA hai aura na nirvANa ke patha kA anugAmI ho sakatA hai| isIlie bauddhadharma ke sazakta vyAkhyAtA vidvAna dArzanika nAgArjuna spaSTa zabdoM meM kahate haiM - tattva kA sAkSAtkAra dRSTiyoM ke ghere se Upara uThakara hI kiyA jA sakatA hai, 66

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kyoMki samagra dRSTiyAM (darzana) use dUSita hI karatI haiN|is prakAra bauddha darzana kA dRSTirAga ke prahANa kA siddhAMta dharmanirapekSatA ke siddhAMta kA eka mahattvapUrNa AdhAra hai| buddha kA saMdeza sadaiva hI Agraha aura matAndhatA ke ghere se Upara uThane kA rahA hai kyoMki ve yaha mAnate haiM ki satya kA darzana Agraha aura matAndhatA se Upara uThakara hI ho sakatA hai| bauddha darzana kA vibhajyavAda kA siddhAMta bhI hameM yahI saMdeza detA hai ki satya kA samagrarUpa se darzana karane ke icchuka vyakti ko satya ko aikAntika dRSTi se nahIM, apitu anaikAntika dRSTi se dekhanA hogaa| bauddha paramparA meM satya ko aneka pahaluoM ke sAtha dekhanA hI vidvatA hai| theragAthA meM kahA gayA hai ki jo satya ko eka hI pahalU se dekhatA hai vaha mUrkha hai, paMDita to satya ko aneka pahaluoM se dekhatA hai| vivAda kA janma ekAMgI dRSTi se hotA hai kyoMki ekAMgadarzI hI Apasa meM jhagar3ate haiN| jaba hama satya ko aneka pahaluoM se dekhate haiM, to nizcaya hI hamAre sAmane vibhinna pahaluoM ke AdhAra para vibhinna rUpa hote haiM aura aisI sthiti meM hama kisI eka vicArasaraNI meM Abaddha na hokara satya kA vyApaka rUpa meM darzana karate haiN| isIlie suttanipAta meM buddha kahate haiM ki maiM vivAda (Agraha) ke do phala batAtA hUM- eka to vaha apUrNa aura ekAMgI hotA hai aura dUsare vaha vigraha aura azAMti kA kAraNa hotA hai| nirvANa jo ki hamAre jIvana kA parama sAdhya hai vaha to nirvivAdatA kI bhUmi para sthita hai| isalie buddha kahate haiM ki nirvANa ko nirvivAda bhUmi samajhanevAlA sAdhaka vivAda meM na pdd'e| bhagavAna buddha kI dRSTi meM pakSAgraha yA vAda-vivAda nirvANamArga ke pathika ke kArya nahIM haiN| ve spaSTa kahate haiM ki yaha to mallavidyA hai| rAjabhojana se puSTa pahalavAna kI taraha apane prativAdI ko lalakArane vAle vAdI ko usa jaise prativAdI ke pAsa bhejanA cAhie, kyoMki mukta puruSoM ke pAsa vivAdarUpI yuddha kA koI kAraNa hI zeSa nahIM hai aura jo apane mata yA dRSTi ko satya batAte haiM unase kahanA cAhie ki vivAda utpanna hone para tumhAre sAtha bahasa karane ko yahAM koI nahIM hai| isa prakAra bauddhadarzana isa bAta ko bhI anucita mAnatA hai ki hama kevala apane mata kI prazaMsA aura dUsare ke mata kI niMdA karate rheN| buddha svayaM kahate haiM ki zuddhi yahIM hai dUsare varSoM meM nahIM hai, aisA apanI dRSTi meM atidRr3hAgrahI vyakti tairthika (mithyAdRSTi) hai| isa prakAra dRSTirAga hI mithyAdRSTi hai aura dRSTirAga kA prahANa hI samyagdRSTi hai| dhArmika saMgharSa kI niyaMtraka tattva prajJA samagra dhArmika matAndhatA aura saMgharSa isIlie hote haiM ki vyakti dhArmika saMdarbho (67) 67

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meM vicAra aura tarka kI apekSA zraddhA ko adhika mahattva dete haiN| tarka aura ciMtana se rahita zraddhA aMdhazraddhA hotI hai aura aisI aMdhazraddhA se yukta vyaktiyoM kA upayoga tathAkathita dhArmika netA apane svArthoM kI pUrti ke lie kara lete haiN| ataH dharma ke kSetra meM zraddhA kA sthAna svIkRta karate hue bhI use viveka yA ciMtana se rahita kara denA nahIM hai| bauddhadharma ne sadaiva hI zraddhA kI apekSA tarka aura prajJA ko adhika mahattva diyA hai| AlArakalAmasutta meM buddha spaSTarUpa meM kahate haiM ki he kalAma! tuma merI bAta ko kevala isalie satya svIkAra mata karo ki inako kahane vAlA vyakti tumhArI AsthA yA zraddhA kA keMdra hai| adhyAtma aura sAdhanA ke kSetra meM pratyeka bAta ko tarka kI tarAjU para taula kara aura anubhava kI kasauTI para kasa kara hI svIkAra karanA caahie| buddha anya vicArakoM kI vaicArika svataMtratA kA kabhI hanana nahIM karanA caahte| isake viparIta ve hamezA kahate haiM ki jo kucha hamane kahA hai use anubhava kI kasauTI para kaso aura satya kI tarAjU para taulo, yadi vaha satya lagatA hai to use svIkAra kro| buddha ke zabdoM meM he kalAma! jaba tuma Atma anubhava se jAnalo ki ye bAteM kuzala haiM, nirdoSa haiM, inake AdhAra para calane se sukha hotA hai tabhI inheM svIkAra karo anyathA nhiiN| buddha AsthA pradhAna dharma ke sthAna para tarka pradhAna dharma kA vyAkhyAna karate haiM aura isa prakAra ke dhArmika matAndhatA aura vaicArika durAgrahoM se vyakti ko Upara uThAte haiN| use kevala zAstA ke prati Adara ke kAraNa svIkAra nahIM karanA caahie| vastutaH dhArmika jIvana meM jaba taka viveka yA prajJA ko vizvAsa yA AsthA kA niyaMtraka nahIM mAnA jAegA taba taka hama dhArmika saMgharSoM aura dharma ke nAma para khelI jAnI vAlI holiyoM se mAnavajAti ko nahIM bacA skeNge| dharma ke lie zraddhA Avazyaka hai, kiMtu use viveka kA anugAmI honA caahie| yaha Avazyaka hai ki zAstra kI sArI bAtoM aura vyAkhyAoM ko viveka kI tarAjU para taulA jAe aura yugIna saMdarbha meM unakA mUlyAMkana kiyA jaae| jaba taka yaha nahIM hotA taba taka dhArmika jIvana meM AI saMkIrNatA kA miTa pAnA sambhava nhiiN| viveka hI aisA tattva hai jo hamArI dRSTi ko udAra aura vyApaka banA sakatA hai| zraddhA Avazyaka hai, kiMtu use viveka kA anugAmI honA caahie| Aja AvazyakatA bauddhika dharma kI hai aura buddha ne bauddhika dharma kA saMdeza dekara hameM dhArmika matAndhatAoM aura dhArmika AgrahoM se Upara uThane kA saMdeza diyA hai| 68

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buddha kA madhyamamArgadharmanirapekSatA kA AdhAra buddha ne apane darzana ko madhyamamArga kI saMjJA dI hai| jisa prakAra nadI kI dhArA kUloM meM na ulajhakara unake madhya se baha letI hai, usI prakAra bauddhadharma bhI aikAntika dRSTiyoM se bacakara apanI yAtrA karatA hai| madhyamamArga kA eka Azaya yaha bhI hai ki vaha kisI bhI dRSTi ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| sAMsArika sukhabhoga aura dehadaNDana kI prakriyA donoM hI usake lie aikAntika hai| ekAntoM ke tyAga meM hI madhyama mArga kI viziSTatA hai| madhyamamArga kA artha he- paraspara virodhI matavAdoM meM kisI eka hI pakSa ko svIkAra na krnaa| buddha kA madhyamamArga anaikAntika dRSTi kA udaahrnnhai| yadyapi ve kevala niSedhamukha se itanA hI kahate haiM ki hameM aikAntika dRSTiyoM meM nahIM ulajhanA caahie| dhArmika nirapekSatA kA bhI kisI sImA taka yahI Adarza hai ki hameM kisI eka dharma vizeSa yA matavAda vizeSa meM na ulajhakara eka vyApaka dRSTikoNa apanAnA caahie| buddha ke zabdoM meM ekAMzadarzI hI Apasa meM jhagar3ate aura ulajhate haiN| madhyamamArga kA tAtparya hai- vivAdoM se Upara uThanA aura isa artha meM vaha kisI sImA taka dharmanirapekSatA kA hAmI hai| bauddhadharma yaha mAnatA hai ki jIvana kA mukhya lakSya tRSNA kI samApti hai| Asakti aura ahaM se Upara uThanA hI sarvocca Adarza hai| dRSTirAga vaicArika tRSNA athavA vaicArika ahaM kA hI eka rUpa hai aura jaba taka vaha upasthita hai taba taka madhyamamArga kI sAdhanA sambhava nahIM hai| ataH madhyamamArga kA sAdhaka ina dRSTirAgoM se Upara uThakara kArya karatA hai| jaisA ki bauddha darzana meM kahA gayA hai ki paNDita vahI hai jo ubhaya anto kA vivarjana kara madhya meM sthita rahatA hai| vastutaH mAdhyastha dRSTi hI dharmanirapekSatA hai| buddha kA jIvana aura dhArmika sahiSNutA yadi hama buddha ke jIvana ko dekheM to yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki ve svayaM kisI dharma yA sAdhanA-paddhati vizeSa ke AgrahI nahIM rahe haiN| unhoMne apanI sAdhanA ke prArambha meM aneka dharmanAyakoM, vicArakoM aura sAdhakoM ke jIvanta samparka sthApita kiyA thA aura unakI sAdhanA paddhatiyoM ko apnaayaa| udakarAmaputta Adi aneka sAdhakoM ke samparka meM ve Ae aura unakI sAdhanA paddhatiyoM ko siikhaa| yaha samasta carcA pAli tripiTaka meM Aja bhI upalabdha hai| cAhe AtmatoSa na hone para unhoMne unakA bAda meM tyAga kiyA ho phira bhI unake mana meM sabhI sAdhakoM ke prati sadA AdarabhAva rahA aura jJAna prApti ke pazcAta bhI unake mana meM yaha abhilASA rahI ki apane dvArA udghATita satya kA bodha unheM kraaeN| yaha hy

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durbhAgya hI thA ki paMcavargI bhikSuoM ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI AcArya usa kAla taka kAlakavalita ho cuke the, phira bhI buddha ke dvArA unake prati pradarzita AdarabhAva unakI udAra aura vyApaka dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| yadyapi bauddhadharma meM anya tIrthikoM ke rUpa meM pUrNakazyapa, nigaMThanATaputta, ajitakezakaMbali, maMkhaligozAla Adi kI samAlocanA hameM upalabdha hotI hai, kiMtu aisA lagatA hai ki yaha saba paravartI sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kA hI pariNAma hai| buddha jaisA mahAnasvI ina vaicArika durAgrahoM aura abhinivezoM se yukta rahA ho aisA socanA sambhava nahIM hai| punaH bauddhadharma mUlataH eka karmakANDI dharma na hokara eka naitika AcAra paddhati hai| eka naitika AcAra paddhati ke rUpa meM vaha dhArmika durAgrahoM aura abhinivezoM se mukta raha sakatA hai| usake anusAra tRSNA kI samApti hI jIvana kA parama zreya hai aura tRSNA kI parisamApti ke samagra prayatna kisI eka dharma paramparA se sambaddha nahIM kie jA skte| ve sabhI upAya jo tRSNA ke bhedana meM upayogI hoM bauddhadharma ko svIkAra haiN| zIlavAna, samAdhivAna aura prajJAvAna honA bauddha vicAraNA kA mantavya hai kiMtu ise hama kevala bauddhoM kA dharma nahIM kaha skte| yaha dharma kA sArvajanIna aura sArvakAlika svarUpa hai aura bauddhadharma ise apanAkara vyApaka aura udAra dRSTi kA hI paricAyaka banatA hai| bauddhadharma meM dharma (sAdhanA-paddhati) eka sAdhana hai vaha pakar3akara rakhane ke lie nahIM hai aura use bhI chor3anA hI hai, ataH vaha sAdhanA ke kisI viziSTa mArga kA AgrahI nahIM hai| upasaMhAra vastutaH vaiyaktika bhinnatAoM ke AdhAra para sAdhanAgata aura AcAragata bhinnatAeM svAbhAvika haiN| ataH mAnavIya ekatA aura mAnavIya saMgharSoM kI samApti ke lie eka dharma kA nArA na kevala azakya hai apitu asvAbhAvika bhI hai| jaba taka vyaktiyoM meM rucigata aura svabhAvagata bheda hai taba taka sAdhanAgata bheda bhI aparihArya rUpa se bane rheNge| isIlie to buddha ne kisI eka yAna kA upadeza na dekara vividha yAnoM (dharma mArgoM) kA upadeza diyA thaa| Aja AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki hama ina sAdhanAgata bhedoM ko eka vyApaka pariprekSya meM samanvita kara tathA unakI upAdeyatA ko svIkAra kara eka aisI jIvanadRSTi kA nirmANa kareM jo sabhI kI sApekSika mUlyavattA ko svIkAra karate hue mAnava kalyANa meM sahAyaka bana ske| 70

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saMdarbha 1. 2. suttanipAta 50/16-17 suttanipAta 51/3, 10-11, 16-20 theragAthA 1/106 udAna 6/4 suttanipAta 51/2 suttanipAta 46/8-9 mahAyAna sampradAya kI samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi bauddhadharma kI mahAyAna zAkhA kI madhyama pratipadA kA vikAsa kina paristhitiyoM meM aura kina prabhAvoM ke pariNAma-svarUpa huA, yahI isa nibaMdha kA vivecya viSaya hai| bauddhadharma zramaNa paramparA kA dharma hai, kiMtu isI saMdarbha meM hameM yaha nahIM bhUla jAnA cAhie ki buddha ne jisa madhyama mArga kA pratipAdana kiyA vaha nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparA kA pravRttimArgI vaidika paramparA ke sAtha samanvaya kA prAthamika prayAsa thaa| zramaNadhArA aura vaidika dhArA mUlataH do bhinna jIvanadRSTiyoM para khar3I huI thiiN| sAmAnyatayA zramaNa paramparA se nivRttimArgI dharmoM kA hI grahaNa hotA hai| nivRttimArgI dharma mUlataH nirvANalakSI, jJAnamArgI evaM tapasyApradhAna the, unakA mUlabhUta lakSya tapasyA aura jJAna ke mAdhyama se janma-maraNa ke cakra se mukti pAnA thaa| unakI dRSTi meM sAMsArika astitva duHkhamaya hai aura usase chuTakArA pAnA hI jIvana kA Adarza hai| isake viparIta vaidika paramparA jIvana ko aura sAMsArika astitva ko AzA bharI dRSTi se dekhatI thii| vartamAna jIvana ko sukhI evaM sampanna banAnA hI usakA eka mAtra lakSya thaa| yaha kahanA bhI atizyoktipUrNa nahIM hogA ki jahAM vaidika paramparA meM bhautika sukha-samRddhi kI upalabdhi hI jIvana kA lakSya banI, vahAM zramaNadhArA ke prArambhika rUpoM meM jIvana ke niSedha kA svara hI adhika ubhraa| vastutaH vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA mAnava jIvana ke do AdhAra- deha aura cetanA athavA bhoga aura prArambhika zramaNa dharmoM kA lakSya tyAga rahA, dUsare zabdoM meM vaidika dharma pravRtti pradhAna aura zramaNadharma (71)

