________________
4.
mainstream system, and thereby invited chaos in the present education system which provides degree holders who shirk labour and are to a large extent unemployable. For a detailed discussion of resistance, see Singh (2005: 11-72). Further, In would like to add here that a young barrister called M.K. Gandhi had called for 'peaceful' resistance against the proposed Asiatic Ordinance representing exploitation, oppression, discrimination and injustice by the British on 11 September 1906, at a public meeting in Johannesburg in South Africa. The 11 September 2001 attack on the World Trade
Towers in New York has now become a watershed date, so many would not even remener the signigicance of 1906. That Satyagraha can be used as an instrument for empowering the masses, for its efficacy against the terrorspawning network and intoxicated
individuals remains doubtful today. 5. His argument finds support in the Bhakti
Movement that came into existence much before English language, literature or nation in southern India and then spread to different parts of the country. Critics like Grierson could never understand the unique unity of the phenomenon and forwarded false conclusions. For the
discussion of the issue, see Singh (2008). 6. The areas of agreement between the two, as
understood and noted by Gandhi, in his letter were : 'In your view the real question is how to enhance the intellectual, economic, political and moral power of every human being. In mine too. And every person therein have [sic] a similar right and opportunity to rise higher. The condition of the country and the city should accordingly be similar in respect to food and water, habitation, clothing and recreation...... To ensure that one person does not ride another, the basic unit must be imaginary village or group that can remain self-sufficient and within
the group there needs to be mutual dependence. This way of thinking provides a picture of the relationship among human beings inhabiting the entire world (Rudolph and Rudolph 2006:26). This statement underscores the fact that not only villages but cities were also an integral part of Gandhi's concerns. It was a model for the whole world order, from village as the primary constituent to an independent nation
to finally the entire world. 7. The dialogic mode, used by Plato in his
Dialogues, had been used in the Vedic and Upanishadic discourses as well. Gargi engaged sage Yagyavalkya in intellectual disputation (shastrartha) with her questions; and Yama and Yami discussed the issue of creation. The dialogue between Yama and Nachiketa, Yagyavalkya and his wife Maitreyi are, among others, instances of this mode of argumentation
(Gambhirananda 1989). 8. Gandhi's concepts and instruments of
contestation against tyranny were the consequence of configurations of compulsions and circumstances that prevailed around him. To his credit, it must be said that he faced every situation fearlessly and making full use of his intellectual cultural tradition, he gave a new orientation to its terms and practice, thereby transforming the stone into a milestone for himself and the entire humanity. For instance, in order to understand India, its people and their condition, Gandhi travelled across India from Karachi in the west to Dibrugarh in the east and from Rawalpindi in the north to Tuticorin in the south, as he noted in Navajivan (9 October 1921, vol. 24 p. 393, in Gandhi 2006:260). People thronged railway stations at all hours of day and night to see Gandhi. Rajmohan Gandhi relates an incident: While travelling one night between Gorakhpur and Benares, he first pleaded with and then shouted at a crowd that would not allow him or
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પ્રબુદ્ધ જીવન : ગાંધી સાર્ધ શતાબ્દી વિશેષાંક (ઑકટોબર- ૨૦૧૮