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nivRtti pradhAna banA, kiMtu mAnava astitva isa prakAra kA hai ki vaha na kevala bhoga para aura na kevala tyAga para khar3A raha sakatA hai, use jIvana ke lie bhoga aura tyAga, pravRtti evaM nivRtti, vAsanA kI saMtuSTi evaM viveka kA vikAsa sabhI Avazyaka hai| daihika aura sAmAjika mUlyoM ke sAtha hI usake lie naitika evaM AdhyAtmika mUlya bhI Avazyaka hai| ataH pariNAma yaha huA ki bhoga evaM tyAga ke aikAntika AdhAroM para khar3I huI dharma-paramparAeM use apane jIvana kA samyak samAdhAna nahIM de skiiN| pariNAmasvarUpa bhoga aura tyAga tathA pravRtti evaM nivRtti ke madhya eka samanvaya athavA samyak saMtulana banAne kA prayatna huaa| isa samanvaya kI dhArA ko hama sarvaprathama IzAvAsyopaniSad meM dekhate haiM jahAM tena tyaktena bhuMjithA' meM tyAga aura bhoga kA samanvaya kiyA gayA hai| vaidika dhArA meM vikasita aupaniSadika ciMtana isa samanvaya kA pratinidhi kahA jA sakatA hai| yahI samanvaya kI dhArA Age calakara gItA meM adhika puSpita evaM pallavita hotI hai| gItA kI jIvana dRSTi IzAvAsyopaniSada kI jIvana dRSTi kA hI eka vikasita rUpa hai| jisa prakAra vaidika dhArA meM upaniSad evaM gItA samanvaya kI dRSTi ko lekara Age Ate haiM usI prakAra zramaNa paramparA meM bauddhadharma samanvaya kA sUtra lekara Age AtA hai| yadyapi prArambhika bauddhadharma ne pravRtti tathA nivatti ke madhya yA vyakti aura samAja ke madhya eka samanvaya kA prayatna to kiyA thA kiMtu use vikasita kiyA usakI mahAyAna paramparA ne| ___ vaidika paramparA meM yadi gItA pravRtti aura nivRtti ke madhya eka ucita samanvaya kA prayAsa karatI hai, to zramaNa paramparA meM mahAyAna sampradAya pravRtti evaM nivRtti ke madhya eka sAMga-saMtulana ko prastuta karatA hai| isI dRSTi se hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhagavadgItA aura mahAyAna paramparA eka dUsare ke adhika nikaTa haiN| donoM meM koI aMtara hai to vaha aMtara unake udgama sthala yA unakI mUladhArA kA hai| apane udgama ke do bhinna keMdroM para hone ke kAraNa hI unameM bhinnatA rahI huI hai| ve apanI mUladhArA se TUTanA nahIM cAhate anyathA donoM kI samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi lagabhaga samAna hai| aneka tathyoM ke saMdarbho meM hama unakI isa samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi ko dekha sakate haiN| gRhasthadharma banAma-saMnyAsa prArambhika vaidika dharma meM saMnyAsa kA tattva anupasthita thA, gRhastha jIvana ko hI 72

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eka mAtra jIvana kA karmakSetra mAnA jAtA thaa| prArambhika vaidika RSi patniyoM se yukta the, jabaki zramaNa paramparA prArambha se hI saMnyAsa ko prAthamikatA detI thI tathA pArivArika jIvana ko baMdhana mAnatI thii| vaidika dharma meM yadyapi Age calakara nivRttimArgI zramaNadharma ke prabhAva ke kAraNa vAnaprastha aura saMnyAsa AzramoM kA praveza huA, kiMtu phira bhI usameM gRhI jIvana ko hI jIvana kA uccatama Adarza tathA sabhI AzramoM kA AdhAra samajhA gayA aura 'aputrasya gatinAsti' kahakara gRhI jIvana ke dAyitvoM ko nirvAha karane hetu bala diyA gyaa| jabaki prArambhika zramaNa paramparAoM meM gRhastha jIvana kI niMdA kI gaI aura saMnyAsa ko hI nirvANa yA mukti kA eka mAtra upAya mAnA gyaa| prArambhika jaina evaM bauddhadharma gRhastha jIvana kI niMdA karate haiN| jaina Agama dazavaikAlikasUtra' meM kahA gayA hai ki gRhastha jIvana kleza yukta hai aura saMnyAsa kleza muktaH gRhastha jIvana pApakArI hai aura saMnyAsa niSpApa hai| isI prakAra suttanipAta meM bhI saMnyAsa jIvana kI prazaMsA tathA gRhastha kI niMdA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki gRhastha jIvana kaNTakoM se pUrNa vAsanAoM kA ghara hai jabaki pravrajyA khule AsamAna ke samAna nirmala hai| jaina evaM bauddha-donoM hI dharmoM ke prAcIna graMthoM meM hameM aisA koI ullekha dekhane ko nahIM milA, jisameM gRhastha jIvana kI, prazaMsA kI gaI ho| jaina Agama upAsakadazAMga meM daza gRhastha upAsakoM kA jIvana vRttAMta varNita hai, kiMtu unako kevala svargavAsI batAyA gayA hai, mokSagAmI nhiiN| isI prakAra piTaka sAhitya meM buddha spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta kA pratipAdana karate haiM ki gRhastha jIvana ko chor3e binA sambhava nhiiN| kiMtu isake viparIta hama yaha dekhate haiM ki mahAyAna paramparA aura jainoM kI zvetAmbara paramparA tathA bhagavadgItA spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta ko svIkAra kara lete haiM ki nirvANa yA mukti ke lie gRhI jIvana kA tyAga anivArya nahIM hai| mahAyAna sAhitya meM aise aneka udAharaNa milate haiM jahAM sAdhaka gRhastha jIvana se sIdhA hI mukti lAbha prApta karatA hai| isI prakAra gItA mukti ke lie saMnyAsa ko Avazyaka nahIM maantii| usake anusAra gRhastha bhI mukti kA adhikArI hai| ___ mahAyAna, zvetAmbara jaina paramparA aura bhagavadgItA meM kisake prabhAva se yaha avadhAraNA vikasita huI yaha batA pAnA to kaThina hai lekina itanA spaSTa hai ki bhAratIya ciMtana meM IsA kI prathama zatAbdI meM jo pravRtti aura nivRtti ke bIca athavA saMnyAsa evaM (73)

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gRhI jIvana ke bIca jo samanvayAtmaka pravRtti vikasita huI thI, yaha usI kA pariNAma thaa| ina tInoM hI paramparAoM meM yaha svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai ki nirvANa ke lie saMnyAsa anivArya tattva nahIM hai| mukti kA anivArya tattva hai - anAsakta, niSkAma, vItatRSNa aura vItarAga jIvana dRSTi kA vikaas| phira bhI itanA avazya mAnanA hogA ki yaha zramaNa paramparA para vaidika dhArA kA prabhAva hI thA, jisake kAraNa usameM gRhastha jIvana ko bhI kucha sImAoM ke sAtha apanA mahattva evaM sthAna prApta huaa| phira bhI jahAM mahAyAna aura jaina paramparA meM bhikSu saMgha kI zreSThatA mAnya rahI, vahAM gItA meM 'karmasaMnyAsAt karmayogoM viziSyate' kahakara gRhI jIvana kI zreSThatA ko mAnya kiyA gyaa| vaiyaktikatA banAma sAmAjikatA yaha spaSTa hai ki prArambhika zramaNa paramparAeM nivRttimArgI hone ke kAraNa vyaktiniSTha thiiN| vyakti kI mukti aura vyakti kA AdhyAtmika kalyANa hI unakA Adarza thaa| prArambhika bauddhadharma evaM jainadharma bhI hameM vyaktiniSTha hI parilakSita hote haiM, jabaki prArambhika vaidika dharma meM pArivArika jIvana kI svIkRti ke sAtha hI sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| vedoM meM 'saMgacchadhvaM saMvadadhvaM saM vo manAMsi jAnatAm' athavA 'samAno mantraH samitiH samAnI, samAnaM manaH sahacittameSAm' ke rUpa meM sAmAjika cetanA kA spaSTa udghoSa hai| yadyapi prArambhika zramaNa paramparAeM ghara-parivAra aura sAmAjika jIvana se vimukha hI rahI haiM, phira bhI prArambhika bauddhadharma aura jainadharma meM zramaNa saMghoM ke astitva ke sAtha eka dUsare prakAra kI sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa avazya huA hai| inhoMne kramazaH 'carattha bhikkhave cArikaM' bahujana hitAya bahujana sukhAya' athavA 'sameccaloyaM......kheyanne hi pavaie' ke rUpa meM lokamaMgala aura lokakalyANa kI bAta kahI hai| phira bhI inake lie lokamaMgala aura loka-kalyANa kA artha itanA hI thA ki saMsAra ke prANiyoM ko janma maraNa ke duHkha se mukta kiyA jaae| samAja kA bhautika kalyANa aura samAja ke dIna duHkhiyoM ko vAstavika sevA kA vyavahArya pakSa unameM parilakSita nahIM hotaa| bhikSu - jIvana meM saMghIya cetanA kA vikAsa to huA, phira bhI samAja ke sAmAnya sadasyoM ke bhautika kalyANa ke sAtha jur3a nahIM paayaa| jainadharma kA bhikSu saMgha to Aja taka bhI samAja ke vAstavika bhautika kalyANa tathA rogI aura duHkhiyoM kI sevA ko apanI jIvana caryA kA Avazya aMga nahIM maantaa| mAtra sevA kA upadeza detA hai, karatA nahIM hai| zramaNa paramparAoM ne sAmAjika jIvana meM sambaMdhoM kI zuddhi kA prayatna to avazya kiyA aura una tathyoM kA 74

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nirAkaraNa bhI kiyA jo sAmAjika jIvana ko dUSita karate the| phira bhI ve apanI nivRttimArgI dRSTi ke kAraNa vidhAyaka sAmAkitA kA sRjana nahIM kara ske| nivRttimArgI paramparA meM sAmAjika-cetanA kA sarvAdhika vikAsa yadi kahIM huA hai to vaha mahAyAna paramparA meN| mahAyAna paramparA meM sAmAjika cetanA kA jo vikAsa huA hai, use usake graMtha bodhicaryAvatAra meM bahuta spaSTa rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai| samAja kI AMgikatA kA siddhAMta, jo Aja bahuta carcA kA viSaya hai, kA spaSTa ullekha bhI isa graMtha meM prApta hotA hai| bauddhadharma kI mahAyAna zAkhA ne to lokamaMgala ke Adarza ko hI apanI naitikatA kA prANa maanaa| vahAM to sAdhaka lokamaMgala ke Adarza kI sAdhanA meM paramamUlya nirvANa kI bhI upekSA kara detA hai, use apane vaiyaktika nirvANa meM koI ruci nahIM rhtii| mahAyAnI sAdhaka kahatA hai- dUsare prANiyoM ko duHkha se chur3Ane meM jo AnaMda milatA hai, vahI bahuta kAphI hai| apane lie mokSa prApta karanA nIrasa hai, usase hameM kyA lenA denaa| sAdhanA ke sAtha sevA kI bhAvanA kA kitanA suMdara samanvaya hai| lokasevA, loka-kalyANa-kAmanA ke isa mahAn Adarza ko dekhakara hameM barabasa hI zrI bharatasiMha jI upAdhyAya ke svara meM svara milAkara kahanA par3atA hai, kitanI udAtta bhAvanA hai| vizvacetanA ke sAtha apane ko AtmasAta karane kI kitanI vihvalatA hai| parArtha meM AtmArtha ko milA dene kA kitanA apArthiva udyoga hai| AcArya zAMtideva bhI kevala paropakAra yA loka-kalyANa kA saMdeza nahIM dete, varan usa loka-kalyANa ke sampAdana meM bhI pUrNa niSkAmabhAva para bala dete haiN| niSkAmabhAva se loka-kalyANa kaise kiyA jAe, isake lie zAMtideva ne jo vicAra prastuta kie haiM, ve unake maulika ciMtana kA pariNAma hai| gItA ke anusAra vyakti IzvarIya preraNA ko mAnakara niSkAmabhAva se karma karatA rahe athavA svayaM ko aura sabhI sAthI prANiyoM ko usI parabrahma kA hI aMza mAnakara sabhI meM AtmabhAva jAgRta kara binA AkAMkSA ke karma karatA rhe| lekina nirIzvaravAdI aura anAtmavAdI bauddha darzana meM to yaha sambhava nahIM thaa| yaha to AcArya kI bauddhika pratibhA hI hai, jisane manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para niSkAmabhAva se lokahita kI avadhAraNA ko sambhava bnaayaa| samAja ke sAvayavatA ke jisa siddhAMta para breDale prabhRti pAzcAtya vicAraka lokahita aura svahita meM samanvaya sAdhate haiM aura una vicAroM kI maulikatA kA dAvA karate haiM, ve vicAra AcArya zAMtideva ke graMthoM meM bar3e spaSTa rUpa se prakaTa hue haiM aura unake AdhAra para unhoMne niHsvArtha karmayoga kI avadhAraNA ko bhI saphala banAyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki jisa 75

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prakAra nirAtmaka (apanepana ke bhAva rahita ) nija zarIra meM abhyAsavaza apanepana kA bodha hotA hai, vaise hI dUsare prANiyoM ke zarIroM meM abhyAsa se apanepana kA bhAva avazya hI utpanna hogA, kyoMki jaise hAtha Adi aMga apane zarIra ke avayava hone ke kAraNa priya hote haiM, vaise hI sabhI prANI usI jagat ke, jisakA maiM avayava hUM, avayava hone ke kAraNa priya hoMge, unameM bhI AtmabhAva hogA aura yadi saba meM priyatA evaM AtmabhAva utpanna ho gayA to phira dUsaroM ke duHkha dUra kie binA nahIM rahA jA sakegA, kyoMki jisakA jo duHkha ho vaha usase apane ko bacAne kA prayatna to karatA hai / yadi dUsare prANiyoM ko duHkha hotA hai, to hamako usase kyA? aisA mAno to hAtha ko paira kA duHkha nahIM hotA, phira kyoM hAtha se paira kA kaMTaka nikAlakara duHkha se usakI rakSA karate ho ? jaise hAtha paira kA duHkha dUra kie binA nahIM raha sakatA, vaise hI samAja kA koI bhI prajJAyukta sadasya dUsare prANI kA duHkha dUra kie binA nahIM raha sktaa|' isa prakAra AcArya samAja kI sAvayavatA ko siddha kara isa lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA meM lokamaMgala kA saMdeza dete hue Age yaha bhI spaSTa kara dete haiM ki isa lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA meM niSkAmatA honI caahie| ve likhate haiM- 'jisa prakAra apane Apako bhojana karAkara phala kI AzA nahIM hotI, usI prakAra parArtha karake bhI phala kI AzA, garva yA vismaya nahIM hotA hai| kyoMki parArtha dvArA hameM apane hI samAjarUpI zarIra ko yA usake avayavoM kI saMtuSTi karate haiM isalie mAtra paropakAra ke lie hI paropakAra karake, na garva karanA aura na vismaya na vipAkaphala kI icchA hI / ' mahAyAna meM bodhisatva aura gItA meM sthitaprajJa ke jo Adarza haiM ve vyakti ke sthAna para samAja ko mahattva dete haiN| unhoMne vaiyaktika kalyANa yA svahita ke sthAna para sAmAjika kalyANa ko mahattva diyA hai aura isa prakAra vyakti ke Upara samAja ko pratiSThita kiyA hai| mahAyAna ke bodhisatva kA lakSya mAtra vaiyaktika mukti ko prApta kara lenA nahIM / vaha to lokamaMgala ke lie apane baMdhana aura duHkha kI bhI koI paravAha nahIM krtaa| vaha kahatA hai 'bahUnAmekaduHkhena yadi duHkhaM vigacchati, utpAdyameva tad duHkhaM sadayena parAtmanoH / ' mucyamAneSu sattveSu ye te pramodyasAgarAH, taireva nanu paryAptaM mokSaNArasikena kim // " yadi eka ke kaSTa uThAne se bahutoM kA duHkha dUra hotA ho, to karuNApUrvaka unake 76

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duHkha dUra karanA hI acchA hai| prANiyoM ko duHkhoM se mukta hotA huA dekhakara jo AnaMda prApta hotA hai vahI kyA kama hai, phira nIrasa mokSa prApta karane kI icchA kI kyA AvazyakatA hai| vaiyaktika mukti kI dhAraNA kI AlocanA karate hue aura jana-jana kI mukti ke lie apane saMkalpa ko vyakta karate hue bhAgavata, jisameM gItA ke ciMtana kA hI vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai, ke saptama skandha meM prahlAda ne bhI spaSTa rUpa se kahA thA ki - 'prAyeNa deva munayaH svavimuktikAmAH / maunaM caranti vijane na parArthaniSThAH // netAnvihAya kRpaNAnvimumukSu eko| nAnyaM tvadasya zaraNaM bhrmto'nRpshye||' he prabhu! apanI mukti kI kAmanA karane vAle deva aura muni to aba taka kAphI ho cuke haiM, jo maMgala meM jAkara mauna sAdhanA kiyA karate the| kiMtu unameM parArtha-niSThA nahIM thii| maiM to akelA ina saba duHkhIjanoM ko chor3akara mukta honA bhI nahIM caahtaa| vahita banAma lokahita kA prazna jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM saMketa kiyA-- prArambhika zramaNadharma ekAnta sAdhanA aura vaiyakti mukti para hI bala dete the| yadyapi hameM unakI yaha ekAnta sAdhanA aura vaiyaktika mukti kI avadhAraNA jana kalyANa ke viparIta nahIM thI, phira bhI usameM lokahita kA eka vedhAyaka pakSa upalabdha nahIM hotaa| sambhavataH bhagavAna buddha prathama zramaNa the, jinhoMne lokamaMgala kI cetanA ko vikasita kiyaa| pAli aMguttaranikAya meM buddha kA kathana hai ki bhekSuoM, jaise pAnI kA tAlAba gaMdA ho, caMcala ho aura kIcar3ayukta ho, to vahAM kinAre para khar3e AMkha vAle AdamI ko bhI na sIpa dikhAI de, na zaMkha, na kaMkar3a, na patthara, na valatI huI yA sthita mchliyaaN| yaha aisA kyoM? bhikSuoM, pAnI ke gaMdalA hone ke kaarnn| isI prakAra bhikSuoM, isakI sambhAvanA nahIM hai ki vaha bhikSu maile (rAga-dveSAdi se yukta) citta se Atmahita jAna sakegA, parahita jAna sakegA, ubhayahita jAna sakegA aura sAmAnya manuSya dharma se bar3hakara viziSTa AryajJAna-darzana ko jAna skegaa| isakI sambhAvanA hai ki bhikSu nirmala citta se Atmahita ko jAna sakegA, parahita ko jAna sakegA, ubhayahita ko jAna sakegA, sAmAnya manuSya dharma se bar3hakara viziSTa AryajJAna-darzana ko jAna sakegA"" buddha ke isa kathana kA sAra yahI hai ki jIvana meM jaba taka rAga-dveSa aura moha kI 77

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vRttiyAM sakriya haiM , taba taka Atmahita aura lokahita kI yathArthadRSTi utpanna nahIM hotI hai aura jaba yaha yathArtha dRSTi utpanna ho jAtI hai taba svArtha, parArtha aura ubhayArtha meM koI virodha hI nahIM rhtaa| hInayAna yA sthaviravAda meM jo svahitavAda arthAt AtmakalyANa ke dRSTikoNa kA prAdhAnya hai, usakA mUla kAraNa tatkAlIna paristhitiyAM mAnI jA sakatI haiM, phira bhI hInayAna kA usa lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA se mUlataH koI virodha nahIM hai, jo vaiyaktiva naitika vikAsa meM bAdhaka na ho| jisa avasthA taka vaiyaktika naitika vikAsa aura lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA se mUlataH koI virodha nahIM hai, jo vaiyaktika naitika vikAsa meM bAdhaka na ho jisa avasthA taka vaiyaktika naitika vikAsa aura lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA meM avirodha hai usa avasthA taka lokamaMgala use bhI svIkAra hai| vaha mAtra lokamaMgala ke lie AMtariva aura naitika vizuddhi ko adhika mahattva detA hai| AMtarika pavitratA evaM naitika vizuddhira zUnya hokara phalAkAMkSA se yukta lokasevA ke Adarza ko vaha svIkAra nahIM krtaa| usakI samagra AlocanAeM aise hI lokahita ke prati hai| bhikSu pArApariya ne, buddha ke paravartI bhikSuoM meM lokasevA kA jo thothA Adarza jora pakar3a liyA thA, usakI samAlocanA meM nimna vicAra prastuta kie haiM logoM kI sevA kAya se karate haiM, dharma se nhiiN| dUsaroM ko dharma kA upadeza dete haiM, (apane) lAbha ke lie, na ki (unake) artha ke lie| sthaviravAdI bhikSuoM kA virodha lokasevA ke usa rUpa se hai jisakA sevArUpI zarIra to hai, lekina jisakI naitika cetanArUpI AtmA mara cukI hai| vaha lokasevA sevA nahIM, sevA kA pradarzana hai, dikhAvA hai, DhoMga hai, chalanA hai, AtmapravaMcanA hai| DaoN. bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ke anusAra ekAntatA kI sAdhanA kI prArambhika bauddhadharma meM pramukhatA avazya thI, paraMtu sArthaka tathya yaha hai ki use lokasevA ke yA janakalyANa ke viparIta kabhI nahIM mAnA gyaa| balki yaha to usake lie eka taiyArI thii| dUsarI ora yadi hama mahAyAnI sAhitya kA gaharAI se adhyayana kareM to hameM bodhicaryAvatAra, zikSAsamuccaya, laMkAvatArasUtra jaise graMthoM meM bhI kahIM aisI sevAbhAvanA kA samarthana nahIM milatA jo naitika jIvana ke vyaktigata mUlyoM ke virodha meM khar3I ho| lokamaMgala kA jo Adarza mahAyAna paramparA ne prastuta kiyA hai, vaha bhI aise kisI lokahita kA samarthana nahIM karatA, jisake lie vaiyaktika naitikatA ko samApta kara diyA jaae| isa prakAra saiddhAMtika dRSTi se lokahita aura 78

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Atmahita kI avadhAraNA meM hInayAna aura mahAyAna meM koI maulika virodha nahIM rahA jaataa| yadyapi vyAvahArika rUpa se yaha tathya sahI hai ki jahAM eka ora hInayAna ne ekala sAdhanA aura vyaktiniSTha AcAra-paramparA kA vikAsa kiyA aura sAdhanA ko adhikAMzarUpeNa AMtarika evaM vaiyaktika banA diyA, vahAM dUsarI ora mahAyAna ne usI kI pratikriyA meM sAdhanA ke vaiyaktika pakSa kI upekSA kara use sAmAjika aura bahirmukhI banA diyaa| isa taraha lokasevA aura lokAnukampA ko adhika mahattva diyaa| yahAM hama itanA avazya kaha sakate haiM ki hInayAna aura mahAyAna ne jisa sImA taka apane meM isa eka pakSIyatA ko prazraya diyA hai, ve usI sImA taka buddha kI madhyamArgIya dezanA se pIche bhI haTe hindU paramparA meM gItA meM svahita ke Upara lokahita kI pratiSThA huI hai| gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM jo apane lie hI pakAtA aura khAtA hai vaha pApa hI khAtA hai| svahita ke lie jIne vAlA vyakti gItA kI dRSTi meM adhArmika aura nIca hai| gItAkAra ke anusAra jo vyakti prApta bhogoM ko dene vAle ko die binA arthAt unakA RNa cukAe binA khAtA hai vaha cora hai| sAmAjika dAyitvoM kA nirvAha na karanA gItA kI dRSTi meM bhArI aparAdha hai| ___ gItA ke anusAra lokahita karanA manuSya kA karttavya hai| prANiyoM ke hita sampAdana meM lagA huA puruSa hI paramAtmA ko prApta karatA haiM vaha brahma-nirvANa kA adhikArI hotA hai| jise karma karane se koI prayojana nahIM raha gayA hai, jo jIvana mukta ho gayA hai, jise saMsAra ke prANiyoM se koI matalaba nahIM, use bhI loka-hitArtha karma karate rahanA caahie|15 zrIkRSNa arjuna se hI kahate haiM ki lokasaMgraha (lokahita) ke lie tujhe kartavya karanA ucita hai| gItA meM bhagavAna ke avatAra dhAraNa karane kA uddezya sAdhujanoM kI rakSA, duSToM kA nAza aura dharma kI saMsthApanA hai|17 aisI lokamaMgala kI sarvocca bhAvanA kA pratibimba hameM bauddha AcArya zAMtideva ke zikSA samuccaya, nAmaka graMtha meM milatA hai| hindI meM anUdita unakI nimna paMktiyAM mananIya haiM isa duHkhamaya naraloka meM, jitane dalita, bandhagrasita, pIr3ita vipatti vilIna haiM, jitane bahudhandhI viveka vihIna haiN| jo kaThina bhaya se aura dAruNa zoka se atidIna haiM, 79)

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ve mukta ho jibandha se, svacchanda ho saba dvandva se, chUTe dalana ke phanda se, ho aisA jaga meM, duHkha se vilakhe na koI, vedanArtha hile na koI, pApa karma kare na koI, asanmArga dhare na koI, ho sabhI sukhazIla, puNyAcAra dharmavratI, sabakA ho parama kalyANa, sabakA ho parama klyaann|| 18 bhogavAda banAma vairAgyavAda bhogavAda aura vairAgyavAda bhAratIya ciMtana kI AdhArabhUta dhAraNAeM haiN| vairAgyavAda nivartaka dharmoM kA mUla hai to bhogavAda pravartaka dharmoM kaa| vairAgyavAda zarIra aura AtmA tathA vAsanA aura viveka ke dvaita para AdhArita dhAraNA hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki zarIra baMdhana kA kAraNa hai aura samasta adharmoM kA mUla hai, ataH zarIra aura indriyoM kI mAMgoM ko ThukarAnA hI zreyaskara hai| isake viparIta bhogavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki zarIra kI mAMgoM kI pUrti karanA ucita evaM naitika hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM jainadharma vizuddha rUpa se vairAgyavAdI paramparA kA samarthaka rahA hai aura isI dRSTi se usane kisI sImA taka deha daNDana aura Atma-pIr3ana ke tathyoM ko apanI sAdhanA paddhati kA aMga bhI mAnA / jaisA ki hamaneM pUrva meM saMketa kiyA hai zramaNa paramparA ke bhagavAna buddha prathama vyakti haiM, jinhoMne ina donoM ke madhya evaM saMtulana banAte hue madhyama mArga kA upadeza diyA hai| buddha kaThora mArga ( deha daNDana) aura zithila mArga (bhogavAda) donoM ko hI asvIkAra karate haiN| buddha ke anusAra yathArtha naitika jIvana kA mArga madhyama mArga hai / udAna meM bhI buddha apane isI dRSTikoNa ko prastuta karate hue kahate haiM -- 'brahmacarya (saMnyAsa) ke sAtha vratoM kA pAlana karanA hI sAra hai-- yaha eka anta hai| kAma - bhogoM ke sevana meM koI doSa nahIM yaha dUsarA aMta hai| ina donoM prakAra ke aMtoM ke sevana se saMskAroM kI vRddhi hotI hai aura mithyA dhAraNA bar3hatI hai|' isa prakAra buddha apane madhyamamArgIya dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para vairAgyavAda aura bhogavAda meM yathArtha samanvaya sthApita karate haiN| bhagavAna buddha ne jisa madhyama mArga ke vikAsa kA upadeza diyA thA, usI kA vikAsa mahAyAna paramparA meM huA, yadyapi yaha satya hai ki madhyama mArga kA upadeza dete hue bhI buddha ne bhoga kI apekSA vairAgya para kucha adhika bala diyA thA, jabaki mahAyAna sAdhanA 80

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kisI sImA taka bhogavAda kI ora adhika jhuka gii| mahAyAnI bauddha AcArya anaMgavajra kahate haiM ki citta kSubdha hone se kabhI bhI mukti nahIM hotI, ataH isa prakAra baratanA cAhie ki jisase mAnasika kSobha utpanna na ho| vAsanAoM ke damana kI prakriyA citta zAMti kI prakriyA nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki Age calakara mahAyAna meM daihika icchAoM ke damana kI ora mahAyAna kA yaha jhukAva use tantrayAna aura vAmamArga kI dizA meM pravRtta kara detA hai| daihika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti aura Atma-pIr3ana kI AlocanA ke sambaMdha meM mahAyAna kA dRSTikoNa gItA ke atyaMta nikaTa hai| gItA kA anAsakti yoga bhI bhogavAda aura vairAgyavAda kI samasyA kA yathArtha samAdhAna prastuta karatA hai| yadyapi gItA meM aneka sthAnoM para vairAgya bhAva kA upadeza hai, kiMtu yaha spaSTa hai ki gItA vairAgya ke nAma para dehadaNDana kI prakriyA kI samarthaka nahIM hai| niSkarSa yadi hama tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kareM to spaSTa rUpa se yaha pAte haiM ki mahAyAna sampradAya ne pravartaka dharma kI aneka avadhAraNAoM ko zramaNa paramparA ke anurUpa rUpAntarita kiyA hai, vaha usakI maulika vizeSatA hai| gRhasthajIvana se sIdhe nirvANa kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra kara usane saMnyAsa aura gRhI jIvana ke madhya eka sArthaka saMtulana banAyA hai jisameM saMnyAsa kA mahattva bhI yathAvat surakSita raha sakA hai| isake sAtha hI zramaNa saMsthA ko samAja sevA aura lokamaMgala kA bhAgIdAra banAkara zramaNa paramparA para hone vAle svArthavAditA ke AkSepa kA parihAra kara diyA hai aura bhikSu saMgha ko samAja jIvana kA eka upayogI aMga banA diyA hai| vaidika dharma yA gItA kI avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA ko parimArjita kara zramaNa paramparA ke anurUpa bodhisatvoM kI avadhAraNA prastuta kii| yahAM hama spaSTa rUpa se yaha dekhate haiM ki avatAra ke samAna bodhisatva bhI lokamaMgala ke lie apane jIvana ko utsarga kara detA hai, prANiyoM kA kalyANa hI usake jIvana kA Adarza hai| bodhisatva aura avatAra kI avadhAraNA meM tAttvika aMtara hote hue lokamaMgala ke sampAdana meM donoM samAna rUpa se pravRtta hote haiN| jainoM ke tIrthaMkara aura hInayAna ke buddha ke Adarza aise Adarza haiM, jo nirvANa ke uparAMta apane bhaktoM kI pIr3A ke nivAraNa meM sakriya rUpa se sAjhIdAra nahIM bana skte| ataH bhakta hRdaya aura mAnava ko saMtoSa dene ke lie jainoM ne zAsanadeva aura deviyoM (yakSayakSiyoM) kI avadhAraNA prastuta kI, to mahAyAna sampradAya ne tArA Adi devI-devatAoM ko apanI sAdhanA meM sthAna pradAna kiyaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mahAyAna sampradAya (81)

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vaidika paramparA meM vikasita gItA kI aneka avadhAraNAoM se vaicArika sAmya rakhatA hai| pravRttimArgI dharma ke aneka tattva mahAyAna paramparA meM isa prakAra AtmasAta ho gae ki Age calakara use bhArata meM hindU dharma ke sAmane apanI alaga pahacAna banAe rakhanA kaThina ho gayA aura use hindU dharma ne AtmasAta kara liyaa| jabaki usI zramaNa dhArA kA jainadharma nivRttyAtmaka pakSa para barAbara bala detA rahA hai aura apanA svataMtra astitva banAe rkhaa| saMdarbha : - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. theragAthA, 941-942 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. dazacUlikA 1/11-13 - suttanipAta 2 / 72 bodhicaryAvatAra, 8/99 vahI, 8/116 vahI 8/109 bodhicaryAvatAra - 8/105 vahI - 8/108 zrImadbhAgavat 9/44 aMguttaranikAya bauddha darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR. 609 gItA, 3/13 vahI, 3/12 vahI, 5/25, 12/4 vahI, 3/18 vahIM, 3/20 vahI, 4/8 zikSAsamuccaya, anUdita, dharmadUta, maI 1941 82

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bauddhatripiTaka sAhitya ke anuvAda meM paM.rAhulajI ke jainadharma , sambaMdhI mantavyoM kI samAlocanA mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana bhAratIya vAMgmaya ke vizruta vidvAna the| hindI sAhitya kI vividha-vidhAoM meM bhAratIya vAMgmaya ko unakA avadAna avismaraNIya hai| darzana ke kSetra meM rAhulajI ne jitanA adhika pAzcAtya darzanoM, vizeSa rUpa se dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda evaM bauddhadarzana ke sambaMdha meM likhA, usakI apekSA jainadarzana ke kSetra meM unakA lekhana bahuta hI alpa hai| unake graMtha darzana-digdarzana' meM vardhamAna mahAvIra aura anekAntavAdI jaina darzana ke sambaMdha meM jo kucha likhA hai, use athavA bauddhagraMthoM meM Ane vAlI jainadharma-darzana sambaMdhI samIkSAoM ke hindI anuvAda ko chor3akara unhoMne jainadarzana ke kSetra meM kucha likhA ho, aisA mujhe jJAta nhiiN| ataH yahAM jainadarzana ke kSetra meM unake vicAroM kI samIkSA inhIM granthAMzoM ke AdhAra para kI gaI hai| unhoMne apane graMtha 'darzana-digdarzana' meM jaina paramparA kA ullekha vizeSarUpa se do sthaloM para kiyA hai-- eka to buddha ke samakAlIna cha: tIrthaMkaroM ke saMdarbha meM aura dUsarA jainadarzana ke svataMtra pratipAdana ke kSetra meN| bauddhagraMthoM meM varNita chaH tIrthaMkaroM meM varddhamAna mahAvIra kA ullekha unhoMne sarvajJatAvAdI ke rUpa meM kiyA hai, kiMtu unhoMne yaha samagra vivaraNa bauddhagraMthoM ke AdhAra para hI prastuta kiyA hai| buddha ke samakAlIna cha: tIrthaMkaroM aura vizeSa rUpa se varddhamAna mahAvIra ke saMdarbha meM yadi ve bauddhetara srotoM ko bhI AdhAra banAte to unake sAtha adhika nyAya kara sakate the, kyoMki bauddhagraMthoM meM mahAvIra kA jo citraNa nirgrantha jJAtRputra (nATaputta) ke rUpa meM hai usameM satyAMza to hai, kiMtu vaha eka Alocaka dRSTi se hI likhA gayA hai, ataH unake vyaktitva ko samyak rUpa se prastuta nahIM karatA hai| mahAvIra ke sambaMdha meM dIghanikAya ke AdhAra para ve likhate haiM -- 'mahAvIra kI mukhya zikSA ko bauddhatripiTaka meM isa prakAra uddhRta kiyA gayA hai- nigraMtha (jaina sAdhu) cAra saMvaroM (saMyamoM) se saMvRtta rahatA hai| 1. nirgrantha jala ke vyavahAra kA vAraNa karatA hai, (jisase jala ke jIvana na mAre jAveM), 2. sabhI pApoM kA vAraNa karatA hai, 3. sabhI pApoM ke vAraNa karane se vaha pApa rahita (dhUtapApa) hotA hai, 4. sabhI pApoM kA vAraNa meM lagA rahatA hai| ... cUMki nigraMtha ina cAra prakAra ke saMvaroM se saMvRtta rahatA hai isalie vaha -- gatAtmA (anicchuka), yatAtmA (saMyamI) aura sthitAtmA kahalAtA (83)

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hai|' (darzanadigdarzana, pR.495) isa vivaraNa meM mahAvIra kI zikSAoM ko cArtuyAma saMvara ke rUpa meM prastuta karate hue, unhoMne jisa cArtuyAma saMvara kA ullekha kiyA hai, vastutaH vaha cArtuyAma saMvara kA mArga mahAvIra kA nahIM, pArzva kA hai| paravartIkAla meM jaba pArzva kI nigraMtha paramparA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM sammilita ho gaI, to tripiTaka saMkalanakartAoM ne donoM dhArAoM ko eka mAnakara pArzva ke vicAroM ko bhI mahAvIra ke nAma se hI prastuta kiyaa| tripiTaka ke saMkalana kartAoM kI isa bhrAMti kA anusaraNa rAhulajI ne bhI kiyA aura apanI ora se TippaNI ke rUpa meM bhI isa bhUla ke parimArjana kA koI prayatna nahIM kiyaa| jabaki unake sahakarmI bauddhabhikSu jagadIza kAzyapajI ne isa bhUla ke parimArjana kA prayatna dIghanikAya kI bhUmikA meM vistAra se kiyA hai, ve likhate haiM-- 'sAmaJavaphalasutta' meM varNita cha: tairthikoM ke matoM ke anusAra, apane-apane sAmpradAyika saMgaThanoM ke keMdra avazya rahe hoNge| inake avazeSa khojane ke lie deza ke vartamAna dhArmika-jIvana meM khoja karanA sArthaka hogaa| kama se kama 'nigaNTha-nAtaputta' se hamaloga nizcita rUpa se paricita haiN| ve jainadharma ke aMtima tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra hI haiN| pAli-saMskaraNa meM ve hI 'cAturyAma saMvara' siddhAMta ke prarvattaka kahe jAte haiN| sambhavataH aisA bhUla se ho gayA hai| vAstava meM 'cAturyAma-dharma ke prarvataka unake pUrvavartI tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha the-- savvAto pANAtivAyAo veramaNaM evaM mussAvAyAo veramaNaM, savvAto adinAdANAoveramaNaM, savvAto bahiddhAdANAo veramaNaM (ThANAMga (ThANa 4), pR.201, sUtra 266) / uparyukta varNita 'cArtuyAma saMvara' siddhAMta meM pariggahaveramaNaM' nAmaka eka aura vrata jor3akara pArzvanAtha ke paravartI tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne paMcamahAvrata-dharma kA pravartana kiyaa| (jJAtavya hai ki yahAM kAzyapajI se bhI bhUla ho gaI hai, vastutaH mahAvIra ne parigraha viramaNa nahIM, maithunaciramaNa yA brahmacarya kA mahAvrata jor3A thaa| 'bahiddhadANa' kA artha to parigraha hai hii| pArzva strI ko bhI parigraha hI mAnate the|) yaha bhI vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna dene yogya hai ki jisa rUpa meM pAli meM cAturyAmasaMvara' siddhAMta kA ullekha milatA hai, vaisA jaina sAhitya meM kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hotaa| pAli meM yaha isa prakAra varNita hai-- 'sabbavArivAritAca hoti, sabbavAriyuttoca, sabbavAridhuto ca, sabbavAriphuTo' aura isakA artha bhI spaSTa jJAta nahIM hotaa| ise dekhakara yaha jJAta hotA hai ki sambhavataH yaha tor3a-maror3a ke hI kAraNa hai|' (dIghanikAya-nAlaMdAsaMskaraNa, prathamabhAga (84)

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kI bhUmikA pR.13-14)| ataH rAhulajI ne cAra saMvaroM kA ullekha jisa rUpa meM kiyA hai, vaha aura dIghanikAya ke isa aMza kA jo hindI anuvAda rAhulajI ne kiyA hai vaha bhI, nirdoSa nahIM hai| dIghanikAya kA vaha mUlapATha, usakI aTTakathA aura anuvAda isa prakAra hai-- 'evaM vutte, bhante, nigaNTho nATaputto maM atadavoca- idha mahArAja, nigaNTho cAtuyAmasaMvarasaMvuto hoti? mahArAja nigaNTho kathaM ca mahArAja nigaNTho cAtuyAma saMvarosaMvuto hoti? idha sabbavArivArito ca hoti, sabbavAriyutato ca, sabbavAridhuto ca, sabbavAriphu To ca evaM kho, mahArAja, nigaNTho cAtuyAmasaMvarasaMvuto hoti-- ayaM vuccAti, mahArAja nigaNTho gatatto ca yatatto ca Thitatto cA ti|' (dIghanikAya 2/5/28) nATaputtapAde cAtuyAmasaMvarasaMvuto hi catukoTThAsena saMvarena sNvuto| sabbavArito cAti vAritasabbaudako paTikkhittasabbasItodako ti attho| so kira sItodake sattasaMca hAti, tasmA na taM vljeti| sabbavAriyutto ti sabbena pApavAraNena yutto| sabbavAridhuto ti sabbena pApavAraNena dhutpaapo| sabbavAriphuTo ti sabbena pApavAraNena phuttttho| gatatto ti kottippttcitto| yatatto ti sNytcitto| ThiAtatto (dI.ni. 1.50) ti supptitttthitcitto| etassa vAde kiMci sAsanAnulomaM pi atthi, asuddhaladdhitAyana sabbA diThayeva jaataa| -- sumaMgala vilAsinI aTThakathA (pR. 189) aisA kahane para bhnte| nigaNThanAthaputta ne yaha uttara diyA-- mahArAja! nigaNTha cAra saMvaroM se saMvRtta rahatA hai| mahArAja! nigaNTha cAra saMvaroM se kaise saMvata rahatA hai? mahArAja! 1. nigaNTha jala ke vyavahAra kA vAraNa karatA hai (jisameM jala ke jIvana na mAre jAveM), 2. sabhI pApoM kA vAraNa karatA hai, 3. sabhI pApoM ke vAraNa karane se dhUtapApa hotA hai, 4. sabhI pApoM ke vAraNa karane meM lagA rahatA hai| mahArAja nigaNTha isa prakAra cAra saMvaroM se saMvRta rahatA hai| mahArAja nigaNTha ina cAra prakAra ke saMvaroM se saMvRta rahatA hai, isIlie vaha nigraMtha gatAtmA, yatAtmA aura sthitAtmA kahalAtA hai|' vastutaH yahAM rAhula jI jinheM cAturyAma saMvara kaha rahe haiM, ve cAturyAma saMvara hokara nigraMtha sAdhaka cAturyAma saMvara kA pAlana kisa prakAra karatA hai usake sambaMdha meM merI dRSTi meM yahAM kathaM' kA artha kauna se na hokara kisa prakAra hai cAturyAma ke rUpa meM jainAgamoM meM jinakA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai ve nimna haiM-- 1. prANatipAta viramaNa 2. mRSAvAd viramaNa 3. adattAdAna viramaNa 851

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4. bahirdAdAna viramaNa (parigraha tyAga ) jaina Agama sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga Adi meM cArtuyAma saMvara kA ullekha isI rUpa meM milatA hai| dIghanikAya ke isa aMza kA jo artha rAhulajI ne kiyA hai vaha bhI truTipUrNa hai| prathamataH yahAM vAri zabda kA artha jala na hokara vAraNa karane yogya arthAt pApa hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM vIrastuti meM mahAvIra ko 'vAriya savvavAraM ' ( sUtrakRtAMga, 1/6/28) kahA gayA hai| yahAM 'vAra' zabda 'pApa' ke artha meM hI hai, jala ke artha meM nahIM hai| punaH jaina muni mAtra sacittajala (jIvanayutta jala ) ke upayoga kA tyAga karatA hai, sarvajala kA nhiiN| ataH sumaMgalavilAsinI aTTakathAkAra evaM rAhulajI dvArA yahAM vAri yA jala artha karanA ayuktisaMgata hai| kyoMki eka vAkyAMza meM 'vAri' kA artha jala karanA aura dUsare meM usI 'vAri' zabda kA artha 'pApa' karanA samIcIna nahIM hai| cUMki nirgratha sacitta (jIvana - yukta) jala ke tyAgI hote the, snAna nahIM karate vastra nahIM dhAte the| ataH inhIM bAtoM ko AdhAra mAnakara yahAM 'savvavArivArito' kA artha jala kA tyAga karate haiM, yaha mAna liyA gayA, kiMtu svayaM sumaMgala vilAsinI TIkA yA aTTakathA meM bhI spaSTa ullekha haiM ki nirgratha mAtra sacitta jala kA tyAgI hotA hai, sarvajala kA nahIM, ataH vAri kA artha jala karanA ucita nahIM hai| dIghanikAya kI aTTakathA meM 'vAri' kA jo bhrAMta artha jala kiyA gayA thA, rAhulajI kA yaha anuvAda bhI usI para AdhArita hai / ataH isa bhrAMta artha karane ke lie rAhulajI utane doSI nahIM hai, jitane sumaMgalavilAsinI ke karttA / sambhavataH nirgaMthoM ne jalIya jIvoM kI hiMsA se bacane ke lie jala ke upayoga para jo pratibaMdha lagAe gae the, usI se artha aura TIkA meM yaha bhrAMti huI hai| Age isI krama meM unhoMne svayaM 'vAri' kA artha 'pApa' karake sabbavAriyutto kA artha vaha saba pApoM kA vAraNa karatA hai, kiyA hai| kiMtu yaha artha mUpATha ke anurUpa nahIM hai, kyoMki yahAM vAri kA artha pApa karake bhI yutto kA artha vAraNa karanA -- kiyA gayA hai, vaha samucita nahIM hai, kyoMki pAlIkozoM ke anusAra yutto zabda kA artha kisI bhI sthiti meM 'vAraNa' nahIM ho sakatA hai| koza ke anusAra to isakA artha lipta hotA hai, ataH isa vAkyAMza kA artha hogA-- vaha sarva pApoM se yukta yA lipta hotA hai-- jo nizcaya hI isa prasaMga meM galata hai / merI dRSTi meM yahAM mUlapATha meM bhrAnti hai -- sambhavataH mUlapATha 'yutto' na hokara 'yato' honA caahie| kyoMki mUlapATha 'Age nirgratha ke lie 'yato' vizeSaNa kA prayoga huA hai, jo 'yato' pATha kI 86

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puSTi karatA hai| yadi hama mUlapATha 'yutto' hI mAnate haiM use ayutto' mAnakara vAri+ayatto kI saMdhi prakriyA meM a' kA lopa mAnanA hogaa| prAkRta vyAkaraNa aura sambhavataH pAli vyAkaraNa meM bhI svara-sandhi ke niyamoM meM do svaroM kI sandhi meM vikalpa se eka svara kA lopa mAnA jAtA hai| ataH mUla pATha 'ayutto' honA cAhie, kiMtu sumaMgalavilAsinI meM aisA koI nirdeza nahIM hai| (paThamobhAgo, pR.189) apitu usameM saMdhi tor3akara yutto pATha hI hai| kiMtu yato pATha mAnane para isa aMza kA artha hogA, vaha saba pApoM ke prati saMyamavAna yA unakA niyaMtraNa karane vAlA hotA hai| ataH rAhulajI kA yaha anuvAda bhI merI dRSTi meM mUlapATha se saMgatipUrNa nahIM hai, phira bhI unhoMne vaha sarvapApoM kA vAraNa karatA hai, aisA jo artha kiyA hai, vaha satya ke nikaTa hai| mUlapATha bhrAMta aura TIkA ke aspaSTa hote hue bhI, unhoMne yaha artha kisa AdhAra para kiyA maiM nahIM jAnatA, sambhavataH yaha unakI svapratibhA se hI prasUta huA hogaa| phira bhI pAli ke vidvAnoM ko isa samasyA para vicAra karanA caahie| isake Age sabbavAridhuto kA artha -- vaha sabhI pApoM se rahita hotA hai-- saMgatipUrNa hai| kiMtu Age sabbavAriphuTo kA artha-- vaha sabhI pApoM se rahita hotA hai-- saMgatipUrNa hai| kiMtu Age sabbavAriphuTo kA artha punaH mUla se saMgati nahIM rakhatA hai| rAhulajI ne isakA artha vaha sabhI pApoM ke vAraNa meM lagA rahatA hai-- kisa prakAra kiyA maiM nahIM samajha pA rahA huuN| kyoMki kisI bhI sthiti meM phuTo' kA artha-vAraNa karane meM lagA rahatA hai, nahIM hotA hai| pAli ke vidvAna isa para bhI vicAra kreN| mUla ke phuTo athavA sumaMgalavilAsinI TIkA ke phuTo kA saMskRta rUpa spRSTa yA spaSTa hogaa| isa AdhAra para isakA artha hogA vaha saba pApoM se spRSTa arthAt sparzita yA vyApta hotA hai, kiMtu yaha artha bhI saMgatipUrNa nahIM lagatA hai-- nigraMtha jJAtaputra svayaM apane nigraMthoM ko saba pApoM se sparzita to nahIM kaha sakate haiN| yahAM bhI rAhula jI ne artha ko saMgatipUrNa banAne kA prayAsa to kiyA, kiMtu vaha mUlapATha ke sAtha saMgati nahIM rakhatA hai| pAli aMgrejI koza meM rAisaDeviDsa ne bhI ina donoM zabdoM ke artha nizcaya meM kaThinAI kA anubhava kiyA hai| merI dRSTi meM yahAM bhI yA to mUlapATha meM koI bhrAMti hai yA pAli vyAkaraNa ke svara saMdhi ke niyama se aphuTo' ke 'a' kA lopa ho gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM mUlapATha honA cAhie-- sabbvAriaphuTo, tabhI isakA artha hogA vaha sarva pApoM se asparzita hotA hai| yahAM bhI rAhulajI artha kI saMgati baiThAne kA jo prayAsa kiyA hai vaha ucita to hai| kiMtu mUla pATha evaM aTThakathA (TIkA) ke sambaMdha meM unakI ora koI TippaNI nahIM honA pAThaka ke lie eka samasyA bana jAtI hai| merI dRSTi meM dIghanikAya (87)

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ke usa samagra aMza kA pATha zuddhi ke pazcAt vAstavika artha isa prakAra honA cAhie-- 'he mahArAja, nigraMtha cAturyAma saMvara se saMvRta hotA hai, vaha cArtuyAma saMvara se kisa prakAra saMvRta hotA hai? he mahArAja! nigraMtha saba pApoM kA vAraNa karatA hai| vaha sarvapApoM ke prati saMyata yA unakA niyaMtraNa karane vAlA hotA hai| vaha sabhI pApoM se rahita (dhUta) aura sabhI pApoM se asparzita hotA hai| isI prasaMga meM AdaraNIya rAhulajI ne mahAvIra ko sarvajJAtAvAdI kahA hai (darzanadigdarzana, pa.494) yaha satya hai ki mahAvIra ko prAcInakAla se hI 'sarvajJa' kahA jAtA thaa| sUtrakRtAMga ke vIrastuti nAma chaThe adhyAya meM unheM sarvaprathama sarvajJa (savannU) kahA gayA hai-- kiMtu prAcInakAla meM jaina paramparA sarvajJa kA artha AtmajJa hI hotA thaa| AcArAMga ke-- je egaM jANaI te savvaM jANaI' evaM bhagavatI ke kevali siya jANai siya Na jANaI' -- pATha se tathA kundakunda ke isa kathana se kevali nizcaya naya se kevala AtmA ko jAnatA hai' -- isI tathya kI puSTi hotI hai| sarvajJa kA yaha artha hai ki vaha sarvadravyoM evaM paryAyoM kA trikAla jJAtA hotA hai, paravartIkAla meM nirdhArita huaa| Age calakara sarvajJa kA yahI artha rur3ha ho gayA aura sarvajJa ke isI vyutpattiparaka artha ko mAnakara bauddha tripiTaka meM unakI sarvajJatA kI niMdA bhI kI gii| 'sarvajJa' yA kevali' zabda ke prAcIna pAribhASika evaM lAkSaNika artha ke sthAna para isa vyutpattimUlaka artha para bala dene se hI yaha bhrAMti utpanna huI hai| kiMtu yaha durbhAgyapUrNa ghaTanA buddha aura mahAvIra donoM ke sAtha ghaTita huI, jo buddha sarvajJatAvAda ke Alocaka rahe, unheM bhI paravartI bauddha sAhitya meM usI artha meM sarvajJa mAna liyA gayA hai, jisa artha meM paravartI jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkaroM ko aura nyAya paramparA meM Izvara ko sarvajJa kahA gayA hai| vAstavika rUpa meM prAcInakAla meM mahAvIra ko usa artha meM sarvajJa nahIM kahA jAtA thA, jisa artha meM pAlitripiTaka va paravartI jaina sAhitya meM unheM sarvajJa kahA gayA hai| durbhAgya se rAhula jI ne bhI sarvajJa kA yahI paravartI artha le liyA hai| jabaki sarvajJa kA prAcIna artha to jaina paramparA meM AtmajJa aura bauddha paramparA meM heya, jJeya aura upAdeya kA jJAtA hI rahA hai| - rAhula jI kA yaha kathana bhI kisI sImA taka satya hai ki jainadharma meM prArambha se hI zArIrika kAryoM ko pradhAnatA para zArIrika tapasyA para bala diyA gayA hai (darzanadigdarzana, pR. 495-496) / kiMtu unakI isa dhAraNA para AdhAra bhI bauddhatripiTaka sAhitya meM mahAvIra ke jIvana aura darzana kA jisa rUpa meM prastutikaraNa huA hai vahI hai-- yahAM bhI (88)

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unhoMne jaina AgamoM ko dekhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki jainadarzana bhI bauddhoM ke samAna hI mAnasakarma ko hI pradhAna mAnatA hai, phira bhI itanA avazya satya hai ki kAyikakarma yA kAyikasAdhanA ko mAnasikakarma kI anivArya phalazruti mAnatA hai vaha kahatA hai ki jo vicAra meM hotA hai vahI AcAra meM hotA hai| vicAra (mAnasakarma) aura AcAra (kAyikakarma) kA dvaita use mAnya nahIM hai| vicAra se kucha aura AcAra meM kucha, ise jainadharma Atma payaMcanA mAnatA hai, mana se satya ko samajhate hue anyathA rUpa meM AcaraNa karanA pApa hai| mana meM ahiMsA aura karuNA tathA vyavahAra meM krUratA yA hiMsA kA chalanA hI hai| ___ rAhulajI kI yaha TippaNI bhI satya hai ki mahAvIra ne svayaM apane jIvana meM aura jainasAdhanA meM zArIrika tapoM ko Avazya mAnA hai| kiMtu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki mahAvIra mAtra deha-daNDana yA Atma-pIr3ana ke samarthaka the| unhoMne uttarAdhyayana meM tapa ke bAhya aura AbhyAntara aise do pakSa mAne the aura donoM para hI samAna bala diyA thaa| svAdhyAya, sevA aura dhyAna bhI unakI dRSTi meM tapa ke hI mahattvapUrNa aMga hai| ataH rAhulajI kA mahAvIra ko mAtra zArIrika pakSa para bala dene vAlA aura AbhyAntara pakSa kI avahelanA kara lene vAlA, mAnanA-samucita nahIM hai| anekAntavAdI jainadarzana ke sambaMdha meM unakI yaha TippaNI hai ki anekAnta aura syAdvAda kA vikAsa saMjaya velaTTIputta ke vikSepavAda se huA, bhI pUrNataH satya nahIM hai (darzana-digdarzana, pR. 595) / vastutaH saMjaya ke vikSepavAda kA bauddhoM ke vibhajyavAda evaM zUnyavAda kA aura jainoM ke anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda kA vikAsa aupaniSadika catuSkoTiyoM aura vibhajyavAdI dRSTikoNa se huA hai| ___darzana-digdarzana (pR. 597) meM eka sthala para unhoMne jainadharma ke jina pAMca tattvoM kA ullekha kiyA vaha bhI bhrAMta hai-- unhoMne jina pAMca tattvoM kA ullekha kiyA hai ve haiM- jIva, ajIva, dharma, AkAza aura pudgl| isameM ajIva ko nirarthaka rUpa se jor3A hai aura adharma' ko chor3a diyA hai, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura pudgala sabhI ajIva hI mAne gae haiN| jainadharma ke sambaMdha meM rAhulajI kI yaha TippaNI ki unakI pRthvI, jala, Adi ke jIvoM kI ahiMsA ke vicAra ne jainadharma kI anuyAyiyoM ko kRSi ke vimukha kara vaNika banA diyaa| ve utpAdaka zrama se haTakara paropajIvI ho ge| unakA yaha mantavya bhI kisI 89

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sImA taka ucita to hai-- kiMtu pUrNataH satya nahIM hai| Aja bhI bundelakhaNDa, mevAr3a, mahArASTra aura karnATaka meM jainajAtiyAM kRSi para AdhArita haiM aura unheM kRSikarma karate hue dekhA jA sakatA hai| prAcIna Agama bhagavatIsUtra meM isa prazna para ki kRSikarma meM kRmi Adi kI hiMsA kI jo ghaTanA ghaTita ho jAtI hai, usake lie gRhastha uttaradAyI hai yA nahIM , gaMbhIra rUpa se vicAra huA hai| usameM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki koI bhI gRhastha kI jAne vAlI hiMsA kA uttaradAyI hotA hai, ho jAne vAlI hiMsA kA nhiiN| kRSi karate hue jo prANIhiMsA ho jAtI hai, usake lie gRhastha uttaradAyI nahIM hai| isI prakAra jainoM kA ahiMsA kA siddhAMta vyakti ko kAyara yA bhagor3A nahIM banAtA hai| vaha gRhastha ke lie AkrAmaka hiMsA kA niSedha karatA hai, surakSAtmaka hiMsA (virodhI-hiMsA) kA nhiiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jainadharma ke sambaMdha meM rAhulajI ke mantavya AMzika satya hokara bhI apUrNa yA ekAMgI hai| kyoMki unhoMne isa sambaMdha meM jaina srotoM kI khoja-bIna kA prayatna nahIM kiyA hai| - jaina evaM bauddha pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha nirdhAraNa aura anuvAda kI samasyA kisI zabda ke artha kA nirdhAraNa karane yA use pAribhASita karane meM aneka kaThinAiyAM upasthita hotI haiN| kyoMki zabdoM ke vAcyArtha badalate rahate haiN| sAtha hI unameM artha saMkoca aura artha vistAra bhI hotA hai| yaha kaThinAI taba aura adhika samasyAprada bana jAtI hai, jaba eka hI paramparA meM kAlakrama meM zabda kA artha badala jAtA hai| kucha zabda kAlakrama meM apane purAne artha ko khojakara nae artha ko grahaNa karate haiM to kucha zabda eka paramparA se Akara dUsarI paramparA meM mUla artha se bhinna kisI artha meM rur3ha ho jAtA hai| Asava zabda jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM samAna rUpa se prayukta huA hai, kiMtu usake artha bhinna ho gae haiN| jaina aura bauddha paramparA ke aneka pAribhASika zabdoM ke sAtha sthiti rahI hai| kucha zabda anya paramparA se jaina paramparA meM Ae, kiMtu yahAM Akara unakA artha badala gyaa| punaH kucha zabda jaina evaM bauddha paramparA meM bhI kAlakrama meM apane purAne artha koM 90

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chor3akara nae-nae artha ko grahaNa karate rahe haiM / prastuta nibaMdha meM hama inhIM do kaThinAiyoM ke saMdarbha meM jaina pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha-nirdhAraNa kI samasyA para prakAza DAlane kA prayatna kreNge| zabda ke artha - nirdhAraNa kI samasyA se jainAcArya prAcIna kAla se hI paricita the, ataH unhoMne sarvaprathama nikSepa aura naya ke siddhAMtoM kA vikAsa kiyA, tAki saMdarbha aura vaktA ke abhiprAya ke AdhAra para zabda evaM vAkya ke artha kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jA ske| zabda ke artha nirdhAraNa meM usake saMdarbha kA vicAra karanA yaha nikSepa kA kArya hai aura vakta ke abhiprAya ke AdhAra para vAkya kA artha samajhanA yaha naya kA kArya mAnA gyaa| nikSepa zabda ke artha kA nizcaya karatA hai aura naya vAkya ke artha kA nizcaya karatA hai / zabdoM ke artha-nirdhAraNa evaM unako pAribhASita karane meM eka samasyA yaha bhI graMtha kisI anya deza evaM kAla kI racanA hotA hai aura usake vyAkhyAkAra yA TIkAkAra kisI anya deza aura kAla ke vyakti hote haiM / isalie kabhI-kabhI unake dvArA kI gaI zabda kI paribhASAeM apane mUla artha se bhinna hotI haiM aura kabhI-kabhI bhrAMta bhI / jaina paramparA meM kaI zabdoM ke TIkAkAroM ke dvArA kie gae artha apane mUla artha se bhinna haiM aura kabhI-kabhI to graMtha ke hArda ko bhI samajhane meM kaThinAI utpanna karate haiN| yaha samasyA bhI vizeSa rUpa se una graMthoM ke saMdarbha meM hai jo paryApta prAcIna haiN| aise graMthoM meM hama AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura kucha chedasUtroM ko le sakate haiN| yahAM hama inake sabhI zabdoM ke saMdarbha meM to vicAra nahIM kara sakeMge, kiMtu kucha pratinidhi pAribhASika zabdoM ko lekara unake artha-nirdhAraNa kI samasyA para vicAra kreNge| sarvaprathama hama arihaMta yA arahaMta zabda ko hI leN| prAcInakAla meM vaha zabda jaina paramparA kA viziSTa zabda na hokara bhAratIya paramparA kA eka sAmAnya zabda thaa| apane mUla artha meM yaha zabda pUjA-yogya arthAt pUjanIya yA 'sammAnanIya' artha kA vAcaka thA aura usake bAda yaha zabda vAsanAoM se mukta evaM rAga-dveSa ke vijetA vitarAga vyakti ke lie prayoga kiyA jAne lagA, kyoMki vaha sammAnanIya yA pUjyanIya hotA thA / prAcIna jaina evaM bauddhagraMthoM meM yaha zabda isI artha meM prayukta huA, kiMtu jaba jaina paramparA meM karma - siddhAMta kA vikAsa huA to isa zabda ko punaH eka nayA artha milA aura yaha kahA gayA ki jo vyakti cAraghAtI karmoM ko arthAt jJAnAvaraNIya darzanAvaraNIya, mohanIya aura antarAya ko kSaya kara letA hai, vaha 'arhat' hai| jJAnAvaraNa aura darzanAvaraNa ke kSaya karane ke kAraNa 'arahanta' 91

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ko sarvajJa yA paryAyavAcI mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra 'arahanta' zabda ne jaina paramparA meM eka apanA vizeSa artha prApta kiyaa| kAlAntara meM arihanta ke (ari+haMta) rUpa se yaha rAgadveSa rUpI zatruoM ko mArane vAlA aura arahaMta ke rUpa meM jo saMsAra meM punaH janma nahIM lene vAlA mAnA gayA, vaha vyAkhyA jaina aura bauddha donoM meM hai| ataH Age calakara yaha artha bhI sthira nahIM raha sakA aura jaina paramparA meM arahaMta zabda kevala tIrthaMkaroM kA paryAyavAcI bana gyaa| yadi hama savvaNu' (sarvajJa) aura kevalI zabda kA itihAsa dekheM to inake bhI artha meM kAlAntara meM vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| prAcIna stara ke jaina AgamoM jaise-- sUtrakRtAMga, bhagavatI Adi meM sarvajJa zabda usa artha kA vAcaka nahIM thA jo use bAda meM milaa| tattvArthasUtra aura bhASya-sAhitya meM tathA anya graMthoM meM sarvajJa' aura kevalI' zabda sabhI dravyoM aura unakI paryAyoM ke traikAlika jJAna ke vAcaka mAne gae haiM, kiMtu sUtrakRtAMga evaM bhagavatI meM sarvajJa aura kevalI zabda isa artha meM prayukta nahIM hue haiN| vahAM sarvajJa' zabda kA artha AtmajJa, AtmadraSTA, AtmasAkSI aura adhika se adhika jIvana aura jagat ke samyak svarUpa kA jJAtA hI thA, isI prakAra bauddhadarzana meM bhI prArambha meM sarvajJa kA tAtparya heya aura upAdeya kA viveka thaa| dUsare zabdoM meM usa kAla taka sarvajJa zabda AtmajJAna evaM dArzanika jJAna kA hI paryAyavAcI thA, anyathA bhagavatI meM kevalI 'siya jANai siya Na jANaI' aisA ullekha nahIM hotaa| isa sambaMdha meM paMDita sukhalAlajI ne paryApta vicAra kiyA hai| sarvajJa kA paryAyavAcI kevalI' zabda bhI apane prAcIna artha ko khokara navIna artha meM sarvajJAtAdraSTA arthAt sabhI dravyoM kI sabhI paryAyoM ke traikAlikaM jJAna kA vAcaka bana gayA, vahAM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki kevalI zabda prAcIna sAMkhya paramparA meM jaina paramparA meM AyA aura vahAM vaha AtmadraSTA ke artha meM yA prakRti-puruSa ke viveka kA hI vAcaka thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki kundakunda ko yaha kahanA par3A, ki vastutaH kevalI AtmA ko jAnatA hai, vaha lokAloka ko jAnatA hai yaha vyavahAra naya yA vyavahAra dRSTi hai| pAlI tripiTaka meM sarvajJa kA jo makhaula ur3AyA gayA hai, vaha usake dUsare artha ko lekara hai| yahI sthiti 'buddha', 'jina' aura 'vIra' zabdoM kI hai| eka samaya taka ye jaina, bauddha evaM anya zramaNa paramparAoM ke sAmAnya zabda the| prArambha meM inakA artha kramazaH indriyavijetA, prajJAvAna aura kaSTasahiSNusAdhaka thA kiMtu Age calakara jahAM jaina paramparA meM 'jina' zabda aura bauddha paramparA meM 'buddha' zabda viziSTa artha ke vAcaka bana gae, jaina paramparA meM 'jina' zabda ko mAtra tIrthaMkara kA paryAyavAcI aura bauddha paramparA meM buddha ko dharmacakra pravartaka buddha kA (92)

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vAcaka mAnA gyaa| 'vIra' zabda jahAM AcArAMga meM kaSTa-sahiSNu sAdhaka yA saMyamI muni kA paryAyavAcI thA, vahI Age calakara mahAvIra kA paryAyavAcI mAna liyA gyaa| yahI sthiti 'tathAgata' zabda kI hai| AcArAMga meM ' tathAgata' zabda mukhya rUpa se prajJAvAna muni ke lie prayukta huA kiMtu kAlAMtara meM jaina paramparA se yaha zabda lupta ho gayA aura bauddha paramparA kA viziSTa zabda bana gayA aura vahAM use bhagavAna buddha kA paryAyavAcI mAna liyA gyaa| isI prakAra yadi 'daMsaNa' (darzana) zabda ko leM to usake artha meM bhI svayaM jaina paramparA meM hI artha parivartana hotA rahA hai| prAcIna jainAgama AcArAMga meM yaha zabda draSTAbhAva yA sAkSIbhAva ke artha meM prayukta' huA, jabaki jaina - jJAna mImAMsA meM yaha zabda aindrika aura mAnasika saMvedano ke rUpa meM prayoga kiyA gyaa| AgamoM meM 'jANaI' aura 'pAsAI' aise do zabdoM kA prayoga milatA hai| vahAM 'pAsa' yA 'pAsa' zabda kA artha dekhanA thA aura vaha daMsaNa kA paryAyavAcI thaa| prAcInastara ke graMthoM meM darzana yA dekhane kA tAtparya jAgatika ghaTanAoM ko samabhAvapUrvaka dekhane se rahA jaise 'esa pAsagassa daMsaNaM, esa kusala ssa daMsaNa' kiMtu Age calakara yaha zabda jaba jiNa daMsaNa Adi vizeSaNoM ke sAtha prayukta huA to vaha 'darzana' (philAsaphI) kA paryAyavAcI bana gayA aura usa artha meM use dRSTi kahA gayA aura usI se samyagdRSTi evaM mithyAdRSTi zabda niSpanna hue| punaH Age calakara jainAgamoM meM hI daMsaNa zabda zraddhAna kA paryAyavAcI ho gyaa| AcArAMga meM 'daMsaNa' zabda sAkSIbhAva ke artha meM evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM darzana (philAsaphI) ke artha meM prayukta huaa| kiMtu uttarAdhyayana meM 'NANena jANAI bhAve daMsaNeNa saddahe' kahakara darzana ko zraddhAna kA paryAyavAcI banA diyA gyaa| jainakarma siddhAMta meM hI darzana- moha aura darzanAvaraNa ina donoM zabdoM meM prayukta darzana zabda do bhinna arthoM kA vAcaka bana gayA hai| 'darzanAvaraNa' meM rahe hue 'darzana' zabda kA tAtparya jahAM aindrika aura mAnasika saMvedana hai vahAM 'darzana moha' meM 'darzana' zabda kA artha dArzanika dRSTikoNa yA darzana ( philAsaphI) hai| sampradAya bheda se bhI jaina paramparA meM zabdoM ke artha meM bhinnatA AI hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM 'acela' zabda kA artha jahAM zvetAmbaroM meM alpapa-cela kiyA to digambaroM meM vastra kA abhAva aisA kiyA hai| isI prakAra 'pudgala' zabda ko leN| 'pudgala' zabda bhagavatIsUtra meM vyakti (iNDItijUala) athavA vyakti ke zarIra ke artha meM prayukta huA hai, kiMtu isake sAtha hI sAtha usI graMtha meM 'pudgala' zabda bhautika padArtha ke artha meM bhI prayukta huA hai| pudgalAstikAya meM prayukta pudgala zabda jahAM bhautika dravya (maiTara) kA sUcaka hai, vahIM 93

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bhagavatI meM yaha zabda vyakti evaM zarIra kA tathA dazavaikAlika meM mAMsa' kA vAcaka rahA hai| Aja jainasAdhuoM kI bhASA (koDa-laiMgveja) meM yaha zabda dhana' yA 'mudrA' kA paryAyavAcI hai| bauddha paramparA meM pudgala kA artha vyakti/zarIra huA hai| 'AtmA' zabda jisake lie prAkRta bhASA meM 'AtA', attA', 'appA', 'AdA' aura 'AyAM' rUpa meM prayukta hotA hai, kiMtu yaha zabda bhI mAtra AtmA kA vAcaka nahIM rahA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM yaha apanepana ke artha meM bhI prayukta huA hai aura kabhI yaha svadharma' yA svaguNoM' kA bhI pratIka mAnA gayA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM jaba yaha pUchA gayA ki kyA prathama pRthvI AtmA hai? to vahAM isakA artha svadharma, svaguNa hai| isI prakAra jaina AgamoM meM 'appANaMvevAsarAmi' meM 'appA' zabda apanepana kA sUcaka hai| bauddha paramparA meM anatta' (AtmA) zabda kA prayoga apanA nahIM' isI artha meM huA hai| isa prakAra prAcIna jahAM bauddha paramparA meM bhI anatta' (anAtma) zabda kA prayoga apanA nahIM hai isI meM huA hai| isa prakAra prAcIna jahAM bauddhagraMthoM ke 'atta' zabda apanepana yA merepana kA vAcaka hI rahA hai| vahIM jaina paramparA meM yaha cetanA sattA kA vAcaka mAnA gyaa| jaina paramparA meM sAmAnyatayA jIva aura AtmA paryAyavAcI raheM, kiMtu unheM pRthak-pRthak artha kA vAcaka mAnA gyaa| upaniSadoM meM Atman' zabda 'brahma' yA param sattA kA vAcaka bhI rahA hai| __ isI prakAra dharma' zabda ko hI leM, use jaina paramparA meM neka prakAra se pAribhASita kiyA gyaa| jahAM vatthasahAvodhammo' meM dharma ko vastu kA svarUpa yA svabhAva kahA gayA vahIM 'semiyAe Arie dhamme pavvaie' meM 'dharma' zabda samabhAva kA sUcaka mAnA gayA, kiMtu yahI zabda jaba dharmAstikAya aura adharmAstikAya meM prayukta huA to vahAM isakA artha bilakula hI badala gayA aura vaha gati-sahAyaka dravya ke rUpa meM vyAvakhyAyita kiyA gyaa| ye to hamane kucha zabdoM ke udAharaNa die, kiMtu aise anya kaI zabda haiM jo kAlakrama meM apanA nayA-nayA artha grahaNa karate gae aura eka hI paramparA meM kAlakrama meM ve bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM rur3ha hote cale ge| jainAgamoM meM kucha zabda aise bhI milate haiM jo anya paramparAoM se unake mUla artha meM hI grahIta hue the kiMtu bAda meM unakA mUla artha TIkAkAroM ke samakSa nahIM rahA aura unheM bhinna artha meM hI vyAkhyAyita kiyA gyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM 'AcArAMga' meM prayukta vipAssI' aura 'vipassanA' zabda bauddha paramparA ke jJAna ke abhAva meM TIkAkAroM ke dvArA anya artha meM pAribhASita kie ge| kucha zabdoM kA artha to isalie durbodha ho gayA ki jisa kSetra kA vaha zabda thA usa kSetra ke sambaMdha meM TIkAkAroM 94

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ke ajJAna ke kAraNa vaha anya artha meM hI pAribhASita kiyA gayA, dAharaNa ke rUpa meM 'tAlapalamba' (tAr3apralamba) zabda jo nizItha meM prayukta huA hai vaha apane mUla artha meM aMkurita tAr3abIja kA sUcaka thA, kiMtu jaba jaina munisaMgha rAjasthAna aura gujarAta jaise kSetra meM calA gayA to vaha usake artha se anabhijJa ho gayA aura Aja jaina paramparA meM tAlapalamba kele (kadalIphala) kA vAcaka ho gayA hai| isa prakAra jainAgamoM meM prayukta aneka zabda TIkAkAroM ke kAla taka bhI apanA artha kho cuke the aura TIkAkAroM ne unheM apane DhaMga se aura apanI paramparA ke anusAra pAribhASita karane kA prayAsa kiyA / vastutaH graMtha jisa-jisa deza aura kAla meM nirmita hotA hai usake zabdoM ke arthoM ko usa deza aura kAla kI paramparA aura anya graMthoM ke AdhAra para pAribhASita kiyA jAnA caahie| usa dezakAla ke jJAna ke abhAva meM aneka zabdoM ko TIkAkAroM ne apanI kalpanA ke anusAra pAribhASita kara diyA hai| usase bacanA Avazyaka hai| AcArAMga meM 'saMdhi' zabda Asakti yA rAgAtmakatA ke artha meM prayukta huA thA kiMtu TIkAkAra bhI aneka sthaloM para use avasara ke rUpa meM pAribhASita karate haiN| 'Asava' zabda jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM kina-kina arthoM se gujarA hai, isakI carcA 'eleksavemena' ne kI hai| mokkha (mokSa) aura 'nivvANa' (nirvANa ) zabda sAmAnyatayA jaina paramparA meM paryAyavAcI rUpa meM prayukta hote haiN| kiMtu uttarAdhyayana meM ye donoM zabda bhinna-bhinna sthitiyoM ke vAcaka haiN| yahAM kahA gayA ki Asakta kA nirvANa nahIM ( amokkhassa natthi nivvANaM ) / isalie prAcIna prAkRta aura pAli sAhitya ke anuvAda aura unameM prayukta pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha kA nirdhAraNa eka kaThina aura zramasAdhya kArya hai jo vistRta tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke abhAva meM sambhava nahIM hai, jo zabda kisI kAla meM paryAyavAcI rUpa meM yA bhASA sauSThava ke lie prayukta hote the, vyutpatti aura pratibhA ke AdhAra para unheM bhinna bhinna artha kA vAcaka banA diyA haiM pAlisAhitya meM nigaNTha- nATaputta ke saMdarbha meM 'savvavArivArito' zabda kA prayoga huA hai / anuvAdakoM ne 'vAri' kA artha jala kiyA, jabaki sUtrakRtAMga ke vIrastuti nAmaka adhyayana ke AdhAra para dekheM to usameM prayukta vAri zabda kA artha jala na hokara pApa hogA, kyoMki sUtrakRtAMga meM mahAvIra kI stuti karate hue kahA gayA hai-- 'se vAriyA savva vAraM itthIsarAyabhattaM' arthAt unhoMne logoM ko sabhI pApa karmoM, strI aura rAtribhojana se nivRtta kiyA / yahAM maiM isa bAta para vizeSa rUpa se bala denA cAhUMgA ki jahAM jaina AgamoM ke 95

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pAribhASita zabdoM ke artha-nirdhAraNa ke lie bauddha piTaka kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai vahIM bauddha piTaka sAhitya ke zabdoM ke artha nirdhAraNa ke lie jaina AgamoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai kyoMki ye donoM paramparAeM eka hI deza aura kAla kI upaja haiN| binA bauddha sAhitya ke adhyayana ke AcArAMga jaise prAcInastara ke graMtha meM prayukta vipassi, tathAgata, paDisaMkhA, Ayatana, saMdhi Adi zabdoM ke artha spaSTa nahIM ho sakate usI prakAra piTaka sAhitya meM prayukta vAri' jaise aneka zabdoM kA artha binA jaina AgamoM ke adhyayana se spaSTa nahIM ho sktaa| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki koI bhI paramparA zUnya meM utpanna nahIM hotI usakA eka deza aura kAla hotA hai jahAM se vaha apanI zabdAvalI grahaNa karatI hai| yaha ThIka hai ki aneka bAra usa zabdAvalI ko nayA artha diyA jAtA hai phira bhI zabda ke mUla artha ko pakar3ane ke lie hameM use deza, kAla va paramparA kA jJAna bhI prApta karanA hogA, jisameM usakA sAhitya nirmita huA hai| ataH pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha-nirdhAraNa kI prakriyA meM na to usa deza va kAla kI upekSA kI jA sakatI hai, jisameM una zabdoM ne apanA artha prApta kiyA hai aura na samakAlIna paramparAoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke binA hI artha-nirdhAraNa kI prakriyA ko sampanna kiyA jA sakatA hai| paramasukha kI sAdhanA : vipazyanA samagra bhAratIya sAdhanAoM kA mukhya lakSya cetanA kI nirvikalpa avasthA ko prApta karanA hai| yogasUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki yoga sAdhanA kA lakSya cittavRttikA nirodha hai| zramaNa paramparA kI sAdhanA meM citta kI nirvikalpa dizA ko hI nirvANa ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| usameM mAnA gayA hai ki tRSNA vikalpa janya hai| vikalpoM ke nirodha ke binA tRSNA kA uccheda sambhava nahIM hai| usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM bhI yaha kahA gayA hai ki mana, vacana aura kAyA kI pravRtti kA uccheda hI sAdhanA kA lakSya hai| jise usakI pAmparika bhASA meM yoga-nirodha' kahA gayA hai, yaha roga nirodha bhI cittavRtti kI nirvikalpatA hI hai| ise samatA yA vItarAgatA ke rUpa meM bhI mAnA gayA hai| phira bhI yaha vicAraNIya prazna hai ki nirvikalpatA se hamArA kyA tAtparya hai? paramasukha vipazyanA nAmaka prastuta pustaka meM kanhaiyAlAlajI lor3hA ne nirvikalpatA ko do (96)

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prakAra kI batAyA hai- (1) nirvikalpa-sthiti aura (2) nirviklp-bodh| nirvikalpa sthiti bhI do prakAra kI hai- eka to jar3atA rUpa nirvikalpa sthiti jaise pragAr3ha-nidrA, mUrchA, behozI Adi, isakA sAdhanA meM koI sthAna nahIM hai| yaha eka acetana dazA hai, jaina darzana ke anusAra yaha nirvikalpa-sthiti sabhI asaMjJI (viveka-kSamatA se rahita), avikasita, pRthvI, apa, vAyu, agni aura vAnaspatikAyika jIvoM meM bhI pAI jAtI hai| gahananidrA meM bhI jIva nirvikalpasthiti vAlA hotA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna meM yaha acetana mana (uniconcious mind) kI dazA hai| dUsarI cinmayatArUpa nirvikalpa sthiti hai, kisI abhyAsa se AI nirvikalpa (samAdhistha) hone se sAdhaka ko 'maiM Anandita hUM' yaha anubhava hotA hai tathA isameM ahaMbhAva banA rahatA hai| ise pAtaMjalayoga meM samprajJAta samAdhi kahA hai| anya dRSTi meM yaha upazama kI sthiti hai| isameM vAsanA (vikAra) ke saMskAroM kA udaya nahIM hotA kiMtu supta (sattA) avasthA meM avacetana mana (aMtaHkaraNa) meM rahate haiN| jo kucha kAla ke pazcAt vikalpa rUpa meM udaya ho jAte haiN| jaba yaha samAdhistha nirvikalpa sthiti sahaja evaM svAbhAvika ho jAtI hai, usake lie kisI abhyAsa evaM prayatna nahIM karanA hotA tathA citta ahaM zUnya ho jAtA hai, jise bauddha darzana ne dharmamegha pAramitA tathA pAtaMjalayoga evaM jainAcArya haribhadra ne dharmameghasamAdhi kahA hai| taba nirvikalpabodha hotA hai evaM sAdhaka nirvANa kA adhikArI hotA hai| nirvikalpa bodha to kevala vivekazIla aura Atma sajaga mAnava meM hI sambhava haiN| isalie dhyAna yA vipazyanA kI sAdhanA bhI usI ke dvArA saMbhava hai aura vahI nirvANa kA adhikArI hotA hai| nirvANa yA mokSa nirvikalpa sthiti nahIM, nirvikalpa bodha hai| sAdhanA kI dRSTi se nirvikalpa sthiti meM vikAra nahIM, nirvikalpa bodha hai| sAdhanA kI dRSTi se nirvikalpa sthiti meM vikAra dabatA hai, miTatA nahIM hai| isI bAta ko jaina-paramparA meM upazama-zreNI kahA gayA hai| nirvikalpa bodha vastutaH AtmasajagatA yA apramattatA kI sthiti hai| isameM cetanA lupta nahIM hotI, apitu sajaga banI rahatI hai| nirvikalpa-sthiti sadaiva nahIM rahatI, vaha niyamataH alpakAlika hI hai, kiMtu nirvikalpa bodha meM samasta karma-saMskAra (vikAra) kSaya ho jAte haiN| ise jaina darzana meM kSapakazreNI kahA hai| isase kaivalya kI upalabdhi hotI hai, jo sadA banI rahatI hai| nirvikalpa sthiti sadaiva nahIM rahatI vaha niyamataH hotI to alpakAlika hI hai, kiMtu nirvikalpa-bodha to dIrghakAlIna bhI ho sakatA hai| AdhyAtmika vikAsa nirvikalpa sthiti se nahIM, nirvikalpa bodha se hotA hai| (97)

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yaha nirvikalpa bodha kaise upalabdha ho ? yahI samagra bhAratIya sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM kA lakSya rahA hai aura isakI upalabdhi ke lie vibhinna prakAra kI dhyAna-sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA vikAsa huA hai| kAlAMtara meM aneka dhyAna-sAdhanA paddhatiyAM nirvikalpa bodha kI dizA meM agrasara to huI, kiMtu unake dvArA nirvikalpa bodha kI upalabdhi to dUra hI rahI aura ve nirvikalpa sthiti taka hI simaTa kara raha gii| taMtra, haThayoga aura Adhunika yuga ke rajanIza Adi kI sAdhanAeM bhI nirvikalpa sthiti taka Akara hI ruka gii| vastutaH jaba dhyAna sAdhanA ke nAma para citta ko kisI eka dhyAtavya yA sAdhya se bAMdha diyA jAtA hai, to phira nirvikalpa-bodha sambhava nahIM ho pAtA hai, jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki mokSa yA nirvANa kI cAha bhI mokSa yA nirvANa ke mArga meM bAdhaka hai, jaise koI pazu adhika bhAgadaur3a karatA hai to use niyaMtrita karane ke lie use kisI khUMTe se bAMdha diyA jAtA hai| isakA pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki vivazatA kI sthitimeM usakI caMcala pravRtti to ruka jAtI hai, lekina usakA caMcalatA kA svabhAva nahIM jaataa| yahI sthiti hamAre mana yA cetanA kI bhI hai isameM mana yA citta jIvita rahatA hai, niruddha yA rUpAntarita nahIM hotA hai / vibhinna sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM meM mana kI caMcalatA ko samApta karane ke lie maMtrajapa, nAmajapa Adi ko sthAna to diyA kiMtu ve mana kI caMcala pravRtti para niyaMtraNa pAne meM saphala nahIM ho paae| kucha samaya ke lie vicAra keMdrita to hue, kiMtu sthAI nirvikalpa - bodha jaisI avasthA upalabdha na ho paaii| prAcInakAla meM aisI kucha sAdhanA - -paddhatiyoM kA bhI vikAsa huA thA jo nirvikalpa - sthiti ke sthAna para nirvikalpa - bodha kI bAta karatI thI / aisI sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM eka ora 'aupaniSadika RSi' - paramparA sAmane AI aura usane sAkSIbhAva kI sAdhanA kA vikAsa kiyaa| isa sAdhanA meM karanA kucha bhI nahIM hotA hai| yahAM taka kI apane vikAroM, vicAroM aura vikalpoM ke prati bhI dRSTAbhAva hotA hai| sAdhaka sahaja rUpa se mAtra jJAtA-dRSTA bana jAtA hai| sAkSIbhAva kI isI sAdhanA ko Age calakara sahaja-samAdhi kI sAdhanA kA bhI nAma diyA gyaa| isI krama meM dUsarI ora jaina dharma aura bauddha dharma meM vipazyanA aura prekSA kI sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA vikAsa huaa| bauddha aura jaina ina donoM dhAraNAoM meM kramazaH vipazyanA aura prekSA kI sAdhanA paddhatiyAM prAcInakAla meM bhI rahI thI, AcArAMga jaise prAcInatama jaina Agama meM to vipazyanA aura prekSA ina donoM zabdoM ke ullekha haiN| usameM mAtra kamI yaha hai ki vaha usakI prakriyA 98

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kA ullekha nahIM karatA hai| AcArAMga meM trATaka ke bhI ullekha haiN| prAcInastara ke jaina AgamoM meM tathA bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya ke kucha graMthoM meM isake bhI saMketa milate haiM, jo isakI prAcInatA ke pramANa haiN| kiMtu sAdhanA kI yaha paddhati guru-ziSya paramparA se hI calatI rhii| kyoMki isa sAdhanA meM karanA kucha bhI nahIM hotA hai, mAtra dRSTA bana karake dekhanA hotA hai| isIlie isa sAdhanA paddhati kI prakriyA ke vivaraNAtmaka graMthoM kA abhAva hI rahA, kiMtu guru-ziSya paramparA se hI yaha paddhati jIvita rhii| Aja yaha kahanA to kaThina hai ki vipazyanA yA prekSA kI yaha sAdhanA paddhati kaba astitva meM aaii| buddha aura mahAvIra dhyAna karate the, kiMtu ve kisakA dhyAna karate the, aisA koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai| bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM mAtra yaha ullekha milatA hai ki bhagavAna buddha ne prAraMbhika avasthA meM rAmaputta se dhyAna sAdhanA sIkhI thii| ataH sAhityika pramANoM ke AdhAra para hama kevala yahI kaha sakate haiM, ki rAmaputta kI yaha sAkSIbhAva kI sAdhanA kAlakrama meM bauddha paramparA meM vipazyanA ke rUpa meM aura jaina paramparA meM prekSA ke rUpa meM astitva meM aaii| aisA ullekha milatA hai ki bhagavAna buddha ne rAmaputta se isa sAdhanA ko sIkhakara use bauddha paramparA meM jIvita rakhA thaa| yadyapi tripiTaka sAhitya meM isa sAdhanA ke vizeSa vivaraNa upalabdha nahIM hote haiM, kiMtu bhArata se bAhara karmA (brahmadeza) meM yaha sAdhanA jIvita rahI aura pUjya zrI satyanArAyaNajI goyanakA vahAM se ise punaH bhArata laae| isa sAdhanA ke pravartaka kauna the? yaha batAnA to kaThina hai, kiMtu rAmaputta ke ullekha jaina aura bauddha donoM hI paramparAoM ke prAcIna graMthoM meM milate haiN| jaina paramparA meM rAmaputta kA eka adhyayana RSibhASita meM Aja bhI upalabdha hai| isake atirikta sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI inake nAma kA nirdeza hai| aMtakRtadRzA kI prAcIna viSaya vastu meM bhI rAmaputta kA eka adhyayana thA, isakA ullekha sthAnAMga sUtra meM milatA hai| isI prakAra bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM bhI rAmaputta ke ullekha haiM, jo yaha siddha karate haiM ki buddha aura mahAvIra se pUrva bhI sAkSIbhAva, vipazyanA aura prekSA kI yaha sAdhanA paddhati jIvita thii| yaha to spaSTa hai ki vipazyanA kI yaha sAdhanA paddhati buddha se pUrva kI hai| vipazyanA jaise ki usake nAma se hI spaSTa hai ki vaha dRSTAbhAva kI sAdhanA hai| prekSA yA sAkSIbhAva kI sAdhanA ko bhI isI kA eka rUpa mAnA jA sakatA hai| jJAtAdRSTAnA AtmA yA citta-sattA kA svabhAva hai yadi vyakti kI cetanA dRSTAbhAva (99

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meM avasthita rahe, to usake do pariNAma mila sakate haiN| prathama to yaha ki citta ke vikalpa samApta ho jAte haiM aura yadi ve hote bhI haiM to AtmA yA citta mAtra unakA sAkSI hotA, kartA nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra vikalpa samApta hokara nirvikalpa bodha kI sthiti banatI jAtI haiN| isameM cittavRtti kI sajagatA ke pariNAma svarUpa nirvikalpa sthiti na hokara ke nirvikalpa bodha hotA hai| vastutaH samasta duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa citta ke vikalpa hI haiM aura dhyAna vikalpamukti kA prayAsa hai| vikalpa-mukti jJAtA-dRSTA bhAva kI sthiti meM hI saMbhava hai| vipazyanA mUlataH sAkSI bhAva yA jJAtA dRSTA bhAva meM rahane kI sAdhanA hai| jaise-jaise Atma sajagatA (Self awareness) bar3hatI jAtI hai vyakti vikalpoM se mukta ho jAtA hai aura pUrNa nirvikalpa-bodha kI avasthA kI ora bar3hatA jAtA hai| pUrNa nirvikalpatA yA apramatta dazA meM vikalpa samApta ho jAte haiM, sva-para kA bheda-vijJAna spaSTa ho jAtA hai| 'para' yA anya para sva arthAt apanepana kA AropaNa samApta ho jAtA hai vikalpa samApta ho jAte haiN| mamatva samApta hokara samatva prakaTa ho jAtA hai| vItarAga yA vItatRSNa dazA prakaTa hotI hai| phalataH duHkha samApta ho jAte haiN| mamatva samApta hokara samatva prakaTa ho jAtA hai| vItarAga yA vItatRSNa dazA prakaTa hotI hai| phalataH duHkha samApta ho jAte haiM, karma akarma bana jAtA hai| yahI paramasukha kI avasthA hai| yaha paramasukha mUlataH koI vidhi rUpa sthiti yA kisI upalabdhatA kI sthiti nahIM hai, apitu vikalpoM ke samApta hone se tadjanya duHkha kI vimukti hai| jaise kisI ko 105 DigrI bukhAra ho aura vaha bukhAra utara jAe, zarIra kA tApamAna sAmAnya ho jAe, to vaha sukha kI anubhUti karatA hai| usI prakAra vipazyanA se citta vikalpa mukta ho jAtA hai| citta meM rAga dveSa aura moha kI gAMTha samApta ho jAtI hai| citta parama zAMti kA anubhava karatA hai, isI ko paM. kanhaiyAlAlajI ne paramasukha kI avasthA kahA hai| vastutaH vaha pUrNataH duHkha vimukti kI avasthA hai| ataH paM. kanhaiyAlAlajI kA yaha kathana ThIka hI hai ki vipazyanA parama sukha kI avasthA hai| vipazyanA parama sukha kaise hai? ise spaSTa karate hue paM. kanhaiyAlAlajI lor3hA likhate haiM ki duHkhoM kA mUla viSaya bhogoM ke mAdhyama se sukha ke milane kI icchA karanA yA mRgatRSNA hai| saMsAra se, 'para' se, vinAzI tattvoM se sukha lene kI yaha kAmanA hI duHkha kA mUla hai| kyoMki bhoga kI tRSNA se samasta duHkhoM evaM doSoM kI utpatti hotI hai| use isa prakAra spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai (100 100

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(1) viSaya bhoga kI icchA yA kAmanA utpanna hote hI citta bhogya vastu ko pAne ke yA bhogane ke lie azAMta ho jAtA hai| citta kI yaha azAMti kAmanA pUrI nahIM hone taka banI rahatI hai| ise hI Adhunika manovijJAna meM tanAva kahA gayA hai| tanAva kI upasthiti duHkha hI (2) bhogecchA kI pUrti para-padArthoM kI prApti para nirbhara hai aura yaha para-padArthoM kI prApti bhogAkAMkSI vyakti ko parAdhIna banA detI hai aura jahAM parAdhInatA hai, vahAM duHkha hai| vipazyanA ke mAdhyama se yaha 'para' kI apekSA yA parAdhInatA samApta hotI hai| ataH vipazyanA parama sukha hai| (3) bhAgecchA kI pUrti jar3a padArthoM se hotI hai, jo bAhya jagat meM sthita hai| isameM cetanA bahirmukhI ho jAtI hai| vipazyanA isa bahirmukhI cetanA ko svAbhimukha banAtI hai, ataH vipazyanA parama sukha hai| (4) viSayabhoga kI icchA 'pada-padArthoM ke bhoga para AdhArita hai aura yaha bhogajanya sukha kSaNika hai, anitya hai aura vinAzI hai ataH usake vinAza kA kAla Ane para vaha bhoga sukha duHkha meM badala jAtA hai| bhagavAna buddha ne bhI kahA thA ki jo kSaNika hai, ve duHkha rUpa haiM aura jo duHkha rUpa haiM, ve anAtma haiM apane nahIM hai, vipazyanA ina kSaNika aura nazvara bAhya-padArthoM para mamatva ke mithyA-AropaNa ko samApta karatI hai, isIlie vaha parama sukha jaina graMtha uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki para-padArthoM ke bhoga meM sukha mAnanA eka mithyA dhAraNA hai aura jo duHkha rUpa hai| kyoMki bhoga ke lie prathama to una parapadArthoM ko upalabdha karanA kaThina hotA hai ataH unakI cAha aura unako pAne ke prayAsa donoM hI duHkha rUpa hote haiN| yadi kisI bhI prakAra se ve upalabdha bhI kara lie jAe, to unake saMrakSaNa kI cAha banI rahatI hai aura vaha bhI duHkha rUpa hotI hai| dUsare saMrakSaNa kI cAha ke sAtha unake viyoga kI saMbhAvanA bhI cetanA meM banI rahatI hai, ataH cetanA nirAkula nahIM raha paatii| isake sAtha hI manovaijJAnika dRSTi se yaha bhI satya hai ki hama bhogAkAMkSA kI priya vastu ke saMrakSaNa kI bhAvanA meM itane DUba jAte haiM ki usakA saMrakSaNa hI karate rahate haiM usake bhoga ko bhUla jAte haiN| saMkSepa meM kaheM to bhogya viSayoM kI prApti duHkha rUpa hotI hai, prApta ho jAne para, unakA viyoga bhI duHkha rUpa hotA hai aura saMyoga kI avasthA meM usake viyoga kI ciMtA bhI duHkha rUpa hotI hai| ataH duHkha-vimukti ke lie unake prati taTasthatA 101)

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yA mAdhyastha bhAva apekSita hai aura vipazyanA hameM isI mAdhyastha - bhAva yA vItarAgatA zikSA detI hai| ataH vipazyanA kI sAdhanA vastutaH paramasukha kI sAdhanA hai| isa prakAra yaha to nizcita hai ki yadi hama nirvaiSayika sukha ko prApta karanA cAhate haiM to hameM vipazyanA, prekSA yA sAkSI bhAva kI sAdhanA karanA hI hogii| vipazyanA, prekSA yA sAkSI bhAva cAhe zabdoM meM bhinna-bhinna ho kiMtu unakA mUla lakSya nirvikalpa - bodha hI hai aura vahI samasta jAgati duHkhoM ke nirAkaraNa kA mUlamaMtra hai aura isI ke paramasukha yA nirvANa kI prApti sambhava hai| - - - nirvANa paramasukha hai kiMtu yaha nirvANa hai kyA ? tRSNA rUpi Aga ko bujha jAnA hai nirvANa ? vipazyanA isa tRSNA kI Aga ko samApta karane kI kalA hai| tRSNA 'para' padArthoM kI cAha hai, yaha 'para' ko pAne kI cAha hI kAma tRSNA hai| anAtma (jo apanA nahIM hai ) ko apanA mAnane kI mithyAdhAraNA, usa para svatva AropaNa karane kI mithyA apekSA aura usake saMyoga kI cAha rAga- janya tRSNA hai, ise 'bhavatRSNA' bhI kahate haiM / yaha hone kI icchA hai| pratikUla ke nirAkaraNa kI cAha, usake viyoga kI cAha yaha dveSa rUpa hai / sAdhaka ko paramasukha kI prApti ke lie ina donoM se bacanA hogaa| bauddha paramparA meM tRSNA ke ye tInoM prakAra arthAt 1 kAmatRSNA, 2 bhavatRSNA aura 3 vibhavatRSNA duHkha rUpa hai| ina tInoM tRSNAoM se mukta hokara Atma-sajagatA meM jInA hI vipazyanA hai aura duHkha vimukti aura parama sukha kI prApti kA mArga hai| kyoMki tRSNA svataH duHkha rUpa hai, kyoMki vaha cAha yA tanAva rUpa hai, sAtha hI vaha duHkha kA kAraNa bhI hai ataH paramasukha kI prApti ke lie tRSNA kA uccheda Avazyaka hai isI bAta ko paM. kanhaiyAlAlajI ne prastuta kRti ke caturtha vibhAga 'duHkha samudaya' meM vistAra se samajhAyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki 'vaiSayika sukha kI kAmanA zeSa nahIM rahane para kucha bhI pAnA aura jAnanA zeSa nahIM rahatA aura isa prakAra kAmanA, mamatA, ahaMmatA nahIM rahane para nirvikalpa bodha ho jAtA hai|' kisI kavi ne bhI kahA hai| cAha nahIM, ciMtA nahIM, manavA bhayA baiparavAha ! jisako kucha nahIM cAhie, vaha zahaMzAhoM kI zahaMzAha // vipazyanA kI isa sAdhanA kA mUla lakSya citta- vizuddhi hai| yaha cetanA kI viSaya - vikalpoM se rahitatA kI sthiti hai| isase citta zAMta vikalpa rahita sukha kI anubhUti meM lIna rahatA hai| bauddha paramparA meM vipazyanA kI sAdhanA ke jina aMgoM kA vivecana hai, unameM 102

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maitrI, karuNA, muditA aura upekSA ina cAra brahma-vihAroM, dAna, zIla, zAMti, vIrya, dhyAna aura prajJA ina cha: pAramamitAoM kI carcA kI hai| inake sAtha hI dhyAna ke pAMca aMgoM kA bhI ullekha hai- vitarka, vicAra, prIti, sukha aura ekAgratA yA smaadhi| vipazyanA kA sAdhaka ina cAra brahma-vihAroM, cha: pAramitAoM aura pAMca dhyAnAMgoM se cetanA ko vikAra mukta karake paramasukha kI anubhUti karatA hai| vaha paramasukha kaise prApta ho? ise spaSTa karate hue paM. kanhaiyAlAlajI lor3hA kA kathana hai ki kAmanAoM ke tyAga se niSkAmadazA prApta hone para, jo zAMti milatI hai, vahI akSaya sukha hai, kyoMki vaha duHkha kA pUrNa abhAva hai tathA punaH kAmanA ke utpanna nahIM hone se vaha sukha sadaiva banA rahatA hai, kSINa nahIM hotaa| isI prakAra mamatA ke tyAga se zarIra aura saMsAra se saMbaMdha viccheda ho jAne para usa cetasika sukha meM koI bAdhA nahIM rahatI yaha bhavatRSNA yA roga ke samApta hone para hotA hai| ahaMkAra yA moha ke tyAga se dveSa kA upazamana ho jAtA hai, mere aura parAye kA bhAva samApta ho jAtA hai| isase jo zAMti milatI hai vaha niraMtara banI rahatI hai| vipazyanA kI sAdhanA meM tattvoM ke prati vidveSa kA bhAva samApta ho jAtA hai aura isalie vipazyanA ko paramasukha kahA gayA hai| ataH paM. kanhaiyAlAlajI lor3hA kRta isa pustaka kA yaha nAmakaraNa samucita hI pratIta hotA hai| isa paramasukha kI prApti ke lie vipazyanA kI sAdhanA kaise kI jAe ise spaSTa karate hue usake nimna pAMca aMga batalAe gae haiM - 1. anApanasati arthAt zvAsocchavAsa kI smRti yA usake prati sajagatA, yaha vipazyanA kI prathama bhUmikA hai| isameM cittavRtti kI ekAgratA evaM sajagatA kA abhyAsa hone se vikalpa samApta hone lagate haiN| usake pazcAta kAya-vipazyanA kA krama AtA hai| kAya-vipazyanA meM zarIra ke bhItara kyA ghaTanAeM ghaTita ho rahI haiM, unheM sajagatApUrvaka dekhA jAtA hai| isase zarIra se sambaMdhita moha chUTa jAtA hai| anya darzanoM ke saMdarbha meM kaheM to Atma-anAtma kA viveka jAgrata ho jAtA hai| tIsare krama para vedanA-vipazyanA hotI hai| yahAM saMvedanAeM kSaNika evaM parivartanazIla hone se unakI anAtmatA aura kSaNikatA kA bodha ho jAtA hai aura isase unake prati rAgabhAva yA mamatA samApta ho jAtI hai| vipazyanA kI sAdhanA meM vedanA-vipazyanA ke pazcAt citta-vipazyanA kA krama AtA hai| isameM vyakti apane hI citta kI vRttiyoM ko dekhatA hai, cittavRttiyoM ke prati sajagatA hone se mana ke bhItarI tala para sthita rAga, dveSa aura moha kI graMthiyAM khulane lagatI hai| inake prati sajagatA kA bhAva eka ora navIna graMthiyoM ke ( 1030

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nirmANa ko rokatA hai to dUsarI ora pUrva baddha graMthiyoM ke khulane se rAga-dveSa janya vikAra dUra hone lagate haiM aura vyakti nirgrantha avasthA ko prApta hotA hai| aMta meM dharma - vipazyanA kA kA krama AtA hai, isameM saMsAra kI vastuoM ke kSaNika aura anAtma svarUpa kA bodha ho jAtA hai| yahAM dharma-vipazyanA kA matalaba vastu svarUpa kA yathArtha jJAna bhI hai| isase naI kAmanAoM kA janma bhI nahIM hotA hai, phalataH rAga-dveSa kI graMthiyAM samApta ho jAtI hai| vItarAga aura vIta- tRSNa avasthA kA prakaTaNa hotA hai / anya darzanoM kI bhASA meM kahe to kaivalya kI prApti aura usI meM ramaNa karane kI sthiti hai| isa vipazyanA kI sAdhanA meM karaNIya kucha bhI nahIM hotA hai, kevala apane ko sAkSIbhAva yA jJAtA-dRSTA bhAva meM sthita rakhanA par3atA hai| Atma sajagatA kI yaha dazA vyakti ke vikAra vimukti kI dazA hai| aisA sAdhaka jaba taka saMsAra meM rahatA hai, taba taka dehAtIta hokara jItA hai aura zarIra ke chUTane para nirvANa yA mokSa ko prApta hotA hai, usakA saMsAra meM punarAgamana sambhava nahIM hotA, kyoMki isameM bhogakAMkSA yA rAgadveSa ke tattva hI nahIM hote haiN| sAmAnya rUpa se kahe to vipazyanA kI sAdhanA rAga-dveSa kI graMthiyoM ko kholane kI aura citta-vikAroM ko dUra karane kI sAdhanA hai, jo vyakti ko paramasukha kI prApti meM sAdhanabhata hotI hai| paM. kanhaiyAlAla lor3hA ne paramasukha vipazyanA nAmaka prastuta kRti meM vipazyanA ke samyak svarUpa ko anubhava ke AdhAra para spaSTa kiyA hai, yaha kevala zAbdika vimarza nahIM hai, eka svAnubhUta tathya hai| 104

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prAcya vidyApITha: eka paricaya DaoN. sAgaramala jaina pAramArthika zikSaNa nyAsa dvArA san 1997 se saMcAlita prAcya vidyA pITha, zAjApura AgarA-mumbaI mArga para sthita isa saMsthAna kA mukhya udezya bhAratIya prAcya vidyAoM ke ucca starIya adhyayana, prazikSaNa evaM zodhakArya ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIya sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko punaHpratiSThita karanA hai| - isa vidyApITha meM jaina, bauddha aura hindu dharma Adi ke lagabhaga 12,000 durlabha grantha upalabdha hai| isake atirikta 700 hastalikhita pANDulipiyA~ bhI hai| yahA~ 40 patrapatrikAe~ bhI niyamita AtI hai isa parisara meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM, zodhArthiyoM aura mumukSujanoM ke lie adhyayana adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha nivAsa, bhojana Adi kI bhI uttama vyavasthA hai| zodhakArya ke mArgadarzana evaM zikSaNa hetu DaoN. sAgaramalajI jaina kA satat sAnidhya prApta hai| ise vikrama vizvavidyAlaya ujjaina dvArA zodha saMsthAna ke rupa meM mAnyatA pradAna kI gaI hai|

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lekhana DaoN. sAgaramala jaina janma di. 22.02.1932 janma sthAna zAjApura (ma.pra.) zikSA sAhityaratna : 1954 ema.e. (darzana zAstra) : 1963 pI-eca.DI. : 1969 akAdamika upalabdhiyA~ : pravaktA (darzanazAstra) ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevAH 1964-67 sahAyaka prAdhyApaka ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA : 1968-85 prAdhyApaka (prophesara) ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA : 1985-89 nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI : 1979-1987 evaM 1989-1997 : 49 pustakeM sampAdana 160 pustakeM pradhAna sampAdaka jaina vidyA vizvakoSa (pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI mahatvAkAMkSI pariyojanA) puraskAra : pradIpakumAra rAmapuriyA puraskAra 1986 evaM 1998 svAmI praNavAnanda puraskAra 1987 DipTImala puraskAra : 1992 AcArya hastImala smRti sammAna : 1994 vidyAvAradhi sammAna : 2003 presIDensIyala avArDa oNpha jainA yU.esa.e : 2007 vAgArtha sammAna (ma.pra. zAsana) : 2007 gautama gaNadhara sammAna (prAkRta bhAratI) : 2008 ArcAya tulasI prAkRta sammAna 2009 vidyAcandrasUrI sammAna : 2011 samatA manISI sammAna : 2012 sadasya : akAdamika saMsthAe~ pUrva sadasya - vidvata pariSada, bhopAla vizvavidyAlaya, bhopAla sadasya - jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM pUrva sadasya - mAnada nidezaka, Agama, ahiMsA, samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udypur| samprati saMsthApaka - prabaMdha nyAsI evaM nidezaka prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra) pUrvasacivaHpArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI videza bhramaNa yU.esa.e., zikAgoM, rAle, hyUTana, nyUjarsI, uttarIkarolInA, vAziMgaTana, senaphrAMsisko, laoNsa eMjilsa, phinIksa, seMTa lUIsa, piTsabarga, ToraNToM, (kanAr3A) nyUyArka, landana (yU.ke.) aura kATamADUM (nepAla) Printed at Akrati Offset, UJJAIN Ph. 0734-2561720,